diff --git a/-0_vZ4t-q0I.txt b/-0_vZ4t-q0I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eabf4cc1fbb4b669120dc85331700a76272243e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-0_vZ4t-q0I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1827 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi everyone welcome back so today I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome back so today I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome back so today I'd
+like to take a look at solving a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to take a look at solving a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to take a look at solving a linear
+o de but with a periodic input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o de but with a periodic input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o de but with a periodic input and
+specifically we're asked to find one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically we're asked to find one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically we're asked to find one
+solution that a particular solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that a particular solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that a particular solution
+which is also the periodic solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also the periodic solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also the periodic solution of
+the differential equation X dot plus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation X dot plus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation X dot plus two
+x dot plus 4x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dot plus 4x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dot plus 4x equals
+the square wave function so the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square wave function so the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square wave function so the square
+wave function is periodic function with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is periodic function with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is periodic function with
+period 2pi it's defined as minus 1 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period 2pi it's defined as minus 1 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period 2pi it's defined as minus 1 and 1
+on the intervals minus prior to 0 and 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the intervals minus prior to 0 and 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the intervals minus prior to 0 and 0
+to PI and we know that the square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to PI and we know that the square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to PI and we know that the square wave
+function has the following Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has the following Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has the following Fourier
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+so let you think about this problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let you think about this problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let you think about this problem for
+a moment and I'll come back in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi everyone welcome back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome back
+okay so the reason we've been studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the reason we've been studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the reason we've been studying
+Fourier series is to essentially solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series is to essentially solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series is to essentially solve
+differential equations with complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations with complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations with complicated
+forcing inputs on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing inputs on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing inputs on the right hand side
+which are periodic and the reason we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are periodic and the reason we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are periodic and the reason we've
+been studying Fourier series is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studying Fourier series is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studying Fourier series is because
+we know that differential equations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that differential equations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that differential equations with
+sines and cosines as forcing terms on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sines and cosines as forcing terms on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sines and cosines as forcing terms on
+the right-hand side are relatively easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right-hand side are relatively easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right-hand side are relatively easy
+to solve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve and
+we want to be able to solve the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be able to solve the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be able to solve the same
+differential equation with a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation with a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation with a more
+complicated periodic function on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated periodic function on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated periodic function on the
+right hand side so the general approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so the general approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so the general approach
+is to first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you compose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the right-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into a Fourier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this step is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this step is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this step is essentially
+already done for us we're told what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done for us we're told what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done for us we're told what the
+Fourier series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series is
+and what we do is we solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we do is we solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we do is we solve
+the Eau de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Eau de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Eau de
+X dot dot plus 2 X dot plus 4x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X dot dot plus 2 X dot plus 4x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X dot dot plus 2 X dot plus 4x and
+I'm just going to take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to take one
+term of the Fourier series sine NT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we know the right hand side is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we know the right hand side is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we know the right hand side is a
+sum of a whole bunch of signs what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of a whole bunch of signs what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of a whole bunch of signs what we're
+going to do is we're going to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to solve for
+any specific one of those signs so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any specific one of those signs so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any specific one of those signs so we
+want to solve this differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to solve this differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to solve this differential equation
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we know what the solution is to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we know what the solution is to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we know what the solution is to 1
+sine NT and we know that the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine NT and we know that the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine NT and we know that the right hand
+side forcing is a sum of many sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side forcing is a sum of many sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side forcing is a sum of many sign
+entities with appropriate weight factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities with appropriate weight factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities with appropriate weight factors
+then we can use superposition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can use superposition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can use superposition to
+construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+final solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the method to attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the method to attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the method to attack
+this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+alright so we've already done step 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so we've already done step 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so we've already done step 1 or
+we were given step 1 and we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were given step 1 and we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were given step 1 and we wanted to
+solve step 2 and we can solve this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve step 2 and we can solve this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve step 2 and we can solve this just
+using the exponential response formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the exponential response formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the exponential response formula
+so what we're going to do is we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is we're just
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+complexity the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I want to solve the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want to solve the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want to solve the differential
+equation x + 2 X dot plus 4x equals sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation x + 2 X dot plus 4x equals sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation x + 2 X dot plus 4x equals sign
+in T I'm going to denote the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in T I'm going to denote the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in T I'm going to denote the solution
+with a subscript n and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a subscript n and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a subscript n and it's going to be
+the imaginary part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary part of
+and I'm just using the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just using the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just using the exponential
+response formula 1 over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response formula 1 over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response formula 1 over the
+characteristic polynomial evaluated at I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ne2 the int
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ne2 the int
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ne2 the int
+you might ask how did I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I basically just took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I basically just took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I basically just took the
+complexity aight formula or sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity aight formula or sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity aight formula or sorry the
+complex if I'd equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and noted that sine NT was the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and noted that sine NT was the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and noted that sine NT was the imaginary
+part of e to the int and then use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of e to the int and then use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of e to the int and then use the
+exponential response formula and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential response formula and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential response formula and I want
+to take the imaginary part at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the imaginary part at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the imaginary part at the end of
+the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is a the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is a the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is a the characteristic
+polynomial in this case it's s squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial in this case it's s squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial in this case it's s squared
+plus 2 s plus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 s plus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 s plus 4
+which means that P of I n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that P of I n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that P of I n
+is going to be negative n squared plus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be negative n squared plus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be negative n squared plus 4
+so I'll just group the real terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just group the real terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just group the real terms
+together plus 2i n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together plus 2i n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together plus 2i n
+so the 2i n comes from the 2's term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the 2i n comes from the 2's term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the 2i n comes from the 2's term
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then X of n is going to be the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then X of n is going to be the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then X of n is going to be the imaginary
+part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 over 4 minus n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 4 minus n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 4 minus n squared
+plus 2i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2i
+ne2 the int
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ne2 the int
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ne2 the int
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+I'm going to use the amplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use the amplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use the amplify
+the amplitude phase form to convert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude phase form to convert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude phase form to convert this
+or to convert this Cartesian complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to convert this Cartesian complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to convert this Cartesian complex
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+sorry I'm going to convert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm going to convert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm going to convert this
+Cartesian complex number into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cartesian complex number into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cartesian complex number into an
+amplitude phase form just because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude phase form just because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude phase form just because it's
+going to make taking the imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make taking the imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make taking the imaginary part
+of the solution very easy at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solution very easy at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solution very easy at the end of
+the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the amplitude of this complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the amplitude of this complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the amplitude of this complex number
+is for n sorry 4 minus N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for n sorry 4 minus N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for n sorry 4 minus N squared
+quantity squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared
+plus the imaginary part squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the imaginary part squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the imaginary part squared so
+that's 4n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 4n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 4n squared
+square rooted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square rooted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square rooted and
+then we have e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have e
+upstairs e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs e
+int and downstairs is going to be e I n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+int and downstairs is going to be e I n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+int and downstairs is going to be e I n
+Phi sorry i phi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi sorry i phi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi sorry i phi and
+i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to
+put a subscript n on the phi just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a subscript n on the phi just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a subscript n on the phi just
+because for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for each
+for each complex number we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each complex number we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each complex number we're going to
+have a different phase Phi and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different phase Phi and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different phase Phi and that
+phase Phi n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase Phi n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase Phi n is
+going to be the arctangent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the arctangent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the arctangent of
+2 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 n
+divided divided by 4 minus n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now i can combine phi then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i can combine phi then with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i can combine phi then with
+the upstairs term int in the exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upstairs term int in the exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upstairs term int in the exponent
+and when I take the imaginary part I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I take the imaginary part I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I take the imaginary part I'm
+only going to be left with sine of n t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to be left with sine of n t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to be left with sine of n t
+minus Phi n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Phi n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Phi n
+so X event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X event
+yep going is going to be 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep going is going to be 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep going is going to be 1 over
+4 minus N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 minus N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 minus N squared
+squared plus 4n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantity squared square rooted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared square rooted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared square rooted
+times sine of n t minus Phi n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sine of n t minus Phi n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sine of n t minus Phi n
+where Phi n was given using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Phi n was given using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Phi n was given using the
+arctangent formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arctangent formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arctangent formula and
+this gives us a solution which note is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us a solution which note is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us a solution which note is
+periodic with period 2 t.o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic with period 2 t.o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic with period 2 t.o
+right I i should also note that 5n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I i should also note that 5n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I i should also note that 5n is
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 and 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and 2 pi
+sorry 0 it and pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry 0 it and pie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry 0 it and pie
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this gives us this one solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us this one solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us this one solution to the
+differential equation with a forcing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation with a forcing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation with a forcing of
+sine NT on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine NT on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine NT on the right hand side
+so now what we want to do is we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we want to do is we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we want to do is we want to
+sum up many of these solutions using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up many of these solutions using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up many of these solutions using the
+superposition principle so if I go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition principle so if I go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition principle so if I go back
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i'm going to write the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to write the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to write the original
+differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm just going to go back and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to go back and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to go back and just
+rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this
+and i'm going to write the right-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to write the right-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to write the right-hand
+side using its fourier series 1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side using its fourier series 1 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side using its fourier series 1 over n
+sine NT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine NT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine NT
+where n is odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is odd
+ok and this is the problem we originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and this is the problem we originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and this is the problem we originally
+wanted to solve and essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to solve and essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to solve and essentially what
+we've done is we've solved the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done is we've solved the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done is we've solved the problem
+for each individual sine NT so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each individual sine NT so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each individual sine NT so how do we
+get the full solution well what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the full solution well what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the full solution well what we have
+to do is we have to multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we have to multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we have to multiply the
+solution for each sign in T by a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for each sign in T by a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for each sign in T by a factor
+of 4 divided by PI and 1 over N and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4 divided by PI and 1 over N and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4 divided by PI and 1 over N and then
+we have to add all of these solutions up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to add all of these solutions up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to add all of these solutions up
+for all odd values of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example X is just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example X is just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example X is just going to be
+four over pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four over pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four over pi
+sum of n odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of n odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of n odd
+one over n times the solution to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n times the solution to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n times the solution to every
+sine NT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine NT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine NT
+which we've already computed and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've already computed and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've already computed and I've
+denoted as X sub N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted as X sub N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted as X sub N and
+X sub n is up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X sub n is up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X sub n is up here
+so if we want to be explicit about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we want to be explicit about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we want to be explicit about it
+I'll write the whole thing out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write the whole thing out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write the whole thing out as
+for over PI and odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+four minus N squared quantity squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four minus N squared quantity squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four minus N squared quantity squared
+plus 4n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 4n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 4n squared
+square rooted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square rooted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square rooted
+we also have a factor of n out front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have a factor of n out front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have a factor of n out front
+and we have a sine NT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a sine NT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a sine NT
+minus Phi n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there's the final answer for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's the final answer for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's the final answer for a
+particular solution in its full glorious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution in its full glorious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution in its full glorious
+detail we can also check that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail we can also check that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail we can also check that this
+particular solution is periodic note how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution is periodic note how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution is periodic note how
+each sign in T is periodic and each sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sign in T is periodic and each sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sign in T is periodic and each sine
+NT has period of at least two pi so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NT has period of at least two pi so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NT has period of at least two pi so when
+we sum up a whole bunch of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sum up a whole bunch of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sum up a whole bunch of functions
+which all have a period of at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all have a period of at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all have a period of at least two
+pi the the sum is also going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi the the sum is also going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi the the sum is also going to be a
+periodic function with at least two pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic function with at least two pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic function with at least two pi
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and as a result this gives us that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result this gives us that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result this gives us that the
+the answer we're looking for also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer we're looking for also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer we're looking for also in
+addition if we want the full general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition if we want the full general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition if we want the full general
+solution to the differential equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the differential equation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the differential equation to
+this particular solution we also have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular solution we also have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular solution we also have to
+add the homogeneous piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the homogeneous piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the homogeneous piece
+so this concludes the problem and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this concludes the problem and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this concludes the problem and I'll
+just quickly recap when solving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quickly recap when solving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quickly recap when solving a
+differential equation with the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation with the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation with the periodic
+forcing function on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing function on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing function on the right hand side
+again to iterate the steps you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to iterate the steps you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to iterate the steps you first
+before you decompose the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you decompose the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you decompose the right hand side
+into summation of sines and cosines you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into summation of sines and cosines you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into summation of sines and cosines you
+then solve the differential equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then solve the differential equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then solve the differential equation for
+sine NT cosine NT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine NT cosine NT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine NT cosine NT
+individually this gives you a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually this gives you a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually this gives you a solution
+for each term on the right hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each term on the right hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each term on the right hand side of
+the differential equation and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation and then at
+the end of the day you superposition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day you superposition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day you superposition to
+sum up all this all of the solutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up all this all of the solutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up all this all of the solutions and
+that gives you one final big solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you one final big solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you one final big solution
+okay so i hope you enjoyed this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i hope you enjoyed this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i hope you enjoyed this problem
+and i'll see you next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-qCEoqpwjf4.txt b/-qCEoqpwjf4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90e66620673a61438c24d0ce4f3fbd5423308c8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-qCEoqpwjf4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2484 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so let's start.
+
+So today, we're going
+to continue the
+
+subject from last time.
+
+And the subject is
+random variables.
+
+As we discussed, random
+variables basically associate
+
+numerical values with the
+outcomes of an experiment.
+
+And we want to learn how
+to manipulate them.
+
+Now to a large extent, what's
+going to happen, what's
+
+happening during this chapter,
+is that we are revisiting the
+
+same concepts we have
+seen in chapter one.
+
+But we're going to introduce
+a lot of new notation, but
+
+really dealing with the
+same kind of stuff.
+
+The only difference where we
+go beyond the new notation,
+
+the new concept in this chapter
+is the concept of the
+
+expectation or expected
+values.
+
+And we're going to learn how
+to manipulate expectations.
+
+So let us start with a quick
+review of what we
+
+discussed last time.
+
+We talked about random
+variables.
+
+Loosely speaking, random
+variables are random
+
+quantities that result
+from an experiment.
+
+More precisely speaking,
+mathematically speaking, a
+
+random variable is a function
+from the sample space to the
+
+real numbers.
+
+That is, you give me an outcome,
+and based on that
+
+outcome, I can tell you the
+value of the random variable.
+
+So the value of the random
+variable is a function of the
+
+outcome that we have.
+
+Now given a random variable,
+some of the numerical outcomes
+
+are more likely than others.
+
+And we want to say which ones
+are more likely and
+
+how likely they are.
+
+And the way we do that is by
+writing down the probabilities
+
+of the different possible
+numerical outcomes.
+
+Notice here, the notation.
+
+We use uppercase to denote
+the random variable.
+
+We use lowercase to denote
+real numbers.
+
+So the way you read this, this
+is the probability that the
+
+random variable, capital X,
+happens to take the numerical
+
+value, little x.
+
+This is a concept that's
+familiar from chapter one.
+
+And this is just the new
+notation we will be using for
+
+that concept.
+
+It's the Probability Mass
+Function of the random
+
+variable, capital X. So the
+subscript just indicates which
+
+random variable we're
+talking about.
+
+And it's the probability
+assigned to
+
+a particular outcome.
+
+And we want to assign such
+probabilities for all possibly
+
+numerical values.
+
+So you can think of this as
+being a function of little x.
+
+And it tells you how likely
+every little x is going to be.
+
+Now the new concept we
+introduced last time is the
+
+concept of the expected value
+for random variable, which is
+
+defined this way.
+
+You look at all the
+possible outcomes.
+
+And you form some kind of
+average of all the possible
+
+numerical values over the random
+variable capital X. You
+
+consider all the possible
+numerical values, and you form
+
+an average.
+
+In fact, it's a weighted average
+where, to every little
+
+x, you assign a weight equal to
+the probability that that
+
+particular little x is
+going to be realized.
+
+Now, as we discussed last time,
+if you have a random
+
+variable, you can take a
+function of a random variable.
+
+And that's going to be a
+new random variable.
+
+So if capital X is a random
+variable and g is a function,
+
+g of X is a new random
+variable.
+
+You do the experiment.
+
+You get an outcome.
+
+This determines the value of
+X. And that determines the
+
+value of g of X.
+
+So the numerical value of g of
+X is determined by whatever
+
+happens in the experiment.
+
+It's random.
+
+And that makes it a
+random variable.
+
+Since it's a random variable,
+it has an
+
+expectation of its own.
+
+So how would we calculate the
+expectation of g of X?
+
+You could proceed by just using
+the definition, which
+
+would require you to find the
+PMF of the random variable g
+
+of X. So find the PMF of g of X,
+and then apply the formula
+
+for the expected value
+of a random
+
+variable with known PMF.
+
+But there is also a shortcut,
+which is just a different way
+
+of doing the counting and the
+calculations, in which we do
+
+not need to find the PMF of g
+of X. We just work with the
+
+PMF of the original
+random variable.
+
+And what this is saying is that
+the average value of g of
+
+X is obtained as follows.
+
+You look at all the possible
+results, the X's,
+
+how likely they are.
+
+And when that particular
+X happens, this is
+
+how much you get.
+
+And so this way, you add
+these things up.
+
+And you get the average amount
+that you're going to get, the
+
+average value of g of X, where
+you average over the
+
+likelihoods of the
+different X's.
+
+Now expected values have some
+properties that are always
+
+true and some properties that
+sometimes are not true.
+
+So the property that is not
+always true is that this would
+
+be the same as g of the expected
+value of X. So in
+
+general, this is not true.
+
+You cannot interchange function
+and expectation,
+
+which means you cannot reason
+on the average, in general.
+
+But there are some exceptions.
+
+When g is a linear function,
+then the expected value for a
+
+linear function is the same as
+that same linear function of
+
+the expectation.
+
+So for linear functions, so
+for random variable, the
+
+expectation behaves nicely.
+
+So this is basically telling you
+that, if X is degrees in
+
+Celsius, alpha X plus b is
+degrees in Fahrenheit, you can
+
+first do the conversion
+to Fahrenheit
+
+and take the average.
+
+Or you can find the average
+temperature in Celsius, and
+
+then do the conversion
+to Fahrenheit.
+
+Either is valid.
+
+So the expected value tells us
+something about where is the
+
+center of the distribution, more
+specifically, the center
+
+of mass or the center of gravity
+of the PMF, when you
+
+plot it as a bar graph.
+
+Besides the average value, you
+may be interested in knowing
+
+how far will you be from
+the average, typically.
+
+So let's look at this quantity,
+X minus expected
+
+value of X.
+
+This is the distance from
+the average value.
+
+So for a random outcome of the
+experiment, this quantity in
+
+here measures how far
+away from the mean
+
+you happen to be.
+
+This quantity inside the
+brackets is a random variable.
+
+Why?
+
+Because capital X is random.
+
+And what we have here is capital
+X, which is random,
+
+minus a number.
+
+Remember, expected values
+are numbers.
+
+Now a random variable
+minus a number is
+
+a new random variable.
+
+It has an expectation
+of its own.
+
+We can use the linearity rule,
+expected value of something
+
+minus something else is just
+the difference of their
+
+expected value.
+
+So it's going to be expected
+value of X minus the expected
+
+value over this thing.
+
+Now this thing is a number.
+
+And the expected value
+of a number is
+
+just the number itself.
+
+So we get from here that this
+is expected value minus
+
+expected value.
+
+And we get zero.
+
+What is this telling us?
+
+That, on the average, the
+assigned difference from the
+
+mean is equal to zero.
+
+That is, the mean is here.
+
+Sometimes X will fall
+to the right.
+
+Sometimes X will fall
+to the left.
+
+On the average, the average
+distance from the mean is
+
+going to be zero, because
+sometimes the realized
+
+distance will be positive,
+sometimes it will be negative.
+
+Positives and negatives
+cancel out.
+
+So if we want to capture the
+idea of how far are we from
+
+the mean, just looking at the
+assigned distance from the
+
+mean is not going to give us
+any useful information.
+
+So if we want to say something
+about how far we are,
+
+typically, we should do
+something different.
+
+One possibility might be to take
+the absolute values of
+
+the differences.
+
+And that's a quantity that
+sometimes people are
+
+interested in.
+
+But it turns out that a more
+useful quantity happens to be
+
+the variance of a random
+variable, which actually
+
+measures the average squared
+distance from the mean.
+
+So you have a random outcome,
+random results, random
+
+numerical value of the
+random variable.
+
+It is a certain distance
+away from the mean.
+
+That certain distance
+is random.
+
+We take the square of that.
+
+This is the squared distance
+from the mean,
+
+which is again random.
+
+Since it's random, it has an
+expected value of its own.
+
+And that expected value, we call
+it the variance of X. And
+
+so we have this particular
+definition.
+
+Using the rule that we have up
+here for how to calculate
+
+expectations of functions
+of a random variable,
+
+why does that apply?
+
+Well, what we have inside the
+brackets here is a function of
+
+the random variable, capital X.
+So we can apply this rule
+
+where g is this particular
+function.
+
+And we can use that to calculate
+the variance,
+
+starting with the PMF of the
+random variable X. And then we
+
+have a useful formula that's a
+nice shortcut, sometimes, if
+
+you want to do the
+calculation.
+
+Now one thing that's slightly
+wrong with the variance is
+
+that the units are not right, if
+you want to talk about the
+
+spread a of a distribution.
+
+Suppose that X is a random
+variable measured in meters.
+
+The variance will have the
+units of meters squared.
+
+So it's a kind of a
+different thing.
+
+If you want to talk about the
+spread of the distribution
+
+using the same units as you have
+for X, it's convenient to
+
+take the square root
+of the variance.
+
+And that's something
+that we define.
+
+And we call it to the standard
+deviation of X, or the
+
+standard deviation of the
+distribution of X. So it tells
+
+you the amount of spread
+in your distribution.
+
+And it is in the same units as
+the random variable itself
+
+that you are dealing with.
+
+And we can just illustrate
+those quantities with an
+
+example that's about as
+simple as it can be.
+
+So consider the following
+experiment.
+
+You're going to go from
+here to New York,
+
+let's say, 200 miles.
+
+And you have two alternatives.
+
+Either you'll get your private
+plane and go at a speed of 200
+
+miles per hour, constant speed
+during your trip, or
+
+otherwise, you'll decide to walk
+really, really slowly, at
+
+the leisurely pace of
+one mile per hour.
+
+So you pick the speed at
+random by doing this
+
+experiment, by flipping
+a coin.
+
+And with probability one-half,
+you do one thing.
+
+With probably one-half, you
+do the other thing.
+
+So your V is a random
+variable.
+
+In case you're interested in
+how much time it's going to
+
+take you to get there, well,
+time is equal to distance
+
+divided by speed.
+
+So that's the formula.
+
+The time itself is a random
+variable, because it's a
+
+function of V, which
+is random.
+
+How much time it's going to take
+you depends on the coin
+
+flip that you do in the
+beginning to decide what speed
+
+you are going to have.
+
+OK, just as a warm up, the
+trivial calculations.
+
+To find the expected value of
+V, you argue as follows.
+
+With probability one-half,
+V is going to be one.
+
+And with probability one-half,
+V is going to be 200.
+
+And so the expected value
+of your speed is 100.5.
+
+If you wish to calculate the
+variance of V, then you argue
+
+as follows.
+
+With probability one-half, I'm
+going to travel at the speed
+
+of one, whereas, the
+mean is 100.5.
+
+So this is the distance from
+the mean, if I decide to
+
+travel at the speed of one.
+
+We take that distance from
+the mean squared.
+
+That's one contribution
+to the variance.
+
+And with probability one-half,
+you're going to travel at the
+
+speed of 200, which is this
+much away from the mean.
+
+You take the square of that.
+
+OK, so approximately how
+big is this number?
+
+Well, this is roughly
+100 squared.
+
+That's also 100 squared.
+
+So approximately, the variance
+of this random
+
+variable is 100 squared.
+
+Now if I tell you that the
+variance of this distribution
+
+is 10,000, it doesn't
+really help you to
+
+relate it to this diagram.
+
+Whereas, the standard deviation,
+where you take the
+
+square root, is more
+interesting.
+
+It's the square root of 100
+squared, which is a 100.
+
+And the standard deviation,
+indeed, gives us a sense of
+
+how spread out this distribution
+is from the mean.
+
+So the standard deviation
+basically gives us some
+
+indication about this spacing
+that we have here.
+
+It tells us the amount of spread
+in our distribution.
+
+OK, now let's look at what
+happens to time.
+
+V is a random variable.
+
+T is a random variable.
+
+So now let's look at the
+expected values and all of
+
+that for the time.
+
+OK, so the time is a function
+of a random variable.
+
+We can find the expected time
+by looking at all possible
+
+outcomes of the experiment, the
+V's, weigh them according
+
+to their probabilities, and for
+each particular V, keep
+
+track of how much
+time it took us.
+
+So if V is one, which happens
+with probability one-half, the
+
+time it takes is going
+to be 200.
+
+If we travel at speed of one,
+it takes us 200 time units.
+
+And otherwise, if our speed is
+equal to 200, the time is one.
+
+So the expected value of T is
+once more the same as before.
+
+It's 100.5.
+
+So the expected speed
+is 100.5.
+
+The expected time
+is also 100.5.
+
+So the product of these
+expectations is
+
+something like 10,000.
+
+How about the expected value
+of the product of T and V?
+
+Well, T times V is 200.
+
+No matter what outcome you have
+in the experiment, in
+
+that particular outcome, T
+times V is total distance
+
+traveled, which is
+exactly 200.
+
+And so what do we get in this
+simple example is that the
+
+expected value of the product of
+these two random variables
+
+is different than the product
+of their expected values.
+
+This is one more instance
+of where we cannot
+
+reason on the average.
+
+So on the average, over a large
+number of trips, your
+
+average time would be 100.
+
+On the average, over a large
+number of trips, your average
+
+speed would be 100.
+
+But your average distance
+traveled is not 100 times 100.
+
+It's something else.
+
+So you cannot reason on the
+average, whenever you're
+
+dealing with non-linear
+things.
+
+And the non-linear thing here
+is that you have a function
+
+which is a product of stuff,
+as opposed to just
+
+linear sums of stuff.
+
+Another way to look at what's
+happening here is the expected
+
+value of the time.
+
+Time, by definition, is
+200 over the speed.
+
+Expected value of the time, we
+found it to be about a 100.
+
+And so expected value of 200
+over V is about a 100.
+
+But it's different from this
+quantity here, which is
+
+roughly equal to
+2, and so 200.
+
+Expected value of
+V is about 100.
+
+So this quantity is about
+equal to two.
+
+Whereas, this quantity
+up here is about 100.
+
+So what do we have here?
+
+We have a non-linear function
+of V. And we find that the
+
+expected value of this function
+is not the same thing
+
+as the function of the
+expected value.
+
+So again, that's an instance
+where you cannot interchange
+
+expected values and functions.
+
+And that's because things
+are non-linear.
+
+OK, so now let us introduce
+a new concept.
+
+Or maybe it's not quite
+a new concept.
+
+So we discussed, in chapter
+one, that we have
+
+probabilities.
+
+We also have conditional
+probabilities.
+
+What's the difference
+between them?
+
+Essentially, none.
+
+Probabilities are just an
+assignment of probability
+
+values to give different
+outcomes, given
+
+a particular model.
+
+Somebody comes and gives
+you new information.
+
+So you come up with
+a new model.
+
+And you have a new
+probabilities.
+
+We call these conditional
+probabilities, but they taste
+
+and behave exactly the same
+as ordinary probabilities.
+
+So since we can have conditional
+probabilities, why
+
+not have conditional PMFs as
+well, since PMFs deal with
+
+probabilities anyway.
+
+So we have a random variable,
+capital X. It has
+
+a PMF of its own.
+
+For example, it could be the PMF
+in this picture, which is
+
+a uniform PMF that takes for
+possible different values.
+
+And we also have an event.
+
+And somebody comes
+and tells us that
+
+this event has occurred.
+
+The PMF tells you the
+probability that capital X
+
+equals to some little x.
+
+Somebody tells you that a
+certain event has occurred
+
+that's going to make you change
+the probabilities that
+
+you assign to the different
+values.
+
+You are going to use conditional
+probabilities.
+
+So this part, it's clear what
+it means from chapter one.
+
+And this part is just the new
+notation we're using in this
+
+chapter to talk about
+conditional probabilities.
+
+So this is just a definition.
+
+So the conditional PMF
+is an ordinary PMF.
+
+But it's the PMF that applies
+to a new model in which we
+
+have been given some information
+about the outcome
+
+of the experiment.
+
+So to make it concrete, consider
+this event here.
+
+Take the event that capital
+X is bigger
+
+than or equal to two.
+
+In the picture, what
+is the event A?
+
+The event A consists of
+these three outcomes.
+
+OK, what is the conditional PMF,
+given that we are told
+
+that event A has occurred?
+
+Given that the event A has
+occurred, it basically tells
+
+us that this outcome
+has not occurred.
+
+There's only three possible
+outcomes now.
+
+In the new universe, in the new
+model where we condition
+
+on A, there's only three
+possible outcomes.
+
+Those three possible outcomes
+were equally
+
+likely when we started.
+
+So in the conditional universe,
+they will remain
+
+equally likely.
+
+Remember, whenever you
+condition, the relative
+
+likelihoods remain the same.
+
+They keep the same
+proportions.
+
+They just need to be
+re-scaled, so that
+
+they add up to one.
+
+So each one of these will have
+the same probability.
+
+Now in the new world,
+probabilities need
+
+to add up to 1.
+
+So each one of them is going to
+get a probability of 1/3 in
+
+the conditional universe.
+
+So this is our conditional
+model.
+
+So our PMF is equal to 1/3 for
+X equals to 2, 3 and 4.
+
+All right.
+
+Now whenever you have a
+probabilistic model involving
+
+a random variable and you have
+a PMF for that random
+
+variable, you can talk about
+the expected value of that
+
+random variable.
+
+We defined expected values
+just a few minutes ago.
+
+Here, we're dealing with
+a conditional model and
+
+conditional probabilities.
+
+And so we can also talk about
+the expected value of the
+
+random variable X in this new
+universe, in this new
+
+conditional model that
+we're dealing with.
+
+And this leads us to the
+definition of the notion of a
+
+conditional expectation.
+
+The conditional expectation
+is nothing but an ordinary
+
+expectation, except that you
+don't use the original PMF.
+
+You use the conditional PMF.
+
+You use the conditional
+probabilities.
+
+It's just an ordinary
+expectation, but applied to
+
+the new model that we have to
+the conditional universe where
+
+we are told that the certain
+event has occurred.
+
+So we can now calculate the
+condition expectation, which,
+
+in this particular example,
+would be 1/3.
+
+That's the probability of a
+2, plus 1/3 which is the
+
+probability of a 3 plus 1/3,
+the probability of a 4.
+
+And then you can use your
+calculator to find the answer,
+
+or you can just argue
+by symmetry.
+
+The expected value has to be the
+center of gravity of the
+
+PMF we're working with,
+which is equal to 3.
+
+So conditional expectations are
+no different from ordinary
+
+expectations.
+
+They're just ordinary
+expectations applied to a new
+
+type of situation or a
+new type of model.
+
+Anything we might know about
+expectations will remain valid
+
+about conditional
+expectations.
+
+So for example, the conditional
+expectation of a
+
+linear function of a random
+variable is going to be the
+
+linear function of the
+conditional expectations.
+
+Or you can take any formula that
+you might know, such as
+
+the formula that expected value
+of X is equal to the--
+
+sorry--
+
+expected value of g of X is the
+sum over all X's of g of X
+
+times the PMF of X. So this is
+the formula that we already
+
+know about how to calculate
+expectations of a function of
+
+a random variable.
+
+If we move to the conditional
+universe, what changes?
+
+In the conditional universe,
+we're talking about the
+
+conditional expectation, given
+that event A has occurred.
+
+And we use the conditional
+probabilities, given that A
+
+has occurred.
+
+So any formula has a conditional
+counterpart.
+
+In the conditional counterparts,
+expectations get
+
+replaced by conditional
+expectations.
+
+And probabilities get replaced
+by conditional probabilities.
+
+So once you know the first
+formula and you know the
+
+general idea, there's absolutely
+no reason for you
+
+to memorize a formula
+like this one.
+
+You shouldn't even have to write
+it on your cheat sheet
+
+for the exam, OK?
+
+OK, all right, so now let's look
+at an example of a random
+
+variable that we've seen before,
+the geometric random
+
+variable, and this time do
+something a little more
+
+interesting with it.
+
+Do you remember from last time
+what the geometric random
+
+variable is?
+
+We do coin flips.
+
+Each time there's a
+probability of P
+
+of obtaining heads.
+
+And we're interested in the
+number of tosses we're going
+
+to need until we observe heads
+for the first time.
+
+The probability that the random
+variable takes the
+
+value K, this is the probability
+that the first K
+
+appeared at the K-th toss.
+
+So this is the probability of
+K minus 1 consecutive tails
+
+followed by a head.
+
+So this is the probability of
+having to weight K tosses.
+
+And when we plot this PMF, it
+has this kind of shape, which
+
+is the shape of a geometric
+progression.
+
+It starts at 1, and it goes
+all the way to infinity.
+
+So this is a discrete random
+variable that takes values
+
+over an infinite set, the set
+of the positive integers.
+
+So it's a random variable,
+therefore, it has an
+
+expectation.
+
+And the expected value is, by
+definition, we'll consider all
+
+possible values of the
+random variable.
+
+And we weigh them according to
+their probabilities, which
+
+leads us to this expression.
+
+You may have evaluated that
+expression some time in your
+
+previous life.
+
+And there are tricks for how
+to evaluate this and get a
+
+closed-form answer.
+
+But it's sort of an
+algebraic trick.
+
+You might not remember it.
+
+How do we go about doing
+this summation?
+
+Well, we're going to use a
+probabilistic trick and manage
+
+to evaluate the expectation of
+X, essentially, without doing
+
+any algebra.
+
+And in the process of doing so,
+we're going to get some
+
+intuition about what happens
+in coin tosses and with
+
+geometric random variables.
+
+So we have two people who
+are going to do the same
+
+experiment, flip a coin until
+they obtain heads for the
+
+first time.
+
+One of these people is going to
+use the letter Y to count
+
+how many heads it took.
+
+So that person starts
+flipping right now.
+
+This is the current time.
+
+And they are going to obtain
+tails, tails, tails, until
+
+eventually they obtain heads.
+
+And this random variable Y is,
+of course, geometric, so it
+
+has a PMF of this form.
+
+OK, now there is a second person
+who is doing that same
+
+experiment.
+
+That second person is going to
+take, again, a random number,
+
+X, until they obtain heads
+for the first time.
+
+And of course, X is going to
+have the same PMF as Y.
+
+But that person was impatient.
+
+And they actually started
+flipping earlier, before the Y
+
+person started flipping.
+
+They flipped the coin twice.
+
+And they were unlucky, and they
+
+obtained tails both times.
+
+And so they have to continue.
+
+Looking at the situation at this
+time, how do these two
+
+people compare?
+
+Who do you think is going
+to obtain heads first?
+
+Is one more likely
+than the other?
+
+So if you play at the casino a
+lot, you'll say, oh, there
+
+were two tails in a row, so
+a head should be coming up
+
+sometime soon.
+
+But this is a wrong argument,
+because coin flips, at least
+
+in our model, are independent.
+
+The fact that these two happened
+to be tails doesn't
+
+change anything about our
+beliefs about what's going to
+
+be happening here.
+
+So what's going to be happening
+to that person is
+
+they will be flipping
+independent coin flips.
+
+That person will also
+be flipping
+
+independent coin flips.
+
+And both of them wait until
+the first head occurs.
+
+They're facing an identical
+situation,
+
+starting from this time.
+
+OK, now what's the probabilistic
+model of what
+
+this person is facing?
+
+The time until that person
+obtains heads for the first
+
+time is X. So this number of
+flips until they obtain heads
+
+for the first time is going
+to be X minus 2.
+
+So X is the total number
+until the first head.
+
+X minus 2 is the number or
+flips, starting from here.
+
+Now what information do we
+have about that person?
+
+We have the information
+that their first
+
+two flips were tails.
+
+So we're given the information
+that X was bigger than 2.
+
+So the probabilistic model that
+describes this piece of
+
+the experiment is that it's
+going to take a random number
+
+of flips until the first head.
+
+That number of flips, starting
+from here until the next head,
+
+is that number X minus 2.
+
+But we're given the information
+that this person
+
+has already wasted
+2 coin flips.
+
+Now we argued that
+probabilistically, this
+
+person, this part of the
+experiment here is identical
+
+with that part of
+the experiment.
+
+So the PMF of this random
+variable, which is X minus 2,
+
+conditioned on this information,
+should be the
+
+same as that PMF that
+we have down there.
+
+So the formal statement that
+I'm making is that this PMF
+
+here of X minus 2, given that
+X is bigger than 2, is the
+
+same as the PMF of X itself.
+
+What is this saying?
+
+Given that I tell you that you
+already did a few flips and
+
+they were failures, the
+remaining number of flips
+
+until the first head has the
+same geometric distribution as
+
+if you were starting
+from scratch.
+
+Whatever happened in the past,
+it happened, but has no
+
+bearing what's going to
+happen in the future.
+
+Remaining coin flips until
+a head has the same
+
+distribution, whether you're
+starting right now, or whether
+
+you had done some other
+stuff in the past.
+
+So this is a property that we
+call the memorylessness
+
+property of the geometric
+distribution.
+
+Essentially, it says that
+whatever happens in the future
+
+is independent from whatever
+happened in the past.
+
+And that's true almost by
+definition, because we're
+
+assuming independent
+coin flips.
+
+Really, independence means that
+information about one
+
+part of the experiment has no
+bearing about what's going to
+
+happen in the other parts
+of the experiment.
+
+The argument that I tried to
+give using the intuition of
+
+coin flips, you can make it
+formal by just manipulating
+
+PMFs formally.
+
+So this is the original
+PMF of X.
+
+Suppose that you condition
+on the event that X
+
+is bigger than 3.
+
+This conditioning information,
+what it does is it tells you
+
+that this piece did
+not happen.
+
+You're conditioning just
+on this event.
+
+When you condition on that
+event, what's left is the
+
+conditional PMF, which has the
+same shape as this one, except
+
+that it needs to be
+re-normalized up, so that the
+
+probabilities add up to one.
+
+So you take that picture, but
+you need to change the height
+
+of it, so that these
+terms add up to 1.
+
+And this is the conditional
+PMF of X, given that X is
+
+bigger than 2.
+
+But we're talking here not about
+X. We're talking about
+
+the remaining number of heads.
+
+Remaining number of heads
+is X minus 2.
+
+If we have the PMF of X, can we
+find the PMF of X minus 2?
+
+Well, if X is equal to 3, that
+corresponds to X minus 2 being
+
+equal to 1.
+
+So this probability here
+should be equal to that
+
+probability.
+
+The probability that X is equal
+to 4 should be the same
+
+as the probability that X
+minus 2 is equal to 2.
+
+So basically, the PMF of X minus
+2 is the same as the PMF
+
+of X, except that it gets
+shifted by these 2 units.
+
+So this way, we have formally
+derived the conditional PMF of
+
+the remaining number of coin
+tosses, given that the first
+
+two flips were tails.
+
+And we see that it's exactly
+the same as the PMF that we
+
+started with.
+
+And so this is the formal proof
+of this statement here.
+
+So it's useful here to digest
+both these formal statements
+
+and understand it and understand
+the notation that
+
+is involved here, but also
+to really appreciate the
+
+intuitive argument what
+this is really saying.
+
+OK, all right, so now we want to
+use this observation, this
+
+memorylessness, to eventually
+calculate the expected value
+
+for a geometric random
+variable.
+
+And the way we're going to do
+it is by using a divide and
+
+conquer tool, which is an analog
+of what we have already
+
+seen sometime before.
+
+Remember our story that there's
+a number of possible
+
+scenarios about the world?
+
+And there's a certain event, B,
+that can happen under any
+
+of these possible scenarios.
+
+And we have the total
+probability theory.
+
+And that tells us that, to find
+the probability of this
+
+event, B, you consider
+the probabilities of
+
+B under each scenario.
+
+And you weigh those
+probabilities according to the
+
+probabilities of the different
+scenarios that we have.
+
+So that's a formula that
+we already know
+
+and have worked with.
+
+What's the next step?
+
+Is it something deep?
+
+No, it's just translation
+in different notation.
+
+This is the exactly same
+formula, but with PMFs.
+
+The event that capital X is
+equal to little x can happen
+
+in many different ways.
+
+It can happen under
+either scenario.
+
+And within each scenario, you
+need to use the conditional
+
+probabilities of that event,
+given that this
+
+scenario has occurred.
+
+So this formula is identical to
+that one, except that we're
+
+using conditional PMFs,
+instead of conditional
+
+probabilities.
+
+But conditional PMFs, of
+course, are nothing but
+
+conditional probabilities
+anyway.
+
+So nothing new so far.
+
+Then what I do is to take this
+formula here and multiply both
+
+sides by X and take the
+sum over all X's.
+
+What do we get on this side?
+
+We get the expected
+value of X.
+
+What do we get on that side?
+
+Probability of A1.
+
+And then here, sum over all
+X's of X times P. That's,
+
+again, the same calculation
+we have when we deal with
+
+expectations, except that, since
+here, we're dealing with
+
+conditional probabilities,
+we're going to get the
+
+conditional expectation.
+
+And this is the total
+expectation theorem.
+
+It's a very useful way for
+calculating expectations using
+
+a divide and conquer method.
+
+We figure out the average value
+of X under each one of
+
+the possible scenarios.
+
+The overall average value of
+X is a weighted linear
+
+combination of the expected
+values of X in the different
+
+scenarios where the weights are
+chosen according to the
+
+different probabilities.
+
+OK, and now we're going to apply
+this to the case of a
+
+geometric random variable.
+
+And we're going to divide and
+conquer by considering
+
+separately the two cases where
+the first toss was heads, and
+
+the other case where the
+first toss was tails.
+
+So the expected value of X is
+the probability that the first
+
+toss was heads, so that X is
+equal to 1, and the expected
+
+value if that happened.
+
+What is the expected value of X,
+given that X is equal to 1?
+
+If X is known to be
+equal to 1, then X
+
+becomes just a number.
+
+And the expected value of a
+number is the number itself.
+
+So this first line here is the
+probability of heads in the
+
+first toss times the number 1.
+
+So the probability that X is
+bigger than 1 is 1 minus P.
+
+And then we need to do
+something about this
+
+conditional expectation.
+
+What is it?
+
+I can write it in, perhaps,
+a more suggested form, as
+
+expected the value of X minus
+1, given that X minus 1 is
+
+bigger than 1.
+
+Ah.
+
+OK, X bigger than 1 is the
+same as X minus 1 being
+
+positive, this way.
+
+X minus 1 is positive plus 1.
+
+What did I do here?
+
+I added and subtracted 1.
+
+Now what is this?
+
+This is the expected value of
+the remaining coin flips,
+
+until I obtain heads, given that
+the first one was tails.
+
+It's the same story that we were
+going through down there.
+
+Given that the first coin flip
+was tails doesn't tell me
+
+anything about the
+future, about the
+
+remaining coin flips.
+
+So this expectation should be
+the same as the expectation
+
+faced by a person who was
+starting just now.
+
+So this should be equal to the
+expected value of X itself.
+
+And then we have the plus 1
+that's come from there, OK?
+
+Remaining coin flips until a
+head, given that I had a tail
+
+yesterday, is the same as
+expected number of flips until
+
+heads for a person just starting
+now and wasn't doing
+
+anything yesterday.
+
+So the fact that they I had a
+coin flip yesterday doesn't
+
+change my beliefs about how
+long it's going to take me
+
+until the first head.
+
+So once we believe that
+relation, than
+
+we plug this here.
+
+And this red term becomes
+expected value of X plus 1.
+
+So now we didn't exactly get the
+answer we wanted, but we
+
+got an equation that involves
+the expected value of X. And
+
+it's the only unknown
+in that equation.
+
+Expected value of X equals to P
+plus (1 minus P) times this
+
+expression.
+
+You solve this equation for
+expected value of X, and you
+
+get the value of 1/P.
+
+The final answer does make
+intuitive sense.
+
+If P is small, heads are
+difficult to obtain.
+
+So you expect that it's going to
+take you a long time until
+
+you see heads for
+the first time.
+
+So it is definitely a
+reasonable answer.
+
+Now the trick that we used here,
+the divide and conquer
+
+trick, is a really nice one.
+
+It gives us a very good shortcut
+in this problem.
+
+But you must definitely spend
+some time making sure you
+
+understand why this expression
+here is the same as that
+
+expression there.
+
+Essentially, what it's saying is
+that, if I tell you that X
+
+is bigger than 1, that the first
+coin flip was tails, all
+
+I'm telling you is that that
+person has wasted a coin flip,
+
+and they are starting
+all over again.
+
+So they've wasted 1 coin flip.
+
+And they're starting
+all over again.
+
+If I tell you that the first
+flip was tails, that's the
+
+only information that I'm
+basically giving you, a wasted
+
+flip, and then starts
+all over again.
+
+All right, so in the few
+remaining minutes now, we're
+
+going to quickly introduce a few
+new concepts that we will
+
+be playing with in the
+next ten days or so.
+
+And you will get plenty
+of opportunities
+
+to manipulate them.
+
+So here's the idea.
+
+A typical experiment may have
+several random variables
+
+associated with that
+experiment.
+
+So a typical student has
+height and weight.
+
+If I give you the PMF of
+height, that tells me
+
+something about distribution
+of heights in the class.
+
+I give you the PMF of weight,
+it tells me something about
+
+the different weights
+in this class.
+
+But if I want to ask a
+question, is there an
+
+association between height and
+weight, then I need to know a
+
+little more how height and
+weight relate to each other.
+
+And the PMF of height
+individuality and PMF of
+
+weight just by itself
+do not tell me
+
+anything about those relations.
+
+To be able to say something
+about those relations, I need
+
+to know something about joint
+probabilities, how likely is
+
+it that certain X's go together
+with certain Y's.
+
+So these probabilities,
+essentially, capture
+
+associations between these
+two random variables.
+
+And it's the information I would
+need to have to do any
+
+kind of statistical study that
+tries to relate the two random
+
+variables with each other.
+
+These are ordinary
+probabilities.
+
+This is an event.
+
+It's the event that
+this thing happens
+
+and that thing happens.
+
+This is just the notation
+that we will be using.
+
+It's called the joint PMF.
+
+It's the joint Probability
+Mass Function of the two
+
+random variables X and Y looked
+at together, jointly.
+
+And it gives me the probability
+that any
+
+particular numerical outcome
+pair does happen.
+
+So in the finite case, you can
+represent joint PMFs, for
+
+example, by a table.
+
+This particular table here would
+give you information
+
+such as, let's see, the joint
+PMF evaluated at 2, 3.
+
+This is the probability that
+X is equal to 3 and,
+
+simultaneously, Y
+is equal to 3.
+
+So it would be that
+number here.
+
+It's 4/20.
+
+OK, what is a basic
+property of PMFs?
+
+First, these are probabilities,
+so all of the
+
+entries have to be
+non-negative.
+
+If you adopt the probabilities
+over all possible numerical
+
+pairs that you could get, of
+course, the total probability
+
+must be equal to 1.
+
+So that's another thing
+that we want.
+
+Now suppose somebody gives
+me this model, but I
+
+don't care about Y's.
+
+All I care is the distribution
+of the X's.
+
+So I'm going to find the
+probability that X takes on a
+
+particular value.
+
+Can I find it from the table?
+
+Of course, I can.
+
+If you ask me what's the
+probability that X is equal to
+
+3, what I'm going to do is
+to add up those three
+
+probabilities together.
+
+And those probabilities, taken
+all together, give me the
+
+probability that X
+is equal to 3.
+
+These are all the possible ways
+that the event X equals
+
+to 3 can happen.
+
+So we add these, and
+we get the 6/20.
+
+What I just did, can we
+translate it to a formula?
+
+What did I do?
+
+I fixed the particular value
+of X. And I added up the
+
+values of the joint PMF over all
+the possible values of Y.
+
+So that's how you do it.
+
+You take the joint.
+
+You take one slice of the joint,
+keeping X fixed, and
+
+adding up over the different
+values of Y.
+
+The moral of this example is
+that, if you know the joint
+
+PMFs, then you can find the
+individual PMFs of every
+
+individual random variable.
+
+And we have a name for these.
+
+We call them the
+marginal PMFs.
+
+We have the joint that talks
+about both together, and the
+
+marginal that talks about
+them one at the time.
+
+And finally, since we love
+conditional probabilities, we
+
+will certainly want to define
+an object called the
+
+conditional PMF.
+
+So this quantity here
+is a familiar one.
+
+It's just a conditional
+probability.
+
+It's the probability that X
+takes on a particular value,
+
+given that Y takes
+a certain value.
+
+For our example, let's take
+little y to be equal to 2,
+
+which means that we're
+conditioning to live inside
+
+this universe.
+
+This red universe here is the
+y equal to 2 universe.
+
+And these are the conditional
+probabilities of the different
+
+X's inside that universe.
+
+OK, once more, just an
+exercise in notation.
+
+This is the chapter two version
+of the notation of
+
+what we were denoting this
+way in chapter one.
+
+The way to read this is that
+it's a conditional PMF having
+
+to do with two random variables,
+the PMF of X
+
+conditioned on information
+about Y. We are fixing a
+
+particular value of capital Y,
+that's the value on which we
+
+are conditioning.
+
+And we're looking at the
+probabilities of
+
+the different X's.
+
+So it's really a function
+of two arguments, little
+
+x and little y.
+
+But the best way to think about
+it is to fix little y
+
+and think of it as a function
+of X. So I'm fixing little y
+
+here, let's say, to
+y equal to 2.
+
+So I'm considering only this.
+
+And now, this quantity becomes
+a function of little x.
+
+For the different little x's,
+we're going to have different
+
+conditional probabilities.
+
+What are those conditional
+probabilities?
+
+OK, conditional probabilities
+are proportional to original
+
+probabilities.
+
+So it's going to be those
+numbers, but scaled up.
+
+And they need to be scaled
+so that they add up to 1.
+
+So we have 1, 3 and 1.
+
+That's a total of 5.
+
+So the conditional PMF would
+have the shape zero,
+
+1/5, 3/5, and 1/5.
+
+This is the conditional PMF,
+given a particular value of Y.
+
+It has the same shape as those
+numbers, where by shape, I
+
+mean try to visualize
+a bar graph.
+
+The bar graph associated with
+those numbers has exactly the
+
+same shape as the bar graph
+associated with those numbers.
+
+The only thing that has changed
+is the scaling.
+
+Big moral, let me say in
+different words, the
+
+conditional PMF, given a
+particular value of Y, is just
+
+a slice of the joint PMF where
+you maintain the same shape,
+
+but you rescale the numbers
+so that they add up to 1.
+
+Now mathematically, of course,
+what all of this is doing is
+
+it's taking the original joint
+PDF and it rescales it by a
+
+certain factor.
+
+This does not involve X, so the
+shape, is a function of X,
+
+has not changed.
+
+We're keeping the same shape
+as a function of X, but we
+
+divide by a certain number.
+
+And that's the number that we
+need, so that the conditional
+
+probabilities add up to 1.
+
+Now where does this
+formula come from?
+
+Well, this is just the
+definition of conditional
+
+probabilities.
+
+Probability of something
+conditioned on something else
+
+is the probability of both
+things happening, the
+
+intersection of the two divided
+by the probability of
+
+the conditioning event.
+
+And last remark is that, as
+I just said, conditional
+
+probabilities are nothing
+different than ordinary
+
+probabilities.
+
+So a conditional PMF must sum
+to 1, no matter what you are
+
+conditioning on.
+
+All right, so this was sort of
+quick introduction into our
+
+new notation.
+
+But you get a lot of practice
+in the next days to come.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0Qws8BuK3RQ.txt b/0Qws8BuK3RQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ebf0ed30835f0e2a4b3c66ce4ea4a701ebf55ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0Qws8BuK3RQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3579 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok getting getting started I thought I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok getting getting started I thought I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok getting getting started I thought I'd
+add a few words about a question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a few words about a question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a few words about a question that
+came up after class suppose in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up after class suppose in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up after class suppose in that
+discussion last time where you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion last time where you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion last time where you were
+given three you were given a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given three you were given a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given three you were given a distance
+matrix you were given the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you were given the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you were given the distance
+between x1 and x2 between x2 and x3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x1 and x2 between x2 and x3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x1 and x2 between x2 and x3 and
+between x1 and x3 and you wanted to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x1 and x3 and you wanted to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x1 and x3 and you wanted to find
+points that satisfied that well we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that satisfied that well we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that satisfied that well we're
+going to fail on this example because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fail on this example because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fail on this example because if
+the distance here is 1 the distance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance here is 1 the distance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance here is 1 the distance here
+is 1 then by the triangle inequality the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 then by the triangle inequality the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 then by the triangle inequality the
+distance from x1 to x3 could not be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from x1 to x3 could not be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from x1 to x3 could not be more
+than 2 and when we square it it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2 and when we square it it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2 and when we square it it could
+not be more than 4 and here it's 6 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be more than 4 and here it's 6 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be more than 4 and here it's 6 so
+what's going to happen what goes wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen what goes wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen what goes wrong
+in that case yeah I hadn't commented on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case yeah I hadn't commented on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case yeah I hadn't commented on
+that and I'm not sure that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'm not sure that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'm not sure that that the
+paper that I referenced does so so I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that I referenced does so so I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that I referenced does so so I had
+to do a little search back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a little search back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a little search back in the
+literature cuz people couldn't overlook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature cuz people couldn't overlook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature cuz people couldn't overlook
+this problem so this is the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inequality fails so that and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality fails so that and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality fails so that and it's not
+going to help to go into ten dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help to go into ten dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help to go into ten dimensions
+because the triangle inequality doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the triangle inequality doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the triangle inequality doesn't
+doesn't change and it's still there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change and it's still there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change and it's still there in
+ten dimensions and we're still failing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dimensions and we're still failing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dimensions and we're still failing
+it so what happens well what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what happens well what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what happens well what could
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+do you remember and you'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember and you'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember and you'll have to
+remind me the the key equation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind me the the key equation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind me the the key equation you
+remember we had an equation connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had an equation connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had an equation connecting
+connecting so what is the matrix D for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting so what is the matrix D for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting so what is the matrix D for
+this problem so D is this is a three by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem so D is this is a three by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem so D is this is a three by
+three matrix with these distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three matrix with these distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three matrix with these distances
+squared and it was convenient to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and it was convenient to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and it was convenient to use
+distances squared because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances squared because that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances squared because that's what
+comes into the next steps so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into the next steps so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into the next steps so of course
+the distance from each X to itself is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from each X to itself is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from each X to itself is 0
+the distance from x distance squared was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from x distance squared was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from x distance squared was
+that this one was that but this one is 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this one was that but this one is 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this one was that but this one is 6
+ok so that's the distance matrix and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so that's the distance matrix and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so that's the distance matrix and we
+would like to find the job was to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to find the job was to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to find the job was to find
+week and I'm just going to write down we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and I'm just going to write down we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and I'm just going to write down we
+cannot find x1 x2 and x3 too to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot find x1 x2 and x3 too to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot find x1 x2 and x3 too to match
+those distances so what goes wrong well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those distances so what goes wrong well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those distances so what goes wrong well
+there's only one thing that could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one thing that could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one thing that could go
+wrong when you connect this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong when you connect this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong when you connect this distance
+matrix D to the matrix X transpose X you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix D to the matrix X transpose X you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix D to the matrix X transpose X you
+remember the position matrix maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the position matrix maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the position matrix maybe I
+called it G this this is giving so G IJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it G this this is giving so G IJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it G this this is giving so G IJ
+is the dot product of X I with XJ oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dot product of X I with XJ oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dot product of X I with XJ oops
+make that into a J here thank you so g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that into a J here thank you so g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that into a J here thank you so g
+IJ is the matrix of dot products and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IJ is the matrix of dot products and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IJ is the matrix of dot products and the
+great thing was that we can discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing was that we can discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing was that we can discover
+what that matrix that matrix G comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that matrix that matrix G comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that matrix that matrix G comes
+directly from D comes directly from D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from D comes directly from D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from D comes directly from D
+and of course what do we know about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course what do we know about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course what do we know about this
+matrix of cross products we know that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of cross products we know that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of cross products we know that it
+is positive semi-definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what goes wrong well just in a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what goes wrong well just in a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what goes wrong well just in a word
+when we write out that equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we write out that equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we write out that equation and
+discover what G is if the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover what G is if the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover what G is if the triangle
+inequality fails we learn that G is G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality fails we learn that G is G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality fails we learn that G is G
+doesn't come out positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come out positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come out positive definite
+that's really all I want to say and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really all I want to say and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really all I want to say and I
+could push through the example G will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could push through the example G will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could push through the example G will
+not come out positive definite if D if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not come out positive definite if D if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not come out positive definite if D if
+that's D because it can't if it came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's D because it can't if it came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's D because it can't if it came out
+positive definite then we could find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite then we could find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite then we could find an
+X so if we had the G then the final step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so if we had the G then the final step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so if we had the G then the final step
+you remember is to find an X well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember is to find an X well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember is to find an X well we
+know that if G is positive semi-definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if G is positive semi-definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if G is positive semi-definite
+there are multiple ways to find an x you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple ways to find an x you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple ways to find an x you
+know this is positive semi definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is positive semi definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is positive semi definite
+matrices is what you get out of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices is what you get out of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices is what you get out of X
+transpose X s and we can find an x given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X s and we can find an x given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X s and we can find an x given
+a G we can find G given an X so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a G we can find G given an X so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a G we can find G given an X so it has
+to be that this won't be true that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that this won't be true that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that this won't be true that the
+matrix G that comes out of that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix G that comes out of that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix G that comes out of that equation
+will turn out not to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn out not to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn out not to be positive
+definite so it's it's really quite nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite so it's it's really quite nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite so it's it's really quite nice
+it's a beautiful little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a beautiful little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a beautiful little bit of
+mathematics that if if and only if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that if if and only if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that if if and only if the
+triangle inequality is satisfied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality is satisfied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality is satisfied by
+these numbers if and only if then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers if and only if then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers if and only if then the
+matrix that in the in the D matrix then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that in the in the D matrix then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that in the in the D matrix then
+the G matrix that comes out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G matrix that comes out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G matrix that comes out of this
+equation which I haven't written is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which I haven't written is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which I haven't written is
+positive semi-definite if the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive semi-definite if the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive semi-definite if the triangle
+inequality is okay we can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is okay we can find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is okay we can find the
+points if the triangle inequality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points if the triangle inequality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points if the triangle inequality is
+violated like here we then the matrix G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated like here we then the matrix G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated like here we then the matrix G
+is not positive semi-definite has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not positive semi-definite has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not positive semi-definite has
+negative eigenvalues and we cannot find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative eigenvalues and we cannot find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative eigenvalues and we cannot find
+the point yeah I could recall the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point yeah I could recall the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point yeah I could recall the G
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+the the G equation but it's coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the G equation but it's coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the G equation but it's coming to
+you in the two page section that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the two page section that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the two page section that does
+just distance matrices okay that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just distance matrices okay that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just distance matrices okay that that's
+just I sort of like made a point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I sort of like made a point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I sort of like made a point it's
+nice to have specific numbers and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to have specific numbers and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to have specific numbers and I
+could get the specific numbers for G and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get the specific numbers for G and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get the specific numbers for G and
+we would see no way it's not positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would see no way it's not positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would see no way it's not positive
+definite okay so that's just tidying up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite okay so that's just tidying up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite okay so that's just tidying up
+last time I have another small problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I have another small problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I have another small problem
+to talk about and then a big question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about and then a big question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about and then a big question of
+whether deep learning actually works I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether deep learning actually works I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether deep learning actually works I
+had an email from an expert last night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an email from an expert last night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an email from an expert last night
+which changed my view of the world about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which changed my view of the world about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which changed my view of the world about
+that question as you can imagine the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question as you can imagine the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question as you can imagine the the
+change in my world was I had thought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in my world was I had thought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in my world was I had thought the
+answer was yes and I now think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was yes and I now think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was yes and I now think the
+answer isn't no so that's like rather a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer isn't no so that's like rather a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer isn't no so that's like rather a
+big issue for eighteen oh six five but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big issue for eighteen oh six five but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big issue for eighteen oh six five but
+we'll let's see about that later okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now I'll proquest these problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I'll proquest these problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I'll proquest these problem so
+prou Krusty's and i it's included in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prou Krusty's and i it's included in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prou Krusty's and i it's included in the
+notes it's that name comes from a Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes it's that name comes from a Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes it's that name comes from a Greek
+myth are you guys into Greek myths so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth are you guys into Greek myths so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth are you guys into Greek myths so
+what was the story of per Krusty's he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the story of per Krusty's he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the story of per Krusty's he
+was at Procrustes who adjusted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at Procrustes who adjusted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at Procrustes who adjusted the
+lengths of his so he had a special bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of his so he had a special bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of his so he had a special bed
+for crusties bed certain lengths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for crusties bed certain lengths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for crusties bed certain lengths and
+then he had visitors coming and instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he had visitors coming and instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he had visitors coming and instead
+of adjusting the length of the bed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adjusting the length of the bed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adjusting the length of the bed to
+fit the visitor for Krusty's adjusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the visitor for Krusty's adjusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the visitor for Krusty's adjusted
+the length of the visitor to fit the bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the visitor to fit the bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the visitor to fit the bed
+so either stretch the visitor or chopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either stretch the visitor or chopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either stretch the visitor or chopped
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+part of the visitor so anyway it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the visitor so anyway it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the visitor so anyway it's it's
+the Greeks like this or a thing okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Greeks like this or a thing okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Greeks like this or a thing okay so
+anyway that's that's a Greek myth for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that's that's a Greek myth for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that's that's a Greek myth for
+eighteen oh six five okay so the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen oh six five okay so the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen oh six five okay so the whole
+idea there percuss teas problem is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea there percuss teas problem is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea there percuss teas problem is to
+make something fit something else so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something fit something else so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something fit something else so the
+so the two things are so suppose I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two things are so suppose I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two things are so suppose I'm
+just in three dimensions I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in three dimensions I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in three dimensions I have two
+vectors here sort of a basis for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors here sort of a basis for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors here sort of a basis for a
+two-dimensional space and over here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space and over here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space and over here I
+have people space scientists might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people space scientists might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people space scientists might have
+one computation of the of the positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one computation of the of the positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one computation of the of the positions
+of satellites then of course they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of satellites then of course they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of satellites then of course they
+wouldn't be off by as much as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be off by as much as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be off by as much as this
+figure shows but then they have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure shows but then they have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure shows but then they have another
+computation using different coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation using different coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation using different coordinates
+so it so it's it's partly rotated from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it so it's it's partly rotated from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it so it's it's partly rotated from
+this picture but also it's partly got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture but also it's partly got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture but also it's partly got
+roundoff errors and an error in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundoff errors and an error in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundoff errors and an error in it
+between the two so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two so the question is
+what's the best best orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best best orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best best orthogonal
+transformation so this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so this is this is a
+bunch of vectors X 1 X 2 2 X n let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of vectors X 1 X 2 2 X n let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of vectors X 1 X 2 2 X n let's say
+and I want to multiply them by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to multiply them by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to multiply them by an
+orthogonal matrix no maybe I'd do it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix no maybe I'd do it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix no maybe I'd do it on
+the other side I think I do yeah q to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side I think I do yeah q to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side I think I do yeah q to be
+as close as possible to this other set Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as close as possible to this other set Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as close as possible to this other set Y
+1 y 2 up to Y n so let me just say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 y 2 up to Y n so let me just say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 y 2 up to Y n so let me just say it
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+I have two sets of vectors and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two sets of vectors and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two sets of vectors and I'm
+looking and they're different like those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking and they're different like those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking and they're different like those
+two sets and I'm looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets and I'm looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets and I'm looking for the
+orthogonal matrix that as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix that as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix that as well as
+possible takes this set into this one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible takes this set into this one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible takes this set into this one of
+course if this was if this was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if this was if this was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if this was if this was an
+orthogonal basis and this was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal basis and this was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal basis and this was an
+orthogonal basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal basis
+then we would be home free q we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would be home free q we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would be home free q we could
+get equality we could take an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get equality we could take an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get equality we could take an orthogonal
+basis directly into an orthogonal basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis directly into an orthogonal basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis directly into an orthogonal basis
+with a orthogonal matrix Q in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a orthogonal matrix Q in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a orthogonal matrix Q in other
+words if X was an orthogonal matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if X was an orthogonal matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if X was an orthogonal matrix and
+Y was an orthogonal matrix we would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y was an orthogonal matrix we would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y was an orthogonal matrix we would get
+it the exact correct q but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the exact correct q but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the exact correct q but that's not
+the case so we're looking for the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case so we're looking for the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case so we're looking for the best
+possible so that's the the problem then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so that's the the problem then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so that's the the problem then
+minimize if I minimize over orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize if I minimize over orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize if I minimize over orthogonal
+matrix matrices Q and I just want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix matrices Q and I just want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix matrices Q and I just want to get
+my notation to be consistent here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my notation to be consistent here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my notation to be consistent here okay
+okay so I've I see that I starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I've I see that I starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I've I see that I starting with
+the Y's and mapping them to X's so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y's and mapping them to X's so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y's and mapping them to X's so let
+me ask the question what are thuggin 'el
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ask the question what are thuggin 'el
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ask the question what are thuggin 'el
+matrix q multiplies the Y's to come as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix q multiplies the Y's to come as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix q multiplies the Y's to come as
+close as possible to the x's so so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close as possible to the x's so so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close as possible to the x's so so I
+over all orthogonal Q's I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all orthogonal Q's I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all orthogonal Q's I want to
+minimize Y Q minus X in the Frobenius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize Y Q minus X in the Frobenius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize Y Q minus X in the Frobenius
+norm squared so Frobenius we're into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm squared so Frobenius we're into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm squared so Frobenius we're into the
+Frobenius norm remember the of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a very convenient Normand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very convenient Normand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very convenient Normand in
+data science to measure the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data science to measure the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data science to measure the size of a
+matrix and we have several possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and we have several possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and we have several possible
+formulas for it so the so let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for it so the so let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for it so the so let me call
+the matrix a and the Frobenius norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix a and the Frobenius norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix a and the Frobenius norm
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+okay so what's one expression in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's one expression in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's one expression in terms
+of the entries of the matrix the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entries of the matrix the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entries of the matrix the numbers
+a IJ and the matrix the Frobenius norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a IJ and the matrix the Frobenius norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a IJ and the matrix the Frobenius norm
+is just treats it like a long vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just treats it like a long vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just treats it like a long vector so
+it's a 1 1 squared plus a 1 2 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a 1 1 squared plus a 1 2 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a 1 1 squared plus a 1 2 squared
+all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way
+the first plus second row just I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first plus second row just I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first plus second row just I'll say
+n n square ok sum of all the squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n n square ok sum of all the squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n n square ok sum of all the squares
+just treating it like a long vector okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just treating it like a long vector okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just treating it like a long vector okay
+this but that's a awkward expression to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but that's a awkward expression to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but that's a awkward expression to
+write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down
+so what other ways do we have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what other ways do we have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what other ways do we have to find
+the Frobenius norm of a matrix let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frobenius norm of a matrix let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frobenius norm of a matrix let's see
+I can look at this as a transpose a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can look at this as a transpose a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can look at this as a transpose a is
+that right a transpose a so what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right a transpose a so what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right a transpose a so what what's
+happening there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening there
+remind me what yeah I I would get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind me what yeah I I would get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind me what yeah I I would get all
+that I would get all these by taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would get all these by taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would get all these by taking the
+matrix a transpose times a but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a transpose times a but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a transpose times a but what
+sorry I'm not I'm not I haven't I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm not I'm not I haven't I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm not I'm not I haven't I've
+lost my threat of of talk here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost my threat of of talk here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost my threat of of talk here
+so here's oh and then I take the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's oh and then I take the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's oh and then I take the trace
+of course so that first row first column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course so that first row first column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course so that first row first column
+of a times that one will give me the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a times that one will give me the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a times that one will give me the one
+set of squares and then that one times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of squares and then that one times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of squares and then that one times
+the other one the next one will give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one the next one will give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one the next one will give me
+the next set of squares right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next set of squares right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next set of squares right so this is
+going to if I look at the trace so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to if I look at the trace so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to if I look at the trace so now
+let me I so I'm just want to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me I so I'm just want to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me I so I'm just want to look at the
+diagonal here so it's it's the trace you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal here so it's it's the trace you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal here so it's it's the trace you
+remember the trace of a matrix of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the trace of a matrix of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the trace of a matrix of a
+matrix M is some down the guy M 1 1 M 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix M is some down the guy M 1 1 M 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix M is some down the guy M 1 1 M 2
+2 down to mmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 down to mmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 down to mmm
+it's it's some it's a diagonal Sun and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's some it's a diagonal Sun and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's some it's a diagonal Sun and a
+everybody with me here is now the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody with me here is now the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody with me here is now the so
+that term on the diagonal of a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term on the diagonal of a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term on the diagonal of a transpose
+a gives me all of that then or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gives me all of that then or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gives me all of that then or maybe
+I've maybe I should be doing a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've maybe I should be doing a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've maybe I should be doing a a
+transpose and the point is it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and the point is it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and the point is it doesn't
+matter so or the trace of a a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so or the trace of a a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so or the trace of a a transpose
+that would be those would both give give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be those would both give give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be those would both give give
+the correct Frobenius norm squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct Frobenius norm squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct Frobenius norm squared so
+traces are going to come into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces are going to come into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces are going to come into this
+little problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little problem
+now there's another formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's another formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's another formula for the
+Frobenius norm even shorter well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frobenius norm even shorter well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frobenius norm even shorter well
+certainly shorter than this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly shorter than this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly shorter than this one
+involving a sum of squares and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving a sum of squares and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving a sum of squares and what's
+that one what's the other way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one what's the other way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one what's the other way to get
+this same answer if I look at the SVD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same answer if I look at the SVD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same answer if I look at the SVD
+look at singular values I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at singular values I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at singular values I think that
+this is also equal to Sigma what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also equal to Sigma what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also equal to Sigma what are
+some square of all the singular values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's three nice expressions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's three nice expressions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's three nice expressions for the
+Frobenius norm the nice ones involve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frobenius norm the nice ones involve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frobenius norm the nice ones involve a
+transpose a or a a transpose and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a or a a transpose and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a or a a transpose and of
+course that connects to the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that connects to the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that connects to the singular
+values because what are what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values because what are what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values because what are what's the
+connection between singular values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between singular values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between singular values and
+those and these guys a transpose a or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and these guys a transpose a or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and these guys a transpose a or a
+a transpose the the singular values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose the the singular values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose the the singular values are
+the or the singular value squared are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or the singular value squared are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or the singular value squared are
+the eigenvalues of a transpose a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues of a transpose a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues of a transpose a and
+then when I add up the trace I'm adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I add up the trace I'm adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I add up the trace I'm adding
+up the eigen values and that's the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the eigen values and that's the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the eigen values and that's the that
+gives me the Frobenius norm squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the Frobenius norm squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the Frobenius norm squared so
+this is a that's a that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a that's a that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a that's a that tells us
+something important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something important
+which we can see in different ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can see in different ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can see in different ways that
+so we to solve this problem we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we to solve this problem we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we to solve this problem we're gonna
+need various facts like the QA in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need various facts like the QA in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need various facts like the QA in the
+Frobenius norm is the same as a in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frobenius norm is the same as a in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frobenius norm is the same as a in the
+Frobenius no why why is that why so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frobenius no why why is that why so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frobenius no why why is that why so here
+I'm multiplying every column by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm multiplying every column by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm multiplying every column by the
+matrix Q what happens to the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix Q what happens to the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix Q what happens to the length of
+the column when I multiply it by Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column when I multiply it by Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column when I multiply it by Q
+doesn't change so I could add up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change so I could add up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change so I could add up the
+lengths of the columns all squared here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of the columns all squared here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of the columns all squared here
+I wrote it in in terms of rows but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote it in in terms of rows but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote it in in terms of rows but I
+could have reordered that and got it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have reordered that and got it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have reordered that and got it in
+terms of columns that's because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of columns that's because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of columns that's because the
+length of Q times any any vector square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of Q times any any vector square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of Q times any any vector square
+it is the same as the vector square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the same as the vector square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the same as the vector square and
+these take these to be the columns of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these take these to be the columns of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these take these to be the columns of a
+so for column by column the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for column by column the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for column by column the
+multiplication by Q doesn't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by Q doesn't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by Q doesn't change the
+length and then when I add up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and then when I add up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and then when I add up all the
+columns squared I get the Frobenius norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns squared I get the Frobenius norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns squared I get the Frobenius norm
+squared and another way to say it let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and another way to say it let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and another way to say it let's
+make the connection between the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the connection between the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the connection between the this
+fact that Q didn't change the Frobenius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that Q didn't change the Frobenius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that Q didn't change the Frobenius
+norm and this fact that therefore b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm and this fact that therefore b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm and this fact that therefore b
+Gnaeus norm is expressed in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gnaeus norm is expressed in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gnaeus norm is expressed in terms of
+their Sigma's so whoa so what does Q due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Sigma's so whoa so what does Q due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Sigma's so whoa so what does Q due
+to the Sigma's I want to see in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Sigma's I want to see in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Sigma's I want to see in another
+another way the answer to why so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way the answer to why so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way the answer to why so if I
+have a matrix a with singular values I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a matrix a with singular values I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a matrix a with singular values I
+multiply by Q what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by Q what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by Q what happens to the
+singular values don't change don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values don't change don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values don't change don't
+change that's the key point about saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that's the key point about saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that's the key point about saying
+to their values if I multiply so a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their values if I multiply so a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their values if I multiply so a has
+an SVD u Sigma V transpose and Q a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an SVD u Sigma V transpose and Q a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an SVD u Sigma V transpose and Q a
+we'll have the SVD qu Sigma V transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have the SVD qu Sigma V transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have the SVD qu Sigma V transpose
+so all I've changed when I multiply by Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all I've changed when I multiply by Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all I've changed when I multiply by Q
+all I changed was the first factor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I changed was the first factor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I changed was the first factor the
+first orthogonal factor in the SVD I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first orthogonal factor in the SVD I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first orthogonal factor in the SVD I
+didn't change the Sigma's they're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change the Sigma's they're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change the Sigma's they're still
+sitting there so and of course I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there so and of course I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there so and of course I could
+do also Q on the other side different Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do also Q on the other side different Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do also Q on the other side different Q
+same Q or a different Q on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Q or a different Q on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Q or a different Q on the other
+side would show up here and would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side would show up here and would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side would show up here and would not
+change the Sigma's and therefore would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the Sigma's and therefore would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the Sigma's and therefore would
+not change the Frobenius norm so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change the Frobenius norm so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change the Frobenius norm so that's
+these are important properties of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are important properties of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are important properties of this
+4b Gnaeus norm it's a it looks messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4b Gnaeus norm it's a it looks messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4b Gnaeus norm it's a it looks messy
+right down in that form but it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right down in that form but it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right down in that form but it's much
+nicer in these forms and in that form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer in these forms and in that form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer in these forms and in that form
+okay okay so now if I can just then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now if I can just then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now if I can just then then
+we saw that it involves traces so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw that it involves traces so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw that it involves traces so let me
+make a few observations about traces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a few observations about traces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a few observations about traces
+okay so I'll just we want to we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll just we want to we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll just we want to we want to
+be able to play with traces and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to play with traces and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to play with traces and that's
+something we really haven't done here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we really haven't done here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we really haven't done here's
+a fact that the trace of a transpose B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fact that the trace of a transpose B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fact that the trace of a transpose B
+is equal to the trace of B transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the trace of B transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the trace of B transpose a
+of course if B is a it's clear and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if B is a it's clear and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if B is a it's clear and all
+and it's equal to the trace of B a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's equal to the trace of B a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's equal to the trace of B a
+transpose so you can do little changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so you can do little changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so you can do little changes
+in your in your matrix without changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your in your matrix without changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your in your matrix without changing
+the trace let's see why one of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace let's see why one of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace let's see why one of these is
+true why why is that first statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true why why is that first statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true why why is that first statement
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how is that matrix related to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is that matrix related to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is that matrix related to this
+matrix it's just a transpose if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's just a transpose if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's just a transpose if I take
+the transpose of that matrix I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of that matrix I get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of that matrix I get that
+so what happens to the trace I'm adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens to the trace I'm adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens to the trace I'm adding
+down the diagonal the transpose has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the diagonal the transpose has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the diagonal the transpose has no
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+clearly this is just the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly this is just the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly this is just the fact that the
+trace doesn't change has not changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace doesn't change has not changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace doesn't change has not changed
+when you transpose a matrix because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you transpose a matrix because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you transpose a matrix because the
+diagonal has not changed now what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal has not changed now what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal has not changed now what about
+this guy I guess we're getting back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy I guess we're getting back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy I guess we're getting back to
+old-fashioned 1806 five remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned 1806 five remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned 1806 five remembering
+facts about linear algebra because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts about linear algebra because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts about linear algebra because this
+is pure linear algebra so what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pure linear algebra so what's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pure linear algebra so what's this
+one about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one about
+this says that I can reverse the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says that I can reverse the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says that I can reverse the order
+of two matrices I'm now looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two matrices I'm now looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two matrices I'm now looking at the
+connection between those two and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between those two and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between those two and and and
+so so let me just to use different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me just to use different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me just to use different
+letters C D equals the trace of DC I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters C D equals the trace of DC I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters C D equals the trace of DC I can
+flip the order that's that's all I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the order that's that's all I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the order that's that's all I've
+done here is I've reversed B with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here is I've reversed B with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here is I've reversed B with a
+transpose i reversed C with D okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose i reversed C with D okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose i reversed C with D okay so
+why is that true why is that true well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that true why is that true well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that true why is that true well
+how shall we see the truth of that fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how shall we see the truth of that fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how shall we see the truth of that fact
+so these are really convenient facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are really convenient facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are really convenient facts
+that make a lot of people use the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make a lot of people use the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make a lot of people use the trace
+more often than we have in 1806 five I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often than we have in 1806 five I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often than we have in 1806 five I'm
+not a big user of arguments based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a big user of arguments based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a big user of arguments based on
+trace but these are identities that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace but these are identities that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace but these are identities that that
+go a long way with with many problems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go a long way with with many problems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go a long way with with many problems so
+let's see why that's true any time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see why that's true any time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see why that's true any time you
+think about trace you've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about trace you've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about trace you've got two
+languages to use you can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages to use you can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages to use you can use the
+eigenvalues it's the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues it's the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues it's the sum of the
+eigenvalues or you can use the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues or you can use the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues or you can use the diagonal
+entries because it's the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries because it's the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries because it's the sum of the
+diagonal entries let's use eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal entries let's use eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal entries let's use eigenvalues
+how are the eigenvalues of CD related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are the eigenvalues of CD related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are the eigenvalues of CD related to
+the eigenvalues of DC they're the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues of DC they're the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues of DC they're the same
+if these matrices are raked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these matrices are raked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these matrices are raked
+then there might be some extra zero like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there might be some extra zero like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there might be some extra zero like
+in guys because they have would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in guys because they have would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in guys because they have would have
+different shapes but zeros are not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shapes but zeros are not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shapes but zeros are not going
+to affect the trace so so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect the trace so so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect the trace so so this is the
+same same nonzero eigenvalues okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same nonzero eigenvalues okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same nonzero eigenvalues okay and
+so on yeah okay let me just let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on yeah okay let me just let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on yeah okay let me just let me let
+me try to tell you the steps now to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me try to tell you the steps now to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me try to tell you the steps now to get
+the correct Q in or let me tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct Q in or let me tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct Q in or let me tell you the
+answer first and I'm realizing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer first and I'm realizing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer first and I'm realizing that the
+all-important question for does deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all-important question for does deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all-important question for does deep
+learning actually work we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning actually work we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning actually work we're going to
+run out of time today because we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of time today because we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of time today because we only
+have a few minutes left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few minutes left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few minutes left
+I suggest we bring that question back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suggest we bring that question back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suggest we bring that question back up
+because like it's pretty important to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like it's pretty important to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like it's pretty important to a
+lot of people there's a you know I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people there's a you know I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people there's a you know I had
+lunch with Professor Adelman and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch with Professor Adelman and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch with Professor Adelman and he said
+you know deep learning and neural nets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know deep learning and neural nets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know deep learning and neural nets
+have had like a record amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had like a record amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had like a record amount of
+publicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicity
+and hype for for a sort of computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hype for for a sort of computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hype for for a sort of computational
+algorithm and but I had I've had people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and but I had I've had people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and but I had I've had people
+now tell me that typical first if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now tell me that typical first if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now tell me that typical first if you
+create a network using Alex's designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a network using Alex's designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a network using Alex's designed
+for example the chances are that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the chances are that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the chances are that it
+won't be successful that the successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be successful that the successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be successful that the successful
+networks have been been worked on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks have been been worked on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks have been been worked on and
+experimented with and a good structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented with and a good structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented with and a good structure
+has emerged but didn't wasn't there at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has emerged but didn't wasn't there at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has emerged but didn't wasn't there at
+the start so I think that's a topic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start so I think that's a topic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start so I think that's a topic for
+for a Monday and I'm really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a Monday and I'm really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a Monday and I'm really just
+realizing from talking to people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing from talking to people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing from talking to people in the
+field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that
+it's by no means automatic that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's by no means automatic that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's by no means automatic that that
+structure even if you put in a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure even if you put in a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure even if you put in a whole
+bunch of layers it may not be what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of layers it may not be what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of layers it may not be what you
+want okay so I'm let me finish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay so I'm let me finish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay so I'm let me finish this
+argument today let me give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument today let me give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument today let me give you the
+answer so what's the good cue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so what's the good cue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so what's the good cue
+I have matrices Y and X and the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have matrices Y and X and the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have matrices Y and X and the idea is
+that I take its I look at Y transpose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I take its I look at Y transpose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I take its I look at Y transpose X
+so that'll be all the dot products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that'll be all the dot products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that'll be all the dot products of
+one set of vectors were the other set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of vectors were the other set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of vectors were the other set of
+vectors that's a matrix and I do its SVD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that's a matrix and I do its SVD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that's a matrix and I do its SVD
+u Sigma V transpose so so multiply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x trans a two bases that you're given of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x trans a two bases that you're given of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x trans a two bases that you're given of
+course if Y was the same as X if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if Y was the same as X if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if Y was the same as X if it was
+an orthogonal basis you'd have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthogonal basis you'd have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthogonal basis you'd have the
+identity no questions but generally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity no questions but generally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity no questions but generally we
+have it has an SVD and we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it has an SVD and we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it has an SVD and we're looking for
+the for a orthogonal matrix of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for a orthogonal matrix of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for a orthogonal matrix of the best
+q is doesn't it I mean it's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is doesn't it I mean it's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is doesn't it I mean it's the right
+time for four expressions of amazement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for four expressions of amazement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for four expressions of amazement
+it is UV transpose okay so that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is UV transpose okay so that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is UV transpose okay so that so
+that's gives us the answer we're given x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gives us the answer we're given x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gives us the answer we're given x
+and y we're looking for the best q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y we're looking for the best q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y we're looking for the best q and
+the answer comes in the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer comes in the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer comes in the simplest
+possible way compute Y transpose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible way compute Y transpose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible way compute Y transpose X
+compute its SVD and use the orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute its SVD and use the orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute its SVD and use the orthogonal
+matrices from the SVD yeah and I'm out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices from the SVD yeah and I'm out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices from the SVD yeah and I'm out
+of time so so proof it's it's three line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so so proof it's it's three line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so so proof it's it's three line
+later either either to just send you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later either either to just send you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later either either to just send you the
+section online or to discuss it in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section online or to discuss it in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section online or to discuss it in class
+Monday but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday but I
+I'm really planning Monday to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really planning Monday to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really planning Monday to start with
+question four and being well to ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question four and being well to ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question four and being well to ask a
+whole lot of people everybody I can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of people everybody I can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of people everybody I can find
+about that important question is does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that important question is does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that important question is does
+deep learning usually work how what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning usually work how what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning usually work how what can
+you do to make sure it works or give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do to make sure it works or give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do to make sure it works or give
+yourself a better chance to have it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself a better chance to have it work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself a better chance to have it work
+so let's that's that's up for Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's that's that's up for Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's that's that's up for Monday
+then good
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0RaZe62Rg2A.txt b/0RaZe62Rg2A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..50f5ea6292d9e7f71607ad08982e080946da608f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0RaZe62Rg2A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we saw in the previous video how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw in the previous video how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw in the previous video how we
+can solve linear optimization problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve linear optimization problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve linear optimization problems
+in libreoffice let's now try to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in libreoffice let's now try to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in libreoffice let's now try to get some
+intuition for what's going on by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for what's going on by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for what's going on by
+visualizing our problem since we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing our problem since we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing our problem since we only
+have two decisions R and D we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two decisions R and D we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two decisions R and D we can
+visualize our constraints in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize our constraints in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize our constraints in two
+dimensions we'll plot D on the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions we'll plot D on the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions we'll plot D on the x-axis
+and R on the y-axis we first have non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R on the y-axis we first have non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R on the y-axis we first have non
+negativity constraints so R and D are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity constraints so R and D are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity constraints so R and D are
+both greater than zero we can plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both greater than zero we can plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both greater than zero we can plot the
+capacity constraint R plus D less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity constraint R plus D less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity constraint R plus D less than
+or equal to 166 which is shown as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to 166 which is shown as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to 166 which is shown as the
+red line here our solution has to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line here our solution has to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line here our solution has to be to
+the left of this line according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of this line according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of this line according to this
+constraint now let's add in our demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint now let's add in our demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint now let's add in our demand
+constraints the regular seat should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints the regular seat should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints the regular seat should be
+less than the demand of 100 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the demand of 100 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the demand of 100 which
+requires the solution to be below this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires the solution to be below this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires the solution to be below this
+blue line and the discount seats should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line and the discount seats should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line and the discount seats should
+be less than the demand of 150 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than the demand of 150 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than the demand of 150 which
+requires a solution to be low to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a solution to be low to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a solution to be low to the
+left of this green line taken together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of this green line taken together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of this green line taken together
+our constraints define what we call our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our constraints define what we call our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our constraints define what we call our
+feasible space or the space of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible space or the space of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible space or the space of all
+possible values that our decisions can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values that our decisions can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values that our decisions can
+take according to our constraints to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take according to our constraints to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take according to our constraints to
+find the optimal solution now in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the optimal solution now in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the optimal solution now in our
+feasible space we have to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible space we have to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible space we have to use the
+objective 617 times R + 238 times D we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective 617 times R + 238 times D we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective 617 times R + 238 times D we
+can plot this objective in our feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plot this objective in our feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plot this objective in our feasible
+space so to know how many seats we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so to know how many seats we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so to know how many seats we
+should sell to achieve a certain revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should sell to achieve a certain revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should sell to achieve a certain revenue
+we can see different values of this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see different values of this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see different values of this line
+so to achieve a revenue of $20,000 our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to achieve a revenue of $20,000 our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to achieve a revenue of $20,000 our
+solution has to be somewhere on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution has to be somewhere on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution has to be somewhere on this
+line in our feasible space to achieve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in our feasible space to achieve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in our feasible space to achieve a
+revenue of $40,000 our solution has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue of $40,000 our solution has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue of $40,000 our solution has to
+be somewhere on this line in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be somewhere on this line in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be somewhere on this line in our
+feasible space and to achieve a revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible space and to achieve a revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible space and to achieve a revenue
+of $60,000 our solution has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of $60,000 our solution has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of $60,000 our solution has to be
+somewhere on this line in our feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere on this line in our feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere on this line in our feasible
+space since the revenue is increasing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space since the revenue is increasing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space since the revenue is increasing as
+we move this line up and our goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move this line up and our goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move this line up and our goal is to
+maximize the revenue our optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the revenue our optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the revenue our optimal
+solution will be where this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution will be where this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution will be where this line
+can't go any further and still be in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go any further and still be in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go any further and still be in our
+feasible space so our optimal solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible space so our optimal solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible space so our optimal solution
+is at this point with a revenue of 77489
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is dependent on how the feasible space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dependent on how the feasible space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dependent on how the feasible space
+was defined in the next video we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was defined in the next video we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was defined in the next video we'll see
+what happens if our capacity and demands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if our capacity and demands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if our capacity and demands
+change
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0USje5vTIKs.txt b/0USje5vTIKs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9e2a94072b588279127da9df3fcaa3fe58dc91dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0USje5vTIKs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2203 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma
+Zender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interferometers and we have a beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+splitter and the beam coming in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter and the beam coming in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter and the beam coming in it
+splits into two a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits into two a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits into two a
+mirror another mirror the beams are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror another mirror the beams are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror another mirror the beams are
+recombined into another beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombined into another beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombined into another beam
+splitter and then two beams come out one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter and then two beams come out one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter and then two beams come out one
+into a detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a detector
+d0 and a detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D1 we could put here any kind of devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 we could put here any kind of devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 we could put here any kind of devices
+in between we could put a a little piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between we could put a a little piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between we could put a a little piece
+of glass which is a face shifter we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass which is a face shifter we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass which is a face shifter we'll
+discuss it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it
+later but uh our story is a story of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but uh our story is a story of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but uh our story is a story of a
+photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+coming in and somehow living through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and somehow living through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and somehow living through the
+interferometer and uh we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer and uh we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer and uh we want to
+describe this Photon and quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this Photon and quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this Photon and quantum
+mechanics and we know that the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and we know that the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and we know that the way to
+describe it is through a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it is through a wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it is through a wave function
+but this Photon can live in either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this Photon can live in either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this Photon can live in either of
+two beams if a photon was in one beam I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two beams if a photon was in one beam I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two beams if a photon was in one beam I
+could have a number that tells me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a number that tells me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a number that tells me the
+probability to be in that beam but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to be in that beam but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to be in that beam but now
+it can be in either of two beams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be in either of two beams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be in either of two beams
+therefore I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I will
+use two numbers and uh it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use two numbers and uh it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use two numbers and uh it seems
+reasonable to put them in a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to put them in a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to put them in a column
+Vector two complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector two complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector two complex
+numbers that give me the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that give me the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that give me the probability
+amplitudes for this Photon to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes for this Photon to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes for this Photon to be
+somewhere so you could say oh look here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so you could say oh look here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so you could say oh look here
+what is the probability that we'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability that we'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability that we'll find
+this Photon over here well it may depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Photon over here well it may depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Photon over here well it may depend
+on time I time the photon is gone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time I time the photon is gone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time I time the photon is gone is
+gone but when it's Crossing in here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone but when it's Crossing in here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone but when it's Crossing in here what
+is the probability and I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability and I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability and I have two
+numbers what is the probability here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers what is the probability here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers what is the probability here
+here here here here here and in fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here here here here and in fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here here here here and in fact you
+could even have one Photon that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even have one Photon that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even have one Photon that is
+coming in through two different channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in through two different channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in through two different channels
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+well so I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I have two
+numbers and I want now to do things in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and I want now to do things in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and I want now to do things in a
+normalized way so this will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized way so this will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized way so this will be the
+probability amplitude to be here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability amplitude to be here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability amplitude to be here this is
+the prob probability amplitude to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prob probability amplitude to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prob probability amplitude to be
+down and therefore the probability to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and therefore the probability to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and therefore the probability to be
+in the upper one you do Norm squared the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper one you do Norm squared the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper one you do Norm squared the
+probability to be in the bottom one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to be in the bottom one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to be in the bottom one you
+do norm squar and you get one must get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do norm squar and you get one must get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do norm squar and you get one must get
+one so if you write two number they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if you write two number they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if you write two number they
+better satisfy that thing otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better satisfy that thing otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better satisfy that thing otherwise
+you're not describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probabilities okay so uh on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities okay so uh on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities okay so uh on the other
+other hand I may have a state that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand I may have a state that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand I may have a state that is
+like this Alpha oh I I'll mention other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this Alpha oh I I'll mention other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this Alpha oh I I'll mention other
+states um State one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states um State one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states um State one
+Z is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is a
+photon in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beam no probability to be in the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam no probability to be in the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam no probability to be in the lower
+beam and a state 01 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and a state 01 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and a state 01 is a
+photon in the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon in the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon in the lower
+Beam Beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these
+are states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are states and
+indeed think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed think of
+superposition and we have that the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition and we have that the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition and we have that the state
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+Beta you know how to manipulate vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta you know how to manipulate vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta you know how to manipulate vectors
+can be written as Alpha one0 because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as Alpha one0 because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as Alpha one0 because the
+number goes in and becomes alpha0 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number goes in and becomes alpha0 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number goes in and becomes alpha0 plus
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+01 so the state Alpha Beta is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 so the state Alpha Beta is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 so the state Alpha Beta is a
+superposition with coefficient Alpha of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition with coefficient Alpha of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition with coefficient Alpha of
+the state in the upper beam plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state in the upper beam plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state in the upper beam plus a
+superposition with coefficient beta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition with coefficient beta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition with coefficient beta of
+the state in the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state in the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state in the lower
+beam we also had this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam we also had this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam we also had this little
+device which is called the beam shifter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device which is called the beam shifter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device which is called the beam shifter
+of phase Delta if if the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase Delta if if the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase Delta if if the probability
+amplitude is Alpha to the left of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is Alpha to the left of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is Alpha to the left of it
+it's Alpha e to the I Delta to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Alpha e to the I Delta to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Alpha e to the I Delta to the right
+of it with Delta a real number so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it with Delta a real number so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it with Delta a real number so this
+is a pure phase and notice that Alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pure phase and notice that Alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pure phase and notice that Alpha is
+equal to e to the I Delta the norm of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e to the I Delta the norm of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e to the I Delta the norm of a
+complex number doesn't change when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number doesn't change when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number doesn't change when you
+multiply it by a phase the norm of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by a phase the norm of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by a phase the norm of a
+complex number times a phase is the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number times a phase is the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number times a phase is the norm
+of the complex number times the norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complex number times the norm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complex number times the norm of
+the phase and the norm of any pH is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase and the norm of any pH is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase and the norm of any pH is one
+so actually this doesn't absorb the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually this doesn't absorb the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually this doesn't absorb the
+photon doesn't generate more photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon doesn't generate more photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon doesn't generate more photons
+preserves the probability of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves the probability of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves the probability of having a
+photon there but it changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon there but it changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon there but it changes the
+face so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face so
+um how does the beam splitter work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how does the beam splitter work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how does the beam splitter work
+however this is the first thing we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this is the first thing we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this is the first thing we have
+to model here so here is the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model here so here is the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model here so here is the beam
+splitter and you could have a beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter and you could have a beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter and you could have a beam
+coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+of one zero be hitting it so nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one zero be hitting it so nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one zero be hitting it so nothing
+coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from
+below and something coming from above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and something coming from above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and something coming from above
+and then it would reflect some and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it would reflect some and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it would reflect some and
+transmit some and here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit some and here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit some and here is a
+one is the one of the one zero and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the one of the one zero and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the one of the one zero and here
+is an S and A T which is to mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an S and A T which is to mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an S and A T which is to mean that
+this Bim splitter takes the one Zer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Bim splitter takes the one Zer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Bim splitter takes the one Zer
+Photon and makes it into an st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon and makes it into an st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon and makes it into an st
+Photon because it produces a beam with s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon because it produces a beam with s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon because it produces a beam with s
+up and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and T
+down on the other hand that same beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on the other hand that same beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on the other hand that same beam
+splitter now we don't know what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter now we don't know what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter now we don't know what those
+numbers s and t are that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers s and t are that's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers s and t are that's part of
+Designing a beam splitter you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Designing a beam splitter you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Designing a beam splitter you can ask
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+engineer what are SNT for the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer what are SNT for the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer what are SNT for the beam
+splitter but we are going to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter but we are going to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter but we are going to figure out
+what are the constraints because uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the constraints because uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the constraints because uh no
+engineer would be able to make a beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer would be able to make a beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer would be able to make a beam
+splitter with arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter with arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter with arbitrary
+S&T in particular you already see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&T in particular you already see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&T in particular you already see that
+if one if a photon comes in probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one if a photon comes in probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one if a photon comes in probability
+conservation there must still be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation there must still be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation there must still be a
+photon you need that S2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon you need that S2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon you need that S2 +
+t^2 is equal to 1 because that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 is equal to 1 because that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 is equal to 1 because that's a
+photon State now you may also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon State now you may also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon State now you may also have a
+photon coming from Below and giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon coming from Below and giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon coming from Below and giving you
+a UV so this would be a 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a UV so this would be a 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a UV so this would be a 01
+Photon giving you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+UV and therefore we would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV and therefore we would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV and therefore we would say that
+01 gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 gives you
+UV and you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV and you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV and you would have
+U + V Norm squar is equal to 1 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U + V Norm squar is equal to 1 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U + V Norm squar is equal to 1 so we
+need apparently four numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need apparently four numbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need apparently four numbers to
+characterize the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the beam
+splitter and let let's see um how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter and let let's see um how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter and let let's see um how we can
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+um well why do we need really four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well why do we need really four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well why do we need really four
+numbers because of linearity so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because of linearity so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because of linearity so let's
+let's explore that a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's explore that a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's explore that a little more
+clearly and suppose that I ask you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly and suppose that I ask you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly and suppose that I ask you okay
+so what happens to an alpha beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens to an alpha beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens to an alpha beta
+State Alpha Beta state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State Alpha Beta state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State Alpha Beta state
+if it enters the beam splitter what goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it enters the beam splitter what goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it enters the beam splitter what goes
+out well the alpha beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out well the alpha beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out well the alpha beta
+State as you know is Alpha 1 0+ beta 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State as you know is Alpha 1 0+ beta 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State as you know is Alpha 1 0+ beta 01
+and now we can use our rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can use our rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can use our rules
+well this state the beam splitter is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this state the beam splitter is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this state the beam splitter is a
+linear device so it will give you Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear device so it will give you Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear device so it will give you Alpha
+times what it makes out of the one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what it makes out of the one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what it makes out of the one zero
+but out of the one zero gives you s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D and beta time 01 will give you beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and beta time 01 will give you beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and beta time 01 will give you beta
+UV so this is Alpha s+ Beta U Alp t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV so this is Alpha s+ Beta U Alp t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV so this is Alpha s+ Beta U Alp t plus
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+V and I can write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and I can write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and I can write this
+actually as Alpha Beta times The Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually as Alpha Beta times The Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually as Alpha Beta times The Matrix
+s u t d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s u t d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s u t d
+v and you get a very nice thing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and you get a very nice thing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and you get a very nice thing that the
+effect of the beam Splitter on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the beam Splitter on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the beam Splitter on any
+Photon State Alpha Beta is to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon State Alpha Beta is to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon State Alpha Beta is to multiply
+it by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by this
+Matrix S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix S
+UTV so this is the beam splitter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UTV so this is the beam splitter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UTV so this is the beam splitter the
+beam splitter acts on any Photon State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam splitter acts on any Photon State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam splitter acts on any Photon State
+and outcomes The Matrix times the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outcomes The Matrix times the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outcomes The Matrix times the photon
+State this is Matrix action something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this is Matrix action something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this is Matrix action something is
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+be pretty important for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how do we get those numbers after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we get those numbers after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we get those numbers after all
+the beam splitter is now determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam splitter is now determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam splitter is now determined by
+these four numbers and we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four numbers and we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four numbers and we don't have
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so
+uh the manufacturer can tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the manufacturer can tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the manufacturer can tell you that
+maybe you've got you bought a balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you've got you bought a balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you've got you bought a balanced
+beam splitter which means that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam splitter which means that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam splitter which means that if you
+have a beam half of the intensity goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a beam half of the intensity goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a beam half of the intensity goes
+through half of the intensity gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through half of the intensity gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through half of the intensity gets
+reflected that's a balance M SP that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected that's a balance M SP that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected that's a balance M SP that
+simplifies things because the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies things because the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies things because the intensity
+here the probability to get this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the probability to get this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the probability to get this part
+must be the same as that so each Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the same as that so each Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the same as that so each Norm
+squared must be equal to one half if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared must be equal to one half if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared must be equal to one half if you
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balanced beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+splitter and you have s² = t² = U2 =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter and you have s² = t² = U2 =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter and you have s² = t² = U2 =
+v^2 = 12 but that's still far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v^2 = 12 but that's still far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v^2 = 12 but that's still far from
+enough to determine s du u and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to determine s du u and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to determine s du u and
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+so rather than determining them at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather than determining them at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather than determining them at this
+moment might as well do a guess so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment might as well do a guess so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment might as well do a guess so can
+it be that the beam splitter Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be that the beam splitter Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be that the beam splitter Matrix
+could it be that the beam splitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it be that the beam splitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it be that the beam splitter
+Matrix is 1 / < TK of 2 1 1/ < TK of 2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is 1 / < TK of 2 1 1/ < TK of 2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is 1 / < TK of 2 1 1/ < TK of 2 1
+/ < TK of two and 1/ < TK of two that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ < TK of two and 1/ < TK of two that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ < TK of two and 1/ < TK of two that
+certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+satisfies all of the properties we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies all of the properties we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies all of the properties we've
+written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+before now why could it be wrong because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before now why could it be wrong because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before now why could it be wrong because
+there could be pluses or minuses or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be pluses or minuses or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be pluses or minuses or
+there could be I or anything there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be I or anything there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be I or anything there but
+maybe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is
+right well if it is right the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well if it is right the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well if it is right the condition
+it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be
+right is that if you take a photon State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that if you take a photon State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that if you take a photon State
+one Photon after the be sther you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Photon after the be sther you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Photon after the be sther you still
+have one Photon so conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one Photon so conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one Photon so conservation of
+probability so if you act on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so if you act on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so if you act on a
+normalized photon state that satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized photon state that satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized photon state that satisfies
+this Alpha square plus beta Square equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Alpha square plus beta Square equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Alpha square plus beta Square equal
+1 it should still give you a normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 it should still give you a normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 it should still give you a normalized
+photon State and it should do it for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon State and it should do it for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon State and it should do it for any
+state and presumably if you get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and presumably if you get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and presumably if you get any
+numbers that satisfy that some engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that satisfy that some engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that satisfy that some engineer
+will be able to build that beam splitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to build that beam splitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to build that beam splitter
+for you because it doesn't contradict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you because it doesn't contradict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you because it doesn't contradict
+any physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any physical
+principle so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle so let's
+try acting on this with on this state 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try acting on this with on this state 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try acting on this with on this state 1
+/ Square < TK of two 1 / Square < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two let's
+see this is normalized 1 12 + 1 12 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is normalized 1 12 + 1 12 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is normalized 1 12 + 1 12 is
+1 so I multiply I get 1 12 + 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so I multiply I get 1 12 + 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so I multiply I get 1 12 + 12
+one and one sorry this is not normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one sorry this is not normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one sorry this is not normalized
+1 s + 1 squ is two not one so this can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 s + 1 squ is two not one so this can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 s + 1 squ is two not one so this can't
+be a beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a beam
+splitter no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+so we try - 1 / < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we try - 1 / < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we try - 1 / < TK of
+two actually if you try try this for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two actually if you try try this for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two actually if you try try this for a
+few examples it will work so how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples it will work so how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples it will work so how about
+if we try it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we try it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we try it in
+general so if I try it in general acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so if I try it in general acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so if I try it in general acting
+on Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Alpha
+Beta I would get 1 /are < TK of 2 Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta I would get 1 /are < TK of 2 Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta I would get 1 /are < TK of 2 Alpha
++ beta and Alpha minus beta then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ beta and Alpha minus beta then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ beta and Alpha minus beta then I would
+check the normalization so I must do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the normalization so I must do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the normalization so I must do
+Norm of this one squared so it's 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of this one squared so it's 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of this one squared so it's 12
+Alpha + beta SAR + 12 alp minus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha + beta SAR + 12 alp minus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha + beta SAR + 12 alp minus beta
+Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared well what is this of let me go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared well what is this of let me go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared well what is this of let me go a
+little slow for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slow for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slow for a
+second plus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second plus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second plus beta
+Star Plus Alpha minus beta Alpha star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star Plus Alpha minus beta Alpha star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star Plus Alpha minus beta Alpha star
+minus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star well the cross terms vanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star well the cross terms vanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star well the cross terms vanish
+and the alpha alpha star alpha alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the alpha alpha star alpha alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the alpha alpha star alpha alpha
+star beta beta star beta beta star add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star beta beta star beta beta star add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star beta beta star beta beta star add
+so you do get Alpha squar + beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do get Alpha squar + beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do get Alpha squar + beta
+squar and that's one by assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and that's one by assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and that's one by assumption
+because you started with a photon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you started with a photon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you started with a photon so
+this works this is a good beam splitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix it does the job so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll consider this uh beam Splitters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll consider this uh beam Splitters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll consider this uh beam Splitters and
+actually it's not the unique Solution by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's not the unique Solution by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's not the unique Solution by
+all means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all means
+uh but uh we can have two beam Splitters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh we can have two beam Splitters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh we can have two beam Splitters
+that differ a little bit so I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that differ a little bit so I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that differ a little bit so I'll call
+beam splitter one and beam splitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam splitter one and beam splitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam splitter one and beam splitter
+2 beam splitter one will have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 beam splitter one will have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 beam splitter one will have this
+Matrix and beam splitter two will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and beam splitter two will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and beam splitter two will have
+the Matrix we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix we found
+here which is a 1 one one minus one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is a 1 one one minus one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is a 1 one one minus one so
+both of them work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them work
+actually and both of them are good beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and both of them are good beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and both of them are good beam
+Splitters I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this beam splitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and this beam splitter two and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this beam splitter two and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this beam splitter two and we'll
+keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+that and so we're ready now to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so we're ready now to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so we're ready now to think
+about our experiment ments with the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our experiment ments with the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our experiment ments with the beam
+splitters
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0f15AVSQ770.txt b/0f15AVSQ770.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..abebc120dc0b6c3cf2c0f4d889584e1d70750b61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0f15AVSQ770.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2691 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh so today is a specific way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so today is a specific way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so today is a specific way to
+solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+linear differential equations I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear differential equations I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear differential equations I'll take
+second order equations as a good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order equations as a good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order equations as a good example
+this way is called variation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way is called variation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way is called variation of
+parameters and it will lead us to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and it will lead us to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and it will lead us to a
+formula for the answer an integral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the answer an integral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the answer an integral so
+that's the big step is to get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the big step is to get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the big step is to get from the
+differential equation to Y of t equal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation to Y of t equal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation to Y of t equal a
+certain integral that integral will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain integral that integral will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain integral that integral will
+involve the right hand side of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the right hand side of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the right hand side of course
+the source and if we can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source and if we can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source and if we can do the
+integration then we get a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration then we get a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration then we get a complete
+answer but in any case we get a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but in any case we get a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but in any case we get a nice
+form for the answer okay so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for the answer okay so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for the answer okay so what's the
+idea so we're looking for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so we're looking for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so we're looking for a particular
+solution partic today is about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution partic today is about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution partic today is about a
+particular solution we have to know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution we have to know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution we have to know two
+null solutions to get started so we must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null solutions to get started so we must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null solutions to get started so we must
+know know these y1 and Y2 null Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know know these y1 and Y2 null Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know know these y1 and Y2 null Solutions
+with f equals z and of course we do know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with f equals z and of course we do know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with f equals z and of course we do know
+two null Solutions when those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two null Solutions when those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two null Solutions when those
+coefficients B and C are constants then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients B and C are constants then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients B and C are constants then
+we and we'll do it as a good example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and we'll do it as a good example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and we'll do it as a good example the
+as the most important example uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the most important example uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the most important example uh but
+maybe sometimes we can find the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe sometimes we can find the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe sometimes we can find the null
+Solutions when B and T are changing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions when B and T are changing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions when B and T are changing in
+time time varying and that's all to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time time varying and that's all to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time time varying and that's all to the
+good that's those problems are not easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's those problems are not easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's those problems are not easy
+to solve but it's really constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve but it's really constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve but it's really constant
+coefficients that we know it works okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that we know it works okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that we know it works okay
+what's the idea so the idea is to use y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the idea so the idea is to use y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the idea so the idea is to use y1
+and Y2 the null the null Solutions if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y2 the null the null Solutions if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y2 the null the null Solutions if we
+multiply by constants we get another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by constants we get another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by constants we get another
+null Solution by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null Solution by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null Solution by
+linearity but the idea is to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity but the idea is to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity but the idea is to multiply
+them by functions the varying those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by functions the varying those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by functions the varying those
+constants are not constant they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants are not constant they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants are not constant they are
+varying parameters so this is be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying parameters so this is be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying parameters so this is be the
+form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the
+solution and we want to find a C1 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and we want to find a C1 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and we want to find a C1 and a
+C2 depending on T so that the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 depending on T so that the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 depending on T so that the equation
+the differential equation above it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation above it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation above it is
+solved so of course I'm going to plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved so of course I'm going to plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved so of course I'm going to plug
+that into the differential equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into the differential equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into the differential equation and
+find out the conditions on C1 and C2 may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out the conditions on C1 and C2 may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out the conditions on C1 and C2 may
+I just jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just jump
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+result this will satisfy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result this will satisfy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result this will satisfy that
+equation knowing we know that y1 and Y2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation knowing we know that y1 and Y2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation knowing we know that y1 and Y2
+satisfy it with a zero on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy it with a zero on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy it with a zero on the right hand
+side so we just have to so it's C1 of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so we just have to so it's C1 of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so we just have to so it's C1 of T
+and C2 of T that are going to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C2 of T that are going to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C2 of T that are going to deal with
+the F okay so here here's the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F okay so here here's the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F okay so here here's the result
+after putting it in there I discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after putting it in there I discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after putting it in there I discover
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+C1 Prime the derivative of t comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 Prime the derivative of t comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 Prime the derivative of t comes into
+it *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it *
+y1 + C2 Prime * Y 2 equaling zero is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 + C2 Prime * Y 2 equaling zero is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 + C2 Prime * Y 2 equaling zero is it
+will give me one equation for C1 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give me one equation for C1 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give me one equation for C1 Prime
+and C2 Prime the other equation for C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C2 Prime the other equation for C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C2 Prime the other equation for C1
+Prime Times we'll multiply y1 prime plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime Times we'll multiply y1 prime plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime Times we'll multiply y1 prime plus
+C2 Prime Y 2 Prime of course Prime means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 Prime Y 2 Prime of course Prime means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 Prime Y 2 Prime of course Prime means
+the derivative and that when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative and that when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative and that when I'm
+plugging all this into the equation I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging all this into the equation I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging all this into the equation I'm
+going to see an F of t on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see an F of t on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see an F of t on the right hand
+side so I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so I have two
+equations and at each time at each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and at each time at each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and at each time at each time
+instant the I have two ordinary linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant the I have two ordinary linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant the I have two ordinary linear
+equations they straight lines in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations they straight lines in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations they straight lines in in the
+C1 C2 plane they intersect fact we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 C2 plane they intersect fact we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 C2 plane they intersect fact we know
+how to solve the the most basic problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve the the most basic problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve the the most basic problem
+of linear algebra solve two equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra solve two equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra solve two equations in
+two unknowns and we do that for each T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknowns and we do that for each T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknowns and we do that for each T
+and we get an answer so this leads us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get an answer so this leads us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get an answer so this leads us to
+C1 and C2 and they depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T because well actually it leads us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T because well actually it leads us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T because well actually it leads us to
+C1 Prime and C2 Prime the derivatives it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 Prime and C2 Prime the derivatives it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 Prime and C2 Prime the derivatives it
+just happens that when we plug it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens that when we plug it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens that when we plug it in the
+C1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and the
+C2 themselves disappear because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 themselves disappear because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 themselves disappear because these
+were null Solutions so we know that C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were null Solutions so we know that C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were null Solutions so we know that C1
+constant would be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant would be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant would be good
+but when we put it in there we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we put it in there we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we put it in there we get
+equations involve C1 Prime at each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations involve C1 Prime at each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations involve C1 Prime at each time
+so I'll take that away at each time all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll take that away at each time all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll take that away at each time all
+right two equations two unknowns we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right two equations two unknowns we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right two equations two unknowns we
+solve them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them
+okay and then when we solve them we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then when we solve them we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then when we solve them we put
+them back back into y of T and can I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back back into y of T and can I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back back into y of T and can I'll
+just write the answer I'll just write so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write the answer I'll just write so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write the answer I'll just write so
+I'm not doing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not doing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not doing all
+the Gory calculations I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gory calculations I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gory calculations I'm just going to
+write the answer so y of T is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the answer so y of T is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the answer so y of T is going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+it's just to be sure I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just to be sure I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just to be sure I'm looking
+here that's what I'm going to write and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's what I'm going to write and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's what I'm going to write and
+I'm going to put C1 and C2 the into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put C1 and C2 the into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put C1 and C2 the into that
+C1 and C2 come from these two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and C2 come from these two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and C2 come from these two equations
+okay so I have y1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have y1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have y1 of
+T time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T time
+C1 now the C1 that comes out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 now the C1 that comes out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 now the C1 that comes out of that
+happens to be well C1 Prime comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be well C1 Prime comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be well C1 Prime comes out of
+it so I have to integrate I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I have to integrate I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I have to integrate I have to
+integrate C1 Prime so C1 Prime that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate C1 Prime so C1 Prime that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate C1 Prime so C1 Prime that
+comes out of that is a is a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of that is a is a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of that is a is a minus
+y 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y 2
+times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the
+F DT and then there's a denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F DT and then there's a denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F DT and then there's a denominator
+because if I have two equations in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I have two equations in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I have two equations in two
+unknowns there's a little 2x two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns there's a little 2x two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns there's a little 2x two
+determinant I'll just call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant I'll just call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant I'll just call it
+w it has a famous name in differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w it has a famous name in differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w it has a famous name in differential
+equations and I'll tell you that name W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I'll tell you that name W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I'll tell you that name W
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+T is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is the
+determinant of what I have there y1 Y 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of what I have there y1 Y 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of what I have there y1 Y 2
+y1 Prime Y 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 Prime Y 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 Prime Y 2
+Prime two equations some they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime two equations some they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime two equations some they have to be
+independent they have to be invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent they have to be invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent they have to be invertible
+to give me and this is it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me and this is it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me and this is it's this
+determinant that that's the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant that that's the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant that that's the critical
+thing so that's y1 Y2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so that's y1 Y2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so that's y1 Y2
+Prime minus Y2 y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime minus Y2 y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime minus Y2 y1
+Prime that's the function remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that's the function remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that's the function remember we
+know y1 and Y2 the whole deal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know y1 and Y2 the whole deal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know y1 and Y2 the whole deal is
+starting with y1 and Y2 null Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with y1 and Y2 null Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with y1 and Y2 null Solutions
+and combining them and you see there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combining them and you see there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combining them and you see there's a
+first that that's the this is the C1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that that's the this is the C1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that that's the this is the C1 and
+now I have to add in the C2 you it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to add in the C2 you it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to add in the C2 you it looks
+a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+messy but it's just an integral it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy but it's just an integral it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy but it's just an integral it's
+just an integral so now what is y 2 of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an integral so now what is y 2 of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an integral so now what is y 2 of T
+multiplied by well it's multiplied by C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by well it's multiplied by C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by well it's multiplied by C2
+and since this equation gives me C2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since this equation gives me C2 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since this equation gives me C2 2
+Prime I'm going to have to integrate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime I'm going to have to integrate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime I'm going to have to integrate to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+C2 and it turns out to be y1 of t f of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 and it turns out to be y1 of t f of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 and it turns out to be y1 of t f of T
+DT divided by that same determinant W of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT divided by that same determinant W of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT divided by that same determinant W of
+T this is let me tell you its name it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T this is let me tell you its name it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T this is let me tell you its name it's
+named after a guy named runski so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after a guy named runski so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after a guy named runski so it's
+called The Run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can call it that or not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can call it that or not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can call it that or not it's
+this so we know y1 and Y2 that means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we know y1 and Y2 that means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we know y1 and Y2 that means we
+plug those in we find the Ronin we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug those in we find the Ronin we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug those in we find the Ronin we put
+that in these integrals we have the y2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in these integrals we have the y2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in these integrals we have the y2s
+and the y1s and we're given the F and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the y1s and we're given the F and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the y1s and we're given the F and we
+integrate well if we can integrate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate well if we can integrate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate well if we can integrate I
+don't plan to go probably much beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't plan to go probably much beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't plan to go probably much beyond
+that just I'll stop there that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just I'll stop there that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just I'll stop there that's a
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+for the answer oh well I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the answer oh well I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the answer oh well I won't
+completely stop there let me do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely stop there let me do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely stop there let me do an
+example let me do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me do an
+example so um let's see I guess my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so um let's see I guess my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so um let's see I guess my
+example will be constant coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example will be constant coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example will be constant coefficient
+equation so constant coefficient when so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so constant coefficient when so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so constant coefficient when so
+what are the null solutions for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the null solutions for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the null solutions for a
+constant coefficient equation there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient equation there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient equation there you
+you remember what happens with constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember what happens with constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember what happens with constant
+coefficients you plug again you you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients you plug again you you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients you plug again you you get
+s² + b s + C times the you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s² + b s + C times the you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s² + b s + C times the you're looking
+for you're you're trying for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you're you're trying for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you're you're trying for an
+exponential and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work so I I pluged this this is looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so I I pluged this this is looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so I I pluged this this is looking
+for null Solutions because we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for null Solutions because we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for null Solutions because we have to do
+have those to start they they are the y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those to start they they are the y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those to start they they are the y1
+and Y2 in my formula so my variation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y2 in my formula so my variation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y2 in my formula so my variation of
+parameters the whole new new thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the whole new new thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the whole new new thing is
+completed there just if I want an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed there just if I want an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed there just if I want an
+example I have to solve the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I have to solve the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I have to solve the differential
+equation and for that believe me I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and for that believe me I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and for that believe me I'm
+going to make B and C constant so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make B and C constant so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make B and C constant so I
+solve this equation so I that this gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this equation so I that this gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this equation so I that this gives
+me of course I can cancel the e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me of course I can cancel the e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me of course I can cancel the e to the
+St because it's never zero so this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St because it's never zero so this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St because it's never zero so this has
+to be zero and that has two roots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero and that has two roots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero and that has two roots and
+the quadratic formula tells me those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic formula tells me those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic formula tells me those two
+Roots S1 and S2 and then my null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots S1 and S2 and then my null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots S1 and S2 and then my null
+Solutions are y1 is e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions are y1 is e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions are y1 is e to the
+s1t and Y2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1t and Y2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1t and Y2
+is e to the S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the S2
+T okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay good
+good now I'm ready to go I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now I'm ready to go I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now I'm ready to go I'm going to
+put those into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put those into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put those into this
+formula I have to do the Ron skin and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I have to do the Ron skin and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I have to do the Ron skin and I
+need another Blackboard sorry this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need another Blackboard sorry this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need another Blackboard sorry this is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+only video so far that went to a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only video so far that went to a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only video so far that went to a third
+board can you remember I need the Run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board can you remember I need the Run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board can you remember I need the Run
+skin and then I'll reproduce the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin and then I'll reproduce the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin and then I'll reproduce the so
+there's let me copy again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's let me copy again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's let me copy again
+y1 is e to the S1 t y 2 is e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 is e to the S1 t y 2 is e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 is e to the S1 t y 2 is e to the
+s2t and now that run skin is y1 Y 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s2t and now that run skin is y1 Y 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s2t and now that run skin is y1 Y 2
+Prime - y Y 2 y1 Prime and what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime - y Y 2 y1 Prime and what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime - y Y 2 y1 Prime and what does
+that come out to be y1 is e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s1t Y 2 Prime is the derivative of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1t Y 2 Prime is the derivative of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1t Y 2 Prime is the derivative of that
+so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an
+S2 e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 e to the
+s2t that's this term gave me that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s2t that's this term gave me that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s2t that's this term gave me that and
+now I subtract Y2 which is there y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I subtract Y2 which is there y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I subtract Y2 which is there y1
+Prime which is the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which is the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which is the derivative of this
+brings down an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings down an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings down an
+S1 you you see the beauty of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 you you see the beauty of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 you you see the beauty of all these
+formulas well beautiful if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas well beautiful if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas well beautiful if you like
+formulas not everybody does okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas not everybody does okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas not everybody does okay so now
+I know the every all the terms and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know the every all the terms and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know the every all the terms and I'm
+prepared to write again my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to write again my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to write again my
+formula for y of T my solution this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for y of T my solution this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for y of T my solution this is
+this is the climax now I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the climax now I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the climax now I'm going to use
+the formula that came from variation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula that came from variation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula that came from variation of
+parameters and I'm going to put in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and I'm going to put in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and I'm going to put in that
+function that function and that W and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that function and that W and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that function and that W and
+I'm going to see what I have okay so do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to see what I have okay so do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to see what I have okay so do
+you remember it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember it was
+y1 times an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 times an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 times an
+integral oh I had better use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral oh I had better use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral oh I had better use
+a a variable of integration here I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a variable of integration here I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a variable of integration here I don't
+want to put T in there cuz T is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put T in there cuz T is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put T in there cuz T is the
+limit of integration so y1 do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of integration so y1 do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of integration so y1 do you
+remember it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it was a
+minus Y2 e to the S2 I'll use just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Y2 e to the S2 I'll use just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Y2 e to the S2 I'll use just
+capital T time divided by W remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T time divided by W remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T time divided by W remember
+there's an F of T and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an F of T and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an F of T and there's a
+DT and I'm using a capital T as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and I'm using a capital T as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and I'm using a capital T as the
+dummy variable and in the bottom goes W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy variable and in the bottom goes W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy variable and in the bottom goes W
+which is S2 - S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is S2 - S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is S2 - S1
+e to the S1 t e to the S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the S1 t e to the S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the S1 t e to the S2
+T that was the first term th this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that was the first term th this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that was the first term th this was
+the C1 that multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C1 that multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C1 that multiplied
+y1 now I have to remember the Y2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 now I have to remember the Y2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 now I have to remember the Y2 the
+second null solution times it C2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second null solution times it C2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second null solution times it C2 and
+that was the integral and again now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the integral and again now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the integral and again now I
+have a plus sign I think think so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a plus sign I think think so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a plus sign I think think so it was
+put in parentheses there that was the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in parentheses there that was the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in parentheses there that was the W
+in the bottom so it was e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom so it was e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom so it was e to the
+S1 t f of T DT and that same W down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 t f of T DT and that same W down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 t f of T DT and that same W down here
+S2 - S1 e to the S1 t e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 - S1 e to the S1 t e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 - S1 e to the S1 t e to the
+s2t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s2t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s2t
+okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the
+calcul the variation of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcul the variation of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcul the variation of parameters
+formula for the for these nice null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the for these nice null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the for these nice null
+Solutions it it doesn't get better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions it it doesn't get better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions it it doesn't get better than
+this and in fact I guess I can cancel e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and in fact I guess I can cancel e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and in fact I guess I can cancel e
+to the S2 TS there I I can cancel e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the S2 TS there I I can cancel e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the S2 TS there I I can cancel e to
+the S1 T's there I can put this up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S1 T's there I can put this up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S1 T's there I can put this up with
+a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus
+exponent oh yeah it's going to be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent oh yeah it's going to be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent oh yeah it's going to be good
+it's going to be good so here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be good so here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be good so here is a
+constant S2 - S1 the same for both terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant S2 - S1 the same for both terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant S2 - S1 the same for both terms
+then I'll put this up here as a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll put this up here as a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll put this up here as a negative
+exponent so there's an e to the s1t I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent so there's an e to the s1t I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent so there's an e to the s1t I'll
+get uh you might you might even you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh you might you might even you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh you might you might even you
+might see this coming I I get this 1/ S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might see this coming I I get this 1/ S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might see this coming I I get this 1/ S2
+-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-
+S1 and then I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 and then I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 and then I have the
+integral and here I have an F of T in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and here I have an F of T in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and here I have an F of T in
+both integrals so let me just put that F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both integrals so let me just put that F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both integrals so let me just put that F
+of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T
+down okay and and I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay and and I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay and and I have a
+DT and then what do I what else do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and then what do I what else do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and then what do I what else do I
+have I have this thing which I can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I have this thing which I can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I have this thing which I can put
+inside but with a small T it it's I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside but with a small T it it's I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside but with a small T it it's I'm
+not integrating that I think if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not integrating that I think if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not integrating that I think if you look
+there you have e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have e to the
+S1 T and then this will come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 T and then this will come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 T and then this will come up with a
+minus sign does that look good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign does that look good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign does that look good to
+you for the first term and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for the first term and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for the first term and the second
+term will have uh that same 1 / S2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term will have uh that same 1 / S2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term will have uh that same 1 / S2 -
+S1 now what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 now what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 now what do I
+have uh e to the s2t is going to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh e to the s2t is going to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh e to the s2t is going to come up
+with a minus sign so I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus sign so I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus sign so I have an
+integral of e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of e to the
+S2 T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t I think there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t I think there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t I think there's a
+minus don't forget that minus Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus don't forget that minus Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus don't forget that minus Professor
+strength okay and F of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength okay and F of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength okay and F of T
+DT now right there I'm going to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT now right there I'm going to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT now right there I'm going to put the
+answer I'm going to put the answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I'm going to put the answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I'm going to put the answer and
+and for me this was the highlight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for me this was the highlight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for me this was the highlight of the
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+thing I didn't know what would come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I didn't know what would come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I didn't know what would come out
+of variation of parameters I wasn't I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation of parameters I wasn't I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation of parameters I wasn't I'm
+not at all an expert in that but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all an expert in that but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all an expert in that but I just
+followed the rules put in these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed the rules put in these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed the rules put in these two
+uh null Solutions computed W put it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh null Solutions computed W put it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh null Solutions computed W put it all
+in ended up with this answer and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ended up with this answer and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ended up with this answer and and
+then I was very happy to recognize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I was very happy to recognize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I was very happy to recognize what
+this answer was this answer is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this answer was this answer is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this answer was this answer is the
+integral of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of something
+times this is the integral from 0 to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this is the integral from 0 to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this is the integral from 0 to T
+of something times F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something times F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something times F of
+T DT and what is that something it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T DT and what is that something it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T DT and what is that something it comes
+from that term divided by this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that term divided by this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that term divided by this with a
+minus sign and this term divided by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign and this term divided by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign and this term divided by that
+with a minus sign and when you put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus sign and when you put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus sign and when you put those
+in what do you get but the impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what do you get but the impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what do you get but the impulse
+response G that I've called G of T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response G that I've called G of T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response G that I've called G of T and
+it's at T minus t so here you go this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at T minus t so here you go this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at T minus t so here you go this is
+the big moment G of T minus capital t f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big moment G of T minus capital t f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big moment G of T minus capital t f
+of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t
+DT focus camera and attention on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT focus camera and attention on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT focus camera and attention on that
+last result so that's the formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last result so that's the formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last result so that's the formula that
+we end up with from uh Cal from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with from uh Cal from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with from uh Cal from the
+variation of parameters applied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of parameters applied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of parameters applied to the
+constant coefficient problem it's given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient problem it's given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient problem it's given
+us what we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what we already
+knew it's told us that the solution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew it's told us that the solution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew it's told us that the solution the
+particular solution y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution y of
+T is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is the
+integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the
+inputs the right hand side the forcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs the right hand side the forcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs the right hand side the forcing
+term F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term F of
+T times the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T times the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T times the growth
+term the impulse response we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the impulse response we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the impulse response we could
+imagine that at every time T we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that at every time T we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that at every time T we have an
+Impulse of size F of T and that impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impulse of size F of T and that impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impulse of size F of T and that impulse
+Grows by the impulse response G over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grows by the impulse response G over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grows by the impulse response G over the
+remaining time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining time
+till it gets us to here let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till it gets us to here let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till it gets us to here let me just
+clean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean that
+up and then we have to take all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then we have to take all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then we have to take all those
+inputs so we integrate over all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so we integrate over all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so we integrate over all those
+inputs and we get that answer that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and we get that answer that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and we get that answer that's the
+ultimate formula for the solution to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate formula for the solution to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate formula for the solution to our
+to our differential equations to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our differential equations to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our differential equations to our
+linear constant coefficient differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant coefficient differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant coefficient differential
+equation so we've reproduced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so we've reproduced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so we've reproduced that
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+in the one case constant coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one case constant coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one case constant coefficient
+case when we can find the null Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when we can find the null Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when we can find the null Solutions
+and run through run this variation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and run through run this variation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and run through run this variation of
+parameters formula right through to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters formula right through to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters formula right through to the
+end and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and that's the
+end thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0sY1vIwzrqM.txt b/0sY1vIwzrqM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..24b7f49919484040bd04375b03f669c3771f97b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0sY1vIwzrqM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a question from a student at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a question from a student at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a question from a student at the
+beginning here asking me to clarify what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning here asking me to clarify what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning here asking me to clarify what
+i meant by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i meant by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i meant by
+a fixed action pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed action pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed action pattern
+do you remember what a fixed action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember what a fixed action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember what a fixed action
+pattern was we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern was we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern was we were talking about
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we said it was an instinctive movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said it was an instinctive movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said it was an instinctive movement
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+it's an ethological term of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from zoology the the ethologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zoology the the ethologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zoology the the ethologists
+in the field of zoology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field of zoology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field of zoology
+originated this study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated this study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated this study
+of inherited behavior patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inherited behavior patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inherited behavior patterns
+okay humans have many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and all animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+their behavior patterns there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior patterns there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior patterns there are
+pretty similar from one member of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar from one member of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar from one member of the
+species to the other because the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species to the other because the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species to the other because the basic
+pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+inherited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited
+brain structures develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain structures develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain structures develop
+under genetic control and form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under genetic control and form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under genetic control and form the
+circuits necessary for these patterns it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits necessary for these patterns it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits necessary for these patterns it
+would include in humans things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would include in humans things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would include in humans things like
+crying and smiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying and smiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying and smiling
+and frowning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frowning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frowning
+and uh looking down when you're a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh looking down when you're a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh looking down when you're a little
+shy and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there have been cross-cultural studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been cross-cultural studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been cross-cultural studies
+of human there's a very nice book on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of human there's a very nice book on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of human there's a very nice book on
+human ethology by iva eisfeldt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human ethology by iva eisfeldt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human ethology by iva eisfeldt
+if any of you are interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's also a very well-known book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also a very well-known book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also a very well-known book
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+darwin charles darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then he pictures a number of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he pictures a number of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he pictures a number of these
+behavior patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liking dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a little more to say about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a little more to say about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a little more to say about these
+primitive cellular mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've been talking about secretion this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about secretion this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about secretion this
+is from the last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you should know from the quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you should know from the quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you should know from the quiz
+if you didn't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't remember
+since i stated in the question how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since i stated in the question how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since i stated in the question how are
+these things discovered they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things discovered they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things discovered they're all
+discovered by electron microscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by electron microscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by electron microscopy
+and i drew pictures of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i drew pictures of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i drew pictures of them
+we've talked about all seven of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about all seven of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about all seven of these
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is exocytosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this the term for secretion by a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the term for secretion by a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the term for secretion by a cell
+a cell puts something out what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell puts something out what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell puts something out what is
+endocytosis is cell drinking so drink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endocytosis is cell drinking so drink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endocytosis is cell drinking so drink
+something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+both of these things happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these things happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these things happen
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+at one place more than any other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one place more than any other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one place more than any other in
+neurons and that's at the terminal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and that's at the terminal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and that's at the terminal the
+axon terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon terminal
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exocytosis that's how it secretes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exocytosis that's how it secretes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exocytosis that's how it secretes
+neurotransmitters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitters
+when the vesicles join to the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the vesicles join to the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the vesicles join to the membrane
+and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know
+endocytosis takes place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the auto the reuptake mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the auto the reuptake mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the auto the reuptake mechanisms
+involving our receptors can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving our receptors can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving our receptors can take a
+neurotransmitter how could we test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter how could we test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter how could we test it
+experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally
+it doesn't only take up neurotransmitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't only take up neurotransmitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't only take up neurotransmitter
+we can inject some substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can inject some substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can inject some substance
+some protein some enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it might be fluorescent might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be fluorescent might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be fluorescent might be a
+fluorescent dye we can inject it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent dye we can inject it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent dye we can inject it
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+some tracer substance that's taken up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tracer substance that's taken up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tracer substance that's taken up by
+the cell and then we'll if it gets taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and then we'll if it gets taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and then we'll if it gets taken
+up by the cell and moves within the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by the cell and moves within the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by the cell and moves within the cell
+we'll be able to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to see it
+so we do that with things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do that with things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do that with things like
+horseradish peroxidase i'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horseradish peroxidase i'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horseradish peroxidase i'll show you
+pictures of that later today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of that later today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of that later today
+it's taken up by the cell terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's taken up by the cell terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's taken up by the cell terminals
+it's also taken up by the cell body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also taken up by the cell body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also taken up by the cell body
+but if you put it in a region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you put it in a region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you put it in a region of
+termination say we put it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination say we put it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination say we put it in the
+in the optic tectum where the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the optic tectum where the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the optic tectum where the retina
+terminates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates
+or in the lateral geniculate body any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the lateral geniculate body any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the lateral geniculate body any
+place the retina terminates if we put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the retina terminates if we put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the retina terminates if we put a
+substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance
+a trace or substance it'll be taken up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trace or substance it'll be taken up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trace or substance it'll be taken up
+by the terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the terminals
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+it gets transported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets transported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets transported
+how does it do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it do that
+well there are active transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are active transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are active transport
+mechanisms remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gets moved back to all the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets moved back to all the way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets moved back to all the way to the
+cell body and so we can look later if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell body and so we can look later if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell body and so we can look later if we
+give it a little time to happen it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a little time to happen it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a little time to happen it'll
+show up in the cell body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up in the cell body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up in the cell body
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember what the molecules are involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the molecules are involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the molecules are involved
+in retrograde and natural grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in retrograde and natural grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in retrograde and natural grade
+transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's two of them i mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two of them i mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two of them i mentioned
+kinesin and dynein dynein is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinesin and dynein dynein is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinesin and dynein dynein is the one
+involved in retrograde transport the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in retrograde transport the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in retrograde transport the
+process i just described okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process i just described okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process i just described okay
+these processes can move not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these processes can move not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these processes can move not just
+molecules but they can move organelles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules but they can move organelles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules but they can move organelles
+so organelles get transported from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so organelles get transported from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so organelles get transported from the
+cell body down to the terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+little vesicles containing various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little vesicles containing various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little vesicles containing various
+things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay
+and usually when we get retrograde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually when we get retrograde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually when we get retrograde
+transport also the substance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport also the substance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport also the substance is
+encapsulated in a little vesicle and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulated in a little vesicle and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulated in a little vesicle and an
+organelle and that's what actually moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelle and that's what actually moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelle and that's what actually moves
+back to the cell body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so i'm going to now talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these cellular dynamics are used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cellular dynamics are used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cellular dynamics are used in
+experimental studies the cns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental studies the cns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental studies the cns
+mostly anatomical studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly anatomical studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly anatomical studies
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this process of sectioning the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of sectioning the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of sectioning the brain
+is used so that we can look at it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used so that we can look at it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used so that we can look at it with a
+microscope now in order to section the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope now in order to section the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope now in order to section the
+brain you've got to fix the brain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain you've got to fix the brain okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain you've got to fix the brain okay
+in order to see anything in it you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to see anything in it you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to see anything in it you've
+got to put do something to the tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to put do something to the tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to put do something to the tissue
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+the brain by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain by itself
+you're not going to see too much you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to see too much you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to see too much you can
+see things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see things
+if the brain has been fixed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the brain has been fixed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the brain has been fixed because
+myelin for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myelin for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myelin for example
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+bend the light differently from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend the light differently from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend the light differently from the
+non-myelinated areas and so you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-myelinated areas and so you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-myelinated areas and so you can you
+can make out their myelinated fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make out their myelinated fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make out their myelinated fiber
+bundles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles
+but you won't see the cells well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you won't see the cells well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you won't see the cells well
+unless you stain them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you stain them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you stain them
+so we have various ways of staining them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have various ways of staining them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have various ways of staining them
+or we can inject things in them we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can inject things in them we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can inject things in them we'll
+talk mainly about things we inject in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk mainly about things we inject in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk mainly about things we inject in
+them today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them today
+so that we can trace accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can trace accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can trace accents
+but first of all we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first of all we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first of all we have to
+fix the brain which means we usually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the brain which means we usually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the brain which means we usually do
+that in the process of killing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the process of killing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the process of killing an
+experimental animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental animal
+replaces blood with a fixative okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaces blood with a fixative okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaces blood with a fixative okay it's
+an embalming procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an embalming procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an embalming procedure
+uh what the fixatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the fixatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the fixatives
+first used were things like alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first used were things like alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first used were things like alcohol
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and certain acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the the fixatives that have made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the fixatives that have made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the fixatives that have made the
+biggest difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest difference
+for neuroanatomical work are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for neuroanatomical work are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for neuroanatomical work are the
+aldehydes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehydes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehydes
+formaldehyde initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde initially
+and then for electron microscopy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for electron microscopy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for electron microscopy and
+other things as well glutaraldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things as well glutaraldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things as well glutaraldehyde
+so after the brain is fixed it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after the brain is fixed it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after the brain is fixed it will
+harden to some degree depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harden to some degree depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harden to some degree depending on the
+fixative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixative
+and then it can be sectioned in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it can be sectioned in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it can be sectioned in order to
+section it we have to we can freeze it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section it we have to we can freeze it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section it we have to we can freeze it
+and cut frozen sections that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cut frozen sections that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cut frozen sections that doesn't
+allow us to cut very thin sections we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to cut very thin sections we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to cut very thin sections we
+can cut down to maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cut down to maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cut down to maybe
+15 or 20 micron thick sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 or 20 micron thick sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 or 20 micron thick sections
+if we freeze the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we freeze the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we freeze the brain
+there's a couple different ways of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple different ways of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple different ways of doing
+that you can freeze it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can freeze it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can freeze it with
+powdered dry eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powdered dry eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powdered dry eyes
+a sliding micro tome or we can freeze it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sliding micro tome or we can freeze it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sliding micro tome or we can freeze it
+in a cryostat with a whole blade in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cryostat with a whole blade in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cryostat with a whole blade in
+brain and everything is kept at a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and everything is kept at a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and everything is kept at a low
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but there are other ways still without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other ways still without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other ways still without
+causing any freezing we can embed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing any freezing we can embed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing any freezing we can embed the
+brain in something we can embrace in wax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain in something we can embrace in wax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain in something we can embrace in wax
+for example paraffin embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example paraffin embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example paraffin embedding
+and there's other things like solid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's other things like solid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's other things like solid that
+we can embed in our nitro cellulose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but let's say now that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say now that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say now that we've
+injected something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my computer is it must be asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my computer is it must be asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my computer is it must be asking you
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+if that's mine i don't know maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's mine i don't know maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's mine i don't know maybe it's
+one of the others nearby computers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the others nearby computers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the others nearby computers here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we mentioned the golgi stain before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we mentioned the golgi stain before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we mentioned the golgi stain before
+this is a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a section that's a little thinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a section that's a little thinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a section that's a little thinner
+than is usually done for golgi stain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the process was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process was
+that a block of tissue was prepared the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a block of tissue was prepared the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a block of tissue was prepared the
+brain is blocked into very thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is blocked into very thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is blocked into very thick
+sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections
+and stained with the silver procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stained with the silver procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stained with the silver procedures
+that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+mark certain cells and that's how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark certain cells and that's how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark certain cells and that's how these
+black cells were produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black cells were produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black cells were produced
+with the golgi method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the golgi method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the golgi method
+this is a particular golgi method that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a particular golgi method that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a particular golgi method that
+was modified by cox so the golgi cox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was modified by cox so the golgi cox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was modified by cox so the golgi cox
+method in order to get a lot of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method in order to get a lot of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method in order to get a lot of cells
+and their dendrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their dendrites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their dendrites
+and then after the brain after that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after the brain after that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after the brain after that was
+done then the brain was cut into thinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done then the brain was cut into thinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done then the brain was cut into thinner
+sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections
+and it was counterstained for cells it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was counterstained for cells it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was counterstained for cells it
+didn't work too well but you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work too well but you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work too well but you can sort of
+see some cells there in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some cells there in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some cells there in the background
+it just points out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just points out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just points out that
+you're standing only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're standing only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're standing only
+a small percentage of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can see the cell bodies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the cell bodies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the cell bodies the
+dendrites you can see the pyramidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites you can see the pyramidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites you can see the pyramidal
+cells with the apical dendrite you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells with the apical dendrite you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells with the apical dendrite you can
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+non-pramble shaped cell there a granule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-pramble shaped cell there a granule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-pramble shaped cell there a granule
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can make out dendrites in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make out dendrites in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make out dendrites in this
+particular stain we can sometimes see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stain we can sometimes see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stain we can sometimes see
+the axon like there we can see the axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axon like there we can see the axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axon like there we can see the axon
+beginning other times it's a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning other times it's a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning other times it's a little more
+difficult there's an axon beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult there's an axon beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult there's an axon beginning
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and kahal was the anatomist that used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kahal was the anatomist that used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kahal was the anatomist that used
+this the most so it's been used by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the most so it's been used by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the most so it's been used by a
+number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people
+he was particularly prolific perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was particularly prolific perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was particularly prolific perhaps
+because of an ability he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of an ability he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of an ability he had
+that he didn't actually have to trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he didn't actually have to trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he didn't actually have to trace
+the accents the way most people will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accents the way most people will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accents the way most people will do
+now and it's rather difficult and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and it's rather difficult and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and it's rather difficult and
+tedious to trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious to trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious to trace
+in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail
+these accents well if he didn't trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these accents well if he didn't trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these accents well if he didn't trace
+them how did he do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does anybody know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he had a photographic memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a photographic memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a photographic memory
+very unusual sort he would study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unusual sort he would study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unusual sort he would study the
+brain for a long period of time he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain for a long period of time he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain for a long period of time he would
+see huge numbers of cells but studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see huge numbers of cells but studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see huge numbers of cells but studying
+them he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them he would
+pay attention to what he most wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to what he most wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to what he most wanted to
+learn that day and then he'd go for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that day and then he'd go for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that day and then he'd go for a
+walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk
+then he'd come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he'd come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he'd come back and
+realize what he really wanted to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize what he really wanted to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize what he really wanted to draw
+and he would draw them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he would draw them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he would draw them
+with remarkable accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with remarkable accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with remarkable accuracy
+when people redo that things he studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people redo that things he studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people redo that things he studied
+they pretty much find the same things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's what he's doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what he's doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what he's doing here
+he's not looking through the microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not looking through the microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not looking through the microscope
+he's just drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+one of the methods the the first method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the methods the the first method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the methods the the first method
+that was widely used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was widely used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was widely used for
+experimental tracing of a pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was the degeneration technique and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the degeneration technique and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the degeneration technique and
+there's more than one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more than one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more than one of them
+now when i say experimental tracing of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when i say experimental tracing of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when i say experimental tracing of a
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+that's to be contrasted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to be contrasted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to be contrasted with
+looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+at material where nothing's been done to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at material where nothing's been done to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at material where nothing's been done to
+the brain but looking at a normal brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain but looking at a normal brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain but looking at a normal brain
+that's then been fixed and stained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's then been fixed and stained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's then been fixed and stained
+say for axons there are stains that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for axons there are stains that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for axons there are stains that will
+stain accents and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain accents and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain accents and you can
+you can see major fiber bundles and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see major fiber bundles and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see major fiber bundles and so
+forth but you can't there's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but you can't there's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but you can't there's so many
+accents you can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents you can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents you can't really
+find discover for sure where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find discover for sure where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find discover for sure where they're
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+okay or even where they came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or even where they came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or even where they came from
+in some cases like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases like
+accents coming out of the eye it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents coming out of the eye it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents coming out of the eye it's
+pretty obvious they came where they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious they came where they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious they came where they came
+from they came from someplace in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from they came from someplace in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from they came from someplace in the
+retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina
+okay but when those axons reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but when those axons reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but when those axons reach
+terminal areas in the brain you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal areas in the brain you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal areas in the brain you can
+follow the tract to the main terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the tract to the main terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the tract to the main terminal
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+but it's even there it's difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's even there it's difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's even there it's difficult to
+see all the places they terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all the places they terminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all the places they terminate
+without some experimental tracing method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without some experimental tracing method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without some experimental tracing method
+and those are what we call the track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are what we call the track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are what we call the track
+tracing methods okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the initial method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial method
+was developed by marquis it was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed by marquis it was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed by marquis it was for
+standing degenerating myelin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing degenerating myelin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing degenerating myelin
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the marquee method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry that's the chi there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was a problem with the marquee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a problem with the marquee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a problem with the marquee
+method it could it could mark a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method it could it could mark a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method it could it could mark a
+degenerating myelin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerating myelin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerating myelin
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's what it was good for degenerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it was good for degenerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it was good for degenerating
+myelinated pathways could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myelinated pathways could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myelinated pathways could be
+specifically marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically marked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically marked
+it had a major problem in that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had a major problem in that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had a major problem in that the
+myelin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myelin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myelin
+usually disappears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually disappears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually disappears
+in the terminal region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the terminal region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the terminal region
+so the myelin doesn't go all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the myelin doesn't go all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the myelin doesn't go all the way to
+the terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminal
+boutons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you could never be absolutely sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could never be absolutely sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could never be absolutely sure
+i mean if you were skillful and you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if you were skillful and you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if you were skillful and you had
+also done golgi studies and studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also done golgi studies and studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also done golgi studies and studied
+kahal and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kahal and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kahal and so forth
+many people that use the marquee method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people that use the marquee method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people that use the marquee method
+turned out to be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be right
+degeneration methods have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneration methods have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneration methods have other
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+using the technique of antigrade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the technique of antigrade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the technique of antigrade
+generation which i should explain here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation which i should explain here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation which i should explain here
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+what you see in the picture here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see in the picture here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see in the picture here is a
+this the yellow cell there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the yellow cell there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the yellow cell there
+is connected by an axon to another cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected by an axon to another cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected by an axon to another cell
+it all has input from the cell over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all has input from the cell over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all has input from the cell over here
+and it shows the site of injury okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shows the site of injury okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shows the site of injury okay if
+that's injury transects the axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's injury transects the axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's injury transects the axon
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you will get degeneration then in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get degeneration then in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get degeneration then in two
+directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+anterograde degeneration will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterograde degeneration will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterograde degeneration will be the
+degeneration of the axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneration of the axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneration of the axon
+distal to the cell body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distal to the cell body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distal to the cell body
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and we'll go it will involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll go it will involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll go it will involve
+degeneration of the entire axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneration of the entire axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneration of the entire axon
+usually the first thing that starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the first thing that starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the first thing that starts to
+show signs of degeneration actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show signs of degeneration actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show signs of degeneration actually is
+the terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminals
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but then the entire axon will degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the entire axon will degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the entire axon will degenerate
+it will fragment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will fragment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will fragment
+change its chemical properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its chemical properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its chemical properties and
+eventually it will disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it will disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it will disappear
+by processes of phagocytosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by processes of phagocytosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by processes of phagocytosis
+now the myelin stains will stain only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the myelin stains will stain only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the myelin stains will stain only
+the degenerating myelin so it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degenerating myelin so it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degenerating myelin so it won't
+reach all these terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach all these terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach all these terminals
+you also have degeneration in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have degeneration in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have degeneration in the
+opposite direction now the breakup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction now the breakup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction now the breakup of
+the axon is much slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axon is much slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axon is much slower
+and in some cases doesn't even occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases doesn't even occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases doesn't even occur
+there are then changes in the cell body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are then changes in the cell body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are then changes in the cell body
+and usually when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually when we talk about
+retrograde degeneration we mean changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde degeneration we mean changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde degeneration we mean changes
+in the cell body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell body
+you'll get chromatolysis the chromatin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get chromatolysis the chromatin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get chromatolysis the chromatin
+in the cell will change its distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell will change its distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell will change its distribution
+so the cells will start looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cells will start looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cells will start looking
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+in some cases the cell will gradually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases the cell will gradually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases the cell will gradually
+degenerate in other cases it will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate in other cases it will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate in other cases it will just
+atrophy but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atrophy but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atrophy but not
+won't die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't die
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we still call it retrograde degeneration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still call it retrograde degeneration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still call it retrograde degeneration
+sometimes we call it retrograde atrophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we call it retrograde atrophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we call it retrograde atrophy
+if the cell doesn't die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but there are then changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there are then changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there are then changes
+throughout the cell taking various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the cell taking various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the cell taking various
+amounts of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here you have the antigrade degeneration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have the antigrade degeneration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have the antigrade degeneration
+pictured and they're also pointing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured and they're also pointing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured and they're also pointing out
+that sometimes epicenter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes epicenter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes epicenter
+where the cell was cut rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the cell was cut rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the cell was cut rather than
+dyeing the cell the initial response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyeing the cell the initial response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyeing the cell the initial response is
+actually an attempt to regenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an attempt to regenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an attempt to regenerate
+okay that occurs apparently in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that occurs apparently in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that occurs apparently in every
+cell but cells vary a lot and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell but cells vary a lot and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell but cells vary a lot and how much
+they can regenerate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can regenerate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can regenerate okay
+most of them in the cns the majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them in the cns the majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them in the cns the majority of
+them will not be able to regrow their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will not be able to regrow their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will not be able to regrow their
+axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon
+many of them will show some sprouting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them will show some sprouting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them will show some sprouting in
+the region of the cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of the cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of the cut
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and we'll talk about that later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nauta who was an mit professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nauta who was an mit professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nauta who was an mit professor
+for the last part of his career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last part of his career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last part of his career
+before he came to mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he came to mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he came to mit
+was realizing the problems with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was realizing the problems with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was realizing the problems with the
+marquee method that you could never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marquee method that you could never be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marquee method that you could never be
+sure of tracing tracks to their real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure of tracing tracks to their real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure of tracing tracks to their real
+site of termination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+investigated various silver staining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigated various silver staining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigated various silver staining
+methods because they could stain rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods because they could stain rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods because they could stain rather
+thin axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin axons
+very well in just normal accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well in just normal accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well in just normal accents
+one of them was a method developed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them was a method developed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them was a method developed by
+bilshowsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilshowsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilshowsky
+he liked it particularly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he liked it particularly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he liked it particularly well
+he studied its chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he studied its chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he studied its chemistry
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+began to work with a man in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to work with a man in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to work with a man in
+switzerland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switzerland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switzerland
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+modifying the dolce stain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying the dolce stain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying the dolce stain
+so it would stain the degeneration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would stain the degeneration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would stain the degeneration
+better they initially came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better they initially came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better they initially came up with
+a stain we now call the original outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stain we now call the original outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stain we now call the original outer
+stain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain
+which did stay in degeneration very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which did stay in degeneration very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which did stay in degeneration very well
+but it stained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it stained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it stained
+all the normal accents pretty well too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the normal accents pretty well too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the normal accents pretty well too
+so it was still pretty difficult to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was still pretty difficult to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was still pretty difficult to pick
+out the degenerating ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the degenerating ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the degenerating ones
+his work with gigax in switzerland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work with gigax in switzerland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work with gigax in switzerland
+sorry this was the original out of state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this was the original out of state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this was the original out of state
+i think was before geigex okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think was before geigex okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think was before geigex okay
+but then with gigax he worked on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then with gigax he worked on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then with gigax he worked on a
+method for suppressing the staining of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for suppressing the staining of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for suppressing the staining of
+the normal accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal accents
+and this was a huge breakthrough in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was a huge breakthrough in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was a huge breakthrough in
+track tracing techniques when you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track tracing techniques when you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track tracing techniques when you got
+that technique to work well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technique to work well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technique to work well
+you could do the stain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do the stain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do the stain and
+all the normal accents would stain very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the normal accents would stain very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the normal accents would stain very
+lightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly
+and the degenerating ones would keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the degenerating ones would keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the degenerating ones would keep
+staining darkly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staining darkly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staining darkly
+now the way he did that was they applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the way he did that was they applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the way he did that was they applied
+an oxidizing agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the normal tissue would oxidize faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal tissue would oxidize faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal tissue would oxidize faster
+than the degenerating tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the degenerating tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the degenerating tissue
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the length of time they exposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the length of time they exposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the length of time they exposed to
+the oxidizing agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidizing agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidizing agent
+was very critical and they often did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very critical and they often did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very critical and they often did
+trials using various periods of time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials using various periods of time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials using various periods of time in
+the oxidizing agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidizing agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidizing agent
+to see when they could get the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see when they could get the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see when they could get the optimal
+stain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain
+that stain did not he wasn't convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stain did not he wasn't convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stain did not he wasn't convinced
+it always would stain the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it always would stain the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it always would stain the actual
+terminals very well so he kept working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals very well so he kept working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals very well so he kept working
+on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it
+but it was only when he came to mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was only when he came to mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was only when he came to mit
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+he was able with uh robert fink uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was able with uh robert fink uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was able with uh robert fink uh
+working as a technician in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working as a technician in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working as a technician in his
+laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory
+he developed a stain that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he developed a stain that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he developed a stain that would be
+specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+for the accent all the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the accent all the way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the accent all the way to the
+terminals and leonard hamer a swedish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals and leonard hamer a swedish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals and leonard hamer a swedish
+neuron anatomist who had just come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron anatomist who had just come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron anatomist who had just come to
+work with nauta had also been working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with nauta had also been working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with nauta had also been working on
+these stains he had a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stains he had a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stains he had a slightly different
+way of doing a similar thing his method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing a similar thing his method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing a similar thing his method
+heyman's method worked better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heyman's method worked better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heyman's method worked better for
+hypothalamus eliminate structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus eliminate structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus eliminate structures
+thinks method worked better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks method worked better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks method worked better for
+sensory pathways more pathways so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory pathways more pathways so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory pathways more pathways so
+they were they published it together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were they published it together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were they published it together and
+that became the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that became the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that became the standard
+method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+for track tracing for a number of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for track tracing for a number of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for track tracing for a number of years
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what's the advantage of standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the advantage of standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the advantage of standing
+degenerating accents it was a method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerating accents it was a method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerating accents it was a method of
+marking one particular tract that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking one particular tract that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking one particular tract that's a
+critical question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical question
+okay so now think of the experiment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now think of the experiment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now think of the experiment you
+could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do
+okay we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can
+we can take out an eye destroy all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take out an eye destroy all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take out an eye destroy all the
+axons coming from the retina they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons coming from the retina they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons coming from the retina they all
+start degenerating okay we let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start degenerating okay we let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start degenerating okay we let the
+animals survive for a few days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals survive for a few days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals survive for a few days
+so we get degeneration but the axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get degeneration but the axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get degeneration but the axons
+have not disappeared yet now we apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not disappeared yet now we apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not disappeared yet now we apply
+one of these stains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these stains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these stains
+let's say we were applying up using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we were applying up using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we were applying up using the
+finch hammer method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finch hammer method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finch hammer method
+we would stain the brain and we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would stain the brain and we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would stain the brain and we would
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+standing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing out
+with in dark black that acts on pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in dark black that acts on pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in dark black that acts on pathway
+they would look like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would look like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would look like they're
+degenerating it would be fragmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerating it would be fragmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerating it would be fragmented
+okay and we'd learn to recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'd learn to recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'd learn to recognize the
+degenerate axon but they would very they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate axon but they would very they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate axon but they would very they
+were very easy to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very easy to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very easy to see
+because now we have a statement specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we have a statement specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we have a statement specific
+for the degenerating axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the degenerating axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the degenerating axons
+you could do other things you could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do other things you could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do other things you could go
+into the brain with a little electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the brain with a little electrode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the brain with a little electrode
+and electrocute a few cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electrocute a few cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electrocute a few cells
+in one little region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one little region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one little region
+okay and then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you would
+trace the degeneration from that area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace the degeneration from that area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace the degeneration from that area
+there's always problems with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always problems with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always problems with the
+degeneration techniques because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneration techniques because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneration techniques because when
+you're making a lesion in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a lesion in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a lesion in the brain
+you're also killing the axons going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also killing the axons going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also killing the axons going
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+unless you have some chemical method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have some chemical method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have some chemical method
+that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+only kill cells and not accents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only kill cells and not accents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only kill cells and not accents and
+there are such methods but by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are such methods but by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are such methods but by the time
+those methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those methods
+were developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were developed
+things that could kill cells and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that could kill cells and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that could kill cells and not
+fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers
+other methods were beginning to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other methods were beginning to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other methods were beginning to be
+developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed
+methods using the intracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods using the intracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods using the intracellular
+properties of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of cells
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+it was found that the enzyme horseradish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was found that the enzyme horseradish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was found that the enzyme horseradish
+peroxidase or hrp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxidase or hrp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxidase or hrp
+as i mentioned before if you put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned before if you put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned before if you put in the
+region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of
+the terminals will be taken up by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminals will be taken up by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminals will be taken up by the
+terminals of axons and transported back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals of axons and transported back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals of axons and transported back
+to the cell body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see a
+cell here and cell here all everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell here and cell here all everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell here and cell here all everything
+in dark black there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dark black there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dark black there
+cells in the retina retinal ganglion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in the retina retinal ganglion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in the retina retinal ganglion
+cells that have transported hrp from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that have transported hrp from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that have transported hrp from a
+terminal area in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal area in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal area in the brain
+now in this particular case another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this particular case another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this particular case another
+label has also been put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label has also been put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label has also been put
+in another part of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another part of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another part of the brain
+nuclear yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear yellow
+it's a fluorescent molecule which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fluorescent molecule which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fluorescent molecule which is
+also taken up by axon endings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also taken up by axon endings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also taken up by axon endings
+and it gets transported retrogradely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets transported retrogradely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets transported retrogradely
+nuclear yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear yellow
+binds primarily to the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds primarily to the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds primarily to the nucleus
+and here you see a double labeled cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you see a double labeled cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you see a double labeled cell
+so the two areas that were injected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two areas that were injected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two areas that were injected
+both contain axons from this one cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both contain axons from this one cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both contain axons from this one cell
+and that's the advantage of a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the advantage of a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the advantage of a double
+retrograde staining technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde staining technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde staining technique
+you can find out get experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find out get experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find out get experimental
+knowledge about axon branching patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about axon branching patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about axon branching patterns
+here we have nuclear yellow in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have nuclear yellow in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have nuclear yellow in the
+nucleus and hrp in the cytoplasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another
+retrograde tracer fluoro gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde tracer fluoro gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde tracer fluoro gold
+some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these
+tracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing
+substances are rather expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances are rather expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances are rather expensive
+because it is gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is gold
+okay but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it
+marks cells very beautifully more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks cells very beautifully more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks cells very beautifully more than
+nuclear yellow or hrp doing a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear yellow or hrp doing a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear yellow or hrp doing a little
+more like hrp but even better you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like hrp but even better you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like hrp but even better you can
+see it's got the entire cell body plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's got the entire cell body plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's got the entire cell body plus
+axons and at least proximal dendrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons and at least proximal dendrites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons and at least proximal dendrites
+these are again in the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are again in the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are again in the retina
+and you see this the marking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this the marking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this the marking is
+varying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying in
+intensity and that's because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and that's because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and that's because the
+brighter cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter cells
+we injected more of the terminals they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we injected more of the terminals they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we injected more of the terminals they
+took up more of the substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took up more of the substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took up more of the substance
+than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this case
+in two different terminal regions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different terminal regions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different terminal regions of the
+retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina
+we injected some in one place we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we injected some in one place we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we injected some in one place we put
+fluorescent beads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent beads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent beads
+in another area we put the floral gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another area we put the floral gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another area we put the floral gold
+okay and then we can because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we can because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we can because the
+molecules fluoresce at a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules fluoresce at a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules fluoresce at a different
+wavelength okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength okay
+we use different filters in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use different filters in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use different filters in our
+microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope
+we can see the fluorescent beads with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see the fluorescent beads with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see the fluorescent beads with
+one filter and the floral gold with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one filter and the floral gold with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one filter and the floral gold with
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+and we see here a cell in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see here a cell in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see here a cell in the middle
+that's got both labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got both labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got both labels
+other cells that have only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cells that have only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cells that have only one
+as these especially the area injected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these especially the area injected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these especially the area injected
+with for our gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for our gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for our gold
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then we know that at least some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we know that at least some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we know that at least some of
+these cells and we can chart their size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells and we can chart their size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells and we can chart their size
+and so for them their locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for them their locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for them their locations
+have axons going to both structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have axons going to both structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have axons going to both structures
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+have an axon going only to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an axon going only to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an axon going only to one of the
+two structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now horseradish peroxidase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now horseradish peroxidase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now horseradish peroxidase
+is frequently used because it not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is frequently used because it not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is frequently used because it not only
+goes in the retrograde direction it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in the retrograde direction it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in the retrograde direction it was
+discovered later it's also a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered later it's also a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered later it's also a pretty good
+antigrade tracing technique it will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigrade tracing technique it will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigrade tracing technique it will go
+from the cell bodies to the axon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cell bodies to the axon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cell bodies to the axon that
+was discovered when the methods for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discovered when the methods for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discovered when the methods for
+visualizing hrp became more sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing hrp became more sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing hrp became more sensitive
+and here this is from work in my lab we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here this is from work in my lab we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here this is from work in my lab we
+put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+hrp in an eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hrp in an eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hrp in an eye
+and we're looking at the optic tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're looking at the optic tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're looking at the optic tract
+here in the tween brain and you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the tween brain and you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the tween brain and you see the
+axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons
+carburizing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carburizing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carburizing in
+two structures the ventral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two structures the ventral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two structures the ventral and
+dorsolateral geniculate bodies a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsolateral geniculate bodies a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsolateral geniculate bodies a little
+bit here also and you see them actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here also and you see them actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here also and you see them actually
+going right into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going right into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going right into the
+electrobasal nucleus which you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrobasal nucleus which you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrobasal nucleus which you know in
+the adult wouldn't do this but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adult wouldn't do this but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adult wouldn't do this but in the
+baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby
+they're a little more widespread in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little more widespread in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little more widespread in
+their connections and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their connections and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their connections and that's what we
+were studying here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all of these methods that i've used i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these methods that i've used i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these methods that i've used i
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+vary a lot in their sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary a lot in their sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary a lot in their sensitivity
+the degeneration methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degeneration methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degeneration methods
+were pretty good but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty good but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty good but they
+very good for some structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good for some structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good for some structures
+other structures it was difficult to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other structures it was difficult to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other structures it was difficult to see
+for sure whether there was any really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure whether there was any really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure whether there was any really
+any accents particularly areas of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any accents particularly areas of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any accents particularly areas of very
+sparse projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse projection
+that was also true of hrp although hrp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was also true of hrp although hrp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was also true of hrp although hrp
+was more sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more sensitive
+and i didn't mention another method that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i didn't mention another method that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i didn't mention another method that
+was used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used
+around the time of hrp also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the time of hrp also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the time of hrp also very
+commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly
+and had one big advantage it avoided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had one big advantage it avoided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had one big advantage it avoided
+that axon of passage problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that axon of passage problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that axon of passage problem
+and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was
+radioactive tagging of proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive tagging of proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive tagging of proteins
+of i'm sorry amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i'm sorry amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i'm sorry amino acids
+so they would be taken up by cell bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would be taken up by cell bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would be taken up by cell bodies
+and synthesize into proteins and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and synthesize into proteins and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and synthesize into proteins and the
+proteins would be transported down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins would be transported down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins would be transported down the
+axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons
+so why did that avoid the fiber passage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why did that avoid the fiber passage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why did that avoid the fiber passage
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+well if you inject the amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you inject the amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you inject the amino acids
+into a structure in the brain it's taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a structure in the brain it's taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a structure in the brain it's taken
+up by the cell bodies it's also taken up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by the cell bodies it's also taken up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by the cell bodies it's also taken up
+by axons going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particularly at nodes around the ape you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly at nodes around the ape you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly at nodes around the ape you
+will get some but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get some but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get some but
+it doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't get
+synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic
+no proteins are made except in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no proteins are made except in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no proteins are made except in the cell
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+okay so it avoided the fiber passage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it avoided the fiber passage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it avoided the fiber passage
+problem and that was tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that was tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that was tested
+experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally
+you could prove that it didn't label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could prove that it didn't label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could prove that it didn't label
+axons of passage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons of passage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons of passage
+it only labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only labeled
+the cells in the region of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells in the region of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells in the region of your
+injection site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection site
+but then how do we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then how do we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then how do we find the
+radioactivity we can tag with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity we can tag with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity we can tag with the
+tritium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tritium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tritium
+say we could use tritiated proline or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we could use tritiated proline or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we could use tritiated proline or
+tritium leucine these were the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tritium leucine these were the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tritium leucine these were the common
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what do we do
+well we have to wait a little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have to wait a little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have to wait a little while
+and leave the animal alive so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave the animal alive so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave the animal alive so the
+amino acids are taken into the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids are taken into the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids are taken into the cells
+made into proteins then we have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made into proteins then we have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made into proteins then we have to have
+time for transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for transport
+but say you wait a few days five days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say you wait a few days five days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say you wait a few days five days
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we had to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we had to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we had to use
+a procedure called autoradiography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+section the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section the brain
+put them on the slides put the sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them on the slides put the sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them on the slides put the sections
+on slides then you go into a dark room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on slides then you go into a dark room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on slides then you go into a dark room
+and in the dark you coat the slides with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the dark you coat the slides with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the dark you coat the slides with
+photographic emulsion and leave them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic emulsion and leave them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic emulsion and leave them in
+the dark for a long time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dark for a long time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dark for a long time the
+radioactivity exposes the photographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity exposes the photographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity exposes the photographic
+emulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we would usually counterstain those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would usually counterstain those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would usually counterstain those
+sections for us for cell bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections for us for cell bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections for us for cell bodies
+with a missile stand usually so we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a missile stand usually so we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a missile stand usually so we could
+see the cell bodies and then we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the cell bodies and then we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the cell bodies and then we would
+see the silver grains in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the silver grains in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the silver grains in the
+photographic emulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic emulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic emulsion
+over the tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the tissue
+so we could localize where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could localize where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could localize where
+where those proteins went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those proteins went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those proteins went
+that had been transported from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been transported from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been transported from from the
+cells we injected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells we injected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells we injected
+now that method had one other advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that method had one other advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that method had one other advantage
+that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some
+molecules like proline if you leave them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules like proline if you leave them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules like proline if you leave them
+in put a lot in and leave them long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in put a lot in and leave them long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in put a lot in and leave them long
+enough they would actually cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough they would actually cross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough they would actually cross the
+synapse and you would get trans neuronal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse and you would get trans neuronal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse and you would get trans neuronal
+transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so we could we could map out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we could we could map out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we could we could map out the
+termination pattern in the visual cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination pattern in the visual cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination pattern in the visual cortex
+from injecting the eye even though there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from injecting the eye even though there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from injecting the eye even though there
+was the synapse in the thalamus okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the synapse in the thalamus okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the synapse in the thalamus okay so
+the number of advantage to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of advantage to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of advantage to these
+techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+later was found that hrp will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later was found that hrp will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later was found that hrp will actually
+go transfer only too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go transfer only too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go transfer only too
+i still found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still found that
+the sensitivity was a problem the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity was a problem the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity was a problem the most
+sensitive method i found uses another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive method i found uses another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive method i found uses another
+method called immunohistochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method called immunohistochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method called immunohistochemical
+staining or marking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staining or marking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staining or marking
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+where we're using an antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're using an antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're using an antibody
+for the molecule we've put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the one i like the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one i like the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one i like the best
+for tracing in the visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tracing in the visual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tracing in the visual system
+is a fragment of the cholera toxin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fragment of the cholera toxin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fragment of the cholera toxin
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+we often use pretty dangerous stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often use pretty dangerous stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often use pretty dangerous stuff in
+the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab
+we don't get the full cholera toxin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get the full cholera toxin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get the full cholera toxin so
+we're pretty safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we use a subunit of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use a subunit of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use a subunit of it
+this fragment of color toxin is taken up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+when we use immunohistochemistry to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we use immunohistochemistry to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we use immunohistochemistry to find
+that molecule use an antibody against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that molecule use an antibody against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that molecule use an antibody against
+colored toxin i find that it's extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored toxin i find that it's extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored toxin i find that it's extremely
+sensitive i've been able here i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive i've been able here i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive i've been able here i'm
+showing you a bright field picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you a bright field picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you a bright field picture
+where we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we've
+bound the antibody the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound the antibody the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound the antibody the secondary
+antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody
+that we could could mark with hrp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we look at it in dark field you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at it in dark field you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at it in dark field you can
+see it here in part of the january body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it here in part of the january body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it here in part of the january body
+this was so sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was so sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was so sensitive
+because it could stain the entire axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it could stain the entire axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it could stain the entire axon
+right to the terminals not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the terminals not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the terminals not just the
+terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals
+didn't stain them in a fragmented way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't stain them in a fragmented way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't stain them in a fragmented way so
+they look like golgi pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look like golgi pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look like golgi pictures
+and i was able to show that the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was able to show that the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was able to show that the retina
+with students i was working with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with students i was working with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with students i was working with the
+retina projects to many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina projects to many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina projects to many different
+structures at the base of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures at the base of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures at the base of the brain
+hypothalamic areas that were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic areas that were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic areas that were not
+originally believed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally believed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally believed to be
+part of the prediction area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the prediction area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the prediction area of the
+retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina
+we still don't know what some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still don't know what some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still don't know what some of those
+projections do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now immunofluorescence can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now immunofluorescence can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now immunofluorescence can
+be used to mark several things at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to mark several things at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to mark several things at the
+same time in this case you see a cell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time in this case you see a cell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time in this case you see a cell's
+dendrite and you see two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrite and you see two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrite and you see two different
+markers one that's marking the inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers one that's marking the inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers one that's marking the inside of
+the dendrite and another that seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dendrite and another that seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dendrite and another that seems to
+be marking something on the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think they were using a synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they were using a synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they were using a synaptic
+a protein specific to synaptic regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein specific to synaptic regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein specific to synaptic regions
+and you can see that if you look at io
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that if you look at io
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that if you look at io
+magnification where they're also marking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification where they're also marking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification where they're also marking
+the nuclei of cells or the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei of cells or the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei of cells or the third
+antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+in each case they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each case they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each case they're
+linking the antibody to a fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking the antibody to a fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking the antibody to a fluorescent
+marker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and for that you need a secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that you need a secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that you need a secondary
+antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody
+these procedures have been well worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these procedures have been well worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these procedures have been well worked
+out and they're the most common methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and they're the most common methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and they're the most common methods
+now for getting sensitive marking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for getting sensitive marking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for getting sensitive marking
+and of course that last method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that last method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that last method
+immunohistochemistry can be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunohistochemistry can be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunohistochemistry can be used for
+more than just axon tracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just axon tracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just axon tracing
+you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find
+as i showed you in the last picture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i showed you in the last picture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i showed you in the last picture you
+can use it to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it to find
+a specific location of various molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific location of various molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific location of various molecules
+in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's talk now a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk now a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk now a little bit about
+specializations of the membrane if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializations of the membrane if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializations of the membrane if we
+have time a little bit about endogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time a little bit about endogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time a little bit about endogenous
+activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+this is a different order in your than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a different order in your than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a different order in your than
+your printout but they're the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your printout but they're the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your printout but they're the same
+topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+i put them in a different order because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put them in a different order because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put them in a different order because
+we've already talked about the axonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about the axonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about the axonal
+uniqueness the uniqueness of the axonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness the uniqueness of the axonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness the uniqueness of the axonal
+membrane with its voltage-gated ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane with its voltage-gated ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane with its voltage-gated ion
+channels particularly for sodium that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels particularly for sodium that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels particularly for sodium that
+cause a result in the action potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a result in the action potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a result in the action potential
+this is a very this is a specialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very this is a specialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very this is a specialization
+for irritability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for irritability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for irritability
+postsynaptic membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postsynaptic membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postsynaptic membrane
+receptors are another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors are another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors are another example
+of a specialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we haven't talked yet about transduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't talked yet about transduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't talked yet about transduction
+mechanisms sensory transduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms sensory transduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms sensory transduction
+that result in receptor potentials if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that result in receptor potentials if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that result in receptor potentials if
+they're specialized receptor cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're specialized receptor cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're specialized receptor cells
+generator potentials in the dendritic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator potentials in the dendritic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator potentials in the dendritic
+part of the neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the neuron
+and i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've
+given you this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you this picture
+because it's a nice classification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a nice classification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a nice classification of
+major receptor types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major receptor types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major receptor types
+in organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in organisms
+these are not the only types okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not the only types okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not the only types okay
+for example we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we have
+chemoreceptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemoreceptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemoreceptors
+that can detect oxygen for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can detect oxygen for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can detect oxygen for example in
+the blood we don't think about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood we don't think about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood we don't think about those
+very much because we don't sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much because we don't sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much because we don't sense
+oxygen but as part of our autonomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen but as part of our autonomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen but as part of our autonomic
+nervous system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system we
+you think more though about taste and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think more though about taste and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think more though about taste and
+smell where you have specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smell where you have specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smell where you have specialized
+receptor cells and taste buds in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor cells and taste buds in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor cells and taste buds in the
+tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue
+and these are connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are connected to
+primary sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory
+axon terminals actually the dendritic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon terminals actually the dendritic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon terminals actually the dendritic
+part of the primary sensory neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the primary sensory neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the primary sensory neurons
+the receptor potential is generated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receptor potential is generated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receptor potential is generated in
+these receptor cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these receptor cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these receptor cells
+in response to particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to particular
+chemicals that we in our mouths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals that we in our mouths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals that we in our mouths
+okay and that causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that causes
+changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the
+properties of the membrane here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the membrane here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the membrane here and
+leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to
+action potentials beginning here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potentials beginning here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potentials beginning here the
+axon hilic and then going into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon hilic and then going into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon hilic and then going into the
+central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system
+in the case of smell it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of smell it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of smell it's a little bit
+different where in the olfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different where in the olfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different where in the olfactory
+epithelium lining our nasal cavities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelium lining our nasal cavities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelium lining our nasal cavities the
+neurons themselves act as the receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons themselves act as the receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons themselves act as the receptors
+okay the dendritic portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the dendritic portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the dendritic portion of the
+primary sensory neuron is embedded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory neuron is embedded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory neuron is embedded in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+mucosa of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nasal mucosa and molecules that we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasal mucosa and molecules that we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasal mucosa and molecules that we take
+in through the air dissolve in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in through the air dissolve in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in through the air dissolve in that
+mucosa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mucosa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mucosa and
+specifically stimulate particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically stimulate particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically stimulate particular
+receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the primary sensory neuron which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the primary sensory neuron which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the primary sensory neuron which then
+generates action potentials which reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates action potentials which reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates action potentials which reach
+then into the central nervous system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then into the central nervous system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then into the central nervous system the
+olfactory bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory bulb
+cranial nerve one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we have various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have various
+mechanoreceptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanoreceptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanoreceptors
+receptors that are specialized for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors that are specialized for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors that are specialized for
+detecting mechanical stretching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting mechanical stretching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting mechanical stretching and
+poking okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poking okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poking okay
+or vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vibration
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axon ending dendritic part of a cell in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon ending dendritic part of a cell in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon ending dendritic part of a cell in
+the skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin
+with a little specialized structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little specialized structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little specialized structure
+around it the patina in corpuscle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it the patina in corpuscle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it the patina in corpuscle is
+good for detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for detecting
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+pressure changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure changes
+we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have
+pre-nerve endings in the skin that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-nerve endings in the skin that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-nerve endings in the skin that
+respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to
+deformation of the skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation of the skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation of the skin
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+endings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings
+sensory endings in muscle that detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory endings in muscle that detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory endings in muscle that detect
+muscle stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are others in joints detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are others in joints detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are others in joints detect
+tension in our joints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension in our joints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension in our joints
+these are all examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all examples of
+mechanoreceptor and another one is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanoreceptor and another one is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanoreceptor and another one is in
+the ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ear
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+where there are specialized cells in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are specialized cells in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are specialized cells in a
+membrane the basal membrane in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane the basal membrane in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane the basal membrane in the air
+which when basilar membrane vibrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when basilar membrane vibrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when basilar membrane vibrates
+the vibration is detected by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibration is detected by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibration is detected by these
+sensory neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory neurons
+us the sensory cells rather than not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the sensory cells rather than not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the sensory cells rather than not
+neurons specialized sensory cells which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons specialized sensory cells which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons specialized sensory cells which
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+cause a receptor potential that affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a receptor potential that affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a receptor potential that affects
+the primary sensory neuron endings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary sensory neuron endings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary sensory neuron endings
+in the cochlea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cochlea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cochlea
+and finally we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we have
+in the visual system we have the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the visual system we have the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the visual system we have the ability
+to detect photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect photons
+okay which is a different kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is a different kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is a different kind of thing
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a characterization of what kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a characterization of what kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a characterization of what kind of thing
+is happening with chemoreception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening with chemoreception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening with chemoreception
+mechanoreceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+receptors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors in
+photoreception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreception
+in the case of photoreception which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of photoreception which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of photoreception which i
+didn't finish previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't finish previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't finish previously
+you have a specialized membrane inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a specialized membrane inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a specialized membrane inside
+the cell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell that
+responds to photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to photons
+and results in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and results in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and results in a
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+molecular release that affects a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular release that affects a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular release that affects a
+membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+receptor which then in turn affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor which then in turn affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor which then in turn affects
+the ion channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ion channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ion channel
+all it does is change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it does is change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it does is change
+the amount of current flowing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of current flowing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of current flowing through
+the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane
+it doesn't cause any action potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't cause any action potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't cause any action potentials
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in our retina the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our retina the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our retina the primary
+the rods and columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rods and columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rods and columns
+receptor cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor cells
+change in their membrane potentials in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in their membrane potentials in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in their membrane potentials in
+response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to
+protons but they don't actually generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons but they don't actually generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons but they don't actually generate
+action potentials and that's true also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potentials and that's true also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potentials and that's true also
+for other cells in the retina it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other cells in the retina it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other cells in the retina it's true
+for some cells in the olfactory bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some cells in the olfactory bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some cells in the olfactory bulb
+in the case of mechanoreceptors it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of mechanoreceptors it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of mechanoreceptors it
+in response to deformation stretching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to deformation stretching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to deformation stretching
+or movement of some sort of the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or movement of some sort of the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or movement of some sort of the membrane
+you can hear they simply show a ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hear they simply show a ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hear they simply show a ion
+channel being stretched open that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel being stretched open that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel being stretched open that's
+probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not
+what actually happens probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually happens probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually happens probably the
+mechanical change of the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical change of the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical change of the membrane
+results in changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in changes in
+in proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then when these proteins change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when these proteins change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when these proteins change the
+conformation you get iron flow across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformation you get iron flow across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformation you get iron flow across
+the membrane case of chemoreceptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane case of chemoreceptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane case of chemoreceptors
+usually it appears to be like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it appears to be like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it appears to be like the
+metabotropic receptors we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabotropic receptors we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabotropic receptors we talked about
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+the binding is to a specific molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding is to a specific molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding is to a specific molecule
+which then in turn affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then in turn affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then in turn affects
+a nearby receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to say a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to say a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to say a little bit more about
+endogenous activity but i'll have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous activity but i'll have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous activity but i'll have to do
+it at the beginning of the next hour
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0t659KgehZE.txt b/0t659KgehZE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ff88761558375b275374a2fd951f9563f9f27e96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0t659KgehZE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're
+to do something where we talk about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something where we talk about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something where we talk about our
+name we're doing icebreaker ething for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name we're doing icebreaker ething for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name we're doing icebreaker ething for
+like 15 well there's a lot of people 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 15 well there's a lot of people 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 15 well there's a lot of people 20
+minutes a name what brought you here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes a name what brought you here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes a name what brought you here and
+oh yeah right off the bat I'll say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah right off the bat I'll say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah right off the bat I'll say the
+more you all talk the less I talk so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you all talk the less I talk so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you all talk the less I talk so
+you'll get sick of my voice I promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get sick of my voice I promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get sick of my voice I promise
+I am very monotonous at times and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am very monotonous at times and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am very monotonous at times and so the
+more you guys participate by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you guys participate by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you guys participate by saying
+words the less you have to hear my voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the less you have to hear my voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the less you have to hear my voice
+so I would like three things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would like three things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would like three things that we
+would like to know about each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you could say I need three more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could say I need three more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could say I need three more
+bullet points about things that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet points about things that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet points about things that we're
+gonna say this is the moment where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say this is the moment where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say this is the moment where you
+talk otherwise I just I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk otherwise I just I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk otherwise I just I have a
+compulsion I want to hear my voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compulsion I want to hear my voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compulsion I want to hear my voice
+constantly it's why I'm in front of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly it's why I'm in front of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly it's why I'm in front of a
+classroom but favorite video game cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom but favorite video game cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom but favorite video game cool
+oh that's so well theme Hays already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's so well theme Hays already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's so well theme Hays already
+know we had like one-handed food during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we had like one-handed food during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we had like one-handed food during
+the seminar I was teaching and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seminar I was teaching and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seminar I was teaching and yeah
+favorite video game is really like on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite video game is really like on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite video game is really like on
+point oh I can write I promise there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point oh I can write I promise there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point oh I can write I promise there we
+go all right favorite video game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can do this the site programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do this the site programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do this the site programming
+background sure to fake do we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background sure to fake do we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background sure to fake do we want to
+know like languages or alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so something about your kinda general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something about your kinda general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something about your kinda general
+level of experience and if you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of experience and if you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of experience and if you kind of
+have nothing to say about that then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nothing to say about that then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nothing to say about that then just
+say my god then that's perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say my god then that's perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say my god then that's perfectly fine
+that gives us a good read on what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a good read on what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a good read on what's
+happening there one more bullet points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening there one more bullet points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening there one more bullet points
+all right these called bullet points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right these called bullet points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right these called bullet points
+when they're dashes maybe they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're dashes maybe they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're dashes maybe they're just
+called dashes Folsom oh is it close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dashes Folsom oh is it close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dashes Folsom oh is it close
+enough okay it's possible it doesn't hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay it's possible it doesn't hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay it's possible it doesn't hit
+all right one more fun thing cool all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right one more fun thing cool all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right one more fun thing cool all
+right what do you want to do well do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what do you want to do well do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what do you want to do well do you
+think that that's different than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that's different than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that's different than what
+brought you oh yeah all right I like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought you oh yeah all right I like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought you oh yeah all right I like it
+but all right so like like a vision for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all right so like like a vision for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all right so like like a vision for
+the type of game because some of you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of game because some of you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of game because some of you may
+have come with this like oh my god I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come with this like oh my god I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come with this like oh my god I
+have this amazing side scroller that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this amazing side scroller that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this amazing side scroller that
+involves pajamas and bed sheets and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves pajamas and bed sheets and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves pajamas and bed sheets and so
+you can feel free to share that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel free to share that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel free to share that here
+like what type of game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or what you want to do I know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what you want to do I know that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what you want to do I know that it's
+way too small but that's alright we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way too small but that's alright we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way too small but that's alright we'll
+get we'll get it from example once each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get we'll get it from example once each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get we'll get it from example once each
+other start sharing yeah where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other start sharing yeah where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other start sharing yeah where you're
+from I love that one there's so many fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I love that one there's so many fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I love that one there's so many fun
+things I'm from Southern California and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'm from Southern California and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'm from Southern California and
+you know when I was in Southern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when I was in Southern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when I was in Southern
+California most people are from Southern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California most people are from Southern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California most people are from Southern
+California but now that I'm in Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California but now that I'm in Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California but now that I'm in Cambridge
+I get so excited I'm like that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get so excited I'm like that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get so excited I'm like that person
+like I had a freshman in my seminar this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I had a freshman in my seminar this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I had a freshman in my seminar this
+year that was from my neighboring city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year that was from my neighboring city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year that was from my neighboring city
+in Southern California was so exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Southern California was so exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Southern California was so exciting
+right so it is Chino Hills California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it is Chino Hills California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it is Chino Hills California
+which is a tiny weird little city that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a tiny weird little city that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a tiny weird little city that
+is not really connected to many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not really connected to many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not really connected to many other
+cities it's in between LA and San Diego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities it's in between LA and San Diego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities it's in between LA and San Diego
+and out into the desert
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1dL8mTyyjRM.txt b/1dL8mTyyjRM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab8ea8c1e09db6aeda4c776341dbba77affa6167
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1dL8mTyyjRM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,991 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hi, and welcome
+back to the 14.01 problem
+
+solving videos.
+
+Today, we're going to do Fall
+2010, Problem Set 3,
+
+Problem Number 5.
+
+And we're going to go ahead
+and we're going to work
+
+through parts A, B, C, D, and
+E, and then we're going to
+
+finish up parts F and G.
+
+Problem 5 says that Xiao spends
+all her income on
+
+statistical softwares
+and clothes.
+
+Her preferences can be
+represented by the utility
+
+function where her utility
+equals 4 times the natural log
+
+of S plus 6 times the natural
+log of C, where S is software
+
+and C is clothes.
+
+Part A asks us to compute the
+marginal rate of substitution
+
+of software for clothes, asks us
+if the MRS is increasing or
+
+decreasing in S, and also asks
+us how we interpret the MRS.
+
+So before we start with this, we
+should really think about,
+
+conceptually, what the marginal
+rate of substitution
+
+of software for clothes looks
+like on our graph.
+
+So on this graph, I have
+clothes on the y-axis--
+
+the quantity of clothes--
+
+and the quantity of software
+on the x-axis here.
+
+Looking at this graph, this line
+that I've drawn is one
+
+utility level.
+
+So at this place, she might
+have a utility equal to 1.
+
+So she's indifferent on this
+indifference curve between
+
+being at point here or
+at a point here.
+
+And what the marginal rate of
+substitution is really asking
+
+us, it's asking us how much
+clothing is she willing to
+
+give up to get one more
+unit of software?
+
+So she's going to have to give
+up a certain amount of clothes
+
+to get one more unit
+of software.
+
+And the marginal rate of
+substitution tells us exactly
+
+how much clothing she's
+willing to give up.
+
+To calculate this algebraically,
+all we're going
+
+to do is we're going to take
+the marginal utility of
+
+software and divide it by the
+marginal utility of clothes.
+
+So we're going to take the
+derivative with respect to
+
+software and the derivative
+with respect to
+
+clothing and divide.
+
+When we do this, we find that
+the MRS is going to be equal
+
+to 4 over S, which is our
+marginal utility of software,
+
+all over 6 divided by
+C, which is our
+
+marginal utility of clothes.
+
+Solving through, we find that
+our MRS is 4C over 6S.
+
+Now, we have to think about,
+conceptually, what happens
+
+when software increases?
+
+When we have S increase, since
+it's in the denominator, we're
+
+also going to have
+the MRS decrease.
+
+So what this means is as
+software is increasing, or as
+
+she has more software, she's
+going to be willing to give up
+
+fewer clothing, or less
+clothing, to get another unit
+
+of software.
+
+So looking at our graph, when
+she's at this point, she's
+
+more willing to give up clothing
+to get more software.
+
+But when she has more software
+down here, she's less willing
+
+to give up the clothing.
+
+Let's go ahead and move on to
+Part B. Part B, find Xiao's
+
+demand functions for software
+and clothes--
+
+so we're going to call
+those QS and QC--
+
+in terms of the price of
+software PS, the price of
+
+clothes PC, and Xiao's income.
+
+Now, before we move on with
+this, what we want to do is we
+
+want to solve for one of the
+variables C or S in terms of
+
+the prices and the
+other variable.
+
+So to do this, we're going to
+set the MRS equal to the price
+
+of the software over the
+price of the clothes.
+
+From here, we can solve through
+for C, and we find
+
+that C is going to be equal to
+3/2 times PS over PC times S.
+
+Now, since we have
+two variables--
+
+we have a variable for clothes
+and a variable for software--
+
+we're going to have to introduce
+another constraint
+
+into this problem.
+
+And the constraint that we're
+going to introduce is going to
+
+be the income function.
+
+We know that Xiao has some sort
+of income that's going to
+
+be fixed, and she's going to
+spend all of this on either
+
+clothes or software.
+
+Now, the amount of money she
+spends on software is going to
+
+be equal to the price of
+software times how much
+
+software she's going to buy.
+
+The rest of her income is going
+to be spent on clothes,
+
+so the price of clothes times
+the quantity of clothing.
+
+Now, to solve for the demand
+function for software, all
+
+we're going to do is we're going
+to plug in for C in the
+
+income function here, and then
+we're going to solve through
+
+for S.
+
+I know it's a little bit messy,
+but this says PS times
+
+3/2PS over PC, what we solved
+for here, times S. Now, when
+
+we solve through for S from this
+equation, we're going to
+
+find that the demand function
+for software is going to be
+
+equal to 2/2 times income over
+the price of software.
+
+Now, we can go through the same
+process solving for the
+
+demand function for clothing.
+
+And all we'd have to do now is
+we can take this S right here
+
+that we just solved for, we can
+plug this back into our
+
+income function, and then we can
+solve for C. When we solve
+
+for C, we're going to find that
+the demand function for
+
+clothing is going to equal
+3/5 times I over PC.
+
+Part C asks us to draw the
+Engel curve for software.
+
+Now, all an Engel curve is, it's
+a relationship between
+
+the income and the quantity
+that's demanded for a product.
+
+And it shows us that as income
+increases, it shows how the
+
+quantity demanded is going to
+change with changing income.
+
+So to start off our Engel curve,
+we're going to draw an
+
+axes, we're going to put
+software, or the quantity
+
+that's demanded, on the x-axis,
+and we're going to put
+
+the income on the y-axis.
+
+Now, the nice thing about the
+software demand function that
+
+we solved for is that it's
+linear with respect to income.
+
+Now, before we can graph this
+equation, however, we have to
+
+get it in terms of income.
+
+So when we solve for this,
+we're going to find that
+
+income equals 5/2 PS times S.
+So all our Engel curve is
+
+going to look like is it's going
+to be a straight line.
+
+And the slope of that straight
+line is going to be 5/2 PS.
+
+And the way to interpret this
+conceptually is to say that
+
+with each one unit increase in
+income, the amount that's
+
+demanded is going to increase
+by 2/5 divided by PS.
+
+Let's go ahead and move on to
+Part D. Part D says, suppose
+
+that the price of software is PS
+equals 2, and the price of
+
+clothing is going to
+equal PC equals 3.
+
+And Xiao's income is
+going to equal 10.
+
+What bundle of software
+and clothes
+
+maximize Xiao's utility?
+
+Now, we've already found the
+conditional demand curves for
+
+both software and clothes.
+
+So we can start off this problem
+by writing down those
+
+conditional demand curves.
+
+The conditional demand curve for
+software was given by 2/5
+
+I divided by PS.
+
+And the conditional demand for
+clothing was given by 3/5 I
+
+divided by PC.
+
+All we have to do now is we
+have to plug in these
+
+variables to solve for the
+software and the clothing
+
+that's going to be demanded.
+
+When we plug those in, we're
+going to find that she's going
+
+to demand two units of both
+software and clothes.
+
+So this is in the scenario for
+Part D. Part E gives us
+
+another scenario that
+we can solve for.
+
+And all that's going to happen
+now is that the price of
+
+software is going to change.
+
+And we're going to look at how
+that affects the bundle that
+
+maximizes her utility.
+
+For Part E, it says, suppose
+that the price of software
+
+increases from PS equal to 2,
+and now it's going to be PS is
+
+going to equal 4.
+
+What bundle of software and
+clothes does Xiao demand now?
+
+Again, we're just going
+to solve through.
+
+With our new PS equals 4, we're
+going to solve for the
+
+software and clothing
+that Xiao demands.
+
+We're going to find that S is
+going to equal 1 now, and that
+
+the amount of clothing
+is going to equal 2.
+
+So let's take a pause
+right here.
+
+And we're going to come
+back in just a minute.
+
+And we're going to look at the
+more interesting case, which
+
+is given the fact that she's
+consuming less-- she has one
+
+less unit of software
+to consume--
+
+how do we get her back to the
+utility that she had before?
+
+What amount of money or income
+do we have to give her so that
+
+she can be as happy as she was
+in this initial scenario with
+
+two units of both software
+and clothes?
+
+Welcome back.
+
+So we're going to continue
+onto Part F. Part F says,
+
+given the price increase, how
+much income does Xiao need to
+
+remain as happy--
+
+have the same utility--
+
+as she was before the
+price change?
+
+What bundle of softwares and
+clothes would Xiao consume if
+
+she had the additional income
+given the new prices?
+
+So we want to find out, how can
+we give her as much income
+
+so she can be as happy as she
+was to start off with?
+
+To start this problem, the first
+thing that we're going
+
+to have to find out is we're
+going to have to find out
+
+exactly how happy Xiao
+was to begin with.
+
+So we need to know her
+initial utility.
+
+So let's start off with
+that calculation.
+
+To calculate her initial
+utility, we're just going to
+
+start off by saying that her
+utility is equal to 4 natural
+
+log of S plus 6 natural log of
+C. And we can plug in 2 and 2
+
+for S and C. In this case, when
+we solve through, we find
+
+that her initial utility
+is 6.931.
+
+So we're going to set her
+utility equal to 6.931.
+
+And what we want to find out
+is we want to find out what
+
+income we have to give her so
+that she can get up to this
+
+utility, given the new prices.
+
+So we're going to take this
+utility function, and we're
+
+going to plug in the conditional
+demand curves for
+
+S and C so that income is now
+a function, or one of the
+
+inputs for her utility.
+
+When we do that, we're going
+to get this function.
+
+And remember, we said that we
+want, given this input and the
+
+new prices--
+
+so we're going to set this PS
+is going to be equal to the
+
+new price in the problem.
+
+And we're going to also set the
+PC equal to the price that
+
+was in Part E as well.
+
+And flipping back to the
+problem, we know that the
+
+price of clothing is going to
+be equal to 3, and the price
+
+of software for the second
+part was equal to 4.
+
+So we're going to plug in for PS
+and PC, we're going to set
+
+utility equal to 6.931, and
+we're going to solve through
+
+for I. When we do this, and when
+we solve through for I,
+
+what we're going to find is
+we're going to have 6.931 is
+
+going to be equal to 10 natural
+log of I minus 4
+
+natural log of 10 minus
+6 natural log of 5.
+
+Solving through, doing the
+inverse natural log function
+
+for I after isolating this
+variable, we're going to find
+
+that the new income that she
+needs to be supplied is 13.19.
+
+So the income that she needs to
+be just as happy with these
+
+prices has increased by 3.19.
+
+Now, we can go back to our
+conditional demand curves that
+
+we had here.
+
+We can plug in PS equals 4, PC
+equals 3, and we can plug in
+
+for income 13.19.
+
+And we can solve S double
+prime, which is the new
+
+software that she's going to
+demand, which will be 1.32,
+
+and C double prime, the new
+amount of clothes that she's
+
+going to demand,
+which is 2.64.
+
+Now, the final part of the
+problem, which we're going to
+
+move on to now, which is Part
+G, is actually the most
+
+important part of the problem,
+because what we're going to do
+
+is we're going to tie
+together the three
+
+scenarios that we did.
+
+We did this scenario where we
+were giving her income so that
+
+she would be just as happy.
+
+We had our initial scenario
+before the price increase.
+
+And we had the scenario after
+the price increase.
+
+And we're going to look at this
+conceptually on a graph,
+
+and we're going to see, how do
+we relate these three bundles
+
+of consumption?
+
+Part G says, going back to the
+situation in Part E, where PS
+
+equals 4 and I equals 10, we
+need to decompose the total
+
+change of softwares and
+clothes demanded into
+
+substitution and
+income effects.
+
+In a clearly-labelled diagram,
+with softwares on the
+
+horizontal axis, show the
+income and substitution
+
+effects of the increase in
+the price of software.
+
+Now, we're going to go back
+to this graph that
+
+we started off with.
+
+And what we're going to do
+here, is we're going to
+
+illustrate the three bundles
+that she selected.
+
+I'll illustrate the first bundle
+where she consumes 2
+
+units of each.
+
+And we already have our utility
+curve, or indifference
+
+curve, drawn up here.
+
+Now we need to draw the budget
+constraint that shows how much
+
+she can spend on each product.
+
+If she were to spend all her
+money on clothes, she would be
+
+up here at this corner
+solution.
+
+If she were to spend all her
+money on software, she would
+
+be down here.
+
+When we connect a line through
+here, this is her budget
+
+constraint that shows all the
+possible bundles of goods
+
+where she could potentially
+spend her money.
+
+And this first bundle
+is the point 2,2.
+
+This is where she starts
+off to begin with.
+
+Now, when the price of software
+increases, she's not
+
+going to be able to buy as much
+software with her money.
+
+But she can still buy the
+same amount of clothing.
+
+So her new budget constraint in
+this scenario is going to
+
+look like this.
+
+So in this scenario, which is
+in our problem's Part E, her
+
+utility has moved in
+towards the origin.
+
+And she isn't going
+to be as happy.
+
+And we can represent this on
+a utility curve as well.
+
+And we can see from this point
+on the utility curve the way
+
+that I've drawn it, that at
+this point, she's still
+
+consuming the same amount
+of clothing.
+
+But the amount of software
+she's consumed
+
+has been cut in half.
+
+This is the total effect
+of the price change.
+
+It's the difference between
+where she started and where
+
+she's ending up without giving
+her any money to change where
+
+she actually is.
+
+So the total effect
+is just that she's
+
+losing one unit of software.
+
+Now, we can break down the
+total effect in the
+
+substitution effects
+and income effects.
+
+It's important that we really
+understand conceptually how to
+
+define substitution and
+income effects.
+
+And what we're going to think
+about is we're going to think
+
+about, on this graph, we're
+going to represent the
+
+substitution effect
+by the movement--
+
+if we were to just have the
+price change, and we were to
+
+give her income so she could
+stay up at this utility level,
+
+the substitution effect
+is how her bundle
+
+changes with that movement.
+
+The income effect is going to
+be-- since she's poorer
+
+because the prices are
+higher, it's going to
+
+be the shift downward.
+
+So I'm going to draw in the
+scenario that we calculated in
+
+Part F right here.
+
+By drawing in this scenario with
+the higher income level
+
+and the price change, we can
+represent this bundle as the
+
+substitution effect.
+
+So what this looks like is she's
+going to have the same
+
+budget constraint, only it's
+going to be shifted back up.
+
+This is going to be the bundle
+in Part F. And we can label
+
+the bundle 1.32, 2.64.
+
+And this is where it's going
+to get a little bit tricky.
+
+The substitution effect is just
+the movement from 2.2 to
+
+the same utility curve but at
+a different point with a
+
+different bundle.
+
+So it's when we've given her
+income to keep her at the same
+
+utility level, but we've
+had the price change.
+
+This is going to be the
+substitution effect.
+
+I'm going to label it 1.
+
+Now, the income effect
+is the next movement.
+
+It's the movement that says,
+well, we don't really give her
+
+more income.
+
+She's actually poorer.
+
+It's the movement down from
+1.32, 2.64, down to 1, 2.
+
+And then the total effect
+is just this
+
+movement from 2.2 to 1.2.
+
+So I can label the substitution
+effect 1, the
+
+income effect 2, and
+the total effect 3.
+
+So to calculate the substitution
+effect, all it's
+
+going to be is it's going to be
+the difference between 2.2
+
+and 1.32 and 2.64.
+
+So in this case, our
+substitution effect is going
+
+to be equal to 0.68,
+negative 0.64.
+
+And you can see that we actually
+had an increase in
+
+the consumption of clothes for
+the substitution effect.
+
+And then the income effect,
+using this equation and what
+
+we calculated the substitution
+effect and the total effect to
+
+be, we find that the income
+effect is equal to 0.32, 0.64.
+
+So what this problem basically
+had us do is it made us look
+
+at the effect of a price change
+on the consumption
+
+decisions of a consumer.
+
+So when a price increases,
+two things
+
+are basically happening.
+
+The first thing that's happening
+is the price of that
+
+product is more, so the person,
+in most cases, shifts
+
+their buying away from that
+product and towards the less
+
+expensive product.
+
+That's what this substitution
+effect shows us.
+
+The other effect that the person
+feels is since the
+
+price is higher, they can't
+buy as much stuff with the
+
+money that they have. So they
+feel poorer, even though they
+
+have the same amount of money,
+because the prices are higher.
+
+That's what this income
+effect represents.
+
+And the total effect is just the
+summation of the fact that
+
+the price is higher
+for one good and
+
+that they feel poorer.
+
+And so we looked at the total
+effect broken down into
+
+substitution and income effect.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/20WSeL4tz2k.txt b/20WSeL4tz2k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ad878e9d17d15f11350da06dda3d776e11c6a18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/20WSeL4tz2k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2703 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ladies and gentlemen,
+welcome to
+
+lecture number 3.
+
+In the previous two lectures,
+we discussed some basic
+
+concepts related to finite
+element analysis.
+
+In this lecture, I would like
+to present to you a general
+
+formulation of the
+displacement-based finite
+
+element method.
+
+This is a very general
+formulation.
+
+We use it to analyze 1D, 2D,
+three-dimensional problems,
+
+plate and shell structures.
+
+And it provides the basis of
+almost all finite element
+
+analysis performed at
+present in practice.
+
+We will see that the formation
+is really a modern an
+
+application of the Ritz/Golerkin
+procedures that
+
+we discussed in the
+last lecture.
+
+We will consider in this lecture
+static and dynamic
+
+conditions, but as I pointed out
+earlier, we will only be
+
+concerned with linear
+analysis.
+
+On this first view graph, I've
+prepared schematically a
+
+sketch of a three-dimensional
+body.
+
+This three-dimensional body
+could represent, typically, a
+
+bridge, a shaft, a building--
+
+whatever structure we
+want to analyze.
+
+And this three-dimensional body
+here is subject to the
+
+following forces-- it is
+subjected to concentrated
+
+forces, forces that have
+components, Fxi, Fyi, Fzi, at
+
+one point i, and there are
+many such points i.
+
+The body's also subjected
+to body force
+
+components, Fbx, Fby, Fbz.
+
+These are forces per
+unit volume.
+
+And we will see later on that we
+include in these forces the
+
+d'Alembert forces, when we
+consider dynamic analysis.
+
+The body is also subjected to
+distributed surface forces,
+
+with components, Fsx,
+Fsy, and Fsz.
+
+These surface forces would be,
+for example, distributed water
+
+pressure in a dam, frictional
+forces, et cetera.
+
+So we have, basically,
+concentrated surface forces,
+
+we have distributed surface
+forces, and volume forces--
+
+externally applied volume
+forces, body forces.
+
+The body is, of course, also
+properly supported.
+
+We have here, typically,
+a support that prevents
+
+displacements in
+any direction.
+
+And here, we have another
+such support.
+
+Here, we have a roller support,
+which prevents
+
+displacements only in
+this direction.
+
+The body is defined in the
+coordinate system, XYZ, and
+
+notice that I'm using
+here capital XYZ's.
+
+And the displacements of the
+body are measured as U, V, and
+
+W into the capital X,
+Y, and Z directions.
+
+I'm using capital letters here
+to denote global displacements
+
+and global coordinates.
+
+We will later on in the finite
+element discretization also
+
+introduce small lowercase x, y
+and z's, and u, v, and w's to
+
+measure the displacement in
+the individual elements.
+
+So the problem is, other words,
+that we have this body,
+
+this general structure,
+subjected to certain forces,
+
+properly constrained, and
+we want to calculate the
+
+displacements of the body, the
+strains in the body, and the
+
+stresses, of course,
+in the body.
+
+Well, on this view graph, here,
+I listed the external
+
+forces once as vectors, here's
+our force FB, the body force
+
+per unit volume, with components
+into the x, y, and
+
+z directions.
+
+Here, we have the surface forces
+with components in the
+
+x, y, and z directions.
+
+And here, we have a typical
+concentrated force at that
+
+point i, with components
+FX, FY, and FZ again.
+
+The displacements of the body
+measured in the global
+
+coordinates are U, V and
+W, as shown here.
+
+Of course, notice that these U,
+V and W's are functions of
+
+the capital XYZ coordinates.
+
+The strains corresponding to
+these displacements, which of
+
+course, are known,
+are listed here.
+
+And the three-dimensional
+analysis, we have six such
+
+known strains, from epsilon
+XX to gamma ZX.
+
+Of course, the last three being
+the shearing strains,
+
+and the first three being
+the normal strains.
+
+The corresponding stresses
+are listed here.
+
+Again, six components from
+tau XX to tau ZX.
+
+Of course, if we were to
+actually analyze a
+
+two-dimensional problem, such
+as the plane stress problem,
+
+we would only use the
+appropriate quantities from
+
+here and from there, as we'll
+discuss later on.
+
+The starting point of our
+analysis, in which we want to
+
+calculate the stresses, the
+strains, and of course, the
+
+displacement also.
+
+The starting point is the
+principle of virtual
+
+displacements.
+
+Now, this is the principle which
+we already discussed
+
+very briefly in the
+last lecture.
+
+Remember, please that we can
+derive it by looking at the
+
+total potential of the system,
+which is given as the strain
+
+energy, minus the potential of
+the external loads, W, U being
+
+the strain energy.
+
+If we invoke the stationarity
+of pi, and we use the
+
+essential boundary conditions,
+which are the displacement
+
+boundary conditions, then we
+can derive the governing
+
+differential equations of
+equilibrium, and the force
+
+boundary conditions, the natural
+boundary conditions,
+
+as I have shown in
+the last lecture.
+
+Well, we will not derive these
+boundary conditions and the
+
+governing differential equations
+in this approach,
+
+but rather what we do is we
+invoke this principle, we set
+
+del pi equal to 0, and that
+gives us the principle of
+
+virtual displacements.
+
+And it is this principle which
+is a starting point all our
+
+finite element analysis.
+
+Let's recall once what
+does it mean.
+
+Well, here we have the body
+forces that I applied to the
+
+body, the surface forces that
+I applied to the body.
+
+These are externally applied
+loads and concentrated forces
+
+that are also applied to the
+body at the points, i.
+
+These forces are in
+equilibrium with
+
+the stresses, tau.
+
+Let's assume that we know the
+stresses, at this point.
+
+Then the principle states
+the following--
+
+if we subject the body to
+any arbitrary virtual
+
+displacements, listed
+in here--
+
+and I'm saying any arbitrary
+virtual displacements--
+
+excuse me, that however satisfy
+the essential boundary
+
+conditions, and that means just
+the displacement boundary
+
+conditions.
+
+Then the work done by the loads,
+and that total work is
+
+given here.
+
+This is a virtual work because
+we are taking virtual
+
+displacements and subject the
+forces to these virtual
+
+displacements.
+
+Then the external virtual work
+done is equal to the internal
+
+virtual work done, which is
+obtained by multiplying the
+
+real stresses, which are in
+equilibrium with these
+
+extraordinary applied forces.
+
+Multiplying the real stresses by
+the virtual strains, which
+
+correspond to the virtual
+displacements.
+
+So let me use here a
+different color.
+
+These virtual strains correspond
+to these virtual
+
+displacements, and of course,
+these virtual displacements
+
+over the body--
+
+these are, of course, a function
+of x, y and z.
+
+These virtual displacements
+over the body give us also
+
+virtual displacements on the
+surface of the body, which are
+
+listed in here.
+
+So let us put another
+arrow in there.
+
+And these virtual displacement
+also give us concentrated
+
+virtual displacements at those
+points where we have
+
+concentrated load supply.
+
+So once again, if we take the
+body and subject that body,
+
+who is in equilibrium under
+Fb, Fs, and Fi, with tau--
+
+tau being the real stresses.
+
+If you take that body and
+subject it to any arbitrary
+
+virtual displacement that
+satisfy the displacement
+
+boundary conditions, then the
+external virtual work is equal
+
+to the internal virtual work.
+
+The internal virtual work being
+obtained by taking the
+
+real stresses, times the
+virtual strains, which
+
+correspond to the virtual
+displacements here, and
+
+integrating that product over
+the volume of the body.
+
+And the external pressure work
+is obtained by taking the real
+
+forces, multiplying these by the
+virtual displacements, and
+
+integrating these contributions
+over the
+
+complete body.
+
+Physically, what
+does this mean?
+
+Here, we have again,
+our general body.
+
+Let's see once, pictorially,
+what we're doing.
+
+Well, let's take a certain
+virtual displacement, which I
+
+depict here.
+
+Now, here, we have a boundary
+condition, so this point, P
+
+can only move over to there.
+
+It could not move this way
+because we have to satisfy, in
+
+the virtual displacements, the
+actual displacement boundary
+
+conditions.
+
+Here, the point cannot move at
+all, and here, this point can
+
+also not move.
+
+So a typical set of virtual
+displacement
+
+might look like that.
+
+Just sketched in here.
+
+This roller out has
+moved over there.
+
+So there's our new roller
+right there.
+
+What I satisfy are the order
+displacement conditions.
+
+Only horizontal movement
+was possible here.
+
+No movement here, no
+movement here.
+
+The virtual displacement vector
+here is that one. u
+
+bar, for a particular point.
+
+And that is the point
+that I'm looking at.
+
+Then what the principle says,
+once again, is that if I take
+
+these virtual displacements,
+multiply them by the real
+
+forces, integrate that product
+over the total body--
+
+that is my external virtual
+work, and that external
+
+virtual work shall be equal to
+the internal virtual work,
+
+which is obtained by taking the
+real stresses, which are
+
+in equilibrium with these
+externally applied loads.
+
+And multiplying these real
+stresses by the virtual
+
+strains that correspond to these
+virtual displacements,
+
+and integrating that product,
+as the internal virtual work
+
+over the whole body.
+
+This is an extremely powerful
+principle and an extremely
+
+important principle, and
+provides a basis of our finite
+
+element formulation.
+
+In our finite element analysis,
+we are proceeding in
+
+the following way-- we say,
+well, let us idealize this
+
+complete body as an assemblage
+of elements, and what I've
+
+done here is to draw one
+typical element.
+
+This is an 8-node element, a
+brick element, a distorted
+
+brick element, to make it a
+little bit more general.
+
+It is an 8-node element because
+we have four nodes on
+
+the top surface, and four nodes
+at the bottom surface.
+
+There's another node here.
+
+This element here undergoes
+certain
+
+displacements, of course.
+
+And what I will be doing is I
+will express the displacements
+
+in that element as a function
+of the letter coordinates
+
+system, x, y, and z.
+
+The displacement in
+the element being
+
+lower u, v, and w.
+
+If we idealize the
+total body as an
+
+assemblage of such elements--
+
+in other words, there's another
+element coming in from
+
+the top, and another element
+coming in from the sides, from
+
+the four sides, and
+another element
+
+coming in from the bottom.
+
+So if we idealize the total body
+as an assemblage of such
+
+brick elements that lie next
+to each other, et cetera.
+
+And we express the displacement
+in each of these
+
+brick elements, as a function
+of the nodal point
+
+displacements, of the
+displacements of the corners
+
+of the bricks, then we can, of
+course, express the total
+
+displacement in the body as a
+function of the nodal point
+
+displacement.
+
+And that is the important
+step in the
+
+finite element analysis.
+
+That the displacements in each
+of these sub-domains or
+
+elements are expressed in
+terms of nodal point
+
+displacements.
+
+These corner nodes, as shown
+here, for the brick element.
+
+And then since the total body is
+made up of an assemblage of
+
+such brick elements, we can
+express the total displacement
+
+in the body as a functional
+of these nodal point
+
+displacements.
+
+And invokes the principle of
+virtual displacements.
+
+Now let's go into the
+actual specifics.
+
+Well, for element m, this might
+be element 10, m in that
+
+case would be equal to 10.
+
+Then we have the following
+relationship--
+
+and this is the important
+assumption of the finite
+
+element discretization.
+
+We say that the displacements--
+
+there are three displacements,
+U, V, and W, of course, now.
+
+For element m, U, V and W are
+listed in this vector u, are
+
+equal to a displacement
+interpolation matrix, Hm,
+
+which is a function of x, y, and
+z, times the nodal point
+
+displacements.
+
+And what I'm listing in this u
+hat vector are all the nodal
+
+point displacements that I've
+called in the finite element
+
+discretization.
+
+For this brick element here,
+we have eight nodes, and 24
+
+nodal point displacements.
+
+At each node, we have U, V and
+W. But notice, once again,
+
+there are other brick elements
+on top of it, on the sides,
+
+and below of it.
+
+And each of these brick
+elements, of course, has a set
+
+of such nodal point
+displacements.
+
+We notice, however, that the
+element below it here--
+
+if I take my pen here, and draw
+in another element, we
+
+notice that that element
+has the same
+
+node as the top element.
+
+In other words, this node here
+is common to this top element
+
+and the bottom element.
+
+And that's where we have the
+coupling between elements.
+
+We will see that more
+distinctly later.
+
+So what I'm doing here is I
+express the displacements of
+
+element m as a function of all
+the nodal point displacements,
+
+and I'm listing here in u hat
+these displacements for N,
+
+capital N nodal points.
+
+We have this vector.
+
+Now, in general, later on, we
+would simply call all of these
+
+components, Ui's, and so our
+u hat here, would be
+
+written in this way.
+
+Notice I use the transpose, the
+capital T here, to denote
+
+the transpose of a vector.
+
+So this UN is equal to that W,
+capital N. That's just for
+
+ease of notation.
+
+This is our major assumption.
+
+This is the major assumption
+in the
+
+finite element analysis.
+
+We will have to define for each
+element this displacement
+
+interpolation matrix.
+
+We notice that when we define
+it, there will be many columns
+
+that are simply 0's because only
+certain displacements in
+
+this vector listed here, in this
+vector, really affect the
+
+displacement in an element.
+
+In other words, typically, for
+this element here, if we look
+
+at this node, then the
+displacement at this node do
+
+not affect the displacement in
+this element because this node
+
+does not belong to
+the element.
+
+That is recognized by the fact
+that in this Hm matrix there
+
+will be many columns that
+are simply 0's.
+
+In fact, the only non-zero
+columns in this Hm matrix are
+
+those that correspond to nodal
+points in this vector, or
+
+nodal point displacements
+in this vector that
+
+belong to element m.
+
+Well, having laid down this
+assumption, and we will
+
+define, once again, later
+on the Hm matrix
+
+for specific elements--
+
+1D, 2D, 3D elements and so on.
+
+Having laid down this
+assumption, we can derive the
+
+strains and the strains are
+simply given by this
+
+relationship, with the Bm
+matrix is the strain
+
+interpolation matrix,
+of element m.
+
+Notice that the rows in this
+matrix are obtained by using
+
+the rows in the Hm.
+
+And differentiating these rows
+and combining these rows in
+
+the appropriate way.
+
+I show examples later on.
+
+There is no more assumption
+in this step.
+
+This Bm matrix is simply
+obtained from the Hm matrix.
+
+By recognizing what strains we
+are talking about, and by
+
+recognizing that we can simply
+use the rows here,
+
+differentiate them, linearally
+combine them, if necessary, to
+
+obtain the Bm matrix.
+
+Of course, we also have to use
+our stress strain law to
+
+obtain stresses from the
+strains, and the stresses in
+
+element m are given
+as shown here.
+
+These are the strains that I
+talked about here already.
+
+This is our stress strain
+law, which can vary
+
+from element to element.
+
+I also introduce here an initial
+stress, which might
+
+already be in the body.
+
+This might be due to overburden
+pressure in an
+
+underground structure, as
+an example, and so on.
+
+So, this is our stress strain
+law, which we have to satisfy
+
+for the body, of course.
+
+Our compatibility conditions
+in the analysis
+
+will also be satisfied.
+
+The strain compatibility
+conditions are satisfied
+
+because we are deriving the
+strains from continuous
+
+displacements, within
+the element.
+
+We'll impose on to the different
+elements that they
+
+remain compatible under
+deformations.
+
+By that, I mean if we have an
+element coming in here and
+
+another element going out
+there that the elements
+
+underloading, when the top
+element here, and the bottom
+
+element, both of them
+are loaded.
+
+No gap is opening up here
+so that displacement
+
+compatibility between the
+elements is satisfied.
+
+So if we look at the three
+conditions that we have to
+
+satisfy in an analysis--
+
+the first one being the
+stress strain law.
+
+That is satisfied because we
+are using this equation.
+
+The second one being
+compatibility.
+
+That is satisfied because we
+using this relationship here
+
+to calculate our strains from
+the Hm, via the Bm matrix.
+
+And we are satisfying, of
+course, that the elements
+
+remain together, so no
+gaps opening up.
+
+We will be talking about it
+later on when we talk about
+
+the convergence requirements
+also of
+
+finite element analysis.
+
+And finally, our equilibrium
+condition has to be satisfied.
+
+That is the third condition
+where that equilibrium
+
+condition is embodied in the
+principle of virtual work.
+
+Here, I have it once
+again written down.
+
+The equilibrium conditions
+are in this
+
+principle of virtual work.
+
+And as I stated earlier, that if
+this equation is satisfied
+
+for any and all the arbitrary
+virtual displacements that
+
+satisfy the displacement
+boundary conditions, the real
+
+displacement boundary
+conditions, then tau is in
+
+equilibrium with
+Fb, Fs, and Fi.
+
+Well, what we will be doing is
+we will be applying this
+
+principle of virtual
+displacements for our finite
+
+element discretization, which
+means that in an integral
+
+sense, we satisfy equilibrium.
+
+However, if we look into an
+element, then within the
+
+element, we will only satisfy
+the differential equations of
+
+equilibrium in an
+approximate way.
+
+We will not satisfy
+them exactly.
+
+However, if we have a proper
+finite element discretization,
+
+and by that, I mean if we
+satisfy all the convergence
+
+requirements that have to be
+satisfied in order to obtain a
+
+valid solution, or a reliable
+solution in a finite element
+
+analysis, then we know that as
+our elements become smaller
+
+and smaller and smaller,
+we will be finally--
+
+and always, of course, applying
+the principle of
+
+virtual displacements--
+
+we will be finally satisfying,
+also, the differential
+
+equations of equilibrium locally
+within each element.
+
+So stress strain law is
+satisfied, compatibility is
+
+satisfied, both of
+them exactly.
+
+The equilibrium requirements
+are only satisfied in an
+
+integral sense, if we have a
+coarse finite element mesh,
+
+but as the finite elements
+become more and more, as we
+
+refine our finite element mesh,
+we will be satisfying
+
+the equilibrium requirements.
+
+Also locally, within an element,
+always closer and
+
+closer, and we will be
+approximating, or we will be
+
+getting closer to the
+satisfaction of the
+
+differential equation
+of equilibrium.
+
+The first step now is to rewrite
+this principle of
+
+virtual displacement, in this
+form, namely as a sum of
+
+integrations over
+the elements.
+
+There's no assumption yet.
+
+All I've done is since our total
+body is idealized as a
+
+sum of volumes, namely the
+volumes over the elements, I
+
+can rewrite the total integral
+as a the sum
+
+over the element integrals.
+
+And that's what I
+have done here.
+
+Notice we have now here, m,
+denoting element m and we are
+
+summing over all of
+the elements.
+
+There's no assumption
+here yet.
+
+Now, however, I can substitute
+our assumption.
+
+Namely, that Um is given in
+this way, and epsilon m is
+
+given that way.
+
+Once again, this is actually
+not an assumption.
+
+This is the major assumption.
+
+That epsilon m follows
+from this assumption.
+
+This equation follows from
+that equation entirely.
+
+Substituting now from here,
+these equations into the
+
+principle of virtual
+displacements, we directly
+
+obtain the following
+equations.
+
+Here, I have on the
+left hand side--
+
+let's go through this
+equation in detail.
+
+On the left hand side, I have
+the following part.
+
+I have an integral over all of
+the elements, that is the
+
+integral here, summing over
+element m and integrating over
+
+each of the element.
+
+This part here, Bm transposed,
+times U hat T, is equal to the
+
+epsilon bar, mT.
+
+So notice that our epsilon bar
+m, is a virtual strain, is
+
+given in this way.
+
+Before, I talked only about
+the real strains.
+
+In other words, the
+bar was not there.
+
+I put that now into
+brackets here.
+
+This bar was not there.
+
+Well, what we're doing in the
+finite element analysis is to
+
+use the same assumption for the
+virtual strains as we use
+
+for real strains.
+
+In other words, we use this
+equation without the bar and
+
+with the bar, on top of
+the epsilon and on
+
+top of the u hat.
+
+So here, we have our epsilon
+bar transposed.
+
+This part here is the stress.
+
+Tau m equals Cm epsilon m--
+
+that is our cm.
+
+The Bm here comes in
+from the epsilon m.
+
+So Bm times U hat is equal to
+epsilon m, once written down
+
+again here.
+
+So this total part here
+is nothing else than--
+
+let's go back once more to
+the previous view graph--
+
+nothing else than this part
+here, than that part there.
+
+But with the initial stress,
+tau i, m being on
+
+the right hand side.
+
+Since we do know the initial
+stress, we put that one, of
+
+course, on the right
+hand side.
+
+It is a load contribution.
+
+And here, you see it as a minus
+sign because we put on
+
+the right hand side,
+and this part here.
+
+This part times this u
+hat, notice there's
+
+a big bracket here.
+
+That u hat bar here operating on
+that Bm transposed, there's
+
+a transposed here, too, gives
+us again the epsilon bar m
+
+transposed.
+
+So let us look now at what we
+have on the right hand side.
+
+On the right hand side,
+I want to have
+
+discretized this part here.
+
+Well, what we do is we
+substitute here from our
+
+displacement interpolation,
+here from our displacement
+
+interpolation, and each of these
+integrals can directly
+
+be expressed, in terms of the
+nodal point displacements.
+
+And that's what we
+have done here.
+
+The Hm times the u hat bar is
+the u bar m transposed.
+
+Here, we have the u bar s.
+
+That is the u hat bar
+times the Hsm.
+
+Notice that this part, you
+should not have been
+
+written that far.
+
+In other words, there
+is the end.
+
+The u bar s m transposed only
+goes up to there and it
+
+embodies this Hs m transposed
+and the u hat bar transposed.
+
+This part we talked
+about already.
+
+So what we have done then
+is to rewrite--
+
+this is the important part--
+
+is to rewrite this principle of
+virtual displacements, in
+
+which we had no assumption
+yet.
+
+We rewrote this in terms of the
+nodal point displacements
+
+and element interpolation
+matrices that we use for our
+
+finite element discretization.
+
+Now, we of course, have the
+assumption that the
+
+displacements within each
+element are given by the Hm
+
+matrix, the strains are given
+by the Bm matrix.
+
+So this is the result that
+we have obtained.
+
+And at this point, we now
+invoke the principle of
+
+virtual displacements.
+
+Since this principle here shall
+hold for any arbitrary
+
+virtual displacements that
+satisfy the displacement
+
+boundary conditions,
+we can now invoke
+
+this principle n times.
+
+And by that, I mean, once by
+imposing a unit displacement
+
+at the first displacement degree
+of freedom, and leaving
+
+all the others 0.
+
+Second time around, imposing
+a unit displacement at the
+
+second degree of freedom,
+all the others being 0.
+
+Third time around, imposing a
+unit displacement at the third
+
+degree of freedom, all the
+other displacements
+
+being 0, and so on.
+
+And that really amounts to then
+saying that this vector
+
+here becomes an identity
+matrix.
+
+And similarly, this one here
+becomes an identity matrix.
+
+And therefore, we can take
+those two out, and our
+
+resulting equation then is
+simply what we have left.
+
+Taking these two identity
+matrices out, and that is our
+
+finite element equilibrium
+equation, or I should rather
+
+say that these are n finite
+element equilibrium equations,
+
+namely corresponding to the n
+nodal point displacements that
+
+we are considering.
+
+In general, what one does most
+effectively is to really
+
+derive these corresponding
+to all displacements.
+
+Having removed the boundary
+conditions, and then later on,
+
+one imposes the known bounded
+displacements.
+
+And that's what I want to
+discuss a little bit later in
+
+more detail.
+
+So this is the result then
+that we obtained.
+
+And we obtained really in
+shorthand, Ku equals r.
+
+Where K is this matrix.
+
+It's the structural
+stiffness matrix.
+
+Notice that I'm summing here
+over the elements.
+
+This being here, the element
+stiffness matrix.
+
+Notice that this element
+stiffness matrix here is an n
+
+by n matrix, has the same
+order as this K matrix.
+
+However, we will recognize that
+a large number of columns
+
+and rows in this matrix
+are simply 0.
+
+In fact, all those columns and
+rows are filled with 0's that
+
+do not correspond to a nodal
+point displacement degree of
+
+freedom of element m.
+
+I show you later on
+some examples.
+
+However, by using this Bm here,
+and making the element
+
+stiffness matrix of the same
+order as this total structural
+
+stiffness matrix, we can
+directly sum over all of the
+
+elements stiffness matrices.
+
+And that, of course, is our
+direct stiffness procedure,
+
+which already I pointed
+out to you earlier.
+
+The direct stiffness procedure
+means that we are adding the
+
+element stiffness matrices
+into the total stiffness
+
+matrix via this summation
+here.
+
+So the Km here, being what
+I have here in the blue
+
+brackets, must be, of course,
+of the same order as K in
+
+order to be able to
+do that method
+
+theoretically, at least.
+
+Later on, we will see that we
+indeed only work with the
+
+non-zero rows and columns in
+the K matrix, and then use
+
+connectivity arrays to assemble
+Km effectively into
+
+the actual K matrix.
+
+For the RB vector, we
+have this part.
+
+Once again, we're using the
+direct stiffness procedure to
+
+add the contributions of all
+the elements in order to
+
+obtain the total RB vector.
+
+Once again, the rows now, or
+rather, the elements because
+
+this of course, is a vector
+here of n long now.
+
+Those elements that do not
+correspond to nodal point
+
+degrees of freedom
+will all be 0's.
+
+The RS vector, similarly, is
+obtained as shown here.
+
+Now, we of course, sum the
+element contributions as they
+
+arise from the surface forces
+and the RI vector is obtained
+
+as shown here, and the
+concentrated load vector is
+
+simply a vector listing all the
+concentrated forces in F.
+
+Notice that this HSM matrix here
+is directly obtained from
+
+this Hm matrix.
+
+Sometimes one has difficulties
+visualizing what this
+
+matrix really is.
+
+Well, we will see later on if
+this is an element here, and
+
+our coordinate system, say, lies
+in that element this way,
+
+then the Hm matrix, of course,
+gives us a displacement within
+
+the element.
+
+Whereas the HSM matrix gives us,
+say, the displacement on
+
+this surface element, if
+it is that surface
+
+that we want to consider.
+
+Now, to get the displacement on
+the surface of the element
+
+when we know the displacement
+within the total volume of the
+
+element, well, what we simply
+have to do is we have to
+
+substitute the coordinates of
+the surface in the Hm here to
+
+obtain the HSM.
+
+I will show you later
+on some examples.
+
+Now, in dynamic analysis, of
+course, the loads are time
+
+dependent and if we are
+considering a truly dynamic
+
+analysis, then we have to
+include inertia forces.
+
+And the inertia forces can
+directly be taken care of, or
+
+can directly be included in
+analysis if we use the
+
+d'Alembert principle.
+
+Here, we have the body loads,
+which are the externally
+
+applied forces per
+unit volume.
+
+And if we split these up into
+those forces that are
+
+externally applied, and those
+that are arising due to the
+
+d'Alembert forces,
+as shown here.
+
+Then we directly have
+the inertia
+
+effect in the analysis.
+
+We now can, of course, express
+our accelerations in the
+
+element in terms of nodal point
+accelerations again, and
+
+we are using here the same Hm
+matrix that we use already for
+
+the displacement
+interpolations.
+
+If we substitute from here and
+here into the RB which I had
+
+written down here.
+
+If we substitute into this RB
+here, this equation for fB,
+
+then we directly can write down
+this equation here, M U
+
+double dot plus Ku equals R,
+where the M matrix now is
+
+obtained as shown here.
+
+Notice that this R vector now
+only contains this RB part.
+
+In other words, not anymore
+the fB here, but
+
+rather an fB curl.
+
+Notice also that in this
+analysis now, or in this view
+
+graph, I've dropped
+the hat on the u.
+
+These are the nodal point
+displacements, these are the
+
+nodal point accelerations.
+
+I've dropped the hat just
+for convenience.
+
+I had already dropped it
+actually here also.
+
+We earlier had the hat there.
+
+Here, we had the hat still
+because I wanted to
+
+distinguish the actual nodal
+point displacements from the
+
+continuous displacements in the
+structure, or in the body.
+
+So here, the hat still
+being there.
+
+And here, I dropped the hat
+already, just for convenience
+
+of writing, and from now on,
+when we have this vector, U
+
+here, then that means that
+we're talking about the
+
+concentrated nodal point
+displacements, or the actual
+
+note point displacements of
+the finite element mesh.
+
+I mentioned earlier that it is
+most convenient to include in
+
+the formulation all of the nodal
+point displacements,
+
+including those that actually
+might be 0.
+
+In other words, for our
+three-dimensional body, to
+
+make a quick sketch here.
+
+If we have here our support in
+an actual analysis, it is most
+
+effective to say well, let us
+remove the support and assign
+
+a node there with three
+unknown displacements.
+
+Once we have derived these
+equations of equilibrium, of
+
+course, we now will have to
+impose the fact that the
+
+displacements are 0's there.
+
+And that is then done
+effectively, for example, as
+
+shown here.
+
+We have here the general
+equations, M U double dot plus
+
+Ku equals R. And what we are
+doing is we are listing the
+
+displacements and accelerations
+into vectors, U
+
+double dot A, U A, and U double
+dot b, and Ub, where
+
+the b components of the
+displacements and
+
+accelerations are known.
+
+And now they might be 0, as I
+showed here in this particular
+
+example, or they might
+be actual values
+
+that we want to impose.
+
+If they are known, well, we
+can look at the first
+
+equation, as shown here, and put
+all the known quantities
+
+on the right hand side,
+substitute for Ub and U double
+
+dot b, and we know then the
+right hand side load vector.
+
+Thus, we can calculate Ua,
+and U double dot a.
+
+Having now calculated the
+velocities, the accelerations,
+
+and displacements, we can go
+back and get the reactions.
+
+The reactions, of course,
+being Rb.
+
+Here, I assumed that the
+displacements which we are
+
+talking about in the vector
+here are actually the ones
+
+that we also might
+want to impose.
+
+Well, in some cases, of course,
+we might have defined
+
+in our finite element
+formulations the U and V
+
+displacement, as shown here.
+
+But a displacement that we want
+to impose is actually
+
+this one here, namely, that
+one might have to be
+
+restrained, and this one here
+might have to be free.
+
+In that case, if our finite
+element formulation has used
+
+the U and V displacement, we
+have to make a transformation
+
+as shown here.
+
+A well known transformation
+from the U to the U bar
+
+displacements, and this, in a
+more general sense, is written
+
+down here once again.
+
+When we have many more degrees
+of freedom, our T matrix would
+
+look as shown here.
+
+It's an identity matrix with
+the little transformation
+
+matrix that I've shown here.
+
+The cosine minus sine
+sine cosine matrix.
+
+Now, put into the appropriate
+rows and column.
+
+The i'th column, j'th column,
+i'th row, and j'th row would
+
+carry these 2x2 matrix.
+
+And otherwise, we just have
+1's on the diagonal.
+
+So this is the more general
+transformation that we are
+
+using when we have many more
+degrees of freedom than just
+
+the two that we want
+to modify.
+
+Substituting from here into our
+equations of equilibrium M
+
+U double dot plus Ku equals R.
+We directly obtained this
+
+equation, where M bar now is
+shown here, K bar is shown
+
+here, and R bar is shown here.
+
+Let me mention here that this
+looks like a former matrix
+
+multiplication.
+
+In fact, two former matrix
+multiplications.
+
+M times T, And then the product
+should be taken times
+
+T transposed, pre-multiplied
+by T transpose.
+
+Well, in actuality, of course,
+all we need to do is combine
+
+rows and columns.
+
+The i'th and j'th rows and
+columns to obtain directly our
+
+M bar matrix, similarly
+for the K bar
+
+and the R bar matrices.
+
+Another procedure that is
+also used in practice--
+
+can be very effective--
+
+is an application of
+the penalty method.
+
+In this procedure, we impose,
+basically, physically a spring
+
+of very large stiffness,
+where K is much larger
+
+than K bar i i.
+
+And then we supplement our basic
+equations that are shown
+
+here by this equation here.
+
+So if this K is much larger
+than K bar i i, and if we
+
+supplement this equation or add
+this equation into this
+
+equation here, then we notice
+that the spring stiffness will
+
+wipe out basically the other
+stiffnesses that come into
+
+this degree of freedom, and our
+solution will simply be
+
+that U i is equal to b, which
+is the one that we want.
+
+So this penalty method can be
+used to impose displacement
+
+degrees of freedom, and it
+really physically amounts to
+
+adding a spring into the degree
+of freedom where we
+
+want to impose a certain
+displacement.
+
+And it's important, however,
+that if we use that method
+
+that we are always dealing with
+single degree of freedoms
+
+being imposed.
+
+And by that, I mean
+the following--
+
+if we had a system, like this
+one here, and our original
+
+displacement degrees of freedom
+are these, then we
+
+first have to make the
+transformation onto that
+
+finite element element
+system to these
+
+degrees of freedom here.
+
+And now we add our spring in.
+
+In other words, we want to add
+our spring into this system of
+
+equations because now there's
+no coupling from this degree
+
+of freedom that we want to be
+impose into other degrees of
+
+freedom, through that spring.
+
+This spring only enters on the
+diagonal, and now it is a
+
+numerically stable process.
+
+However, if we were not to
+perform this transformation--
+
+in other words, if we were
+still to deal with these
+
+degrees of freedom, and then
+add our spring in--
+
+of course, that spring now
+would introduce coupling
+
+between these two degrees of
+freedom, and numerical
+
+difficulties may arise
+in the solution.
+
+So basically, then in summary,
+if we do have degrees of
+
+freedom to be imposed, we
+first go through this
+
+transformation to obtain the M
+bar, U double dot bar, K bar,
+
+U bar equals R bar system
+of equations where the
+
+displacement that we're talking
+about are containing
+
+those displacements that we
+actually want to impose.
+
+We then can impose these
+displacements using the
+
+penalty method, which
+is this one.
+
+Or we can impose these
+displacements using the more
+
+conventional procedure, using,
+in other words, simply this
+
+procedural of imposing Ub and
+rewriting the equations into
+
+two equations.
+
+The first equation we solved for
+the Ua now, of course, in
+
+this particular case, we would
+now have all bars on there.
+
+And if we have done a
+transformation, and in the
+
+second equation then, we
+obtain the reactions.
+
+Let me now go through a simple
+example to show you the
+
+application of what
+I have discussed.
+
+This is a very simple
+example, but a very
+
+illustrative example.
+
+In particular, it is also the
+example that we talked about
+
+already earlier in lecture 2,
+when we did a Ritz Analysis on
+
+this problem.
+
+In fact, our finite element
+analysis that we are now
+
+pursuing, using the general
+equation that I presented to
+
+you is really nothing else
+than a Ritz Analysis.
+
+And in fact, if you look
+at the earlier
+
+solutions that we obtained--
+
+solution 2, in the Ritz
+analysis, corresponds to the
+
+finite element solution
+that I will be
+
+discussing with you now.
+
+So here is a problem
+once again.
+
+We have a bar of unit area, from
+here to there, and then
+
+of changing area, from
+here to there.
+
+The length here is 100,
+the length here is 80.
+
+The bar in actuality, is
+supported here, but as I
+
+mentioned earlier, we remove
+that support in our finite
+
+element formulation, and
+introduce, in fact, a
+
+displacement degree
+of freedom there.
+
+So here, I want to put
+down the first node.
+
+Now, the first step in any
+finite element analysis must,
+
+of course, be the step of
+idealizing the total structure
+
+as an assemblage of elements.
+
+And there are generally
+choices--
+
+how many elements to take,
+what type of element to
+
+take, and so on.
+
+In this particular case,
+I know that there's a
+
+discontinuity in area here and
+for that reason, intuitively,
+
+I will put one element
+from here to there
+
+with a constant area.
+
+Also, let us consider for the
+moment, this also as being one
+
+element, and this then will
+correspond to the Ritz
+
+Analysis that we performed
+earlier.
+
+Notice that we have here a bar
+of unit area, a bar of
+
+changing area.
+
+This total bar assemblage is
+subjected to a load of 100, a
+
+concentrated load of
+100, as shown here.
+
+The only strains that
+this bar can
+
+develop are normal strains.
+
+In other words, if a section
+originally is here, that
+
+section we move over a certain
+amount and by that amount.
+
+That is U. In the coordinate
+system that we are using, the
+
+y-coordinate being in this
+direction, this is the
+
+y-coordinate here.
+
+This would be our U of Y.
+However, since we are dealing
+
+with two elements to analyze
+this bar, what I will do is I
+
+will introduce a little
+coordinate system here.
+
+And I used little y in
+this particular case.
+
+So we put a little y here.
+
+There's also, for this
+element, a little y.
+
+And the area, in this particular
+element, is given
+
+as 1 plus y divided
+by 40 squared.
+
+So this is the changing
+area in this domain.
+
+However, also, remember please,
+if in our analysis, if
+
+an original section in this area
+was vertical like that,
+
+after deformations, due to the
+load here, it will still be
+
+vertical, and now our
+displacements in this element
+
+will also be given by a u.
+
+And that u is a function of--
+
+if we look at this little y,
+if you use that little y of
+
+that y as this u here is
+a function of this y.
+
+This y corresponds to the y
+in this element, that y
+
+corresponds to the y in this
+element because we use
+
+different coordinate systems
+for each element.
+
+Now, this is actually an
+important point that we can
+
+use for each element, a
+different coordinate system.
+
+We could use Cartesian
+coordinate systems for each
+
+element, different ones.
+
+In fact, that is most
+generally done.
+
+If we have specific geometries,
+we might use
+
+cylindrical coordinates systems
+for certain elements,
+
+Cartesian coordinate systems for
+other elements, and so on.
+
+This is an extremely important
+point that we can have
+
+different coordinate systems for
+different elements because
+
+that eases the calculation
+of the
+
+element stiffness matrices.
+
+So here, our element 1,
+here our element 2.
+
+And the displacements that we
+are talking about are U 1 at
+
+this node, U 2 at this node,
+U 3 at that node.
+
+These three displacements shall
+give us the displacement
+
+distributions.
+
+Of course, only an approximate
+displacement distribution in
+
+the complete element mesh.
+
+Two elements make
+up our element--
+
+complete element idealization
+or complete element mesh.
+
+Well, the equation that, of
+course I will now be operating
+
+on is this one, KU equals R.
+In this particular case, we
+
+recognize that we want to
+calculate our stiffness
+
+matrix, K. Here, we have two
+elements, so M, in this
+
+particular case, will
+be equal to 1 and 2.
+
+We don't have a body force
+vector, we don't have a
+
+surface force vector, we don't
+have an initial stress vector.
+
+However, we have a concentrated
+load vector.
+
+So what I will want to do then
+is calculate our K matrix, and
+
+establish our concentrated
+load vector.
+
+The K matrix embodies the
+strain displacement
+
+interpolations, which are
+obtained from the element
+
+displacement interpolations.
+
+Now, as I already pointed
+out, we have
+
+now here, two elements.
+
+The first element shown here,
+second element shown here.
+
+Notice that the U1, U2
+correspond to these two
+
+displacements, U1, U2.
+
+The U2, U3 correspond to these
+displacements, U2, U3.
+
+Notice that there's a coupling
+between the elements because
+
+U2 is here a displacement of
+that element, and is here the
+
+displacement of element 2.
+
+The length of the element
+1 is 100, length of
+
+element 2 is 80.
+
+Well, if we have two
+displacements to describe the
+
+displacement in an element, then
+we recognize immediately
+
+that all that we can have
+is a linear variation in
+
+displacement between
+the two end points,
+
+between these two nodes.
+
+And so the element displacement
+interpolations
+
+must involve these functions.
+
+For unit displacement at this
+end of an element, Y over L is
+
+the interpolation of
+the displacement.
+
+For unit displacement at this
+end of the element, this is
+
+the interpolation.
+
+Notice that the actual
+displacement, of course, goes
+
+into this direction, but I'm
+plotting it upwards to show
+
+you the magnitude of
+that displacement.
+
+If we have established these
+interpolation functions,
+
+recognizing, of course, that for
+element 1, L is 100, for
+
+element 2, L is equal to 80.
+
+Then we can directly write down
+our H1 and H2 matrices.
+
+They are given as shown here.
+
+Notice that Um is equal to Hmu,
+where U is equal to--
+
+I write down the transpose--
+
+U1, U2, U3.
+
+Now, we notice that
+element 1--
+
+let's go back once more
+for element 1.
+
+Only U1 and U2 influence the
+displacements in that element.
+
+And that is shown here.
+
+U3 has 0 and does not influence
+the displacement in
+
+the element.
+
+Similarly for H2, U1 does not
+influence the displacement in
+
+that element.
+
+So we have these
+displacements.
+
+Notice also that I've written
+here, Um, of course, but that
+
+Um here, for our specific
+case is simply this
+
+displacement, Vm.
+
+We have only one displacement
+component.
+
+Taking the derivative of these
+relations here, we get
+
+directly the strains.
+
+Notice that here, we should have
+probably put an m there.
+
+This is the normal strain and
+we obtain these matrices by
+
+simply taking the derivatives.
+
+Well, now we have the components
+that we need to
+
+evaluate the K matrix.
+
+And as I mentioned earlier,
+that is the total K matrix
+
+obtained by summing the
+
+contributions over the elements.
+
+This is coming from element 1,
+this is coming from element 2.
+
+Notice that the area is 1,
+Young's modulus of stress
+
+strains law.
+
+We are integrating
+from 0 to 100.
+
+This is here, B1 transpose,
+that is B1.
+
+This is here, B2 transpose,
+that is B2.
+
+This is the area that I pointed
+out to you earlier.
+
+Evaluating these two matrices,
+we directly
+
+obtain these matrices.
+
+And notice the following--
+
+that there's no coupling from
+the third degree of freedom
+
+into element 1.
+
+Similarly, there's no coupling
+from the first degree of
+
+freedom into element 2.
+
+In fact, what we will do later
+on is simply calculate the
+
+non-zero parts.
+
+We call these the compacted
+element stiffness matrices.
+
+And knowing these non-zero parts
+and knowing into which
+
+degrees of freedom they have to
+put in the assemblage phase
+
+to obtain the total stiffness
+matrix, we can directly
+
+assemble the stiffness matrix.
+
+In other words, if I know this
+part here and I know that the
+
+first column corresponds to the
+first column of the global
+
+stiffness matrix, the second
+column corresponds to the
+
+second column in the global
+stiffness matrix, then I can
+
+just add this contribution
+into this part here.
+
+Similarly, I can simply add this
+contribution here into
+
+that part there, without
+carrying
+
+always these 0's along.
+
+And that is, of course,
+a very important
+
+computational aspect.
+
+However, in theory, we are
+really still performing these
+
+additions as shown here, we
+really still perform the
+
+additions as we pointed
+them out in the
+
+direct stiffness procedure.
+
+In other words, we still perform
+this summation, as I
+
+pointed out to you earlier.
+
+The important point, however,
+is that we now have
+
+established the K matrix,
+corresponding to the system.
+
+Our R vector is simply, in this
+
+particular case, 0, 0, 100.
+
+Because we only have
+100 applied at the
+
+third degree of freedom.
+
+We now have to impose that U1
+is 0, we simply set U1 equal
+
+to 0 in the equilibrium
+equations, as
+
+I pointed out earlier.
+
+We solve for U2 and U3, and
+having obtained U2 and U3, we
+
+know the displacement in each
+of these parts, and we know,
+
+therefore, the strains
+and the stresses in
+
+each of these parts.
+
+The solution is plotted in the
+example that I discussed with
+
+you in lecture 2.
+
+This example, really, showed
+some off the basic points of
+
+finite element analysis.
+
+Of course, we have to discuss
+much more how we actually
+
+obtain the Hm matrices for more
+complex, more complicated
+
+elements that I use in actual
+practical analysis.
+
+However, this is all I wanted
+to mention in this lecture.
+
+Thank you for your attention.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/23LLB9mNJvc.txt b/23LLB9mNJvc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..217393d6b54b34c9eb834e26c2a4f914cd4d1ea7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23LLB9mNJvc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8221 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is the second lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the second lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the second lecture on
+determinants there were only three with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants there were only three with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants there were only three with
+determinance that's a fascinating small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinance that's a fascinating small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinance that's a fascinating small
+topic inside linear algebra you used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic inside linear algebra you used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic inside linear algebra you used to
+be determinants were the big thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be determinants were the big thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be determinants were the big thing in
+linear algebra was the little thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra was the little thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra was the little thing but
+they th those changed that situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they th those changed that situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they th those changed that situation
+change now determinance is one specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change now determinance is one specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change now determinance is one specific
+part a very neat little part and my goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part a very neat little part and my goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part a very neat little part and my goal
+today is to find a formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is to find a formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is to find a formula for the
+determinant it'll be a messy formula so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant it'll be a messy formula so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant it'll be a messy formula so
+that's why you didn't see it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you didn't see it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you didn't see it right
+away but if I'm given this n byn Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but if I'm given this n byn Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but if I'm given this n byn Matrix
+then I use those entries to create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I use those entries to create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I use those entries to create this
+number the determinant so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the determinant so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the determinant so there's a
+formula for it in fact there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for it in fact there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for it in fact there's another
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+a second formula using something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second formula using something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second formula using something called
+co-actors so you you have to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors so you you have to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors so you you have to know what
+co-actors are and then I'll apply those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors are and then I'll apply those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors are and then I'll apply those
+formulas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for
+some some matrices that have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some matrices that have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some matrices that have a lot of
+zeros away from the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros away from the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros away from the three
+diagonals okay so I'm shooting now for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals okay so I'm shooting now for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals okay so I'm shooting now for a
+formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the
+determinant you remember we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant you remember we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant you remember we started with
+these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three
+properties three three simple properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties three three simple properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties three three simple properties
+but out of that we got all these amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but out of that we got all these amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but out of that we got all these amazing
+facts like the determinant of ab equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts like the determinant of ab equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts like the determinant of ab equals
+determinant of a times determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a times determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a times determinant of
+B but the three facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but the three facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but the three facts
+were oh how about I just take 2 by tws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were oh how about I just take 2 by tws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were oh how about I just take 2 by tws
+let can I I know because everybody here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let can I I know because everybody here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let can I I know because everybody here
+knows the determinant of a 2X two Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the determinant of a 2X two Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the determinant of a 2X two Matrix
+but let's get it out of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's get it out of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's get it out of these three
+formulas okay so here's my my two 2 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas okay so here's my my two 2 x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas okay so here's my my two 2 x
+two Matrix I'm looking for a formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Matrix I'm looking for a formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Matrix I'm looking for a formula for
+this determinant a b c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this determinant a b c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this determinant a b c
+d okay so property one I know what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d okay so property one I know what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d okay so property one I know what to do
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+identity right property two allows me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity right property two allows me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity right property two allows me to
+exchange rows and I know what to do then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rows and I know what to do then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rows and I know what to do then
+so I know that that determinant is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know that that determinant is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know that that determinant is one
+property2 allows me to exchange rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property2 allows me to exchange rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property2 allows me to exchange rows and
+know that this determinant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this determinant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this determinant is
+minus one and now I want to use property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and now I want to use property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and now I want to use property
+three to get everybody to get everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to get everybody to get everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to get everybody to get everybody
+and how will I do that okay so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how will I do that okay so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how will I do that okay so remember
+that if I keep the second row the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I keep the second row the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I keep the second row the
+same I'm allowed to use linearity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I'm allowed to use linearity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I'm allowed to use linearity in the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+row and I'll just use it in a simple way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and I'll just use it in a simple way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and I'll just use it in a simple way
+I'll write this Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write this Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write this Vector
+AB as a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB as a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB as a z
+plus 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0
+B so that's one step using property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so that's one step using property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so that's one step using property
+three linearity in the first row when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three linearity in the first row when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three linearity in the first row when
+the second row is the same okay but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second row is the same okay but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second row is the same okay but now
+you can guess what I'm going to do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can guess what I'm going to do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can guess what I'm going to do next
+I'll because I'd like to if I can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll because I'd like to if I can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll because I'd like to if I can make
+the matrices diagonal then I'm clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrices diagonal then I'm clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrices diagonal then I'm clearly
+there so I'll take this one now I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I'll take this one now I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I'll take this one now I'll
+keep the first row fixed and split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the first row fixed and split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the first row fixed and split the
+second row so that'll be an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row so that'll be an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row so that'll be an a
+Z and I'll split that into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and I'll split that into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and I'll split that into a
+c0 and keeping that first row the same a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 and keeping that first row the same a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 and keeping that first row the same a
+zero D I used for this part linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero D I used for this part linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero D I used for this part linearity
+and now I'll whoops not plus because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'll whoops not plus because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'll whoops not plus because
+I've got more coming this one I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got more coming this one I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got more coming this one I'll do
+the same I'll keep this first row the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same I'll keep this first row the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same I'll keep this first row the
+same and I'll split CD into c0 and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and I'll split CD into c0 and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and I'll split CD into c0 and z
+d okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d okay
+now I've got four easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've got four easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've got four easy
+determinants and two of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants and two of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants and two of them are
+extremely well all four are extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely well all four are extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely well all four are extremely
+easy two of them are so easy as to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy two of them are so easy as to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy two of them are so easy as to turn
+into zero right which two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into zero right which two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into zero right which two of these
+determinants are C are zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants are C are zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants are C are zero right
+away the first guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the first guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the first guy
+is zero why is he zero why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero why is he zero why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero why is he zero why is that
+determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant
+nothing forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing forget
+him well it has a column of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him well it has a column of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him well it has a column of
+zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros
+and by the well so one way to think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the well so one way to think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the well so one way to think is
+well it's a singular Matrix oh for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a singular Matrix oh for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a singular Matrix oh for for
+like 48 different reasons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 48 different reasons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 48 different reasons that
+determinant is zero it's a singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is zero it's a singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is zero it's a singular
+Matrix it has a column of zeros it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it has a column of zeros it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it has a column of zeros it's
+it's dead and this one is about as dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dead and this one is about as dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dead and this one is about as dead
+too column of zeros okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too column of zeros okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too column of zeros okay so that's
+leaving us with this one now what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving us with this one now what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving us with this one now what do I
+how do I know it's determinant following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I know it's determinant following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I know it's determinant following
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+rules well I guess one of the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules well I guess one of the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules well I guess one of the properties
+that we actually got to was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually got to was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually got to was the
+determinant of that triang of of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of that triang of of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of that triang of of that
+diagonal matrix then so I I finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix then so I I finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix then so I I finally
+getting to that determinant is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to that determinant is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to that determinant is the
+ad and this determinant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad and this determinant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad and this determinant is
+what what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's this
+one minus because I would use property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus because I would use property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus because I would use property
+two to do a flip to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to do a flip to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to do a flip to make it
+CB then property three to factor out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CB then property three to factor out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CB then property three to factor out the
+b property C to factor out the c pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b property C to factor out the c pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b property C to factor out the c pro
+property again to factor out the C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property again to factor out the C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property again to factor out the C and
+that minus and of course finally I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus and of course finally I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus and of course finally I got
+the answer that we knew we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer that we knew we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer that we knew we would
+get but you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get but you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get but you see the
+method you see the method because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you see the method because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you see the method because it's
+method I'm looking for here not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method I'm looking for here not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method I'm looking for here not just a
+2X two answer but the method of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X two answer but the method of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X two answer but the method of doing
+now I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can do
+3x3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 and
+4x4s and any size so if you you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4s and any size so if you you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4s and any size so if you you can see
+the method of taking each row at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method of taking each row at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method of taking each row at a
+time so let's what what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so let's what what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so let's what what would happen
+with 3x3 can we mentally do it rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 3x3 can we mentally do it rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 3x3 can we mentally do it rather
+than I write everything on the board for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I write everything on the board for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I write everything on the board for
+3x3 so what would we do if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 so what would we do if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 so what would we do if I had
+3x3 I would keep rows two and three the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 I would keep rows two and three the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 I would keep rows two and three the
+same and I would split the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and I would split the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and I would split the first row
+into how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how many
+pieces three pieces I'd have an A z0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces three pieces I'd have an A z0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces three pieces I'd have an A z0 and
+A Z b0 and a 0 0 C or something for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A Z b0 and a 0 0 C or something for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A Z b0 and a 0 0 C or something for the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+row so I would in instead of going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row so I would in instead of going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row so I would in instead of going from
+one piece to two pieces to four pieces I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece to two pieces to four pieces I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece to two pieces to four pieces I
+would go from one piece to three pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go from one piece to three pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go from one piece to three pieces
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+to what would it be each of those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what would it be each of those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what would it be each of those three
+would would it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would it be
+nine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine or
+27 oh yeah I've actually got more steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 oh yeah I've actually got more steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 oh yeah I've actually got more steps
+right I'd go to nine but then I'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'd go to nine but then I'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'd go to nine but then I'd have
+another row to straighten out 27 yes oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another row to straighten out 27 yes oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another row to straighten out 27 yes oh
+God okay let me say this again then if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God okay let me say this again then if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God okay let me say this again then if I
+if it was 3 by3 I would separating out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was 3 by3 I would separating out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was 3 by3 I would separating out
+one row into three pieces would give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one row into three pieces would give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one row into three pieces would give me
+three separating out the second row into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three separating out the second row into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three separating out the second row into
+three pieces then I'd be up to nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pieces then I'd be up to nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pieces then I'd be up to nine
+separating out the third row into its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating out the third row into its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating out the third row into its
+three pieces I'd be up to 27 three cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pieces I'd be up to 27 three cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pieces I'd be up to 27 three cubed
+pieces but a lot of them would be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces but a lot of them would be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces but a lot of them would be zero
+so now where when would they not be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now where when would they not be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now where when would they not be zero
+tell me the pieces that would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me the pieces that would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me the pieces that would not be
+zero now now I will write the nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now now I will write the nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now now I will write the nonzero
+ones okay so I have this Matrix I I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones okay so I have this Matrix I I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones okay so I have this Matrix I I I I
+think I have to use these start using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I have to use these start using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I have to use these start using
+these double symbols here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because otherwise I could never do n by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise I could never do n by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise I could never do n by
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+okay okay so I split this up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so I split this up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so I split this up like
+crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy
+a bunch of pieces are zero whenever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of pieces are zero whenever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of pieces are zero whenever I
+have a column of zeros I know I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a column of zeros I know I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a column of zeros I know I've got
+zeros when do I not have zero when do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros when do I not have zero when do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros when do I not have zero when do I
+have what is it that's Like These Guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what is it that's Like These Guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what is it that's Like These Guys
+these are the survivors two survivors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the survivors two survivors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the survivors two survivors
+there so my question for 3x3 is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so my question for 3x3 is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so my question for 3x3 is going to
+be what are the survivors how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what are the survivors how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what are the survivors how many
+survivors are there what are they and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivors are there what are they and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivors are there what are they and
+when do I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do I get a
+Survivor well I would get a surviv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Survivor well I would get a surviv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Survivor well I would get a surviv
+for example One Survivor will be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example One Survivor will be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example One Survivor will be that
+one time that one time that one with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time that one time that one with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time that one time that one with all
+zeros everywhere else that would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros everywhere else that would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros everywhere else that would be one
+Survivor a11 0 0 0 a22 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Survivor a11 0 0 0 a22 0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Survivor a11 0 0 0 a22 0 0 0
+a33 that's like the a d Survivor tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a33 that's like the a d Survivor tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a33 that's like the a d Survivor tell me
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+Survivor what other thing oh now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Survivor what other thing oh now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Survivor what other thing oh now here
+you see the clue now can should I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the clue now can should I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the clue now can should I just
+say the whole clue that I'm having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the whole clue that I'm having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the whole clue that I'm having the
+survivors have one entry from each row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivors have one entry from each row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivors have one entry from each row
+and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each
+column one entry from each row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one entry from each row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one entry from each row and
+column because if some colum is missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column because if some colum is missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column because if some colum is missing
+then I get a singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get a singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get a singular
+Matrix and it that that's one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and it that that's one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and it that that's one of these
+guys see you see what happened with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys see you see what happened with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys see you see what happened with what
+like this guy column one never got used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this guy column one never got used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this guy column one never got used
+in z B 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in z B 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in z B 0
+D so it's determinant was zero and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so it's determinant was zero and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so it's determinant was zero and I
+forget it so I'm going to forget those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it so I'm going to forget those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it so I'm going to forget those
+and just put so tell me one more that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just put so tell me one more that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just put so tell me one more that
+would be a Survivor well the a11 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a Survivor well the a11 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a Survivor well the a11 well
+here's another one A1 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one A1 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one A1 one
+z0 now okay that's used up row row one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 now okay that's used up row row one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 now okay that's used up row row one
+is used column one is already used so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used column one is already used so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used column one is already used so it
+better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero what else could I have where could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what else could I have where could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what else could I have where could
+I pick the guy which column shall I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick the guy which column shall I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick the guy which column shall I use
+in row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in row
+two use column three because here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two use column three because here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two use column three because here if I
+use column here I use column one in row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use column here I use column one in row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use column here I use column one in row
+one this was like the column numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this was like the column numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this was like the column numbers
+were one two three right in order now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were one two three right in order now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were one two three right in order now
+the column numbers are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column numbers are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column numbers are going to be
+one three column three and column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two so the row numbers are 1 2 3 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so the row numbers are 1 2 3 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so the row numbers are 1 2 3 of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+the column numbers are some okay some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column numbers are some okay some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column numbers are some okay some
+permutation of 1 2 3 and here they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of 1 2 3 and here they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of 1 2 3 and here they come
+in the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the order
+132 it it's just like having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+132 it it's just like having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+132 it it's just like having a
+permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation
+Matrix with instead of the ones with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix with instead of the ones with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix with instead of the ones with
+numbers and and actually it's very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and and actually it's very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and and actually it's very close
+to having a permutation Matrix because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to having a permutation Matrix because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to having a permutation Matrix because I
+what I do eventually is I factor out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do eventually is I factor out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do eventually is I factor out
+these numbers and then I have got so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers and then I have got so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers and then I have got so
+that what is that determinant equ I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is that determinant equ I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is that determinant equ I
+factor those numbers out and I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor those numbers out and I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor those numbers out and I've got
+a11 * a22 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 * a22 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 * a22 *
+a33 and what does this determinant equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a33 and what does this determinant equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a33 and what does this determinant equal
+yeah now tell me that is we we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now tell me that is we we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now tell me that is we we're really
+getting to the heart of these formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the heart of these formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the heart of these formulas
+now what what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what what is that
+determinant by the laws of by by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant by the laws of by by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant by the laws of by by our
+three properties I can Factor these out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three properties I can Factor these out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three properties I can Factor these out
+I can factor out the a11 the a23 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can factor out the a11 the a23 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can factor out the a11 the a23 and the
+a32 they're in separate rows I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a32 they're in separate rows I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a32 they're in separate rows I can do
+each row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each row
+separately and then I just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and then I just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and then I just have to
+decide is that plus sign or is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide is that plus sign or is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide is that plus sign or is that a
+minus sign and the answer is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign and the answer is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign and the answer is it's
+a minus why minus because there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus why minus because there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus why minus because there is one
+row exchange to get it back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row exchange to get it back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row exchange to get it back to the
+identity so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so that's a
+minus now am I through no because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus now am I through no because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus now am I through no because there
+are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ways I what I'm really through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I what I'm really through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I what I'm really through
+with what I've done what I've what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what I've done what I've what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what I've done what I've what I've
+completed is only the part where the a11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed is only the part where the a11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed is only the part where the a11
+is there but now I've got Parts where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there but now I've got Parts where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there but now I've got Parts where
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a12 and now if it's a12 that row is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a12 and now if it's a12 that row is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a12 and now if it's a12 that row is used
+that column is used you see the idea I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column is used you see the idea I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column is used you see the idea I
+could use this row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use this row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use this row and
+column now that column is used that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column now that column is used that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column now that column is used that
+column is used and this guy has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is used and this guy has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is used and this guy has to be
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+a33 and what's that what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a33 and what's that what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a33 and what's that what's that
+determinant that's an a12 * an a21 * an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant that's an a12 * an a21 * an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant that's an a12 * an a21 * an
+a33 and does it have a plus or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a33 and does it have a plus or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a33 and does it have a plus or a
+minus a minus is right it has a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a minus is right it has a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a minus is right it has a minus
+because it's one flip away from an from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's one flip away from an from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's one flip away from an from
+the regular the right order the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular the right order the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular the right order the diagonal
+order and now what's the other guy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and now what's the other guy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and now what's the other guy with
+a with a a12 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with a a12 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with a a12 up
+there I could have used this row I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I could have used this row I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I could have used this row I could
+have put this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put this guy
+here and this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this guy
+here right you see the whole deal now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right you see the whole deal now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right you see the whole deal now
+that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an
+a12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a12
+a23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a23
+a31 and does that go with a plus or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a31 and does that go with a plus or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a31 and does that go with a plus or a
+minus yeah now that takes a minute of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus yeah now that takes a minute of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus yeah now that takes a minute of
+thinking doesn't it because one row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking doesn't it because one row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking doesn't it because one row
+exchange doesn't get it in line so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange doesn't get it in line so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange doesn't get it in line so what
+what is the answer for this plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the answer for this plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the answer for this plus or
+minus plus because it takes two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plus because it takes two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plus because it takes two
+exchanges I could exchange rows one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges I could exchange rows one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges I could exchange rows one and
+three and then two and three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then two and three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then two and three two
+exchanges makes this thing A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges makes this thing A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges makes this thing A
+Plus okay and then finally we have we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus okay and then finally we have we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus okay and then finally we have we're
+going to have two more 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a13 a21 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a13 a21 0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a13 a21 0 0 0
+A320 and one more guy 00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A320 and one more guy 00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A320 and one more guy 00
+a13 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a13 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a13 0
+a22 0 a 31 0 0 and let's put down what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a22 0 a 31 0 0 and let's put down what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a22 0 a 31 0 0 and let's put down what
+we get from those an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get from those an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get from those an
+a13 an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a13 an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a13 an
+a21 and an a32 and I think that one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a21 and an a32 and I think that one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a21 and an a32 and I think that one is a
+plus and this guy is a minus because one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and this guy is a minus because one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and this guy is a minus because one
+exchange would put it would order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange would put it would order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange would put it would order
+it and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus all right that has taken one whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus all right that has taken one whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus all right that has taken one whole
+board just to do the 3X3 but do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board just to do the 3X3 but do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board just to do the 3X3 but do you
+agree that we now have a formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determinant which came from the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties and is must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and is must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and is must be
+it and I'm going to keep that formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I'm going to keep that formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I'm going to keep that formula
+that's a famous that 3x3 formula is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a famous that 3x3 formula is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a famous that 3x3 formula is one
+that if if the camera will follow me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if the camera will follow me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if the camera will follow me
+back to the beginning here I I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the beginning here I I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the beginning here I I get the
+ones with a plus sign are the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones with a plus sign are the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones with a plus sign are the ones that
+go down like down this way and the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down like down this way and the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down like down this way and the ones
+with the minus signs are sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the minus signs are sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the minus signs are sort of the
+ones that go this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that go this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that go this
+way I won't make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I won't make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I won't make that
+precise for two reasons one it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise for two reasons one it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise for two reasons one it would
+flutter up the board and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flutter up the board and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flutter up the board and second
+reason it wouldn't be right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it wouldn't be right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it wouldn't be right for
+4x4s for 4x4 let me just say right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4s for 4x4 let me just say right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4s for 4x4 let me just say right away
+4x4 Matrix the DI the the cross diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 Matrix the DI the the cross diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 Matrix the DI the the cross diagonal
+the wrong diagonal happens to come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong diagonal happens to come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong diagonal happens to come out
+with a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a plus
+sign why is that if I have a 4x4 Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign why is that if I have a 4x4 Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign why is that if I have a 4x4 Matrix
+with ones coming on the counter diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ones coming on the counter diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ones coming on the counter diagonal
+that determinant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determinant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determinant is
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+why why Plus for that guy because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why Plus for that guy because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why Plus for that guy because if I
+exchange rows one and four and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rows one and four and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rows one and four and then I
+exchange rows two and three I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rows two and three I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rows two and three I've got the
+identity and I did two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and I did two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and I did two
+exchanges so this down to this like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges so this down to this like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges so this down to this like you
+know down toward Miami and down toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know down toward Miami and down toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know down toward Miami and down toward
+La stuff is uh like 3x3 only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+La stuff is uh like 3x3 only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+La stuff is uh like 3x3 only
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but I do want to get now I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do want to get now I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do want to get now I don't want to
+go through this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this for
+4x4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4
+I do want to get now the general formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do want to get now the general formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do want to get now the general formula
+so this is what I refer to in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what I refer to in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what I refer to in the book
+as the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the big
+formula so now this is the big formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so now this is the big formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so now this is the big formula
+for the determinant I'm I'm asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the determinant I'm I'm asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the determinant I'm I'm asking you
+to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a
+jump from 2x two and 3x3 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump from 2x two and 3x3 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump from 2x two and 3x3 to n
+byn okay so this will be the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+that the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the determinant of
+a is the sum of a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the sum of a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the sum of a whole lot of
+terms and what are those terms and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and what are those terms and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and what are those terms and and
+is it a plus or a minus sign and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a plus or a minus sign and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a plus or a minus sign and I have
+to tell you which which it is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you which which it is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you which which it is because
+this came in in the 3X3 case I had how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this came in in the 3X3 case I had how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this came in in the 3X3 case I had how
+many terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many terms
+six and half were plus and half or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and half were plus and half or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and half were plus and half or
+minus how many terms are you figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus how many terms are you figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus how many terms are you figuring
+for 4x4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 4x4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 4x4
+if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I
+get two terms in the 2x two case three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two terms in the 2x two case three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two terms in the 2x two case three
+ter six terms in the 3X3 case what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter six terms in the 3X3 case what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter six terms in the 3X3 case what's
+that pattern how many terms in the 4x4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pattern how many terms in the 4x4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pattern how many terms in the 4x4
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+24 four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 four
+factorial why why four factorial this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial why why four factorial this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial why why four factorial this
+would be a sum of N factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a sum of N factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a sum of N factorial
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+24 120
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 120
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 120
+720 whatever is after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+720 whatever is after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+720 whatever is after that
+okay half plus and half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus and where do those n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and where do those n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and where do those n factorial
+terms come from this is the moment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms come from this is the moment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms come from this is the moment to
+listen to this lecture where do those n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to this lecture where do those n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to this lecture where do those n
+factorial terms come from they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial terms come from they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial terms come from they come
+because the first the guy in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the first the guy in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the first the guy in the first
+row can be chosen n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row can be chosen n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row can be chosen n
+ways and after he's chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and after he's chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and after he's chosen
+that's used up that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used up that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used up that that
+column so the one in the second row can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so the one in the second row can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so the one in the second row can
+be chosen n minus one ways and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be chosen n minus one ways and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be chosen n minus one ways and after
+she's chosen that SEC second column has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's chosen that SEC second column has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's chosen that SEC second column has
+been used and then the one in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used and then the one in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used and then the one in the third
+row can be chosen n minus two ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row can be chosen n minus two ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row can be chosen n minus two ways and
+after it's chosen notice how I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it's chosen notice how I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it's chosen notice how I'm getting
+these personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these personal
+pronouns but I've run out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns but I've run out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns but I've run out
+uh and I'm not willing to stop with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'm not willing to stop with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'm not willing to stop with
+three by three so I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three by three so I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three by three so I'm just going to
+write the formula down so the one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the formula down so the one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the formula down so the one in the
+first row comes from some column Alpha I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row comes from some column Alpha I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row comes from some column Alpha I
+don't know what Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what Alpha
+is and the one in the SEC I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the one in the SEC I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the one in the SEC I multiply
+that by somebody in the second row that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by somebody in the second row that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by somebody in the second row that
+comes from some different column and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from some different column and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from some different column and I
+multiply that by somebody in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by somebody in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by somebody in the third
+row who comes from some yet different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row who comes from some yet different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row who comes from some yet different
+column and then in the N row uh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and then in the N row uh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and then in the N row uh I don't
+know what I don't know how to draw maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I don't know how to draw maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I don't know how to draw maybe
+Omega for last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega for last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega for last
+and the whole point is then that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole point is then that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole point is then that that
+those column numbers are different that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those column numbers are different that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those column numbers are different that
+Alpha Beta gamma Omega that set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta gamma Omega that set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta gamma Omega that set of
+column numbers is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column numbers is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column numbers is some
+permutation permutation of 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation permutation of 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation permutation of 1 to
+n it the N column numbers are each used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n it the N column numbers are each used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n it the N column numbers are each used
+once and that gives us n factorial terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and that gives us n factorial terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and that gives us n factorial terms
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+when I choose a term that means I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I choose a term that means I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I choose a term that means I'm
+choosing somebody from every row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing somebody from every row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing somebody from every row and
+column and then I just mult like the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and then I just mult like the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and then I just mult like the way
+I had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had this
+from row and column one row and column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from row and column one row and column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from row and column one row and column
+two row and column three so that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two row and column three so that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two row and column three so that what
+was the alpha beta stuff in that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the alpha beta stuff in that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the alpha beta stuff in that for
+that term here Alpha was One beta was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term here Alpha was One beta was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term here Alpha was One beta was
+two gamma was three the permutation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gamma was three the permutation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gamma was three the permutation was
+was the trivial permutation 1 two 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the trivial permutation 1 two 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the trivial permutation 1 two 3
+everybody in the right order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the right order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the right order
+you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula it's you see why I didn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's you see why I didn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's you see why I didn't want
+to start with that the first day Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with that the first day Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with that the first day Friday
+I'd rather we understood the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rather we understood the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rather we understood the properties
+because out of this formula presumably I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because out of this formula presumably I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because out of this formula presumably I
+could figure out all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could figure out all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could figure out all these
+properties how how would I know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties how how would I know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties how how would I know that the
+determinant of the identity Matrix was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the identity Matrix was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the identity Matrix was
+one for example out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for example out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for example out of this
+formula why is if a is the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula why is if a is the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula why is if a is the identity
+Matrix how does this formula give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix how does this formula give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix how does this formula give me a
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+one you you see it right cuz CU almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you you see it right cuz CU almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you you see it right cuz CU almost
+all the terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the terms are
+zeros which term isn't zero if if a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros which term isn't zero if if a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros which term isn't zero if if a is
+the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity
+Matrix almost all the terms are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix almost all the terms are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix almost all the terms are zero
+because almost all the A's are zero it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because almost all the A's are zero it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because almost all the A's are zero it's
+only the only time I'll get something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the only time I'll get something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the only time I'll get something is
+if it's a11 * a22 * a33 only only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a11 * a22 * a33 only only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a11 * a22 * a33 only only the
+only the permutation that's in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the permutation that's in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the permutation that's in the right
+order will will give me something it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order will will give me something it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order will will give me something it'll
+come with a plus sign and the determin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with a plus sign and the determin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with a plus sign and the determin
+of the identity is one so so we could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the identity is one so so we could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the identity is one so so we could go
+back from this formula and prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from this formula and prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from this formula and prove
+everything we could even try to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we could even try to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we could even try to prove
+that the determinant of a b was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the determinant of a b was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the determinant of a b was the
+determin of a times the determin of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determin of a times the determin of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determin of a times the determin of B
+but like next week we would still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like next week we would still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like next week we would still be
+working on it because it's not uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it because it's not uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it because it's not uh uh
+clear from if I took AB my God you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear from if I took AB my God you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear from if I took AB my God you know
+the entries of a be would be all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entries of a be would be all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entries of a be would be all these
+pieces well probably it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces well probably it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces well probably it's probably
+historically it's been done but it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically it's been done but it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically it's been done but it won't
+be repeated in 1806 okay it it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be repeated in 1806 okay it it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be repeated in 1806 okay it it would be
+possible probably to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible probably to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible probably to
+see um why the determin of a equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um why the determin of a equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um why the determin of a equals the
+determin of a transpose that was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determin of a transpose that was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determin of a transpose that was another
+like Miracle property at the end that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Miracle property at the end that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Miracle property at the end that
+would that would that's an easier one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that would that's an easier one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that would that's an easier one
+which we could find okay is that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we could find okay is that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we could find okay is that all
+right for the big formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for the big formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for the big formula
+I I could take then a typical let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I could take then a typical let me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I could take then a typical let me do
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+example which I I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which I I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which I I'll just
+create I I'll take a 4x4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create I I'll take a 4x4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create I I'll take a 4x4
+Matrix I'll put some I'll put some ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I'll put some I'll put some ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I'll put some I'll put some ones
+in and some zeros in okay let me I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and some zeros in okay let me I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and some zeros in okay let me I don't
+know how many to put in to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many to put in to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many to put in to tell the
+truth I I've never done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before I don't know the determin of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I don't know the determin of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I don't know the determin of that
+Matrix so like mathematics is being done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so like mathematics is being done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so like mathematics is being done
+for the first time in in front of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time in in front of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time in in front of your
+eyes uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determinant well a lot of there are 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant well a lot of there are 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant well a lot of there are 24
+terms because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms because it's
+4x4 many of them will be zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 many of them will be zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 many of them will be zero because
+I've got all those zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got all those zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got all those zeros
+there maybe the whole determinant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there maybe the whole determinant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there maybe the whole determinant is
+zero I mean is that a singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I mean is that a singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I mean is that a singular
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+that that possibility definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that possibility definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that possibility definitely
+exists I could I could uh so one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists I could I could uh so one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists I could I could uh so one way to
+do it would be elimination actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it would be elimination actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it would be elimination actually that
+would probably be a fairly reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably be a fairly reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably be a fairly reasonable
+way to I could use elimination so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to I could use elimination so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to I could use elimination so I
+could use go back to those properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use go back to those properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use go back to those properties
+that and use elimination get down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and use elimination get down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and use elimination get down
+eliminate it down do I have a row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate it down do I have a row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate it down do I have a row of
+zeros at the end of elimination the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros at the end of elimination the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros at the end of elimination the
+answer is zero I was thinking shall I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is zero I was thinking shall I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is zero I was thinking shall I
+try this big formula okay okay let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this big formula okay okay let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this big formula okay okay let's try
+the big formula how tell me one way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big formula how tell me one way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big formula how tell me one way I
+can go down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go down the
+Matrix taking a one taking a one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix taking a one taking a one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix taking a one taking a one from
+every row and column and make it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every row and column and make it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every row and column and make it to the
+end so so I get something that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so so I get something that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so so I get something that isn't
+zero well one way to do it I could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well one way to do it I could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well one way to do it I could take
+that times that times that times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that times that times that times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that times that times that times that
+that would be one and and and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one and and and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one and and and I just
+said that comes in with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that comes in with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that comes in with what
+sign plus that comes with a plus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign plus that comes with a plus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign plus that comes with a plus sign
+because because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because that
+permutation I've just written the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation I've just written the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation I've just written the
+permutation about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation about
+4321 and one exchange and a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4321 and one exchange and a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4321 and one exchange and a second
+exchange two exchanges puts it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange two exchanges puts it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange two exchanges puts it in the
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order keep walking away don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't okay we're executing a determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't okay we're executing a determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't okay we're executing a determinant
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh as long as it's not periodic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as long as it's not periodic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as long as it's not periodic of
+course if he comes back I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if he comes back I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if he comes back I
+me no all right all right okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me no all right all right okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me no all right all right okay so that
+would give me a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one all right are there any others well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right are there any others well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right are there any others well
+of course we see another one here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we see another one here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we see another one here this
+times this times this times this strikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this times this times this strikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this times this times this strikes
+us right away so that's the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us right away so that's the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us right away so that's the order
+three the order let me make make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the order let me make make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the order let me make make a
+little different Mark here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different Mark here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different Mark here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 and is that a plus or a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3214 is that is that permutation A Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3214 is that is that permutation A Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3214 is that is that permutation A Plus
+or a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a minus
+permutation it's a minus how do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation it's a minus how do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation it's a minus how do you see
+that what exchange shall I do to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what exchange shall I do to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what exchange shall I do to get it
+in the right order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right order
+if I exchange the one and the three I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I exchange the one and the three I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I exchange the one and the three I'm
+in the right orders took one exchange to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right orders took one exchange to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right orders took one exchange to
+do it so that would be a plus that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so that would be a plus that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so that would be a plus that would
+be a minus one and now I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a minus one and now I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a minus one and now I don't know if
+there are any more here let's see what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are any more here let's see what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are any more here let's see what I
+could let me try again starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could let me try again starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could let me try again starting with
+this uh now I've got to pick somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh now I've got to pick somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh now I've got to pick somebody
+from oh yeah see you see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from oh yeah see you see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from oh yeah see you see what's
+happening if I if I if I start there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening if I if I if I start there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening if I if I if I start there
+okay column three is used so then when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay column three is used so then when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay column three is used so then when I
+go to next row that I can't use that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to next row that I can't use that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to next row that I can't use that I
+must use that now columns two and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must use that now columns two and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must use that now columns two and three
+are used when I come to this row I must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used when I come to this row I must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used when I come to this row I must
+use that and then I must use that so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that and then I must use that so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that and then I must use that so if
+I start there this is the only one I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start there this is the only one I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start there this is the only one I get
+and similarly if I start there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly if I start there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly if I start there that's
+the only one I get so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one I get so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one I get so what's the
+determinant what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant what's the
+determinant zero the determinant is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant zero the determinant is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant zero the determinant is zero
+for that case because we we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that case because we we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that case because we we were able to
+check the 24 terms 22 of them were zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the 24 terms 22 of them were zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the 24 terms 22 of them were zero
+one of them them was plus one one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them them was plus one one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them them was plus one one of
+them was minus one add up the 24 terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was minus one add up the 24 terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was minus one add up the 24 terms
+zero is the answer okay well I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is the answer okay well I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is the answer okay well I didn't
+know it would be zero because I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it would be zero because I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it would be zero because I wasn't
+like thinking ahead I was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thinking ahead I was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thinking ahead I was a little
+scared actually as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that uh Apparition went by so and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that uh Apparition went by so and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that uh Apparition went by so and I
+don't know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if the
+camera caught that so whether the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera caught that so whether the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera caught that so whether the rest
+of the world will realize that I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world will realize that I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world will realize that I was in
+danger or not we don't know but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger or not we don't know but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger or not we don't know but anyway
+right I guess he just wanted to be sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I guess he just wanted to be sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I guess he just wanted to be sure
+that we got the right answer which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got the right answer which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got the right answer which is
+determinate zero and then that makes me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinate zero and then that makes me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinate zero and then that makes me
+think okay the Matrix must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay the Matrix must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay the Matrix must
+be the Matrix must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the Matrix must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the Matrix must be
+singular and then if the Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular and then if the Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular and then if the Matrix is
+singular maybe there's another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular maybe there's another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular maybe there's another way to
+see that it's singular like find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's singular like find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's singular like find
+something in its null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space or find a combination of the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space or find a combination of the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space or find a combination of the rows
+that give zero and like what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give zero and like what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give zero and like what what what
+combination of those rows does give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of those rows does give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of those rows does give
+zero suppose I add rows one and rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero suppose I add rows one and rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero suppose I add rows one and rows
+three if I add rows one and rows three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three if I add rows one and rows three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three if I add rows one and rows three
+what I get I get a row of all ones then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get I get a row of all ones then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get I get a row of all ones then
+if I add rows two and rows four I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I add rows two and rows four I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I add rows two and rows four I get a
+row of all ones so Row one minus row two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of all ones so Row one minus row two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of all ones so Row one minus row two
+plus Row 3 minus row four is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Row 3 minus row four is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Row 3 minus row four is probably
+the zero row it's a singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero row it's a singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero row it's a singular
+Matrix and I could find something in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and I could find something in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and I could find something in its
+null space the same way that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space the same way that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space the same way that would be a
+commin of columns that give zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commin of columns that give zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commin of columns that give zero okay
+there's an example all right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example all right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example all right so that's
+uh well that shows two things that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well that shows two things that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well that shows two things that shows
+how we get the 24 terms and it shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we get the 24 terms and it shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we get the 24 terms and it shows the
+great advantage of having a lot of zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great advantage of having a lot of zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great advantage of having a lot of zeros
+in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+okay so we'll use this big formula but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll use this big formula but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll use this big formula but I
+want to pick I want to go onward now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pick I want to go onward now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pick I want to go onward now to
+co-actors onward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors onward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors onward to
+co-actors co-actors is a way of breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors co-actors is a way of breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors co-actors is a way of breaking
+up this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula that connects this n byn this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that connects this n byn this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that connects this n byn this is
+an N byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N byn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N byn
+determinant that we've just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant that we've just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant that we've just have a
+formula for the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the big
+formula so co-actors is a way to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so co-actors is a way to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so co-actors is a way to connect
+this n byn determinant to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n byn determinant to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n byn determinant to uh
+determinants one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants one
+smaller one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller one
+smaller and the way we want to do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and the way we want to do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and the way we want to do it is
+actually going to show up in this since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to show up in this since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to show up in this since
+the 3X3 is the one that we wrote out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3X3 is the one that we wrote out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3X3 is the one that we wrote out in
+full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full
+let's let me do this 3 by so I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let me do this 3 by so I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let me do this 3 by so I'm talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+co-actors and I'm going to start again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors and I'm going to start again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors and I'm going to start again
+with 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by3 and I'm going to take the the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by3 and I'm going to take the the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by3 and I'm going to take the the exact
+formula and I'm just going to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and I'm just going to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and I'm just going to write it
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+a11 this is the this is the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 this is the this is the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 this is the this is the determinant
+I'm writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing
+I'm just going to say a11 * what a11 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to say a11 * what a11 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to say a11 * what a11 *
+what and it's a11 * a22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and it's a11 * a22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and it's a11 * a22
+a33 minus a23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a32 then I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a32 then I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a32 then I've got the
+a one two stuff times something and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one two stuff times something and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one two stuff times something and I've
+got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the
+a13 stuff times something do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a13 stuff times something do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a13 stuff times something do you see
+what I'm doing I'm taking our big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing I'm taking our big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing I'm taking our big
+formula and I'm saying okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and I'm saying okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and I'm saying okay
+choose column that of the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose column that of the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose column that of the first row
+choose column one and take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose column one and take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose column one and take all the
+possibilities and those extra factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and those extra factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and those extra factors
+will be what we'll call the co-actor co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be what we'll call the co-actor co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be what we'll call the co-actor co
+meaning going with a11 so this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning going with a11 so this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning going with a11 so this in
+parenthesis are these are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis are these are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis are these are in the
+co-actors are in paren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a11 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 time
+something and I figured out what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and I figured out what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and I figured out what that
+something was by just looking back if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something was by just looking back if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something was by just looking back if I
+can walk back here to the to the a11 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can walk back here to the to the a11 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can walk back here to the to the a11 the
+one that comes down the diagonal minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that comes down the diagonal minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that comes down the diagonal minus
+the one that comes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that comes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that comes that
+way that's those are the two only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's those are the two only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's those are the two only two
+that used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used
+a11 so there they are one with a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 so there they are one with a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 so there they are one with a plus
+and one with a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one with a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one with a minus
+and now I can write in the I could look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can write in the I could look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can write in the I could look
+back and see what used a12 and I can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and see what used a12 and I can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and see what used a12 and I can see
+what used a13 and those would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what used a13 and those would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what used a13 and those would be the
+co-actors of a12 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a13 before I do that what's this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a13 before I do that what's this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a13 before I do that what's this number
+what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+co-actor what is it there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor what is it there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor what is it there that's
+multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying
+a11 tell me what a22 a33 minus a23 a32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 tell me what a22 a33 minus a23 a32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 tell me what a22 a33 minus a23 a32
+is for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for this
+what do you recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do you
+recognize let's see I could I'll put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize let's see I could I'll put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize let's see I could I'll put it
+here there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's the
+a11 that's used column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 that's used column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 that's used column
+one then there's the other factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then there's the other factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then there's the other factors
+involve these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+columns this row is used this column is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns this row is used this column is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns this row is used this column is
+used so this the only things left to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so this the only things left to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so this the only things left to use
+are these and this formula uses them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these and this formula uses them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these and this formula uses them and
+what's what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the
+co-actor tell me what it is because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor tell me what it is because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor tell me what it is because you
+see it and then then I I'll I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it and then then I I'll I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it and then then I I'll I'll be
+happy you see what the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy you see what the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy you see what the idea of
+co-actors it's a determinant of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors it's a determinant of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors it's a determinant of this
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy a11 multiplies the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy a11 multiplies the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy a11 multiplies the determinant of
+this smaller guy that gives me all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this smaller guy that gives me all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this smaller guy that gives me all the
+a11 part of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 part of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 part of the big
+formula you see that this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula you see that this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula you see that this the
+determinant of this smaller guy is a22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this smaller guy is a22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this smaller guy is a22
+a33 minus a23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a33 minus a23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a33 minus a23
+a32 in other words once I've used column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a32 in other words once I've used column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a32 in other words once I've used column
+one and Row one what's left is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and Row one what's left is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and Row one what's left is all the
+ways to use the other n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to use the other n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to use the other n minus one
+columns and n- one rows one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and n- one rows one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and n- one rows one of
+each all the other and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each all the other and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each all the other and that's the
+determinant of the smaller guy of size n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the smaller guy of size n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the smaller guy of size n
+minus one so that's the whole idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so that's the whole idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so that's the whole idea of
+co-actors and we just have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors and we just have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors and we just have to remember
+that with determinants we've got pluses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with determinants we've got pluses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with determinants we've got pluses
+and minus signs to keep straight can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus signs to keep straight can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus signs to keep straight can we
+keep this next one straight ah let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this next one straight ah let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this next one straight ah let's do
+the next one okay the next one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one okay the next one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one okay the next one will
+be when I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be when I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be when I use
+a12 I'll have left so I can't use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a12 I'll have left so I can't use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a12 I'll have left so I can't use that
+column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+anymore but I can use A2 2 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but I can use A2 2 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but I can use A2 2 1 and
+a23 and I can use a31 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a33 so this one gave me A1 time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a33 so this one gave me A1 time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a33 so this one gave me A1 time that
+determinant this will give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant this will give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant this will give me
+a12 time this determinant a21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a33 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a33 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a33 minus
+a23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a31 so that's all the stuff involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a31 so that's all the stuff involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a31 so that's all the stuff involving
+a12 but have I got the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a12 but have I got the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a12 but have I got the sign
+right is the determinant of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is the determinant of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is the determinant of that
+correctly given by that or is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly given by that or is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly given by that or is there a
+minus sign there is a minus sign I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign there is a minus sign I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign there is a minus sign I can
+follow one of these if I do that times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow one of these if I do that times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow one of these if I do that times
+that times that that was one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that times that that was one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that times that that was one that's
+showing up here but it should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up here but it should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up here but it should have
+showed it should have been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus so I'm going to build that minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so I'm going to build that minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so I'm going to build that minus
+sign into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign into the
+co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor
+so so the co-actor so I'm put I put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the co-actor so I'm put I put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the co-actor so I'm put I put that
+minus sign in here so because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign in here so because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign in here so because the
+co-actor is going to be strictly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor is going to be strictly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor is going to be strictly the
+thing that multiplies the the factor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that multiplies the the factor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that multiplies the the factor the
+factor is a12 the co-actor is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is a12 the co-actor is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is a12 the co-actor is this is
+the parenthesis stop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parenthesis stop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parenthesis stop in
+parentheses so it's got the minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses so it's got the minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses so it's got the minus sign
+built in and if I did if I went on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in and if I did if I went on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in and if I did if I went on to
+the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third
+guy there would be this and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy there would be this and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy there would be this and this this
+and this and it would take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and it would take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and it would take it
+determinant it would come out plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant it would come out plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant it would come out plus the
+determinant so now I'm ready to say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so now I'm ready to say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so now I'm ready to say what
+co-actors are so this would be a plus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors are so this would be a plus an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors are so this would be a plus an
+a13 * its co-actor and over here we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a13 * its co-actor and over here we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a13 * its co-actor and over here we had
+plus a11 times its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a11 times its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a11 times its
+determinant but and there we had the a12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant but and there we had the a12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant but and there we had the a12
+times its co-actor but the so the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times its co-actor but the so the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times its co-actor but the so the point
+is the co-actor is either plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the co-actor is either plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the co-actor is either plus or minus
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+determinant so let me write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so let me write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so let me write that
+Underneath Him what what is the what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Underneath Him what what is the what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Underneath Him what what is the what are
+co-actors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor
+of any number a i j let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say this is this is all the terms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is this is all the terms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is this is all the terms in the
+in the big formula that involve AI J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the big formula that involve AI J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the big formula that involve AI J
+We're especially interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're especially interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're especially interested in
+a1j the first row that's what I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1j the first row that's what I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1j the first row that's what I've been
+talking about but any row would be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about but any row would be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about but any row would be all
+right all right so the the what terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so the the what terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so the the what terms
+involve AI J so it's it is it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determinant of the N minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix without with row I column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix without with row I column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix without with row I column
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+erased so it's the it's a mat of size n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased so it's the it's a mat of size n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased so it's the it's a mat of size n
+minus one with of course because I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one with of course because I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one with of course because I can't
+use this row or this column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this row or this column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this row or this column
+again so I have the Matrix all there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I have the Matrix all there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I have the Matrix all there but
+now it's multiplied by A Plus or a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's multiplied by A Plus or a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's multiplied by A Plus or a minus
+this is the co-actor and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the co-actor and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the co-actor and I'm going to
+call that c i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+j Capital I'll use Capital C just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j Capital I'll use Capital C just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j Capital I'll use Capital C just to
+just to emphasize that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to emphasize that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to emphasize that these are
+important and emphasize that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and emphasize that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and emphasize that they're
+they're they're different from the A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now is it a plus or is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now is it a plus or is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now is it a plus or is it a
+minus because we see that in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus because we see that in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus because we see that in this case
+for a11 it was a plus for a12 I this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a11 it was a plus for a12 I this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a11 it was a plus for a12 I this is
+i j it was a minus for this i j it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j it was a minus for this i j it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j it was a minus for this i j it was a
+plus so any any guess on the rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus so any any guess on the rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus so any any guess on the rule for
+plus or minus when we see those examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus when we see those examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus when we see those examples
+I Jal 1 one or 13 was a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Jal 1 one or 13 was a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Jal 1 one or 13 was a plus
+it sounds very like I + J odd or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds very like I + J odd or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds very like I + J odd or
+even that that doesn't surprise us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that that doesn't surprise us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that that doesn't surprise us and
+that's the right answer so it's a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right answer so it's a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right answer so it's a plus
+if I + J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I + J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I + J is
+even and it's a minus if I + J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+OD so if I go along Row one and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD so if I go along Row one and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD so if I go along Row one and look at
+the co factors I just take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co factors I just take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co factors I just take those
+determinants those one smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants those one smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants those one smaller
+determinants and they come in order plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants and they come in order plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants and they come in order plus
+minus plusus plus minus but if I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plusus plus minus but if I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plusus plus minus but if I go
+along row two and and and take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along row two and and and take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along row two and and and take those
+co-actors those subd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors those subd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors those subd
+determinants they would start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants they would start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants they would start with a
+minus because the 2 one entry 2+ one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus because the 2 one entry 2+ one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus because the 2 one entry 2+ one is
+odd so the so like there's a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd so the so like there's a pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd so the so like there's a pattern
+plus minus plus minus plus if it was 5x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus plus minus plus if it was 5x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus plus minus plus if it was 5x
+5 but then if I was doing a co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 but then if I was doing a co-actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 but then if I was doing a co-actor
+then this sign would be minus plusus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this sign would be minus plusus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this sign would be minus plusus
+plusus plus minus plus a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+checkerboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay those are the signs that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay those are the signs that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay those are the signs that that
+are given by this rule i+ J even or odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given by this rule i+ J even or odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given by this rule i+ J even or odd
+and those are built into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are built into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are built into the
+co-actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors
+the thing is called a minor without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is called a minor without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is called a minor without the
+before you've built in the sign but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you've built in the sign but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you've built in the sign but I
+don't care about those build in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about those build in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about those build in that
+sign and call it the co-actor okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and call it the co-actor okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and call it the co-actor okay so
+what's the co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the co-actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the co-actor
+formula what's the co-factor formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula what's the co-factor formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula what's the co-factor formula
+then let me come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let me come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let me come back to this
+board and say what's the co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of
+a is let's go along the first row it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is let's go along the first row it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is let's go along the first row it's
+a11 times its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+co-actor and then the second guy is a12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor and then the second guy is a12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor and then the second guy is a12
+* its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* its
+co-actor and you just keep going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor and you just keep going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor and you just keep going to the
+end of the row a1n * its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the row a1n * its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the row a1n * its
+co-actor so that's co-actor form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor so that's co-actor form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor so that's co-actor form
+along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row
+one and if I went along row I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if I went along row I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if I went along row I I would
+those ones would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I's that's worth putting a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I's that's worth putting a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I's that's worth putting a box
+around that's the co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula do you see
+that actually this would give me another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually this would give me another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually this would give me another
+way I could have started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I could have started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I could have started the
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+topic of determinants and some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of determinants and some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of determinants and some some
+people might do it this choose to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might do it this choose to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might do it this choose to do it
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+way because the co-actor formula would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because the co-actor formula would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because the co-actor formula would
+allow me to build up an N byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to build up an N byn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to build up an N byn
+determinant out of n minus one size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant out of n minus one size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant out of n minus one size
+determinants build those out of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants build those out of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants build those out of n minus
+2 and so on I could boil all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and so on I could boil all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and so on I could boil all the way
+down to one by ones so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to one by ones so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to one by ones so what's the
+co-actor formula for 2 by two matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor formula for 2 by two matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor formula for 2 by two matrices
+yeah tell me that what's the co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah tell me that what's the co-actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah tell me that what's the co-actor
+for so here's the here's the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so here's the here's the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so here's the here's the world's
+smallest example practically of a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest example practically of a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest example practically of a of a
+of a co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a co-actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a co-actor
+formula okay let's let's go along Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay let's let's go along Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay let's let's go along Row
+one I take this first guy times its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I take this first guy times its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I take this first guy times its
+co-actor what's the co-actor of the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor what's the co-actor of the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor what's the co-actor of the one
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+entry D because you strike out the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry D because you strike out the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry D because you strike out the one
+one row and column and you're left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one row and column and you're left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one row and column and you're left with
+d then I take this guy B times its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d then I take this guy B times its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d then I take this guy B times its
+co-actor what's the co-actor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor what's the co-actor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor what's the co-actor of
+B is it C or it's minus C because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is it C or it's minus C because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is it C or it's minus C because I
+strike out this guy I take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike out this guy I take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike out this guy I take that
+determinant and then I follow the I + J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and then I follow the I + J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and then I follow the I + J
+Rule and I get a a minus I get an odd So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule and I get a a minus I get an odd So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule and I get a a minus I get an odd So
+it's b * minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C okay it of course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay it of course it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay it of course it
+worked and the 3X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and the 3X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and the 3X3
+works so that's the co-actor formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so that's the co-actor formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so that's the co-actor formula and
+that is uh uh it's it's a good formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh uh it's it's a good formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh uh it's it's a good formula
+to know and now I'm I'm I I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know and now I'm I'm I I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know and now I'm I'm I I'm I'm
+feeling like wow I'm giving you a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling like wow I'm giving you a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling like wow I'm giving you a lot
+of algebra to swallow here last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algebra to swallow here last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algebra to swallow here last lecture
+gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties now I'm giving you and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties now I'm giving you and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties now I'm giving you and by the
+way those 10 properties led us to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way those 10 properties led us to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way those 10 properties led us to a
+formula for the determinant which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the determinant which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the determinant which was
+very important and I haven't repeated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important and I haven't repeated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important and I haven't repeated it
+till now what was that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till now what was that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till now what was that the the
+determinant is the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is the product of the
+pivots so the pivot formula is is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots so the pivot formula is is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots so the pivot formula is is very
+important the pivots have all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the pivots have all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the pivots have all this
+complicated mess already built in as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated mess already built in as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated mess already built in as you
+did elimination to get the pivots you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did elimination to get the pivots you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did elimination to get the pivots you
+built in all this horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in all this horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in all this horrible
+stuff quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff quite
+efficiently then the big formula with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently then the big formula with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently then the big formula with
+the N factorial terms that's got all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N factorial terms that's got all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N factorial terms that's got all the
+horrible stuff spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible stuff spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible stuff spread
+out and the co-actor formula is like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the co-actor formula is like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the co-actor formula is like in
+between it's got easy stuff times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between it's got easy stuff times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between it's got easy stuff times
+horrible stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible stuff
+basically but it's it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically but it's it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically but it's it shows
+you uh how to get determinants from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh how to get determinants from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh how to get determinants from
+smaller determinants and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller determinants and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller determinants and that's the
+application that I now want to make so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that I now want to make so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that I now want to make so
+may I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may I
+do one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one more
+example so I remember the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so I remember the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so I remember the general
+idea but I'm going to use this co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but I'm going to use this co-actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but I'm going to use this co-actor
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+matrix so here's going to be my example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so here's going to be my example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so here's going to be my example
+it's I I promised in the in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I I promised in the in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I I promised in the in the course
+in the lecture uh outline at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture uh outline at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture uh outline at the very
+beginning to do an example and let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to do an example and let me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to do an example and let me do
+I'm going to pick triagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to pick triagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to pick triagonal
+Matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones I could I'm drawing here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4x4 so this will be The Matrix I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 so this will be The Matrix I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 so this will be The Matrix I could
+call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A4 but my real idea is to do n byn to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A4 but my real idea is to do n byn to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A4 but my real idea is to do n byn to do
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+all so a I could everybody understands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so a I could everybody understands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so a I could everybody understands
+what A1 and A2 are yeah maybe we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what A1 and A2 are yeah maybe we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what A1 and A2 are yeah maybe we should
+just do A1 and A2 and A3 just for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do A1 and A2 and A3 just for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do A1 and A2 and A3 just for so
+this is A4 what what's the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is A4 what what's the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is A4 what what's the determinant
+of A1 what the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A1 what the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A1 what the determinant of
+A1 so so what's the Matrix A1 in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 so so what's the Matrix A1 in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 so so what's the Matrix A1 in this
+formula it's just got that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's just got that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's just got that so the
+determinant is one what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is one what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is one what's the
+determinant of A2 so it's just got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of A2 so it's just got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of A2 so it's just got this
+2 by two and its determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+zero and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then the
+3X3 can we see its determinant can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3X3 can we see its determinant can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3X3 can we see its determinant can you
+take the determinant of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the determinant of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the determinant of that
+3x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3
+well that's not quite so obvious at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not quite so obvious at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not quite so obvious at
+least not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least not to
+me being 3x3 I I don't know so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me being 3x3 I I don't know so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me being 3x3 I I don't know so here's
+here's a good example how would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a good example how would you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a good example how would you do
+that 3x3 determinant we've got like n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 3x3 determinant we've got like n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 3x3 determinant we've got like n
+factorial different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial different
+ways well three factorial so we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways well three factorial so we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways well three factorial so we've got
+six ways okay uh I mean one way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six ways okay uh I mean one way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six ways okay uh I mean one way to do
+it actually the way I would probably do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually the way I would probably do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually the way I would probably do
+it being 3x3 I would use the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being 3x3 I would use the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being 3x3 I would use the complete
+the big formula I would say I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big formula I would say I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big formula I would say I've got a
+one from that I've got a zero from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from that I've got a zero from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from that I've got a zero from that
+I've got a zero from that a zero from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a zero from that a zero from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a zero from that a zero from
+that and this direction is a minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this direction is a minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this direction is a minus one
+that direction is a minus one I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction is a minus one I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction is a minus one I believe
+the answer is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one would you do it another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would you do it another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would you do it another
+way here's another way to do it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way here's another way to do it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way here's another way to do it look
+subtract Row three from I'm I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract Row three from I'm I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract Row three from I'm I'm just
+looking at this 3x3 everybody's looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this 3x3 everybody's looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this 3x3 everybody's looking
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+33 subtract Row three from row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 subtract Row three from row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 subtract Row three from row
+two determinant doesn't change so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two determinant doesn't change so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two determinant doesn't change so those
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+zeros okay now use the co-actor formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros okay now use the co-actor formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros okay now use the co-actor formula
+how's that how could how if this was now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's that how could how if this was now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's that how could how if this was now
+zeros and I'm looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and I'm looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and I'm looking at this
+3x3 use the co-actor formula why not use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 use the co-actor formula why not use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 use the co-actor formula why not use
+the co-actor formula along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row because then I take that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row because then I take that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row because then I take that number
+times its co-actor so I take this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times its co-actor so I take this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times its co-actor so I take this number
+let me put a box around it times its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put a box around it times its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put a box around it times its
+co-actor which is the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor which is the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor which is the determinant of
+that and that which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that 2x two Matrix has determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2x two Matrix has determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2x two Matrix has determinant
+one so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+co-actor what's the co-actor of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor what's the co-actor of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor what's the co-actor of this guy
+here looking just at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here looking just at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here looking just at this
+3x3 the co-actor of that one is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 the co-actor of that one is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 the co-actor of that one is this
+determinant which is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant which is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant which is 1
+*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+negative so that's why the answer came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so that's why the answer came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so that's why the answer came
+out minus one okay so I did the 3X3 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out minus one okay so I did the 3X3 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out minus one okay so I did the 3X3 I
+don't know if we want to try the 4x4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if we want to try the 4x4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if we want to try the 4x4
+yeah that's I guess that was the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's I guess that was the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's I guess that was the point
+of my example of course so I have to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my example of course so I have to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my example of course so I have to try
+it sorry I'm in a good mood today so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sorry I'm in a good mood today so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sorry I'm in a good mood today so you
+you have to stand for all the bad jokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to stand for all the bad jokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to stand for all the bad jokes
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+so what was The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what was The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what was The
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay now I'm ready for 4x4 who wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay now I'm ready for 4x4 who wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay now I'm ready for 4x4 who wants
+this who wants to guess the the I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this who wants to guess the the I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this who wants to guess the the I I I
+don't know frankly is 4x4 what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know frankly is 4x4 what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know frankly is 4x4 what's what's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+determinant I plan to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+co-actors okay let's use co-actors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors okay let's use co-actors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors okay let's use co-actors the
+determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of
+A4 is okay let's use co-actors of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A4 is okay let's use co-actors of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A4 is okay let's use co-actors of the
+first row those are easier so I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row those are easier so I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row those are easier so I multiply
+this number which is the convenient one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number which is the convenient one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number which is the convenient one
+times this determinant so it's it's 1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this determinant so it's it's 1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this determinant so it's it's 1 *
+the this 3x3 determinant now what is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this 3x3 determinant now what is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this 3x3 determinant now what is do
+you recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recognize that
+matrix it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's
+A3 so it's 1 times the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 so it's 1 times the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 so it's 1 times the determinant of
+A3 coming along this row is a one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 coming along this row is a one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 coming along this row is a one time
+this determinant and it goes with a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this determinant and it goes with a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this determinant and it goes with a plus
+right and then we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then we have this
+one and what is its co-actor now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and what is its co-actor now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and what is its co-actor now I'm
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+now I'm looking at this 3x3 this 3x3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm looking at this 3x3 this 3x3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm looking at this 3x3 this 3x3 so
+I'm looking at the 3X3 that I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at the 3X3 that I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at the 3X3 that I haven't
+xed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xed
+out what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is
+that oh now it did A Plus or is it plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh now it did A Plus or is it plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh now it did A Plus or is it plus
+this determinant this 3x3 determinant or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this determinant this 3x3 determinant or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this determinant this 3x3 determinant or
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+it it's minus it right because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's minus it right because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's minus it right because this is
+I'm starting in a one two position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm starting in a one two position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm starting in a one two position and
+that's a minus so I want minus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a minus so I want minus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a minus so I want minus this
+determinant but these guys are xed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant but these guys are xed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant but these guys are xed
+out okay so I got a 3X3 three well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so I got a 3X3 three well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so I got a 3X3 three well let's
+use co-actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use co-actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use co-actors
+again use co-actors of the column CU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again use co-actors of the column CU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again use co-actors of the column CU
+actually we could use co-actors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we could use co-actors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we could use co-actors of
+columns just as well as rows because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns just as well as rows because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns just as well as rows because
+because the transpose rule so I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the transpose rule so I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the transpose rule so I'll take
+this one which is now sitting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one which is now sitting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one which is now sitting in the
+plus position times its determinant oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus position times its determinant oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus position times its determinant oh
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+hell what an oh yeah I shouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell what an oh yeah I shouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell what an oh yeah I shouldn't have
+said hell because it's all right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hell because it's all right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hell because it's all right okay
+one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time
+the determin what is that Matrix now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determin what is that Matrix now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determin what is that Matrix now
+that I'm taking the this smaller one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm taking the this smaller one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm taking the this smaller one of
+oh but there's a minus right the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh but there's a minus right the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh but there's a minus right the minus
+came from from the fact that this was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from from the fact that this was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from from the fact that this was in
+the one two position and that's odd so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one two position and that's odd so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one two position and that's odd so
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+minus one times and what's and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one times and what's and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one times and what's and then this
+one is the upper left and it's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the upper left and it's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the upper left and it's the one
+one position in its Matrix so plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one position in its Matrix so plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one position in its Matrix so plus and
+what's this Matrix here do you recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this Matrix here do you recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this Matrix here do you recognize
+that that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Matrix
+is yes please say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A2 and we that's our formula for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 and we that's our formula for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 and we that's our formula for any
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+a of any size n is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of any size n is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of any size n is equal to the
+determinant of a n minus one that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a n minus one that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a n minus one that's what
+came from taking the one in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from taking the one in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from taking the one in the upper
+corner the first co-actor minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner the first co-actor minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner the first co-actor minus the
+determinant of a n minus 2 what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a n minus 2 what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a n minus 2 what we
+discovered there is true for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered there is true for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered there is true for all
+in I didn't even mention it but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I didn't even mention it but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I didn't even mention it but I
+stopped taking co-actors when I got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped taking co-actors when I got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped taking co-actors when I got this
+one why did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one why did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one why did I
+stop why didn't I take the co-actor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop why didn't I take the co-actor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop why didn't I take the co-actor of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+guy because he's going to get multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy because he's going to get multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy because he's going to get multiplied
+by zero and no no use wasting time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zero and no no use wasting time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zero and no no use wasting time or
+this one too the co-actor her co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one too the co-actor her co-actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one too the co-actor her co-actor
+will be whatever that determinant is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be whatever that determinant is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be whatever that determinant is but
+it'll be multiplied by zero so I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be multiplied by zero so I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be multiplied by zero so I won't
+bother okay there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother okay there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother okay there is the
+formula and that now tells us I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and that now tells us I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and that now tells us I could
+figure out what A4 is now oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what A4 is now oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what A4 is now oh yeah
+finally I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I can get
+A4 because it's A3 which is minus1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A4 because it's A3 which is minus1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A4 because it's A3 which is minus1 minus
+A2 which is zero so it's minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one you see we're getting kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you see we're getting kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you see we're getting kind of
+numbers that you might not have guessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that you might not have guessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that you might not have guessed
+so our sequence right now is 1 0 -1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our sequence right now is 1 0 -1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our sequence right now is 1 0 -1 -
+one what's the next one in the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the next one in the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the next one in the sequence
+A5 A5 is this minus this so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A5 A5 is this minus this so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A5 A5 is this minus this so it
+is zero what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero what's
+A6 A6 is this minus this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A6 A6 is this minus this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A6 A6 is this minus this which
+is one what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one what's
+A7 I'm I'm going to be stopped by either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A7 I'm I'm going to be stopped by either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A7 I'm I'm going to be stopped by either
+the time runs out or the board runs out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time runs out or the board runs out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time runs out or the board runs out
+here okay A7 is this minus this which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay A7 is this minus this which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay A7 is this minus this which is
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+I'll stop here because time is out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll stop here because time is out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll stop here because time is out but
+let me tell you what we've got what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you what we've got what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you what we've got what what
+these determinants have this series 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these determinants have this series 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these determinants have this series 1 0
+- one - one 0 1 and then it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- one - one 0 1 and then it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- one - one 0 1 and then it starts
+repeating it's pretty fantastic these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating it's pretty fantastic these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating it's pretty fantastic these
+determinants have period six so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants have period six so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants have period six so the
+determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of
+a61 would be the determinant of A1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a61 would be the determinant of A1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a61 would be the determinant of A1 which
+would be one okay I hope you likeed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one okay I hope you likeed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one okay I hope you likeed that
+example a non-trivial example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a non-trivial example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a non-trivial example of a
+triagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triagonal
+determin thanks see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2ZXYM1h9pgY.txt b/2ZXYM1h9pgY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6ed5470cf9e145926f661c3e6e55f4193c460fba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2ZXYM1h9pgY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9355 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay great Bowl thank you for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great Bowl thank you for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great Bowl thank you for the
+great setup so for this section we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great setup so for this section we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great setup so for this section we'll
+talk about some of our work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some of our work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some of our work in
+interpreting mammograms for cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting mammograms for cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting mammograms for cancer
+specific that's gonna go into cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific that's gonna go into cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific that's gonna go into cancer
+detection and triage and mammograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection and triage and mammograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection and triage and mammograms
+there's will talk about kind of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's will talk about kind of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's will talk about kind of our
+technical approach to breast cancer risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical approach to breast cancer risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical approach to breast cancer risk
+and then finally close up and differ the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally close up and differ the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally close up and differ the
+many many different ways to mess up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different ways to mess up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different ways to mess up and
+the way things can go wrong and how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way things can go wrong and how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way things can go wrong and how does
+the proclick complementation so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proclick complementation so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proclick complementation so let's
+kind of look more closely at the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of look more closely at the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of look more closely at the numbers
+of the actual breast cancer screening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the actual breast cancer screening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the actual breast cancer screening
+workflow so as Connie or when they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflow so as Connie or when they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflow so as Connie or when they said
+you might you know see something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might you know see something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might you know see something like a
+thousand patients all them take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand patients all them take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand patients all them take
+mammograms that of that thousand on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammograms that of that thousand on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammograms that of that thousand on
+average maybe 100 they called back for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average maybe 100 they called back for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average maybe 100 they called back for
+additional imaging of that hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional imaging of that hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional imaging of that hundred
+something like twenty will get biopsied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like twenty will get biopsied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like twenty will get biopsied
+and you end up with maybe five or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up with maybe five or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up with maybe five or six
+diagnosis of breast cancer so one very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis of breast cancer so one very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis of breast cancer so one very
+clear thing you see about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear thing you see about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear thing you see about you know
+problems when you look at this funnel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems when you look at this funnel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems when you look at this funnel is
+that way over 99% of people that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way over 99% of people that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way over 99% of people that you see
+in a given day all cancer-free so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given day all cancer-free so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given day all cancer-free so your
+actual incidence is very low and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual incidence is very low and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual incidence is very low and so
+there's kind of a natural question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of a natural question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of a natural question that
+can come up what can you do in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up what can you do in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up what can you do in terms of
+modeling fear food you know and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling fear food you know and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling fear food you know and even
+okay cancer detection model to raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cancer detection model to raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cancer detection model to raise the
+incidence of this population but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence of this population but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence of this population but I'm
+actually reading a portion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reading a portion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reading a portion the
+population is healthy so everybody just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is healthy so everybody just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is healthy so everybody just
+follow that broad idea okay it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that broad idea okay it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that broad idea okay it's like
+enough head not so the broad idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough head not so the broad idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough head not so the broad idea here
+is gonna train a cancer detection model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna train a cancer detection model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna train a cancer detection model
+to try to find cancer as well as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to find cancer as well as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to find cancer as well as we can
+given that we're gonna sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that we're gonna sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that we're gonna sort of say
+what's a threshold on a development set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a threshold on a development set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a threshold on a development set
+such that we can kind of say below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that we can kind of say below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that we can kind of say below the
+thresholds no one has cancer and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds no one has cancer and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds no one has cancer and if you
+use that a test time similarly any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that a test time similarly any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that a test time similarly any kind
+of computation what would that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computation what would that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computation what would that look like
+and can we actually do better by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can we actually do better by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can we actually do better by doing
+this kind of process and the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of process and the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of process and the kind of
+broad plan of how I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad plan of how I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad plan of how I'm going to talk
+about this I'm gonna do this for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I'm gonna do this for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I'm gonna do this for the
+next partic as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next partic as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next partic as well
+first we're gonna talk about the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we're gonna talk about the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we're gonna talk about the kind of
+data collection and how we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collection and how we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collection and how we think about
+like you know what is good data and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know what is good data and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know what is good data and how
+to be you know think about that next the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you know think about that next the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you know think about that next the
+actual methodology and kind of going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual methodology and kind of going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual methodology and kind of going to
+the general challenges when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general challenges when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general challenges when you're
+modeling mammograms for any computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling mammograms for any computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling mammograms for any computer
+vision tasks specifically in cancer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision tasks specifically in cancer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision tasks specifically in cancer and
+also obviously risk and lastly how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also obviously risk and lastly how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also obviously risk and lastly how we
+thought about the analysis and some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about the analysis and some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about the analysis and some kind
+of objectives there so to kind of dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objectives there so to kind of dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objectives there so to kind of dive
+into it we took consecutive mammograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it we took consecutive mammograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it we took consecutive mammograms
+I'll get back in this later it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get back in this later it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get back in this later it's
+actually quite important we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite important we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite important we took
+consecutive mammograms from 2009 to 2016
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive mammograms from 2009 to 2016
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive mammograms from 2009 to 2016
+this started off with about 280,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this started off with about 280,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this started off with about 280,000
+cancers and once we kind of filter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers and once we kind of filter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers and once we kind of filter it
+for at least one year follow-up we ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least one year follow-up we ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least one year follow-up we ended
+up with this you know final setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this you know final setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this you know final setting
+where we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had
+220,000 mammograms for training and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+220,000 mammograms for training and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+220,000 mammograms for training and
+about 26,000 for development and testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 26,000 for development and testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 26,000 for development and testing
+and the way we had all comes to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we had all comes to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we had all comes to say is
+this a positive mammogram or not we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a positive mammogram or not we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a positive mammogram or not we
+didn't look at what cancers were caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't look at what cancers were caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't look at what cancers were caught
+by the radiology would say you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the radiology would say you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the radiology would say you know what
+was cancer that was fine any means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was cancer that was fine any means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was cancer that was fine any means
+within a year and where we look to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a year and where we look to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a year and where we look to look
+through the radiology HR and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the radiology HR and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the radiology HR and the
+partners kind of live hospice tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners kind of live hospice tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners kind of live hospice tree and
+then we trying to save a cancer anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we trying to save a cancer anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we trying to save a cancer anyway
+we can tell a cancer occurred let's mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can tell a cancer occurred let's mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can tell a cancer occurred let's mark
+it as such regardless with honors called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as such regardless with honors called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as such regardless with honors called
+an MRI or some kind of later stage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MRI or some kind of later stage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MRI or some kind of later stage and
+so the thing we're trying to do here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thing we're trying to do here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thing we're trying to do here is
+just mimic you know the real world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mimic you know the real world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mimic you know the real world of
+what we are trying to catch cancer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are trying to catch cancer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are trying to catch cancer and
+finally in important details we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally in important details we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally in important details we always
+split by patient so that you're not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split by patient so that you're not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split by patient so that you're not just
+your results aren't just memorizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your results aren't just memorizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your results aren't just memorizing the
+specific patient didn't have cancer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific patient didn't have cancer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific patient didn't have cancer and
+so you have some overlap this and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have some overlap this and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have some overlap this and that
+vice they have okay that's pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice they have okay that's pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice they have okay that's pretty simple
+now let's go into the modeling this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go into the modeling this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go into the modeling this is
+gonna kind of follow two chunks one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna kind of follow two chunks one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna kind of follow two chunks one
+chunk is gonna be on the kind of general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk is gonna be on the kind of general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk is gonna be on the kind of general
+challenges and it's kind of shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and it's kind of shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and it's kind of shared
+between the variety projects and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the variety projects and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the variety projects and that's
+is going to be kind of more specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be kind of more specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be kind of more specific
+analysis for this project so a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis for this project so a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis for this project so a kind of a
+general question might be asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general question might be asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general question might be asking you
+know I have some image I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have some image I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have some image I have some
+outcome obviously there's just image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome obviously there's just image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome obviously there's just image
+classification how is it different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification how is it different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification how is it different from
+Internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet
+well it's quite similar most lessons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's quite similar most lessons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's quite similar most lessons are
+shared but there are some key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared but there are some key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared but there are some key
+differences so I you know I give you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so I you know I give you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so I you know I give you two
+examples one of them is a scene in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples one of them is a scene in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples one of them is a scene in my
+kitchen I can't even tell me what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen I can't even tell me what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen I can't even tell me what the
+object is this is not a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is this is not a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is this is not a particularly
+hard question right yeah it is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard question right yeah it is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard question right yeah it is almost
+all of those things so that is my dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those things so that is my dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those things so that is my dog
+the best dog okay so can anyone tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best dog okay so can anyone tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best dog okay so can anyone tell me
+not you had some training with Connie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you had some training with Connie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you had some training with Connie
+if this mammogram in the case cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this mammogram in the case cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this mammogram in the case cancer
+well it does and this is this is unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it does and this is this is unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it does and this is this is unfair
+for a couple of reasons but it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a couple of reasons but it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a couple of reasons but it's kind of
+going to like why this is hard it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to like why this is hard it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to like why this is hard it's
+unfair in part because you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair in part because you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair in part because you know you
+don't have the training but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the training but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the training but it's
+actually a much harder signal to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a much harder signal to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a much harder signal to learn
+so first let's kind of delve into it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first let's kind of delve into it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first let's kind of delve into it in
+this kind of task the image is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of task the image is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of task the image is really
+huge so we have something like a 3200 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge so we have something like a 3200 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge so we have something like a 3200 by
+2600 pixel image this is a single view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2600 pixel image this is a single view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2600 pixel image this is a single view
+of a breast and in that the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a breast and in that the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a breast and in that the actual
+cancer looking for might be 50 by 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer looking for might be 50 by 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer looking for might be 50 by 50
+pixels so intuitively if signal-to-noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels so intuitively if signal-to-noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels so intuitively if signal-to-noise
+ratio is very different whereas an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is very different whereas an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is very different whereas an image
+in that my dog is like the entire image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that my dog is like the entire image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that my dog is like the entire image
+a huge in real life and in that photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge in real life and in that photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge in real life and in that photo
+and the image itself is much smaller so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the image itself is much smaller so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the image itself is much smaller so
+not only do you have much smaller images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only do you have much smaller images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only do you have much smaller images
+but you're kind of like the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're kind of like the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're kind of like the relative
+size the object in there is much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the object in there is much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the object in there is much larger
+further compounded difficulty the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further compounded difficulty the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further compounded difficulty the
+pattern you're looking for inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you're looking for inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you're looking for inside the
+mammogram is really context dependent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammogram is really context dependent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammogram is really context dependent so
+if you saw that pattern somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you saw that pattern somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you saw that pattern somewhere else
+in the breast it's not doesn't indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the breast it's not doesn't indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the breast it's not doesn't indicate
+the same thing and so you really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing and so you really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing and so you really care
+about where in this kind of global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where in this kind of global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where in this kind of global
+context this comes out and if you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context this comes out and if you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context this comes out and if you kind
+of take the mammogram it's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of take the mammogram it's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of take the mammogram it's different
+times with different compressions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times with different compressions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times with different compressions you
+will have this kind of non-rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have this kind of non-rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have this kind of non-rigid
+morphing of the image that's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphing of the image that's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphing of the image that's much more
+difficult to model whereas that's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to model whereas that's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to model whereas that's a more
+or less context independent dog you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less context independent dog you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less context independent dog you see
+that kind of frame kind of anywhere you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of frame kind of anywhere you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of frame kind of anywhere you
+know it's a dog and so it's a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a dog and so it's a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a dog and so it's a much
+easier thing to learn in a traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier thing to learn in a traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier thing to learn in a traditional
+computer vision setting and so the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer vision setting and so the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer vision setting and so the core
+challenge here is that both the image is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge here is that both the image is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge here is that both the image is
+too big and too small so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big and too small so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big and too small so if you look at
+just like the number of cancers we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the number of cancers we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the number of cancers we have
+it's gonna be the cancer might be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be the cancer might be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be the cancer might be less
+than 1% on the mammogram and about 0.7%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1% on the mammogram and about 0.7%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1% on the mammogram and about 0.7%
+three images have cancer so even in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three images have cancer so even in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three images have cancer so even in this
+data set which is from 2000 Oh 2016 MGH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set which is from 2000 Oh 2016 MGH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set which is from 2000 Oh 2016 MGH
+a massive imaging center in total across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a massive imaging center in total across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a massive imaging center in total across
+all of that we'll still have like less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that we'll still have like less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that we'll still have like less
+than 2,000 cancers and this is super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2,000 cancers and this is super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2,000 cancers and this is super
+tiny compared to like regular object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny compared to like regular object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny compared to like regular object
+classification datasets and this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification datasets and this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification datasets and this is you
+know looking at over a million images we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know looking at over a million images we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know looking at over a million images we
+look at all the four views of the exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the four views of the exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the four views of the exams
+and at the same time it's also too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time it's also too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time it's also too big
+so even if I Dante police images I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if I Dante police images I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if I Dante police images I can
+only really fit three of them for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only really fit three of them for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only really fit three of them for a
+single GPU and so this kind of limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single GPU and so this kind of limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single GPU and so this kind of limits
+the bat chance I can work with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bat chance I can work with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bat chance I can work with and
+whereas the kind of comparable if I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the kind of comparable if I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the kind of comparable if I took
+just a regular image net size I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a regular image net size I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a regular image net size I could
+fit baptizes of 128 easily happy days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit baptizes of 128 easily happy days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit baptizes of 128 easily happy days
+and do all this paralyzation stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do all this paralyzation stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do all this paralyzation stuff is
+just much easier to play with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just much easier to play with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just much easier to play with and
+finally the actual data set itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the actual data set itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the actual data set itself is
+quite large and we have to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite large and we have to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite large and we have to do some
+there's nuisances to deal with in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nuisances to deal with in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nuisances to deal with in terms
+of like just setting up your server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like just setting up your server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like just setting up your server
+infrastructure to handle these massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure to handle these massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure to handle these massive
+data sets while still be able to train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets while still be able to train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets while still be able to train
+efficiently so you know the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently so you know the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently so you know the core
+challenge here across all of these kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge here across all of these kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge here across all of these kind
+of tasks is how do we make this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tasks is how do we make this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tasks is how do we make this model
+actually learn the core problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn the core problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn the core problem is that
+our signal flow mature so it's quite low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our signal flow mature so it's quite low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our signal flow mature so it's quite low
+so training as a being quite unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so training as a being quite unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so training as a being quite unstable
+and there's a kind of a you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a kind of a you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a kind of a you know a
+couple simple levers you can play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple simple levers you can play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple simple levers you can play with
+the first lever is as often deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first lever is as often deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first lever is as often deep
+learning initialization next we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning initialization next we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning initialization next we're gonna
+talk about kind of optimization in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about kind of optimization in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about kind of optimization in our
+architecture choice and how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture choice and how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture choice and how this
+compares to what people often do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares to what people often do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares to what people often do in the
+community including in a recent paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community including in a recent paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community including in a recent paper
+from yesterday and then finally we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yesterday and then finally we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yesterday and then finally we're
+gonna talk about stuff more explicit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about stuff more explicit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about stuff more explicit for
+the triage idea terms how we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triage idea terms how we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triage idea terms how we actually
+use this model once it's trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this model once it's trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this model once it's trained
+okay so before I kind of go into how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so before I kind of go into how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so before I kind of go into how we
+made these choices I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made these choices I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made these choices I'm just
+we chose to give me give you context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we chose to give me give you context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we chose to give me give you context
+before I dive in so we follow some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I dive in so we follow some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I dive in so we follow some like
+image generalization we use a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image generalization we use a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image generalization we use a relatively
+large bat size of 24 the way we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large bat size of 24 the way we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large bat size of 24 the way we do
+that's much taking four GPUs and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much taking four GPUs and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much taking four GPUs and just
+stepping a couple times before doing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping a couple times before doing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping a couple times before doing an
+optimizer step so if you do a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizer step so if you do a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizer step so if you do a couple
+rounds of backpack first to accumulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds of backpack first to accumulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds of backpack first to accumulate
+those gradients before doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those gradients before doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those gradients before doing
+optimization and you sample balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and you sample balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and you sample balanced
+batches at training time and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batches at training time and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batches at training time and for
+backbone okay texture we use resin at 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone okay texture we use resin at 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone okay texture we use resin at 18
+that's just kind of like fairly standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just kind of like fairly standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just kind of like fairly standard
+okay but as I said before one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but as I said before one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but as I said before one of the
+first key decisions is how do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first key decisions is how do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first key decisions is how do you think
+about your initialization and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your initialization and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your initialization and one of the
+so this is this is a figure of amber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is a figure of amber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is a figure of amber
+general Association versus randomization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general Association versus randomization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general Association versus randomization
+it's not any particular experiment I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not any particular experiment I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not any particular experiment I'm
+just I've done this across many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I've done this across many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I've done this across many many
+times it's always like this where if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it's always like this where if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it's always like this where if you
+use a visualization your loss drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a visualization your loss drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a visualization your loss drops
+immediately both in train loss and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately both in train loss and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately both in train loss and
+development loss you can actually learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development loss you can actually learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development loss you can actually learn
+something whereas when we do random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something whereas when we do random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something whereas when we do random
+initialization you kind of don't learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialization you kind of don't learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialization you kind of don't learn
+anything and you're lost kind of bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and you're lost kind of bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and you're lost kind of bounce
+around the top for a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the top for a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the top for a very long time
+before it finds some region where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it finds some region where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it finds some region where
+quickly starts learning and they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly starts learning and they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly starts learning and they'll
+Plateau again for a long time before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plateau again for a long time before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plateau again for a long time before
+quickly start running and to kind of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly start running and to kind of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly start running and to kind of get
+some context to give about 15 a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some context to give about 15 a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some context to give about 15 a box
+takes on the order of like 15 16 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on the order of like 15 16 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on the order of like 15 16 hours
+and so to wait long enough to even see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to wait long enough to even see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to wait long enough to even see
+if random ice will say she could perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if random ice will say she could perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if random ice will say she could perform
+as well it's beyond my level of patience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well it's beyond my level of patience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well it's beyond my level of patience
+it just takes too long there's other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just takes too long there's other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just takes too long there's other
+experiments to be running so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to be running so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to be running so this is
+more of an empirical observation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of an empirical observation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of an empirical observation that
+the image initialization learns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image initialization learns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image initialization learns
+immediately and there's some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and there's some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and there's some kind of
+questions of you know why is this or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of you know why is this or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of you know why is this or if
+you recognize I think of this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recognize I think of this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recognize I think of this is not
+that strong we have some intuition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that strong we have some intuition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that strong we have some intuition so
+why this might be happening we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this might be happening we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this might be happening we don't
+think it's a thing about you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a thing about you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a thing about you know this
+particular filter of this dog is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular filter of this dog is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular filter of this dog is really
+great for breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for breast cancer
+that's quite implausible but if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite implausible but if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite implausible but if you look
+into a lot of the earlier research in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a lot of the earlier research in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a lot of the earlier research in
+terms of the right kind of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the right kind of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the right kind of random
+initialization for things like rubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialization for things like rubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialization for things like rubble
+your networks a lot of focus was on does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your networks a lot of focus was on does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your networks a lot of focus was on does
+the activation pattern not blow up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activation pattern not blow up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activation pattern not blow up as
+you go further down the line one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go further down the line one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go further down the line one of the
+benefits of trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of trying
+starting with the pre train network is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with the pre train network is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with the pre train network is
+that a lot of those kind of dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of those kind of dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of those kind of dynamics
+already figured out for specific tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already figured out for specific tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already figured out for specific tasks
+and so shifting from that to other tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so shifting from that to other tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so shifting from that to other tasks
+has seemed to be not that challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has seemed to be not that challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has seemed to be not that challenging
+another possible a of explanation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another possible a of explanation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another possible a of explanation is
+actually in a Bachelor of statistics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in a Bachelor of statistics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in a Bachelor of statistics so
+if you remember we can only really fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember we can only really fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember we can only really fit
+three images per GPU and the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three images per GPU and the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three images per GPU and the way the
+Bosch normalization is implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bosch normalization is implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bosch normalization is implemented
+across every deep learning library that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across every deep learning library that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across every deep learning library that
+I know they computed independently per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know they computed independently per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know they computed independently per
+GPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPU
+to minimize the kind of entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the kind of entropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the kind of entropy of
+communication and so it's also less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and so it's also less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and so it's also less
+stable to kind of hop to guess from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable to kind of hop to guess from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable to kind of hop to guess from
+scratch but if you're starting with The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch but if you're starting with The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch but if you're starting with The
+Bachelor of Statistics prepared net and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bachelor of Statistics prepared net and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bachelor of Statistics prepared net and
+just slowly shifting it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slowly shifting it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slowly shifting it over
+it might also result in some stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might also result in some stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might also result in some stability
+benefits but in general are like a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits but in general are like a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits but in general are like a true
+deep earthy reckless heading Alyssa says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep earthy reckless heading Alyssa says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep earthy reckless heading Alyssa says
+still eludes us and isn't something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still eludes us and isn't something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still eludes us and isn't something I
+can give too much inclusions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give too much inclusions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give too much inclusions about
+unfortunately okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately okay so that's
+generalization and if you don't get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization and if you don't get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization and if you don't get this
+right kind of nothing works for a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right kind of nothing works for a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right kind of nothing works for a very
+long time so just if you're gonna start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time so just if you're gonna start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time so just if you're gonna start
+product in the space try this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in the space try this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in the space try this next
+another important decision that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important decision that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important decision that if you
+don't do kind of breaks is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do kind of breaks is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do kind of breaks is your
+optimization architecture choice so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization architecture choice so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization architecture choice so I
+said before kind of a core problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before kind of a core problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before kind of a core problem
+instability here is this idea that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability here is this idea that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability here is this idea that our
+just signal to noise ratio is really low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just signal to noise ratio is really low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just signal to noise ratio is really low
+and so a very common approach throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a very common approach throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a very common approach throughout
+a lot of the PI work and things actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the PI work and things actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the PI work and things actually
+have tried myself before is to say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tried myself before is to say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tried myself before is to say okay
+let's just break down this problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just break down this problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just break down this problem we
+can train at a patch level first we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can train at a patch level first we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can train at a patch level first we're
+gonna take just subsets of the mammogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take just subsets of the mammogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take just subsets of the mammogram
+maybe this little bounding box have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this little bounding box have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this little bounding box have it
+annotated for radiology findings like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotated for radiology findings like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotated for radiology findings like
+the line masses or classification and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line masses or classification and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line masses or classification and
+things of that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that sort
+we're gonna pre train on that tasks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna pre train on that tasks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna pre train on that tasks that
+have this kind of pixel level prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this kind of pixel level prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this kind of pixel level prediction
+and then once we're done with that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once we're done with that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once we're done with that we're
+gonna just fine tune that initialize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna just fine tune that initialize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna just fine tune that initialize
+model across the entire image so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model across the entire image so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model across the entire image so you can
+have this like two stage training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this like two stage training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this like two stage training
+procedure and actually another paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and actually another paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and actually another paper
+that came out just yesterday does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out just yesterday does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out just yesterday does the
+exact same approach with some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same approach with some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same approach with some like
+slightly different details so but one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different details so but one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different details so but one of
+the things we want to investigate is fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we want to investigate is fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we want to investigate is fee
+just oh and the basic structure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just oh and the basic structure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just oh and the basic structure that's
+always used for this there is quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always used for this there is quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always used for this there is quite a
+few valid options of things that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few valid options of things that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few valid options of things that just
+get the recent reasonable performance an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the recent reasonable performance an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the recent reasonable performance an
+image not things like a vgg wide res
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image not things like a vgg wide res
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image not things like a vgg wide res
+nets and res nuts and my experience all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nets and res nuts and my experience all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nets and res nuts and my experience all
+perform fairly similarly so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform fairly similarly so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform fairly similarly so it's kind of
+a speed benefit trade-off and a there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a speed benefit trade-off and a there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a speed benefit trade-off and a there's
+an advantage to using fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advantage to using fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advantage to using fully
+convolutional architectures because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional architectures because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional architectures because if
+you have fully connected layers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have fully connected layers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have fully connected layers that
+assume a specific dimensionality you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume a specific dimensionality you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume a specific dimensionality you
+have just you can convert them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just you can convert them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just you can convert them to the
+convolutional layers there's just more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional layers there's just more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional layers there's just more
+convenient to start with the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to start with the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to start with the full
+accomplishable architecture there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishable architecture there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishable architecture there's
+going to be resolution invariant yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be resolution invariant yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be resolution invariant yes
+yes yes so normally what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so normally what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so normally what you do is you
+Sam you have positive patches labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam you have positive patches labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam you have positive patches labeled
+and then you randomly sample other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you randomly sample other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you randomly sample other
+patches so from your annotation so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches so from your annotation so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches so from your annotation so for
+example a lot of people do this on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a lot of people do this on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a lot of people do this on a
+public data sets like the Florida DDS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public data sets like the Florida DDS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public data sets like the Florida DDS
+and data set that has some annotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data set that has some annotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data set that has some annotations
+like here but my mass's benign calyx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here but my mass's benign calyx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here but my mass's benign calyx
+malignant calyx etc what people do then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malignant calyx etc what people do then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malignant calyx etc what people do then
+is it take those annotations they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it take those annotations they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it take those annotations they will
+randomly select other patches and say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly select other patches and say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly select other patches and say if
+it's not there it's negative and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not there it's negative and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not there it's negative and I'm
+going to call it healthy and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call it healthy and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call it healthy and then
+they'll say if this bounding box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll say if this bounding box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll say if this bounding box
+overlaps with patch by some marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaps with patch by some marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaps with patch by some marginal
+call it's the same label so do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it's the same label so do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it's the same label so do this
+heuristic aliy and other data sets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristic aliy and other data sets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristic aliy and other data sets that
+a proprietary also kind of play with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proprietary also kind of play with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proprietary also kind of play with a
+similar trick and generally don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar trick and generally don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar trick and generally don't
+actually enable every single pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually enable every single pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually enable every single pixel
+accordingly but there's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly but there's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly but there's there's a
+relatively minor differences and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively minor differences and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively minor differences and how
+people do this but there was also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do this but there was also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do this but there was also a
+fairly similar regardless yes exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly similar regardless yes exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly similar regardless yes exactly so
+the end thing right before you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end thing right before you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end thing right before you do the
+prediction is normally Reznor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is normally Reznor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is normally Reznor for
+example there's a global average pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's a global average pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's a global average pool
+channel wise across the entire feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel wise across the entire feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel wise across the entire feature
+map and so they just the first for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and so they just the first for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and so they just the first for the
+patch level they take in an image that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch level they take in an image that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch level they take in an image that's
+250 by 250 did the global average pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 by 250 did the global average pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 by 250 did the global average pull
+across that to make the prediction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across that to make the prediction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across that to make the prediction and
+when they just go up to the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they just go up to the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they just go up to the full
+resolution image now you take a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution image now you take a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution image now you take a global
+average pool over a 3,000 by 2,000 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average pool over a 3,000 by 2,000 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average pool over a 3,000 by 2,000 so
+you feed it in at the full resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feed it in at the full resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feed it in at the full resolution
+the entire time so you just do see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire time so you just do see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire time so you just do see what
+I mean so you're taking a you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean so you're taking a you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean so you're taking a you're taking
+a crop so the resolution isn't changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crop so the resolution isn't changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crop so the resolution isn't changing
+so the same filter map should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same filter map should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same filter map should be able to
+kind of scale accordingly but if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of scale accordingly but if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of scale accordingly but if you do
+things like average pooling then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like average pooling then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like average pooling then you
+kind of you know any one thing that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know any one thing that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know any one thing that has
+a very high privation will get averaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high privation will get averaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high privation will get averaged
+down lower and so for example I'll rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down lower and so for example I'll rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down lower and so for example I'll rope
+use max pooling to kind of get around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use max pooling to kind of get around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use max pooling to kind of get around
+that any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any other questions
+but if looks was complicated have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if looks was complicated have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if looks was complicated have no
+worries because we actually think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries because we actually think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries because we actually think it's
+totally unnecessary on this to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally unnecessary on this to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally unnecessary on this to the next
+slide so good for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide so good for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide so good for you
+so as I said before this kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said before this kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said before this kind of what
+are the problems of signal-to-noise so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the problems of signal-to-noise so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the problems of signal-to-noise so
+one obvious thing to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one obvious thing to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one obvious thing to kind of
+okay maybe doing SGD with the best eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe doing SGD with the best eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe doing SGD with the best eyes
+of three when the lesion wasn't 1% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three when the lesion wasn't 1% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three when the lesion wasn't 1% of
+the image is a bad idea if I just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image is a bad idea if I just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image is a bad idea if I just take a
+less noisy gradients by increasing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less noisy gradients by increasing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less noisy gradients by increasing my
+bat size which just means use more GPUs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat size which just means use more GPUs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat size which just means use more GPUs
+take more steps for doing the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take more steps for doing the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take more steps for doing the weight
+update we actually find that the need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update we actually find that the need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update we actually find that the need to
+do this actually goes away completely so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this actually goes away completely so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this actually goes away completely so
+these are experiments I did on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are experiments I did on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are experiments I did on the
+publicly available data set a while back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly available data set a while back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly available data set a while back
+while we're figuring this out if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're figuring this out if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're figuring this out if you
+take is kind of packed of architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take is kind of packed of architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take is kind of packed of architecture
+and fine tune of the batch size of 2 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fine tune of the batch size of 2 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fine tune of the batch size of 2 4
+10 16 compare that to just a one stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 16 compare that to just a one stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 16 compare that to just a one stage
+training where you just do the antenna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training where you just do the antenna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training where you just do the antenna
+test from beginning in a shot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test from beginning in a shot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test from beginning in a shot and
+imagenet and as you use different batch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagenet and as you use different batch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagenet and as you use different batch
+sizes you quickly start to close the gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes you quickly start to close the gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes you quickly start to close the gap
+on the development auc and so for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the development auc and so for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the development auc and so for all
+the experiments that we do broadly we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments that we do broadly we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments that we do broadly we
+find that we actually get reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that we actually get reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that we actually get reasonably
+stable training but using a batch size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable training but using a batch size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable training but using a batch size
+of 20 and above and this kind of comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20 and above and this kind of comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20 and above and this kind of comes
+down to if you've as a vine it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to if you've as a vine it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to if you've as a vine it's just
+particularly unstable in other details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly unstable in other details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly unstable in other details
+that we always sample balanced batches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we always sample balanced batches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we always sample balanced batches
+good otherwise you'd be sampling like 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good otherwise you'd be sampling like 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good otherwise you'd be sampling like 20
+batch of we see single positive sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch of we see single positive sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch of we see single positive sample
+you don't learn anything cool so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't learn anything cool so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't learn anything cool so that is
+like if you do that you don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you do that you don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you do that you don't do
+anything complicated you don't do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything complicated you don't do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything complicated you don't do any
+fancy cropping or anything of that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy cropping or anything of that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy cropping or anything of that sort
+or like dealing with like regen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like dealing with like regen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like dealing with like regen
+rotations and we find that the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations and we find that the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations and we find that the actual
+using regeneration for this task it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using regeneration for this task it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using regeneration for this task it's
+not actually helpful okay no questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually helpful okay no questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually helpful okay no questions
+yes we don't we just take the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we don't we just take the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we don't we just take the whole
+image from beginning pretend you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image from beginning pretend you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image from beginning pretend you'd like
+you just assume you're annotation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just assume you're annotation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just assume you're annotation is
+whole image cancer would less than like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole image cancer would less than like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole image cancer would less than like
+within the air it's a much simpler setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the air it's a much simpler setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the air it's a much simpler setup
+oh so you just instead of so normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so you just instead of so normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so you just instead of so normally
+when you do are you gonna train the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do are you gonna train the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do are you gonna train the
+network you the most common approach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you the most common approach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you the most common approach is
+you do back pop it and step if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do back pop it and step if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do back pop it and step if you do
+back prop several times you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back prop several times you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back prop several times you're
+accumulating the gradients at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating the gradients at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating the gradients at least in
+pi torch and then you can do step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi torch and then you can do step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi torch and then you can do step
+afterwards so you can instead of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so you can instead of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so you can instead of doing
+the whole batch at one time you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole batch at one time you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole batch at one time you should
+do it serially so there you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it serially so there you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it serially so there you're just
+trading time for space the minimum those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading time for space the minimum those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading time for space the minimum those
+you have to fit at least a single image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to fit at least a single image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to fit at least a single image
+per GPU and in our case we can fit three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per GPU and in our case we can fit three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per GPU and in our case we can fit three
+but to make this actually scale we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to make this actually scale we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to make this actually scale we use
+for GPUs at a time yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I want to make my bachelor's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want to make my bachelor's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want to make my bachelor's any
+bigger I would normally do it in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger I would normally do it in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger I would normally do it in like
+increments of let's say twelve because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increments of let's say twelve because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increments of let's say twelve because
+that's how much I can fit within my like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how much I can fit within my like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how much I can fit within my like
+set of GPS at the same time but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of GPS at the same time but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of GPS at the same time but to
+control the size of the experiment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the size of the experiment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the size of the experiment you
+want to have the kind of the same number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have the kind of the same number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have the kind of the same number
+of gradient updates per experiment so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gradient updates per experiment so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gradient updates per experiment so if
+once I use the best of forty-eight not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I use the best of forty-eight not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I use the best of forty-eight not
+my experiments instead of taking but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my experiments instead of taking but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my experiments instead of taking but
+half a day it takes the bottom day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a day it takes the bottom day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a day it takes the bottom day and
+so there's kind of like this natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's kind of like this natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's kind of like this natural
+trade-off as you're going along so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off as you're going along so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off as you're going along so one
+of the things I mentioned the very end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things I mentioned the very end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things I mentioned the very end
+is we're considering some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're considering some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're considering some like
+adversarial approach for something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarial approach for something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarial approach for something and
+one of the only things about that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the only things about that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the only things about that is
+that if I have five discriminator steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have five discriminator steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have five discriminator steps
+oh my god like simple I'll take three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god like simple I'll take three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god like simple I'll take three
+days per experiment and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days per experiment and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days per experiment and you're going to
+update as some of this from design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update as some of this from design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update as some of this from design a
+better model becomes really slow when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better model becomes really slow when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better model becomes really slow when
+the experiment are taking this long yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that because the actual bombing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that because the actual bombing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that because the actual bombing the
+actual cancer is not very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in general and something that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general and something that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general and something that's in
+healthy always it's always kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy always it's always kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy always it's always kind of like
+a possibility of two things one thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possibility of two things one thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possibility of two things one thing is
+that the whole image signal kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole image signal kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole image signal kind of
+subsumes that smaller scale signal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsumes that smaller scale signal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsumes that smaller scale signal or
+there's a better way to do it I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a better way to do it I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a better way to do it I haven't
+found that would help and in this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that would help and in this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that would help and in this thing
+list was always very hard as of now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list was always very hard as of now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list was always very hard as of now so
+the kind of end task the task we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of end task the task we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of end task the task we're
+failing on is whole image classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing on is whole image classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing on is whole image classification
+and so on that task is possible that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on that task is possible that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on that task is possible that the
+kind of surrounding context so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of surrounding context so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of surrounding context so when you
+do a passable annotation you're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a passable annotation you're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a passable annotation you're kind of
+losing the context which appears in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing the context which appears in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing the context which appears in so
+it's possible that just by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that just by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that just by looking at
+the whole context every time it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole context every time it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole context every time it's as
+good you don't get any benefit from kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you don't get any benefit from kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you don't get any benefit from kind
+of the zooming boxes however we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the zooming boxes however we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the zooming boxes however we're not
+evaluating on kind of an option object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating on kind of an option object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating on kind of an option object
+detection type of valuation metric we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection type of valuation metric we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection type of valuation metric we
+say how well we are catching the box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how well we are catching the box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how well we are catching the box and
+if we were we probably have much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were we probably have much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were we probably have much better
+luck with using the regen rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck with using the regen rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck with using the regen rotation
+because you might be able to tell some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you might be able to tell some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you might be able to tell some
+levels Commission's by like this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels Commission's by like this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels Commission's by like this looks
+like a rest of the likely to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a rest of the likely to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a rest of the likely to develop
+cancer at all and the ability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer at all and the ability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer at all and the ability of the
+model to do that as part of why we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to do that as part of why we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to do that as part of why we can
+do risk modeling we're just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do risk modeling we're just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do risk modeling we're just going to be
+the kind of the last bit of the talk yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of the last bit of the talk yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of the last bit of the talk yes
+so do you do the object detection after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you do the object detection after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you do the object detection after
+you so as of now we don't do object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so as of now we don't do object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so as of now we don't do object
+detection in part because we're framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection in part because we're framing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection in part because we're framing
+the problem as triage so there is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem as triage so there is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem as triage so there is quite
+a few kind of toolkits out there to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few kind of toolkits out there to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few kind of toolkits out there to draw
+more boxes on the mammogram but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more boxes on the mammogram but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more boxes on the mammogram but the
+inside is that if you know if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside is that if you know if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside is that if you know if there's a
+thousand things to look at looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand things to look at looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand things to look at looking at
+two thousand things you drew you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thousand things you drew you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thousand things you drew you know
+more boxes for images and put it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more boxes for images and put it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more boxes for images and put it isn't
+necessarily the problem I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the problem I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the problem I'm trying to
+look at there's quite a bit of effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at there's quite a bit of effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at there's quite a bit of effort
+there and it's something we might look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's something we might look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's something we might look
+into later in the future but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into later in the future but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into later in the future but it's not
+the focus of this work yes so Connie was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus of this work yes so Connie was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus of this work yes so Connie was
+saying that the same pattern appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the same pattern appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the same pattern appearing
+in different parts of the breast can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different parts of the breast can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different parts of the breast can
+mean different things and but in when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean different things and but in when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean different things and but in when
+you're looking at the entire image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I would worry intuitively about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would worry intuitively about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would worry intuitively about whether
+the compositional architecture is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compositional architecture is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compositional architecture is going
+to be able to pick that up or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to pick that up or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to pick that up or whether
+because you're looking for a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're looking for a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're looking for a very small
+cancer on a very large image and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer on a very large image and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer on a very large image and then
+you're looking for the significance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for the significance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for the significance of
+that very small cancer in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very small cancer in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very small cancer in different
+parts of the image or a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the image or a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the image or a different
+context and I'm just surprised this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and I'm just surprised this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and I'm just surprised this
+works so there's kind of like two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so there's kind of like two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so there's kind of like two pieces
+that can help explain that so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can help explain that so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can help explain that so the first
+is if you look at like the receptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you look at like the receptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you look at like the receptive
+fields any given last receptive map at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields any given last receptive map at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields any given last receptive map at
+the very end of the network each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end of the network each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end of the network each of
+those summarizes through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those summarizes through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those summarizes through these
+convolutions a fairly sizable part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions a fairly sizable part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions a fairly sizable part of
+the image and so you are kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image and so you are kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image and so you are kind of like
+each pixel at the very end ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pixel at the very end ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pixel at the very end ends up being
+like something like a 50 by 50 image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something like a 50 by 50 image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something like a 50 by 50 image
+that's by 512 dimensions and so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's by 512 dimensions and so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's by 512 dimensions and so each
+part does summarize this local context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part does summarize this local context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part does summarize this local context
+decently well and when you do maximum at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decently well and when you do maximum at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decently well and when you do maximum at
+the very end you get some not perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end you get some not perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end you get some not perfect
+but okay global summary what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay global summary what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay global summary what is the
+context of this image so something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of this image so something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of this image so something like
+let's say some of the lower dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say some of the lower dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say some of the lower dimensions
+can summarize like it's just a dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can summarize like it's just a dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can summarize like it's just a dense
+breast or kind of some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast or kind of some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast or kind of some of the other
+pattern information that might tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern information that might tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern information that might tell you
+what kind of breast this is where as any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of breast this is where as any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of breast this is where as any
+one of it can tell you this if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of it can tell you this if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of it can tell you this if this
+looks like a cancer giving us local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a cancer giving us local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a cancer giving us local
+context so there you have some level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context so there you have some level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context so there you have some level
+summarization both because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarization both because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarization both because of the
+channel wise maximum at the end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel wise maximum at the end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel wise maximum at the end and
+because each point through the many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each point through the many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each point through the many many
+convolutions of different strides it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions of different strides it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions of different strides it
+gives you some of that summary effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you some of that summary effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you some of that summary effect
+okay great I'm gonna jump forward so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great I'm gonna jump forward so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great I'm gonna jump forward so we
+talked about about how you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about about how you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about about how you know how to
+make this line it's actually not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this line it's actually not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this line it's actually not that
+tricky if you just do it carefully and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky if you just do it carefully and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky if you just do it carefully and
+tune and I'll talk about how to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune and I'll talk about how to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune and I'll talk about how to use this
+model to actually deliver on this triage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to actually deliver on this triage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to actually deliver on this triage
+idea so some of my choices again image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so some of my choices again image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so some of my choices again image
+the initialization is gonna make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initialization is gonna make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initialization is gonna make your
+life a happier time use bigger bat sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life a happier time use bigger bat sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life a happier time use bigger bat sizes
+and doctor choice doesn't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doctor choice doesn't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doctor choice doesn't really matter
+if it's convolutional and the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's convolutional and the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's convolutional and the overall
+set up that we do through this work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up that we do through this work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up that we do through this work and
+across many other projects we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across many other projects we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across many other projects we're
+training independently per image now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training independently per image now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training independently per image now
+this is a harder task because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a harder task because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a harder task because you don't
+actually have the focal you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have the focal you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have the focal you're not
+taking me in the other view not taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking me in the other view not taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking me in the other view not taking
+pie mammograms but this is for kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pie mammograms but this is for kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pie mammograms but this is for kind of
+more hardware reasons than not we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more hardware reasons than not we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more hardware reasons than not we're
+going to get the prediction for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the prediction for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the prediction for the
+whole exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole exam
+by just taking the maximum across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just taking the maximum across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just taking the maximum across the
+different images so if I say this breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different images so if I say this breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different images so if I say this breast
+has cancer the exam has cancer so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has cancer the exam has cancer so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has cancer the exam has cancer so you
+should get a checkup and at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get a checkup and at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get a checkup and at each
+development epoch we're gonna evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development epoch we're gonna evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development epoch we're gonna evaluate
+the mobility of the model to do triage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobility of the model to do triage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobility of the model to do triage
+tasks until you step into a second I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks until you step into a second I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks until you step into a second I was
+gonna kind of take the best model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna kind of take the best model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna kind of take the best model that
+can do triage so you're always kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do triage so you're always kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do triage so you're always kind of
+like you're true ends metric is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're true ends metric is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're true ends metric is what
+you're measuring during training and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring during training and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring during training and
+you're gonna do model selection and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna do model selection and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna do model selection and kind
+of hyper patterning based on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hyper patterning based on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hyper patterning based on that and
+the way we're gonna do triage and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're gonna do triage and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're gonna do triage and our
+goal here is to not to mark as many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal here is to not to mark as many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal here is to not to mark as many of
+the people as healthy without missing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people as healthy without missing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people as healthy without missing a
+single cancer that we it also would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cancer that we it also would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cancer that we it also would have
+caught so intuitive leaking their budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught so intuitive leaking their budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught so intuitive leaking their budget
+taking all the cancers of the reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking all the cancers of the reader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking all the cancers of the reader
+sort of caught what's the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of caught what's the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of caught what's the probability of
+cancer across these images and just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer across these images and just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer across these images and just take
+the minimum those and call that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum those and call that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum those and call that a
+threshold that's exactly what we do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold that's exactly what we do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold that's exactly what we do and
+another detail that's quite relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another detail that's quite relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another detail that's quite relevant
+often is if you want these models to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often is if you want these models to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often is if you want these models to
+output a reasonable probability like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output a reasonable probability like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output a reasonable probability like
+this is a probability of cancer and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a probability of cancer and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a probability of cancer and you
+train on a 50/50 sampled batches by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train on a 50/50 sampled batches by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train on a 50/50 sampled batches by
+defaults your model thinks that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defaults your model thinks that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defaults your model thinks that their
+average incidence is 50% so the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average incidence is 50% so the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average incidence is 50% so the it's
+crazy confidence all the time so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy confidence all the time so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy confidence all the time so to
+calibrate that one we need simple trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate that one we need simple trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate that one we need simple trick
+is you do something called plasma third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you do something called plasma third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you do something called plasma third
+we basically just fit like a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically just fit like a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically just fit like a two
+parameter Sigma or just scale in a shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Sigma or just scale in a shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Sigma or just scale in a shift
+to just on the development sets to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just on the development sets to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just on the development sets to make
+it actually fit the distribution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually fit the distribution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually fit the distribution that
+way the average probability you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the average probability you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the average probability you would
+expect if actually fit the incidence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect if actually fit the incidence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect if actually fit the incidence and
+don't get this kind of like crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get this kind of like crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get this kind of like crazy
+off-kilter probabilities okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-kilter probabilities okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-kilter probabilities okay so
+analysis the objectives of what were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis the objectives of what were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis the objectives of what were you
+try to do here it's kind of similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do here it's kind of similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do here it's kind of similar
+across all the projects one does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all the projects one does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all the projects one does this
+thing work to the system work across all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing work to the system work across all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing work to the system work across all
+the people supposed to work for so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people supposed to work for so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people supposed to work for so we
+did a subgroup analysis first you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a subgroup analysis first you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a subgroup analysis first you look
+at the you see this model so the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the you see this model so the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the you see this model so the ability
+to discriminate cancer is not we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discriminate cancer is not we did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discriminate cancer is not we did it
+across races we have across at MGH age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across races we have across at MGH age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across races we have across at MGH age
+groups and density categories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and density categories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and density categories and
+finally how does this relate to radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally how does this relate to radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally how does this relate to radar
+assessments and if we actually use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessments and if we actually use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessments and if we actually use this
+at test time and the test set what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at test time and the test set what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at test time and the test set what would
+have happened kind of a simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened kind of a simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened kind of a simulation
+before for kind of complementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so our overall a you see here was 82
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our overall a you see here was 82
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our overall a you see here was 82
+with some you know some confident 80 85
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some you know some confident 80 85
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some you know some confident 80 85
+and we did our analysis by age we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did our analysis by age we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did our analysis by age we found
+that the performance was pretty similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the performance was pretty similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the performance was pretty similar
+across every age group what's not shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across every age group what's not shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across every age group what's not shown
+here is a confidence intervals so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a confidence intervals so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a confidence intervals so for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+but the kind of core takeaway here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the kind of core takeaway here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the kind of core takeaway here is
+that the there was no noticeable gap in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the there was no noticeable gap in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the there was no noticeable gap in
+terms of by age group we repeated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of by age group we repeated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of by age group we repeated this
+analysis by race and we saw the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis by race and we saw the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis by race and we saw the same
+trend again the performance kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend again the performance kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend again the performance kind of
+ranged generally around 82 and in places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranged generally around 82 and in places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranged generally around 82 and in places
+where the gap was bigger that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the gap was bigger that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the gap was bigger that just
+confidence interval was bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval was bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval was bigger
+accordingly due to smaller sample sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly due to smaller sample sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly due to smaller sample sizes
+because MGH is 80 percent white we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because MGH is 80 percent white we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because MGH is 80 percent white we saw
+the exact same trend by density the out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same trend by density the out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same trend by density the out
+light here is very dense breasts but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light here is very dense breasts but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light here is very dense breasts but
+there was only like a hundred of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was only like a hundred of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was only like a hundred of those
+on test set so like this conference if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on test set so like this conference if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on test set so like this conference if I
+should go some like 60 to 90 so as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go some like 60 to 90 so as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go some like 60 to 90 so as far
+as we know for the other three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know for the other three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know for the other three
+categories it is very much tighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories it is very much tighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories it is very much tighter
+conference interval and very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference interval and very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference interval and very similar
+once again around 82 okay so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again around 82 okay so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again around 82 okay so we have a
+decent idea that this model seems at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent idea that this model seems at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent idea that this model seems at
+least within publish at MGH I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least within publish at MGH I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least within publish at MGH I actually
+serve the relevant populations you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve the relevant populations you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve the relevant populations you know
+that exist as far as we know so far the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist as far as we know so far the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist as far as we know so far the
+next question is how does this how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question is how does this how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question is how does this how does
+the model assessment relate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model assessment relate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model assessment relate to the
+radiologists Essman so to look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiologists Essman so to look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiologists Essman so to look at that
+we looked at on the tests if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at on the tests if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at on the tests if you look at
+the we have those true positives false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we have those true positives false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we have those true positives false
+positives true negatives false negatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives true negatives false negatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives true negatives false negatives
+where do they fall within the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do they fall within the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do they fall within the model
+distribution of like percentile risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of like percentile risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of like percentile risk and
+if there's below the threshold you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's below the threshold you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's below the threshold you can
+color it in this kind of cyan color and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color it in this kind of cyan color and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color it in this kind of cyan color and
+if it's above the threshold we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's above the threshold we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's above the threshold we're gonna
+color it in this purple color so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color it in this purple color so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color it in this purple color so this is
+kind of triage not triage the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of triage not triage the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of triage not triage the first
+thing to notice this is the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice this is the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice this is the true
+positives is that there is like a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives is that there is like a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives is that there is like a pretty
+kind of steep drop-off and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of steep drop-off and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of steep drop-off and so there's
+only one true positive below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one true positive below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one true positive below the
+threshold in a test set of 26,000 exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold in a test set of 26,000 exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold in a test set of 26,000 exams
+so ended up of this difference was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ended up of this difference was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ended up of this difference was in
+Sicily significant and the vast majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sicily significant and the vast majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sicily significant and the vast majority
+of them are kind of this top 10% but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are kind of this top 10% but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are kind of this top 10% but you
+kind of see like there's a clear trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see like there's a clear trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see like there's a clear trend
+here that they kind of get piled up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that they kind of get piled up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that they kind of get piled up
+towards the higher percentages where as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the higher percentages where as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the higher percentages where as
+you look at the false positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the false positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the false positive
+assessments this trend is much weaker so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessments this trend is much weaker so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessments this trend is much weaker so
+you still see that there's like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still see that there's like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still see that there's like you know
+some correlation that there is kinda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some correlation that there is kinda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some correlation that there is kinda
+more false positives the higher amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more false positives the higher amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more false positives the higher amounts
+but much less stark and this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but much less stark and this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but much less stark and this actually
+means that a lot of redoubles false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that a lot of redoubles false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that a lot of redoubles false
+positives we actually place below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives we actually place below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives we actually place below the
+threshold and so because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and so because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and so because these
+assessments are completely concordance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessments are completely concordance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessments are completely concordance
+and we're not just modeling what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not just modeling what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not just modeling what the
+rels would have said we get this an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rels would have said we get this an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rels would have said we get this an
+anticipated benefit of actually reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated benefit of actually reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated benefit of actually reducing
+the false positives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the false positives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the false positives
+significantly because of the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly because of the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly because of the way to
+disagree and finally kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree and finally kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree and finally kind of
+eating that further if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating that further if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating that further if you look at the
+true negative assessments there is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true negative assessments there is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true negative assessments there is not
+that much trending between where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much trending between where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much trending between where it
+falls within this so it shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls within this so it shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls within this so it shows that
+they're kind of picking up on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of picking up on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of picking up on different
+things and they're where they disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and they're where they disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and they're where they disagree
+gives both areas to improve and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives both areas to improve and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives both areas to improve and some
+ancillary benefits because now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancillary benefits because now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancillary benefits because now we can
+grease false positives this directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grease false positives this directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grease false positives this directly
+reason to simulating the impact so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to simulating the impact so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to simulating the impact so one
+of the things we did we said okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we did we said okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we did we said okay if
+people retrospectively on the test set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people retrospectively on the test set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people retrospectively on the test set
+as a simulation before which would they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a simulation before which would they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a simulation before which would they
+plug it in if people didn't rebuild the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug it in if people didn't rebuild the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug it in if people didn't rebuild the
+triage threshold so we can't catch any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triage threshold so we can't catch any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triage threshold so we can't catch any
+more cancer this way but you can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cancer this way but you can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cancer this way but you can reduce
+false positives what would have happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positives what would have happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positives what would have happened
+so at the top we have the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the top we have the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the top we have the original
+performance so this is looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so this is looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so this is looking
+hundred-percent mammogram sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred-percent mammogram sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred-percent mammogram sensitivity
+was ninety point six with specificity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ninety point six with specificity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ninety point six with specificity of
+93 and in the simulation the sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+93 and in the simulation the sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+93 and in the simulation the sensitivity
+dropped mass sniffily to 90.1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped mass sniffily to 90.1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped mass sniffily to 90.1 but
+significantly improved to 93.7 while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly improved to 93.7 while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly improved to 93.7 while
+looking at 80 percent or 81 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at 80 percent or 81 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at 80 percent or 81 percent of
+the mammograms so this is like promising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mammograms so this is like promising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mammograms so this is like promising
+preliminary data but to really validate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary data but to really validate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary data but to really validate
+this and go forward or the next step see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and go forward or the next step see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and go forward or the next step see
+if it oh I'm gonna get to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it oh I'm gonna get to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it oh I'm gonna get to that in a
+second our next type is really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second our next type is really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second our next type is really do
+connect computation to really figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect computation to really figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect computation to really figure out
+because there's like a core assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's like a core assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's like a core assumption
+here is that people read it the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that people read it the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that people read it the same way
+but if you have this high incidence what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have this high incidence what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have this high incidence what
+does that mean can you focus more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean can you focus more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean can you focus more on the
+people that are more suspicious and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are more suspicious and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are more suspicious and is
+the right way to do this just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way to do this just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way to do this just a single
+threshold to not read or have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold to not read or have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold to not read or have a
+double-ended with the state these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-ended with the state these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-ended with the state these are
+much more likely to have cancer and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more likely to have cancer and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more likely to have cancer and so
+there is a quite a bit of exploration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a quite a bit of exploration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a quite a bit of exploration
+here to say given we have these tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to say given we have these tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to say given we have these tools
+that give us some probability of cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give us some probability of cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give us some probability of cancer
+that's not perfect but gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not perfect but gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not perfect but gives us
+something how what can we do that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something how what can we do that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something how what can we do that to
+improve care today so as a quiz can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve care today so as a quiz can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve care today so as a quiz can you
+tell which of these would be triaged so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell which of these would be triaged so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell which of these would be triaged so
+this is no cherry-picking I randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is no cherry-picking I randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is no cherry-picking I randomly
+picked for anagrams that were below and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked for anagrams that were below and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked for anagrams that were below and
+above the threshold can anyone guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the threshold can anyone guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the threshold can anyone guess
+which side left to right was triaged the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which side left to right was triaged the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which side left to right was triaged the
+this is not a graded quiz so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a graded quiz so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a graded quiz so you know
+okay raise your hand for left okay raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay raise your hand for left okay raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay raise your hand for left okay raise
+your hand for right there we go well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand for right there we go well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand for right there we go well
+done well done okay so and the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done well done okay so and the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done well done okay so and the next step
+as I said before is really to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said before is really to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said before is really to kind of
+push the kind of computation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the kind of computation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the kind of computation because
+that's where the the rubber hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the the rubber hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the the rubber hits the
+road we identifies there any biases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road we identifies there any biases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road we identifies there any biases we
+didn't detect and we could really say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't detect and we could really say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't detect and we could really say
+can we deliver this value so the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we deliver this value so the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we deliver this value so the next
+project is on assessing breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is on assessing breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is on assessing breast cancer
+risk so this is the same mammogram I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so this is the same mammogram I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so this is the same mammogram I
+showed you earlier it was diagnosed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you earlier it was diagnosed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you earlier it was diagnosed with
+breast cancer in 2014 it's actually my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer in 2014 it's actually my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer in 2014 it's actually my
+adviser Regina is and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adviser Regina is and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adviser Regina is and you can see that
+you know in 2013 you see it's their 2012
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in 2013 you see it's their 2012
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in 2013 you see it's their 2012
+Oh looks much less prominent and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh looks much less prominent and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh looks much less prominent and five
+years ago really looking at breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago really looking at breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago really looking at breast
+cancer risk so if you can tell but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer risk so if you can tell but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer risk so if you can tell but from
+an image that is going to be healthy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image that is going to be healthy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image that is going to be healthy for
+a long time there's Yuri trying to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time there's Yuri trying to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time there's Yuri trying to model
+what's the likelihood of this breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the likelihood of this breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the likelihood of this breast
+developing cancer in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing cancer in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing cancer in the future
+now modeling breast cancer risk has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now modeling breast cancer risk has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now modeling breast cancer risk has
+continually said it's not a new problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually said it's not a new problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually said it's not a new problem
+it's a been a quite research one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a been a quite research one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a been a quite research one in the
+community and the more classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and the more classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and the more classical
+approaches we can look at other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches we can look at other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches we can look at other kind of
+global health factors the person's age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global health factors the person's age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global health factors the person's age
+their family history whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their family history whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their family history whether or not
+they've had menopause and kind of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've had menopause and kind of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've had menopause and kind of any
+other these kind of factors we can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other these kind of factors we can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other these kind of factors we can start
+to say our markers with their health to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say our markers with their health to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say our markers with their health to
+try to predict whether all those persons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to predict whether all those persons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to predict whether all those persons
+at risk of developing breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at risk of developing breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at risk of developing breast cancer
+people have fathered the image contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have fathered the image contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have fathered the image contain
+something before the way they've thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something before the way they've thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something before the way they've thought
+about this is through this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is through this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is through this kind of
+subjective breast density marker and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective breast density marker and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective breast density marker and the
+improvements seen across this a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements seen across this a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements seen across this a kind of
+marginal from 61 to 63 and as before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal from 61 to 63 and as before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal from 61 to 63 and as before the
+kind of sketch we're going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sketch we're going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sketch we're going to go through
+is data collection modeling and analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is data collection modeling and analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is data collection modeling and analysis
+in data collection we filed a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in data collection we filed a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in data collection we filed a very
+similar template we started consecutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar template we started consecutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar template we started consecutive
+mammograms from 2009 to 2012 we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammograms from 2009 to 2012 we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammograms from 2009 to 2012 we took
+outcomes from the EHR once again and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes from the EHR once again and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes from the EHR once again and the
+partners registry we didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners registry we didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners registry we didn't do
+exclusions based on race or anything of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusions based on race or anything of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusions based on race or anything of
+that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort
+implants but we did exclude negatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implants but we did exclude negatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implants but we did exclude negatives
+for follow-up so if someone didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for follow-up so if someone didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for follow-up so if someone didn't have
+cancer in three years they'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer in three years they'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer in three years they'd like
+disappear from the system meaning condom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear from the system meaning condom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear from the system meaning condom
+is negative that we have some certainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative that we have some certainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative that we have some certainty
+in both the modeling and the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both the modeling and the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both the modeling and the analysis
+and as always just by patients and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as always just by patients and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as always just by patients and to
+train their test the modeling is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train their test the modeling is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train their test the modeling is very
+similar it's the same kind of template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar it's the same kind of template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar it's the same kind of template
+in lessons as from triage except we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lessons as from triage except we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lessons as from triage except we
+experimented with a model that's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented with a model that's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented with a model that's only
+the image and for Sikkim analysis a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image and for Sikkim analysis a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image and for Sikkim analysis a
+model that's the image model is coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that's the image model is coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that's the image model is coffee
+before concatenated with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before concatenated with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before concatenated with those
+traditional risk factors at the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional risk factors at the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional risk factors at the last
+layer and train show me that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and train show me that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and train show me that make sense
+of everyone so we're gonna call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everyone so we're gonna call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everyone so we're gonna call that
+image only an image plus RF or hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image only an image plus RF or hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image only an image plus RF or hybrid
+okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool
+our kind of goals for the analysis as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our kind of goals for the analysis as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our kind of goals for the analysis as
+before we want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we want to see
+does this model actually serve the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this model actually serve the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this model actually serve the whole
+population is it going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is it going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is it going to be
+discriminative across race menopause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminative across race menopause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminative across race menopause
+status and family history and how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status and family history and how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status and family history and how does
+this relate to kind of classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relate to kind of classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relate to kind of classical
+approaches of risk and are we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches of risk and are we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches of risk and are we actually
+doing any better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any better
+and so just diving directly into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just diving directly into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just diving directly into
+assuming there's no questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming there's no questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming there's no questions
+good just kind of remind you this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good just kind of remind you this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good just kind of remind you this is the
+kind of a setting I don't think I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a setting I don't think I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a setting I don't think I forgot
+to mention it's so I had this lie here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention it's so I had this lie here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention it's so I had this lie here
+to remind me is that we excluded cancers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind me is that we excluded cancers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind me is that we excluded cancers
+from the first year from the test set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first year from the test set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first year from the test set
+so there's truly a negative screening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's truly a negative screening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's truly a negative screening
+population so the way we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so the way we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so the way we kind of
+disentangle cancer detection from cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disentangle cancer detection from cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disentangle cancer detection from cancer
+rescue okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue okay cool
+so Tyra Cusick is the kind of pyre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Tyra Cusick is the kind of pyre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Tyra Cusick is the kind of pyre
+state-of-the-art model it's model based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art model it's model based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art model it's model based
+out of the UK there develop as someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the UK there develop as someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the UK there develop as someone
+named Sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Sir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Sir
+Cusick who's knighted over this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cusick who's knighted over this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cusick who's knighted over this work
+it's very commonly used so that one had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very commonly used so that one had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very commonly used so that one had
+an ATC of 62 or image only model had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ATC of 62 or image only model had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ATC of 62 or image only model had an
+AC about 68 and the hybrid one had an AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC about 68 and the hybrid one had an AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC about 68 and the hybrid one had an AC
+of 70 so you know what is this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 70 so you know what is this kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 70 so you know what is this kind of a
+UC thing Givi when you look using risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UC thing Givi when you look using risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UC thing Givi when you look using risk
+model what it gives you is the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model what it gives you is the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model what it gives you is the ability
+better high risk or low risk cohorts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better high risk or low risk cohorts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better high risk or low risk cohorts so
+in terms looking at high risk cohorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms looking at high risk cohorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms looking at high risk cohorts
+our best model place about 30 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our best model place about 30 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our best model place about 30 percent of
+all the cancers in the population in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cancers in the population in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cancers in the population in the
+top 10% and 3% of all cancers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 10% and 3% of all cancers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 10% and 3% of all cancers in the
+bottom 10% compared to 18 and 5 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom 10% compared to 18 and 5 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom 10% compared to 18 and 5 to the
+pyre state-of-the-art and so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyre state-of-the-art and so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyre state-of-the-art and so what this
+enables you to do if you're gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to do if you're gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to do if you're gonna say
+that you know this 10% should actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know this 10% should actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know this 10% should actually
+qualify for MRI you can start fighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualify for MRI you can start fighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualify for MRI you can start fighting
+this problem of majority people that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem of majority people that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem of majority people that get
+cancer don't have MRI and the majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer don't have MRI and the majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer don't have MRI and the majority
+people that get it don't need it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that get it don't need it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that get it don't need it it's
+all about is your risk model actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about is your risk model actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about is your risk model actually
+place the right people to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the right people to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the right people to the right
+buckets now we saw that this trend of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckets now we saw that this trend of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckets now we saw that this trend of
+outperforming the prior stated they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outperforming the prior stated they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outperforming the prior stated they are
+held across races and one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held across races and one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held across races and one of the things
+that was kind of astonishing was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of astonishing was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of astonishing was that
+though taikutsu performed well white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though taikutsu performed well white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though taikutsu performed well white
+woman which makes sense because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman which makes sense because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman which makes sense because it
+develops only using white woman in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops only using white woman in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops only using white woman in the
+UK it was worse than random ravenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK it was worse than random ravenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK it was worse than random ravenous
+African American women and so this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African American women and so this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African American women and so this kind
+of emphasizes the importance is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of emphasizes the importance is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of emphasizes the importance is kind of
+analysis to make sure that the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to make sure that the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to make sure that the kind of
+data set that you have is reflective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that you have is reflective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that you have is reflective of
+the public she's trying to serve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public she's trying to serve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public she's trying to serve and
+actually doing the analysis accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing the analysis accordingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing the analysis accordingly
+so we saw that our model kind of held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw that our model kind of held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw that our model kind of held
+across races and as well across you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across races and as well across you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across races and as well across you know
+we see this trend from across pre post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see this trend from across pre post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see this trend from across pre post
+menopause I'm with him with all family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menopause I'm with him with all family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menopause I'm with him with all family
+history one thing we did in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history one thing we did in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history one thing we did in terms of a
+more granular comparison of performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more granular comparison of performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more granular comparison of performance
+we looked at if you look at kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at if you look at kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at if you look at kind of like
+the risk thirds for our model and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk thirds for our model and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk thirds for our model and it's
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+music model what's the trend that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music model what's the trend that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music model what's the trend that you
+see or the cases where kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see or the cases where kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see or the cases where kind of like
+which one is right this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is right this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is right this kind of
+ambiguous and what I should show in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous and what I should show in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous and what I should show in
+these boxes is the cancer incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boxes is the cancer incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boxes is the cancer incidence
+prevalence in a population so the darker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalence in a population so the darker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalence in a population so the darker
+the box are the higher the incidence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box are the higher the incidence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box are the higher the incidence and
+on the right hand side just random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side just random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side just random
+images from cases memos boxes does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images from cases memos boxes does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images from cases memos boxes does that
+make sense for everyone great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense for everyone great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense for everyone great
+so a clear trend that you see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a clear trend that you see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a clear trend that you see is that
+for example if t CVA calls you a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if t CVA calls you a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if t CVA calls you a high
+risk but we call it low that is a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk but we call it low that is a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk but we call it low that is a lower
+incidence then if we call it medium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence then if we call it medium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence then if we call it medium and
+they call it low so kind of like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it low so kind of like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it low so kind of like you
+kind of see this straight column wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see this straight column wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see this straight column wise
+pattern showing the discrimination truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern showing the discrimination truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern showing the discrimination truly
+does follow the deep learning model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does follow the deep learning model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does follow the deep learning model and
+not the classical approach and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the classical approach and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the classical approach and by
+looking at the random images that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the random images that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the random images that were
+selected in case we disagree it supports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected in case we disagree it supports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected in case we disagree it supports
+the notion that it's not just that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that it's not just that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that it's not just that the
+column is just the most dense crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is just the most dense crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is just the most dense crazy
+dense looking breast and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense looking breast and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense looking breast and there's
+something more subtle is picking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more subtle is picking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more subtle is picking up
+that's actually indicative of breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually indicative of breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually indicative of breast
+cancer risk kind of a very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer risk kind of a very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer risk kind of a very similar
+nauseous if you looked at is if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nauseous if you looked at is if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nauseous if you looked at is if we look
+at just by traditional breast density as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at just by traditional breast density as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at just by traditional breast density as
+labeled by the original my daughter's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by the original my daughter's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by the original my daughter's on
+the development set on the test set we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development set on the test set we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development set on the test set we
+end up seeing the same trend where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up seeing the same trend where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up seeing the same trend where if
+someone is non dense we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is non dense we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is non dense we call them
+high-risk they're much higher risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-risk they're much higher risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-risk they're much higher risk and
+someone that is dense that we call low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone that is dense that we call low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone that is dense that we call low
+risk and as before the kind of real next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and as before the kind of real next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and as before the kind of real next
+step here to make this truly valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step here to make this truly valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step here to make this truly valuable
+and truly useful is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and truly useful is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and truly useful is actually
+implementing a clinically seamless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing a clinically seamless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing a clinically seamless
+prospectively and with more centers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospectively and with more centers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospectively and with more centers and
+kind of more populations to see does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of more populations to see does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of more populations to see does
+this work and those are develop deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work and those are develop deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work and those are develop deliver
+the kind of benefits that we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of benefits that we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of benefits that we care about
+and viewing what is the lever to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and viewing what is the lever to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and viewing what is the lever to change
+once you know someone is high risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know someone is high risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know someone is high risk
+perhaps MRI perhaps you know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps MRI perhaps you know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps MRI perhaps you know more
+frequent screening and so like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent screening and so like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent screening and so like this is
+the kind of gap between having a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of gap between having a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of gap between having a useful
+technology on the paper side to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology on the paper side to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology on the paper side to an
+actual useful technology in real life so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual useful technology in real life so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual useful technology in real life so
+I am moving on schedule so now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am moving on schedule so now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am moving on schedule so now I'm going
+to talk about how to mess up and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about how to mess up and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about how to mess up and it's
+actually quite interesting there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite interesting there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite interesting there's like
+so many ways and I fall into them a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many ways and I fall into them a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many ways and I fall into them a few
+times myself and it happens and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times myself and it happens and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times myself and it happens and kind of
+following the sketch you can mess up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the sketch you can mess up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the sketch you can mess up in
+data set collection it's probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set collection it's probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set collection it's probably the
+most common by far it can mess up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common by far it can mess up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common by far it can mess up at
+modeling which I'm doing right now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling which I'm doing right now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling which I'm doing right now and
+it's very sad and you can mess up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very sad and you can mess up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very sad and you can mess up in
+analysis which is really preventable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis which is really preventable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis which is really preventable so
+in dinosaur collection in rich datasets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dinosaur collection in rich datasets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dinosaur collection in rich datasets
+or the kind of the most common thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the kind of the most common thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the kind of the most common thing you
+see in the space if you find a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the space if you find a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the space if you find a public
+data set that's more like gonna be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that's more like gonna be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that's more like gonna be like
+50/50 cancer or not cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 cancer or not cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 cancer or not cancer
+and oftentimes these datasets collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oftentimes these datasets collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oftentimes these datasets collect
+have some sort of bias within the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of bias within the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of bias within the way
+was collected so it might be that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was collected so it might be that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was collected so it might be that you
+have negative cases from less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have negative cases from less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have negative cases from less
+temperatures and you have positive cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and you have positive cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and you have positive cases
+or they're collected from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they're collected from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they're collected from different
+years and actually this is something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and actually this is something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and actually this is something we
+went into earlier in our own work once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into earlier in our own work once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into earlier in our own work once
+upon a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon a time
+Connie and I were in Shanghai for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connie and I were in Shanghai for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connie and I were in Shanghai for some
+for the opening of a Cancer Centre there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the opening of a Cancer Centre there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the opening of a Cancer Centre there
+and at that time we had all the cancers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at that time we had all the cancers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at that time we had all the cancers
+from the MGH death about 2000 but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the MGH death about 2000 but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the MGH death about 2000 but the
+mammograms are still being collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammograms are still being collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammograms are still being collected
+annually from 2012 from 2009 so at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annually from 2012 from 2009 so at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annually from 2012 from 2009 so at that
+time you only had like half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you only had like half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you only had like half of the
+negatives by year but all of the cancers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives by year but all of the cancers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives by year but all of the cancers
+and also knighted like you know I came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also knighted like you know I came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also knighted like you know I came
+to study more complicated model as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study more complicated model as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study more complicated model as well
+often does those that several members at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often does those that several members at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often does those that several members at
+the same time and my ATC went up to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and my ATC went up to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and my ATC went up to like
+a 95 and I had always like it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 95 and I had always like it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 95 and I had always like it's like
+bouncing off the wall and then in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing off the wall and then in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing off the wall and then in you
+know had some suspicions like wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know had some suspicions like wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know had some suspicions like wait a
+second this is too high this this is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second this is too high this this is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second this is too high this this is too
+good and we quickly like if these know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and we quickly like if these know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and we quickly like if these know
+all these numbers or like kind of a myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these numbers or like kind of a myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these numbers or like kind of a myth
+but this level of kind of if you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this level of kind of if you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this level of kind of if you do this
+kind of case control things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of case control things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of case control things you can
+oftentimes unless you're very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes unless you're very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes unless you're very careful
+about the way was constructed you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way was constructed you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way was constructed you can
+easily run into these issues and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily run into these issues and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily run into these issues and your
+testing set won't protect you from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing set won't protect you from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing set won't protect you from that
+and so having a clean data set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so having a clean data set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so having a clean data set that
+truly you know follows that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly you know follows that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly you know follows that kind of
+respect the spectrum expect to use it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect the spectrum expect to use it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect the spectrum expect to use it in
+IE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IE
+a natural distribution cut so through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural distribution cut so through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural distribution cut so through
+routine clinical care is important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine clinical care is important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine clinical care is important to
+say will it behave as actually wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say will it behave as actually wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say will it behave as actually wanted to
+be used in general the only some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used in general the only some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used in general the only some of this
+you can think through in first principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think through in first principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think through in first principle
+but it kind of stresses the importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it kind of stresses the importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it kind of stresses the importance
+of actually testing that's prospectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actually testing that's prospectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actually testing that's prospectively
+an external validation to try to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an external validation to try to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an external validation to try to see
+does this work when I take away some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this work when I take away some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this work when I take away some of
+the biases in my data set and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biases in my data set and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biases in my data set and being
+really careful about that the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really careful about that the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really careful about that the common
+approach are just controlling by age or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach are just controlling by age or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach are just controlling by age or
+by density is not enough when the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by density is not enough when the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by density is not enough when the model
+can catch really fine grain signals how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can catch really fine grain signals how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can catch really fine grain signals how
+to mess up in modeling so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mess up in modeling so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mess up in modeling so this is
+there's been adventures in this space as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been adventures in this space as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been adventures in this space as
+well one of the things I've recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one of the things I've recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one of the things I've recently
+discovered is that the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered is that the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered is that the actual
+mammography machine device that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammography machine device that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammography machine device that the
+machine was captured on so you saw much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine was captured on so you saw much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine was captured on so you saw much
+mammograms pop from different machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammograms pop from different machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammograms pop from different machines
+has a an expected impact on the model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a an expected impact on the model so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a an expected impact on the model so
+the actual probability tribution like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual probability tribution like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual probability tribution like
+the distribution of cancer probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of cancer probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of cancer probabilities
+by the model is not independent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the model is not independent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the model is not independent of the
+device and so something I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and so something I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and so something I'm going
+through now we actually ran into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through now we actually ran into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through now we actually ran into this
+while work and consultation is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while work and consultation is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while work and consultation is like this
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+- aerial training set up to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- aerial training set up to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- aerial training set up to try to
+rectify this issue it's important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectify this issue it's important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectify this issue it's important so
+this is much harder to catch based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is much harder to catch based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is much harder to catch based on
+first principle but it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principle but it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principle but it's important to
+think through as you kind of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through as you kind of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through as you kind of really
+start you know demoing out your kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you know demoing out your kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you know demoing out your kind of
+computations this is all kind of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations this is all kind of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations this is all kind of these
+issues pop up easily and they're harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues pop up easily and they're harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues pop up easily and they're harder
+to avoid and lastly and I think probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid and lastly and I think probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid and lastly and I think probably
+one that's probably the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's probably the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's probably the most important
+is messing up in analysis so it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is messing up in analysis so it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is messing up in analysis so it's quite
+common in there kind of previous section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in there kind of previous section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in there kind of previous section
+in this field yes discriminative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this field yes discriminative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this field yes discriminative
+predictive machine and then you against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive machine and then you against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive machine and then you against
+that so my answer is gonna be two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so my answer is gonna be two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so my answer is gonna be two parts
+one it doesn't work as well as I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it doesn't work as well as I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it doesn't work as well as I wanted
+to yet so really who knows but my best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yet so really who knows but my best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yet so really who knows but my best
+hunch in terms of what's been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunch in terms of what's been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunch in terms of what's been done
+before for other kind of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before for other kind of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before for other kind of work
+specifically on radio signals as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on radio signals as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on radio signals as they
+use a conditional adversarial so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a conditional adversarial so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a conditional adversarial so you
+feed the discriminative both the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed the discriminative both the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed the discriminative both the label
+and the invitation and you have it try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the invitation and you have it try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the invitation and you have it try
+to predict out the device to try to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict out the device to try to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict out the device to try to take
+away the information that's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the information that's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the information that's not just
+contained within the label distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained within the label distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained within the label distribution
+and that's been shown to be very helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's been shown to be very helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's been shown to be very helpful
+for people trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people trying to do
+Steamship detection based off on Wi-Fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steamship detection based off on Wi-Fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steamship detection based off on Wi-Fi
+well not Wi-Fi but like radio waves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not Wi-Fi but like radio waves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not Wi-Fi but like radio waves and
+the obvious group but also it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obvious group but also it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obvious group but also it seems to
+be like the most common approach I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like the most common approach I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like the most common approach I see
+in literature so it's something that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in literature so it's something that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in literature so it's something that I'm
+gonna try soon have it implemented with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try soon have it implemented with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try soon have it implemented with
+just GPU time and kind of waiting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just GPU time and kind of waiting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just GPU time and kind of waiting to
+queue up experiment and the last part in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue up experiment and the last part in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue up experiment and the last part in
+terms of how to mess up is this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how to mess up is this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how to mess up is this kind of
+analysis one thing that's common people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis one thing that's common people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis one thing that's common people
+assume that's kind of like synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that's kind of like synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that's kind of like synthetic
+experiments or the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or the same thing
+supplementation like people do reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementation like people do reader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementation like people do reader
+studies very often and it's quite common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies very often and it's quite common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies very often and it's quite common
+to see that when we do reader studies it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that when we do reader studies it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that when we do reader studies it
+doesn't actually like you might find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually like you might find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually like you might find the
+computed detection there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed detection there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed detection there's a huge
+difference in reader studies and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in reader studies and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in reader studies and it's a
+contactor showed it was harmful in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contactor showed it was harmful in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contactor showed it was harmful in real
+life and it's important to kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and it's important to kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and it's important to kind of like
+do kind of these real-world experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do kind of these real-world experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do kind of these real-world experiments
+that really say what is happening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really say what is happening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really say what is happening and
+this gave him the real benefit that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gave him the real benefit that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gave him the real benefit that I
+expected and a hopefully less common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected and a hopefully less common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected and a hopefully less common
+nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays
+mistake is that oftentimes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake is that oftentimes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake is that oftentimes people
+exclude all the convening cases so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude all the convening cases so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude all the convening cases so there
+was a paper yesterday that just came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a paper yesterday that just came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a paper yesterday that just came out
+but the cancer detection using kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the cancer detection using kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the cancer detection using kind of
+patch level architecture but if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch level architecture but if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch level architecture but if you read
+more closely into their details they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more closely into their details they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more closely into their details they
+excluded all women with breast that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded all women with breast that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded all women with breast that they
+considered too small by some threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered too small by some threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered too small by some threshold
+for like modern convenience but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like modern convenience but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like modern convenience but that
+might disportionateately large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with subgroup analysis for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with subgroup analysis for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with subgroup analysis for all the
+different races so it's hard to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different races so it's hard to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different races so it's hard to know
+what is happening there if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is happening there if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is happening there if your
+population is mostly white which it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is mostly white which it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is mostly white which it is
+at MGH and is a lot of the centers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MGH and is a lot of the centers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MGH and is a lot of the centers that
+these college are developed reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these college are developed reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these college are developed reporting
+the average EUC isn't enough to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average EUC isn't enough to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average EUC isn't enough to really
+valid data and so you can have things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid data and so you can have things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid data and so you can have things
+like a tie Kuzak model that are worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a tie Kuzak model that are worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a tie Kuzak model that are worse
+than random and explicitly harmful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than random and explicitly harmful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than random and explicitly harmful for
+african-american women and so guarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african-american women and so guarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african-american women and so guarding
+against that is you can do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that is you can do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that is you can do a lot of
+their based on first principle but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their based on first principle but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their based on first principle but some
+of these things you can only really find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things you can only really find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things you can only really find
+out by actively monitoring to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by actively monitoring to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by actively monitoring to say is
+there any sub population that I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any sub population that I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any sub population that I didn't
+think about a priori that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a priori that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a priori that could be
+harmed and finally so talk a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmed and finally so talk a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmed and finally so talk a lot about
+clinical deployments we've actually done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical deployments we've actually done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical deployments we've actually done
+this a couple times and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a couple times and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a couple times and we're gonna
+switch over to Connie real soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch over to Connie real soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch over to Connie real soon
+in general the we want to do is you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the we want to do is you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the we want to do is you want
+to make it as easy as plausible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it as easy as plausible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it as easy as plausible and
+possible for the in-house IT team to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for the in-house IT team to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for the in-house IT team to use
+your tool we've gone through this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tool we've gone through this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tool we've gone through this with
+not like I don't know depends how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like I don't know depends how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like I don't know depends how you
+count like once for density and I'm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count like once for density and I'm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count like once for density and I'm like
+three times at the same time and I spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times at the same time and I spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times at the same time and I spent
+like many hours sitting there and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many hours sitting there and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many hours sitting there and the
+broad way that we set it up so far is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad way that we set it up so far is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad way that we set it up so far is we
+just have a kind of blocker ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a kind of blocker ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a kind of blocker ice
+container to manage your web app the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container to manage your web app the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container to manage your web app the
+holds the model this web app has kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds the model this web app has kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds the model this web app has kind of
+a dock on processing toolkit so the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dock on processing toolkit so the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dock on processing toolkit so the kind
+of steps that all of our deployments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps that all of our deployments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps that all of our deployments
+follow and I like under unified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow and I like under unified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow and I like under unified
+framework is the IT application we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework is the IT application we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework is the IT application we'll
+get some images out of the PAC system it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some images out of the PAC system it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some images out of the PAC system it
+will send it over to application we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will send it over to application we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will send it over to application we're
+gonna converge to the PNG in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna converge to the PNG in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna converge to the PNG in the way
+that we expect because we kind of kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we expect because we kind of kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we expect because we kind of kept
+like encapsulate this functionality run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like encapsulate this functionality run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like encapsulate this functionality run
+through the model send it back and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the model send it back and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the model send it back and then
+write it back to the HR one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it back to the HR one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it back to the HR one of the
+things I ran into was that they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I ran into was that they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I ran into was that they didn't
+actually know how to use things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know how to use things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know how to use things like
+HTTP because it's not actually normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP because it's not actually normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP because it's not actually normal
+within their infrastructure and so being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within their infrastructure and so being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within their infrastructure and so being
+cognizant that some of these more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognizant that some of these more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognizant that some of these more like
+tech standard things of like just HTTP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech standard things of like just HTTP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech standard things of like just HTTP
+requests and like responses and stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests and like responses and stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests and like responses and stuff is
+less standard within the inside of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less standard within the inside of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less standard within the inside of their
+infrastructure and kind of looking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure and kind of looking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure and kind of looking up
+how to actually do these things and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to actually do these things and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to actually do these things and like
+c-sharp whatever language they have has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-sharp whatever language they have has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-sharp whatever language they have has
+been really what's enabled is to like em
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really what's enabled is to like em
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really what's enabled is to like em
+block these things and actually plug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block these things and actually plug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block these things and actually plug it
+in and that is it's from my part so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and that is it's from my part so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and that is it's from my part so I'm
+gonna hand it back up oh yes you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna hand it back up oh yes you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna hand it back up oh yes you're
+writing stuff in the IT application and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing stuff in the IT application and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing stuff in the IT application and
+c-sharp to do so they're writing it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-sharp to do so they're writing it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-sharp to do so they're writing it I
+just I just meet them to tell them how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I just meet them to tell them how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I just meet them to tell them how
+to write it yes I so like in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it yes I so like in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it yes I so like in general
+like with you there's libraries so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with you there's libraries so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with you there's libraries so like
+but their entire environment is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their entire environment is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their entire environment is in
+Windows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows and
+is very poor support for lots of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very poor support for lots of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very poor support for lots of things
+you would expect it to have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect it to have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect it to have a good
+support for so there was like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support for so there was like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support for so there was like if you
+wanted to send a spear request with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to send a spear request with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to send a spear request with like
+a multi-part form and just put images in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-part form and just put images in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-part form and just put images in
+that form apparently that's like has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form apparently that's like has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form apparently that's like has
+bugs in it and like Windows whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs in it and like Windows whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs in it and like Windows whatever
+version they used today and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version they used today and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version they used today and so that
+vanilla version just didn't work windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanilla version just didn't work windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanilla version just didn't work windows
+for daca also has bugs and I had set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for daca also has bugs and I had set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for daca also has bugs and I had set up
+this kind of locking function for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of locking function for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of locking function for them
+to like automatic table locks inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like automatic table locks inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like automatic table locks inside the
+container and it just doesn't work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container and it just doesn't work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container and it just doesn't work in
+Windows without it yeah so we can get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows without it yeah so we can get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows without it yeah so we can get to
+this at the end I want to hand off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at the end I want to hand off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at the end I want to hand off the
+cunning yeah if you have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cunning yeah if you have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cunning yeah if you have any questions
+grab me after
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2_7htv5eviM.txt b/2_7htv5eviM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..859675ee085eade2632479506d8835612b8ba5e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2_7htv5eviM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation we've been
+talking about tailor series and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about tailor series and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about tailor series and
+different sorts of manipulations you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sorts of manipulations you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sorts of manipulations you can
+do with them and different examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with them and different examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with them and different examples of
+tailor Series so I have an example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor Series so I have an example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor Series so I have an example here
+that I don't think you've seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't think you've seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't think you've seen in
+lecture so this is the tailor series 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so this is the tailor series 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so this is the tailor series 1 +
+2x+ 3x^2 + 4x Cub + 5x to the fourth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x+ 3x^2 + 4x Cub + 5x to the fourth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x+ 3x^2 + 4x Cub + 5x to the fourth and
+and so on so I'm I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so I'm I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so I'm I'm going to tell you
+that this is a tailor series for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a tailor series for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a tailor series for a
+fairly nice function um and what I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly nice function um and what I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly nice function um and what I'd
+like you to do is try and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to do is try and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to do is try and figure out
+what that function is now I'm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that function is now I'm kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that function is now I'm kind of
+sending you off onto this task without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending you off onto this task without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending you off onto this task without
+giving you much guidance so let me give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you much guidance so let me give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you much guidance so let me give
+you a little bit of a hint which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit of a hint which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit of a hint which is that
+the the the the thing to do here is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the thing to do here is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the thing to do here is you
+have you have a bunch of different tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have a bunch of different tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have a bunch of different tools
+that you know how to manipulate tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know how to manipulate tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know how to manipulate tailor
+series by so you know how to you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series by so you know how to you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series by so you know how to you know uh
+do calculus on Taylor series you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do calculus on Taylor series you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do calculus on Taylor series you can
+take derivatives and integrals you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivatives and integrals you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivatives and integrals you know
+how to add and multiply and and perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to add and multiply and and perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to add and multiply and and perform
+uh these sorts of manipulations so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these sorts of manipulations so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these sorts of manipulations so you
+might think of of a manipulation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of of a manipulation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of of a manipulation you
+could perform on this table series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could perform on this table series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could perform on this table series
+that'll that'll make it a simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll that'll make it a simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll that'll make it a simpler
+expression or something you're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression or something you're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression or something you're already
+familiar with or or so on so uh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with or or so on so uh let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with or or so on so uh let me
+uh give you uh some some time to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give you uh some some time to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give you uh some some time to work on
+that think about it for a while try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that think about it for a while try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that think about it for a while try and
+try and come up with the expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and come up with the expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and come up with the expression for
+this tailor series and uh come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tailor series and uh come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tailor series and uh come back and
+we can work on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together so hopefully you had some luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so hopefully you had some luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so hopefully you had some luck
+working on this problem and figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this problem and figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this problem and figured out
+what what the uh the right manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the uh the right manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the uh the right manipulation
+to use is I didn't I didn't I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is I didn't I didn't I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is I didn't I didn't I kind of
+tossed it at you without without a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tossed it at you without without a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tossed it at you without without a whole
+lot of guidance and I don't think you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of guidance and I don't think you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of guidance and I don't think you've
+done a lot of examples like this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of examples like this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of examples like this before
+so so it's a little tricky um so so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's a little tricky um so so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's a little tricky um so so what
+I suggested was you think about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suggested was you think about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suggested was you think about things
+that you you know how to do that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you know how to do that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you know how to do that that
+could be used to to simplify this um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be used to to simplify this um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be used to to simplify this um so
+looking at it um it's just one tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it um it's just one tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it um it's just one tailor
+Series so it's not clear that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series so it's not clear that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series so it's not clear that sort of
+tailor series arithmetic is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor series arithmetic is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor series arithmetic is going to
+help you very much it's not obviously a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you very much it's not obviously a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you very much it's not obviously a
+substitution of some value into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution of some value into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution of some value into some
+other Taylor series that you're familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Taylor series that you're familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Taylor series that you're familiar
+with it's not um it's not obviously say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it's not um it's not obviously say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it's not um it's not obviously say
+a sum of two Taylor series that you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of two Taylor series that you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of two Taylor series that you that
+you already know very well um so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already know very well um so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already know very well um so so
+those those things don't aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those things don't aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those things don't aren't
+immediately it's not clear where to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately it's not clear where to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately it's not clear where to go
+with them um one thing that does pop out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them um one thing that does pop out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them um one thing that does pop out
+well okay so so let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so so let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so so let's talk about the
+other some of the other tools I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other some of the other tools I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other some of the other tools I
+mentioned uh we we have on tailor Series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned uh we we have on tailor Series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned uh we we have on tailor Series
+so we have differentiation um and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have differentiation um and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have differentiation um and if you
+take so we see here that the that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take so we see here that the that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take so we see here that the that the
+coefficients are sort of a linear polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are sort of a linear polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are sort of a linear polom
+if you take a derivative what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a derivative what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a derivative what happens is
+well this becomes 2 + 6 x + 12 x^2 + 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this becomes 2 + 6 x + 12 x^2 + 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this becomes 2 + 6 x + 12 x^2 + 20
+x cubed and those coefficients 2 6 12 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x cubed and those coefficients 2 6 12 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x cubed and those coefficients 2 6 12 20
+those are given by by a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are given by by a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are given by by a quadratic
+polinomial so that that makes our life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so that that makes our life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so that that makes our life
+kind of more complicated somehow um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of more complicated somehow um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of more complicated somehow um but
+uh if we look at this we see that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we look at this we see that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we look at this we see that that
+integrating this this power series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating this this power series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating this this power series is
+really easy to do this power Series has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to do this power Series has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to do this power Series has
+a really nice anti-derivative um so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really nice anti-derivative um so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really nice anti-derivative um so what
+I'm going to do is I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is I'm going to call
+this power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power
+series by the name f ofx and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series by the name f ofx and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series by the name f ofx and then what
+I'd like you to notice is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to notice is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to notice is that the
+anti-derivative of f ofx DX well we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of f ofx DX well we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of f ofx DX well we can
+integrate power series termwise and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate power series termwise and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate power series termwise and so
+what we get is well so all right so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get is well so all right so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get is well so all right so I'm
+going to do I'm going to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do I'm going to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do I'm going to put the
+constant of integration first um so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of integration first um so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of integration first um so so
+the anti-derivative of this is C plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-derivative of this is C plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-derivative of this is C plus
+well one you you take its integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one you you take its integral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one you you take its integral and
+you get X and 2x you take its integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get X and 2x you take its integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get X and 2x you take its integral
+and you just get plus x s and 3x^2 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just get plus x s and 3x^2 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just get plus x s and 3x^2 you
+take its integral and you get plus X Cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its integral and you get plus X Cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its integral and you get plus X Cub
+then plus x to the 4th from the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then plus x to the 4th from the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then plus x to the 4th from the next one
+and plus x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plus x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plus x to the
+5th and so on so okay so I put the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5th and so on so okay so I put the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5th and so on so okay so I put the C
+here right um so any power series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right um so any power series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right um so any power series of
+this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form
+is an anti-derivative of the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an anti-derivative of the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an anti-derivative of the power
+series that we started with any power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that we started with any power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that we started with any power
+series of this form has a has a d has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of this form has a has a d has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of this form has a has a d has
+the derivative equal to the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative equal to the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative equal to the thing that
+we're interested in and since we since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in and since we since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in and since we since
+we really care about what f is and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really care about what f is and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really care about what f is and not
+what its anti-derivative is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what its anti-derivative is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what its anti-derivative is we can
+choose C to be any convenient value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose C to be any convenient value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose C to be any convenient value so
+I'm going to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to in
+particular look at the power Series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular look at the power Series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular look at the power Series
+where C is equal to one now why am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where C is equal to one now why am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where C is equal to one now why am I
+going to make that choice well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make that choice well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make that choice well because
+we've seen a power series that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen a power series that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen a power series that looks
+very much like this before with the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like this before with the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like this before with the one
+there so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 + x + X2 + x cubed plus X 4th and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + x + X2 + x cubed plus X 4th and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + x + X2 + x cubed plus X 4th and so
+on we know that this is equal to 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we know that this is equal to 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we know that this is equal to 1 over
+1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 -
+x okay so since we know that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay so since we know that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay so since we know that this is the
+case that means that our power Series F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that means that our power Series F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that means that our power Series F
+ofx is just the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is just the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is just the derivative of this
+that's what we just showed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+f ofx is equal to D over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx is equal to D over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx is equal to D over
+DX of one over whoops that should be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of one over whoops that should be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of one over whoops that should be one
+over 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 minus
+X okay and notice that you know if I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay and notice that you know if I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay and notice that you know if I'd
+chosen a different choice of constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen a different choice of constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen a different choice of constant
+here that would would be killed off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that would would be killed off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that would would be killed off by
+this differentiation so so it really was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differentiation so so it really was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differentiation so so it really was
+irrelevant uh so D over DX of 1 over 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant uh so D over DX of 1 over 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant uh so D over DX of 1 over 1 -
+x yes D over DX of 1 over 1 - x and okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x yes D over DX of 1 over 1 - x and okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x yes D over DX of 1 over 1 - x and okay
+well this is an easy derivative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is an easy derivative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is an easy derivative to
+compute this is 1 - x theus1 so you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this is 1 - x theus1 so you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this is 1 - x theus1 so you do a
+little chain rule thing and I think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little chain rule thing and I think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little chain rule thing and I think what
+you get out is that this is 1 over 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get out is that this is 1 over 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get out is that this is 1 over 1 -
+x^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar
+so this gives me a nice formula for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives me a nice formula for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives me a nice formula for this
+for this function f ofx if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this function f ofx if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this function f ofx if you wanted to
+check uh one thing you could do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check uh one thing you could do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check uh one thing you could do is you
+could you could set about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could set about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could set about you know
+Computing a few terms of the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing a few terms of the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing a few terms of the power
+series for for this function for 1 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for for this function for 1 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for for this function for 1 1 -
+um 1 1 - S I should say um so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 1 1 - S I should say um so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 1 1 - S I should say um so you could
+do that either by using your derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that either by using your derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that either by using your derivative
+formula which is easy enough to do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which is easy enough to do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which is easy enough to do um
+another thing you could do is you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you could do is you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you could do is you could
+realize that this is 1 over 1 - x Time 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this is 1 over 1 - x Time 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this is 1 over 1 - x Time 1
+over 1 - x so you could try multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 - x so you could try multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 - x so you could try multiplying
+that polinomial by itself and that power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that polinomial by itself and that power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that polinomial by itself and that power
+series by itself and see if it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series by itself and see if it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series by itself and see if it's easy to
+to to get back this this formula that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get back this this formula that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get back this this formula that we
+had um but any of those ways is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had um but any of those ways is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had um but any of those ways is a good
+way to double check that that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to double check that that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to double check that that this is
+really true that that this function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really true that that this function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really true that that this function that
+this power series here F ofx has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power series here F ofx has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power series here F ofx has this
+this functional form now of course uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this functional form now of course uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this functional form now of course uh I
+I haven't said anything about the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't said anything about the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't said anything about the radius
+of convergence but the the the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence but the the the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence but the the the thing
+to remember uh when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember uh when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember uh when you're doing
+calculus on power series is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus on power series is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus on power series is that when
+you take a take a derivative or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a take a derivative or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a take a derivative or an
+anti-derivative of a power series you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of a power series you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of a power series you
+don't change the radius of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change the radius of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change the radius of convergence
+sometimes you can fiddle with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can fiddle with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can fiddle with what
+happens at the end points but um but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at the end points but um but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at the end points but um but but
+the radius of convergence stays the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of convergence stays the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of convergence stays the same
+so this this is going to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this is going to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this is going to be true
+whenever X is between negative 1 and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever X is between negative 1 and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever X is between negative 1 and one
+and in fact this series diverges at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact this series diverges at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact this series diverges at at
+as end points that's pretty easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as end points that's pretty easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as end points that's pretty easy to
+check so uh so there we go so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check so uh so there we go so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check so uh so there we go so this is
+the functional form for this power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional form for this power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional form for this power
+series it's valid whenever X is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series it's valid whenever X is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series it's valid whenever X is between
+negative 1 and one that's that's its uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 and one that's that's its uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 and one that's that's its uh
+it's range of convergence um and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's range of convergence um and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's range of convergence um and so here
+we have a cute little trick for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a cute little trick for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a cute little trick for for
+figuring out some forms of power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out some forms of power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out some forms of power series
+and of course if you were interested so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course if you were interested so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course if you were interested so
+like I said now you had a you could look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said now you had a you could look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said now you had a you could look
+at the derivative of this which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the derivative of this which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the derivative of this which I
+mentioned had some some coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned had some some coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned had some some coefficients
+that were given by some quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were given by some quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were given by some quadratic
+polinomial now that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial now that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial now that you have a
+functional form you could figure out oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form you could figure out oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form you could figure out oh
+what you know what is the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know what is the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know what is the the the
+function whose power Series has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function whose power Series has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function whose power Series has that
+quadratic polinomial as coefficients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic polinomial as coefficients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic polinomial as coefficients and
+you can do a whole bunch of other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a whole bunch of other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a whole bunch of other stuff
+by similarly taking derivatives of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by similarly taking derivatives of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by similarly taking derivatives of other
+power series that you're familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series that you're familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series that you're familiar with
+or or integrals so I'll stop there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/345Wz_7CrN4.txt b/345Wz_7CrN4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc572b2353d40d5588ab956bb7dcd706a02b7e86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/345Wz_7CrN4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3715 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+the second carbohydrate-based synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second carbohydrate-based synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second carbohydrate-based synthetic
+pathway we're going to look at is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway we're going to look at is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway we're going to look at is called
+gluconeogenesis gluconeogenesis is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis gluconeogenesis is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis gluconeogenesis is the
+synthesis of glucose from non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of glucose from non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of glucose from non
+carbohydrate precursors let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate precursors let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate precursors let's look at
+panel a of this storyboard storyboard 31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel a of this storyboard storyboard 31
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel a of this storyboard storyboard 31
+there are some organs in the body that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some organs in the body that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some organs in the body that
+require glucose as their metabolic fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require glucose as their metabolic fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require glucose as their metabolic fuel
+yet they don't have the capacity to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet they don't have the capacity to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet they don't have the capacity to make
+it or to make much of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or to make much of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or to make much of it
+examples are the brain renal medulla red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples are the brain renal medulla red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples are the brain renal medulla red
+blood cells and the testes to give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cells and the testes to give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cells and the testes to give an
+idea of the scale of the problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the scale of the problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the scale of the problem the
+body faces we only have about 200 grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body faces we only have about 200 grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body faces we only have about 200 grams
+of glucose or glycogen stored away in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glucose or glycogen stored away in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glucose or glycogen stored away in
+our body and the brain alone uses more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our body and the brain alone uses more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our body and the brain alone uses more
+than half of that each day so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half of that each day so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half of that each day so we don't
+have much in the way of a carbohydrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much in the way of a carbohydrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much in the way of a carbohydrate
+reserve the body compensates by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve the body compensates by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve the body compensates by having
+certain organs specifically the liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain organs specifically the liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain organs specifically the liver
+and renal cortex act as specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and renal cortex act as specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and renal cortex act as specialized
+manufacturing centers to produce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing centers to produce an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing centers to produce an
+export glucose the chemical raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export glucose the chemical raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export glucose the chemical raw
+materials they use include organic acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials they use include organic acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials they use include organic acids
+such as lactate some amino acids and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as lactate some amino acids and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as lactate some amino acids and the
+three carbon residues from odd chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon residues from odd chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon residues from odd chain
+fatty acids that enter catabolism to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids that enter catabolism to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids that enter catabolism to get
+an idea of how gluconeogenesis works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of how gluconeogenesis works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of how gluconeogenesis works
+let's take a look at the box here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at the box here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at the box here at the
+bottom of panel a you see a muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of panel a you see a muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of panel a you see a muscle
+working very hard as evidenced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working very hard as evidenced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working very hard as evidenced by the
+fact that it's secreting lactate out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's secreting lactate out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's secreting lactate out
+into the blood the lactate travels from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the blood the lactate travels from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the blood the lactate travels from
+the working muscle by the blood to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the working muscle by the blood to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the working muscle by the blood to the
+liver where the lactate is taken in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver where the lactate is taken in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver where the lactate is taken in the
+pathway of gluconeogenesis with energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway of gluconeogenesis with energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway of gluconeogenesis with energy
+and reducing equivalent input rebuilds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reducing equivalent input rebuilds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reducing equivalent input rebuilds
+glucose from that lactate precursor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose from that lactate precursor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose from that lactate precursor the
+glucose is then sent back out into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose is then sent back out into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose is then sent back out into the
+blood returns to the muscle enabling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood returns to the muscle enabling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood returns to the muscle enabling the
+muscle to continue hard work as I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle to continue hard work as I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle to continue hard work as I've
+described earlier in 507 this functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described earlier in 507 this functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described earlier in 507 this functional
+relationship between a muscle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between a muscle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between a muscle and the
+liver is called the Cori cycle let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver is called the Cori cycle let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver is called the Cori cycle let's
+look at panel B depending on how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at panel B depending on how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at panel B depending on how you
+look at it there are seven or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it there are seven or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it there are seven or
+we ate non carbohydrate precursors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ate non carbohydrate precursors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ate non carbohydrate precursors to
+glucose in gluconeogenesis they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose in gluconeogenesis they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose in gluconeogenesis they're
+listed in this panel and I've indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in this panel and I've indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in this panel and I've indicated
+these precursors by numbers one through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these precursors by numbers one through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these precursors by numbers one through
+eight the first seven are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight the first seven are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight the first seven are not
+carbohydrates so they qualify as non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates so they qualify as non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates so they qualify as non
+carbohydrate precursors as fits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate precursors as fits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate precursors as fits the
+definition for a gluconeogenic compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for a gluconeogenic compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for a gluconeogenic compound
+the eighth is actually a carbohydrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eighth is actually a carbohydrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eighth is actually a carbohydrate
+it's ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ribose
+I'm semi illegally squeezing it in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm semi illegally squeezing it in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm semi illegally squeezing it in here
+because ribose acts as a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because ribose acts as a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because ribose acts as a major
+gluconeogenic precursor by way of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenic precursor by way of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenic precursor by way of the
+pentose phosphate pathway or PPP we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway or PPP we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway or PPP we
+haven't covered the pentose phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't covered the pentose phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't covered the pentose phosphate
+pathway yet but we'll see when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway yet but we'll see when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway yet but we'll see when we do
+cover it exactly how this pathway works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover it exactly how this pathway works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover it exactly how this pathway works
+to manufacture glucose in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manufacture glucose in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manufacture glucose in other words
+ribose from the diet can be converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose from the diet can be converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose from the diet can be converted
+into glucose by way of the pentose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into glucose by way of the pentose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into glucose by way of the pentose
+phosphate pathway coupled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway coupled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway coupled to
+gluconeogenesis a little bit later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis a little bit later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis a little bit later in
+this lecture we'll see how each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture we'll see how each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture we'll see how each of these
+precursors that is numbers 1 through 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors that is numbers 1 through 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors that is numbers 1 through 8
+are converted to glucose by the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are converted to glucose by the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are converted to glucose by the pathway
+of gluconeogenesis the best way to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gluconeogenesis the best way to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gluconeogenesis the best way to start
+thinking about gluconeogenesis is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about gluconeogenesis is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about gluconeogenesis is to
+think of it as glycolysis running in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as glycolysis running in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as glycolysis running in
+Reverse as shown here in panels see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reverse as shown here in panels see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reverse as shown here in panels see
+glycolysis is conversion of glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis is conversion of glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis is conversion of glucose
+ultimately to pyruvate as we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately to pyruvate as we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately to pyruvate as we know that
+pathway goes with the net generation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway goes with the net generation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway goes with the net generation of
+ATP that is it is exergonic accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP that is it is exergonic accordingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP that is it is exergonic accordingly
+if we go from pyruvate back to glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go from pyruvate back to glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go from pyruvate back to glucose
+we know that in order to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that in order to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that in order to make that
+reverse pathway exergonic we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse pathway exergonic we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse pathway exergonic we're going to
+need to have energy input as we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have energy input as we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have energy input as we learned
+earlier there are 10 steps in glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier there are 10 steps in glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier there are 10 steps in glycolysis
+going from glucose to pyruvate three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from glucose to pyruvate three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from glucose to pyruvate three of
+those steps are thermodynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps are thermodynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps are thermodynamically
+irreversible those are the steps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible those are the steps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible those are the steps that
+commit molecules to flow from left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit molecules to flow from left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit molecules to flow from left to
+right as drawn in this panel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as drawn in this panel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as drawn in this panel the
+thermodynamically irreversible steps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically irreversible steps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically irreversible steps of
+glycolysis our first hexyl kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis our first hexyl kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis our first hexyl kinase
+glucokinase that is the conversion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucokinase that is the conversion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucokinase that is the conversion of
+glucose to glucose 6-phosphate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose to glucose 6-phosphate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose to glucose 6-phosphate the
+secondary reversible step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary reversible step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary reversible step is
+phosphofructokinase 1 the conversion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase 1 the conversion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase 1 the conversion of
+fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1 6
+bisphosphate the third irreversible step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate the third irreversible step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate the third irreversible step
+is pyruvate kinase the conversion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pyruvate kinase the conversion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pyruvate kinase the conversion of
+phospho enol pyruvate to pyruvate we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospho enol pyruvate to pyruvate we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospho enol pyruvate to pyruvate we
+have to find a way in gluconeogenesis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find a way in gluconeogenesis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find a way in gluconeogenesis to
+bypass these three thermodynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass these three thermodynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass these three thermodynamically
+irreversible steps the enzymes that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible steps the enzymes that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible steps the enzymes that were
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+to circumvent the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to circumvent the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to circumvent the three
+thermodynamically irreversible steps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically irreversible steps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically irreversible steps of
+glycolysis are shown in green asterisks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis are shown in green asterisks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis are shown in green asterisks
+in this panel for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this panel for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this panel for example
+glucose-6-phosphatase hydrolyzes the six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose-6-phosphatase hydrolyzes the six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose-6-phosphatase hydrolyzes the six
+phosphate from glucose 6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate from glucose 6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate from glucose 6-phosphate
+converting it to glucose a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting it to glucose a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting it to glucose a second
+asterisked enzyme of gluconeogenesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asterisked enzyme of gluconeogenesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asterisked enzyme of gluconeogenesis is
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate a's which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate a's which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate a's which
+converts fructose 1 6 bisphosphate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts fructose 1 6 bisphosphate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts fructose 1 6 bisphosphate by
+hydrolysis to fructose 6-phosphate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis to fructose 6-phosphate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis to fructose 6-phosphate the
+third irreversible step that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third irreversible step that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third irreversible step that we need to
+bypass is pyruvate kinase 2 enzymes were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass is pyruvate kinase 2 enzymes were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass is pyruvate kinase 2 enzymes were
+invented to enable this bypass pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented to enable this bypass pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented to enable this bypass pyruvate
+carboxylase which we have studied before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase which we have studied before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase which we have studied before
+in several contexts in 507 and a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in several contexts in 507 and a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in several contexts in 507 and a new
+enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
+or pepsi k pyruvate carboxylase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pepsi k pyruvate carboxylase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pepsi k pyruvate carboxylase and
+pepsi k work in a partnership with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepsi k work in a partnership with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepsi k work in a partnership with
+several other enzymes actually in a mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several other enzymes actually in a mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several other enzymes actually in a mini
+pathway to bypass the pyruvate kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway to bypass the pyruvate kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway to bypass the pyruvate kinase
+step of glycolysis and hence enabled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of glycolysis and hence enabled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of glycolysis and hence enabled
+gluconeogenesis lastly at the right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis lastly at the right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis lastly at the right of
+this panel is a large inverted L this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this panel is a large inverted L this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this panel is a large inverted L this is
+meant to symbolize the eight precursors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to symbolize the eight precursors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to symbolize the eight precursors
+to gluconeogenesis these precursors will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gluconeogenesis these precursors will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gluconeogenesis these precursors will
+enter the gluconeogenic pathway and flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the gluconeogenic pathway and flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the gluconeogenic pathway and flow
+by the hatched arrow lines all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the hatched arrow lines all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the hatched arrow lines all the way
+up to glucose this network of reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to glucose this network of reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to glucose this network of reactions
+allows the conversion of molecules such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the conversion of molecules such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the conversion of molecules such
+as the amino acid glutamate all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the amino acid glutamate all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the amino acid glutamate all the way
+to glucose now we're going to turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glucose now we're going to turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glucose now we're going to turn to
+storyboard 32 let's look at panel a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard 32 let's look at panel a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard 32 let's look at panel a and
+let's start out by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start out by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start out by looking at the
+mechanisms by which the four key enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms by which the four key enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms by which the four key enzymes
+of gluconeogenesis works the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gluconeogenesis works the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gluconeogenesis works the first two
+enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and
+glucose 1 6 bisphosphate a's carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 1 6 bisphosphate a's carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 1 6 bisphosphate a's carry out
+simple phosphate ester hydrolysis as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple phosphate ester hydrolysis as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple phosphate ester hydrolysis as
+shown the third enzyme is pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown the third enzyme is pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown the third enzyme is pyruvate
+carboxylase we looked at this enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase we looked at this enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase we looked at this enzyme
+mechanistically back in the fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistically back in the fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistically back in the fatty acid
+catabolism lectures when I taught about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolism lectures when I taught about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolism lectures when I taught about
+the mechanisms by which co2 can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanisms by which co2 can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanisms by which co2 can be
+captured and added to an organic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured and added to an organic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured and added to an organic acid
+pyruvate carboxylase will convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate carboxylase will convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate carboxylase will convert
+pyruvate to oxaloacetate hence it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate to oxaloacetate hence it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate to oxaloacetate hence it's an
+an applaud again xym that helps maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an applaud again xym that helps maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an applaud again xym that helps maintain
+the levels of TCA intermediates in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels of TCA intermediates in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels of TCA intermediates in the
+cases we've looked at so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we've looked at so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we've looked at so far
+PC helps maintain specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PC helps maintain specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PC helps maintain specifically
+oxaloacetate levels refer back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate levels refer back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate levels refer back to the
+lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on
+box laces to see how this enzyme works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box laces to see how this enzyme works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box laces to see how this enzyme works
+from a mechanistic perspective now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a mechanistic perspective now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a mechanistic perspective now let's
+look at panel be the last and fourth key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at panel be the last and fourth key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at panel be the last and fourth key
+enzyme I want to discuss in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme I want to discuss in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme I want to discuss in
+gluconeogenesis is phosphoenolpyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis is phosphoenolpyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis is phosphoenolpyruvate
+carboxykinase or pepsi k we haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxykinase or pepsi k we haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxykinase or pepsi k we haven't seen
+an enzyme that works like this before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme that works like this before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme that works like this before so
+let me go through its mechanism in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go through its mechanism in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go through its mechanism in some
+detail pepsi k is going to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail pepsi k is going to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail pepsi k is going to convert
+oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate the
+enzyme is active in the liver and renal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme is active in the liver and renal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme is active in the liver and renal
+cortex under physiological conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex under physiological conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex under physiological conditions
+that mandate gluconeogenesis be turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mandate gluconeogenesis be turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mandate gluconeogenesis be turned
+on the enzyme takes oxaloacetate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the enzyme takes oxaloacetate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the enzyme takes oxaloacetate which
+as we know is a beta keto acid thus it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know is a beta keto acid thus it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know is a beta keto acid thus it's
+prone to decarboxylation when co2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prone to decarboxylation when co2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prone to decarboxylation when co2 is
+removed from oxaloacetate you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from oxaloacetate you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from oxaloacetate you get a
+transient pyruvate enolate which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient pyruvate enolate which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient pyruvate enolate which is an
+anion the oxygen anion of the pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion the oxygen anion of the pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion the oxygen anion of the pyruvate
+enolate will attack the gamma phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enolate will attack the gamma phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enolate will attack the gamma phosphate
+that is the terminal phosphate of GTP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the terminal phosphate of GTP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the terminal phosphate of GTP
+and thus the pyruvate enolate will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus the pyruvate enolate will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus the pyruvate enolate will
+become phosphorylated the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become phosphorylated the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become phosphorylated the product of
+phosphorylation is phospho enol pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation is phospho enol pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation is phospho enol pyruvate
+or PEP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or PEP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or PEP
+hence the concerted action of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the concerted action of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the concerted action of two
+enzymes pyruvate carboxylase and pepsi k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes pyruvate carboxylase and pepsi k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes pyruvate carboxylase and pepsi k
+enables reversal of the otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables reversal of the otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables reversal of the otherwise
+irreversible PK step that pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible PK step that pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible PK step that pyruvate
+kinase step and allows the cell to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase step and allows the cell to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase step and allows the cell to do
+gluconeogenesis let's look now at panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis let's look now at panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis let's look now at panel
+C now that we've seen the identities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C now that we've seen the identities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C now that we've seen the identities of
+the eight precursors to glucose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight precursors to glucose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight precursors to glucose in
+gluconeogenesis and we've done a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis and we've done a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis and we've done a little
+bit of learning about the mechanisms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of learning about the mechanisms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of learning about the mechanisms of
+some of the key enzymes in the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the key enzymes in the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the key enzymes in the pathway
+we can turn our attention to a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can turn our attention to a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can turn our attention to a network
+analysis of the overall gluconeogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the overall gluconeogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the overall gluconeogenic
+pathway the pathway in this panel may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway the pathway in this panel may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway the pathway in this panel may
+seem a bit daunting because it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem a bit daunting because it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem a bit daunting because it's pretty
+much everything we've learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much everything we've learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much everything we've learned about
+metabolism so far in 507 so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism so far in 507 so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism so far in 507 so let's go
+through it slowly in little pieces let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it slowly in little pieces let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it slowly in little pieces let's
+start over on the Left where the glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start over on the Left where the glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start over on the Left where the glucose
+molecule is situated in a squiggly box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is situated in a squiggly box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is situated in a squiggly box
+note that the glucose in the squiggly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the glucose in the squiggly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the glucose in the squiggly
+box is being set out of the cell that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box is being set out of the cell that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box is being set out of the cell that is
+it's going in the opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going in the opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going in the opposite direction
+from the direction in which we've dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the direction in which we've dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the direction in which we've dealt
+with glucose so far and metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with glucose so far and metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with glucose so far and metabolism
+usually we think of glucose as coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we think of glucose as coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we think of glucose as coming
+into the cell and entering metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell and entering metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell and entering metabolism
+this is a liver cell or renal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a liver cell or renal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a liver cell or renal cortex
+cell that's in the process of manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that's in the process of manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that's in the process of manual
+action glucose from those eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action glucose from those eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action glucose from those eight
+precursors the ones I mentioned above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors the ones I mentioned above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors the ones I mentioned above
+and sending the manufactured glucose out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sending the manufactured glucose out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sending the manufactured glucose out
+into the blood in this metabolic map the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the blood in this metabolic map the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the blood in this metabolic map the
+hatched lines that is the lines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatched lines that is the lines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatched lines that is the lines that
+look like railroad tracks represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like railroad tracks represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like railroad tracks represent the
+gluconeogenic pathways now let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenic pathways now let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenic pathways now let's start
+walking through the metabolic map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking through the metabolic map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking through the metabolic map
+slightly to the right of the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly to the right of the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly to the right of the middle of
+the diagram you'll see the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram you'll see the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram you'll see the amino acid
+alanine and the three carbon organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine and the three carbon organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine and the three carbon organic
+acid lactate lactate is precursor number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid lactate lactate is precursor number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid lactate lactate is precursor number
+one in my scheme the numbering again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in my scheme the numbering again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in my scheme the numbering again is
+in panel B of the previous storyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in panel B of the previous storyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in panel B of the previous storyboard
+and alanine is precursor at number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alanine is precursor at number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alanine is precursor at number two
+let's start with lactate lactate would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with lactate lactate would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with lactate lactate would
+typically come into the liver from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically come into the liver from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically come into the liver from the
+blood perhaps from a working muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood perhaps from a working muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood perhaps from a working muscle
+think about the quarry cycle for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the quarry cycle for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the quarry cycle for a
+moment lactate dehydrogenase will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment lactate dehydrogenase will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment lactate dehydrogenase will
+convert the lactate into pyruvate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the lactate into pyruvate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the lactate into pyruvate in the
+liver or in the renal cortex in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver or in the renal cortex in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver or in the renal cortex in the
+other gluconeogenic organ let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other gluconeogenic organ let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other gluconeogenic organ let's look
+next at alanine alanine gluconeogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next at alanine alanine gluconeogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next at alanine alanine gluconeogenic
+precursor number two is of course an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor number two is of course an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor number two is of course an
+amino acid and a PLP mediated reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid and a PLP mediated reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid and a PLP mediated reaction
+will convert it to pyruvate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will convert it to pyruvate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will convert it to pyruvate that
+reactions involves specifically the loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions involves specifically the loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions involves specifically the loss
+of alanines amino group now imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alanines amino group now imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alanines amino group now imagine the
+resulting pyruvate that is from either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting pyruvate that is from either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting pyruvate that is from either
+lactate or alanine translocating to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactate or alanine translocating to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactate or alanine translocating to the
+right into the mitochondrion words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into the mitochondrion words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into the mitochondrion words
+carboxylated by pyruvate carboxylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylated by pyruvate carboxylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylated by pyruvate carboxylase
+into oxaloacetate this is the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into oxaloacetate this is the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into oxaloacetate this is the reaction
+mechanism we looked at a short time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism we looked at a short time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism we looked at a short time ago
+now remember that malate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember that malate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember that malate dehydrogenase
+or mdh thermodynamically favors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mdh thermodynamically favors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mdh thermodynamically favors the
+formation of malate from oxaloacetate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of malate from oxaloacetate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of malate from oxaloacetate so
+our two molecules navigating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two molecules navigating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two molecules navigating the
+gluconeogenic pathway that is precursors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenic pathway that is precursors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenic pathway that is precursors
+one and two transit from oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two transit from oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two transit from oxaloacetate
+into malate malate is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into malate malate is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into malate malate is in the
+mitochondrion at this point and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion at this point and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion at this point and in the
+next step it exits the mitochondrion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step it exits the mitochondrion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step it exits the mitochondrion and
+goes into the cytosol as I've mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the cytosol as I've mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the cytosol as I've mentioned
+before the transporter for malate works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the transporter for malate works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the transporter for malate works
+in both directions malate now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both directions malate now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both directions malate now
+transported into the cytosol can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported into the cytosol can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported into the cytosol can be
+converted back to oxaloacetate by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted back to oxaloacetate by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted back to oxaloacetate by the
+cytoplasmic version of malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasmic version of malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasmic version of malate
+dehydrogenase the oxaloacetate thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase the oxaloacetate thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase the oxaloacetate thus
+produced in the cytosol goes upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in the cytosol goes upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in the cytosol goes upward
+following the vertical arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the vertical arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the vertical arrow
+lastly Pepsi que la serena pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly Pepsi que la serena pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly Pepsi que la serena pyruvate
+carboxylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase
+AAS converts the oxaloacetate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAS converts the oxaloacetate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAS converts the oxaloacetate into
+cytoplasmic phosphoenolpyruvate let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasmic phosphoenolpyruvate let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasmic phosphoenolpyruvate let's
+pause here for a minute and review look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause here for a minute and review look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause here for a minute and review look
+at where phosphoenolpyruvate is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at where phosphoenolpyruvate is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at where phosphoenolpyruvate is on the
+metabolic map and then look to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic map and then look to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic map and then look to the right
+on the right you'll see pyruvate on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right you'll see pyruvate on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right you'll see pyruvate on the
+rightward side of the one-way arrow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightward side of the one-way arrow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightward side of the one-way arrow you
+will also see lactate and alanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also see lactate and alanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also see lactate and alanine
+molecules 1 & 2 respectively having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules 1 & 2 respectively having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules 1 & 2 respectively having
+their carbons flow into the pool of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their carbons flow into the pool of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their carbons flow into the pool of
+pyruvate the pyruvate pool which starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate the pyruvate pool which starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate the pyruvate pool which starts
+in the cytosol get shuttled into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cytosol get shuttled into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cytosol get shuttled into the
+mitochondrion where pyruvate carboxylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion where pyruvate carboxylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion where pyruvate carboxylase
+converts the molecules derived from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts the molecules derived from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts the molecules derived from
+pyruvate that is lactate and alanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate that is lactate and alanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate that is lactate and alanine
+into mitochondrial oxaloacetate then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into mitochondrial oxaloacetate then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into mitochondrial oxaloacetate then the
+mitochondrial pool is converted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial pool is converted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial pool is converted from
+oxaloacetate into malate which exits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate into malate which exits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate into malate which exits the
+mitochondrion and the molecules now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion and the molecules now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion and the molecules now
+represent a malate pool that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a malate pool that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a malate pool that's in the
+cytosol that malate pool which began as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol that malate pool which began as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol that malate pool which began as
+pyruvate alanine and lactate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate alanine and lactate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate alanine and lactate is
+converted to oxaloacetate and lastly our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to oxaloacetate and lastly our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to oxaloacetate and lastly our
+new enzyme Pepsi K converts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new enzyme Pepsi K converts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new enzyme Pepsi K converts the
+oxaloacetate into cytoplasmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate into cytoplasmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate into cytoplasmic
+phosphoenolpyruvate all of this was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenolpyruvate all of this was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenolpyruvate all of this was done
+in order to bypass the one-way step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to bypass the one-way step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to bypass the one-way step
+between fossil enol pyruvate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between fossil enol pyruvate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between fossil enol pyruvate and
+pyruvate in other words I can go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate in other words I can go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate in other words I can go from
+fostro enol pyruvate to pyruvate quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fostro enol pyruvate to pyruvate quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fostro enol pyruvate to pyruvate quite
+easily by pyruvate kinase but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily by pyruvate kinase but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily by pyruvate kinase but because
+this reaction is so strongly exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is so strongly exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is so strongly exothermic
+I cannot go the other way the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot go the other way the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot go the other way the reverse
+step is irreversible the mini network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is irreversible the mini network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is irreversible the mini network
+that we've just navigated with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've just navigated with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've just navigated with all of
+its steps some of which require ATP was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its steps some of which require ATP was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its steps some of which require ATP was
+done in order to bypass the irreversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in order to bypass the irreversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in order to bypass the irreversible
+pyruvate kinase reaction we have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate kinase reaction we have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate kinase reaction we have just
+worked very hard to move atoms from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked very hard to move atoms from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked very hard to move atoms from
+pyruvate alanine and lactate into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate alanine and lactate into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate alanine and lactate into the
+cytosol where those atoms are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol where those atoms are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol where those atoms are now
+packaged as pepra phosphoenolpyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaged as pepra phosphoenolpyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaged as pepra phosphoenolpyruvate
+now let's focus on fossil enol pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's focus on fossil enol pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's focus on fossil enol pyruvate
+and let it flow backward through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let it flow backward through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let it flow backward through the
+reverse of glycolysis all the way up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse of glycolysis all the way up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse of glycolysis all the way up to
+the next irreversible step at fructose 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next irreversible step at fructose 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next irreversible step at fructose 1
+6 bisphosphate all of the steps between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 bisphosphate all of the steps between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 bisphosphate all of the steps between
+faso enol pyruvate and fructose 1 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faso enol pyruvate and fructose 1 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faso enol pyruvate and fructose 1 6
+bisphosphate are common to both lou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate are common to both lou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate are common to both lou
+Coony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coony
+Genesis and glycolysis fructose 1 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis and glycolysis fructose 1 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis and glycolysis fructose 1 6
+bisphosphate cannot be converted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate cannot be converted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate cannot be converted to
+fructose 6-phosphate by reversal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate by reversal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate by reversal of the
+pfk 1 phosphofructokinase 1 enzymatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pfk 1 phosphofructokinase 1 enzymatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pfk 1 phosphofructokinase 1 enzymatic
+step that step is to thermodynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that step is to thermodynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that step is to thermodynamically
+irreversible consequently nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible consequently nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible consequently nature
+invented fructose 1 6 bisphosphate ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented fructose 1 6 bisphosphate ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented fructose 1 6 bisphosphate ace
+we saw the mechanism of that enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the mechanism of that enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the mechanism of that enzyme
+earlier in the lecture it allows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the lecture it allows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the lecture it allows the
+conversion of fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
+to fructose 6-phosphate then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fructose 6-phosphate then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fructose 6-phosphate then the
+molecule continues upstream to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule continues upstream to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule continues upstream to form
+glucose 6-phosphate and once again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6-phosphate and once again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6-phosphate and once again a
+gluconeogenic specific enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenic specific enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenic specific enzyme
+glucose-6-phosphatase will convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose-6-phosphatase will convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose-6-phosphatase will convert
+glucose 6-phosphate into glucose lastly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6-phosphate into glucose lastly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6-phosphate into glucose lastly
+the manufacturer glucose is exported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturer glucose is exported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturer glucose is exported
+from the cell by the glucose transporter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cell by the glucose transporter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cell by the glucose transporter
+so while it was a long passage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while it was a long passage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while it was a long passage the
+carbon Abin atoms from alanine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon Abin atoms from alanine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon Abin atoms from alanine and
+lactate have traveled all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactate have traveled all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactate have traveled all the way to
+glucose and then the glucose has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and then the glucose has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and then the glucose has been
+sent out of the cell that is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent out of the cell that is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent out of the cell that is their
+carbons are now incorporated into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons are now incorporated into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons are now incorporated into the
+molecules of glucose that go off from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of glucose that go off from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of glucose that go off from
+the liver and renal cortex to organs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver and renal cortex to organs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver and renal cortex to organs
+that need glucose to meet their energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need glucose to meet their energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need glucose to meet their energy
+needs or their needs for the glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs or their needs for the glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs or their needs for the glucose
+skeleton for other biochemical purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeleton for other biochemical purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeleton for other biochemical purposes
+gluconeogenic precursor 3 is glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenic precursor 3 is glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenic precursor 3 is glutamate
+this is the amino acid equivalent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the amino acid equivalent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the amino acid equivalent of the
+organic acid alpha ketoglutarate so look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic acid alpha ketoglutarate so look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic acid alpha ketoglutarate so look
+at alpha ketoglutarate at about 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at alpha ketoglutarate at about 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at alpha ketoglutarate at about 3
+o'clock on the TCA cycle you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock on the TCA cycle you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock on the TCA cycle you'll see
+glutamate precursor 3 being deaminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate precursor 3 being deaminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate precursor 3 being deaminated
+by a PLP mediated process this converts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a PLP mediated process this converts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a PLP mediated process this converts
+glutamate into alpha ketoglutarate most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate into alpha ketoglutarate most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate into alpha ketoglutarate most
+of the carbons of the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the carbons of the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the carbons of the alpha
+ketoglutarate will then move clockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate will then move clockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate will then move clockwise
+around the TCA cycle and end up at about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the TCA cycle and end up at about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the TCA cycle and end up at about
+9 o'clock as malate then as we saw for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 o'clock as malate then as we saw for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 o'clock as malate then as we saw for
+precursors 1 & 2 the malate will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors 1 & 2 the malate will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors 1 & 2 the malate will be
+exported from the mitochondrion and next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exported from the mitochondrion and next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exported from the mitochondrion and next
+most of its atoms will find their way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of its atoms will find their way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of its atoms will find their way
+back to glucose just as we saw with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to glucose just as we saw with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to glucose just as we saw with
+alanine and lactate earlier precursor 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine and lactate earlier precursor 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine and lactate earlier precursor 4
+is aspartic acid aspartic acid is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is aspartic acid aspartic acid is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is aspartic acid aspartic acid is the
+amino acid equivalent of oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid equivalent of oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid equivalent of oxaloacetate
+aspartate is deaminated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate is deaminated into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate is deaminated into
+oxaloacetate which enters the glial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate which enters the glial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate which enters the glial
+gluconeogenic pathway at about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenic pathway at about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenic pathway at about 10
+o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock
+on the TCA cycle at this point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the TCA cycle at this point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the TCA cycle at this point the
+oxaloacetate formed from aspartate joins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate formed from aspartate joins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate formed from aspartate joins
+the oxaloacetate made from alanine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxaloacetate made from alanine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxaloacetate made from alanine and
+lactate precursors 1 and 2 and continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactate precursors 1 and 2 and continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactate precursors 1 and 2 and continues
+all the way back to glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back to glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back to glucose
+gluconeogenic precursor 5 comes from odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenic precursor 5 comes from odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenic precursor 5 comes from odd
+chain fatty acids which are depicted way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain fatty acids which are depicted way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain fatty acids which are depicted way
+over on the right of the metabolic map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on the right of the metabolic map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on the right of the metabolic map
+as we've seen our chain fatty acids are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've seen our chain fatty acids are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've seen our chain fatty acids are
+catabolized into 3 carbon compounds such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolized into 3 carbon compounds such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolized into 3 carbon compounds such
+as propia Neel coenzyme a one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as propia Neel coenzyme a one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as propia Neel coenzyme a one of the
+carboxyl Aizaz propionyl coenzyme a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxyl Aizaz propionyl coenzyme a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxyl Aizaz propionyl coenzyme a
+carboxylase will add a carbon to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase will add a carbon to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase will add a carbon to this
+three carbon molecule then methylmalonyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon molecule then methylmalonyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon molecule then methylmalonyl
+coenzyme a mutase in its partner epimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a mutase in its partner epimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a mutase in its partner epimer
+a's will complete conversion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a's will complete conversion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a's will complete conversion of the
+three carbon propane Eelco a to the 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon propane Eelco a to the 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon propane Eelco a to the 4
+carbon product succinylcholine which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon product succinylcholine which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon product succinylcholine which
+will then integrate into the TCA cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then integrate into the TCA cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then integrate into the TCA cycle
+succinylcholine ma enters at about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinylcholine ma enters at about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinylcholine ma enters at about five
+o'clock on the TCA cycle the carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock on the TCA cycle the carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock on the TCA cycle the carbons
+then flow clockwise to malate just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then flow clockwise to malate just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then flow clockwise to malate just as
+we've seen before most of those carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen before most of those carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen before most of those carbons
+will flow all the way back to be built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will flow all the way back to be built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will flow all the way back to be built
+into glucose gluconeogenic precursors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into glucose gluconeogenic precursors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into glucose gluconeogenic precursors
+indicated by number six are the amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated by number six are the amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated by number six are the amino
+acids isoleucine methionine and valine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids isoleucine methionine and valine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids isoleucine methionine and valine
+these are once again way over on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are once again way over on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are once again way over on the
+right-hand side of the figure these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side of the figure these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side of the figure these
+amino acids are also converted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids are also converted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids are also converted to
+protein Ocoee and just as with the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein Ocoee and just as with the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein Ocoee and just as with the odd
+chain fatty acids they will be converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain fatty acids they will be converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain fatty acids they will be converted
+into succinylcholine ma then their atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into succinylcholine ma then their atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into succinylcholine ma then their atoms
+follow the pathway all the way back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the pathway all the way back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the pathway all the way back to
+glucose as we've seen now several times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose as we've seen now several times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose as we've seen now several times
+slightly to the left of center you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly to the left of center you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly to the left of center you'll
+see gluconeogenesis or number seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see gluconeogenesis or number seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see gluconeogenesis or number seven
+which is glycerol glycerol is a try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is glycerol glycerol is a try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is glycerol glycerol is a try
+alcohol produced from the metabolism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol produced from the metabolism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol produced from the metabolism of
+complex lipids it derives from the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex lipids it derives from the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex lipids it derives from the three
+carbon backbone that holds fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon backbone that holds fatty acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon backbone that holds fatty acids
+and phosphates by ester linkages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phosphates by ester linkages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phosphates by ester linkages
+glycerol is first phosphorylated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol is first phosphorylated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol is first phosphorylated to
+glycerol 3-phosphate and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol 3-phosphate and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol 3-phosphate and then that
+product is oxidized to dihydroxyacetone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is oxidized to dihydroxyacetone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is oxidized to dihydroxyacetone
+phosphate we've seen this chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate we've seen this chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate we've seen this chemistry
+before from DHAP or dihydroxyacetone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before from DHAP or dihydroxyacetone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before from DHAP or dihydroxyacetone
+phosphate the molecules flow leftward on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate the molecules flow leftward on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate the molecules flow leftward on
+the chart to fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chart to fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chart to fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
+and then they continue on through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they continue on through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they continue on through
+gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+to glucose lastly precursor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glucose lastly precursor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glucose lastly precursor
+number eight is ribose we mainly obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number eight is ribose we mainly obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number eight is ribose we mainly obtain
+ribose from our diet in the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose from our diet in the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose from our diet in the next lecture
+I'm going to cover the pentose phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to cover the pentose phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to cover the pentose phosphate
+pathway in this pathway ribose from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway in this pathway ribose from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway in this pathway ribose from the
+diet will enter what I call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet will enter what I call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet will enter what I call the
+quote-unquote carbon scrambling phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote-unquote carbon scrambling phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote-unquote carbon scrambling phase of
+the pentose phosphate pathway ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pentose phosphate pathway ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pentose phosphate pathway ribose
+goes into the carbon scrambling phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the carbon scrambling phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the carbon scrambling phase of
+the pathway and gap or glyceraldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway and gap or glyceraldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway and gap or glyceraldehyde
+3-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate
+come out both of these molecules gap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out both of these molecules gap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out both of these molecules gap and
+fructose 6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate
+will flow from right to left all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will flow from right to left all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will flow from right to left all the way
+to glucose in the pathway that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glucose in the pathway that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glucose in the pathway that I've
+drawn out in panel C hence ribose is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn out in panel C hence ribose is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn out in panel C hence ribose is a
+good gluconeogenic precursor let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good gluconeogenic precursor let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good gluconeogenic precursor let me
+summarize the functional dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the functional dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the functional dimensions of
+the gluconeogenic pathway from a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gluconeogenic pathway from a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gluconeogenic pathway from a high
+altitude imagine that overnight as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude imagine that overnight as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude imagine that overnight as you
+sleep you're not consuming any food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep you're not consuming any food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep you're not consuming any food
+consequently at some point your blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently at some point your blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently at some point your blood
+sugar is going to drop your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar is going to drop your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar is going to drop your
+gluconeogenic organs the liver and renal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenic organs the liver and renal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenic organs the liver and renal
+cortex will sense this drop in blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex will sense this drop in blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex will sense this drop in blood
+sugar and turn on the hatched line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar and turn on the hatched line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar and turn on the hatched line
+pathways we've seen above in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways we've seen above in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways we've seen above in order to
+take readily available non carbohydrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take readily available non carbohydrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take readily available non carbohydrate
+precursors such as lactate alanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors such as lactate alanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors such as lactate alanine
+ribose and so on and convert those non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose and so on and convert those non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose and so on and convert those non
+carbohydrate precursors into glucose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate precursors into glucose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate precursors into glucose the
+liver in riedle cortex will then send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver in riedle cortex will then send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver in riedle cortex will then send
+that glucose out into the bloodstream to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that glucose out into the bloodstream to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that glucose out into the bloodstream to
+client organs for example the brain red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client organs for example the brain red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client organs for example the brain red
+blood cells and renal medulla ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cells and renal medulla ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cells and renal medulla ultimately
+these client organs will be able to rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these client organs will be able to rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these client organs will be able to rely
+on a constant level of glucose that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a constant level of glucose that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a constant level of glucose that in a
+nutshell is the role of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell is the role of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell is the role of the
+gluconeogenic pathway
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4YPxRTFxy2A.txt b/4YPxRTFxy2A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a93b00ce0a8d76c6e4fe1d8f33d04fbbf10d1b9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4YPxRTFxy2A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu now we're ready to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now we're ready to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now we're ready to look at
+two-dimensional Fran haer defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional Fran haer defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional Fran haer defraction
+patents the setup is the same as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents the setup is the same as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents the setup is the same as before
+and just let me remind you of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just let me remind you of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just let me remind you of it
+here is the helium neon laser here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the helium neon laser here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the helium neon laser here's the
+beam from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam from the
+laser gets reflected by this mirror then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser gets reflected by this mirror then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser gets reflected by this mirror then
+gets reflected by this mirror into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reflected by this mirror into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reflected by this mirror into this
+lens then the output of the lens falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens then the output of the lens falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens then the output of the lens falls
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+two-dimensional aperture and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional aperture and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional aperture and then the
+defract light from this aperture then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defract light from this aperture then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defract light from this aperture then
+goes onto onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes onto onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes onto onto the
+screen now let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen now let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen now let's look at this
+two-dimensional aperture here it's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional aperture here it's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional aperture here it's made
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+two pairs of slits a fixed one and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pairs of slits a fixed one and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pairs of slits a fixed one and an
+adjustable one and the adjustable one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustable one and the adjustable one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustable one and the adjustable one is
+behind uh the fixed one I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind uh the fixed one I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind uh the fixed one I'm not going to
+tell you the spacing because I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the spacing because I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the spacing because I'm going
+to leave it as an exercise for you uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave it as an exercise for you uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave it as an exercise for you uh to
+find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out
+later so what I can do with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so what I can do with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so what I can do with the with the
+adjustable one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustable one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustable one I
+can adjust the slit width by just moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can adjust the slit width by just moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can adjust the slit width by just moving
+this uh translation stage okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh translation stage okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh translation stage okay so now
+we're ready to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ready to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ready to look at the
+two-dimensional frown haer defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional frown haer defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional frown haer defraction
+pattern on the screen so now if we bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern on the screen so now if we bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern on the screen so now if we bring
+in the the the pattern on the screen we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the the pattern on the screen we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the the pattern on the screen we
+can see this is before I do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this is before I do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this is before I do any
+adjustment we can see now it's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment we can see now it's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment we can see now it's different
+from what we had before it's in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we had before it's in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we had before it's in two
+Dimension and also what I I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and also what I I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and also what I I'd like to
+bring to your attention is the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring to your attention is the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring to your attention is the cross
+terms cross terms over here and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms cross terms over here and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms cross terms over here and over
+here I hope uh you can see it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I hope uh you can see it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I hope uh you can see it well
+because they're very weak but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're very weak but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're very weak but they're
+very important to the two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to the two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to the two-dimensional
+defraction pattern as you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern as you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern as you can see the
+defraction pattern looks like uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern looks like uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern looks like uh the
+two-dimensional fora transform of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional fora transform of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional fora transform of the uh
+field at the uh at the at the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field at the uh at the at the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field at the uh at the at the uh
+rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular
+aperture the what I'm going to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture the what I'm going to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture the what I'm going to do now is
+vary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary the
+separation of of one of the slits that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of of one of the slits that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of of one of the slits that's
+the one uh behind as you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one uh behind as you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one uh behind as you can see the
+pattern changes now if we pull back with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern changes now if we pull back with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern changes now if we pull back with
+the camera if we pull back to okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera if we pull back to okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera if we pull back to okay
+that's enough fine then you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's enough fine then you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's enough fine then you can see that
+I can change the the spots the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can change the the spots the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can change the the spots the size of
+the spots uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+screen now in order for you to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen now in order for you to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen now in order for you to calculate
+that we were seeing what we're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were seeing what we're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were seeing what we're supposed
+to be seeing and also to get a feel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be seeing and also to get a feel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be seeing and also to get a feel of
+what the slit widths are I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the slit widths are I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the slit widths are I'm going to
+now put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scale over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and the scale here uh the markers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the scale here uh the markers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the scale here uh the markers
+uh represent two a two centimet spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh represent two a two centimet spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh represent two a two centimet spacing
+now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the
+separation between the the aperture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between the the aperture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between the the aperture and
+the screen is uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen is uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen is uh a
+meter and the wavelength of the laser is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter and the wavelength of the laser is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter and the wavelength of the laser is
+6328 angstroms so now you should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6328 angstroms so now you should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6328 angstroms so now you should be able
+to calculate the size of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the size of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the size of the uh
+rectangular aperture just from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular aperture just from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular aperture just from the
+information uh I've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh I've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh I've given
+you and here again let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and here again let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and here again let me
+do some adjustments so you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some adjustments so you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some adjustments so you can calculate
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+here and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then you can
+calculate the change in the slit width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the change in the slit width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the change in the slit width
+when I go to this position now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I go to this position now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I go to this position now you can
+see the high order ones also I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the high order ones also I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the high order ones also I'd like
+you to notice the the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to notice the the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to notice the the intensity
+variations it's not that easy to see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations it's not that easy to see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations it's not that easy to see on
+video because the central spot is so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video because the central spot is so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video because the central spot is so is
+so bright but at least you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bright but at least you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bright but at least you can see that
+indeed there are lots of spots available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed there are lots of spots available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed there are lots of spots available
+and I hope you can calculate ated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope you can calculate ated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope you can calculate ated uh
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ease now that we've looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease now that we've looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease now that we've looked at the
+two-dimensional from halfa defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional from halfa defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional from halfa defraction
+pattern of a rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of a rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of a rectangular
+aperture we're now going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture we're now going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture we're now going to look at the
+circular aperture we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular aperture we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular aperture we're going to look at
+the frer defraction pan associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frer defraction pan associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frer defraction pan associated with
+various sizes of uh of circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various sizes of uh of circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various sizes of uh of circular
+apertures so when we come back we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apertures so when we come back we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apertures so when we come back we'll
+have that ready for you and then see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that ready for you and then see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that ready for you and then see
+what those look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those look
+like
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5itfLAwQol8.txt b/5itfLAwQol8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6a26ea3512b1f40687128227bbc9b2459cafa31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5itfLAwQol8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15651 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the things we've learned in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we've learned in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we've learned in this
+class is that language is complicated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is that language is complicated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is that language is complicated uh
+at least maybe you already knew that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least maybe you already knew that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least maybe you already knew that but
+we've spent a semester looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've spent a semester looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've spent a semester looking at
+various ways in which language uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways in which language uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways in which language uh is
+more complicated than you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than you might have
+than you might have realized before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you might have realized before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you might have realized before you
+came in here and in ways that maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in here and in ways that maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in here and in ways that maybe you
+hadn't thought about much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't thought about much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't thought about much
+um so you know these are a few of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know these are a few of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know these are a few of the
+things we've talked about various sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've talked about various sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've talked about various sort
+of special properties of language fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of special properties of language fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of special properties of language fancy
+things that language does that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that language does that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that language does that we've
+spent the semester uh puzzling over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent the semester uh puzzling over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent the semester uh puzzling over
+and um if language has all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um if language has all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um if language has all of these
+complicated properties sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated properties sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated properties sort of a
+recurring question which I've raised a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurring question which I've raised a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurring question which I've raised a
+couple of times is you know how how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of times is you know how how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of times is you know how how do
+we acquire this we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we acquire this we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we acquire this we're going to talk
+seriously about language acquisition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously about language acquisition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously about language acquisition
+sometime next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime next week
+um but a provisional answer to this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but a provisional answer to this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but a provisional answer to this that
+people have offered and taken seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have offered and taken seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have offered and taken seriously
+is that at least some of this stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that at least some of this stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that at least some of this stuff is
+innate in the sense that I think I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate in the sense that I think I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate in the sense that I think I've
+said it this way before part of being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it this way before part of being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it this way before part of being a
+human being is having the kind of mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being is having the kind of mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being is having the kind of mind
+that constructs language in certain ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constructs language in certain ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constructs language in certain ways
+but not others so you know if we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not others so you know if we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not others so you know if we ask
+questions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like
+why do languages have binary branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do languages have binary branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do languages have binary branching
+why not ternary branching the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not ternary branching the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not ternary branching the answer is
+well we're not equipped with ternary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're not equipped with ternary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're not equipped with ternary
+branching you know the human brain does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching you know the human brain does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching you know the human brain does
+it this way and not some other way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way and not some other way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way and not some other way and
+you know there that leads to lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there that leads to lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there that leads to lots of
+other interesting questions like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other interesting questions like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other interesting questions like why
+what is it about uh human Minds that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it about uh human Minds that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it about uh human Minds that are
+set up this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up this way
+um can we get that to follow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can we get that to follow from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can we get that to follow from
+anything else any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else any any
+um any any deeper conditions but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any any deeper conditions but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any any deeper conditions but that's
+a that's a claim that's out there which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a claim that's out there which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a claim that's out there which
+we have referred to a couple of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have referred to a couple of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have referred to a couple of times
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+so yeah we don't start with a blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah we don't start with a blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah we don't start with a blank
+slate we start with a rich body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slate we start with a rich body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slate we start with a rich body of
+linguistic knowledge and learning our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic knowledge and learning our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic knowledge and learning our
+actual language as a matter of filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual language as a matter of filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual language as a matter of filling
+in some details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but it's very clear that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's very clear that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's very clear that not
+everything is innate so for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is innate so for example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is innate so for example uh
+here's a cartoon it has a cat in it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a cartoon it has a cat in it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a cartoon it has a cat in it uh
+and the fact that that animal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that that animal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that that animal is
+pronounced cat uh is an accident could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced cat uh is an accident could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced cat uh is an accident could
+have been something else right so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been something else right so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been something else right so right
+so this was uh so sir famously pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was uh so sir famously pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was uh so sir famously pointed
+this out uh called it the arbitrariness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out uh called it the arbitrariness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out uh called it the arbitrariness
+of the sign that for the most part what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sign that for the most part what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sign that for the most part what
+language uh what what word a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language uh what what word a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language uh what what word a language
+has for a given thing has to do with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has for a given thing has to do with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has for a given thing has to do with you
+know the phonetic inventory of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the phonetic inventory of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the phonetic inventory of the
+language and other properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and other properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and other properties of the
+language but the English word cat refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but the English word cat refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but the English word cat refers
+to cats but that's kind of a historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cats but that's kind of a historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cats but that's kind of a historical
+accident that could have referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident that could have referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident that could have referred to
+dogs or mice or you know anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs or mice or you know anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs or mice or you know anything else
+just happens to refer to cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and the fact is that kids if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the fact is that kids if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the fact is that kids if you're
+ever around small kids you'll hear them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever around small kids you'll hear them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever around small kids you'll hear them
+uh trying out theories about uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trying out theories about uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trying out theories about uh what
+words mean and being wrong right so uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words mean and being wrong right so uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words mean and being wrong right so uh I
+was once around a small child who used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was once around a small child who used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was once around a small child who used
+the word moon for every light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word moon for every light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word moon for every light
+um so you know uh uh the hall light was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know uh uh the hall light was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know uh uh the hall light was
+a moon and the moon was a moon but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moon and the moon was a moon but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moon and the moon was a moon but the
+sun was a moon you know everything was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun was a moon you know everything was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun was a moon you know everything was a
+moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh and sometimes these mistakes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and sometimes these mistakes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and sometimes these mistakes uh
+survive to adulthood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive to adulthood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive to adulthood
+um uh so take the word livid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so take the word livid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so take the word livid
+what do you think of the word livid as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think of the word livid as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think of the word livid as
+meaning if you're a native speaker of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning if you're a native speaker of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning if you're a native speaker of
+English or even if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English or even if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English or even if you're not
+very angry that's what it often means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very angry that's what it often means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very angry that's what it often means
+um it's originally a color term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's originally a color term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's originally a color term
+um it meant white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it meant white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it meant white
+um because there was an idea that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because there was an idea that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because there was an idea that when
+people got really angry their faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got really angry their faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got really angry their faces
+turned white they were white with rage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned white they were white with rage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned white they were white with rage
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+um you sometimes see the expression his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you sometimes see the expression his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you sometimes see the expression his
+face went livid when I was a kid I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face went livid when I was a kid I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face went livid when I was a kid I
+thought that meant his face was red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that meant his face was red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that meant his face was red
+because I I think of people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I think of people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I think of people who are
+angry as being red you know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry as being red you know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry as being red you know but
+originally that's what the word meant it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally that's what the word meant it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally that's what the word meant it
+meant white and then yes I think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant white and then yes I think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant white and then yes I think for
+most of us now it means angry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us now it means angry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us now it means angry
+um or I used to believe in the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or I used to believe in the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or I used to believe in the verb
+maisel until I'm embarrassed to say when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maisel until I'm embarrassed to say when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maisel until I'm embarrassed to say when
+I stopped believing in the word maisel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stopped believing in the word maisel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stopped believing in the word maisel
+it's you know I was an adult did anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know I was an adult did anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know I was an adult did anybody
+else have the verb maisel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else have the verb maisel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else have the verb maisel
+is there anybody who right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anybody who right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anybody who right now is
+thinking what are you talking about of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking what are you talking about of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking what are you talking about of
+course there's a verb maisel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's a verb maisel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's a verb maisel
+I believed in the verb maisel because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believed in the verb maisel because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believed in the verb maisel because I
+had read it in expressions like this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had read it in expressions like this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had read it in expressions like this you
+know I had been I had been muzzled you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I had been I had been muzzled you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I had been I had been muzzled you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+um uh it was what I believed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it was what I believed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it was what I believed uh
+um it wasn't I think you know I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it wasn't I think you know I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it wasn't I think you know I think I
+I don't believe I actually used the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't believe I actually used the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't believe I actually used the word
+in conversation and had somebody correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conversation and had somebody correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conversation and had somebody correct
+me I think this was like I was in my 20s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I think this was like I was in my 20s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I think this was like I was in my 20s
+or something when I was sat down and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something when I was sat down and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something when I was sat down and it
+was like wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so stuff like this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so stuff like this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so stuff like this happens
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so and sometimes these mistakes catch on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and sometimes these mistakes catch on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and sometimes these mistakes catch on
+and and people and sort of survive into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and people and sort of survive into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and people and sort of survive into
+adulthood as I say I was in my 20s and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adulthood as I say I was in my 20s and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adulthood as I say I was in my 20s and I
+still believed that there was a verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still believed that there was a verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still believed that there was a verb
+maisel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maisel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maisel
+um if I were you know a king or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I were you know a king or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I were you know a king or
+something uh then uh if my subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh then uh if my subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh then uh if my subjects
+tried to convince me that there wasn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to convince me that there wasn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to convince me that there wasn't a
+verb maisel I would just have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb maisel I would just have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb maisel I would just have them
+beheaded and uh before we knew it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beheaded and uh before we knew it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beheaded and uh before we knew it there
+would be over maisel right uh in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be over maisel right uh in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be over maisel right uh in um
+or you know if I were somebody else who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know if I were somebody else who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know if I were somebody else who
+was hugely hugely uh influential you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hugely hugely uh influential you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hugely hugely uh influential you
+know like a Linguistics Professor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like a Linguistics Professor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like a Linguistics Professor or
+something yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah
+um wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wait a minute
+there are also various forms of semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also various forms of semantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also various forms of semantic
+drift that languages undergo where words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift that languages undergo where words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift that languages undergo where words
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+um what they refer to uh livid is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what they refer to uh livid is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what they refer to uh livid is maybe
+an example of that used to mean white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of that used to mean white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of that used to mean white
+and now it means angry here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it means angry here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it means angry here's another
+example the Modern English word bead uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the Modern English word bead uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the Modern English word bead uh
+originally meant a prayer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally meant a prayer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally meant a prayer
+so there's still like there's a German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's still like there's a German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's still like there's a German
+verbaton that's the verb to pray it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbaton that's the verb to pray it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbaton that's the verb to pray it's
+related to the English word bead in Old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the English word bead in Old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the English word bead in Old
+English uh the the ancestor of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English uh the the ancestor of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English uh the the ancestor of the word
+beat meant to prayer the switch from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat meant to prayer the switch from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat meant to prayer the switch from
+prayer to bead you know small round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prayer to bead you know small round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prayer to bead you know small round
+object came via rosaries which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object came via rosaries which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object came via rosaries which are
+devices for counting prayers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices for counting prayers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices for counting prayers
+certain religious Traditions including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain religious Traditions including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain religious Traditions including
+Catholicism and others so if you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholicism and others so if you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholicism and others so if you're in a
+religious tradition where it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious tradition where it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious tradition where it's important
+to say a certain number of prayers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say a certain number of prayers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say a certain number of prayers you
+have this little device that has beads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this little device that has beads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this little device that has beads
+on it and you're you're counting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and you're you're counting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and you're you're counting the
+prayers using this device so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prayers using this device so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prayers using this device so if you're
+asked what are you doing well you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked what are you doing well you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked what are you doing well you're
+counting prayers but there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting prayers but there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting prayers but there's another
+sense in which you're counting well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which you're counting well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which you're counting well
+beads like small round objects on a wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads like small round objects on a wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads like small round objects on a wire
+and this is thought to be where how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is thought to be where how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is thought to be where how the
+the word shifted its meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um or are there other things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or are there other things like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or are there other things like this
+words uh widen or narrow their meanings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words uh widen or narrow their meanings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words uh widen or narrow their meanings
+uh in Old English uh sterevan meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Old English uh sterevan meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Old English uh sterevan meant to
+die it's cognate with a German schauben
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die it's cognate with a German schauben
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die it's cognate with a German schauben
+it's the ancestor of Modern English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the ancestor of Modern English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the ancestor of Modern English
+starve which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starve which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starve which
+you know so we went through a stage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so we went through a stage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so we went through a stage of
+uh so originally meant die went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so originally meant die went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so originally meant die went through
+a stage of meaning specifically die from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stage of meaning specifically die from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stage of meaning specifically die from
+hunger uh and today I think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger uh and today I think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger uh and today I think of it as
+basically just meaning be very hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just meaning be very hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just meaning be very hungry
+uh so you can still say he starved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you can still say he starved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you can still say he starved and
+have that mean he died I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that mean he died I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that mean he died I guess
+um but uh I'm a lot more likely to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh I'm a lot more likely to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh I'm a lot more likely to use
+it in an expression like I'm starving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in an expression like I'm starving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in an expression like I'm starving
+let's have lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have lunch
+maybe when I say that I literally mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe when I say that I literally mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe when I say that I literally mean
+I'm dying of hunger figuratively I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm dying of hunger figuratively I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm dying of hunger figuratively I mean
+I'm dying of hunger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm dying of hunger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm dying of hunger
+uh or uh there's a French word neg which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or uh there's a French word neg which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or uh there's a French word neg which
+means a black man it has a descendant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a black man it has a descendant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a black man it has a descendant in
+modern Haitian Creole neg which just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern Haitian Creole neg which just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern Haitian Creole neg which just
+means man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means man
+um uh so the the meaning of that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so the the meaning of that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so the the meaning of that has
+broadened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadened
+for for reasons that are not all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for reasons that are not all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for reasons that are not all that
+hard to understand so uh Haitian Creole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to understand so uh Haitian Creole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to understand so uh Haitian Creole
+speakers uh when they refer to men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers uh when they refer to men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers uh when they refer to men
+they're often referring to black men's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're often referring to black men's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're often referring to black men's
+uh Haitian Creole speakers tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Haitian Creole speakers tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Haitian Creole speakers tend to be
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+um uh so yeah in Haitian Creole I am a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so yeah in Haitian Creole I am a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so yeah in Haitian Creole I am a
+ although in French I am not a Nikon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ although in French I am not a Nikon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ although in French I am not a Nikon
+um or similar sort of uh specialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or similar sort of uh specialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or similar sort of uh specialization
+of a term there's a the Old English word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a term there's a the Old English word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a term there's a the Old English word
+connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect
+which meant a servant uh and has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which meant a servant uh and has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which meant a servant uh and has a
+cognated modern German Connect which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognated modern German Connect which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognated modern German Connect which
+means something like a boy uh or a yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something like a boy uh or a yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something like a boy uh or a yeah
+servant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant
+um uh it's the ancestor of the Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it's the ancestor of the Modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it's the ancestor of the Modern
+English word Knight who was originally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English word Knight who was originally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English word Knight who was originally a
+specifically a servant of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically a servant of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically a servant of the of the
+king the reason that the English word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king the reason that the English word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king the reason that the English word
+Knight has all of those uh unpronounced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knight has all of those uh unpronounced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knight has all of those uh unpronounced
+letters in it is that those are there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters in it is that those are there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters in it is that those are there in
+an attempt to pronounce the word is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to pronounce the word is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to pronounce the word is or
+spell the word as it was once pronounced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spell the word as it was once pronounced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spell the word as it was once pronounced
+so you know uh we spell that with a k at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know uh we spell that with a k at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know uh we spell that with a k at
+the beginning because it used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning because it used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning because it used to be
+pronounced knit there used to be a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced knit there used to be a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced knit there used to be a k
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+English got out of the habit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English got out of the habit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English got out of the habit of
+pronouncing K before n and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouncing K before n and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouncing K before n and so we have
+words like Knight and knee where the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words like Knight and knee where the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words like Knight and knee where the the
+K is still there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is still there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is still there
+um uh uh as a as a memorial to the times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh as a as a memorial to the times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh as a as a memorial to the times
+when there was a stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there was a stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there was a stop
+same deal with the GH which spelled a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same deal with the GH which spelled a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same deal with the GH which spelled a
+sound the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound the middle
+um or this is one of my favorites the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or this is one of my favorites the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or this is one of my favorites the
+Old English word housewife who sweep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Old English word housewife who sweep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Old English word housewife who sweep
+which is the ancestor of the Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the ancestor of the Modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the ancestor of the Modern
+English word hussy that's undergone some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English word hussy that's undergone some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English word hussy that's undergone some
+sound some semantic change uh uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound some semantic change uh uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound some semantic change uh uh over
+the years as it's gone down through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years as it's gone down through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years as it's gone down through the
+years it's actually there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it's actually there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it's actually there's a
+disturbing tendency for words that refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing tendency for words that refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing tendency for words that refer
+to women to undergo pederation that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to women to undergo pederation that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to women to undergo pederation that is
+to to um to become worse in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to um to become worse in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to um to become worse in their
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+um uh there's possibly a corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there's possibly a corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there's possibly a corresponding
+tendency if you look at lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency if you look at lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency if you look at lots of
+languages there are lots of languages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages there are lots of languages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages there are lots of languages in
+which the the modern word for man is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the the modern word for man is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the the modern word for man is
+straightforwardly related to earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly related to earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly related to earlier
+words for man but in which the word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words for man but in which the word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words for man but in which the word for
+a woman has undergone has been replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a woman has undergone has been replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a woman has undergone has been replaced
+by some other other word for a woman and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some other other word for a woman and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some other other word for a woman and
+I I assume it's related to this tendency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I assume it's related to this tendency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I assume it's related to this tendency
+that words for women tend to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that words for women tend to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that words for women tend to become
+insulting over time in lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulting over time in lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulting over time in lots of different
+cultures and so you need to replace them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures and so you need to replace them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures and so you need to replace them
+with something maybe relatedly it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something maybe relatedly it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something maybe relatedly it's not
+uncommon for modern words for women to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon for modern words for women to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon for modern words for women to
+originally refer to like queens or Noble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally refer to like queens or Noble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally refer to like queens or Noble
+women that's true for example both in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women that's true for example both in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women that's true for example both in in
+German and in Zulu the modern Zulu word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German and in Zulu the modern Zulu word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German and in Zulu the modern Zulu word
+for a woman used to mean queen replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a woman used to mean queen replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a woman used to mean queen replaced
+an older word for a woman that became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an older word for a woman that became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an older word for a woman that became
+insulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulting
+um disturbing cross-linguistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um disturbing cross-linguistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um disturbing cross-linguistically
+fairly common tendency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly common tendency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly common tendency
+um or this is my actual favorite in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or this is my actual favorite in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or this is my actual favorite in this
+list because uh I wonder about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list because uh I wonder about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list because uh I wonder about the
+confusion that it must have caused so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion that it must have caused so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion that it must have caused so
+there's a proto-austronesian word uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a proto-austronesian word uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a proto-austronesian word uh
+reconstructed as wada which which was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed as wada which which was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed as wada which which was an
+existential construction event there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existential construction event there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existential construction event there is
+uh it has a nice straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has a nice straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has a nice straightforward
+descendant in Tagalog which means there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendant in Tagalog which means there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendant in Tagalog which means there
+is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+um I don't know how that happened uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know how that happened uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know how that happened uh
+there's a there's an Arabic word which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's an Arabic word which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's an Arabic word which
+means something like no like if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something like no like if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something like no like if you want
+to say there are no books you use voila
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say there are no books you use voila
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say there are no books you use voila
+to say that and it's possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that and it's possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that and it's possible that
+Tagalog got influenced by Arabic it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog got influenced by Arabic it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog got influenced by Arabic it was
+in contact with Arabic it has Arabic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contact with Arabic it has Arabic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contact with Arabic it has Arabic
+borrowings so maybe that's got something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowings so maybe that's got something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowings so maybe that's got something
+to do with it but yes some there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with it but yes some there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with it but yes some there's
+presumably a fairly weird period in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably a fairly weird period in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably a fairly weird period in the
+middle there where people were having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle there where people were having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle there where people were having
+existential crises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I just used a star you guys uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just used a star you guys uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just used a star you guys uh are
+used by now to seeing stars on sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by now to seeing stars on sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by now to seeing stars on sentences
+that are ungrammatical and that is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are ungrammatical and that is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are ungrammatical and that is how
+stars are used in syntax but when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars are used in syntax but when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars are used in syntax but when people
+are doing historical Linguistics stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing historical Linguistics stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing historical Linguistics stars
+mean something else they mean this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean something else they mean this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean something else they mean this is a
+word that we don't actually see in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that we don't actually see in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that we don't actually see in any
+like documents or we can't hear it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like documents or we can't hear it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like documents or we can't hear it it's
+our theory about an ancestral form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our theory about an ancestral form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our theory about an ancestral form so
+proto-austronesian is the the ancestor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-austronesian is the the ancestor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-austronesian is the the ancestor
+of a bunch of languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bunch of languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bunch of languages
+of the Pacific mostly so languages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Pacific mostly so languages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Pacific mostly so languages of
+the Philippines in Indonesia and New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Philippines in Indonesia and New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Philippines in Indonesia and New
+Zealand and Hawaii there's this gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zealand and Hawaii there's this gigantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zealand and Hawaii there's this gigantic
+geographic area that they win over plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographic area that they win over plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographic area that they win over plus
+some who got lost and ended up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some who got lost and ended up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some who got lost and ended up in
+Madagascar uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Madagascar uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Madagascar uh
+austronesian language over there too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+austronesian language over there too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+austronesian language over there too
+malagasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malagasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malagasi
+the ancestor of all of those languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ancestor of all of those languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ancestor of all of those languages
+it's called proto-austronesian and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called proto-austronesian and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called proto-austronesian and that
+form that I just showed you for there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that I just showed you for there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that I just showed you for there is
+is a reconstruction of what they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reconstruction of what they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reconstruction of what they think
+that word would have been in part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word would have been in part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word would have been in part of
+austronesian we haven't met any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+austronesian we haven't met any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+austronesian we haven't met any
+proto-astronesians they didn't leave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-astronesians they didn't leave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-astronesians they didn't leave us
+any documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any documents
+hypothesized underlying form given all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesized underlying form given all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesized underlying form given all
+the forms that we can see that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forms that we can see that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forms that we can see that's what
+star means in historical linguistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so various kinds of semantic drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so various kinds of semantic drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so various kinds of semantic drift
+re-cuttings so you know the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-cuttings so you know the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-cuttings so you know the example of
+maisel is an example of that I saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maisel is an example of that I saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maisel is an example of that I saw the
+word misled and I thought that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word misled and I thought that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word misled and I thought that it was
+the past tense or the participle of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past tense or the participle of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past tense or the participle of a
+verb to maisel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb to maisel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb to maisel
+um uh there are other lots of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there are other lots of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there are other lots of examples
+of this with the the indefinite article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this with the the indefinite article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this with the the indefinite article
+in English so the indefinite article in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English so the indefinite article in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English so the indefinite article in
+English right has two forms it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English right has two forms it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English right has two forms it's an
+before a vowel and it's ah before a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before a vowel and it's ah before a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before a vowel and it's ah before a
+consonant so we say you know an apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonant so we say you know an apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonant so we say you know an apple
+what we say a banana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we say a banana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we say a banana
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yes good I always worry about when to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes good I always worry about when to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes good I always worry about when to
+stop spelling bananas it's not easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop spelling bananas it's not easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop spelling bananas it's not easy
+um a consequence of that is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a consequence of that is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a consequence of that is that if you
+hear a sequence like this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a sequence like this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a sequence like this is one of the
+the examples for which uh this happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples for which uh this happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples for which uh this happened
+you hear a sequence like a nickname
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear a sequence like a nickname
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear a sequence like a nickname
+um it's sort of hard to know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's sort of hard to know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's sort of hard to know whether
+you're hearing a nickname or an ickname
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hearing a nickname or an ickname
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hearing a nickname or an ickname
+so nickname was originally ickname
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nickname was originally ickname
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nickname was originally ickname
+the ache is uh an old word for also it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ache is uh an old word for also it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ache is uh an old word for also it
+has a Cognito German which is oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a Cognito German which is oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a Cognito German which is oh
+um it shows up in the Canterbury in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it shows up in the Canterbury in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it shows up in the Canterbury in the
+Canterbury Tales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canterbury Tales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canterbury Tales
+in the prologue to the Canterbury Tales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the prologue to the Canterbury Tales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the prologue to the Canterbury Tales
+if you ever read the the prologue to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever read the the prologue to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever read the the prologue to the
+Canterbury Tales Chaucer says something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canterbury Tales Chaucer says something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canterbury Tales Chaucer says something
+like unzephyrus and Zephyr also with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like unzephyrus and Zephyr also with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like unzephyrus and Zephyr also with his
+sweet breath so that's a that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet breath so that's a that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet breath so that's a that's what
+that ache is it's an also a name that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ache is it's an also a name that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ache is it's an also a name that is
+a name that you have in addition to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name that you have in addition to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name that you have in addition to your
+other name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other name
+um so if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if if
+ordinary sound changes had taken place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary sound changes had taken place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary sound changes had taken place
+the word for nickname would be ickname
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for nickname would be ickname
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for nickname would be ickname
+uh but it's not because of confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's not because of confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's not because of confusion
+about where the end went basically there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where the end went basically there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where the end went basically there
+are a bunch of words like this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of words like this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of words like this in
+English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+um just another example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just another example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just another example uh
+uh Middle English had a word peas which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Middle English had a word peas which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Middle English had a word peas which
+was a mass noun by mass noun I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a mass noun by mass noun I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a mass noun by mass noun I mean it
+referred to a certain kind of stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to a certain kind of stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to a certain kind of stuff that
+didn't have a plural we have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a plural we have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a plural we have a bunch of
+uh words like this words like that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh words like this words like that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh words like this words like that don't
+ordinarily have have plurals words like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinarily have have plurals words like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinarily have have plurals words like
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+or ketchup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ketchup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ketchup
+or flower right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or flower right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or flower right where
+um you know if you have a barrel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if you have a barrel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if you have a barrel of
+flour you don't talk about it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flour you don't talk about it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flour you don't talk about it as a
+barrel of you know 16 million flowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel of you know 16 million flowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel of you know 16 million flowers
+that's not what you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what you're talking about
+you're talking about a substance right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about a substance right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about a substance right
+of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff
+um same deal with ketchup or water you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um same deal with ketchup or water you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um same deal with ketchup or water you
+can talk about different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about different kinds of
+flowers being different flowers right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowers being different flowers right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowers being different flowers right I
+guess if you were really really into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess if you were really really into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess if you were really really into
+ketchup you could do the same thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketchup you could do the same thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketchup you could do the same thing with
+ketchup right time I'm fond of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketchup right time I'm fond of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketchup right time I'm fond of the
+ketchups that you get in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketchups that you get in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketchups that you get in you know
+southeast Asia or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southeast Asia or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southeast Asia or whatever
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh peas used to be a mass noun like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh peas used to be a mass noun like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh peas used to be a mass noun like that
+it was just a name for this green stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just a name for this green stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just a name for this green stuff
+uh uh that consists of lots of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that consists of lots of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that consists of lots of little
+round things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round things
+um but because of this particular Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but because of this particular Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but because of this particular Mass
+well can be subdivided into these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well can be subdivided into these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well can be subdivided into these little
+individual round green things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual round green things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual round green things and
+because the word peas happened to end in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the word peas happened to end in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the word peas happened to end in
+a z sound so it looked like a plural it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z sound so it looked like a plural it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z sound so it looked like a plural it
+got re-analyzed as a plural and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got re-analyzed as a plural and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got re-analyzed as a plural and so they
+they made up a singular P which didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made up a singular P which didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made up a singular P which didn't
+exist before English has done a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist before English has done a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist before English has done a lot of
+things like this sometimes called back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this sometimes called back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this sometimes called back
+formation where you take a word that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation where you take a word that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation where you take a word that
+looks polymorphemic although it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks polymorphemic although it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks polymorphemic although it's not
+and pretend that it is another one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretend that it is another one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretend that it is another one which
+I don't think I have anywhere in here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I have anywhere in here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I have anywhere in here is
+we had for a long time a word beggar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that noun was in the language for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that noun was in the language for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that noun was in the language for a
+long time it ends in you know a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time it ends in you know a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time it ends in you know a sequence
+that's pronounced you know schwa are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pronounced you know schwa are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pronounced you know schwa are
+that's my ability to write the IPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my ability to write the IPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my ability to write the IPA
+symbol for R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol for R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol for R
+um uh which sounds like our agent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh which sounds like our agent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh which sounds like our agent of
+suffix the ER that's at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix the ER that's at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix the ER that's at the end of
+teacher and so people made up a verb beg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher and so people made up a verb beg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher and so people made up a verb beg
+but uh it's not actually it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it's not actually it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it's not actually it wasn't
+originally a polymorphemic words that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally a polymorphemic words that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally a polymorphemic words that's
+one reason it's not spelled uh beggar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason it's not spelled uh beggar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason it's not spelled uh beggar
+which is what you would have expected if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you would have expected if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you would have expected if
+you were adding the teacher suffix to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were adding the teacher suffix to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were adding the teacher suffix to to
+beg it's spelled like this because well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beg it's spelled like this because well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beg it's spelled like this because well
+this is not the ER suffix it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the ER suffix it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the ER suffix it's just
+pronounced like it so it got the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced like it so it got the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced like it so it got the the
+verb to beg got back formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb to beg got back formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb to beg got back formed
+um another similar kind of recutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another similar kind of recutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another similar kind of recutting
+here are three Old English words uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are three Old English words uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are three Old English words uh the
+sort of the positive uh form near which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the positive uh form near which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the positive uh form near which
+is Nia then that has a comparative form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Nia then that has a comparative form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Nia then that has a comparative form
+nearer which was and then there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearer which was and then there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearer which was and then there was a
+superlative form nearest which was Nesta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superlative form nearest which was Nesta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superlative form nearest which was Nesta
+uh all three of those words have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all three of those words have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all three of those words have uh
+descendants in Modern English Nia is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants in Modern English Nia is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants in Modern English Nia is the
+ancestor of Nai which we sort of still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor of Nai which we sort of still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor of Nai which we sort of still
+have in Modern English as a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in Modern English as a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in Modern English as a sort of
+archaic sounding word for near uh don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaic sounding word for near uh don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaic sounding word for near uh don't
+use it so much anymore uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it so much anymore uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it so much anymore uh the
+comparative the word that meant nearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative the word that meant nearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative the word that meant nearer
+turned into near in Modern English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into near in Modern English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into near in Modern English
+is apparently the nearest uh is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is apparently the nearest uh is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is apparently the nearest uh is the
+ancestor of the Modern English word next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor of the Modern English word next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor of the Modern English word next
+um Regular sound change applied to neera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Regular sound change applied to neera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Regular sound change applied to neera
+to give you near and sort of obscured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you near and sort of obscured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you near and sort of obscured
+the fact that it was a comparative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it was a comparative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it was a comparative so
+comparatives normally end in a schwa R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatives normally end in a schwa R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatives normally end in a schwa R
+sequence and because of regular sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and because of regular sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and because of regular sound
+change basically you were adding the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change basically you were adding the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change basically you were adding the the
+comparative suffix to something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative suffix to something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative suffix to something that
+ended in a vowel and then an H uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended in a vowel and then an H uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended in a vowel and then an H uh the
+consequence was that you couldn't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence was that you couldn't hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence was that you couldn't hear
+any more that it was a comparative so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more that it was a comparative so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more that it was a comparative so it
+got re-analyzed as something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got re-analyzed as something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got re-analyzed as something that was
+not a comparative so it's now our word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a comparative so it's now our word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a comparative so it's now our word
+for near it's more or less replaced nigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for near it's more or less replaced nigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for near it's more or less replaced nigh
+as our word for near and uh then we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our word for near and uh then we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our word for near and uh then we you
+know built new uh comparatives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know built new uh comparatives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know built new uh comparatives and
+superlatives on that originally compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superlatives on that originally compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superlatives on that originally compared
+so yeah all kinds of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah all kinds of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah all kinds of you know
+entertaining things happen to languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining things happen to languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining things happen to languages
+uh sometimes as a matter of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes as a matter of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes as a matter of you know
+somebody like me goes through life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody like me goes through life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody like me goes through life
+fairly long time believing in a verb to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly long time believing in a verb to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly long time believing in a verb to
+maisel and if I had a more forceful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maisel and if I had a more forceful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maisel and if I had a more forceful
+personality and more political clout uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality and more political clout uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality and more political clout uh
+then you know I might have been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know I might have been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know I might have been able to
+to force other people to believe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to force other people to believe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to force other people to believe in the
+verb to my soul as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb to my soul as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb to my soul as well
+um uh some of this presumably also is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh some of this presumably also is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh some of this presumably also is is
+a matter of not misunderstandings but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of not misunderstandings but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of not misunderstandings but
+just sort of people deliberately being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of people deliberately being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of people deliberately being
+weird I mean if you if you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird I mean if you if you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird I mean if you if you think of
+things that people do with language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people do with language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people do with language
+today they have done this all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today they have done this all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today they have done this all their
+lives you know pretending that words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives you know pretending that words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives you know pretending that words
+mean things other than what they mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean things other than what they mean uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean things other than what they mean uh
+just for fun as a way of uh having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for fun as a way of uh having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for fun as a way of uh having a
+good time or confusing your parents or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time or confusing your parents or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time or confusing your parents or
+whatever all else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever all else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever all else
+the other big kind of sound change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other big kind of sound change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other big kind of sound change
+though that I mainly want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that I mainly want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that I mainly want to talk about
+today are what are called sound changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today are what are called sound changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today are what are called sound changes
+um so here are some numbers from various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here are some numbers from various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here are some numbers from various
+uh languages of Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh languages of Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh languages of Europe
+are they all Europe yeah mostly yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they all Europe yeah mostly yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they all Europe yeah mostly yeah
+yeah Europe widely widely well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Europe widely widely well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Europe widely widely well okay
+Sanskrit uh it's not in Europe so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanskrit uh it's not in Europe so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanskrit uh it's not in Europe so
+Sanskrit greek latin Gothic which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanskrit greek latin Gothic which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanskrit greek latin Gothic which is a
+ancestor of the Germanic so no it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor of the Germanic so no it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor of the Germanic so no it's not
+it's an old Germanic language uh it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an old Germanic language uh it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an old Germanic language uh it was
+spoken around the Crimea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken around the Crimea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken around the Crimea
+um old Irish Lithuanian old church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um old Irish Lithuanian old church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um old Irish Lithuanian old church
+slavonic which is an ancestor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavonic which is an ancestor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavonic which is an ancestor of the
+Slavic languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slavic languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slavic languages
+um Basque and Turkish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Basque and Turkish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Basque and Turkish
+if you look at these languages I've sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at these languages I've sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at these languages I've sort
+of highlighted the second line because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of highlighted the second line because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of highlighted the second line because
+it's the line in which this is clearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the line in which this is clearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the line in which this is clearest
+uh you can sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can sort of see
+um a lot of these languages uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of these languages uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of these languages uh have
+words for the number two that look kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words for the number two that look kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words for the number two that look kind
+of similar to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of similar to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of similar to each other
+except for the last two which really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the last two which really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the last two which really
+really don't right so you've got words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't right so you've got words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't right so you've got words
+that have a you know a d and then a U or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a you know a d and then a U or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a you know a d and then a U or
+okay Gothic has a t the voiceless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Gothic has a t the voiceless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Gothic has a t the voiceless
+version of the d uh and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the d uh and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the d uh and then you know
+there's sometimes there's a w old Irish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sometimes there's a w old Irish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sometimes there's a w old Irish
+lost out on the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost out on the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost out on the W
+um and then you get to bask in Turkish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you get to bask in Turkish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you get to bask in Turkish
+where there is no D and no T and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is no D and no T and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is no D and no T and nothing
+rounded at all yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh uh those uh indicate long vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh uh those uh indicate long vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh uh those uh indicate long vowels
+sorry yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you're Latin I should have used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're Latin I should have used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're Latin I should have used a
+macron I should go in there and fix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macron I should go in there and fix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macron I should go in there and fix that
+uh so you know a hypothesis that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know a hypothesis that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know a hypothesis that people
+could entertain then and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could entertain then and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could entertain then and this was
+famously entertained uh you know for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famously entertained uh you know for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famously entertained uh you know for the
+first time a few centuries ago uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time a few centuries ago uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time a few centuries ago uh was
+that you know it's not just the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know it's not just the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know it's not just the case
+that these uh various European languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these uh various European languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these uh various European languages
+have similar sounding words for one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have similar sounding words for one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have similar sounding words for one two
+and three but these words are similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three but these words are similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three but these words are similar
+sounding because they're related to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding because they're related to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding because they're related to each
+other word for this is cognates these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other word for this is cognates these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other word for this is cognates these
+are all descendants of a common ancestor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all descendants of a common ancestor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all descendants of a common ancestor
+uh and that Basque and Turkish are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that Basque and Turkish are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that Basque and Turkish are are
+not part of this this group they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not part of this this group they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not part of this this group they don't
+have words that are cognate with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have words that are cognate with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have words that are cognate with uh
+those I don't know why I specifically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those I don't know why I specifically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those I don't know why I specifically uh
+boxed the words for three the claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxed the words for three the claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxed the words for three the claim is
+that you know the words for one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the words for one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the words for one and two
+and three in uh most of those languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three in uh most of those languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three in uh most of those languages
+in that table are cognates with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that table are cognates with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that table are cognates with each
+other and that Basque and Turkish are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and that Basque and Turkish are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and that Basque and Turkish are
+the ones that are left out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are left out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are left out
+so I just said hey look these words look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just said hey look these words look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just said hey look these words look
+kind of similar to each other and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of similar to each other and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of similar to each other and that
+is indeed often how how this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed often how how this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed often how how this kind of
+thing starts you look at two languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing starts you look at two languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing starts you look at two languages
+and say hmm these languages look kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say hmm these languages look kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say hmm these languages look kind of
+similar I wonder if they're related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar I wonder if they're related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar I wonder if they're related
+um but sort of big Discovery from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but sort of big Discovery from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but sort of big Discovery from the
+early days of systematic Linguistics was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days of systematic Linguistics was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days of systematic Linguistics was
+the observation that it's possible to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observation that it's possible to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observation that it's possible to be
+more systematic than this uh so it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more systematic than this uh so it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more systematic than this uh so it isn't
+just a matter of saying oh look these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a matter of saying oh look these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a matter of saying oh look these
+languages look similar to each other we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages look similar to each other we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages look similar to each other we
+can actually state laws generalizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually state laws generalizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually state laws generalizations
+about which sounds correspond to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which sounds correspond to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which sounds correspond to which
+other sounds so we can do better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sounds so we can do better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sounds so we can do better than
+just saying these languages look similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying these languages look similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying these languages look similar
+we get to say things like for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to say things like for example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to say things like for example uh
+where Latin and Greek have a d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Latin and Greek have a d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Latin and Greek have a d
+English has a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English has a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English has a t
+for a certain set of words you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a certain set of words you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a certain set of words you know so
+the the Latin and Greek words for uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Latin and Greek words for uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Latin and Greek words for uh two
+and I eat and ten have D's in them which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I eat and ten have D's in them which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I eat and ten have D's in them which
+correspond in English to T's right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond in English to T's right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond in English to T's right or
+the words for Latin in Latin and Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words for Latin in Latin and Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words for Latin in Latin and Greek
+uh uh that are related to Kin and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that are related to Kin and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that are related to Kin and uh
+that second word means uh means field uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second word means uh means field uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second word means uh means field uh
+they have uh K as corresponding k sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have uh K as corresponding k sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have uh K as corresponding k sound
+in English right or these words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English right or these words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English right or these words that
+have a b in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a b in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a b in them
+um words that have a b in them are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um words that have a b in them are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um words that have a b in them are are
+weirdly uh rare in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirdly uh rare in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirdly uh rare in uh
+proto-indo-european the ancestor of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-indo-european the ancestor of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-indo-european the ancestor of all
+of these languages there are a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these languages there are a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these languages there are a couple of
+examples here uh cannabis the the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here uh cannabis the the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here uh cannabis the the second
+line there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line there
+um is thought to probably be a borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is thought to probably be a borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is thought to probably be a borrowing
+into proto-indo-european from some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into proto-indo-european from some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into proto-indo-european from some other
+language for several reasons one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language for several reasons one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language for several reasons one is that
+it has a b in it and that's rare and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a b in it and that's rare and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a b in it and that's rare and
+proto-indo-european another is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-indo-european another is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-indo-european another is that it's
+weirdly long uh proto-indo-european
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirdly long uh proto-indo-european
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirdly long uh proto-indo-european
+words are mostly not three syllables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are mostly not three syllables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are mostly not three syllables
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+um so hypothesis is that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so hypothesis is that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so hypothesis is that the the
+ancestors of the Latins and of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors of the Latins and of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors of the Latins and of the
+Romans and the Greeks and the Sanskrit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romans and the Greeks and the Sanskrit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romans and the Greeks and the Sanskrit
+speakers and the gothic speakers the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers and the gothic speakers the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers and the gothic speakers the the
+proto-indo-europeans as they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-indo-europeans as they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-indo-europeans as they were
+roaming around Europe uh conquering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roaming around Europe uh conquering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roaming around Europe uh conquering
+various people uh encountered some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various people uh encountered some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various people uh encountered some
+people who had discovered cannabis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who had discovered cannabis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who had discovered cannabis and
+were like cool we will take that and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like cool we will take that and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like cool we will take that and uh
+while we're at it we will borrow your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're at it we will borrow your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're at it we will borrow your
+word for it it's apparently something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for it it's apparently something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for it it's apparently something
+like that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that happened
+um so there's this generalization it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's this generalization it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's this generalization it's
+called Grimm's law because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Grimm's law because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Grimm's law because it was
+discovered by a Dane named Rasmus Rask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by a Dane named Rasmus Rask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by a Dane named Rasmus Rask
+and then discovered Again by Jacob Grimm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then discovered Again by Jacob Grimm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then discovered Again by Jacob Grimm
+uh was one of the Grimm Brothers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was one of the Grimm Brothers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was one of the Grimm Brothers of the
+Grim fairy tales this observation about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grim fairy tales this observation about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grim fairy tales this observation about
+systematic sound correspondences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic sound correspondences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic sound correspondences between
+these the the oldest versions of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the the oldest versions of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the the oldest versions of these
+uh related languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh related languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh related languages
+you can see with the benefit of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see with the benefit of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see with the benefit of all of
+the phonology that we did at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phonology that we did at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phonology that we did at the
+beginning of this class that what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this class that what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this class that what's
+going on is that where Latin and Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on is that where Latin and Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on is that where Latin and Greek
+have uh voiced stops English and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh voiced stops English and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh voiced stops English and other
+Germanic languages tend to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germanic languages tend to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germanic languages tend to have
+voiceless stops and so there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless stops and so there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless stops and so there was a
+general sound change and there's more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general sound change and there's more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general sound change and there's more to
+Grimm's law than that but that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grimm's law than that but that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grimm's law than that but that's one of
+the the observations that the Grimm made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the observations that the Grimm made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the observations that the Grimm made
+once we've looked at a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've looked at a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've looked at a bunch of
+languages and figured out all the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and figured out all the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and figured out all the sound
+sound laws that we need we sort of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound laws that we need we sort of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound laws that we need we sort of get
+to posit these underlying forms I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to posit these underlying forms I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to posit these underlying forms I was
+talking about this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this for
+proto-austronesian these um you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-austronesian these um you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-austronesian these um you think of
+them as being like the underlying forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as being like the underlying forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as being like the underlying forms
+we talked about when we did phonology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about when we did phonology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about when we did phonology
+right you we we posit these sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you we we posit these sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you we we posit these sound
+changes uh and we haven't uh sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh and we haven't uh sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh and we haven't uh sort of a
+point of origin for all of these words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of origin for all of these words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of origin for all of these words
+the form that undergoes different sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form that undergoes different sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form that undergoes different sound
+changes in different languages with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in different languages with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in different languages with the
+consequence that you have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence that you have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence that you have different
+languages that underlying form the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that underlying form the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that underlying form the the
+language that has those underlying forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that has those underlying forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that has those underlying forms
+is sometimes called the proto-language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometimes called the proto-language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometimes called the proto-language
+so I've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've been talking about
+proto-indo-european and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-indo-european and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-indo-european and
+proto-ostronesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-ostronesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-ostronesian
+um here's one of the examples of Grimm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's one of the examples of Grimm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's one of the examples of Grimm's
+law at work we look at Sanskrit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law at work we look at Sanskrit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law at work we look at Sanskrit in
+English and Latin I don't know why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and Latin I don't know why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and Latin I don't know why I
+said them in that order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said them in that order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said them in that order
+and we convince ourselves that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we convince ourselves that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we convince ourselves that where
+Sanskrit and Latin have a d English has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanskrit and Latin have a d English has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanskrit and Latin have a d English has
+a t that's part of Grimm's law you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a t that's part of Grimm's law you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a t that's part of Grimm's law you know
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+uh it has the consequence that voiced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has the consequence that voiced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has the consequence that voiced
+sounds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds in
+Sanskrit and Latin correlate with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanskrit and Latin correlate with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanskrit and Latin correlate with a
+voiceless stops in in English if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless stops in in English if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless stops in in English if we look
+at the vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so we have an A in Sanskrit and an e in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an A in Sanskrit and an e in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an A in Sanskrit and an e in
+Latin and if we look more widely at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin and if we look more widely at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin and if we look more widely at
+correlating uh words words that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlating uh words words that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlating uh words words that look
+like they might be related in Sanskrit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they might be related in Sanskrit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they might be related in Sanskrit
+and Latin here are a bunch of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Latin here are a bunch of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Latin here are a bunch of examples
+um what kind of a sound do you think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what kind of a sound do you think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what kind of a sound do you think we
+should posit as the Proto sound the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should posit as the Proto sound the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should posit as the Proto sound the
+Proto vowel for eat in both Sanskrit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proto vowel for eat in both Sanskrit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proto vowel for eat in both Sanskrit and
+Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin
+have a look at those data tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a look at those data tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a look at those data tell me what
+you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think
+bless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there a generalization that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a generalization that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a generalization that we can
+draw of the form wherever Sanskrit has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw of the form wherever Sanskrit has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw of the form wherever Sanskrit has
+an a Latin has an e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's true for eat and tooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true for eat and tooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true for eat and tooth
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and for the first one in field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the first one in field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the first one in field
+but we're seeing that for sheep and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're seeing that for sheep and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're seeing that for sheep and two
+and for the second vowel in field there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the second vowel in field there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the second vowel in field there
+are other Latin vowels that correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other Latin vowels that correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other Latin vowels that correspond
+with Sanskrit vowels so what what type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Sanskrit vowels so what what type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Sanskrit vowels so what what type
+of a vowel should we posit as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vowel should we posit as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vowel should we posit as the
+original vowel in eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can we predict the Sanskrit vowels or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we predict the Sanskrit vowels or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we predict the Sanskrit vowels or
+sorry the the Latin vowels from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the the Latin vowels from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the the Latin vowels from the
+Sanskrit vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no right parent generalizations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right parent generalizations like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right parent generalizations like
+wherever Sanskrit has an a Latin has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever Sanskrit has an a Latin has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever Sanskrit has an a Latin has an
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+what should we do yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so uh if we if we do it the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh if we if we do it the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh if we if we do it the other
+way around uh if we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around uh if we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around uh if we say
+um the original uh vowels were more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the original uh vowels were more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the original uh vowels were more like
+the Latin vowels and Sanskrit underwind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Latin vowels and Sanskrit underwind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Latin vowels and Sanskrit underwind
+a bunch of sound changes that squashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of sound changes that squashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of sound changes that squashed
+many of the vowels together so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the vowels together so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the vowels together so uh
+original the original vowels uh E and O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original the original vowels uh E and O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original the original vowels uh E and O
+and also a like the first vowel in field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also a like the first vowel in field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also a like the first vowel in field
+uh all all three of those vowels became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all all three of those vowels became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all all three of those vowels became
+a ah in Sanskrit yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ah in Sanskrit yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ah in Sanskrit yeah
+um so this is the same kind of reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the same kind of reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the same kind of reasoning
+we were using when we were originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were using when we were originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were using when we were originally
+doing phonology we can't uh predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing phonology we can't uh predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing phonology we can't uh predict the
+Latin vowels from the Sanskrit vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin vowels from the Sanskrit vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin vowels from the Sanskrit vowels
+but we can predict the Sanskrit vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can predict the Sanskrit vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can predict the Sanskrit vowels
+from the Latin vowels namely the Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Latin vowels namely the Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Latin vowels namely the Latin
+vowels all got squashed together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels all got squashed together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels all got squashed together so
+Latin has kept an older vowel system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin has kept an older vowel system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin has kept an older vowel system
+that Sanskrit has has simplified to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Sanskrit has has simplified to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Sanskrit has has simplified to a
+certain extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain extent
+so we'll positive proto-indo-european
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll positive proto-indo-european
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll positive proto-indo-european
+stem Ed for eat Sanskrit undergoes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem Ed for eat Sanskrit undergoes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem Ed for eat Sanskrit undergoes a
+change where the a becomes ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change where the a becomes ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change where the a becomes ah
+English undergoes Grimm's law and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English undergoes Grimm's law and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English undergoes Grimm's law and also
+some changes with the vowels which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some changes with the vowels which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some changes with the vowels which we'll
+get a chance to talk about in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a chance to talk about in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a chance to talk about in a second
+and Latin sort of preserves at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Latin sort of preserves at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Latin sort of preserves at least
+that much of the proto-indo-european
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much of the proto-indo-european
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much of the proto-indo-european
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+it's worth being careful just like at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth being careful just like at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth being careful just like at
+the beginning of this class when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of this class when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of this class when we were
+doing phonology we started off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing phonology we started off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing phonology we started off with
+sound changes looking at data sets where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound changes looking at data sets where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound changes looking at data sets where
+it was often the case that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was often the case that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was often the case that you could
+pred you could posit an underlying form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pred you could posit an underlying form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pred you could posit an underlying form
+that was the same as some form that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the same as some form that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the same as some form that you
+could see on the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see on the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see on the surface
+but I think we saw back when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think we saw back when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think we saw back when we were
+doing phonology that that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing phonology that that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing phonology that that wasn't
+necessarily true there were cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily true there were cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily true there were cases where
+it was useful to positive and underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was useful to positive and underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was useful to positive and underlying
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+that always underwent some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always underwent some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always underwent some kind of
+change you know that never just surfaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you know that never just surfaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you know that never just surfaced
+in its uh in its actual form and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its uh in its actual form and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its uh in its actual form and this
+also happens when we're positing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also happens when we're positing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also happens when we're positing
+protoforms it hasn't happened in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protoforms it hasn't happened in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protoforms it hasn't happened in this
+particular case so this I carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case so this I carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case so this I carefully
+picked a case where life was simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a case where life was simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a case where life was simple and
+Latin has just sort of kept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin has just sort of kept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin has just sort of kept the
+proto-indo-european form but we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-indo-european form but we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-indo-european form but we can't
+rely on that happening every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on that happening every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on that happening every time
+sometimes there are cases where we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there are cases where we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there are cases where we'll
+want a positive protoform that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a positive protoform that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a positive protoform that just
+doesn't survive in its uh unchanged form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't survive in its uh unchanged form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't survive in its uh unchanged form
+in any in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um sound changes uh you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sound changes uh you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sound changes uh you know the the
+study of sound changes first of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of sound changes first of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of sound changes first of all the
+discovery that sound changes were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery that sound changes were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery that sound changes were were
+regular that you could make statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular that you could make statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular that you could make statements
+of the form wherever this language has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form wherever this language has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form wherever this language has
+sound X this other language has sound y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound X this other language has sound y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound X this other language has sound y
+um that was a big early Discovery in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that was a big early Discovery in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that was a big early Discovery in in
+linguistics and sort of the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistics and sort of the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistics and sort of the starting
+point for a lot of the work that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for a lot of the work that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for a lot of the work that's that
+started getting done in phonology as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started getting done in phonology as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started getting done in phonology as
+people uh started getting interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh started getting interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh started getting interested in
+the questions of What kinds of sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions of What kinds of sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions of What kinds of sound
+changes there were and why some kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes there were and why some kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes there were and why some kinds of
+sound changes were more common than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound changes were more common than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound changes were more common than
+others and you know uh what motivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and you know uh what motivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and you know uh what motivated
+them and why they happened and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and why they happened and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and why they happened and so on
+um similarly the discussion that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similarly the discussion that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similarly the discussion that we had
+when we were doing phonology of rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were doing phonology of rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were doing phonology of rule
+ordering where we decided that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering where we decided that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering where we decided that it was
+useful sometimes to pause it uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful sometimes to pause it uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful sometimes to pause it uh we
+talked about this for lerdo for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this for lerdo for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this for lerdo for example
+that it's useful sometimes deposited an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's useful sometimes deposited an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's useful sometimes deposited an
+original form an underlying form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original form an underlying form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original form an underlying form and
+have it undergo sound changes in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it undergo sound changes in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it undergo sound changes in a
+particular order right I think we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular order right I think we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular order right I think we talked
+about it as being like a an assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as being like a an assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as being like a an assembly
+line right it first goes to the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line right it first goes to the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line right it first goes to the place
+where it undergoes this and change then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it undergoes this and change then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it undergoes this and change then
+it undergoes this sound change with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it undergoes this sound change with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it undergoes this sound change with the
+consequence sometimes that the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence sometimes that the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence sometimes that the second
+sound change creates something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound change creates something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound change creates something that
+would undergo the first sound change but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would undergo the first sound change but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would undergo the first sound change but
+it's too late we looked at examples like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too late we looked at examples like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too late we looked at examples like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um uh so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so you know
+um uh way back when uh when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh way back when uh when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh way back when uh when we were
+talking about uh lardel we had a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh lardel we had a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh lardel we had a rule
+that changed uh U to a at the ends of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changed uh U to a at the ends of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changed uh U to a at the ends of
+words that changed underlying Mugu which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that changed underlying Mugu which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that changed underlying Mugu which
+is the underlying word for water to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the underlying word for water to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the underlying word for water to uh
+muga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muga
+um and we had another sound change uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we had another sound change uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we had another sound change uh
+that got rid of K at the ends of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got rid of K at the ends of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got rid of K at the ends of words
+um so if you had a k at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you had a k at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you had a k at the end of the
+word it would drop which changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word it would drop which changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word it would drop which changed
+underlying La look which is the word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying La look which is the word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying La look which is the word for
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um but it was important that these rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it was important that these rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it was important that these rules
+applied in this order because doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied in this order because doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied in this order because doesn't
+then change to La La that was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then change to La La that was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then change to La La that was one of the
+kinds of cases we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of cases we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of cases we were talking about
+when we were talking about ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were talking about ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were talking about ordering
+rules in a particular order all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules in a particular order all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules in a particular order all of that
+talk started uh in work on historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk started uh in work on historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk started uh in work on historical
+Linguistics where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linguistics where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linguistics where
+um it's easy to imagine in fact but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's easy to imagine in fact but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's easy to imagine in fact but a
+bunch of sound changes have taken place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of sound changes have taken place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of sound changes have taken place
+and they've taken place in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've taken place in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've taken place in a particular
+order and people got uh interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and people got uh interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and people got uh interested in
+possible relations between sound changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible relations between sound changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible relations between sound changes
+some kinds of sound changes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kinds of sound changes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kinds of sound changes are
+cross-linguistically fairly common uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linguistically fairly common uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linguistically fairly common uh so
+here's one uh W change to Gua for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one uh W change to Gua for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one uh W change to Gua for
+example in Chamorro tomorrow is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in Chamorro tomorrow is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in Chamorro tomorrow is a
+language of Saipan and um uh in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of Saipan and um uh in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of Saipan and um uh in the in
+the Pacific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pacific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pacific
+um it's closely related to uh to Tagalog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's closely related to uh to Tagalog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's closely related to uh to Tagalog
+so uh which language the Philippines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh which language the Philippines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh which language the Philippines
+either both austronesian languages so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either both austronesian languages so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either both austronesian languages so
+for example Tagalog has a word Asawa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example Tagalog has a word Asawa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example Tagalog has a word Asawa
+which means spouse so Tagalog kinship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means spouse so Tagalog kinship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means spouse so Tagalog kinship
+terminology mostly doesn't indicate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology mostly doesn't indicate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology mostly doesn't indicate the
+gender of the person you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender of the person you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender of the person you're talking
+about so they don't have words for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so they don't have words for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so they don't have words for
+husband or wife they just have this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband or wife they just have this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband or wife they just have this word
+Asawa which means spouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asawa which means spouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asawa which means spouse
+um you can say you know male spouse or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can say you know male spouse or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can say you know male spouse or
+female spouse but you you don't usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female spouse but you you don't usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female spouse but you you don't usually
+um uh so Tagalog has a word Asawa in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so Tagalog has a word Asawa in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so Tagalog has a word Asawa in
+tomorrow this is a sagua so the W has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow this is a sagua so the W has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow this is a sagua so the W has
+become Tagalog has a number which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become Tagalog has a number which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become Tagalog has a number which is the
+number two that's that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two that's that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two that's that corresponds to
+hugua in Chamorro and this Wala which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugua in Chamorro and this Wala which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugua in Chamorro and this Wala which we
+were talking about before which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about before which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about before which means
+there isn't Justin Tagalog all over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't Justin Tagalog all over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't Justin Tagalog all over over
+austronesian means there is and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+austronesian means there is and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+austronesian means there is and that's
+what it means in tomorrow but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means in tomorrow but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means in tomorrow but it doesn't
+start with the w and tomorrow it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the w and tomorrow it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the w and tomorrow it starts
+with a Gua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Gua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Gua
+if you think about what a w is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about what a w is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about what a w is
+the fact that a w becomes a Gua in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that a w becomes a Gua in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that a w becomes a Gua in
+tomorrow is maybe not such a weird uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow is maybe not such a weird uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow is maybe not such a weird uh
+um so think about what a w is a w is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so think about what a w is a w is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so think about what a w is a w is a
+Glide that corresponds to the vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you think back way way back months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think back way way back months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think back way way back months
+ago when you were young and carefree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago when you were young and carefree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago when you were young and carefree and
+knew a lot about phonology and had had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew a lot about phonology and had had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew a lot about phonology and had had
+not yet encountered you know syntax and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet encountered you know syntax and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet encountered you know syntax and
+semantics maybe you remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics maybe you remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics maybe you remember that the
+vowel ooh has rounding right your lips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel ooh has rounding right your lips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel ooh has rounding right your lips
+are rounding but it's also high and back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rounding but it's also high and back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rounding but it's also high and back
+right what that means is that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what that means is that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what that means is that your
+tongue is bunched up toward the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue is bunched up toward the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue is bunched up toward the top of
+the back of your mouth so back then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of your mouth so back then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of your mouth so back then we
+were doing group exercises like saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing group exercises like saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing group exercises like saying
+we over and over again and when you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we over and over again and when you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we over and over again and when you did
+that you you discovered that your lips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you discovered that your lips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you discovered that your lips
+were rounding and unrounding but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were rounding and unrounding but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were rounding and unrounding but also
+that your tongue was shifting from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your tongue was shifting from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your tongue was shifting from the
+back of your mouth to the front of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of your mouth to the front of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of your mouth to the front of your
+mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth
+so W uh is a Glide that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so W uh is a Glide that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so W uh is a Glide that corresponds to
+the vowel ooh it's a version of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vowel ooh it's a version of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vowel ooh it's a version of The
+Vowel ooh said very fast basically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vowel ooh said very fast basically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vowel ooh said very fast basically in
+which your tongue is bunching up toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which your tongue is bunching up toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which your tongue is bunching up toward
+the back of your mouth reaching toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of your mouth reaching toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of your mouth reaching toward
+the top of the back of your mouth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the back of your mouth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the back of your mouth and
+your lips surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lips surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lips surrounding
+so if you think about what you do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about what you do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about what you do when
+you do a g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voice viewer stop well what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice viewer stop well what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice viewer stop well what you're doing
+is your your tongue is touching the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your your tongue is touching the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your your tongue is touching the back
+of your mouth right it's making a Velar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your mouth right it's making a Velar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your mouth right it's making a Velar
+closure back there yeah so the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure back there yeah so the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure back there yeah so the fact that
+a has become a Gua in this language is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has become a Gua in this language is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has become a Gua in this language is
+sort of understandable is just a w that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of understandable is just a w that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of understandable is just a w that
+got out of hand right it's uh it's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got out of hand right it's uh it's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got out of hand right it's uh it's your
+tongue not just bunching up toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue not just bunching up toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue not just bunching up toward the
+back of your mouth but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of your mouth but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of your mouth but actually
+colliding with it right uh making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding with it right uh making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding with it right uh making a
+closure back there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure back there yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure back there yeah
+um and I'm going through all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm going through all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm going through all this
+because this sound change didn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this sound change didn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this sound change didn't just
+happen in tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in tomorrow
+um it also happened uh in Welsh so Welsh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it also happened uh in Welsh so Welsh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it also happened uh in Welsh so Welsh
+has a bunch of uh words I've just given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bunch of uh words I've just given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bunch of uh words I've just given
+you one which is man the Welsh word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one which is man the Welsh word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one which is man the Welsh word for
+man is guir it's related to the Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man is guir it's related to the Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man is guir it's related to the Latin
+word which we have is viral in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word which we have is viral in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word which we have is viral in English
+words like that the weird is a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words like that the weird is a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words like that the weird is a it's
+actually also I think related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also I think related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also I think related to the
+Weir and werewolf uh which is a man a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weir and werewolf uh which is a man a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weir and werewolf uh which is a man a
+man wolf yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man wolf yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man wolf yeah
+um uh Welsh has another word which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Welsh has another word which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Welsh has another word which they
+borrowed from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed from uh
+uh borrowed from Latin Guin which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh borrowed from Latin Guin which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh borrowed from Latin Guin which is uh
+wine uh so they borrowed that from Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wine uh so they borrowed that from Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wine uh so they borrowed that from Latin
+they changed the sound at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they changed the sound at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they changed the sound at the beginning
+to agua so Latin underwent there well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agua so Latin underwent there well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agua so Latin underwent there well
+sorry underwent the same sound change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry underwent the same sound change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry underwent the same sound change
+there are also some words that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also some words that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also some words that got
+borrowed from proto-germanic into late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed from proto-germanic into late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed from proto-germanic into late
+Latin uh that is Latin right before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin uh that is Latin right before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin uh that is Latin right before it
+was about to break up and turn into all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about to break up and turn into all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about to break up and turn into all
+the romance languages uh in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the romance languages uh in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the romance languages uh in which the
+proto-germanic w got realized in late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-germanic w got realized in late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-germanic w got realized in late
+Latin as agua so uh the proto-germanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin as agua so uh the proto-germanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin as agua so uh the proto-germanic
+word for war which was an ancestor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for war which was an ancestor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for war which was an ancestor of
+the Modern English War uh got borrowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Modern English War uh got borrowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Modern English War uh got borrowed
+into late Latin as Guerra uh and you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into late Latin as Guerra uh and you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into late Latin as Guerra uh and you now
+see that in English words like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in English words like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in English words like uh
+gorilla right uh in the sense of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorilla right uh in the sense of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorilla right uh in the sense of a
+person who fights a particular type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who fights a particular type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who fights a particular type of
+warfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warfare
+um uh that's if you study any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that's if you study any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that's if you study any any
+romance languages the old Latin word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance languages the old Latin word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance languages the old Latin word for
+war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war
+was uh Bellum I think I think right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh Bellum I think I think right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh Bellum I think I think right
+um but that word I believe vanished from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that word I believe vanished from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that word I believe vanished from
+all the romance languages what they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the romance languages what they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the romance languages what they all
+have are our descendants of this word so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have are our descendants of this word so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have are our descendants of this word so
+you know if you study Italian or uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you study Italian or uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you study Italian or uh or
+French or Spanish uh you need to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French or Spanish uh you need to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French or Spanish uh you need to learn
+words for war like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words for war like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words for war like
+those are all descendants of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all descendants of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all descendants of this
+Germanic word uh so the the late Latins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germanic word uh so the the late Latins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germanic word uh so the the late Latins
+I guess we're really impressed with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we're really impressed with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we're really impressed with the
+Germanic attitude toward War they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germanic attitude toward War they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germanic attitude toward War they
+borrowed this word and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed this word and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed this word and they they
+completely replaced their word for war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely replaced their word for war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely replaced their word for war
+with it as far as I can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um no I at least I don't yeah this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no I at least I don't yeah this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no I at least I don't yeah this just
+became the cool word for war yeah so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the cool word for war yeah so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the cool word for war yeah so I
+mean we have it in Expressions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we have it in Expressions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we have it in Expressions that
+we've borrowed from Latin like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've borrowed from Latin like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've borrowed from Latin like
+Antebellum right but uh uh we we as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antebellum right but uh uh we we as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antebellum right but uh uh we we as far
+as their normal word for war got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as their normal word for war got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as their normal word for war got
+replaced with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced with this
+um or we also have words in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or we also have words in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or we also have words in English
+where we have both of these words so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have both of these words so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have both of these words so uh
+there's the pretty Germanic word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the pretty Germanic word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the pretty Germanic word for
+guard which was Ward we have that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard which was Ward we have that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard which was Ward we have that as a
+word ward right to ward off a threat or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word ward right to ward off a threat or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word ward right to ward off a threat or
+something like that uh it got borrowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that uh it got borrowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that uh it got borrowed
+into late Latin as guard uh that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into late Latin as guard uh that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into late Latin as guard uh that's sort
+of the modern word for watch uh in lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the modern word for watch uh in lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the modern word for watch uh in lots
+of languages so uh in Italian if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of languages so uh in Italian if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of languages so uh in Italian if you
+want to watch TV the verb you use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to watch TV the verb you use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to watch TV the verb you use is
+guardare you guard the TV you watch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guardare you guard the TV you watch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guardare you guard the TV you watch it
+carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+um uh uh and you know English has both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh and you know English has both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh and you know English has both
+of these words now so we have word and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these words now so we have word and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these words now so we have word and
+we also have guard they both have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have guard they both have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have guard they both have the
+same uh root they're both from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh root they're both from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh root they're both from
+proto-germanic Ward which came to us uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-germanic Ward which came to us uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-germanic Ward which came to us uh
+straight in the form of Ward and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight in the form of Ward and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight in the form of Ward and then
+took a little detour into Latin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a little detour into Latin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a little detour into Latin to
+become a guard and then we borrowed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a guard and then we borrowed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a guard and then we borrowed it
+again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh
+in a different form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different form
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um big Discovery then uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um big Discovery then uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um big Discovery then uh you know
+Grimm's law this change from W uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grimm's law this change from W uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grimm's law this change from W uh it's
+not so you know lots of big discoveries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so you know lots of big discoveries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so you know lots of big discoveries
+but one of the big discoveries was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the big discoveries was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the big discoveries was that
+sound change was regular that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound change was regular that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound change was regular that you could
+do better than just saying uh uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better than just saying uh uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better than just saying uh uh these
+words look kind of similar to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words look kind of similar to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words look kind of similar to each other
+I bet these languages are related you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I bet these languages are related you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I bet these languages are related you
+could actually say oh yeah these words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually say oh yeah these words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually say oh yeah these words
+are are these languages are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are these languages are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are these languages are related
+because there is this General uh law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is this General uh law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is this General uh law
+about how sounds and language X are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how sounds and language X are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how sounds and language X are
+related to sound in language y this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to sound in language y this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to sound in language y this was
+called the Neo grammarian hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Neo grammarian hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Neo grammarian hypothesis
+um and it was one of the the big early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it was one of the the big early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it was one of the the big early
+discoveries it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries it
+shifts emphasis away from looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts emphasis away from looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts emphasis away from looking at
+lists of words that look kind of similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists of words that look kind of similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists of words that look kind of similar
+what we're looking for are lists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking for are lists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking for are lists of
+words that can be related by regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that can be related by regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that can be related by regular
+sound change laws which is not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound change laws which is not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound change laws which is not the same
+thing there could be lots of sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there could be lots of sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there could be lots of sound
+changes the sound changes could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the sound changes could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the sound changes could be
+really radical the result could be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really radical the result could be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really radical the result could be that
+the words don't look like each other at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words don't look like each other at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words don't look like each other at
+all the point is to discover that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the point is to discover that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the point is to discover that there
+are regular correspondences between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are regular correspondences between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are regular correspondences between the
+words in the lists does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in the lists does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in the lists does that make sense
+that's how you discover that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you discover that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you discover that two
+languages are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are related
+so just to give you a dramatic example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to give you a dramatic example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to give you a dramatic example
+of this here are three words for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this here are three words for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this here are three words for the
+number two uh in three languages whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two uh in three languages whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two uh in three languages whose
+names I have cunningly hidden from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names I have cunningly hidden from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names I have cunningly hidden from you
+we'll call them language a language B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call them language a language B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call them language a language B
+and language C and I will tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and language C and I will tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and language C and I will tell you that
+two of these words are related to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these words are related to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these words are related to each
+other and the third it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the third it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the third it is not
+you're probably suspecting a trick but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably suspecting a trick but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably suspecting a trick but
+go ahead somebody fall for it which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead somebody fall for it which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead somebody fall for it which of
+you do you which of these two languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you which of these two languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you which of these two languages
+do you think are related to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think are related to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think are related to each other
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+B and C yes see you're right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and C yes see you're right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and C yes see you're right but
+um that's because you know how this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's because you know how this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's because you know how this kind
+of thing works right you're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing works right you're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing works right you're supposed to
+say A and B would somebody go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say A and B would somebody go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say A and B would somebody go ahead and
+say A and B I would feel better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say A and B I would feel better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say A and B I would feel better
+yes yes it's a and b excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes it's a and b excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes it's a and b excellent
+suggestion thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion thank you
+um but of course uh he's right uh it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but of course uh he's right uh it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but of course uh he's right uh it is
+BNC uh uh ER is uh the Mandarin word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BNC uh uh ER is uh the Mandarin word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BNC uh uh ER is uh the Mandarin word for
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+um uh urku is the Armenian word for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh urku is the Armenian word for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh urku is the Armenian word for two
+and Greek uh has Duo as it's word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Greek uh has Duo as it's word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Greek uh has Duo as it's word for
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+um and the way you convince yourself of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the way you convince yourself of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the way you convince yourself of
+this is by discovering that wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by discovering that wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by discovering that wherever
+Greek has a Dua Armenian has an irk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek has a Dua Armenian has an irk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek has a Dua Armenian has an irk
+which is a pretty radical sound change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a pretty radical sound change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a pretty radical sound change
+it took people a while to discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took people a while to discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took people a while to discover that
+Armenian was an Indo-European language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Armenian was an Indo-European language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Armenian was an Indo-European language
+because Armenian has had really radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Armenian has had really radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Armenian has had really radical
+things happen to it with the consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen to it with the consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen to it with the consequence
+that its words don't look all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its words don't look all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its words don't look all that
+Indo-European anymore but it underwent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indo-European anymore but it underwent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indo-European anymore but it underwent
+this uh this General sound change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this General sound change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this General sound change and
+the point is you discover that the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is you discover that the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is you discover that the sound
+change is general and that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is general and that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is general and that's how you
+convince yourself that it belongs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that it belongs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that it belongs to
+this club yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this club yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this club yeah
+why did it do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did it do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did it do that
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+there isn't any really good answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't any really good answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't any really good answer to
+that but you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you could think
+if you imagined first that they decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you imagined first that they decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you imagined first that they decided
+that it wasn't good to have words start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't good to have words start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't good to have words start
+with uh D and W like that's too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh D and W like that's too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh D and W like that's too many
+consonants at the beginning we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants at the beginning we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants at the beginning we don't
+want that we're going to add a vowel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that we're going to add a vowel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that we're going to add a vowel so
+they'll add an uh a vowel at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll add an uh a vowel at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll add an uh a vowel at the
+beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+this alternation between D and R is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alternation between D and R is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alternation between D and R is not
+such a such a strange thing to do so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a such a strange thing to do so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a such a strange thing to do so an
+R is kind of uh it's it's not unlike the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is kind of uh it's it's not unlike the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is kind of uh it's it's not unlike the
+relationship between W and U you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between W and U you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between W and U you know
+that D is an actual stop and it's it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that D is an actual stop and it's it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that D is an actual stop and it's it is
+unlike that that d d is an actual stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike that that d d is an actual stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike that that d d is an actual stop
+and R especially if it's a flap is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R especially if it's a flap is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R especially if it's a flap is
+you're just sort of whacking the part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just sort of whacking the part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just sort of whacking the part of
+your mouth that uh where you make the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mouth that uh where you make the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mouth that uh where you make the D
+stop and then the fact that W became a K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and then the fact that W became a K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and then the fact that W became a K
+well we've seen W becoming agua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've seen W becoming agua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've seen W becoming agua
+right in uh in Welsh and then tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in uh in Welsh and then tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in uh in Welsh and then tomorrow
+and uh you know a k has a stop in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know a k has a stop in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know a k has a stop in a
+place where a w would just be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where a w would just be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where a w would just be an
+approximate so it's maybe not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate so it's maybe not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate so it's maybe not a
+completely crazy set of sound changes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely crazy set of sound changes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely crazy set of sound changes I
+should say you know it's not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say you know it's not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say you know it's not always
+possible to understand why a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to understand why a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to understand why a language
+underwent the sound changes that it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwent the sound changes that it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwent the sound changes that it did
+there's a beautiful example I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a beautiful example I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a beautiful example I have
+sometimes used this as a problem set in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes used this as a problem set in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes used this as a problem set in
+this class if you were going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class if you were going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class if you were going to have
+another problem set it might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem set it might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem set it might have been
+about this there's um an Algonquian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this there's um an Algonquian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this there's um an Algonquian
+language Arapahoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language Arapahoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language Arapahoe
+um uh if you look at the Algonquian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if you look at the Algonquian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if you look at the Algonquian
+languages the proto-algonquian can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages the proto-algonquian can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages the proto-algonquian can be
+reconstructed to a fair degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed to a fair degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed to a fair degree of
+confidence uh there are a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence uh there are a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence uh there are a bunch of
+Algonquian languages they're very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Algonquian languages they're very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Algonquian languages they're very well
+studied there's sound changes it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied there's sound changes it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied there's sound changes it's not
+only hard to relate them to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only hard to relate them to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only hard to relate them to each other
+Arapahoe is an Algonquian language but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arapahoe is an Algonquian language but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arapahoe is an Algonquian language but
+it has undergone sound changes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has undergone sound changes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has undergone sound changes like
+um uh I'm trying to remember them all he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I'm trying to remember them all he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I'm trying to remember them all he
+has become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become
+uh M has become what does m become M has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh M has become what does m become M has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh M has become what does m become M has
+become uh b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become uh b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become uh b
+um there's a sound so with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a sound so with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a sound so with the
+consequence that oh no MM has become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence that oh no MM has become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence that oh no MM has become
+they both become they've uh they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both become they've uh they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both become they've uh they've
+Blended together so the consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blended together so the consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blended together so the consequences
+that you know the word for dog just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the word for dog just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the word for dog just the
+one that I can remember off the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I can remember off the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I can remember off the top of
+my head uh there's a word for dog that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head uh there's a word for dog that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head uh there's a word for dog that
+um in Wampanoag which is spoken around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Wampanoag which is spoken around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Wampanoag which is spoken around
+here is a numb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a numb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a numb
+this is a schwa and in past macquati is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a schwa and in past macquati is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a schwa and in past macquati is
+alum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alum
+and in uh Cree is a team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in uh Cree is a team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in uh Cree is a team
+and so you know there's an M here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know there's an M here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know there's an M here that
+corresponds and uh there are vowels here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds and uh there are vowels here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds and uh there are vowels here
+that have undergone various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have undergone various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have undergone various kinds of
+sound changes there's a sound here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound changes there's a sound here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound changes there's a sound here which
+is kind of mysterious I'm clear how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of mysterious I'm clear how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of mysterious I'm clear how to
+how to represent it in proto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to represent it in proto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to represent it in proto
+proto-algonquian but so you know here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-algonquian but so you know here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-algonquian but so you know here's
+Wampanoag here's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wampanoag here's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wampanoag here's uh
+here's Cree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Cree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Cree
+and the Arapahoe word for it is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch
+so you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got
+um Alum a Tim and then fanch is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Alum a Tim and then fanch is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Alum a Tim and then fanch is the
+Arapaho word so the arapahoes I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arapaho word so the arapahoes I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arapaho word so the arapahoes I don't
+know what happened to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what happened to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what happened to them
+um but uh they they underwent sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh they they underwent sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh they they underwent sound
+changes that uh it's very hard to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that uh it's very hard to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that uh it's very hard to to
+justify to yourself it's unclear unclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify to yourself it's unclear unclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify to yourself it's unclear unclear
+what happened I uh was once talking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened I uh was once talking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened I uh was once talking with
+linguist about this and his theory was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguist about this and his theory was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguist about this and his theory was
+that um what happened with the Arapahoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um what happened with the Arapahoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um what happened with the Arapahoe
+was that they did they they became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that they did they they became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that they did they they became a
+horse culture when horses were brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse culture when horses were brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse culture when horses were brought
+to the U.S the Arapaho got really into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the U.S the Arapaho got really into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the U.S the Arapaho got really into
+horses um and uh his theory was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses um and uh his theory was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses um and uh his theory was there
+must have been a generation of Arapahoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have been a generation of Arapahoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have been a generation of Arapahoe
+who just sort of stopped listening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who just sort of stopped listening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who just sort of stopped listening to
+their parents uh you know and underwent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parents uh you know and underwent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parents uh you know and underwent
+all kinds of radical sound changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of radical sound changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of radical sound changes
+because they were like they were too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were like they were too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were like they were too
+busy riding horses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so you know this is an example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know this is an example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know this is an example where
+uh thank you one of you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thank you one of you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thank you one of you uh
+uh deliberately fell for the Trap that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deliberately fell for the Trap that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deliberately fell for the Trap that I
+was setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was setting
+um uh an example where you convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh an example where you convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh an example where you convince
+yourself that the these two the Mandarin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that the these two the Mandarin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that the these two the Mandarin
+and the Armenian words uh you know are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Armenian words uh you know are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Armenian words uh you know are
+not related despite having some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not related despite having some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not related despite having some stuff
+that sort of looks like it's in common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of looks like it's in common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of looks like it's in common
+uh it's really The Armenian and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's really The Armenian and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's really The Armenian and the
+Greek words uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek words uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek words uh
+another example where you have two words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example where you have two words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example where you have two words
+that look similar but the two languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look similar but the two languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look similar but the two languages
+are not related there's a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not related there's a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not related there's a beautiful
+um uh Memoir by a guy named Dixon uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Memoir by a guy named Dixon uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Memoir by a guy named Dixon uh uh
+Robert Dixon is a linguist who did he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Dixon is a linguist who did he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Dixon is a linguist who did he
+wrote a book called Memoirs of a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a book called Memoirs of a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a book called Memoirs of a field
+worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker
+um which was about his work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which was about his work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which was about his work in
+Aboriginal languages in Australia in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aboriginal languages in Australia in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aboriginal languages in Australia in the
+60s uh it's a nice book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s uh it's a nice book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s uh it's a nice book
+um and one of the things he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and one of the things he talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and one of the things he talks about
+is uh going he was traveling around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh going he was traveling around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh going he was traveling around
+different uh Aboriginal uh areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh Aboriginal uh areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh Aboriginal uh areas
+different talking to different speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different talking to different speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different talking to different speakers
+of different languages and there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different languages and there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different languages and there was a
+particular language that he managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular language that he managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular language that he managed to
+find possibly one of the last speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find possibly one of the last speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find possibly one of the last speakers
+of language called babaram which no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of language called babaram which no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of language called babaram which no
+longer has any speakers at all this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer has any speakers at all this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer has any speakers at all this was
+in the 60s and uh he was very interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 60s and uh he was very interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 60s and uh he was very interested
+in this language it was supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this language it was supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this language it was supposed to be
+quite different from some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different from some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different from some of the
+languages that were near it and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that were near it and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that were near it and he
+finally found a speaker who's finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally found a speaker who's finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally found a speaker who's finally
+willing to talk to him and sat down with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to talk to him and sat down with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to talk to him and sat down with
+this guy and the guy said okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and the guy said okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and the guy said okay let me
+start teaching you some words do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start teaching you some words do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start teaching you some words do you
+know our word for dog and he was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our word for dog and he was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our word for dog and he was like
+okay no what's your word for dog and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no what's your word for dog and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no what's your word for dog and the
+guy smiled and he said dog yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy smiled and he said dog yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy smiled and he said dog yeah
+Dixon was like okay this has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dixon was like okay this has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dixon was like okay this has to be a
+joke but it turned out it was not a joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke but it turned out it was not a joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke but it turned out it was not a joke
+uh most of the languages of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of the languages of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of the languages of the world
+probably have a word for dog there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have a word for dog there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have a word for dog there are
+dogs in lots of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs in lots of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs in lots of places
+um and uh you know D and O and G they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh you know D and O and G they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh you know D and O and G they're
+not such uncommon sounds and um 6000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not such uncommon sounds and um 6000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not such uncommon sounds and um 6000
+whatever languages in the world and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever languages in the world and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever languages in the world and yeah
+this kind of thing happens every so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing happens every so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing happens every so
+often so these are completely unrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often so these are completely unrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often so these are completely unrelated
+languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+can be related to a uh uh what is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be related to a uh uh what is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be related to a uh uh what is that a
+protopamine form gudaga which changed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protopamine form gudaga which changed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protopamine form gudaga which changed in
+some related languages to to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some related languages to to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some related languages to to other
+sounds so you have and you have guda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds so you have and you have guda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds so you have and you have guda and
+durable and babaram you know they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durable and babaram you know they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durable and babaram you know they got
+rid of the first syllable and they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the first syllable and they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the first syllable and they got
+rid of the last vowel and before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the last vowel and before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the last vowel and before you
+knew it you had dog English also has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew it you had dog English also has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew it you had dog English also has a
+word dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word dog
+um it's not from Australia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not from Australia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not from Australia
+um so we have it originally referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have it originally referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have it originally referred to
+another kind a particular kind of dog uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind a particular kind of dog uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind a particular kind of dog uh
+a Mastiff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Mastiff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Mastiff
+um and it's sort of taken over as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's sort of taken over as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's sort of taken over as our
+word for dog our older word for dog was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for dog our older word for dog was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for dog our older word for dog was
+Hound which we still sort of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hound which we still sort of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hound which we still sort of have
+um and this is the kind of thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is the kind of thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is the kind of thing that
+happens so you know Persian and English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so you know Persian and English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so you know Persian and English
+have the same word for bad Malay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same word for bad Malay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same word for bad Malay and
+Greek have very similar looking words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek have very similar looking words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek have very similar looking words
+for I uh and it's just a coincidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I uh and it's just a coincidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I uh and it's just a coincidence
+how do you know whether you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know whether you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know whether you're looking
+at a coincidence well you ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a coincidence well you ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a coincidence well you ask yourself
+whether you composite regular sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you composite regular sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you composite regular sound
+changes so you know English and kachigal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so you know English and kachigal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so you know English and kachigal
+Mayan have words for mess that sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mayan have words for mess that sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mayan have words for mess that sound
+more or less the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the same
+um that's the kind of thing you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the kind of thing you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the kind of thing you know if
+I just tell you in isolation I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just tell you in isolation I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just tell you in isolation I have two
+languages that have the same word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have the same word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have the same word for
+Mass if you want to know or those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass if you want to know or those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass if you want to know or those
+languages related well the way you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages related well the way you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages related well the way you find
+out is by trying to find out whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is by trying to find out whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is by trying to find out whether you
+can come up with sound changes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up with sound changes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up with sound changes that
+apply to more than one word you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to more than one word you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to more than one word you know is
+it generally the case that where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generally the case that where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generally the case that where this
+language has an M this other language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language has an M this other language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language has an M this other language
+has an M where this language has an S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an M where this language has an S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an M where this language has an S
+the southern language has an S and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the southern language has an S and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the southern language has an S and in
+the case of English and cocktail the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of English and cocktail the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of English and cocktail the
+answer is no you know so here are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no you know so here are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no you know so here are a
+bunch of other words with M's in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other words with M's in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other words with M's in them
+they don't have m's in uh you can't rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have m's in uh you can't rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have m's in uh you can't rely
+on it being the case that every English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it being the case that every English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it being the case that every English
+word with an m in it would have an m in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word with an m in it would have an m in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word with an m in it would have an m in
+uh even if the languages were related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even if the languages were related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even if the languages were related
+but you were entitled to hope that it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you were entitled to hope that it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you were entitled to hope that it'll
+happen more than once so so this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen more than once so so this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen more than once so so this looks
+like a like a coincidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a like a coincidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a like a coincidence
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+any questions about any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about any of this
+so just as an in-class exercise I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just as an in-class exercise I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just as an in-class exercise I wanted
+to try doing some historical Linguistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try doing some historical Linguistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try doing some historical Linguistics
+reconstructing some sound changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructing some sound changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructing some sound changes
+here are some Polynesian languages so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some Polynesian languages so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some Polynesian languages so
+there are languages from the Polynesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are languages from the Polynesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are languages from the Polynesian
+branch of the very large austronesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of the very large austronesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of the very large austronesian
+language family uh Hawaiian which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language family uh Hawaiian which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language family uh Hawaiian which is
+spoken in Hawaii and Maori which is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken in Hawaii and Maori which is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken in Hawaii and Maori which is from
+New Zealand and donglin which is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Zealand and donglin which is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Zealand and donglin which is from
+donga and Samoan which is from Samoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donga and Samoan which is from Samoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donga and Samoan which is from Samoa
+these are all languages spoken in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all languages spoken in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all languages spoken in
+islands of the Pacific or particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islands of the Pacific or particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islands of the Pacific or particularly
+the Eastern Pacific or not too far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Eastern Pacific or not too far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Eastern Pacific or not too far from
+Hawaii uh sort of between Hawaii and New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii uh sort of between Hawaii and New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii uh sort of between Hawaii and New
+Zealand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zealand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zealand
+um and these are all words that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and these are all words that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and these are all words that look
+pretty related to each other and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty related to each other and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty related to each other and so
+let's see if we can figure out any sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can figure out any sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can figure out any sound
+correspondences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondences
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe we can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can start
+by looking at the things that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the things that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the things that I have
+made green here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made green here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made green here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what do you think what sort of Proto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think what sort of Proto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think what sort of Proto
+sound should we posit for the sound that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound should we posit for the sound that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound should we posit for the sound that
+is in green in these kinds of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are at least two theories that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are at least two theories that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are at least two theories that we
+could take seriously hypotheses we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take seriously hypotheses we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take seriously hypotheses we could
+dig seriously right there's a third kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig seriously right there's a third kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig seriously right there's a third kind
+of hypothesis uh maybe maybe it's an M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hypothesis uh maybe maybe it's an M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hypothesis uh maybe maybe it's an M
+right yeah but let's let's put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah but let's let's put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah but let's let's put that
+possibility aside for a second we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility aside for a second we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility aside for a second we're not
+going to do that unless we're driven to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that unless we're driven to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that unless we're driven to
+it so the two theories that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the two theories that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the two theories that we could
+take seriously are you know maybe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take seriously are you know maybe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take seriously are you know maybe it's a
+k or maybe it's a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k or maybe it's a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k or maybe it's a t
+uh anybody have a theory about what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anybody have a theory about what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anybody have a theory about what we
+ought to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to do
+is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so we could do this democratically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so we could do this democratically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so we could do this democratically
+and say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say yeah
+um uh you know there are more teas on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know there are more teas on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know there are more teas on
+this slide than there are K's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide than there are K's yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide than there are K's yeah
+the majority majority rules yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah all of these I mean these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all of these I mean these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all of these I mean these are all
+Islands uh This is Amazing Story these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islands uh This is Amazing Story these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islands uh This is Amazing Story these
+people you know started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know started the
+proto-austronesians are supposed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-austronesians are supposed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-austronesians are supposed to have
+started in Taiwan and uh start you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in Taiwan and uh start you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in Taiwan and uh start you know
+headed out in Outrigger canoes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headed out in Outrigger canoes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headed out in Outrigger canoes and
+settled all these islands in the Pacific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled all these islands in the Pacific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled all these islands in the Pacific
+tossing continents overboard when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tossing continents overboard when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tossing continents overboard when they
+got too too heavy as far as I can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got too too heavy as far as I can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got too too heavy as far as I can tell
+um but you're right Hawaiian was near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you're right Hawaiian was near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you're right Hawaiian was near
+the end of their Journey right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of their Journey right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of their Journey right so
+they're supposed to have started in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to have started in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to have started in in
+Taiwan New Zealand and Tonga and Samoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan New Zealand and Tonga and Samoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan New Zealand and Tonga and Samoa
+we're all closer to where they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all closer to where they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all closer to where they started
+than than Hawaii so maybe Hawaii is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than Hawaii so maybe Hawaii is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than Hawaii so maybe Hawaii is it's
+we're we're Justified to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're Justified to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're Justified to think that
+Hawaiian might have undergone some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaiian might have undergone some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaiian might have undergone some of
+the some of the special sound changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some of the special sound changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some of the special sound changes
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um I can also tell you something special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can also tell you something special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can also tell you something special
+about Hawaiian I don't know whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Hawaiian I don't know whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Hawaiian I don't know whether this
+will come up later uh Hawaiian does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come up later uh Hawaiian does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come up later uh Hawaiian does not
+have a tea it's one of the few languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tea it's one of the few languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tea it's one of the few languages
+in the world that does not yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world that does not yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world that does not yeah
+um which is why if you've ever heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is why if you've ever heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is why if you've ever heard
+there's a song that is sometimes played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a song that is sometimes played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a song that is sometimes played
+around Christmas which involves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Christmas which involves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Christmas which involves the
+Hawaiian version of merry Christmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Hawaiian version of merry Christmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hawaiian version of merry Christmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hawaiian version of merry Christmas
+because Hawaiian has no tea and it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Hawaiian has no tea and it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Hawaiian has no tea and it also
+has no s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no s
+so they need to replace the S in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they need to replace the S in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they need to replace the S in
+Christmas with something what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christmas with something what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christmas with something what they
+replace it with is K because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it with is K because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it with is K because that's the
+best they can do that's the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best they can do that's the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best they can do that's the closest
+they've got to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got to that
+um so yes Hawaiian has no tea so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yes Hawaiian has no tea so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yes Hawaiian has no tea so the
+idea that maybe there was a tea and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that maybe there was a tea and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that maybe there was a tea and in
+Hawaiian it became a k uh it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaiian it became a k uh it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaiian it became a k uh it has some
+some initial plausibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial plausibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial plausibility
+so yeah well positive sound change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah well positive sound change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah well positive sound change in
+Hawaiian from T to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaiian from T to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaiian from T to K
+uh and we'll posit a Proto some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we'll posit a Proto some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we'll posit a Proto some
+proto-polynesian forms uh that will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-polynesian forms uh that will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-polynesian forms uh that will have
+t in them that is they'll look like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t in them that is they'll look like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t in them that is they'll look like the
+Maori Tongan and Samoan forms uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maori Tongan and Samoan forms uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maori Tongan and Samoan forms uh and
+then we'll posit the sound change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll posit the sound change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll posit the sound change in
+Hawaiian that changes that t into a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaiian that changes that t into a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaiian that changes that t into a k
+okay so far so good uh here are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so far so good uh here are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so far so good uh here are some
+more forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more forms
+what should we do with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's either a k or it's a global stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe for now we should just uh sit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for now we should just uh sit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for now we should just uh sit on
+this problem because here you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem because here you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem because here you know
+Joseph's principle of you know doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joseph's principle of you know doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joseph's principle of you know doing
+this kind of thing democratically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing democratically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing democratically uh
+maybe doesn't help us we've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe doesn't help us we've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe doesn't help us we've got two
+votes for K and two votes for glottal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes for K and two votes for glottal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes for K and two votes for glottal
+stop yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop yeah
+um this might be a place where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this might be a place where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this might be a place where it's
+easier to imagine a k becoming a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to imagine a k becoming a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to imagine a k becoming a global
+stop than it is to imagine a glottal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop than it is to imagine a glottal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop than it is to imagine a glottal
+stop becoming a k k is becoming glottal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop becoming a k k is becoming glottal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop becoming a k k is becoming glottal
+stops that's a thing that happens pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops that's a thing that happens pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops that's a thing that happens pretty
+commonly in various languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly in various languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly in various languages
+um but and in fact that's what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but and in fact that's what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but and in fact that's what people
+standardly do in this case so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardly do in this case so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardly do in this case so in
+Hawaiian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaiian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaiian
+um we posited a cage changing to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we posited a cage changing to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we posited a cage changing to a
+global stop in these kinds of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global stop in these kinds of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global stop in these kinds of examples
+uh Maori and uh Tongan are the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Maori and uh Tongan are the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Maori and uh Tongan are the ones that
+are being conservative here we'll see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being conservative here we'll see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being conservative here we'll see an
+additional reason to say that in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional reason to say that in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional reason to say that in just a
+second I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the additional reason to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the additional reason to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the additional reason to say that
+here are a bunch of more words where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are a bunch of more words where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are a bunch of more words where
+Tongan has glottal stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tongan has glottal stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tongan has glottal stops
+in sort of unpredictable places right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of unpredictable places right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of unpredictable places right so
+at the beginning of the word for day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the word for day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the word for day and
+twice in the word for love and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice in the word for love and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice in the word for love and in the
+middle of the words for leg and voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the words for leg and voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the words for leg and voice
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um and it's not because so if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's not because so if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's not because so if you want
+to learn to speak dangan one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn to speak dangan one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn to speak dangan one of the
+things you have to learn is that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you have to learn is that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you have to learn is that some
+words begin with glottal stops and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words begin with glottal stops and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words begin with glottal stops and
+others begin with vowels so Dawn starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others begin with vowels so Dawn starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others begin with vowels so Dawn starts
+with a vowel and a starts with a glottal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vowel and a starts with a glottal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vowel and a starts with a glottal
+stop distinguishing these from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop distinguishing these from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop distinguishing these from each
+other is tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is tricky
+the fact that Tongan is putting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that Tongan is putting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that Tongan is putting these
+Global stops in places that can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global stops in places that can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global stops in places that can't be
+predicted bless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted bless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted bless you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+leads us to think that what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us to think that what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us to think that what's going on
+is that those were Global stops in proto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that those were Global stops in proto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that those were Global stops in proto
+uh Polynesian and they've been lost in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Polynesian and they've been lost in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Polynesian and they've been lost in
+all the other languages so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other languages so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other languages so here's the
+thing where a place where predictability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where a place where predictability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where a place where predictability
+trumps democracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trumps democracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trumps democracy
+we can't predict where Tongan will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't predict where Tongan will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't predict where Tongan will have
+these glottal stuffs we can predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these glottal stuffs we can predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these glottal stuffs we can predict
+where Hawaiian Maori and Samoan will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Hawaiian Maori and Samoan will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Hawaiian Maori and Samoan will
+have Global stops so Hawaiian and Samoan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Global stops so Hawaiian and Samoan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Global stops so Hawaiian and Samoan
+will have glottal stops wherever there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have glottal stops wherever there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have glottal stops wherever there's
+a K in Maori and Tongan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a K in Maori and Tongan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a K in Maori and Tongan
+and uh Maori just won't have Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Maori just won't have Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Maori just won't have Global
+stops yeah so it's always predictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops yeah so it's always predictable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops yeah so it's always predictable
+where the glottal stops are in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the glottal stops are in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the glottal stops are in the other
+languages it's not predictable where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages it's not predictable where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages it's not predictable where
+they are in Tongan so we'll pause at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in Tongan so we'll pause at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in Tongan so we'll pause at
+them for the Proto language uh so aloha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for the Proto language uh so aloha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for the Proto language uh so aloha
+in Hawaiian which literally means love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Hawaiian which literally means love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Hawaiian which literally means love
+uh in proto-polynesian is aloofa with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in proto-polynesian is aloofa with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in proto-polynesian is aloofa with
+two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh
+um two glottal stops in it and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two glottal stops in it and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two glottal stops in it and you can
+see incidentally another sound change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see incidentally another sound change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see incidentally another sound change
+that F became H uh in Hawaiian and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F became H uh in Hawaiian and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F became H uh in Hawaiian and uh
+and also in Maori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in Maori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in Maori
+so Hawaiian has undergone sound changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Hawaiian has undergone sound changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Hawaiian has undergone sound changes
+uh K becoming level stop T becoming K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh K becoming level stop T becoming K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh K becoming level stop T becoming K
+and Global stop uh Vanishing uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Global stop uh Vanishing uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Global stop uh Vanishing uh this is
+sometimes so I'll just do that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes so I'll just do that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes so I'll just do that again
+dramatically with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically with a
+sagittal section here so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sagittal section here so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sagittal section here so uh
+protopolynesian Atta dawn has become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protopolynesian Atta dawn has become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protopolynesian Atta dawn has become
+akka in Hawaiian tea has become K with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+akka in Hawaiian tea has become K with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+akka in Hawaiian tea has become K with
+the consequence that Hawaiian has no has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence that Hawaiian has no has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence that Hawaiian has no has
+no tea K has become glottal stop so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no tea K has become glottal stop so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no tea K has become glottal stop so uh
+protocol which meant red has become ula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol which meant red has become ula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol which meant red has become ula
+in Hawaiian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Hawaiian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Hawaiian
+and proto-polynesian uh Global stop has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proto-polynesian uh Global stop has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proto-polynesian uh Global stop has
+has vanished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has vanished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has vanished
+this is sometimes called a change shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sometimes called a change shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sometimes called a change shift
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know there are different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are different ways of
+thinking about chain shifts but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about chain shifts but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about chain shifts but they're
+they're not cross-linguistically not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not cross-linguistically not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not cross-linguistically not
+uncommon I'll show you another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon I'll show you another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon I'll show you another kind of
+example of one in just a second where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of one in just a second where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of one in just a second where
+you have uh sound a becoming sound B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh sound a becoming sound B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh sound a becoming sound B
+sound B becoming sound C and sound C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound B becoming sound C and sound C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound B becoming sound C and sound C
+becoming sound D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming sound D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming sound D
+um and it's often difficult to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's often difficult to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's often difficult to determine
+sort of the order in which things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the order in which things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the order in which things like
+this happen you know one way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happen you know one way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happen you know one way to think
+about this is the Hawaiians got rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is the Hawaiians got rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is the Hawaiians got rid of
+proto-polynesian guadal stop and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-polynesian guadal stop and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-polynesian guadal stop and then
+they were like now that we have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were like now that we have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were like now that we have no
+glottal stop we're free to pronounce our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glottal stop we're free to pronounce our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glottal stop we're free to pronounce our
+K as glottaly as we like yeah we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K as glottaly as we like yeah we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K as glottaly as we like yeah we don't
+have to worry about the K getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about the K getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about the K getting
+confused with a little stop and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused with a little stop and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused with a little stop and so the
+cave again drifting backwards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave again drifting backwards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave again drifting backwards and
+becoming a glottal stop and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a glottal stop and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a glottal stop and then they
+were like wait wait we have no K anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like wait wait we have no K anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like wait wait we have no K anymore
+our K is gone it has become a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our K is gone it has become a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our K is gone it has become a global
+stop we miss K we will change our T into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop we miss K we will change our T into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop we miss K we will change our T into
+a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k
+um and then you know who knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you know who knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you know who knows what
+would happen how they would manage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen how they would manage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen how they would manage to
+come up with a t maybe if we keep an eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a t maybe if we keep an eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a t maybe if we keep an eye
+on Hawaiian we'll get to see what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Hawaiian we'll get to see what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Hawaiian we'll get to see what they
+do yeah it's at least one way to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah it's at least one way to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah it's at least one way to talk
+about these kinds of chain shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these kinds of chain shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these kinds of chain shifts
+another famous chain shift which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another famous chain shift which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another famous chain shift which is
+called the Great English Vowel Shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Great English Vowel Shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Great English Vowel Shift
+sorry the English Great Fellowship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the English Great Fellowship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the English Great Fellowship
+um it is the reason that if you study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is the reason that if you study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is the reason that if you study
+almost any other language of Europe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any other language of Europe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any other language of Europe uh
+you'll learn vowels that have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn vowels that have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn vowels that have a certain
+set of sounds associated with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of sounds associated with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of sounds associated with them
+they're the sounds more or less that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the sounds more or less that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the sounds more or less that
+those symbols have in the IPA so in lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those symbols have in the IPA so in lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those symbols have in the IPA so in lots
+of languages this symbol is used for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of languages this symbol is used for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of languages this symbol is used for a
+vowel that's pronounced e but in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel that's pronounced e but in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel that's pronounced e but in English
+it's pronounced I right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pronounced I right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pronounced I right
+or that in lots of languages this symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that in lots of languages this symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that in lots of languages this symbol
+is used for a vowel that's pronounced a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used for a vowel that's pronounced a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used for a vowel that's pronounced a
+but in English it's pronounced e this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in English it's pronounced e this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in English it's pronounced e this is
+all because of the great English Vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because of the great English Vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because of the great English Vowel
+Shift what was the great English Vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shift what was the great English Vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shift what was the great English Vowel
+Shift it went like this around the 14th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shift it went like this around the 14th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shift it went like this around the 14th
+century English had long vowels in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century English had long vowels in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century English had long vowels in these
+positions English also had short vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions English also had short vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions English also had short vowels
+and we'll put those aside so there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll put those aside so there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll put those aside so there were
+long vowels there's vowels that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long vowels there's vowels that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long vowels there's vowels that were
+held for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held for a long time
+and they were in those positions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were in those positions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were in those positions in the
+in the mouth so you had an e an A and A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mouth so you had an e an A and A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mouth so you had an e an A and A
+and then an ah all and oh we had all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an ah all and oh we had all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an ah all and oh we had all
+those long vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those long vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those long vowels
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the E and the U became diphthongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E and the U became diphthongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E and the U became diphthongs
+um sort of if you think about holding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of if you think about holding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of if you think about holding an
+e for a long time your tongue is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e for a long time your tongue is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e for a long time your tongue is in a
+position of sort of Maximum tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of sort of Maximum tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of sort of Maximum tension
+that's front and high and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's front and high and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's front and high and you're
+supposed to hold it for a long time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to hold it for a long time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to hold it for a long time and
+you can understand how something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can understand how something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can understand how something like
+that might have changed into a diphthong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have changed into a diphthong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have changed into a diphthong
+so instead of holding an e for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of holding an e for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of holding an e for a long
+time you were allowing yourself to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you were allowing yourself to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you were allowing yourself to begin
+the vowel with your tongue in some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vowel with your tongue in some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vowel with your tongue in some more
+Central position and then just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central position and then just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central position and then just sort of
+gesture in the direction of an e so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture in the direction of an e so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture in the direction of an e so you
+went from E to e to IE to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from E to e to IE to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from E to e to IE to I
+and so e and U became I and ow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so e and U became I and ow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so e and U became I and ow
+and then suddenly English was like wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then suddenly English was like wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then suddenly English was like wait
+didn't we have an e and an ooh our e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't we have an e and an ooh our e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't we have an e and an ooh our e and
+U are gone all we have is I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U are gone all we have is I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U are gone all we have is I and
+so a and o changed so a became E and O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a and o changed so a became E and O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a and o changed so a became E and O
+became uh sort of filling the Gap that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became uh sort of filling the Gap that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became uh sort of filling the Gap that
+the the first part of the The Vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first part of the The Vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first part of the The Vowel
+Shift uh left uh and then long ah and ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shift uh left uh and then long ah and ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shift uh left uh and then long ah and ah
+both became a right that's why um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both became a right that's why um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both became a right that's why um
+long a in a word like fate is pronounced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long a in a word like fate is pronounced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long a in a word like fate is pronounced
+a uh it's because well the a had was off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh it's because well the a had was off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh it's because well the a had was off
+becoming an e and so now we had a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming an e and so now we had a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming an e and so now we had a space
+where there was an A and so our ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was an A and so our ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was an A and so our ah
+became an A and R all became an O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became an A and R all became an O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became an A and R all became an O
+um so all of our vowels have sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so all of our vowels have sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so all of our vowels have sort of uh
+undergone this dance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergone this dance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergone this dance
+um and uh if you look at uh Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh if you look at uh Modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh if you look at uh Modern
+English dialects you can see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English dialects you can see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English dialects you can see a lot of
+these kinds of sound changes continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of sound changes continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of sound changes continuing
+today so you know I come from a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so you know I come from a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so you know I come from a place
+where those diphthongs are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those diphthongs are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those diphthongs are getting
+flattened uh where I has a tendency to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattened uh where I has a tendency to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattened uh where I has a tendency to
+become a right uh or uh and and so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a right uh or uh and and so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a right uh or uh and and so yeah
+the the vowels are continuing to chase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vowels are continuing to chase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vowels are continuing to chase
+each other around in the vowel space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other around in the vowel space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other around in the vowel space
+um I think I talked about this when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I talked about this when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I talked about this when we
+were talking about phonetic inventories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about phonetic inventories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about phonetic inventories
+that um there's work on uh uh the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um there's work on uh uh the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um there's work on uh uh the kinds
+of valve inventories that we find so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of valve inventories that we find so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of valve inventories that we find so you
+know there are plenty of languages out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are plenty of languages out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are plenty of languages out
+there that have three vowels and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that have three vowels and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that have three vowels and the
+three vowels that you have if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vowels that you have if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vowels that you have if you have
+three vowels are e u and ah right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vowels are e u and ah right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vowels are e u and ah right that
+is there's a front High vowel there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a front High vowel there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a front High vowel there's a
+back high vowel and there's a low vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back high vowel and there's a low vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back high vowel and there's a low vowel
+that is you have three vowels that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you have three vowels that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you have three vowels that are
+kind of as far apart from each other as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of as far apart from each other as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of as far apart from each other as
+possible there aren't languages out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible there aren't languages out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible there aren't languages out
+there that have three vowels and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that have three vowels and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that have three vowels and the
+three vowels are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vowels are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vowels are you know
+that's there that's not a vowel system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there that's not a vowel system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there that's not a vowel system
+one of my colleagues Edward Fleming has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my colleagues Edward Fleming has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my colleagues Edward Fleming has
+done a lot of work on different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of work on different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of work on different kinds of
+vowel systems and and reducing them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel systems and and reducing them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel systems and and reducing them to
+this idea that you're trying to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that you're trying to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that you're trying to keep
+your vowels sort of maximally dispersed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vowels sort of maximally dispersed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vowels sort of maximally dispersed
+from each other uh in the vocal tract so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other uh in the vocal tract so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other uh in the vocal tract so
+and that kind of thinking can be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that kind of thinking can be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that kind of thinking can be one of
+the ways to think about why uh English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways to think about why uh English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways to think about why uh English
+underwent this Vowel Shift it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwent this Vowel Shift it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwent this Vowel Shift it's like
+first the high vowels changed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the high vowels changed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the high vowels changed into
+diphthongs and then you have this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diphthongs and then you have this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diphthongs and then you have this sort
+of unclaimed real estate at the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unclaimed real estate at the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unclaimed real estate at the top of
+the vocal tract right so once you no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vocal tract right so once you no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vocal tract right so once you no
+longer have an e or an ooh once they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer have an e or an ooh once they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer have an e or an ooh once they've
+changed I and L there's this desire for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed I and L there's this desire for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed I and L there's this desire for
+dispersion that's pushing you to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion that's pushing you to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion that's pushing you to get
+your some some vowels into that space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your some some vowels into that space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your some some vowels into that space so
+uh that first change kind of triggers a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that first change kind of triggers a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that first change kind of triggers a
+second change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if you study languages one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you study languages one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you study languages one of the things
+that you will sometimes be told is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will sometimes be told is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will sometimes be told is you
+know here's a regular rule for how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here's a regular rule for how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here's a regular rule for how you
+form say different forms of a noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form say different forms of a noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form say different forms of a noun
+singulars and plurals or different case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singulars and plurals or different case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singulars and plurals or different case
+forms or whatever uh and then here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms or whatever uh and then here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms or whatever uh and then here are
+some irregular forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some irregular forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some irregular forms
+and sometimes the irregular forms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes the irregular forms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes the irregular forms are
+the consequence of sound changes so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence of sound changes so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence of sound changes so for
+example when I was briefly attempting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when I was briefly attempting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when I was briefly attempting to
+learn Latin in high school we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn Latin in high school we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn Latin in high school we were
+taught there are certain Latin nouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught there are certain Latin nouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught there are certain Latin nouns
+so-called third declension nouns for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called third declension nouns for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called third declension nouns for
+which you need to memorize both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you need to memorize both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you need to memorize both the
+nominative singular form and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominative singular form and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominative singular form and another
+form we were taught to memorize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we were taught to memorize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we were taught to memorize the
+genitive singular form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genitive singular form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genitive singular form
+because you can't predict from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't predict from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't predict from the
+nominative singular what the other forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominative singular what the other forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominative singular what the other forms
+will be so you get words like Rex which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be so you get words like Rex which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be so you get words like Rex which
+means king and Knox which means night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means king and Knox which means night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means king and Knox which means night
+and looks which means voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looks which means voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looks which means voice
+but the stems to which you add any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the stems to which you add any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the stems to which you add any other
+suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix
+are sort of unpredictable from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of unpredictable from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of unpredictable from the
+nominatives so King Rex the genitive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominatives so King Rex the genitive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominatives so King Rex the genitive and
+the accusative and all the other forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accusative and all the other forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accusative and all the other forms
+are formed off of a stem rig or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are formed off of a stem rig or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are formed off of a stem rig or for
+night it's not and for a voice it's woke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night it's not and for a voice it's woke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night it's not and for a voice it's woke
+yeah anybody else here study Latin this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anybody else here study Latin this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anybody else here study Latin this
+is all stuff that you have to learn if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all stuff that you have to learn if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all stuff that you have to learn if
+you're trying to learn Latin and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to learn Latin and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to learn Latin and what I
+was taught at least was to think of King
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was taught at least was to think of King
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was taught at least was to think of King
+the word for King as Rex Regis like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for King as Rex Regis like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for King as Rex Regis like we
+were supposed to just sort of cite both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were supposed to just sort of cite both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were supposed to just sort of cite both
+of those so my old high school Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those so my old high school Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those so my old high school Latin
+teacher Mrs McNair that's what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher Mrs McNair that's what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher Mrs McNair that's what she
+taught us Mrs McNair could have taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us Mrs McNair could have taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us Mrs McNair could have taught
+us she probably knew this but she she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us she probably knew this but she she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us she probably knew this but she she
+didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+um she didn't reveal it to us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she didn't reveal it to us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she didn't reveal it to us that
+although you can't predict the genitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you can't predict the genitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you can't predict the genitive
+from the Nomine live you can predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Nomine live you can predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Nomine live you can predict the
+nominative from the genitive so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominative from the genitive so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominative from the genitive so but
+what's really happening in Latin is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really happening in Latin is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really happening in Latin is that
+you've got these stems which are reg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got these stems which are reg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got these stems which are reg
+knocked and walk and that you're forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocked and walk and that you're forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocked and walk and that you're forming
+the nominative by adding an S and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nominative by adding an S and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nominative by adding an S and then
+doing some sound changes so you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some sound changes so you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some sound changes so you know you
+take rig and you add an s that by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take rig and you add an s that by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take rig and you add an s that by itself
+would give you regs and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you regs and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you regs and then you know
+Latin doesn't allow a sequence of a g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin doesn't allow a sequence of a g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin doesn't allow a sequence of a g
+followed by an S you make them both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by an S you make them both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by an S you make them both
+voiceless so you change the G so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless so you change the G so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless so you change the G so that
+it's okay and Latin spells the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay and Latin spells the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay and Latin spells the sequence
+KS with an X or you know not uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS with an X or you know not uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS with an X or you know not uh yeah
+that would end in two stops followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would end in two stops followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would end in two stops followed by
+an s k a t a k sound which is spelled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an s k a t a k sound which is spelled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an s k a t a k sound which is spelled in
+Latin with a c uh and uh and a t and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin with a c uh and uh and a t and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin with a c uh and uh and a t and
+then an S and you know you simplify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an S and you know you simplify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an S and you know you simplify that
+by getting rid of of the tea in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by getting rid of of the tea in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by getting rid of of the tea in between
+or walks which is well basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or walks which is well basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or walks which is well basically just
+books just adding s to the to the stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books just adding s to the to the stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books just adding s to the to the stem
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh Mrs McNair could have made my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Mrs McNair could have made my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Mrs McNair could have made my life
+easier uh if she had been willing to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier uh if she had been willing to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier uh if she had been willing to to
+tell me about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about that
+um so there have to be sound changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there have to be sound changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there have to be sound changes
+that if you're willing to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're willing to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're willing to think about
+the third declension nouns this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third declension nouns this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third declension nouns this way
+excuse me you can think of them as just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me you can think of them as just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me you can think of them as just
+having a nominative singular form s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a nominative singular form s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a nominative singular form s
+and some sound changes that obscure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some sound changes that obscure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some sound changes that obscure the
+fact that the non blue singular is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the non blue singular is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the non blue singular is
+really not so not so complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not so not so complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not so not so complicated
+uh she would have had to teach us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she would have had to teach us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she would have had to teach us a
+bunch of sound changes but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of sound changes but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of sound changes but these are
+some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them
+or here's another example of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here's another example of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here's another example of this kind
+um uh we had a problem said earlier on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh we had a problem said earlier on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh we had a problem said earlier on
+inupyak which is one of a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inupyak which is one of a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inupyak which is one of a number of
+languages that are all related to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that are all related to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that are all related to each
+other they're all members of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they're all members of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they're all members of what is
+still for some reason called the Eskimo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still for some reason called the Eskimo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still for some reason called the Eskimo
+family of languages uh where I say still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of languages uh where I say still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of languages uh where I say still
+because the word Eskimo is uh not well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the word Eskimo is uh not well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the word Eskimo is uh not well
+regarded among the people to whom it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarded among the people to whom it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarded among the people to whom it
+refers it's a it's a name for them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers it's a it's a name for them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers it's a it's a name for them that
+was come up with by the cree there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was come up with by the cree there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was come up with by the cree there are
+debates about what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debates about what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debates about what it means
+um uh but it sort of doesn't matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but it sort of doesn't matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but it sort of doesn't matter what
+it means they don't like being called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means they don't like being called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means they don't like being called
+eskimos so it's unfortunate that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eskimos so it's unfortunate that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eskimos so it's unfortunate that the the
+Linguistics continues to refer to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linguistics continues to refer to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linguistics continues to refer to their
+language family as the proto-eskimo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language family as the proto-eskimo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language family as the proto-eskimo
+family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family
+um here are some words in this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here are some words in this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here are some words in this this
+language family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language family
+um uh this is the these are Proto forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh this is the these are Proto forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh this is the these are Proto forms
+and so I should really have stars on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I should really have stars on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I should really have stars on
+them uh so igloo which is a word you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh so igloo which is a word you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh so igloo which is a word you may
+have heard it's the the word for house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard it's the the word for house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard it's the the word for house
+so all of us live in igloos grew up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of us live in igloos grew up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of us live in igloos grew up in
+igloos as far as this language is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igloos as far as this language is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igloos as far as this language is
+concerned or Tuma or tafsi here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned or Tuma or tafsi here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned or Tuma or tafsi here's some
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+um and there's a very general uh plural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's a very general uh plural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's a very general uh plural
+suffix T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix T
+which gets added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gets added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gets added
+um this the Proto language for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this the Proto language for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this the Proto language for this
+language family had uh let's see now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language family had uh let's see now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language family had uh let's see now uh
+four vowels so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four vowels so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four vowels so there was
+and there's also schwa you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also schwa you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also schwa you can see
+there's a schwa at the end of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a schwa at the end of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a schwa at the end of the word
+for footprint yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for footprint yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for footprint yeah
+and then uh in the in the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh in the in the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh in the in the history
+between the prayer language and modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the prayer language and modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the prayer language and modern
+inupyak uh two sound changes took place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inupyak uh two sound changes took place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inupyak uh two sound changes took place
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+um T like the T of the plural but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um T like the T of the plural but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um T like the T of the plural but not
+just the T of the plural is a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the T of the plural is a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the T of the plural is a general
+sound change whenever you had a t that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound change whenever you had a t that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound change whenever you had a t that
+followed the vowel e uh the t uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed the vowel e uh the t uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed the vowel e uh the t uh
+underwent what's called palatalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwent what's called palatalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwent what's called palatalization
+cross-linguistically very common sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linguistically very common sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linguistically very common sound
+change where a t becomes a CH around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change where a t becomes a CH around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change where a t becomes a CH around a
+front vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front vowel
+we had something like this happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had something like this happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had something like this happen in
+English several times it's why our word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English several times it's why our word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English several times it's why our word
+for cheese starts with a CH sound comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cheese starts with a CH sound comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cheese starts with a CH sound comes
+from Latin Cassius which started with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Latin Cassius which started with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Latin Cassius which started with a
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+um k sound uh so T became after after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um k sound uh so T became after after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um k sound uh so T became after after
+the vowel e that's what you're seeing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vowel e that's what you're seeing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vowel e that's what you're seeing at
+the end of the word for belts yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the word for belts yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the word for belts yeah
+regular sound change and then another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular sound change and then another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular sound change and then another
+sound change uh in yupyak has a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound change uh in yupyak has a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound change uh in yupyak has a three
+vowel system it only has a e and U they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel system it only has a e and U they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel system it only has a e and U they
+got rid of schwa and in particular they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got rid of schwa and in particular they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got rid of schwa and in particular they
+change schwa to an E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change schwa to an E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change schwa to an E
+but these sound changes took place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these sound changes took place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these sound changes took place in
+this order with the consequence that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this order with the consequence that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this order with the consequence that if
+you want to learn a new piak now uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to learn a new piak now uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to learn a new piak now uh what
+you're taught is well uh the plural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taught is well uh the plural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taught is well uh the plural
+suffix is a t except after some nouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix is a t except after some nouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix is a t except after some nouns
+but not all nouns that have an e at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not all nouns that have an e at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not all nouns that have an e at the
+end of them uh where the T becomes a Chu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of them uh where the T becomes a Chu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of them uh where the T becomes a Chu
+and you just have to learn which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just have to learn which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just have to learn which which
+nouns that end in e change the T to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns that end in e change the T to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns that end in e change the T to a
+churn which nouns that end in e the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churn which nouns that end in e the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churn which nouns that end in e the
+vowel that's written with the letter I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel that's written with the letter I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel that's written with the letter I
+uh don't do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh don't do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh don't do that so
+um belt you just have to memorize that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um belt you just have to memorize that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um belt you just have to memorize that's
+the kind of e final noun where the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of e final noun where the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of e final noun where the the
+plural suffix is a CH footprint that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural suffix is a CH footprint that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural suffix is a CH footprint that's
+the kind of e final noun where the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of e final noun where the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of e final noun where the the
+plural suffix is still a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural suffix is still a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural suffix is still a t
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this situation which is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation which is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation which is of course
+distressing to people who want to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distressing to people who want to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distressing to people who want to learn
+in yupyak uh uh is the consequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yupyak uh uh is the consequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yupyak uh uh is the consequence of
+these sound changes occurring in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sound changes occurring in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sound changes occurring in this
+order and creating this kind of opacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and creating this kind of opacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and creating this kind of opacity
+yeah so uh what's really going on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh what's really going on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh what's really going on is
+well there used to be another vowel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there used to be another vowel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there used to be another vowel and
+uh we got rid of that vowel but uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we got rid of that vowel but uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we got rid of that vowel but uh we
+were already committed to having cha in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were already committed to having cha in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were already committed to having cha in
+certain places and not others I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain places and not others I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain places and not others I should
+say there's now dialect variation within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's now dialect variation within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's now dialect variation within
+yupyak uh there are dialects of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yupyak uh there are dialects of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yupyak uh there are dialects of in
+yupyak that said no look this is silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yupyak that said no look this is silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yupyak that said no look this is silly
+uh we're going to change the uh in belts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to change the uh in belts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to change the uh in belts
+uh to a t so they still have tea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to a t so they still have tea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to a t so they still have tea
+becoming some other places but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming some other places but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming some other places but
+specifically the plural has gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the plural has gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the plural has gotten
+regularized so that it's a t everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularized so that it's a t everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularized so that it's a t everywhere
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+consequence of a history of sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of a history of sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of a history of sound
+changes is sometimes opacity you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes is sometimes opacity you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes is sometimes opacity you have
+it's kind of like the lairdol example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like the lairdol example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like the lairdol example
+that I showed you before you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you before you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you before you have a
+change from A to B and you have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from A to B and you have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from A to B and you have another
+change uh from C to D and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh from C to D and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh from C to D and the
+consequence of the change from C to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the change from C to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the change from C to D
+would create new environments for A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would create new environments for A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would create new environments for A to B
+But A to B has already happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But A to B has already happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But A to B has already happened
+it doesn't happen again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't happen again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't happen again
+so as you are learning languages if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you are learning languages if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you are learning languages if you
+encounter facts like this uh entertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter facts like this uh entertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter facts like this uh entertain
+the possibility that what's going on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility that what's going on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility that what's going on is
+opacity because of sound change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opacity because of sound change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opacity because of sound change
+occurring in a particular order I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring in a particular order I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring in a particular order I don't
+know whether you'll consume whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether you'll consume whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether you'll consume whether
+you'll have whether you'll get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have whether you'll get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have whether you'll get any
+comfort from that thought or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfort from that thought or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfort from that thought or whether
+it'll just annoy you but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just annoy you but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just annoy you but that's
+sometimes the consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the consequence
+yeah later though we just did later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah or here's another example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah or here's another example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah or here's another example of the
+same kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of thing
+as an Algonquin language spoken up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an Algonquin language spoken up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an Algonquin language spoken up in
+Maine it underwent a sound change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maine it underwent a sound change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maine it underwent a sound change that
+deleted odd numbered short vowels in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted odd numbered short vowels in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted odd numbered short vowels in
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+um depending on the consonants around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um depending on the consonants around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um depending on the consonants around
+them it's called Uh syncope so uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's called Uh syncope so uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's called Uh syncope so uh if you
+started with a word that meant I hook a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a word that meant I hook a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a word that meant I hook a
+fish that would have been something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish that would have been something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish that would have been something like
+napatihig and what you did was to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napatihig and what you did was to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napatihig and what you did was to get
+rid of the first and third vowels in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the first and third vowels in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the first and third vowels in
+that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word
+so in modern pastima quality that's noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in modern pastima quality that's noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in modern pastima quality that's noun
+batig so you've gotten rid of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batig so you've gotten rid of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batig so you've gotten rid of the first
+vowel in the third vowel in the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel in the third vowel in the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel in the third vowel in the word
+um the no at the beginning of that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the no at the beginning of that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the no at the beginning of that is a
+prefix that agrees with the subject I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix that agrees with the subject I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix that agrees with the subject I
+if you get rid of that prefix like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get rid of that prefix like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get rid of that prefix like if
+you want to say he or she hooks a fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say he or she hooks a fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say he or she hooks a fish
+well then you don't have that prefix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then you don't have that prefix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then you don't have that prefix and
+that changes the count so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes the count so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes the count so you know
+original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+again you've gotten rid of the first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you've gotten rid of the first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you've gotten rid of the first and
+third vowels in that so in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third vowels in that so in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third vowels in that so in modern
+passive it's tihige so uh pasta Machado
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive it's tihige so uh pasta Machado
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive it's tihige so uh pasta Machado
+speakers if they want to learn pasta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers if they want to learn pasta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers if they want to learn pasta
+they have to learn you know if you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to learn you know if you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to learn you know if you add
+the prefix you sometimes change which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prefix you sometimes change which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prefix you sometimes change which
+vowels are where you know so I hook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels are where you know so I hook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels are where you know so I hook
+efficients is but TIG but he or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficients is but TIG but he or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficients is but TIG but he or she
+hooks a fish is tihige there's a vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooks a fish is tihige there's a vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooks a fish is tihige there's a vowel
+between the p and the T in the I form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the p and the T in the I form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the p and the T in the I form
+but not in the he or she form there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in the he or she form there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in the he or she form there's a
+vowel between the T and the H in the he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel between the T and the H in the he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel between the T and the H in the he
+or she form but not in the I form if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she form but not in the I form if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she form but not in the I form if you
+look at the online passing quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the online passing quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the online passing quality
+dictionary you see lots of examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary you see lots of examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary you see lots of examples of
+this kind of thing you know verbs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing you know verbs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing you know verbs are
+listed in their third person form but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in their third person form but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in their third person form but
+then there will be a a listing for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there will be a a listing for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there will be a a listing for each
+verb this is what it looks like when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb this is what it looks like when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb this is what it looks like when you
+add a prefix and sometimes radically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a prefix and sometimes radically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a prefix and sometimes radically
+different as a consequence of this sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different as a consequence of this sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different as a consequence of this sound
+change so for example here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so for example here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so for example here's another
+another instance same thing I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another instance same thing I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another instance same thing I'm sorry
+about it it was originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+getting rid of the first and third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of the first and third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of the first and third
+vowels in that would have given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels in that would have given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels in that would have given you
+Muskan which is the the modern way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muskan which is the the modern way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muskan which is the the modern way to
+say I'm sorry about it if you don't add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm sorry about it if you don't add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm sorry about it if you don't add
+the prefix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prefix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prefix
+if you want to say he or she is sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to say he or she is sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to say he or she is sorry
+you're going to get rid of the first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get rid of the first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get rid of the first and
+third vowels if nothing else happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third vowels if nothing else happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third vowels if nothing else happened
+that would give you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um in fact uh M next s tends to become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact uh M next s tends to become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact uh M next s tends to become a
+p so the word uh for I'm sorry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p so the word uh for I'm sorry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p so the word uh for I'm sorry about it
+is miscayne but here she is sorry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is miscayne but here she is sorry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is miscayne but here she is sorry is
+the consequence that these look so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence that these look so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence that these look so
+different from each other that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from each other that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from each other that when I
+have pointed out to Pastor speakers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pointed out to Pastor speakers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pointed out to Pastor speakers that
+they're the same word they're astonished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same word they're astonished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same word they're astonished
+they're like oh yeah right I guess they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like oh yeah right I guess they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like oh yeah right I guess they
+are uh even though they don't look all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh even though they don't look all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh even though they don't look all
+that much like each other anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now the passenger quality system uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now the passenger quality system uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now the passenger quality system uh
+looks like the result of a stress system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the result of a stress system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the result of a stress system
+so you know again the the rule is uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know again the the rule is uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know again the the rule is uh get
+rid of the odd numbered short vowels in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the odd numbered short vowels in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the odd numbered short vowels in
+the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence
+and that's the kind of rule that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the kind of rule that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the kind of rule that makes
+sense if you think yeah it had a stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if you think yeah it had a stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if you think yeah it had a stress
+system that uh stressed the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that uh stressed the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that uh stressed the even
+numbered vowels right so uh I hook a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered vowels right so uh I hook a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered vowels right so uh I hook a
+fish was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish was
+and then they got rid of the first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they got rid of the first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they got rid of the first and
+the third vowels because they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third vowels because they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third vowels because they weren't
+stressed and he or she hooks a fish was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed and he or she hooks a fish was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed and he or she hooks a fish was
+Pati hege and you got rid of the schwa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pati hege and you got rid of the schwa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pati hege and you got rid of the schwa
+in the first one because well it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first one because well it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first one because well it wasn't
+stressed yeah whether you get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed yeah whether you get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed yeah whether you get rid of
+vowels or not depends partly on on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels or not depends partly on on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels or not depends partly on on what
+consonants around them that's why you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants around them that's why you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants around them that's why you're
+not actually getting rid of the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually getting rid of the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually getting rid of the third
+vowel in this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so you know if you thought of past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know if you thought of past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know if you thought of past
+one quality as having stress on its uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quality as having stress on its uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quality as having stress on its uh
+on its even numbered short vowels then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its even numbered short vowels then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its even numbered short vowels then
+you could sort of understand why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could sort of understand why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could sort of understand why it's
+getting rid of its odd numbered short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of its odd numbered short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of its odd numbered short
+vowels it's getting rid of them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels it's getting rid of them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels it's getting rid of them because
+they're not stressed and possible what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not stressed and possible what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not stressed and possible what
+he does have relatives that have sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does have relatives that have sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does have relatives that have sound
+have uh stress systems like that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh stress systems like that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh stress systems like that where
+you stress the uh the even numbered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stress the uh the even numbered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stress the uh the even numbered
+vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels
+but that is not possible quality stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is not possible quality stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is not possible quality stress
+system anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system anymore
+so Pastor mccloudy underwent all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Pastor mccloudy underwent all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Pastor mccloudy underwent all these
+sound changes because of the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound changes because of the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound changes because of the stress
+system that they used to have that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that they used to have that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that they used to have that they
+used to share with some of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to share with some of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to share with some of their
+relatives and then they changed their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatives and then they changed their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatives and then they changed their
+stress system their modern stress system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress system their modern stress system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress system their modern stress system
+goes stress the first vowel and stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes stress the first vowel and stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes stress the first vowel and stress
+every other vowel counting backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other vowel counting backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other vowel counting backwards
+from the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the end
+um so uh you get words like Leo estu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh you get words like Leo estu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh you get words like Leo estu
+which is he or she talks like that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is he or she talks like that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is he or she talks like that where
+you're stressing the first vowel in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stressing the first vowel in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stressing the first vowel in the
+second vowel first vowel because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second vowel first vowel because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second vowel first vowel because you
+always stress the first vowel and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always stress the first vowel and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always stress the first vowel and the
+second vowel because it's two vowels uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second vowel because it's two vowels uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second vowel because it's two vowels uh
+back from the end so every other vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the end so every other vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the end so every other vowel
+starting from the end if you make it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the end if you make it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the end if you make it one
+syllable longer then uh you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable longer then uh you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable longer then uh you're going to
+stress the first and the third vowel we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the first and the third vowel we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the first and the third vowel we
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+here she talks while walking backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here she talks while walking backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here she talks while walking backwards
+tuben you and I like talking so stresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuben you and I like talking so stresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuben you and I like talking so stresses
+on the first syllable and it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first syllable and it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first syllable and it's on the
+even numbered syllables coming backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even numbered syllables coming backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even numbered syllables coming backwards
+from the end of the word so they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the end of the word so they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the end of the word so they've
+innovated this new stress system after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovated this new stress system after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovated this new stress system after
+having this older stress system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this older stress system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this older stress system which
+created all of these uh alternations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created all of these uh alternations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created all of these uh alternations in
+the positions of vowels there's a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positions of vowels there's a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positions of vowels there's a reason
+that passable is is difficult to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that passable is is difficult to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that passable is is difficult to learn
+there are several reasons this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so it used to have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it used to have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it used to have a different
+stress system during which distinctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress system during which distinctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress system during which distinctly
+rule applied and uh now it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule applied and uh now it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule applied and uh now it has the
+system it has now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it has now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it has now
+um I want to end today because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to end today because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to end today because I think
+we have enough time for me to to Heap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have enough time for me to to Heap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have enough time for me to to Heap
+scorn on on a couple of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scorn on on a couple of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scorn on on a couple of things
+I'm going to end today with two bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to end today with two bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to end today with two bad
+ideas so one of the reasons that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas so one of the reasons that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas so one of the reasons that I'm
+talking to you about historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to you about historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to you about historical
+Linguistics there are several one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linguistics there are several one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linguistics there are several one is
+that it's fun uh it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's fun uh it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's fun uh it's kind of
+interesting to try to trace back these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to try to trace back these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to try to trace back these
+sound changes but another is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound changes but another is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound changes but another is that
+historical Linguistics is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical Linguistics is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical Linguistics is the kind of
+thing that is sometimes done badly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is sometimes done badly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is sometimes done badly so
+you'll see in popular press people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in popular press people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in popular press people
+saying things like hey this language is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying things like hey this language is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying things like hey this language is
+related to that language or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that language or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that language or this
+language has borrowed this word from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language has borrowed this word from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language has borrowed this word from
+that language and if if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that language and if if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that language and if if you have any
+skepticism about that what you want them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skepticism about that what you want them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skepticism about that what you want them
+to do is show you regular sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is show you regular sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is show you regular sound
+correspondences or regular rules for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondences or regular rules for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondences or regular rules for how
+words are related to other words so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are related to other words so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are related to other words so
+there was a popular book for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a popular book for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a popular book for a while
+um that proposed that the um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that proposed that the um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that proposed that the um uh the
+Native American languages uh were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native American languages uh were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native American languages uh were all
+descended from Chinese that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descended from Chinese that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descended from Chinese that the the
+Mandarin the Chinese had uh had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mandarin the Chinese had uh had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mandarin the Chinese had uh had
+encountered North America First and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered North America First and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered North America First and that
+their language had taken over North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their language had taken over North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their language had taken over North
+America and that all the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and that all the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and that all the modern
+languages were descended from Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages were descended from Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages were descended from Chinese
+and the examples were things like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the examples were things like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the examples were things like you
+know in modern Mandarin there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in modern Mandarin there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in modern Mandarin there is a
+greeting uh nihal uh and hey if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greeting uh nihal uh and hey if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greeting uh nihal uh and hey if you
+watch Hollywood movies you will hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch Hollywood movies you will hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch Hollywood movies you will hear
+Native Americans greeting each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native Americans greeting each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native Americans greeting each other
+with how uh and there you know so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how uh and there you know so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how uh and there you know so these
+the clearly these are related to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clearly these are related to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clearly these are related to each
+other how actually is a greeting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other how actually is a greeting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other how actually is a greeting in
+Lakota it's a greeting that Lakota men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lakota it's a greeting that Lakota men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lakota it's a greeting that Lakota men
+use to greet other men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to greet other men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to greet other men
+it's not related to The Mandarin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not related to The Mandarin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not related to The Mandarin
+expression uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression uh
+and the reason I can say that with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I can say that with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I can say that with so
+much confidence is that well no one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much confidence is that well no one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much confidence is that well no one has
+ever found sound correspondences or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever found sound correspondences or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever found sound correspondences or
+anything like that relating anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that relating anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that relating anything
+else in Lakota to anything else in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in Lakota to anything else in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in Lakota to anything else in in
+Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese
+um there are slightly less silly claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are slightly less silly claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are slightly less silly claims
+that people have made using what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have made using what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have made using what's
+sometimes called Megalo comparison so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called Megalo comparison so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called Megalo comparison so
+let's skip oh so glotto chronology I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's skip oh so glotto chronology I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's skip oh so glotto chronology I'll
+leave this on the slide but glotto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this on the slide but glotto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this on the slide but glotto
+chronology is an attempt to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronology is an attempt to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronology is an attempt to sort of
+carbon date language splits so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon date language splits so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon date language splits so the idea
+is you take a list of basic vocabulary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you take a list of basic vocabulary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you take a list of basic vocabulary
+you figure out how many cognates the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure out how many cognates the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure out how many cognates the two
+languages share on the list and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages share on the list and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages share on the list and you
+start with the assumption that cognate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the assumption that cognate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the assumption that cognate
+loss happens at a constant rate this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss happens at a constant rate this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss happens at a constant rate this is
+the figure that has been offered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figure that has been offered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figure that has been offered by
+glutokronologists and then you do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutokronologists and then you do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutokronologists and then you do some
+math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math
+um and this is something that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is something that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is something that you see
+people seriously saying so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seriously saying so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seriously saying so if you look
+in uh historical Linguistics usually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh historical Linguistics usually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh historical Linguistics usually not
+done by linguists it's often being done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by linguists it's often being done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by linguists it's often being done
+by biologists uh they'll say we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by biologists uh they'll say we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by biologists uh they'll say we know
+that these languages are related at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these languages are related at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these languages are related at a
+time depth of X and what they mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time depth of X and what they mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time depth of X and what they mean is
+we've done glotto chronology which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done glotto chronology which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done glotto chronology which
+starts from the assumption that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts from the assumption that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts from the assumption that you can
+do this kind of carbon dating of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this kind of carbon dating of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this kind of carbon dating of uh
+languages you know by looking at cognate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you know by looking at cognate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you know by looking at cognate
+lists and figuring out the rate at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists and figuring out the rate at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists and figuring out the rate at which
+two languages cease to have cognates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two languages cease to have cognates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two languages cease to have cognates
+with each other the problem is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other the problem is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other the problem is that the
+base assumption that cognate loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base assumption that cognate loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base assumption that cognate loss
+happens at a constant rate is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at a constant rate is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at a constant rate is false
+um and uh there's no one has figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh there's no one has figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh there's no one has figured out
+a way around that there doesn't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way around that there doesn't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way around that there doesn't seem to
+be any way to correct for it so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any way to correct for it so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any way to correct for it so if you
+see people using glotto chronology you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see people using glotto chronology you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see people using glotto chronology you
+should treat them with skepticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should treat them with skepticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should treat them with skepticism
+um the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other
+um uh the other bad idea that's in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the other bad idea that's in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the other bad idea that's in here
+is make a look comparison this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is make a look comparison this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is make a look comparison this is
+attempts to reconstruct proto-world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to reconstruct proto-world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to reconstruct proto-world
+which we're very sort of in Vogue at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're very sort of in Vogue at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're very sort of in Vogue at a
+certain time people thought if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time people thought if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time people thought if we do
+lots and lots of this cross-linguistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of this cross-linguistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of this cross-linguistic
+comparison we'll be able to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison we'll be able to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison we'll be able to figure out
+the ancestor language for all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ancestor language for all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ancestor language for all of the
+languages in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in the world
+um the work uh has never involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the work uh has never involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the work uh has never involved
+discovering General sound changes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering General sound changes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering General sound changes that
+relate languages to each other it always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate languages to each other it always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate languages to each other it always
+involves going back to saying hey look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves going back to saying hey look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves going back to saying hey look
+that word in that language looks kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word in that language looks kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word in that language looks kind of
+like that word in that language I bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that word in that language I bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that word in that language I bet
+they're related that's that's how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're related that's that's how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're related that's that's how that
+work has always gone so those are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work has always gone so those are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work has always gone so those are two
+ideas bad ideas that you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas bad ideas that you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas bad ideas that you should be
+skeptical about this has been my public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical about this has been my public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical about this has been my public
+service announcement for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service announcement for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service announcement for today
+are there any questions about either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any questions about either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any questions about either of
+those bad ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bad ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bad ideas
+put more detail about the bad ideas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put more detail about the bad ideas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put more detail about the bad ideas in
+the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides
+okay cool uh go forth and um I will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool uh go forth and um I will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool uh go forth and um I will see
+you next week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6fFfT7LhtPw.txt b/6fFfT7LhtPw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d62bf7a822a9c6e072fdd272934a3356e901e77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6fFfT7LhtPw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,851 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+in this section we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+study space-time diagrams a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study space-time diagrams a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study space-time diagrams a little bit
+more in detail and also define certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in detail and also define certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in detail and also define certain
+regions in space-time diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in space-time diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in space-time diagrams
+so let's start again with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start again with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start again with you know
+alice's space-time diagram here in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice's space-time diagram here in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice's space-time diagram here in which
+we plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plot
+or draw bob's base time diagram the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or draw bob's base time diagram the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or draw bob's base time diagram the
+relative velocity difference is 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity difference is 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity difference is 0.5
+times the speed of light and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the speed of light and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the speed of light and it
+leads to a gamma factor of 1.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a gamma factor of 1.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a gamma factor of 1.2
+we also plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also plotted
+the word line of light in here in yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word line of light in here in yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word line of light in here in yellow
+light with a speed of light equal to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light with a speed of light equal to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light with a speed of light equal to c
+and i want to discuss two specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to discuss two specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to discuss two specific
+events the first one here event number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events the first one here event number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events the first one here event number
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+is the one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one where
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+t a the time for for alice is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t a the time for for alice is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t a the time for for alice is one
+and xb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and xb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and xb
+the space for bob is equal to zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space for bob is equal to zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space for bob is equal to zero so
+this event lies on bob's timeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event lies on bob's timeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event lies on bob's timeline
+if we read off the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we read off the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we read off the time
+on bob's clock we see it's 0.83 one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bob's clock we see it's 0.83 one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bob's clock we see it's 0.83 one over
+gamma and here we can immediately lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and here we can immediately lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and here we can immediately lead
+read off time dilation for this event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read off time dilation for this event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read off time dilation for this event
+note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that
+while xb for bob is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while xb for bob is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while xb for bob is equal to zero
+x a for alice is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x a for alice is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x a for alice is not
+zero similarly we can look at the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero similarly we can look at the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero similarly we can look at the second
+event here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event here where
+we read off x a equal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read off x a equal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read off x a equal one
+we don't one in this case light year for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't one in this case light year for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't one in this case light year for
+alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice
+and so now we want to investigate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we want to investigate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we want to investigate this
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+in bob's reference frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bob's reference frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bob's reference frame
+for for him time is equal to zero so t b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for him time is equal to zero so t b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for him time is equal to zero so t b
+equals zero we can immediately again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero we can immediately again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero we can immediately again
+read off xb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read off xb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read off xb
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+0.83 and that indicates length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.83 and that indicates length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.83 and that indicates length
+contraction as of the above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction as of the above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction as of the above
+important to note here is that those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to note here is that those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to note here is that those two
+alice and bob will not agree on the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice and bob will not agree on the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice and bob will not agree on the time
+when the measurement was made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's zoom out here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's zoom out here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's zoom out here a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and look at another space-time diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at another space-time diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at another space-time diagram
+so in this space-time diagram again i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this space-time diagram again i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this space-time diagram again i
+drew light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew light
+word lines or word lines for light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word lines or word lines for light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word lines or word lines for light
+in yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yellow
+and i plotted a total of 12 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i plotted a total of 12 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i plotted a total of 12 different
+events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events
+and now we want to characterize those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we want to characterize those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we want to characterize those
+events and we're going to characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and we're going to characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and we're going to characterize
+them based on whether or not they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them based on whether or not they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them based on whether or not they are
+time-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-like
+light-like or space-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light-like or space-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light-like or space-like
+as time-like we define those events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as time-like we define those events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as time-like we define those events
+where c square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where c square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where c square
+t-square minus x-square is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-square minus x-square is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-square minus x-square is greater than
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+light-like are those which are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light-like are those which are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light-like are those which are like
+light in a word line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in a word line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in a word line
+ct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c square t square minus x square equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c square t square minus x square equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c square t square minus x square equal
+to zero and space like those where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and space like those where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and space like those where
+c square t square minus x square is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c square t square minus x square is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c square t square minus x square is
+smaller than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than zero
+so the first task is now to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first task is now to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first task is now to find
+to which of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which of those
+regions the individual events correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions the individual events correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions the individual events correspond
+and so again stop it stop the video and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so again stop it stop the video and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so again stop it stop the video and
+and try to figure out whether or not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to figure out whether or not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to figure out whether or not you
+can find the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find the solutions
+so the solutions are given here time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solutions are given here time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solutions are given here time
+like are events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are events
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five and six light like other ones which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and six light like other ones which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and six light like other ones which
+lie on the yellow lines one seven four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie on the yellow lines one seven four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie on the yellow lines one seven four
+and nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nine
+and space like are 8 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and space like are 8 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and space like are 8 12
+11 10 and 3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one of the things you can find if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things you can find if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things you can find if you
+if you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you um
+you know starting here in the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know starting here in the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know starting here in the origin
+and you want to correspond to any event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to correspond to any event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to correspond to any event
+in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future
+you can only do that if the events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only do that if the events are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only do that if the events are
+time-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-like
+if the events are space-like you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the events are space-like you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the events are space-like you will
+not be able to correspond between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to correspond between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to correspond between those
+two events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two events
+that's one of the way to to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the way to to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the way to to read
+the the this kind of space-time diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the this kind of space-time diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the this kind of space-time diagram
+and in the next section in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the next section in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the next section in the next
+video we'll talk about causality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we'll talk about causality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we'll talk about causality
+meaning can a specific event cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning can a specific event cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning can a specific event cause
+something to happen in another event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to happen in another event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to happen in another event
+again this can only happen if the events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this can only happen if the events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this can only happen if the events
+are actually time-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6vI7xuRSUiM.txt b/6vI7xuRSUiM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e57e0f384e0db075a431893338da20e46ef91e50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6vI7xuRSUiM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2136 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in this video for 3D geometry we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this video for 3D geometry we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this video for 3D geometry we'll
+be talking about two topics uh one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about two topics uh one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about two topics uh one is
+the angle B sector of two planes and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle B sector of two planes and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle B sector of two planes and one
+is line of intersection of two planes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is line of intersection of two planes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is line of intersection of two planes uh
+both of the topics are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the topics are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the topics are important
+especially the line of intersection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the line of intersection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the line of intersection of
+two planes and I'll will be spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two planes and I'll will be spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two planes and I'll will be spending
+some time on that angle bis sector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time on that angle bis sector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time on that angle bis sector of
+two planes is a very easy topic just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two planes is a very easy topic just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two planes is a very easy topic just
+sort of like something you have to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like something you have to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like something you have to you
+should remember while you're preparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember while you're preparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember while you're preparing
+for J um and I'll just give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for J um and I'll just give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for J um and I'll just give you the
+formula I won't even be doing a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I won't even be doing a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I won't even be doing a problem
+on this but I'll be spending some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this but I'll be spending some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this but I'll be spending some time
+on this because I think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this because I think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this because I think this is a
+relatively important topic okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively important topic okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively important topic okay so what
+is so let's say we have a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so let's say we have a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so let's say we have a pair of
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+uh and you have to find an angle bis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you have to find an angle bis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you have to find an angle bis
+sector so that initially so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector so that initially so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector so that initially so this is the
+angle bis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sector uh and a plane which is the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector uh and a plane which is the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector uh and a plane which is the angle
+bis sector of the two planes so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bis sector of the two planes so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bis sector of the two planes so this
+angle is the same as this angle uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is the same as this angle uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is the same as this angle uh and
+you have to we have been given equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to we have been given equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to we have been given equations
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+P1 P1 and P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 P1 and P2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 P1 and P2
+and you have to find this equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to find this equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to find this equation of
+what it would be like so uh now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would be like so uh now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would be like so uh now if you
+think about this the way the easiest way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this the way the easiest way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this the way the easiest way
+I think about uh planes is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about uh planes is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about uh planes is actually
+thinking using a notebook uh so I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking using a notebook uh so I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking using a notebook uh so I always
+recommend you can do that uh if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you can do that uh if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you can do that uh if you are
+a little confused so now this is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little confused so now this is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little confused so now this is let's
+say I have a plane like I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have a plane like I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have a plane like I have two
+planes like this again they are infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes like this again they are infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes like this again they are infinite
+uh so let's say I have two planes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's say I have two planes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's say I have two planes like
+this and then one angle bis sector would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then one angle bis sector would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then one angle bis sector would
+be something which is bisecting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something which is bisecting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something which is bisecting this
+angle but this plane plane this plane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle but this plane plane this plane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle but this plane plane this plane is
+can also be extended into this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be extended into this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be extended into this direction
+here so it can there can also be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it can there can also be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it can there can also be an
+angle bis sector of this angle between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle bis sector of this angle between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle bis sector of this angle between
+the two planes so there is all there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two planes so there is all there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two planes so there is all there are
+always two angles one is accurate one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always two angles one is accurate one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always two angles one is accurate one is
+one is accurate and one is obtuse so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is accurate and one is obtuse so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is accurate and one is obtuse so you
+can find both of equations for both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find both of equations for both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find both of equations for both of
+the planes and the the way you do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planes and the the way you do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planes and the the way you do it is
+very simple so I'll just describe how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple so I'll just describe how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple so I'll just describe how
+you uh find the equation of both kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh find the equation of both kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh find the equation of both kind of
+planes okay so again there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes okay so again there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes okay so again there are two
+angles obtuse and acute how will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles obtuse and acute how will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles obtuse and acute how will you
+find angles just take the dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find angles just take the dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find angles just take the dot product
+with N1 and N2 you'll get an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with N1 and N2 you'll get an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with N1 and N2 you'll get an angle
+either obuse or acute so one would be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either obuse or acute so one would be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either obuse or acute so one would be if
+there's another angle you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another angle you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another angle you can just
+subtract one0 minus that to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract one0 minus that to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract one0 minus that to get the
+other angle all right so let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other angle all right so let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other angle all right so let us
+now uh let us say we have equations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh let us say we have equations like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh let us say we have equations like
+I mean this is just the way it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is just the way it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is just the way it has
+been this is just literally almost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been this is just literally almost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been this is just literally almost like
+remembering that how you should do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that how you should do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that how you should do it so
+I am currently writing D1 here so please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am currently writing D1 here so please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am currently writing D1 here so please
+take note of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take note of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take note of this
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generally I write generally D on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally I write generally D on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally I write generally D on the
+right hand side but this time it is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side but this time it is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side but this time it is here
+and whenever you get something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whenever you get something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whenever you get something like this
+ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure
+ensure D1 and D2 are greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure D1 and D2 are greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure D1 and D2 are greater than
+zero let me clearly write D1 greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero let me clearly write D1 greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero let me clearly write D1 greater
+than 0 comma D2 greater than 0 ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 comma D2 greater than 0 ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 comma D2 greater than 0 ensure
+this so whatever equation is take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so whatever equation is take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so whatever equation is take this
+constant to the left hand side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant to the left hand side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant to the left hand side and
+multiply by negative if the need is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by negative if the need is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by negative if the need is to
+make this greater than Z 0 once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this greater than Z 0 once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this greater than Z 0 once you have
+ensured that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+check check if A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check check if A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check check if A1
+A2 plus B1 B2 + C1 C2 is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 plus B1 B2 + C1 C2 is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 plus B1 B2 + C1 C2 is greater than
+zero then check if A1 A2 + B1 B2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then check if A1 A2 + B1 B2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then check if A1 A2 + B1 B2 is
+greater than Z if it is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than Z if it is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than Z if it is greater than
+zero then A1 x + B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then A1 x + B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then A1 x + B1
+y C1 Z minus D1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y C1 Z minus D1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y C1 Z minus D1
+by root of A1 s + B1 s + C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by root of A1 s + B1 s + C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by root of A1 s + B1 s + C1
+s is equal to a 2x + B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yus
+D2 root of A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 root of A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 root of A2
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+s C2 Square will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s C2 Square will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s C2 Square will be
+the uh this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this would be
+the angle this will the angle bis sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle this will the angle bis sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle this will the angle bis sector
+of the obtuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the obtuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the obtuse
+side up to your side and similarly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side up to your side and similarly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side up to your side and similarly the
+whole thing uh let me just write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing uh let me just write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing uh let me just write it down
+so that there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this should be the angle for the acute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be the angle for the acute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be the angle for the acute
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and with a negative sign in front so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and with a negative sign in front so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and with a negative sign in front so
+this is only when A1 A2 plus B1 B2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only when A1 A2 plus B1 B2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only when A1 A2 plus B1 B2 plus
+C1 C2 is greater than zero and if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 C2 is greater than zero and if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 C2 is greater than zero and if it is
+not greater than zero uh and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not greater than zero uh and vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not greater than zero uh and vice versa
+otherwise so the signs would reverse if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so the signs would reverse if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so the signs would reverse if
+this is less than zero so vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than zero so vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than zero so vice
+versa if or I mean if it is not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa if or I mean if it is not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa if or I mean if it is not clear
+probably just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably just
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+opposite if even A2 + B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B2 is less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 is less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 is less than zero
+okay think like this so whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay think like this so whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay think like this so whatever the
+sign of A1 A2 plus B1 B2 plus C1 C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of A1 A2 plus B1 B2 plus C1 C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of A1 A2 plus B1 B2 plus C1 C2
+would be that would be the sign of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that would be the sign of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that would be the sign of the
+Optus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optus
+side so that is how you can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so that is how you can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so that is how you can remember
+that is how I remember but you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how I remember but you again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how I remember but you again
+have to ensure D1 is greater than 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ensure D1 is greater than 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ensure D1 is greater than 0 and
+D2 is greater than Z so it's a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 is greater than Z so it's a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 is greater than Z so it's a very very
+uh it's not a very conceptual thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not a very conceptual thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not a very conceptual thing I
+mean I can explain to you how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I can explain to you how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I can explain to you how this
+equation was derived it's not hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation was derived it's not hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation was derived it's not hard to
+see uh this is actually similar to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh this is actually similar to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh this is actually similar to what
+you probably have already done in uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably have already done in uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably have already done in uh the
+chapter of vectors where there is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of vectors where there is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of vectors where there is there
+was the discussion of angle bis sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the discussion of angle bis sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the discussion of angle bis sector
+of uh two angles but I mean that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh two angles but I mean that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh two angles but I mean that's not
+the important Point here the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important Point here the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important Point here the important
+Point here is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here is to
+if it comes and if you're being asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it comes and if you're being asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it comes and if you're being asked
+just remember this thoroughly uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember this thoroughly uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember this thoroughly uh it's
+literally like just being careful with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally like just being careful with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally like just being careful with
+signs and calculations so I'm not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and calculations so I'm not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and calculations so I'm not doing
+a problem in for this you can do very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem in for this you can do very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem in for this you can do very
+easily construct two two planes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily construct two two planes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily construct two two planes and then
+just find uh the angle uh angle bisector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just find uh the angle uh angle bisector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just find uh the angle uh angle bisector
+I think it's pretty straightforward just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's pretty straightforward just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's pretty straightforward just
+you have to remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember the
+formulas okay now let's go to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas okay now let's go to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas okay now let's go to the next
+part which is a very interesting part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which is a very interesting part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which is a very interesting part is
+the line of intersection of two planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line of intersection of two planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line of intersection of two planes
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let us say you have two planes P1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P2 so what is the angle what is the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 so what is the angle what is the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 so what is the angle what is the line
+of intersection of the two planes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intersection of the two planes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intersection of the two planes that
+is the line uh which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the line uh which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the line uh which is this
+line This is the intersection of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line This is the intersection of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line This is the intersection of two
+line of intersection of two planes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of intersection of two planes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of intersection of two planes so
+again if you have a notebook uh then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you have a notebook uh then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you have a notebook uh then the
+way you think about it is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you think about it is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you think about it is that if you
+have a notebook like this then this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a notebook like this then this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a notebook like this then this line
+uh is a line of inter so just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a line of inter so just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a line of inter so just take a
+notebook and look at this line and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook and look at this line and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook and look at this line and this
+is your line of intersection so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your line of intersection so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your line of intersection so how
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+you find uh the equation of the line so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find uh the equation of the line so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find uh the equation of the line so
+if you know P1 and P2 and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know P1 and P2 and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know P1 and P2 and the question
+would be how would Define this line L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be how would Define this line L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be how would Define this line L
+here how would you define this so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how would you define this so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how would you define this so what
+do you need to define a line you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need to define a line you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need to define a line you need a
+parallel Vector so with P1 you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel Vector so with P1 you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel Vector so with P1 you will have
+one n Vector N1 vector and N2 vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one n Vector N1 vector and N2 vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one n Vector N1 vector and N2 vector and
+now you need a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you need a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you need a point
+here a vector of a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a vector of a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a vector of a point
+and you need a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need a parallel
+Vector okay so what is the property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector okay so what is the property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector okay so what is the property of
+this parallel Vector the property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parallel Vector the property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parallel Vector the property of
+this parallel Vector that it it lies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parallel Vector that it it lies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parallel Vector that it it lies in
+both it is parallel to both P1 and P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both it is parallel to both P1 and P2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both it is parallel to both P1 and P2
+planes right because it it is parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes right because it it is parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes right because it it is parallel
+to the line and the line is in both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the line and the line is in both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the line and the line is in both the
+planes so it is parallel to both plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes so it is parallel to both plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes so it is parallel to both plane
+P1 and both plane P2 so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 and both plane P2 so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 and both plane P2 so in other words
+it is perpendicular to both N1 and ns2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is perpendicular to both N1 and ns2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is perpendicular to both N1 and ns2
+and as soon as I say this it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as soon as I say this it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as soon as I say this it should
+flash into your mind that b Vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash into your mind that b Vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash into your mind that b Vector that
+b Vector is N1 cross cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b Vector is N1 cross cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b Vector is N1 cross cross
+N2 V Vector is N1 I mean this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 V Vector is N1 I mean this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 V Vector is N1 I mean this is just
+something straight out of the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something straight out of the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something straight out of the cross
+product definition that b b Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product definition that b b Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product definition that b b Vector is
+equal to N1 cross N2 and please please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to N1 cross N2 and please please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to N1 cross N2 and please please
+please uh you should recall the chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please uh you should recall the chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please uh you should recall the chapter
+of vectors if you're forgetting please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vectors if you're forgetting please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vectors if you're forgetting please
+always remember how to do that so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always remember how to do that so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always remember how to do that so first
+step you will do is you will do find N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you will do is you will do find N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you will do is you will do find N1
+cross N2 for B vector and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross N2 for B vector and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross N2 for B vector and the second
+thing you would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you would do
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+find a common Point find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a common Point find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a common Point find
+Point by putting one coordinate to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point by putting one coordinate to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point by putting one coordinate to be
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+putting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinate to Z so I will solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate to Z so I will solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate to Z so I will solve the
+problem so that will hopefully make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so that will hopefully make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so that will hopefully make it
+easier for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for you
+to so the equation for P1 that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so the equation for P1 that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so the equation for P1 that has been
+given to you uh is x + y + z is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 so this is x + y + z =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so this is x + y + z =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so this is x + y + z =
+1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and
+the other thing that the other plane has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that the other plane has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that the other plane has
+been given to you is x - y + z = 1 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been given to you is x - y + z = 1 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been given to you is x - y + z = 1 okay
+x - y + zal one so first thing we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x - y + zal one so first thing we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x - y + zal one so first thing we have
+to do is we have to find B Vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we have to find B Vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we have to find B Vector so
+what is N1 Vector that is I plus JC plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is N1 Vector that is I plus JC plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is N1 Vector that is I plus JC plus
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+cap and N2 Vector is I minus J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap and N2 Vector is I minus J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap and N2 Vector is I minus J
+cap plus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap plus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap plus K
+cap now B Vector would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap now B Vector would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap now B Vector would
+be i j k 1 1 1 1 - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be i j k 1 1 1 1 - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be i j k 1 1 1 1 - 1
+1 and you if you open this up it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and you if you open this up it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and you if you open this up it will
+come 2 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cap 2 I cap minus 2 K cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap 2 I cap minus 2 K cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap 2 I cap minus 2 K cap
+okay this is what you'll get and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is what you'll get and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is what you'll get and you can
+check by taking a DOT with both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check by taking a DOT with both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check by taking a DOT with both of them
+this is 2 - 2 0 and 2 - 2 0 so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 2 - 2 0 and 2 - 2 0 so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 2 - 2 0 and 2 - 2 0 so this is a
+vector that is perpendicular to both N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that is perpendicular to both N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that is perpendicular to both N1
+and N2 so this is the vector parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N2 so this is the vector parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N2 so this is the vector parallel to
+the line uh and then you have to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line uh and then you have to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line uh and then you have to find a
+point on the line which is how to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the line which is how to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the line which is how to find
+uh so this was step one the step two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this was step one the step two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this was step one the step two
+would be so we can put any coordinate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be so we can put any coordinate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be so we can put any coordinate to
+be Z let's put Z is equal to 0 in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Z let's put Z is equal to 0 in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Z let's put Z is equal to 0 in both
+the planes so what we are doing is uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planes so what we are doing is uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planes so what we are doing is uh we
+have to find a point so we have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find a point so we have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find a point so we have to get
+the x coordinate y coordinate Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x coordinate y coordinate Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x coordinate y coordinate Z
+coordinate but there are two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate but there are two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate but there are two equations
+and three variables so we are putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three variables so we are putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three variables so we are putting
+one coordinate to be zero uh so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coordinate to be zero uh so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coordinate to be zero uh so if you
+put Z is equal to0 then you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put Z is equal to0 then you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put Z is equal to0 then you just have
+two equations and two variables and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations and two variables and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations and two variables and then
+you know the point right so we have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the point right so we have now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the point right so we have now
+x + y = 1 and x - yal to 1 so if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + y = 1 and x - yal to 1 so if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + y = 1 and x - yal to 1 so if that
+will give you xal to half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you xal to half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you xal to half and
+uh Y is equal to also half so sorry uh x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Y is equal to also half so sorry uh x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Y is equal to also half so sorry uh x
+= 1 and Y is equal to0 actually so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1 and Y is equal to0 actually so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1 and Y is equal to0 actually so this
+will become x + y = 1 and x - y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become x + y = 1 and x - y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become x + y = 1 and x - y
+= 1 so this becomes x = 1 y = 0 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1 so this becomes x = 1 y = 0 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1 so this becomes x = 1 y = 0 so the
+point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a
+is 1 comma 0 comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 comma 0 comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 comma 0 comma
+0 the equation of line L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 the equation of line L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 the equation of line L is
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+I + Lambda 2 i - 2 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I + Lambda 2 i - 2 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I + Lambda 2 i - 2 K
+cap okay so this line would lie in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap okay so this line would lie in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap okay so this line would lie in both
+plain 1 and plane two uh and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain 1 and plane two uh and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain 1 and plane two uh and you can
+also write it in the coordinate form let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write it in the coordinate form let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write it in the coordinate form let
+us just write it in the coordinate form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us just write it in the coordinate form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us just write it in the coordinate form
+also so x -1 by 2 is equal to y - 0 by 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so x -1 by 2 is equal to y - 0 by 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so x -1 by 2 is equal to y - 0 by 0
+so that means Y is equal to 0 so y - 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means Y is equal to 0 so y - 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means Y is equal to 0 so y - 0
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+0 is equal to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is equal to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is equal to Z
+by -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I hope that this made sense gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I hope that this made sense gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I hope that this made sense gave
+you a good idea idea of what it means so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a good idea idea of what it means so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a good idea idea of what it means so
+line of intersection like a notebook is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of intersection like a notebook is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of intersection like a notebook is
+a line common to both the planes it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line common to both the planes it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line common to both the planes it is
+perpendicular to both N1 and N2 so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to both N1 and N2 so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to both N1 and N2 so it
+has to the parall vector has to be N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to the parall vector has to be N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to the parall vector has to be N1
+cross N2 and then you can find the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross N2 and then you can find the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross N2 and then you can find the point
+by putting one putting one coordinate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting one putting one coordinate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting one putting one coordinate to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+zero so this was the topic for angle bis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this was the topic for angle bis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this was the topic for angle bis
+sector of two planes and line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector of two planes and line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector of two planes and line of
+intersection of two planes the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of two planes the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of two planes the next
+video now we'll start mixing up line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video now we'll start mixing up line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video now we'll start mixing up line and
+planes and points and planes and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and points and planes and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and points and planes and things
+like that so I hope to see you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so I hope to see you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so I hope to see you in the
+next video uh I hope you enjoyed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next video uh I hope you enjoyed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next video uh I hope you enjoyed this
+video thank
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6xzjJ5ncGxY.txt b/6xzjJ5ncGxY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..993e937898c81a616ad839de43d8360bef5de280
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6xzjJ5ncGxY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to 8701
+so in this lecture we'll give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this lecture we'll give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this lecture we'll give you the
+first introduction to final diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first introduction to final diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first introduction to final diagram
+this is part one out of a few sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part one out of a few sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part one out of a few sections
+on fundamental fernandez so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fundamental fernandez so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fundamental fernandez so this is
+really meant to introduce the topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really meant to introduce the topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really meant to introduce the topic
+such that we can use the same language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that we can use the same language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that we can use the same language
+to talk about feminine diagram before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about feminine diagram before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about feminine diagram before we
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+later on are able to use them as a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on are able to use them as a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on are able to use them as a tool
+to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate
+interesting processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting processes
+this brings me right um to the essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brings me right um to the essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brings me right um to the essence
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+what is a feminine diagram and what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a feminine diagram and what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a feminine diagram and what can
+it be used for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be used for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be used for um
+they arise from uh perturbative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they arise from uh perturbative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they arise from uh perturbative
+calculations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations of
+amplitude for reactions and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude for reactions and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude for reactions and that's
+exactly how we're going to use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how we're going to use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how we're going to use them
+later on it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on it turns out that
+the mathematical terms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical terms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical terms in the
+perturbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory
+can be represented as a diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be represented as a diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be represented as a diagram
+and then you can turn this around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can turn this around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can turn this around and
+use the diagram in order to perform a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the diagram in order to perform a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the diagram in order to perform a
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+so each of the diagram then indicates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each of the diagram then indicates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each of the diagram then indicates a
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+factor in the calculation again and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in the calculation again and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in the calculation again and then
+you have a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a rule
+which allows you to you know after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows you to you know after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows you to you know after
+drawing you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing you can then
+put the pieces together in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the pieces together in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the pieces together in order to
+perform the full calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the full calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the full calculation
+um the derivation of those tools or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the derivation of those tools or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the derivation of those tools or
+rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules
+is beyond the content of this course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beyond the content of this course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beyond the content of this course but
+i will teach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will teach you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will teach you
+how to actually use diagrams to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to actually use diagrams to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to actually use diagrams to
+calculate things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's one example of a diagram let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's one example of a diagram let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's one example of a diagram let
+me just put this down here so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just put this down here so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just put this down here so you can
+see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this
+um this is an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is an electron
+uh radiating a photon okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh radiating a photon okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh radiating a photon okay um
+you see components like those lines here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those represent particles with energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those represent particles with energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those represent particles with energy
+and momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and momentum
+i also want to consider the spin um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also want to consider the spin um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also want to consider the spin um and
+the meat at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meat at a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meat at a point
+this point here is called a vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point here is called a vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point here is called a vertex
+and this is where the interaction takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where the interaction takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where the interaction takes
+place and in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and in this example
+you know the the vertex is labeled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the vertex is labeled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the vertex is labeled with
+the q or e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the q or e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the q or e
+representing the charge the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the charge the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the charge the electric
+charge which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge which
+gives us the strength of the coupling we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the strength of the coupling we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the strength of the coupling we
+already discussed when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discussed when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discussed when we talked about
+units that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that we can
+express the strength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the strength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the strength of the
+electromagnetic the coupling in qed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic the coupling in qed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic the coupling in qed
+with the electric charge and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the electric charge and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the electric charge and that's
+shown below again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown below again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown below again
+um the amplitude then turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the amplitude then turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the amplitude then turns out to be
+proportional to the charge or to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the charge or to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the charge or to this
+coupling and the diagrams with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling and the diagrams with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling and the diagrams with n
+vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices
+so n of those components here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n of those components here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n of those components here
+um get the factor e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um get the factor e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um get the factor e
+the charge to the nth power in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge to the nth power in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge to the nth power in the
+amplitude and e to the second because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and e to the second because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and e to the second because
+if you're going to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to calculate the
+probability you have to square the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you have to square the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you have to square the
+amplitude you get a factor of e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude you get a factor of e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude you get a factor of e to
+2n again don't get confused e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2n again don't get confused e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2n again don't get confused e is
+charge um so for n vertices there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge um so for n vertices there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge um so for n vertices there will
+be a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a factor
+alpha with the nth power for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha with the nth power for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha with the nth power for the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+and so since alpha is one over 137
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so since alpha is one over 137
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so since alpha is one over 137
+um you see that if i want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you see that if i want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you see that if i want to do
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+um and you know diagrams which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know diagrams which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know diagrams which have
+n vertices will be suppressed uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n vertices will be suppressed uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n vertices will be suppressed uh will
+not contribute much to our perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not contribute much to our perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not contribute much to our perturbation
+series because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series because
+alpha is much much smaller than one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is much much smaller than one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is much much smaller than one so
+this is already an interesting finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is already an interesting finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is already an interesting finding
+you can restrict yourself to calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can restrict yourself to calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can restrict yourself to calculating
+diagrams which have a couple of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams which have a couple of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams which have a couple of vertices
+or n vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or n vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or n vertices
+but you don't have to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't have to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't have to calculate the
+entire series if you want to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire series if you want to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire series if you want to measure
+calculation with experimental findings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh interesting here anti-particles um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interesting here anti-particles um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interesting here anti-particles um
+if you have a specific vertex and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a specific vertex and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a specific vertex and you
+calculate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it
+it can be reused it can be reused for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be reused it can be reused for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be reused it can be reused for
+example by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by
+replacing a particle with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing a particle with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing a particle with an
+anti-particle um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-particle um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-particle um
+or you know by we we will be labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know by we we will be labeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know by we we will be labeling
+one thing i haven't explained to you yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing i haven't explained to you yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing i haven't explained to you yet
+you have to define when you write them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to define when you write them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to define when you write them
+which is the direction of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the direction of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the direction of time
+for example this direction here so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this direction here so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this direction here so in
+this case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case here
+um you have an particle and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have an particle and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have an particle and an
+anti-particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unrelating to a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelating to a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelating to a photon
+um so far so good so me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so far so good so me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so far so good so me
+this is again a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point to stop and just try to to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to stop and just try to to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to stop and just try to to read
+the diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagrams
+note that you know what happens in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that you know what happens in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that you know what happens in this
+discussion when you actually change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion when you actually change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion when you actually change the
+direction of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of time
+for down if you want either directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for down if you want either directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for down if you want either directions
+so now if we want to calculate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if we want to calculate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if we want to calculate a
+reaction it's not sufficient to just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction it's not sufficient to just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction it's not sufficient to just use
+one vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vertex
+why because a single vertex will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because a single vertex will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because a single vertex will not be
+able to give us a reaction you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to give us a reaction you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to give us a reaction you can
+simply see this when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply see this when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply see this when you look at
+something like an electron plus electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like an electron plus electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like an electron plus electron
+photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+um this is not really possible because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is not really possible because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is not really possible because
+of energy and momentum conservation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy and momentum conservation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy and momentum conservation in
+this diagram so you need a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram so you need a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram so you need a couple of
+vertices in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in order to make
+a reaction so this here is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction so this here is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction so this here is again
+we have potentially the time going this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have potentially the time going this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have potentially the time going this
+direction is a scattering between an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is a scattering between an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is a scattering between an
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+and a muon through the exchange of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a muon through the exchange of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a muon through the exchange of a
+proton both particles have electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton both particles have electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton both particles have electric
+charge of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of e
+and they have you know then you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have you know then you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have you know then you can just
+calculate what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what is the
+probability for a process like this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for a process like this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for a process like this to
+occur you'll see how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur you'll see how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur you'll see how to do this
+technically later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically later on
+but hopefully you have a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully you have a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully you have a first
+impression again just label this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression again just label this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression again just label this now
+very quickly we have an incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly we have an incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly we have an incoming
+particle a second incoming particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle a second incoming particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle a second incoming particle
+outgoing particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing particles and
+an exchange particle so this exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exchange particle so this exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exchange particle so this exchange
+particle is a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is a photon
+and that's two vertices in this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's two vertices in this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's two vertices in this diagram
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7a89iFEEpTo.txt b/7a89iFEEpTo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a55aa27d4684a996b96881b6b07abcee9f7d7cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7a89iFEEpTo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2571 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 1: All right.
+
+So we're going to talk about
+performance engineering and
+
+pretty much how to do that
+with profiling tools.
+
+So first, we're going to talk
+about what profiling tools are
+
+and how you use them in
+general, what the
+
+theory of that is.
+
+And then, more importantly,
+we're going to do an
+
+interactive walk-through
+of two examples
+
+that we picked out.
+
+The first one is the Matrix
+Multiply that you guys saw in
+
+Project 0, the cache ratio
+measurements and how to do
+
+those measurements and how to do
+the cycles per instruction
+
+measurements, these
+kinds of things.
+
+And then we're going to look at
+doing some of the bit hacks
+
+that Charles talked about
+in the second lecture.
+
+We're going to work on a
+branchless sorting algorithm,
+
+which is pretty interesting.
+
+So the code we gave you in
+project one, it was very
+
+obvious where the
+hot spot was.
+
+But real life doesn't really
+work that way.
+
+And code gets really,
+really big.
+
+It's not always obvious
+where the part is
+
+that you want to optimize.
+
+And you really don't want to
+waste time taking what is
+
+otherwise understandable, good
+code, and beating it over the
+
+head trying to make
+it go faster.
+
+So that's why Donald Knuth said,
+"premature optimization
+
+is the root of all evil."
+You really want to
+
+focus on the hot spots.
+
+So that's what profiling's
+for.
+
+It basically gives you
+visibility into the execution
+
+of your code, because it would
+be too complicated to just sit
+
+down and look at it and try
+to understand where it's
+
+spending its time.
+
+And there are many possibilities
+for where it
+
+could be spending its time.
+
+In 6-172 we're mostly going to
+be focusing on things that are
+
+CPU-bound and things that are
+using the memory hierarchy
+
+ineffectively.
+
+But in the real world, a couple
+of other common things
+
+are network requests.
+
+So if you've got your web
+application, it's making a
+
+whole bunch of AJAX requests.
+
+It's going to be wasting a
+lot of your users' time.
+
+If you've got your desktop
+application, it's hitting the
+
+disk all the time.
+
+That's also going to
+slow you down.
+
+I think SQL database, if
+anybody's ever done web
+
+development, they know that
+can be a huge bottleneck.
+
+So basically, the tool that
+you're going to use is going
+
+to depend a lot on what the
+problem you're solving is.
+
+But the basic ideas
+are all the same.
+
+There are all kinds of profiling
+tools for measuring
+
+these things and figuring out
+where it's coming from and
+
+where the time's going.
+
+So for trying to figure out
+CPU and memory, there's a
+
+couple things you can do.
+
+The first and most basic and
+sort of most obvious to you
+
+guys is you can do manual
+instrumentation.
+
+And what that is is basically
+where you go in and you put in
+
+prints and try to figure out
+where it's spending its time,
+
+what codes could you
+have executed more.
+
+Or you can be a little
+bit more clever.
+
+You can try to insert logging
+calls that fill up a buffer
+
+with checking the time and
+actually doing that yourself.
+
+And one of the big advantages
+of that is that, when you
+
+actually go into the code and
+you instrument yourself, you
+
+can cut down the information
+that's coming back out at you.
+
+If you have an intuition for
+how the program works,
+
+sprinkling little calls to
+timing functions around your
+
+code in the places that you
+think matter is going to give
+
+you maybe a better picture.
+
+But it requires more
+work on your part.
+
+So that's the drawback.
+
+The other kind of
+instrumentation is static
+
+instrumentation, which
+is basically--
+
+and I should say that
+instrumentation is basically a
+
+little snippet of code that
+is gathering information,
+
+gathering data about
+the code execution.
+
+So static instrumentation is
+basically code that's inserted
+
+by the compiler when you
+build your code.
+
+And gprof is an example
+of this.
+
+Basically, what it does is it
+will, at the prologue and the
+
+epilogue for every function,
+insert a little piece of code
+
+that increments a counter
+every time the
+
+function gets executed.
+
+I think it also figures
+out who called it,
+
+that kind of thing.
+
+One of the drawbacks to static
+instrumentation is that you
+
+have to have the source, and you
+have to be able to rebuild
+
+your project.
+
+If you've ever had a DLL binary
+blob of data library
+
+handed to you, and you want to
+know where the time's going in
+
+that library, you're not going
+to be able to instrument it.
+
+So you're not going
+to get any data.
+
+So that brings us to the next
+thing, which is dynamic
+
+instrumentation, which
+solves that problem.
+
+Basically, what happens there
+is you take the binary as it
+
+is just before you're
+about to run it.
+
+And before you start executing,
+you actually just
+
+take a look at the code
+and translate it.
+
+And you go in, and you insert
+the instrumentation.
+
+And then you have this new
+snippet of code that you then
+
+run instead.
+
+And so that works for
+binary blobs.
+
+And it doesn't require a
+recompile, which is great.
+
+But it introduces a lot of
+overhead, because you're not
+
+actually running the original
+code, right?
+
+You're running this translated
+thing, which might be much
+
+more inefficient.
+
+And I guess Valgrind has a
+couple of tools that are sort
+
+of classic examples of that,
+Callgrind and Cachegrind.
+
+I think Callgrind gives
+you a call graph.
+
+And Cachegrind tries to measure
+the cache effects,
+
+tries to make a prediction of
+when you do memory accesses,
+
+are these things in
+cache or not.
+
+Another thing you might want to
+look at, or the thing that
+
+we're going to focus
+on in this course
+
+are performance counters.
+
+And two tools to get these
+are OProfile and perf.
+
+And basically, the CPU has a
+bunch of counters-- we've
+
+talked about them-- for branch
+misses, cache misses, these
+
+kinds of things.
+
+And this will give
+access to those.
+
+The last tool that I guess I'm
+going to talk about for
+
+profiling is heap profiling.
+
+A lot of times, if memory's your
+problem, you really want
+
+to figure out who's doing
+all the allocation.
+
+And so these tools will give you
+a nice breakdown of who's
+
+allocating what, who's calling
+them, and who can I stop
+
+calling so that I'm allocating
+less memory.
+
+And like I said, you can find
+more tools for profiling
+
+different kinds of problems
+and resources.
+
+But today we're mostly going to
+focus on perf, which is a
+
+new tool for getting access to
+performance counters on Linux.
+
+I guess I should also mention
+that, as someone talked about
+
+in the last lecture, the way
+that you want to gather data
+
+from performance counters is you
+want to do event sampling.
+
+There's too much data.
+
+As you execute along, you don't
+want to record, OK, I
+
+executed this instruction,
+then I executed that
+
+instruction, and I'm going to
+count all the instruction
+
+executions and then store
+that data somewhere.
+
+That would be way
+too much data.
+
+So what you want to do is you
+want to sample every so often,
+
+every 1,000th event, or some
+other frequency for whatever
+
+your interesting event is.
+
+And basically, what happens is
+that when that counter has hit
+
+the threshold, an interrupt
+will fire, and the
+
+kernel will catch it.
+
+And then it will record the
+data that you want, the
+
+context, like where in the
+execution it was, what the
+
+call stack looked like,
+these kinds of things.
+
+I think we've covered most of
+the performance counters that
+
+we mostly care about.
+
+But I think it's worth
+mentioning that there are a
+
+lot of performance counters.
+
+And you can go look them up in
+this part of the manual.
+
+They cover a lot of interesting
+things, not just
+
+the ones we've talked about,
+including sleep states, power
+
+consumption.
+
+And if you want to look at
+contention, say you have a
+
+parallel program, and
+you have two cores
+
+accessing the same data.
+
+If they're writing back to it,
+they're going to be fighting
+
+over the same cache lines.
+
+And so there are counters for
+things like, how many times
+
+did this core have to go off
+core to get cache line, and
+
+all kinds of interesting
+things like that.
+
+But mostly, we're going to focus
+on the cache misses,
+
+branch misses.
+
+I also wanted to mention that
+the tool we're using, perf, it
+
+kind of replaces OProfile and
+PerfMon, which are tools that
+
+do similar things.
+
+I guess it's different in that
+it's a unified interface to
+
+monitoring two kinds
+of events.
+
+The first are software kernel
+events, so things
+
+like contact switches.
+
+So how many times did your
+application make a system call
+
+and then get contact
+switched out?
+
+And how many page faults did
+your application generate?
+
+These kinds of things that the
+kernel knows about, but aren't
+
+necessarily hardware events.
+
+And the other kind is
+hardware events.
+
+And those are sort of the ones
+we're going to focus on.
+
+We've already talked
+about those.
+
+If you want to get this tool
+and try it out yourself, if
+
+you have any recent Linux
+distribution, anything with a
+
+kernel that's less than
+a year old, you can
+
+install Linux tools.
+
+And the command is perf.
+
+So now we're going to do a demo
+of the matrix multiply
+
+from Project 0.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 2: All right.
+
+So for the demos, I guess I'll
+narrate what the code's doing,
+
+so Reid can focus on typing.
+
+This code should
+look familiar.
+
+All right.
+
+Can everybody hear me?
+
+All right, cool.
+
+So this code should look
+very familiar.
+
+It's Project 0's matrix
+multiply code,
+
+the original version.
+
+And it's a triply-nested four
+loop for multiplying matrices.
+
+So what we're going to do is
+I'm going to switch to a
+
+terminal that Reid
+is typing on.
+
+And we're going to run
+matrix multiply.
+
+And it takes about eight
+seconds to run.
+
+And now we're going to run it,
+but have perf output some
+
+performance statistics for it,
+basically, CPU counters.
+
+So you use -e to request
+specific counters.
+
+You can use perf list to take
+a look at all the counters
+
+that perf supports.
+
+In this case, we're asking for
+the number of CPU cycles, the
+
+number of instructions, the
+number of L1 cache loads, and
+
+then the number of
+L1 cache misses.
+
+Perf stat.
+
+That's better.
+
+So it takes a little bit
+longer to execute,
+
+I think, with perf.
+
+But it's not supposed to
+be a big difference.
+
+You can see, 8.31 versus 8.34.
+
+So it's relatively low overhead
+sampling, which is
+
+good, because you don't want to
+change the behavior of your
+
+program when you sample it.
+
+Important things to see.
+
+So we're looking at this cache
+miss rate, which is 18%,
+
+almost 19%, L1 cache miss rate,
+which is pretty bad.
+
+So as a result of that, if
+you look at the number of
+
+instructions, the number of
+cycles, perf calculates the
+
+IPC for you.
+
+We previously talked
+about CPI.
+
+But perf uses IPC, which is
+instructions per cycle.
+
+So basically, every cycle,
+you only executed half an
+
+instruction on average,
+because you're
+
+waiting for the cache.
+
+So that's no good.
+
+So can anybody remember from
+Project 0 what you did to work
+
+around that?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: You reordered
+the loops.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 2: Yes.
+
+So the before and after.
+
+You just swap out the
+inner two loops.
+
+And we will run it again.
+
+OK, so remember, the previous
+runtime was 8 seconds.
+
+Now it's down to 2.5 seconds,
+which is a lot better.
+
+Let's run the perf stat command
+again and look at the
+
+performance counters.
+
+And as you can see, the IPC
+jumped from 0.49 to 1.4.
+
+So it tripled.
+
+And if you look at the new L1
+cache miss rate, it's 1%
+
+rather than 20%, which
+is a lot better.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you point to
+where the cache miss rate
+
+percent is?
+
+Because I just see
+zero per second.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 2: Oh,
+sorry about that.
+
+So L1 D-cache loads is all of
+the times that the CPU asked
+
+the L1 cache for something.
+
+And then L1 D-cache
+load misses is the
+
+number of cache misses.
+
+So you divide this over this
+to get the ratio, which is
+
+basically what Reid
+did over here.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 2: OK.
+
+So this is a ridiculously simple
+example of how to use
+
+perf, just so that you can
+see the command set.
+
+But that's not really a very
+interesting example.
+
+So the next one that we'll look
+at is actually something
+
+that Charles, Reid, and I did
+yesterday afternoon for fun.
+
+It started, we were testing
+your Project
+
+2.1, one which is--
+
+I don't know how many
+people have looked
+
+at the handout yet.
+
+But it deals with a bunch of
+mystery sorting algorithms
+
+that you have to figure out
+what they're doing.
+
+And so we took one of them.
+
+And we were running sorting.
+
+And Charles asked, what
+happens if you have a
+
+branchless sorting algorithm?
+
+And we said, we don't know.
+
+So we played around with it.
+
+And in the process, we optimized
+our branchless
+
+sorting algorithm by using perf
+to generate insight into
+
+what the CPU is doing.
+
+And as you'll see, we generated
+
+quite a good speed-up.
+
+So the first thing we'll do
+is, let's start with the
+
+baseline, quicksort,
+everybody's
+
+favorite sorting algorithm.
+
+So I'll switch over
+to the terminal.
+
+And Reid is going to run
+quicksort on 30 million
+
+integers one time, which it
+says takes 4.14 seconds.
+
+Now, let's use perf stat
+to see what it's doing.
+
+So this time, we will ask for
+slightly different events.
+
+We'll still ask for
+the cycles and
+
+instructions to get our IPC.
+
+But we'll also ask for branches
+and branch misses,
+
+because we kind of intuitively
+know that
+
+quicksort is doing branching.
+
+So OK.
+
+It's doing 0.8 IPC, so 0.8
+instructions per cycle.
+
+And the branch miss rate, so
+branch misses over total
+
+number branches, is 11.5%.
+
+That's pretty bad in terms
+of branch missing.
+
+So let's take a look
+at the code and see
+
+why that's the case.
+
+So here's the part of the code
+in quicksort where you select
+
+a pivot recursively, and
+then you loop, and
+
+then you do your swapping.
+
+So these branches are more
+or less unpredictable.
+
+And looking at them, there's no
+way that we could think of
+
+to get rid of the unpredictable
+branches.
+
+They're unpredictable
+by nature.
+
+So this would not be an
+interesting example of which
+
+to do branchless sorting.
+
+So let's switch to a different
+algorithm, mergesort.
+
+So here's the relevant code in
+mergesort that takes a list,
+
+C, and two input lists, A and B.
+And you merge the contents
+
+of A and B into C by taking
+the smallest element from
+
+either A or B, putting it in
+C, and then repeating that
+
+process until the
+lists are empty.
+
+So the "if else" branches, as
+the comment says, tries to
+
+place the min of the value
+either at A or B into C, and
+
+then properly increment the
+pointer and do those
+
+housekeeping tasks so
+you don't crash.
+
+So we're going to try running
+this and profiling it.
+
+So Reid is running mergesort.
+
+Took 5.04 seconds.
+
+Well, the last one
+took 4.8 seconds.
+
+So already, it doesn't
+look too good.
+
+But let's try to see
+what happened.
+
+So we'll issue the same perf
+stat command, asking for
+
+branches, branch
+misses, cycles.
+
+Reid is being lazy.
+
+OK, so the IPC is 1.1, which
+is a little bit better.
+
+But if you look at the branch
+misses over branches, they're
+
+off by roughly an order
+of magnitude just
+
+like before, so 10%.
+
+So OK.
+
+Mergesort is currently slower
+than quicksort.
+
+And the reason is still,
+roughly, you still have all of
+
+these branches that you're
+not predicting correctly.
+
+OK, so why branching,
+and why not caching?
+
+Well, we did some quick
+back-of-the-envelope
+
+calculations, or research,
+rather.
+
+And it turns out that in the
+Nehalem, the processes that
+
+you're using on the clouds, one
+of the design changes that
+
+Intel made is that they made
+the L1 cache and, actually,
+
+also the L2 cache faster, so
+fewer number of clock cycles
+
+to go out to the cache.
+
+But at the same time, they also
+made the pipeline deeper.
+
+So an L1 cache miss is maybe
+three or four cycles.
+
+An L2 cache miss is 15 cycles.
+
+By the time you miss the L2
+cache, you're going out into
+
+L3 cache, which is
+12 megabytes.
+
+And if you're sorting integers,
+most of them are
+
+probably going to be
+in there anyway.
+
+AUDIENCE: John, those are
+actually hits [INAUDIBLE].
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 2: Oh, they are.
+
+OK, so misses might be a little
+bit bigger than that.
+
+But OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: L1 miss is a L2--
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 2: Right,
+is an L2.
+
+AUDIENCE: L1 misses.
+
+AUDIENCE: It was just a typo.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 2: OK, so the next
+number is probably, like,
+
+30 to 50, somewhere
+on that order.
+
+50-something.
+
+OK.
+
+But a branch mispredict will
+also cost you somewhere
+
+between 16 and 24 cycles,
+depending on how many pipeline
+
+stages are actually in the
+Nehalem, which we don't know.
+
+So bad branch predictions might
+just be as costly as bad
+
+memory access patterns.
+
+And plus, Charles is going to
+go into detail about memory
+
+access patterns and how to
+optimize sorting for good
+
+memory access.
+
+So it wouldn't be interesting
+if I talked
+
+about that right now.
+
+So let's optimize branching.
+
+So to do that, we'll use a bit
+hack that Charles introduced
+
+in an earlier lecture.
+
+So remember, all we want to do
+is we want to put the minimum
+
+of either A or B into C. So
+right now, we're using
+
+branches to do it.
+
+But there's no reason
+why we have to.
+
+So the trick that will apply
+is the XOR trick for
+
+calculating min without
+a branch.
+
+Does everybody kind of follow
+what that code is doing?
+
+You can refer to the bit hacks
+lecture later to check.
+
+But trust us that
+it's correct.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 1: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 2: All right.
+
+I guess we can go over it.
+
+Do I have a mouse pointer?
+
+Cool.
+
+OK, so inside, you're doing a
+comparing A is less than B,
+
+the value of A is less than the
+value of B. And you store
+
+either a 0 or 1 into
+a flag called CMP.
+
+And then you take CMP,
+and you negate it.
+
+So then you end up with a bit
+mask of either all 0's or all
+
+1's, depending on which
+one was smaller.
+
+And then you mask A
+XOR B with that.
+
+So this inner expression, you
+either get A XOR B out of it,
+
+or you get all 0's.
+
+And then you XOR B into it.
+
+So in one case, B XOR this
+expression cancels out the B.
+
+You'll just get A out.
+
+And the other way, B XOR 0 is
+going to give you B. So that
+
+should be convincing motivation
+that this is
+
+actually a min function.
+
+And then, once you have that,
+you can do cute tricks to
+
+recycle the flags, to do
+the A++ and B++ and
+
+so on, using CMP.
+
+So next, let's run this code
+and see what happens.
+
+OK, so we went from 5.04 seconds
+to 4.59 seconds.
+
+And we'll do a profiling run
+just to get some stats on it.
+
+OK, so now look at the IPC.
+
+We went from 1.1 to 1.7--
+
+1.7.
+
+And branch misses went down by
+a factor of 10, which is
+
+really awesome.
+
+But overall, the performance
+didn't seem
+
+to improve by much.
+
+Well, if you want to look at
+why, look at the total number
+
+of instructions executed.
+
+That's that number versus
+that number.
+
+We seem to be executing
+considerably more
+
+instructions.
+
+So to see why that's the case,
+we decided to use another mode
+
+of perf called report, or
+record and then report.
+
+So what this does is that it
+logs where all of those
+
+interrupts actually happen.
+
+So it logs which point in your
+code the CPU was executing
+
+when these performance
+counters tripped.
+
+And then it generates a nice
+report that we can call using
+
+perf annotate.
+
+And the top section gives you
+a sorted summary, where it
+
+shows you the percent of times
+that perf caught your program
+
+executing that line of code.
+
+So 11% of the times that perf
+triggered its interrupt, your
+
+code was executing mergesort.c
+line 32.
+
+So let's go to mergesort.c
+line 32 and
+
+see what it's doing.
+
+So this annotated view shows you
+the lines of C-code, which
+
+are in black.
+
+C-code is in black.
+
+And then line numbers
+are annotated here.
+
+And then it actually goes
+ahead and shows you the
+
+assembly instructions
+that it's executing.
+
+And it puts the timing actually
+on the assembly
+
+instructions corresponding
+to every C expression.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why is this
+[INAUDIBLE] is
+
+the annotated version--
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 2: Yeah, you call
+perf annotate and then a
+
+function name.
+
+The Project 2.1 will walk
+you through doing
+
+this a couple of times.
+
+So you'll be able to see
+what it's doing.
+
+OK, so the assembly here is
+actually pretty important.
+
+I guess everybody's taken 6004,
+or some variant, where
+
+you had to code some
+form of assembly?
+
+OK, it's a prereq.
+
+Cool.
+
+So Saman will talk more
+about assembly.
+
+But in this case-- or Charles,
+actually, now will talk more
+
+about assembly.
+
+But anyway, in this case, it was
+actually kind of useful to
+
+look at the assembly.
+
+We won't expect you to know how
+to write assembly for this
+
+class or expect you to write
+high-performing assembly.
+
+But sometimes taking a look at
+what the compiler outputs can
+
+really help you.
+
+Well, in this case, what caught
+our eye was this cltq
+
+thing, because none of us in
+the room knew what the heck
+
+cltq was It wasn't an
+assembly instruction
+
+that you usually see.
+
+So that caught our eye.
+
+And we wondered what was
+this assembly doing.
+
+So we spent a little bit of
+time tracing through this,
+
+working out what the
+compiler was doing.
+
+So in PowerPoint, I pulled
+out this code.
+
+And OK, so I looked up cltq in
+my 600-page Intel manual.
+
+Yes, your processor does
+come with a manual.
+
+So cltq, it says, sign extends
+the EAX register to 64 bits
+
+and then places that into RAX.
+
+Why is it sign extending?
+
+OK, so let's try to
+trace through what
+
+the assembly's doing.
+
+So here, we wanted to do comp
+equals star A less than star
+
+B. So it moves the value at
+the address in register 14
+
+into RCX and does the same
+thing for register 13.
+
+So assume that R14 and R13 are
+A and B. And so RCX and RDX
+
+are star A and star B, right?
+
+And then it XORs ESI with
+ESI, which is 0.
+
+So it zeroes out the
+register ESI.
+
+And then it does a compare
+between RCX and RDX, which is
+
+the value at A and the value
+at B. So it does that
+
+comparison.
+
+And then, depending on the
+result of that comparison, it
+
+writes that result out
+into register SIL--
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 1: Which
+is the low-byte--
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 2: SIL, as Reid
+said, is the low-byte of the
+
+register ESI, which
+is used here.
+
+But before that, the compiler
+then executes this expression
+
+here, B XOR a, which it puts
+into register RDX.
+
+And then, finally, it takes ESI,
+which contains the same
+
+value as SIL, and then it
+moves that into EAX.
+
+And then it negates EAX.
+
+OK, so that kind of looks like
+negative CMP, right?
+
+And then, after negating it, it
+then sign extends it to a
+
+64-bit register.
+
+And then it does the en masse
+that we asked it to.
+
+Well, why is it jumping
+through so
+
+many hoops to do this?
+
+Well, it turns out, when you
+declare a value of type int,
+
+you say that it's
+a 32-bit value.
+
+And the compiler took you very
+literally in saying that you
+
+requested a 32-bit value.
+
+So it did a 32-bit negation.
+
+And then it extended
+that to 64-bits.
+
+So it wasted a couple of
+instructions doing this,
+
+instead of just flat-out
+doing a 64-bit
+
+negation to begin with.
+
+Now, the problem with this is
+usually you don't care if it
+
+generates one XOR assembly
+instruction.
+
+But this is a tight loop that's
+called in the recursion
+
+process for every single
+merge that it's doing.
+
+So the time that it wastes here
+actually really adds up.
+
+So how do we fix that?
+
+Well, instead of declaring
+it as int, let's just try
+
+replacing it with long, and then
+recompiler the code and
+
+see if things are
+any different.
+
+So here we start our process
+of trial and error.
+
+So we compiled mergesort long.
+
+And the runtime is
+4.05 seconds.
+
+Before, it was, like,
+4.5 or so.
+
+So the runtime definitely
+improved.
+
+Let's compare it.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 1: Yeah,
+just to verify.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 2: So it went
+from 4.59 to 4.05, which
+
+definitely is an improvement.
+
+So let's figure out, well,
+let's see if it generated
+
+better assembly.
+
+So we'll run perf record
+in order to look at
+
+perf annotate again.
+
+And OK, once again, it's
+spending 14% of the time
+
+somewhere in mergesort.c, which
+is hardly surprising.
+
+We'll go to line 27 and,
+yeah, use long.
+
+OK, so that's roughly
+the assembly.
+
+And Reid, although he wasted
+time to find it, I have a
+
+nicely prepared screen shot of
+the same section of code.
+
+So it looks cleaner.
+
+It loads A and B into different
+registers this time,
+
+actually, RSI and RCX.
+
+And then it clears out EDX.
+
+And then it does the compare
+between RSI and RCX, which is
+
+A and B. And then it
+sets percent DL.
+
+Now, percent DL is the
+lower byte of EDX.
+
+So it used a different
+choice of registers.
+
+And then it did the A XOR B.
+And then it moved that
+
+compare into RAX.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 1: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 2: OK, and Reid
+actually has a longer snippet
+
+of the code.
+
+And the compiler, actually, now
+that we told it that it
+
+was a 64-bit flag, the compiler
+realized that there's
+
+a couple optimizations
+that it could do.
+
+So it switched around the order
+of things a little bit.
+
+And it's recycling the value
+of RDX for loading, I think
+
+it's A+ equals comp.
+
+It's recycling the
+value RDX that it
+
+generated out of a compare.
+
+And now, down there, it's
+negating RAX as a 64-bit
+
+number and directly using it
+without that cltq instruction.
+
+So that was kind of nice.
+
+So in just nudging the compiler
+a little bit, we got
+
+it to produce code that ran
+roughly about 10% faster,
+
+which was surprising to us,
+actually, that changing a
+
+single int to a long
+could reduce the
+
+runtime by that amount.
+
+So next thing that we did was we
+scrolled down a little bit
+
+more on this window.
+
+And we looked at the
+next thing that the
+
+compiler was doing.
+
+And we kind of caught
+the compiler again
+
+doing something silly.
+
+So here's the code
+that we were at
+
+before, the compare code.
+
+And now let's look at how the
+compiler did B+ equals CMP.
+
+Once again, the reason that we
+stopped and looked at this
+
+code was we saw an instruction
+that we didn't recognize, SBB.
+
+Well, we looked at
+the manual again.
+
+And SBB of R1 and R2 is a
+subtract with a borrow bit.
+
+So it does subtracting the two
+arguments and then subtracting
+
+a carry flag from that.
+
+So OK, why's it doing that?
+
+Well, let's walk through what
+the compiler tried to do.
+
+Let's see, where's a good
+place to start?
+
+So it's RDX in this compare.
+
+So it compares RDX to 1.
+
+RDX is where CMP was stored.
+
+So it checks whether or
+not it equals to 1.
+
+And then the result of that
+check is actually stored in
+
+the carry flag, CF.
+
+And subtract with borrow,
+RAX, RAX.
+
+Before, RAX held the value of B.
+But now, since it did this,
+
+RAX minus RAX is 0, right?
+
+And then minus the carry flag
+is either 0 or negative 1,
+
+depending on the value
+of the compare.
+
+So once again, it generates a
+register that's either all 0's
+
+or all 1's, 64 bits.
+
+Now, what did it go
+and do with that?
+
+Well, jump down a little bit
+later on in the code.
+
+And it ends EAX, which is the
+32-bit version of RAX, with
+
+the value of 8 in hexadecimal.
+
+So now it's either all
+0's, or it's 8.
+
+And then it adds that
+value, EAX, which
+
+is the same as RAX--
+
+RAX is a 64-bit version--
+
+it adds that value to RBP, which
+stored the address of B.
+
+So it jumped through that many
+hoops just to increment B by
+
+either 8 or 0.
+
+Now, this seems a little
+bit unnecessary.
+
+So we thought, how else could we
+express B+ equals not CMP,
+
+and try to change the code
+around a little bit so that it
+
+does the same thing, but hope
+that the compiler treats it
+
+differently.
+
+Well, in this case, not CMP,
+when CMP is either 1 or 0, is
+
+the same thing as 1 minus CMP.
+
+Well, we compiled a version
+of this code, and then we
+
+tried to run it.
+
+Refreshing our memory, mergesort
+minus, where we just
+
+did the minus sign.
+
+So we took the runtime
+down from 4.04
+
+seconds to 3.77 seconds.
+
+And once again, this is just
+from replacing a not CMP to a
+
+1 minus CMP.
+
+That's all the code change
+that we made.
+
+And we will look at the
+annotation again, just to make
+
+sure that the compiler generated
+different code.
+
+Rather, we were curious
+of what the compiler
+
+generated this time.
+
+So it's roughly this
+section of code.
+
+Now, one thing you'll
+notice is, because
+
+we're compiling with--
+
+this is already compiling with
+GCC's maximum optimization
+
+level, mind you.
+
+So keep that in mind when you
+assume that the compiler is
+
+going to help you out
+and do smart things.
+
+So the instructions are a
+little bit out of order
+
+compared to what you
+might expect.
+
+All right, so I'll
+go to my prepared
+
+screen shot of the code.
+
+So what did it generate
+this time?
+
+All right, so already, this code
+looks shorter than the
+
+previous one, right?
+
+A little bit less
+hairy than that.
+
+So what did it do?
+
+Well, SIL, once again, is
+the lower byte of RSI.
+
+So it does the compare RCX with
+RDX, which is actually
+
+this comparison.
+
+And then it saves
+that into SIL.
+
+And now, later, it
+does the XOR.
+
+So this was the code
+from before.
+
+And then it does a move of RSI,
+which contains the same
+
+value as SIL, which is
+CMP's either 1 or 0.
+
+It moves that into RAX.
+
+And then, later on, it uses
+RAX for one calculation.
+
+And then it also uses the value
+that's already in RSI.
+
+And it subtracts that from
+register 14, which is where it
+
+decided to store the value of
+B. So that's a much more
+
+direct way to either subtract 0
+or 1, actually get just 0 or
+
+1, and then use it for
+a subtraction.
+
+So the end result, and something
+else to point out,
+
+is that the move and subtract
+commands have a little bit of
+
+instruction level parallelism,
+because right
+
+after you set [? LE ?]
+
+SIL, as soon as that's done, you
+can execute both the move
+
+and the subtract at the same
+time, since they use the same
+
+source register and put in
+
+different destination registers.
+
+And the other thing to notice
+in the comparison is the
+
+number of ALU operations.
+
+I'll go back to the
+original one.
+
+You see negate, and, XOR, add.
+
+So move is not an ALU.
+
+It's not an arithmetic
+operation.
+
+But everything else is either
+XOR, and, add, or subtract, or
+
+compare, which all
+use the ALU.
+
+Now, if you look at the code
+over here, you have move,
+
+move, move, which don't
+need the ALU.
+
+And then the other or four
+or five need the ALU.
+
+But having fewer ALU
+op is a good thing.
+
+If you remember from the
+previous lecture on CPU
+
+architecture, the Nehalem,
+has six execution ports.
+
+So it can execute six micro-ops
+in parallel per CPU
+
+clock cycle.
+
+Actually, only three of those
+execution ports have ALUs on
+
+them, so that they can actually
+do XOR, at, and,
+
+subtract, add, and so on.
+
+The rest of them can do register
+moves and a couple of
+
+other things, but not arithmetic
+operations.
+
+So that's a good thing.
+
+So that's an explanation of why
+the code actually sped up.
+
+Now, just as an overview of what
+we were able to do, we
+
+ran perf stat, the same thing
+that we did for mergesort, or
+
+for the original
+two mergesorts.
+
+And we made a table of the
+improvements that we made.
+
+So originally, quicksort
+ran in four seconds.
+
+And it had an IPC of 0.8
+and 11% branch missing.
+
+So when we switched from
+quicksort to standard
+
+mergesort, we increased
+execution time by 20%, which
+
+is not good.
+
+But the instructions per clock
+jumped up a little bit.
+
+Branch miss rate is
+still pretty bad.
+
+Now, as soon as we switched it
+to branchless, we got an 8%
+
+improvement over the
+previous runtime.
+
+But note that we were still
+worse off than quicksort at
+
+that point.
+
+But the instructions per clock
+jumped quite a bit from last
+
+time, which is kind of what you
+would expect with reducing
+
+the branch misses by
+a factor of 10.
+
+So the CPU isn't spending
+extra time stalling the
+
+pipeline, trying to backtrack
+on its branch mispredicts.
+
+And now the more interesting
+thing to me is, if you look at
+
+the two silly little compiler
+optimizations we made,
+
+switching from int to long
+reduced the runtime by 11%
+
+over the previous branchless
+implementation.
+
+And then instructions per clock
+and branch miss both
+
+didn't change at this point.
+
+At this point, we were just
+reducing the number of
+
+instructions.
+
+And then going from there to
+changing not CMP to 1 minus
+
+CMP reduced our runtime by
+another 7% from before.
+
+So overall, branchless
+mergesorting is 10.8% faster
+
+than quicksorting by the time we
+were done optimizing, which
+
+is a lot better than negative.
+
+At this point, we were
+still behind.
+
+And at the end, we ended
+up ahead of quicksort.
+
+And then, overall, switching
+to branchless, with all the
+
+performance tweaks that we made,
+was 33.6% better over
+
+the branching version.
+
+So the non-branching ran
+a third faster than the
+
+branching version, which
+is pretty cool.
+
+And that's something that
+we learned at the
+
+end of the day yesterday.
+
+So to conclude, what did we
+learn when we were doing this?
+
+Well, I think a lot of that
+applies to the PSETS that
+
+you're doing and how you should
+go about optimizing
+
+performance on the code
+that we give you.
+
+And it's profile before
+you optimize.
+
+So before you spend too much
+time just reading through
+
+source code and making wild
+guesses as to why the code is
+
+slow, profile the code.
+
+See why it's actually slow.
+
+Get some performance
+counter data.
+
+Do some perf annotate, so that
+it tells you what assembly or
+
+what line of code that it's
+actually spending
+
+the most time on.
+
+And then, optimize
+iteratively.
+
+Don't try to do everything
+at once.
+
+Do things one at a time to see
+whether or not they make a
+
+difference.
+
+Now, before we arrived at the
+not, there are so many
+
+different ways that you could
+have expressed not and 1 minus
+
+and negative and so on.
+
+So if you try them all at once,
+you really don't know
+
+what made the improvement.
+
+So you've got to try things one
+at a time and see what it
+
+causes the compiler to do,
+because you can see in the
+
+previous two examples, by the
+time we made that one
+
+optimization, it wasn't just
+that one assembly instruction
+
+that the compiler ended
+up changing.
+
+The compiler, in fact, realized
+that it could do
+
+additional optimizations on top
+of what we hinted to it.
+
+So it did even more
+optimizations.
+
+But the bottom line is, you
+should optimize iteratively.
+
+Try something, and see what
+effect it has before moving on
+
+and trying something else.
+
+And then, as much as I don't
+like coding assembly, and I
+
+don't expect that anybody here
+codes assembly for the class,
+
+looking at the assembly is
+always a good thing.
+
+Just skim through it for your
+performance bottlenecks.
+
+And try to get an idea of
+what the compiler is
+
+asking the CPU to do.
+
+And see if there's a way that
+you can nudge the compiler to
+
+do the right thing.
+
+Sometimes we tell you the
+compiler will optimize certain
+
+things, will get rid of
+dead code, and so on.
+
+And most of the time, that's
+actually true.
+
+But it doesn't hurt to
+double-check in the assembly
+
+and make sure that it's
+actually doing that.
+
+And the output from perf is
+pretty helpful to doing this.
+
+It's not a monumental task
+of disassembling.
+
+It does all of the annotation
+and interleaving for you.
+
+And finally, learn
+through practice.
+
+That's the only way to learn
+how to do this performance
+
+optimization.
+
+You gain a lot of experience
+from just going out
+
+and trying the tools.
+
+And Project 2 will have you
+working with these tools.
+
+Project 2.1 does not have
+a code submission.
+
+It's just a write-up, where you
+get to just play around
+
+with the tools on code that we
+give you, so you can see how
+
+to use the tools.
+
+And then Project 2.2, which is
+going out next week, will
+
+actually give you a chance to
+try to optimize code that we
+
+give you, using these tools to
+help you out along the way.
+
+So with that said, any
+questions about--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+a write-up.
+
+how do you submit write-ups
+for projects?
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 2: On Stellar.
+
+So the handouts for the
+write-ups are Stellar homework
+
+assignments.
+
+Just upload a PDF to Stellar.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 2: Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE]
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 1: Yeah, you just
+have to build the binary
+
+with debug info.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 2: Yeah,
+minus G is enough.
+
+As long as GDB's break points
+can see your code,
+
+then perf can do it.
+
+And it's actually pretty nice in
+that, even if your code is
+
+inlined, it can identify where
+the inlined portions came from
+
+and pull in the proper lines
+of code for that.
+
+SAMAN AMARASINGHE: I think
+what's really interesting and
+
+important here is not that they
+found this interesting
+
+thing, but the process
+they went about.
+
+A lot of times, when you are
+coding, you are in control.
+
+You have very planned structure
+how you're going
+
+about doing that.
+
+And you follow these through and
+produce the code you want.
+
+And sometimes, some pesky
+bugs show up.
+
+You go through that.
+
+Here is, basically, you
+basically let the system and
+
+data drive what you are doing.
+
+And when you start, there's no
+planned part, saying, I'm
+
+going to do A, B, C, D.
+Basically, you look at the
+
+results, and you figure
+out what might change.
+
+And you can go through that.
+
+And I was actually talking with
+Charles, saying, in my
+
+first lecture, I talked
+about Matrix Multiply.
+
+It looks really cool.
+
+Every time I do something, it
+improved by a factor of 2,
+
+50%, stuff like that.
+
+What you didn't see is all the
+things I did that didn't have
+
+any impact on the program.
+
+You saw this nice tree going
+down there, all these leaves
+
+that end up in dead ends, that
+had nothing happened.
+
+So if you feel like when you
+go there, you do a bunch of
+
+things, nothing happens,
+that's normal.
+
+Of course, when you tell
+somebody, you're not going to
+
+say, oh, that [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+Say, I did this
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE], and I did that.
+
+And at the end, it looks like
+these other people are very
+
+smart, and they're getting
+through all these
+
+optimizations.
+
+No, they spend a lot of
+time going through
+
+these dead end parts.
+
+And the interesting thing in
+here is, one thing is, don't
+
+trust anything.
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+Intel, they have hundreds
+of engineers
+
+working at it for years.
+
+And OK, that should be good.
+
+Not really.
+
+So a lot of times, it's
+an end-to-end thing.
+
+With performance,
+it's end to end.
+
+So the problem can
+be at any level.
+
+So it could become a compiler,
+it could be [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+network, it can be network, it
+can be an operating system, it
+
+can be in the memory system, it
+can be in the processor, it
+
+can be anything.
+
+So if you say, oh, yeah, that
+shouldn't be the case,
+
+probably that's where it is.
+
+So all the time, basically,
+it's interesting.
+
+The nice thing about these
+kind of tools is that
+
+sometimes even the tools
+might be wrong.
+
+So sometimes I have been in
+situations where you look have
+
+to look at the wall clock, OK,
+wait a minute, does the tool
+
+say what I actually see
+what's happening?
+
+Because you get into very
+skeptical situations.
+
+Because a lot of times, in these
+kind of situations, the
+
+problem can be hidden in
+many different things.
+
+So that's a very good way
+of going through this.
+
+Of course, what you get handed
+to you, we have set it up in a
+
+way that there cannot be
+too many surprises.
+
+But when you're going through
+a system and try to optimize
+
+and look at performance, this is
+a really good way of doing
+
+it, because I don't think these
+guys thought, when they
+
+started, they'd be looking
+at compiled
+
+bugs or compiler problems.
+
+They were thinking about, OK,
+I'm going to do a little bit
+
+of code rewriting
+and get there.
+
+But at the end of the day, what
+they disclosed was very
+
+surprising to them.
+
+And it even surprised
+me today.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER 2: Our plan
+basically ended at row three,
+
+as far as when we
+first set out.
+
+We had no idea was to
+follow after that.
+
+So one thing that I remember is
+that some students came to
+
+us and asked questions, like,
+yeah, I tried to implement
+
+this bit hack here,
+and it actually
+
+slowed the program down.
+
+Or I changed my pentomino board
+
+representation to this also.
+
+But it didn't seem to
+speed anything up.
+
+Well, in those cases, yeah, you
+need to do more detective
+
+work to figure out
+what happened.
+
+SAMAN AMARASINGHE: So a lot of
+times, the performance is
+
+something like a max of a bunch
+of different things.
+
+So you have done something,
+that's great.
+
+It should give you a huge
+performance improvement.
+
+But something is holding.
+
+And a lot of times, you have
+to do three or four things.
+
+And once you do three or four
+things, suddenly everything
+
+starts kicking off.
+
+A good example is loop unroll.
+
+You unroll a loop and say,
+ha, I should get all this
+
+parallelism.
+
+No, because you have
+some dependence.
+
+So you have to fix that
+dependence, fix that
+
+dependence.
+
+Suddenly, you remove
+everything.
+
+Then you get all the
+parallelism and
+
+start running fast.
+
+So a lot of these things,
+it's basically max.
+
+You have to get all
+the things right.
+
+And so if you stop halfway
+through, that means you might
+
+be almost there, and you
+are not up to that.
+
+So that's why it just can be a
+really frustrating process.
+
+But it's kind of fun, too,
+when you get there.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7kcWV6zlcRU.txt b/7kcWV6zlcRU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..affa2bccbb77218350d3b1bdee75ca9ed4d7b86b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7kcWV6zlcRU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7173 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu the uh purpose of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu the uh purpose of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu the uh purpose of these
+recitations small group recitations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations small group recitations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations small group recitations is
+so that we can get out the key Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can get out the key Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can get out the key Concepts
+over the week and what I call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the week and what I call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the week and what I call the
+essential understandings you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential understandings you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential understandings you know what
+are the really important points for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the really important points for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the really important points for the
+week so that when the first quiz comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so that when the first quiz comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so that when the first quiz comes
+you will know how to deal with it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will know how to deal with it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will know how to deal with it so
+let's um start with that but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's um start with that but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's um start with that but you're
+going to do you're going to help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do you're going to help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do you're going to help me
+think through this so take a minute or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through this so take a minute or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through this so take a minute or
+two write down on a piece of paper two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two write down on a piece of paper two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two write down on a piece of paper two
+or three things that you think are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three things that you think are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three things that you think are the
+most important things that you heard saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important things that you heard saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important things that you heard saw
+read this week about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+okay let's report out I want kind of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's report out I want kind of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's report out I want kind of one
+from a number of you who wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a number of you who wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a number of you who wants to
+volunteer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer
+here refence frames say it again using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here refence frames say it again using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here refence frames say it again using
+different reference Fram using different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reference Fram using different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reference Fram using different
+reference frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frames
+right I'm going to write that once I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm going to write that once I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm going to write that once I get
+to Chocolate work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Chocolate work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Chocolate work
+using I'm going to write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+reference frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frames
+close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close
+enough okay how about what's your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay how about what's your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay how about what's your name
+um Christina Christina what do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Christina Christina what do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Christina Christina what do you have
+um all points on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all points on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all points on a
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay she said all points on an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay she said all points on an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay she said all points on an object
+rigid object that's rotating All Points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid object that's rotating All Points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid object that's rotating All Points
+have the same rotation rate so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same rotation rate so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same rotation rate so this is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+translation of rigid bodies I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation of rigid bodies I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation of rigid bodies I'm going to
+generalize what you said a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize what you said a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize what you said a little bit
+because somebody else tell me what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somebody else tell me what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somebody else tell me what can
+you say about translation so rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say about translation so rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say about translation so rotation
+All Points the key point is All Points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All Points the key point is All Points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All Points the key point is All Points
+share the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the
+same rotation rate how about translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same rotation rate how about translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same rotation rate how about translation
+two different points on an object what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different points on an object what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different points on an object what
+can you say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it parallel paths they call go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it parallel paths they call go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it parallel paths they call go through
+the exactly same parallel paths okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exactly same parallel paths okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exactly same parallel paths okay so
+those are two key things to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two key things to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two key things to remember
+about that how about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that how about another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that how about another
+Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+dis can be consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis can be consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis can be consider
+vectors okay this is actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay this is actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay this is actually quite
+important this is um I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this is um I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this is um I'm going to write
+it slightly differently we need to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it slightly differently we need to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it slightly differently we need to talk
+about this and that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotations to be absolutely correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finite rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite rotations
+are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors I want to come back to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors I want to come back to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors I want to come back to that in a
+minute lots of possible confusion around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute lots of possible confusion around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute lots of possible confusion around
+that no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more couple or actually there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more couple or actually there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more couple or actually there's
+more yeah the MLM strategy ah MLM so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more yeah the MLM strategy ah MLM so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more yeah the MLM strategy ah MLM so I
+mentioned that last time that's how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that last time that's how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that last time that's how to
+that's problem solving my way which is M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's problem solving my way which is M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's problem solving my way which is M
+first m is figure out the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first m is figure out the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first m is figure out the motion
+describe the motion that's kinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the motion that's kinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the motion that's kinematic
+second m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second m
+isws not the second M the second L the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isws not the second M the second L the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isws not the second M the second L the
+second term is L what is that laws laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term is L what is that laws laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term is L what is that laws laws
+apply physical laws in the second M ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply physical laws in the second M ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply physical laws in the second M ma
+do the math so motion laws and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+math okay there's something else here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math okay there's something else here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math okay there's something else here
+well this you may have just decided it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this you may have just decided it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this you may have just decided it's
+Encompass in that but I want to go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Encompass in that but I want to go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Encompass in that but I want to go a
+little further than that yeah what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further than that yeah what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further than that yeah what what
+can you what what did we talk a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you what what did we talk a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you what what did we talk a lot
+about yesterday in the lecture different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yesterday in the lecture different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yesterday in the lecture different
+types of acceleration accelerations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of acceleration accelerations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of acceleration accelerations and
+velocities in translating and rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities in translating and rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities in translating and rotating
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+translating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating and
+rotating frames running out of room here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating frames running out of room here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating frames running out of room here
+but you get the point all right that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get the point all right that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get the point all right that's a
+pretty good list if I had if I'd been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good list if I had if I'd been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good list if I had if I'd been
+coming up a list on my own what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up a list on my own what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up a list on my own what I would
+have thought was important that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought was important that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought was important that would
+have been would have captured most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been would have captured most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been would have captured most of
+those things certainly this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things certainly this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things certainly this is really
+important this week uh and we definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this week uh and we definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this week uh and we definitely
+need to learn how to use translating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to learn how to use translating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to learn how to use translating
+rotating frames and you're absolutely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating frames and you're absolutely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating frames and you're absolutely in
+trouble if you don't know this you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble if you don't know this you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble if you don't know this you just
+sort of fundamental to the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fundamental to the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fundamental to the whole thing
+okay and then this is a subtle Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then this is a subtle Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then this is a subtle Point
+let's bring let's start right there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's bring let's start right there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's bring let's start right there for
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+second um who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second um who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second um who has
+a somebody got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a somebody got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a somebody got a
+textbook it does actually really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook it does actually really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook it does actually really matter
+let me borrow your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me borrow your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me borrow your
+notes all right rigid body got the print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes all right rigid body got the print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes all right rigid body got the print
+on the front I'm going to rotate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the front I'm going to rotate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the front I'm going to rotate it
+twice the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the x
+axis and call this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and call this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and call this a
+z-axis and it comes out bottom Point top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis and it comes out bottom Point top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis and it comes out bottom Point top
+actually pointing at you so I did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pointing at you so I did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pointing at you so I did that
+right so now I'm going to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now I'm going to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now I'm going to do the
+rotation now this one first then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation now this one first then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation now this one first then what
+was the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the other
+rotation that one different answer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation that one different answer right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation that one different answer right
+totally different answer a you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different answer a you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different answer a you can't
+add angles as vectors doesn't work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add angles as vectors doesn't work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add angles as vectors doesn't work and
+it just it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just it's just
+a the way I think of it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the way I think of it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the way I think of it you know
+mathematics is largely done to help to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics is largely done to help to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics is largely done to help to
+describe the physical world you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the physical world you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the physical world you know
+Newton and all those people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton and all those people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton and all those people were
+figuring out needed calculus to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out needed calculus to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out needed calculus to describe
+the motion of the planets vectors were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion of the planets vectors were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion of the planets vectors were
+invented to do analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented to do analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented to do analytic
+geometry and it just doesn't work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and it just doesn't work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and it just doesn't work for
+angles you just can't use them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles you just can't use them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles you just can't use them for
+angles it's just you know the the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles it's just you know the the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles it's just you know the the vector
+math that they figured out just wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that they figured out just wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that they figured out just wasn't
+quite clever enough to include angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite clever enough to include angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite clever enough to include angles
+however vectors can be applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however vectors can be applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however vectors can be applied to
+positions velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions velocities
+accelerations and angular velocities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations and angular velocities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations and angular velocities and
+angular accelerations but not not angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular accelerations but not not angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular accelerations but not not angles
+themselves that's the basic basic thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that's the basic basic thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that's the basic basic thing
+you need to learn from that okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um use of multiple frames we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um use of multiple frames we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um use of multiple frames we're going to
+do that today we're going to now apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that today we're going to now apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that today we're going to now apply
+this and this and this today to do a pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this and this today to do a pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this and this today to do a pro
+to do some problems and let me see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some problems and let me see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some problems and let me see where
+I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to
+go first with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I have a problem that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do and it's a circus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arm and that arm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm and that arm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm and that arm is
+rotating and attached to the arm is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and attached to the arm is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and attached to the arm is a
+cross piece and a passenger can sit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross piece and a passenger can sit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross piece and a passenger can sit in
+each one of these things and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these things and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these things and this is
+basically horizontal you're looking down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically horizontal you're looking down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically horizontal you're looking down
+on it so you'd be riding around in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it so you'd be riding around in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it so you'd be riding around in these
+cups at the circus and it's going round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cups at the circus and it's going round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cups at the circus and it's going round
+and round and I want to I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and round and I want to I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and round and I want to I want to know
+the uh velocity what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh velocity what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh velocity what's the
+velocity of point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of point
+B in the O frame and so this has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in the O frame and so this has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in the O frame and so this has to do
+one of the things on this list might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things on this list might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things on this list might be
+to get the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the notation
+down so this is the velocity of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so this is the velocity of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so this is the velocity of this is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what can you write down just take 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what can you write down just take 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what can you write down just take 30
+seconds see if you can remember write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds see if you can remember write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds see if you can remember write
+down the general velocity formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the general velocity formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the general velocity formula that
+was put up yesterday Vector velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was put up yesterday Vector velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was put up yesterday Vector velocity
+formula for a point that's attach in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for a point that's attach in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for a point that's attach in a
+moving frame that's moving in a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving frame that's moving in a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving frame that's moving in a fixed
+frame came up with a general formula had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame came up with a general formula had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame came up with a general formula had
+two or three terms in it and we we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three terms in it and we we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three terms in it and we we'll
+walk our way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I realized I did something maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realized I did something maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realized I did something maybe
+slightly out of order so hold that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly out of order so hold that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly out of order so hold that
+thought you've written down what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you've written down what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you've written down what you've
+got let's um we have to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got let's um we have to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got let's um we have to do something
+before you can actually write that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can actually write that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can actually write that we
+haven't actually picked our reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually picked our reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually picked our reference
+frames have we all right so think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames have we all right so think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames have we all right so think about
+that for a second how would you set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a second how would you set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a second how would you set up
+this problem what would you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem what would you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem what would you make
+translating reference frames and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating reference frames and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating reference frames and what
+would you know your rotating translating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know your rotating translating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know your rotating translating
+frame where would you assign it think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame where would you assign it think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame where would you assign it think
+about it for 30 seconds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay who's got to take a shot at it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay who's got to take a shot at it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay who's got to take a shot at it for
+me where would where would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me where would where would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me where would where would
+you pick reference frames for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem yeah what's your name I'm Ben
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yeah what's your name I'm Ben
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yeah what's your name I'm Ben
+Ben Ben um o ends along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben Ben um o ends along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben Ben um o ends along the
+cross here here for sure this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross here here for sure this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross here here for sure this is your
+inertial frame not moving right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame not moving right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame not moving right okay
+and twox on the cross so you would put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and twox on the cross so you would put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and twox on the cross so you would put
+one up here yep okay I'm going to so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up here yep okay I'm going to so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up here yep okay I'm going to so I'm
+going to put a line I'm going to line it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put a line I'm going to line it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put a line I'm going to line it
+with a cross and I'm going to stick out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a cross and I'm going to stick out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a cross and I'm going to stick out
+here I'm going to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to call it
+X2 and then there'd be a Y2 here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and then there'd be a Y2 here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and then there'd be a Y2 here and it
+wrot R Ates with the cross yeah okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrot R Ates with the cross yeah okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrot R Ates with the cross yeah okay all
+right that's pretty good that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's pretty good that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's pretty good that's that's
+good now go back to that equation Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now go back to that equation Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now go back to that equation Now
+give me the velocity the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the velocity the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the velocity the general
+expression I don't want you to work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I don't want you to work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I don't want you to work out
+the details just the what what what set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details just the what what what set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details just the what what what set
+of terms would you plug things into now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terms would you plug things into now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terms would you plug things into now
+to get the velocity of B and O then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the velocity of B and O then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the velocity of B and O then
+we'll evaluate the terms and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll evaluate the terms and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll evaluate the terms and talk about
+it using now what we've decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay somebody help me out so what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay somebody help me out so what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay somebody help me out so what what's
+on the right hand side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side of this
+equation first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's your
+name Ste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+St velocity of a with respect to O all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St velocity of a with respect to O all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St velocity of a with respect to O all
+right that's the velocity of this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the velocity of this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the velocity of this point
+in this Frame right all right what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this Frame right all right what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this Frame right all right what else
+do we need what's your name Andre Andre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need what's your name Andre Andre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need what's your name Andre Andre
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah velocity
+of so I hear a velocity of D with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so I hear a velocity of D with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so I hear a velocity of D with
+respect to a and what is that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a and what is that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a and what is that is that
+influenced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by
+rotation can you describe what you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation can you describe what you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation can you describe what you mean
+by the velocity of b and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the velocity of b and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the velocity of b and a
+physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ising so it's as if you were station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ising so it's as if you were station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ising so it's as if you were station
+sitting on that frame right does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on that frame right does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on that frame right does the
+rotation have anything to do with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation have anything to do with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation have anything to do with what
+you see no so this is I sometimes remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see no so this is I sometimes remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see no so this is I sometimes remind
+myself right here this is Omega equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself right here this is Omega equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself right here this is Omega equals z
+and you can just set the Omega equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can just set the Omega equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can just set the Omega equal to
+zero what you would see is the is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what you would see is the is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what you would see is the is what
+this term is do we need anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more name Christina Christina so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more name Christina Christina so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more name Christina Christina so you
+gave it to me once before it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it to me once before it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it to me once before it's going to
+take me a while um it's the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take me a while um it's the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take me a while um it's the rotational
+motion of um the spinning there so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of um the spinning there so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of um the spinning there so it's
+has to do with the Omega seen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the Omega seen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the Omega seen in the
+reference frame the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame the
+origin cross with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um R from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um R from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um R from
+the in regards to the x2x Y okay and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in regards to the x2x Y okay and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in regards to the x2x Y okay and we
+have the name of that frame to help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the name of that frame to help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the name of that frame to help us
+out this is then frame a know X2 Y2 Z2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is then frame a know X2 Y2 Z2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is then frame a know X2 Y2 Z2
+if here The Wanted right it says no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if here The Wanted right it says no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if here The Wanted right it says no and
+we just call it frame a so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just call it frame a so this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just call it frame a so this would be
+RB as in a and these are all vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB as in a and these are all vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB as in a and these are all vectors and
+I often forget to underline them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I often forget to underline them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I often forget to underline them all
+right do we have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do we have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do we have it
+right anybody want to add to that fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anybody want to add to that fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anybody want to add to that fix it
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right I left it vague on purpose we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I left it vague on purpose we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I left it vague on purpose we need
+to figure that out he he ask you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure that out he he ask you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure that out he he ask you know is
+it Omega 2 or Omega 1 really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Omega 2 or Omega 1 really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Omega 2 or Omega 1 really important
+point we want to make today about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we want to make today about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we want to make today about the
+what Omega this is we'll get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Omega this is we'll get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Omega this is we'll get to that
+yeah well if they're rotating in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well if they're rotating in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well if they're rotating in the
+same direction wouldn't it be added in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction wouldn't it be added in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction wouldn't it be added in
+both Omega one and Omega 2 well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Omega one and Omega 2 well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Omega one and Omega 2 well okay
+let's talk about it right now are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about it right now are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about it right now are we
+agreed that this are we agreed that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed that this are we agreed that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed that this are we agreed that this
+is the right formula all right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right formula all right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right formula all right then
+let's set about figuring it out and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's set about figuring it out and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's set about figuring it out and let
+we can talk about this term first so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about this term first so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about this term first so we
+want to know this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know this is the
+rotation rate of this arm out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation rate of this arm out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation rate of this arm out
+here in the base frame is what it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the base frame is what it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the base frame is what it seems
+that's what the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the notation
+says and we know that the rotation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says and we know that the rotation rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says and we know that the rotation rate
+of this first arm in the base frame is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this first arm in the base frame is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this first arm in the base frame is
+this and we know that the rotation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we know that the rotation rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we know that the rotation rate
+of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um with respect to now we've met now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with respect to now we've met now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with respect to now we've met now
+this has gotten a little complicated is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has gotten a little complicated is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has gotten a little complicated is
+this isn't quite accur exact enough this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't quite accur exact enough this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't quite accur exact enough this
+is Omega 2 with respect to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arm that's what's given in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm that's what's given in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm that's what's given in this problem
+so this is Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is Omega
+2 uh with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh with respect to the
+arm O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm O
+A all right yeah does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A all right yeah does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A all right yeah does
+that from coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from coordinate
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+no see coordinate system a X2 Y2 rotates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no see coordinate system a X2 Y2 rotates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no see coordinate system a X2 Y2 rotates
+and if you're sitting in there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're sitting in there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're sitting in there you
+wouldn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't see
+it so this is the to it what the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this is the to it what the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this is the to it what the this is
+correct it's the rotation rate at Cen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct it's the rotation rate at Cen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct it's the rotation rate at Cen
+and O so we need to figure out what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and O so we need to figure out what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and O so we need to figure out what that
+is and I'm telling you in this case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I'm telling you in this case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I'm telling you in this case you
+were given I could have you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given I could have you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given I could have you might have
+been given the rotation rate in O you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been given the rotation rate in O you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been given the rotation rate in O you
+weren't you were given the rotation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't you were given the rotation rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't you were given the rotation rate
+relative to here so I'll write it as W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to here so I'll write it as W2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to here so I'll write it as W2
+with respect to this arm O A so what how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this arm O A so what how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this arm O A so what how
+do you get we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get we need
+Omega in O is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega in O is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega in O is
+what me out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+good but what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it now I'm going to Let's deduce it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now I'm going to Let's deduce it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now I'm going to Let's deduce it if
+my my arm here this is the first arm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my arm here this is the first arm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my arm here this is the first arm and
+this is the ab link okay now if Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ab link okay now if Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ab link okay now if Omega
+with respect to this arm this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this arm this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this arm this thing
+weren't moving with no rotation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't moving with no rotation rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't moving with no rotation rate
+relative this the thing whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative this the thing whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative this the thing whole thing
+would be straight right and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be straight right and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be straight right and it's going
+around like this what's the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like this what's the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like this what's the rotation
+rate of the link out herea Omega one H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the link out herea Omega one H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the link out herea Omega one H
+okay uh and now this arm's not moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and now this arm's not moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and now this arm's not moving
+but this is rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is rotating
+relative to it at Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to it at Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to it at Omega
+2 what's the rotation rate of the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 what's the rotation rate of the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 what's the rotation rate of the link
+out here just Omega 2 if I put the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here just Omega 2 if I put the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here just Omega 2 if I put the two
+together what is the rotation rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together what is the rotation rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together what is the rotation rate of
+this arm this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arm this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arm this second
+link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link
+right Omega 1 in certainly in o plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Omega 1 in certainly in o plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Omega 1 in certainly in o plus
+Omega 2 it's not with respect to a I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 it's not with respect to a I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 it's not with respect to a I'm
+just going to call it with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to call it with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to call it with respect to
+the r May even this notation is failing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r May even this notation is failing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r May even this notation is failing
+a little bit but you get what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit but you get what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit but you get what I mean
+it's Omega 1 plus Omega 2 and let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Omega 1 plus Omega 2 and let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Omega 1 plus Omega 2 and let's just
+write it as Omega 1 plus Omega 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as Omega 1 plus Omega 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as Omega 1 plus Omega 2 and
+what direction is it in it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what direction is it in it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what direction is it in it's a
+vector so one of the things we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so one of the things we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so one of the things we have to
+pay attention to our unit vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to our unit vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to our unit vectors
+yeah yeah so this has got a capital I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so this has got a capital I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so this has got a capital I
+hat here and a capital J hat there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat here and a capital J hat there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat here and a capital J hat there and
+coming out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the
+board K hat right now this is K hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board K hat right now this is K hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board K hat right now this is K hat
+capital K hat this one though is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital K hat this one though is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital K hat this one though is
+relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative
+to it's the rotation rate of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's the rotation rate of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's the rotation rate of this thing
+here's a reference frame what's sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a reference frame what's sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a reference frame what's sticking
+out this way a little K2 right but is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this way a little K2 right but is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this way a little K2 right but is it
+is it parallel to capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it parallel to capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it parallel to capital
+K always parallel to capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K always parallel to capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K always parallel to capital
+K throughout so they're the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K throughout so they're the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K throughout so they're the same thing
+if unit vectors in the are parallel they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if unit vectors in the are parallel they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if unit vectors in the are parallel they
+amount up the same thing so we can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount up the same thing so we can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount up the same thing so we can put
+capital K lowercase k anything we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital K lowercase k anything we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital K lowercase k anything we want
+here and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct okay now we got an answer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct okay now we got an answer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct okay now we got an answer for
+that so when you're given when when one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so when you're given when when one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so when you're given when when one
+thing's on attached to another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing's on attached to another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing's on attached to another and
+you're given the if out here you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given the if out here you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given the if out here you were
+given the rotation rate in the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the rotation rate in the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the rotation rate in the base
+frame you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame you're
+done but if you're given the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but if you're given the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but if you're given the rotation
+rate relative to some other moving part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate relative to some other moving part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate relative to some other moving part
+then you have to add them up to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to add them up to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to add them up to get the
+true rotation rate that's the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true rotation rate that's the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true rotation rate that's the bottom
+line message all right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line message all right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line message all right so we
+now have we started we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have we started we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have we started we're trying to
+figure out this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and we figured we started with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we figured we started with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we figured we started with one
+of the harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the harder
+terms and we need to figure out finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and we need to figure out finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and we need to figure out finish
+to finish it though let's uh do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish it though let's uh do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish it though let's uh do this
+over here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we have
+uh velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh velocity of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in and we have the velocity of b in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and we have the velocity of b in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and we have the velocity of b in a
+with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no
+rotation and we have omega B in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and we have omega B in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and we have omega B in
+O and let's finish that we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O and let's finish that we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O and let's finish that we know what
+Omega is now the whoops it's not Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is now the whoops it's not Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is now the whoops it's not Omega
+it's the third term is Omega B and O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the third term is Omega B and O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the third term is Omega B and O
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB
+a so we've gotten the first bit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so we've gotten the first bit of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so we've gotten the first bit of this
+let's finish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's finish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's finish the
+problem this is Omega 1 plus Omega 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is Omega 1 plus Omega 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is Omega 1 plus Omega 2
+time K Hat Cross with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we need a length I'll call this L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need a length I'll call this L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need a length I'll call this L
+it's l long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is r b with respect to a yes lx2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is r b with respect to a yes lx2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is r b with respect to a yes lx2
+hat L X2 hat and I'll call that L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat L X2 hat and I'll call that L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat L X2 hat and I'll call that L
+J 2 the coordinate is X2 the unit Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J 2 the coordinate is X2 the unit Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J 2 the coordinate is X2 the unit Vector
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+be I2 right not a j an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I2 right not a j an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I2 right not a j an
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+so the unit Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the unit Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the unit Vector is
+I2 okay great now what is K cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I2 J2 J2 so we get Omega L Omega 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 J2 J2 so we get Omega L Omega 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 J2 J2 so we get Omega L Omega 1 plus
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J 2
+hat that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat that's that
+term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need to figure out our other two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to figure out our other two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to figure out our other two terms
+what's uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term and remind yourself of the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and remind yourself of the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and remind yourself of the meaning
+this is the velocity of point B with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the velocity of point B with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the velocity of point B with
+respect to the a frame which is attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the a frame which is attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the a frame which is attached
+to it it's on a rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+body he said Omega 2 * l z she says zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body he said Omega 2 * l z she says zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body he said Omega 2 * l z she says zero
+any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other
+I hear another zero now why do we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hear another zero now why do we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hear another zero now why do we mean
+why zero um because it's VI attached on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why zero um because it's VI attached on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why zero um because it's VI attached on
+to the right moving around it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right moving around it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right moving around it's not
+moving on the ride the person is dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on the ride the person is dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on the ride the person is dropped
+in right so this term is always from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right so this term is always from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right so this term is always from the
+point of view of a person riding on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of a person riding on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of a person riding on the
+frame writing on that frame so you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame writing on that frame so you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame writing on that frame so you won't
+ever see rotation from inside the frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever see rotation from inside the frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever see rotation from inside the frame
+you're just moving with it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just moving with it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just moving with it okay so
+that's it's called in the Williams book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's called in the Williams book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's called in the Williams book
+he calls this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he calls this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he calls this
+term V Rel it's the relative veloc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term V Rel it's the relative veloc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term V Rel it's the relative veloc
+between these two points no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two points no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two points no
+rotation the uh so what is that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case I hear zero everybody agree it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I hear zero everybody agree it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I hear zero everybody agree it's
+zero no motion it's a rigid link two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero no motion it's a rigid link two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero no motion it's a rigid link two
+points don't move so now we're just left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points don't move so now we're just left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points don't move so now we're just left
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+now one of the points I really wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the points I really wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the points I really wanted to
+drive home today is in fact this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive home today is in fact this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive home today is in fact this problem
+is one that depending on how you set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one that depending on how you set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one that depending on how you set it
+up you can think of as actually having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you can think of as actually having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you can think of as actually having
+multiple rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple rotating
+frames and if you do that what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames and if you do that what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames and if you do that what's the
+correct way to add up the parts so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct way to add up the parts so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct way to add up the parts so you
+get to the right answer because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the right answer because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the right answer because we've
+left this one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left this one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left this one for the
+last and I want to make sure you go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last and I want to make sure you go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last and I want to make sure you go away
+with a kind of the know and the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a kind of the know and the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a kind of the know and the a
+formula you can always use and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula you can always use and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula you can always use and it's
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+work and the formula you can always use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and the formula you can always use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and the formula you can always use
+is the one that's of this form every one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one that's of this form every one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one that's of this form every one
+of these problems including multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these problems including multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these problems including multiple
+links and things you can build up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links and things you can build up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links and things you can build up by
+doing a sequence of this problem again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a sequence of this problem again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a sequence of this problem again
+and again and again until you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again and again until you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again and again until you get the
+whole answer okay so we've actually done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole answer okay so we've actually done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole answer okay so we've actually done
+what I would call the outer problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would call the outer problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would call the outer problem
+first we've done worked out this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we've done worked out this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we've done worked out this thing
+we kind of have to do the inner problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of have to do the inner problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of have to do the inner problem
+now we could have done it in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we could have done it in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we could have done it in different
+order but I need to know the velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order but I need to know the velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order but I need to know the velocity of
+this point and just to get you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and just to get you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and just to get you in the
+habit of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit of using
+the uh the vector equation that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the vector equation that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the vector equation that we have
+I want to know the velocity of a in O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know the velocity of a in O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know the velocity of a in O
+and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to
+attach a rotating frame to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach a rotating frame to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach a rotating frame to this
+arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X1 y1 it rotates with this arm at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 y1 it rotates with this arm at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 y1 it rotates with this arm at that
+rate okay now if I if I and I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate okay now if I if I and I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate okay now if I if I and I want you
+to use that frame to solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that frame to solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that frame to solve for the
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+of this point and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be velocity of point a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be velocity of point a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be velocity of point a in
+O would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this one this this Frame now is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this one this this Frame now is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this one this this Frame now is an
+O little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O little
+X1 y1 Z1 it's a rotating frame right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 y1 Z1 it's a rotating frame right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 y1 Z1 it's a rotating frame right and
+because the those are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the those are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the those are going to get
+confusing let's better not call it o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing let's better not call it o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing let's better not call it o
+we'll call the rotating one in Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call the rotating one in Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call the rotating one in Williams
+he uses a lowercase o but it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uses a lowercase o but it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uses a lowercase o but it's hard to
+do on the board let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on the board let's call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on the board let's call this
+C so this is a frame C X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y1 so this Frame will be my C frame so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 so this Frame will be my C frame so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 so this Frame will be my C frame so I
+want to know the velocity of point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the velocity of point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the velocity of point a
+it's the velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what just
+use that top formula up there but get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that top formula up there but get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that top formula up there but get
+put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points so what's the first term mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so what's the first term mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so what's the first term mean
+it's the velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the velocity of
+the see this point this time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the see this point this time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the see this point this time the
+rotating frame does the rotating frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating frame does the rotating frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating frame does the rotating frame
+translate we have a rotating frame does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate we have a rotating frame does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate we have a rotating frame does
+it have any translational velocity no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have any translational velocity no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have any translational velocity no
+but you still how to write the term down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you still how to write the term down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you still how to write the term down
+and set it equal to zero so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set it equal to zero so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set it equal to zero so what's the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+term how do you write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right it's the velocity of my reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the velocity of my reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the velocity of my reference
+frame it's the transational velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame it's the transational velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame it's the transational velocity of
+that reference frame in the O frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reference frame in the O frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reference frame in the O frame and
+that's what it is and in this case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is and in this case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is and in this case it's
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus velocity of yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus velocity of yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus velocity of yeah
+a with respect to C and I'll remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with respect to C and I'll remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with respect to C and I'll remind you
+again you know it's as if you were now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know it's as if you were now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know it's as if you were now
+rotating with it you're sitting at C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating with it you're sitting at C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating with it you're sitting at C
+looking at a what's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a what's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a what's its
+speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega what
+Omega see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega see
+where measured from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where measured from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where measured from
+where measured with respect to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where measured with respect to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where measured with respect to what
+frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right I he o cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with we need a
+length we'll make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length we'll make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length we'll make this
+length capital r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scalar so what do we what's the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar so what do we what's the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar so what do we what's the cross
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+here what's unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector correct unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector correct unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector correct unit
+vector1 not X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector1 not X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector1 not X
+but X is the coordinate the unit Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is right that term zero that term zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right that term zero that term zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right that term zero that term zero
+this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is
+not omega one and what's the unit Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not omega one and what's the unit Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not omega one and what's the unit Vector
+Associated this Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 K cross I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 K cross I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 K cross I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J one at right and so we have r Omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J one at right and so we have r Omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J one at right and so we have r Omega 1
+J 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J 1
+half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and
+now we should be able to write out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we should be able to write out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we should be able to write out the
+full answer of the velocity of b n o is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full answer of the velocity of b n o is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full answer of the velocity of b n o is
+the the velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the velocity of
+a which is R Omega 1 J 1 Hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which is R Omega 1 J 1 Hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which is R Omega 1 J 1 Hat
+plus the velocity of B with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the velocity of B with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the velocity of B with respect to a
+which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero plus the V this term which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plus the V this term which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plus the V this term which we
+figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as L Omega 1 + Omega 2 * J 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've done two or three sub this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've done two or three sub this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've done two or three sub this is
+kind of a hard problem actually for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a hard problem actually for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a hard problem actually for the
+first time out it has because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time out it has because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time out it has because it has
+subtle a number of subtle Concepts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle a number of subtle Concepts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle a number of subtle Concepts in
+built into it you actually have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into it you actually have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into it you actually have two
+rotating bodies how do you deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating bodies how do you deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating bodies how do you deal with
+them well you can you do sequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well you can you do sequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well you can you do sequential
+applications of that Vector velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of that Vector velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of that Vector velocity
+formula yeah um so I was wondering why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula yeah um so I was wondering why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula yeah um so I was wondering why
+we made another coordinate system that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made another coordinate system that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made another coordinate system that's
+rotating with the arm to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating with the arm to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating with the arm to solve
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+so for she she asked you know why did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for she she asked you know why did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for she she asked you know why did we
+bother to make this other frame right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother to make this other frame right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother to make this other frame right
+because so the problems are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so the problems are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so the problems are going to get
+nastier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nastier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nastier and
+nastier I could have asked you when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nastier I could have asked you when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nastier I could have asked you when I
+walked into class what is the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked into class what is the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked into class what is the velocity
+of point a and you would have said oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of point a and you would have said oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of point a and you would have said oh
+obviously R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously R
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+right yeah right you know why are we to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah right you know why are we to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah right you know why are we to
+go all this trouble when way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all this trouble when way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all this trouble when way they
+everybody knows from high school physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows from high school physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows from high school physics
+that it's just Ara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just Ara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just Ara
+and the answer is is because we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is is because we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is is because we're going
+to get to doing really nasty problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to doing really nasty problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to doing really nasty problems
+and I want to make sure you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to make sure you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to make sure you understand
+all the subtleties about how we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the subtleties about how we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the subtleties about how we get
+these in when these even when it's so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in when these even when it's so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in when these even when it's so we
+started simple but I did it the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started simple but I did it the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started simple but I did it the long
+hard way because but later on if I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard way because but later on if I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard way because but later on if I'd
+walked in at the beginning and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked in at the beginning and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked in at the beginning and just
+asked you right off the bat what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you right off the bat what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you right off the bat what's the
+velocity of this point go for it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of this point go for it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of this point go for it you
+guys would have failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys would have failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys would have failed
+miserably right it's not much harder but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserably right it's not much harder but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserably right it's not much harder but
+it takes two sequential applications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes two sequential applications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes two sequential applications of
+what you think is obvious when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you think is obvious when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you think is obvious when you
+walked into class so that's why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked into class so that's why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked into class so that's why we're
+just doing it the hard way so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing it the hard way so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing it the hard way so that you
+get all the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the little
+nuances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuances
+yeah we have respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we have respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we have respect
+to respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respect
+to why is it that way why is it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to why is it that way why is it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to why is it that way why is it with
+respect to arm ab and when you wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to arm ab and when you wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to arm ab and when you wrote
+that with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with respect to
+when I wrote the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saying oh I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh I see
+uh because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong1
+and2 yeah are they the same yeah so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and2 yeah are they the same yeah so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and2 yeah are they the same yeah so he
+has a question and that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a question and that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a question and that's the that's the
+next that's the final subtle point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next that's the final subtle point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next that's the final subtle point I
+want to get to today good question he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to today good question he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to today good question he's
+saying are these the same are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying are these the same are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying are these the same are they
+different how do we deal with it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different how do we deal with it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different how do we deal with it so
+question for you in general if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for you in general if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for you in general if you're
+asked a given a problem like we just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked a given a problem like we just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked a given a problem like we just did
+and you arrive at a solution is it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you arrive at a solution is it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you arrive at a solution is it okay
+to give an answer where you have unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give an answer where you have unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give an answer where you have unit
+vectors in multiple frames and neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in multiple frames and neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in multiple frames and neither
+of these unit vectors are in the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these unit vectors are in the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these unit vectors are in the base
+frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+and yet the answer we're claiming is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet the answer we're claiming is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet the answer we're claiming is
+that this is the velocity of B in O and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the velocity of B in O and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the velocity of B in O and
+here we got unit vectors that are not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we got unit vectors that are not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we got unit vectors that are not in
+the base frame is it a legit equation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think see a lot of nose out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there okay I think we better figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay I think we better figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay I think we better figure it
+out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have unit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have unit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have unit on the
+arm this is my C and O here on the arm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm this is my C and O here on the arm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm this is my C and O here on the arm I
+have a frame that rotates with it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a frame that rotates with it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a frame that rotates with it that
+has unit vectors in the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has unit vectors in the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has unit vectors in the direction of the
+arm of i1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm of i1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm of i1 and
+J1 and so let's uh so here's i1 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J1 and so let's uh so here's i1 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J1 and so let's uh so here's i1 it's
+unit long here's the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit long here's the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit long here's the angle
+Theta here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta here's
+J1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J1 and the
+angle angles and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle angles and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle angles and I want to
+know this is i1 and this is J1 can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is i1 and this is J1 can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is i1 and this is J1 can I
+express i1 and J1 in terms of capital I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express i1 and J1 in terms of capital I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express i1 and J1 in terms of capital I
+capital J the unit vectors in the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frame I want to express them in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame I want to express them in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame I want to express them in terms of
+the unit vectors that are in this rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit vectors that are in this rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit vectors that are in this rigid
+non-moving non- rotating initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-moving non- rotating initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-moving non- rotating initial
+frame so here is down here this is the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so here is down here this is the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so here is down here this is the I
+hat Direction and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat Direction and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat Direction and this is
+the J hat direction right not moving so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J hat direction right not moving so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J hat direction right not moving so
+this is just a unit thing unit long can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a unit thing unit long can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a unit thing unit long can
+I can I project it onto its I component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I project it onto its I component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I project it onto its I component
+and capital J component all right so i1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital J component all right so i1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital J component all right so i1
+it looks to me like uh coine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks to me like uh coine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks to me like uh coine
+Theta I hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta I hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta I hat
+plus sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sin
+Theta J hat you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+agree just standard trie right and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree just standard trie right and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree just standard trie right and this
+one takes me a minute to figure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one takes me a minute to figure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one takes me a minute to figure this
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+uh which is the Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is the Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is the Theta
+here this is Theta that's 90 minus Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is Theta that's 90 minus Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is Theta that's 90 minus Theta
+so this must be Theta right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there a Theta here and if this is unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a Theta here and if this is unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a Theta here and if this is unit
+long what's that that projection there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long what's that that projection there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long what's that that projection there
+is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so
+J1 is has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J1 is has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J1 is has two
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+minus sin Theta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sin Theta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sin Theta I
+plus cine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus cine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus cine Theta
+J and I highly recommend you write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and I highly recommend you write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and I highly recommend you write that
+one down make sure you can drive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one down make sure you can drive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one down make sure you can drive it
+yourself you're going to need it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you're going to need it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you're going to need it again
+and again and again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again now could we do the same thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now could we do the same thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now could we do the same thing for
+could we convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J2
+to the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frame and it rotates so this X2 can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and it rotates so this X2 can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and it rotates so this X2 can be
+at any arbitrary position but one so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any arbitrary position but one so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any arbitrary position but one so you
+have to in order to do the problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to in order to do the problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to in order to do the problem you
+have to pick a position and then you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick a position and then you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick a position and then you'd
+have to draw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to draw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to draw an
+angle and then you would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and then you would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and then you would have to
+apply this formula and so you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this formula and so you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this formula and so you're going
+to end up with an i 2 is some cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up with an i 2 is some cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up with an i 2 is some cosine
+F capital I plus S V capital J and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F capital I plus S V capital J and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F capital I plus S V capital J and the
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+J2 is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J2 is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J2 is minus
+sin V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin V
++ cine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ cine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ cine Theta
+J so we I'll do we'll do a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so we I'll do we'll do a trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so we I'll do we'll do a trivial
+example a trivial let's solve a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a trivial let's solve a trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a trivial let's solve a trivial
+case what is the instantaneous velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what is the instantaneous velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what is the instantaneous velocity
+at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment
+that the coordinate system is lined up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the coordinate system is lined up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the coordinate system is lined up
+as we see and B is sitting right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we got to go look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got to go look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got to go look at
+our what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our what our
+answer where was our final answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer where was our final answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer where was our final answer
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of this guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what would be the
+contribution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of this
+term to we we have to each term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to we we have to each term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to we we have to each term and
+convert it to the base system in capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to the base system in capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to the base system in capital
+i j terms right you do it one term at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j terms right you do it one term at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j terms right you do it one term at a
+time then add up the components so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then add up the components so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then add up the components so what
+is the how do you break this one down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the how do you break this one down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the how do you break this one down
+and put it into capital I capital J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it into capital I capital J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it into capital I capital J
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+H yeah what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer so J if it's lined up like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so J if it's lined up like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so J if it's lined up like this
+J2 is been pointing in what direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J2 is been pointing in what direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J2 is been pointing in what direction
+up and what is that in this system just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and what is that in this system just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and what is that in this system just
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+J and that this instant time that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and that this instant time that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and that this instant time that's just
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+G trivial sub trivial calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G trivial sub trivial calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G trivial sub trivial calculation
+because this angle is 90° you plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this angle is 90° you plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this angle is 90° you plug in
+90° this term goes to zero this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° this term goes to zero this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° this term goes to zero this term
+goes to one J2 is capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to one J2 is capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to one J2 is capital
+J right and what about the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J right and what about the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J right and what about the other
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+J1 you just got to go with a it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J1 you just got to go with a it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J1 you just got to go with a it's the
+first one it's J1 right so you just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one it's J1 right so you just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one it's J1 right so you just got
+to go with the flow it's what it is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with the flow it's what it is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with the flow it's what it is this
+you'd substitute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd substitute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd substitute this
+in for J1 right here and you'd have R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for J1 right here and you'd have R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for J1 right here and you'd have R1
+Omega 1 cosine Theta sin Theta and J's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 cosine Theta sin Theta and J's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 cosine Theta sin Theta and J's
+in K terms plus this thing capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in K terms plus this thing capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in K terms plus this thing capital
+J and you have just converted the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and you have just converted the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and you have just converted the answer
+which was in terms of unit vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was in terms of unit vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was in terms of unit vectors in
+rotating two different rotating frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating two different rotating frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating two different rotating frames
+you've converted it all down to the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've converted it all down to the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've converted it all down to the base
+frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I picked I just I this is the oops I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I picked I just I this is the oops I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I picked I just I this is the oops I'm
+sorry I just made a mistake you guys got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I just made a mistake you guys got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I just made a mistake you guys got
+to get better at catching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me that now make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that now make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that now make
+sense so Fe is the angle that the J2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so Fe is the angle that the J2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so Fe is the angle that the J2
+unit Vector makes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Vector makes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Vector makes with
+the inertial frame right and Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inertial frame right and Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inertial frame right and Theta is
+the angle that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle that the
+J1 or i1 make with inertial frame yes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J1 or i1 make with inertial frame yes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J1 or i1 make with inertial frame yes is
+z uh in the in this case Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z uh in the in this case Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z uh in the in this case Fe
+is zero yeah did that did it still work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero yeah did that did it still work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero yeah did that did it still work
+out over there s of Fe is zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over there s of Fe is zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over there s of Fe is zero and
+cosine of Z is one and you get yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J didn't anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J didn't anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J didn't anything
+for we did I but I just you have to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for we did I but I just you have to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for we did I but I just you have to you
+you there isn't a simple answer for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there isn't a simple answer for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there isn't a simple answer for and
+so you have to use the full expression I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to use the full expression I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to use the full expression I
+just got lazy and didn't want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got lazy and didn't want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got lazy and didn't want to write
+it out the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out the answer is
+this and you know scking 30 degrees if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you know scking 30 degrees if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you know scking 30 degrees if
+you want and then you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want and then you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want and then you'll get
+numbers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right
+okay so the real important point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the real important point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the real important point that
+we've just covered is that the answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just covered is that the answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just covered is that the answers
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+correct expressed in rotating unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct expressed in rotating unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct expressed in rotating unit
+vectors expressed in different unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors expressed in different unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors expressed in different unit
+Vector different rotating ones this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector different rotating ones this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector different rotating ones this is
+correct because you can take this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because you can take this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because you can take this and
+you can reduce it down to the base frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reduce it down to the base frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reduce it down to the base frame
+so you will be usually in problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will be usually in problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will be usually in problems that
+you're given you'll be asked to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given you'll be asked to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given you'll be asked to express
+the answer in terms of unit vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer in terms of unit vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer in terms of unit vectors in
+the base frame or you be told you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base frame or you be told you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base frame or you be told you can
+leave it in your in whatever is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it in your in whatever is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it in your in whatever is your
+comfortable set of unit vectors and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable set of unit vectors and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable set of unit vectors and most
+of the time the first ones you'll arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time the first ones you'll arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time the first ones you'll arrive
+at are the ones in terms of the rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at are the ones in terms of the rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at are the ones in terms of the rotating
+coordinates they're easier to use you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates they're easier to use you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates they're easier to use you
+know the more natural the answer falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the more natural the answer falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the more natural the answer falls
+out in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these good all right so and we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these good all right so and we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these good all right so and we've got
+three four minutes left what have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four minutes left what have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four minutes left what have I
+confused you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused you with
+here so key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so key
+Concepts what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what hasn't
+been clear or we didn't cover it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been clear or we didn't cover it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been clear or we didn't cover it yet
+another point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point
+the reason we chose those as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we chose those as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we chose those as the
+starting reference frames instead of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting reference frames instead of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting reference frames instead of um
+like R hats and Thea hats only because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like R hats and Thea hats only because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like R hats and Thea hats only because
+at the beginning of class we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of class we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of class we talked
+about it which frames do we want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it which frames do we want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it which frames do we want to use
+and those we and we chose those could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those we and we chose those could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those we and we chose those could we
+have used a polar coordinate system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used a polar coordinate system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used a polar coordinate system to
+do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+problem sure twice you do it once in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sure twice you do it once in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sure twice you do it once in
+each okay is there a way to know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each okay is there a way to know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each okay is there a way to know you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+upfront um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upfront um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upfront um
+which one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one would
+simplify uh down to like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify uh down to like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify uh down to like the the
+inertial I hats and J hats more simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial I hats and J hats more simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial I hats and J hats more simply
+you know the easiest way is there a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the easiest way is there a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the easiest way is there a way
+to know upfront no that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know upfront no that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know upfront no that's just
+experience work lots of problems and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience work lots of problems and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience work lots of problems and you
+get good at picking picking frame we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get good at picking picking frame we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get good at picking picking frame we can
+probably with time as we meet and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably with time as we meet and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably with time as we meet and talk
+about these things we'll come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things we'll come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things we'll come up with
+some sort of General insights about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of General insights about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of General insights about how
+to do that but yes um is this picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that but yes um is this picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that but yes um is this picture of
+the coordinate systems up here supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate systems up here supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate systems up here supposed
+to be those coordinate systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be those coordinate systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be those coordinate systems
+this picture is the coordinate system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture is the coordinate system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture is the coordinate system of
+that first arm okay so is that supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first arm okay so is that supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first arm okay so is that supposed
+to be up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be up
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah wait a minute wait wait wait wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah wait a minute wait wait wait wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah wait a minute wait wait wait wait
+wait no this is the arm first arm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait no this is the arm first arm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait no this is the arm first arm that
+is if and these are ones right the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if and these are ones right the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if and these are ones right the two
+the two system the two system would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two system the two system would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two system the two system would be
+these okay I just wondering if that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these okay I just wondering if that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these okay I just wondering if that was
+the right or if that was not no this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right or if that was not no this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right or if that was not no this is
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+point a if you will not well it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a if you will not well it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a if you will not well it could be
+it's lined up with point a well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lined up with point a well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lined up with point a well then
+wouldn't this is the because I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't this is the because I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't this is the because I thought
+we decided that the was this is point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided that the was this is point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided that the was this is point a
+right that is point a yeah all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that is point a yeah all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that is point a yeah all right and
+this is the arm CA so is this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the arm CA so is this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the arm CA so is this one here
+the origin of this one well look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of this one well look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of this one well look at
+whatever the unit Vector is the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the unit Vector is the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the unit Vector is the unit
+Vector in this system is lined up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector in this system is lined up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector in this system is lined up with
+that arm and so this is just a breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arm and so this is just a breakdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arm and so this is just a breakdown
+of the these unit vectors so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the these unit vectors so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the these unit vectors so I could
+draw the Angles and figure out the signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the Angles and figure out the signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the Angles and figure out the signs
+and cosiness you could draw a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosiness you could draw a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosiness you could draw a similar
+picture for I2 j2s and then it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture for I2 j2s and then it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture for I2 j2s and then it would be
+C's okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's okay good
+question yes so since you can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes so since you can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes so since you can choose
+between cartisian or polar coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between cartisian or polar coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between cartisian or polar coordinates
+could you set like one in cartisian one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you set like one in cartisian one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you set like one in cartisian one
+in polar like you can mix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polar like you can mix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polar like you can mix and
+match Y is that beneficial in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match Y is that beneficial in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match Y is that beneficial in some
+problems or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or
+polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar
+is I don't have time to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I don't have time to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I don't have time to show you
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+but for planer motion problems which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for planer motion problems which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for planer motion problems which are
+things confined to a plane they rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things confined to a plane they rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things confined to a plane they rotate
+they root axis of rotation is always in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they root axis of rotation is always in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they root axis of rotation is always in
+the K Direction which is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K Direction which is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K Direction which is all the
+problems that you ever did in 801
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that you ever did in 801
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that you ever did in 801
+physics you didn't do General things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics you didn't do General things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics you didn't do General things
+actually but for planer motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but for planer motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but for planer motion
+problems polar cord cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems polar cord cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems polar cord cylindrical
+coordinates actually you still still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates actually you still still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates actually you still still
+need the K to describe the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the K to describe the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the K to describe the rotation
+right polar coordinates cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right polar coordinates cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right polar coordinates cylindrical
+coordinates are often times really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates are often times really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates are often times really
+convenient and they're easy to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and they're easy to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and they're easy to use
+because you've learned them a long long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've learned them a long long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've learned them a long long
+time ago and you know the relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago and you know the relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago and you know the relations
+right but you can make it a rotating X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you can make it a rotating X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you can make it a rotating X1
+y1 Z1 rotating system and it all work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 Z1 rotating system and it all work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 Z1 rotating system and it all work
+out I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I mean
+what's in this we came up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in this we came up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in this we came up with this
+little formula here right this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little formula here right this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little formula here right this could
+just as easily have been R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as easily have been R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as easily have been R
+hat and this could have just as easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and this could have just as easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and this could have just as easily
+been yeah no difference whatsoever in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been yeah no difference whatsoever in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been yeah no difference whatsoever in a
+planer motion problem when you I attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer motion problem when you I attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer motion problem when you I attach
+an XY system that rotates with it or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an XY system that rotates with it or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an XY system that rotates with it or I
+call it R and Theta these are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it R and Theta these are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it R and Theta these are the same
+direction R is in the direction of i1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction R is in the direction of i1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction R is in the direction of i1
+theta is in the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J1 so use it when it's convenient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J1 so use it when it's convenient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J1 so use it when it's convenient and
+it's convenient a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's convenient a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's convenient a lot of times
+especially that nasty acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially that nasty acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially that nasty acceleration
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+in polar coordinates it reduces down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polar coordinates it reduces down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polar coordinates it reduces down
+just to this set of five terms memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to this set of five terms memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to this set of five terms memorize
+it and just tick them off Corola cpal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and just tick them off Corola cpal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and just tick them off Corola cpal
+you just you see them right away you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just you see them right away you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just you see them right away you
+know what they are but there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they are but there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they are but there are certain
+problems even in planer motion problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems even in planer motion problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems even in planer motion problems
+that polar coordinates don't work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that polar coordinates don't work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that polar coordinates don't work for
+doesn't work for them Engish terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today and well you think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and well you think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and well you think about that
+think of it's actually a simple problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it's actually a simple problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it's actually a simple problem
+you put a dog on a Maro ground and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a dog on a Maro ground and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a dog on a Maro ground and the
+dog's running in a random Direction on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog's running in a random Direction on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog's running in a random Direction on
+the mar around and the mar round's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mar around and the mar round's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mar around and the mar round's
+turning at some rate and you only want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning at some rate and you only want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning at some rate and you only want
+one rotating coordinate system R in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one rotating coordinate system R in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one rotating coordinate system R in
+Theta you can't do the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta you can't do the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta you can't do the problem with
+polar coordinates think about just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates think about just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates think about just go
+away think about why not you can't Des
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away think about why not you can't Des
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away think about why not you can't Des
+I'll tell you the answer in words you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you the answer in words you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you the answer in words you go
+figure it out you can't describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out you can't describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out you can't describe the
+velocity of the dog in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates is the do running around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates is the do running around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates is the do running around the
+dog is running around if the dog's fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog is running around if the dog's fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog is running around if the dog's fixed
+on the rotating thing then polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the rotating thing then polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the rotating thing then polar
+coordinates works so the dog's running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates works so the dog's running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates works so the dog's running
+you can't do that velocity so you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do that velocity so you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do that velocity so you need a
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+sophisticated coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7lQXYl_L28w.txt b/7lQXYl_L28w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c7b06f1ab72c28ec1f5e3351fc284e062a9ff399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7lQXYl_L28w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10008 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu last time we started talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu last time we started talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu last time we started talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+complexity and I want to quickly remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and I want to quickly remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and I want to quickly remind
+you what we're doing because we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what we're doing because we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what we're doing because we're going
+to talk some more about that today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk some more about that today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk some more about that today and
+when I say complexity it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say complexity it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say complexity it was the
+question of can we estimate the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of can we estimate the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of can we estimate the amount
+of resources typically time that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resources typically time that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resources typically time that we're
+going to need to get an algorithm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to get an algorithm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to get an algorithm to
+solve a problem of a particular size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a problem of a particular size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a problem of a particular size and
+we talked about that both in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about that both in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about that both in terms of
+estimating how much time is it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating how much time is it going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating how much time is it going to
+take and using it to go the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and using it to go the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and using it to go the other
+direction and think about how design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and think about how design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and think about how design
+choices in an algorithm have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices in an algorithm have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices in an algorithm have
+implications for the cost it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for the cost it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for the cost it's going to
+be associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be associated with that
+so we introduced the idea of uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we introduced the idea of uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we introduced the idea of uh what we
+called Big O notation orders of growth a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Big O notation orders of growth a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Big O notation orders of growth a
+way of measuring complexity and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of measuring complexity and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of measuring complexity and we
+started talking about different classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking about different classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking about different classes
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+algorithms so today I'm going to quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms so today I'm going to quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms so today I'm going to quickly
+recap those basic ideas and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap those basic ideas and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap those basic ideas and what we're
+going to do is we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to see
+examples of standard classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of standard classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of standard classes of
+algorithms with the idea that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms with the idea that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms with the idea that you're
+going to want to begin to recognize when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to begin to recognize when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to begin to recognize when
+an algorithm is in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm is in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm is in that
+class so very quick recap I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so very quick recap I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so very quick recap I've already
+said part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said part of this
+we want to have a mechanism a method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to have a mechanism a method for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to have a mechanism a method for
+being able to estimate or Reason about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to estimate or Reason about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to estimate or Reason about
+how much time do we think an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time do we think an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time do we think an algorithm
+is going to take to solve a problem of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to take to solve a problem of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to take to solve a problem of a
+particular size and especially as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular size and especially as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular size and especially as we
+increase the size of the input to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the size of the input to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the size of the input to the
+algorithm what does that do in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm what does that do in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm what does that do in terms of
+the increase in the amount of time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increase in the amount of time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increase in the amount of time that
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+need some ways we don't care about exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some ways we don't care about exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some ways we don't care about exact
+versions in a second we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions in a second we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions in a second we're going to see
+the definition of this but what we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of this but what we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of this but what we care
+about is that notion of how does it grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is that notion of how does it grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is that notion of how does it grow
+as we increase the problem size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we increase the problem size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we increase the problem size and
+while we're going to focus in going if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're going to focus in going if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're going to focus in going if
+you like in the forward direction as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like in the forward direction as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like in the forward direction as I
+said a lot of the interest is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said a lot of the interest is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said a lot of the interest is actually
+thinking about what you might think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what you might think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what you might think of
+as the backwards or reverse Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the backwards or reverse Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the backwards or reverse Direction
+how does a choice in algorithm design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does a choice in algorithm design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does a choice in algorithm design
+impact efficiency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact efficiency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact efficiency of the
+algorithm and really what we want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and really what we want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and really what we want you to
+do is to begin to recognize standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to begin to recognize standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to begin to recognize standard
+patterns that if you make a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that if you make a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that if you make a particular
+choice this fits in a class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice this fits in a class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice this fits in a class of
+algorithms you've seen before and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms you've seen before and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms you've seen before and I know
+in essence how much time what the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence how much time what the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence how much time what the cost
+is going to be as I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be as I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be as I do
+that all right so just a recap as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so just a recap as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so just a recap as it
+says on the top we talked about orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says on the top we talked about orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says on the top we talked about orders
+of growth the idea is we want to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of growth the idea is we want to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of growth the idea is we want to be able
+to evaluate programs efficiency when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate programs efficiency when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate programs efficiency when the
+input is very big we talked about timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is very big we talked about timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is very big we talked about timing
+things just with a timer we suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just with a timer we suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just with a timer we suggested
+that unfortunately conflates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unfortunately conflates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unfortunately conflates the
+algorithm with the implementation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm with the implementation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm with the implementation with
+the particular machine we want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular machine we want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular machine we want to get
+rid of those latter two and just focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of those latter two and just focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of those latter two and just focus
+on the algorithm so we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the algorithm so we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the algorithm so we're going to talk
+about counting operations but in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about counting operations but in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about counting operations but in a very
+general sense so we're going to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general sense so we're going to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general sense so we're going to express
+what we call the growth of the program's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the growth of the program's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the growth of the program's
+runtime as the input size grows very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime as the input size grows very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime as the input size grows very
+large and because we're only interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and because we're only interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and because we're only interested
+not in the exact number but in if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the exact number but in if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the exact number but in if you
+like the growth of that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the growth of that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the growth of that we're going to
+focus on putting an upper bound on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on putting an upper bound on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on putting an upper bound on the
+growth an expression that grows at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth an expression that grows at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth an expression that grows at least
+as fast as what the cost of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast as what the cost of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast as what the cost of the
+algorithm is now you could just cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is now you could just cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is now you could just cheat
+and pick a really big upper bound that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pick a really big upper bound that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pick a really big upper bound that
+doesn't help us very much so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help us very much so in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help us very much so in general
+we're going to try and use as tight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try and use as tight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try and use as tight and
+upper bound as we can what's the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound as we can what's the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound as we can what's the class
+of algorithm it falls in but as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algorithm it falls in but as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algorithm it falls in but as we've
+seen before we care about the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before we care about the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before we care about the order of
+growth not being exact so something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth not being exact so something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth not being exact so something
+grows as 2 to the N plus 5n I don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows as 2 to the N plus 5n I don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows as 2 to the N plus 5n I don't care
+about the 5n because when n gets big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the 5n because when n gets big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the 5n because when n gets big
+that 2 to the end is the really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2 to the end is the really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2 to the end is the really big
+factor and therefore we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and therefore we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and therefore we're going to look
+at the largest factors when we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the largest factors when we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the largest factors when we think
+about that seen some examples we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that seen some examples we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that seen some examples we're
+going to do a bunch more examples today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a bunch more examples today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a bunch more examples today
+to fill those in and one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill those in and one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill those in and one of the things
+that we want to now do is say with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to now do is say with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to now do is say with that
+IDE IDE in mind there are classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDE IDE in mind there are classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDE IDE in mind there are classes of
+complexity of algorithms so some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of algorithms so some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of algorithms so some sense
+the best ones are way up here o of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best ones are way up here o of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best ones are way up here o of one
+order one constant it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one constant it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one constant it
+says cost doesn't change as I changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says cost doesn't change as I changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says cost doesn't change as I changed
+the size of the input it's great it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the input it's great it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the input it's great it's
+always going to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be the same
+cost order log n says the cost grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost order log n says the cost grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost order log n says the cost grows
+logarithmically with the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmically with the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmically with the size of the
+input it's a slow growth and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input it's a slow growth and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input it's a slow growth and I'm going
+to remind you that in a second we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you that in a second we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you that in a second we saw
+lots of examples of linear running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of examples of linear running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of examples of linear running time
+we're going to see a few more today what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see a few more today what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see a few more today what
+we call log linear polom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call log linear polom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call log linear polom and
+exponential and the thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and the thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and the thing I want to
+remind you is that ideally oops sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you is that ideally oops sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you is that ideally oops sorry
+we'd like our algorithms to be as close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like our algorithms to be as close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like our algorithms to be as close
+to the top of this categorization as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the top of this categorization as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the top of this categorization as we
+can this is actually described in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this is actually described in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this is actually described in
+increasing order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing order of
+complexity something that takes the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity something that takes the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity something that takes the same
+amount of time no matter how big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time no matter how big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time no matter how big the
+input is unless that amount of time is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is unless that amount of time is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is unless that amount of time is a
+couple of centuries seems like a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of centuries seems like a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of centuries seems like a really
+good algorithm to have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good algorithm to have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good algorithm to have something that
+grows linearly is not bad something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows linearly is not bad something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows linearly is not bad something that
+grows as we've seen down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows as we've seen down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows as we've seen down here
+exponentially tends to say this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially tends to say this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially tends to say this is going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+painful and in fact you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful and in fact you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful and in fact you can see that
+graphically I'm just remind you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically I'm just remind you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically I'm just remind you here
+something this constant says if I draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this constant says if I draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this constant says if I draw
+out the amount of time it takes as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the amount of time it takes as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the amount of time it takes as a
+function of the size of the input it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the size of the input it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the size of the input it
+doesn't change logarithmic glows sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change logarithmic glows sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change logarithmic glows sorry
+grows very slowly linear will grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows very slowly linear will grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows very slowly linear will grow
+obviously in a linear way and I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in a linear way and I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in a linear way and I actually
+misspoke last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misspoke last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misspoke last time
+I know it's rare for a professor to ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it's rare for a professor to ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it's rare for a professor to ever
+admit they misspeak but I did because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit they misspeak but I did because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit they misspeak but I did because I
+said linear is if you double the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said linear is if you double the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said linear is if you double the size of
+the input it's going to double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input it's going to double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input it's going to double the
+amount of time it takes actually that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time it takes actually that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time it takes actually that's
+an incorrect statement really what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incorrect statement really what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incorrect statement really what I
+should have said was the increment if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said was the increment if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said was the increment if I
+go from say 10 to 100 the increase in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from say 10 to 100 the increase in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from say 10 to 100 the increase in in
+time is going to be the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is going to be the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is going to be the same as the
+increment if I go from 100 to a th000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment if I go from 100 to a th000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment if I go from 100 to a th000
+might be more than double depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more than double depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more than double depending on
+what the constant is but that growth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the constant is but that growth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the constant is but that growth is
+linear if you want to think of it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear if you want to think of it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear if you want to think of it take
+the derivative of time with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of time with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of time with respect to
+input size it's just going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input size it's just going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input size it's just going to be a
+constant it's not going to change within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's not going to change within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's not going to change within
+and of course when we get down to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course when we get down to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course when we get down to here
+things like exponential it grows really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like exponential it grows really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like exponential it grows really
+fast and just as a last recap again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and just as a last recap again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and just as a last recap again I
+want to be towards the top of that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be towards the top of that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be towards the top of that there
+was my little chart just showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my little chart just showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my little chart just showing you
+things that grow constant log linear log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that grow constant log linear log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that grow constant log linear log
+linear quadratic and exponential if I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear quadratic and exponential if I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear quadratic and exponential if I go
+from n of 10 to 100 to a th to a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n of 10 to 100 to a th to a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n of 10 to 100 to a th to a million
+you see why I want to be at the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see why I want to be at the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see why I want to be at the top of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+chart something up here that grows logi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart something up here that grows logi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart something up here that grows logi
+rically the amount of time grows very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rically the amount of time grows very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rically the amount of time grows very
+slowly as I increase the input down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly as I increase the input down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly as I increase the input down here
+well like it says good luck it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well like it says good luck it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well like it says good luck it's going
+to grow up really quickly as I as I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow up really quickly as I as I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow up really quickly as I as I move
+up in that scale I want to be at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in that scale I want to be at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in that scale I want to be at the top
+of this chart if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this chart if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this chart if I
+can okay with that in mind what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can okay with that in mind what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can okay with that in mind what I'm
+going to do today is show you examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do today is show you examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do today is show you examples
+filling in most of this chart we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling in most of this chart we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling in most of this chart we've
+already seen some examples we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen some examples we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen some examples we've seen
+examples of linear we've seen examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of linear we've seen examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of linear we've seen examples
+of quadratic I'm going to just remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quadratic I'm going to just remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quadratic I'm going to just remind
+you this what I want to do is show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this what I want to do is show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this what I want to do is show you
+how you can begin to recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can begin to recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can begin to recognize the
+choice of an algorithm in terms of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of an algorithm in terms of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of an algorithm in terms of where
+it lies so algorithms that are constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lies so algorithms that are constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lies so algorithms that are constant
+complexity they're kind of boring they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity they're kind of boring they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity they're kind of boring they
+tend to be pretty simple because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be pretty simple because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be pretty simple because this
+says this code is going to run in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says this code is going to run in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says this code is going to run in the
+basically the same amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same amount of time
+independent of the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the size of the
+input now notice the bottom thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input now notice the bottom thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input now notice the bottom thing here
+it doesn't say you can't you that try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't say you can't you that try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't say you can't you that try
+again it doesn't say you couldn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it doesn't say you couldn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it doesn't say you couldn't have a
+loop or a recursive call you could it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop or a recursive call you could it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop or a recursive call you could it's
+just that that Loop cannot depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that that Loop cannot depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that that Loop cannot depend on the
+size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the
+input so there aren't many interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so there aren't many interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so there aren't many interesting
+algorithms here we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms here we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms here we're going to see
+pieces of code that fit into this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of code that fit into this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of code that fit into this when
+we do our analysis but something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do our analysis but something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do our analysis but something that's
+constant complexity says independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant complexity says independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant complexity says independent of
+the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the
+input right a little more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input right a little more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input right a little more interesting
+not a little a lot more interesting are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a little a lot more interesting are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a little a lot more interesting are
+algorithms that are logarithmic in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that are logarithmic in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that are logarithmic in their
+complexity says they're going to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity says they're going to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity says they're going to grow
+with the logarithm of the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the logarithm of the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the logarithm of the size of the
+input you saw an example much earlier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input you saw an example much earlier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input you saw an example much earlier in
+the term when Anna showed you bsection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term when Anna showed you bsection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term when Anna showed you bsection
+search was searching for a number with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search was searching for a number with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search was searching for a number with a
+particular property I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular property I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular property I want to show you
+another example both to let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example both to let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example both to let you
+recognize the form of the algorithm but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the form of the algorithm but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the form of the algorithm but
+especially to show you how we can reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially to show you how we can reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially to show you how we can reason
+about the growth and that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the growth and that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the growth and that's another
+trick called binary search or again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick called binary search or again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick called binary search or again it's
+a version of bsection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of bsection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of bsection
+search suppose I give you a list list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search suppose I give you a list list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search suppose I give you a list list of
+numbers integers and I want to know if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers integers and I want to know if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers integers and I want to know if a
+particular element is in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular element is in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular element is in that
+list we saw last time you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list we saw last time you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list we saw last time you could just
+walk down the list just iterate through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk down the list just iterate through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk down the list just iterate through
+the entire list looking to see if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire list looking to see if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire list looking to see if it's
+there in the worst case which is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the worst case which is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the worst case which is what we
+worry about it's going to be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it's going to be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it's going to be linear
+you're going to have to look at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to look at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to look at every
+element to the in the list till you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element to the in the list till you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element to the in the list till you get
+to the end so complexity was linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end so complexity was linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end so complexity was linear in
+that case and then we said suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case and then we said suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case and then we said suppose we
+know that the list is sorted it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the list is sorted it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the list is sorted it's
+ordered from smallest to largest and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered from smallest to largest and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered from smallest to largest and we
+saw simple algorithm says again walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw simple algorithm says again walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw simple algorithm says again walk
+down the list checking to see if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the list checking to see if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the list checking to see if it's
+there but when you get to an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but when you get to an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but when you get to an element
+that's bigger than the thing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger than the thing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger than the thing you're
+looking at you can just stop there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you can just stop there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you can just stop there's no
+reason to look at the rest of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to look at the rest of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to look at the rest of of the
+list they've all got to be bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list they've all got to be bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list they've all got to be bigger than
+the thing you're searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing you're searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing you're searching
+for practically in the average case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for practically in the average case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for practically in the average case
+that's going to be faster than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be faster than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be faster than just
+looking at an unsorted list but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at an unsorted list but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at an unsorted list but the
+complexity is still linear because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity is still linear because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity is still linear because in
+the worst case I've got to go all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case I've got to go all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case I've got to go all the
+way through the list before I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through the list before I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through the list before I do the
+thing is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is not
+there okay so even sequential search in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so even sequential search in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so even sequential search in
+an ordered list is still linear can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordered list is still linear can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordered list is still linear can we
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+better and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and the answer is
+sure so here's how we do better I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so here's how we do better I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so here's how we do better I'm
+going to take that list I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take that list I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take that list I'm going to
+assume it's sorted and I'm going to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it's sorted and I'm going to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it's sorted and I'm going to pick
+an index that divides the list in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an index that divides the list in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an index that divides the list in half
+just pick the midpoint in the list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick the midpoint in the list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick the midpoint in the list and
+I'm going to check that value I'm when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to check that value I'm when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to check that value I'm when I
+ask is the element in the list at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is the element in the list at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is the element in the list at that
+point the thing I'm looking for if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the thing I'm looking for if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the thing I'm looking for if it is
+great I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I'm
+done if I'm not that lucky I'm then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done if I'm not that lucky I'm then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done if I'm not that lucky I'm then
+going to ask is it larger or smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask is it larger or smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask is it larger or smaller
+than the thing I'm looking for and based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the thing I'm looking for and based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the thing I'm looking for and based
+on that I'm either going to search the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that I'm either going to search the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that I'm either going to search the
+front half or the back half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front half or the back half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front half or the back half of the
+list oh that's nice okay because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list oh that's nice okay because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list oh that's nice okay because if you
+think about it in something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in something that was
+just a linear algorithm at each step I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a linear algorithm at each step I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a linear algorithm at each step I
+reduced the size of the problem by one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the size of the problem by one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the size of the problem by one I
+went from a problem of size n to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from a problem of size n to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from a problem of size n to a
+problem of size n minus one to a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of size n minus one to a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of size n minus one to a problem
+of size n minus 2 here I'm taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size n minus 2 here I'm taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size n minus 2 here I'm taking a
+problem of size n I'm reducing it to n/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of size n I'm reducing it to n/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of size n I'm reducing it to n/2
+in one step because I can throw half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one step because I can throw half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one step because I can throw half the
+list away so this is a version of divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list away so this is a version of divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list away so this is a version of divide
+and conquer things we've seen before I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conquer things we've seen before I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conquer things we've seen before I'm
+breaking it down into smaller versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking it down into smaller versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking it down into smaller versions
+of the problem so let's look at that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem so let's look at that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem so let's look at that and
+then we let's write some code and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we let's write some code and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we let's write some code and then
+let's analyze it so suppose I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's analyze it so suppose I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's analyze it so suppose I have a
+list of size n right there are n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of size n right there are n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of size n right there are n
+elements in there I'm going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in there I'm going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in there I'm going to look at
+the middle one say is it the thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle one say is it the thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle one say is it the thing I'm
+looking for if it's not is it bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for if it's not is it bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for if it's not is it bigger
+than or less than the thing I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or less than the thing I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or less than the thing I'm looking
+for and in this case let's assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and in this case let's assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and in this case let's assume that
+in fact the thing I'm looking for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the thing I'm looking for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the thing I'm looking for is
+smaller than that element great I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that element great I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that element great I'm
+going to throw away half the list now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to throw away half the list now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to throw away half the list now I
+only have to look at the lower half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to look at the lower half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to look at the lower half of
+the list I'll do do the same thing I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list I'll do do the same thing I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list I'll do do the same thing I'll
+look at the element in the middle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the element in the middle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the element in the middle here
+and I'll say is it the thing I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll say is it the thing I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll say is it the thing I'm looking
+for if not is it bigger than or smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if not is it bigger than or smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if not is it bigger than or smaller
+than the thing I'm looking for okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the thing I'm looking for okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the thing I'm looking for okay I'm
+down to n over two elements after I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to n over two elements after I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to n over two elements after I do
+that I throw away half the list again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I throw away half the list again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I throw away half the list again in
+this case I'm assuming that the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I'm assuming that the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I'm assuming that the thing
+I'm looking for is bigger than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for is bigger than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for is bigger than that
+middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+point until I find that at each step I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point until I find that at each step I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point until I find that at each step I'm
+looking at the middle element and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the middle element and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the middle element and I'm
+either throwing away the left half or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either throwing away the left half or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either throwing away the left half or
+the right half of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right half of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right half of that
+list so after I step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so after I step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so after I step
+I'm down to a list of size n/ 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm down to a list of size n/ 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm down to a list of size n/ 2 to the
+I now what's the worst case the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now what's the worst case the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now what's the worst case the worst
+case is the elements not in the list I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is the elements not in the list I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is the elements not in the list I'm
+going to have to keep doing this until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to keep doing this until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to keep doing this until I
+get down to just a list of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to just a list of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to just a list of one
+element and at that point if I notot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and at that point if I notot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and at that point if I notot the
+thing I'm looking for I know I'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm looking for I know I'm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm looking for I know I'm done
+and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can
+stop different pattern notice how I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop different pattern notice how I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop different pattern notice how I'm
+cutting down the size of the problem by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting down the size of the problem by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting down the size of the problem by
+two so I can ask before we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so I can ask before we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so I can ask before we look at the
+code what's the complexity of this how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code what's the complexity of this how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code what's the complexity of this how
+many steps do I have to go through in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many steps do I have to go through in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many steps do I have to go through in
+the worst case and I know I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case and I know I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case and I know I'm going to
+be done looking at the list when n / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done looking at the list when n / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done looking at the list when n / 2
+to the I is equal to one meaning there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I is equal to one meaning there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I is equal to one meaning there's
+only one element left that I'm still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one element left that I'm still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one element left that I'm still
+looking at and I can solve that it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at and I can solve that it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at and I can solve that it says
+I'm going to have to take at most I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to take at most I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to take at most I
+equal to log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to log n
+steps right so logarithmically I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps right so logarithmically I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps right so logarithmically I'm
+cutting this down and so the complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting this down and so the complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting this down and so the complexity
+of the recursion we haven't talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the recursion we haven't talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the recursion we haven't talked about
+the code yet but in terms of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code yet but in terms of the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code yet but in terms of the number
+of steps I have to do in the worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps I have to do in the worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps I have to do in the worst case
+is just logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just logarithm
+in the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the length of the
+list that's nice it's a lot better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that's nice it's a lot better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that's nice it's a lot better than
+looking at everything inside the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at everything inside the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at everything inside the list
+and in fact you can see it right I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact you can see it right I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact you can see it right I don't
+look at everything inside the list here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at everything inside the list here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at everything inside the list here
+I'm throwing half of things away at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm throwing half of things away at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm throwing half of things away at a
+time okay so let's look at some code to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so let's look at some code to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so let's look at some code to
+do that bsection search I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that bsection search I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that bsection search I'm going to
+give it a list of numbers I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a list of numbers I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a list of numbers I'm going to
+give it something I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it something I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it something I'm looking
+for we can walk through this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for we can walk through this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for we can walk through this code
+hopefully it's something that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's something that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's something that you're
+going to be able to recognize pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to recognize pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to recognize pretty
+clearly says if the list is empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly says if the list is empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly says if the list is empty
+there's nothing there thing I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing there thing I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing there thing I'm looking
+for can't be there I return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for can't be there I return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for can't be there I return
+false if there's exactly one element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false if there's exactly one element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false if there's exactly one element in
+the list then I just check it if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list then I just check it if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list then I just check it if that
+thing's the thing I'm looking for return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing's the thing I'm looking for return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing's the thing I'm looking for return
+true otherwise return false I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true otherwise return false I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true otherwise return false I'm just
+going to return the value there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return the value there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return the value there
+otherwise find the midpoint notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise find the midpoint notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise find the midpoint notice the
+integer division here find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer division here find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer division here find the
+midpoint in that list and check it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint in that list and check it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint in that list and check it in
+particular say if the thing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular say if the thing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular say if the thing at the
+midpoint is bigger than the thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint is bigger than the thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint is bigger than the thing I'm
+looking for then I'm going to return a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for then I'm going to return a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for then I'm going to return a
+recursive call to this function only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call to this function only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call to this function only
+looking at the first half of the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the first half of the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the first half of the list
+I'm just slicing into it otherwise I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just slicing into it otherwise I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just slicing into it otherwise I'll
+do the same thing on the second half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing on the second half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing on the second half of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+list nice this is implementing exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list nice this is implementing exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list nice this is implementing exactly
+what I said we could actually try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said we could actually try it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said we could actually try it
+I'll do that in a second if I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do that in a second if I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do that in a second if I remember
+but let's think about complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's think about complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's think about complexity
+here that's constant right doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's constant right doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's constant right doesn't
+depend on the size of the list that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the size of the list that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the size of the list that's
+constant doesn't depend on the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant doesn't depend on the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant doesn't depend on the size of
+the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list
+that's constant sounds good what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's constant sounds good what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's constant sounds good what about
+that well it looks like it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well it looks like it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well it looks like it should be
+constant right other than the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right other than the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right other than the number of
+times I have to go through here remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I have to go through here remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I have to go through here remember
+I know I'm going to have order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I'm going to have order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I'm going to have order
+login recursive calls I'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login recursive calls I'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login recursive calls I'm looking at
+what's the cost to set it up it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cost to set it up it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cost to set it up it looks
+like it should be constant so does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it should be constant so does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it should be constant so does that
+but I'm going to claim it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to claim it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to claim it's
+not anybody see why it's not you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not anybody see why it's not you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not anybody see why it's not you can
+look at the slides you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the slides you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the slides you've already
+printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed
+out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right
+there I'm actually copying the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm actually copying the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm actually copying the list
+right when I slice into the list like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I slice into the list like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I slice into the list like
+that it makes a copy of the list oh crud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it makes a copy of the list oh crud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it makes a copy of the list oh crud
+I was about to say something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was about to say something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was about to say something different
+but I won't because this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I won't because this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I won't because this is going to
+cost me a little bit as I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost me a little bit as I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost me a little bit as I think about
+the work so let's look at that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work so let's look at that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work so let's look at that a little
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+carefully I've got order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully I've got order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully I've got order
+login search calls we just deduced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login search calls we just deduced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login search calls we just deduced that
+I've just repeated it here right on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just repeated it here right on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just repeated it here right on each
+call I'm reducing the size of the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call I'm reducing the size of the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call I'm reducing the size of the list
+in half so it goes from n to n over2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half so it goes from n to n over2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half so it goes from n to n over2 to
+n over4 to n over 8 to n over 16 I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over4 to n over 8 to n over 16 I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over4 to n over 8 to n over 16 I'll be
+done in the worst case when I get down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the worst case when I get down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the worst case when I get down
+to having only a list of size one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to having only a list of size one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to having only a list of size one that
+takes log n steps because n/2 to the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes log n steps because n/2 to the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes log n steps because n/2 to the log
+n is n / n which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is n / n which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is n / n which is
+one but to set up the search for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but to set up the search for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but to set up the search for each
+cell I've got to copy the list and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell I've got to copy the list and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell I've got to copy the list and the
+list starts out n long so in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list starts out n long so in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list starts out n long so in principle
+I've got order and work to do to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got order and work to do to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got order and work to do to set up
+the recursive call and so by the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursive call and so by the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursive call and so by the things
+we saw last time I've got order log in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last time I've got order log in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last time I've got order log in
+for the number of recursive calls Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the number of recursive calls Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the number of recursive calls Times
+order and work inside of each call and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and work inside of each call and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and work inside of each call and
+that's order n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's order n log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's order n log
+in so it's not what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so it's not what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so it's not what I
+wanted now if you're thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted now if you're thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted now if you're thinking about this
+carefully you'll realize on each step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully you'll realize on each step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully you'll realize on each step
+I'm not actually copying the whole list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not actually copying the whole list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not actually copying the whole list
+I'm copying half the list and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm copying half the list and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm copying half the list and then a
+quarter of the list and then an eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the list and then an eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the list and then an eighth
+of the list so if I was actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the list so if I was actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the list so if I was actually really
+careful I'm not going to do the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful I'm not going to do the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful I'm not going to do the math
+here in fact what we'll see and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in fact what we'll see and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in fact what we'll see and if you
+like you in your copious spare time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you in your copious spare time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you in your copious spare time you
+can go off and work this through what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go off and work this through what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go off and work this through what
+you'll discover is that you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll discover is that you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll discover is that you're actually
+doing order and work to do the copying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing order and work to do the copying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing order and work to do the copying
+but that's still a problem because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's still a problem because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's still a problem because then
+I got something that's order n plus log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got something that's order n plus log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got something that's order n plus log
+n and the N is going to dominate so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the N is going to dominate so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the N is going to dominate so this
+is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still
+linear sounds like I led you down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear sounds like I led you down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear sounds like I led you down a
+primrose path here can we fix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primrose path here can we fix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primrose path here can we fix this
+sure because we could do the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure because we could do the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure because we could do the following
+we could say when I want to look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could say when I want to look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could say when I want to look at that
+list do I need to copy everything what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list do I need to copy everything what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list do I need to copy everything what
+about if instead I said here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if instead I said here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if instead I said here's the
+beginning and the end of the list when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and the end of the list when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and the end of the list when I
+test the middle I'll move one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the middle I'll move one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the middle I'll move one of the
+pointers to the middle of the list when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers to the middle of the list when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers to the middle of the list when
+I test the middle again I'll move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I test the middle again I'll move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I test the middle again I'll move
+another pointer in so in other words I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pointer in so in other words I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pointer in so in other words I
+can test the middle and based on that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can test the middle and based on that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can test the middle and based on that I
+could say I only need to search this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say I only need to search this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say I only need to search this
+part of the list just keep track of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the list just keep track of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the list just keep track of that
+point and that point in the list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that point in the list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that point in the list and
+when I test the middle again same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I test the middle again same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I test the middle again same idea
+now I'm not actually copying the list I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm not actually copying the list I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm not actually copying the list I
+am simply keeping track of where are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am simply keeping track of where are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am simply keeping track of where are the
+pieces of the list that bound my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of the list that bound my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of the list that bound my
+search ha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search ha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search ha
+right I'm still reducing the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm still reducing the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm still reducing the size of the
+problem by factor of two at each step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem by factor of two at each step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem by factor of two at each step
+that's great all I need to do now though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great all I need to do now though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great all I need to do now though
+is just keep track of which portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just keep track of which portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just keep track of which portion of
+the list I'm searching I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list I'm searching I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list I'm searching I'm going to
+avoid copying the list so the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid copying the list so the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid copying the list so the number of
+recursive calls a game will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls a game will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls a game will be
+logarithmic let's see if that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic let's see if that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic let's see if that actually
+fixes my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem a little bit of code not as bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a little bit of code not as bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a little bit of code not as bad
+as it looks I've got an internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it looks I've got an internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it looks I've got an internal
+function here then I'm going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here then I'm going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here then I'm going to come
+back to but let's look at what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to but let's look at what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to but let's look at what happens
+in this case I'm going to say again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I'm going to say again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I'm going to say again if
+there's nothing in the list just return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing in the list just return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing in the list just return
+false element can't possibly be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false element can't possibly be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false element can't possibly be there
+otherwise call this function with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise call this function with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise call this function with the
+list the element for whom I'm searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list the element for whom I'm searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list the element for whom I'm searching
+and the beginning and end of the list so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the beginning and end of the list so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the beginning and end of the list so
+zero at one end length of n l minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at one end length of n l minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at one end length of n l minus one
+at the other end it's just that idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other end it's just that idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other end it's just that idea of
+I'm keeping track of the two pieces okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm keeping track of the two pieces okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm keeping track of the two pieces okay
+now let's look at what this does says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at what this does says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at what this does says
+here's the low part of the list the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the low part of the list the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the low part of the list the high
+part of the list initially it's zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the list initially it's zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the list initially it's zero and
+length of list minus one it says if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of list minus one it says if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of list minus one it says if they
+are the same oh cool then I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same oh cool then I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same oh cool then I've got a
+list of length one just test to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of length one just test to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of length one just test to see if
+it's the thing I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the thing I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the thing I'm looking
+for if they're not find the midpoint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if they're not find the midpoint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if they're not find the midpoint and
+the midpoint is just the average of low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midpoint is just the average of low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midpoint is just the average of low
+plus High integer division by two think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus High integer division by two think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus High integer division by two think
+about it if it's zero and N midpoint is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it if it's zero and N midpoint is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it if it's zero and N midpoint is
+n /2 but if it's for example n two and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n /2 but if it's for example n two and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n /2 but if it's for example n two and N
+midpoint is 3/4 n so that mid picks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint is 3/4 n so that mid picks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint is 3/4 n so that mid picks the
+middle point if it's the thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle point if it's the thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle point if it's the thing I'm
+looking for great I'm done otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for great I'm done otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for great I'm done otherwise
+check to see is the thing at the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check to see is the thing at the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check to see is the thing at the middle
+bigger than or less than the thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or less than the thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or less than the thing I'm
+looking for and based on that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and based on that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and based on that I'm going
+to skip this one for a second I'm either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to skip this one for a second I'm either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to skip this one for a second I'm either
+going to search everything from the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to search everything from the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to search everything from the low
+point up to the middle point or from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point up to the middle point or from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point up to the middle point or from the
+Middle Point up to the high point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle Point up to the high point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle Point up to the high point and
+the last piece here is if in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last piece here is if in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last piece here is if in fact the
+low point and the Middle Point are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low point and the Middle Point are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low point and the Middle Point are the
+same I got a list to size one there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I got a list to size one there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I got a list to size one there's
+nothing left to do I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done okay I know it's a lot of code I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay I know it's a lot of code I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay I know it's a lot of code I
+would invite you just to walk through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would invite you just to walk through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would invite you just to walk through it
+but I want to take you back again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to take you back again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to take you back again to
+just simply this point and say Here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply this point and say Here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply this point and say Here's
+what we're doing we're starting off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing we're starting off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing we're starting off with
+pointers at the beginning and end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers at the beginning and end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers at the beginning and end of the
+list we're testing the Middle Point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list we're testing the Middle Point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list we're testing the Middle Point on
+based on that we're take call giving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that we're take call giving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that we're take call giving a
+call where now the pointer is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call where now the pointer is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call where now the pointer is to the
+beginning and the middle of the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and the middle of the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and the middle of the list
+simply passing it down and same as I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply passing it down and same as I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply passing it down and same as I go
+through all of these pieces so that code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of these pieces so that code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of these pieces so that code
+now gives me what I'd like because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now gives me what I'd like because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now gives me what I'd like because
+here in the previous case I had a cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the previous case I had a cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the previous case I had a cost
+the cost was to copy the list in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost was to copy the list in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost was to copy the list in this
+case it's constant because what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's constant because what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's constant because what am I
+doing I'm passing in three values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I'm passing in three values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I'm passing in three values and
+what does it take to compute those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it take to compute those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it take to compute those
+values it's a constant amount of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values it's a constant amount of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values it's a constant amount of work
+because I'm Simply Computing mid right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm Simply Computing mid right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm Simply Computing mid right
+there just with an arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just with an arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just with an arithmetic
+operation and that means order log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and that means order log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and that means order log n
+steps because I keep reducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps because I keep reducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps because I keep reducing the
+problem in half and the cost at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in half and the cost at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in half and the cost at each
+point is constant and this is as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is constant and this is as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is constant and this is as a
+consequence a really nice example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence a really nice example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence a really nice example of a
+logarithmic complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic complexity
+function now if you think about it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function now if you think about it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function now if you think about it I'm
+cheating slightly second time today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating slightly second time today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating slightly second time today
+because we said we really don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we said we really don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we said we really don't care
+about the implementation we want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the implementation we want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the implementation we want to get
+a sense of the complexity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of the complexity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of the complexity of the
+algorithm and that's generally true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and that's generally true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and that's generally true but
+here is a place in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a place in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a place in which the
+implementation actually has an impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation actually has an impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation actually has an impact on
+that complexity and I want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complexity and I want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complexity and I want to be
+conscious of that as I make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious of that as I make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious of that as I make these
+decisions but again logarithmic in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions but again logarithmic in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions but again logarithmic in terms
+of number of steps constant work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of number of steps constant work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of number of steps constant work for
+each step because I'm just passing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step because I'm just passing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step because I'm just passing in
+values and as a consequence the over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and as a consequence the over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and as a consequence the over
+algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is
+log notice one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log notice one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log notice one other
+thing I said I want you to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I said I want you to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I said I want you to see
+characteristics of algorithms that tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of algorithms that tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of algorithms that tell
+you something about the complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about the complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about the complexity of
+that algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that algorithm
+something that's iterative and reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's iterative and reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's iterative and reduces
+the problem by size one each time from n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem by size one each time from n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem by size one each time from n
+to n minus1 to n minus 2 linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n minus1 to n minus 2 linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n minus1 to n minus 2 linear
+something that reduces the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that reduces the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that reduces the size of the
+problem in half or in thirds or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in half or in thirds or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in half or in thirds or in
+quarters each time logarithmic generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters each time logarithmic generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters each time logarithmic generally
+unless I've got a hidden cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somewhere here's another little example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here's another little example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here's another little example
+just to give you sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you sense of
+log I want to convert an integer to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log I want to convert an integer to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log I want to convert an integer to a
+string I know I can just call Str STR on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string I know I can just call Str STR on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string I know I can just call Str STR on
+it but how we do that inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but how we do that inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but how we do that inside of the
+machine well here's a nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine well here's a nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine well here's a nice little
+algorithm for it I'm going to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for it I'm going to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for it I'm going to set up
+something I call digits it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I call digits it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I call digits it's just a
+string of all the digits if the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of all the digits if the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of all the digits if the thing
+I'm trying to convert is zero I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to convert is zero I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to convert is zero I just
+return the string zero otherwise let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the string zero otherwise let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the string zero otherwise let's
+run through a little Loop where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through a little Loop where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through a little Loop where I
+take that integer divided by 10 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that integer divided by 10 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that integer divided by 10 the
+remainder of that what is that oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of that what is that oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of that what is that oh that's
+the zeroth or the one order the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeroth or the one order the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeroth or the one order the first
+order bit and I'm going to index into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order bit and I'm going to index into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order bit and I'm going to index into
+digits to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits to find that
+and I'm going to add it on to a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to add it on to a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to add it on to a string
+that I'm doing and I'll divide I by 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm doing and I'll divide I by 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm doing and I'll divide I by 10
+so this has given an integer I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has given an integer I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has given an integer I want to
+convert it to a string I divide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to a string I divide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to a string I divide the
+integer by 10 take the remainder that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer by 10 take the remainder that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer by 10 take the remainder that
+gives me the zero or the if you like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the zero or the if you like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the zero or the if you like the
+ones element I index into the string and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones element I index into the string and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones element I index into the string and
+I record it and then I add it to what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I record it and then I add it to what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I record it and then I add it to what I
+get by dividing I by 10 and doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by dividing I by 10 and doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by dividing I by 10 and doing the
+same thing so I'll just walk down each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing so I'll just walk down each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing so I'll just walk down each
+of the digits converting it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the digits converting it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the digits converting it into a
+string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I care about is the order of growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I care about is the order of growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I care about is the order of growth
+here this is all constant all I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is all constant all I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is all constant all I want to
+worry about here is how many times do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about here is how many times do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about here is how many times do I
+go through the loop and inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the loop and inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the loop and inside of the
+loop this is just constant it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop this is just constant it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop this is just constant it doesn't
+depend on the size of the integer so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the size of the integer so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the size of the integer so how
+many times do I go through the loop well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times do I go through the loop well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times do I go through the loop well
+how many times can I divide I by 10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many times can I divide I by 10 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many times can I divide I by 10 and
+that's log of I right so it's not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's log of I right so it's not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's log of I right so it's not I
+itself it's not the size of the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's not the size of the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's not the size of the in
+integer it's the number of digits in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer it's the number of digits in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer it's the number of digits in the
+integer and here's another nice example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and here's another nice example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and here's another nice example
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+log I'll point you again right here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log I'll point you again right here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log I'll point you again right here I'm
+reducing the size of the problem by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the size of the problem by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the size of the problem by a
+constant factor in this case by 10 each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor in this case by 10 each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor in this case by 10 each
+time nice characteristic of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time nice characteristic of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time nice characteristic of a
+logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm okay we got constant we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay we got constant we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay we got constant we've got
+log what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log what about
+linear we saw it last time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear we saw it last time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear we saw it last time right
+something like searching a list in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like searching a list in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like searching a list in
+sequence was an example of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence was an example of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence was an example of something
+that was linear in fact most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was linear in fact most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was linear in fact most of the
+examples we saw last time were things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples we saw last time were things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples we saw last time were things
+with iterative loops so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with iterative loops so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with iterative loops so for
+example fact written iteratively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example fact written iteratively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example fact written iteratively
+factorial right n * n-1 * n-2 all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial right n * n-1 * n-2 all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial right n * n-1 * n-2 all the
+way down to one I set product to one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down to one I set product to one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down to one I set product to one I
+go for a loop where I goes from one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for a loop where I goes from one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for a loop where I goes from one up
+to n minus one or just below n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n minus one or just below n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n minus one or just below n minus one
+incrementally multiplying product by I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementally multiplying product by I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementally multiplying product by I
+and restoring that back away again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and restoring that back away again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and restoring that back away again we
+know that this Loop here how many how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this Loop here how many how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this Loop here how many how
+many times do I go through it I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times do I go through it I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times do I go through it I go
+through it n times the cost inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it n times the cost inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it n times the cost inside the
+loop they're three steps changing I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop they're three steps changing I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop they're three steps changing I I'm
+multiplying product time I I'm storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying product time I I'm storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying product time I I'm storing
+that value back in product and as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value back in product and as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value back in product and as we saw
+that constant doesn't matter this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constant doesn't matter this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constant doesn't matter this is
+linear so n times around the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so n times around the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so n times around the loop
+constant costs each time order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant costs each time order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant costs each time order
+n what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n what about
+recursive I could write fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive I could write fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive I could write fact
+recursively I actually prefer it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively I actually prefer it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively I actually prefer it this
+way right 's less than or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right 's less than or equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right 's less than or equal to one
+return one otherwise multiply n by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return one otherwise multiply n by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return one otherwise multiply n by
+whatever I get by calling this on N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I get by calling this on N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I get by calling this on N
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+one the cost inside the loop is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the cost inside the loop is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the cost inside the loop is just
+constant I'm doing one subtraction one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I'm doing one subtraction one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I'm doing one subtraction one a
+multiplication how many times do I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication how many times do I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication how many times do I go
+through it again n times because I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it again n times because I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it again n times because I got
+to go from n to n minus1 to n minus 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from n to n minus1 to n minus 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from n to n minus1 to n minus 2 so
+again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is
+linear now if you were to time it you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear now if you were to time it you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear now if you were to time it you'd
+probably see a difference my guess is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably see a difference my guess is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably see a difference my guess is
+I'm sure Professor G will correct me if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure Professor G will correct me if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure Professor G will correct me if
+I get it wrong is that the factorial one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get it wrong is that the factorial one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get it wrong is that the factorial one
+probably takes a a little more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably takes a a little more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably takes a a little more time
+because you got to set up the frame for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you got to set up the frame for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you got to set up the frame for
+the recursive call but in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursive call but in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursive call but in terms of what
+we care about they're the same they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about they're the same they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about they're the same they're
+both linear they're order in and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both linear they're order in and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both linear they're order in and so
+interestingly both iterative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly both iterative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly both iterative and
+recursive factorial have same order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive factorial have same order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive factorial have same order of
+growth again I want you to notice what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth again I want you to notice what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth again I want you to notice what's
+the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key
+here reducing the size of the problem by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here reducing the size of the problem by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here reducing the size of the problem by
+one is indicative generally of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is indicative generally of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is indicative generally of something
+that's going to have linear growth I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to have linear growth I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to have linear growth I say
+in general if it's a loop inside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general if it's a loop inside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general if it's a loop inside of a
+loop as we saw it might be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop as we saw it might be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop as we saw it might be a little
+bigger but this is generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear constant log linear log linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant log linear log linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant log linear log linear
+that is n log n we're going to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is n log n we're going to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is n log n we're going to see this
+next time I'm simply going to push it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time I'm simply going to push it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time I'm simply going to push it
+ahead which invites you to come back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead which invites you to come back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead which invites you to come back on
+Wednesday and see this it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and see this it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and see this it's actually
+something that's a really powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a really powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a really powerful
+algorithm it's going to be really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it's going to be really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it's going to be really useful
+we're going to look at something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at something called
+merge sort which is a very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort which is a very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort which is a very common
+sorting algorithm and has that property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting algorithm and has that property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting algorithm and has that property
+being log linear so we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being log linear so we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being log linear so we'll come back to
+this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next
+time how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time how about
+polinomial well we saw this last time as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial well we saw this last time as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial well we saw this last time as
+well this commonly occurs when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this commonly occurs when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this commonly occurs when we have
+nested Loops or where we have nested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested Loops or where we have nested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested Loops or where we have nested
+recursive function calls nested Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive function calls nested Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive function calls nested Loop
+meaning I'm looping over some variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning I'm looping over some variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning I'm looping over some variable
+and inside of there I've got another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inside of there I've got another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inside of there I've got another
+loop and what we saw is the outer loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and what we saw is the outer loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and what we saw is the outer loop
+if it's a standard iterative thing will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a standard iterative thing will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a standard iterative thing will
+be linear but inside of the loop I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linear but inside of the loop I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linear but inside of the loop I'm
+doing a linear amount of work each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a linear amount of work each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a linear amount of work each time
+so it becomes n * n so order n^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it becomes n * n so order n^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it becomes n * n so order n^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+exponential these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things sorry yes I did that right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things sorry yes I did that right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things sorry yes I did that right I'm
+going to go back to it exponential these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back to it exponential these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back to it exponential these
+are things that we'd like to stay away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that we'd like to stay away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that we'd like to stay away
+from but sometimes we can't and a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from but sometimes we can't and a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from but sometimes we can't and a common
+characteristic here is when we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic here is when we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic here is when we've got a
+recursive function where there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive function where there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive function where there's more
+than one recursive call inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one recursive call inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one recursive call inside the
+problem remember towers of Hanoi that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem remember towers of Hanoi that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem remember towers of Hanoi that
+wonderful demonstration I did I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful demonstration I did I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful demonstration I did I was
+tempted to bring it back because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to bring it back because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to bring it back because it's
+always fun to get a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always fun to get a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always fun to get a little bit of
+Applause when I do it but I won't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Applause when I do it but I won't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Applause when I do it but I won't do it
+this time but remember we looked at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time but remember we looked at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time but remember we looked at that
+problem of solving the towers of Hano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of solving the towers of Hano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of solving the towers of Hano
+how do I move a stack of sizen of differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I move a stack of sizen of differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I move a stack of sizen of differ
+Siz discs from one peg to another where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siz discs from one peg to another where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siz discs from one peg to another where
+I can only move the top disc onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can only move the top disc onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can only move the top disc onto
+another one I can't cover up a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one I can't cover up a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one I can't cover up a smaller
+disc want to remind you we saw there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc want to remind you we saw there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc want to remind you we saw there was
+a wonderful recursive solution to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful recursive solution to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful recursive solution to that
+it said move a stack of size n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it said move a stack of size n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it said move a stack of size n minus one
+onto the spare Peg move the bottom one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the spare Peg move the bottom one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the spare Peg move the bottom one
+and then move that stack over onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then move that stack over onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then move that stack over onto the
+thing were headed towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing were headed towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing were headed towards
+okay what's the complexity of that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the complexity of that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the complexity of that well
+I'm going to show you a trick for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you a trick for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you a trick for
+figuring that out it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring that out it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring that out it's called a
+recurrence relation for a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence relation for a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence relation for a very
+deliberate reason but it'll give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberate reason but it'll give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberate reason but it'll give us a
+little handy way to think about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little handy way to think about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little handy way to think about what's
+the order of growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of growth
+here so I'm going to let T subn denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm going to let T subn denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm going to let T subn denote
+the time it takes to move a tower of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it takes to move a tower of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it takes to move a tower of
+size n and I want to get an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n and I want to get an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n and I want to get an expression
+for how much time is that going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how much time is that going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how much time is that going to take
+what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I
+know I know that's 2 * T the n - one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I know that's 2 * T the n - one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I know that's 2 * T the n - one
+right I got to move a stack of size one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I got to move a stack of size one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I got to move a stack of size one
+less onto the spare Peg and then one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less onto the spare Peg and then one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less onto the spare Peg and then one to
+move that bottom thing over and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that bottom thing over and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that bottom thing over and then
+whatever it takes me to move a stack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it takes me to move a stack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it takes me to move a stack of
+size n minus one over to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n minus one over to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n minus one over to that
+Peg okay so how does that help me well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peg okay so how does that help me well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peg okay so how does that help me well
+let's play the same game what's T of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's play the same game what's T of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's play the same game what's T of n
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+one oh that's 2 T of n minus 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh that's 2 T of n minus 2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh that's 2 T of n minus 2 +
+one just substituting in I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just substituting in I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just substituting in I'm using
+exactly the same relationship here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same relationship here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same relationship here here
+all right let's just do a little math on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's just do a little math on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's just do a little math on
+that that's 4 T nus 2 + 2 + 1 and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's 4 T nus 2 + 2 + 1 and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's 4 T nus 2 + 2 + 1 and you're
+still going okay who cares well let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going okay who cares well let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going okay who cares well let's do
+the same thing one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing one more
+time T of n minus 2 that's 2 T of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T of n minus 2 that's 2 T of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T of n minus 2 that's 2 T of n
+minus 3 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 +
+one oh see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh see the
+pattern you can start to see it emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you can start to see it emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you can start to see it emerge
+here right each time I reduce this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right each time I reduce this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right each time I reduce this I'm
+adding another Power of Two And I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding another Power of Two And I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding another Power of Two And I'm
+increasing the coefficient out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the coefficient out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the coefficient out
+front and so in fact after K steps I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and so in fact after K steps I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and so in fact after K steps I'll
+have 1 + 2 + 4 all the way up to 2 the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 + 2 + 4 all the way up to 2 the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 + 2 + 4 all the way up to 2 the K
+minus 1 plus 2 K * T subn minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 plus 2 K * T subn minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 plus 2 K * T subn minus
+K hopefully you can see it if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K hopefully you can see it if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K hopefully you can see it if you just
+look this expression is capturing all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this expression is capturing all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this expression is capturing all of
+those up there I'm just pulling it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those up there I'm just pulling it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those up there I'm just pulling it out
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+time when am I done when this is size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when am I done when this is size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when am I done when this is size
+zero when K is equal to n and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when K is equal to n and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when K is equal to n and so that's
+when I get that expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if this is going by too fast just walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is going by too fast just walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is going by too fast just walk
+it through yourself later on but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through yourself later on but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through yourself later on but I'm
+literally just using this expression to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally just using this expression to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally just using this expression to
+do the reduction until I see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the reduction until I see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the reduction until I see the
+pattern right what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern right what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern right what's
+that well if you're a course 18 major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well if you're a course 18 major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well if you're a course 18 major
+you've seen it before if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen it before if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen it before if you haven't
+here's a nice little trick let me let a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a nice little trick let me let a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a nice little trick let me let a
+equal that sum 2 the n- 1 plus 2 the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal that sum 2 the n- 1 plus 2 the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal that sum 2 the n- 1 plus 2 the N
+minus 2 all the way down to one let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 all the way down to one let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 all the way down to one let me
+multiply both the left and the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both the left and the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both the left and the right
+side by two that gives me 2 a is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side by two that gives me 2 a is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side by two that gives me 2 a is equal
+to 2 the n + 2 the N - 1 all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 the n + 2 the N - 1 all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 the n + 2 the N - 1 all the way
+down to two I'm just taking each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to two I'm just taking each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to two I'm just taking each of the
+terms multiplying them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms multiplying them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms multiplying them by
+two now subtract this from that and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now subtract this from that and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now subtract this from that and on
+the left side you get a and on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side you get a and on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side you get a and on the right
+side you get that term these all cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you get that term these all cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you get that term these all cancel
+out minus one geometric series cool so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out minus one geometric series cool so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out minus one geometric series cool so
+that sum is just 2 to the N minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sum is just 2 to the N minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sum is just 2 to the N minus one
+and if I plug that back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I plug that back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I plug that back in
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ah I've got my order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah I've got my order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah I've got my order
+growth exponential two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end okay I was a math physics undergr I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay I was a math physics undergr I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay I was a math physics undergr I
+like these kinds of things but I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these kinds of things but I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these kinds of things but I wanted
+you to see how we can reason through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to see how we can reason through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to see how we can reason through it
+because this is letting us see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is letting us see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is letting us see the
+growth what I want you to pull away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth what I want you to pull away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth what I want you to pull away from
+this is notice the characteristic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is notice the characteristic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is notice the characteristic in
+towers of Hanoi we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towers of Hanoi we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towers of Hanoi we're going to do
+another example in a second the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example in a second the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example in a second the
+characteristic was at the recursive step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic was at the recursive step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic was at the recursive step
+I had not one but two recursive calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had not one but two recursive calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had not one but two recursive calls
+and that is characteris istic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is characteris istic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is characteris istic of
+something with exponential growth which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with exponential growth which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with exponential growth which
+I just saw here two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just saw here two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just saw here two to the
+end that by the way I'll remind you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end that by the way I'll remind you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end that by the way I'll remind you the
+story of towers have towers of Hanoi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of towers have towers of Hanoi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of towers have towers of Hanoi
+right when the priests in that Temple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when the priests in that Temple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when the priests in that Temple
+mve the entire stack from one peg to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mve the entire stack from one peg to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mve the entire stack from one peg to
+another we all reach nirvana and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another we all reach nirvana and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another we all reach nirvana and and and
+the world ends n is equal to 64 here go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world ends n is equal to 64 here go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world ends n is equal to 64 here go
+figure out what two to the 64 is and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what two to the 64 is and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what two to the 64 is and if
+you're doing one move per second which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing one move per second which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing one move per second which
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+will I think we're certainly going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I think we're certainly going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I think we're certainly going to be
+here a while before the the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a while before the the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a while before the the universe
+ends and we reach nirvana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and we reach nirvana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and we reach nirvana
+probably several times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably several times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably several times
+over we are in newv we're at MIT you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over we are in newv we're at MIT you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over we are in newv we're at MIT you're
+right John but we're worrying about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right John but we're worrying about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right John but we're worrying about the
+rest of the world so okay we'll keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the world so okay we'll keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the world so okay we'll keep
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+on Nirvana will be next week when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Nirvana will be next week when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Nirvana will be next week when they
+do the quiz John so we'll keep moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the quiz John so we'll keep moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the quiz John so we'll keep moving
+quickly all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly all
+right I want to show you one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I want to show you one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I want to show you one more
+example it's a cool problem for math but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's a cool problem for math but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's a cool problem for math but
+mostly to see that characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly to see that characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly to see that characteristic of
+exponential growth and then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth and then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth and then we're going
+to pull all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull all of this
+together this is something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is something called the
+power set so if I have a set of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power set so if I have a set of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power set so if I have a set of of
+things but let's assume I have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but let's assume I have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but let's assume I have a set of
+integers with no repeats so 1 through n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers with no repeats so 1 through n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers with no repeats so 1 through n
+1 2 3 4 for example I want to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 for example I want to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 for example I want to generate
+the collection of all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collection of all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collection of all possible
+subsets so subset with no elements with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets so subset with no elements with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets so subset with no elements with
+one element with two elements with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element with two elements with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element with two elements with three
+elements all the way up to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements all the way up to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements all the way up to n
+elements so for example if my set is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so for example if my set is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so for example if my set is 1
+through 4 then the power set would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 4 then the power set would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 4 then the power set would be
+the empty set with no elements in it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty set with no elements in it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty set with no elements in it all
+of the instances with one element all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the instances with one element all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the instances with one element all of
+them with two all of them with three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with two all of them with three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with two all of them with three and
+all of them with four I'd like to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them with four I'd like to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them with four I'd like to write
+code to generate this it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code to generate this it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code to generate this it's actually a
+handy problem in number Theory or in set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy problem in number Theory or in set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy problem in number Theory or in set
+theory by the way the order doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory by the way the order doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory by the way the order doesn't
+matter I could do it this way but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I could do it this way but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I could do it this way but this
+would be a perfectly reasonable way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a perfectly reasonable way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a perfectly reasonable way of
+generating it as well and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating it as well and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating it as well and I'm going to
+come back to that in a second as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that in a second as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that in a second as we
+think about solving this the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about solving this the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about solving this the question is
+how would I go about finding all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I go about finding all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I go about finding all of
+these I'm going to use well we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I'm going to use well we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I'm going to use well we could
+stop and say you can imagine writing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and say you can imagine writing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and say you can imagine writing a
+big itive Loop you start with n and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big itive Loop you start with n and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big itive Loop you start with n and you
+decide do I include it or not and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide do I include it or not and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide do I include it or not and then
+you to go to n minus one do I include it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to go to n minus one do I include it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to go to n minus one do I include it
+or not and you could think about writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and you could think about writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and you could think about writing
+a big loop that would generate all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big loop that would generate all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big loop that would generate all of
+these actually a bunch of nested Loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actually a bunch of nested Loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actually a bunch of nested Loops
+but there's a nice recursive solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a nice recursive solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a nice recursive solution
+and I want to encourage you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to encourage you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to encourage you to think
+that ways so here's the way I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ways so here's the way I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ways so here's the way I'm going to
+do it what do we do when we said we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it what do we do when we said we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it what do we do when we said we want
+to think recursively we say let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think recursively we say let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think recursively we say let's assume
+we can solve a smaller size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve a smaller size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve a smaller size
+problem if I want to generate the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if I want to generate the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if I want to generate the power
+set of all the integers from 1 to n I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of all the integers from 1 to n I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of all the integers from 1 to n I'm
+going to assume that I can generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that I can generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that I can generate the
+power set of integers from 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power set of integers from 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power set of integers from 1 to n
+minus1 if I have that solution then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 if I have that solution then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 if I have that solution then I
+can construct the solution to the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct the solution to the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct the solution to the bigger
+problem really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem really
+easily wow well all of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily wow well all of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily wow well all of the things that
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+in that solution to the smaller problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that solution to the smaller problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that solution to the smaller problem
+have to be part of the solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be part of the solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be part of the solution to the
+bigger problem they're all subsets of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger problem they're all subsets of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger problem they're all subsets of 1
+to n because they're all subsets of 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n because they're all subsets of 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n because they're all subsets of 1 to
+n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus
+one so I'm going to add all those in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I'm going to add all those in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I'm going to add all those in and
+then I'm going to say let's take each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to say let's take each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to say let's take each
+one of those and add n to each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those and add n to each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those and add n to each of those
+subsets because that gives me all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets because that gives me all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets because that gives me all the
+rest of the solutions I've got all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the solutions I've got all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the solutions I've got all the
+ways to to find Solutions without N I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to to find Solutions without N I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to to find Solutions without N I
+get all the ways to find Solutions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the ways to find Solutions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the ways to find Solutions with
+n that may sound like a lot of gobble to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that may sound like a lot of gobble to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that may sound like a lot of gobble to
+Google let me show you the example there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google let me show you the example there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google let me show you the example there
+is the power set of the empty set it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the power set of the empty set it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the power set of the empty set it's
+just the empty set to get the power set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the empty set to get the power set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the empty set to get the power set
+of one I include that and I include a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one I include that and I include a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one I include that and I include a
+version of everything there with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of everything there with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of everything there with one
+added to it there's the power set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to it there's the power set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to it there's the power set of
+one now given that how do I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now given that how do I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now given that how do I get the
+power set of two well both of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power set of two well both of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power set of two well both of those are
+certainly things I want and for each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly things I want and for each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly things I want and for each one
+of them let me just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them let me just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them let me just add
+two and if you look at that right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and if you look at that right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and if you look at that right that's
+the set of all ways of getting nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of all ways of getting nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of all ways of getting nothing
+one two or both of them and you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two or both of them and you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two or both of them and you get the
+idea now having that solution I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea now having that solution I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea now having that solution I can get
+the solution for three because all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution for three because all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution for three because all of
+those have to belong and I simply add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those have to belong and I simply add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those have to belong and I simply add
+three to each one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to each one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to each one of those
+oh that's cool right all right you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's cool right all right you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's cool right all right you don't
+have to be a math geek to admit it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a math geek to admit it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a math geek to admit it's
+cool it is kind of cool because it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool it is kind of cool because it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool it is kind of cool because it says
+GE got a solution to the Sal smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GE got a solution to the Sal smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GE got a solution to the Sal smaller
+problem generating the next piece is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem generating the next piece is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem generating the next piece is a
+natural step you can also see the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural step you can also see the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural step you can also see the size
+of that sets doubling each time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sets doubling each time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sets doubling each time because
+to get to four I'm going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to four I'm going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to four I'm going to add
+everything into all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything into all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything into all of those
+pieces really nice recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces really nice recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces really nice recursive
+description let's write some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description let's write some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description let's write some
+code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+so I also hand that out to you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I also hand that out to you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I also hand that out to you but
+here's the coat and I'm going to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the coat and I'm going to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the coat and I'm going to walk
+through it carefully and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it carefully and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it carefully and then we're
+going to analyze it but it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to analyze it but it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to analyze it but it's actually
+for me a beautiful piece of coat I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me a beautiful piece of coat I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me a beautiful piece of coat I did
+not write it by the way John did but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not write it by the way John did but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not write it by the way John did but
+it's a beautiful piece of code I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a beautiful piece of code I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a beautiful piece of code I want to
+generate all the subsets to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate all the subsets to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate all the subsets to the power
+set of some list of elements here's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of some list of elements here's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of some list of elements here's how
+I'm going to do it I'm going to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do it I'm going to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do it I'm going to set up
+some internal variable called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some internal variable called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some internal variable called
+res
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res
+okay and then what am I going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what am I going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what am I going to do
+actually I don't know why I put res in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't know why I put res in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't know why I put res in
+there I don't need it but we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I don't need it but we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I don't need it but we'll come
+back to that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that if the
+list is empty length of the list is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is empty length of the list is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is empty length of the list is zero
+I'm going to just return that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just return that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just return that
+solution and this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and this is not a
+typo what is that funky thing there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typo what is that funky thing there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typo what is that funky thing there it
+is a list of one element which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a list of one element which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a list of one element which is the
+empty list which I need because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty list which I need because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty list which I need because the
+solution in this case is a set with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in this case is a set with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in this case is a set with
+nothing in it so there is the thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in it so there is the thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in it so there is the thing I
+return in the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return in the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return in the base
+case otherwise what do I do I take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case otherwise what do I do I take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case otherwise what do I do I take all
+the elements of the list except the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of the list except the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of the list except the last
+one and I call it recursively I generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I call it recursively I generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I call it recursively I generate
+all of the subsets of that perfect I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the subsets of that perfect I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the subsets of that perfect I'm
+going to call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call that
+smaller I then take the last element and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller I then take the last element and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller I then take the last element and
+I make a list of just the last element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make a list of just the last element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make a list of just the last element
+and what did I say I need to do I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what did I say I need to do I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what did I say I need to do I need
+all of these guys plus I need all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these guys plus I need all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these guys plus I need all of
+them where I add that element in oh nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them where I add that element in oh nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them where I add that element in oh nice
+I'll set up new as a variable here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll set up new as a variable here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll set up new as a variable here and
+I'll Loop over all of the elements from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll Loop over all of the elements from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll Loop over all of the elements from
+the smaller problem where I basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller problem where I basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller problem where I basically
+add that list to that list and I put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that list to that list and I put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that list to that list and I put it
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+new that's simply taking all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new that's simply taking all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new that's simply taking all of the
+solutions of subsets of up to n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of subsets of up to n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of subsets of up to n minus
+one and creating a new set of subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and creating a new set of subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and creating a new set of subsets
+where n is included in every one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is included in every one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is included in every one of them
+and now I take this and I take that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I take this and I take that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I take this and I take that I
+pen them or concatenate them rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen them or concatenate them rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen them or concatenate them rather
+shouldn't say pen them concatenate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say pen them concatenate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say pen them concatenate them
+together and return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and return
+it that's a crisp piece of code and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's a crisp piece of code and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's a crisp piece of code and I'm
+sorry John I have no idea where I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry John I have no idea where I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry John I have no idea where I put
+resz up there I don't think I need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resz up there I don't think I need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resz up there I don't think I need that
+anywhere in this code I won't blame it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in this code I won't blame it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in this code I won't blame it
+on John it was my recopying of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on John it was my recopying of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on John it was my recopying of the
+code sorry maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code sorry maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code sorry maybe
+right look I know I'm flaming at you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right look I know I'm flaming at you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right look I know I'm flaming at you I
+get to do it I'm tenur as I've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to do it I'm tenur as I've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to do it I'm tenur as I've said
+multiple times in this course that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times in this course that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times in this course that's a
+cool piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool piece of
+code imagine trying to write it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code imagine trying to write it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code imagine trying to write it with a
+bunch of Loops iterating over IND Seas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Loops iterating over IND Seas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Loops iterating over IND Seas
+good luck you can do it maybe beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck you can do it maybe beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck you can do it maybe beyond the
+is actually no it won't that's way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually no it won't that's way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually no it won't that's way too
+hard to ask but it's a cool piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to ask but it's a cool piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to ask but it's a cool piece of
+code because I can look at it and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code because I can look at it and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code because I can look at it and say
+what's the solution solve the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the solution solve the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the solution solve the smaller
+problem and then given that take every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then given that take every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then given that take every
+one of the things in that smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things in that smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things in that smaller
+problem add that element into it and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem add that element into it and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem add that element into it and put
+the two pieces together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two pieces together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two pieces together
+wonderful okay with that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful okay with that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful okay with that in
+mind let's see if we can figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind let's see if we can figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind let's see if we can figure out the
+complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of
+this up here that's constant that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up here that's constant that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up here that's constant that's okay
+right there I've got the recursive call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there I've got the recursive call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there I've got the recursive call
+so I know first of all that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know first of all that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know first of all that this is
+going to call itself end times right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call itself end times right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call itself end times right
+because each stage reduces the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each stage reduces the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each stage reduces the size of
+the problem by one so if I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem by one so if I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem by one so if I'm trying to
+get the power set of n I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the power set of n I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the power set of n I'm going to have
+to do it to get n minus one and then n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it to get n minus one and then n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it to get n minus one and then n
+minus 2 so I know the recursion of gen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 so I know the recursion of gen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 so I know the recursion of gen
+subsets to gen subsets this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets to gen subsets this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets to gen subsets this is going to
+go around end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around end
+times that's not so bad but right down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that's not so bad but right down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that's not so bad but right down
+here I've got to figure out what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got to figure out what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got to figure out what's the
+cost of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of this
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+right this is constant that's setting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is constant that's setting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is constant that's setting up
+as constant that's constant but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as constant that's constant but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as constant that's constant but there
+I've got another loop and the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got another loop and the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got another loop and the loop
+depends on how big smaller is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how big smaller is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how big smaller is and
+smaller is a bad choice of term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller is a bad choice of term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller is a bad choice of term here
+because it's going to grow on me but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to grow on me but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to grow on me but
+let's think about it by the way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about it by the way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about it by the way I'm
+assuming a pend is constant time which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming a pend is constant time which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming a pend is constant time which
+generally it is the time I need to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally it is the time I need to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally it is the time I need to solve
+this problem includes the time to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem includes the time to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem includes the time to solve
+the smaller problem that recursive call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller problem that recursive call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller problem that recursive call
+I know that's going to be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that's going to be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that's going to be linear
+but I also need the time it takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I also need the time it takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I also need the time it takes to
+make the copy of all the things in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the copy of all the things in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the copy of all the things in that
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+version so how big is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so how big is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so how big is
+that oh crud number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh crud number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh crud number
+two number of things in the power set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two number of things in the power set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two number of things in the power set
+grows is a factor of two right if I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows is a factor of two right if I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows is a factor of two right if I got
+something you know one through three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know one through three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know one through three
+I've got all the things with nothing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got all the things with nothing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got all the things with nothing in
+it all the things with one in it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the things with one in it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the things with one in it all the
+things with two things in it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with two things in it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with two things in it all the
+things with three things in it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with three things in it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with three things in it that's
+eight and each time around I'm doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and each time around I'm doubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and each time around I'm doubling
+the size of it so for a set of size K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of it so for a set of size K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of it so for a set of size K
+there are two to the K cases and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two to the K cases and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two to the K cases and that
+says that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that this
+Loop right here is going to be growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop right here is going to be growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop right here is going to be growing
+exponentially because I got to go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially because I got to go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially because I got to go down
+that entire list to find all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entire list to find all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entire list to find all of the
+pieces so what's the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so what's the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so what's the overall
+complexity I'm going to play the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity I'm going to play the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity I'm going to play the same
+game let's let T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game let's let T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game let's let T
+suben capture the time it takes to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suben capture the time it takes to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suben capture the time it takes to solve
+the problem of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of size
+n just temporarily I'm going to let s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n just temporarily I'm going to let s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n just temporarily I'm going to let s
+subn denote the size of the solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn denote the size of the solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn denote the size of the solution for
+a problem of size n how big is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem of size n how big is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem of size n how big is that
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+smaller and what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and what do I
+know the amount of time it takes me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the amount of time it takes me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the amount of time it takes me to
+solve the problem of size n is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem of size n is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem of size n is the
+amount of time it takes me to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time it takes me to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time it takes me to solve the
+slightly smaller problem that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly smaller problem that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly smaller problem that's the
+recursive call to gen subsets plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call to gen subsets plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call to gen subsets plus the
+amount of time it takes me to run over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time it takes me to run over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time it takes me to run over
+that Loop looking at everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Loop looking at everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Loop looking at everything is
+smaller and adding in a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and adding in a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and adding in a new
+version plus some constanty which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version plus some constanty which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version plus some constanty which is
+just the number of constant operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the number of constant operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the number of constant operations
+the constant steps inside that Loop okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant steps inside that Loop okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant steps inside that Loop okay
+and if I go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I go back to
+it t subn is cost here T subn minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it t subn is cost here T subn minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it t subn is cost here T subn minus one
+is the cost there s suben is the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cost there s suben is the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cost there s suben is the size of
+this and then I got 1 two 3 four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then I got 1 two 3 four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then I got 1 two 3 four five
+constant steps so C is probably five in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant steps so C is probably five in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant steps so C is probably five in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+case so what can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so what can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so what can I
+say there's the relationship because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's the relationship because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's the relationship because I
+know s m minus1 is 2 the N minus1 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know s m minus1 is 2 the N minus1 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know s m minus1 is 2 the N minus1 there
+are 2 to the N minus one elements inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 2 to the N minus one elements inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 2 to the N minus one elements inside
+of that how do I deal with this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that how do I deal with this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that how do I deal with this let's
+play the same game what's T subn minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the same game what's T subn minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the same game what's T subn minus1
+that's T of nus 2 + 2 the nus 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's T of nus 2 + 2 the nus 2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's T of nus 2 + 2 the nus 2 +
+C and I could keep doing this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and I could keep doing this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and I could keep doing this you can
+see what the pattern is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the pattern is going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the pattern is going to look
+like I'm going to have K * C constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going to have K * C constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going to have K * C constant
+steps for each reduction I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps for each reduction I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps for each reduction I'm going to
+get another Power of Two And I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another Power of Two And I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another Power of Two And I'm going
+to reduce this overall term after K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce this overall term after K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce this overall term after K
+steps to T the N minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps to T the N minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps to T the N minus
+K when am I done when that's down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K when am I done when that's down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K when am I done when that's down to
+something of size zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of size zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of size zero
+and there's the expression and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the expression and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the expression and what you
+can see is what I wanted you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see is what I wanted you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see is what I wanted you to
+see order in or sorry order two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see order in or sorry order two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see order in or sorry order two to the
+end is exponential in the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end is exponential in the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end is exponential in the size of the
+problem what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what's the
+characteristic something that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic something that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic something that has a
+recursive call sorry multiple recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call sorry multiple recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call sorry multiple recursive
+calls at each step is likely to lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls at each step is likely to lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls at each step is likely to lead to
+exponential but that can also be buried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential but that can also be buried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential but that can also be buried
+inside of how I grow the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of how I grow the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of how I grow the size of the
+problem and that was the case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that was the case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that was the case here
+there's only one recursive call but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one recursive call but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one recursive call but that
+Loop grows in size each time around so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop grows in size each time around so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop grows in size each time around so
+the complexity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential I'm going to pull this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I'm going to pull this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I'm going to pull this
+together I said one of the things I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I said one of the things I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I said one of the things I'd
+like you to start to recognize is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to start to recognize is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to start to recognize is what
+are the characteristics of a choice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the characteristics of a choice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the characteristics of a choice and
+algorithm that leads to a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that leads to a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that leads to a particular
+complexity class and you now have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity class and you now have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity class and you now have some
+of them if the code doesn't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them if the code doesn't depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them if the code doesn't depend on
+the size of the problem that's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the problem that's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the problem that's constant
+and in fact we've been using that as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we've been using that as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we've been using that as we
+look at pieces of the code if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at pieces of the code if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at pieces of the code if we can
+reduce the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the problem
+I said in this case by half each time by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said in this case by half each time by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said in this case by half each time by
+some constant factor from n to n /2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant factor from n to n /2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant factor from n to n /2 to
+n/ 4 to n/ 8 that tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ 4 to n/ 8 that tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ 4 to n/ 8 that tends to be
+characteristic unless there's a hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic unless there's a hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic unless there's a hidden
+cost somewhere else of a logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost somewhere else of a logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost somewhere else of a logarithmic
+algorithm these are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm these are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm these are really
+nice simple things that reduce the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice simple things that reduce the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice simple things that reduce the size
+of the problem by one at each step an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem by one at each step an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem by one at each step an
+iterative call it goes from n to n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative call it goes from n to n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative call it goes from n to n minus
+one and then to n minus 2 and then to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then to n minus 2 and then to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then to n minus 2 and then to n
+minus 3 characteristic of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 characteristic of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 characteristic of linear
+algorithms log linear we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms log linear we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms log linear we're going to see
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+polinomial typically quadratic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial typically quadratic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial typically quadratic and
+squared when we have nested Loops or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared when we have nested Loops or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared when we have nested Loops or
+nested recursive calls I'm looping over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested recursive calls I'm looping over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested recursive calls I'm looping over
+something inside of there I'm looping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something inside of there I'm looping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something inside of there I'm looping
+over something else on a on a size that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over something else on a on a size that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over something else on a on a size that
+depends on the size of the problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the size of the problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the size of the problem and
+then we just saw this last one multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just saw this last one multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just saw this last one multiple
+recursive calls at each level tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls at each level tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls at each level tends to
+be characteristic of exponential and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be characteristic of exponential and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be characteristic of exponential and as
+I said we'd like to be as high up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said we'd like to be as high up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said we'd like to be as high up in
+this list as we can because those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list as we can because those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list as we can because those are
+really nice algorithms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice algorithms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice algorithms to
+have let me give you one more example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let me give you one more example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let me give you one more example of
+looking at this and then we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this and then we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this and then we'll be
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+Fibonacci standard problem right the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci standard problem right the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci standard problem right the nth
+Fibonacci number is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci number is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci number is the sum of the
+previous two Fibonacci numbers this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous two Fibonacci numbers this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous two Fibonacci numbers this was
+the example we saw multiplying rabbits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example we saw multiplying rabbits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example we saw multiplying rabbits
+if you like here's an iterative version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like here's an iterative version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like here's an iterative version
+of Fibonacci it says if n is zero it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Fibonacci it says if n is zero it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Fibonacci it says if n is zero it's
+just zero if it's one it's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zero if it's one it's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zero if it's one it's just one
+otherwise I'm going to set up initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm going to set up initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm going to set up initially
+the two previous Fibonacci numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two previous Fibonacci numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two previous Fibonacci numbers and
+then I'm just going to run through Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm just going to run through Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm just going to run through Loop
+where I temporarily keep track of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I temporarily keep track of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I temporarily keep track of that
+number I move the second previous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I move the second previous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I move the second previous one
+into the last previous one I add those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the last previous one I add those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the last previous one I add those
+two that becomes the second previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that becomes the second previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that becomes the second previous
+number and I just keep running through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and I just keep running through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and I just keep running through
+that Loop you can go run it you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Loop you can go run it you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Loop you can go run it you see it
+does the right thing what I want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the right thing what I want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the right thing what I want to look
+at is the complexity so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is the complexity so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is the complexity so that's
+constant that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's
+constant that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's
+linear because the work inside the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear because the work inside the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear because the work inside the loop
+is constant but I'm doing it end times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant but I'm doing it end times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant but I'm doing it end times
+so this is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is nice
+bottom sorry I should say the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom sorry I should say the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom sorry I should say the bottom
+thing is constant the overall algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is constant the overall algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is constant the overall algorithm
+the worst case is just order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case is just order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case is just order
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+great what about the recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great what about the recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great what about the recursive
+version for me this is much nicer code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version for me this is much nicer code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version for me this is much nicer code
+it's nice and clean it says if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice and clean it says if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice and clean it says if n is
+equal to zero FIB 0 0 if n is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero FIB 0 0 if n is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero FIB 0 0 if n is equal to
+one FIB one or the first and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one FIB one or the first and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one FIB one or the first and second
+Fibonacci numbers are 0 one otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers are 0 one otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers are 0 one otherwise
+just return what I get by summing both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just return what I get by summing both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just return what I get by summing both
+of those pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those pieces
+and you can probably already guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can probably already guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can probably already guess what
+the complexity is going to be here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity is going to be here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity is going to be here right
+because I've now got two recursive calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've now got two recursive calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've now got two recursive calls
+inside of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of this
+call so one way to think about it is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so one way to think about it is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so one way to think about it is if
+I'm going to solve the problem up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to solve the problem up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to solve the problem up here
+I've got to solve two versions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to solve two versions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to solve two versions of the
+problem below which has got to solve two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem below which has got to solve two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem below which has got to solve two
+versions of the problem below and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the problem below and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the problem below and in
+general this is going to be exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this is going to be exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this is going to be exponential
+2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the
+N now you say wait a minute I was paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N now you say wait a minute I was paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N now you say wait a minute I was paying
+attention with this guy was yattering on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention with this guy was yattering on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention with this guy was yattering on
+a couple of weeks ago honest I was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of weeks ago honest I was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of weeks ago honest I was and
+in fact what we saw was that FIB isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what we saw was that FIB isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what we saw was that FIB isn't
+balanced in terms of how it goes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced in terms of how it goes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced in terms of how it goes right
+it's not that on the right hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that on the right hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that on the right hand side of
+the tree I have to solve all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree I have to solve all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree I have to solve all of those
+portions because the problem gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions because the problem gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions because the problem gets
+smaller does that change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller does that change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller does that change the
+complexity well the answer is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity well the answer is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity well the answer is it
+changes the base but it's actually still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the base but it's actually still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the base but it's actually still
+exponential and if you want to go look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and if you want to go look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and if you want to go look
+this up I'm sure you can find uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up I'm sure you can find uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up I'm sure you can find uh you
+know Wikipedia very quickly this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Wikipedia very quickly this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Wikipedia very quickly this this
+actually has a very cool e exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a very cool e exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a very cool e exponential
+growth it's the golden ratio to the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth it's the golden ratio to the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth it's the golden ratio to the nth
+power and in fact I encourage you to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and in fact I encourage you to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and in fact I encourage you to go
+look at it in even more copious spare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it in even more copious spare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it in even more copious spare
+time you have it's a very cool proof to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you have it's a very cool proof to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you have it's a very cool proof to
+see it but the bottom line is while we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it but the bottom line is while we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it but the bottom line is while we
+can do a little bit better than two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a little bit better than two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a little bit better than two to
+the N it still grows exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+within so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within so what do we
+have we got Big O notation as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we got Big O notation as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we got Big O notation as a way of
+talking about comparing efficiency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about comparing efficiency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about comparing efficiency of
+algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+what I want you to see here is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want you to see here is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want you to see here is that you
+ought to be able to begin to reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be able to begin to reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be able to begin to reason
+about what's the cost of an algorithm by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's the cost of an algorithm by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's the cost of an algorithm by
+recognizing those common patterns I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing those common patterns I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing those common patterns I keep
+saying it but it's going to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it but it's going to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it but it's going to be really
+valuable to you and you should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable to you and you should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable to you and you should be able
+to therefore work the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to therefore work the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to therefore work the other direction
+when you're given a new problem how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're given a new problem how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're given a new problem how do I
+get this into a linear algorithm if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this into a linear algorithm if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this into a linear algorithm if I
+can log linear if I can would be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can log linear if I can would be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can log linear if I can would be really
+great but if you if I can't how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but if you if I can't how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but if you if I can't how do I
+stay away from exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay away from exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay away from exponential
+algorithms and finally what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and finally what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and finally what we're going
+to show later on is that in fact there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show later on is that in fact there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show later on is that in fact there
+are some problems that as far as we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some problems that as far as we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some problems that as far as we know
+are fundamentally exponential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fundamentally exponential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fundamentally exponential and
+they're expensive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're expensive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're expensive to
+compute the very last thing is you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the very last thing is you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the very last thing is you might
+have decided I was cheating in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have decided I was cheating in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have decided I was cheating in a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+way so I'm using a set of built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so I'm using a set of built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so I'm using a set of built-in
+python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python
+functions I'm not going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I'm not going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I'm not going to go through
+all of these but this is just a list for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these but this is just a list for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these but this is just a list for
+example for lists of what the complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for lists of what the complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for lists of what the complexity
+of those built-in functions are and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those built-in functions are and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those built-in functions are and if
+you look through the list they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look through the list they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look through the list they kind of
+make sense you know indexing you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense you know indexing you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense you know indexing you can go
+straight to that point Computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to that point Computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to that point Computing the
+length you compute it once you've stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length you compute it once you've stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length you compute it once you've stored
+it comparison order in because I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comparison order in because I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comparison order in because I got to
+compare all the elements of the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare all the elements of the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare all the elements of the list
+similarly to remove something from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly to remove something from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly to remove something from the
+list I got to find where it is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list I got to find where it is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list I got to find where it is in the
+list and remove it worst case that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and remove it worst case that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and remove it worst case that's
+going to be order in so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be order in so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be order in so you can see that
+these operations are typically linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations are typically linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations are typically linear in
+the size of the list these are constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the list these are constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the list these are constant
+for dictionaries remember dictionaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dictionaries remember dictionaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dictionaries remember dictionaries
+were this nice thing they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were this nice thing they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were this nice thing they weren't
+ordered it gave me a power in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered it gave me a power in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered it gave me a power in terms of
+storing them but as a consequence some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing them but as a consequence some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing them but as a consequence some
+of the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cost
+then go up for a list indexing going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go up for a list indexing going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go up for a list indexing going to
+a particular point I just go to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular point I just go to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular point I just go to that
+spot and retrieve it indexing into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and retrieve it indexing into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and retrieve it indexing into a
+dictionary I have to find that point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary I have to find that point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary I have to find that point in
+the dictionary that has the key and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictionary that has the key and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictionary that has the key and get
+the value back so that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value back so that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value back so that's going to be
+linear because I have to in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear because I have to in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear because I have to in principle
+walk all the way down it it's a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk all the way down it it's a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk all the way down it it's a slight
+misstatement as we'll see later on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misstatement as we'll see later on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misstatement as we'll see later on a
+dictionary actually uses a clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary actually uses a clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary actually uses a clever
+indexing scheme called a hash but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing scheme called a hash but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing scheme called a hash but in the
+worst case this is going to be linear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case this is going to be linear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case this is going to be linear so
+you see a tradeoff for dictionaries I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a tradeoff for dictionaries I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a tradeoff for dictionaries I
+get more power I get more flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more power I get more flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more power I get more flexibility
+but it comes as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it comes as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it comes as a
+cost and so these basically are what let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and so these basically are what let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and so these basically are what let
+me reason on top of the things I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me reason on top of the things I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me reason on top of the things I've been
+doing to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing to figure out
+complexity and next time we'll do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and next time we'll do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and next time we'll do the
+last piece of this when we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last piece of this when we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last piece of this when we look at
+sorting so we'll see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting so we'll see you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting so we'll see you on
+Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7wqaa4uqwao.txt b/7wqaa4uqwao.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4767ac1d28ff5c5c346d596283f4b8994da61a34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7wqaa4uqwao.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this lecture we look in some depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we look in some depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we look in some depth
+into various properties of Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into various properties of Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into various properties of Poisson
+processes these properties would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes these properties would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes these properties would be
+quite hard to study if one were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite hard to study if one were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite hard to study if one were to
+proceed just analytically by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed just analytically by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed just analytically by
+manipulating formulas however by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating formulas however by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating formulas however by using
+memorylessness and our intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorylessness and our intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorylessness and our intuitive
+understanding of what the Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what the Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what the Poisson
+process really is they become quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process really is they become quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process really is they become quite
+simple and mathematical manipulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and mathematical manipulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and mathematical manipulations
+can be avoided almost entirely we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be avoided almost entirely we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be avoided almost entirely we will
+start by arguing that the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by arguing that the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by arguing that the sum of
+independent Poisson random variables is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Poisson random variables is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Poisson random variables is
+Poisson but we will then establish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson but we will then establish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson but we will then establish the
+much stronger statement that if we merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stronger statement that if we merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stronger statement that if we merge
+two independent Poisson processes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent Poisson processes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent Poisson processes we
+again obtain a Poisson process we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again obtain a Poisson process we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again obtain a Poisson process we will
+see that we can exploit this fact to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we can exploit this fact to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we can exploit this fact to
+solve some problems that would be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve some problems that would be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve some problems that would be quite
+difficult otherwise once more intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult otherwise once more intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult otherwise once more intuitive
+reasoning is the key finally we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning is the key finally we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning is the key finally we will
+spend some time discussing a phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time discussing a phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time discussing a phenomenon
+that goes under the name of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes under the name of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes under the name of random
+incidence a Poisson process has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence a Poisson process has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence a Poisson process has been
+running you show up at a certain time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running you show up at a certain time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running you show up at a certain time
+you look at the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the size of the
+inter-arrival interval during which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter-arrival interval during which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter-arrival interval during which you
+show up it turns out that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up it turns out that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up it turns out that this
+inter-arrival interval that you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter-arrival interval that you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter-arrival interval that you get to
+observe is not a typical one it tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe is not a typical one it tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe is not a typical one it tends to
+be larger than the typical inter-arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be larger than the typical inter-arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be larger than the typical inter-arrival
+interval we will understand what exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval we will understand what exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval we will understand what exactly
+is going on build some intuition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on build some intuition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on build some intuition and
+realize that this is a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this is a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this is a general
+phenomenon that also shows up in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that also shows up in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that also shows up in many
+other contexts
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8MWNs7Wfk84.txt b/8MWNs7Wfk84.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5fd9751c5f3e2602132595e052208a5dc0474941
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8MWNs7Wfk84.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9871 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good evening welcome to the 8224
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good evening welcome to the 8224
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good evening welcome to the 8224
+exploring black hole seminar I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring black hole seminar I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring black hole seminar I'm
+Professor Ed buringer and I'm leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Ed buringer and I'm leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Ed buringer and I'm leading
+the seminar this evening on the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seminar this evening on the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seminar this evening on the subject
+of the Einstein field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Einstein field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Einstein field
+equations before I talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations before I talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations before I talk about the
+equations I want to take a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I want to take a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I want to take a step
+backwards to a higher level and just ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards to a higher level and just ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards to a higher level and just ask
+the rhetorical question of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rhetorical question of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rhetorical question of what is
+general relativity what is general rela
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity what is general rela
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity what is general rela
+it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all
+about we've been studying the metric but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we've been studying the metric but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we've been studying the metric but
+is if you had to describe general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you had to describe general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you had to describe general
+relativity to your parents how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity to your parents how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity to your parents how would you
+describe it what is it what is what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it what is it what is what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it what is it what is what does
+it attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do speak up Kevin is that a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do speak up Kevin is that a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do speak up Kevin is that a question
+really is a question how would how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a question how would how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a question how would how would
+you what what would you how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what what would you how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what what would you how would you
+describe general relativity in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe general relativity in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe general relativity in one
+sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence
+a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple
+sentence theory of gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence theory of gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence theory of gravity
+perfect that's exactly what I wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect that's exactly what I wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect that's exactly what I wrote down
+it is a theory of gravity now the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a theory of gravity now the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a theory of gravity now the next
+question only a little bit harder what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question only a little bit harder what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question only a little bit harder what
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gravity what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gravity someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very good gravity is the force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good gravity is the force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good gravity is the force of
+attraction between two bodies we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between two bodies we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between two bodies we could
+refine that and say it's the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine that and say it's the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine that and say it's the force
+that's proportional to the products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proportional to the products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proportional to the products of
+the masses and inversely proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masses and inversely proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masses and inversely proportional to
+the square of the distance but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the distance but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the distance but the
+essential word there is force gravity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential word there is force gravity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential word there is force gravity is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+force yet if you look on the back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force yet if you look on the back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force yet if you look on the back of the
+exploring black holes book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring black holes book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring black holes book
+the Paradigm for gravity in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Paradigm for gravity in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Paradigm for gravity in general
+relativity is often quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity is often quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity is often quite
+different gravity is spacetime curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gravity is spacetime curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gravity is spacetime curvature
+whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that
+means matter tells SpaceTime how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means matter tells SpaceTime how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means matter tells SpaceTime how to
+curve space time tells matter how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve space time tells matter how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve space time tells matter how to
+move that's a very py summary but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that's a very py summary but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that's a very py summary but it
+doesn't sound very much like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sound very much like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sound very much like the
+Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian
+world that general relativity is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that general relativity is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that general relativity is also
+supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to
+describe so what I want to do then is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe so what I want to do then is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe so what I want to do then is to
+just begin the process of describing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just begin the process of describing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just begin the process of describing how
+we talk about gravity first as a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about gravity first as a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about gravity first as a force
+then as SpaceTime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as SpaceTime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as SpaceTime
+curvature and we'll make a comparison of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature and we'll make a comparison of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature and we'll make a comparison of
+the Newtonian perspective of gravity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Newtonian perspective of gravity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Newtonian perspective of gravity as
+a force the relativistic description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force the relativistic description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force the relativistic description of
+gravity as space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity as space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity as space-time
+curvature that will give us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature that will give us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature that will give us the
+foundation needed to state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation needed to state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation needed to state
+at least in concept the Einstein field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in concept the Einstein field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in concept the Einstein field
+equations and say what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe
+actually many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually many
+physicists have the impression the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists have the impression the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists have the impression the
+mistaken impression that general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistaken impression that general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistaken impression that general
+relativity so changed our view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity so changed our view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity so changed our view of the
+world that gravity is no longer a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that gravity is no longer a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that gravity is no longer a force
+it is only space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is only space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is only space-time
+curvature I think that is a mistaken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature I think that is a mistaken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature I think that is a mistaken
+Viewpoint uh just like in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viewpoint uh just like in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viewpoint uh just like in quantum
+mechanics where one can think of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics where one can think of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics where one can think of matter
+as being both particle and wave or light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being both particle and wave or light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being both particle and wave or light
+as being both particle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being both particle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being both particle and
+wave it's helpful I feel to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave it's helpful I feel to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave it's helpful I feel to think of
+gravity as being on the one hand a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity as being on the one hand a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity as being on the one hand a force
+and on the other hand a manifestation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other hand a manifestation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other hand a manifestation of
+space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time
+curvature with those with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature with those with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature with those with that
+complementary perspective you'll be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary perspective you'll be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary perspective you'll be able
+to understand more of the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand more of the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand more of the physical
+content and meaning of the Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and meaning of the Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and meaning of the Einstein
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so let
+me then remind you of the Viewpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me then remind you of the Viewpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me then remind you of the Viewpoint of
+gravity as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+force and we'll see that this Viewpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and we'll see that this Viewpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and we'll see that this Viewpoint
+coming from Newtonian mechanics can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from Newtonian mechanics can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from Newtonian mechanics can be
+carried over to general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried over to general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried over to general
+relativity in Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics we
+write that mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that mass times
+acceleration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is
+force Newton Second Law I'm going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force Newton Second Law I'm going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force Newton Second Law I'm going to put
+a subscript I on this end because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subscript I on this end because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subscript I on this end because this
+is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the
+inertial mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when discussing gravity there is a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when discussing gravity there is a mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when discussing gravity there is a mass
+Factor on the right hand side that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor on the right hand side that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor on the right hand side that could
+be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be completely
+different although for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different although for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different although for some
+reason Nature has chosen that it be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason Nature has chosen that it be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason Nature has chosen that it be the
+same uh M *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh M *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh M *
+G this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G this is the
+gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Galileo some 400 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galileo some 400 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galileo some 400 years ago
+established the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established the
+equivalence of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence of these two
+masses this in fact is the foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses this in fact is the foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses this in fact is the foundation
+for Einstein's equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Einstein's equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Einstein's equivalence
+principle a very key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle a very key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle a very key
+ingredient in his theory of relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient in his theory of relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient in his theory of relativity
+and in the derivation and comprehension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the derivation and comprehension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the derivation and comprehension
+of the Einstein field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations this G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations this G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations this G
+Vector it's a vector field every point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector it's a vector field every point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector it's a vector field every point
+in space has a gravity field produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space has a gravity field produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space has a gravity field produced by
+the sum of all the masses in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of all the masses in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of all the masses in the
+universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe
+okay and let's see now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's see now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's see now we can
+ask what is this gravity field how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what is this gravity field how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what is this gravity field how do we
+calculate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it
+let me back up and remind you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me back up and remind you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me back up and remind you the
+content of general relativity is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of general relativity is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of general relativity is that
+matter tells SpaceTime how to curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter tells SpaceTime how to curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter tells SpaceTime how to curve
+SpaceTime tells matter how to move in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime tells matter how to move in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime tells matter how to move in
+Newtonian terms those statements would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian terms those statements would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian terms those statements would
+be Mass tells the gravity field what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Mass tells the gravity field what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Mass tells the gravity field what to
+be the gravity field tells Mass how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate
+okay a vector whose magnitude gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a vector whose magnitude gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a vector whose magnitude gives the
+magnitude of acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of acceleration
+whose Direction gives the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose Direction gives the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose Direction gives the direction of
+acceleration for any freely falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration for any freely falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration for any freely falling
+body we'll look at the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body we'll look at the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body we'll look at the corresponding
+equation in in relativity in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in in relativity in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in in relativity in a
+minute the other half of the newon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute the other half of the newon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute the other half of the newon
+description is an equation which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description is an equation which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description is an equation which says
+how to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+well we we remember the inverse Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we we remember the inverse Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we we remember the inverse Square
+law with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law with
+attraction so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction so if we
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+mass I'm going to put an M subscript I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass I'm going to put an M subscript I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass I'm going to put an M subscript I
+because I may have a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I may have a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I may have a collection of
+masses I'll have a test point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x and then Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points positions x i if I take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points positions x i if I take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points positions x i if I take all the
+masses in the world calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses in the world calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses in the world calculate the
+vectors from x i to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors from x i to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors from x i to
+X then I can write the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then I can write the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then I can write the gravitational
+force as a sum over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force as a sum over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force as a sum over the
+masses with x vorus x i divid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses with x vorus x i divid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses with x vorus x i divid the
+magnitude of X Vector - x i cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of X Vector - x i cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of X Vector - x i cubed
+okay remember what this ratio does is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember what this ratio does is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember what this ratio does is to
+take the unit Vector in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the unit Vector in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the unit Vector in the direction
+from actually from X to x i and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from actually from X to x i and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from actually from X to x i and then
+divide it by the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it by the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it by the square of the
+distance the unit Vector is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the unit Vector is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the unit Vector is just the
+magnitude of the is just the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the is just the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the is just the vector
+divided by one power of its magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by one power of its magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by one power of its magnitude
+that's why there's a three in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why there's a three in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why there's a three in this
+denominator instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two okay good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enough let me see if I can use a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough let me see if I can use a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough let me see if I can use a little
+bit of this board down here I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this board down here I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this board down here I want to
+write this another way because when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this another way because when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this another way because when I
+make the connection with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the connection with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the connection with
+relativity it will turn out that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity it will turn out that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity it will turn out that there's
+another object called the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another object called the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another object called the gravitational
+potential it's much closer to the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential it's much closer to the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential it's much closer to the key
+ingredients in Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mike if this is not visible to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike if this is not visible to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike if this is not visible to the
+camera please bang on the glass and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera please bang on the glass and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera please bang on the glass and I
+will lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boards in Newtonian Gravity the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards in Newtonian Gravity the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards in Newtonian Gravity the gravity
+field Vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G can be written as minus the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G can be written as minus the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G can be written as minus the gradient
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+of this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this function
+f and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and what that
+means is minus a vector whose components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is minus a vector whose components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is minus a vector whose components
+are the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives of f with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates so another way of describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so another way of describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so another way of describing
+Newtonian gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian gravity
+is to say that there is a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say that there is a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say that there is a potential
+function f obeying a certain equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f obeying a certain equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f obeying a certain equation
+that I'll write down in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll write down in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll write down in a
+moment whose partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment whose partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment whose partial
+derivatives give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acceleration and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation is if you like the Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is if you like the Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is if you like the Newtonian
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of gravitation will be the counterpart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravitation will be the counterpart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravitation will be the counterpart
+of the Einstein field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Einstein field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Einstein field
+equations I can write it in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forms an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form so the integral form is like taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so the integral form is like taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so the integral form is like taking
+a sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum over
+masses but I will replace that sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses but I will replace that sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses but I will replace that sum over
+discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret
+masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses
+by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X Prime -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x like this so this will be a minus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x like this so this will be a minus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x like this so this will be a minus G
+time the integral of row of X prime d3x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the integral of row of X prime d3x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the integral of row of X prime d3x
+prime over the distance X to X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+integral has within it the mass density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral has within it the mass density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral has within it the mass density
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+volume that's just the mass that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that's just the mass that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that's just the mass that's
+contained in a little volume DX Prime Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in a little volume DX Prime Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in a little volume DX Prime Dy
+Prime DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime DZ
+Prime if in this formula I had replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime if in this formula I had replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime if in this formula I had replaced
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+subi by exactly row of X Prime * DX Prim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subi by exactly row of X Prime * DX Prim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subi by exactly row of X Prime * DX Prim
+d y Prime DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y Prime DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y Prime DZ
+and made the sum an integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made the sum an integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made the sum an integral over
+continuous Mass Field I'd have exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous Mass Field I'd have exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous Mass Field I'd have exactly
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+gradient of this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of this function
+f I won't show that but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f I won't show that but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f I won't show that but it's not
+difficult to take the derivatives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to take the derivatives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to take the derivatives and
+actually work out the components and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work out the components and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work out the components and
+verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify
+it this is the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is the integral
+form unfortunately the Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form unfortunately the Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form unfortunately the Einstein
+equations do not have a comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations do not have a comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations do not have a comparable
+integral form solution in general they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral form solution in general they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral form solution in general they
+have only a differ differential form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only a differ differential form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only a differ differential form of
+the equations so if I want to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations so if I want to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations so if I want to compare
+with Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Newtonian
+gravity I must compare with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity I must compare with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity I must compare with the
+Newtonian differential equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential you may not have seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you may not have seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you may not have seen it
+before unless you read closely some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before unless you read closely some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before unless you read closely some of
+the supplementary notes but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supplementary notes but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supplementary notes but the
+treatment here is very similar to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment here is very similar to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment here is very similar to that
+in 802 freshman mechanics where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 802 freshman mechanics where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 802 freshman mechanics where the
+Maxell equations are first presented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxell equations are first presented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxell equations are first presented in
+an integral form and well maybe only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral form and well maybe only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral form and well maybe only in
+an integral form unless you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral form unless you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral form unless you take the
+more advanced version or see a later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more advanced version or see a later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more advanced version or see a later
+version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of
+electromagnetism there you'll find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism there you'll find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism there you'll find that
+the electric field can be gotten from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field can be gotten from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field can be gotten from a
+derivative of an electric potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of an electric potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of an electric potential
+where that potential obeys almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that potential obeys almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that potential obeys almost the
+same equation as the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential this is the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential this is the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential this is the differential
+equation for the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the gravitational
+potential and just to explain the lass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and just to explain the lass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and just to explain the lass
+operator that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that is
+shorthand for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for the
+sums of second partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives acting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential now this is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential now this is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential now this is a lot of
+math I could try to describe Gravity by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math I could try to describe Gravity by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math I could try to describe Gravity by
+saying everything is an inverse Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying everything is an inverse Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying everything is an inverse Square
+law but I would not be doing Justice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law but I would not be doing Justice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law but I would not be doing Justice to
+general relativity because in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity because in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity because in general
+relativity everything is not an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity everything is not an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity everything is not an inverse
+Square log in fact everything is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square log in fact everything is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square log in fact everything is given
+by an equation that is deceptively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an equation that is deceptively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an equation that is deceptively
+simple I'll write down the equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple I'll write down the equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple I'll write down the equation for
+you it's a lot shorter than the Maxell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's a lot shorter than the Maxell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's a lot shorter than the Maxell
+equations but its content is far deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but its content is far deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but its content is far deeper
+and richer and in order to try and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and richer and in order to try and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and richer and in order to try and give
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+some explanation of the content of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some explanation of the content of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some explanation of the content of the
+Einstein field equations I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein field equations I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein field equations I'm going to be
+making analogies with Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I want to take the second point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to take the second point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to take the second point of
+view of gravity as SpaceTime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the standard way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the standard way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the standard way of thinking
+about general relativity I will show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about general relativity I will show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about general relativity I will show you
+actually that general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that general
+relativity can regard gravity as a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity can regard gravity as a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity can regard gravity as a force
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+well but the foundations of the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but the foundations of the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but the foundations of the theory
+are based much more on the geometry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based much more on the geometry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based much more on the geometry of
+space time than they are on gravity as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+force the basic law of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the basic law of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the basic law of motion
+here I'm going to do this in in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to do this in in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to do this in in two
+parts let me just review what I I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts let me just review what I I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts let me just review what I I did
+here I said matter tells SpaceTime how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I said matter tells SpaceTime how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I said matter tells SpaceTime how
+to curve SpaceTime tells curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to curve SpaceTime tells curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to curve SpaceTime tells curved
+SpaceTime tells matter how to move in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime tells matter how to move in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime tells matter how to move in
+the Newtonian case I started out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Newtonian case I started out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Newtonian case I started out with
+the second half of that sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of that sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of that sentence
+describing how matter moves in response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing how matter moves in response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing how matter moves in response
+resp to a gravitational field and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resp to a gravitational field and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resp to a gravitational field and the
+answer is that the path a particle takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that the path a particle takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that the path a particle takes
+X Vector is a function of time obeys a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Vector is a function of time obeys a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Vector is a function of time obeys a
+second order differential equation just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order differential equation just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order differential equation just
+the acceleration is equal to the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration is equal to the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration is equal to the local
+value of gravity computed at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of gravity computed at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of gravity computed at that point
+by summing up the gravity fields of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by summing up the gravity fields of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by summing up the gravity fields of all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+masses the first part in how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses the first part in how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses the first part in how to
+calculate gravity comes from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate gravity comes from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate gravity comes from this
+sum or from the gradient of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum or from the gradient of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum or from the gradient of the
+gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational
+potential now with gravity A Spacetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential now with gravity A Spacetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential now with gravity A Spacetime
+curvature I'm again going to start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature I'm again going to start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature I'm again going to start out
+with the second half of the sentence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the second half of the sentence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the second half of the sentence and
+ask how does curved SpaceTime tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask how does curved SpaceTime tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask how does curved SpaceTime tell
+matter how to move how does matter move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how to move how does matter move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how to move how does matter move
+in the in the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the presence of
+gravity and the statement is this you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and the statement is this you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and the statement is this you'll
+have seen it in the notes I think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen it in the notes I think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen it in the notes I think for
+last week maybe maybe this week third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week maybe maybe this week third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week maybe maybe this week third
+set of notes freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of notes freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of notes freely
+falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling
+bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SpaceTime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geodesics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geodesics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geodesics that
+is paths or I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is paths or I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is paths or I'll say
+curves of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extremal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal
+proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time without any equations at all here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time without any equations at all here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time without any equations at all here
+is the law of physics that corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the law of physics that corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the law of physics that corresponds
+to fals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ma now we have to introduce a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma now we have to introduce a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma now we have to introduce a little bit
+of equations a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations a little bit of
+understanding to describe this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding to describe this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding to describe this the
+concept of a geodesic the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a geodesic the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a geodesic the concept of
+extremal proper time this is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal proper time this is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal proper time this is simply the
+extremal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal
+Aging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aging
+condition and so what does this exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and so what does this exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and so what does this exactly
+mean well a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean well a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean well a
+curve is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is a
+path which I will write in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path which I will write in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path which I will write in this
+odd way X superscript mu as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd way X superscript mu as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd way X superscript mu as a function
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Lambda this this mu is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda this this mu is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda this this mu is an
+index that can equal 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index that can equal 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index that can equal 0 1
+2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 or
+3 it is not an exponent I don't mean x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 it is not an exponent I don't mean x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 it is not an exponent I don't mean x
+to the zeroth power or x to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the zeroth power or x to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the zeroth power or x to the first
+Power rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power rather
+x0 is one of the SpaceTime coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 is one of the SpaceTime coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 is one of the SpaceTime coordinates
+in fact usually it's the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact usually it's the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact usually it's the T
+coordinate X1 if we're working with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate X1 if we're working with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate X1 if we're working with the
+schw metric might be the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schw metric might be the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schw metric might be the r
+coordinate and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and so
+on so this describes the path that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so this describes the path that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so this describes the path that a
+particle takes in four-dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle takes in four-dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle takes in four-dimensional space
+time where Lambda varies along the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time where Lambda varies along the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time where Lambda varies along the curve
+it is analogous in the Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is analogous in the Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is analogous in the Newtonian
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to giving the position of the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to giving the position of the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to giving the position of the particle
+as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of
+time now however time is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now however time is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now however time is one of the
+coordinates itself so we can't use time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates itself so we can't use time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates itself so we can't use time
+as the variable parameterizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay
+a geodesic is nothing more or less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geodesic is nothing more or less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geodesic is nothing more or less than
+a curve of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve of
+extremal SpaceTime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal SpaceTime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal SpaceTime
+distance and in this case the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and in this case the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and in this case the proper
+time can be written in terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time can be written in terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time can be written in terms of this
+curve in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I apologize for the long equation you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apologize for the long equation you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apologize for the long equation you'll
+find that in the third set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that in the third set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that in the third set of
+supplemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplemental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplemental
+notes posted at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes posted at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes posted at the at the
+website I believe that something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website I believe that something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website I believe that something like
+this shows up on one of the problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows up on one of the problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows up on one of the problem sets
+maybe maybe the one do this week I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe the one do this week I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe the one do this week I don't
+recall anyway this is a way of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall anyway this is a way of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall anyway this is a way of writing
+the proper time that it takes to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper time that it takes to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper time that it takes to go from
+point A to point B in SpaceTime along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A to point B in SpaceTime along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A to point B in SpaceTime along a
+curve a curve is a path parameterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve a curve is a path parameterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve a curve is a path parameterized
+path so I have point a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path so I have point a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path so I have point a point
+B and I have some path from A to B I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and I have some path from A to B I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and I have some path from A to B I
+could imagine many different paths that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine many different paths that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine many different paths that
+go from A to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from A to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from A to
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+the statement of physics is that of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement of physics is that of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement of physics is that of all
+these paths the freely falling body will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these paths the freely falling body will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these paths the freely falling body will
+take the extremal path for a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the extremal path for a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the extremal path for a massive
+particle that in fact means the path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that in fact means the path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that in fact means the path of
+maximal proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal proper
+time which may be the path of shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which may be the path of shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which may be the path of shortest
+spatial distance or it may not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial distance or it may not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial distance or it may not but
+there's some path from A to B particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+takes now how does one actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes now how does one actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes now how does one actually
+calculate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that
+path I've about something that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path I've about something that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path I've about something that is an
+integral there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral there
+to the statement is that if I vary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the statement is that if I vary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the statement is that if I vary the
+path look at all possible paths the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path look at all possible paths the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path look at all possible paths the one
+that has the longest proper time is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the longest proper time is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the longest proper time is the
+correct path that the particle will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct path that the particle will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct path that the particle will take
+this does not look very much like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not look very much like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not look very much like a
+differential equation there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation there is no
+differential equation here but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation here but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation here but it
+implies a differential equation as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies a differential equation as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies a differential equation as the
+notes for this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I won't write down the equations in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't write down the equations in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't write down the equations in all
+their generality I will simply give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their generality I will simply give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their generality I will simply give you
+the result of applying the recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of applying the recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of applying the recipe
+presented in the notes to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in the notes to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in the notes to this
+function and finding the path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and finding the path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and finding the path of
+extremal proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal proper
+time it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look not so different from the Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look not so different from the Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look not so different from the Newtonian
+equation d^2 x DT ^2 the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation d^2 x DT ^2 the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation d^2 x DT ^2 the acceleration
+equals g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals g
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's see what what the equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see what what the equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see what what the equation is
+and then we can compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it oh I'll have to explain some notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it oh I'll have to explain some notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it oh I'll have to explain some notation
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so some notation here first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so some notation here first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so some notation here first of
+all I didn't really say this G muu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the G muu are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metric g00 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric g00 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric g00 0
+dx0 2ar plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx0 2ar plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx0 2ar plus
+g01 DX 0 dx1 plus and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g01 DX 0 dx1 plus and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g01 DX 0 dx1 plus and so
+on you actually can work that out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you actually can work that out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you actually can work that out from
+taking the differential of to undoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the differential of to undoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the differential of to undoing
+the integral and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral and then
+squaring so there are 16 numbers in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring so there are 16 numbers in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring so there are 16 numbers in here
+that can be arranged into a 4x4 Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be arranged into a 4x4 Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be arranged into a 4x4 Matrix
+called The Matrix of metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Matrix of metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Matrix of metric
+coefficients or simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients or simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients or simply the
+metric okay that's the first bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notation in an expression like this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in an expression like this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in an expression like this I'm
+taking partial derivatives of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking partial derivatives of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking partial derivatives of that
+metric with respect to one one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric with respect to one one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric with respect to one one of the
+four SpaceTime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four SpaceTime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four SpaceTime
+coordinates that's a little odd to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates that's a little odd to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates that's a little odd to say
+the least but that's what general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least but that's what general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least but that's what general
+relativity gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity gives
+us then I've done another thing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us then I've done another thing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us then I've done another thing in this
+equation I've not bothered to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I've not bothered to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I've not bothered to write down
+some summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some summation
+symbols implied outside of this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols implied outside of this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols implied outside of this would be
+a sum from new equals 0 to 3 a sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum from new equals 0 to 3 a sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum from new equals 0 to 3 a sum from
+alpha equals 0 to 3 and a sum from beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha equals 0 to 3 and a sum from beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha equals 0 to 3 and a sum from beta
+equal 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 to
+3 these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated
+upper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper and
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+indices new Alpha and beta it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices new Alpha and beta it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices new Alpha and beta it's just
+that if you wrote down all the summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you wrote down all the summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you wrote down all the summation
+symbols every equation in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols every equation in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols every equation in general
+relativity would get about twice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity would get about twice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity would get about twice as
+long so when Einstein first wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so when Einstein first wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so when Einstein first wrote down
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+equation oh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation oh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation oh about
+19 16 or so 19 1914 actually before he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 16 or so 19 1914 actually before he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 16 or so 19 1914 actually before he
+got the field equations he already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the field equations he already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the field equations he already
+introduced what we call the Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced what we call the Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced what we call the Einstein
+summation notation that just doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation notation that just doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation notation that just doesn't
+bother writing down these summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother writing down these summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother writing down these summation
+symbols so here's some long complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols so here's some long complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols so here's some long complicated
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is
+very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much
+like FAL ma if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember that the acceleration is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the acceleration is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the acceleration is the
+second derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of the
+position that's analogous to here second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that's analogous to here second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that's analogous to here second
+derivative of the now space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the now space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the now space time
+position using proper time instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position using proper time instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position using proper time instead of
+bookkeeper time here it's bookkeeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeper time here it's bookkeeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeper time here it's bookkeeper
+time in Newtonian mechanics and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in Newtonian mechanics and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in Newtonian mechanics and on the
+side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the
+equation instead of the derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation instead of the derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation instead of the derivatives of
+the gravitational potential in Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravitational potential in Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravitational potential in Newtonian
+mechanics there are derivatives of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics there are derivatives of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics there are derivatives of the
+metric coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+themselves now what does this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves now what does this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves now what does this equation
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+say well it says as I explained here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well it says as I explained here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well it says as I explained here
+that if gravity is the only force acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if gravity is the only force acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if gravity is the only force acting
+on a body that body will take a path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a body that body will take a path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a body that body will take a path of
+maximal proper time going from event a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal proper time going from event a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal proper time going from event a
+to event B and it really is maximum if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to event B and it really is maximum if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to event B and it really is maximum if
+it's a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a massive
+body if I look at events that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body if I look at events that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body if I look at events that
+are not quite coincident suppose I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not quite coincident suppose I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not quite coincident suppose I start
+a I ask what's the path that a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I ask what's the path that a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I ask what's the path that a particle
+takes for a nearby event and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes for a nearby event and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes for a nearby event and
+then maybe goes to some other final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe goes to some other final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe goes to some other final
+event like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event like
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent
+geodesics these are Paths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extremal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal
+SpaceTime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime
+distance in a curved space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in a curved space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in a curved space time
+geodesics may start out parallel but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geodesics may start out parallel but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geodesics may start out parallel but
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diverge or they may start out parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge or they may start out parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge or they may start out parallel
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+converge for example on a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge for example on a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge for example on a sphere
+suppose that you start on the equator at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you start on the equator at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you start on the equator at
+two points that are nearby on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points that are nearby on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points that are nearby on the
+equator but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equator but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equator but not
+coincident and you take the straightest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincident and you take the straightest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincident and you take the straightest
+possible paths that you can for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible paths that you can for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible paths that you can for
+each trajectory going due north and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each trajectory going due north and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each trajectory going due north and
+everyone would agree that do North if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone would agree that do North if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone would agree that do North if
+you just follow du North you'll end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just follow du North you'll end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just follow du North you'll end up
+at the North Pole and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the North Pole and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the North Pole and that's the
+straightest path that you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightest path that you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightest path that you can take
+there's no shorter distance between us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no shorter distance between us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no shorter distance between us
+and the North Pole than by going due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+north two paths at the equator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north two paths at the equator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north two paths at the equator that
+start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out
+parallel converge and meet at the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel converge and meet at the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel converge and meet at the North
+Pole every single do North trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole every single do North trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole every single do North trajectory
+converges at the North Pole so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges at the North Pole so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges at the North Pole so an
+indicator of SpaceTime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of SpaceTime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of SpaceTime
+curvature is this property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature is this property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature is this property that
+geodesics which are initially parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geodesics which are initially parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geodesics which are initially parallel
+May converge or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May converge or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May converge or
+diverge parallel lines May intersect or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge parallel lines May intersect or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge parallel lines May intersect or
+diverge that shows space-time curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge that shows space-time curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge that shows space-time curvature
+here in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the language
+of components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components of
+position this equation looks rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position this equation looks rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position this equation looks rather
+different in this language it it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in this language it it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in this language it it is
+analogous to fals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to fals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to fals
+ma the only difference being that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma the only difference being that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma the only difference being that the
+gravitational force here is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force here is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force here is given by
+this complicated expression that depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complicated expression that depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complicated expression that depends
+on derivatives of the metric and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far yeah these partial derivatives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far yeah these partial derivatives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far yeah these partial derivatives are
+components kind of like a gradient I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components kind of like a gradient I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components kind of like a gradient I
+have to say kind of like because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say kind of like because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say kind of like because the
+gradient has certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient has certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient has certain
+properties that uh these partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that uh these partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that uh these partial
+derivatives may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have so I've described half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so I've described half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so I've described half of
+relativity now I've told you how curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity now I've told you how curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity now I've told you how curved
+space time tells matter how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time tells matter how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time tells matter how to
+move all that's left is the other half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move all that's left is the other half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move all that's left is the other half
+how does mass tell space time how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does mass tell space time how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does mass tell space time how to
+Cur and the answer is the Einstein field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations so I'm going to move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so I'm going to move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so I'm going to move this
+board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'll write the Einstein field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll write the Einstein field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll write the Einstein field
+equations you'll see they are extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brief first ask the question how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief first ask the question how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief first ask the question how to
+SpaceTime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime
+curve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter or ask another way what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter or ask another way what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter or ask another way what
+determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the Newtonian case we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Newtonian case we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Newtonian case we have the
+Newtonian laws of gravity they determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian laws of gravity they determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian laws of gravity they determine
+the gravitational potential there must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravitational potential there must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravitational potential there must
+be some analog in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some analog in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some analog in general
+relativity this is the path that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity this is the path that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity this is the path that
+Einstein took he made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein took he made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein took he made the
+analogy he was forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy he was forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy he was forced
+to modify his thinking about space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify his thinking about space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify his thinking about space and
+time because he realized early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because he realized early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because he realized early on
+that a proper description of gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a proper description of gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a proper description of gravity
+would require curved space time and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would require curved space time and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would require curved space time and it's
+not so easy to think about curvature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so easy to think about curvature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so easy to think about curvature of
+space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time the words are longer than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the words are longer than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the words are longer than the
+equations themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those are the Einstein field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the Einstein field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the Einstein field
+equations this capital G is Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant I'm going against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I'm going against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I'm going against the
+philosophy of exploring black hole's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of exploring black hole's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of exploring black hole's
+book by including Newton's constant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book by including Newton's constant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book by including Newton's constant but
+I do it for comparison with Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do it for comparison with Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do it for comparison with Newtonian
+equation of gravity where we retain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of gravity where we retain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of gravity where we retain
+Newton's constant G because that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's constant G because that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's constant G because that's how
+we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it there's another object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's another object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's another object
+here G with superscripts it has nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here G with superscripts it has nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here G with superscripts it has nothing
+to do with Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with Newton's
+constant it's an object called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's an object called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's an object called the
+Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein
+tensor I'll explain a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor I'll explain a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor I'll explain a little bit about
+that in a moment and then 8 Pi we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a moment and then 8 Pi we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a moment and then 8 Pi we all
+know what that is although I should tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that is although I should tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that is although I should tell
+you that when Einstein first worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that when Einstein first worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that when Einstein first worked with
+this equation he wasn't by any means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation he wasn't by any means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation he wasn't by any means
+sure whether there should be an 8 Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure whether there should be an 8 Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure whether there should be an 8 Pi
+there or a four Pi or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or a four Pi or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or a four Pi or something
+else that was part of his Discovery to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that was part of his Discovery to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that was part of his Discovery to
+figure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure the
+coefficient and the final object on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and the final object on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and the final object on the
+right hand side this team you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side this team you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side this team you
+knew is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew is called the
+stress energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tensor well these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+names what do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what is a
+tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's not so easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explain let me start by comparing just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain let me start by comparing just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain let me start by comparing just
+fals ma in Newtonian gravity with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fals ma in Newtonian gravity with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fals ma in Newtonian gravity with the
+corresponding equation of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding equation of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding equation of G
+relativity the way that you learned f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity the way that you learned f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity the way that you learned f
+equals Ma used a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Ma used a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Ma used a vector
+sign over you call it the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign over you call it the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign over you call it the position
+Vector the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the gravity
+Vector really though what this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector really though what this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector really though what this equation
+means is a set of three equations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is a set of three equations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is a set of three equations for
+each of the components of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the components of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the components of the
+vector so I could write it in components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so I could write it in components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so I could write it in components
+as DX superscript I or d^2 x i dt^ 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as DX superscript I or d^2 x i dt^ 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as DX superscript I or d^2 x i dt^ 2 is
+equal to g i or I is equal to 1 2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to g i or I is equal to 1 2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to g i or I is equal to 1 2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those would be called the components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those would be called the components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those would be called the components of
+fals ma the masses again cancel because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fals ma the masses again cancel because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fals ma the masses again cancel because
+of the gilean equivalence of inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gilean equivalence of inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gilean equivalence of inertial
+and gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+masses now this nutonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses now this nutonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses now this nutonian
+equation is very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is very similar
+to the relativistic equation at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the relativistic equation at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the relativistic equation at least
+the right hand side is almost the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side is almost the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side is almost the left
+hand side is almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is almost the
+same I've now got four components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I've now got four components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I've now got four components
+because time is itself part of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because time is itself part of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because time is itself part of space
+time we don't attempt to write separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we don't attempt to write separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we don't attempt to write separate
+equations for the space and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the space and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the space and time
+components they are together in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components they are together in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components they are together in space
+time and it is the proper time along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it is the proper time along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it is the proper time along the
+path that describes the lapse time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that describes the lapse time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that describes the lapse time
+instead of the bookkeeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time when I have a set of four objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when I have a set of four objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when I have a set of four objects
+like this four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this four
+components in general relativity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in general relativity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in general relativity we
+could call those the elements of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call those the elements of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call those the elements of a
+vector in fact you call it a four Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in fact you call it a four Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in fact you call it a four Vector
+because of the four four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components a four Vector is a tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components a four Vector is a tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components a four Vector is a tensor
+with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one
+index tensors can have more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index tensors can have more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index tensors can have more than one
+index when they have two indices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index when they have two indices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index when they have two indices that
+means a collection of four squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a collection of four squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a collection of four squared
+objects 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects 16
+objects the metric itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects the metric itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects the metric itself
+is a tensor this collection of objects G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tensor this collection of objects G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tensor this collection of objects G
+mu new the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu new the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu new the metric
+coefficients they form a tensor and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients they form a tensor and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients they form a tensor and so
+sometimes we talk about the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we talk about the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we talk about the metric
+tensor other times we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor other times we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor other times we talk about the
+metric as being this equation with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric as being this equation with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric as being this equation with the
+coefficients multiplying the dt^ S and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients multiplying the dt^ S and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients multiplying the dt^ S and
+the Dr s and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dr s and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dr s and so
+forth two aspects of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth two aspects of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth two aspects of the same
+thing so this boxed equation is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so this boxed equation is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so this boxed equation is actually
+at least 16 equations written in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 16 equations written in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 16 equations written in a very
+compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact
+way still it doesn't look much like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way still it doesn't look much like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way still it doesn't look much like the
+Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian
+equations it is though completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it is though completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it is though completely
+analogous to the differential form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to the differential form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to the differential form of
+the gravity equation last one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravity equation last one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravity equation last one's
+equation the only thing different is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the only thing different is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the only thing different is
+that factor of two on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor of two on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor of two on the right hand
+side and this object called t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and this object called t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and this object called t
+so I want to talk for a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to talk for a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to talk for a few minutes
+about the left hand side and the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the left hand side and the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the left hand side and the right
+hand side of this equation and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of this equation and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of this equation and see what
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean actually before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do having seen the summit the Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do having seen the summit the Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do having seen the summit the Einstein
+equations I want to look down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I want to look down in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I want to look down in the
+valley as it were and ask about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley as it were and ask about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley as it were and ask about the
+content and nature of the Einstein field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and nature of the Einstein field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and nature of the Einstein field
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I started asking the question what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started asking the question what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started asking the question what is
+general relativity the answer is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity the answer is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity the answer is it's a
+theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of
+gravity well now the question would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity well now the question would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity well now the question would be
+what kind of theory of gravity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it it's not only an equation a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not only an equation a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not only an equation a theory
+with tensors in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a very special theory of gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very special theory of gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very special theory of gravity
+took Einstein a long time to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took Einstein a long time to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took Einstein a long time to figure out
+this Theory and it's taken us decades to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Theory and it's taken us decades to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Theory and it's taken us decades to
+test the theory so you shouldn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the theory so you shouldn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the theory so you shouldn't take
+for granted this is not some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted this is not some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted this is not some kind of a
+mathematical axium it's a law of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical axium it's a law of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical axium it's a law of physics
+and a law of physics ought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a law of physics ought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a law of physics ought to be
+motivated it ought to be tested it ought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated it ought to be tested it ought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated it ought to be tested it ought
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we should identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should identify the
+requirements for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for this
+Theory now most of these requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory now most of these requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory now most of these requirements
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+self-evident you think about them very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-evident you think about them very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-evident you think about them very
+quickly so I'm going to I'd like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so I'm going to I'd like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so I'm going to I'd like to have
+a suggestion from the audience of a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a suggestion from the audience of a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a suggestion from the audience of a of
+One requirement of any requirement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One requirement of any requirement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One requirement of any requirement that
+a theory of gravity gravity ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'm going to call that requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to call that requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to call that requirement
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two reduced to Newtonian gravity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reduced to Newtonian gravity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reduced to Newtonian gravity for
+weak fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motions and they call that number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions and they call that number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions and they call that number two
+because there's a number one that's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a number one that's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a number one that's even
+more basic and important I think and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more basic and important I think and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more basic and important I think and
+everyone of you could state it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone of you could state it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone of you could state it I'm
+sure what is the requirement for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what is the requirement for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what is the requirement for any
+successful Theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+physics it has to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics it has to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics it has to match
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+or to put another way it must pass all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to put another way it must pass all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to put another way it must pass all
+experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tests Now that statement is not vacuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests Now that statement is not vacuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests Now that statement is not vacuous
+first of all it implies that the tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it implies that the tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it implies that the tests
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+possible at an even more fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible at an even more fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible at an even more fundamental
+level it requires that the theory be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level it requires that the theory be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level it requires that the theory be
+capable of making tests of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of making tests of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of making tests of making
+predictions for test excuse me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for test excuse me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for test excuse me the
+theory must be capable of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory must be capable of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory must be capable of making
+predictions that's something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions that's something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions that's something that is
+very easily forgotten by people I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily forgotten by people I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily forgotten by people I get
+lots of uh letters in the mail I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of uh letters in the mail I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of uh letters in the mail I'm sure
+Dr Taylor does too from people with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr Taylor does too from people with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr Taylor does too from people with all
+kinds of crank theories of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of crank theories of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of crank theories of the universe
+there are many people who think Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many people who think Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many people who think Einstein
+is wrong some of them may be listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong some of them may be listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong some of them may be listening
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+tape and the very first requirement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape and the very first requirement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape and the very first requirement that
+I ask of any theory is that it make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask of any theory is that it make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask of any theory is that it make
+prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+that are capable of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are capable of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are capable of being
+tested now general relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested now general relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested now general relativity
+does and in fact some of those have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and in fact some of those have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and in fact some of those have to
+do with the Newtonian limit but you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the Newtonian limit but you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the Newtonian limit but you see
+this is even more fundamental because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is even more fundamental because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is even more fundamental because
+for strong Fields gravity also should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for strong Fields gravity also should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for strong Fields gravity also should
+pass experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tests what other requirements should a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests what other requirements should a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests what other requirements should a
+theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of
+gravity give you a hint satisfied a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity give you a hint satisfied a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity give you a hint satisfied a
+theory of gravity that followed special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relativity why is the theory called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity why is the theory called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity why is the theory called
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relativity I think we had a question in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity I think we had a question in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity I think we had a question in
+the recitation a week and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recitation a week and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recitation a week and a half
+ago about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+what is a concise statement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a concise statement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a concise statement of the
+relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principle the laws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle the laws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle the laws of
+physics must be the same in all inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics must be the same in all inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics must be the same in all inertial
+frames that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames that's true
+in special relativity and in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in special relativity and in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in special relativity and in general
+relativity in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in general
+relativity inal frames are only local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity inal frames are only local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity inal frames are only local
+they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Global and so the relativity principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global and so the relativity principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global and so the relativity principle
+becomes a statement that locally general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a statement that locally general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a statement that locally general
+relativity must satisfy special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity must satisfy special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity must satisfy special
+relativity all the laws of special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity all the laws of special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity all the laws of special
+relativity will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity will
+hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold
+there are a few other points that are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few other points that are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few other points that are a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subtle let me motivate one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle let me motivate one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle let me motivate one by
+asking in Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanics now I erased the race one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics now I erased the race one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics now I erased the race one
+board I'm looking for you could remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board I'm looking for you could remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board I'm looking for you could remember
+this what's the source of gravity what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what's the source of gravity what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what's the source of gravity what
+causes gravity in newtonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanics Mass okay now what is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics Mass okay now what is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics Mass okay now what is what's
+the most famous equation of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most famous equation of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most famous equation of physics
+attributed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Einstein equals MC s mass and energy are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein equals MC s mass and energy are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein equals MC s mass and energy are
+equivalent now in all the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent now in all the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent now in all the rest of
+physics including in all of special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics including in all of special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics including in all of special
+relativity different forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity different forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity different forms of
+energy are interconvertible into each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy are interconvertible into each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy are interconvertible into each
+other and into Mass chemical energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and into Mass chemical energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and into Mass chemical energy
+nuclear energy kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear energy kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear energy kinetic
+energy how about gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+well let's ask about the inverse Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's ask about the inverse Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's ask about the inverse Square
+law of electrical attraction when I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of electrical attraction when I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of electrical attraction when I make
+a hydrogen atom I bring together a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen atom I bring together a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen atom I bring together a
+proton and a neutron into a bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and a neutron into a bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and a neutron into a bound
+state is the energy of those of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is the energy of those of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is the energy of those of that
+system the same as the energy of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the same as the energy of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the same as the energy of an
+electron and a proton that are separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and a proton that are separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and a proton that are separated
+widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely
+no because there is potential energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because there is potential energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because there is potential energy in
+Newtonian terms and that potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian terms and that potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian terms and that potential
+energy is negative for an attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is negative for an attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is negative for an attractive
+potential what if you just replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential what if you just replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential what if you just replace the
+electrical attraction by gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical attraction by gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical attraction by gravitational
+attraction the only thing that changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction the only thing that changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction the only thing that changes
+is the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the magnitude of
+Attraction would the mass energy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction would the mass energy of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction would the mass energy of that
+very weakly bound gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weakly bound gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weakly bound gravitational
+atom be the same as the mass energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom be the same as the mass energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom be the same as the mass energy of
+the separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separated
+particles well it better not be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles well it better not be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles well it better not be because
+then I couldn't conserve energy I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I couldn't conserve energy I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I couldn't conserve energy I know
+that to pull apart two particles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to pull apart two particles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to pull apart two particles that
+are gravitationally bound to one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gravitationally bound to one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gravitationally bound to one another
+takes work and I could get that work by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes work and I could get that work by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes work and I could get that work by
+for example uh converting a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh converting a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh converting a little bit
+of ma rest Mass into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ma rest Mass into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ma rest Mass into
+energy so the inner conversion of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so the inner conversion of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so the inner conversion of mass
+and energy implies that gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy implies that gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy implies that gravity
+gravitational fields themselves must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational fields themselves must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational fields themselves must
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+energy well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy well if
+energy through eal MC is the source for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy through eal MC is the source for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy through eal MC is the source for
+Gravity then gravitational fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gravity then gravitational fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gravity then gravitational fields
+themselves must be a source for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves must be a source for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves must be a source for their
+own uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+existence so gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+induce or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modify gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fields the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields the field
+itself has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy now in this way gravity is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy now in this way gravity is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy now in this way gravity is quite
+different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electricity elect El is caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity elect El is caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity elect El is caused by
+electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+charge electric Fields carried by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge electric Fields carried by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge electric Fields carried by
+photons have no electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charge gravity is fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge gravity is fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge gravity is fundamentally
+different from electricity I'm often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from electricity I'm often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from electricity I'm often
+asked the question electricity is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the question electricity is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the question electricity is an
+inverse Square law so how come I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Square law so how come I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Square law so how come I can't
+just take the Maxwell equations and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the Maxwell equations and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the Maxwell equations and then
+replace all the electric Fields by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace all the electric Fields by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace all the electric Fields by
+gravity fields and I've got a B fistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity fields and I've got a B fistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity fields and I've got a B fistic
+theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of
+gravity well there are a lot of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity well there are a lot of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity well there are a lot of reasons
+why you can't do that but one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you can't do that but one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you can't do that but one of them is
+this fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fact that
+gravity itself carries its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity itself carries its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity itself carries its own
+source energy and that means you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source energy and that means you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source energy and that means you cannot
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+superos yeah that technically this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superos yeah that technically this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superos yeah that technically this means
+that the equations are nonlinear linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the equations are nonlinear linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the equations are nonlinear linear
+superposition does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that's a
+technicality an important one but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicality an important one but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicality an important one but still
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+technicality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicality
+okay last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point I will write down an important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I will write down an important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I will write down an important one
+for Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thinking has again to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking has again to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking has again to do
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the field
+equations or the theory must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conservation this really is an aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation this really is an aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation this really is an aspect of
+Point number three locally the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point number three locally the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point number three locally the theory
+must obey special relativity and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must obey special relativity and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must obey special relativity and in
+special relativity energy and momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity energy and momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity energy and momentum
+can be moved from place to place it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be moved from place to place it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be moved from place to place it can
+be converted energy can be converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be converted energy can be converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be converted energy can be converted
+into different forms but energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different forms but energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different forms but energy and
+momentum cannot be created or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum cannot be created or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum cannot be created or
+destroyed without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed without
+compensation so this is an aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation so this is an aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation so this is an aspect of
+Point number three but it's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point number three but it's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point number three but it's an important
+one it was in Einstein's development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it was in Einstein's development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it was in Einstein's development of
+the theory he used it as a guide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory he used it as a guide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory he used it as a guide to
+successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory okay I'm coming to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay I'm coming to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay I'm coming to a
+close got it probably couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close got it probably couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close got it probably couple more
+boards I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to talk about the content of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the content of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the content of the
+Einstein field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explaining the left hand side and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the left hand side and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the left hand side and the
+right hand side just giving you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side just giving you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side just giving you an
+example a little bit of an understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a little bit of an understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a little bit of an understanding
+of of of what they are of what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of what they are of what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of what they are of what what
+physics goes in here and I think I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics goes in here and I think I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics goes in here and I think I will
+start with the right hand side this team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the right hand side this team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the right hand side this team
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new what is
+this well it's a thing called the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well it's a thing called the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well it's a thing called the stress
+energy momentum tensor because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy momentum tensor because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy momentum tensor because it has
+three basic parts to it one is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three basic parts to it one is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three basic parts to it one is called
+one has to do with energy second has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to do with energy second has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to do with energy second has to
+do with momentum and the third has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with momentum and the third has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with momentum and the third has to do
+with something called stress in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relativity first to fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity first to fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity first to fight
+carry this Newtonian weak field concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry this Newtonian weak field concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry this Newtonian weak field concept
+I know that in a certain limit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that in a certain limit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that in a certain limit the
+source for Gravity should be the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source for Gravity should be the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source for Gravity should be the mass
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+row but for consistency with relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row but for consistency with relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row but for consistency with relativity
+all forms of energy not just rest Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all forms of energy not just rest Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all forms of energy not just rest Mass
+should be a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a source of
+gravity so this team you knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a thing called the energy density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U and for example this could equal Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and for example this could equal Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and for example this could equal Row
+c^ 2 for a non-relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gas gas of particles row would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas gas of particles row would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas gas of particles row would be the
+the mass density c^2 gives me conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass density c^2 gives me conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass density c^2 gives me conversion
+of Mass to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy now how come the Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy now how come the Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy now how come the Einstein
+equation isn't simply that the line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation isn't simply that the line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation isn't simply that the line of
+fi is 4 Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guu that would be the obvious way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guu that would be the obvious way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guu that would be the obvious way of
+promoting Mass to energy and going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting Mass to energy and going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting Mass to energy and going from
+Newtonian mechanics to relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therefore well the answer has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore well the answer has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore well the answer has to do with
+Point number three locally spe locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point number three locally spe locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point number three locally spe locally
+satisfy special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy special
+relativity energy density is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity energy density is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity energy density is not a
+Lorent scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorent scaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorent scaler
+its value depends on your frame of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its value depends on your frame of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its value depends on your frame of
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is
+not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lorence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invariant now Newtonian mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant now Newtonian mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant now Newtonian mechanics
+doesn't worry about this because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't worry about this because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't worry about this because there's
+no concept of a finite speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no concept of a finite speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no concept of a finite speed of light
+and no need to consider Lorent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no need to consider Lorent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no need to consider Lorent
+Transformations but relativity has those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations but relativity has those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations but relativity has those
+Concepts energy is part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of What's called the energy momentum for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements are the energy and the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are the energy and the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are the energy and the momentum
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle so far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle so far so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle so far so
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+but this energy density is not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this energy density is not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this energy density is not the same
+as energy it is energy per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume and volume itself is not Lorent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and volume itself is not Lorent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and volume itself is not Lorent
+invariant why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant why is
+that if I take a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume DX Dy DZ a little Cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume DX Dy DZ a little Cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume DX Dy DZ a little Cube
+put put little sticks to bound this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put put little sticks to bound this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put put little sticks to bound this and
+I view this in a moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I view this in a moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I view this in a moving
+frame I ask what volume does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame I ask what volume does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame I ask what volume does this
+Cube occupy in a moving frame if I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube occupy in a moving frame if I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube occupy in a moving frame if I make
+a loren transformation in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loren transformation in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loren transformation in the X
+Direction I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction I have
+Lorent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in a moving frame if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum equals z in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum equals z in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum equals z in
+frame s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame s
+then in S Prime U Prime is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in S Prime U Prime is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in S Prime U Prime is equal to
+gamma s * U where this gamma is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma s * U where this gamma is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma s * U where this gamma is the
+famous lorence Factor 1 over the otk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous lorence Factor 1 over the otk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous lorence Factor 1 over the otk of
+1 minus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus beta
+s it ends up getting two powers of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s it ends up getting two powers of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s it ends up getting two powers of this
+Gamma One power from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamma One power from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamma One power from the
+energy another power from the Lauren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy another power from the Lauren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy another power from the Lauren
+contraction of the volume in fact you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction of the volume in fact you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction of the volume in fact you'll
+see why that happens Loren contraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why that happens Loren contraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why that happens Loren contraction
+means that this length goes to DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this length goes to DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this length goes to DX
+divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+gamma and it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+denominator the presence of two factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator the presence of two factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator the presence of two factors
+of gamma this lorence transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gamma this lorence transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gamma this lorence transformation
+factor is what tells us that density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is what tells us that density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is what tells us that density
+energy density is part of a two index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density is part of a two index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density is part of a two index
+tensor the stress energy momentum tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor the stress energy momentum tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor the stress energy momentum tensor
+two indices two powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two indices two powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two indices two powers of
+gamma and in fact the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and in fact the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and in fact the rest of the
+components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this I'll just write here in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'll just write here in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'll just write here in a
+local Rin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frame this Matrix team you knew it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame this Matrix team you knew it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame this Matrix team you knew it's a
+4x4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4
+Matrix I can split it up into uh pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I can split it up into uh pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I can split it up into uh pieces
+where the z0 component this would be 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the z0 component this would be 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the z0 component this would be 0 1
+2 3 0 1 2 3 labeling the rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 0 1 2 3 labeling the rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 0 1 2 3 labeling the rows and
+Columns of the Matrix the0 zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of the Matrix the0 zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of the Matrix the0 zero
+component is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is the energy
+density this component is the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density this component is the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density this component is the momentum
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+the three components along the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three components along the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three components along the top
+row and also along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and also along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and also along the
+column momentum density and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column momentum density and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column momentum density and then there's
+a 3X3 part in the middle that is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3X3 part in the middle that is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3X3 part in the middle that is called
+the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress
+tensor just to give you a little flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor just to give you a little flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor just to give you a little flavor
+momentum density that's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum density that's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum density that's easy to
+understand that's momentum per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that's momentum per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that's momentum per unit
+volume it says that if you throw a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume it says that if you throw a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume it says that if you throw a piece
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+chalk on account of its motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk on account of its motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk on account of its motion
+it has a gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a gravitational
+field not the same as the Newtonian one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field not the same as the Newtonian one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field not the same as the Newtonian one
+but a moving Mass creates a contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a moving Mass creates a contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a moving Mass creates a contribution
+to gravity much the same way by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gravity much the same way by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gravity much the same way by the way
+that a moving charge creates an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a moving charge creates an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a moving charge creates an
+electromagnetic field in fact you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field in fact you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field in fact you know
+that magnetic fields can be thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that magnetic fields can be thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that magnetic fields can be thought of
+as electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as electric
+Fields transformed from the rest frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields transformed from the rest frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields transformed from the rest frame
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+particle the components of this stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle the components of this stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle the components of this stress
+tensor include very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor include very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor include very
+importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure it's a 3X3 Matrix whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure it's a 3X3 Matrix whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure it's a 3X3 Matrix whose
+diagonal elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements are
+pressure why should pressure appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure why should pressure appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure why should pressure appear
+here well look at the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well look at the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well look at the energy
+density that's energy per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume I'm going to make just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume I'm going to make just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume I'm going to make just a little
+dimensional analysis and show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional analysis and show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional analysis and show you that
+pressure has the same units as per un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure has the same units as per un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure has the same units as per un
+volume energy is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance volume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance volume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance volume is
+area times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance distances cancel and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance distances cancel and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance distances cancel and we get
+Force per unit area which are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force per unit area which are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force per unit area which are the same
+units as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units as
+pressure now I have to admit this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure now I have to admit this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure now I have to admit this is not
+a very convincing argument but at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very convincing argument but at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very convincing argument but at least
+dimensionally it makes sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionally it makes sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionally it makes sense that
+pressure could appear in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure could appear in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure could appear in this
+equation in fact there's a more basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in fact there's a more basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in fact there's a more basic
+reason why pressure has to appear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why pressure has to appear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why pressure has to appear in
+this equation it's Point number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation it's Point number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation it's Point number
+five together energy momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five together energy momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five together energy momentum and
+pressure participate in the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure participate in the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure participate in the requirements
+for energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for energy
+conservation because as you learn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation because as you learn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation because as you learn in
+thermodynamics if you compress a box of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics if you compress a box of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics if you compress a box of
+gas you do work on it you apply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas you do work on it you apply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas you do work on it you apply a
+pressure you increase the energy in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure you increase the energy in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure you increase the energy in that
+box by pressure times the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box by pressure times the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box by pressure times the change in
+volume P Delta V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume P Delta V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume P Delta V
+work so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so in order to
+enforce energy momentum conservation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce energy momentum conservation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce energy momentum conservation and
+relativity it is a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity it is a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity it is a mathematical
+requirement that the source for Gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement that the source for Gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement that the source for Gravity
+if it includes energy also include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it includes energy also include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it includes energy also include
+pressure now this leads to some amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure now this leads to some amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure now this leads to some amazing
+things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for
+example it is possible to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it is possible to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it is possible to have
+substances with negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances with negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances with negative
+pressure actually if you take a rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure actually if you take a rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure actually if you take a rubber
+band an elastic band and you pull on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band an elastic band and you pull on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band an elastic band and you pull on it
+you have to do work to expand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do work to expand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do work to expand that
+rubber band whereas you take an ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber band whereas you take an ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber band whereas you take an ordinary
+box of gas you let it expand it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box of gas you let it expand it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box of gas you let it expand it does
+work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on
+you releasing a rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you releasing a rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you releasing a rubber
+band that's been stretched releases some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band that's been stretched releases some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band that's been stretched releases some
+energy compressing a box of gas takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy compressing a box of gas takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy compressing a box of gas takes
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+if a substance has negative pressure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a substance has negative pressure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a substance has negative pressure it
+creates a very bizarre gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a very bizarre gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a very bizarre gravitational
+field in fact if the pressure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in fact if the pressure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in fact if the pressure is
+sufficiently negative the gravity can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently negative the gravity can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently negative the gravity can be
+repulsive we think that may be why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive we think that may be why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive we think that may be why the
+expansion of the universe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the universe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the universe is
+accelerating it's filled with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating it's filled with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating it's filled with a
+substance of negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance of negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance of negative
+pressure now why there's a substance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure now why there's a substance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure now why there's a substance of
+negative pressure is a very very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative pressure is a very very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative pressure is a very very big
+question in cosmology and we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in cosmology and we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in cosmology and we'll be
+coming to that in several weeks in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class last
+thing come back to this support I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing come back to this support I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing come back to this support I've
+told you about the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about the right hand
+side just a very brief description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side just a very brief description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side just a very brief description of
+the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side bring up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board this Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tensor happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor happens to
+be let me see if I can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be let me see if I can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be let me see if I can get this
+right uh is up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh is up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh is up
+to uh trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+redefinitions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinitions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinitions the
+only tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+linear in the second partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in the second partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in the second partial derivatives
+of the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients and you need to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and you need to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and you need to take a
+course in relativity or differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in relativity or differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in relativity or differential
+geometry to see that in fact second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry to see that in fact second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry to see that in fact second
+derivatives of a metric tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of a metric tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of a metric tell you about
+the curvature of that space just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature of that space just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature of that space just like
+you may have learned in calculus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have learned in calculus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have learned in calculus that
+second derivatives of a curve tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives of a curve tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives of a curve tell you
+about the curvature of the path first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the curvature of the path first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the curvature of the path first
+derivative tells you the slope second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative tells you the slope second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative tells you the slope second
+derivative tells you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative tells you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative tells you about the
+curvature here you see the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature here you see the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature here you see the second
+derivatives of the metric in fact I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the metric in fact I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the metric in fact I have
+to say it's linear in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and
+contains no higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives I have
+to not sure that I have all the precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not sure that I have all the precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not sure that I have all the precise
+State all the precise conditions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State all the precise conditions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State all the precise conditions on the
+metric here I'm doing this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memory I may not even need this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition but that linearity means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition but that linearity means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition but that linearity means that
+in the Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit this at g00 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit this at g00 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit this at g00 0
+goes to see if I can get this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to see if I can get this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to see if I can get this right
+it'll be 2 * partial S 5 partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be 2 * partial S 5 partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be 2 * partial S 5 partial
+x^2 plus partial 2 5 partial y^ 2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 plus partial 2 5 partial y^ 2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 plus partial 2 5 partial y^ 2 in
+fact let me not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use I'm sorry I just want to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I'm sorry I just want to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I'm sorry I just want to this
+equation is so so nice how this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is so so nice how this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is so so nice how this works
+out g0 goes to partial squar of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out g0 goes to partial squar of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out g0 goes to partial squar of the
+metric coefficient G 0 0 with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric coefficient G 0 0 with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric coefficient G 0 0 with respect to
+x^2 plus partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ g0 0 with respect to y^ 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ g0 0 with respect to y^ 2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ g0 0 with respect to y^ 2 plus
+partial squ g0 0 with respect to z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial squ g0 0 with respect to z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial squ g0 0 with respect to z
+s and I'll check the coefficient in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and I'll check the coefficient in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and I'll check the coefficient in a
+moment in this weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in this weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in this weak
+field or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian
+limit and I will check the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and I will check the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and I will check the coefficient
+by requiring that I recover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by requiring that I recover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by requiring that I recover the
+Newtonian equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian equations of
+gravity so this is supposed to equal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity so this is supposed to equal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity so this is supposed to equal and
+I can see there's going to have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see there's going to have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see there's going to have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+one well no let me just plunge ahead 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well no let me just plunge ahead 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well no let me just plunge ahead 8
+Pi G * t 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi G * t 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi G * t 0
+0 and uh depending on my sign of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metric that will be 8 Pi G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric that will be 8 Pi G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric that will be 8 Pi G
+*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+uh U which is equal to 8 Pi G * row if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh U which is equal to 8 Pi G * row if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh U which is equal to 8 Pi G * row if I
+pick units where c^2 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick units where c^2 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick units where c^2 is equal to
+1 and I'm going to have to check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and I'm going to have to check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and I'm going to have to check the
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+here this equation reduces to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this equation reduces to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this equation reduces to the
+Newtonian equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to adopt the sign conventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to adopt the sign conventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to adopt the sign conventions
+of the textbook ebh and put plus signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here then g0 0 should equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then g0 0 should equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then g0 0 should equal
+to 1 + 2 * the Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 + 2 * the Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 + 2 * the Newtonian
+potential and does it work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I take the second partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the second partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the second partial derivatives
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+object the set of partial derivatives I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the set of partial derivatives I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the set of partial derivatives I
+have here in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here in these
+parentheses this really is the Lan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses this really is the Lan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses this really is the Lan of
+g0 and I will get twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lan of f equaling 8 Pi G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lan of f equaling 8 Pi G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lan of f equaling 8 Pi G
+row and sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and sure
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+divide that 8 by two I get 4 Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that 8 by two I get 4 Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that 8 by two I get 4 Pi
+Z in the weak field limit Einstein field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z in the weak field limit Einstein field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z in the weak field limit Einstein field
+equations exactly reproduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations exactly reproduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations exactly reproduce the
+Newtonian equation for the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian equation for the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian equation for the gravitational
+potential well they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential well they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential well they do
+so with the implication with the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with the implication with the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with the implication with the cost
+that the time part of the metric this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the time part of the metric this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the time part of the metric this is
+the thing that multiplies the dt^ 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that multiplies the dt^ 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that multiplies the dt^ 2 is
+not one but it's 1 plus 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one but it's 1 plus 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one but it's 1 plus 25
+and that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that
+time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Warped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right go back down here d^ 2 is is plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right go back down here d^ 2 is is plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right go back down here d^ 2 is is plus
+1 + 2 * the potential time dt^ 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + 2 * the potential time dt^ 2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + 2 * the potential time dt^ 2 plus
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+terms this is the weak field limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms this is the weak field limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms this is the weak field limit of
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it's a funny story with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a funny story with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a funny story with
+relativity all of Newtonian gravity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity all of Newtonian gravity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity all of Newtonian gravity that
+we're familiar with comes from warped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're familiar with comes from warped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're familiar with comes from warped
+time from the time factor in the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from the time factor in the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from the time factor in the metric
+all the popular discussion of black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the popular discussion of black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the popular discussion of black
+holes is associated with the Warped with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes is associated with the Warped with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes is associated with the Warped with
+the curved space and these funnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curved space and these funnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curved space and these funnel
+embedding diagrams and you know we spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding diagrams and you know we spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding diagrams and you know we spent
+so much time already with the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much time already with the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much time already with the spatial
+curvature it's the time part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature it's the time part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature it's the time part of the
+metric that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric that
+tells bodies how to fall in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells bodies how to fall in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells bodies how to fall in a
+gravitational field and that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field and that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field and that's what the
+Einstein equations are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about I've gone a little bit over so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I've gone a little bit over so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I've gone a little bit over so I
+think what we'll do is stop the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what we'll do is stop the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what we'll do is stop the formal
+presentation here um but I'll Stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation here um but I'll Stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation here um but I'll Stick
+Around for any questions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Around for any questions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Around for any questions that you
+have and thanks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and thanks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and thanks a
+lot for being attentive and I'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot for being attentive and I'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot for being attentive and I'll see you
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+Thursday in recitation but if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday in recitation but if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday in recitation but if you do
+have any questions please stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/94nmfDkTL-E.txt b/94nmfDkTL-E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b0a4a88b00cb2dd0e5c8c22eb01f55b52befa660
--- /dev/null
+++ b/94nmfDkTL-E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay let's get started uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay let's get started uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay let's get started uh
+could I start first with the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I start first with the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I start first with the uh
+announcement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement of
+a talk this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talk this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talk this
+afternoon uh I know your schedules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon uh I know your schedules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon uh I know your schedules are
+full but asked uh that Pro that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full but asked uh that Pro that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full but asked uh that Pro that the
+abstract for the talk I I think will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract for the talk I I think will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract for the talk I I think will go
+up on the top of our web page uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the top of our web page uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the top of our web page uh it's
+exactly you know it's a whole range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you know it's a whole range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you know it's a whole range of
+other applications that I would hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications that I would hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications that I would hope to
+get to uh by an expert uh Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to uh by an expert uh Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to uh by an expert uh Professor
+roniker his applications include optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roniker his applications include optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roniker his applications include optimal
+control which is certainly a big big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control which is certainly a big big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control which is certainly a big big
+area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of
+optimization actually math works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization actually math works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization actually math works
+uh we think of them as doing linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we think of them as doing linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we think of them as doing linear
+algebra but their number one customer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra but their number one customer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra but their number one customer is
+the control theory world and and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control theory world and and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control theory world and and it
+totally connects with everything we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally connects with everything we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally connects with everything we're
+doing then he's also interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing then he's also interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing then he's also interested in
+adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive
+meshing uh for finite element or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meshing uh for finite element or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meshing uh for finite element or other
+methods how to you know refine the mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods how to you know refine the mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods how to you know refine the mesh
+where it pays off in Arrow problems all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it pays off in Arrow problems all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it pays off in Arrow problems all
+sorts of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of problems
+and uh and the mass behind it is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and the mass behind it is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and the mass behind it is this
+same Saddle Point structure same KK when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Saddle Point structure same KK when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Saddle Point structure same KK when
+he says kkt equations that's our two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says kkt equations that's our two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says kkt equations that's our two
+equations I've been calling them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I've been calling them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I've been calling them
+sometimes Tucker but after and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes Tucker but after and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes Tucker but after and
+Tucker it was noticed that a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tucker it was noticed that a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tucker it was noticed that a graduate
+student named karou also a k uh had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student named karou also a k uh had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student named karou also a k uh had
+written a master's thesis in which these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a master's thesis in which these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a master's thesis in which these
+important equations of appeared so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important equations of appeared so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important equations of appeared so now
+they're often called kkt equations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're often called kkt equations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're often called kkt equations I
+think Ronica will do that anyway I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Ronica will do that anyway I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Ronica will do that anyway I don't
+know if you're free but it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're free but it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're free but it's a it's a
+full it'll be a full talk uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full it'll be a full talk uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full it'll be a full talk uh in this
+program of computational design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program of computational design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program of computational design and
+optimization I don't know if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization I don't know if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization I don't know if you know
+mit's new master's degree program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's new master's degree program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's new master's degree program in
+CDO so it's uh mostly engineering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDO so it's uh mostly engineering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDO so it's uh mostly engineering a
+little comp optimization that's down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little comp optimization that's down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little comp optimization that's down in
+operations research and a couple of guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations research and a couple of guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations research and a couple of guys
+in math okay so that's to that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in math okay so that's to that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in math okay so that's to that's the
+talk this afternoon which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk this afternoon which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk this afternoon which will
+be right on target for this area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right on target for this area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right on target for this area and
+bring up applications that are highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up applications that are highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up applications that are highly
+important well so I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important well so I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important well so I thought
+today my job is going to be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today my job is going to be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today my job is going to be pretty
+straightforward it's it's going to it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward it's it's going to it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward it's it's going to it it
+I wanted do now the continuous problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted do now the continuous problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted do now the continuous problem
+so I have functions as unknown I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have functions as unknown I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have functions as unknown I have
+integrals as inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals as inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals as inner
+products and I but I still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and I but I still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and I but I still have a
+minimization problem so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization problem so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization problem so I have a
+minimization problem on alcohol it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization problem on alcohol it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization problem on alcohol it's
+often a potential energy so let me use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often a potential energy so let me use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often a potential energy so let me use
+P our unknown function is U so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P our unknown function is U so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P our unknown function is U so that's a
+function U of X U of x y u have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U of X U of x y u have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U of X U of x y u have
+XYZ and instead of inner products we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ and instead of inner products we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ and instead of inner products we
+have integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have integrals
+so there's a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a c
+ofx some uh so I'm this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx some uh so I'm this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx some uh so I'm this is going to be a
+pure quadratic so it's going to lead me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure quadratic so it's going to lead me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure quadratic so it's going to lead me
+to a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a linear
+equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and
+this and in between comes something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and in between comes something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and in between comes something
+important what what people now call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what what people now call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what what people now call the
+weak form of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form of the of the
+equation uh so let me let me this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh so let me let me this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh so let me let me this is
+would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the
+simplest uh example I could uh put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest uh example I could uh put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest uh example I could uh put
+forward of the calculus of variation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward of the calculus of variation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward of the calculus of variation so
+that's what we're talking about calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're talking about calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're talking about calculus
+of variations what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variations what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variations what is
+the what's how do you locate what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's how do you locate what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's how do you locate what's the
+derivative of p with respect to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of p with respect to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of p with respect to U
+somehow that's what we have to find and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that's what we have to find and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that's what we have to find and
+we're going to set it to zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to set it to zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to set it to zero to
+minimize and then why do we know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize and then why do we know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize and then why do we know it's a
+minimum well that's always the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum well that's always the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum well that's always the second
+the the the quadratic terms here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the quadratic terms here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the quadratic terms here are
+going to be positive so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be positive so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be positive so we have a
+positive definite problem and it will so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite problem and it will so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite problem and it will so
+what we find positive definite means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we find positive definite means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we find positive definite means
+like things go this way convex and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like things go this way convex and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like things go this way convex and you
+locate the bottom the minimum is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate the bottom the minimum is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate the bottom the minimum is where
+the derivative is zero but what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is zero but what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is zero but what's the
+derivative that's the question and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that's the question and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that's the question and it's
+not even called derivative in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even called derivative in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even called derivative in this
+subject it's called the first variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject it's called the first variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject it's called the first variation
+instead of saying first derivative I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying first derivative I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying first derivative I'll
+say first variation and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say first variation and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say first variation and instead of
+writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing
+dpd I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dpd I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dpd I'll
+write uh where can I write it so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write uh where can I write it so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write uh where can I write it so this is
+the key word so that this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key word so that this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key word so that this is going to be
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+variation and I'm going to write it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and I'm going to write it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and I'm going to write it with
+a different d a Greek Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different d a Greek Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different d a Greek Delta
+dpd it's just sort of a reminder that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dpd it's just sort of a reminder that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dpd it's just sort of a reminder that
+we're dealing with function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with function
+and and and integrals of functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and integrals of functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and integrals of functions and
+so on so it's just like change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so it's just like change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so it's just like change the
+notation and the name a little and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and the name a little and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and the name a little and you
+as a trigger to the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a trigger to the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a trigger to the memory
+okay but this board really has a lot has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this board really has a lot has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this board really has a lot has
+has not all the details are here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not all the details are here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not all the details are here of
+course this is a summary of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is a summary of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is a summary of what the
+calculus of variations does so it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of variations does so it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of variations does so it takes
+a minimization proc problem so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimization proc problem so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimization proc problem so I'm
+looking for a function U of X and always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a function U of X and always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a function U of X and always
+since we're in continuous problems we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're in continuous problems we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're in continuous problems we
+have boundary conditions so as always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have boundary conditions so as always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have boundary conditions so as always
+those will be those could be like let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will be those could be like let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will be those could be like let me
+take let me imagine that those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take let me imagine that those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take let me imagine that those are the
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+conditions so I would call those like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so I would call those like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so I would call those like
+essential conditions every function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential conditions every function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential conditions every function
+that's allowed into the minimum has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's allowed into the minimum has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's allowed into the minimum has to
+satisfy the boundary condition so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the boundary condition so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the boundary condition so it's a
+minimum overall U with the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum overall U with the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum overall U with the boundary
+conditions with those boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions with those boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions with those boundary
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right there there are two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there there are two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there there are two kinds of
+boundary conditions and I maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions and I maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions and I maybe I'll
+postpone thinking about boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postpone thinking about boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postpone thinking about boundary
+conditions till I get the equations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions till I get the equations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions till I get the equations the
+differential equation in the inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation in the inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation in the inside the
+interval so all these integrals go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so all these integrals go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so all these integrals go from
+0 to one I won't put that so we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to one I won't put that so we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to one I won't put that so we're in
+1D Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D Okay so
+how do you find the function U of X this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find the function U of X this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find the function U of X this
+is that stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that stands for
+DX and F of so the the the given data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and F of so the the the given data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and F of so the the the given data
+for the problem is some load some Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the problem is some load some Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the problem is some load some Source
+term F ofx which is going to show up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term F ofx which is going to show up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term F ofx which is going to show up on
+the right hand side and some coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side and some coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side and some coefficient
+C of X which is going to show up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of X which is going to show up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of X which is going to show up in the
+equation and they depend on X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and they depend on X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and they depend on X in
+general and many many many physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and many many many physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and many many many physical
+problems look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems look like this
+sort of steady state problems I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of steady state problems I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of steady state problems I would
+say not I'm not talking about naous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say not I'm not talking about naous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say not I'm not talking about naous
+Stokes fluid flow convection I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stokes fluid flow convection I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stokes fluid flow convection I'm talking
+about uh static uh problems first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh static uh problems first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh static uh problems first of all
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so uh so here's the general idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so here's the general idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so here's the general idea of the
+calculus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of
+variations it's the same as the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations it's the same as the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations it's the same as the general
+idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
+calculus how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus how do you
+identify a minimum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a minimum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a minimum in
+Calculus if the minimum is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calculus if the minimum is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calculus if the minimum is at
+you you perturb it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you perturb it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you perturb it a
+little by some Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little by some Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little by some Delta
+U that I'm going to call V to have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that I'm going to call V to have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that I'm going to call V to have just
+one letter instead of two here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one letter instead of two here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one letter instead of two here and you
+say okay if I look at that neighboring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay if I look at that neighboring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay if I look at that neighboring
+Point U plus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point U plus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point U plus Delta
+U uh my my quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh my my quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh my my quantity is
+bigger the minimum is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the minimum is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the minimum is at
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+so well so I'm reminding we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well so I'm reminding we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well so I'm reminding we're
+remembering calcul here I guess I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering calcul here I guess I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering calcul here I guess I'm
+saying I've written that here compare U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I've written that here compare U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I've written that here compare U
+with u plus v which you could think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u plus v which you could think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u plus v which you could think of
+as U plus Delta U this is like V is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as U plus Delta U this is like V is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as U plus Delta U this is like V is you
+might think of as a small movement away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of as a small movement away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of as a small movement away
+from the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the best
+function in calculus it's a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in calculus it's a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in calculus it's a small
+movement away from the best point so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement away from the best point so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement away from the best point so let
+me draw the calculus so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me draw the calculus so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me draw the calculus so here
+but if you think of this Blackboard as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think of this Blackboard as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think of this Blackboard as
+being function space instead of just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being function space instead of just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being function space instead of just a
+Blackboard then I'm doing calculus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard then I'm doing calculus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard then I'm doing calculus of
+variations but let me just do calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations but let me just do calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations but let me just do calculus
+here so there's the minimum at U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's the minimum at U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's the minimum at U and
+here's U plus v near it could be on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's U plus v near it could be on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's U plus v near it could be on this
+side or it could be on this side those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side or it could be on this side those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side or it could be on this side those
+are both U plus v well you maybe want me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both U plus v well you maybe want me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both U plus v well you maybe want me
+to call one of them U minus V but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call one of them U minus V but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call one of them U minus V but the
+point is V could have either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is V could have either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is V could have either
+sign I'm looking at minimum sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign I'm looking at minimum sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign I'm looking at minimum sort of
+inside where I can go to the right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside where I can go to the right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside where I can go to the right or
+the left okay so what's the deal well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left okay so what's the deal well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left okay so what's the deal well
+the point is then that at that point or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is then that at that point or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is then that at that point or
+at that point or at any of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point or at any of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point or at any of these other
+points P of U + V is bigger than where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points P of U + V is bigger than where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points P of U + V is bigger than where
+what it is at the minimum that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is at the minimum that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is at the minimum that that
+tells us that you is the winner okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that you is the winner okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that you is the winner okay now
+how do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get
+an equation out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation out of that
+we okay calculus comes in now we expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we okay calculus comes in now we expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we okay calculus comes in now we expand
+this thing this is some small movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing this is some small movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing this is some small movement
+away from U so we expand it we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from U so we expand it we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from U so we expand it we look at
+the leading term so that well the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading term so that well the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading term so that well the course
+the leading term is p of U and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading term is p of U and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading term is p of U and then what
+is the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the next
+term what's the first order first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term what's the first order first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term what's the first order first
+variation uh in P when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation uh in P when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation uh in P when I
+vary U to U plus v well if the the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary U to U plus v well if the the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary U to U plus v well if the the whole
+point of calculus actually the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of calculus actually the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of calculus actually the central
+point of calculus is that this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of calculus is that this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of calculus is that this is some
+function that we call P Prime of U *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we call P Prime of U *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we call P Prime of U *
+V right plus order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v^2 and when V is small v^2 is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v^2 and when V is small v^2 is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v^2 and when V is small v^2 is very
+small so what's our equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so what's our equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so what's our equation
+well if this has to be bigger than P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if this has to be bigger than P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if this has to be bigger than P of
+U I see I could just cancel P of U so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U I see I could just cancel P of U so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U I see I could just cancel P of U so
+this thing has to be bigger equal zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing has to be bigger equal zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing has to be bigger equal zero
+now I've squeezed it in a corner but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've squeezed it in a corner but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've squeezed it in a corner but
+since it's calculus we kind of remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's calculus we kind of remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's calculus we kind of remember
+it Al you know it's easy to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Al you know it's easy to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Al you know it's easy to learn
+calculus without and forget the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus without and forget the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus without and forget the main
+point so this has to be greater or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so this has to be greater or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so this has to be greater or equal
+zero now this is going to be if V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now this is going to be if V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now this is going to be if V is
+small this is going to be very small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small this is going to be very small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small this is going to be very small so
+it won't help so this thing had better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't help so this thing had better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't help so this thing had better
+be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero
+right that had better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that had better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that had better be
+zero because if it isn't zero I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because if it isn't zero I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because if it isn't zero I could
+take V of the right sign to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take V of the right sign to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take V of the right sign to make it
+positive and take it take V small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and take it take V small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and take it take V small so
+that this would dominate this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this would dominate this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this would dominate this and I
+would I I or I maybe I wanted to take V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I I or I maybe I wanted to take V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I I or I maybe I wanted to take V
+of the right sign to make to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the right sign to make to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the right sign to make to make that
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+anyway I need p p Prime of U to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I need p p Prime of U to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I need p p Prime of U to be zero
+so that's what I end up with of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I end up with of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I end up with of course
+as everybody knew that P Prime of U had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as everybody knew that P Prime of U had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as everybody knew that P Prime of U had
+to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero
+okay so in that tiny picture I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in that tiny picture I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in that tiny picture I've
+remembered what we know and now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered what we know and now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered what we know and now let me
+come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um what we have to do when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we have to do when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we have to do when we have
+functions okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay so what
+happens I compare P of u u is Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I compare P of u u is Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I compare P of u u is Now
+function U of X with P of U +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U of X with P of U +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U of X with P of U +
+V I plug in u+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V I plug in u+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V I plug in u+
+v i compare with what I get with only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v i compare with what I get with only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v i compare with what I get with only
+U and what's the difference I I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and what's the difference I I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and what's the difference I I look at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+difference and the difference will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and the difference will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and the difference will have
+a linear term right from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear term right from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear term right from
+from U prime plus v Prime squ and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U prime plus v Prime squ and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U prime plus v Prime squ and then
+I'm going to take away the U Prime squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take away the U Prime squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take away the U Prime squ
+cuz going to compare the two so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz going to compare the two so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz going to compare the two so what's
+left there will be a 2 U Prime V Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left there will be a 2 U Prime V Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left there will be a 2 U Prime V Prime
+I'm maybe just being lazy here on asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm maybe just being lazy here on asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm maybe just being lazy here on asking
+you to do it mentally and then I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do it mentally and then I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do it mentally and then I'll do
+it a little better so the the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little better so the the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little better so the the difference
+between in this comparison is a two U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between in this comparison is a two U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between in this comparison is a two U
+Prime V Prime Time C and the twos cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime V Prime Time C and the twos cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime V Prime Time C and the twos cancel
+there's the difference right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the difference right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the difference right
+there and what's the difference over in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what's the difference over in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what's the difference over in
+this term well I have that term and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term well I have that term and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term well I have that term and then
+I have the same term with u+ v and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the same term with u+ v and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the same term with u+ v and then
+when I subtract I have the I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I subtract I have the I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I subtract I have the I just have
+the term with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term with
+v so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v so this is the
+dpd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dpd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dpd
+U that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that has to be
+zero for every V and now I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for every V and now I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for every V and now I'm really
+saying the important thing this weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the important thing this weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the important thing this weak
+form says that it is is like is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form says that it is is like is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form says that it is is like is like
+saying this has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this has to be
+zero for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for every
+V and then of course in this scalar case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and then of course in this scalar case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and then of course in this scalar case
+it was like a very small step to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like a very small step to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like a very small step to decide
+well if this is zero for every V then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if this is zero for every V then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if this is zero for every V then
+that's zero which is the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form are you with me so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form are you with me so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form are you with me so we have a
+minimum problem minimize P we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum problem minimize P we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum problem minimize P we have a
+weak form the the the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form the the the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form the the the the first
+variation the first derivative the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation the first derivative the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation the first derivative the first
+order term has to be zero for for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order term has to be zero for for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order term has to be zero for for every
+V and then if it's zero for every V that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and then if it's zero for every V that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and then if it's zero for every V that
+forces the derivative to be zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces the derivative to be zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces the derivative to be zero and
+that's the strong form okay now over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the strong form okay now over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the strong form okay now over
+here it's a little a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a little a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a little a
+little little took more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little took more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little took more
+space but the ultimate idea is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but the ultimate idea is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but the ultimate idea is the same
+we looked at P of P of U plus v compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at P of P of U plus v compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at P of P of U plus v compared
+with P of U subtracted looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with P of U subtracted looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with P of U subtracted looked at the
+linear term and there it is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term and there it is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term and there it is the first
+variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+that has to be zero for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V let me I I'll just mention boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V let me I I'll just mention boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V let me I I'll just mention boundary
+conditions now as long as we're at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions now as long as we're at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions now as long as we're at this
+weak form and and don't think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form and and don't think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form and and don't think of this
+weak form as just some uh mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form as just some uh mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form as just some uh mathematical
+nonsense to get to the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense to get to the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense to get to the differential
+equation because the weak form is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because the weak form is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because the weak form is the
+foundation for the finite element method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation for the finite element method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation for the finite element method
+all sorts of discrete methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of discrete methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of discrete methods
+discretization methods will be again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization methods will be again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization methods will be again
+with the weak form the the weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the weak form the the weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the weak form the the weighted
+integral form rather than the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral form rather than the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral form rather than the strong
+form okay I was just going to say a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay I was just going to say a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay I was just going to say a word
+about boundary conditions what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about boundary conditions what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about boundary conditions what are the
+boundary conditions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions on
+V what are the boundary conditions on V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V what are the boundary conditions on V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V what are the boundary conditions on V
+these these you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these you could say
+um well v stands for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well v stands for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well v stands for a
+virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual
+displacement virtual meaning kind of we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement virtual meaning kind of we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement virtual meaning kind of we
+just imagining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagining
+it's a displacement that we can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a displacement that we can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a displacement that we can imagine
+moving a by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving a by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving a by that
+amount but the whole point is the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount but the whole point is the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount but the whole point is the nature
+picks the minimum there okay what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks the minimum there okay what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks the minimum there okay what's the
+boundary condition well all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition well all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition well all the
+candidates have to satisfy the B these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates have to satisfy the B these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates have to satisfy the B these
+boundary conditions so I have to have U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions so I have to have U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions so I have to have U
+plus V at zero also has to equal a and u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus V at zero also has to equal a and u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus V at zero also has to equal a and u
++ V at one also has to equal B if I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ V at one also has to equal B if I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ V at one also has to equal B if I took
+these simple boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these simple boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these simple boundary
+condition so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so by
+subtraction I learn the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction I learn the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction I learn the boundary
+conditions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions on
+V when I say all V I mean V of zero has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V when I say all V I mean V of zero has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V when I say all V I mean V of zero has
+to be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be what
+zero and V of one has to be zero when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and V of one has to be zero when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and V of one has to be zero when
+when we had those boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had those boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had those boundary conditions
+different problem could bring different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem could bring different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem could bring different
+boundary conditions of course but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions of course but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions of course but this
+these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the
+simplest okay so when when I say all V I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest okay so when when I say all V I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest okay so when when I say all V I
+mean every function that starts at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean every function that starts at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean every function that starts at zero
+and ends at zero has to be uh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ends at zero has to be uh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ends at zero has to be uh is a
+candidate in this weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate in this weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate in this weak
+form and I have to get the answer zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and I have to get the answer zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and I have to get the answer zero
+for all those functions okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somehow I want to get to this point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I want to get to this point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I want to get to this point the
+differential equation and why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and why don't we
+give it the name uh that everybody the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it the name uh that everybody the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it the name uh that everybody the
+the two two guys names Oiler L well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two two guys names Oiler L well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two two guys names Oiler L well
+pretty famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty famous
+names uh this is the oiler the gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation so maybe before where I called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so maybe before where I called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so maybe before where I called
+said Tucker or something if if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Tucker or something if if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Tucker or something if if I'm
+talking about differential equations I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about differential equations I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about differential equations I I
+go back to these guys okay now how did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to these guys okay now how did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to these guys okay now how did I
+get from strong to strong for from weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from strong to strong for from weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from strong to strong for from weak
+form to strong form that that's a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form to strong form that that's a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form to strong form that that's a key
+you see if you see these two steps from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see if you see these two steps from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see if you see these two steps from
+the minimization minimum principle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimization minimum principle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimization minimum principle to
+the weak form that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak form that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak form that's just
+again plug in U plus v subtract and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again plug in U plus v subtract and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again plug in U plus v subtract and take
+the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear
+part and then it's true for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and then it's true for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and then it's true for all
+V's now how do I get from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here notice that this form is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here notice that this form is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here notice that this form is an
+integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated
+form and this form is at every point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and this form is at every point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and this form is at every point so
+it's much stronger and much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much stronger and much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much stronger and much more
+demanding and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding and and
+uh and you could say okay that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you could say okay that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you could say okay that gives us
+the equation that you know that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that you know that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that you know that's the
+equation as we usually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as we usually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as we usually see
+it and I'll do 2D and that'll be lass's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I'll do 2D and that'll be lass's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I'll do 2D and that'll be lass's
+equation or somebody else's equation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or somebody else's equation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or somebody else's equation but
+um minimal surface equation any all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um minimal surface equation any all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um minimal surface equation any all
+sorts of equations everything all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of equations everything all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of equations everything all sorts
+of applications including this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of applications including this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of applications including this
+afternoon's lecture okay how to get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon's lecture okay how to get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon's lecture okay how to get from
+here to here well there's one trick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here well there's one trick in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here well there's one trick in
+this whole in advanc calculus actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole in advanc calculus actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole in advanc calculus actually
+the the most important trick in advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the most important trick in advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the most important trick in advanced
+calculus is integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus is integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus is integration by
+parts well we use those words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts well we use those words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts well we use those words
+integration by parts in 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts in 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts in 1D
+here so I'll I'll do that we use maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'll I'll do that we use maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'll I'll do that we use maybe
+somebody else's name Green's formula or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's name Green's formula or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's name Green's formula or
+Green's theorem or green gaus or or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green's theorem or green gaus or or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green's theorem or green gaus or or the
+Divergence Theorem or whatever in two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence Theorem or whatever in two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence Theorem or whatever in two in
+more Dimensions but uh 1D I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Dimensions but uh 1D I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Dimensions but uh 1D I just
+integrate by parts do you remember how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate by parts do you remember how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate by parts do you remember how
+integration by parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you uh I want to I I want to get V by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh I want to I I want to get V by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh I want to I I want to get V by
+itself but I got V Prime because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but I got V Prime because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but I got V Prime because I
+plugged in U plus v or here out came of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in U plus v or here out came of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in U plus v or here out came of
+you know it's it's the derivative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's the derivative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's the derivative so
+I've got a derivative so how do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a derivative so how do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a derivative so how do I get
+rid of a derivative integrate by Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of a derivative integrate by Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of a derivative integrate by Parts
+take the derivative off of V can I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative off of V can I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative off of V can I just
+do that this quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that this quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that this quick
+way put the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way put the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way put the derivative
+onto I almost said onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U I'm doing integration by parts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U I'm doing integration by parts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U I'm doing integration by parts and
+saying how important it is but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying how important it is but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying how important it is but not
+writing out you know every step so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing out you know every step so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing out you know every step so I
+take the derivative off of this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative off of this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative off of this and I
+put it onto this and I've got to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it onto this and I've got to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it onto this and I've got to it's
+got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be right and a minus sign appears when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right and a minus sign appears when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right and a minus sign appears when I
+do that where the heck am I going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that where the heck am I going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that where the heck am I going to put
+that minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus
+sign right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign right in
+there minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there minus
+okay and then everybody knows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then everybody knows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then everybody knows that
+there's also a boundary term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a boundary term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a boundary term
+right so let me I have to squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let me I have to squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let me I have to squeeze
+somewhere in this boundary term so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this boundary term so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this boundary term so now
+that I've done an integration by parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've done an integration by parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've done an integration by parts
+the boundary term will be the V times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary term will be the V times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary term will be the V times
+the cuu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cuu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cuu
+prime uh at the bound at the uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime uh at the bound at the uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime uh at the bound at the uh at the
+ends of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends of the
+interval I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right what we hope is that that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what we hope is that that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what we hope is that that goes
+away right well of course if it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away right well of course if it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away right well of course if it doesn't
+then we have to that there's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to that there's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to that there's a good
+reason and we don't want it to but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and we don't want it to but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and we don't want it to but here
+we it's nicest if it goes away and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it's nicest if it goes away and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it's nicest if it goes away and it
+and you see that it does because we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that it does because we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that it does because we just
+decided that the boundary conditions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that the boundary conditions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that the boundary conditions on
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+were were uh zero at both ends so V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were uh zero at both ends so V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were uh zero at both ends so V
+being zero at both ends kills that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being zero at both ends kills that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being zero at both ends kills that
+term so now do you see what I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so now do you see what I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so now do you see what I have here
+I could write it a little more cleanly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could write it a little more cleanly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could write it a little more cleanly
+but the whole point is that the V I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the whole point is that the V I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the whole point is that the V I now
+have V there and I have V there so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have V there and I have V there so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have V there and I have V there so I can
+Factor V out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and just put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there that was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that was a good
+move and this minus sign is still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and this minus sign is still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and this minus sign is still in
+here so I now have the integral of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I now have the integral of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I now have the integral of some
+function time V is zero that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function time V is zero that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function time V is zero that's that's
+what I'm looking for the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm looking for the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm looking for the integral of
+some function some some stuff times V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function some some stuff times V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function some some stuff times V
+and V can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V can be
+anything is zero and what is it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is zero and what is it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is zero and what is it what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+now this integral has to be zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this integral has to be zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this integral has to be zero for
+every V so if it has a if this stuff had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every V so if it has a if this stuff had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every V so if it has a if this stuff had
+a little bump up I could take a v to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bump up I could take a v to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bump up I could take a v to
+have that same bump and uh the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that same bump and uh the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that same bump and uh the integral
+wouldn't be zero so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be zero so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be zero so this
+stuff can't bump up it can't bump down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff can't bump up it can't bump down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff can't bump up it can't bump down
+it can't do anything it has to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't do anything it has to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't do anything it has to be zero
+and that's the strong form so the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the strong form so the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the strong form so the strong
+form is with this minus sign in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is with this minus sign in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is with this minus sign in there
+minus the derivative see an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the derivative see an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the derivative see an extra
+derivative came onto the CU Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative came onto the CU Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative came onto the CU Prime
+because it came off the V and and the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it came off the V and and the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it came off the V and and the F
+was uh just sitting there in the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh just sitting there in the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh just sitting there in the linear
+in the uh un not no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itive are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itive are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itive are
+you so you do you see that pattern you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you do you see that pattern you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you do you see that pattern you
+may have seen it before but calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have seen it before but calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have seen it before but calculus
+variations has sort of disappeared as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations has sort of disappeared as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations has sort of disappeared as a
+subject to uh to teach in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to uh to teach in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to uh to teach in in
+um Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Advanced
+calculus it used to be here in courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus it used to be here in courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus it used to be here in courses
+that Professor hilderbrand taught but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Professor hilderbrand taught but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Professor hilderbrand taught but
+actually it come back it comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it come back it comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it come back it comes back
+because we so much need the weak form in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we so much need the weak form in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we so much need the weak form in
+finite elements and other methods okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements and other methods okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements and other methods okay
+what I wrote over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is the discrete equivalent I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the discrete equivalent I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the discrete equivalent I I
+can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resist looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist looking at
+the Matrix form be for two reasons first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix form be for two reasons first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix form be for two reasons first
+it's simpler and and it copies this do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simpler and and it copies this do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simpler and and it copies this do
+you see how this is a copy of that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how this is a copy of that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how this is a copy of that that
+that Matrix form is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix form is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix form is supposed to be
+exactly analogous to this continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly analogous to this continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly analogous to this continuous
+form why is that because U transpose F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form why is that because U transpose F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form why is that because U transpose F
+that's an inner product of U with f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an inner product of U with f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an inner product of U with f
+that's what this is that integral Au is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this is that integral Au is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this is that integral Au is
+au is U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+au is U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+au is U
+Prime in this analogy so this is U Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime in this analogy so this is U Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime in this analogy so this is U Prime
+* C * U Prime with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* C * U Prime with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* C * U Prime with
+the2 and that again that transpose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the2 and that again that transpose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the2 and that again that transpose is
+telling us inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us inner product
+integral so this is this the so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so this is this the so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so this is this the so if I
+forget U Prime and think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget U Prime and think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget U Prime and think of it as a
+matrix problem that's my that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix problem that's my that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix problem that's my that's my
+minimum problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I want to find an equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to find an equation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to find an equation for the
+winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning
+u in the end this is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u in the end this is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u in the end this is going to be the
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+that's the equation that minimizes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equation that minimizes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equation that minimizes that
+that's 18085 was half of 18085 was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 18085 was half of 18085 was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 18085 was half of 18085 was about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+problem well I concentrated in 18085 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well I concentrated in 18085 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well I concentrated in 18085 on
+this one because minimum principles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one because minimum principles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one because minimum principles are
+just that little bit trickier so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that little bit trickier so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that little bit trickier so that's
+18086 and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18086 and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18086 and then in
+between something nobody people seld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between something nobody people seld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between something nobody people seld
+them WR about but it's of course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them WR about but it's of course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them WR about but it's of course it's
+going to work is that I change U to U +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V I multiply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V I multiply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V I multiply it
+out I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I
+subtract I look at the term linear in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract I look at the term linear in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract I look at the term linear in v
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it that would be if I make that just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that would be if I make that just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that would be if I make that just a
+minus sign and put it all together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign and put it all together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign and put it all together the
+way I did here that's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I did here that's the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I did here that's the same thing
+yeah so this is the weak form this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is the weak form this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is the weak form this is
+the minimum form this is the weak form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum form this is the weak form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum form this is the weak form
+and this is the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the strong
+form okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay
+it's yeah you see that weak form uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah you see that weak form uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah you see that weak form uh
+somehow in the weak in the discret case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in the weak in the discret case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in the weak in the discret case
+it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty
+clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that
+uh let's see I could write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see I could write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see I could write this
+as you see it's U transpose a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see it's U transpose a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see it's U transpose a transpose
+c a v V equal F transpose V and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c a v V equal F transpose V and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c a v V equal F transpose V and the
+conclusion is if this holds for every V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is if this holds for every V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is if this holds for every V
+then this is the same as this if if two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the same as this if if two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the same as this if if two
+things have the same inner product with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have the same inner product with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have the same inner product with
+every vector v they're the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vector v they're the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vector v they're the same and
+that's the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the strong
+form there's a you'd have to transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form there's a you'd have to transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form there's a you'd have to transpose
+the whole thing but no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing but no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing but no no
+problem so now I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so now I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so now I guess
+I've tried to give the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've tried to give the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've tried to give the main
+main sequence of logic in the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main sequence of logic in the continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main sequence of logic in the continuous
+case and it's parallel in the discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and it's parallel in the discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and it's parallel in the discret
+case for this example for this specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for this example for this specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for this example for this specific
+example because it's easiest let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because it's easiest let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because it's easiest let
+me do what oer and LR did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do what oer and LR did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do what oer and LR did
+by it by extending to a larger class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it by extending to a larger class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it by extending to a larger class of
+examples so now our iation is still an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so now our iation is still an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so now our iation is still an
+integral I'll I'll still say in 1D I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I'll I'll still say in 1D I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I'll I'll still say in 1D I'll
+still keep these boundary conditions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still keep these boundary conditions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still keep these boundary conditions but
+I'm going to allow some more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to allow some more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to allow some more General
+uh expression here instead of that pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh expression here instead of that pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh expression here instead of that pure
+quadratic this could be whatever okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic this could be whatever okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic this could be whatever okay so
+that's the I I now I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the I I now I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the I I now I'm going to do
+calculus of variations for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of variations for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of variations for the for the
+uh still in 1D so calc the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh still in 1D so calc the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh still in 1D so calc the
+variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations
+minimize the integral of some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the integral of some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the integral of some function
+of U and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime with the boundary conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime with the boundary conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime with the boundary conditions and
+I'll keep those nice so that integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll keep those nice so that integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll keep those nice so that integral is
+still 0er to one and I'll I'll keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still 0er to one and I'll I'll keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still 0er to one and I'll I'll keep
+these nice boundary conditions just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nice boundary conditions just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nice boundary conditions just to
+make my life easy so that will lead to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my life easy so that will lead to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my life easy so that will lead to V
+of 0 being Zer and V of 1 being zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 being Zer and V of 1 being zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 being Zer and V of 1 being zero
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right what's what do I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right what's what do I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right what's what do I have to
+do again I have to plug in U plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do again I have to plug in U plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do again I have to plug in U plus
+v and compare this result with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and compare this result with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and compare this result with the same
+thing having U plus v so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing having U plus v so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing having U plus v so I have to
+compare essentially I've got to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare essentially I've got to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare essentially I've got to compare
+F at U + v u plus u Prime + V Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F at U + v u plus u Prime + V Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F at U + v u plus u Prime + V Prime
+with f of U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with f of U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with f of U and
+U I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U I have
+to find the leading term in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the leading term in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the leading term in the
+difference and I'm going to do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and I'm going to do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and I'm going to do it so
+I'll just find that leading term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just find that leading term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just find that leading term and
+then and then will come the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then will come the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then will come the
+integral but but the first job is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral but but the first job is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral but but the first job is really
+the leading term and it's calculus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading term and it's calculus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading term and it's calculus of
+course okay now can we do that that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay now can we do that that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay now can we do that that one
+what's so it's pure Calculus what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so it's pure Calculus what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so it's pure Calculus what's the
+expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for
+the I have a function of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I have a function of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I have a function of two
+variables fun there the function of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables fun there the function of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables fun there the function of U
+and U Prime actually I did here I I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U Prime actually I did here I I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U Prime actually I did here I I had
+a I had a u Prime there and a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I had a u Prime there and a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I had a u Prime there and a u
+there so now I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so now I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so now I've
+got so I'm going to once I write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so I'm going to once I write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so I'm going to once I write it down
+you going to say sure of course I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to say sure of course I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to say sure of course I knew
+that okay so I have a function of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so I have a function of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so I have a function of two
+variables and I'm looking for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and I'm looking for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and I'm looking for a little
+change okay so a little change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay so a little change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay so a little change in the
+first argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first argument
+produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+DF the the derivative of f with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF the the derivative of f with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF the the derivative of f with respect
+to that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that first
+argument times the Delta U which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument times the Delta U which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument times the Delta U which is what
+I'm calling V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that part that's the part that the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part that's the part that the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part that's the part that the that
+the dependence on U is responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependence on U is responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependence on U is responsible for
+now there's also a dependence on U Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's also a dependence on U Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's also a dependence on U Prime
+so I have the derivative of f with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have the derivative of f with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have the derivative of f with
+respect to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to U
+Prime Times the little movement in U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime Times the little movement in U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime Times the little movement in U
+Prime which is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then I
+have I can't leave leave it with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I can't leave leave it with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I can't leave leave it with an
+equal there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal there
+because that's only the linearized part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's only the linearized part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's only the linearized part
+but that's all I'm really care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's all I'm really care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's all I'm really care about
+this is order of v^2 and V Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is order of v^2 and V Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is order of v^2 and V Prime
+squ higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ higher
+order which is not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order which is not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order which is not going
+to when I think of V is small V Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to when I think of V is small V Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to when I think of V is small V Prime is
+small then the linear part dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then the linear part dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then the linear part dominates
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so can you see what dpd dpu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you see what dpd dpu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you see what dpd dpu is
+now now I've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrate I integrate this that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate I integrate this that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate I integrate this that that
+very same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+DX and that has to be zero for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V you'll mind if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V you'll mind if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V you'll mind if
+I lazily don't copy that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the that's the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form this was the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this was the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this was the minimum
+form now I've got to the weak form this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form now I've got to the weak form this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form now I've got to the weak form this
+is the first variation the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first variation the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first variation the integral of
+the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in
+F which has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components when there's a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components when there's a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components when there's a change in
+change when there's a little change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you I I should be doing an example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I I should be doing an example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I I should be doing an example but
+allow me to just keep going here until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to just keep going here until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to just keep going here until
+we get to the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the strong
+form so this is the weak form for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so this is the weak form for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so this is the weak form for every
+V and let me just repeat that the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and let me just repeat that the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and let me just repeat that the weak
+form is quite important because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is quite important because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is quite important because in the
+finite element method we have the v's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element method we have the v's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element method we have the v's
+are the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the test
+functions and and uh we discretize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and and uh we discretize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and and uh we discretize the
+v's you know we have a finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v's you know we have a finite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v's you know we have a finite number of
+test functions well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can't go entirely I'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go entirely I'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go entirely I'll come back to
+finite elements all right but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements all right but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements all right but let me
+stay with this continuous problem calcul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with this continuous problem calcul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with this continuous problem calcul
+variations problem okay v v is a v of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations problem okay v v is a v of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations problem okay v v is a v of X
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay and it h and it solves and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it h and it solves and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it h and it solves and it
+satisfies these boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies these boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies these boundary conditions
+that's the only requirement that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only requirement that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only requirement that we need
+to think about here okay what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about here okay what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about here okay what's the
+strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form also called the oiler L gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation okay so I would like to how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so I would like to how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so I would like to how do
+I get to that strong form how did I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to that strong form how did I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to that strong form how did I get
+to it before I would like to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it before I would like to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it before I would like to get this
+into something times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something times
+V and here I've got something times V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and here I've got something times V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and here I've got something times V
+but I've also got something times V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've also got something times V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've also got something times V
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I wanted to get it like up here where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to get it like up here where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to get it like up here where it
+was times V what do I do you know what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was times V what do I do you know what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was times V what do I do you know what I
+do there's only one idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do there's only one idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do there's only one idea
+here integrate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here integrate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here integrate by
+parts so so I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral well DF du u v was no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral well DF du u v was no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral well DF du u v was no problem
+that had the V that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had the V that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had the V that I
+liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked
+but it's this other guy that has a v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's this other guy that has a v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's this other guy that has a v
+Prime and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and I want
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+so doesn't take too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so doesn't take too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so doesn't take too much
+thinking integrate by Parts take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking integrate by Parts take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking integrate by Parts take the
+derivative off of V get a minus sign and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative off of V get a minus sign and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative off of V get a minus sign and
+put a derivative can I do it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a derivative can I do it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a derivative can I do it with a
+prime but I'll do better below onto this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime but I'll do better below onto this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime but I'll do better below onto this
+and then there's a boundary term but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a boundary term but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a boundary term but the
+boundary term goes away because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary term goes away because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary term goes away because of the
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions so well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so well so
+I so now I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so now I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so now I have the
+V now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V now I can
+I'm can I make it on this board there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm can I make it on this board there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm can I make it on this board there's
+the DF du multiplying V and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DF du multiplying V and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DF du multiplying V and then there's
+the minus this is the derivative d by DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus this is the derivative d by DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus this is the derivative d by DX
+of DF duu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DF duu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DF duu
+Prime now all all that is multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime now all all that is multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime now all all that is multiplying
+V and giving me the integral zero I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and giving me the integral zero I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and giving me the integral zero I I I
+promise to write that bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to write that bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to write that bigger
+now but again the central point was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but again the central point was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but again the central point was to
+get the linear term times V that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the linear term times V that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the linear term times V that's
+always the main point and then what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the main point and then what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the main point and then what's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+conclusion what's the oiler legr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion what's the oiler legr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion what's the oiler legr
+equation this integral has to is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this integral has to is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this integral has to is this
+quantity times V and V can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity times V and V can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity times V and V can be
+anything and I got to get zero so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and I got to get zero so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and I got to get zero so what's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+equation that stuff in Brackets is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that stuff in Brackets is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that stuff in Brackets is zero
+that's the oil of the grch equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the oil of the grch equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the oil of the grch equation
+finally let me just write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally let me just write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally let me just write it down
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+Oiler lrange strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form in in this in this General problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in in this in this General problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in in this in this General problem
+it would be DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be DF
+du minus Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du minus Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du minus Dy
+DX of DF duu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of DF duu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of DF duu
+Prime equals z would you like me to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime equals z would you like me to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime equals z would you like me to put
+on what a if if F happened to depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what a if if F happened to depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what a if if F happened to depend on
+u double prime it would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u double prime it would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u double prime it would be a
+plus this would be what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this would be what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this would be what would happen
+just so you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+equaling zero so I've I've gone one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equaling zero so I've I've gone one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equaling zero so I've I've gone one step
+further by allowing F to depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curvature and writing down what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature and writing down what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature and writing down what
+the resulting term would be in the oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting term would be in the oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting term would be in the oil
+of the gr equation and and could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gr equation and and could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gr equation and and could you
+figure out why it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out why it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out why it would be
+that why would where would this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why would where would this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why would where would this thing
+have come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come
+from it would have come from there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it would have come from there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it would have come from there would
+have been an a DF du double Prime time V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been an a DF du double Prime time V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been an a DF du double Prime time V
+Prime in the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime in the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime in the weak
+form and then I would have done two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and then I would have done two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and then I would have done two
+Integrations by part two minus signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrations by part two minus signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrations by part two minus signs
+making a plus two derivatives moving off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a plus two derivatives moving off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a plus two derivatives moving off
+of v and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+onto the other thing and it would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the other thing and it would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the other thing and it would give
+me that all times V but now I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that all times V but now I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that all times V but now I've got
+everything times V it's true for every V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything times V it's true for every V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything times V it's true for every V
+so the so the Quant has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so the Quant has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so the Quant has to be
+zero that's the oil of the gr equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's the oil of the gr equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's the oil of the gr equation
+strong form for 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh you're right you're right uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh you're right you're right uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh you're right you're right uh if
+we if we had this situation then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we had this situation then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we had this situation then we
+would be up to you know this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be up to you know this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be up to you know this would
+typically be a fourth order equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically be a fourth order equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically be a fourth order equation and
+we would have two boundary conditions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have two boundary conditions at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have two boundary conditions at
+each end yeah absolutely so I yeah when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each end yeah absolutely so I yeah when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each end yeah absolutely so I yeah when
+I slipped in this just to sort of show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I slipped in this just to sort of show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I slipped in this just to sort of show
+the pattern I didn't account for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern I didn't account for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern I didn't account for the
+boundary conditions yeah that that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions yeah that that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions yeah that that would
+be uh one level up as well yeah yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh one level up as well yeah yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh one level up as well yeah yep
+exactly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and
+nature well fortunately we don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature well fortunately we don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature well fortunately we don't get
+many equations of higher degree than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many equations of higher degree than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many equations of higher degree than
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+so this would be like the beam equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be like the beam equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be like the beam equation
+if I the parallel to that would would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I the parallel to that would would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I the parallel to that would would be
+a beam equation or uh or a plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beam equation or uh or a plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beam equation or uh or a plate
+equation or a shell equation God forbid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or a shell equation God forbid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or a shell equation God forbid
+and shell Theory they're incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shell Theory they're incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shell Theory they're incredibly
+complicated but because they're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but because they're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but because they're on
+surfaces but this the pattern is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces but this the pattern is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces but this the pattern is always
+this yeah yeah well and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah yeah well and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah yeah well and of course
+they're also complicated because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also complicated because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also complicated because they're
+in 2D so maybe I should say a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2D so maybe I should say a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2D so maybe I should say a little bit
+could I maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I maybe
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+trying to do a lot today but trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do a lot today but trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do a lot today but trying to
+do kind of the formal stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do kind of the formal stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do kind of the formal stuff
+today so another step in the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so another step in the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so another step in the formal
+stuff would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff would be
+to get into 2D which I haven't done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into 2D which I haven't done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into 2D which I haven't done so
+let me say what a 2d what what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say what a 2d what what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say what a 2d what what would be
+the famous 2D problem that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the famous 2D problem that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the famous 2D problem that leads to
+thees equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thees equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thees equation so
+2D what would I minimize just just to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D what would I minimize just just to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D what would I minimize just just to so
+p of U would be a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of U would be a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of U would be a double
+integral of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of D
+dx2 maybe times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx2 maybe times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx2 maybe times a
+c du dy^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c du dy^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c du dy^
+2 I would really like one half on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 I would really like one half on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 I would really like one half on that
+just to make life good and then minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make life good and then minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make life good and then minus a
+double integral of f * U DX Dy emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral of f * U DX Dy emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral of f * U DX Dy emphasize
+these are double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are double
+integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's that's a very very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's a very very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's a very very important
+problem many people have tried to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem many people have tried to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem many people have tried to study
+that Oiler and the gr would produce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Oiler and the gr would produce an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Oiler and the gr would produce an
+equation for it and you might say Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for it and you might say Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for it and you might say Okay
+solve the equation that finishes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the equation that finishes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the equation that finishes the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+but mathematicians are always worried is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mathematicians are always worried is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mathematicians are always worried is
+there a solution is there a minimum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a solution is there a minimum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a solution is there a minimum so
+I'm I'm dodging the bullet on that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm dodging the bullet on that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm dodging the bullet on that one
+you know when I say minimize overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when I say minimize overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when I say minimize overall
+functions you I could create problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you I could create problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you I could create problems
+where there was where worse and worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was where worse and worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was where worse and worse
+and worse functions got closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worse functions got closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worse functions got closer and
+closer to a minimum and there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to a minimum and there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to a minimum and there was no
+limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting
+minimizer I I won't do that just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizer I I won't do that just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizer I I won't do that just this
+this is a problem that works fine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a problem that works fine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a problem that works fine and
+what happens to it well should we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to it well should we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to it well should we try to
+do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same
+weak weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form we we'd have a DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we we'd have a DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we we'd have a DP
+du and what do you think it would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du and what do you think it would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du and what do you think it would look
+like it would have the integral double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it would have the integral double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it would have the integral double
+integral and what would it have it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and what would it have it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and what would it have it will
+have a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a c
+Dux and there'll be a DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dux and there'll be a DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dux and there'll be a DV
+DX but then integration by parts will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX but then integration by parts will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX but then integration by parts will
+take that X derivative off of v and onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that X derivative off of v and onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that X derivative off of v and onto
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus that did it fast did it way fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus that did it fast did it way fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus that did it fast did it way fast
+but and then out of this thing will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and then out of this thing will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and then out of this thing will come
+if I look at the V term there'll be a DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at the V term there'll be a DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at the V term there'll be a DV
+Dy and I I take that y derivative off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and I I take that y derivative off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and I I take that y derivative off of
+that and onto this oh I can't use D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and onto this oh I can't use D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and onto this oh I can't use D
+anymore I have to use partials d by Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore I have to use partials d by Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore I have to use partials d by Dy
+of C du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C du
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C du
+Dy and then the f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and then the f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and then the f
+is just sitting there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just sitting there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just sitting there and
+that oh it's all multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh it's all multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh it's all multiplied by
+V DX DX dy I didn't put yet equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V DX DX dy I didn't put yet equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V DX DX dy I didn't put yet equals zero
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again this is the same thing that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the same thing that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the same thing that we had
+in ordinary calculus where it was just P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ordinary calculus where it was just P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ordinary calculus where it was just P
+Prime of u v =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z but we've you know this is a level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z but we've you know this is a level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z but we've you know this is a level
+of sophistication up it's producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sophistication up it's producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sophistication up it's producing
+differential equations not not scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations not not scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations not not scalar
+equations Okay so what's the deal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations Okay so what's the deal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations Okay so what's the deal uh
+I've done the integration by parts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done the integration by parts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done the integration by parts so
+I've got everything multiplying a v so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got everything multiplying a v so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got everything multiplying a v so
+what's the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem well if this integral has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well if this integral has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well if this integral has to
+be zero for every V then the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero for every V then the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero for every V then the conclusion
+is is that this stuff in the brackets is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that this stuff in the brackets is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that this stuff in the brackets is
+zero that's that's always the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's that's always the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's that's always the step
+that's the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the strong
+form so that's lass's equation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so that's lass's equation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so that's lass's equation or
+actually quon's equation because I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quon's equation because I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quon's equation because I have
+a right hand side F ofx yeah yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right hand side F ofx yeah yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right hand side F ofx yeah yeah so
+those are the mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the mechanics
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+what what else comes into the calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what else comes into the calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what else comes into the calculus
+of variation so you you've seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation so you you've seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation so you you've seen the
+pattern here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern here
+there's one important further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one important further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one important further
+possibility that we met last time which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that we met last time which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that we met last time which
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+constraint we're dealing here with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint we're dealing here with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint we're dealing here with a
+pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+minimization you know I didn't impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization you know I didn't impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization you know I didn't impose
+any side conditions on you except maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any side conditions on you except maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any side conditions on you except maybe
+the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary
+conditions but so let me give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions but so let me give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions but so let me give you an
+example which yeah let me just I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which yeah let me just I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which yeah let me just I'll just
+close with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example that I'm going to follow up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that I'm going to follow up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that I'm going to follow up and
+it's going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have a
+constraint and the so it'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and the so it'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and the so it'll look
+like the original problem but well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the original problem but well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the original problem but well
+there'll be two U so can I try to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be two U so can I try to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be two U so can I try to get it
+right here uh so if I if I my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here uh so if I if I my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here uh so if I if I my my
+minimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization
+uh I'll my unknown will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll my unknown will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll my unknown will be
+uh have have be have two components U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have have be have two components U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have have be have two components U1
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U2 so I'm going to have and and it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 so I'm going to have and and it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 so I'm going to have and and it'll be
+in 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2D
+actually and it's going to what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and it's going to what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and it's going to what I'm
+going to produce here is called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce here is called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce here is called The
+Stokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem and I'll study it next time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I'll study it next time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I'll study it next time so
+if I run out of time as I probably will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I run out of time as I probably will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I run out of time as I probably will
+that's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the
+plan okay uh so it's Stokes and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan okay uh so it's Stokes and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan okay uh so it's Stokes and not
+navor Stokes all I want to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navor Stokes all I want to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navor Stokes all I want to do is to
+write down a problem in which there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a problem in which there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a problem in which there is a
+constraint so I write it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so I write it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so I write it as a
+minimization say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization say
+dv1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv1
+d oh probably all these guys are in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d oh probably all these guys are in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d oh probably all these guys are in here
+dv1 DX and dv1 Dy and dv2 DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv1 DX and dv1 Dy and dv2 DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv1 DX and dv1 Dy and dv2 DX
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV
+2dy sorry about all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2dy sorry about all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2dy sorry about all this
+stuff and probably an F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and probably an F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and probably an F
+F1 V uh oh i' I've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 V uh oh i' I've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 V uh oh i' I've written
+V because my mind is saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V because my mind is saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V because my mind is saying that the
+usual notation I should be writing U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual notation I should be writing U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual notation I should be writing U
+because that would fit with today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would fit with today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would fit with today's
+leure it's a velocity and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leure it's a velocity and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leure it's a velocity and that's why
+many people call it V and then they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people call it V and then they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people call it V and then they have
+to call the the the perturbation some W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call the the the perturbation some W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call the the the perturbation some W
+okay fub1 U1 FS2 U2 all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fub1 U1 FS2 U2 all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fub1 U1 FS2 U2 all that
+stuff no problem that would lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff no problem that would lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff no problem that would lead to
+the's equation just the same Plus's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the's equation just the same Plus's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the's equation just the same Plus's
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+but I'm going to add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to add a
+constraint this U1 U2 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity despite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity despite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity despite the
+letter and I want to make the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+incompressible I have flow I have flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompressible I have flow I have flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompressible I have flow I have flow
+here and it's like flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's like flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's like flow of
+water probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water probably
+incompressible so incompressible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompressible so incompressible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompressible so incompressible
+means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that
+dv1 DX plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv1 DX plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv1 DX plus
+dv2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv2
+Dy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy is
+zero so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that's a
+constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and how the heck do we deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so I can do this minimization but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I can do this minimization but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I can do this minimization but
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constraint so all this stuff I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so all this stuff I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so all this stuff I'm I'm
+totally cool with now that would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally cool with now that would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally cool with now that would just be
+calcor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcor
+variations that's would get me the DP du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations that's would get me the DP du
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations that's would get me the DP du
+but I have to account for the constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have to account for the constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have to account for the constraint
+so how do you account for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you account for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you account for a
+constraint you build it into the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint you build it into the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint you build it into the problem
+with a LR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a LR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a LR
+multiplier so I multiply this thing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier so I multiply this thing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier so I multiply this thing by
+some lron multiplier and as I emphasized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lron multiplier and as I emphasized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lron multiplier and as I emphasized
+last time LR multipliers always turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time LR multipliers always turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time LR multipliers always turn out
+to mean something physically and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean something physically and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean something physically and here
+it's the pressure so it's natural to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the pressure so it's natural to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the pressure so it's natural to
+call the lr's multiplier P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the lr's multiplier P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the lr's multiplier P of
+XY and I build that in so I right I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and I build that in so I right I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and I build that in so I right I I I
+subtract the the lon multiplier times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the the lon multiplier times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the the lon multiplier times
+the this thing that has to be zero that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this thing that has to be zero that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this thing that has to be zero that
+gets in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets in the
+problem and now my my my function is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and now my my my function is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and now my my my function is now
+depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends
+on U and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure okay I I I'm I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure okay I I I'm I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure okay I I I'm I'm not going to
+push this to the very limit to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push this to the very limit to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push this to the very limit to find the
+strong form but the strong form is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong form but the strong form is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong form but the strong form is the
+Stokes equations that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stokes equations that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stokes equations that we'll
+study so we have a lot to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study so we have a lot to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study so we have a lot to do
+here to make this into practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to make this into practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to make this into practical
+calculations where we can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations where we can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations where we can compute
+something and finite elements is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and finite elements is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and finite elements is is a
+powerful way to do it so we have to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful way to do it so we have to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful way to do it so we have to turn
+these continuous problems into discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these continuous problems into discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these continuous problems into discret
+problem problems and then later we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem problems and then later we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem problems and then later we have
+to turn this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn this type of
+problem which will be a saddle point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which will be a saddle point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which will be a saddle point
+problem because it's got this lrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because it's got this lrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because it's got this lrange
+multiplier in there into a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier in there into a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier in there into a discrete
+problem so let's I'll just let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so let's I'll just let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so let's I'll just let me just
+stop by putting the words saddle point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop by putting the words saddle point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop by putting the words saddle point
+there and just as in uh the lecture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and just as in uh the lecture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and just as in uh the lecture this
+afternoon uh saddle points appear as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon uh saddle points appear as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon uh saddle points appear as
+soon as you have constraints and the gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you have constraints and the gr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you have constraints and the gr
+multipliers well thanks for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers well thanks for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers well thanks for your
+patience that's a lot of material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience that's a lot of material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience that's a lot of material that
+will quickly now this basic those basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will quickly now this basic those basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will quickly now this basic those basic
+steps will be section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps will be section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps will be section
+7.2 and we'll go up on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.2 and we'll go up on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.2 and we'll go up on the web
+quickly just as soon as we get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly just as soon as we get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly just as soon as we get them
+revised and uh I'm writing notes on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised and uh I'm writing notes on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised and uh I'm writing notes on your
+projects and I hope I'll have them ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and I hope I'll have them ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and I hope I'll have them ready
+for Friday uh yeah I'll aim for Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Friday uh yeah I'll aim for Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Friday uh yeah I'll aim for Friday
+because Monday is Patriots Day and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Monday is Patriots Day and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Monday is Patriots Day and you
+have to run the marathon okay so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to run the marathon okay so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to run the marathon okay so I'll
+see you Friday good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9a0RQnfBDi8.txt b/9a0RQnfBDi8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f964ecaa006727762cb2bc063a6e462d48325337
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9a0RQnfBDi8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today I hope you enjoyed the Frank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today I hope you enjoyed the Frank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today I hope you enjoyed the Frank's
+lecture on behavioral economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on behavioral economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on behavioral economics
+we we have put them early in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have put them early in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have put them early in the
+semester this year because you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester this year because you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester this year because you know the
+insights are gonna keep coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights are gonna keep coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights are gonna keep coming back
+because of course they apply to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course they apply to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course they apply to any
+topic but in some sense today is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic but in some sense today is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic but in some sense today is going
+to be a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a bit of a
+fall back to a much more neoclassical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall back to a much more neoclassical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall back to a much more neoclassical
+territory because I do want some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory because I do want some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory because I do want some time
+talking about the model that in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the model that in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the model that in a sense
+was the Workhorse model still is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Workhorse model still is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Workhorse model still is the
+Workhorse model of how to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workhorse model of how to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workhorse model of how to think about
+human capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital
+investment decision and then once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment decision and then once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment decision and then once we
+know that model we can think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that model we can think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that model we can think about what
+everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is
+is wrong about it but it's a good place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong about it but it's a good place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong about it but it's a good place
+to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start
+so uh I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I'm gonna
+take one embodiment of that model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one embodiment of that model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one embodiment of that model which
+is from a paper by a digit which is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from a paper by a digit which is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from a paper by a digit which is sort
+of a review paper but it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a review paper but it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a review paper but it's a very
+classical and and commonly used model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical and and commonly used model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical and and commonly used model
+so you could call it sort of the Barrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could call it sort of the Barrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could call it sort of the Barrow
+Becker a human capital investment model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Becker a human capital investment model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Becker a human capital investment model
+and the question is uh it's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is uh it's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is uh it's trying to
+ask is how human capital investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is how human capital investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is how human capital investment
+decisions are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are made
+uh does the fact that the decisions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does the fact that the decisions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does the fact that the decisions are
+made within families and therefore by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made within families and therefore by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made within families and therefore by
+parents potentially on behalf of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents potentially on behalf of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents potentially on behalf of their
+children who might potentially be credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children who might potentially be credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children who might potentially be credit
+constraints or not might that contribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints or not might that contribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints or not might that contribute
+to the Persistence of poverty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Persistence of poverty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Persistence of poverty and
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+what's the role for Public Policy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the role for Public Policy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the role for Public Policy in
+this world and how it depends on various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world and how it depends on various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world and how it depends on various
+assumption so most development economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so most development economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so most development economics
+have used implicitly or explicitly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used implicitly or explicitly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used implicitly or explicitly that
+framework in the back of their mind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework in the back of their mind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework in the back of their mind the
+framework of the pubertification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of the pubertification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of the pubertification of
+Souls which is let's think about people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Souls which is let's think about people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Souls which is let's think about people
+they have no money but otherwise they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no money but otherwise they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no money but otherwise they
+are making you know the best decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making you know the best decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making you know the best decision
+they can within their limited resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can within their limited resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can within their limited resources
+to the Schultz framework was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Schultz framework was thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Schultz framework was thinking
+about a farmer uh maximizing the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a farmer uh maximizing the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a farmer uh maximizing the use of
+inputs on their plot but that framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs on their plot but that framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs on their plot but that framework
+in particular in the human capital model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular in the human capital model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular in the human capital model
+has been sort of the way that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been sort of the way that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been sort of the way that people
+have been framing the decision uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been framing the decision uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been framing the decision uh people
+like Duncan Thomas like John Strauss and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Duncan Thomas like John Strauss and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Duncan Thomas like John Strauss and
+have used as a framework to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used as a framework to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used as a framework to look at the
+empirical evidence so if you read papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical evidence so if you read papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical evidence so if you read papers
+by Thomas by Strauss by Foster Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Thomas by Strauss by Foster Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Thomas by Strauss by Foster Horizon
+strike they will all have some version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike they will all have some version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike they will all have some version
+of that model either on the page or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that model either on the page or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that model either on the page or on
+the back of the mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of the mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of the mine
+uh so the idea there is that parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the idea there is that parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the idea there is that parent
+parents treat investment in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents treat investment in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents treat investment in human
+capital of themselves and their children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital of themselves and their children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital of themselves and their children
+as economic decisions exclusively which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as economic decisions exclusively which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as economic decisions exclusively which
+have costs and returns uh we'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have costs and returns uh we'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have costs and returns uh we'll write
+down a version of this model we'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a version of this model we'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a version of this model we'll write
+it down at the beginning in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down at the beginning in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down at the beginning in a very
+general way so where we'll allow for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general way so where we'll allow for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general way so where we'll allow for the
+education decision to respond to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education decision to respond to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education decision to respond to other
+things and custom return and see how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and custom return and see how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and custom return and see how we
+need to narrow it and specialize it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to narrow it and specialize it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to narrow it and specialize it in
+order to to get to the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to to get to the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to to get to the classical
+barobecker framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah so let's start with the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah so let's start with the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah so let's start with the production
+technology which is very standard so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology which is very standard so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology which is very standard so
+none of the shenanigans we had in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the shenanigans we had in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the shenanigans we had in our
+SKR relationship uh there is a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SKR relationship uh there is a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SKR relationship uh there is a final
+good that's produced uh we took a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's produced uh we took a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's produced uh we took a kind
+of human inputs skills and unskilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of human inputs skills and unskilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of human inputs skills and unskilled
+labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+so it's very standard production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very standard production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very standard production
+function you need these two uh input the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you need these two uh input the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you need these two uh input the
+you know more inputs more human more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more inputs more human more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more inputs more human more
+skills is better more liberal is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills is better more liberal is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills is better more liberal is better
+but uh in a concave way so there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh in a concave way so there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh in a concave way so there is no
+non-convexity in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convexity in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convexity in here
+um the labor Supply such that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the labor Supply such that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the labor Supply such that each
+person has one unit of unskilled labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has one unit of unskilled labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has one unit of unskilled labor
+and some skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some skills
+they Supply them Libra has no dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Supply them Libra has no dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Supply them Libra has no dis
+utility so we don't enter into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility so we don't enter into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility so we don't enter into that
+and people live for three periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people live for three periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people live for three periods
+in the first period they acquire skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first period they acquire skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first period they acquire skill
+their parents invest in them and acquire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parents invest in them and acquire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parents invest in them and acquire
+a skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a skill
+and they don't need anyone work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't need anyone work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't need anyone work in the
+second period is when they walk the earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second period is when they walk the earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second period is when they walk the earn
+an income they have one child and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an income they have one child and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an income they have one child and in a
+third period they are retired but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third period they are retired but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third period they are retired but they
+consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume
+uh their market so there is a labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their market so there is a labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their market so there is a labor
+market the price of Labor is wtl and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market the price of Labor is wtl and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market the price of Labor is wtl and the
+price of key is WTH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now how is human capital produced uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how is human capital produced uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how is human capital produced uh
+human capital is produced using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital is produced using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital is produced using a
+combination of of human capital you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of of human capital you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of of human capital you need
+teachers who are themselves educated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers who are themselves educated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers who are themselves educated and
+unskilled labor so they need some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unskilled labor so they need some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unskilled labor so they need some time
+so to get each unit of human capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to get each unit of human capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to get each unit of human capital
+you need a gamma sh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a gamma sh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a gamma sh of
+s of H and H minus we are where H minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of H and H minus we are where H minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of H and H minus we are where H minus
+is the human capital of your parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the human capital of your parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the human capital of your parents
+so the idea is that uh if your parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is that uh if your parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is that uh if your parents
+are themselves educated and it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are themselves educated and it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are themselves educated and it becomes
+cheaper to educate the the child if some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper to educate the the child if some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper to educate the the child if some
+parents are themselves educated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents are themselves educated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents are themselves educated it
+becomes cheaper for them to educate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes cheaper for them to educate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes cheaper for them to educate
+their child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their child
+because they can help out or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can help out or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can help out or something
+although that's at the declining at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's at the declining at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's at the declining at the
+declining rate so the family environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining rate so the family environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining rate so the family environment
+helps and then in order to avoid create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps and then in order to avoid create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps and then in order to avoid create
+non-convexity there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convexity there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convexity there
+uh this is uh the return to the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is uh the return to the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is uh the return to the human
+capital of the parents in the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital of the parents in the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital of the parents in the human
+capital production of the child is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital production of the child is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital production of the child is also
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive but decreasing over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so uh so this is our functions uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so this is our functions uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so this is our functions uh the uh
+it's it costs money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it costs money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it costs money to
+to acquire education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to acquire education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to acquire education
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+what is what does that translate Us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what does that translate Us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what does that translate Us in
+in plain language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this d2s h82
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this d2s h82
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this d2s h82
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+the cost of education is convex so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of education is convex so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of education is convex so it
+becomes more and more expensive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more and more expensive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more and more expensive to
+acquire subsequent skill a subsequent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire subsequent skill a subsequent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire subsequent skill a subsequent uh
+unit as it goes uh so that's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit as it goes uh so that's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit as it goes uh so that's you know
+avoid the source of non-convexity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the source of non-convexity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the source of non-convexity as
+well it's probably realistic also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's probably realistic also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's probably realistic also
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if your parents are more educated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your parents are more educated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your parents are more educated that
+it's cheaper to educate your kid or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cheaper to educate your kid or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cheaper to educate your kid or the
+data the declining rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data the declining rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data the declining rate
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+in steady state so it's when you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in steady state so it's when you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in steady state so it's when you have uh
+when all of the generations have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all of the generations have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all of the generations have the
+same human capital it's still costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same human capital it's still costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same human capital it's still costs
+money to educate to educate people it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to educate to educate people it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to educate to educate people it
+doesn't go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go to zero
+uh so what so what this already rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what so what this already rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what so what this already rules
+out and we are not going to play with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we are not going to play with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we are not going to play with a
+tool in this is uh sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool in this is uh sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool in this is uh sources of
+non-convexity similar to the one that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convexity similar to the one that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convexity similar to the one that we
+saw in the that's Gupta and Ray mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the that's Gupta and Ray mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the that's Gupta and Ray mother
+uh we have seen that the the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have seen that the the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have seen that the the if
+fhh is is uh less than zero so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fhh is is uh less than zero so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fhh is is uh less than zero so there is
+no non-convexity and skill production at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no non-convexity and skill production at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no non-convexity and skill production at
+any point uh and the there is also a non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point uh and the there is also a non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point uh and the there is also a non
+um the cost of acquiring education is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the cost of acquiring education is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the cost of acquiring education is
+increasing with further units so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing with further units so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing with further units so there
+is no gains here uh from so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no gains here uh from so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no gains here uh from so this is a
+very standard so what this holds out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very standard so what this holds out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very standard so what this holds out for
+example is the gallery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is the gallery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is the gallery
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+which is one of the early mid-1990 model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the early mid-1990 model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the early mid-1990 model
+introducing a dynamic of inequality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a dynamic of inequality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a dynamic of inequality and
+growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+in a non-representative agent model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a non-representative agent model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a non-representative agent model
+where the fundamental assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the fundamental assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the fundamental assumption that
+makes everything tick is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes everything tick is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes everything tick is that there are
+non-convexity so for example the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convexity so for example the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convexity so for example the return
+to primary education is zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to primary education is zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to primary education is zero and then
+there is a fixed cost and we you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a fixed cost and we you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a fixed cost and we you start
+getting return once you get at least to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting return once you get at least to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting return once you get at least to
+middle school or at least to college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle school or at least to college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle school or at least to college
+so that's something that is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something that is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something that is happening
+here which we don't have here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which we don't have here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which we don't have here we are
+just gonna not have that one reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna not have that one reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna not have that one reason why
+we don't have that is we sort of already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have that is we sort of already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have that is we sort of already
+know how that works we know that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how that works we know that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how that works we know that works
+if you have an a ship somewhere in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an a ship somewhere in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an a ship somewhere in a
+production function you can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function you can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function you can generate
+above at the top okay so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above at the top okay so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above at the top okay so we're gonna
+have to pull that out and and start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pull that out and and start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pull that out and and start from
+a very well-behaved production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very well-behaved production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very well-behaved production function
+what we're also going to rule out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're also going to rule out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're also going to rule out is
+S12 the cost bash shell being being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S12 the cost bash shell being being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S12 the cost bash shell being being
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+so the cost partial being negative means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cost partial being negative means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cost partial being negative means
+that if you if you are yourself more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you if you are yourself more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you if you are yourself more
+educated it is cheaper to acquire higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated it is cheaper to acquire higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated it is cheaper to acquire higher
+unit of of human capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of of human capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of of human capital
+uh so there again that that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there again that that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there again that that might
+generate complementarity like strong if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate complementarity like strong if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate complementarity like strong if
+you have sufficiently strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have sufficiently strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have sufficiently strong
+complementarity between the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementarity between the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementarity between the human
+capital of the kids and of the parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital of the kids and of the parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital of the kids and of the parents
+and and educated the kid at higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and educated the kid at higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and educated the kid at higher level
+you can also get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also get a
+spread out into uh two you can get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out into uh two you can get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out into uh two you can get to
+two steady States whereas the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two steady States whereas the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two steady States whereas the people who
+start the dynasties which starts with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the dynasties which starts with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the dynasties which starts with a
+lot of human capital find it cheaper to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of human capital find it cheaper to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of human capital find it cheaper to
+move above a certain level and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move above a certain level and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move above a certain level and the
+people who Who start with little human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who Who start with little human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who Who start with little human
+capital don't so that's also a year of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital don't so that's also a year of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital don't so that's also a year of
+people that get lots hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that get lots hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that get lots hidden
+so we are also rolling that out for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are also rolling that out for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are also rolling that out for for
+the moment okay that's another you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment okay that's another you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment okay that's another you know
+we basically do nothing funny with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically do nothing funny with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically do nothing funny with the
+production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+is there in the economy or even capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there in the economy or even capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there in the economy or even capital
+because we already know not to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already know not to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already know not to say that
+this can't be realistic but we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can't be realistic but we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can't be realistic but we've
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+this is behind us we already played with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is behind us we already played with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is behind us we already played with
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+so given that the cost of education is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given that the cost of education is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given that the cost of education is
+uh that s function so if you want your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that s function so if you want your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that s function so if you want your
+if you yourself as have HD unit of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you yourself as have HD unit of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you yourself as have HD unit of human
+capital you'd like your your kid to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital you'd like your your kid to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital you'd like your your kid to get
+HT plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HT plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HT plus one
+uh you need to pay this sh function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need to pay this sh function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need to pay this sh function
+multiplied by gamma wh That's your unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by gamma wh That's your unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by gamma wh That's your unit
+of of uh skilled of skills plus 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh skilled of skills plus 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh skilled of skills plus 1 minus
+gamma WT that's your units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma WT that's your units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma WT that's your units of
+non-skilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-skilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-skilled
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's the that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's that's the
+functional form will will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we are going to start with very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we are going to start with very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we are going to start with very very
+general utility functions uh uh both uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general utility functions uh uh both uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general utility functions uh uh both uh
+in the static and and in the link across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the static and and in the link across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the static and and in the link across
+generation and then we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and then we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and then we are going to
+simplify that and simplify them and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify that and simplify them and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify that and simplify them and see
+how Barrow Baker simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Barrow Baker simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Barrow Baker simplified
+so starting with a very generality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so starting with a very generality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so starting with a very generality
+function of what people might care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of what people might care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of what people might care about
+they might care about what they consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might care about what they consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might care about what they consume
+obviously so this is your material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously so this is your material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously so this is your material
+consumption and they might care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and they might care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and they might care about
+symbolic consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic consumption
+deriving for example from how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving for example from how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving for example from how much
+education they have or in fact how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education they have or in fact how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education they have or in fact how much
+consumption they have their kid have how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption they have their kid have how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption they have their kid have how
+much money they've spent on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money they've spent on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money they've spent on their
+education and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and so on and so forth
+so we'll start with that the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start with that the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start with that the material
+consumption is pretty simple you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is pretty simple you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is pretty simple you get
+money uh while you're working you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money uh while you're working you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money uh while you're working you will
+consume City in retirement you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume City in retirement you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume City in retirement you're going
+to consume some amount we are calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consume some amount we are calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consume some amount we are calling
+calling it P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it P
+uh both in terms of the final final good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh both in terms of the final final good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh both in terms of the final final good
+and let's start with writing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's start with writing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's start with writing the
+symbolic consumption with uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic consumption with uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic consumption with uh you know
+very generic term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very generic term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very generic term
+so you might care about you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might care about you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might care about you might be
+very proud that you go to MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh just independently of any value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just independently of any value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just independently of any value that
+there is in going to MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in going to MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in going to MIT
+uh you might be very very empowered if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might be very very empowered if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might be very very empowered if
+your child goes to MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your child goes to MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your child goes to MIT
+that's HT plus one you might be so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's HT plus one you might be so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's HT plus one you might be so you
+like to consume yourself but you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to consume yourself but you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to consume yourself but you might
+also be proud if your children have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be proud if your children have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be proud if your children have a
+Ferrari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ferrari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ferrari
+so that's uh that's another part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh that's another part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh that's another part of your
+potentially of your symbolic utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially of your symbolic utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially of your symbolic utility
+function so this is separate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is separate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is separate from the
+fact that you might enjoy that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you might enjoy that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you might enjoy that you might
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+direct derive utility from their utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct derive utility from their utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct derive utility from their utility
+this is just your direct utility from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just your direct utility from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just your direct utility from
+their consumption so from their one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their consumption so from their one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their consumption so from their one the
+one glue of their consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one glue of their consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one glue of their consumption
+and irrespective of where you go you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and irrespective of where you go you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and irrespective of where you go you
+might be uh happy to brag to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh happy to brag to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh happy to brag to your
+friends that you know you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends that you know you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends that you know you're going to
+this like super expensive preschool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like super expensive preschool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like super expensive preschool and
+you know it costs you fifty thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it costs you fifty thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it costs you fifty thousand
+dollars a year and you are very proud to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a year and you are very proud to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a year and you are very proud to
+say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that
+so this could be uh this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be uh this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be uh this could be
+all sorts of uh things that might enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of uh things that might enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of uh things that might enter
+in the symbolic consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the symbolic consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the symbolic consumption
+of someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of someone
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the reason why I'm going to turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason why I'm going to turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason why I'm going to turn out
+to be important is that that uh that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be important is that that uh that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be important is that that uh that um
+creates a motive for educating your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a motive for educating your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a motive for educating your
+children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children
+which goes over and above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes over and above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes over and above the
+return from doing so in terms of either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return from doing so in terms of either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return from doing so in terms of either
+their own human their own earnings or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own human their own earnings or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own human their own earnings or
+their ability to educate their kids in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ability to educate their kids in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ability to educate their kids in
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+and if you did derive utility from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you did derive utility from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you did derive utility from it
+then assuming that this is a normal good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then assuming that this is a normal good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then assuming that this is a normal good
+to some extent or it might even be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent or it might even be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent or it might even be a
+luxury good then richer people are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxury good then richer people are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxury good then richer people are going
+to want more of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want more of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want more of it
+not for its functional value just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for its functional value just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for its functional value just
+because they like it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+likewise we can start from a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise we can start from a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise we can start from a very
+generic uh utility function for how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic uh utility function for how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic uh utility function for how we
+link the the generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link the the generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link the the generation
+so your uh your the the family level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your uh your the the family level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your uh your the the family level
+outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+is going to be uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be uh the the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+how the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the the
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+of all of the future dynasties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of the future dynasties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of the future dynasties
+discounted at some rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted at some rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted at some rate
+and it's defined recursively as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's defined recursively as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's defined recursively as well as
+and then the utility your own valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the utility your own valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the utility your own valuation
+of the of the uh family value of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the uh family value of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the uh family value of all of
+the future Generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future Generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future Generations
+so you have in any period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have in any period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have in any period
+someone is looking about someone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is looking about someone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is looking about someone is
+thinking what's the what's the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking what's the what's the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking what's the what's the family
+level utility that I'm observing today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level utility that I'm observing today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level utility that I'm observing today
+well it's the some discounted sum of old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's the some discounted sum of old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's the some discounted sum of old
+uh older utility in the future all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh older utility in the future all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh older utility in the future all of
+the you know instantaneous utility in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know instantaneous utility in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know instantaneous utility in
+the future plus the fact that they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future plus the fact that they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future plus the fact that they take
+into account the utility of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account the utility of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account the utility of the entire
+family in the future so that's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family in the future so that's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family in the future so that's the uh
+that's recursive with so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's recursive with so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's recursive with so that's a
+complicated object and then your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated object and then your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated object and then your own
+utility is the sum of your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is the sum of your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is the sum of your your
+personal utility plus what you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal utility plus what you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal utility plus what you what
+however you end up valuing the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you end up valuing the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you end up valuing the utility
+of your entire family at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your entire family at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your entire family at this point
+so this seems like much more heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this seems like much more heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this seems like much more heavy
+notation that you are used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that you are used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that you are used to
+and why is that the case because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that the case because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that the case because we are
+very used to work with the borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very used to work with the borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very used to work with the borrow
+backyard preferences and what does how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backyard preferences and what does how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backyard preferences and what does how
+does Barrel breaker simplify that do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Barrel breaker simplify that do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Barrel breaker simplify that do you
+know uh do you know that how do we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh do you know that how do we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh do you know that how do we go
+from this you know you might value a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this you know you might value a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this you know you might value a
+future the futility of of of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future the futility of of of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future the futility of of of of the
+other than you might value the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than you might value the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than you might value the utility
+of the family in the uh in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the family in the uh in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the family in the uh in the future
+with some different discount trait and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some different discount trait and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some different discount trait and
+so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth
+how do we simplify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we simplify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we simplify this
+intergenerational things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergenerational things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergenerational things
+so this says you care about when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this says you care about when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this says you care about when you're
+thinking about the the the utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the the the utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the the the utility of
+the to to value your your own utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to to value your your own utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to to value your your own utility
+you value your own utility plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you value your own utility plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you value your own utility plus some
+discounted value of your of your family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted value of your of your family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted value of your of your family
+and the family in turn is the discounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the family in turn is the discounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the family in turn is the discounted
+some of their own utility plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their own utility plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their own utility plus the
+discounted some of the utility values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted some of the utility values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted some of the utility values of
+the family in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the family in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the family in the future
+so from that potentially very generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from that potentially very generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from that potentially very generic
+things how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are the barrel preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the barrel preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the barrel preferences
+if anyone knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anyone knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anyone knows
+you would have seen them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have seen them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have seen them
+maybe in Instagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in Instagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in Instagram
+at some point maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point maybe
+but then I ever I haven't taken macro in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then I ever I haven't taken macro in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then I ever I haven't taken macro in
+a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time
+so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sure you notice her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you notice her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you notice her
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stop being something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so the first thing is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so the first thing is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so the first thing is that you
+only care one generation above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care one generation above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care one generation above
+so Delta 1 is some number Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Delta 1 is some number Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Delta 1 is some number Delta
+which is the same as this one you value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same as this one you value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same as this one you value
+the utility of your your the Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility of your your the Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility of your your the Next
+Generation and the family in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation and the family in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation and the family in the next
+generation one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation one
+Delta the same Delta so you it's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta the same Delta so you it's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta the same Delta so you it's your
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+and then that Delta is also happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that Delta is also happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that Delta is also happens to
+be your discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your discount rate
+so you value the utility the consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you value the utility the consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you value the utility the consumption
+of your child tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your child tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your child tomorrow
+at some discounted rate which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some discounted rate which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some discounted rate which is the
+same as you apply to yourself for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as you apply to yourself for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as you apply to yourself for your
+retirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement
+so there is only one discount rate there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is only one discount rate there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is only one discount rate there
+is no extra thing that comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no extra thing that comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no extra thing that comes from the
+fact that this is your children this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this is your children this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this is your children this is
+not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you
+which would introduce some kind of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would introduce some kind of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would introduce some kind of beta
+Delta if you care differently about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta if you care differently about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta if you care differently about
+other generation than yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other generation than yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other generation than yourself
+you just have one discount rate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have one discount rate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have one discount rate which
+applies to anything that's one anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to anything that's one anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to anything that's one anything
+in the future and you care only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future and you care only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future and you care only one
+generation below so you care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation below so you care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation below so you care about the
+utility not the consumption the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility not the consumption the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility not the consumption the utility
+of you of the future generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you of the future generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you of the future generation
+in turn they care about the utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turn they care about the utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turn they care about the utility of
+the future generation discounted Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future generation discounted Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future generation discounted Delta
+and in term the future generation care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in term the future generation care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in term the future generation care
+about the utility of the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the utility of the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the utility of the future
+generation and so on so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and so on so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and so on so far
+which means that this uh and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that this uh and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that this uh and then there
+is another thing that the barrel Baker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another thing that the barrel Baker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another thing that the barrel Baker
+preferences does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences does
+we're just going to simplify our life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they remove a symbolic consumption so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they remove a symbolic consumption so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they remove a symbolic consumption so
+utilities is material consumption ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities is material consumption ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities is material consumption ok so
+all of that very kindly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that very kindly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that very kindly uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+simplifies the preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies the preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies the preferences
+in this recursive way you know from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this recursive way you know from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this recursive way you know from here
+you can just rewrite with uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just rewrite with uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just rewrite with uh you know
+you now have just UCT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have just UCT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have just UCT is
+a Delta u t plus 1 P plus Delta u t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta u t plus 1 P plus Delta u t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta u t plus 1 P plus Delta u t plus
+1 C and then you replace the plus one C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 C and then you replace the plus one C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 C and then you replace the plus one C
+by T plus plus two c Etc and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T plus plus two c Etc and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T plus plus two c Etc and you have a
+sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of
+discontent utility with the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontent utility with the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontent utility with the uh
+discounted they should be it should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted they should be it should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted they should be it should be a
+superscript this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript this guy
+so the sum of preferences the sum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sum of preferences the sum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sum of preferences the sum the
+preferences become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences become
+and then if we get rid of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we get rid of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we get rid of material
+consumption as well we are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption as well we are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption as well we are just
+discounted we are just getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted we are just getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted we are just getting a
+discounted sum of material consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted sum of material consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted sum of material consumption
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+so that makes an object that we are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that makes an object that we are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that makes an object that we are very
+used to play with because we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to play with because we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to play with because we now
+it is like one individual the same type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is like one individual the same type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is like one individual the same type
+of things that we play with in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that we play with in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that we play with in the
+ransom order of one individual you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ransom order of one individual you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ransom order of one individual you know
+investing and deciding how much to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing and deciding how much to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing and deciding how much to save
+and consume uh in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consume uh in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consume uh in uh
+and maximizing a discounted sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maximizing a discounted sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maximizing a discounted sum of
+utilities until Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities until Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities until Infinity
+but that comes from drastically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that comes from drastically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that comes from drastically
+simplifying the model of how you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying the model of how you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying the model of how you care
+about the other generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the other generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the other generation
+right you just care about your children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you just care about your children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you just care about your children
+you care one and then you the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care one and then you the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care one and then you the other
+thing that we are going to add is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we are going to add is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we are going to add is that
+anybody can borrow our land at gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can borrow our land at gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can borrow our land at gross
+rate RT there is no imperfect credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate RT there is no imperfect credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate RT there is no imperfect credit
+Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market
+and there is no Contracting between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is no Contracting between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is no Contracting between
+Generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations
+so the parent can choose their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the parent can choose their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the parent can choose their own
+consumption the middle agent the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+their own consumption in Middle Asian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own consumption in Middle Asian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own consumption in Middle Asian
+while they are all the investment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while they are all the investment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while they are all the investment in
+their children and that's it they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their children and that's it they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their children and that's it they cannot
+ex dictate to them how they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex dictate to them how they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex dictate to them how they should
+invest in their own grandchildren all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in their own grandchildren all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in their own grandchildren all
+they can do is doing the investment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do is doing the investment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do is doing the investment and
+the child in turn will make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child in turn will make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child in turn will make the
+investment in the future so there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in the future so there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in the future so there is no
+commitment problem because there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment problem because there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment problem because there is no
+decision that is made over the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision that is made over the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision that is made over the long run
+no Contracting possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Contracting possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Contracting possible
+so once you uh we haven't and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you uh we haven't and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you uh we haven't and we will
+which frankly you haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which frankly you haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which frankly you haven't done
+hyperbolic discounting and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic discounting and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic discounting and in
+inconsistent time preferences for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent time preferences for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent time preferences for the
+individual the very the famous beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual the very the famous beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual the very the famous beta
+Delta model but we're gonna see it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta model but we're gonna see it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta model but we're gonna see it when
+we study savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we study savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we study savings
+but once we have studied it you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once we have studied it you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once we have studied it you can see
+that none of these complexities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that none of these complexities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that none of these complexities are
+there in the Barrow Becker model because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the Barrow Becker model because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the Barrow Becker model because
+of this simplification and if we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this simplification and if we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this simplification and if we didn't
+have this simplification we would find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this simplification we would find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this simplification we would find
+ourselves in a world in a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves in a world in a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves in a world in a sense of
+commitment problem Contracting problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment problem Contracting problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment problem Contracting problem
+which are very similar to the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very similar to the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very similar to the type of
+issues that we think about when an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that we think about when an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that we think about when an
+individual is trying to deal with a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual is trying to deal with a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual is trying to deal with a lot
+of impatience in the short run for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of impatience in the short run for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of impatience in the short run for
+example or an attempt to commit their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or an attempt to commit their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or an attempt to commit their
+future self to behave in such and such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future self to behave in such and such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future self to behave in such and such
+way so the same issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so the same issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so the same issues
+appear within the family as soon as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear within the family as soon as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear within the family as soon as you
+have and you can see even more easily in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and you can see even more easily in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and you can see even more easily in
+a sense you don't have to have any funky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense you don't have to have any funky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense you don't have to have any funky
+preferences like we have like we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences like we have like we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences like we have like we need to
+have at the individual level it is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at the individual level it is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at the individual level it is just
+like if you care about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you care about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you care about your
+grandchildren everything's messed up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandchildren everything's messed up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandchildren everything's messed up in
+this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model
+right so the by the way similarly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the by the way similarly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the by the way similarly in
+political economy we have these models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political economy we have these models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political economy we have these models
+of of how you you know a country might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of how you you know a country might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of how you you know a country might
+decide to take a debt that will apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to take a debt that will apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to take a debt that will apply to
+the a future citizen of that country and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a future citizen of that country and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a future citizen of that country and
+how you make com you know commitment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you make com you know commitment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you make com you know commitment in
+the policy space it's again the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy space it's again the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy space it's again the same
+issue of what Contracting is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of what Contracting is possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of what Contracting is possible
+between generations and how do we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between generations and how do we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between generations and how do we take
+into account our caring for future for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account our caring for future for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account our caring for future for
+the future and it's online it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and it's online it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and it's online it's very
+simplified model where that that things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified model where that that things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified model where that that things
+kind of work out analytically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work out analytically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work out analytically
+so you can you you can board credit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you you can board credit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you you can board credit and
+loan can be buckwheat so you uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan can be buckwheat so you uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan can be buckwheat so you uh so that
+simplifies our life a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies our life a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies our life a lot
+so we start that startup give that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start that startup give that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start that startup give that gives
+us a very standard credit constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a very standard credit constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a very standard credit constraint
+where defined in terms of wealth you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where defined in terms of wealth you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where defined in terms of wealth you
+know how much Financial assets someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much Financial assets someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much Financial assets someone
+has which could be positive assets or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has which could be positive assets or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has which could be positive assets or
+negative assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative assets
+so the wealth that you're gonna have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the wealth that you're gonna have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the wealth that you're gonna have in
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+is the r which is the gross interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the r which is the gross interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the r which is the gross interest
+rate so uh um suppose you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so uh um suppose you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so uh um suppose you know you have
+put if you have any assets after the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put if you have any assets after the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put if you have any assets after the end
+of this operation you put it in the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this operation you put it in the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this operation you put it in the bank
+and experience they'll give you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experience they'll give you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experience they'll give you that
+multiply by the gross interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the gross interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the gross interest rate
+so one plus something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one plus something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one plus something
+and what do you put in the bank or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you put in the bank or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you put in the bank or what
+do you want well you start with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want well you start with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want well you start with some
+wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth
+are you consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you consume
+uh you feed your uh your uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you feed your uh your uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you feed your uh your uh the
+generation before they have made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation before they have made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation before they have made a
+commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment
+uh you gain you earn some money that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you gain you earn some money that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you gain you earn some money that is
+the your uh your unit for your unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the your uh your unit for your unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the your uh your unit for your unit of
+uh unskilled and for your however you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unskilled and for your however you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unskilled and for your however you
+need of skills you happen to have HT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need of skills you happen to have HT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need of skills you happen to have HT
+multiplied by the rate of return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the rate of return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the rate of return to
+education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+and then you spend some money to educate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you spend some money to educate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you spend some money to educate
+your your kid so if you want your kid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your kid so if you want your kid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your kid so if you want your kid to
+have h t plus one you're gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have h t plus one you're gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have h t plus one you're gonna have to
+spend five of HTE plus one HT which well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend five of HTE plus one HT which well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend five of HTE plus one HT which well
+this file is simple is is just a shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this file is simple is is just a shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this file is simple is is just a shorter
+shortcut for the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut for the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut for the the the the
+equation we heard before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we heard before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we heard before
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's the that's how much you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's how much you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's how much you're
+gonna have uh in the next period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have uh in the next period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have uh in the next period
+so now we have our utility function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have our utility function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have our utility function we
+have our budget constraint how do we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our budget constraint how do we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our budget constraint how do we go
+about solving this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solving this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solving this problem
+what are the three uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the three uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the three uh
+equations that are going to help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that are going to help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that are going to help us
+solve this issue this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this issue this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this issue this this
+maximization program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to this I know you have seen in macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this I know you have seen in macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this I know you have seen in macro
+even in today's Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so we get to our equation one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so we get to our equation one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so we get to our equation one
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+our city one with respect to PT Plus One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our city one with respect to PT Plus One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our city one with respect to PT Plus One
+and then we have the and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the and then we're
+gonna uh uh take the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna uh uh take the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna uh uh take the first order
+condition on the budget constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on the budget constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on the budget constraint
+uh I'm not gonna ride the city and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm not gonna ride the city and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm not gonna ride the city and the
+earlier equation for the two consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier equation for the two consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier equation for the two consumption
+levels they are just they are what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels they are just they are what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels they are just they are what they
+are they are not interesting uh I'm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they are not interesting uh I'm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they are not interesting uh I'm I
+mean they would be interesting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they would be interesting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they would be interesting in
+another world but the reason I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another world but the reason I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another world but the reason I'm not
+going to write them up is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write them up is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write them up is that if you
+did write them up you would notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did write them up you would notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did write them up you would notice that
+the human capital doesn't appear in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human capital doesn't appear in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human capital doesn't appear in them
+anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere
+the Euler equation is defined in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Euler equation is defined in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Euler equation is defined in terms
+of consumption and interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consumption and interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consumption and interest rate
+so and and you're this country so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and you're this country so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and you're this country so
+depending how impatient you are you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending how impatient you are you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending how impatient you are you're
+gonna spend more on consumption uh yoga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna spend more on consumption uh yoga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna spend more on consumption uh yoga
+and then or or less and uh for for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then or or less and uh for for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then or or less and uh for for you
+for for this while you're working and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this while you're working and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this while you're working and
+also for next year okay meanwhile uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for next year okay meanwhile uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for next year okay meanwhile uh
+where we the only place where the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we the only place where the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we the only place where the human
+capital decision is gonna is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital decision is gonna is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital decision is gonna is going to
+enter is in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter is in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter is in the in the
+budget constraint so to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraint so to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraint so to figure out the
+level of the of human capital uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the of human capital uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the of human capital uh uh
+investment so we are it's HT plus one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so we are it's HT plus one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so we are it's HT plus one we
+are trying to determine because HT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to determine because HT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to determine because HT is
+what we already have uh what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and basically what it says in plane one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically what it says in plane one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically what it says in plane one
+is that we want to uh equalize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we want to uh equalize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we want to uh equalize the
+marginal return of investing in one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal return of investing in one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal return of investing in one more
+unit of HT plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of HT plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of HT plus one
+uh to its cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to its cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to its cost
+and just before we even do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just before we even do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just before we even do the
+calculation where is the marginal what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation where is the marginal what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation where is the marginal what
+what is going to be what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to be what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to be what's the
+why is it interesting to invest what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it interesting to invest what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it interesting to invest what is
+the value to invest in HT plus one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value to invest in HT plus one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value to invest in HT plus one where
+are we gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we gonna get
+bank for our back when we invest in HT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank for our back when we invest in HT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank for our back when we invest in HT
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yes so the the child's uh wage is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the the child's uh wage is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the the child's uh wage is going
+to be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be higher
+right and therefore the later their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and therefore the later their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and therefore the later their
+consumption but in the budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption but in the budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption but in the budget
+constraints going to show up at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints going to show up at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints going to show up at their
+wage and then what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage and then what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage and then what else
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yes so again like there that's to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so again like there that's to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so again like there that's to to
+their wage then that's gonna give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wage then that's gonna give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wage then that's gonna give them
+money to to a first value of investing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to to a first value of investing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to to a first value of investing
+in human capital is that they'll earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in human capital is that they'll earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in human capital is that they'll earn
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+and what's the second uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the second uh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the second uh what's the
+second value invest in human capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second value invest in human capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second value invest in human capital
+coming straight out of the budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming straight out of the budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming straight out of the budget
+constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+exactly it will be cheaper for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it will be cheaper for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it will be cheaper for them to
+educate their own children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate their own children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate their own children
+so these are the two places we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the two places we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the two places we're gonna
+see a value investing human capital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a value investing human capital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a value investing human capital and
+that in turn is going to translate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in turn is going to translate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in turn is going to translate into
+the higher wage going to translate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher wage going to translate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher wage going to translate in
+more City and more consumption for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more City and more consumption for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more City and more consumption for for
+for them and more uh return but we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them and more uh return but we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them and more uh return but we are
+not going to see it later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh once we uh take the so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh once we uh take the so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh once we uh take the so what you
+can do is to take the derivative of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is to take the derivative of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is to take the derivative of of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ah and then the derivative of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah and then the derivative of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah and then the derivative of this and
+then rearrange the word rearrange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then rearrange the word rearrange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then rearrange the word rearrange the
+rearrange the terms a little bit and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange the terms a little bit and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange the terms a little bit and you
+get exactly what we were discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get exactly what we were discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get exactly what we were discussing
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it costs some amount of money to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it costs some amount of money to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it costs some amount of money to get you
+need to that this is the cost of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to that this is the cost of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to that this is the cost of get
+this marginal cost of in getting HT plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this marginal cost of in getting HT plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this marginal cost of in getting HT plus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+all right this is the the first S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is the the first S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is the the first S1
+meaning D over the first derivative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning D over the first derivative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning D over the first derivative the
+derivative with respect to this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to this first
+term so if that's a marginal cost of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so if that's a marginal cost of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so if that's a marginal cost of one
+more unit of human capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unit of human capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unit of human capital
+for your kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your kid
+uh is equal to the marginal return which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is equal to the marginal return which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is equal to the marginal return which
+you're getting in the next period so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting in the next period so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting in the next period so
+it's divided by the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's divided by the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's divided by the interest rate
+extra wage for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra wage for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra wage for them
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+uh extra plus reduction into minus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh extra plus reduction into minus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh extra plus reduction into minus in
+the marginal cost of educating their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal cost of educating their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal cost of educating their own
+children so it's now S2 of h t plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so it's now S2 of h t plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so it's now S2 of h t plus one
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+so that's you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you can
+straight from here take the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight from here take the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight from here take the derivative
+of this bit and that bit with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this bit and that bit with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this bit and that bit with respect to
+h t plus one and we aren't determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h t plus one and we aren't determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h t plus one and we aren't determined
+you'll get this but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get this but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get this but this is
+the intuition that you want to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition that you want to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition that you want to keep in
+mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+is that that's that's how you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that's that's how you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that's that's how you're going
+to Define that's how you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define that's how you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define that's how you're going to
+decide how much to spend in your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how much to spend in your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how much to spend in your own
+human capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital
+so what is interesting is that what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is interesting is that what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is interesting is that what's
+not in there at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to this this equation we can rearrange a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this this equation we can rearrange a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this this equation we can rearrange a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+uh if we are in steady state we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we are in steady state we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we are in steady state we can
+replace one over R by Delta because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace one over R by Delta because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace one over R by Delta because
+that's the that's what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's what's going to
+determine the interest rate in steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the interest rate in steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the interest rate in steady
+state we can replace the HT plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we can replace the HT plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we can replace the HT plus one
+entity plus two by H's but even in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity plus two by H's but even in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity plus two by H's but even in this
+in this particular in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular in this particular
+equation what is not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah or what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah or what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah or what else
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is nothing about the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is nothing about the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is nothing about the utility function
+there's nothing about the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing about the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing about the utility
+function of the parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the parents
+it's got nothing to do with their taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got nothing to do with their taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got nothing to do with their taste
+it's got It's got nothing to do even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got It's got nothing to do even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got It's got nothing to do even
+with our patient or impatient they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our patient or impatient they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our patient or impatient they are
+there is a one minus L but from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a one minus L but from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a one minus L but from the
+individual point of view of the parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual point of view of the parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual point of view of the parents
+this is given by the this this is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is given by the this this is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is given by the this this is given
+by whatever happens to be the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by whatever happens to be the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by whatever happens to be the interest
+rate in society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate in society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate in society
+so any individual parent however you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any individual parent however you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any individual parent however you
+know impatient or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know impatient or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know impatient or
+uh nasty or whatever is going to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nasty or whatever is going to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nasty or whatever is going to spend
+the same amount in educating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount in educating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount in educating the
+children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children
+and where does this come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where does this come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where does this come from
+why is that result why is it true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that result why is it true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that result why is it true
+irrespective of the math what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrespective of the math what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrespective of the math what's the
+intuition that makes this true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that makes this true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that makes this true
+this is quite powerful right you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is quite powerful right you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is quite powerful right you would
+think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that
+that's not doesn't really completely fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not doesn't really completely fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not doesn't really completely fit
+with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know like this is not steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like this is not steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like this is not steady state
+it's full of h plus one it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's full of h plus one it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's full of h plus one it's the
+individual level decision today there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level decision today there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level decision today there's
+no statistic yet we're gonna get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no statistic yet we're gonna get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no statistic yet we're gonna get there
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+in this model in the first in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model in the first in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model in the first in the first
+instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance
+another thing that's striking everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that's striking everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that's striking everyone
+will is yeah in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will is yeah in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will is yeah in
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the function is the same but potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is the same but potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is the same but potentially
+they have a different level of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a different level of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a different level of human
+capital themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly there is this other thing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly there is this other thing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly there is this other thing they
+could do at any point they can save and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do at any point they can save and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do at any point they can save and
+they can borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can borrow
+they can bow against the earning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can bow against the earning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can bow against the earning of
+their children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their children
+or they can save the earning of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they can save the earning of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they can save the earning of their
+children therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children therefore
+the utility function is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility function is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility function is going to
+determine how much they want to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine how much they want to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine how much they want to save
+but then the the the the how this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the the the the how this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the the the the how this is
+separated between human capital and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated between human capital and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated between human capital and and
+debt or assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt or assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt or assets
+there's no choice involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no choice involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no choice involved
+therefore the only thing the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the only thing the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the only thing the only thing
+that matters is how productivity so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters is how productivity so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters is how productivity so you
+have the return to education in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the return to education in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the return to education in terms of
+uh of their owning of their kid as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of their owning of their kid as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of their owning of their kid as well
+as in terms of how cheaper it means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in terms of how cheaper it means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in terms of how cheaper it means to
+it is to uh to invest your future kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to uh to invest your future kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to uh to invest your future kids
+but the only thing that matters is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the only thing that matters is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the only thing that matters is the
+returns to education and how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to education and how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to education and how that
+compares to the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares to the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares to the cost
+and nothing else because a more patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing else because a more patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing else because a more patient
+parent will will invest less but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent will will invest less but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent will will invest less but that
+will all go through uh the the how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all go through uh the the how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all go through uh the the how much
+they put in assets there is no reason uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put in assets there is no reason uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put in assets there is no reason uh
+to not do the efficient thing in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not do the efficient thing in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not do the efficient thing in in
+respect of with respect to education so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect of with respect to education so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect of with respect to education so
+that's a pretty uh striking uh result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty uh striking uh result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty uh striking uh result
+there's no parental preference effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no parental preference effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no parental preference effect
+there is also no income effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also no income effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also no income effect
+in fact in this part in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in this part in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in this part in this particular
+model in one shot everybody invests the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in one shot everybody invests the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in one shot everybody invests the
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+and in steady state R is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in steady state R is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in steady state R is equal to the
+inverted of the discount rate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted of the discount rate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted of the discount rate and the
+two human capital level all the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two human capital level all the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two human capital level all the human
+capital become constants and that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital become constants and that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital become constants and that gives
+you a function of that gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a function of that gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a function of that gives you an
+expression for the human capital that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the human capital that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the human capital that's
+chosen in a generation and there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen in a generation and there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen in a generation and there you
+have Delta so you have a preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Delta so you have a preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Delta so you have a preference
+effect in statistic but the Delta comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in statistic but the Delta comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in statistic but the Delta comes
+from you know because it's saying how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know because it's saying how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know because it's saying how
+how patient this Society is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how patient this Society is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how patient this Society is and
+therefore how much they want to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore how much they want to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore how much they want to save
+overall uh in the form of either human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall uh in the form of either human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall uh in the form of either human
+capital or physical capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital or physical capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital or physical capital
+so at the level of society there is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the level of society there is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the level of society there is you
+know more patient Society will save more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more patient Society will save more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more patient Society will save more
+both in physical form and in the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in physical form and in the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in physical form and in the form of
+human capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital
+and otherwise all you have in here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise all you have in here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise all you have in here is
+how expensive it is to educate someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how expensive it is to educate someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how expensive it is to educate someone
+in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+educated and uneducated labor and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated and uneducated labor and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated and uneducated labor and how
+and what are the returns to education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which enters here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which enters here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which enters here
+so if they return to education are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they return to education are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they return to education are
+higher people are going to invest more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher people are going to invest more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher people are going to invest more
+if it's become more in expensive then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's become more in expensive then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's become more in expensive then
+invest less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest less
+there's also no inequality in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also no inequality in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also no inequality in this model
+everyone will convert to the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone will convert to the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone will convert to the same thing
+in fact in one generation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in one generation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in one generation because
+they're all going to pick the same HT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all going to pick the same HT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all going to pick the same HT
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+and that breaks down one way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that breaks down one way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that breaks down one way in which
+this breaks down is if S12 is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this breaks down is if S12 is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this breaks down is if S12 is very
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+where if you start from very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you start from very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you start from very different
+level of human capital your cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of human capital your cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of human capital your cost of
+Education might be quite different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education might be quite different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education might be quite different and
+then you might end up with two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might end up with two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might end up with two different
+statistics so that's again just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics so that's again just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics so that's again just to
+repeat the get our student model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the get our student model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the get our student model
+but otherwise if you don't have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise if you don't have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise if you don't have this
+extreme complementarity there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme complementarity there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme complementarity there is no
+you're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good
+there is unique steady state uh so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is unique steady state uh so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is unique steady state uh so there
+is no no long run effect of a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no no long run effect of a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no no long run effect of a large
+shock to human capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock to human capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock to human capital
+so we are discussing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are discussing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are discussing with the
+uh David Atkin about kovid and saying oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh David Atkin about kovid and saying oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh David Atkin about kovid and saying oh
+all these kids who are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these kids who are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these kids who are not going to
+school this year or it's like it's a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school this year or it's like it's a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school this year or it's like it's a you
+know it's a disaster and this model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a disaster and this model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a disaster and this model is
+just going to be sorted very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be sorted very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be sorted very quickly
+because they returned to human capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they returned to human capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they returned to human capital
+assets that the investment will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets that the investment will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets that the investment will take
+place when schools become open again at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place when schools become open again at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place when schools become open again at
+least at the level of society right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least at the level of society right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least at the level of society right
+uh and interestingly that was his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and interestingly that was his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and interestingly that was his
+immediate because it was kind of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate because it was kind of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate because it was kind of his
+instinctive reaction showing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinctive reaction showing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinctive reaction showing how
+powerful this model is for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this case you could uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case you could uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case you could uh you know
+you can think very quickly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think very quickly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think very quickly in the
+framework of this very simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of this very simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of this very simple model
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+your policy instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your policy instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your policy instrument
+uh so you could have an education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you could have an education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you could have an education
+subsidy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy
+for example if you spend e you get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you spend e you get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you spend e you get some
+amount say primary education is free so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount say primary education is free so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount say primary education is free so
+even if you spend zero you'll get e0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you spend zero you'll get e0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you spend zero you'll get e0 and
+then uh you get tuition subsidies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh you get tuition subsidies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh you get tuition subsidies
+tuition discount depending where you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition discount depending where you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition discount depending where you go
+and then you might have a tax which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you might have a tax which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you might have a tax which is a
+you know it could be a progressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it could be a progressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it could be a progressive
+income taxation so it's a tax on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income taxation so it's a tax on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income taxation so it's a tax on on
+human capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we take this this very easy to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take this this very easy to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take this this very easy to put in
+the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state
+the states did become uh this one so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states did become uh this one so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states did become uh this one so uh
+your the return to education is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the return to education is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the return to education is now
+smaller the direct return to education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the direct return to education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the direct return to education
+is smaller because of the tax on human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller because of the tax on human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller because of the tax on human
+capital but the cost of education is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital but the cost of education is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital but the cost of education is
+also smaller because you now don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also smaller because you now don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also smaller because you now don't have
+to you're getting uh this subsidy every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you're getting uh this subsidy every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you're getting uh this subsidy every
+time you educate more and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you educate more and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you educate more and then this
+stays the same as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same as before
+so first what's the first observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first what's the first observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first what's the first observation
+where do you see an e0 here on a 2-0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you see an e0 here on a 2-0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you see an e0 here on a 2-0
+Tower zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah there are lump sum they don't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there are lump sum they don't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there are lump sum they don't they
+are not there so in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not there so in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not there so in this model
+subsidizing primary of education is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidizing primary of education is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidizing primary of education is
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+this is a fixed this is lump sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fixed this is lump sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fixed this is lump sum
+uh doesn't matter to uh to the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doesn't matter to uh to the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doesn't matter to uh to the choice
+and then second thing is is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that what what what does enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what doesn't tell is the the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what doesn't tell is the the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what doesn't tell is the the marginal
+subsidy the the sub and the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy the the sub and the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy the the sub and the marginal
+cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+so it would not make sense in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would not make sense in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would not make sense in this model
+to pay attacks in order to finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay attacks in order to finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay attacks in order to finance
+education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+uh that's just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distorting people but you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorting people but you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorting people but you might want to
+have a subsidy if you need a tax for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a subsidy if you need a tax for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a subsidy if you need a tax for
+some other reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other reason
+so the idea is that if you need if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is that if you need if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is that if you need if you
+wanted if you wanted tax on education uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted if you wanted tax on education uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted if you wanted tax on education uh
+because you want to have progressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to have progressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to have progressive
+taxation to do something on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation to do something on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation to do something on the other
+you might compensate it for people it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might compensate it for people it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might compensate it for people it
+might then it might make sense to add uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might then it might make sense to add uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might then it might make sense to add uh
+uh to to have a subsidy for Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to have a subsidy for Education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to have a subsidy for Education
+that is going to to some extent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to to some extent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to to some extent uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+outweigh the the custom the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outweigh the the custom the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outweigh the the custom the cost of
+Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the proportional tax and subsidies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the proportional tax and subsidies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the proportional tax and subsidies of
+the predicted effects ideally you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predicted effects ideally you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predicted effects ideally you're
+going to put the optimal you go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put the optimal you go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put the optimal you go back to
+Optimal if you have the the subsidies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimal if you have the the subsidies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimal if you have the the subsidies
+the same as the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the tax
+so in the absence of any other recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the absence of any other recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the absence of any other recent
+attacks you want let's see Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks you want let's see Fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks you want let's see Fair
+so education subsidy might be a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so education subsidy might be a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so education subsidy might be a way to
+contract contacts of on human capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract contacts of on human capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract contacts of on human capital
+that's there because of the necessity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there because of the necessity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there because of the necessity to
+have Progressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now something that is too here as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now something that is too here as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now something that is too here as well
+is that so these are the return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that so these are the return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that so these are the return to
+education in a way because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in a way because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in a way because that's the
+ratio of the unskilled to the skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the unskilled to the skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the unskilled to the skill
+labor the return the higher to return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor the return the higher to return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor the return the higher to return to
+human capital means more investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital means more investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital means more investment
+so that's the the best education policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the the best education policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the the best education policy
+and if you you know listen to my cousins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you you know listen to my cousins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you you know listen to my cousins
+like he says that very explicitly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he says that very explicitly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he says that very explicitly the
+best education policy is no education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best education policy is no education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best education policy is no education
+policy the best education policy is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy the best education policy is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy the best education policy is one
+where which which is in the labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where which which is in the labor market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where which which is in the labor market
+where it becomes valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it becomes valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it becomes valuable
+more valuable to get an education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more valuable to get an education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more valuable to get an education
+okay so in terms of things that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in terms of things that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in terms of things that we want
+to look at empirically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at empirically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at empirically
+one we want to look at whether people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we want to look at whether people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we want to look at whether people
+are sensitive to the cost of Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direct or other subsidies to education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct or other subsidies to education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct or other subsidies to education
+one is we want to see whether people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is we want to see whether people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is we want to see whether people are
+sensitive to the returns to education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the returns to education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the returns to education
+is there as the seat the real return or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there as the seat the real return or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there as the seat the real return or
+the perceived returns to write down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perceived returns to write down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perceived returns to write down to
+education those are kind of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education those are kind of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education those are kind of the main
+a prediction of this model in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prediction of this model in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prediction of this model in terms of
+in terms of household decisions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of household decisions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of household decisions that we
+should see household being responsive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to summarize this model and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to summarize this model and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to summarize this model and then we
+can start discussing it this biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start discussing it this biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start discussing it this biology
+world is great there is no inequality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is great there is no inequality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is great there is no inequality in
+the state state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state state
+wealth income even preferences don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth income even preferences don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth income even preferences don't
+matter in the in the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in the in the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in the in the short run
+and the only thing that determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only thing that determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only thing that determine
+education in this world is uh is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in this world is uh is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in this world is uh is the
+return and the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why why might education be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why why might education be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why why might education be different
+in different countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the return could be very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return could be very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return could be very different
+so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one
+um what an what's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+market for education is perfect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for education is perfect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for education is perfect but
+there might be Physicians yes that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be Physicians yes that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be Physicians yes that they
+might be uh in the delivery of Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh in the delivery of Education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh in the delivery of Education
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+um so we'll go back to that in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we'll go back to that in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we'll go back to that in a minute
+and then in in this within this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in in this within this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in in this within this model
+with the context of this assumption the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the context of this assumption the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the context of this assumption the
+other thing that's going to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that's going to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that's going to determine
+education level potentially is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education level potentially is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education level potentially is this
+country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+right so the Technologies is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the Technologies is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the Technologies is going to
+determine the the education level both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the the education level both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the the education level both
+the technology in the labor market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology in the labor market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology in the labor market and
+the technology of providing education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those are the things that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the things that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the things that should
+determine education and not education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine education and not education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine education and not education
+subsidies and education policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh however that there is scope to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh however that there is scope to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh however that there is scope to uh to
+to improve the production function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve the production function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve the production function of
+Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education
+potentially right so if you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially right so if you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially right so if you make
+education more productive cheaper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education more productive cheaper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education more productive cheaper that
+is for example you increase the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for example you increase the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for example you increase the quality
+of education so you get more unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of education so you get more unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of education so you get more unit of
+capital per uh per amount of money that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital per uh per amount of money that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital per uh per amount of money that
+you're spending you might still get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending you might still get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending you might still get more
+you might get more education as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get more education as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get more education as a result
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+so even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though
+sort of the rosensified conclusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the rosensified conclusion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the rosensified conclusion is
+not bother with education just increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bother with education just increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bother with education just increase
+the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the
+improve the technology outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the technology outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the technology outside of the
+school system such that people find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school system such that people find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school system such that people find it
+valuable to be educated one could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable to be educated one could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable to be educated one could also
+say well even in your mother I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well even in your mother I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well even in your mother I still
+have a reason to make education Cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reason to make education Cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reason to make education Cheaper
+by making it more more effective more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making it more more effective more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making it more more effective more
+productive Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for a long time uh development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a long time uh development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a long time uh development
+economies had no interest in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies had no interest in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies had no interest in the
+economics of Education unlike the World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics of Education unlike the World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics of Education unlike the World
+Bank who would spend a lot of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank who would spend a lot of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank who would spend a lot of time and
+effort trying to push investment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort trying to push investment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort trying to push investment in
+education and to some extent many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and to some extent many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and to some extent many people
+still hold this View and don't have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hold this View and don't have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hold this View and don't have much
+time for any you know all of the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for any you know all of the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for any you know all of the work
+that exists on on the economics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exists on on the economics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exists on on the economics of
+education and the technology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and the technology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and the technology of
+Education that we are going to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education that we are going to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education that we are going to spend
+some time discussing in the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time discussing in the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time discussing in the next few
+weeks and to some extent many still hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and to some extent many still hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and to some extent many still hold
+this view that all of that is second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this view that all of that is second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this view that all of that is second
+order relative to relative to uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order relative to relative to uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order relative to relative to uh to the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+returned to education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now what I want to do for the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what I want to do for the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what I want to do for the rest of
+today is to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is to discuss
+the different assumption that that live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different assumption that that live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different assumption that that live
+inside this model and where and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this model and where and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this model and where and try to
+have you think too whether or not they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you think too whether or not they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you think too whether or not they
+break the fundamental logic of the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the fundamental logic of the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the fundamental logic of the model
+or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+I guess maybe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess maybe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess maybe this is
+the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core
+tuition in this then we should think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition in this then we should think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition in this then we should think of
+education as an asset just like for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education as an asset just like for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education as an asset just like for many
+other assets that people decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other assets that people decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other assets that people decide to
+invest in or not exactly so that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in or not exactly so that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in or not exactly so that's like
+a portfolio Theory like we should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a portfolio Theory like we should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a portfolio Theory like we should think
+of it in that lens exactly so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in that lens exactly so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in that lens exactly so this is
+exactly what it's doing so where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it's doing so where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it's doing so where this is
+buried oh maybe not buried but where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried oh maybe not buried but where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried oh maybe not buried but where
+this is where where this took place is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where where this took place is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where where this took place is
+when we remove the symbolic consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we remove the symbolic consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we remove the symbolic consumption
+from the from the from the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the from the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the from the utility
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+so that there is no consumption value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that there is no consumption value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that there is no consumption value in
+education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+either direct via the fact that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either direct via the fact that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either direct via the fact that people
+like to spend on education like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to spend on education like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to spend on education like to be
+educated or indirect via the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated or indirect via the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated or indirect via the fact that
+you and enjoy the fact that your child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and enjoy the fact that your child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and enjoy the fact that your child
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+is educated or consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is educated or consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is educated or consumer
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in terms of like you could even help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like you could even help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like you could even help
+ships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+is that a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a big
+ger discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ger discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ger discussion
+so that is so here education has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is so here education has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is so here education has no
+externality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality
+and you're absolutely right that uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're absolutely right that uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're absolutely right that uh for
+for example the World Bank argument of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the World Bank argument of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the World Bank argument of
+subsidizing education has long been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidizing education has long been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidizing education has long been
+around this idea that there are huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this idea that there are huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this idea that there are huge
+externalities to subsidize education so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities to subsidize education so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities to subsidize education so
+to to have more educated people so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to have more educated people so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to have more educated people so here
+if you if you if you place this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you if you place this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you if you place this if you
+change this world so where where that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this world so where where that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this world so where where that is
+buried where is that very no externality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried where is that very no externality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried where is that very no externality
+where does it live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does it live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does it live
+in which assumption does it live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so early quite early in the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so early quite early in the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so early quite early in the production
+function so there is no externality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so there is no externality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so there is no externality in
+the in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the uh
+the production function just it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production function just it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production function just it doesn't
+have an A ins in front of it which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an A ins in front of it which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an A ins in front of it which would
+be which could be a product of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be which could be a product of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be which could be a product of it
+uh so the way that externalities show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the way that externalities show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the way that externalities show up
+in models like the Lucas model is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in models like the Lucas model is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in models like the Lucas model is by
+having uh the the entire production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having uh the the entire production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having uh the the entire production
+function multiplied by a term which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function multiplied by a term which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function multiplied by a term which is
+itself a function of human capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a function of human capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a function of human capital
+so that's ruled out by the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's ruled out by the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's ruled out by the production
+function that we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we wrote
+another place where we have ruled out we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place where we have ruled out we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place where we have ruled out we
+have actually limited the externalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually limited the externalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually limited the externalities
+is by saying that education becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by saying that education becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by saying that education becomes a
+cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper
+when you are educating your children is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are educating your children is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are educating your children is
+cheaper when you are yourself educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper when you are yourself educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper when you are yourself educated
+but this this is decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this this is decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this this is decreasing
+If instead we had that's another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If instead we had that's another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If instead we had that's another way to
+write the Lucas model that education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the Lucas model that education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the Lucas model that education
+became cheaper as you or yourself are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became cheaper as you or yourself are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became cheaper as you or yourself are
+more educated in a way that is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more educated in a way that is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more educated in a way that is linear
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+then would give this it would again give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then would give this it would again give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then would give this it would again give
+us anxiety of education and potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us anxiety of education and potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us anxiety of education and potentially
+very different uh statistic level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different uh statistic level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different uh statistic level of
+growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+from this from that experiences and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this from that experiences and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this from that experiences and that
+could happen either within family or via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen either within family or via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen either within family or via
+the education production function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the education production function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the education production function so
+another place where the education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place where the education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place where the education
+production function is located is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function is located is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function is located is we
+have uh we don't have an A in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh we don't have an A in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh we don't have an A in front of
+it which again we have double we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which again we have double we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which again we have double we have
+the unit of human capital times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit of human capital times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit of human capital times the
+little S Plus unit of un um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little S Plus unit of un um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little S Plus unit of un um
+regular labor times the little s which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular labor times the little s which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular labor times the little s which
+is all individual we don't have an A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all individual we don't have an A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all individual we don't have an A
+that could be Collective which is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be Collective which is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be Collective which is if
+everybody is more educated that's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is more educated that's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is more educated that's gonna
+that's going to make the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to make the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to make the production
+function more get it so that's the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function more get it so that's the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function more get it so that's the two
+places where the externalities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where the externalities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where the externalities are
+missing and it's the two play and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing and it's the two play and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing and it's the two play and and
+this idea that there are these huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that there are these huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that there are these huge
+externalities of education is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities of education is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities of education is a big
+world Bank was kind of a big Broadband
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world Bank was kind of a big Broadband
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world Bank was kind of a big Broadband
+justification for investing in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification for investing in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification for investing in uh in
+education with or without much empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education with or without much empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education with or without much empirical
+evidence behind it but we'll go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence behind it but we'll go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence behind it but we'll go back to
+we'll go back to we'll have a whole we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go back to we'll have a whole we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go back to we'll have a whole we
+will discuss it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will discuss it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will discuss it yeah
+yeah sure this app also seems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure this app also seems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure this app also seems that
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiments value their children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments value their children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments value their children
+situation that's like a planable than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that's like a planable than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that's like a planable than
+the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so that's very important this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so that's very important this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so that's very important this goes
+into this so this is in a sense where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this so this is in a sense where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this so this is in a sense where
+what what we are discussing now is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what we are discussing now is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what we are discussing now is the
+form of the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the utility function
+so the form of the utility function uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the form of the utility function uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the form of the utility function uh
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+uh restrictive in two places and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh restrictive in two places and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh restrictive in two places and the one
+you call attention to is that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call attention to is that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call attention to is that is the
+idea that the discount trade for future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that the discount trade for future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that the discount trade for future
+generation is the same discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation is the same discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation is the same discount rate
+that applies from period to period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies from period to period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies from period to period
+to this very this beautiful trick of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this very this beautiful trick of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this very this beautiful trick of the
+of the Becker of the Barrow Becker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Becker of the Barrow Becker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Becker of the Barrow Becker
+preferences where I care about the Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences where I care about the Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences where I care about the Next
+Generation only and to you know with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation only and to you know with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation only and to you know with the
+factor Delta which is similar to my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor Delta which is similar to my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor Delta which is similar to my own
+uh this country over the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this country over the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this country over the period
+and that absolutely creates means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that absolutely creates means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that absolutely creates means that
+there is no Contracting difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no Contracting difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no Contracting difficulty
+between parents and children and means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between parents and children and means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between parents and children and means
+that the planner is going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the planner is going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the planner is going to have the
+same objective as the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same objective as the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same objective as the family
+uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if
+the parents don't care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parents don't care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parents don't care about the
+children at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children at all
+or they care about them less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they care about them less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they care about them less
+then we find ourselves in a world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we find ourselves in a world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we find ourselves in a world that
+is going to have a Time inconsistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have a Time inconsistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have a Time inconsistent
+utility preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility preferences
+so we are going to find ourselves where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are going to find ourselves where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are going to find ourselves where
+the entire future so suppose that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire future so suppose that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire future so suppose that this
+is the same same model but I modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same same model but I modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same same model but I modified
+just a little bit which is my I like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit which is my I like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit which is my I like my
+the consumption of my child just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumption of my child just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumption of my child just a
+little less than mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less than mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less than mine
+then we have two discount rate just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have two discount rate just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have two discount rate just this
+change leaves us with to this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change leaves us with to this country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change leaves us with to this country
+that we have to play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to play with
+on the one hand we have the overtime my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand we have the overtime my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand we have the overtime my
+own consumption over time so let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own consumption over time so let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own consumption over time so let's call
+that Delta and on the other hand we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta and on the other hand we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta and on the other hand we have
+the future generation let's call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future generation let's call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future generation let's call that
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+and uh this rewriting now the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this rewriting now the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this rewriting now the utility
+function we have one discount rate beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we have one discount rate beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we have one discount rate beta
+which applies to the entire future and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which applies to the entire future and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which applies to the entire future and
+then within that the Delta so we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then within that the Delta so we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then within that the Delta so we are in
+a beta Delta World Time inconsistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beta Delta World Time inconsistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beta Delta World Time inconsistent
+therefore the decision of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the decision of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the decision of the individual
+today in the absence of commitment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in the absence of commitment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in the absence of commitment is
+going to look different than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look different than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look different than the
+decision of someone who cares not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision of someone who cares not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision of someone who cares not about
+any individual generation but about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any individual generation but about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any individual generation but about all
+the generation in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generation in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generation in the future
+so that's what you are saying about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what you are saying about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what you are saying about the
+planners potentially having a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planners potentially having a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planners potentially having a different
+objective so here we could say well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective so here we could say well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective so here we could say well the
+planner just is going to maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner just is going to maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner just is going to maximize the
+the welfare of uh of of all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the welfare of uh of of all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the welfare of uh of of all of the
+future Generations so he is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future Generations so he is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future Generations so he is going to
+have exactly those preferences without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly those preferences without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly those preferences without
+the beta whereas the individual is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta whereas the individual is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta whereas the individual is going
+to look like they are more impatient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like they are more impatient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like they are more impatient so
+they are going to favor their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are going to favor their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are going to favor their own
+consumption to the expense of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption to the expense of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption to the expense of the of the
+investment in future of their children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in future of their children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in future of their children
+educational investment or savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational investment or savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational investment or savings
+investment and that creates a wedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and that creates a wedge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and that creates a wedge
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+but note that it creates a wage in term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but note that it creates a wage in term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but note that it creates a wage in term
+of all the investment I'm going to over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the investment I'm going to over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the investment I'm going to over
+consume it's not that they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume it's not that they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume it's not that they're going to
+invest Less in education relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest Less in education relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest Less in education relative to
+other Financial assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Financial assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Financial assets
+so that's one one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one one thing
+and then once we have that then we enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once we have that then we enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once we have that then we enter
+these delicate things about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these delicate things about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these delicate things about you know
+what can you commit what can you commit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you commit what can you commit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you commit what can you commit
+your future generation to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your future generation to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your future generation to do
+because a person who takes who who cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a person who takes who who cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a person who takes who who cares
+about their children but a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their children but a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their children but a little less
+than they care about themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they care about themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they care about themselves
+uh they are they would like to commit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they are they would like to commit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they are they would like to commit
+their children to invest a lot in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their children to invest a lot in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their children to invest a lot in their
+own children's education because viewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own children's education because viewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own children's education because viewed
+from this generation perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this generation perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this generation perspective
+the children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the children
+Etc they're all equally valuable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc they're all equally valuable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc they're all equally valuable because
+we all we all value them at better so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all we all value them at better so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all we all value them at better so
+they would like to convince their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would like to convince their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would like to convince their
+children to invest a lot to invest more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children to invest a lot to invest more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children to invest a lot to invest more
+in their own children's education but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own children's education but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own children's education but of
+course when the time comes for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when the time comes for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when the time comes for the
+children to take the education decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children to take the education decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children to take the education decision
+they are not going to to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not going to to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not going to to do that
+so that's when we're gonna have a wedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's when we're gonna have a wedge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's when we're gonna have a wedge
+and that's when we can have a planner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's when we can have a planner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's when we can have a planner
+who is going to take a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is going to take a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is going to take a different
+decision and he might for example or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and he might for example or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and he might for example or she
+might decide to subsidize education to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might decide to subsidize education to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might decide to subsidize education to
+counteract this tendency to overall to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteract this tendency to overall to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteract this tendency to overall to
+over uh spend today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh spend today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh spend today
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mexican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexican
+Germans but in like realistic settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans but in like realistic settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans but in like realistic settings
+like incidents where the governments do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like incidents where the governments do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like incidents where the governments do
+not provide institutional audience at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not provide institutional audience at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not provide institutional audience at
+work parents probably also children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work parents probably also children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work parents probably also children
+because children are going to earned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because children are going to earned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because children are going to earned
+money and then give them back like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and then give them back like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and then give them back like
+supported them yesterday if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported them yesterday if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported them yesterday if that's
+that's a reduced form to capture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reduced form to capture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reduced form to capture that
+investment in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no so you're so you're thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so you're so you're thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so you're so you're thinking of
+another place where you know this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place where you know this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place where you know this might
+break down which I was hoping we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down which I was hoping we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down which I was hoping we would
+get is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where what's the assumption that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where what's the assumption that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where what's the assumption that you are
+taking away from me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh not just the con not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh not just the con not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh not just the con not the
+contract here we are you know in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract here we are you know in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract here we are you know in this
+let's stay to this world where there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stay to this world where there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stay to this world where there is
+no contract all you can do is invest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no contract all you can do is invest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no contract all you can do is invest in
+your kids education that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your kids education that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your kids education that's it
+uh but I have one assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I have one assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I have one assumption
+one pretty one assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pretty one assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pretty one assumption
+here which you removed when you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which you removed when you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which you removed when you were
+talking about you talked about pension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you talked about pension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you talked about pension
+and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that
+so what did you have in mind I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did you have in mind I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did you have in mind I actually
+don't have pensions here there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have pensions here there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have pensions here there's no
+pension system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pension system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pension system
+but what can people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usually it's kind of the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's kind of the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's kind of the first thing
+people know to along with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know to along with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know to along with the
+externality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and look for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no it's pretty obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the Assumption you removed from me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the Assumption you removed from me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the Assumption you removed from me
+is that anyone can borrow or land that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that anyone can borrow or land that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that anyone can borrow or land that
+growth R and in fact credit and loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth R and in fact credit and loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth R and in fact credit and loans
+can be requested so you add in minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be requested so you add in minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be requested so you add in minor
+pension system we don't need a pension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pension system we don't need a pension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pension system we don't need a pension
+system here because people are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here because people are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here because people are able to
+uh to save uh in the so depending what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to save uh in the so depending what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to save uh in the so depending what
+the pension system does is that it helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pension system does is that it helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pension system does is that it helps
+us save so here there is no people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us save so here there is no people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us save so here there is no people are
+you know able to make that decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know able to make that decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know able to make that decision
+perfectly and they are able to put money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly and they are able to put money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly and they are able to put money
+in the bank account or to borrow so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bank account or to borrow so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bank account or to borrow so they
+are able to transfer money in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to transfer money in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to transfer money in the future
+so they don't need their children as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't need their children as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't need their children as a
+vessel to transfer money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel to transfer money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel to transfer money
+right so that's why that motif of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's why that motif of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's why that motif of that
+we could find in a real world of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could find in a real world of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could find in a real world of using
+of investing in your children human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investing in your children human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investing in your children human
+capital in order to for your children to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital in order to for your children to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital in order to for your children to
+pay you in the future is it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay you in the future is it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay you in the future is it doesn't have
+to be there so in in the only reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be there so in in the only reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be there so in in the only reason why
+you invest in your children is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you invest in your children is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you invest in your children is because
+you care about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about them
+otherwise you would you have no reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you would you have no reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you would you have no reason
+to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+uh so now since we are on that slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now since we are on that slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now since we are on that slide
+what happens uh uh if I remove uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens uh uh if I remove uh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens uh uh if I remove uh if I
+say well you know you cannot you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remove whichever way you want or both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove whichever way you want or both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove whichever way you want or both of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+let's maybe let's start with borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's maybe let's start with borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's maybe let's start with borrowing
+in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place
+uh is that gonna have what implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that gonna have what implication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that gonna have what implication
+is going to have in the short run and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have in the short run and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have in the short run and in
+steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so in the short run you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so in the short run you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so in the short run you're gonna
+find income effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find income effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find income effect
+because in the short run you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the short run you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the short run you're going to
+see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that
+some people are going to be constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are going to be constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are going to be constrained
+again that's like the standard intent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's like the standard intent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's like the standard intent of
+oil consumption level some people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil consumption level some people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil consumption level some people would
+like to consume more today than they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to consume more today than they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to consume more today than they get
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+here some people are going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here some people are going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here some people are going to want to
+consume today more than they would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume today more than they would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume today more than they would like
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+and then if those constraints are strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if those constraints are strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if those constraints are strong
+enough then they might not uh they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough then they might not uh they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough then they might not uh they might
+they might not be able to pay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not be able to pay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not be able to pay for the
+level of Education that they would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of Education that they would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of Education that they would like
+to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+now is that gonna so that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that gonna so that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that gonna so that's going to
+change that's potentially going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that's potentially going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that's potentially going to
+introduce income effect in the uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce income effect in the uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce income effect in the uh in in
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+in this equation this equation might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this equation this equation might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this equation this equation might not
+be satisfied anymore we're gonna we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be satisfied anymore we're gonna we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be satisfied anymore we're gonna we
+might be able to find cases where poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to find cases where poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to find cases where poor
+people invest less right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people invest less right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people invest less right
+uh is that going to lead to multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that going to lead to multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that going to lead to multiple
+steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state
+if we so that's my first question I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we so that's my first question I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we so that's my first question I have
+two questions for you the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two questions for you the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two questions for you the first one is
+that is it a big deal or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it a big deal or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it a big deal or not
+is that going to lead to multiple steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that going to lead to multiple steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that going to lead to multiple steady
+state to Persistence of inequality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to Persistence of inequality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to Persistence of inequality and
+so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth
+if I leave everything else the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm making you do a lot of gymnastics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making you do a lot of gymnastics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making you do a lot of gymnastics
+with standard models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to try somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I trust you know the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is still like very lucky yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still like very lucky yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still like very lucky yes
+exactly so what are good what's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so what are good what's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so what are good what's gonna
+happen oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen oh well
+if we have this credit constraint what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have this credit constraint what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have this credit constraint what's
+going to happen over multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen over multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen over multiple
+Generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so we'll just take longer to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll just take longer to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll just take longer to get the
+study tape because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so in this simple model is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so in this simple model is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so in this simple model is in
+one period boom everyone invests the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one period boom everyone invests the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one period boom everyone invests the
+same thing we all in the same place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we all in the same place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we all in the same place in
+this model it might not be possible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model it might not be possible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model it might not be possible so
+people are going to invest a little but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to invest a little but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to invest a little but
+those who who are poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who who are poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who who are poor
+what are they going to enjoy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they going to enjoy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they going to enjoy to
+that is going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since they invested little they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they invested little they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they invested little they are
+return to human capital is very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to human capital is very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to human capital is very high
+so they return to human capital is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they return to human capital is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they return to human capital is very
+high so that gives them some money that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high so that gives them some money that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high so that gives them some money that
+their kids are going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kids are going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kids are going to be able to
+invest their kids are still going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest their kids are still going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest their kids are still going to
+feel constrained maybe but you know over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel constrained maybe but you know over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel constrained maybe but you know over
+a few Generations it's going to all work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few Generations it's going to all work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few Generations it's going to all work
+out so there is still only one uh steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so there is still only one uh steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so there is still only one uh steady
+state that's another thing that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that's another thing that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that's another thing that you know
+it's important to notice in and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to notice in and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to notice in and of
+themselves credit constraints are not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves credit constraints are not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves credit constraints are not a
+big deal in this model at uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal in this model at uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal in this model at uh you know
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+now in the long run as Kane said we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the long run as Kane said we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the long run as Kane said we'll
+all be dead so this still sucks for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be dead so this still sucks for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be dead so this still sucks for the
+generation that doesn't get their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation that doesn't get their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation that doesn't get their own
+education but that's relevant so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but that's relevant so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but that's relevant so the way
+for example that galazera make multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that galazera make multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that galazera make multiple
+steady state and inequality emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state and inequality emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state and inequality emerging
+equilibrium is to combine credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is to combine credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is to combine credit
+constraints with the non-convexity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints with the non-convexity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints with the non-convexity that
+they have which is the return there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have which is the return there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have which is the return there is
+some jump right down to education as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some jump right down to education as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some jump right down to education as
+zero and then become higher after some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then become higher after some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then become higher after some
+level then you could get stuck in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level then you could get stuck in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level then you could get stuck in the in
+the ways that we we discussed in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways that we we discussed in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways that we we discussed in our
+first lecture very good now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture very good now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture very good now
+so that's the first thing I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first thing I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first thing I wanted to
+note so that on in and arm themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note so that on in and arm themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note so that on in and arm themselves
+credit constraint is not really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit constraint is not really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit constraint is not really the
+thing that is going to make the massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is going to make the massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is going to make the massive
+difference in this model unless it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in this model unless it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in this model unless it's
+combined with non-convexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with non-convexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with non-convexity
+so that is something that you get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is something that you get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is something that you get you
+know that's one of the Trope that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's one of the Trope that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's one of the Trope that you
+keep hearing in policies skills which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are good to keep in mind to re-examine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good to keep in mind to re-examine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good to keep in mind to re-examine a
+little bit the other one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the other one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the other one is that
+it's just in terms of empirical on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just in terms of empirical on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just in terms of empirical on
+period observation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period observation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period observation so
+you rightly observed that in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rightly observed that in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rightly observed that in in the
+short run people there might be income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run people there might be income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run people there might be income
+effect that would be absent otherwise so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that would be absent otherwise so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that would be absent otherwise so
+people who are richer will invest more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are richer will invest more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are richer will invest more
+so going the other way in general that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going the other way in general that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going the other way in general that
+is shown as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shown as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shown as a
+that as a proof or as a sign that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a proof or as a sign that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a proof or as a sign that there
+might be credit constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be credit constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be credit constraint
+but what else would make uh income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what else would make uh income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what else would make uh income
+effect appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know what what other assumption we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what other assumption we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what other assumption we
+could we we could uh we could we relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we we could uh we could we relax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we we could uh we could we relax
+that would make income effect appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would make income effect appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would make income effect appear
+even in the absence of credit constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's that one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that one right
+as soon as we introduce another Motif to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as we introduce another Motif to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as we introduce another Motif to
+educate your kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate your kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate your kid
+other than the altruism via material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the altruism via material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the altruism via material
+consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+then you're going to have a income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to have a income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to have a income
+effect potential income effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect potential income effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect potential income effect on
+consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so the fact that we find the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that we find the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that we find the income
+effect on education sorry on education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on education sorry on education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on education sorry on education
+the fact that we find income effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we find income effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we find income effect on
+education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+is not a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a proof
+that there are constraint on education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are constraint on education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are constraint on education
+and the fact that conceptional education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that conceptional education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that conceptional education
+is not in itself an indication that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in itself an indication that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in itself an indication that
+there might be differential steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be differential steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be differential steady state
+and therefore uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the model would break down so that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model would break down so that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model would break down so that yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh why so uh think on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh why so uh think on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh why so uh think on it
+we now have a a term of the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have a a term of the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have a a term of the utility
+function which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which has
+which has a human capital directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a human capital directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a human capital directly
+of your kids and as well as potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your kids and as well as potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your kids and as well as potentially
+even what you spent on it as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even what you spent on it as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even what you spent on it as being
+directly some argument of the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly some argument of the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly some argument of the utility
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+so just think think about that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just think think about that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just think think about that uh you
+know your parents probably delighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your parents probably delighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your parents probably delighted
+that you're here uh and therefore they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're here uh and therefore they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're here uh and therefore they
+are getting you know they're driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting you know they're driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting you know they're driving
+some utility out of it but if so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some utility out of it but if so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some utility out of it but if so
+potentially you know they gave you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially you know they gave you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially you know they gave you the
+the school that you needed and nutrition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school that you needed and nutrition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school that you needed and nutrition
+that you needed and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you needed and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you needed and so on and so forth
+but if they had been starving then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they had been starving then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they had been starving then they
+wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+not just because they couldn't borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just because they couldn't borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just because they couldn't borrow
+for it but they wouldn't even have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it but they wouldn't even have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it but they wouldn't even have
+borrowed for it because this is a luxury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed for it because this is a luxury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed for it because this is a luxury
+that we can't afford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can't afford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can't afford
+so it is just it becomes a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is just it becomes a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is just it becomes a thing
+education becomes a thing that is valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education becomes a thing that is valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education becomes a thing that is valued
+for the sake of it but then it's valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of it but then it's valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of it but then it's valued
+like uh you know a normal good or even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh you know a normal good or even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh you know a normal good or even a
+luxury good that the you know the Richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxury good that the you know the Richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxury good that the you know the Richer
+we are the more we like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the so then if that's the case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the so then if that's the case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the so then if that's the case uh
+then uh then then people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh then then people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh then then people uh
+spent on education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on education
+both for investment purpose and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both for investment purpose and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both for investment purpose and because
+they they enjoy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they enjoy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they enjoy it
+and then now that creates you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now that creates you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now that creates you know that
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you you have a an asset that's not your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have a an asset that's not your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have a an asset that's not your
+regular asset anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular asset anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular asset anymore
+you have an asset that's at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an asset that's at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an asset that's at the same
+time an asset and a consumption good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time an asset and a consumption good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time an asset and a consumption good and
+that creates that that creates havoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates that that creates havoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates that that creates havoc
+because rich and people invest more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because rich and people invest more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because rich and people invest more and
+therefore they become their kids are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they become their kids are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they become their kids are
+more productive and that makes them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more productive and that makes them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more productive and that makes them
+richer which themselves and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer which themselves and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer which themselves and therefore
+wants them to invest even more and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants them to invest even more and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants them to invest even more and that
+makes them productive and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them productive and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them productive and so on and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+so you can see how uh you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see how uh you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see how uh you could have
+without even credit constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even credit constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even credit constraint
+with the utility with the the education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the utility with the the education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the utility with the the education
+or education expenses entering in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or education expenses entering in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or education expenses entering in the
+utility function uh you can generate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function uh you can generate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function uh you can generate uh
+uh you can generate multiple statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can generate multiple statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can generate multiple statistics
+and inequality yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inequality yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inequality yeah
+on a similar line of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a similar line of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a similar line of analysis
+um I know there's one one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I know there's one one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I know there's one one thing that
+touchline this model is or it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touchline this model is or it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touchline this model is or it's it's
+kind of assumed that there's maybe just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of assumed that there's maybe just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of assumed that there's maybe just
+one child in a household so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one child in a household so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one child in a household so
+could this could in this same symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this could in this same symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this could in this same symbolic
+consumption framework let's say you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption framework let's say you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption framework let's say you have
+two two children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two children
+um and maybe there's birth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and maybe there's birth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and maybe there's birth order
+preference or you just invest more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference or you just invest more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference or you just invest more in
+equality between children as some form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality between children as some form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality between children as some form
+of smaller consumption so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smaller consumption so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smaller consumption so
+um there could also be different effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there could also be different effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there could also be different effects
+in terms of like equalizing the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like equalizing the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like equalizing the level of
+Education between the children yes so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education between the children yes so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education between the children yes so as
+soon as you uh you can also so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you uh you can also so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you uh you can also so we
+haven't introduced we haven't introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't introduced we haven't introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't introduced we haven't introduced
+family Dynamics but we'll get there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family Dynamics but we'll get there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family Dynamics but we'll get there uh
+in a while or will we have a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a while or will we have a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a while or will we have a little bit
+introduced in terms of intergenerational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in terms of intergenerational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in terms of intergenerational
+conflicts uh and then uh as soon as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts uh and then uh as soon as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts uh and then uh as soon as you
+introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know that people just don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that people just don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that people just don't care
+about the consumption of their kids the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the consumption of their kids the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the consumption of their kids the
+generation later they don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation later they don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation later they don't have to
+start thinking about how is it possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about how is it possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about how is it possible
+to contract what can you contract on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contract what can you contract on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contract what can you contract on
+can you force them to do everything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you force them to do everything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you force them to do everything and
+can you force them to do nothing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you force them to do nothing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you force them to do nothing and
+there is something in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something in between
+so that's the first set of family issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first set of family issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first set of family issues
+and then a second set of family issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a second set of family issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a second set of family issue is
+inter-temporary even within a generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter-temporary even within a generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter-temporary even within a generation
+uh different parents might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different parents might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different parents might have
+different views about what to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different views about what to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different views about what to do with
+our children and and the same parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our children and and the same parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our children and and the same parents
+might have might have different views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have might have different views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have might have different views
+about their two children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their two children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their two children
+so they might value the consumption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they might value the consumption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they might value the consumption of
+Sun's uh differently than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun's uh differently than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun's uh differently than the
+consumption of doctors they might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of doctors they might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of doctors they might have
+different symbolic consumption for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different symbolic consumption for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different symbolic consumption for
+symbolic derived different symbolic Joys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic derived different symbolic Joys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic derived different symbolic Joys
+from an educated sound versus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an educated sound versus an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an educated sound versus an
+educated daughters and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated daughters and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated daughters and so on and so
+forth so that's also going to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so that's also going to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so that's also going to generate
+differences within the family and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences within the family and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences within the family and
+potentially gender Dynamics as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially gender Dynamics as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially gender Dynamics as
+well and then once the two int are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then once the two int are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then once the two int are are
+integrated and I want you to hold this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated and I want you to hold this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated and I want you to hold this
+thought because uh in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought because uh in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought because uh in a couple of
+lecture we look about uh our people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we look about uh our people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we look about uh our people on
+Ghana where we have boys and girls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ghana where we have boys and girls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ghana where we have boys and girls and
+you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh
+the guards are much less educated than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guards are much less educated than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guards are much less educated than
+boys but it looked at the returned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys but it looked at the returned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys but it looked at the returned to
+educating girls is much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educating girls is much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educating girls is much higher
+or at least the marginal God the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least the marginal God the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least the marginal God the return
+to educate the marginal girl is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to educate the marginal girl is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to educate the marginal girl is higher
+than the return to educate the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the return to educate the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the return to educate the marginal
+boy and that could exactly that wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy and that could exactly that wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy and that could exactly that wouldn't
+exist in that model that was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in that model that was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in that model that was not
+possible you could have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you could have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you could have two different
+type of agent with different return but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of agent with different return but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of agent with different return but
+there should be both be equalized they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be both be equalized they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be both be equalized they
+could have different level if girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have different level if girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have different level if girls
+happens to be less productive than boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be less productive than boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be less productive than boys
+for whatever reason for example because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reason for example because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reason for example because
+they don't get to work or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't get to work or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't get to work or something like
+that but in this setting where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but in this setting where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but in this setting where the
+returns to them educating the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to them educating the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to them educating the marginal
+guarantee higher than the return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee higher than the return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee higher than the return to
+educating the marginal voice that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educating the marginal voice that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educating the marginal voice that's
+that doesn't fit with that mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't fit with that mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't fit with that mother
+because they need to all be equalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they need to all be equalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they need to all be equalized
+and be equalized to the to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be equalized to the to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be equalized to the to the to the
+interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate
+so that's something like uh utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something like uh utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something like uh utility
+would have to uh you would have to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to uh you would have to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to uh you would have to enter
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I I
+think we have kind of uh got gotten over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have kind of uh got gotten over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have kind of uh got gotten over
+quite systematically over each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite systematically over each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite systematically over each of the
+different departures of the simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different departures of the simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different departures of the simple model
+um the last exercise I would like to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the last exercise I would like to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the last exercise I would like to to
+do before we break is to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do before we break is to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do before we break is to think about
+uh the returned to education so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the returned to education so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the returned to education so remember
+in the basic model I told you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the basic model I told you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the basic model I told you that the
+return to education in steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to education in steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to education in steady state
+have to be uh have to be positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be uh have to be positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be uh have to be positively
+related to how much education is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to how much education is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to how much education is being
+provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided
+all right this we we can see it here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this we we can see it here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this we we can see it here if
+the return to education is higher this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return to education is higher this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return to education is higher this
+is the return to education that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the return to education that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the return to education that's the
+invert of the return to education if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert of the return to education if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert of the return to education if the
+return to education is higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to education is higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to education is higher than
+people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh
+people are going to invest in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to invest in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to invest in more
+school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+now in a world where education is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in a world where education is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in a world where education is
+potentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially a
+potentially as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially as
+this income effects there is this income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this income effects there is this income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this income effects there is this income
+effect in education coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in education coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in education coming from
+preferences for more educated kids that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences for more educated kids that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences for more educated kids that
+are behaved like a normal or like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are behaved like a normal or like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are behaved like a normal or like a
+luxury good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxury good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxury good
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is it always going to be true that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it always going to be true that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it always going to be true that the
+return to education are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positively correlated with education in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively correlated with education in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively correlated with education in
+a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to think about the two forces that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the two forces that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the two forces that are
+at play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at play
+so when I increase the return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I increase the return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I increase the return to
+education I increase this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education I increase this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education I increase this right
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you look like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you look like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you look like you
+you're ready to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go for it it's not obvious so I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for it it's not obvious so I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for it it's not obvious so I don't I
+don't expect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect a
+lot can I expect you to deliver the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot can I expect you to deliver the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot can I expect you to deliver the
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+but I would like to just think through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would like to just think through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would like to just think through
+the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces
+for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of
+what seems to be an automatic recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what seems to be an automatic recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what seems to be an automatic recipe
+uh of oh just increase the weight onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of oh just increase the weight onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of oh just increase the weight onto
+education you're going to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education you're going to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education you're going to increase
+you're going to increase education might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to increase education might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to increase education might
+or might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll give you a hint so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a hint so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a hint so what is
+education product provided with by who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education product provided with by who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education product provided with by who
+by whom who is education provided bye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah School government who is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah School government who is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah School government who is in the
+school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes who have what what characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes who have what what characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes who have what what characteristic
+they are educated themselves so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are educated themselves so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are educated themselves so if you
+remember if we go back to the education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if we go back to the education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if we go back to the education
+production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+uh the education is being provided by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the education is being provided by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the education is being provided by a
+combination of uh uneducated workers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of uh uneducated workers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of uh uneducated workers and
+educated workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated workers
+so when a return to education increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when a return to education increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when a return to education increase
+what happens to the cost of Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it also increases because now you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also increases because now you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also increases because now you need
+to you know do you need to pay more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know do you need to pay more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know do you need to pay more
+those educated people so unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those educated people so unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those educated people so unless you
+manage to change the technology at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to change the technology at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to change the technology at the
+same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time
+uh uh you need more educated people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you need more educated people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you need more educated people so
+think about you know who is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you know who is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you know who is going to
+teach Secondary School these are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach Secondary School these are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach Secondary School these are people
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+so now you have two forces that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have two forces that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have two forces that can
+potentially uh compete with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially uh compete with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially uh compete with each other
+on the one hand you have the return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand you have the return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand you have the return to
+education have increased so people find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education have increased so people find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education have increased so people find
+it more valuable to educate their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more valuable to educate their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more valuable to educate their own
+kids but remember they wanted to educate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids but remember they wanted to educate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids but remember they wanted to educate
+their kids anyways right that they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kids anyways right that they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kids anyways right that they like
+to educate their kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to educate their kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to educate their kids
+irrespective of the of the return just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrespective of the of the return just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrespective of the of the return just
+because it's a consumption good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a consumption good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a consumption good
+at the same time the cost of education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time the cost of education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time the cost of education
+is now going up because the education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now going up because the education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now going up because the education
+system is competing with the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is competing with the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is competing with the rest of the
+economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy
+so it could well be it doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it could well be it doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it could well be it doesn't have to
+happen and it depends on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and it depends on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and it depends on you know
+exactly how things check out in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how things check out in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how things check out in the in
+the in with the parameters but it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in with the parameters but it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in with the parameters but it could
+well be that the effect of the Inc of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well be that the effect of the Inc of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well be that the effect of the Inc of
+the increase in the cost of Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increase in the cost of Education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increase in the cost of Education
+more than outweigh the effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than outweigh the effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than outweigh the effect of the
+increase in the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example take the mother in mind were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example take the mother in mind were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example take the mother in mind were
+a big driver of Education was just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big driver of Education was just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big driver of Education was just that
+you like to have your educated kids then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to have your educated kids then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to have your educated kids then
+as it becomes more expensive then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it becomes more expensive then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it becomes more expensive then you
+you like it a little less you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like it a little less you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like it a little less you're going
+to buy themselves uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy themselves uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy themselves uh
+by other things for them that will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by other things for them that will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by other things for them that will also
+make you happy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you happy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you happy right
+so you might find yourself in situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might find yourself in situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might find yourself in situation
+where when a country starts going really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when a country starts going really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when a country starts going really
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if a country starts going really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a country starts going really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a country starts going really fast
+they actually even though to the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually even though to the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually even though to the return
+to education increases and they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to education increases and they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to education increases and they find
+themselves having difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves having difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves having difficulty
+Staffing the schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staffing the schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staffing the schools
+because uh and therefore educating kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh and therefore educating kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh and therefore educating kids
+because the the the wage because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the the wage because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the the wage because of the
+wages they have to pay to the teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages they have to pay to the teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages they have to pay to the teachers
+so you might find yourself in adware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might find yourself in adware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might find yourself in adware in
+fact a return to education increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a return to education increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a return to education increases
+decreases education level that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases education level that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases education level that the
+country attains and again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country attains and again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country attains and again this is
+without you know you don't need any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without you know you don't need any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without you know you don't need any
+credit constraint for that you just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit constraint for that you just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit constraint for that you just need
+this it is just a consequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it is just a consequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it is just a consequence of
+introducing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a
+utility value to the education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility value to the education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility value to the education
+expenditure or the education level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure or the education level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure or the education level
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+so that looks like a much more I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that looks like a much more I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that looks like a much more I don't
+know maybe it looks to me like a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe it looks to me like a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe it looks to me like a smaller
+departure from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure from
+from a traditional model but in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a traditional model but in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a traditional model but in fact it
+kind of breaks down a lot of things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of breaks down a lot of things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of breaks down a lot of things as
+soon as anything Vision summarize it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as anything Vision summarize it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as anything Vision summarize it the
+best is that if education is not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best is that if education is not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best is that if education is not like
+your regular old asset everything can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your regular old asset everything can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your regular old asset everything can go
+can go south
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go south
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go south
+so for example in India uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the during the growth the growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the during the growth the growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the during the growth the growth of
+the ATN 90s was led to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ATN 90s was led to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ATN 90s was led to a
+an increase in the number of in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increase in the number of in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increase in the number of in the in
+the demand for educated workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for educated workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for educated workers
+including in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including in the
+in software industry and then in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in software industry and then in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in software industry and then in in the
+call centers that could take you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call centers that could take you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call centers that could take you know
+people with secondary education or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with secondary education or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with secondary education or the
+beginning of college and then it turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of college and then it turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of college and then it turned
+it become becomes very very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it become becomes very very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it become becomes very very difficult to
+to staff the schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to staff the schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to staff the schools
+so here it doesn't necessarily translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it doesn't necessarily translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it doesn't necessarily translate
+into increasing costs for families which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into increasing costs for families which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into increasing costs for families which
+in principle can go to Seminary school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle can go to Seminary school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle can go to Seminary school
+but it increased it it led it leads in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it increased it it led it leads in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it increased it it led it leads in a
+way to increase the effective cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to increase the effective cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to increase the effective cost
+because that needs to decrease in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that needs to decrease in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that needs to decrease in the
+education and quality and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and quality and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and quality and you know
+you're basically getting less unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically getting less unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically getting less unit of
+human capital for for time spent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital for for time spent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital for for time spent in the
+school and the kind of the tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and the kind of the tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and the kind of the tension
+between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+so that's what I wanted to uh to do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I wanted to uh to do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I wanted to uh to do for
+today unless you have you have uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today unless you have you have uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today unless you have you have uh any
+more questions or remark uh that's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more questions or remark uh that's yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more questions or remark uh that's yeah
+um I was wondering what would happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was wondering what would happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was wondering what would happen if
+like you've introduced risky returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you've introduced risky returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you've introduced risky returns
+into this model if things would break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this model if things would break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this model if things would break
+down as a result of that as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as a result of that as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as a result of that as well
+uh yeah that's a that's a great point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah that's a that's a great point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah that's a that's a great point so
+you would you mean on education for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would you mean on education for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would you mean on education for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+um yeah like if I invest in my child's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah like if I invest in my child's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah like if I invest in my child's
+education maybe there's like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education maybe there's like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education maybe there's like some
+distribution of wages that they can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of wages that they can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of wages that they can get
+and I don't necessarily know like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't necessarily know like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't necessarily know like if
+they're actually going to get a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually going to get a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually going to get a really
+good job out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job out of it
+yes so I think it uh it's a great point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so I think it uh it's a great point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so I think it uh it's a great point
+so it is so again everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is so again everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is so again everything else
+constant it's going to depend on uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's going to depend on uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's going to depend on uh uh
+on the so the net return to education is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the so the net return to education is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the so the net return to education is
+going to be you know weighted down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be you know weighted down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be you know weighted down by
+your risk version uh but you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your risk version uh but you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your risk version uh but you know the
+other assets might themselves be risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other assets might themselves be risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other assets might themselves be risky
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I don't know how to think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know how to think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know how to think about how
+the two compare when we need to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two compare when we need to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two compare when we need to write
+them down but basically again you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them down but basically again you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them down but basically again you're
+going to do the same thing but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the same thing but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the same thing but you're
+going to so I don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to so I don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to so I don't think it's
+fundamentally changes the logic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally changes the logic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally changes the logic uh
+except that instead of having a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that instead of having a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that instead of having a simple
+uh being a simple budget constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh being a simple budget constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh being a simple budget constraint
+where everything is certain you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everything is certain you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everything is certain you're going
+to have an expected budget constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an expected budget constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an expected budget constraint
+and then it's going to depend with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's going to depend with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's going to depend with all
+the expected the budget constraint needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected the budget constraint needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected the budget constraint needs
+to be satisfied with equality every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be satisfied with equality every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be satisfied with equality every time
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh so that might generally tell a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that might generally tell a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that might generally tell a little
+wiggle here and there but probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle here and there but probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle here and there but probably
+doesn't change the fundamental logic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the fundamental logic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the fundamental logic of
+the of the problem uh in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the problem uh in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the problem uh in particular
+since if you introduce uncertainty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since if you introduce uncertainty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since if you introduce uncertainty in
+returns to ignition probably you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to ignition probably you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to ignition probably you need to
+introduce uncertainty in the return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce uncertainty in the return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce uncertainty in the return to
+other kind of Investments as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh we didn't finish your point which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we didn't finish your point which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we didn't finish your point which is
+because we moved to uh to borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we moved to uh to borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we moved to uh to borrowing
+constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint
+but with saving constraint you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with saving constraint you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with saving constraint you're gonna
+have the same thing and again Hazel's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same thing and again Hazel's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same thing and again Hazel's
+points continue to apply which is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points continue to apply which is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points continue to apply which is it
+might lead to the opposite of deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might lead to the opposite of deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might lead to the opposite of deeply
+over investing in their kids uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over investing in their kids uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over investing in their kids uh at the
+because they they're trying to get money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they they're trying to get money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they they're trying to get money
+back uh later uh in the form of the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh later uh in the form of the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh later uh in the form of the kids
+paying for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying for them
+but in the absence of other things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the absence of other things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the absence of other things that
+also should eventually even itself out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great thank you so next time we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thank you so next time we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thank you so next time we are
+gonna start basically we're gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start basically we're gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start basically we're gonna go
+back to with this model in the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to with this model in the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to with this model in the back of
+our mind or sometime explicitly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mind or sometime explicitly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mind or sometime explicitly on the
+on the slides we're going to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the slides we're going to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the slides we're going to go back to
+thinking about all these things you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about all these things you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about all these things you know
+do people pay attention to you that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people pay attention to you that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people pay attention to you that's
+going to be our framework to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our framework to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our framework to think about
+do people pay attention to the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people pay attention to the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people pay attention to the cost of
+education do people pay attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education do people pay attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education do people pay attention to the
+return to education how do you even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to education how do you even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to education how do you even
+think about the return to education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the return to education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the return to education and
+then you know so next week on Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know so next week on Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know so next week on Wednesday
+is still going to be like within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still going to be like within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still going to be like within that
+kind of neoclassical world and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of neoclassical world and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of neoclassical world and then we
+can you know start breaking the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know start breaking the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know start breaking the things
+one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one
+and then externalities adding credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then externalities adding credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then externalities adding credit
+constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint
+thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9r3067S3Dm0.txt b/9r3067S3Dm0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9b189d4dbc4731061a646c8621544db44a72012
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9r3067S3Dm0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1859 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+my name is uh Jeff dusk I am a course 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is uh Jeff dusk I am a course 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is uh Jeff dusk I am a course 2
+PhD candidate uh my involvement in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD candidate uh my involvement in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD candidate uh my involvement in the
+class is I'm actually a mentor for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is I'm actually a mentor for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is I'm actually a mentor for uh
+two of the student project teams so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the student project teams so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the student project teams so
+truth is on one of the teams uh Team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is on one of the teams uh Team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is on one of the teams uh Team
+Beverly Anne I also worked with Team Art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beverly Anne I also worked with Team Art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beverly Anne I also worked with Team Art
+um and I took this course last year and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I took this course last year and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I took this course last year and
+found it to be an incredible experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it to be an incredible experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it to be an incredible experience
+I have a an interest in assist of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a an interest in assist of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a an interest in assist of
+technology that stems from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that stems from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that stems from uh
+a grandmother who was in a wheelchair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grandmother who was in a wheelchair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grandmother who was in a wheelchair
+growing up and and when I was asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up and and when I was asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up and and when I was asked to
+be involved in the course this year I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be involved in the course this year I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be involved in the course this year I I
+was really excited to be involved again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really excited to be involved again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really excited to be involved again
+and uh in a mentor capacity was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in a mentor capacity was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in a mentor capacity was was
+really a great privilege in my opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a great privilege in my opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a great privilege in my opinion
+so uh well my name is Shu Nan um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh well my name is Shu Nan um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh well my name is Shu Nan um I'm
+course 62 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course 62 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course 62 which is
+ECS um and in this class this year I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ECS um and in this class this year I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ECS um and in this class this year I was
+working with Beverly Anne um on a grip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with Beverly Anne um on a grip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with Beverly Anne um on a grip
+sensor that would help her detect when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor that would help her detect when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor that would help her detect when
+her grip was slipping when she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her grip was slipping when she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her grip was slipping when she was
+picking up certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+objects so I was interested in building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so I was interested in building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so I was interested in building
+um some sort of technology that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some sort of technology that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some sort of technology that would
+actually go to someone and help them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go to someone and help them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go to someone and help them I
+hadn't really done that before in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't really done that before in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't really done that before in a
+class and um this class was um I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and um this class was um I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and um this class was um I guess
+pretty well advertised and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well advertised and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well advertised and I was
+interested in sort of going for and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in sort of going for and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in sort of going for and just
+building something even if it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building something even if it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building something even if it was just
+for one person um and so that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one person um and so that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one person um and so that's why I
+decided to take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in terms of how my expectations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of how my expectations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of how my expectations for
+the class um actually correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class um actually correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class um actually correlated with
+what the class was like I think that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the class was like I think that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the class was like I think that in
+some circumstances it really did end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some circumstances it really did end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some circumstances it really did end up
+being what I expected I got to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being what I expected I got to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being what I expected I got to build
+something which is really exciting I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is really exciting I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is really exciting I
+learned a lot about circuitry and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lot about circuitry and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lot about circuitry and um
+sort of fields i' hadd never known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fields i' hadd never known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fields i' hadd never known
+anything about before but was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about before but was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about before but was really
+interested in um and all of that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in um and all of that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in um and all of that was
+really what I wanted to get out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what I wanted to get out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what I wanted to get out of the
+class as well as like the sort of joy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class as well as like the sort of joy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class as well as like the sort of joy
+for being able to make someone something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being able to make someone something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being able to make someone something
+that going to use and that will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going to use and that will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going to use and that will help
+them and so that made me really happy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so that made me really happy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so that made me really happy um
+what I didn't think I would get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I didn't think I would get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I didn't think I would get out of
+this class but I was surprised to was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but I was surprised to was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but I was surprised to was
+sort of the able to interact with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the able to interact with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the able to interact with people
+with disabilities and sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with disabilities and sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with disabilities and sort of um
+understand um how they interact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand um how they interact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand um how they interact with the
+world and how assist of Technology can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and how assist of Technology can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and how assist of Technology can
+really help someone even if it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help someone even if it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help someone even if it's just
+like in a very small way so um I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a very small way so um I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a very small way so um I learned
+a lot about that and I'm glad I took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about that and I'm glad I took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about that and I'm glad I took the
+class for it yeah so as far as my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for it yeah so as far as my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for it yeah so as far as my my
+expectations for the course um one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations for the course um one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations for the course um one thing
+I really realized taking this last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really realized taking this last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really realized taking this last year
+is that this class and and design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this class and and design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this class and and design and
+iterative design in general really force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative design in general really force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative design in general really force
+you to learn skill sets that might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to learn skill sets that might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to learn skill sets that might not
+be something that you come in with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that you come in with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that you come in with so
+last year we worked on kind of a robotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year we worked on kind of a robotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year we worked on kind of a robotic
+arm project and I'm a mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm project and I'm a mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm project and I'm a mechanical
+engineer and so some of the electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer and so some of the electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer and so some of the electronics
+and the coding were not really in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the coding were not really in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the coding were not really in my
+wheelhouse if you will so this year um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheelhouse if you will so this year um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheelhouse if you will so this year um I
+was kind of the the mechy person of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of the the mechy person of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of the the mechy person of the
+staff so what I was hoping was to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff so what I was hoping was to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff so what I was hoping was to be
+able to help teams that needed a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to help teams that needed a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to help teams that needed a little
+bit more mechanical design who maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more mechanical design who maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more mechanical design who maybe
+come from backgrounds in electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from backgrounds in electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from backgrounds in electrical
+engineering or computer science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering or computer science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering or computer science and
+stuff that might not have that skill set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that might not have that skill set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that might not have that skill set
+and I think uh maybe we pulled that off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think uh maybe we pulled that off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think uh maybe we pulled that off
+let's see have to hear from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see have to hear from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see have to hear from the the
+teams about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so uh when we had to collaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so uh when we had to collaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so uh when we had to collaborate
+with our client um a lot of it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our client um a lot of it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our client um a lot of it was just
+figuring out what would help her out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what would help her out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what would help her out the
+most because um she came and told us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most because um she came and told us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most because um she came and told us
+immediately she was like I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately she was like I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately she was like I have this
+disease um and I have bad grip because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease um and I have bad grip because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease um and I have bad grip because
+of it and so we had to spend a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and so we had to spend a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and so we had to spend a long time
+thinking about okay well what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about okay well what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about okay well what does that
+mean where does where is what did she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean where does where is what did she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean where does where is what did she
+what parts of her hand does she grip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what parts of her hand does she grip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what parts of her hand does she grip
+with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what
+um when does Her grip slip why does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when does Her grip slip why does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when does Her grip slip why does it
+slip um what can we do to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip um what can we do to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip um what can we do to sort of
+prevent it from slipping um what device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent it from slipping um what device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent it from slipping um what device
+could we even possibly make and so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we even possibly make and so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we even possibly make and so a lot
+of the time was just spent with her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time was just spent with her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time was just spent with her
+talking with her about her experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with her about her experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with her about her experiences
+with her disease and sort of figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her disease and sort of figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her disease and sort of figuring
+out very very slowly what would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out very very slowly what would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out very very slowly what would actually
+help her and then once we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help her and then once we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help her and then once we were able to
+get to that point um it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that point um it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that point um it sort of
+snowballed from there we were like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowballed from there we were like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowballed from there we were like okay
+we actually know what the problem is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually know what the problem is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually know what the problem is now
+so we can make this device and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can make this device and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can make this device and then it
+was just build build build and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just build build build and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just build build build and then we
+got it done it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um so for other um students or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so for other um students or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so for other um students or
+Engineers who want to collaborate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers who want to collaborate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers who want to collaborate with
+uh clients with disabilities I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh clients with disabilities I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh clients with disabilities I think
+that um it's a really valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it's a really valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it's a really valuable
+experience and you should definitely go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and you should definitely go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and you should definitely go
+for it um I learned a lot and um was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it um I learned a lot and um was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it um I learned a lot and um was
+able to help someone and I think that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to help someone and I think that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to help someone and I think that in
+itself made me really happy um but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself made me really happy um but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself made me really happy um but in
+terms of things um to keep in mind uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of things um to keep in mind uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of things um to keep in mind uh
+the client comes first and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client comes first and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client comes first and you have to
+always remember that you are solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always remember that you are solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always remember that you are solving
+their problem not what you think their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their problem not what you think their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their problem not what you think their
+problem is and we had to spend a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is and we had to spend a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is and we had to spend a really
+long time actually getting to the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time actually getting to the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time actually getting to the root
+of her problem which is why I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her problem which is why I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her problem which is why I think in
+the end our product worked so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end our product worked so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end our product worked so so
+definitely listen to the client um try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely listen to the client um try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely listen to the client um try
+to get as much critical feedback from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get as much critical feedback from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get as much critical feedback from
+them as possible even though sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as possible even though sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as possible even though sometimes
+that's hard because they're just happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hard because they're just happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hard because they're just happy
+that you're there helping them even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're there helping them even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're there helping them even if
+you're not making them what you the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not making them what you the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not making them what you the best
+thing that you possibly could and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you possibly could and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you possibly could and so
+definitely listen to your client would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely listen to your client would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely listen to your client would
+be the advice I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+give so I think the group work went uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give so I think the group work went uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give so I think the group work went uh
+really well we were able to split it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well we were able to split it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well we were able to split it
+pretty nicely into different sections of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nicely into different sections of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nicely into different sections of
+work um in the beginning we were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um in the beginning we were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um in the beginning we were all
+pretty much just talking with Beverly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much just talking with Beverly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much just talking with Beverly
+Anne a lot about um her disease and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anne a lot about um her disease and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anne a lot about um her disease and her
+problem but once we were able to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but once we were able to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but once we were able to analyze
+the problem we were able to sort of pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem we were able to sort of pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem we were able to sort of pick
+up niches um of the design that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up niches um of the design that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up niches um of the design that we were
+able to split up pretty evenly and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to split up pretty evenly and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to split up pretty evenly and work
+on and then combine in the end um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then combine in the end um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then combine in the end um I
+think uh definitely figuring out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh definitely figuring out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh definitely figuring out how to
+split the work evenly is the hardest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the work evenly is the hardest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the work evenly is the hardest
+part but once we were able to do that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but once we were able to do that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but once we were able to do that it
+went really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smoothly I would say say for our team in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly I would say say for our team in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly I would say say for our team in
+particular none of us had any circuitry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular none of us had any circuitry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular none of us had any circuitry
+experience coming in and we were making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience coming in and we were making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience coming in and we were making
+something we were making a device that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we were making a device that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we were making a device that
+was going to stay on her at all times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to stay on her at all times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to stay on her at all times
+and it definitely required a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it definitely required a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it definitely required a lot of
+circuitry so the biggest problem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry so the biggest problem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry so the biggest problem was
+just figuring out what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figuring out what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figuring out what kind of
+Technology we even had available to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology we even had available to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology we even had available to use
+and how we could use that to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we could use that to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we could use that to our
+advantage learning about how circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage learning about how circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage learning about how circuits
+worked even at like a very basic level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked even at like a very basic level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked even at like a very basic level
+all of that was just so foreign to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that was just so foreign to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that was just so foreign to us
+and so that was definitely the hardest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that was definitely the hardest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that was definitely the hardest
+part to get past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so as a Menor it's I might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so as a Menor it's I might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so as a Menor it's I might have
+a a slightly different perspective on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a slightly different perspective on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a slightly different perspective on
+the the teaching of the course and I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the teaching of the course and I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the teaching of the course and I and
+I think a few things are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think a few things are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think a few things are really
+important um I would say as as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um I would say as as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um I would say as as far as
+design and design for for a client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and design for for a client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and design for for a client
+there's really two things I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really two things I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really two things I would say
+that making sure that you have a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that making sure that you have a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that making sure that you have a really
+good um contextual inquiry so really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um contextual inquiry so really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um contextual inquiry so really
+understand your client and understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand your client and understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand your client and understand
+the problem I think that's one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I think that's one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I think that's one thing
+that this course does it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this course does it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this course does it's a little
+different for most design courses is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for most design courses is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for most design courses is
+you're designing for a a single person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're designing for a a single person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're designing for a a single person
+um and so you really get to interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you really get to interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you really get to interact
+with that person and understand them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that person and understand them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that person and understand them and
+understand their problem and it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand their problem and it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand their problem and it's really
+important to do that and and that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to do that and and that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to do that and and that's kind
+of the starting point for everything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the starting point for everything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the starting point for everything you
+do and so you really need to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and so you really need to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and so you really need to get that
+contextual inquiry and the second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextual inquiry and the second thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextual inquiry and the second thing
+that I learned taking the course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I learned taking the course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I learned taking the course but
+then also working with the teams this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also working with the teams this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also working with the teams this
+year is just the value of iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year is just the value of iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year is just the value of iterative
+design and prototypes um no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and prototypes um no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and prototypes um no matter what
+Fidelity they are so even paper things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fidelity they are so even paper things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fidelity they are so even paper things
+or cardboard things um truth's team with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cardboard things um truth's team with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cardboard things um truth's team with
+feather lean they worked with um a grip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather lean they worked with um a grip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather lean they worked with um a grip
+sort of of project and so they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of of project and so they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of of project and so they used
+things like putty to kind of map where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like putty to kind of map where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like putty to kind of map where
+the the hand grips in particular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the hand grips in particular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the hand grips in particular and
+those sort of things and I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sort of things and I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sort of things and I think that's
+really valuable is making use of even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really valuable is making use of even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really valuable is making use of even
+kind of non-technical prototyping but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of non-technical prototyping but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of non-technical prototyping but to
+really kind of better understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of better understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of better understand the
+design space for the professors um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design space for the professors um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design space for the professors um and
+the Educators for this course who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Educators for this course who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Educators for this course who are
+going to teach it in the future I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to teach it in the future I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to teach it in the future I think
+that the thing most important for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the thing most important for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the thing most important for them
+to remember is that um I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember is that um I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember is that um I think the
+students all have really good intentions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students all have really good intentions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students all have really good intentions
+but don't necessarily know how to act on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't necessarily know how to act on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't necessarily know how to act on
+them like in our case we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like in our case we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like in our case we were just
+really lost with some of the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lost with some of the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lost with some of the electrical
+stuff until we were able to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff until we were able to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff until we were able to find
+resources that were able to help us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources that were able to help us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources that were able to help us and
+so I think the one thing they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the one thing they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the one thing they need to
+keep in mind is that um we definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind is that um we definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind is that um we definitely
+are very lost in some of the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very lost in some of the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very lost in some of the things we
+have to learn how to do and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn how to do and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn how to do and so um
+obtaining as many resources as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining as many resources as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining as many resources as possible
+is like very useful for us down the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like very useful for us down the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like very useful for us down the road
+um so for for example in our case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for for example in our case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for for example in our case we
+were able to use the Cypress engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to use the Cypress engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to use the Cypress engineering
+lab um which has a lot of resources for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab um which has a lot of resources for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab um which has a lot of resources for
+electrical device development but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical device development but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical device development but we
+didn't know about it until mid November
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know about it until mid November
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know about it until mid November
+so until then we were sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so until then we were sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so until then we were sort of
+floundering and eventually we were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floundering and eventually we were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floundering and eventually we were able
+to get into the lab and get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into the lab and get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into the lab and get a lot of
+work done but knowing that earlier would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done but knowing that earlier would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done but knowing that earlier would
+have been helpful and so just like find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been helpful and so just like find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been helpful and so just like find
+and exploit all the resources you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exploit all the resources you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exploit all the resources you can
+get cuz they all pay off in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end take this class um I really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end take this class um I really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end take this class um I really really
+enjoyed it it's like it's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed it it's like it's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed it it's like it's something that
+I haven't gotten out of a class before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't gotten out of a class before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't gotten out of a class before
+because this actually went to someone it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this actually went to someone it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this actually went to someone it
+like it wasn't just something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it wasn't just something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it wasn't just something that I
+built and then dropped at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and then dropped at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and then dropped at the end of the
+class it like um is actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it like um is actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it like um is actually going to
+help someone live their life in a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help someone live their life in a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help someone live their life in a better
+way and that's just incredibly rewarding
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9rVojYcPeoU.txt b/9rVojYcPeoU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..337ccdb8cf915c2defbcaee73f212756f1b57a3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9rVojYcPeoU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1704 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello and welcome back to recitation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome back to recitation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome back to recitation uh
+the problem I'd like to work with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I'd like to work with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I'd like to work with you
+now is a long one so uh it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is a long one so uh it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is a long one so uh it's going to be
+practice uh Computing line integrals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice uh Computing line integrals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice uh Computing line integrals so
+to begin with we have this function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin with we have this function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin with we have this function of
+of two variables uh F is X 5th + 3x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two variables uh F is X 5th + 3x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two variables uh F is X 5th + 3x y
+cubed and we have this uh C is the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and we have this uh C is the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and we have this uh C is the upper
+semic upper semicircle uh going from 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semic upper semicircle uh going from 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semic upper semicircle uh going from 1 0
+to min-1 Z so it's this this upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to min-1 Z so it's this this upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to min-1 Z so it's this this upper
+semicircle here that we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicircle here that we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicircle here that we often
+consider and so the first thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider and so the first thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider and so the first thing that we
+want to do is to just compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is to just compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is to just compute the
+gradient uh capital F to be the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient uh capital F to be the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient uh capital F to be the gradient
+of of of this function f and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of this function f and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of this function f and then uh
+Parts B through D we're going to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts B through D we're going to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts B through D we're going to compute
+this line integral uh of of this Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line integral uh of of this Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line integral uh of of this Vector
+field F along this curve C we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field F along this curve C we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field F along this curve C we're going
+to compute it in three different ways so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute it in three different ways so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute it in three different ways so
+first of all we're going to compute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we're going to compute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we're going to compute it
+directly just using the definition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly just using the definition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly just using the definition and
+um and then in part C we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then in part C we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then in part C we're going to
+compute it using the path independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it using the path independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it using the path independence
+of line integrals and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of line integrals and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of line integrals and we're going to
+replace the path C with a simpler path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the path C with a simpler path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the path C with a simpler path
+and then uh finally in part uh D we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh finally in part uh D we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh finally in part uh D we're
+going to use the fun fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the fun fundamental theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the fun fundamental theorem
+of line integrals now when you do Part B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of line integrals now when you do Part B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of line integrals now when you do Part B
+uh what I want you to do is set up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I want you to do is set up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I want you to do is set up the
+integral you're going to get a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you're going to get a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you're going to get a very
+complicated integral that I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated integral that I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated integral that I wouldn't
+want to try to compute so uh so just set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to compute so uh so just set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to compute so uh so just set
+up the integral completely and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the integral completely and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the integral completely and then and
+then go ahead and move on to Parts C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go ahead and move on to Parts C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go ahead and move on to Parts C and
+D so so why don't you pause the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so so why don't you pause the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so so why don't you pause the video
+and work on that and we'll check back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work on that and we'll check back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work on that and we'll check back in
+a few minutes and uh we'll solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together welcome back I hope you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together welcome back I hope you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together welcome back I hope you had
+some luck uh working these problems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some luck uh working these problems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some luck uh working these problems so
+let's do the easy one first Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the easy one first Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the easy one first Computing
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gradient so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gradient we just take the two partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient we just take the two partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient we just take the two partial
+derivatives so we get uh five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so we get uh five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so we get uh five
+5 x 4 + 3 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 x 4 + 3 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 x 4 + 3 y
+Cub that's the derivative in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub that's the derivative in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub that's the derivative in the the
+partial derivative in the X Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative in the X Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative in the X Direction
+and in the y direction we just get 9 y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 uh 9x y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh 9x y^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh 9x y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um for Part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+we're asked to compute this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asked to compute this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asked to compute this uh this
+integral directly so we have to recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral directly so we have to recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral directly so we have to recall
+what it means so first of all uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means so first of all uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means so first of all uh we have
+our if we go back over here we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our if we go back over here we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our if we go back over here we have this
+this curve C and uh we need to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve C and uh we need to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve C and uh we need to give a
+parameterization for it and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization for it and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization for it and so we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+introduce a a a parameterization r of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a a a parameterization r of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a a a parameterization r of a
+variable T and we're going to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable T and we're going to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable T and we're going to use that
+to do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do our
+computations so let's uh so let's set R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations so let's uh so let's set R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations so let's uh so let's set R
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+t so this is our usual Circle that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so this is our usual Circle that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so this is our usual Circle that we're
+used to working with so we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to working with so we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to working with so we're just going
+to take the usual parameterization cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the usual parameterization cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the usual parameterization cos
+T and sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T and what's important is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and what's important is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and what's important is that the
+range is going to be from uh tal 0 to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is going to be from uh tal 0 to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is going to be from uh tal 0 to T
+=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pi it's t equals Pi because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi it's t equals Pi because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi it's t equals Pi because we don't
+want to go all the way around the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go all the way around the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go all the way around the circle
+we just want to go halfway around until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just want to go halfway around until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just want to go halfway around until
+we get to negative 1 so if that is R of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to negative 1 so if that is R of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to negative 1 so if that is R of
+T then we can compute the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then we can compute the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then we can compute the differential
+Dr R of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T and so uh it's going to be just the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and so uh it's going to be just the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and so uh it's going to be just the um
+just taking the derivative so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking the derivative so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking the derivative so we have
+negative sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sin
+T and Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t Okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay uh
+DT and uh and so now uh we can just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and uh and so now uh we can just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and uh and so now uh we can just um
+we can just write out the this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just write out the this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just write out the this line
+integral directly so the integral over C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral directly so the integral over C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral directly so the integral over C
+of f do Dr just becomes so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f do Dr just becomes so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f do Dr just becomes so we have the
+integral from T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from T equals
+0 to Pi those are our ranges for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to Pi those are our ranges for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to Pi those are our ranges for a
+curve and now we're going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and now we're going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and now we're going to take the
+dotproduct of f which was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct of f which was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct of f which was uh
+5 x 4 + 3 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 x 4 + 3 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 x 4 + 3 y
+cubed 9x y^ 2 we're just going to dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed 9x y^ 2 we're just going to dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed 9x y^ 2 we're just going to dot
+this with our Dr Vector which is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with our Dr Vector which is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with our Dr Vector which is minus
+sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin
+T Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T Al together we have uh DT and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Al together we have uh DT and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Al together we have uh DT and uh so
+now notice that here we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that here we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that here we've got the
+variables X and Y and here we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X and Y and here we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X and Y and here we've got the
+variables T but because of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables T but because of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables T but because of our
+parameterization we actually know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization we actually know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization we actually know that
+for instance X is co t uh and uh and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance X is co t uh and uh and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance X is co t uh and uh and Y
+is sin t so we can write this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out so we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so we have uh
+5 Co to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 Co to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 Co to
+4th t + 3 sin cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th t + 3 sin cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th t + 3 sin cubed
+T so that's this this guy written out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so that's this this guy written out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so that's this this guy written out in
+terms of T and then we minus we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of T and then we minus we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of T and then we minus we we
+multiply it by a negative s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by a negative s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by a negative s
+t and then uh to that we add the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and then uh to that we add the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and then uh to that we add the the
+other component so we have uh plus a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other component so we have uh plus a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other component so we have uh plus a uh
+nine so we have Co so we have Co T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine so we have Co so we have Co T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine so we have Co so we have Co T
+coming from the X and another Co T here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the X and another Co T here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the X and another Co T here
+so we have cos squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have cos squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have cos squ
+T and we have a sin squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T DT okay so that's that's what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T DT okay so that's that's what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T DT okay so that's that's what it means
+to compute this line integral directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute this line integral directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute this line integral directly
+and it's not something that I that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not something that I that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not something that I that I
+look forward to doing so let's uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look forward to doing so let's uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look forward to doing so let's uh so
+let's see if we can use path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can use path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can use path
+Independence to make our lives a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence to make our lives a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence to make our lives a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler
+so uh so that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so that's going to be
+C so what we want to do is we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+replace our original curve C with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace our original curve C with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace our original curve C with any
+other curve that uh has the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other curve that uh has the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other curve that uh has the same uh
+starting point and the same ending point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point and the same ending point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point and the same ending point
+and the curve that I would like to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the curve that I would like to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the curve that I would like to use
+is just the straight line connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the straight line connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the straight line connecting
+them there's lots of different choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there's lots of different choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there's lots of different choices
+that you could do but to me this one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do but to me this one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do but to me this one um
+seems Seems the most natural so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems Seems the most natural so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems Seems the most natural so let's
+give that a try so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so instead so if we want to use uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead so if we want to use uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead so if we want to use uh this
+curve so let's let R of T be the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so let's let R of T be the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so let's let R of T be the curve
+t z so negative T because we want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t z so negative T because we want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t z so negative T because we want it to
+run um U moving to the left and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run um U moving to the left and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run um U moving to the left and then
+then our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+range is just going to be uh from minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is just going to be uh from minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is just going to be uh from minus1
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+1 so when T is minus one then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so when T is minus one then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so when T is minus one then we get
+minus a negative 1 and it starts at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a negative 1 and it starts at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a negative 1 and it starts at one
+uh and when T is one it goes to negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and when T is one it goes to negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and when T is one it goes to negative
+1 and notice that it goes uh along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and notice that it goes uh along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and notice that it goes uh along the
+zero y equal Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero y equal Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero y equal Z
+axis okay so so now we can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis okay so so now we can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis okay so so now we can do the same
+computation that we did before but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that we did before but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that we did before but we
+can use this curve so the thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this curve so the thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this curve so the thing that I
+want to emphasize is that if we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize is that if we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize is that if we're doing
+uh if we're Computing a line integral uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we're Computing a line integral uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we're Computing a line integral uh
+of a gradient function so of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gradient function so of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gradient function so of a function
+which is Conservative then we can use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Conservative then we can use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Conservative then we can use uh
+we can use any line we can use any path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use any line we can use any path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use any line we can use any path
+that uh connect the two end points we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh connect the two end points we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh connect the two end points we
+can replace our path and so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can replace our path and so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can replace our path and so that's what
+we did we replac C1 with C2 and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did we replac C1 with C2 and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did we replac C1 with C2 and so now
+this becomes much easier in two ways so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes much easier in two ways so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes much easier in two ways so
+we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so our range now is just T goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our range now is just T goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our range now is just T goes from
+minus1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 to
+one and uh so Dr here is just minus1 Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh so Dr here is just minus1 Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh so Dr here is just minus1 Z
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dr uh and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT and uh let's see so now F uh we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and uh let's see so now F uh we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and uh let's see so now F uh we had
+this uh this value for f but notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this value for f but notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this value for f but notice that
+the that the y coordinate is always zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the y coordinate is always zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the y coordinate is always zero
+along this curve so uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this curve so uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this curve so uh so the
+y-coordinate being zero means that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate being zero means that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate being zero means that we
+just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have
+five t to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4th and and that's and then zero here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th and and that's and then zero here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th and and that's and then zero here
+that's it because uh because we set y to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it because uh because we set y to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it because uh because we set y to
+be zero along this curve okay so Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero along this curve okay so Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero along this curve okay so Al
+together this is a very nice integral to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is a very nice integral to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is a very nice integral to
+do so just taking this dotproduct all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so just taking this dotproduct all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so just taking this dotproduct all we
+have is min - 5 T to 4 DT that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is min - 5 T to 4 DT that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is min - 5 T to 4 DT that
+simplified greatly and we just have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified greatly and we just have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified greatly and we just have uh
+we just have minus t to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have minus t to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have minus t to
+5 from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 from 1 to
+minus1 and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and so we
+get simply minus two so that was a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get simply minus two so that was a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get simply minus two so that was a much
+much more straightforward integral to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more straightforward integral to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more straightforward integral to do
+than the one that we started with now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally in D we're suggested to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally in D we're suggested to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally in D we're suggested to use the
+fundamental theorem of line integrals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of line integrals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of line integrals so
+remember let's remember what that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember let's remember what that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember let's remember what that says
+that says that if we take a if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that if we take a if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that if we take a if we have
+any curve and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any curve and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any curve and we are
+integrating uh and the line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating uh and the line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating uh and the line integral
+that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taking if we know that we're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking if we know that we're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking if we know that we're taking the
+the line integral not of any Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral not of any Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral not of any Vector
+field but of of a vector field which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but of of a vector field which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but of of a vector field which is
+already the gradient of f then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the gradient of f then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the gradient of f then that
+tells us that this is simply F of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that this is simply F of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that this is simply F of the uh
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+point minus F of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point minus F of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point minus F of the
+start starting point of our curve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start starting point of our curve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start starting point of our curve so
+that's so so really we don't need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so so really we don't need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so so really we don't need to do
+uh any integral at all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any integral at all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any integral at all and
+so so let's see F so so recall that F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's see F so so recall that F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's see F so so recall that F
+was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um
+X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to
+5th +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5th +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5th +
+3x y cubed and so the end point so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x y cubed and so the end point so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x y cubed and so the end point so we
+just need to take F of uh Min -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to take F of uh Min -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to take F of uh Min -1
+0 and subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and subtract
+F of 1 Z and so uh plugging this all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of 1 Z and so uh plugging this all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of 1 Z and so uh plugging this all in
+together we get so a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we get so a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we get so a minus
+one minus a positive one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus a positive one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus a positive one
+Al together we get minus two and and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al together we get minus two and and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al together we get minus two and and of
+course this does agree with what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this does agree with what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this does agree with what we did
+when we computed using the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we computed using the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we computed using the line
+integrals
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AA7_HBp566w.txt b/AA7_HBp566w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..212a0509bbd6977dd95c4a55d53469087ed51d63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AA7_HBp566w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3203 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+my name is John belshire I'm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is John belshire I'm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is John belshire I'm in the
+department of physics at MIT uh I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of physics at MIT uh I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of physics at MIT uh I'd like
+to describe the teal program that I'm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the teal program that I'm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the teal program that I'm uh
+involved in here teal stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in here teal stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in here teal stands for
+technology enhanced Active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology enhanced Active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology enhanced Active
+Learning uh so I'm teaching freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learning uh so I'm teaching freshman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learning uh so I'm teaching freshman
+physics introductory physics using a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics introductory physics using a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics introductory physics using a lot
+of technology and in an active learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technology and in an active learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technology and in an active learning
+environment I'd like to describe what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment I'd like to describe what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment I'd like to describe what
+we're doing in both of those aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing in both of those aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing in both of those aspects
+both the technology and the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the technology and the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the technology and the active
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+aspect let me first say a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect let me first say a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect let me first say a little bit
+about my background I've been at MIT for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my background I've been at MIT for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my background I've been at MIT for
+30 years uh in the early 90s I taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 years uh in the early 90s I taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 years uh in the early 90s I taught
+the large freshman Physics course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large freshman Physics course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large freshman Physics course in
+electromagnetism uh everyone at MIT has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism uh everyone at MIT has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism uh everyone at MIT has
+to take two terms of physics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take two terms of physics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take two terms of physics uh
+mechanics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and
+electromagnetism so we have large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism so we have large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism so we have large
+enrollment courses in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment courses in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment courses in particular the
+course I taught uh in the early 90s had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I taught uh in the early 90s had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I taught uh in the early 90s had
+700 students in it that's normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700 students in it that's normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700 students in it that's normally
+taught in a passive manner that is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught in a passive manner that is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught in a passive manner that is it's
+lecture recitation 3 hours of lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture recitation 3 hours of lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture recitation 3 hours of lecture
+and 2 hours of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2 hours of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2 hours of
+recitation uh I would do the lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation uh I would do the lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation uh I would do the lectures
+and a number of Faculty would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a number of Faculty would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a number of Faculty would do
+recitations and and for a long time MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations and and for a long time MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations and and for a long time MIT
+has not had uh Laboratories associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not had uh Laboratories associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not had uh Laboratories associated
+with these large courses for smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these large courses for smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these large courses for smaller
+versions there were but not for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions there were but not for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions there were but not for the
+large course for so for the majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large course for so for the majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large course for so for the majority of
+students they did not have a physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students they did not have a physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students they did not have a physics
+lab what teal does is a number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab what teal does is a number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab what teal does is a number of things
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+importantly uh from a view point of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly uh from a view point of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly uh from a view point of a
+lot of physics faculty is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of physics faculty is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of physics faculty is we
+reintroducing labs in the terms of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reintroducing labs in the terms of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reintroducing labs in the terms of small
+desktop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop
+experiments uh that are done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments uh that are done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments uh that are done in the
+class period let me tell you what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class period let me tell you what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class period let me tell you what a
+class period is like instead of uh 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class period is like instead of uh 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class period is like instead of uh 3
+hours of lecture in a large lecture hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of lecture in a large lecture hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of lecture in a large lecture hall
+and two hours of recitation in groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two hours of recitation in groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two hours of recitation in groups of
+30 we have the students come to 5 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 we have the students come to 5 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 we have the students come to 5 hours
+of class in the same room the room is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class in the same room the room is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class in the same room the room is a
+studio physics room uh it has 13 tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio physics room uh it has 13 tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio physics room uh it has 13 tables
+we put nine students at a table and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put nine students at a table and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put nine students at a table and we
+group the students into subgroups at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group the students into subgroups at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group the students into subgroups at
+that table three students in a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that table three students in a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that table three students in a group
+each group of three has a laptop which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each group of three has a laptop which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each group of three has a laptop which
+is networked and uh when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is networked and uh when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is networked and uh when we do
+experiments each group of three has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments each group of three has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments each group of three has an
+experimental setup uh to measure uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental setup uh to measure uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental setup uh to measure uh the
+phenomenon for example they will have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon for example they will have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon for example they will have an
+a TOD converion that feeds data into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a TOD converion that feeds data into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a TOD converion that feeds data into the
+laptop and for example a hall probe to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop and for example a hall probe to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop and for example a hall probe to
+measure the magnetic field of a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the magnetic field of a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the magnetic field of a current
+caring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring
+coil so the the first thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil so the the first thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil so the the first thing about this
+is we're re reintroducing experiments uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're re reintroducing experiments uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're re reintroducing experiments uh
+back into freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into freshman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into freshman
+physics the second thing about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics the second thing about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics the second thing about it is
+it's not passive in the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not passive in the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not passive in the sense of
+listening to a lecture is passive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to a lecture is passive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to a lecture is passive the
+pedagogy is very interactive in these 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogy is very interactive in these 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogy is very interactive in these 5
+hours that we have them in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours that we have them in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours that we have them in this
+classroom and let me describe a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom and let me describe a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom and let me describe a little
+of that we will give uh many lectures 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that we will give uh many lectures 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that we will give uh many lectures 10
+or 15 minutes of lecture and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 15 minutes of lecture and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 15 minutes of lecture and that will
+be broken up by desktop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be broken up by desktop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be broken up by desktop
+experiments where the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where the students
+collaborate with each other uh doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate with each other uh doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate with each other uh doing the
+experiment also we will have students do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment also we will have students do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment also we will have students do
+workshops and problem solving where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshops and problem solving where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshops and problem solving where the
+students will solve problems as a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students will solve problems as a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students will solve problems as a group
+a group of three and turn in a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of three and turn in a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of three and turn in a common
+worksheet we have the students groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worksheet we have the students groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worksheet we have the students groups
+according to a ability that is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to a ability that is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to a ability that is we have
+heterogeneous grouping we try to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous grouping we try to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous grouping we try to put in
+a group of three a range of abilities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of three a range of abilities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of three a range of abilities so
+that the more prepared students can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the more prepared students can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the more prepared students can help
+the less prepared students that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less prepared students that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less prepared students that's good
+for both of them that is uh a common uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of them that is uh a common uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of them that is uh a common uh
+phrase you hear is I never understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase you hear is I never understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase you hear is I never understood
+this until I taught it and the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this until I taught it and the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this until I taught it and the idea is
+to get the better prepared students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the better prepared students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the better prepared students to
+explain things to the less well-prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain things to the less well-prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain things to the less well-prepared
+students it's good for both of them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students it's good for both of them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students it's good for both of them uh
+the less well prepared students it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less well prepared students it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less well prepared students it's
+obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious
+is uh the better prepared students have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the better prepared students have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the better prepared students have
+to formulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formulate the
+concepts so that they can explain them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts so that they can explain them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts so that they can explain them
+which really helps any teacher will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really helps any teacher will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really helps any teacher will tell
+you that that is really when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that that is really when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that that is really when you start
+to understand the fundamentals of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the fundamentals of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the fundamentals of the
+subject that you really think it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject that you really think it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject that you really think it through
+when you have to explain it so the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have to explain it so the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have to explain it so the whole
+package is uh much different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package is uh much different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package is uh much different from
+passive lectures and recitations uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive lectures and recitations uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive lectures and recitations uh we
+have them for 5 hours and we have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them for 5 hours and we have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them for 5 hours and we have them
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+in addition to many lectures we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to many lectures we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to many lectures we have
+them work in groups collaboratively both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them work in groups collaboratively both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them work in groups collaboratively both
+to do experiments and to do uh problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do experiments and to do uh problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do experiments and to do uh problem
+solving uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving uh
+exercises the other aspect of this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises the other aspect of this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises the other aspect of this that
+I really appreciate is the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really appreciate is the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really appreciate is the fact that the
+experiments are done in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are done in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are done in the context of
+the many lectures if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the many lectures if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the many lectures if you look at the
+normal lab setup in many places you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal lab setup in many places you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal lab setup in many places you have
+a lab on Thursday afternoons and the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lab on Thursday afternoons and the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lab on Thursday afternoons and the lab
+is either two weeks ahead of or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either two weeks ahead of or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either two weeks ahead of or two
+weeks behind the lecture material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks behind the lecture material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks behind the lecture material
+here we give a mini lecture on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we give a mini lecture on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we give a mini lecture on the
+material and they immediately do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and they immediately do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and they immediately do the
+relevant lab and then we come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant lab and then we come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant lab and then we come back and
+discuss the results so it's a seamless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the results so it's a seamless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the results so it's a seamless
+transition and the experiments are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and the experiments are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and the experiments are done
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+context right now we're in a prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context right now we're in a prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context right now we're in a prototype
+phase we've done this with uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase we've done this with uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase we've done this with uh two
+sections of 180 students uh about 90 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of 180 students uh about 90 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of 180 students uh about 90 in
+each section the room holds about 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each section the room holds about 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each section the room holds about 90
+we're moving into the large on term uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're moving into the large on term uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're moving into the large on term uh
+course next turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course next turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course next turn
+where we're teaching about 600 students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're teaching about 600 students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're teaching about 600 students
+in six sections of about 100 each the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in six sections of about 100 each the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in six sections of about 100 each the
+Staffing uh cost is about the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staffing uh cost is about the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staffing uh cost is about the same as
+the way we normally teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we normally teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we normally teach
+it um the major cost is The Upfront cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um the major cost is The Upfront cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um the major cost is The Upfront cost
+of building these new classrooms and The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building these new classrooms and The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building these new classrooms and The
+Institute has invested in uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute has invested in uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute has invested in uh one of
+these classrooms and it's building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these classrooms and it's building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these classrooms and it's building
+another classroom again it's a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another classroom again it's a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another classroom again it's a flat
+classroom with 13 tables and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom with 13 tables and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom with 13 tables and a lot of
+nice space uh between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice space uh between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice space uh between them
+so that's the pedagogy that's the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the pedagogy that's the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the pedagogy that's the active
+involvement with the students they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement with the students they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement with the students they're
+much more actively involved than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more actively involved than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more actively involved than the
+normal lecture recitation format we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal lecture recitation format we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal lecture recitation format we find
+with this format we get 80% attendance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this format we get 80% attendance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this format we get 80% attendance
+the students are engaged in the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students are engaged in the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students are engaged in the lecture
+recitation format you would typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation format you would typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation format you would typically
+have 50% attendance even with the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 50% attendance even with the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 50% attendance even with the best
+lecturer unfortunately this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturer unfortunately this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturer unfortunately this a
+traditional MIT of not going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional MIT of not going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional MIT of not going to the
+lectures in the large freshman courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in the large freshman courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in the large freshman courses
+so this is uh trying to reverse the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh trying to reverse the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh trying to reverse the that
+tradition actually get the students in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition actually get the students in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition actually get the students in
+and engaged in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engaged in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engaged in the course
+material and and this is working we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and and this is working we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and and this is working we we
+have 80% attendance and the assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 80% attendance and the assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 80% attendance and the assessment
+shows that students are actually doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that students are actually doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that students are actually doing
+better in terms of conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in terms of conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in terms of conceptual
+understanding than the normal uh lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding than the normal uh lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding than the normal uh lecture
+recitation format and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation format and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation format and this is just
+replicating studies that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating studies that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating studies that have been
+elsewhere done elsewhere MIT is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere done elsewhere MIT is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere done elsewhere MIT is not
+pioneering this by any means but we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneering this by any means but we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneering this by any means but we are
+uh in U uh putting it in place here let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in U uh putting it in place here let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in U uh putting it in place here let
+me talk a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me talk a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me talk a little bit about the
+technology because that's also a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology because that's also a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology because that's also a big
+part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of
+it in particular electromagnetism is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in particular electromagnetism is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in particular electromagnetism is a
+very abstract subject and students have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very abstract subject and students have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very abstract subject and students have
+a lot of trouble with Concepts because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of trouble with Concepts because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of trouble with Concepts because
+there's not uh much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not uh much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not uh much
+intuition about electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about electromagnetic
+phenomena the way we use technology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena the way we use technology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena the way we use technology to
+overcome that is we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome that is we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome that is we have a lot of
+simulations and visualizations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations and visualizations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations and visualizations that are
+built around virtual uh in a virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built around virtual uh in a virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built around virtual uh in a virtual
+spaces but they mimic the real things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces but they mimic the real things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces but they mimic the real things
+that we're doing for example uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're doing for example uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're doing for example uh one of
+the experiments we do is measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments we do is measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments we do is measure the
+magnetic field of a current carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field of a current carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field of a current carrying
+coil and after we do that experiment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil and after we do that experiment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil and after we do that experiment we
+have we will have a passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we will have a passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we will have a passive
+visualization that shows the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization that shows the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization that shows the same
+experimental setup uh except we add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental setup uh except we add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental setup uh except we add to
+that things that students normally can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things that students normally can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things that students normally can't
+see fuel lines for example or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see fuel lines for example or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see fuel lines for example or other
+representations of the field so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of the field so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of the field so that you
+do the experiment you see the phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the experiment you see the phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the experiment you see the phenomena
+and then you see the visualization that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you see the visualization that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you see the visualization that
+adds things to the phenomena that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds things to the phenomena that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds things to the phenomena that you
+normally can't see that are there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally can't see that are there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally can't see that are there but
+are not seable so we're making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not seable so we're making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not seable so we're making the
+Unseen seen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unseen seen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unseen seen in the
+visualizations we do this in a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations we do this in a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations we do this in a number of
+different ways we have passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways we have passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways we have passive
+visualizations that is we make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations that is we make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations that is we make a
+animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation
+file that uh shows for example when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file that uh shows for example when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file that uh shows for example when you
+put the current uh through the coil the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the current uh through the coil the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the current uh through the coil the
+field uh getting established magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh getting established magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh getting established magnetic
+field and when you turn the current off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and when you turn the current off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and when you turn the current off
+the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field
+collapses uh again they've just done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses uh again they've just done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses uh again they've just done
+that experiment and seeing the effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment and seeing the effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment and seeing the effects
+of that on a point measurement with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that on a point measurement with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that on a point measurement with a
+hall probe then they look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hall probe then they look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hall probe then they look at the
+visualization and they see a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization and they see a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization and they see a global
+characterization of the field where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization of the field where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization of the field where you
+can really see spatially all the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really see spatially all the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really see spatially all the details
+of the field animated as you turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the field animated as you turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the field animated as you turn the
+current on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current on and
+off that's a passive visualization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that's a passive visualization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that's a passive visualization
+that's very important to get an idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important to get an idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important to get an idea of
+what's really going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on
+uh but we also have active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we also have active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we also have active
+visualizations because there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations because there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations because there's a lot of
+research showing that if you're actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research showing that if you're actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research showing that if you're actively
+engaged in something that solidifies uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in something that solidifies uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in something that solidifies uh
+the uh learning uh objectives you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh learning uh objectives you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh learning uh objectives you want
+to take home so in addition to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take home so in addition to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take home so in addition to the
+passive visualizations we build these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive visualizations we build these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive visualizations we build these uh
+using a 3D uh animation program it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a 3D uh animation program it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a 3D uh animation program it's
+commonly used by game developers and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used by game developers and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used by game developers and in
+Hollywood 3D Studio Max and we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood 3D Studio Max and we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood 3D Studio Max and we make
+movies of those but we also uh use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies of those but we also uh use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies of those but we also uh use
+active visualizations we have a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active visualizations we have a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active visualizations we have a couple
+of ways to do do active 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways to do do active 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways to do do active 3D
+visualizations these active in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations these active in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations these active in
+interactive ones are not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive ones are not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive ones are not as
+sophisticated as the things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated as the things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated as the things that are
+passive that is we don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive that is we don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive that is we don't have to worry
+about length of time for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about length of time for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about length of time for the
+computation when we're doing a passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation when we're doing a passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation when we're doing a passive
+animation we can we can spend eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation we can we can spend eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation we can we can spend eight
+hours rendering something and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours rendering something and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours rendering something and and then
+have it Go by in 13 seconds when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it Go by in 13 seconds when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it Go by in 13 seconds when we're
+doing something that is interactive we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something that is interactive we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something that is interactive we
+have to cut down on the detail that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to cut down on the detail that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to cut down on the detail that
+we're doing because we can't support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing because we can't support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing because we can't support
+that in real time but nonetheless there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in real time but nonetheless there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in real time but nonetheless there
+are a lot of things that we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of things that we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of things that we can do
+interactively let me just give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactively let me just give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactively let me just give you an
+example we show particles interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we show particles interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we show particles interacting
+via coolum collisions we show the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via coolum collisions we show the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via coolum collisions we show the fuel
+lines and we show them settling down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and we show them settling down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and we show them settling down
+into molecules for example that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into molecules for example that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into molecules for example that's an
+interactive program that we have both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive program that we have both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive program that we have both in
+Shockwave and in Java 3D which allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shockwave and in Java 3D which allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shockwave and in Java 3D which allows
+students to build build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to build build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to build build
+molecules they can click on a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules they can click on a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules they can click on a particle
+and move it around in this 3D space they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move it around in this 3D space they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move it around in this 3D space they
+can change the properties they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the properties they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the properties they can
+change the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the initial
+conditions and they can watch to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and they can watch to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and they can watch to see
+what happens in terms of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in terms of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in terms of their
+interaction with the environment again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the environment again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the environment again
+these are simpler uh in terms of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are simpler uh in terms of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are simpler uh in terms of uh the
+the graphics but nonetheless they're 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphics but nonetheless they're 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphics but nonetheless they're 3D
+they're fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fully
+3D and you can interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D and you can interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D and you can interact with
+them they complement the paive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they complement the paive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they complement the paive
+visualization in a very nice way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization in a very nice way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization in a very nice way they
+allow you to interact with the phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to interact with the phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to interact with the phenomena
+you see in the paive visualizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in the paive visualizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in the paive visualizations
+although they're not as rich in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they're not as rich in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they're not as rich in terms of
+graphic detail so we have a spread of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic detail so we have a spread of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic detail so we have a spread of
+things uh like this uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh like this uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh like this uh in terms of
+Technology again the the bottom line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology again the the bottom line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology again the the bottom line is
+to try to help the students visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to help the students visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to help the students visualize
+things that are very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are very hard
+to see to visualize things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see to visualize things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see to visualize things that we
+normally describe with very abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally describe with very abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally describe with very abstract
+mathematics and to be able to see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and to be able to see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and to be able to see them
+in some uh gut way in terms of what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some uh gut way in terms of what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some uh gut way in terms of what they
+look like if you to represent them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like if you to represent them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like if you to represent them in a
+virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual
+reality and I think that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality and I think that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality and I think that's very
+important especially with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important especially with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important especially with
+electromagnetism where it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism where it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism where it's so
+non-intuitive and so abstract and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intuitive and so abstract and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intuitive and so abstract and there
+so much math floating around so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much math floating around so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much math floating around so we have
+uh both of these things uh in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh both of these things uh in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh both of these things uh in the same
+uh environment we have the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh environment we have the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh environment we have the active
+learning the Collaborative Learning from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the Collaborative Learning from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the Collaborative Learning from
+other students uh being actively engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other students uh being actively engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other students uh being actively engaged
+in the uh material actually seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh material actually seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh material actually seeing the
+phenomena by making measurements of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena by making measurements of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena by making measurements of real
+experiments and these in using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and these in using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and these in using
+technology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to
+augment the real experiments with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augment the real experiments with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augment the real experiments with
+virtual addoms that show you things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual addoms that show you things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual addoms that show you things that
+are really there but you can't normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really there but you can't normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really there but you can't normally
+see but we can construct them virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but we can construct them virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but we can construct them virtually
+so that you can see them so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can see them so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can see them so there's a
+lot of power in this and both engagement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of power in this and both engagement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of power in this and both engagement
+and both uh um uh allowing students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both uh um uh allowing students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both uh um uh allowing students to
+get conceptual understanding of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get conceptual understanding of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get conceptual understanding of things
+that are very hard to understand in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very hard to understand in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very hard to understand in the
+abstract it also changes what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract it also changes what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract it also changes what you can
+teach it extends what you can teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach it extends what you can teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach it extends what you can teach
+because you can get to Concepts which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can get to Concepts which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can get to Concepts which
+are really quite sophisticated that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really quite sophisticated that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really quite sophisticated that you
+would never teach at an introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never teach at an introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never teach at an introductory
+level because the math is too hard but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level because the math is too hard but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level because the math is too hard but
+at least you can reach them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least you can reach them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least you can reach them
+qualitatively because you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively because you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively because you have a
+visualization that shows physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization that shows physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization that shows physically
+what's going on and you can get things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on and you can get things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on and you can get things
+like the maxal stress tensor and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the maxal stress tensor and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the maxal stress tensor and energy
+flow in a much more robust way than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in a much more robust way than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in a much more robust way than you
+can uh even in an advanced uh course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh even in an advanced uh course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh even in an advanced uh course in
+electromagnetism and you would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism and you would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism and you would never
+touch these things uh at at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch these things uh at at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch these things uh at at an
+introductory level so it's not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory level so it's not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory level so it's not only
+augmenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmenting
+the material that you're teaching it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material that you're teaching it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material that you're teaching it
+also extends the range of what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also extends the range of what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also extends the range of what you can
+teach in these introducted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach in these introducted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach in these introducted
+courses that's what we're doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that's what we're doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that's what we're doing in
+physics again this is uh in a prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics again this is uh in a prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics again this is uh in a prototype
+level right now next term we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level right now next term we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level right now next term we're trying
+to move it into the on term uh version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move it into the on term uh version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move it into the on term uh version
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+electromagnetism which up to now has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism which up to now has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism which up to now has
+been taught in elect recitation format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taught in elect recitation format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taught in elect recitation format
+this is the large version with 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the large version with 600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the large version with 600
+students uh we also working on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh we also working on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh we also working on a
+mechanics version of this in the studio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics version of this in the studio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics version of this in the studio
+format the a goal is and by 2005 to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format the a goal is and by 2005 to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format the a goal is and by 2005 to have
+all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the
+large uh lecture courses that MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh lecture courses that MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh lecture courses that MIT
+introductory physics taught in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory physics taught in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory physics taught in this
+format uh we have some smaller courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format uh we have some smaller courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format uh we have some smaller courses
+which are very mathematical for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very mathematical for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very mathematical for our
+Majors which would not be taught in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Majors which would not be taught in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Majors which would not be taught in this
+format but the majority of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format but the majority of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format but the majority of students
+would go through uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go through uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go through uh this
+uh uh active engagement uh Studio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh active engagement uh Studio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh active engagement uh Studio
+format there's an obvious question as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format there's an obvious question as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format there's an obvious question as to
+whether you can extend this to other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can extend this to other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can extend this to other uh
+large um uh freshman courses uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large um uh freshman courses uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large um uh freshman courses uh I think
+math is the most obvious thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math is the most obvious thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math is the most obvious thing that you
+could uh uh would be suitable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh uh would be suitable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh uh would be suitable for
+adopting to to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopting to to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopting to to this
+format chemistry and biology physics has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format chemistry and biology physics has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format chemistry and biology physics has
+the advantage that the desktop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage that the desktop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage that the desktop
+experiments you can do are relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you can do are relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you can do are relatively
+straightforward and not dangerous if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and not dangerous if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and not dangerous if you
+get into chemistry you worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into chemistry you worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into chemistry you worry about
+toxicity so there's less range of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxicity so there's less range of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxicity so there's less range of what
+you could do experimentally I do think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do experimentally I do think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do experimentally I do think
+however that the collaborative pedagogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however that the collaborative pedagogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however that the collaborative pedagogy
+the interactive pedagogy really stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interactive pedagogy really stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interactive pedagogy really stands
+on its own that is you don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own that is you don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own that is you don't necessarily
+have to do experiments in this format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do experiments in this format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do experiments in this format
+that the important thing there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the important thing there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the important thing there is
+engaging the students and having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging the students and having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging the students and having the
+students work and teams and collaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students work and teams and collaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students work and teams and collaborate
+and learn from each other and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learn from each other and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learn from each other and I think
+that in a spers with many lectures and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a spers with many lectures and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a spers with many lectures and I
+think my personal opinion is that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think my personal opinion is that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think my personal opinion is that's a
+much better way to teach than the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better way to teach than the large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better way to teach than the large
+passive lectures that we have now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive lectures that we have now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive lectures that we have now in
+terms of cost to Institute this The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of cost to Institute this The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of cost to Institute this The
+Upfront cost of building classrooms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upfront cost of building classrooms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upfront cost of building classrooms to
+accommodate this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate this kind of
+instruction we need two classrooms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction we need two classrooms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction we need two classrooms that
+hold 117 students a piece to do this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold 117 students a piece to do this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold 117 students a piece to do this for
+the large freshman courses and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large freshman courses and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large freshman courses and that's
+not cheap to to build once we have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cheap to to build once we have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cheap to to build once we have those
+classrooms the Staffing cost has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms the Staffing cost has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms the Staffing cost has been
+designed to be the same as what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to be the same as what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to be the same as what we
+currently use in uh freshman physics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently use in uh freshman physics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently use in uh freshman physics so
+the long-term Staffing cost which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long-term Staffing cost which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long-term Staffing cost which of
+course are the major cost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are the major cost is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are the major cost is
+approximately the same in both models so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the same in both models so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the same in both models so
+it's really The Upfront cost to move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really The Upfront cost to move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really The Upfront cost to move to
+this in terms of classroom space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of classroom space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of classroom space and
+developing pedagogy and buying desktop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing pedagogy and buying desktop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing pedagogy and buying desktop
+experience but nonetheless uh in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but nonetheless uh in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but nonetheless uh in any
+discipline large lecture course in in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline large lecture course in in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline large lecture course in in uh
+in science at The Institute I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science at The Institute I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science at The Institute I I would
+hope to see once physics has converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to see once physics has converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to see once physics has converted
+to this format if it's successful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this format if it's successful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this format if it's successful and
+the students uh are learning more by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students uh are learning more by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students uh are learning more by
+objective assessment that this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective assessment that this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective assessment that this would
+spread to other disciplines as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread to other disciplines as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread to other disciplines as well
+there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of
+uh research especially in physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh research especially in physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh research especially in physics and
+education that shows that this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education that shows that this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education that shows that this kind of
+pedagogy is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogy is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogy is more
+effective this is uh well established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective this is uh well established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective this is uh well established
+it's just a question of inertia in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a question of inertia in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a question of inertia in terms
+of moving away from the way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving away from the way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving away from the way that we
+normally teach to what is clearly a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally teach to what is clearly a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally teach to what is clearly a more
+effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+way and I hope in the in the uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I hope in the in the uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I hope in the in the uh in the
+future if we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future if we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future if we get to
+2010 2020 that this is the preferred way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 2020 that this is the preferred way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 2020 that this is the preferred way
+to teach the large course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach the large course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach the large course
+MIT rather than the lecture recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT rather than the lecture recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT rather than the lecture recitation
+format
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AVVbUKstn8A.txt b/AVVbUKstn8A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..34ad486a68d358344c02643af2c4735adcd30c77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AVVbUKstn8A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+besides pmf's and pdfs we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides pmf's and pdfs we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides pmf's and pdfs we can also
+describe the distribution of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the distribution of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the distribution of a random
+variable as we know using a CDF a CDF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable as we know using a CDF a CDF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable as we know using a CDF a CDF is
+always well-defined and for the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always well-defined and for the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always well-defined and for the case of
+a continuous random variable the CDF can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous random variable the CDF can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous random variable the CDF can
+be found by integrating the PDF and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be found by integrating the PDF and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be found by integrating the PDF and
+conversely we can recover the PDF from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely we can recover the PDF from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely we can recover the PDF from
+the CDF by differentiating there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF by differentiating there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF by differentiating there is
+something similar that happens for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar that happens for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar that happens for the
+case of multiple random variables as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of multiple random variables as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of multiple random variables as
+well we can define the joint CDF as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can define the joint CDF as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can define the joint CDF as the
+probability that x and y the pair XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that x and y the pair XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that x and y the pair XY
+takes values that are below certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes values that are below certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes values that are below certain
+numbers little X and little Y so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers little X and little Y so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers little X and little Y so we are
+talking about the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the probability of the
+blue set in this diagram this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue set in this diagram this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue set in this diagram this
+probability can be found by integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability can be found by integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability can be found by integrating
+the joint PDF over the blue set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint PDF over the blue set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint PDF over the blue set and
+since we're using x and y to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're using x and y to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're using x and y to be some
+specific numbers let us use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific numbers let us use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific numbers let us use some
+different dummy variables to carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dummy variables to carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dummy variables to carry out
+the integration what is the range of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration what is the range of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration what is the range of the
+integration the first variable which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration the first variable which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration the first variable which is
+s in this integral ranges from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s in this integral ranges from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s in this integral ranges from minus
+infinity up to X and the other variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity up to X and the other variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity up to X and the other variable
+which is the one that we're integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the one that we're integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the one that we're integrating
+with respect to in the outer integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to in the outer integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to in the outer integral
+the T variable ranges from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T variable ranges from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T variable ranges from minus
+infinity to Y now let us see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to Y now let us see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to Y now let us see what
+happens if we start taking derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we start taking derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we start taking derivatives
+of this expression if we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this expression if we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this expression if we take the
+derivative of this expression with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this expression with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this expression with
+respect to Y what is left is the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y what is left is the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y what is left is the inner
+integral and if we take now a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and if we take now a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and if we take now a derivative
+with respect to X of this inner integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X of this inner integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X of this inner integral
+we will be left with just the joint PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be left with just the joint PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be left with just the joint PDF
+and it will be the joint PDF evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be the joint PDF evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be the joint PDF evaluated
+at the particular limits of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the particular limits of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the particular limits of the
+integration so it's going to be F sub XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so it's going to be F sub XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so it's going to be F sub XY
+at little X little Y so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at little X little Y so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at little X little Y so we have this
+particular formula by taking derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular formula by taking derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular formula by taking derivative
+with respect to X and then with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X and then with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X and then with respect
+to Y or maybe in the opposite order it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y or maybe in the opposite order it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y or maybe in the opposite order it
+doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+this particular derivative gives us back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular derivative gives us back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular derivative gives us back
+the PDF let us look at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF let us look at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF let us look at an example
+suppose that we have a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we have a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we have a uniform
+distribution on the unit square so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on the unit square so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on the unit square so the
+PDF is equal to 1 on this Green Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF is equal to 1 on this Green Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF is equal to 1 on this Green Square
+and is equal to 0 otherwise so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is equal to 0 otherwise so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is equal to 0 otherwise so in this
+example if we take some x and y so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we take some x and y so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we take some x and y so that
+the XY pair falls inside the rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY pair falls inside the rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY pair falls inside the rectangle
+the probability of the blue set is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of the blue set is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of the blue set is going
+to be just the probability of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just the probability of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just the probability of that
+little rectangle here because everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rectangle here because everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rectangle here because everything
+outside has zero probability with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside has zero probability with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside has zero probability with a
+uniform joint PDF which is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform joint PDF which is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform joint PDF which is equal to 1
+the probability is just the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability is just the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability is just the area of the
+set that we are considering and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that we are considering and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that we are considering and since
+this said that we're considering is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this said that we're considering is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this said that we're considering is a
+rectangle with sizes x and y the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle with sizes x and y the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle with sizes x and y the joint
+CDF is equal to x times y now if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF is equal to x times y now if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF is equal to x times y now if we take
+the derivative of this expression with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of this expression with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of this expression with
+respect to X and then with respect to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X and then with respect to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X and then with respect to Y
+then we're left just with a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're left just with a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're left just with a constant
+equal to 1 which is as it should be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 which is as it should be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 which is as it should be so
+that it integrates to 1 so we have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it integrates to 1 so we have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it integrates to 1 so we have seen
+that CDF s also apply to the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CDF s also apply to the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CDF s also apply to the case of
+multiple random variables and that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple random variables and that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple random variables and that we
+can recover the joint PDF from the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recover the joint PDF from the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recover the joint PDF from the joint
+CDF
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AVqr7VXpTFk.txt b/AVqr7VXpTFk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..be02acd18c38cbeb8234de0b8ee91e271a48b370
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AVqr7VXpTFk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8269 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu um okay so today I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu um okay so today I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu um okay so today I'm going
+to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk
+about uh form Malahide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the S1 SN transition this is a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S1 SN transition this is a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S1 SN transition this is a beautiful
+example of simple is good because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of simple is good because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of simple is good because when
+you look at a simple problem you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a simple problem you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a simple problem you can
+analyze it to death and then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it to death and then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it to death and then be
+surprised and the surprise is incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised and the surprise is incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised and the surprise is incredibly
+important in teaching you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in teaching you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in teaching you something
+about the fundamental behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fundamental behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fundamental behavior of
+molecules and so in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and so in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and so in this case we're
+we're going to go through and predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through and predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through and predict
+everything there is to predict about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything there is to predict about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything there is to predict about the
+transition from the ground state or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the ground state or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the ground state or from
+alahh to the exited State using the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alahh to the exited State using the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alahh to the exited State using the kind
+of information that's either available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information that's either available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information that's either available
+or that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that you can
+guess and we are going to be surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and we are going to be surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and we are going to be surprised
+because we're going to see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to see some
+something that appears in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that appears in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that appears in the
+vibrational structure of this transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational structure of this transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational structure of this transition
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+unexpected and leads us to evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected and leads us to evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected and leads us to evidence that
+the excited state is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excited state is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excited state is non
+planer there's a low barrier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer there's a low barrier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer there's a low barrier to
+planarity and so even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planarity and so even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planarity and so even though the
+structure of the excited state is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the excited state is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the excited state is non
+planer and would therefore require not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer and would therefore require not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer and would therefore require not
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+c2v we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2v we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2v we use
+c2v and we see a staggering in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2v and we see a staggering in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2v and we see a staggering in the
+vibrational structure associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational structure associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational structure associated with
+the outer plane Bend which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer plane Bend which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer plane Bend which is a
+universal s signature of tunneling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal s signature of tunneling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal s signature of tunneling
+through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a
+barrier and that's a universal signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier and that's a universal signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier and that's a universal signature
+of whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whenever you
+have a low symmetry form it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a low symmetry form it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a low symmetry form it's almost
+always uh uh associated with a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh uh associated with a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh uh associated with a kind of
+level level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level level
+staggering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggering
+uh associated with tunneling through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh associated with tunneling through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh associated with tunneling through the
+barrier to the high symmetry form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier to the high symmetry form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier to the high symmetry form and
+this appears again and again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this appears again and again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this appears again and again in
+different forms and this is I think one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms and this is I think one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms and this is I think one
+of the first and clearest examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first and clearest examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first and clearest examples that
+taught us a huge amount about what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us a huge amount about what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us a huge amount about what to
+expect and how to assemble the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+begin the first thing we do oh I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin the first thing we do oh I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin the first thing we do oh I should
+say that from Malahide this excited this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that from Malahide this excited this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that from Malahide this excited this
+transition in F alide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in F alide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in F alide
+was the first polyatomic molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first polyatomic molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first polyatomic molecule
+electronic transition that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transition that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transition that was
+rotationally resolved and assigned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotationally resolved and assigned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotationally resolved and assigned and
+it was done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1934 uh 25 years before the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1934 uh 25 years before the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1934 uh 25 years before the second one
+was done which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done which was
+acetylene uh and uh it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylene uh and uh it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylene uh and uh it's a little bit
+surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising
+because uh the ground state of fahid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the ground state of fahid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the ground state of fahid is
+an asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asymmetric
+top it it's a prolate top near prolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top it it's a prolate top near prolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top it it's a prolate top near prolate
+top it has a relatively small a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top it has a relatively small a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top it has a relatively small a
+rotational constant so the different K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constant so the different K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constant so the different K
+levels are populated at at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are populated at at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are populated at at the
+temperatures that were available to KY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures that were available to KY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures that were available to KY
+akowski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+akowski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+akowski
+uh uh and decki in in the 30s they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and decki in in the 30s they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and decki in in the 30s they
+didn't use liquid nitrogen for cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't use liquid nitrogen for cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't use liquid nitrogen for cooling
+or at least they uh they certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least they uh they certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least they uh they certainly
+didn't use a supersonic jet although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't use a supersonic jet although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't use a supersonic jet although
+kisty was one of the first to attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kisty was one of the first to attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kisty was one of the first to attempt to
+do a supersonic expansion and it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a supersonic expansion and it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a supersonic expansion and it didn't
+work and it's surprising that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it's surprising that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it's surprising that uh the
+idea for doing supersonic jet cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea for doing supersonic jet cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea for doing supersonic jet cooling
+survived KY yow's null experiment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived KY yow's null experiment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived KY yow's null experiment I
+think the problem was vacuum was speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the problem was vacuum was speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the problem was vacuum was speak
+yeah it was but I mean when a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was but I mean when a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was but I mean when a famous
+person doesn't experiment and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person doesn't experiment and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person doesn't experiment and it doesn't
+reveal the effect that you expect it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal the effect that you expect it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal the effect that you expect it's
+there's a lot of dead time before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of dead time before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of dead time before
+someone else comes comes in and does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else comes comes in and does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else comes comes in and does it
+well I think it was about 30 years that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think it was about 30 years that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think it was about 30 years that
+might be uh so anyway uh the problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh so anyway uh the problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh so anyway uh the problem in
+fahid is that a vibrational band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fahid is that a vibrational band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fahid is that a vibrational band
+consists of many different K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of many different K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of many different K
+stacks and it's also a molecule that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks and it's also a molecule that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks and it's also a molecule that has
+uh six vibrational normal modes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh six vibrational normal modes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh six vibrational normal modes and so
+the spectrum is going to be pretty busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum is going to be pretty busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum is going to be pretty busy
+and at relatively low resolution this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at relatively low resolution this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at relatively low resolution this is
+pretty hard to do and in addition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty hard to do and in addition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty hard to do and in addition the
+transition is nominally forbidden they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition is nominally forbidden they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition is nominally forbidden they
+didn't know that maybe they did maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that maybe they did maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that maybe they did maybe
+they didn't and so it's relatively weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't and so it's relatively weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't and so it's relatively weak
+so it's kind of heroic and surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of heroic and surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of heroic and surprising
+that from Malahide not a settling was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from Malahide not a settling was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from Malahide not a settling was
+the first does large a constant give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first does large a constant give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first does large a constant give you
+resolution help with the resolution it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution help with the resolution it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution help with the resolution it
+helps I mean the resolution of uh the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps I mean the resolution of uh the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps I mean the resolution of uh the in
+the 30s they they had big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 30s they they had big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 30s they they had big
+spectrographs uh I don't know how large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrographs uh I don't know how large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrographs uh I don't know how large
+the spectrograph that that kissy Kowski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrograph that that kissy Kowski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrograph that that kissy Kowski
+used but uh uh it was fairly common to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used but uh uh it was fairly common to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used but uh uh it was fairly common to
+have multimeter long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multimeter long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multimeter long
+spectrographs and uh so resolution of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrographs and uh so resolution of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrographs and uh so resolution of a
+few hundreds of a wave number was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hundreds of a wave number was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hundreds of a wave number was
+possible acetylene being close to 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible acetylene being close to 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible acetylene being close to 200
+nanm made it a little bit dicey whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanm made it a little bit dicey whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanm made it a little bit dicey whereas
+from alahh being in around 350 nanm made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from alahh being in around 350 nanm made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from alahh being in around 350 nanm made
+it a lot easier but anyway this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lot easier but anyway this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lot easier but anyway this is a
+historic molecule it began poly Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic molecule it began poly Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic molecule it began poly Atomic
+molecule electronic spectroscopy and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule electronic spectroscopy and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule electronic spectroscopy and so
+we want to just approach the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to just approach the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to just approach the molecule
+the way kisty or uh somebody like kisty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way kisty or uh somebody like kisty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way kisty or uh somebody like kisty
+might have done kisty Yosi I he was he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have done kisty Yosi I he was he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have done kisty Yosi I he was he
+taught he actually I was a TA in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught he actually I was a TA in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught he actually I was a TA in his
+course one of the last few times he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course one of the last few times he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course one of the last few times he
+taught it he was a white russian that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught it he was a white russian that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught it he was a white russian that
+means uh he fought against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh he fought against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh he fought against the
+Communists his brother was a red Russi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communists his brother was a red Russi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communists his brother was a red Russi
+yeah well I didn't know that but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I didn't know that but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I didn't know that but anyway
+he was he he was a really amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was he he was a really amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was he he was a really amazing
+uh character uh not particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh character uh not particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh character uh not particularly
+likable and anyway uh he was also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likable and anyway uh he was also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likable and anyway uh he was also a
+science adviser for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science adviser for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science adviser for
+Eisenhower U anyway so kissy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eisenhower U anyway so kissy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eisenhower U anyway so kissy
+owski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owski
+um so the first thing we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first thing we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first thing we want to do is
+look at the electronic structure of from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the electronic structure of from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the electronic structure of from
+alahh using the kinds of techniques that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alahh using the kinds of techniques that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alahh using the kinds of techniques that
+you would do without a big computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do without a big computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do without a big computer
+because I still believe that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I still believe that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I still believe that that
+it's instructive to attempt to formulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's instructive to attempt to formulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's instructive to attempt to formulate
+a a simple picture for the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a simple picture for the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a simple picture for the electronic
+structure using Atomic orbitals and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure using Atomic orbitals and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure using Atomic orbitals and uh
+linear combinations of atomic orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of atomic orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of atomic orbitals
+and the minimal picture because often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minimal picture because often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minimal picture because often
+you get a lot of insight and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a lot of insight and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a lot of insight and of course
+you can always do something more but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always do something more but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always do something more but you
+should know what you're expecting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know what you're expecting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know what you're expecting so
+what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you
+know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um
+on page two is a correlation diagram and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page two is a correlation diagram and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page two is a correlation diagram and
+it's a really clever kind of correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really clever kind of correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really clever kind of correlation
+diagram over on the left is oxygen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram over on the left is oxygen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram over on the left is oxygen in
+the middle is from Malahide and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle is from Malahide and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle is from Malahide and on the
+right is co + 2 hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atoms why would we do this well we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms why would we do this well we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms why would we do this well we do
+this because we know something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because we know something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because we know something about the
+electronic spectrum of Co and O2 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic spectrum of Co and O2 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic spectrum of Co and O2 but
+what relevance does O2 have well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what relevance does O2 have well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what relevance does O2 have well if you
+take the two Hy and stick them into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the two Hy and stick them into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the two Hy and stick them into the
+C that's the United atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that's the United atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that's the United atom
+o and so uh if you then look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o and so uh if you then look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o and so uh if you then look at the
+orbitals on o and destroy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals on o and destroy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals on o and destroy the
+cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical
+symmetry it's got spheric o well oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry it's got spheric o well oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry it's got spheric o well oxygen
+in O2 has cylindrical symmetry if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in O2 has cylindrical symmetry if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in O2 has cylindrical symmetry if you
+destroy the cylindrical symmetry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the cylindrical symmetry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the cylindrical symmetry the
+relevant orbitals will split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant orbitals will split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant orbitals will split
+qualitatively in the way that you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively in the way that you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively in the way that you expect
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+this and uh for Co two hydrogen uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and uh for Co two hydrogen uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and uh for Co two hydrogen uh you
+you have the electronic structure of Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the electronic structure of Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the electronic structure of Co
+to which you're going to attach two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which you're going to attach two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which you're going to attach two
+hydrogens and you have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens and you have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens and you have to figure out
+where would the hydrogens want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where would the hydrogens want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where would the hydrogens want to be
+attached and you can figure that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached and you can figure that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached and you can figure that out
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh I think if I'm going to get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think if I'm going to get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think if I'm going to get through
+this lecture I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture I'm going to have to
+skip uh the correlation diagram argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip uh the correlation diagram argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip uh the correlation diagram argument
+and so but you should look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so but you should look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so but you should look at this
+correlation diagram or this building up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation diagram or this building up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation diagram or this building up
+principles and see how uh all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and see how uh all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and see how uh all of the
+steps in going from the two limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in going from the two limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in going from the two limits
+towards hydrogen uh towards fahid are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards hydrogen uh towards fahid are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards hydrogen uh towards fahid are
+Justified I mean you on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justified I mean you on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justified I mean you on the left hand
+side you have the tricky thing is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you have the tricky thing is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you have the tricky thing is always
+what happens to Pi U and Pi G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to Pi U and Pi G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to Pi U and Pi G
+orbitals both here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here now it's not really legal to put G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now it's not really legal to put G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now it's not really legal to put G
+and and star but and it's not legal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and star but and it's not legal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and star but and it's not legal to
+put U and G on heteronuclear orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put U and G on heteronuclear orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put U and G on heteronuclear orbitals
+but basically you have orbitals that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you have orbitals that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you have orbitals that are
+perpendicular to the plane and orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the plane and orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the plane and orbitals
+that are in the plane and you classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in the plane and you classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in the plane and you classify
+them and then you ask well which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then you ask well which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then you ask well which one is
+going to be more stabilized by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more stabilized by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more stabilized by the
+breaking of the Symmetry and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking of the Symmetry and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking of the Symmetry and then
+there's another thing you do and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing you do and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing you do and that is
+you ask well what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask well what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask well what is the
+IP of hydrogen versus the IP of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Co the reason we do this is we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co the reason we do this is we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co the reason we do this is we want to
+place the orbitals relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the orbitals relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the orbitals relative to
+vacuum uh correctly and so the IP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum uh correctly and so the IP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum uh correctly and so the IP is
+always known and so it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always known and so it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always known and so it turns out that
+the ionization energy for hydrogen is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy for hydrogen is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy for hydrogen is a
+little bit less than the iron ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less than the iron ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less than the iron ionization
+energy for Co and so that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for Co and so that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for Co and so that means that the
+hydrogen orbitals are less stable than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen orbitals are less stable than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen orbitals are less stable than
+the homo in Co and uh and that helps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homo in Co and uh and that helps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homo in Co and uh and that helps you
+to figure out well what are the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out well what are the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out well what are the uh
+hydrogen atoms going to bond to and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms going to bond to and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms going to bond to and so
+you do all of that stuff and you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do all of that stuff and you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do all of that stuff and you end up
+with predictions of the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with predictions of the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with predictions of the relative
+energies and shapes of orbitals and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and shapes of orbitals and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and shapes of orbitals and the
+goal is almost always to find out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is almost always to find out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is almost always to find out for
+the molecule you're interested in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule you're interested in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule you're interested in what
+is the highest occupied molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the highest occupied molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the highest occupied molecular
+orbital and its Symmetry and what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and its Symmetry and what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and its Symmetry and what is the
+lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest
+unoccupied molecular orbital and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unoccupied molecular orbital and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unoccupied molecular orbital and its
+Symmetry and sometimes the orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and sometimes the orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and sometimes the orbitals
+aren't completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't completely
+filled but usually especially when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled but usually especially when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled but usually especially when you
+don't have really high Symmetry and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have really high Symmetry and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have really high Symmetry and you
+have an even number of electrons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an even number of electrons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an even number of electrons the
+orbitals are uh filled up to the the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are uh filled up to the the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are uh filled up to the the um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+homo has two electrons and the lumo has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homo has two electrons and the lumo has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homo has two electrons and the lumo has
+zero electrons but uh sometimes it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero electrons but uh sometimes it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero electrons but uh sometimes it's a
+little bit more complicated okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complicated okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complicated okay so
+we're uh in a position to begin uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're uh in a position to begin uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're uh in a position to begin uh
+predicting what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting what you
+expect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+so I mean I I love to do this but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean I I love to do this but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean I I love to do this but I
+think that if I do this I will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that if I do this I will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that if I do this I will be
+laboring something which is least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboring something which is least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboring something which is least
+important and most uh most familiar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and most uh most familiar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and most uh most familiar to
+all of you so I'm going to just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you so I'm going to just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you so I'm going to just write
+down what diagram come from you Herzberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what diagram come from you Herzberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what diagram come from you Herzberg
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+uh it is from Herzberg and I I I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is from Herzberg and I I I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is from Herzberg and I I I don't I
+see I don't have the right page I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I don't have the right page I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I don't have the right page I don't
+have the page given but okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the page given but okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the page given but okay
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we
+have the highest occupied and the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the highest occupied and the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the highest occupied and the lowest
+unoccupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals
+um 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 2
+B2 and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B1 so and and uh both of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 so and and uh both of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 so and and uh both of these are
+uh related to Pi orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh related to Pi orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh related to Pi orbital
+on the U both oxygen and Co and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the U both oxygen and Co and so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the U both oxygen and Co and so these
+labels came from looking at the planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels came from looking at the planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels came from looking at the planer
+and out of plane forms of the pi bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of plane forms of the pi bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of plane forms of the pi bonding
+and Pi antibonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pi antibonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pi antibonding
+orbitals so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so this
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+piar an antibonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piar an antibonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piar an antibonding
+orbital and so uh the homo Tumo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and so uh the homo Tumo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and so uh the homo Tumo
+transition uh uh corresponds to well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition uh uh corresponds to well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition uh uh corresponds to well
+first of all all of the orbitals up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all all of the orbitals up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all all of the orbitals up to
+the up to the homo are doubly filled and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up to the homo are doubly filled and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up to the homo are doubly filled and
+so the ground state is singlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ground state is singlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ground state is singlet
+A1 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 in
+c2v uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2v uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2v uh
+uh the totally symmetric state is A1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the totally symmetric state is A1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the totally symmetric state is A1 and
+so the excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the excited
+state is predicted to be to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is predicted to be to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is predicted to be to have the
+electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+symmetry B2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry B2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry B2 *
+B1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+A2 so we expect that the excited state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 so we expect that the excited state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 so we expect that the excited state
+if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is
+c2v will be singlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2v will be singlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2v will be singlet
+A2 now why should we expect it not to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 now why should we expect it not to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 now why should we expect it not to be
+C c2v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C c2v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C c2v
+symmetry two things you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have an anti-bonding orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an anti-bonding orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an anti-bonding orbital
+here there's two ways that molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's two ways that molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's two ways that molecules
+respond to an anti-bonding orbital one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to an anti-bonding orbital one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to an anti-bonding orbital one
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh the carbon will change its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the carbon will change its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the carbon will change its
+hybridization and so that it will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization and so that it will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization and so that it will take
+the antibonding orbital and tip it away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antibonding orbital and tip it away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antibonding orbital and tip it away
+from the other part of the antibinding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other part of the antibinding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other part of the antibinding
+orbital on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital on
+oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and
+so you go from sp^ s hybridization to SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go from sp^ s hybridization to SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go from sp^ s hybridization to SP
+cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed
+hybridization and that will change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization and that will change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization and that will change the
+the angle here and it will tip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle here and it will tip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle here and it will tip the
+hydrogens relative to the plane and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens relative to the plane and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens relative to the plane and it
+will point the uh the orbital which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will point the uh the orbital which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will point the uh the orbital which
+would have been perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been perpendicular to the
+board has to be in Sp squared uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board has to be in Sp squared uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board has to be in Sp squared uh and
+will point it uh in a direction instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will point it uh in a direction instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will point it uh in a direction instead
+of 90° to the bond 109° to the bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 90° to the bond 109° to the bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 90° to the bond 109° to the bond and
+Di thereby diminish the antibonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Di thereby diminish the antibonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Di thereby diminish the antibonding
+interaction so you can use Lewis ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so you can use Lewis ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so you can use Lewis ideas
+and change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change the
+hybridization or you can use Walt type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization or you can use Walt type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization or you can use Walt type
+ideas and you can say uh we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and you can say uh we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and you can say uh we have an
+antibond and we'd like to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibond and we'd like to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibond and we'd like to take that
+antibond uh and or that the the anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibond uh and or that the the anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibond uh and or that the the anti
+bonding Orbital On carbon and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding Orbital On carbon and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding Orbital On carbon and uh
+uh get the hydrogen atoms involved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get the hydrogen atoms involved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get the hydrogen atoms involved with
+it well the antibond the pi orbital this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well the antibond the pi orbital this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well the antibond the pi orbital this
+Pi orbital has a node in the plane of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi orbital has a node in the plane of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi orbital has a node in the plane of
+the molecule and the hydrogens are by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule and the hydrogens are by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule and the hydrogens are by
+definition in the nodal plane so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in the nodal plane so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in the nodal plane so if we
+pull the hydrogens up out of the nodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the hydrogens up out of the nodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the hydrogens up out of the nodal
+plane they can start to have a bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane they can start to have a bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane they can start to have a bonding
+contribution from the anti-bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from the anti-bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from the anti-bonding
+orbital and more important ly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and more important ly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and more important ly that
+polarizes the orbital out of the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizes the orbital out of the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizes the orbital out of the region
+between the carbon and the oxygen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the carbon and the oxygen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the carbon and the oxygen so
+these are two completely different but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two completely different but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two completely different but
+equivalent outcomes and they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent outcomes and they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent outcomes and they have to be
+uh I mean they're really the same it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean they're really the same it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean they're really the same it's
+just two different languages one is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two different languages one is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two different languages one is in
+the language of uh Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of uh Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of uh Lewis
+structures uh or veence Bond Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh or veence Bond Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh or veence Bond Theory and
+the other is in uh the language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is in uh the language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is in uh the language of
+Walsh Walsh diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walsh Walsh diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walsh Walsh diagrams
+so it is highly likely regardless of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is highly likely regardless of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is highly likely regardless of
+which picture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which picture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which picture you
+choose that this molecule will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose that this molecule will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose that this molecule will be
+bent and so the it will be not pler you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bent and so the it will be not pler you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bent and so the it will be not pler you
+expect that the hydrogens will be out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that the hydrogens will be out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that the hydrogens will be out of
+the plane and that the angle will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and that the angle will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and that the angle will be
+reduced from 100 well it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced from 100 well it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced from 100 well it's actually
+121 and it should be 120 in s sp^ squ to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+121 and it should be 120 in s sp^ squ to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+121 and it should be 120 in s sp^ squ to
+redu reduced to 109 and it is reduced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redu reduced to 109 and it is reduced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redu reduced to 109 and it is reduced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so everything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so everything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so everything about the
+structure uh that you infer from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh that you infer from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh that you infer from
+rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational
+constants uh is consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants uh is consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants uh is consistent with the
+molecule not being planer now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule not being planer now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule not being planer now there's
+another thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you can
+do uh so you expect it to not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh so you expect it to not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh so you expect it to not be
+planer and uh uh if it's not planer then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer and uh uh if it's not planer then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer and uh uh if it's not planer then
+you're supposed to go to the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to go to the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to go to the lower
+Symmetry and you classify the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and you classify the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and you classify the uh
+vibrations in the Lower State and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations in the Lower State and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations in the Lower State and the
+Upper State in this lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upper State in this lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upper State in this lower
+Symmetry and you're supposed to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and you're supposed to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and you're supposed to then
+magically make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically make
+predictions and uh uh that you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and uh uh that you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and uh uh that you could do
+that um what do I want to say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um what do I want to say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um what do I want to say okay
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+evidence from the the a b and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence from the the a b and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence from the the a b and c
+rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational
+constants uh you can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants uh you can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants uh you can calculate the
+inertial defect for the ground state the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial defect for the ground state the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial defect for the ground state the
+inertial defect is very small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial defect is very small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial defect is very small and
+negative which is what you expect for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative which is what you expect for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative which is what you expect for a
+planer molecule because the a b and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer molecule because the a b and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer molecule because the a b and c
+rotational constants are not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constants are not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constants are not the
+equilibrium A and C constants but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium A and C constants but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium A and C constants but those
+for V equals z where already you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for V equals z where already you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for V equals z where already you have a
+little bit of amplitude 0 point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of amplitude 0 point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of amplitude 0 point
+amplitude out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude out of the
+plane so and you expect when that occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so and you expect when that occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so and you expect when that occurs
+to get small and negative inertial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get small and negative inertial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get small and negative inertial uh
+defect for the excited state the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect for the excited state the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect for the excited state the
+inertial defect from a b and c is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial defect from a b and c is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial defect from a b and c is larger
+by roughly a factor of 10 and positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by roughly a factor of 10 and positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by roughly a factor of 10 and positive
+and that's conclusive evidence unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's conclusive evidence unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's conclusive evidence unless
+there's some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some kind of
+perturbation for a non-planar structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation for a non-planar structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation for a non-planar structure
+what do you mean unless there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean unless there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean unless there is some
+kind I mean when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind I mean when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind I mean when you have
+perturbations uh the that you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations uh the that you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations uh the that you don't know
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+the rotational constants the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational constants the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational constants the vibrational
+constants are distorted from their uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants are distorted from their uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants are distorted from their uh
+isolated State values so one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated State values so one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated State values so one could
+imagine a cleaner excited state in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a cleaner excited state in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a cleaner excited state in which
+some peration makes it appear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some peration makes it appear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some peration makes it appear to
+rotational spectroscopy as if there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational spectroscopy as if there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational spectroscopy as if there was
+a plane the yes the if you have cholis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane the yes the if you have cholis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane the yes the if you have cholis
+interactions that uh between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions that uh between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions that uh between two
+electronic States all of the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic States all of the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic States all of the rotational
+constants can be changed depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants can be changed depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants can be changed depending on
+what the mechanism is and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the mechanism is and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the mechanism is and so the
+Spectrum naively would look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum naively would look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum naively would look like a
+non-planar molecule even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-planar molecule even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-planar molecule even though the
+molecule has a planer equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule has a planer equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule has a planer equilibrium
+structure but the evidence is pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but the evidence is pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but the evidence is pointing
+to uh from alahh you expect the excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh from alahh you expect the excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh from alahh you expect the excited
+state to be not planer the a b and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to be not planer the a b and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to be not planer the a b and c
+rotational constants tell you it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constants tell you it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constants tell you it's not
+planer and so then you say okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer and so then you say okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer and so then you say okay well
+let's let's ask what do we expect about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's ask what do we expect about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's ask what do we expect about
+the vibrations because you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrations because you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrations because you have two
+different uh Point groups and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh Point groups and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh Point groups and we
+classify the vibrations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify the vibrations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify the vibrations in
+CS and in c2v and we get different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS and in c2v and we get different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS and in c2v and we get different
+qualitative patterns that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+um where do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can do the the group Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do the the group Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do the the group Theory and
+you can construct a reducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can construct a reducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can construct a reducible
+representation for the excited state uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for the excited state uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for the excited state uh
+um well you can construct a reducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well you can construct a reducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well you can construct a reducible
+representation by putting three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation by putting three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation by putting three
+cartisian axes on each atom and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian axes on each atom and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian axes on each atom and then
+removing translations and rotations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing translations and rotations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing translations and rotations and
+so you do that and you get uh 3 A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do that and you get uh 3 A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do that and you get uh 3 A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 1
+B1 and two B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vibrations and this is the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations and this is the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations and this is the same thing
+you get for the ground state you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get for the ground state you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get for the ground state you know
+c2v you you have the you have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2v you you have the you have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2v you you have the you have the same
+naming of no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming of no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming of no
+modes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and
+so if you go to CS symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you go to CS symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you go to CS symmetry
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoops if you go to CS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops if you go to CS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops if you go to CS
+symmetry uh these you have four a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry uh these you have four a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry uh these you have four a prime
+modes and you have two a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and you have two a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and you have two a prime
+modes you can do the group Theory um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes you can do the group Theory um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes you can do the group Theory um and
+uh so these four modes are totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so these four modes are totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so these four modes are totally
+symmetric and uh this symmetry is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and uh this symmetry is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and uh this symmetry is the
+symmetry of the out of plane Bend and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of the out of plane Bend and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of the out of plane Bend and so
+the out of plane Bend in the excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out of plane Bend in the excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out of plane Bend in the excited
+state well which is not planer so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state well which is not planer so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state well which is not planer so it's
+the it's the mode that takes you towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's the mode that takes you towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's the mode that takes you towards
+planer or through planer uh becomes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer or through planer uh becomes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer or through planer uh becomes just
+one of the totally symmetric modes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the totally symmetric modes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the totally symmetric modes the
+two non- totally symmetric modes are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two non- totally symmetric modes are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two non- totally symmetric modes are the
+two hydrogen wag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hydrogen wag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hydrogen wag
+and the antisymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the antisymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the antisymmetric
+stretch so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch so
+um there is clearly going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is clearly going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is clearly going to be
+something distinct about the uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something distinct about the uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something distinct about the uh uh the
+nature of the vibrational transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the vibrational transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the vibrational transitions
+that you could observe if the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could observe if the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could observe if the molecule
+is behaving c2v like versus CS like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is behaving c2v like versus CS like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is behaving c2v like versus CS like
+because this mode is going to behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this mode is going to behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this mode is going to behave
+differently in the two limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently in the two limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently in the two limits
+and that's where the whole argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+focuses so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses so what do we
+expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect
+uh we know how the geometry changes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we know how the geometry changes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we know how the geometry changes we
+have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an
+antibond and so the co stretch is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibond and so the co stretch is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibond and so the co stretch is going
+to be weaker it's going to be reduced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be weaker it's going to be reduced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be weaker it's going to be reduced in
+frequency so the co stretch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so the co stretch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so the co stretch is
+new2 and that'll be active because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new2 and that'll be active because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new2 and that'll be active because
+there's a fairly substantial change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fairly substantial change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fairly substantial change in
+the stretching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stretching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stretching
+frequency uh and um the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scissors the it's a planer motion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors the it's a planer motion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors the it's a planer motion but
+since the hybridization changes you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the hybridization changes you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the hybridization changes you'd
+expect the scissors to at least be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the scissors to at least be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the scissors to at least be a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+active and uh there's uh uh the outut of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane and you expect regardless of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and you expect regardless of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and you expect regardless of
+whether you're supposed to be working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're supposed to be working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're supposed to be working in
+c2v or CS you expect the autop plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2v or CS you expect the autop plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2v or CS you expect the autop plane
+Bend to have some kind of activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bend to have some kind of activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bend to have some kind of activity
+whether it's a totally symmetric mode or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a totally symmetric mode or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a totally symmetric mode or
+not totally symmetric mode that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not totally symmetric mode that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not totally symmetric mode that's going
+to be the key and let's see is did I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the key and let's see is did I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the key and let's see is did I get
+them all I did the symmetric CH stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all I did the symmetric CH stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all I did the symmetric CH stretch
+is seldom active in almost any molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seldom active in almost any molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seldom active in almost any molecule
+electronic transition but it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transition but it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transition but it could be
+weakly active especially if the CH bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly active especially if the CH bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly active especially if the CH bond
+gets a little strengthened by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little strengthened by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little strengthened by
+interaction with the antibonding piar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the antibonding piar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the antibonding piar
+orbital so you could have a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so you could have a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so you could have a little bit
+of activity in the CH stretch but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of activity in the CH stretch but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of activity in the CH stretch but
+generally CH stretches uh in electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally CH stretches uh in electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally CH stretches uh in electronic
+transitions are pretty silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions are pretty silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions are pretty silent
+because the vi the Fran conon factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the vi the Fran conon factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the vi the Fran conon factors
+are really small for a change in Quant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really small for a change in Quant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really small for a change in Quant
+because of the nature of the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the nature of the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the nature of the uh the
+oscillator so there are these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator so there are these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator so there are these three
+modes that are expected to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes that are expected to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes that are expected to be
+active uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active uh
+new3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new4 and so you go and you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new4 and so you go and you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new4 and so you go and you look at the
+vibrational spectrum and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational spectrum and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational spectrum and you
+find uh that now remember I said there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh that now remember I said there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh that now remember I said there's
+a way of numbering the normal modes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of numbering the normal modes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of numbering the normal modes I
+now uh have found where it is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh have found where it is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh have found where it is it's a
+before B one before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before B one before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before B one before
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you go
+through um and G before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um and G before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um and G before
+U and then you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and then you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and then you do
+B and so on so that so that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and so on so that so that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and so on so that so that you you
+number you start with the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you start with the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you start with the highest
+frequency mode and that's uh within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency mode and that's uh within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency mode and that's uh within a
+symmetry and you start with the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and you start with the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and you start with the first
+Symmetry and so the C8 stretch is new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and so the C8 stretch is new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and so the C8 stretch is new
+one and so you there's an unambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so you there's an unambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so you there's an unambiguous
+way of labeling the modes combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of labeling the modes combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of labeling the modes combining
+qualitative uh arguments and group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative uh arguments and group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative uh arguments and group
+Theory and so anybody without any great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and so anybody without any great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and so anybody without any great
+cleverness will be able to predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverness will be able to predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverness will be able to predict the
+nature of new5 for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of new5 for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of new5 for any
+molecule uh and and that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule uh and and that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule uh and and that's really
+amazing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so the vibration what is observed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the vibration what is observed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the vibration what is observed in
+the spectrum is long progressions well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum is long progressions well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum is long progressions well
+progressions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressions in
+Co and their progressions built on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co and their progressions built on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co and their progressions built on one
+Quantum of the scissors so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum of the scissors so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum of the scissors so in other
+words you have a progression plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you have a progression plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you have a progression plus one
+Quantum of the scissors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum of the scissors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum of the scissors
+and so two progressions and you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so two progressions and you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so two progressions and you have uh
+a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+progression uh plus one Quantum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression uh plus one Quantum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression uh plus one Quantum of the
+CH stretch really weak and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH stretch really weak and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH stretch really weak and you have a
+progression involving something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression involving something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression involving something that's
+associated that by process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated that by process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated that by process of
+elimination is related to the outter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination is related to the outter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination is related to the outter
+plane mode and that thing has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane mode and that thing has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane mode and that thing has a
+frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of
+824 wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+824 wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+824 wave
+numbers now this is a smaller frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers now this is a smaller frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers now this is a smaller frequency
+significantly than all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly than all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly than all of the
+vibrational frequencies in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational frequencies in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational frequencies in the ground
+state now when you go from the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state now when you go from the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state now when you go from the ground
+state to the excited state the co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to the excited state the co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to the excited state the co
+stretch decreases a lot it goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch decreases a lot it goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch decreases a lot it goes from
+1746 down to uh uh where is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1746 down to uh uh where is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1746 down to uh uh where is it
+1182 so that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1182 so that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1182 so that's a big
+decrease uh but an antibond isn't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease uh but an antibond isn't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease uh but an antibond isn't going
+to cause a big decrease in anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cause a big decrease in anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cause a big decrease in anything else
+and a24 is already alarmingly small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a24 is already alarmingly small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a24 is already alarmingly small and
+the alarm Bells should be going off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alarm Bells should be going off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alarm Bells should be going off
+saying what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+824 and then there's a question is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+824 and then there's a question is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+824 and then there's a question is this
+new four or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new four or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new four or two
+new4 I mean this is already small yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new4 I mean this is already small yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new4 I mean this is already small yeah
+why are you saying that 824 is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are you saying that 824 is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are you saying that 824 is so
+alarmingly small you know looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarmingly small you know looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarmingly small you know looking at the
+table of ground state frequency so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of ground state frequency so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of ground state frequency so this
+the decrease in the co stretch is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decrease in the co stretch is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decrease in the co stretch is more
+than the decrease in the in the atan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the decrease in the in the atan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the decrease in the in the atan
+then going from the ground to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going from the ground to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going from the ground to
+beity well but the the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beity well but the the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beity well but the the problem is that
+there's a reason the co stretch should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reason the co stretch should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reason the co stretch should
+decrease an antibond is going to affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease an antibond is going to affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease an antibond is going to affect
+the co stretch it's not going to affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co stretch it's not going to affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co stretch it's not going to affect
+anything else well maybe you can make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else well maybe you can make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else well maybe you can make an
+argument that the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that the change in
+hybridization will cause but there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization will cause but there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization will cause but there's no
+antibonding and you know so and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding and you know so and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding and you know so and I
+haven't gone through the arguments there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't gone through the arguments there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't gone through the arguments there
+I mean you have to ask well uh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you have to ask well uh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you have to ask well uh is a
+particular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh
+deformation uh going to be more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation uh going to be more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation uh going to be more or less
+favored in sp^ s versus sp sp cubed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored in sp^ s versus sp sp cubed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored in sp^ s versus sp sp cubed and
+that has to do with uh the fact that P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do with uh the fact that P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do with uh the fact that P
+orbitals uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals uh are
+um not flexible and S orbitals so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not flexible and S orbitals so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not flexible and S orbitals so the
+the argument is doable I haven't gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument is doable I haven't gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument is doable I haven't gone
+through it but I I doubt that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it but I I doubt that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it but I I doubt that there's
+any sensible argument that could explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sensible argument that could explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sensible argument that could explain
+a decrease of 30% or 40% in any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decrease of 30% or 40% in any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decrease of 30% or 40% in any of the
+other frequencies and so a24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other frequencies and so a24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other frequencies and so a24
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+alarming but there's the logic says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarming but there's the logic says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarming but there's the logic says
+if the molecule is somehow even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the molecule is somehow even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the molecule is somehow even though
+it's not plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not plain
+uh obeying predictions from c2v then 824
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh obeying predictions from c2v then 824
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh obeying predictions from c2v then 824
+would have to be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+qu and uh if on the other hand uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu and uh if on the other hand uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu and uh if on the other hand uh it's
+not planer and the analysis is done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not planer and the analysis is done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not planer and the analysis is done in
+CS this could be one Quantum but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS this could be one Quantum but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS this could be one Quantum but then
+there's another thing if it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing if it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing if it's really
+CS why isn't there a long progression in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS why isn't there a long progression in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS why isn't there a long progression in
+this big chain in Geometry why is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big chain in Geometry why is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big chain in Geometry why is there
+only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one
+824 why isn't there 1650 as well there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+824 why isn't there 1650 as well there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+824 why isn't there 1650 as well there
+isn't so there's you know you you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't so there's you know you you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't so there's you know you you say
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+conundrum we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conundrum we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conundrum we see
+824 and it's too small but it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+824 and it's too small but it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+824 and it's too small but it it's
+actually maybe twice as small as what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe twice as small as what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe twice as small as what it
+seems to be and nothing makes sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be and nothing makes sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be and nothing makes sense so
+what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well what we do is we think and we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we do is we think and we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we do is we think and we we
+analyze more carefully and ask well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze more carefully and ask well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze more carefully and ask well what
+do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect
+so if we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we are in
+c2v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2v
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+uh the excited state the S1 state has A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the excited state the S1 state has A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the excited state the S1 state has A2
+Symmetry and that's a forbidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and that's a forbidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and that's a forbidden
+transition from the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the ground
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+so uh we cannot well it's forbidden by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we cannot well it's forbidden by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we cannot well it's forbidden by
+Electric dipole it's allowed by magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electric dipole it's allowed by magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electric dipole it's allowed by magnetic
+dipole the general rule is forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole the general rule is forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole the general rule is forget
+magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic
+dipole magnetic dipole is automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole magnetic dipole is automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole magnetic dipole is automatically
+a factor of roughly a thousand or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of roughly a thousand or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of roughly a thousand or maybe
+a little more weaker than an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more weaker than an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more weaker than an electric
+dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transition so magnetic dipole is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so magnetic dipole is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so magnetic dipole is
+normally too weak to observe but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally too weak to observe but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally too weak to observe but it
+could conceivably be observed and turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could conceivably be observed and turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could conceivably be observed and turns
+out it has been but that's not it so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it has been but that's not it so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it has been but that's not it so we
+have to then say well maybe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to then say well maybe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to then say well maybe this is
+what's called vibronically allowed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called vibronically allowed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called vibronically allowed and
+so there are two flavors of non-totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two flavors of non-totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two flavors of non-totally
+symmetric modes in uh the S1 state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric modes in uh the S1 state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric modes in uh the S1 state of
+acetylene formaly I have this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylene formaly I have this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylene formaly I have this problem
+acetylene form alahh there you know I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylene form alahh there you know I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylene form alahh there you know I've
+done so much work with both of them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so much work with both of them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so much work with both of them that
+you know you'd think I would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'd think I would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'd think I would have a
+partition but you know it slips over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition but you know it slips over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition but you know it slips over uh
+okay so we we have um I forgot what were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we we have um I forgot what were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we we have um I forgot what were
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+symmetries uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries uh we have
+B1 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 and we
+have B2 so the outer plane Bend has B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have B2 so the outer plane Bend has B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have B2 so the outer plane Bend has B1
+symmetry the uh the the inplane wag and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry the uh the the inplane wag and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry the uh the the inplane wag and
+the antisymmetric stretch they have B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antisymmetric stretch they have B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antisymmetric stretch they have B2
+Symmetry and all we need is for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and all we need is for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and all we need is for this
+product to uh contain one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to uh contain one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to uh contain one of the
+electric dipole allowed Transitions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric dipole allowed Transitions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric dipole allowed Transitions and
+so this will give rise to a uh a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will give rise to a uh a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will give rise to a uh a uh
+state of B 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of B 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of B 2
+Symmetry and this will give rise to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and this will give rise to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and this will give rise to a
+state of B1 Symmetry and a B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of B1 Symmetry and a B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of B1 Symmetry and a B2
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um corresponds to the B irreducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um corresponds to the B irreducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um corresponds to the B irreducible
+representation so we expect rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so we expect rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so we expect rotational
+transitions that are B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions that are B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions that are B
+type and this this B1 State vibronically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and this this B1 State vibronically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and this this B1 State vibronically
+B1 state will correspond to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 state will correspond to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 state will correspond to to
+Transitions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ctype B type Delta k a of one Delta K C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ctype B type Delta k a of one Delta K C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ctype B type Delta k a of one Delta K C
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+odd C type Delta k a of one Delta K C of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd C type Delta k a of one Delta K C of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd C type Delta k a of one Delta K C of
+even so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so remember
+now uh both of these could have a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh both of these could have a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh both of these could have a change
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Ka and you have two asymmetry components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ka and you have two asymmetry components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ka and you have two asymmetry components
+which have the different values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have the different values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have the different values of
+KC and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KC and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KC and so
+um the higher energy component is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the higher energy component is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the higher energy component is always
+the one where uh Ka a plus KC is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one where uh Ka a plus KC is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one where uh Ka a plus KC is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+J and so one can always tell by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and so one can always tell by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and so one can always tell by
+assembling a level diagram from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling a level diagram from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling a level diagram from uh
+knowledge of the Lower State energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the Lower State energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the Lower State energy
+levels and combination differences you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and combination differences you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and combination differences you
+can find whether you're observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find whether you're observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find whether you're observing
+transitions uh that are upper to Upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions uh that are upper to Upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions uh that are upper to Upper
+or upper to lower and that provides you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or upper to lower and that provides you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or upper to lower and that provides you
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+clear uh piece of spectroscopic AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear uh piece of spectroscopic AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear uh piece of spectroscopic AB
+evidence of whether the transition is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of whether the transition is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of whether the transition is uh
+vibronically allowed via a B1 promoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mode uh or a B2 promoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode uh or a B2 promoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode uh or a B2 promoting
+mode this mixes in an electronic state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode this mixes in an electronic state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode this mixes in an electronic state
+of singlet B2 character and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of singlet B2 character and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of singlet B2 character and this one
+mixes in an electronic state of singet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixes in an electronic state of singet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixes in an electronic state of singet
+B1 character and so the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 character and so the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 character and so the rotational
+structure observed carefully tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure observed carefully tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure observed carefully tells you
+which of these two vibronic coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these two vibronic coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these two vibronic coupling
+mechanisms it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms it
+is and it turns out then in for alahh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and it turns out then in for alahh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and it turns out then in for alahh
+there are all three mechanisms magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all three mechanisms magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all three mechanisms magnetic
+dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole
+be uh uh this fonic coupling mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh uh this fonic coupling mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh uh this fonic coupling mechanism
+and this one and they all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one and they all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one and they all have
+different rotational structures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rotational structures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rotational structures the
+magnetic dipole is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic dipole is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic dipole is a
+type and the strongest is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and the strongest is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and the strongest is this
+one so the other two there's a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the other two there's a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the other two there's a beautiful
+paper by Stu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strickler he used to be at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strickler he used to be at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strickler he used to be at the
+University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of
+Colorado uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colorado uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colorado uh
+and he's one of these very quiet guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's one of these very quiet guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's one of these very quiet guys
+who do a couple of things really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who do a couple of things really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who do a couple of things really really
+well and one of the things that he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and one of the things that he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and one of the things that he did
+really really well was to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really well was to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really well was to understand the
+electronic spectrum of from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic spectrum of from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic spectrum of from
+alide anyway so he observed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alide anyway so he observed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alide anyway so he observed and
+discusses all three uh types but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discusses all three uh types but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discusses all three uh types but we're
+just going to focus on this one so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to focus on this one so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to focus on this one so there
+is this mechanism which is clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this mechanism which is clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this mechanism which is clearly
+operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh
+basically we know what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we know what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we know what's going
+on we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we
+know that if we have a vibronically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if we have a vibronically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if we have a vibronically
+allowed transition from the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed transition from the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed transition from the ground state
+we cannot see the V equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot see the V equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot see the V equals z
+level of the S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the S1
+State now if I'm skipping too many steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State now if I'm skipping too many steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State now if I'm skipping too many steps
+you should ask me questions because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should ask me questions because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should ask me questions because this
+is really beautiful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really beautiful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really beautiful and
+uh um so we know that when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um so we know that when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um so we know that when you have a
+vibronically allowed transition you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibronically allowed transition you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibronically allowed transition you have
+to have at least one Quantum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have at least one Quantum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have at least one Quantum of the
+What's called the promoting mode and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's called the promoting mode and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's called the promoting mode and so
+the lowest vibrational level that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest vibrational level that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest vibrational level that we're
+going to see in cold band spectr will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see in cold band spectr will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see in cold band spectr will be
+to one Quantum of the B1 vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so 0 one this is the B1 vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 0 one this is the B1 vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 0 one this is the B1 vibration
+and there's then this a24 or whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's then this a24 or whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's then this a24 or whatever it
+is is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a24 is it 824 864 it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a24 is it 824 864 it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a24 is it 824 864 it doesn't really
+matter that much but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that much but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that much but uh
+824 we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+824 we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+824 we have this
+interval and is this two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three okay if this is if the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay if this is if the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay if this is if the molecule
+must be thought of as uh c2v this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be thought of as uh c2v this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be thought of as uh c2v this is
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+qu if it's uh CS it could be two but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu if it's uh CS it could be two but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu if it's uh CS it could be two but if
+it's two qu why isn't there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two qu why isn't there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two qu why isn't there
+three and why isn't there the the 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and why isn't there the the 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and why isn't there the the 0
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+level so there and there may be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so there and there may be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so there and there may be some
+other things that I've stepped over so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that I've stepped over so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that I've stepped over so
+what happens is you look at the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is you look at the Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is you look at the Spectrum
+carefully and by becoming familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and by becoming familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and by becoming familiar with
+the rotational structure of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational structure of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational structure of a
+vibrational band you can assemble things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational band you can assemble things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational band you can assemble things
+into a level diagram and what is ha what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a level diagram and what is ha what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a level diagram and what is ha what
+happens is there is a hot band and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is there is a hot band and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is there is a hot band and so if
+you look at the hot band structure after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the hot band structure after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the hot band structure after
+some analysis you see a level diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some analysis you see a level diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some analysis you see a level diagram
+that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the ground state and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the ground state and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the ground state and so this
+is the overall V Prime equals zero level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the overall V Prime equals zero level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the overall V Prime equals zero level
+and this is V4 dou Prime is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is V4 dou Prime is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is V4 dou Prime is equal to
+one and then we have uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then we have uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then we have uh two
+levels the um and so we observe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels the um and so we observe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels the um and so we observe a
+transition to this false or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to this false or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to this false or
+origin and that we're just going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and that we're just going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and that we're just going to call
+that frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frequency
+a and there is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transition which we know is from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition which we know is from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition which we know is from this
+hot band because that hot band has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot band because that hot band has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot band because that hot band has been
+observed in the INF in the infrared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed in the INF in the infrared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed in the INF in the infrared
+Spectrum this level has been observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum this level has been observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum this level has been observed
+either in the infrared Spectrum or in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in the infrared Spectrum or in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in the infrared Spectrum or in a
+microwave Spectrum we know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave Spectrum we know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave Spectrum we know it's
+rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational
+constants and so we do an analysis we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and so we do an analysis we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and so we do an analysis we
+know this level is V equals 1 of the out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this level is V equals 1 of the out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this level is V equals 1 of the out
+of plane Bend in the ground state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plane Bend in the ground state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plane Bend in the ground state and
+this frequency is a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1280 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1280 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1280 and we
+know that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1167 so this is the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1167 so this is the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1167 so this is the vibrational
+frequency in the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency in the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency in the ground state
+uh this is a transition to the a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a transition to the a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a transition to the a state
+and it's shifted from the false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's shifted from the false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's shifted from the false
+origin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin by
+1280 it's originating from here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1280 it's originating from here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1280 it's originating from here and so
+you can con conclude that this splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can con conclude that this splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can con conclude that this splitting
+is 113 wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's something a little fishy about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something a little fishy about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something a little fishy about
+this this level is at a -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1280 plus a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1167 which is equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1167 which is equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1167 which is equal to a
+-3 okay so that's right so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3 okay so that's right so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3 okay so that's right so we have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+uh so transition into this level so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so transition into this level so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so transition into this level so it's
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+minus so the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the energy of the a level okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the a level okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the a level okay the
+energy of the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the a
+level of this level is this frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of this level is this frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of this level is this frequency
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so this is the observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry everything is right I just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry everything is right I just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry everything is right I just can't
+say it uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it uh so
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+analysis requires that this splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis requires that this splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis requires that this splitting
+between zero and one of the out of plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one of the out of plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one of the out of plane
+Bend is 113 wave numbers a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bend is 113 wave numbers a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bend is 113 wave numbers a completely
+ridiculous if we were bothered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous if we were bothered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous if we were bothered by
+864 or 864 divided by two this 113 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+864 or 864 divided by two this 113 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+864 or 864 divided by two this 113 is
+really really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really a
+problem but it's not a problem it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it's not a problem it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it's not a problem it's the
+answer I'm sorry what are those upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I'm sorry what are those upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I'm sorry what are those upper
+levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+so these two levels are in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two levels are in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two levels are in the X
+State and these two levels are in the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and these two levels are in the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and these two levels are in the a
+state okay so this is a transition into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay so this is a transition into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay so this is a transition into
+the false origin it's the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the false origin it's the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the false origin it's the lowest
+frequency cold band and that's the 41
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency cold band and that's the 41
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency cold band and that's the 41
+that's the 41
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the 41
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the 41
+level um and uh this is a hot band and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level um and uh this is a hot band and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level um and uh this is a hot band and
+it's a transition which is uh uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a transition which is uh uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a transition which is uh uh I think
+this I I can see this analysis now right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I I can see this analysis now right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I I can see this analysis now right
+okay and so this is from V equals one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is from V equals one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is from V equals one of
+the uh outer plane Bend into a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh outer plane Bend into a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh outer plane Bend into a lower
+level and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and you can
+calculate so okay so the top one is 4 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate so okay so the top one is 4 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate so okay so the top one is 4 01
+and the bottom one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bottom one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bottom one is
+410 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now this
+is uh bothersome because now what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh bothersome because now what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh bothersome because now what we do
+is we uh construct a level diagram for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we uh construct a level diagram for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we uh construct a level diagram for
+the bending mode the autoplane bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bending mode the autoplane bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bending mode the autoplane bending
+mode and what we find is that first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and what we find is that first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and what we find is that first of
+all this lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this lowest
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+now in this in these uh uh level diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this in these uh uh level diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this in these uh uh level diagram
+there are transitions that change K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are transitions that change K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are transitions that change K and
+so there's the a rotational constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the a rotational constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the a rotational constant
+being added and subtracted in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being added and subtracted in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being added and subtracted in here and
+so uh whereas over here I've taken all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh whereas over here I've taken all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh whereas over here I've taken all
+of that out and so this is 124 wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that out and so this is 124 wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that out and so this is 124 wave
+numbers not 113 when you've corrected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers not 113 when you've corrected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers not 113 when you've corrected
+for a and going from here to here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a and going from here to here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a and going from here to here is the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+824 and then here's another level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+824 and then here's another level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+824 and then here's another level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so here we have a level diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here we have a level diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here we have a level diagram
+diagram and uh this is for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and uh this is for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and uh this is for one
+vibrational mode and you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational mode and you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational mode and you see a
+small then a big then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then a big then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then a big then a
+small then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then a
+big and it's it's what you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a double minimum potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a double minimum potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a double minimum potential
+with a relatively low barrier so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a relatively low barrier so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a relatively low barrier so if
+you're way below a barrier you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're way below a barrier you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're way below a barrier you expect
+that the left and right symmetric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the left and right symmetric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the left and right symmetric and
+antisymmetric combinations are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antisymmetric combinations are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antisymmetric combinations are going to
+give rise to uh levels two levels close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to uh levels two levels close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to uh levels two levels close
+together tunneling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together tunneling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together tunneling
+doublets or inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublets or inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublets or inversion
+doublets and uh then if you go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublets and uh then if you go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublets and uh then if you go up
+higher uh and you have levels in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher uh and you have levels in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher uh and you have levels in the
+left and levels in the right they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and levels in the right they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and levels in the right they're
+going to be separated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be separated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be separated by
+more because they tunnel they feel each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more because they tunnel they feel each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more because they tunnel they feel each
+other the tunneling rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the tunneling rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the tunneling rate is
+faster the tunneling time or is re is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster the tunneling time or is re is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster the tunneling time or is re is
+corresponds to the reciprocal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the reciprocal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the reciprocal of the
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+difference and so this tunnels slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and so this tunnels slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and so this tunnels slowly
+this tunnels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tunnels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tunnels
+fast and so you expect a level diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and so you expect a level diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and so you expect a level diagram
+with a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a kind of
+Staggering small big small big sorry can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staggering small big small big sorry can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staggering small big small big sorry can
+you say again what tunnel slowly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say again what tunnel slowly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say again what tunnel slowly what
+tunnel fast I was writing down when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel fast I was writing down when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel fast I was writing down when you
+okay when you're far below the barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when you're far below the barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when you're far below the barrier
+it's hard to Tunnel because the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to Tunnel because the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to Tunnel because the the uh
+tail of the wave function in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of the wave function in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of the wave function in the
+Forbidden region is small there's little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forbidden region is small there's little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forbidden region is small there's little
+overlap and so the the tunneling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap and so the the tunneling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap and so the the tunneling
+splitting is going to be small that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting is going to be small that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting is going to be small that
+corresponds to a long time okay and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a long time okay and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a long time okay and as
+you get closer to the top of the barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get closer to the top of the barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get closer to the top of the barrier
+the splitting gets bigger this is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the splitting gets bigger this is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the splitting gets bigger this is always
+true when you have two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true when you have two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true when you have two or
+more uh nonsymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh nonsymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh nonsymmetric
+structures that are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that are uh
+uh that communicate with each other over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that communicate with each other over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that communicate with each other over
+a barrier what happened right at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a barrier what happened right at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a barrier what happened right at the top
+of the barrier if you had a state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the barrier if you had a state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the barrier if you had a state that
+was well this is pretty close to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was well this is pretty close to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was well this is pretty close to what we
+have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in
+forhide so um what what sets the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forhide so um what what sets the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forhide so um what what sets the limit
+for the the size of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the size of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the size of that
+splitting um the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting um the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting um the size of the
+splitting well actually it's easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting well actually it's easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting well actually it's easier to
+think about this way what do the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this way what do the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this way what do the energy
+levels look like for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels look like for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels look like for this
+potential versus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential versus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential versus this
+potential these two Wells are half as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential these two Wells are half as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential these two Wells are half as
+wide as this big one and if you double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide as this big one and if you double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide as this big one and if you double
+the width of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of a
+well you make the frequency half as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you make the frequency half as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you make the frequency half as
+large and so one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and so one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and so one of the things that
+happens is once you're above the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is once you're above the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is once you're above the top of
+the barrier you look it looks as though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrier you look it looks as though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrier you look it looks as though
+you're in the symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the symmetric
+well and so the sign of there being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and so the sign of there being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and so the sign of there being a
+barrier to the high symmetry disappears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier to the high symmetry disappears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier to the high symmetry disappears
+once you're above it all that happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're above it all that happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're above it all that happens is
+this barrier causes a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this barrier causes a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this barrier causes a little bit of
+extra amplitude to accumulate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra amplitude to accumulate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra amplitude to accumulate in the
+region above the barrier but even that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region above the barrier but even that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region above the barrier but even that
+is forgotten as you get up higher so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forgotten as you get up higher so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forgotten as you get up higher so
+what is going on here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on here is that
+um we have now where is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have now where is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have now where is the
+uh John brand did did this and John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh John brand did did this and John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh John brand did did this and John
+brand that he was uh um who was the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand that he was uh um who was the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand that he was uh um who was the the
+other um in Engle no John brand and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um in Engle no John brand and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um in Engle no John brand and uh
+uh Jerry King were two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Jerry King were two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Jerry King were two of the
+early uh um polyatomic molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early uh um polyatomic molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early uh um polyatomic molecule
+electronic spectroscopist they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic spectroscopist they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic spectroscopist they are
+different people and one studied from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people and one studied from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people and one studied from
+Malahide and one studied to cylene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malahide and one studied to cylene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malahide and one studied to cylene and
+other things brand was also interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things brand was also interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things brand was also interested
+in triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in triplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in triplet
+States um so what uh what he did uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States um so what uh what he did uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States um so what uh what he did uh and
+I don't know any of you know Rob libson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know any of you know Rob libson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know any of you know Rob libson
+Rob libson more or less replaced John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rob libson more or less replaced John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rob libson more or less replaced John
+brand okay uh so there is this uh double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand okay uh so there is this uh double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand okay uh so there is this uh double
+minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+uh he was able to fit the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he was able to fit the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he was able to fit the energy levels
+to a a model and uh he showed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a a model and uh he showed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a a model and uh he showed that the
+top of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of this
+barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay so this is 650 wave numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so this is 650 wave numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so this is 650 wave numbers and
+the zero point level is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero point level is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero point level is
+400 wave numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 wave numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 wave numbers
+so you have a level the lowest level is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a level the lowest level is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a level the lowest level is
+is very very close to the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very close to the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very close to the top of the
+barrier and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier and uh
+so that explains why the splitting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that explains why the splitting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that explains why the splitting is
+quite large as as far as barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite large as as far as barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite large as as far as barrier
+penetration is concerned so this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration is concerned so this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration is concerned so this where
+did I I had 113 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+124 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+124 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+124 so
+the first splitting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first splitting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first splitting is
+124 and we're still below the top the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+124 and we're still below the top the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+124 and we're still below the top the
+next one the next level is above the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one the next level is above the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one the next level is above the top
+of the barrier and it's starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the barrier and it's starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the barrier and it's starting to
+approach the uh expected structure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the uh expected structure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the uh expected structure but
+with uh a wide potential and uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh a wide potential and uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh a wide potential and uh now
+there's some terminology this is a bent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some terminology this is a bent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some terminology this is a bent
+molecule the the Z Point level and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule the the Z Point level and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule the the Z Point level and the
+first excited state are both below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first excited state are both below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first excited state are both below the
+top of the barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the barrier
+when the zero point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the zero point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the zero point
+level is near or above the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is near or above the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is near or above the top of the
+barrier it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier it's called
+quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi
+planer uh because it resembles planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer uh because it resembles planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer uh because it resembles planer
+planer but the quantum chemistry would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer but the quantum chemistry would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer but the quantum chemistry would
+get the structure not planer it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the structure not planer it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the structure not planer it's just
+that there isn't anything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there isn't anything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there isn't anything in the
+Spectrum uh that that remembers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum uh that that remembers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum uh that that remembers that
+it's not planer except for a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not planer except for a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not planer except for a little bit
+of uh level staggering as you go up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh level staggering as you go up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh level staggering as you go up and
+so you get small large small large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get small large small large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get small large small large
+alternation for a two-fold barrier for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternation for a two-fold barrier for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternation for a two-fold barrier for a
+three-fold barrier is uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-fold barrier is uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-fold barrier is uh the the
+structure involves threes rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure involves threes rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure involves threes rather than
+twos and I don't remember quite how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos and I don't remember quite how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos and I don't remember quite how it
+works but when you have a methyl rotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works but when you have a methyl rotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works but when you have a methyl rotor
+you have a barrier to internal rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a barrier to internal rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a barrier to internal rotation
+and the the levels go a e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the levels go a e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the levels go a e
+EA um and okay so uh the answer to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EA um and okay so uh the answer to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EA um and okay so uh the answer to all
+of this is very simple that the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is very simple that the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is very simple that the molecule
+is c2v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is c2v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is c2v
+here uh the molecule remembers that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh the molecule remembers that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh the molecule remembers that it's
+c2v uh the potential is uh has Minima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2v uh the potential is uh has Minima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2v uh the potential is uh has Minima
+that are not c2v but there's two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not c2v but there's two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not c2v but there's two of
+them and so you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so you have this
+uh tunneling uh staggering in the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tunneling uh staggering in the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tunneling uh staggering in the energy
+levels which is something that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels which is something that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels which is something that then
+prepared us to deal with much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared us to deal with much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared us to deal with much more
+complicated situations but this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated situations but this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated situations but this was the
+first case where it was completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case where it was completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case where it was completely
+killed and so um I guess I'm probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed and so um I guess I'm probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed and so um I guess I'm probably
+overtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtime
+right not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not too
+bad uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad uh
+so at the end I I added a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the end I I added a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the end I I added a little bit of
+stuff that that shows how you use the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that that shows how you use the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that that shows how you use the uh
+rotational uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational uh
+Spectrum a b and ctype Spectra to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum a b and ctype Spectra to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum a b and ctype Spectra to
+distinguish between magnetic dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between magnetic dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between magnetic dipole
+vibronic coupling via B1 promoters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibronic coupling via B1 promoters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibronic coupling via B1 promoters
+vibronic coupling via B2 promoters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibronic coupling via B2 promoters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibronic coupling via B2 promoters
+they're all distinguishable and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all distinguishable and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all distinguishable and they're
+all observed in the case of from alide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all observed in the case of from alide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all observed in the case of from alide
+when you say B1 and B2 promoters are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say B1 and B2 promoters are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say B1 and B2 promoters are you
+talking about diation case uh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about diation case uh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about diation case uh yes
+okay um it's a little bit whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um it's a little bit whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um it's a little bit whether you
+refer to the vibrational State or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to the vibrational State or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to the vibrational State or the
+electronic state that lends its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state that lends its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state that lends its
+character and uh since we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and uh since we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and uh since we had
+A2 time B1 also the convention for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 time B1 also the convention for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 time B1 also the convention for
+vibrations to use lowercase I'm not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations to use lowercase I'm not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations to use lowercase I'm not too
+uh observant of that but it is so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh observant of that but it is so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh observant of that but it is so it's
+hard to speak in lower case that is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to speak in lower case that is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to speak in lower case that is true
+some people can do it if you end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people can do it if you end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people can do it if you end up in
+that state is that called a B2 promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state is that called a B2 promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state is that called a B2 promoter
+or a B1 promoter this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a B1 promoter this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a B1 promoter this would
+I believe this is called the B1 promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe this is called the B1 promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe this is called the B1 promoter
+but uh but the symmetry of the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but the symmetry of the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but the symmetry of the total
+state is B2 right and so I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is B2 right and so I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is B2 right and so I don't know
+technically which is which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically which is which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically which is which is the
+universal uh way of specifying it uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal uh way of specifying it uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal uh way of specifying it uh you
+can always say there's a B1 promoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always say there's a B1 promoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always say there's a B1 promoting
+mode and the electronic State uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and the electronic State uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and the electronic State uh the
+vibronic character that has been borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibronic character that has been borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibronic character that has been borrow
+borrowed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed uh
+yes there a lot of really beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there a lot of really beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there a lot of really beautiful
+things that that you can deduce from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that you can deduce from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that you can deduce from
+really simple ideas about well which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple ideas about well which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple ideas about well which
+um which fibron mechanism ought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which fibron mechanism ought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which fibron mechanism ought to be
+strongest based on how far are you away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest based on how far are you away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest based on how far are you away
+from the state that you borrow intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the state that you borrow intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the state that you borrow intensity
+from and something about the coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and something about the coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and something about the coupling
+and I'm going to talk about that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to talk about that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to talk about that next
+time and beyond that I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and beyond that I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and beyond that I don't know what
+I'm going to talk about but I suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about but I suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about but I suspect
+there's some interesting topics before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some interesting topics before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some interesting topics before
+we quit Okay so I'm done
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AlDhA-NY5IA.txt b/AlDhA-NY5IA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b3f8510c79efee0b727254fe24f1b51216c8e279
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AlDhA-NY5IA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+Let us demonstrate
+the fundamentals
+
+of the approach that is called
+integer optimization that
+
+is used in the eHarmony
+matching algorithm.
+
+Suppose we have three
+men and three women.
+
+Their compatibility scores range
+between 1 and 5 for all pairs,
+
+and they are shown
+in the figure.
+
+For example, the first
+man and the first woman
+
+have a compatibility score of 1.
+
+The first man and
+the second woman
+
+have a compatibility
+score of 3, and so forth.
+
+So how should we
+match pairs together
+
+to maximize compatibility?
+
+The red line indicates a match.
+
+In this case man one is
+matched to the third woman
+
+with a compatibility score of 5.
+
+The second man to
+the first woman
+
+with a compatibility score of 4.
+
+And the third man to the second
+woman with a compatibility
+
+score of 5.
+
+And a total compatibility
+score of 14.
+
+Let us now formulate
+this matching problem
+
+in the language of
+integer optimization.
+
+We denote the data for the
+matching problem as w_ij.
+
+These numbers represent
+the compatibility score
+
+between user i and user j.
+
+In the example shown in
+the figure, w_13 is 5.
+
+We first define
+decision variables x_ij.
+
+These are binary
+variables taking
+
+value 1 if we match user i and
+user j together, and value 0
+
+otherwise.
+
+We next define the
+objective function,
+
+which is to maximize
+compatibility between matches.
+
+In this case, we maximize
+the sum of (w_11*x_11) +
+
+(w_12*x_12) and so
+forth, up to (w_33*x_33).
+
+We next define the constraints
+for the decision variables
+
+x_ij.
+
+Each man-- say, man one --should
+match to exactly one woman.
+
+And we represent this by
+the mathematical constraint
+
+as follows-- x_11
++ x_12 + x_13 = 1.
+
+Similarly, each
+woman-- say, woman one
+
+--should match to
+exactly one man.
+
+And we represent this
+constraint mathematically
+
+as x_11 + x_21 + x_31 = 1.
+
+The full optimization
+problem is indicated next.
+
+First we have the objective
+function we indicated earlier.
+
+Next we have the
+set of constraints
+
+that indicate that every man
+should match with exactly one
+
+woman.
+
+Next we have the
+constraints that every woman
+
+should match with one man.
+
+And finally that the
+variables are binary.
+
+Let us now extend the
+methodology to other areas.
+
+Suppose, for example, we want
+to show each woman her top two
+
+matches.
+
+This is represented
+by the constraint x_11
+
++ x_21 + x_31 = 2.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ay80m-WFyko.txt b/Ay80m-WFyko.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28acb0560be0f7edf22238723fd28b022cbe1720
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ay80m-WFyko.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+particularly at MIT but at other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly at MIT but at other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly at MIT but at other places
+uh teamwork is critical to academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh teamwork is critical to academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh teamwork is critical to academic
+success one of the things I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success one of the things I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success one of the things I tell
+freshmen uh is that you know I have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshmen uh is that you know I have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshmen uh is that you know I have been
+teaching at MIT now uh for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching at MIT now uh for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching at MIT now uh for a long time
+and uh uh the students are wonderful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh the students are wonderful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh the students are wonderful and
+and very bright but what I've noticed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very bright but what I've noticed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very bright but what I've noticed is
+that uh every year I see two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh every year I see two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh every year I see two or three
+students really stand out you know after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students really stand out you know after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students really stand out you know after
+they graduate and go on and do big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they graduate and go on and do big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they graduate and go on and do big
+things and I see this you earing a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and I see this you earing a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and I see this you earing a year
+out and all of the students are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and all of the students are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and all of the students are
+wonderful they're academically gifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful they're academically gifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful they're academically gifted
+and they're highly motivated they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're highly motivated they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're highly motivated they have
+fire in their belly okay so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire in their belly okay so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire in their belly okay so what's the
+difference between those two versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between those two versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between those two versus the
+rest well one day I figured it out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest well one day I figured it out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest well one day I figured it out the
+the two who go on to do big things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two who go on to do big things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two who go on to do big things uh
+have learned to work with others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned to work with others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned to work with others
+that's it there there's nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it there there's nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it there there's nothing else
+that I could see they have learned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could see they have learned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could see they have learned to
+work not only with people they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work not only with people they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work not only with people they they
+share interest but also with people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share interest but also with people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share interest but also with people that
+they don't necessarily share interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't necessarily share interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't necessarily share interest
+that's the trick it's it's easy to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the trick it's it's easy to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the trick it's it's easy to work
+with people that you know uh who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people that you know uh who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people that you know uh who are
+like you it's harder to work with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you it's harder to work with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you it's harder to work with people
+who are not like you but when you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are not like you but when you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are not like you but when you learn
+to do uh to be able to work across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh to be able to work across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh to be able to work across the
+spectrum of people then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of people then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of people then you can
+basically tap their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tap their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tap their
+gifts that's what entrepreneurship is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifts that's what entrepreneurship is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifts that's what entrepreneurship is
+actually and so this is a little Spiel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and so this is a little Spiel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and so this is a little Spiel
+that I give them as part of why I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I give them as part of why I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I give them as part of why I have
+in my syllabus uh a goal for this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my syllabus uh a goal for this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my syllabus uh a goal for this course
+is uh to learn to work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh to learn to work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh to learn to work in
+teams I think I have that in every class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams I think I have that in every class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams I think I have that in every class
+I teach doesn't matter what class I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I teach doesn't matter what class I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I teach doesn't matter what class I said
+a goal of this class is for you to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a goal of this class is for you to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a goal of this class is for you to learn
+to work in teams
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/B3AUmClsJiA.txt b/B3AUmClsJiA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7fee19fa10de4a5fbfcd447dd514b9bbe89e34e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/B3AUmClsJiA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20341 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let me switch over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let me switch over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let me switch over to
+today's topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's topic
+and this is some cool demos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this particular project that uh kimo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this particular project that uh kimo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this particular project that uh kimo
+johnson and teddy wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+johnson and teddy wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+johnson and teddy wilson
+call it retrographic sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it retrographic sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it retrographic sensor
+uh also won the best demo award at cdpr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also won the best demo award at cdpr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also won the best demo award at cdpr
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we saw this chart last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw this chart last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw this chart last time
+you know we're already selling 2.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're already selling 2.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're already selling 2.5
+billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion
+sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors
+in the next year or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next year or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next year or two
+for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+and this is the forecast made in 2006
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the forecast made in 2006
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the forecast made in 2006
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it might have changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it might have changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it might have changed
+um and you know if you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know if you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know if you see the
+integration of cameras in mobile phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of cameras in mobile phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of cameras in mobile phones
+a natural question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural question
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we have
+will we even think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we even think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we even think about
+a digital still camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digital still camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digital still camera
+as a standalone entity in in coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a standalone entity in in coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a standalone entity in in coming
+years uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh
+and if you think about a wristwatch i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about a wristwatch i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about a wristwatch i
+think most of us don't wear which watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most of us don't wear which watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most of us don't wear which watch
+anymore you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore you know
+knowing what time it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what time it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what time it is
+is not a you know a difficult problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a you know a difficult problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a you know a difficult problem
+anymore i don't need to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore i don't need to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore i don't need to spend
+you know a lot of money or i don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of money or i don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of money or i don't have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+kind of tether myself to an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tether myself to an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tether myself to an additional
+device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+to know what time it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what time it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what time it is
+and will we be in a similar similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will we be in a similar similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will we be in a similar similar
+situation about imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation about imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation about imaging
+will we even have the standalone camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we even have the standalone camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we even have the standalone camera
+uh for any purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for any purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for any purpose
+so just want to take a couple of minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just want to take a couple of minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just want to take a couple of minutes
+to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what
+uh what opinions you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what opinions you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what opinions you have
+according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to
+uh nokia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nokia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nokia
+more than 50 percent of the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 50 percent of the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 50 percent of the people who
+bought n95 got rid of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought n95 got rid of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought n95 got rid of their
+point-and-shoot cam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and nokia sells about a million phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nokia sells about a million phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nokia sells about a million phones
+every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day
+okay they sell 400 million phones a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they sell 400 million phones a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they sell 400 million phones a year
+we sell more than a million folks every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sell more than a million folks every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sell more than a million folks every
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+uh so another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so another uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so another uh
+staggering numbers uh do you know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggering numbers uh do you know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggering numbers uh do you know which
+what is the love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the love
+what's the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the largest
+is the largest camera company in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the largest camera company in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the largest camera company in the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+nokia right it's not a traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nokia right it's not a traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nokia right it's not a traditional
+camera company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera company
+and the same same answer for which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same same answer for which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same same answer for which is
+the largest computer company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean yeah nokia doesn't build anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean yeah nokia doesn't build anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean yeah nokia doesn't build anything
+of the phone of course they you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phone of course they you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phone of course they you know
+they they oem everything but but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they oem everything but but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they oem everything but but still
+they're they're the largest kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're the largest kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're the largest kind of
+computer company in the world as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all right when do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right when do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right when do you think
+camera as a standalone device will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera as a standalone device will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera as a standalone device will
+completely disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but completely i mean less than 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but completely i mean less than 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but completely i mean less than 0.1
+percent of the population carries it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the population carries it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the population carries it
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+something that's it's like saying middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's it's like saying middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's it's like saying middle
+film camera will disappear and i believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film camera will disappear and i believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film camera will disappear and i believe
+it's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh but they're going to be gone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh but they're going to be gone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh but they're going to be gone in
+different ways so camera's digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways so camera's digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways so camera's digital
+cameras are gone in there they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras are gone in there they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras are gone in there they're going
+to be everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be everywhere
+and the hammers are gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hammers are gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hammers are gone
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+i'm saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll give you when do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you when do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you when do you think
+uh you don't want to answer the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you don't want to answer the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you don't want to answer the film
+camera question you love it but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera question you love it but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera question you love it but when
+will the digital camera disappear all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the digital camera disappear all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the digital camera disappear all
+together um you don't have anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um you don't have anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um you don't have anything else
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well no i don't have anything against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no i don't have anything against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no i don't have anything against
+digital cameras but it depends on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital cameras but it depends on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital cameras but it depends on your
+definition of like a digital camera if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of like a digital camera if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of like a digital camera if
+you're just talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just talking about
+point-and-shoot cameras a stand-alone a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point-and-shoot cameras a stand-alone a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point-and-shoot cameras a stand-alone a
+cam a device that's built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cam a device that's built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cam a device that's built
+specifically for the purpose of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for the purpose of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for the purpose of taking
+photos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos
+like okay so um if you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so um if you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so um if you're not going to
+be a professional photographer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a professional photographer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a professional photographer
+then the average consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the average consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the average consumer
+it's probably just going to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably just going to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably just going to um
+disappear maybe in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear maybe in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear maybe in like
+10 years 10 years 5 years all right any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years 10 years 5 years all right any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years 10 years 5 years all right any
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+anybody thinks it will happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody thinks it will happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody thinks it will happen in
+less than 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 10 years
+let's say somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say somebody
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+in five years there will be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five years there will be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five years there will be no
+standalone consumer digital cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standalone consumer digital cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standalone consumer digital cameras
+yeah i think in just a couple of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think in just a couple of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think in just a couple of years
+if you think about it in two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it in two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it in two years
+wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's let's call let's call a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's call let's call a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's call let's call a look at
+our components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+already switching over to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already switching over to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already switching over to like
+emphasizing video and then also slrs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing video and then also slrs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing video and then also slrs are
+starting to be also which means they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to be also which means they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to be also which means they're
+not just normal cameras anymore right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just normal cameras anymore right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just normal cameras anymore right
+but but i meant i mean video camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but i meant i mean video camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but i meant i mean video camera
+still camera is the same thing i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still camera is the same thing i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still camera is the same thing i'm just
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+will we have standalone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we have standalone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we have standalone
+devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices
+only goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's no reason why this shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no reason why this shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no reason why this shouldn't
+be your computer your actual device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your computer your actual device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your computer your actual device
+exactly this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the camera going to become a phone or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the camera going to become a phone or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the camera going to become a phone or
+the phone is going to become a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end of books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of books
+and we no longer have a stage theater or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we no longer have a stage theater or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we no longer have a stage theater or
+cinema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinema
+we've been predicting that for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been predicting that for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been predicting that for a long
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so that's that's that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's that's that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's that's that's a very
+interesting comment right what's unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting comment right what's unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting comment right what's unique
+about paper or watching movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about paper or watching movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about paper or watching movies
+uh that may or may not apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that may or may not apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that may or may not apply to
+a device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a device
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the need to response images won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need to response images won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need to response images won't
+disappear but the fact that there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear but the fact that there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear but the fact that there will
+be one device that it's all purpose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one device that it's all purpose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one device that it's all purpose is
+to capture images will disappear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture images will disappear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture images will disappear and
+will be advised back beside their home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be advised back beside their home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be advised back beside their home
+and capture this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whose image quality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose image quality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose image quality is
+sufficiently good uh compared to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently good uh compared to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently good uh compared to a
+standalone uh still camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standalone uh still camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standalone uh still camera
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+that's the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question
+we're assuming that the image quality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that the image quality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that the image quality is
+going to be good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be good enough
+uh let's somebody new here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's somebody new here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's somebody new here
+so yeah yeah i actually really agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah yeah i actually really agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah yeah i actually really agree
+with what you said i i think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what you said i i think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what you said i i think that
+i i actually think it'll never really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i actually think it'll never really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i actually think it'll never really
+disappear for a couple of reasons i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear for a couple of reasons i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear for a couple of reasons i
+think point one percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think point one percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think point one percent of the
+population so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so
+all right so i should actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i should actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i should actually be
+curious today how many people carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious today how many people carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious today how many people carry
+phone cameras i'm i'm i'm curious one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone cameras i'm i'm i'm curious one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone cameras i'm i'm i'm curious one
+billion people carry a camera in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion people carry a camera in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion people carry a camera in the
+pocket okay but but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket okay but but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket okay but but so
+one reason why i think is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why i think is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why i think is that
+uh there's not only image quality but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's not only image quality but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's not only image quality but
+there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the
+the ergonomic interaction right and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ergonomic interaction right and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ergonomic interaction right and i
+think the reason why a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the reason why a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the reason why a lot of people
+carry a dslr is not just for the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry a dslr is not just for the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry a dslr is not just for the image
+quality but for having things available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality but for having things available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality but for having things available
+in buttons and having you know human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in buttons and having you know human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in buttons and having you know human
+hands or certain sizes and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands or certain sizes and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands or certain sizes and you know
+something that's heavy enough and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's heavy enough and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's heavy enough and
+something you look cool with with and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you look cool with with and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you look cool with with and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+is it for function or just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it for function or just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it for function or just for
+refreshing no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refreshing no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refreshing no
+the heaviness does add function because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heaviness does add function because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heaviness does add function because
+it stabilizes the image okay a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stabilizes the image okay a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stabilizes the image okay a little
+bit but i mean i also think that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but i mean i also think that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but i mean i also think that there's
+nothing else to have i'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else to have i'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else to have i'm actually
+unconvinced in general that devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconvinced in general that devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconvinced in general that devices
+converging is necessarily good i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging is necessarily good i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging is necessarily good i mean
+you know friends of mine that i tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know friends of mine that i tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know friends of mine that i tell
+this to say that i'm an exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to say that i'm an exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to say that i'm an exception
+because i carry like two cell phones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i carry like two cell phones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i carry like two cell phones and
+i think i'm carrying three cameras right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i'm carrying three cameras right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i'm carrying three cameras right
+now two cell phones will never converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now two cell phones will never converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now two cell phones will never converge
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they have phones that have two sim cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have phones that have two sim cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have phones that have two sim cards
+you know i i think there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i i think there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i i think there are certain
+advantages to having actually redundancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages to having actually redundancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages to having actually redundancy
+devices and things so i i you know i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and things so i i you know i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and things so i i you know i i
+definitely agree that digital cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely agree that digital cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely agree that digital cameras
+might have you know wi-fi connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have you know wi-fi connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have you know wi-fi connectivity
+or other things but i suspect that a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other things but i suspect that a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other things but i suspect that a lot
+of people will carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people will carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people will carry
+separate things that are their primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate things that are their primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate things that are their primary
+purpose as imaging right and a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose as imaging right and a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose as imaging right and a separate
+thing a cell phone that may also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a cell phone that may also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a cell phone that may also have a
+camera in it but there will always be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera in it but there will always be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera in it but there will always be a
+film camera in yoon's house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even 30 years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even 30 years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even 30 years from now
+but we're talking about 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're talking about 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're talking about 0.1
+so so let's take a quick quote and move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's take a quick quote and move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's take a quick quote and move
+on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so
+how many people think it's uh let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think it's uh let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think it's uh let's do
+the reverse so we'll say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse so we'll say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse so we'll say uh
+two years from now uh how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years from now uh how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years from now uh how many of you
+think will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think will uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+standalone imaging device will disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standalone imaging device will disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standalone imaging device will disappear
+kevin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kevin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kevin
+no all right we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no all right we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no all right we have one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+do you want to say very quickly why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to say very quickly why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to say very quickly why
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+i mean so far the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean so far the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean so far the image
+quality has been the problem right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality has been the problem right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality has been the problem right uh
+you just don't collect enough light on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't collect enough light on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't collect enough light on
+the sensors that you can fit into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensors that you can fit into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensors that you can fit into a
+phone but i think people are finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone but i think people are finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone but i think people are finding
+ways to get around that with software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to get around that with software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to get around that with software
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+for the optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the optics
+and with the sensor actually there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the sensor actually there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the sensor actually there's a
+whole new generation of sensors coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new generation of sensors coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new generation of sensors coming
+out that allows you to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+the total uh standalone devices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total uh standalone devices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total uh standalone devices for
+imaging is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging is 10
+already okay this is optical mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already okay this is optical mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already okay this is optical mouse
+uh which is not really camera i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is not really camera i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is not really camera i can
+ignore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that
+but mobile phone camera digital still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mobile phone camera digital still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mobile phone camera digital still
+camera gaming and so on so it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera gaming and so on so it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera gaming and so on so it's already
+ten percent and we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten percent and we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten percent and we're talking about
+point one percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one percent
+so let's move on and and and just let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's move on and and and just let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's move on and and and just let's
+take a quick poll so two years we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a quick poll so two years we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a quick poll so two years we have
+only one question i guess is that even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one question i guess is that even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one question i guess is that even a
+decent metric would be better to say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent metric would be better to say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent metric would be better to say how
+many photos are taken because a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many photos are taken because a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many photos are taken because a lot of
+people carry cell phone cameras but use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people carry cell phone cameras but use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people carry cell phone cameras but use
+some of them once a year you know my mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them once a year you know my mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them once a year you know my mom
+just hurt herself right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hurt herself right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hurt herself right
+the next class will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next class will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next class will talk about
+how long will it take before photos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long will it take before photos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long will it take before photos
+disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+that's the next conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the next conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the next conversation
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it's like saying how many things hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like saying how many things hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like saying how many things hundred
+people write with their own handwriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people write with their own handwriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people write with their own handwriting
+it's the same situation we want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same situation we want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same situation we want to see
+very soon but that's for the next class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soon but that's for the next class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soon but that's for the next class
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so two years we have only one five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay three or four
+uh 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 15 years
+so i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i guess
+almost everybody right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everybody right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everybody right because
+and never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're thinking about this population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking about this population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking about this population
+right here in most of the world people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here in most of the world people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here in most of the world people
+cannot go and afford a separate camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go and afford a separate camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go and afford a separate camera
+they're gonna buy a phone a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna buy a phone a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna buy a phone a certain
+point that's an excellent point you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's an excellent point you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's an excellent point you get
+down from one percent right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down from one percent right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down from one percent right yeah
+when the remaining five billion come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the remaining five billion come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the remaining five billion come on
+board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+uh yeah that's a good point actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right no they are an iphone without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no they are an iphone without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no they are an iphone without the
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+right it's interesting that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's interesting that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's interesting that's just a
+marketing gimmick but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing gimmick but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing gimmick but yeah
+it's interesting to think of marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting to think of marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting to think of marketing
+in this respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i mean very soon you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean very soon you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean very soon you'll be able to
+buy a burger with a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a burger with a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a burger with a camera
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the happy meal the happy meal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the happy meal the happy meal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the happy meal the happy meal right
+and you'll know what you ate and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll know what you ate and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll know what you ate and how
+many calories you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many calories you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many calories you had
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you can buy a phone without it it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can buy a phone without it it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can buy a phone without it it's hard
+to find a phone without a camera so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a phone without a camera so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a phone without a camera so it
+is sort of unfair to look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of unfair to look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of unfair to look at that
+but but but that's the whole point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but that's the whole point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but that's the whole point of
+this class i think we're at a stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class i think we're at a stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class i think we're at a stage
+where people are saying oh cameras are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are saying oh cameras are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are saying oh cameras are
+cheap enough by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap enough by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap enough by the way
+you have an idea of how cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an idea of how cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an idea of how cheap
+a camera is today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for for for for a device maker how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for for for a device maker how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for for for a device maker how much
+does it cost them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it cost them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it cost them
+to pay for a camera if they would attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for a camera if they would attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for a camera if they would attach
+a camera how much does it cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera how much does it cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera how much does it cost
+okay one dollar anybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one dollar anybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one dollar anybody else
+is 20 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 20 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 20 cents
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so when i said it will come with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i said it will come with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i said it will come with your
+burger i'm not joking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burger i'm not joking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burger i'm not joking
+all right of course it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right of course it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right of course it doesn't have
+power but it has electronics it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but it has electronics it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but it has electronics it has
+optics it has sensor and it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics it has sensor and it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics it has sensor and it has a
+compression engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression engine
+right it's 20 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's 20 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's 20 cents
+so things are changing very rapidly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so things are changing very rapidly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so things are changing very rapidly and
+to answer your question on okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer your question on okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer your question on okay you
+cannot buy a device without a camera in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot buy a device without a camera in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot buy a device without a camera in
+it anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anymore
+the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is
+right now we don't have enough services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we don't have enough services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we don't have enough services
+that go on top of those cameras but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go on top of those cameras but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go on top of those cameras but
+imagine if people in this room say wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if people in this room say wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if people in this room say wow
+a billion people have a camera let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a billion people have a camera let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a billion people have a camera let me
+try to see if i can build something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see if i can build something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see if i can build something that
+really exploits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exploits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exploits that
+uh or let me see if i can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or let me see if i can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or let me see if i can change the
+game a little bit you know add a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game a little bit you know add a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game a little bit you know add a little
+bit extra feature maybe add a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit extra feature maybe add a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit extra feature maybe add a thermal
+sensor to it maybe add add uv light to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor to it maybe add add uv light to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor to it maybe add add uv light to
+it whatever it is maybe i'll make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it whatever it is maybe i'll make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it whatever it is maybe i'll make it
+into a camera so that you know instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a camera so that you know instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a camera so that you know instead
+of 20 now it cost me 23 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20 now it cost me 23 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20 now it cost me 23 cents
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it will completely change the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will completely change the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will completely change the game
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh and the same way we get addicted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the same way we get addicted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the same way we get addicted to
+our devices and we just can't live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our devices and we just can't live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our devices and we just can't live
+without them anymore hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without them anymore hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without them anymore hopefully
+cameras will be a place you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras will be a place you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras will be a place you know that
+you'll be forced to use the camera uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be forced to use the camera uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be forced to use the camera uh it
+won't be just an additional feature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be just an additional feature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be just an additional feature that
+never gets used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gets used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gets used
+so do you hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you hope that
+about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean not forced but you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean not forced but you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean not forced but you'll be
+encouraged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's like saying are you forced to are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like saying are you forced to are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like saying are you forced to are
+you being forced to use a credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you being forced to use a credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you being forced to use a credit card
+yeah that's what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so uh taking notes uh as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh taking notes uh as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh taking notes uh as you
+can see a lot of our discussion will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see a lot of our discussion will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see a lot of our discussion will be
+not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the
+on the slides so sam is taking the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the slides so sam is taking the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the slides so sam is taking the notes
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+and what you need to do is uh the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you need to do is uh the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you need to do is uh the slides
+will be online so you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be online so you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be online so you don't need to
+capture what's on the slides you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture what's on the slides you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture what's on the slides you need to
+capture you know all the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture you know all the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture you know all the information
+that's coming up for example jb had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming up for example jb had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming up for example jb had a
+comment on you know a new camera or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on you know a new camera or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on you know a new camera or
+another other comments in the back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another other comments in the back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another other comments in the back so
+you want to capture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to capture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to capture that
+in the in those lives or any anything i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in those lives or any anything i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in those lives or any anything i
+mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+and also summarize some of the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also summarize some of the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also summarize some of the question
+answer sessions and we'll draw some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer sessions and we'll draw some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer sessions and we'll draw some
+uh you know we'll have some demos try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we'll have some demos try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we'll have some demos try to
+take his pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take his pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take his pictures
+and i'll you know i'll do some doodles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll you know i'll do some doodles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll you know i'll do some doodles
+on the board you know take his photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board you know take his photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board you know take his photo
+and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and
+uh we'll have one student assigned for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll have one student assigned for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll have one student assigned for
+each class uh if you're taking it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each class uh if you're taking it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each class uh if you're taking it for
+credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit
+and i encourage you to just use a laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i encourage you to just use a laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i encourage you to just use a laptop
+because you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you can
+probably take notes faster and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably take notes faster and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably take notes faster and you can
+also look up some information uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look up some information uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look up some information uh very
+quickly and then you can work with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and then you can work with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and then you can work with me
+over the weekend and on monday we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the weekend and on monday we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the weekend and on monday we'll
+post it on step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post it on step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post it on step
+right is everybody familiar with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is everybody familiar with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is everybody familiar with uh
+stellar website for mit how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar website for mit how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar website for mit how many of you
+know about the stellar web page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the stellar web page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the stellar web page
+everybody's familiar okay and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's familiar okay and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's familiar okay and if you
+don't have access like if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have access like if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have access like if you're not
+taking the class for credit then you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the class for credit then you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the class for credit then you may
+i think you should be able to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you should be able to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you should be able to access
+it's open to anybody in the world uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's open to anybody in the world uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's open to anybody in the world uh so
+you can even send it to your friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even send it to your friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even send it to your friends and
+uh they can look at just the slides they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they can look at just the slides they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they can look at just the slides they
+won't get a lot of other information of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get a lot of other information of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get a lot of other information of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+and but you cannot access it just send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but you cannot access it just send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but you cannot access it just send
+me an email and i can explicitly add you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an email and i can explicitly add you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an email and i can explicitly add you
+as a guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a guest
+uh on the on the stellar website uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the on the stellar website uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the on the stellar website uh the
+one benefit of adding you explicitly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one benefit of adding you explicitly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one benefit of adding you explicitly is
+that sometimes the announcements go only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes the announcements go only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes the announcements go only
+to the people who are taking the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the people who are taking the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the people who are taking the class
+for credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for credit
+you know it could be about exams or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it could be about exams or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it could be about exams or
+other things and if you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and if you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and if you want to be
+but if you want to participate in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to participate in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to participate in that
+then you will get those emails as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will get those emails as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will get those emails as well
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay so uh assignment one was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh assignment one was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh assignment one was about
+lighting and that's what we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting and that's what we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting and that's what we'll be
+talking about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today
+uh very different ways of capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very different ways of capturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very different ways of capturing
+light uh does anybody have questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh does anybody have questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh does anybody have questions
+these are the few things you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the few things you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the few things you have to do
+you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to
+have a commented source code or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a commented source code or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a commented source code or if you
+used a gui based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a gui based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a gui based
+approach uh photoshop or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach uh photoshop or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach uh photoshop or something
+then you need to show me a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to show me a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to show me a lot of
+intermediate results input and output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate results input and output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate results input and output
+images the images should be captured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images the images should be captured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images the images should be captured by
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+with your own camera uh if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your own camera uh if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your own camera uh if you don't
+have i mean for the first assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have i mean for the first assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have i mean for the first assignment
+maybe you can use a cell phone camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can use a cell phone camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can use a cell phone camera
+but see if you can buy you know a cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see if you can buy you know a cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see if you can buy you know a cheap
+camera that has a manual mode you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that has a manual mode you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that has a manual mode you can
+buy a pretty good camera for less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a pretty good camera for less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a pretty good camera for less than
+150 dollars uh i i recommend the canon a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 dollars uh i i recommend the canon a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 dollars uh i i recommend the canon a
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+uh it usually has a manual mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it usually has a manual mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it usually has a manual mode
+and another benefit of the canon series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another benefit of the canon series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another benefit of the canon series
+is that we have very good sdk so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have very good sdk so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have very good sdk so you can
+control the camera from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the camera from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the camera from your
+from your laptop or from your pc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your laptop or from your pc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your laptop or from your pc
+so i recommend the canon a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i recommend the canon a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i recommend the canon a series
+to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy
+and then you must create a web page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you must create a web page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you must create a web page
+where you'll host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you'll host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you'll host
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+solutions for your assignments and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for your assignments and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for your assignments and then
+you should send me a link and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should send me a link and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should send me a link and what you
+update on the stellar is just a link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update on the stellar is just a link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update on the stellar is just a link
+you're not going to update upload all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to update upload all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to update upload all
+the images and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images and so on
+and then it's perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's perfectly fine
+to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+software you find online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software you find online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software you find online
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it's perfectly fine uh don't use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfectly fine uh don't use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfectly fine uh don't use that
+your your your your colleagues software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your your your colleagues software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your your your colleagues software
+with who in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with who in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with who in this class
+or software people wrote in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or software people wrote in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or software people wrote in this class
+last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year
+but you can go online go to a matlab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can go online go to a matlab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can go online go to a matlab
+repository and if they have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository and if they have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository and if they have a function
+for doing xyz it's perfectly fine to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing xyz it's perfectly fine to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing xyz it's perfectly fine to use
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we have flickr group page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have flickr group page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have flickr group page
+i believe you've got an email from me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe you've got an email from me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe you've got an email from me
+about the flickr group page and all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the flickr group page and all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the flickr group page and all your
+final results sorry input and final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final results sorry input and final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final results sorry input and final
+results will be on the flickr page so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results will be on the flickr page so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results will be on the flickr page so
+everybody can see it and we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can see it and we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can see it and we can write
+comments about each other's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about each other's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about each other's work
+and this will be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be a good
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+kind of a trial run towards our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a trial run towards our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a trial run towards our final
+project where we will be doing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project where we will be doing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project where we will be doing a lot of
+commenting on each other's work giving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commenting on each other's work giving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commenting on each other's work giving a
+lot of feedback and critiques so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of feedback and critiques so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of feedback and critiques so
+okay so three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stellar your own web page and the flickr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar your own web page and the flickr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar your own web page and the flickr
+page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh
+you know this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this was
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+and if you have more time you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have more time you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have more time you probably
+want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do
+in your assignment something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your assignment something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your assignment something that looks
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+but you can do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can do some
+beautiful rewriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful rewriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful rewriting
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+some of the assignments i think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the assignments i think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the assignments i think we
+already discussed it will look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+okay let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's start with
+some interesting way you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting way you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting way you can think about
+illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination
+so here's a photo from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a photo from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a photo from
+one candle square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one candle square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one candle square
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this is stomach oils here and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is stomach oils here and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is stomach oils here and so on and
+even if you have been to kendall square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you have been to kendall square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you have been to kendall square
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this photo
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is somewhat difficult to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhat difficult to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhat difficult to understand
+what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on
+uh you don't even know how many stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you don't even know how many stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you don't even know how many stories
+this uh i guess that report labs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh i guess that report labs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh i guess that report labs
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+has for example from this photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has for example from this photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has for example from this photo
+and so on so imagine if magically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so imagine if magically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so imagine if magically you
+can convert this photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convert this photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convert this photo
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here
+to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here
+what are some tricks you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some tricks you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some tricks you can use
+to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that
+wait 12 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you can try to you know stretch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can try to you know stretch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can try to you know stretch the
+histogram or you can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram or you can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram or you can try to
+take a really long exposure photo but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a really long exposure photo but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a really long exposure photo but
+you know this is really really dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is really really dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is really really dark
+there's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so you just cheat you know this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you just cheat you know this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you just cheat you know this was
+actually taken when i was working at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually taken when i was working at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually taken when i was working at
+murr and this will be from office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murr and this will be from office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murr and this will be from office
+actually it's much nicer view than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's much nicer view than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's much nicer view than the
+office i have right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office i have right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office i have right now
+east campus is nice sorry this campus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east campus is nice sorry this campus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east campus is nice sorry this campus is
+sort of nice yeah i like i like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of nice yeah i like i like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of nice yeah i like i like the
+brick texture it's beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick texture it's beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick texture it's beautiful
+um and you know just take the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know just take the photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know just take the photo
+after 12 hours right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 12 hours right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 12 hours right
+in the morning actually i took a photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the morning actually i took a photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the morning actually i took a photo
+at 6 00 am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 6 00 am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 6 00 am
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+when you know there are very few cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you know there are very few cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you know there are very few cars
+on the street and somehow you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the street and somehow you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the street and somehow you want to
+fuse these two photos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse these two photos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse these two photos
+into a photo that looks like that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a photo that looks like that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a photo that looks like that so the
+static parts are captured from daytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static parts are captured from daytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static parts are captured from daytime
+and all the dynamic parts like the cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the dynamic parts like the cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the dynamic parts like the cars
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+christmas lights and so on are captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christmas lights and so on are captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christmas lights and so on are captured
+from the night time so you want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the night time so you want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the night time so you want to make
+some intelligent decision between which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intelligent decision between which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intelligent decision between which
+pixel comes from where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the color temperature is off and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color temperature is off and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color temperature is off and the
+color temperature is off and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color temperature is off and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color temperature is off and you have to
+make some artistic decisions about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some artistic decisions about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some artistic decisions about about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and you know you'll always have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you'll always have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you'll always have some
+issues like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues like this one
+uh i think this guy i waited all night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think this guy i waited all night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think this guy i waited all night
+long but he was part of my class he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long but he was part of my class he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long but he was part of my class he just
+didn't move so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's kind of a context enhanced image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of a context enhanced image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of a context enhanced image
+and we're really exploiting natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're really exploiting natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're really exploiting natural
+illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination
+to capture a new photo yeah so how was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture a new photo yeah so how was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture a new photo yeah so how was
+this made to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this made to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this made to
+what to leave out about the machine from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to leave out about the machine from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to leave out about the machine from
+the next was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it has to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it has to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it has to be done
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so so this is what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is what you can do
+uh just one approach but maybe in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just one approach but maybe in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just one approach but maybe in in
+your assignments you'll come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your assignments you'll come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your assignments you'll come up with
+another approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another approach
+in this case you can just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you can just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you can just take
+just compute the same contrast you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just compute the same contrast you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just compute the same contrast you can
+just take a 5x5 window and find pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a 5x5 window and find pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a 5x5 window and find pixels
+that have very high variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have very high variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have very high variance
+and you can create a stencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can create a stencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can create a stencil
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+that says oh all these pixels look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says oh all these pixels look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says oh all these pixels look
+interesting and now this part here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and now this part here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and now this part here
+clearly does nothing so i should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly does nothing so i should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly does nothing so i should not
+take that from the necktie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that from the necktie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that from the necktie
+and then i can create uh i can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can create uh i can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can create uh i can use the
+stencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stencil
+the black pixels will come from daytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black pixels will come from daytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black pixels will come from daytime
+and the white pixels will come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the white pixels will come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the white pixels will come from
+night time if you just combine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night time if you just combine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night time if you just combine that
+combine those two using that stencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine those two using that stencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine those two using that stencil
+you know you'll get a reasonable image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll get a reasonable image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll get a reasonable image
+already but it'll look extremely ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already but it'll look extremely ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already but it'll look extremely ugly
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+because the transition from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the transition from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the transition from here to here
+from night time to the day time will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from night time to the day time will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from night time to the day time will not
+look very natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look very natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look very natural
+so what can you do any solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+below the mask you can do that but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the mask you can do that but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the mask you can do that but then
+the edges of the building will get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges of the building will get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges of the building will get very
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+because it looked like part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looked like part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looked like part of the
+building was in the daytime and part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building was in the daytime and part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building was in the daytime and part of
+the building was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the simplest case you can just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simplest case you can just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simplest case you can just say
+give me the pixels that are bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the pixels that are bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the pixels that are bright
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+but it's images 0 to 255 anything over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's images 0 to 255 anything over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's images 0 to 255 anything over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark it is what that's the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark it is what that's the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark it is what that's the simplest
+thing but you know it's not so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but you know it's not so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but you know it's not so good
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a slightly better way of doing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly better way of doing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly better way of doing that is
+you go in a window of say 5x5 pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go in a window of say 5x5 pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go in a window of say 5x5 pixels
+and if all the 25 pixels are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if all the 25 pixels are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if all the 25 pixels are the same
+uh then maybe it's not very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then maybe it's not very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then maybe it's not very interesting
+like here all 25 pixels are the same or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here all 25 pixels are the same or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here all 25 pixels are the same or
+you know in this region all 25 pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in this region all 25 pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in this region all 25 pixels
+are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same
+but if there's enough variation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if there's enough variation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if there's enough variation between
+them if i just take the variance or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if i just take the variance or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if i just take the variance or the
+standard deviation of those 25 pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of those 25 pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of those 25 pixels
+and it's high enough then it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's high enough then it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's high enough then it looks like
+there's some information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some information
+in those 25 pixels in the 5x5 window and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those 25 pixels in the 5x5 window and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those 25 pixels in the 5x5 window and
+you'll mark that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll mark that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll mark that
+center of that fiber window as something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of that fiber window as something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of that fiber window as something
+that's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you can use some kind of a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can use some kind of a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can use some kind of a graph
+cut approach and find some connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut approach and find some connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut approach and find some connected
+components and so on like that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and so on like that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and so on like that um
+you could have taken a burst of photos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have taken a burst of photos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have taken a burst of photos
+between them to define motion or areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them to define motion or areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them to define motion or areas
+of interest great idea great idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest great idea great idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest great idea great idea
+especially for something that's moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for something that's moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for something that's moving
+right to find that but if you but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to find that but if you but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to find that but if you but you
+still have to take some daytime image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to take some daytime image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to take some daytime image
+yeah to fill in the static parts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to fill in the static parts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to fill in the static parts that
+are done but that's right in fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are done but that's right in fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are done but that's right in fact that
+you have to do that for cars because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do that for cars because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do that for cars because
+some cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cars
+the center of this car is too dark but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of this car is too dark but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of this car is too dark but
+still important to us so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still important to us so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still important to us so this is what
+you know simple processing would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know simple processing would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know simple processing would do
+but maybe you want to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe you want to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe you want to do something
+smarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is just a wounded version of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a wounded version of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a wounded version of that
+and it's trying to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's trying to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's trying to capture
+you know all these windows did not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all these windows did not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all these windows did not have
+uh lights on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lights on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lights on
+you see here but there's one window with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here but there's one window with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here but there's one window with
+light on i think this is the stairwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on i think this is the stairwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on i think this is the stairwell
+of the biochem building i'm generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the biochem building i'm generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the biochem building i'm generating
+and it captures that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it captures that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it captures that right
+but then it creates this ugly artifact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it creates this ugly artifact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it creates this ugly artifact
+around that so you want a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that so you want a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that so you want a very nice
+transition between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so solution for that is actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so solution for that is actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so solution for that is actually uh
+called a gradient domain fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a gradient domain fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a gradient domain fusion
+and that's just a fancy way of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just a fancy way of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just a fancy way of saying
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+instead of worrying about absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of worrying about absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of worrying about absolute
+intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities
+i'm going to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to worry about
+difference between neighboring pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between neighboring pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between neighboring pieces
+so i'm going to take a pixel x 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to take a pixel x 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to take a pixel x 1 and
+pixel x and find the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel x and find the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel x and find the difference between
+them and i'm going to blend those ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and i'm going to blend those ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and i'm going to blend those ones
+right so this is this is what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is this is what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is this is what would
+happen if you just blend the intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if you just blend the intensities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if you just blend the intensities
+and this would that's this is what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would that's this is what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would that's this is what would
+happen if you blend the differences now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if you blend the differences now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if you blend the differences now
+if you blend the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you blend the differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you blend the differences
+which is the just the forward difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the just the forward difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the just the forward difference
+then the image that you will get will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the image that you will get will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the image that you will get will be
+also made up of forward differences so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also made up of forward differences so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also made up of forward differences so
+to go from a forward difference back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from a forward difference back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from a forward difference back to
+the signal we must do integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal we must do integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal we must do integration
+and in 1d it's very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in 1d it's very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in 1d it's very easy
+and we'll study that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll study that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll study that later
+but in 2d it's quite challenging so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in 2d it's quite challenging so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in 2d it's quite challenging so it's
+basically doing a 2d integration from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically doing a 2d integration from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically doing a 2d integration from
+all the forward differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the forward differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the forward differences
+and putting the two together again i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting the two together again i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting the two together again i'm
+not going to the detail we'll study this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to the detail we'll study this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to the detail we'll study this
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+it turns out you can create very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you can create very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you can create very
+very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh
+aesthetically pleasing uh fusions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetically pleasing uh fusions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetically pleasing uh fusions or
+blending uh between different parts yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blending uh between different parts yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blending uh between different parts yeah
+this is sort of just listening that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so you know these are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know these are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know these are some of the
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+uh it could work in one scenario but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it could work in one scenario but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it could work in one scenario but not
+the other you're right and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other you're right and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other you're right and this is
+exactly what i want you to do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what i want you to do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what i want you to do in the
+assignment uh the assignment gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment uh the assignment gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment uh the assignment gives you a
+very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple
+simple very simple and very easy problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple very simple and very easy problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple very simple and very easy problem
+but instead of taking pictures under two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of taking pictures under two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of taking pictures under two
+different flash uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different flash uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different flash uh
+table lamp conditions you could take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table lamp conditions you could take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table lamp conditions you could take a
+picture under two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture under two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture under two
+time instances one in the daytime one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time instances one in the daytime one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time instances one in the daytime one
+the night time or under two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night time or under two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night time or under two different
+polarization or anything and then fuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization or anything and then fuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization or anything and then fuse
+them instead of using color channels you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them instead of using color channels you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them instead of using color channels you
+can fuse intensity channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fuse intensity channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fuse intensity channels
+or you can fuse the forward difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can fuse the forward difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can fuse the forward difference
+channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels
+uh and so on uh one great software it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on uh one great software it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on uh one great software it's
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+on the website i would like you to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the website i would like you to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the website i would like you to use
+for for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for uh
+uh for for testing is called hdr shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and it's available for free uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's available for free uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's available for free uh it's
+from a group at usc uh led by uh paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a group at usc uh led by uh paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a group at usc uh led by uh paul
+dabek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dabek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dabek
+and i highly recommend that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i highly recommend that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i highly recommend that because
+instead of using photoshop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using photoshop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using photoshop
+if you use hdr sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use hdr sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use hdr sharp
+again even if you're doing matlab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again even if you're doing matlab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again even if you're doing matlab
+assignments you can download azure shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments you can download azure shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments you can download azure shop
+and it allows you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it allows you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it allows you to do
+submission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission
+you can sum to images a plus b a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sum to images a plus b a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sum to images a plus b a minus
+you can subtract the images you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can subtract the images you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can subtract the images you can do
+forward differences you can do log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward differences you can do log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward differences you can do log
+intensities and all those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities and all those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities and all those things
+so it's a it's a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a it's a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a it's a really good
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+software for doing arithmetic on images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software for doing arithmetic on images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software for doing arithmetic on images
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+all the mathematic is done in floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the mathematic is done in floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the mathematic is done in floating
+point it's not clamped to eight pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's not clamped to eight pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's not clamped to eight pixel
+system bits so let's say you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system bits so let's say you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system bits so let's say you want to
+multiply your images and the intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply your images and the intensities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply your images and the intensities
+are 200 and 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 200 and 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 200 and 200
+uh you know it's 40 000 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's 40 000 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's 40 000 the
+multiplication of the two and photoshop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of the two and photoshop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of the two and photoshop
+supports uh floating point uh numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports uh floating point uh numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports uh floating point uh numbers
+but the share shop will support that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the share shop will support that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the share shop will support that
+uh multiply maybe the log of that blog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multiply maybe the log of that blog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multiply maybe the log of that blog
+so even before sometimes you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even before sometimes you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even before sometimes you're right
+writing a matchup program you can very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a matchup program you can very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a matchup program you can very
+quickly do some visual uh inspection on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly do some visual uh inspection on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly do some visual uh inspection on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another trait a lot of people forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another trait a lot of people forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another trait a lot of people forget
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you're doing assignments or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing assignments or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing assignments or
+projects that involve the images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that involve the images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that involve the images
+is don't work on the whole image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is don't work on the whole image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is don't work on the whole image
+work on a very tiny part of the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on a very tiny part of the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on a very tiny part of the image
+just take a 100 pixels by 100 pixel crop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a 100 pixels by 100 pixel crop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a 100 pixels by 100 pixel crop
+not resize but just a stop so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not resize but just a stop so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not resize but just a stop so you have
+you know some two megapixel image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some two megapixel image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some two megapixel image
+don't try to run your code on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't try to run your code on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't try to run your code on two
+megapixels it might take forever just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megapixels it might take forever just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megapixels it might take forever just
+take a very tiny part from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a very tiny part from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a very tiny part from the
+interesting part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part
+just profit run all your code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just profit run all your code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just profit run all your code
+on that and when you feel that your all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and when you feel that your all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and when you feel that your all
+your all your procedures are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your all your procedures are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your all your procedures are working
+working well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working well
+and you can go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can go back
+and larger from the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know
+when i was working on this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was working on this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was working on this project
+actually i was i was very inspired by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i was i was very inspired by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i was i was very inspired by
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the surrealism uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surrealism uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surrealism uh
+era of surrealism where you know william
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era of surrealism where you know william
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era of surrealism where you know william
+mcright and all that came up with empire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcright and all that came up with empire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcright and all that came up with empire
+of the lights i'm sure a lot of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lights i'm sure a lot of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lights i'm sure a lot of you have
+seen this painting where he created this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this painting where he created this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this painting where he created this
+very stark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+disconcerting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positioning you know you have bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioning you know you have bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioning you know you have bright
+uh daylight here but the bottom part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh daylight here but the bottom part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh daylight here but the bottom part of
+the image is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a nighttime scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nighttime scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nighttime scene
+uh and he played with in a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and he played with in a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and he played with in a lot of this
+uh juxtaposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh juxtaposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh juxtaposing
+of disconcerting elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disconcerting elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disconcerting elements and
+the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is
+can photography create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can photography create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can photography create
+something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+is realistic not always photorealistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is realistic not always photorealistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is realistic not always photorealistic
+but it's obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's obviously
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+when we come to discussion about will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we come to discussion about will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we come to discussion about will
+photos survive in the future you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos survive in the future you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos survive in the future you know
+this is exactly the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly the question
+that painters ask themselves themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that painters ask themselves themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that painters ask themselves themselves
+when camera was submitted you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when camera was submitted you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when camera was submitted you know there
+was a lot of interest in creating photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of interest in creating photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of interest in creating photo
+realistic paintings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic paintings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic paintings
+and when camera came around they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when camera came around they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when camera came around they all
+scratched their head and said wow we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratched their head and said wow we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratched their head and said wow we
+need to move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to move on
+and do something else we cannot create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do something else we cannot create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do something else we cannot create
+photo realistic paintings anymore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo realistic paintings anymore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo realistic paintings anymore and
+then we had pontialism and surrealism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had pontialism and surrealism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had pontialism and surrealism
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and now it's just abstract we don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's just abstract we don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's just abstract we don't even
+care about representing geometry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about representing geometry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about representing geometry and
+reflectance and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance and so on
+and the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is
+should cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should cameras
+worry about capturing intensity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about capturing intensity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about capturing intensity and
+shapes and geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes and geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes and geometry
+right i mean if you're going flicker the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i mean if you're going flicker the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i mean if you're going flicker the
+hundreds of images of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of images of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of images of
+buildings like this what's so great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings like this what's so great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings like this what's so great
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+they can get under the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get under the photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get under the photo
+of yet another building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yet another building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yet another building
+you know what i want to create is images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what i want to create is images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what i want to create is images
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+somehow more expressive and more clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow more expressive and more clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow more expressive and more clear
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's another debate where the photos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another debate where the photos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another debate where the photos
+will survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will survive
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i personally by the way have completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i personally by the way have completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i personally by the way have completely
+given up on camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i really get impressed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i really get impressed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i really get impressed with
+beautiful photos with it you just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful photos with it you just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful photos with it you just look
+nice but i never get impressed with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice but i never get impressed with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice but i never get impressed with that
+and hopefully you know remaining six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully you know remaining six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully you know remaining six
+billion people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion people will
+also start challenging the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also start challenging the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also start challenging the notion of
+cameras device that captures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras device that captures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras device that captures
+you know photorealism i think we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know photorealism i think we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know photorealism i think we have to
+challenge that motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that motion
+just like the painters did and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the painters did and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the painters did and uh
+during reconciliation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during reconciliation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during reconciliation
+and uh during both sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you've never seen like a photo done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've never seen like a photo done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've never seen like a photo done by
+you know photographer they say richard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know photographer they say richard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know photographer they say richard
+and it's live that you really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's live that you really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's live that you really like
+it's beautiful but i'm not impressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beautiful but i'm not impressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beautiful but i'm not impressed
+okay here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is
+uh can you sell out she said what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can you sell out she said what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can you sell out she said what about
+ansel adams and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's it's i mean back then when they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's i mean back then when they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's i mean back then when they did
+it it was impressive but now if somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was impressive but now if somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was impressive but now if somebody
+shows me something as good as hansel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows me something as good as hansel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows me something as good as hansel
+adams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adams
+it's great but it's not interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's great but it's not interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's great but it's not interesting
+well so i mean you should look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so i mean you should look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so i mean you should look at some
+of richard avedon's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of richard avedon's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of richard avedon's like
+like more recent works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more recent works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more recent works
+i mean he does some pretty creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean he does some pretty creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean he does some pretty creative
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+like there's one like he uses a skeleton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's one like he uses a skeleton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's one like he uses a skeleton
+and some of his photos and it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of his photos and it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of his photos and it's like
+yeah so the the content sometimes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the the content sometimes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the the content sometimes very
+interesting yeah but the art of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting yeah but the art of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting yeah but the art of
+photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comment back then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somebody had a comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm not sure you can separate both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure you can separate both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure you can separate both the
+technique from the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique from the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique from the content
+so there's a i mean that's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a i mean that's really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a i mean that's really a
+discussion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion but
+i think they kind of come together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they kind of come together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they kind of come together and
+create and influence each other as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create and influence each other as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create and influence each other as well
+i mean definitely need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean definitely need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean definitely need
+better and better tools and technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better tools and technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better tools and technologies
+to be able to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to create
+something that's that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's that's really
+expressive really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive really really
+beautiful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and
+and creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and creative
+but there was a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was a time
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photographers could impress us based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers could impress us based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers could impress us based on
+their techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their techniques
+you know the guy with the biggest camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the guy with the biggest camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the guy with the biggest camera
+was called a professional photographer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called a professional photographer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called a professional photographer
+not the guy with the best eye and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the guy with the best eye and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the guy with the best eye and you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+somebody who can who has the patience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who can who has the patience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who can who has the patience
+and aesthetics and all the other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aesthetics and all the other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aesthetics and all the other things
+and hopefully now we have separated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully now we have separated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully now we have separated the
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+you know just because the guy has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just because the guy has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just because the guy has the
+best gear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best gear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best gear
+doesn't mean he's a great photographer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean he's a great photographer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean he's a great photographer
+anymore and that's what i mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um is going through like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is going through like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is going through like all
+kind of you work backwards based on like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you work backwards based on like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you work backwards based on like
+weird artifacts and their paintings to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird artifacts and their paintings to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird artifacts and their paintings to
+figure out how they would make uh weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how they would make uh weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how they would make uh weird
+optical devices right to create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical devices right to create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical devices right to create the
+original artwork and like i kind of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original artwork and like i kind of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original artwork and like i kind of go
+back to the same concept of technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the same concept of technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the same concept of technique
+and artists and where those two so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and artists and where those two so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and artists and where those two so they
+would help me from ricoh right what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would help me from ricoh right what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would help me from ricoh right what's
+that from rico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from rico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from rico
+uh what do you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what do you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what do you mean
+the company rico he's from islam he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company rico he's from islam he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company rico he's from islam he's
+from back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from back
+yeah he's a famous painter oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he's a famous painter oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he's a famous painter oh sorry
+who's the guy from rico who did all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the guy from rico who did all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the guy from rico who did all the
+same analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this is the one where they looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the one where they looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the one where they looked at
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is it interesting it's initially agreed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it interesting it's initially agreed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it interesting it's initially agreed
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+the history of how these optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of how these optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of how these optical
+techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes exactly i i think we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly i i think we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly i i think we're talking
+about the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same thing
+uh it's very controversial and he claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very controversial and he claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very controversial and he claims
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+painters knew about perspective and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painters knew about perspective and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painters knew about perspective and so
+on even before uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on even before uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on even before uh
+you know before the renaissance and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know before the renaissance and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know before the renaissance and so
+on yeah there's a lot of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yeah there's a lot of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yeah there's a lot of interesting
+backgrounds like scientific discoveries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in perspective yeah i think it's data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in perspective yeah i think it's data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in perspective yeah i think it's data
+storage there is not exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+optical projections for paintings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical projections for paintings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical projections for paintings
+so yes probably someone yeah so david
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes probably someone yeah so david
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes probably someone yeah so david
+stark and david hawk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stark and david hawk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stark and david hawk
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+my laptop is reporting again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my laptop is reporting again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my laptop is reporting again
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+yeah so i think that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i think that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i think that's that's
+kind of a great challenge we have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a great challenge we have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a great challenge we have about
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way
+photoreal a camera put photorealistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreal a camera put photorealistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreal a camera put photorealistic
+paintings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings
+you know they made them boring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they made them boring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they made them boring and
+basically put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically put that
+breed of painters out of business what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breed of painters out of business what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breed of painters out of business what
+will be the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the next
+imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging
+paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm
+that will put to this camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that will make plus cameras boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will make plus cameras boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will make plus cameras boring
+obsolete and out of business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsolete and out of business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsolete and out of business
+because there's only so far you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's only so far you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's only so far you can go
+with uh with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with a
+with a device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a device
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+records light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records light
+and tries to be realistic you know with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tries to be realistic you know with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tries to be realistic you know with
+a good signal to noise ratio uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good signal to noise ratio uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good signal to noise ratio uh
+converting photons into electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting photons into electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting photons into electrons
+you know that's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's not what
+you know humans do you know we don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know humans do you know we don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know humans do you know we don't see
+with our eyes at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our eyes at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our eyes at all
+we just record with our eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just record with our eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just record with our eyes
+and we see with our brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see with our brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see with our brain
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+right now there is very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there is very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there is very little
+separation in a in a imaging device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation in a in a imaging device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation in a in a imaging device
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+sensing and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing and and
+and seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing
+but the whole kind of concept behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the whole kind of concept behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the whole kind of concept behind
+computational photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational photography
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+these two processes are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two processes are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two processes are completely
+separate they can be decoupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate they can be decoupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate they can be decoupled
+you can sense in some crazy way with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sense in some crazy way with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sense in some crazy way with
+some crazy mechanism uh and then use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some crazy mechanism uh and then use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some crazy mechanism uh and then use a
+lot of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of computation
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+create images or create visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create images or create visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create images or create visual
+experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences
+that are are very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are are very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are are very different
+and if you look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at uh
+dan in my group and others have put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dan in my group and others have put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dan in my group and others have put up
+put together this really beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together this really beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together this really beautiful
+digital totem in in our area and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital totem in in our area and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital totem in in our area and it's
+constantly streaming the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly streaming the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly streaming the most
+interesting images on flickr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting images on flickr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting images on flickr
+and you stand in front of that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you stand in front of that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you stand in front of that you will
+realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that
+if anybody's anybody's saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anybody's anybody's saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anybody's anybody's saying that the
+goal of a camera is to mimic a human eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of a camera is to mimic a human eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of a camera is to mimic a human eye
+and that's what makes uh you know makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what makes uh you know makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what makes uh you know makes
+it a good camera you know that motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a good camera you know that motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a good camera you know that motion
+will be challenged because most of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be challenged because most of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be challenged because most of those
+photos which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos which are
+which are tagged interesting by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are tagged interesting by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are tagged interesting by you know
+thousands of people are clicker are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people are clicker are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people are clicker are
+actually the kind of photos you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the kind of photos you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the kind of photos you don't
+see with your eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see with your eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see with your eye
+right it has some really crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it has some really crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it has some really crazy
+focus it has you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus it has you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus it has you know
+very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different
+color response curves um it has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color response curves um it has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color response curves um it has a very
+different zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different zoom
+and so on it's basically things people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on it's basically things people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on it's basically things people
+think it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's interesting
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+it's not like what you see with your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like what you see with your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like what you see with your own
+naked eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naked eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naked eye
+and and you know that's what the goal if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know that's what the goal if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know that's what the goal if
+you take the concept further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the concept further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the concept further
+you know right now people are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know right now people are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know right now people are trying to
+use cameras that are built to mimic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cameras that are built to mimic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cameras that are built to mimic the
+human eye and pushing them to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human eye and pushing them to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human eye and pushing them to create
+things that don't make the human eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that don't make the human eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that don't make the human eye
+if you take that further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take that further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take that further
+you know why not start building imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why not start building imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why not start building imaging
+platforms that have nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms that have nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms that have nothing to do
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+capturing you know a 2d prospective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing you know a 2d prospective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing you know a 2d prospective
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+and that's what we'll see very soon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we'll see very soon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we'll see very soon so
+i'm looking towards to towards an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking towards to towards an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking towards to towards an
+imaging platform that will just create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging platform that will just create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging platform that will just create
+abstract visual art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract visual art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract visual art
+i don't know what that will be but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what that will be but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what that will be but
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+i guess it's more a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess it's more a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess it's more a question
+for your discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your discussion
+what do you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you imagine
+the what is the fundamental of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is the fundamental of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is the fundamental of
+photography or uh images that makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography or uh images that makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography or uh images that makes the
+last thing as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing as opposed to
+you know the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the kind of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+art tied to technology which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art tied to technology which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art tied to technology which
+is bad like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or you know even hdr you'll see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know even hdr you'll see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know even hdr you'll see a lot of
+you know it was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it was uh
+it was a neat beginning and now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a neat beginning and now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a neat beginning and now it's
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+feels like it's sort of run its core yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like it's sort of run its core yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like it's sort of run its core yes
+and so but there's still you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so but there's still you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so but there's still you know
+photography in the traditional sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography in the traditional sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography in the traditional sense of
+capturing what the human eye sees is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing what the human eye sees is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing what the human eye sees is
+fundamental in some way which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in some way which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in some way which is
+separate from the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from the kind of
+uh technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh technique
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+things on top of it so i guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on top of it so i guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on top of it so i guess the
+question i have is what is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question i have is what is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question i have is what is what is the
+fundamental of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental of the
+photographic medium and in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic medium and in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic medium and in terms of
+technology what would be the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology what would be the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology what would be the fundamental
+technological building blocks as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological building blocks as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological building blocks as opposed
+to separating out the pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separating out the pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separating out the pitch
+i agree i agree i think it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i agree i agree i think it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i agree i agree i think it's uh
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+the camera to me has this it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera to me has this it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera to me has this it's just a
+sensor it's just a transducer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor it's just a transducer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor it's just a transducer
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+you know people say wow if the camera is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people say wow if the camera is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people say wow if the camera is
+going to change you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change you know
+fundamentally still going to convert you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally still going to convert you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally still going to convert you
+know electrons into photons and photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know electrons into photons and photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know electrons into photons and photons
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+sorry photons and electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry photons and electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry photons and electrons and
+electrons into pixels and so on right i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into pixels and so on right i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into pixels and so on right i
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+if the laws of physics are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the laws of physics are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the laws of physics are not going to
+change anytime soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anytime soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anytime soon
+uh so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh
+how we use it though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we use it though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we use it though
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh it's gonna change all together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's gonna change all together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's gonna change all together and
+this notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion that
+once you take a picture that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you take a picture that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you take a picture that's it
+you know use the best possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know use the best possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know use the best possible
+optics and sensors so that you capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics and sensors so that you capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics and sensors so that you capture
+an image and that you can see later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image and that you can see later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image and that you can see later
+is changing so till shift uh i'm glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing so till shift uh i'm glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing so till shift uh i'm glad
+you brought it up because that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you brought it up because that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you brought it up because that was the
+very next thing i was going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just going before that uh i'll come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going before that uh i'll come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going before that uh i'll come to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+you know some other interesting images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some other interesting images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some other interesting images
+or time lapse mosaic so again i started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or time lapse mosaic so again i started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or time lapse mosaic so again i started
+my office and took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my office and took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my office and took
+uh you know this time lapse pictures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know this time lapse pictures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know this time lapse pictures and
+on the left side it's day time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left side it's day time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left side it's day time right
+time is it's night time and all i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is it's night time and all i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is it's night time and all i'm
+doing is just picking up strips of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is just picking up strips of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is just picking up strips of the
+images from different time of day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images from different time of day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images from different time of day
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this has this annoying artifacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has this annoying artifacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has this annoying artifacts
+because it's on some auto exposure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's on some auto exposure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's on some auto exposure but
+using a gradient domain technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a gradient domain technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a gradient domain technique
+uh we can create a very smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can create a very smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can create a very smooth
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly it still has those problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly it still has those problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly it still has those problems
+right so you know i don't have as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know i don't have as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know i don't have as much
+patience and i'm only doing it sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience and i'm only doing it sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience and i'm only doing it sitting
+in my office but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my office but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my office but
+you know it's just a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's just a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's just a tool
+that photographers could create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that photographers could create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that photographers could create
+and create images that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create images that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create images that have
+a very different notion than what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very different notion than what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very different notion than what your
+eye will see if your destiny marks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye will see if your destiny marks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye will see if your destiny marks of
+course hopefully this can be done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course hopefully this can be done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course hopefully this can be done in
+in times square or some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in times square or some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in times square or some really
+interesting places and by the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting places and by the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting places and by the way this
+one is also catching up now on on flickr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is also catching up now on on flickr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is also catching up now on on flickr
+a lot of people who are trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people who are trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people who are trying to do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+we did this in 2002
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sound and another techniques not to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and another techniques not to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and another techniques not to be
+also interactive you could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also interactive you could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also interactive you could actually
+uh go and go through the email and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go and go through the email and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go and go through the email and go
+through every point of the day because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through every point of the day because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through every point of the day because
+what is the final goal is to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the final goal is to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the final goal is to understand
+things that there is this idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that there is this idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that there is this idea that
+there is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something
+to do your own interpretation it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do your own interpretation it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do your own interpretation it could
+be interactive as well right so in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interactive as well right so in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interactive as well right so in all
+this stuff the goal is always to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff the goal is always to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff the goal is always to to
+create a new kind of static uh image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new kind of static uh image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new kind of static uh image of
+the idea the interactive part will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea the interactive part will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea the interactive part will be
+yeah i think i think you're pointing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think i think you're pointing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think i think you're pointing to
+a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important
+fundamental again constraint we have put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental again constraint we have put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental again constraint we have put
+ourselves that a photo a an imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves that a photo a an imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves that a photo a an imaging
+device should create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device should create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device should create
+eventually a 2d photo and that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually a 2d photo and that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually a 2d photo and that's very
+limiting extremely limiting and uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting extremely limiting and uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting extremely limiting and uh we
+will be spending a little bit of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be spending a little bit of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be spending a little bit of time
+near the end of the semester talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the end of the semester talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the end of the semester talking
+about display technologies because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about display technologies because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about display technologies because
+unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless
+there is corresponding innovation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is corresponding innovation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is corresponding innovation and
+and and and research and products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and research and products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and research and products and
+services in display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services in display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services in display
+it doesn't make sense to spend a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't make sense to spend a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't make sense to spend a lot of
+time on on sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on on sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on on sensors
+uh so yeah the two have to go hand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so yeah the two have to go hand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so yeah the two have to go hand in
+hand and there's some exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and there's some exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and there's some exciting
+directions there so the last chapter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions there so the last chapter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions there so the last chapter of
+our book talks all about these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our book talks all about these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our book talks all about these other
+parallel developments that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel developments that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel developments that's going to
+change how we so you know for example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change how we so you know for example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change how we so you know for example we
+have 60 display now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 60 display now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 60 display now because
+even in the simple 2d display there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the simple 2d display there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the simple 2d display there is
+this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project
+projector maybe you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector maybe you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector maybe you know
+in this where you can point any points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this where you can point any points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this where you can point any points
+and you push when you go gradually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you push when you go gradually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you push when you go gradually in
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+so it's another way also to explore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's another way also to explore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's another way also to explore this
+kind of exactly very malleable way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of exactly very malleable way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of exactly very malleable way
+and by taking uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by taking uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by taking uh
+giving the control to the user right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the control to the user right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the control to the user right you
+also empower him right not just to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also empower him right not just to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also empower him right not just to one
+final uh conventional pronunciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so navigating through photos is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so navigating through photos is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so navigating through photos is
+a great way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great way and
+and you know but at the same time i love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know but at the same time i love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know but at the same time i love
+those approaches at the same time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those approaches at the same time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those approaches at the same time you
+want to think about something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about something that
+scales yes and billions of people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales yes and billions of people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales yes and billions of people can
+use it yes so that's another challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it yes so that's another challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it yes so that's another challenge
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+till shift i'm glad you brought it up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till shift i'm glad you brought it up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till shift i'm glad you brought it up uh
+this is the you know the latest fad on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the you know the latest fad on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the you know the latest fad on
+on flickr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on flickr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on flickr
+i think the yeah the hdr has has kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the yeah the hdr has has kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the yeah the hdr has has kind of
+it's reaching its uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reaching its uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reaching its uh
+it's bottoming out now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bottoming out now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bottoming out now
+uh but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this is
+a tilt shift imaging where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tilt shift imaging where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tilt shift imaging where
+this looks like a kind of a tabletop toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like a kind of a tabletop toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like a kind of a tabletop toy
+scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene
+but it's actually taken from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually taken from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually taken from hundreds of
+meters away this is in rajasthan the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters away this is in rajasthan the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters away this is in rajasthan the
+city of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of
+the blue city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue city
+and that's when you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's when you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's when you don't have
+you haven't used the digital class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't used the digital class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't used the digital class
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the basic trick is you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic trick is you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic trick is you want to
+you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to
+create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create
+instead of making keeping the lens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of making keeping the lens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of making keeping the lens and
+the image plane and the plane of focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image plane and the plane of focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image plane and the plane of focus
+parallel to each other if you tilt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to each other if you tilt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to each other if you tilt the
+lens with respect to the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens with respect to the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens with respect to the sensor
+then it turns out the plane at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it turns out the plane at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it turns out the plane at which
+things are in focus the plane of focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are in focus the plane of focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are in focus the plane of focus
+uh also tilts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also tilts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also tilts
+and this is based on the shampoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is based on the shampoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is based on the shampoo
+principle and this strategy is in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and this strategy is in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and this strategy is in detail
+when we come back to optics and light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we come back to optics and light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we come back to optics and light
+fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits
+but i just wanted to bring this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i just wanted to bring this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i just wanted to bring this up
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it's kind of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of fun
+and you can play with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can play with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can play with it
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+let's uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh let's
+talk about uh some other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh some other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh some other things
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+illumination right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you can use it in very interesting ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use it in very interesting ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use it in very interesting ways
+here's a project by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a project by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a project by
+i believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe
+from georgia tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from georgia tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from georgia tech
+where they created a anti-paparazzi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they created a anti-paparazzi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they created a anti-paparazzi
+flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as you can see the way it works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can see the way it works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can see the way it works is
+uh the paparazzi will take a photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the paparazzi will take a photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the paparazzi will take a photo
+of you know a celebrity coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know a celebrity coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know a celebrity coming out
+as soon as the flash goes off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as the flash goes off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as the flash goes off
+uh is detected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is detected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is detected by
+some electronic device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some electronic device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some electronic device
+and it will blast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will blast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will blast
+more light so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more light so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more light so that
+uh what the purpose will get in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the purpose will get in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the purpose will get in the
+camera is some you know not 40.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is some you know not 40.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is some you know not 40.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+how does it work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it work um
+you can uh so let's say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh so let's say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh so let's say this is
+uh let me make sure i understand okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me make sure i understand okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me make sure i understand okay so
+it turns out a traditional camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out a traditional camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out a traditional camera
+especially a ccd camera is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially a ccd camera is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially a ccd camera is actually
+retro reflective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retro reflective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retro reflective
+i'll explain that in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll explain that in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll explain that in a minute
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if you take a full a flash photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a full a flash photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a full a flash photo
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+especially like a cell phone camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially like a cell phone camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially like a cell phone camera
+then it appears as a bright spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it appears as a bright spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it appears as a bright spot
+in the flash photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the flash photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the flash photography
+so what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is
+this guy here is actually is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here is actually is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here is actually is going to be
+a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera
+with ring of led lights which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ring of led lights which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ring of led lights which is this
+one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and right next to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right next to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right next to it
+is going to be a projector so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a projector so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a projector so this is
+mounted in the ceiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted in the ceiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted in the ceiling
+a camera with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera with
+led lights and a projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led lights and a projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led lights and a projector
+now these led lights are on all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these led lights are on all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these led lights are on all the time
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+a paparazzi's camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paparazzi's camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paparazzi's camera
+will appear as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will appear as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will appear as a
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+bright spot because retro reflector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright spot because retro reflector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright spot because retro reflector
+and this projector then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this projector then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this projector then
+which is right below the the mounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is right below the the mounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is right below the the mounted
+camera will uh will turn on the lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera will uh will turn on the lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera will uh will turn on the lights
+turn on some pixels that are pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on some pixels that are pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on some pixels that are pointed
+towards this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards this
+uh operas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh operas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh operas
+and so basically you'll always see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically you'll always see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically you'll always see this
+very bright light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bright light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bright light
+bright spotlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright spotlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright spotlight
+being put on hand at the same time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being put on hand at the same time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being put on hand at the same time the
+rest of the scene is going to be dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the scene is going to be dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the scene is going to be dark
+because only those pixels of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only those pixels of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only those pixels of the
+projector are being turned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector are being turned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector are being turned on
+uh and that's why your camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's why your camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's why your camera
+when it takes a picture where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it takes a picture where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it takes a picture where
+it will you will just see this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will you will just see this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will you will just see this really
+bright source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright source
+that's blowing out the rest of the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's blowing out the rest of the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's blowing out the rest of the scene
+okay yes what about surveillance cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes what about surveillance cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes what about surveillance cameras
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we don't want to bomb them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to bomb them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to bomb them right
+so several cameras are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh serverless cameras are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh serverless cameras are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh serverless cameras are
+what's the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like other like if for example we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like other like if for example we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like other like if for example we want
+surveillance cameras to just monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveillance cameras to just monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveillance cameras to just monitor
+that region right and then we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region right and then we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region right and then we have this
+device there that bombs every camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device there that bombs every camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device there that bombs every camera
+that it finds then probably we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it finds then probably we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it finds then probably we are not
+capturing any information yeah okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing any information yeah okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing any information yeah okay all
+right so the point is that can you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the point is that can you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the point is that can you uh
+can you try to defeat surveillance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you try to defeat surveillance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you try to defeat surveillance
+cameras of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras of course
+yeah there are you know we'll learn over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there are you know we'll learn over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there are you know we'll learn over
+a lot of interesting ways you can beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of interesting ways you can beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of interesting ways you can beat
+traffic cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic cameras
+but that will all happen at the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that will all happen at the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that will all happen at the body
+charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you guys all see this over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you have a traditional surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a traditional surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a traditional surface
+like a wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a wall
+uh light comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh light comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh light comes in
+and it gets reflected in our direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets reflected in our direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets reflected in our direction
+and you've got a diffuse orb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got a diffuse orb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got a diffuse orb
+if you have a mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a mirror
+then light comes in and gets reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then light comes in and gets reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then light comes in and gets reflected
+symmetrically around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically around the
+channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but most surfaces like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most surfaces like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most surfaces like this
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+surface here more here light comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface here more here light comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface here more here light comes in
+and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't
+uh doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doesn't
+reflect in a in a uniform way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect in a in a uniform way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect in a in a uniform way and
+doesn't behave like a mirror it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't behave like a mirror it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't behave like a mirror it's
+somewhere in between so you get a bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in between so you get a bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in between so you get a bright
+spot but you also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot but you also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot but you also get
+some other glow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other glow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other glow so
+and so on is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on is that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on is that clear
+so diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so diffuse
+light comes in gets different in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light comes in gets different in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light comes in gets different in all
+directions mirror goes in one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions mirror goes in one direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions mirror goes in one direction
+and a shiny surface is somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a shiny surface is somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a shiny surface is somewhere in
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two
+now there are some other surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are some other surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are some other surfaces
+where light comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where light comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where light comes in
+and it reflects back in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it reflects back in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it reflects back in the same
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the same surface the light comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same surface the light comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same surface the light comes in
+and reflects back again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is a retro reflective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this is very useful material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is very useful material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is very useful material
+that you can use in indigenous cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use in indigenous cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use in indigenous cases
+anybody knows where this is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the back of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of your
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+the back line is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back line is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back line is bad
+for the lateral factor of the supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the camera and we'll see how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the camera and we'll see how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the camera and we'll see how it works
+so human eye is also retrograde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so human eye is also retrograde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so human eye is also retrograde
+and we'll see what happens okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see what happens okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see what happens okay so this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+principle of retrospection how it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of retrospection how it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of retrospection how it may
+work there are multiple ways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work there are multiple ways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work there are multiple ways you can
+make it happen you can just have a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it happen you can just have a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it happen you can just have a so
+called the corner q situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the corner q situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the corner q situation
+if i put a corner cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i put a corner cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i put a corner cube
+which is a mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a mirror
+then it comes out no matter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it comes out no matter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it comes out no matter which
+direction that comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that comes in
+it goes back in the same direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes back in the same direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes back in the same direction
+it comes from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from here
+let's see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so quarter cube is a very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so quarter cube is a very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so quarter cube is a very useful
+in fact if you go to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you go to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you go to uh
+you know many shops especially tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many shops especially tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many shops especially tiny
+shops which put mirrors on their walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops which put mirrors on their walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops which put mirrors on their walls
+to make it look like you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it look like you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it look like you know it's
+much larger through reflections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger through reflections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger through reflections
+and you stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you stand
+uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at
+the corner of such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner of such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner of such
+before such shops you look in the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before such shops you look in the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before such shops you look in the corner
+you will see your own mirror image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see your own mirror image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see your own mirror image
+which is strange because let's say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is strange because let's say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is strange because let's say this
+is the shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the shop
+and there's a mirror here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a mirror here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a mirror here
+and you're standing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're standing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're standing here
+you know you'll see your own reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll see your own reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll see your own reflection
+here in this mirror you also see your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this mirror you also see your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this mirror you also see your
+own reflection here in this mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own reflection here in this mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own reflection here in this mirror
+but you'll also see here one image here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll also see here one image here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll also see here one image here
+in the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corner
+and as you move around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you move around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you move around
+you know this image will move with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this image will move with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this image will move with you
+this image will go with you but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image will go with you but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image will go with you but this
+image will always be in the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image will always be in the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image will always be in the corner
+it's stretched for perfection i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stretched for perfection i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stretched for perfection i look at
+the corner or always see myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so i'm surprised we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm surprised we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm surprised we don't have
+narrow slides in the house so that i got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow slides in the house so that i got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow slides in the house so that i got
+actually in front of the mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's one way of doing it yes is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one way of doing it yes is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one way of doing it yes is the
+radii reduction also required because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radii reduction also required because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radii reduction also required because we
+try to get a very good point very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get a very good point very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get a very good point very good
+one so radar reduction is like cast size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so radar reduction is like cast size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so radar reduction is like cast size
+you see uh and the color red is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see uh and the color red is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see uh and the color red is because
+of you know chemicals in our viscous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know chemicals in our viscous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know chemicals in our viscous
+humor that refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is another interesting property of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another interesting property of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another interesting property of this
+one is you know how people will say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is you know how people will say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is you know how people will say in
+the mirror you get confused if you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror you get confused if you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror you get confused if you move
+your left hand your right hand and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your left hand your right hand and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your left hand your right hand and you
+go with the right hand right hand moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with the right hand right hand moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with the right hand right hand moves
+the bottom cube that doesn't hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom cube that doesn't hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom cube that doesn't hurt
+this hand the other hand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shiny uh just a glass of reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shiny uh just a glass of reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shiny uh just a glass of reduction
+uh light comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh light comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh light comes in
+it reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reflects
+it uh because of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh because of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh because of uh
+does that refraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that refraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that refraction
+uh and then it reflects again because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then it reflects again because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then it reflects again because of
+total internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's how a class b based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how a class b based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how a class b based
+uh retro reflector would work and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh retro reflector would work and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh retro reflector would work and then
+of course you'll have a bunch of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you'll have a bunch of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you'll have a bunch of these
+so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know
+you get right back from all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get right back from all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get right back from all of this
+whereas exactly how a rainbow works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a rainbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rainbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rainbow
+with maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maximum
+maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most vivid most people tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most vivid most people tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most vivid most people tell us
+uh what condition do you have to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what condition do you have to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what condition do you have to satisfy
+the sun and with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun and with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun and with respect to the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+highly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly uh
+high humidity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sky
+the sun is just setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun is just setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun is just setting
+you are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you're going to see it exactly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to see it exactly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to see it exactly in
+the opposite direction here the rainbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction here the rainbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction here the rainbow
+is going to appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to appear
+so you know very common you go to uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know very common you go to uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know very common you go to uh you
+know some place at the waterfall and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some place at the waterfall and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some place at the waterfall and you
+want to see the rainbow you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see the rainbow you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see the rainbow you know it's
+very challenging you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very challenging you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very challenging you can see it
+sometimes you don't see it sometimes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you don't see it sometimes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you don't see it sometimes all
+you have to make sure is that the sun so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make sure is that the sun so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make sure is that the sun so
+usually if you're high enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually if you're high enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually if you're high enough
+uh you can sit rainbow because as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can sit rainbow because as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can sit rainbow because as you
+can imagine if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine if this
+the sun is pretty high in uh in the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun is pretty high in uh in the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun is pretty high in uh in the sky
+you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right then even in the daytime you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then even in the daytime you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then even in the daytime you could
+see the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a lot of fascinating properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of fascinating properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of fascinating properties of
+electro reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro reflection
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case of
+why does the human eye have a red eye or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does the human eye have a red eye or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does the human eye have a red eye or
+a cat has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cat has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cat has
+his bright spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his bright spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his bright spots
+it's the same reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all you want is the property where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all you want is the property where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all you want is the property where
+light goes in comes back in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light goes in comes back in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light goes in comes back in the same
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have
+now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arrogance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now if you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you have uh
+let's say a camera for now and human eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a camera for now and human eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a camera for now and human eye
+works almost similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works almost similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works almost similarly
+uh and there's a bright spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and there's a bright spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and there's a bright spot
+right light and i'm going to stand right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right light and i'm going to stand right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right light and i'm going to stand right
+next to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it
+that goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes in
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this gets focused at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nonetheless as you can imagine if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless as you can imagine if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless as you can imagine if your
+sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor
+is actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually has
+a shiny film in front of your sensor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shiny film in front of your sensor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shiny film in front of your sensor you
+realize it's pretty shiny right it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize it's pretty shiny right it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize it's pretty shiny right it has
+partial zero-like problems light goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial zero-like problems light goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial zero-like problems light goes in
+and it reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it reflects
+and no matter where the light comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no matter where the light comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no matter where the light comes out
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+because of the theology of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the theology of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the theology of the light
+will go back to the same spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now of course if it is out of focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now of course if it is out of focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now of course if it is out of focus
+you will not see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not see it
+this will go somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will go somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will go somewhere else
+but if the point wasn't shallow focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the point wasn't shallow focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the point wasn't shallow focus on
+the sensor it would reflect back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor it would reflect back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor it would reflect back and
+come back in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back in the same
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+and so this is the same reason why for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the same reason why for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the same reason why for
+human eye again in the same situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human eye again in the same situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human eye again in the same situation
+you know that goes in it flex and comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that goes in it flex and comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that goes in it flex and comes
+back in direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the reason why they tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why they tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why they tell you
+what possible strategy for removing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what possible strategy for removing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what possible strategy for removing the
+redux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redux
+i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+what should we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or if you have a cheap camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you have a cheap camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you have a cheap camera
+you don't want to look at the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to look at the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to look at the camera
+right because you're not looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you're not looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you're not looking at the
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+your the image that we formed is forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the image that we formed is forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the image that we formed is forming
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+image of the light because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of the light because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of the light because
+and it's not like back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not like back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not like back to the
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+since i'm also blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have more problems with patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more problems with patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more problems with patients
+patients don't have as much problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients don't have as much problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients don't have as much problem with
+the red eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red eyes
+and that's just because you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just because you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just because you know the
+pigment and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigment and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigment and so on
+uh but you're right that if the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you're right that if the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you're right that if the system
+worked really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked really well
+it will also blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will also blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will also blind
+someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how to beat them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you want we'll have a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want we'll have a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want we'll have a very nice
+discussion on uh how to change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on uh how to change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on uh how to change your
+license plate so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license plate so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license plate so that the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the high speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high speed
+whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the
+speeding cameras will not will never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding cameras will not will never be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding cameras will not will never be
+able to see it you have to buy me a beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see it you have to buy me a beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see it you have to buy me a beer
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right yeah you're up for it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right yeah you're up for it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right yeah you're up for it yeah
+you're over 18 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're over 18 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're over 18 right
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+before we take a short break and go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we take a short break and go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we take a short break and go into
+the elimination more discussion i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elimination more discussion i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elimination more discussion i just
+want to give you the kind of final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you the kind of final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you the kind of final
+projects you could be working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you could be working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you could be working on
+remember we are really here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we are really here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we are really here
+to do something that's cool as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something that's cool as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something that's cool as well as
+knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge
+okay so many times i'm going to bring up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so many times i'm going to bring up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so many times i'm going to bring up
+a list of the kind of projects that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of the kind of projects that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of the kind of projects that are
+not cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cool
+and again no offense to somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again no offense to somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again no offense to somebody who
+might be working in a similar field but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be working in a similar field but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be working in a similar field but
+you know just let's be honest let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just let's be honest let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just let's be honest let's do
+something something nice so here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something nice so here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something nice so here are
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+suggestions for types of final projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions for types of final projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions for types of final projects
+you could be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be doing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you have you know beautiful user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you know beautiful user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you know beautiful user
+interaction devices that are always fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction devices that are always fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction devices that are always fun
+uh instead of using a 2d sensor camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instead of using a 2d sensor camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instead of using a 2d sensor camera
+maybe use the light stream camera like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe use the light stream camera like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe use the light stream camera like
+that for the finished camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the finished camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the finished camera
+or which can be by the way created from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or which can be by the way created from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or which can be by the way created from
+a flatbed scanner you can buy a flatbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flatbed scanner you can buy a flatbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flatbed scanner you can buy a flatbed
+scanner for an under hundred dollars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner for an under hundred dollars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner for an under hundred dollars and
+it's actually a multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a multi
+thousand frame rate camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand frame rate camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand frame rate camera
+okay you can just hold it in one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can just hold it in one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can just hold it in one place
+and if you walk in front of it you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you walk in front of it you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you walk in front of it you'll
+basically create a photo finish camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have a lot of issues but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a lot of issues but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a lot of issues but we'll
+help you on that we'll help you on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you on that we'll help you on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you on that we'll help you on that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah this you know like like dino was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this you know like like dino was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this you know like like dino was
+saying it's not something you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's not something you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's not something you can just
+buy and just plug it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and just plug it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and just plug it in
+you have to get you have to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get you have to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get you have to get your
+hands dirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands dirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands dirty
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or you know just use photo detect single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know just use photo detect single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know just use photo detect single
+pixel cameras you can do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel cameras you can do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel cameras you can do a lot of
+interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things
+you can include some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can include some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can include some interesting
+elimination uh capture the invisible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination uh capture the invisible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination uh capture the invisible
+it's always my fascination on how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always my fascination on how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always my fascination on how can we
+capture something that cannot be seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture something that cannot be seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture something that cannot be seen
+with a with a naked eye so maybe build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a naked eye so maybe build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a naked eye so maybe build
+some tomography machine that can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tomography machine that can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tomography machine that can see
+inside the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the body
+some structure like 3d scanning or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some structure like 3d scanning or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some structure like 3d scanning or
+fluorescence and we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence and we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence and we'll see that
+experiment here just in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment here just in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment here just in a minute
+and uh this is the question you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is the question you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is the question you're
+asking earlier are the cameras in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking earlier are the cameras in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking earlier are the cameras in other
+domain electromagnetic or audio or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain electromagnetic or audio or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain electromagnetic or audio or
+resistant so how about an audio camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant so how about an audio camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant so how about an audio camera
+or a magnetic camera or a capacitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a magnetic camera or a capacitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a magnetic camera or a capacitive
+camera it's very we won't be discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera it's very we won't be discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera it's very we won't be discussing
+it a lot in the class but i think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lot in the class but i think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lot in the class but i think it's a
+great way to do a final project uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way to do a final project uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way to do a final project uh you
+know thermal ir camera and we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know thermal ir camera and we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know thermal ir camera and we can we can
+help you maybe a thermal air camera that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you maybe a thermal air camera that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you maybe a thermal air camera that
+detects emotions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detects emotions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detects emotions
+uh multi-spectral camera uh camera that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multi-spectral camera uh camera that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multi-spectral camera uh camera that
+can distinguish between two very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can distinguish between two very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can distinguish between two very similar
+colored object uh you know people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored object uh you know people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored object uh you know people are
+always interested in distinguishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always interested in distinguishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always interested in distinguishing
+camel from sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camel from sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camel from sand
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+can you create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you create
+some mechanism so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mechanism so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mechanism so that
+to where similar looking objects can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where similar looking objects can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where similar looking objects can be
+completely distinguished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely distinguished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely distinguished
+uh there's a lot of market in the golf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a lot of market in the golf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a lot of market in the golf
+business where people want to spot their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business where people want to spot their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business where people want to spot their
+sport their uh or their golf ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport their uh or their golf ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport their uh or their golf ball
+uh on a green background so you just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on a green background so you just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on a green background so you just put
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+do you know what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know what they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know what they do
+yeah they set it for hundreds of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they set it for hundreds of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they set it for hundreds of dollars
+all you need is a blue filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you need is a blue filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you need is a blue filter
+if you put a blue filter all the grass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put a blue filter all the grass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put a blue filter all the grass
+which is green looks black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is green looks black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is green looks black
+but your ball which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your ball which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your ball which is
+not green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not green
+stands up right so you have a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands up right so you have a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands up right so you have a black
+background and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and
+anything that's not green though they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's not green though they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's not green though they
+stand out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand out
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photography i think we saw earlier a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography i think we saw earlier a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography i think we saw earlier a lot
+of fun all kinds of strobing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun all kinds of strobing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun all kinds of strobing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-imaging
+elements such as gyros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements such as gyros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements such as gyros
+gps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gps
+uh interaction between two cameras maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interaction between two cameras maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interaction between two cameras maybe
+there's some lighting communication or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some lighting communication or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some lighting communication or
+wi-fi communication between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi-fi communication between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi-fi communication between them
+uh optics is always a lot of fun camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh optics is always a lot of fun camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh optics is always a lot of fun camera
+arrays light fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays light fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays light fields
+coded aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coded aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coded aperture
+maybe try to mimic one of a vision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe try to mimic one of a vision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe try to mimic one of a vision of
+one of the animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the animals
+or study you know bring some worms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or study you know bring some worms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or study you know bring some worms or
+bring some cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring some cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring some cats
+and cats by the way really beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cats by the way really beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cats by the way really beautiful
+mechanisms of how they how they uh work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of how they how they uh work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of how they how they uh work
+and we'll have a whole lecture on animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have a whole lecture on animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have a whole lecture on animal
+eyes i think seventh or eighth lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes i think seventh or eighth lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes i think seventh or eighth lecture
+uh so we'll study that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we'll study that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we'll study that
+uh and time time blocks photos are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and time time blocks photos are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and time time blocks photos are so
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+there's so much information in timeless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much information in timeless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much information in timeless
+for this i mean i wish i could go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this i mean i wish i could go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this i mean i wish i could go on
+google earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google earth
+uh or google street view and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or google street view and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or google street view and it would
+show me time lapse it can't be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show me time lapse it can't be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show me time lapse it can't be that
+difficult you know they have to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult you know they have to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult you know they have to scale
+their database only by a factor of 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their database only by a factor of 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their database only by a factor of 24
+which is not that much more i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not that much more i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not that much more i think
+but it'd be nice to see the same place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'd be nice to see the same place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'd be nice to see the same place
+in the daytime and nighttime and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the daytime and nighttime and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the daytime and nighttime and you
+know what kind of traffic it has and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what kind of traffic it has and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what kind of traffic it has and
+what kind of people it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of people it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of people it has
+right now it's very static about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's very static about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's very static about
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+appearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance
+somebody had a very nice idea for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody had a very nice idea for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody had a very nice idea for for
+time-lapse photos for google street map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-lapse photos for google street map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-lapse photos for google street map
+which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um
+sometimes you don't need a video of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you don't need a video of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you don't need a video of
+what's going on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there
+but the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the world
+at this man-made world usually only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this man-made world usually only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this man-made world usually only have
+a few discrete steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few discrete steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few discrete steps
+you know if the traffic light if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if the traffic light if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if the traffic light if there's
+a traffic light it you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traffic light it you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traffic light it you know just
+switches between three different colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches between three different colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches between three different colors
+uh if there's a bridge on river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if there's a bridge on river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if there's a bridge on river
+that you know uh uh drawbridge it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know uh uh drawbridge it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know uh uh drawbridge it's
+either this position or this position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either this position or this position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either this position or this position
+you know a lot of these discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of these discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of these discrete
+things that happen in manmade world so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happen in manmade world so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happen in manmade world so
+it'll be nice if in google street you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be nice if in google street you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be nice if in google street you
+can see all those discrete steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see all those discrete steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see all those discrete steps
+discrete uh situations in what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you know you can create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you can create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you can create this
+direct global separation i think we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct global separation i think we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct global separation i think we saw
+that earlier create new types of cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that earlier create new types of cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that earlier create new types of cameras
+that are very thin these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very thin these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very thin these are all
+suggestions for for final products uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions for for final products uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions for for final products uh
+mimic uh animal eye play with photonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic uh animal eye play with photonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic uh animal eye play with photonic
+crystals they are very easy to make now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals they are very easy to make now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals they are very easy to make now
+uh photonic crystals are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh photonic crystals are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh photonic crystals are basically
+you know in simple words these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in simple words these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in simple words these are
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+arrays of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays of
+uh areas of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh areas of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh areas of um
+ordered areas of materials that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered areas of materials that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered areas of materials that have
+different different refractive index in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different refractive index in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different refractive index in
+the simplest case it could be just glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest case it could be just glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest case it could be just glass
+and air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and air
+okay so if you just create you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you just create you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you just create you know
+micron scale holes in class it behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron scale holes in class it behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron scale holes in class it behaves
+in very interesting ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very interesting ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very interesting ways
+so maybe somebody will somebody will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe somebody will somebody will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe somebody will somebody will
+play with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+i mean by simple i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean by simple i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean by simple i mean
+yeah it's it's the idea is fairly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's it's the idea is fairly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's it's the idea is fairly simple
+actually when photonic crystals were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when photonic crystals were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when photonic crystals were
+invented in bell labs they literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented in bell labs they literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented in bell labs they literally
+took cnc machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took cnc machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took cnc machines
+in metal and they just punched holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in metal and they just punched holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in metal and they just punched holes
+um we have a microelectronics laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have a microelectronics laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have a microelectronics laboratory
+i think quinn knows about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think quinn knows about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think quinn knows about it
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know we can i think there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we can i think there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we can i think there's some
+charge but i can easily take care of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge but i can easily take care of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge but i can easily take care of the
+the funding for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the funding for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the funding for that
+and uh i think you pay like a fixed one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh i think you pay like a fixed one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh i think you pay like a fixed one
+hour rental for it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour rental for it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour rental for it right
+but if it's a research project maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's a research project maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's a research project maybe we
+can even get around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even get around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even get around that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in fact you can buy now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can buy now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can buy now um
+uh nano materials and and photonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nano materials and and photonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nano materials and and photonic
+crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals
+just online you can get like two micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just online you can get like two micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just online you can get like two micron
+beads and six micron beads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads and six micron beads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads and six micron beads
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+two nanometer beads and six nanometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nanometer beads and six nanometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nanometer beads and six nanometer
+beads online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads online
+very toxic little bit dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very toxic little bit dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very toxic little bit dangerous
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+there are certain varieties that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain varieties that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain varieties that you can
+just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use
+so it's a lot of fun to play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here's some sample projects from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's some sample projects from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's some sample projects from
+last year's class you know schlieren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year's class you know schlieren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year's class you know schlieren
+photography again this was the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography again this was the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography again this was the only
+undergrad in the class and he won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad in the class and he won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad in the class and he won the
+best award best project award
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best award best project award
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best award best project award
+from nokia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from nokia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from nokia
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+jesse from mechanical engineering did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jesse from mechanical engineering did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jesse from mechanical engineering did a
+camera array for particle image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera array for particle image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera array for particle image
+velocimetry and now it has become his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocimetry and now it has become his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocimetry and now it has become his
+phd thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phd thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phd thesis
+uh and he's applying for you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and he's applying for you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and he's applying for you know uh
+hundreds of thousands of dollars in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of thousands of dollars in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of thousands of dollars in in
+grant uh bi-directional screen was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grant uh bi-directional screen was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grant uh bi-directional screen was a
+project by matt matt hirsch again it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project by matt matt hirsch again it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project by matt matt hirsch again it has
+become his master's thesis siggraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become his master's thesis siggraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become his master's thesis siggraph
+paper uh and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh and so on
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+amma kermani in my group he just looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amma kermani in my group he just looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amma kermani in my group he just looked
+at the theory he didn't have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the theory he didn't have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the theory he didn't have time to
+build anything at that time but looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build anything at that time but looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build anything at that time but looking
+around the corner which is again a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the corner which is again a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the corner which is again a paper
+this year uh somebody's building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year uh somebody's building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year uh somebody's building a
+tomography machine and so on lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomography machine and so on lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomography machine and so on lots of
+lots of cool things as you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of cool things as you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of cool things as you can imagine
+last year the emphasis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year the emphasis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year the emphasis was
+it's a little bit more hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit more hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit more hardware
+intensive because the the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive because the the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive because the the people who are
+taking the classes were interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the classes were interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the classes were interested in
+that um but this year we have a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but this year we have a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but this year we have a more
+diverse crowd here so i'm expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse crowd here so i'm expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse crowd here so i'm expecting
+projects in just art of photography you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects in just art of photography you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects in just art of photography you
+know beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+synthesis of images uh hcs you know real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of images uh hcs you know real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of images uh hcs you know real
+time hci systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time hci systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time hci systems
+uh maybe some different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe some different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe some different types of
+scientific imaging maybe a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific imaging maybe a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific imaging maybe a new
+microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope
+uh anything like anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anything like anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anything like anything
+anything of that that variety and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything of that that variety and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything of that that variety and we'll
+spend a lot of time together we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time together we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time together we have
+four or five mentors assigned who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five mentors assigned who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five mentors assigned who are
+working with you on the on the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with you on the on the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with you on the on the final
+projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so let's take a short break and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a short break and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a short break and in the
+short break we're going to show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short break we're going to show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short break we're going to show you some
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent
+um demos here and then we'll start back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um demos here and then we'll start back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um demos here and then we'll start back
+in about 10 minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about 10 minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about 10 minutes to
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+other types of illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here's a big question for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a big question for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a big question for for
+photography you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography you know
+1930s we had big cameras the guy had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s we had big cameras the guy had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s we had big cameras the guy had to
+get under the clock take a picture it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get under the clock take a picture it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get under the clock take a picture it's
+actually a press camera it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a press camera it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a press camera it's pretty
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+and this is this is more recent but i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this is more recent but i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this is more recent but i'm
+guessing you have cameras a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing you have cameras a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing you have cameras a little
+bigger than this right yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than this right yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than this right yeah okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh there's nothing wrong in having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's nothing wrong in having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's nothing wrong in having
+large cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large cameras
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that has you know shrunk down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has you know shrunk down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has you know shrunk down to
+something you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know this
+and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this
+and 20 cents with all the electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 20 cents with all the electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 20 cents with all the electronics
+and processing and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and processing and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and processing and so on
+but when you think about lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you think about lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you think about lighting
+not much has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much has changed
+you know it has different amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it has different amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it has different amount of
+distance size it definitely has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance size it definitely has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance size it definitely has not
+reduced in cost or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced in cost or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced in cost or
+or convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or convenience
+uh and so on and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on and uh
+in a way what really distinguishes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way what really distinguishes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way what really distinguishes a
+consumer photographer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer photographer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer photographer
+consumer photography from professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer photography from professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer photography from professional
+photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography
+it's not the camera anymore but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the camera anymore but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the camera anymore but the
+lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting
+so this kind of a challenge for you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this kind of a challenge for you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this kind of a challenge for you know
+our community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our community
+who we like to think about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who we like to think about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who we like to think about making
+everything programmable and easy to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything programmable and easy to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything programmable and easy to use
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+the same revolution will that happen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same revolution will that happen for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same revolution will that happen for
+elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we're going to explore that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to explore that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to explore that a little
+bit uh in today's class and come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh in today's class and come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh in today's class and come back
+and talk some more uh in the next class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk some more uh in the next class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk some more uh in the next class
+so when i thought about cameras we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i thought about cameras we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i thought about cameras we try
+to make it very smart you know with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it very smart you know with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it very smart you know with the
+lenses and different sensors and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses and different sensors and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses and different sensors and new
+processing but the light source is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing but the light source is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing but the light source is still
+a flash maybe it has fancy umbrellas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flash maybe it has fancy umbrellas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flash maybe it has fancy umbrellas and
+so on but it's mostly a flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on but it's mostly a flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on but it's mostly a flash
+um so what we want to do is replace that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what we want to do is replace that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what we want to do is replace that
+into a more programmable illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a more programmable illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a more programmable illumination
+in a very high dimensional way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very high dimensional way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very high dimensional way it's
+geometry we call it 4d elimination field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry we call it 4d elimination field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry we call it 4d elimination field
+in time and color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and color
+right so uh some of the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh some of the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh some of the earliest
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+and this whole field is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this whole field is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this whole field is called
+computational illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational illumination
+uh we're going to use computing even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to use computing even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to use computing even in
+the lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know maybe the pioneer was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe the pioneer was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe the pioneer was uh
+azertan dr jerton right here uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+azertan dr jerton right here uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+azertan dr jerton right here uh very
+famous examples of bullets going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous examples of bullets going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous examples of bullets going through
+uh going through an apple and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going through an apple and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going through an apple and uh
+santiago was saying you have you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+santiago was saying you have you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+santiago was saying you have you have
+this one or the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one or the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one or the three
+three balloons yeah so in azure has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three balloons yeah so in azure has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three balloons yeah so in azure has
+beautiful beautiful uh pictures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful beautiful uh pictures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful beautiful uh pictures are
+there are they in your yeah the same one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are they in your yeah the same one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are they in your yeah the same one
+the same one yeah right so beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same one yeah right so beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same one yeah right so beautiful
+pictures but they were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures but they were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures but they were not
+captured with smart cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured with smart cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured with smart cameras
+they're captured with smart lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have an ordinary camera where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an ordinary camera where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an ordinary camera where the
+shutter is open for in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter is open for in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter is open for in a certain
+duration but then you have a flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration but then you have a flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration but then you have a flash
+that freezes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that freezes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that freezes
+that motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that motion
+which as german called a stroboscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as german called a stroboscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as german called a stroboscope
+and in this particular case you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this particular case you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this particular case you have a
+sequential stroke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential stroke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential stroke
+that captures this whole structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that captures this whole structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that captures this whole structure
+right nothing smart about the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nothing smart about the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nothing smart about the camera
+really smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really smart
+stroked lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroked lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroked lighting
+and of course dr jordan came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course dr jordan came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course dr jordan came up with
+chemical processors to create very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical processors to create very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical processors to create very
+short duration uh light sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short duration uh light sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short duration uh light sources
+but you know now we have leds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know now we have leds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know now we have leds and
+solid state uh devices we can control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid state uh devices we can control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid state uh devices we can control
+light down to you know a few picoseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light down to you know a few picoseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light down to you know a few picoseconds
+or nanoseconds you know all this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nanoseconds you know all this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nanoseconds you know all this can be
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+very easily in in your house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily in in your house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily in in your house
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+again this is what distinguishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is what distinguishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is what distinguishes
+consumers from professionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers from professionals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers from professionals
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we will look at this step by step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will look at this step by step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will look at this step by step
+and this will be more more technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be more more technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be more more technical
+discussion about what parameters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about what parameters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about what parameters of
+light we can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light we can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light we can change
+okay so let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's think about
+what are the things we can change about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the things we can change about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the things we can change about
+lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting
+one is clearly the brightness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is clearly the brightness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is clearly the brightness
+what are some other things we can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color
+the collimation the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+maybe it's not even a single cone but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not even a single cone but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not even a single cone but
+just like a projector different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a projector different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a projector different
+directions have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions have a different
+intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so strobing or duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so strobing or duration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so strobing or duration
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+synchronization with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization with the
+the captured image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the captured image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the captured image
+relative phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative phase
+related phase of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lenses exactly don't think of your flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses exactly don't think of your flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses exactly don't think of your flash
+as just a light source but puts fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just a light source but puts fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just a light source but puts fancy
+optics or masks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics or masks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics or masks
+in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can change the environment not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can change the environment not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can change the environment not just
+illuminate the environment but change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminate the environment but change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminate the environment but change
+the environment by putting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment by putting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment by putting some
+interesting lighting inside that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting lighting inside that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting lighting inside that so you
+know this is this is by the way uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is this is by the way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is this is by the way uh
+another great way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another great way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another great way to do
+another great way to come up with new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another great way to come up with new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another great way to come up with new
+ideas you know you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas you know you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas you know you say
+this this picture really bothers me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this picture really bothers me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this picture really bothers me
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+what can i do and if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can i do and if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can i do and if you want to do
+research in this area you ask this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in this area you ask this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in this area you ask this
+question to yourself what are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to yourself what are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to yourself what are all the
+ways i can control the lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways i can control the lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways i can control the lighting
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+and i'm going to go through one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to go through one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to go through one by one
+and see how i can attack them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how i can attack them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how i can attack them
+okay and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll see
+examples of exactly how that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of exactly how that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of exactly how that has
+happened over the last several years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened over the last several years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened over the last several years
+so the simplest one is i can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the simplest one is i can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the simplest one is i can have
+light or no light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light or no light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light or no light
+the simplest parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest parameter
+uh next parameter is duration how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next parameter is duration how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next parameter is duration how long
+it's on or it's brightness and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on or it's brightness and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on or it's brightness and so on
+you know it's position its color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's position its color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's position its color
+uh you know using it as a projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know using it as a projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know using it as a projector
+especially modulation is angle motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially modulation is angle motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially modulation is angle motion
+space motivation and time and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space motivation and time and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space motivation and time and sometimes
+just natural light just time lapse that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just natural light just time lapse that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just natural light just time lapse that
+you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw
+right so we'll just look at the few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we'll just look at the few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we'll just look at the few
+projects to get us motivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to get us motivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to get us motivated
+um and we saw this one last time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we saw this one last time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we saw this one last time a
+multi-flash camera where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-flash camera where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-flash camera where
+uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know
+we're really trying to solve a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really trying to solve a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really trying to solve a new
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+if i want to tell you what's inside my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i want to tell you what's inside my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i want to tell you what's inside my
+car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+um i can just take a photo and send it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i can just take a photo and send it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i can just take a photo and send it
+to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but when car companies want to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when car companies want to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when car companies want to do the
+same thing they hire artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing they hire artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing they hire artists
+so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is
+why do we hire artists to draw something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we hire artists to draw something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we hire artists to draw something
+that can be photographed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+you might know it was more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know it was more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know it was more important
+the semantics is very important yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+what's up thing and not a reflection so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's up thing and not a reflection so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's up thing and not a reflection so
+like ninjas yeah so yeah reflections are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ninjas yeah so yeah reflections are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ninjas yeah so yeah reflections are
+annoying and they don't really add any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying and they don't really add any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying and they don't really add any
+information and edges are more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly the hand is brighter than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the hand is brighter than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the hand is brighter than the
+rest of the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the car
+is that what you mean yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what you mean yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what you mean yeah
+yeah some unnecessary uh wires or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah some unnecessary uh wires or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah some unnecessary uh wires or
+yeah yeah all these things just clutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah all these things just clutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah all these things just clutter
+right and it's not critical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's not critical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's not critical to
+explaining what's in the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining what's in the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining what's in the car
+uh it just looks more beautiful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it just looks more beautiful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it just looks more beautiful so
+yeah unnecessary shadows clutters too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah unnecessary shadows clutters too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah unnecessary shadows clutters too
+many colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many colors
+as opposed to you know highlighting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to you know highlighting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to you know highlighting the
+shape i just marking what's moving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape i just marking what's moving and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape i just marking what's moving and
+using very simple basic colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are some other names for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+imagine if you can just build a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if you can just build a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if you can just build a camera
+that gives you an image on the right as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you an image on the right as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you an image on the right as
+opposed to black we're not trying to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to black we're not trying to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to black we're not trying to put
+the artists out of business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the artists out of business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the artists out of business
+uh but we're trying to create tools so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we're trying to create tools so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we're trying to create tools so
+that they don't end up time rotoscoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't end up time rotoscoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't end up time rotoscoping
+and drawing the lines they get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drawing the lines they get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drawing the lines they get all the
+line maps very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line maps very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line maps very quickly
+and then beyond that the creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then beyond that the creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then beyond that the creative
+process starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process starts
+okay so get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so get rid of
+this tedious task of finding the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tedious task of finding the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tedious task of finding the edges
+and marking and so on like all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and marking and so on like all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and marking and so on like all the
+magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic
+scissors and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you know of course the first solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know of course the first solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know of course the first solution
+we just take the photo and try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just take the photo and try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just take the photo and try to find
+intensity edges turns out it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity edges turns out it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity edges turns out it doesn't
+work very well right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very well right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very well right
+and this is the problem you face in hci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the problem you face in hci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the problem you face in hci
+all the time right you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time right you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time right you have some
+gestures with your hand um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures with your hand um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures with your hand um
+which might have some challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might have some challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might have some challenging
+background or lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background or lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background or lighting
+then you know a typical method is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know a typical method is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know a typical method is to
+maybe do some kind of edge detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe do some kind of edge detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe do some kind of edge detection
+color detection and you just hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color detection and you just hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color detection and you just hope
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you know they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they are not
+the lighting is just right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lighting is just right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lighting is just right
+when you're showing the demo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're showing the demo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're showing the demo and
+you have managed to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have managed to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have managed to control the
+background just enough so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background just enough so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background just enough so that
+everything works out or you can be smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works out or you can be smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works out or you can be smart
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use
+distinguish between reflectance edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between reflectance edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between reflectance edges
+which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+edges between different materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between different materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between different materials
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and distinguish them from depth edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distinguish them from depth edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distinguish them from depth edges
+which are real geometric edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are real geometric edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are real geometric edges
+okay so these are all intensity edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are all intensity edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are all intensity edges
+and these are all just geometry edges so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are all just geometry edges so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are all just geometry edges so
+imagine if i could take a photo of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if i could take a photo of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if i could take a photo of this
+and get this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get this out
+here it will be much easier for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it will be much easier for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it will be much easier for me to
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interactive system that's based on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive system that's based on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive system that's based on it
+but this is really like a community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is really like a community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is really like a community
+question actually like the example was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question actually like the example was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question actually like the example was a
+car that's like maybe like professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that's like maybe like professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that's like maybe like professional
+meaning because the human being knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning because the human being knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning because the human being knows
+what to abstract yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's it's multiple multiple goals so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's multiple multiple goals so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's multiple multiple goals so one
+goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is
+uh diminished reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh diminished reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh diminished reality
+trademarked by uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting way of putting she says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way of putting she says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way of putting she says
+photography is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography is
+you know is well noise the photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is well noise the photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is well noise the photography
+is the art of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the art of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the art of
+of uh of uh i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of uh i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of uh i mean
+art of exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art of exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art of exclusion
+you know de-emphasizing things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know de-emphasizing things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know de-emphasizing things that
+the photographer makes a decision on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photographer makes a decision on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photographer makes a decision on
+what to do emphasize either by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do emphasize either by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do emphasize either by using
+focus or by cropping it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus or by cropping it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus or by cropping it
+and so on so that you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so that you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so that you know the
+photographer can convey to the viewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer can convey to the viewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer can convey to the viewer
+what's most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's most important
+but what we're doing computationally now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we're doing computationally now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we're doing computationally now
+is adding another level of exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is adding another level of exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is adding another level of exclusion
+in this case we're excluding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we're excluding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we're excluding the
+intensity edges and just keeping depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity edges and just keeping depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity edges and just keeping depth
+and and all these other things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all these other things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all these other things so
+computationally we should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally we should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally we should be able to
+explain the concept of uh of exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the concept of uh of exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the concept of uh of exclusion
+so one could be for non-photorealistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one could be for non-photorealistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one could be for non-photorealistic
+rendering for trading cartoons one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendering for trading cartoons one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendering for trading cartoons one could
+be for hci and there are lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for hci and there are lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for hci and there are lots of other
+things i mean right now this is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i mean right now this is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i mean right now this is being
+used in mitsubishi products for you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in mitsubishi products for you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in mitsubishi products for you know
+some really bizarre things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we saw the idea last time you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw the idea last time you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw the idea last time you get
+these levers of shadows and by analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these levers of shadows and by analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these levers of shadows and by analyzing
+the shadows you can continue compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shadows you can continue compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shadows you can continue compute the
+depth discontinuous and some people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth discontinuous and some people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth discontinuous and some people like
+to call it uh silhouettes some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it uh silhouettes some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it uh silhouettes some people
+like to call it occluding contours or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call it occluding contours or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call it occluding contours or
+shape boundaries but you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape boundaries but you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape boundaries but you know they're
+not so precise and depth discontinuities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so precise and depth discontinuities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so precise and depth discontinuities
+is what we're really talking about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're really talking about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're really talking about so
+when i take a photo then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i take a photo then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i take a photo then
+the depth of this pixel and depth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depth of this pixel and depth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depth of this pixel and depth of
+pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel
+on the other side of this screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side of this screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side of this screen
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+a c studio discontinuity and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c studio discontinuity and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c studio discontinuity and that's
+really what we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what we're talking about
+as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to
+silhouette where you know it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silhouette where you know it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silhouette where you know it's usually
+about just the external part but if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just the external part but if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just the external part but if i
+put my hand over here this is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put my hand over here this is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put my hand over here this is still a
+depth discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth discontinuity
+from my hand to my body so i would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my hand to my body so i would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my hand to my body so i would like
+to capture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and shape boundaries is also not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shape boundaries is also not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shape boundaries is also not very
+precise uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise uh so
+depth discontent is really what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth discontent is really what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth discontent is really what we're
+talking about and imagine if this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and imagine if this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and imagine if this is in
+the sony eye toy or the microsoft natal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sony eye toy or the microsoft natal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sony eye toy or the microsoft natal
+then if you have a depth camera if i put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have a depth camera if i put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have a depth camera if i put
+my hand really close to my body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hand really close to my body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hand really close to my body
+it cannot distinguish the depth with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot distinguish the depth with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot distinguish the depth with
+respect to the camera of my body versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the camera of my body versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the camera of my body versus
+my hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hand
+but with this camera we can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with this camera we can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with this camera we can still
+continue to detect that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to detect that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to detect that there is a
+there is a shadow that's created from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a shadow that's created from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a shadow that's created from
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+how about that laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about that laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about that laser
+sorry the laser projector camera yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the laser projector camera yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the laser projector camera yeah so
+actually the microsoft method uses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the microsoft method uses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the microsoft method uses this
+prime sense uh sensor which is not time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime sense uh sensor which is not time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime sense uh sensor which is not time
+of flight but based on triangulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flight but based on triangulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flight but based on triangulation
+uh but anything that senses depth as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but anything that senses depth as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but anything that senses depth as
+opposed to depth discontinuity will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to depth discontinuity will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to depth discontinuity will have
+the same problem because as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same problem because as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same problem because as you get
+closer and closer you'll not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer you'll not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer you'll not be able to
+protect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was very good yeah it was very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very good yeah it was very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very good yeah it was very good
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+if it's a really good depth sensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a really good depth sensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a really good depth sensing
+camera then you're all set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera then you're all set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera then you're all set
+but it has good resolution and it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has good resolution and it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has good resolution and it's much
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+it's a more complex device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again uh
+shadows to the right shadows to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows to the right shadows to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows to the right shadows to the left
+and so on but when you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on but when you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on but when you look at the
+shadows they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows they are not
+just one pixel wide right they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one pixel wide right they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one pixel wide right they could be
+depending on the depth difference they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the depth difference they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the depth difference they
+could be very wide or very narrow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very wide or very narrow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very wide or very narrow so
+you want to create an output that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to create an output that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to create an output that's
+exactly one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one thing
+so how does this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does this work
+so before we go there i guess these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we go there i guess these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we go there i guess these are
+intensity address these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity address these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity address these are
+depth edges and you can just put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth edges and you can just put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth edges and you can just put that
+together to create a cartoon in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to create a cartoon in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to create a cartoon in real
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+in fact we we demonstrated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we we demonstrated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we we demonstrated this
+this is another example my old 93 honda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another example my old 93 honda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another example my old 93 honda
+civic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civic
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this is what you will get if you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you will get if you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you will get if you use the
+intensities detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities detector
+is what you get from the four flashes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you get from the four flashes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you get from the four flashes
+and you can see the honda sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the honda sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the honda sign here
+that's very visible here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very visible here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very visible here
+that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because
+the honda sign is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the honda sign is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the honda sign is
+has a has a relief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a has a relief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a has a relief
+it's a height field it's a geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a height field it's a geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a height field it's a geometry
+rather than texture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than texture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than texture
+and all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this
+scratch marks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch marks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch marks
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+rusting it is just texture it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rusting it is just texture it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rusting it is just texture it does not
+contribute to the geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the geometry
+and if you try to locate the spark plugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you try to locate the spark plugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you try to locate the spark plugs
+or the dipstick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the dipstick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the dipstick
+it's barely visible here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's barely visible here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's barely visible here
+but again here you can see it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again here you can see it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again here you can see it right
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+right so the shapes are are what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the shapes are are what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the shapes are are what they
+really they're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really they're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really they're looking for
+and these are the four images input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the four images input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the four images input
+images just raw images you can see to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images just raw images you can see to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images just raw images you can see to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+naked eye they look identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naked eye they look identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naked eye they look identical
+uh to a naive observer but if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to a naive observer but if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to a naive observer but if you look
+at the shadows uh here the shadows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the shadows uh here the shadows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the shadows uh here the shadows are
+to the right of these pipes here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right of these pipes here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right of these pipes here the
+shadow to the left of the spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow to the left of the spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow to the left of the spikes
+here the shadows are at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the shadows are at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the shadows are at the top
+and here the shadows are at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here the shadows are at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here the shadows are at the bottom
+and by analyzing these shadows you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by analyzing these shadows you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by analyzing these shadows you can
+find uh the depth edges yeah in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh the depth edges yeah in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh the depth edges yeah in practice
+how like obviously the farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how like obviously the farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how like obviously the farther
+this from like quality away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from like quality away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from like quality away
+it's not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll talk a little bit about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk a little bit about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk a little bit about what
+parameters you have to choose to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you have to choose to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you have to choose to get an
+optimal performance and yeah there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal performance and yeah there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal performance and yeah there's
+definitely a sweet spot where it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some more examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more examples
+here and you know i'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you know i'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you know i'm just going to
+describe you very quickly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe you very quickly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe you very quickly the
+you know the geometric parameters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the geometric parameters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the geometric parameters that
+make it happen but uh we were showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it happen but uh we were showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it happen but uh we were showing
+this live at cigar so you can stand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this live at cigar so you can stand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this live at cigar so you can stand in
+front of this camera where every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of this camera where every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of this camera where every
+alternate every fourth frame had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate every fourth frame had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate every fourth frame had a
+different flashlight going off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different flashlight going off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different flashlight going off
+we put an led and you can stand in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put an led and you can stand in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put an led and you can stand in front
+of it and you know it's cartoon and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and you know it's cartoon and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and you know it's cartoon and uh
+i'm a big fan of the aha video from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a big fan of the aha video from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a big fan of the aha video from the
+1980s take on me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s take on me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s take on me
+you remember that wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember that wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember that wow
+i thought i was too old to appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought i was too old to appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought i was too old to appreciate
+that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so in the aha video there's this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the aha video there's this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the aha video there's this very
+beautiful effect where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful effect where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful effect where you know
+on one side of the glass screen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side of the glass screen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side of the glass screen the
+world is cartoon and the other side it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is cartoon and the other side it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is cartoon and the other side it's
+it's real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's real
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+when you're showing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're showing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're showing this
+it goes on for four days uh after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes on for four days uh after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes on for four days uh after the
+end of the first day people started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the first day people started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the first day people started
+saying oh this reminds us of the the aha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh this reminds us of the the aha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh this reminds us of the the aha
+video the take on me video and i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video the take on me video and i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video the take on me video and i said
+yeah that's that's really true so we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's really true so we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's really true so we got
+you know really sick of those comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really sick of those comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really sick of those comments
+and on our on our demo instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on our on our demo instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on our on our demo instead of
+calling it we had some really boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it we had some really boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it we had some really boring
+technical name we said this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical name we said this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical name we said this is the
+ahaden take on me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahaden take on me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahaden take on me
+and we heard big letters on uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we heard big letters on uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we heard big letters on uh you know
+huge screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge screen
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+on the second day uh the the curator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the second day uh the the curator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the second day uh the the curator of
+the of the show came to me and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the show came to me and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the show came to me and she
+introduced me to this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced me to this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced me to this guy
+and she said uh this is uh uh i forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she said uh this is uh uh i forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she said uh this is uh uh i forget
+his name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his name
+david paterson um this is david
+
+ align:start position:0%
+david paterson um this is david
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+david paterson um this is david
+patterson do you know him i said i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterson do you know him i said i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterson do you know him i said i don't
+know him he said he was the music video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know him he said he was the music video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know him he said he was the music video
+director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+and so i said wow that's great you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i said wow that's great you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i said wow that's great you know
+we're really inspired by your video he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really inspired by your video he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really inspired by your video he
+looks up on the screen and uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks up on the screen and uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks up on the screen and uh you know
+our demo was inside a closed truth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our demo was inside a closed truth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our demo was inside a closed truth and
+we're showing the live output of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're showing the live output of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're showing the live output of that
+on the big screen and he said what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the big screen and he said what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the big screen and he said what what
+are we showing there i said this is live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we showing there i said this is live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we showing there i said this is live
+you can go inside and you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go inside and you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go inside and you know this is
+uh this is uh we computed in real time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is uh we computed in real time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is uh we computed in real time
+and he said that's impossible because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said that's impossible because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said that's impossible because
+when we were doing it in mid 80s every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were doing it in mid 80s every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were doing it in mid 80s every
+frame took them a whole day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame took them a whole day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame took them a whole day
+to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know
+to rotoscope and edge and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rotoscope and edge and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rotoscope and edge and so on
+and so we're very excited you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're very excited you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're very excited you know
+paterson is here so he comes inside you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paterson is here so he comes inside you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paterson is here so he comes inside you
+know he acts very cool he looks at it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he acts very cool he looks at it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he acts very cool he looks at it he
+looks at the images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the images
+and we take away we get very excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we take away we get very excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we take away we get very excited
+take pictures with him he leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pictures with him he leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pictures with him he leaves
+but after half an hour he brings his son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after half an hour he brings his son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after half an hour he brings his son
+with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him
+and he started explaining to him his son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he started explaining to him his son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he started explaining to him his son
+is up to three years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up to three years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up to three years old
+wow you know remember in 1980s i worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow you know remember in 1980s i worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow you know remember in 1980s i worked
+on this video these guys are doing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this video these guys are doing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this video these guys are doing it in
+real time now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time now
+and uh we said i'm pretty happy you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we said i'm pretty happy you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we said i'm pretty happy you know
+you brought your son you must be excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you brought your son you must be excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you brought your son you must be excited
+after a couple of hours he brings his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a couple of hours he brings his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a couple of hours he brings his
+wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife
+and it just goes on all day long he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just goes on all day long he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just goes on all day long he just
+keeps bringing people to show them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps bringing people to show them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps bringing people to show them
+how this works so that was the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works so that was the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works so that was the high
+point of that secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of that secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of that secret
+um so how does it work right so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how does it work right so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how does it work right so you have
+you have a camera and you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a camera and you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a camera and you have your
+flashlight which is shown as a p here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashlight which is shown as a p here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashlight which is shown as a p here
+and then because of the parallax between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then because of the parallax between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then because of the parallax between
+the lights between the lens and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights between the lens and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights between the lens and the
+light source you're going to cast a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source you're going to cast a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source you're going to cast a
+shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow
+of this object if the flash is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this object if the flash is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this object if the flash is to the
+left the shadow is going to be cast on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the shadow is going to be cast on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the shadow is going to be cast on
+the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+and if you just trace the ray from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just trace the ray from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just trace the ray from the
+light source to the object to the shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source to the object to the shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source to the object to the shadow
+uh it's going to be projected in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's going to be projected in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's going to be projected in the
+image as this particular vector okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image as this particular vector okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image as this particular vector okay
+now what's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's interesting
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+i need at least it turns out we need at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need at least it turns out we need at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need at least it turns out we need at
+least three light sources you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least three light sources you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least three light sources you don't have
+to use four but you need at least three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use four but you need at least three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use four but you need at least three
+light sources unless you have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light sources unless you have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light sources unless you have three
+light sources p1 p2 p3 and the image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light sources p1 p2 p3 and the image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light sources p1 p2 p3 and the image of
+the light source is denoted by e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light source is denoted by e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light source is denoted by e
+so the shadow it turns out lies along so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the shadow it turns out lies along so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the shadow it turns out lies along so
+called ap polar ray those are fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ap polar ray those are fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ap polar ray those are fewer
+families with the people of geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families with the people of geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families with the people of geometry
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+as long as we make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we make sure that
+on uh for any given solo at any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh for any given solo at any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh for any given solo at any given
+depth edge there's at least one light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth edge there's at least one light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth edge there's at least one light
+that's on one side of that edge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on one side of that edge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on one side of that edge and
+there's at least one light that's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's at least one light that's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's at least one light that's on the
+other side of the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the edge
+we can guarantee that at least in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can guarantee that at least in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can guarantee that at least in one
+image you will see a shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image you will see a shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image you will see a shadow
+and at least in one event image you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least in one event image you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least in one event image you will
+not see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not see
+okay and by being able to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by being able to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by being able to compare
+you know sort of four in our case at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of four in our case at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of four in our case at
+least one of them will have shadow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one of them will have shadow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one of them will have shadow and
+at least one of them will not help shark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one of them will not help shark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one of them will not help shark
+so by by guaranteeing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by by guaranteeing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by by guaranteeing that
+we can analyze the four images and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can analyze the four images and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can analyze the four images and
+compute how that works so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute how that works so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute how that works so
+uh here's a very simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's a very simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's a very simple example
+uh flash to the left so the shadow is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flash to the left so the shadow is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flash to the left so the shadow is on
+the right okay the flash is on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right okay the flash is on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right okay the flash is on the right
+so the shadow is on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the shadow is on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the shadow is on the left
+and all you do is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you do is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you do is uh
+take these two images find the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these two images find the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these two images find the max
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+take the max at every pixel okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the max at every pixel okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the max at every pixel okay and
+this is what you can do with hdr sharp i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you can do with hdr sharp i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you can do with hdr sharp i
+don't know if you can do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you can do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you can do it with
+photoshop can i just take two images in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoshop can i just take two images in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoshop can i just take two images in
+photoshop and find the max of the two at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoshop and find the max of the two at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoshop and find the max of the two at
+every pixel i want to compare the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every pixel i want to compare the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every pixel i want to compare the two
+pixels and i want to take the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nobody cares about doing nice simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody cares about doing nice simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody cares about doing nice simple
+mathematical operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical operations
+uh so hdr sharp is great for for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so hdr sharp is great for for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so hdr sharp is great for for these
+things all these things you can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all these things you can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all these things you can do with
+industrial shop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial shop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial shop in
+you know 15 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can script all of these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can script all of these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can script all of these functions
+with the live images using javascript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the live images using javascript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the live images using javascript
+excellent which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent which
+just send a link to the class or to sams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send a link to the class or to sams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send a link to the class or to sams
+that will go in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will go in the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will go in the notes
+uh image and they're also open cb and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh image and they're also open cb and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh image and they're also open cb and
+all these things so i'm sure you'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things so i'm sure you'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things so i'm sure you'll use
+them in matlab again it's one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in matlab again it's one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in matlab again it's one line
+command max a comma b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command max a comma b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command max a comma b
+right a a vector v but basically one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a a vector v but basically one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a a vector v but basically one
+line code to take a max of two images in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line code to take a max of two images in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line code to take a max of two images in
+photoshop maybe 30 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all you do is take the max of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all you do is take the max of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all you do is take the max of the two
+and take the ratio of this image by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the ratio of this image by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the ratio of this image by the
+max image which i call normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max image which i call normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max image which i call normalized
+you know we're going to divide time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're going to divide time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're going to divide time and
+if you divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you divide
+all the texture goes away and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the texture goes away and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the texture goes away and all the
+shadows are left wherever there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows are left wherever there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows are left wherever there was no
+shadow you'll get a value of one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow you'll get a value of one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow you'll get a value of one the
+ratio is one wherever there's a shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is one wherever there's a shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is one wherever there's a shadow
+you'll get a value that's close to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a value that's close to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a value that's close to zero
+not always zero because there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always zero because there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always zero because there's some
+other lighting and now uh all you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other lighting and now uh all you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other lighting and now uh all you have
+to do is if you take one scan line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is if you take one scan line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is if you take one scan line here
+this is how you plot it and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you plot it and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you plot it and you can see
+the shadows very clearly and same here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shadows very clearly and same here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shadows very clearly and same here
+in the left image you scan from left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the left image you scan from left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the left image you scan from left to
+right and wherever you see a jump from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and wherever you see a jump from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and wherever you see a jump from
+lit area to an unlit area has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lit area to an unlit area has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lit area to an unlit area has to be a
+depth edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth edge
+in the right image you scan from right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right image you scan from right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right image you scan from right
+to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to left
+and wherever again you see from lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wherever again you see from lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wherever again you see from lead
+area to the android area that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area to the android area that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area to the android area that's the
+depth edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth edge
+so in every one of those four images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in every one of those four images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in every one of those four images
+you'll be able to find depth edges from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to find depth edges from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to find depth edges from
+different orientations and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orientations and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orientations and then we can
+take a union of all these four images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a union of all these four images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a union of all these four images
+and that gives you a full depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you a full depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you a full depth
+right so in this case for example all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this case for example all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this case for example all
+these internal edges are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these internal edges are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these internal edges are completely
+ignored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored
+and all you see is uh s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you see is uh s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you see is uh s
+and in matlab that's all there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in matlab that's all there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in matlab that's all there is
+15 lines of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 lines of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 lines of code
+and no parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no parameters
+no tuning required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no tuning required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no tuning required
+okay there's no constant that's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's no constant that's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's no constant that's used
+anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere
+so it's extremely easy to use you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's extremely easy to use you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's extremely easy to use you can
+implement this you can use it i'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this you can use it i'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this you can use it i'll give
+it as an option for one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as an option for one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as an option for one of the
+class assignments so you have a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class assignments so you have a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class assignments so you have a choice
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this one
+yes so um you said outline the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so um you said outline the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so um you said outline the boundary
+is only one pixel wide but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only one pixel wide but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only one pixel wide but if you
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+provide more than one pixel depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a very good point so depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good point so depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good point so depending on
+depending on how far things are so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how far things are so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how far things are so here
+for example the shadow is wider than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the shadow is wider than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the shadow is wider than
+here right and that's because the depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and that's because the depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and that's because the depth
+difference is larger or smaller you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is larger or smaller you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is larger or smaller you are
+very right that the thickness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very right that the thickness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very right that the thickness of the
+shadow actually tells you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow actually tells you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow actually tells you a little bit
+about the depth difference not the depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the depth difference not the depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the depth difference not the depth
+itself but the depth difference right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but the depth difference right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but the depth difference right so
+you get more greedy information so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more greedy information so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more greedy information so you
+could get a little bit of 3d information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get a little bit of 3d information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get a little bit of 3d information
+as well yeah that's that'd be a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well yeah that's that'd be a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well yeah that's that'd be a nice
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but remember we are not capturing depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember we are not capturing depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember we are not capturing depth
+we're only capturing depth edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only capturing depth edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only capturing depth edges
+it's like saying i'm not capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like saying i'm not capturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like saying i'm not capturing
+intensities i'm just capturing intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities i'm just capturing intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities i'm just capturing intensity
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this this work has really taken off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this work has really taken off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this work has really taken off
+there have been lots of papers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been lots of papers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been lots of papers that are
+based on this particular technique and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this particular technique and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this particular technique and
+some people have tried to do studio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people have tried to do studio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people have tried to do studio
+some people have tried to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people have tried to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people have tried to do
+some i mean it's still open it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some i mean it's still open it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some i mean it's still open it's very
+new right it's on three four years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new right it's on three four years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new right it's on three four years old
+and uh people are trying to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh people are trying to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh people are trying to do with
+different colored lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colored lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colored lights
+uh so there's a lot you can do questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's a lot you can do questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's a lot you can do questions
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you can process the shadow width but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can process the shadow width but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can process the shadow width but
+remember it's not going to be as robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's not going to be as robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's not going to be as robust
+because you know the uh if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know the uh if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know the uh if you look at
+this plot you have to estimate how wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot you have to estimate how wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot you have to estimate how wide
+this region is that's shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region is that's shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region is that's shadow
+so if you can do that fast enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can do that fast enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can do that fast enough
+uh then yes you could do that so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then yes you could do that so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then yes you could do that so it's
+not in certain conditions maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in certain conditions maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in certain conditions maybe it's
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+like for skin it's very easy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for skin it's very easy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for skin it's very easy because
+the shadow color is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shadow color is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shadow color is not going to
+interfere if something was black in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere if something was black in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere if something was black in the
+scene then that could be detected as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene then that could be detected as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene then that could be detected as a
+shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow
+but in this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this method
+even if the object is black it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the object is black it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the object is black it doesn't
+matter you'll still get very nice edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you'll still get very nice edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you'll still get very nice edges
+but if you try to estimate the shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you try to estimate the shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you try to estimate the shadow
+width then you have a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width then you have a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width then you have a little bit of
+wishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hey now you're thinking like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey now you're thinking like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey now you're thinking like a
+researcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher
+now we've heard about all the ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've heard about all the ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've heard about all the ways you
+can change the lighting parameters now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the lighting parameters now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the lighting parameters now
+you're saying in addition to that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying in addition to that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying in addition to that can
+you change camera parameters and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change camera parameters and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change camera parameters and do
+something more that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more that's the that's the
+kind of thing i want you to have in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing i want you to have in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing i want you to have in this
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+you know always take an idea x and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know always take an idea x and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know always take an idea x and think
+about how you can do the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you can do the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you can do the next
+from x by the way i posted some slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from x by the way i posted some slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from x by the way i posted some slides
+on how to come up with new ideas on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to come up with new ideas on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to come up with new ideas on the
+stellar web page you know if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar web page you know if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar web page you know if you if
+you're inspired by an idea x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're inspired by an idea x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're inspired by an idea x
+how do you come up with the next idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you come up with the next idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you come up with the next idea
+and then there's very systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's very systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's very systematic
+approach systematic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach systematic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach systematic process
+how you can come up with great ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can come up with great ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can come up with great ideas
+and also the same slides tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the same slides tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the same slides tell you
+uh if you come up with a great idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you come up with a great idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you come up with a great idea
+whether to decide whether to pursue it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to decide whether to pursue it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to decide whether to pursue it
+or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+so i'm curious about your comments it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm curious about your comments it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm curious about your comments it's
+it's just working progress i've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just working progress i've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just working progress i've been
+putting it together um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it together um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it together um
+over the last several months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again that that allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again that that allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again that that allows you to
+do this in in real time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in in real time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in in real time
+um what's some other things people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's some other things people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's some other things people are
+doing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um
+you take a flash photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a flash photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a flash photo
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the person is very brightly lit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person is very brightly lit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person is very brightly lit the
+background is not so well lit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is not so well lit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is not so well lit
+uh you take a no flash photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you take a no flash photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you take a no flash photo
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what has changed in the tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+she didn't blink remember this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she didn't blink remember this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she didn't blink remember this part of
+flash but anyway that's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash but anyway that's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash but anyway that's a different
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+what information can you recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what information can you recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what information can you recover
+from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+you can separate foreground from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can separate foreground from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can separate foreground from
+background because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background because
+the foreground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foreground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foreground
+is well lit but the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well lit but the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well lit but the background
+doesn't change so if i just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change so if i just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change so if i just take the
+ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+of the two images it will look something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two images it will look something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two images it will look something
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+okay if i do one minus the ratio so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if i do one minus the ratio so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if i do one minus the ratio so the
+the background hasn't changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background hasn't changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background hasn't changed
+uh and the foreground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the foreground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the foreground
+has changed dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed dramatically
+right so this particular paper or flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this particular paper or flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this particular paper or flash
+matting as simple as that that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matting as simple as that that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matting as simple as that that was the
+idea for a second of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea for a second of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea for a second of paper
+in in 2006. they went a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in 2006. they went a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in 2006. they went a little bit
+beyond that and they said if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that and they said if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that and they said if you just
+take pure ratios then you cannot get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pure ratios then you cannot get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pure ratios then you cannot get the
+you know the strands of the hair and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the strands of the hair and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the strands of the hair and and
+so on so they use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so they use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so they use some
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+some gradient domain techniques and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gradient domain techniques and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gradient domain techniques and
+graphical techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical techniques
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+solve this matting equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this matting equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this matting equation
+of what's for brown and glass background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's for brown and glass background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's for brown and glass background
+and they can also detect this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can also detect this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can also detect this very
+subpixel features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then of course you can take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course you can take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course you can take that
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know replace the background so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know replace the background so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know replace the background so it
+works mostly well it does pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works mostly well it does pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works mostly well it does pretty well
+here there's some small artifacts but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's some small artifacts but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's some small artifacts but it
+looks good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks good
+so just by changing the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just by changing the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just by changing the light
+also just presents an absence of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just presents an absence of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just presents an absence of light
+you can create some really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create some really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create some really interesting
+problems or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or for
+interactions the same technique with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions the same technique with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions the same technique with
+like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+flashing ir to do live video that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashing ir to do live video that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashing ir to do live video that's a
+great idea so you know you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea so you know you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea so you know you could do
+alternate frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate frames
+and you want to i mean it won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to i mean it won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to i mean it won't be
+disturbing for for the for the user and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing for for the for the user and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing for for the for the user and
+you can just distinguish program from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just distinguish program from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just distinguish program from
+background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so very simple examples we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very simple examples we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very simple examples we'll
+progressively look at more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively look at more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively look at more and more
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ideas here but let's let's stop here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas here but let's let's stop here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas here but let's let's stop here for
+today and we'll talk about all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and we'll talk about all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and we'll talk about all these
+other cool things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cool things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cool things
+next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CG4ihzTaGdM.txt b/CG4ihzTaGdM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e8c47ac846698663d15dc5bfdd5cbee2f6601fd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CG4ihzTaGdM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3318 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hello, and welcome.
+
+Last week we started to think
+about programming.
+
+Programming was the first
+module in this class.
+
+And it was important for
+two different reasons.
+
+First, we're going to use
+programming throughout the
+
+term in the study of all the
+different things that we do.
+
+So it's important that you learn
+to program now, just so
+
+you can use that tool.
+
+More importantly perhaps, we
+didn't just learn how to
+
+program, we focused on how to
+program in a fashion that
+
+would let us construct
+complicated systems out of a
+
+simpler systems.
+
+This is the way that we
+can manage complexity.
+
+This is the only possible
+way that we can
+
+make complicated systems.
+
+So that was the more important
+intellectual theme from the
+
+first part, where we introduced
+our mantra, PCAP --
+
+primitives, means of
+combination, abstraction and
+
+identifying patterns.
+
+That's the key to this
+modular approach to
+
+hierarchical kind of design.
+
+Today what I want to do is start
+the second major theme.
+
+First theme was the design of
+complex systems, we saw that
+
+by reference to programming.
+
+Today we're going to start
+thinking about modeling and
+
+controlling physical systems.
+
+The idea here is not so much
+how you construct systems--
+
+but we will get back to that.
+
+The idea is to characterize
+the systems that you've
+
+constructed and say something
+about their metrics as being
+
+positive or negative.
+
+So what we want to do is, in
+fact, focus on behavior.
+
+So to illustrate that, I'll
+start with an example.
+
+This is an example that you did
+in design lab last week,
+
+or for some of you, yesterday.
+
+The idea was to program the
+robot so that it could sense
+
+the distance to a wall.
+
+Represented two ways here,
+sort of the view that you
+
+would get from Soar, and a more
+schematic representation
+
+showing the position of a robot,
+the position of a wall.
+
+The idea is that you can sense
+the position to the wall using
+
+the sonars.
+
+You know where you would
+like to be, because
+
+some user told you.
+
+You'd like to be say, half a
+meter away from the wall.
+
+And your job was to write a
+program that moves the robot
+
+from where it is to where
+you'd like it to be.
+
+So here's the kind of behavior
+we might have liked--
+
+so I'll do that again.
+
+So we might have liked that if
+you started here, you have a
+
+nice smooth progression up to
+where you'd like to be.
+
+Very graceful, ballet type, and
+you just sort of smoothly
+
+glide into the position
+that you'd like.
+
+Some of you probably achieved
+that behavior, and some of you
+
+probably did other things.
+
+So that might be the
+intended behavior.
+
+One way to achieve the intended
+behavior is to use
+
+what we call a proportional
+controller.
+
+In a proportional controller,
+you make the command be, in
+
+some way, proportionate to
+the intended response.
+
+So imagine this code, which
+might establish a class for
+
+finding the wall.
+
+So the important thing-- as we
+saw, for all state machines,
+
+the important thing is to define
+a start state and a
+
+getNextValues routine.
+
+What this getNextValues routine
+does is it establishes
+
+the desired distance to
+be a half a meter.
+
+It figures out the current
+distance to the wall by
+
+reading the sonars, and then
+it specifies an action.
+
+So the first question is what
+would you like fvel to be in
+
+order to make a proportional
+controller?
+
+Which of those expressions
+makes sense?
+
+Take 30 seconds, talk to your
+neighbor, figure out some
+
+answer between (1) and (5).
+
+I will ask you in 30 seconds to
+raise your hand with that
+
+number of fingers.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So what's the right
+kind of expression if we
+
+wanted the controller
+to be proportionate?
+
+Everybody raise your
+hand, show me
+
+some number of fingers.
+
+OK, the vast majority
+is saying (2).
+
+Everybody likes the idea of
+current minus desired.
+
+Why is that the right answer?
+
+That is the right answer.
+
+Why is that the right answer?
+
+How do you prove that
+to somebody?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, in current
+divided desired, once you meet
+
+your desired distance, you're
+still going to have to
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] velocity
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE], which really
+
+doesn't make sense
+at this point.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+So that method, we might
+call extreme cases.
+
+Think of the simplifying cases
+that give you some insight
+
+into the problem.
+
+So one simple case is
+what if desired and
+
+current were the same?
+
+You'd better stop.
+
+OK, that's a simple case.
+
+So the simple case says that you
+better have one of these--
+
+whatever the right answer is,
+it better have the property
+
+that when current equals
+desired, fvel is 0.
+
+Otherwise it's not
+going to work.
+
+And in fact, using just that
+one simple case, you can
+
+eliminate all the
+ones except (2).
+
+There are some other simple
+cases, what are some other
+
+simple cases?
+
+Simple cases.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: currentDistance
+greater than desiredDistance?
+
+PROFESSOR: Current bigger
+than desired.
+
+So if current were bigger, that
+would mean that you were
+
+starting out way over
+here someplace.
+
+So if you were way over there
+someplace, you'd want the
+
+velocity to be positive.
+
+The forward velocity
+should be positive.
+
+That's how you would
+disambiguate the sign.
+
+Similarly, if the current were
+shorter than desired, if you
+
+were too close to the wall,
+you'd like the forward
+
+velocity to be negative.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's the proportional
+controller that we'd like.
+
+So we might fill in our wall
+finder class this way.
+
+And then when we built it, if
+things went really well, we
+
+would get exactly the
+behavior we wanted.
+
+But if things went more
+naturally, it wouldn't quite
+
+work that way, and
+you might get a
+
+different kind of behavior.
+
+Let's do that again.
+
+So here is the resulting
+behavior for that simple
+
+controller that I just showed.
+
+So in some sense, that's
+not as good behavior.
+
+And the way we want to think
+about behaviors--
+
+the way we're going to develop
+today, is to think about
+
+behaviors in terms of signals.
+
+Plots.
+
+So the first question is, what
+plot best represents the
+
+behavior that I saw here?
+
+So which of those plots best
+represents that behavior?
+
+Take 30 seconds, talk to your
+neighbor, figure out what's
+
+the right answer?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so which behavior
+best represents the
+
+illustrated cartoon that
+I showed previously?
+
+Raise your hand, show some
+number fingers so that I can
+
+see if you're with it.
+
+Not all correct, but more
+than 90% correct.
+
+The more than 90% answer
+is number (2).
+
+What's good about number (2)
+that's not good about numbers
+
+(1), (3), and (4)?
+
+AUDIENCE: The initial
+value is different
+
+than the final value.
+
+PROFESSOR: Initial
+is different.
+
+So here, I try initial and final
+being roughly the same.
+
+So what's showed here,
+is a plot.
+
+Current distance on
+the y-axis, step
+
+number on the x-axis.
+
+And so we can see from here--
+and the implication of the
+
+axes, by the way, is 0.
+
+So the implication of the
+vertical axis is it intersects
+
+this at 0, unless I label
+it otherwise.
+
+And similarly, this horizontal
+line intersects the vertical
+
+at 0 unless I label
+it otherwise.
+
+So that's the point (0, 0).
+
+So the implication here is that
+the initial and the final
+
+values are the same,
+as they are here.
+
+Here they're not, what makes
+(2) better than (1).
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+the current distance is
+decreasing [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: The current distance
+starts out bigger
+
+than it ultimately is.
+
+So we start out bigger than
+the final value, the final
+
+value is presumably
+half a meter.
+
+We start out roughly
+twice that far, and
+
+then we see some approach.
+
+The approach is not monotonic.
+
+So the answer is (2).
+
+Why do you think
+it under-shot?
+
+So on the way to going from
+one to one-half, it
+
+transiently went through
+something
+
+smaller than one-half.
+
+Why do you think it did that?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because [INAUDIBLE]
+
+this way, there's a small--
+there's a small interval of
+
+time when its moving at the
+velocity where it couldn't
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So it's a small
+interval of time between when
+
+it does one thing, and it
+does something else.
+
+When it senses and moves,
+for example.
+
+So there could be a time delay,
+in the system and in
+
+fact, that's true, there
+is a time delay.
+
+So it takes some amount of
+time for the sonars to
+
+register the distance.
+
+Then it takes some amount of
+time for the computer inside
+
+the robot to register that
+the sonar has told
+
+it something different.
+
+Than it takes some time from the
+time the computer commands
+
+the wheels until the robot
+starts moving.
+
+All of those cumulative effects
+mean that you have the
+
+potential to overshoot where
+you're going, because there's
+
+delay in the system, there's
+inertia in the robot.
+
+All of those reasons can
+lead to overshoot.
+
+And the point of today is to
+figure out some way of
+
+predicting and correcting
+for those kinds
+
+of unintended behaviors.
+
+So what we will do then, is
+develop an approach focused on
+
+signals, not systems.
+
+So, so far, we've been thinking
+about how do you
+
+build the system?
+
+Now we're going to think
+about behavior.
+
+We're going to think about
+analyzing that behavior.
+
+And the focus is going to be
+on what was the input, what
+
+was desired?
+
+What was the output,
+what was achieved?
+
+So we're going to be looking
+at those output signals in
+
+order to figure out how
+good the behavior was.
+
+That approach is called the
+signals and systems approach.
+
+The idea is characterize your
+system-- whatever that system
+
+is, a physical system, a
+mathematical system, a
+
+computational system, whatever
+it is, think about it by the
+
+way it transforms an input
+signal into an output signal.
+
+That's kind of a bizarre way
+to think about systems.
+
+So let me just illustrate that
+by way of a system that you've
+
+all seen before.
+
+OK, here's a simple
+system, right?
+
+You've all seen this, right?
+
+Anything like 8.01
+ring any bells?
+
+OK, so that's a simple system,
+you all know how to solve it.
+
+There's a gazillion ways
+you could solve
+
+this system, right?
+
+Free body diagrams, kinetic
+energy, potential energy,
+
+there's a gazillion ways
+you could do it.
+
+You all know how to do it,
+that's not the point.
+
+The point is, that we're going
+to learn a different
+
+way to solve it.
+
+We're going to think about the
+mass and spring system--
+
+not like potential energy and
+kinetic energy, not like free
+
+body diagrams, we're going to
+think about it as transforming
+
+an input signal into
+an output signal.
+
+So the input signal--
+
+it's kind of arbitrary what I
+use besides the output, but
+
+clearly the thing I have control
+over is my hand.
+
+So it seems natural to associate
+a variable with the
+
+position of my hand,
+that would be x.
+
+Also it seems natural to
+associate a variable with the
+
+position of the mass, that
+could be the output y.
+
+That's not unique.
+
+Every time we try to solve a
+problem we ask ourselves,
+
+what's the meaningful input,
+what's the meaningful output?
+
+The meaningful output
+could have been the
+
+force on the spring.
+
+I'm just sort of arbitrarily
+saying for the purpose of my
+
+analysis, I'm going to consider
+the input to be the
+
+position of the hand,
+the output to be the
+
+position of the mass.
+
+And I'm going to think about the
+mass and spring system as
+
+a box that transforms
+x into y.
+
+So rather than thinking about
+it in terms of free body
+
+diagrams, and kinetic energy,
+and potential energy, I'm
+
+going to think there's some
+input signal x, and there's
+
+some output signal y.
+
+And what I'd like to do is
+given x, calculate y.
+
+OK, bizarre, why would
+I do that?
+
+One of the reasons I want to
+do that is that it's a very
+
+general way of thinking
+about behaviors.
+
+It works for the mass and spring
+system, it works for
+
+water tanks.
+
+What happens if I have
+water flowing into
+
+a tank that's leaky?
+
+Well, it leaks into another tank
+which is leaky, and that
+
+leaks more.
+
+Completely different physics.
+
+Probably wasn't covered
+in 8.01.
+
+Probably is something you
+could figure out.
+
+The point is that from the
+signals and systems point of
+
+view, I'm going to map this
+physics, whatever it is, into
+
+this structure.
+
+Think about the tank system as
+the system that transforms
+
+some input.
+
+The input is that there's water
+spurting for some small
+
+interval of time.
+
+The output is that there's
+water coming out.
+
+And the idea is that I'm going
+to characterize the system--
+
+whatever it is, as the rule
+that transforms the input
+
+signal into the output signal.
+
+Here's a third example.
+
+I could think of a cell
+phone system.
+
+Here again, there are very
+complicated ways we could
+
+think about the system, but
+I'm going to take the
+
+particularly simple approach
+called signals and systems.
+
+Then I'm going to characterize
+the phone system by the way it
+
+transforms some input sound
+into some output sound.
+
+And as you can imagine, there's
+a way of thinking
+
+about performance in terms
+of that transformation.
+
+Ideally, we would like this to
+bear some resemblance to that.
+
+So the point then,
+is that we're
+
+going to focus on behaviors.
+
+And to do so, we're going to
+think about the signals and
+
+systems approach.
+
+Represent a system, whatever
+it is, by the way it
+
+transforms inputs
+into outputs.
+
+One of the reasons we
+like the approach is
+
+that it's so general.
+
+So you can use it for virtually
+any kind of a system
+
+for which you can develop a
+mathematical underpinning.
+
+You can use it to analyze
+electrical systems, mechanical
+
+systems, optical systems,
+acoustic systems, biological
+
+systems, financial systems if
+you're on the dark side.
+
+So there's lots of different
+kinds of systems that are
+
+amenable to this kind
+of approach.
+
+Also, this approach has
+a nice modularity.
+
+Having represented a cellphone
+by transformation from sound
+
+in to electromagnetic field out,
+as illustrated by this
+
+cartoon depicting sound going
+in and having a radio wave
+
+transmitting to a tower.
+
+Then we represent tower to tower
+communication some way,
+
+maybe via an optical fiber,
+maybe via a satellite.
+
+Then tower to cell by the same
+kind of reverse transformation
+
+that we used in the first one.
+
+We can piece those all together,
+we can treat them as
+
+modules, because each box takes
+an input signal and
+
+makes an output signal.
+
+The method is oblivious to
+the underlying physics.
+
+That affords us a certain
+amount of power.
+
+And in particular, it's
+very modular.
+
+You can put together modules
+that represent very different
+
+physical substrates.
+
+That allows us to
+go back to PCAP.
+
+If the underlying
+representations for the
+
+different physical substrates
+are the same, we will be able
+
+to-- and we will over the next
+three weeks, develop a bunch
+
+of techniques for combining
+multiple modules into one.
+
+That provides the same kind of
+abstraction and modularity
+
+that we saw in programming
+for the last two weeks.
+
+So that's the idea.
+
+What we want to do is represent
+a system by the way
+
+it transforms an input signal
+to an output signal.
+
+There are many different kinds
+of inputs and outputs, but a
+
+fundamental distinction that we
+are going to have to make
+
+is continuous time,
+and discrete time.
+
+This system works in what
+we will refer to
+
+as continuous time.
+
+Because my position of my hand
+is a continuous function of
+
+the continuous variable, time.
+
+The robots, by contrast, work
+with what we will call,
+
+discrete time.
+
+Steps.
+
+It turns out the math for those
+two different approaches
+
+are very different.
+
+And we will focus entirely in
+this class on discrete time,
+
+because our area of application
+is the robot.
+
+It's not that continuous is
+deeper, or harder, or anything
+
+like that, it's different.
+
+So we'll focus on
+discrete time.
+
+And the point of today then,
+is to develop some
+
+representations for signals and
+systems of this free time
+
+nature, that will let us analyze
+and predict behaviors
+
+of systems like the
+robot system.
+
+The first class of methods for
+representing such systems is
+
+difference equations.
+
+Difference equations are a lot
+like differential equations,
+
+except there's no differentials,
+there's
+
+differences.
+
+Difference equations are the
+discrete time analog of
+
+differential equations for
+continuous time systems.
+
+Simplest possible
+example here.
+
+Say I have an output y, that for
+reasons that I don't care
+
+about, I know can be represented
+as the difference
+
+between two values
+of the input --
+
+x at time n, and x at
+time n minus 1.
+
+That's a way to represent the
+behavior of a system, a
+
+discrete time system, by using
+a difference equation.
+
+That's in fact, almost
+a complete
+
+description of the system.
+
+So let me just explain the
+way you would use that.
+
+It's almost-- because
+I didn't tell you
+
+anything about the input.
+
+I'll tell you something about
+the input for the purpose of
+
+example, where I'll
+use the simplest
+
+possible input I can imagine.
+
+Something that we'll call
+a delta function.
+
+A delta function is a signal.
+
+It's a discrete time signal.
+
+It has the value 1 if the time
+index is 0, and has the value
+
+0 everywhere else.
+
+It's, in some sense, the
+simplest possible signal that
+
+we could imagine.
+
+So it's natural to
+start there.
+
+So what I want to do now is
+think about if this were a
+
+characterization of the system,
+and if this were the
+
+input to that system?
+
+What would the output be?
+
+That's after all--
+
+that was the question that
+I posed at the beginning.
+
+We would like to build a
+representation for a system so
+
+that we can predict the output,
+given the input.
+
+So how does that work?
+
+So given the difference
+equation, all we need to do is
+
+step through it.
+
+OK, it's trivial.
+
+We call that analyzing
+by step by step.
+
+So given the difference
+equation, given the input
+
+signal, all we need to do is
+sequentially go through the
+
+different values of n, and think
+about the implication of
+
+the system on that input.
+
+So if I were to use the value
+of n, being minus 1, this
+
+general form of the difference
+equation tells me that the
+
+minus 1 value of n for the
+output is related by this
+
+difference, with the input.
+
+So y of minus 1 is x of minus
+1 minus x of minus 2.
+
+Since both of those are 0, it
+says that the output at time
+
+minus 1 is 0.
+
+Trivial, right?
+
+Trivial.
+
+And similarly, we can just
+iterate through the solution
+
+to the whole signal.
+
+So y of 0 is x of 0 minus
+x of minus 1.
+
+x of 0 is that special
+one, that is 1.
+
+So now we get 1 minus
+0, which is 1.
+
+y of 1 is x of 1 minus x of 0.
+
+Now the special one is on the
+other side of the minus sign,
+
+so the answer is minus 1.
+
+y of 2 is x of 2
+minus x of 1 --
+
+they're both 0.
+
+And in fact, all the answers
+from now on are going to be 0.
+
+So what I just did is a
+trivial example of --
+
+I use a difference equation to
+represent a system, and I
+
+figured out the output signal
+from the input signal.
+
+That's the method
+that we call--
+
+that's the representation for
+discrete time systems that we
+
+refer to as difference
+equations.
+
+Difference equations
+are very powerful.
+
+As we will see, of all the
+representations we look at,
+
+difference equations is the most
+compact representation.
+
+But there are features of other
+kinds of representations
+
+that are also valuable.
+
+So the next representation
+I want to look
+
+at is a block diagram.
+
+What I'm trying to show here is
+a picture, a diagram, that
+
+represents the same system that
+we just analyzed with
+
+difference equations.
+
+Here though, I'm thinking
+about it as
+
+a signal flow path.
+
+I'm thinking about what's the
+cascade of operations that you
+
+need to do on each sample in
+order to get from the input to
+
+the output?
+
+So the difference equation said
+every value of the output
+
+should be equal to the
+corresponding value of the
+
+input less the value
+before that.
+
+I represent that in a block
+diagram by saying there's a
+
+straight through path, y of
+n is equal to x of n.
+
+The plus just adds the signals
+on these two paths.
+
+So y of n is equal to x of n.
+
+Subtract out, because I'm
+multiplying by minus 1.
+
+Delay, so I'm getting
+the one from before.
+
+So this block diagram just is
+a symbolic representation of
+
+that difference equation.
+
+The value of the
+block diagram--
+
+we'll see several of them,
+but one of them is focus
+
+on signal flow path.
+
+If you want to visualize the
+transformation from input to
+
+output, the block diagram can
+provide visual insight into
+
+what that transformation
+is like.
+
+So as before, if I gave you
+this representation rather
+
+than the difference equation,
+you could still step by step
+
+and figure out the
+way it worked.
+
+It's still easy.
+
+There's one new caveat here.
+
+We have to start the
+system in a state.
+
+The state that we will usually
+talk about is what we will
+
+call, at rest.
+
+At rest just means all the
+outputs of all the delays are
+
+initially 0.
+
+So that specifies the state of
+the system at the time the
+
+signal was turned on.
+
+So the system is at rest,
+which means that all the
+
+delays start out with
+output equal to 0.
+
+So at rest means this delay
+has an output of 0.
+
+Well, if I tell you the output
+is 0 times 0 for this delay,
+
+then it's a simple matter of
+stepping through what is the
+
+output for each corresponding
+input?
+
+So if I--
+
+the special value of the delta
+function is that it's
+
+1 at the time 0.
+
+So at the time 0, there's
+1 coming in.
+
+That 1 makes it through
+the adder, adds to 0.
+
+Well, this is 0 because
+it was at rest.
+
+So the 1 adds to 0 and
+the output becomes 1.
+
+Notice that the 1 also goes
+down this path, and goes
+
+through the gain of minus
+1 to give me minus 1.
+
+But I'm in step 0.
+
+So at step 0, the output of the
+delay is 0, not minus 1.
+
+So the output then, for time
+equals 0, is y equals 1.
+
+Just like we solved for the
+difference equation--
+
+after all, I'm hypothesizing
+that those two systems are the
+
+same, they better give
+me the same answer.
+
+So then at the next instant, as
+the time index goes from 0
+
+to 1, two things happen.
+
+The input goes from
+1 to 0, and the
+
+delay box gets updated.
+
+The delay is now reporting
+to me the value
+
+that was at its input.
+
+So the output of the delay,
+which had been 0 because it
+
+was at rest, becomes minus 1.
+
+So then what happens?
+
+The 1 goes to 0, the 0 goes to
+minus 1, the 0 adds to minus
+
+1, and we get an answer
+which is minus 1.
+
+Then the input becomes 0.
+
+That 0 comes down here,
+the minus 1 goes to 0.
+
+We end up with 0 being added to
+0, and the next answer is
+
+0, et cetera.
+
+So the idea then, is that you
+can step through the block
+
+diagram representation, just
+like you would a difference
+
+equation, it's just that now
+we're thinking about these
+
+blocks characterizing the
+system, rather than thinking
+
+of math as characterizing
+the system.
+
+Why on earth would
+you do that?
+
+What's good and bad?
+
+What's the relative merits of
+difference equations verses
+
+block diagrams?
+
+Take 30 seconds, talk to your
+neighbor, figure out some good
+
+feature of each.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, we'll start
+with the easy one.
+
+What's a feature, what's a
+property of the difference
+
+equation that makes
+it very good.
+
+I already said it, so.
+
+What's good about the
+difference equation?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: They can be solved
+mathematically.
+
+PROFESSOR: They can be solved
+mathematically.
+
+The block diagram could
+be solved, maybe not
+
+mathematically, but kind of.
+
+Could you refine that
+a little more?
+
+What's special about difference
+equations that's
+
+different from block diagrams?
+
+Oh come on, I said it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Use math?
+
+PROFESSOR: They use
+math, yes yes.
+
+They're concise, a
+little, right?
+
+It's a very simple expression
+to say that.
+
+It's by contrast, a bit more
+complicated to draw this
+
+picture, right?
+
+It's mathematically
+concise, right?
+
+It's completely accurate,
+
+self-contained, concise, small.
+
+It's a very concise
+representation of a system.
+
+So why would we want to
+use block diagrams?
+
+Can anybody think of any good
+reason for block diagrams
+
+other than Freeman's up front
+saying, do block diagrams?
+
+AUDIENCE: Electrical
+engineering?
+
+PROFESSOR: Electrical
+engineering.
+
+There should be a deeper
+reason, I would hope.
+
+I don't disagree with
+that reason.
+
+Why do electrical engineers
+like this?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's a more physical
+representation of this.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's more physical?
+
+Is there anything that
+you can see that you
+
+can't see in math?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: In the way that you're
+actually going to be
+
+programming it.
+
+Like, you're gonna make the
+delay machine, you're gonna
+
+make the state machine that
+multiplies them by negative 1
+
+and you're gonna see how
+to connect them.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's a
+really good point.
+
+It's kind of isomorphic
+to the implementation.
+
+Everybody get that?
+
+It's kind of a picture
+of the way you
+
+would build the system.
+
+Along those lines, there's
+some bit of information--
+
+there's actually more
+information in this one, than
+
+there is in that one.
+
+There is exactly one bit more
+information in the block
+
+diagram, what's that bit?
+
+AUDIENCE: Delay?
+
+PROFESSOR: Delay?
+
+There's kind of delay
+by the n minus 1.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The input and
+output are explicit.
+
+Yes.
+
+The arrows are the
+big difference.
+
+You can't tell from the
+difference equation, what's
+
+the input and the output?
+
+You can tell from the block
+diagram, what is the input and
+
+the output by the direction
+of the arrows.
+
+So there's more information
+in the block diagram.
+
+There's another way of thinking
+about it, and this is
+
+kind of a summary of several
+comments that
+
+came from the audience.
+
+The difference equation
+is declarative.
+
+It tells you a true statement
+about what the system will do.
+
+The block diagram
+is imperative.
+
+It tells you what to do now.
+
+Take the input, put
+into an adder.
+
+Take the input, multiply
+by minus 1.
+
+Put it into a delay.
+
+Take the delay output,
+put it into an adder.
+
+The representation with a block
+diagram is imperative.
+
+It tells you what to do.
+
+So there's extra information,
+but it comes at a cost.
+
+It's a more complicated
+representation.
+
+It's a whole picture instead
+of just an equation.
+
+What we'd like to do, and what
+I'm going to do now, is
+
+develop a different mathematical
+approach where
+
+you get a difference equation
+that has the same properties
+
+of concision, the same
+conciseness, but also contains
+
+all of the information that
+was in the block diagram.
+
+And the way to do that is
+to change our focus.
+
+And this is the big abstraction
+of the day.
+
+Change our focus from thinking
+about samples, to thinking
+
+about signals.
+
+Stop thinking about x of n,
+start thinking about the
+
+input signal x.
+
+This is the same kind of
+lumping that was key to
+
+abstraction in Python.
+
+Put all the interesting data
+together into a list, put all
+
+the interesting operations
+together into a definition.
+
+Here put all of the interesting
+samples together
+
+into one signal.
+
+So what we want to do, is
+develop a math by which we can
+
+operate on signals instead
+of samples.
+
+So what I'm going to do is
+replace the representation x
+
+of n, little x of n, with cap-X.
+Cap-X means, all of the
+
+n's, it's the signal X. Cap-Y
+means the signal Y. And I'm
+
+going to reinterpret
+all the boxes.
+
+This box means, take this
+signal, the whole thing, all n
+
+values on it, multiply it sample
+by sample, by minus 1.
+
+Flip the whole signal
+upside down.
+
+So I'm going to reinterpret all
+of the operations on the
+
+block diagram in terms of
+signals, rather than samples.
+
+To do that, I need a
+representation--
+
+a mathematical representation,
+for the delay box.
+
+And I'm going to call that R,
+the right shift operator.
+
+If you apply the right shift
+operator to a single X, it
+
+takes the whole signal X and
+shifts it to the right one.
+
+That's all it does.
+
+So I'm going to say Y equals
+R applied to X, or more
+
+abbreviated, RX.
+
+Simply says, let Y represent the
+signal that is the same as
+
+X, except every sample was
+shifted to the right.
+
+The entire signal was shifted
+to the right.
+
+That's going to let me
+represent this block
+
+diagram this way.
+
+Y--
+
+the whole signal Y, is the sum
+of the whole signal X,
+
+subtract out R applied to X.
+Or, even more concisely,
+
+calculate Y by applying to
+X the operator 1 minus R.
+
+So I'm thinking now
+of an operator.
+
+An operator is not something
+that works on a number.
+
+Operations work on numbers,
+operators operate on signals.
+
+So I'm thinking about
+operator expression.
+
+I'm going to try to formulate
+the transformation from the
+
+input to the output in
+terms of operators.
+
+The way I take X, which is the
+input, and turn it into Y, is
+
+to operate on it with the
+operator 1 minus R.
+
+OK, just to see that you're with
+me, connecting signals
+
+and samples, assume the
+Y is RX, which of the
+
+following is also true?
+
+Take 30 seconds, talk
+to your neighbor.
+
+Figure out some number
+-- (1) through (5).
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so which
+representation works best?
+
+(1), (2), (3), (4), or
+none of the above?
+
+Everybody raise a hand,
+tell me some number.
+
+OK, virtually 100% correct.
+
+The answer was (2), why
+is the answer (2)?
+
+Can somebody explain
+that concisely?
+
+No no,no.
+
+I asked that wrong, of
+course everybody
+
+can explain it concisely.
+
+Do I have a volunteer to
+explain it concisely?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: The R operator just
+shifts all of the values in X
+
+of n to the right.
+
+So you just add 1 to each
+of these basically?
+
+PROFESSOR: So you think about
+it-- so a good way to think
+
+about this is to think
+about simple cases.
+
+Right?
+
+That's the same thing I
+talked about earlier.
+
+What's a simple case?
+
+Well what if X--
+
+let's imagine that
+X is simple.
+
+So let's say that X
+looks like that.
+
+So X is delta.
+
+What would happen, what
+is the signal RX?
+
+It's a right shift operator.
+
+So what does the signal
+RX look like?
+
+Shifted to the right, right?
+
+That's the whole point.
+
+So the right shift operator
+gives you that signal, and
+
+we've said that that's Y. So is
+it true that Y of n is X of
+
+n, for all n?
+
+No.
+
+Is it true that Y of (n
+plus 1) is equal to X
+
+of n for all n?
+
+Well, is it true
+for n equals 0?
+
+So if we did n equals 0 we get Y
+of 1, which happens to be 1.
+
+And X of 0, which also
+happens to be 1.
+
+And if we choose any other
+n, we would get two 0's.
+
+So at least for this simple
+case, and it seems to be true,
+
+and if you think about building
+upon this simple
+
+case, you can convince yourself
+that number (2) is
+
+always true.
+
+And in fact, the general rule
+is going to be that the left
+
+hand side has to have a number
+that's bigger than
+
+the right hand side.
+
+Which is only true
+for number (2).
+
+So the idea then, is that by
+changing our focus, by looking
+
+not at samples, but looking
+instead at signals, we can
+
+generate an algebra that looks
+for all the world like
+
+difference equations.
+
+Except it knows the direction
+from the input to the output.
+
+So it's more powerful.
+
+And in fact, this new algebra
+is going to obey some very
+
+simple properties which we
+can get a hint at here.
+
+If we were to cascade two
+systems, imagine this system
+
+which looks just like the system
+we've been looking at,
+
+but it's cascaded
+with a clone.
+
+The question is, what would be
+the behavior of that cascade?
+
+Well, according to our operator
+representation, this
+
+Y1 signal is just the 1 minus
+R operator applied to X.
+
+Analogously, the Y2 signal
+should be a similar 1 minus R
+
+operator applied to the Y1
+signal, which gives us a very
+
+concise representation
+for the cascade.
+
+The point of the slide is that
+the operator representation
+
+gives us a representation that
+is just as compact as
+
+difference equations.
+
+It has other features, that it
+can be manipulated just like
+
+difference equations.
+
+So if we continue with this same
+example and try to think
+
+of the transformation on a
+sample level, we could say
+
+that Y2 is Y1, the straight
+path, minus Y1 delayed.
+
+But then we could substitute for
+Y1 of n, that Y1 of n is X
+
+of n, this path, subtract
+X of (n minus 1).
+
+Similarly, collapse, and we
+get a simple expression.
+
+Now if we think about that same
+sequence of operations in
+
+operator notation, we get a
+much simpler expression.
+
+Throw away the index arithmetic,
+it's just R. So
+
+the Y2 operator is 1 minus R
+applied to the Y1 signal.
+
+The Y1 signal is 1 minus R
+applied to the X signal.
+
+The total is 1 minus R the
+operator squared, which by
+
+polynomial math is just 1 minus
+2R plus R squared, the
+
+same thing we got there.
+
+The point is, the operator
+notation is just as compact as
+
+the difference equation
+representation.
+
+And it contains all
+the information
+
+that's in block diagrams.
+
+And it's just as easy to
+manipulate as a polynomial.
+
+So it's got lots of features
+that make it superior to
+
+difference equations.
+
+The most important of which,
+is you will be able to
+
+understand all systems that we
+represent using the R operator
+
+using polynomial arithmetic,
+something you
+
+learned in high school.
+
+There's nothing new here.
+
+That's what we like.
+
+Representations that simplify
+the task of finding an answer.
+
+We'll be able to find the
+answer to these operator
+
+expressions by treating
+them as polynomials.
+
+So you can get a feeling for the
+way that works by looking
+
+here, the power of this.
+
+So the power here is that, among
+other things, you'll be
+
+able to use the operator
+representation to prove
+
+equivalences.
+
+The idea is that here's a
+system that we looked at
+
+before, that was the cascade of
+two simple delay systems.
+
+Here's a somewhat more
+complicated, somewhat simpler,
+
+representation.
+
+The point is, it's different.
+
+And if we compare the operator
+representations for the two,
+
+we see that they are the same.
+
+And what I'm about to prove,
+is that when the operator
+
+representations are the same,
+the systems represent the same
+
+transformations--
+
+provided they all
+start at rest.
+
+The provided is important.
+
+Obviously since they have
+different delays in them, if
+
+the delays didn't all start out
+at 0, the differences in
+
+the delays could propagate
+into the output.
+
+So all of the statements that
+I'm making are premised on the
+
+idea of initial rest.
+
+The other important thing to
+remember about operators is
+
+that it's a higher level
+of abstraction.
+
+We can think about the operator
+as composing things,
+
+but the things that are composed
+are whole signals,
+
+not samples.
+
+And here's an illustration of
+how to think about that
+
+previous example.
+
+How do you think about this
+transformation, 1 minus 2R
+
+plus R squared.
+
+What happens when you apply
+that operator to an
+
+input signal X?
+
+Well let's say that X was
+our unit sample signal.
+
+In order to apply this operator
+1 minus 2R plus R
+
+squared, all we need to do is
+think about each component.
+
+1 times X is X. Minus 2R applied
+to X is minus 2RX.
+
+Plus R squared X is just plus
+R squared X. So we start out
+
+with X, which is a unit sample,
+minus 2RX means shift
+
+it to the right and multiply
+by minus 2.
+
+Shift it to the right,
+multiply by minus 2.
+
+Plus R squared X means shift
+it twice to the right.
+
+So the result, this operator
+1 minus 2R plus R squared
+
+applied to X is just the
+sum of these things.
+
+So you can think about the
+operator expression, it's just
+
+like algebra, except that
+the elements are
+
+signals, not samples.
+
+And as I alluded previously,
+you can make powerful
+
+statements about the way these
+operators work which map
+
+isomorphically onto
+polynomial math.
+
+So for example, it's easy to
+prove that if you were to
+
+cascade the 1 minus R operator
+with R. So start with X, apply
+
+1 minus R. Start with X, apply
+1 minus R. Then apply R.
+
+That's going to result in the
+same signal, assuming initial
+
+rest, as if you were to
+flip those operators.
+
+The way I can see that is by
+thinking about signal flow.
+
+You'll remember that I said,
+one of the features, one of
+
+the powers of the block diagram
+representation is that
+
+we can look at signal
+flow paths.
+
+We can use that as a way
+of proving things.
+
+This system has two signal flow
+paths, the one that goes
+
+straight through that way, and
+the one that goes down this
+
+way and up that way.
+
+Because of the addition, all it
+does-- the adder just adds
+
+the result of those
+two flow paths.
+
+So the first flow path
+introduces one delay, the
+
+second flow path inverts
+and puts in two delays.
+
+So there are two ways to get
+from the input to the output.
+
+Similarly here, there are two
+ways to get from the input to
+
+the output.
+
+One of them goes through a delay
+and then goes through
+
+the adder, the other
+goes through two
+
+delays at a minus 1.
+
+But that's the same two
+signal paths that
+
+were in the top one.
+
+So that's a way of using the
+block diagram to prove a
+
+relationship about
+the operator.
+
+What I've just showed, is
+that the operators obey
+
+commutativity.
+
+So what I was able to show is
+that I can commute these two
+
+operators--
+
+doing a general proof is
+slightly more complicated, I
+
+proved it in a special case.
+
+But the general case
+works too.
+
+Just like polynomials,
+operators commute.
+
+And I indicated why you should
+think that's true by thinking
+
+about signal flow paths.
+
+Multiplication distributes
+over addition.
+
+I apologize, the diagram
+in your notes is wrong.
+
+This is right.
+
+I will always post the notes--
+
+I get up in the morning, I
+make coffee, I read the
+
+lecture notes, and I say,
+oh my goodness,
+
+there's a wrong figure.
+
+In this particular case, one of
+the staff members wrote me
+
+an email and said, Hey
+Freeman, your slides,
+
+something or other, is wrong.
+
+He was right.
+
+So this is the right diagram.
+
+So the idea is that if
+multiplication distributes
+
+over addition, we should expect
+that R applied to 1
+
+minus R, would give
+R minus R squared.
+
+And we can again get a feeling
+for why that ought to be true
+
+by thinking about the
+signal flow paths.
+
+The two signals flow paths that
+represent-- so the signal
+
+flow path that represents here,
+this says take the 1
+
+minus R operator and apply it
+to X, then apply R to the 1
+
+minus R operator, result.
+
+As opposed to this one says,
+apply the R operator to X,
+
+then apply the R squared
+operator to the X
+
+and subtract them.
+
+If you think about the signal
+flow paths through those two
+
+systems, they're also the same
+two signal flow paths.
+
+And here's a more complicated
+example that shows
+
+associativity.
+
+You can think through
+that, same idea.
+
+The reason that the idea--
+
+the big important point is,
+difference equations are a
+
+good representation for
+discrete time systems.
+
+They're mathematically
+compact.
+
+Block diagrams are a good
+representation, but they have
+
+more information.
+
+They tell you what is the input,
+what is the output, and
+
+what are all the different flow
+paths through the system?
+
+Operators kind of combine the
+best features of both.
+
+It's mathematically concise,
+it tells you which is the
+
+input and which is the output.
+
+And you can visualize all the
+flow paths by thinking about
+
+all the ads in the operator
+expression.
+
+OK, to make sure that
+everybody's up with me, how
+
+many of the following systems
+are equivalent?
+
+You have 30 seconds.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so how many
+of those are equivalent?
+
+More hands, more hands.
+
+Not necessarily more fingers,
+but more hands.
+
+OK, about 75% correct,
+roughly speaking.
+
+OK, how many distinct signal
+flow paths are going through
+
+the first system?
+
+How many distinct signal
+flow paths can you see?
+
+Well, here's one.
+
+How many more are there?
+
+AUDIENCE: Three.
+
+PROFESSOR: Three more.
+
+So here's one, here's one,
+here's one, and here's one.
+
+All you need to do to think
+about this system, is think
+
+about all of the signal flow
+paths through all of them,
+
+make a sum, and see how many
+of them have the same sum.
+
+So the path with the greatest
+delay through this path is two
+
+times two delay delay.
+
+Two delays with a
+multiply by 4.
+
+What's the path with
+the biggest delay
+
+through this one?
+
+Also straight through.
+
+Also delay of two, also
+a coefficient of 4.
+
+How about this one?
+
+So that's this way.
+
+So they all have the same paths
+with maximum delay.
+
+The delay is 2 and the
+coefficient is 4.
+
+This one has four possible
+paths, this
+
+one only has three.
+
+So there's one straight
+through this way.
+
+There's one that has
+one fewer delay.
+
+And there's one that
+only has--
+
+so there's a straight through
+one, there's a delay of 2, and
+
+there's a delay of 1.
+
+So let's do the straight
+through one.
+
+This one has a straight
+through path.
+
+No delay, coefficient is 1.
+
+This one has a straight
+through path,
+
+coefficient is 1.
+
+This one has a straight
+through path,
+
+coefficient is 1.
+
+So all three systems have the
+same maximum delay path, they
+
+all have the same minimum delay
+path, we only have one
+
+in the middle yet.
+
+This one has two ways
+to get a delay of 1.
+
+2 delay, 2R, or 2R.
+
+Since they're both 2R, they
+sum, so that's 4R.
+
+This one only has one way that
+we can get 1 delay, and that
+
+is to come this way and then
+go that way, that's 4R.
+
+This one, to get 1 delay,
+I take the center
+
+path, and that's 4R.
+
+Each path has the same ways to
+get through the system with
+
+zero delay, 1 delay,
+and 2 delays.
+
+They're equivalent in the sense
+that if you started them
+
+with initial rest, they would
+all generate the same output
+
+given the same input.
+
+So the answer's (3).
+
+OK?
+
+So far I've only worked with
+systems that propagate the
+
+inputs systematically through
+to the outputs.
+
+We call such systems
+feedforward.
+
+Things are a little
+bit different
+
+when you have cycles.
+
+We call such systems feedback.
+
+So what I want to think about
+now is how do you think about
+
+a system that has a feedback
+loop in it?
+
+The interesting thing that
+happens when you have a
+
+feedback loop is that the
+operator expression no longer
+
+represents a simple sum
+of input signals.
+
+Let's look at what
+happens here.
+
+So Y is apparently the
+sum of two things.
+
+It's the signal RY, which
+comes around that way.
+
+Does everybody see that?
+
+So if I think about labeling
+this input as X, labeling this
+
+output as Y, then the correct
+label for this point is--
+
+don't everybody shout at once.
+
+If this can be labeled as the
+point Y, what is the correct
+
+label to a label at this point?
+
+RY.
+
+So the signal Y must be, RY
+plus X. What that says, is
+
+that if I apply the 1 minus R
+operator to Y, I should get X.
+
+OK, that's a fine operator
+expression, except that it's
+
+not a formulaic operator
+applied to the input.
+
+The operator is applied
+to the output.
+
+OK, the difference here is
+the difference between an
+
+imperative system, like we
+talked about block diagrams
+
+when we were thinking
+about samples.
+
+The block diagram tells you
+what to do step by step.
+
+Regardless of whether you have
+feedback, the block diagram
+
+always tells you take X of n,
+add it to Y of n, whatever.
+
+There's an imperative
+rule, do this.
+
+We took the block diagrams and
+we turned them into operators,
+
+and we ended up with something
+that is not imperative.
+
+This is much more the kind of
+statement we got when we did
+
+difference equations.
+
+This is a statement of truth,
+it's declarative.
+
+If you tell me the signal X,
+it must be true that the
+
+resulting signal Y when operated
+upon by 1 minus R, is
+
+X. So the idea is that it's
+a declaration, it's not an
+
+imperative rule.
+
+Does everybody get that?
+
+So this statement up here told
+me a rule, start with X, apply
+
+the 1 minus R operator and
+you will get Y. That's an
+
+imperative operation, do this.
+
+This is a declaration.
+
+If you tell me X, Y must be the
+signal that when operated
+
+on by 1 minus R, gives you X.
+But it doesn't tell me a way
+
+to find it.
+
+It tells me a truth, but it
+doesn't tell me how to find
+
+that truth.
+
+So let's go back,
+let's back up.
+
+OK, we got a representation,
+we like the representation.
+
+It's concise, it has many
+of the features of block
+
+diagrams, it doesn't seem
+to be imperative.
+
+Well, that's a problem.
+
+So let's back up, think about
+how this same system that ran
+
+into a problem with the
+operator, think about what
+
+must the answer be.
+
+Well the answer we can figure
+out by doing step by step.
+
+Imagine that it starts
+at rest, so the
+
+output starts at 0.
+
+And now I just tick through
+the samples.
+
+So when the first sample comes
+in, X is equal to 1, I'm
+
+thinking about the unit
+sample response.
+
+We call the delta function
+the unit sample.
+
+When the unit sample at time n
+equals 0 comes in, it has a
+
+value of 1.
+
+The 1 adds to the initial
+condition, which is
+
+0, to give me 1.
+
+Then, this output is 1, so
+when the clock ticks, the
+
+input goes from 1 to 0, but the
+output of the delay goes
+
+from 0 to 1.
+
+So when the clock ticks,
+I get another 1.
+
+And that persists.
+
+Does everybody see
+what's going on?
+
+So I initially had a 0 coming
+out of the delay.
+
+The unit sample made the first
+output be one, but then that 1
+
+fed back in to make this be 1.
+
+Which combined with the next 0
+to give me the same 1, and
+
+that state persisted.
+
+What's different, is that the
+output signal persists long
+
+after the input went away.
+
+In fact, there is a prescriptive
+way to figure out
+
+the relationship between the
+input and the output.
+
+It's just that it takes an
+infinite number of delays.
+
+Here's an alternative system
+that would generate the same
+
+response to a unit sample signal
+as was generated by the
+
+simple feedback system.
+
+It needs to generate the
+answer 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 --
+
+when the input is just 1.
+
+Well, the output at 0 happens
+through this path.
+
+The output at 1 happens
+through this path.
+
+The output at 2 happens
+through this path.
+
+3--
+
+et cetera.
+
+There's a separate path for
+every one of those separate
+
+components of the output.
+
+That's how we can think about
+this construction.
+
+The input had a single non-zero
+entry, the output has
+
+an infinite number.
+
+We can think about that as
+resulting from an infinite
+
+number of paths, or something
+similar, about the simple
+
+feedback system, which can be
+represented by that operator
+
+representation, and the infinite
+feedforward system.
+
+This is a simple feedback
+system.
+
+This is an infinite feedforward
+system.
+
+There's something the same
+about those two.
+
+In fact, they're equivalent in
+the sense that if all the
+
+delays start out with initial
+conditions of 0, they will
+
+generate the same response to
+all possible input signals.
+
+Those two signals are
+equivalent, and
+
+that's proved here.
+
+All you do is you say, OK, Y2
+depends on X2 this way.
+
+If X2 is the same as X1,
+I can substitute it.
+
+But X1, according to this rule,
+looks like 1 minus RY1.
+
+When you multiply out this
+mess, you get Y1.
+
+What I just showed is that if X1
+is equal to X2, then Y1 is
+
+equal to Y2.
+
+Those two systems
+are the same.
+
+Well that's weird.
+
+So there's something
+the same about that
+
+operator and that operator.
+
+We write that this way.
+
+So here's the feedback system,
+we think about that as
+
+representing the operator Y over
+X, 1 over (1 minus R).
+
+So in order to calculate X,
+cross multiply by X. Y is the
+
+operator, 1 minus
+R applied to X.
+
+So we want to say Y is the
+operator 1 minus R applied to
+
+X. What is the operator
+1 over (1 minus R)?
+
+Well, if you didn't know
+anything but polynomial math,
+
+you might have expanded
+this in a series.
+
+And in fact, that gives you
+exactly the right answer if
+
+you were to expand 1
+over R in a series.
+
+So, for example, evaluate it
+using synthetic division,
+
+evaluate it with a Taylor
+series, however
+
+you want to do it.
+
+Think about R as though it were
+a number, just like you
+
+would if it were a polynomial.
+
+Expanded just like you would
+if it were a polynomial.
+
+And what you see, is that
+there's a representation for
+
+this operator 1 over (1 minus
+R) that is equivalent.
+
+That's exactly the same as if I
+applied the operator 1 plus
+
+R plus R squared plus R cubed to
+X. Those two are equivalent
+
+in the sense that if both
+systems start out at rest, and
+
+if they are both applied to
+the same input, they both
+
+generate the same output.
+
+So that gives us that way of
+thinking about operators that
+
+have numerators and
+denominators.
+
+So, to make sure you're up to
+speed, a system is described
+
+by the following operator
+expression.
+
+Determine the output of the
+system when the input is a
+
+unit sample.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What's the first
+thing I should do?
+
+OK, this is one of those
+systems that has the R
+
+polynomial in the bottom.
+
+So it says that X must be
+the same signal by cross
+
+multiplying--
+
+X must be the same signal as
+the (1 plus 2R) operator on
+
+the Y. OK, that's backwards.
+
+That's not the way I want
+to think about it.
+
+How do I make that into a
+forward statement that tells
+
+me what operator gets
+applied to X?
+
+The answer is that.
+
+So what do I do?
+
+Multiply by--
+
+actually you could
+cross multiply.
+
+How do I convert this into an
+operator that looks like just
+
+the numerator times X. Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: 1 minus 2R
+plus 4R squared.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+What I want to do is convert
+it by synthetic division,
+
+Taylor series, whatever
+method.
+
+I want to think about
+what would 1 over (1
+
+plus 2R) look like?
+
+What's the reciprocal
+of 1 plus 2R?
+
+That is 1 minus 2R plus
+4R squared, et cetera.
+
+So now I have this, which
+I apply to X,
+
+which is a unit sample.
+
+So now I want to think about
+applying this operator to the
+
+unit sample signal.
+
+But that's easy.
+
+The first term just
+brings out delta.
+
+Minus 2R applied to delta
+shifts the delta by 1.
+
+Gives me delta of n minus 1,
+and multiplies by minus 2.
+
+And that whole mess then
+just says that my
+
+output looks like this.
+
+If the input was X, which was
+a unit sample signal, my
+
+output has an infinite
+number of terms.
+
+Each one is a delayed version
+of the predecessor, and the
+
+weights go 1, minus 2, plus 4,
+minus 8, plus 16, and diverge.
+
+So what we just did was
+pretty complicated.
+
+We just solved a block diagram,
+but we did it with
+
+polynomial math.
+
+We did it with math that you
+learned in high school.
+
+That's the point.
+
+In fact, the point of today is
+that any system that's built
+
+out of simple parts--
+
+delays, adders, scalers,
+that sort of thing--
+
+can be represented by a
+difference equation.
+
+Fine, that's good, difference
+equations are wonderful.
+
+They can equivalently
+be represented
+
+by an operator equation.
+
+The operator equation has
+more information in it.
+
+It knows how to get from the
+input to the output.
+
+It's imperative.
+
+It's easy to manipulate.
+
+You use the same rules that
+you use for polynomials.
+
+So all in all, this is a
+more powerful kind of
+
+representation.
+
+And any system that can be
+represented by a difference
+
+equation can similarly
+be represented
+
+by an operator equation.
+
+That's why we're focusing
+on operators.
+
+So final question.
+
+Think about--
+
+do everything backwards now.
+
+Here's a block diagram,
+find the
+
+associated difference equation.
+
+And the idea is to take
+advantage of operators.
+
+In the interest of time,
+let me just do it.
+
+If we wanted to--
+
+because I'm running
+out of time.
+
+So I could start with the block
+diagram, I could stay in
+
+block diagram domain.
+
+Presumably that will
+work, that's hard.
+
+I want to do the easy way.
+
+So convert it to operators.
+
+How do you convert a block
+diagram to operators?
+
+Replace the delays by R,
+label all the signals.
+
+x becomes X, y becomes Y. I
+don't have a name for this, so
+
+I'll call it E, error.
+
+I don't have a name for this, so
+I'll call it W, who knows.
+
+And then I'll express each of
+the relationships imposed by
+
+the plus sign, this
+R or this R, by a
+
+line of operator reasoning.
+
+The plus says that the E signal
+is X plus W. The R says
+
+that the Y signal is R applied
+to E. This box says that the W
+
+signal is R applied to Y.
+
+I get three equations in R. I
+just solve algebraically.
+
+None of this difference stuff,
+none of the square brackets
+
+with n's in them.
+
+I just use algebra.
+
+So I solve it algebraically
+and I get this.
+
+And that translates into a
+corresponding difference
+
+equation, showed here.
+
+The point.
+
+The point is three different
+representations.
+
+Difference equations, block
+diagrams, operators.
+
+Operators are easiest.
+
+Even when I was asked to solve
+a problem that has no
+
+operators in it, it's easier
+to cast it into an operator
+
+expression, solve it in the
+operator domain, and then turn
+
+it back into a difference
+equation.
+
+Starting next week, we will
+figure out much more powerful
+
+things that we can do
+with operators.
+
+This is just the beginning.
+
+So with that, let me just
+summarize that we looked at
+
+three representations, and the
+point of the labs for the week
+
+are going to be to exercise
+this, to get some experience
+
+with representing signals
+in Python.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DYJM_P4sG-c.txt b/DYJM_P4sG-c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11aafdf633e631b3e5b22f3cd3d329cc57634676
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DYJM_P4sG-c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to be talking about adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be talking about adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be talking about adiabatic
+approximation it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation it's interesting
+approximation that we can do when some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that we can do when some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that we can do when some
+parameters physical parameters of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters physical parameters of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters physical parameters of your
+system change slowly and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system change slowly and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system change slowly and sometimes
+things don't change slowly for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't change slowly for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't change slowly for example
+if you have a uniform a non constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a uniform a non constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a uniform a non constant
+magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's spatial variation no time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's spatial variation no time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's spatial variation no time
+variation but supposed to send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation but supposed to send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation but supposed to send the
+particle n the particle sees a changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle n the particle sees a changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle n the particle sees a changing
+magnetic field because it's going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field because it's going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field because it's going into
+from one region of low magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one region of low magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one region of low magnetic field
+say the region of high magnetic field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the region of high magnetic field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the region of high magnetic field so
+if the particle is going at slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the particle is going at slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the particle is going at slow
+velocities is seeing a slowly changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities is seeing a slowly changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities is seeing a slowly changing
+magnetic field even though the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field even though the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field even though the magnetic
+field itself is not changing so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field itself is not changing so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field itself is not changing so there
+are several circumstances in which slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are several circumstances in which slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are several circumstances in which slow
+variations can be important there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations can be important there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations can be important there can be
+cases where the magnetic field is slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where the magnetic field is slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where the magnetic field is slowly
+changing in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in time
+you have a spin and the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a spin and the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a spin and the magnetic field
+in which the spin is located is slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the spin is located is slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the spin is located is slowly
+changing and then you want to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and then you want to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and then you want to know what
+happens so when a physical quantity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so when a physical quantity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so when a physical quantity in
+your system in your Hamiltonian changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system in your Hamiltonian changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system in your Hamiltonian changes
+slowly you would expect that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly you would expect that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly you would expect that your
+dynamical variables in to some degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical variables in to some degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical variables in to some degree
+will change slowly as well and they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change slowly as well and they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change slowly as well and they will
+adjust themselves in a slow manner to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust themselves in a slow manner to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust themselves in a slow manner to
+these changes and that's all true and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these changes and that's all true and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these changes and that's all true and it
+kind of expected but there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of expected but there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of expected but there are some
+things that actually change very slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that actually change very slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that actually change very slowly
+not just slowly but very slowly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just slowly but very slowly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just slowly but very slowly and
+those are things that are adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are things that are adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are things that are adiabatic
+adiabatic changes correspond to things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic changes correspond to things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic changes correspond to things
+that change due to some reason even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change due to some reason even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change due to some reason even more
+slowly perhaps that you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly perhaps that you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly perhaps that you would have
+anticipated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated and
+that's the kind of surprising thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of surprising thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of surprising thing that
+we need to understand so we will begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to understand so we will begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to understand so we will begin
+with an example in classical mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an example in classical mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an example in classical mechanics
+to illustrate this point and so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate this point and so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate this point and so our
+subject is adiabatic approximation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is adiabatic approximation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is adiabatic approximation and
+we go then to classical mechanics to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go then to classical mechanics to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go then to classical mechanics to get
+a hint of what can happen and a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hint of what can happen and a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hint of what can happen and a typical
+example could be here and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example could be here and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example could be here and you have a
+pendulum and the pendulum is going this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum and the pendulum is going this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum and the pendulum is going this
+way but you take race up and down your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but you take race up and down your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but you take race up and down your
+hand lift it and lift up down your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand lift it and lift up down your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand lift it and lift up down your hand
+so that the length of the pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the length of the pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the length of the pendulum
+varies and therefore the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies and therefore the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies and therefore the frequency of
+oscillation varies so this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation varies so this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation varies so this is a very
+simple system in which you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple system in which you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple system in which you have a
+Hamiltonian that depends on P X or X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian that depends on P X or X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian that depends on P X or X and
+P and a frequency that depends on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and a frequency that depends on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and a frequency that depends on time
+it's you've prescribed it with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you've prescribed it with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you've prescribed it with some
+frequency that depends on time so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that depends on time so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that depends on time so here
+it is P squared over 2m plus 1/2 M Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is P squared over 2m plus 1/2 M Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is P squared over 2m plus 1/2 M Omega
+squared of T x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so Omega is changing in time an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Omega is changing in time an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Omega is changing in time an X
+and P this is classical motion so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P this is classical motion so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P this is classical motion so it's
+all classical first-come physics there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all classical first-come physics there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all classical first-come physics there's
+going to be classical motion therefore X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be classical motion therefore X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be classical motion therefore X
+and P are going to be functions of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's let's see how things change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's let's see how things change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's let's see how things change
+so let's calculate what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's calculate what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's calculate what would be the
+change of the Hamiltonian or the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the Hamiltonian or the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the Hamiltonian or the total
+energy as a function of time now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of time now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of time now this is
+a time-dependent Hamiltonian there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time-dependent Hamiltonian there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time-dependent Hamiltonian there's no
+such obvious thing as a conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such obvious thing as a conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such obvious thing as a conservation of
+energy you're doing some work here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you're doing some work here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you're doing some work here that
+is changing Omega so the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing Omega so the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing Omega so the amount of
+energy that this system class will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that this system class will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that this system class will
+change so time-dependent Newtonian like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so time-dependent Newtonian like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so time-dependent Newtonian like
+that the energy the energy of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy the energy of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy the energy of the system
+changes here so let's calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes here so let's calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes here so let's calculate the
+change in time so X and P change in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in time so X and P change in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in time so X and P change in time
+and therefore this changes in time X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this changes in time X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this changes in time X
+changes that all may change them and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that all may change them and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that all may change them and the
+energy changes in time so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy changes in time so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy changes in time so let's
+calculate how this energy changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how this energy changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how this energy changes in
+time so what should we do we should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so what should we do we should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so what should we do we should do
+the H the x times the rate of change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H the x times the rate of change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H the x times the rate of change of
+X because H depends on X the H the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X because H depends on X the H the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X because H depends on X the H the P
+times the change in time of P we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the change in time of P we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the change in time of P we use
+dots for time derivatives and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots for time derivatives and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots for time derivatives and then
+finally we also have to differentiate H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we also have to differentiate H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we also have to differentiate H
+with respect to time to take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to time to take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to time to take into
+account the variation of Omega which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the variation of Omega which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the variation of Omega which is
+a parameter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parameter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parameter here
+so all these things must be done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these things must be done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these things must be done and
+let's assume were these are functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume were these are functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume were these are functions of
+time because the system is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because the system is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because the system is doing
+physical motion so we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical motion so we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical motion so we're trying to
+investigate how the energy changes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate how the energy changes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate how the energy changes if
+the system is doing physical motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is doing physical motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is doing physical motion and
+here is the zeroth order result if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the zeroth order result if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the zeroth order result if
+somebody will say ok the frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody will say ok the frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody will say ok the frequency is
+gonna change slow then you could say ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna change slow then you could say ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna change slow then you could say ok
+adiabatic result is that the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic result is that the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic result is that the energy is
+gonna change slowly true but not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna change slowly true but not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna change slowly true but not too
+interesting we're gonna do better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting we're gonna do better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting we're gonna do better than
+that much better than that so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much better than that so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much better than that so let's
+think a little more if the motion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a little more if the motion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a little more if the motion is
+satisfying the equations of motion this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying the equations of motion this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying the equations of motion this
+is physical motion we're on trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is physical motion we're on trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is physical motion we're on trying to
+understand how the energy changes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how the energy changes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how the energy changes as
+this particle it's doing its motion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particle it's doing its motion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particle it's doing its motion we
+can use the equations of motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the equations of motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the equations of motion of the
+system these are the Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system these are the Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system these are the Hamiltonian
+equations of motion that say the H VP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion that say the H VP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion that say the H VP is
+equal to X dot and the H the X is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X dot and the H the X is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X dot and the H the X is equal
+to minus P dot these are the Hamilton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus P dot these are the Hamilton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus P dot these are the Hamilton's
+equations of motion of classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion of classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion of classical
+mechanics it is a property of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics it is a property of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics it is a property of your
+education at MIT that you probably are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education at MIT that you probably are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education at MIT that you probably are
+less familiar with those that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less familiar with those that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less familiar with those that the
+quantum equivalent so let me remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum equivalent so let me remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum equivalent so let me remind you
+of the quantum equivalent if you have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quantum equivalent if you have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quantum equivalent if you have I
+h-bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar
+DDT of X you remember that by ehrenfest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT of X you remember that by ehrenfest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT of X you remember that by ehrenfest
+this is X H commutator expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X H commutator expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X H commutator expectation value
+that's ehrenfest theorem and here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ehrenfest theorem and here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ehrenfest theorem and here you
+also remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also remember
+that X can be thought as IH bar DDP such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X can be thought as IH bar DDP such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X can be thought as IH bar DDP such
+in the same way as P can be thought as H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way as P can be thought as H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way as P can be thought as H
+bar over I be the X so this commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar over I be the X so this commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar over I be the X so this commutator
+the way we computed is us I H bar DDP of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we computed is us I H bar DDP of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we computed is us I H bar DDP of
+H expectation value and that's a cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H expectation value and that's a cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H expectation value and that's a cancel
+the IH and here you dot X dot is the HDP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IH and here you dot X dot is the HDP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IH and here you dot X dot is the HDP
+the quantum version of that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum version of that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum version of that you have
+also seen that I h-bar D DT of P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also seen that I h-bar D DT of P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also seen that I h-bar D DT of P is
+equal to expectation value of P with H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to expectation value of P with H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to expectation value of P with H
+and that would be H bar over I the h DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be H bar over I the h DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be H bar over I the h DX
+using that piece that derivative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that piece that derivative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that piece that derivative and
+that cancelling the H bars and noticing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cancelling the H bars and noticing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cancelling the H bars and noticing
+you have an i and a 1 over I here gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an i and a 1 over I here gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an i and a 1 over I here gives
+you this equation with a minus sign so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are Hamilton's equations from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are Hamilton's equations from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are Hamilton's equations from
+classical mechanics that in case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics that in case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics that in case you
+have not seen them you know their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not seen them you know their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not seen them you know their
+quantum analogs and you probably believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum analogs and you probably believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum analogs and you probably believe
+that that is the case now that has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is the case now that has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is the case now that has an
+important consequence on all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important consequence on all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important consequence on all of this
+that the first two terms in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first two terms in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first two terms in this
+expression cancel because the h DX gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression cancel because the h DX gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression cancel because the h DX gives
+you minus P dot so you get minus P dot X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you minus P dot so you get minus P dot X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you minus P dot so you get minus P dot X
+dot and from here you get P dot X dot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot and from here you get P dot X dot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot and from here you get P dot X dot so
+the two terms cancel and we get that BH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two terms cancel and we get that BH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two terms cancel and we get that BH
+VP is just the h dt it's kind of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP is just the h dt it's kind of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP is just the h dt it's kind of nice
+because if there was no explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there was no explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there was no explicit
+time dependence in the Hamiltonian the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence in the Hamiltonian the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence in the Hamiltonian the
+energy should be conserved and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy should be conserved and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy should be conserved and therefore
+it's nice that all that is left is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice that all that is left is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice that all that is left is just
+the h DT which we can evaluate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h DT which we can evaluate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h DT which we can evaluate from the
+formula up there we just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula up there we just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula up there we just have to
+differentiate Omega so this gives you M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate Omega so this gives you M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate Omega so this gives you M
+Omega Omega dot x squared it's a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Omega dot x squared it's a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Omega dot x squared it's a result
+to that it's of interest so so far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that it's of interest so so far so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that it's of interest so so far so
+good the energy will change and if Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the energy will change and if Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the energy will change and if Omega
+changes slowly the energy will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes slowly the energy will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes slowly the energy will change
+slowly nothing too dramatic we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly nothing too dramatic we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly nothing too dramatic we need to
+do better so let's think more precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better so let's think more precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better so let's think more precisely
+what do we mean by an adiabatic change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change so basically means that the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so basically means that the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so basically means that the time
+scale for change is much bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale for change is much bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale for change is much bigger than the
+time scale for an oscillation Latian of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale for an oscillation Latian of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale for an oscillation Latian of
+your system so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system so this
+this Omega is going to change in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Omega is going to change in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Omega is going to change in time
+but now you can ask given an Omega there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you can ask given an Omega there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you can ask given an Omega there
+is a period maybe a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a period maybe a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a period maybe a second
+so probably adiabatic change will halt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably adiabatic change will halt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably adiabatic change will halt
+if the change in Omega is small over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the change in Omega is small over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the change in Omega is small over a
+second if the change in Armia maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second if the change in Armia maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second if the change in Armia maybe
+happens over a year with Omega being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens over a year with Omega being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens over a year with Omega being
+about one second so this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one second so this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one second so this is a little
+like we had in the wkb approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we had in the wkb approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we had in the wkb approximation
+I'll make the point here so here is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make the point here so here is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make the point here so here is for
+example a typical graph that one draws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a typical graph that one draws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a typical graph that one draws
+here is omega of T and that's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is omega of T and that's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is omega of T and that's a constant
+then it changes a bit and it stabilizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it changes a bit and it stabilizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it changes a bit and it stabilizes
+after a while in some time tau for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while in some time tau for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while in some time tau for a
+finite change in omega of T some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite change in omega of T some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite change in omega of T some initial
+value to some later value in this case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to some later value in this case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to some later value in this case a
+time scale from change tau this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale from change tau this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale from change tau this should
+be much bigger than the frequent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much bigger than the frequent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much bigger than the frequent the
+time period of oscillation which is 2pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period of oscillation which is 2pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period of oscillation which is 2pi
+over Omega of T which is the period but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega of T which is the period but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega of T which is the period but
+let's be a little more precise like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's be a little more precise like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's be a little more precise like the
+way we did for the wkb case what did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we did for the wkb case what did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we did for the wkb case what did we
+have in the wkb case we said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the wkb case we said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the wkb case we said that the
+change in the de Broglie wavelength over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the de Broglie wavelength over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the de Broglie wavelength over
+at the broadly wavelength was much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the broadly wavelength was much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the broadly wavelength was much
+smaller than the de Broglie wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the de Broglie wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the de Broglie wavelength
+or the change in energy over the Broglie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the change in energy over the Broglie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the change in energy over the Broglie
+wavelength was much smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength was much smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength was much smaller than the
+energy of the system so here we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the system so here we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the system so here we can say
+the change in omega of T over a period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is much smaller than Omega of T so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much smaller than Omega of T so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much smaller than Omega of T so how
+do we say that the change here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we say that the change here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we say that the change here is the
+rate of change of Omega this is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of Omega this is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of Omega this is roughly
+the change in omega over a period so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in omega over a period so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in omega over a period so
+rate of change in omega this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change in omega this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change in omega this is the
+period so that's roughly the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so that's roughly the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so that's roughly the change in
+omega over a period must be much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega over a period must be much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega over a period must be much smaller
+than Omega itself so this is 2 PI over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Omega itself so this is 2 PI over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Omega itself so this is 2 PI over
+Omega squared the Omega DT is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared the Omega DT is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared the Omega DT is much
+smaller than 1 and we can write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 1 and we can write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 1 and we can write it in
+two different ways this says actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different ways this says actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different ways this says actually
+that Omega dot over Omega squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Omega dot over Omega squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Omega dot over Omega squared is
+much less than 1 that's one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than 1 that's one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than 1 that's one way of
+writing it forget the 2 pi and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it forget the 2 pi and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it forget the 2 pi and the other
+way is by saying that this is DVT of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is by saying that this is DVT of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is by saying that this is DVT of 2
+PI over Omega much less than 1 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over Omega much less than 1 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over Omega much less than 1 that's
+correct because when you differentiate 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because when you differentiate 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because when you differentiate 1
+over Omega you get B Omega DT times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega you get B Omega DT times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega you get B Omega DT times 1
+over Omega squared and therefore this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega squared and therefore this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega squared and therefore this is
+the T period DT is much less than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T period DT is much less than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T period DT is much less than 1
+which might remind you of the wkb be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might remind you of the wkb be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might remind you of the wkb be
+lambda the X was much less than 1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda the X was much less than 1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda the X was much less than 1 this
+was wk be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wk be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wk be very very
+analogous
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/F0Eq5Lt_fSQ.txt b/F0Eq5Lt_fSQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..93bc74eecf88d50db8fb085e06233ff6b786b25f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/F0Eq5Lt_fSQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh I gu you guys have been uh talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I gu you guys have been uh talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I gu you guys have been uh talking
+about all kinds of aspects of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all kinds of aspects of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all kinds of aspects of uh
+Consciousness in neuroscience and in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness in neuroscience and in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness in neuroscience and in and
+philosophy in uh in recent weeks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in uh in recent weeks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in uh in recent weeks a
+little bit of um and talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of um and talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of um and talk a little bit
+about the philosophical problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the philosophical problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the philosophical problems that
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Consciousness poses um so I have a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness poses um so I have a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness poses um so I have a sort
+of reasonable amount about uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasonable amount about uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasonable amount about uh about
+Consciousness done some things from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness done some things from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness done some things from the
+uh the point of view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the point of view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the point of view of
+philosophy um um stressing the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy um um stressing the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy um um stressing the uh the
+difficulties the challenges that uh his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties the challenges that uh his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties the challenges that uh his
+Consciousness poses for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness poses for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness poses for
+uh neuroscientific explanation and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh neuroscientific explanation and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh neuroscientific explanation and in
+particular a reductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a reductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a reductive
+reductionist um explanation I GA youve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionist um explanation I GA youve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionist um explanation I GA youve
+talked a bit about that uh today I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a bit about that uh today I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a bit about that uh today I'm
+just going to talk a bit about um from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to talk a bit about um from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to talk a bit about um from a
+somewhat more I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more I guess
+constructive perspective about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive perspective about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive perspective about how the
+science of Consciousness might look I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of Consciousness might look I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of Consciousness might look I
+mean you might think that once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you might think that once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you might think that once you
+really acknowledge the uh really serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really acknowledge the uh really serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really acknowledge the uh really serious
+difficulties of Consciousness and argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties of Consciousness and argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties of Consciousness and argue
+against the possibility of purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the possibility of purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the possibility of purely
+reductive explanation of Consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive explanation of Consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive explanation of Consciousness
+in terms of um neural or computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of um neural or computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of um neural or computational
+processing and this leads you without an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and this leads you without an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and this leads you without an
+Avenue to do the science of conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Avenue to do the science of conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Avenue to do the science of conscious
+now I don't think that's right at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't think that's right at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't think that's right at all
+despite being uh despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite being uh despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite being uh despite
+being um skeptical about reductionist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being um skeptical about reductionist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being um skeptical about reductionist
+approach I think the the science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach I think the the science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach I think the the science of
+Consciousness is active I mean thriving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness is active I mean thriving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness is active I mean thriving
+and there aren't in principle uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there aren't in principle uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there aren't in principle uh
+impossibility barriers I can see to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibility barriers I can see to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibility barriers I can see to its
+uh to its success so if you like um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to its success so if you like um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to its success so if you like um this
+paper I gather you had a look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I gather you had a look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I gather you had a look at this
+paper how to construct a science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper how to construct a science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper how to construct a science of
+Consciousness I in a way can be seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness I in a way can be seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness I in a way can be seen as
+um trying to sketch how a science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trying to sketch how a science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trying to sketch how a science of
+Consciousness might look even once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness might look even once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness might look even once
+you've accepted these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've accepted these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've accepted these particular
+principles um limitations on say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles um limitations on say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles um limitations on say
+productive approaches explaining consci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive approaches explaining consci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive approaches explaining consci
+fly in terms of neural and computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly in terms of neural and computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly in terms of neural and computational
+processing so you know if you like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing so you know if you like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing so you know if you like I
+again you talked a bit about materialism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you talked a bit about materialism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you talked a bit about materialism
+and dualism so the kind of Science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dualism so the kind of Science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dualism so the kind of Science of
+Consciousness that even a dualist can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness that even a dualist can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness that even a dualist can
+can accept at the same time I think I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can accept at the same time I think I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can accept at the same time I think I'd
+like to think the model I give in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think the model I give in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think the model I give in that
+in that paper for how a science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that paper for how a science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that paper for how a science of
+Consciousness can perceive there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness can perceive there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness can perceive there's also
+one that ought to be acceptable to lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that ought to be acceptable to lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that ought to be acceptable to lot
+of physicalists and agnostics and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physicalists and agnostics and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physicalists and agnostics and so on
+who don't know what to make of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't know what to make of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't know what to make of the um
+the philosophical issues um I think one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosophical issues um I think one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosophical issues um I think one
+thing we've discovered in the last you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we've discovered in the last you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we've discovered in the last you
+know 15 20 years since the science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 15 20 years since the science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 15 20 years since the science of
+conscious really being exploding within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious really being exploding within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious really being exploding within
+Neuroscience psychology and other areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience psychology and other areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience psychology and other areas
+is that it's uh it's possible to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's uh it's possible to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's uh it's possible to make
+really serious and significant progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really serious and significant progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really serious and significant progress
+on the the science of consci without you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the the science of consci without you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the the science of consci without you
+know solving the Mind Body problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know solving the Mind Body problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know solving the Mind Body problem the
+hard problem of Consciousness and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem of Consciousness and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem of Consciousness and so on
+without resolving those metaphysical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without resolving those metaphysical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without resolving those metaphysical
+Mysteries you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mysteries you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mysteries you kind of
+proceed uh constructively in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed uh constructively in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed uh constructively in a way that
+acknowledges the problems without soling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledges the problems without soling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledges the problems without soling
+you still get a serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still get a serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still get a serious
+andant science that's the program which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andant science that's the program which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andant science that's the program which
+I try to outline in paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to outline in paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to outline in paper on
+constructing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing a
+science of uh of Consciousness so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of uh of Consciousness so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of uh of Consciousness so well
+the initial distinction in in that paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial distinction in in that paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial distinction in in that paper
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+know in this other work which maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in this other work which maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in this other work which maybe
+youve uh you've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youve uh you've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youve uh you've talked
+about stressing the problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stressing the problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stressing the problems of
+explaining Consciousness and physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining Consciousness and physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining Consciousness and physical
+terms there's this distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms there's this distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms there's this distinction between
+the uneasy problems explaining you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uneasy problems explaining you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uneasy problems explaining you know
+various cognitive functions behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various cognitive functions behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various cognitive functions behavioral
+functions like between being awake and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like between being awake and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like between being awake and
+asleep conceptual discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep conceptual discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep conceptual discrimination
+integration and Report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and Report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and Report
+and uh the hard problem of explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the hard problem of explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the hard problem of explaining
+subjective experience in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective experience in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective experience in terms of
+physical processes now in this um new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical processes now in this um new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical processes now in this um new
+context of um trying to think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of um trying to think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of um trying to think about how
+science might look I prefer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science might look I prefer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science might look I prefer to
+reconfigure that distinction in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfigure that distinction in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfigure that distinction in a
+slightly different way and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different way and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different way and that's the
+distinction between first person data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between first person data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between first person data
+and third person data so here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third person data so here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third person data so here the
+thought is just see like aist or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought is just see like aist or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought is just see like aist or
+something just try to catalog the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something just try to catalog the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+something just try to catalog the
+phenomena that need to be explained that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena that need to be explained that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena that need to be explained that
+we want to science of in a science of
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+ align:start position:0%
+we want to science of in a science of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to science of in a science of
+Consciousness those will include various
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+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness those will include various
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness those will include various
+phenomena objectively measurable from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena objectively measurable from
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena objectively measurable from
+the third person point of view um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third person point of view um in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third person point of view um in
+particular so these are the third person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so these are the third person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so these are the third person
+data which are primarily going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which are primarily going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which are primarily going to be
+data about behavior and data about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data about behavior and data about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data about behavior and data about uh
+brain processes so various aspects of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain processes so various aspects of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain processes so various aspects of my
+behavior you might have monitor in a lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior you might have monitor in a lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior you might have monitor in a lab
+including my responsiveness my ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including my responsiveness my ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including my responsiveness my ability
+to discriminate my ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discriminate my ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discriminate my ability to
+indeed data about my my brain processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed data about my my brain processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed data about my my brain processes
+such you might get from a brain scanner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such you might get from a brain scanner
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+such you might get from a brain scanner
+um in many fields even in many fields of
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+ align:start position:0%
+um in many fields even in many fields of
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+um in many fields even in many fields of
+cognitive science these third person
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+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science these third person
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+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science these third person
+data exhaust the primary data that we
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+ align:start position:0%
+data exhaust the primary data that we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+data exhaust the primary data that we
+want to explain for for science maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to explain for for science maybe
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to explain for for science maybe
+you know learning most of the science of
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+ align:start position:0%
+you know learning most of the science of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know learning most of the science of
+learning or language and so on these
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+ align:start position:0%
+learning or language and so on these
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning or language and so on these
+arguably exhaust the or at least the
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+arguably exhaust the or at least the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably exhaust the or at least the
+central data we want to explain maybe
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+ align:start position:0%
+central data we want to explain maybe
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+central data we want to explain maybe
+there's some Ro for first person data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some Ro for first person data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some Ro for first person data
+there but when it comes to the science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but when it comes to the science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but when it comes to the science
+of Consciousness there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Consciousness there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Consciousness there's another
+distinctive source of data we have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive source of data we have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive source of data we have about
+the phenomena distinctive access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomena distinctive access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomena distinctive access to
+phenomena that need to be um explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena that need to be um explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena that need to be um explained
+and these are the first person data data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the first person data data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the first person data data
+of subjective experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subjective experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subjective experience
+roughly different ways to flush this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly different ways to flush this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly different ways to flush this out
+rigorously but roughly third person data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorously but roughly third person data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorously but roughly third person data
+are the kind of data you get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kind of data you get by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kind of data you get by
+objectively measuring a system from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectively measuring a system from the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectively measuring a system from the
+third person point of view first person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third person point of view first person
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+third person point of view first person
+data are those data you have from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data are those data you have from the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+data are those data you have from the
+first person point of view by being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person point of view by being a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person point of view by being a
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+and uh accessing distinctive properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh accessing distinctive properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh accessing distinctive properties
+of that that system from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that that system from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that that system from the first
+person perspective and in particular
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+ align:start position:0%
+person perspective and in particular
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+person perspective and in particular
+there appear to be these data the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there appear to be these data the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there appear to be these data the data
+of Consciousness or of subjective
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+ align:start position:0%
+of Consciousness or of subjective
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Consciousness or of subjective
+experience to which we have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to which we have some kind of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to which we have some kind of
+distinctive access from the first person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive access from the first person
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive access from the first person
+point of view so uh data about my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view so uh data about my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view so uh data about my my
+visual um experiential States right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual um experiential States right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual um experiential States right now
+there something just like to to see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something just like to to see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something just like to to see you
+guys something like to hear something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys something like to hear something
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys something like to hear something
+like to feel my body um to uh experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to feel my body um to uh experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to feel my body um to uh experience
+maybe even something it's like to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even something it's like to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even something it's like to think
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think we have data about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think we have data about those
+things it's just a DAT about say visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's just a DAT about say visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's just a DAT about say visual
+perception that there is something it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception that there is something it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception that there is something it's
+like to see it's you know as undeniable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see it's you know as undeniable
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see it's you know as undeniable
+as the the third person dat that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the the third person dat that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the the third person dat that people
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh discriminate and and Report their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh discriminate and and Report their
+various bits of the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various bits of the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various bits of the visual
+World um and that's a data so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World um and that's a data so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World um and that's a data so I think
+that um a science of Consciousness would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um a science of Consciousness would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um a science of Consciousness would
+be would be incomplete without an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be would be incomplete without an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be would be incomplete without an
+explanation of those d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of those d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of those d
+those data you might actually argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data you might actually argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data you might actually argue that
+when it comes to the distinctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to the distinctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to the distinctive
+problems of cons those first person data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of cons those first person data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of cons those first person data
+in a way of the central data for a for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way of the central data for a for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way of the central data for a for a
+science of Consciousness to explain Sly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of Consciousness to explain Sly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of Consciousness to explain Sly
+the distinctive data for a science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinctive data for a science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinctive data for a science of
+Consciousness to explain and this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness to explain and this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness to explain and this I
+think really does make for a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think really does make for a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think really does make for a difference
+in kind between uh difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind between uh difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind between uh difference in
+character between the science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character between the science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character between the science of
+Consciousness and other familiar models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and other familiar models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and other familiar models
+throughout science when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout science when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout science when it comes to
+explaining say genetic genetic phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining say genetic genetic phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining say genetic genetic phenomena
+I it's arguable all the data there third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it's arguable all the data there third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it's arguable all the data there third
+person data data about how it is certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person data data about how it is certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person data data about how it is certain
+characteristics get transmitted from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics get transmitted from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics get transmitted from one
+generation to the next um it's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation to the next um it's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation to the next um it's a kind of
+third person data and we have models for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third person data and we have models for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third person data and we have models for
+how explanation of those things work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how explanation of those things work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how explanation of those things work in
+U work in uh in science I mean the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U work in uh in science I mean the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U work in uh in science I mean the most
+Central kind of third person data are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central kind of third person data are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central kind of third person data are
+all very frequently the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all very frequently the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all very frequently the kinds of
+phenomena here that need explaining you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena here that need explaining you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena here that need explaining you
+know language use learning transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know language use learning transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know language use learning transmission
+of genetic information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genetic information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genetic information
+and so on they can often be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on they can often be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on they can often be
+characterized in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized in terms of the
+performance of certain objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of certain objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of certain objective
+functions and we have a great model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we have a great model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we have a great model for
+the explanation of data of that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explanation of data of that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explanation of data of that sort of
+phenomenon of of that sort it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon of of that sort it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon of of that sort it's
+basically you know to explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know to explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know to explain the
+performance of one of these objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of one of these objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of one of these objective
+functions you specifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you specifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you specifying
+mechanism typically a well in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism typically a well in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism typically a well in the case
+of DNA it's a um it's a uh um molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA it's a um it's a uh um molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA it's a um it's a uh um molecular
+mechanism um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism um the
+DNA um D structure which plays this role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA um D structure which plays this role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA um D structure which plays this role
+of encoding information from uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of encoding information from uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of encoding information from uh about
+certain characteristics and passing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain characteristics and passing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain characteristics and passing them
+onto the next and what's an for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the next and what's an for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the next and what's an for
+hypothesis DNA can do this you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis DNA can do this you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis DNA can do this you get a
+uh St how performs this function you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh St how performs this function you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh St how performs this function you get
+an explanation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explanation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explanation of the
+of rudimentary explanation of genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rudimentary explanation of genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rudimentary explanation of genetic
+phenomena the functions what need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena the functions what need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena the functions what need to be
+explained likewise maybe when it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained likewise maybe when it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained likewise maybe when it comes
+to explaining the the third person data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explaining the the third person data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explaining the the third person data
+about Consciousness associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Consciousness associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Consciousness associated with
+responsiveness and report and so on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsiveness and report and so on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsiveness and report and so on but
+it looks like this model doesn't work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like this model doesn't work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like this model doesn't work so
+well when you've got these these first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when you've got these these first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when you've got these these first
+person data that additional need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person data that additional need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person data that additional need
+explaining and uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining and uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining and uh one
+way one way of getting that is to is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way one way of getting that is to is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way one way of getting that is to is to
+make the case even upon explaining all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the case even upon explaining all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the case even upon explaining all
+these different objective functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different objective functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different objective functions
+associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+Consciousness um explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness um explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness um explaining
+discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination
+integration responsiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration responsiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration responsiveness
+report and so and there's still going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report and so and there's still going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report and so and there's still going to
+be this this further question why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this this further question why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this this further question why are
+there these uh why states of subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there these uh why states of subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there these uh why states of subjective
+experience that go along with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that go along with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that go along with these
+perhap intimately connected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhap intimately connected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhap intimately connected and
+intimately correlated with these but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimately correlated with these but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimately correlated with these but but
+still why should they exist at all when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still why should they exist at all when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still why should they exist at all when
+of these thir person um why don't these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these thir person um why don't these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these thir person um why don't these
+third person States going in the absence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third person States going in the absence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third person States going in the absence
+of subjective experiences and Alex tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subjective experiences and Alex tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subjective experiences and Alex tells
+me you guys talked about zombies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you guys talked about zombies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you guys talked about zombies and
+inability and so on we can imagine all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability and so on we can imagine all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability and so on we can imagine all
+that processing going on without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that processing going on without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that processing going on without
+Consciousness and that's one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and that's one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and that's one way to
+bring out the uh the point here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out the uh the point here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out the uh the point here and
+that's useful for certain purposes but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useful for certain purposes but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useful for certain purposes but I
+think the basic point is could be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the basic point is could be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the basic point is could be made
+even without using those is a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without using those is a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without using those is a basic
+explanatory question to explain those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanatory question to explain those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanatory question to explain those
+things this doesn't seem to add up uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this doesn't seem to add up uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this doesn't seem to add up uh to
+an explanation of subjective experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explanation of subjective experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explanation of subjective experience
+on a there's actually um there's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a there's actually um there's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a there's actually um there's really
+two separate points here one is one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two separate points here one is one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two separate points here one is one is a
+basic point the data that need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic point the data that need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic point the data that need
+explaining just listed all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining just listed all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining just listed all the
+U the uh the third person data the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the uh the third person data the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the uh the third person data the data
+of very subjective maybe even the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very subjective maybe even the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very subjective maybe even the brain
+processes as well and you just that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes as well and you just that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes as well and you just that's
+the catalog of needs to be explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalog of needs to be explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalog of needs to be explained
+explain those things when we're done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain those things when we're done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain those things when we're done it
+looks like you've got an incomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like you've got an incomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like you've got an incomplete
+catalog of the data here I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog of the data here I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog of the data here I mean the
+first person data experiences really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person data experiences really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person data experiences really
+are primary phenomen for the science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are primary phenomen for the science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are primary phenomen for the science of
+con at least the scientist trying to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con at least the scientist trying to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con at least the scientist trying to an
+explanation of the Phenom these need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of the Phenom these need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of the Phenom these need to
+be included on the list of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be included on the list of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be included on the list of things that
+need to be explained you hopefully few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be explained you hopefully few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be explained you hopefully few
+arue with that although you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arue with that although you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arue with that although you know there
+are some people out there um you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some people out there um you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some people out there um you some
+books um this week I guess man's view is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books um this week I guess man's view is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books um this week I guess man's view is
+that really all that needs explaining is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really all that needs explaining is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really all that needs explaining is
+the third person data of U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third person data of U of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third person data of U of
+Consciousness well I think he goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness well I think he goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness well I think he goes back
+and forth but basically he thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth but basically he thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth but basically he thinks
+explain the third person data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the third person data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the third person data and
+explain the various functions and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the various functions and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the various functions and so on
+the various behaviors the various roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various behaviors the various roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various behaviors the various roles
+and so and you there by explain the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and you there by explain the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and you there by explain the uh
+the data of the first person data of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data of the first person data of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data of the first person data of
+conscious for example explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious for example explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious for example explain the
+various reports that people make and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various reports that people make and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various reports that people make and
+other reactive phenomena associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reactive phenomena associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reactive phenomena associated with
+this you thereby explain experience you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you thereby explain experience you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you thereby explain experience you
+shouldn't think there's a further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't think there's a further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't think there's a further
+problem of explanation or a further data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of explanation or a further data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of explanation or a further data
+that needs explaining sometimes around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs explaining sometimes around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs explaining sometimes around
+here I like to take take false this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I like to take take false this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I like to take take false this is a
+this is a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a basic
+intuitive I mean I think this is a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive I mean I think this is a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive I mean I think this is a point
+of division in the field everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of division in the field everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of division in the field everything in
+this real is controversial somewhere or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this real is controversial somewhere or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this real is controversial somewhere or
+another one of the basic intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of the basic intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of the basic intuitive
+starting points is whether there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting points is whether there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting points is whether there is a
+further explan something else that needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further explan something else that needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further explan something else that needs
+explaining um such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining um such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining um such that
+explaining explaining all these third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining explaining all these third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining explaining all these third
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+phenomena of explaining report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena of explaining report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena of explaining report
+explaining reaction explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining reaction explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining reaction explaining
+discrimination and so on doesn't suffice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination and so on doesn't suffice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination and so on doesn't suffice
+to explain so maybe I'll take it quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain so maybe I'll take it quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain so maybe I'll take it quick
+call so if you think that um you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so if you think that um you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so if you think that um you think
+that explaining the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explaining the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explaining the various
+uh um third person phenomena you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um third person phenomena you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um third person phenomena you know
+report reactions discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report reactions discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report reactions discrimination
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+responsiveness um and so on thereby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsiveness um and so on thereby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsiveness um and so on thereby
+suffices you think doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffices you think doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffices you think doing that
+automatically suffices to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically suffices to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically suffices to explain
+Consciousness there no further deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness there no further deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness there no further deep
+problem of explaining the uh example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of explaining the uh example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of explaining the uh example the
+data subjective experience in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data subjective experience in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data subjective experience in
+in put that in the way they came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in put that in the way they came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in put that in the way they came out
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+loaded you think there is a further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded you think there is a further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded you think there is a further
+problem such such you know explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem such such you know explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem such such you know explaining
+the uh explaining the uh the uh upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh explaining the uh the uh upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh explaining the uh the uh upon
+explaining these VAR problems the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining these VAR problems the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining these VAR problems the uh the
+uh explaining report reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh explaining report reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh explaining report reaction
+responsiveness make them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsiveness make them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsiveness make them as
+sophisticated as you like there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated as you like there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated as you like there's still
+a further really significant problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a further really significant problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a further really significant problem of
+explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining
+um first person data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first person data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first person data
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+experience few agnostics you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience few agnostics you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience few agnostics you know maybe
+to I I was wondering how people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I I was wondering how people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I I was wondering how people were
+going been shaped in their opinions by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going been shaped in their opinions by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going been shaped in their opinions by
+earlier discussions in the in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier discussions in the in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier discussions in the in the course
+lots of people on the fence which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people on the fence which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people on the fence which is
+which is appropriate um anyway so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is appropriate um anyway so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is appropriate um anyway so I
+think there is this basic intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there is this basic intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there is this basic intuition
+shared by majority but not a but not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared by majority but not a but not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared by majority but not a but not uh
+not everyone that uh there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone that uh there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone that uh there's something
+for the need to explain then question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the need to explain then question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the need to explain then question is
+how do you explain it I've argue that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you explain it I've argue that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you explain it I've argue that in
+fact you can't explain these these first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can't explain these these first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can't explain these these first
+person data of experience hoing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person data of experience hoing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person data of experience hoing in
+reductive terms basically because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive terms basically because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive terms basically because the
+methods we have of redactive explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods we have of redactive explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods we have of redactive explanation
+are really designed and appropriate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really designed and appropriate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really designed and appropriate for
+the uh explanation of these objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh explanation of these objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh explanation of these objective
+functions um the third person very to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions um the third person very to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions um the third person very to
+that I give the paper that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I give the paper that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I give the paper that um
+explanation in terms of underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation in terms of underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation in terms of underlying
+physical processes is all ultimately in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical processes is all ultimately in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical processes is all ultimately in
+terms of structure and Dynamics M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of structure and Dynamics M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of structure and Dynamics M
+roscopic structure and Dynamics um giv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roscopic structure and Dynamics um giv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roscopic structure and Dynamics um giv
+you great explanations of all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you great explanations of all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you great explanations of all kinds of
+complicated macroscopic structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated macroscopic structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated macroscopic structure and
+Dynamics including all kinds of weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics including all kinds of weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics including all kinds of weird
+and interesting emerging phenomena as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interesting emerging phenomena as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interesting emerging phenomena as
+you find in the study of complex systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find in the study of complex systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find in the study of complex systems
+still that's only an explanation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still that's only an explanation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still that's only an explanation of
+structure and Dynamics which is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and Dynamics which is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and Dynamics which is great
+for explaining the uh for solving the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for explaining the uh for solving the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for explaining the uh for solving the uh
+the very third person easy problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very third person easy problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very third person easy problems of
+Consciousness but when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness but when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness but when it comes to
+explaining experience it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining experience it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining experience it looks like
+straight explanations of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight explanations of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight explanations of you know
+macrophysical structure and dnam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macrophysical structure and dnam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macrophysical structure and dnam
+don't suffice to explain Consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't suffice to explain Consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't suffice to explain Consciousness
+we already seen explaining conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already seen explaining conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already seen explaining conscious
+requ something more than explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requ something more than explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requ something more than explaining
+those um therefore explanation in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um therefore explanation in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um therefore explanation in those
+holy say physical terms don't doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holy say physical terms don't doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holy say physical terms don't doesn't
+add up to an explanation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to an explanation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to an explanation of
+Consciousness obviously there a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness obviously there a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness obviously there a huge
+amount said about that that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount said about that that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount said about that that has been
+said by of people but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said by of people but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said by of people but that's the
+beginning of an argument against a hoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of an argument against a hoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of an argument against a hoing
+reductionist approach um to conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionist approach um to conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionist approach um to conscious
+and then I go on to make the case for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I go on to make the case for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I go on to make the case for a
+non reductive Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non reductive Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non reductive Maybe
+can you explain a bit more what you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you explain a bit more what you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you explain a bit more what you mean
+by structure and Dynamics yeah boy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by structure and Dynamics yeah boy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by structure and Dynamics yeah boy I
+have to do this um yeah so obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this um yeah so obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this um yeah so obviously
+there is there is structure and Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is there is structure and Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is there is structure and Dynamics
+in a certain kind in Consciousness as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain kind in Consciousness as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain kind in Consciousness as
+well I guess what I really think is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess what I really think is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess what I really think is the
+relevant kind of structure in Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant kind of structure in Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant kind of structure in Dynamics
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a a spatial temporal structure Cal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a spatial temporal structure Cal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a spatial temporal structure Cal
+structure and maybe maybe the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and maybe maybe the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and maybe maybe the kinds of
+basic structures you find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic structures you find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic structures you find in
+microphysical theories like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphysical theories like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphysical theories like
+like Quantum arua goes beyond temp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Quantum arua goes beyond temp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Quantum arua goes beyond temp and
+structure you structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you structures
+Ines and so on I mean in philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ines and so on I mean in philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ines and so on I mean in philosophical
+terms it comes down to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms it comes down to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms it comes down to I
+think descriptions of systems which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think descriptions of systems which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think descriptions of systems which can
+be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given
+in artical form whose ultimate terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in artical form whose ultimate terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in artical form whose ultimate terms
+primitive ter some kind of philosop you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive ter some kind of philosop you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive ter some kind of philosop you
+know about Roundy sentences where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about Roundy sentences where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about Roundy sentences where you
+there is an object which plays such and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an object which plays such and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an object which plays such and
+such a role and so primitive terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a role and so primitive terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a role and so primitive terms are
+spao temporal and perhaps causal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spao temporal and perhaps causal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spao temporal and perhaps causal or
+lawful so they're basically about Cal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawful so they're basically about Cal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawful so they're basically about Cal
+Dynamics among Spa temporal structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics among Spa temporal structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics among Spa temporal structures
+the treatment of things like Quant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment of things like Quant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment of things like Quant
+mechanical wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical wave
+function um but in so far as those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um but in so far as those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um but in so far as those
+spaces are involved in physics they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces are involved in physics they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces are involved in physics they're
+purely formal differences um we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely formal differences um we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely formal differences um we've got
+abstract mathematical structures here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract mathematical structures here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract mathematical structures here if
+you like allow some mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like allow some mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like allow some mathematical
+structures as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures as well
+um and the claim is putting together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the claim is putting together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the claim is putting together
+structures and dynamics of those kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and dynamics of those kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and dynamics of those kinds
+spao temporal causal and formal stru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spao temporal causal and formal stru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spao temporal causal and formal stru
+structure adds up to a lot of spa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure adds up to a lot of spa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure adds up to a lot of spa
+temporal caal and formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal caal and formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal caal and formal
+structure putting dyamic Dynamics over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure putting dyamic Dynamics over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure putting dyamic Dynamics over
+that structure temporal temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structure temporal temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structure temporal temp
+um but no but explaining that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but no but explaining that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but no but explaining that sort of
+structure doesn't suff for explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure doesn't suff for explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure doesn't suff for explain
+consci does that help a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consci does that help a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consci does that help a bit
+yes um any other thoughts at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um any other thoughts at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um any other thoughts at this point
+that's that's already to uh so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's already to uh so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's already to uh so that's
+the the pessimistic part of the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pessimistic part of the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pessimistic part of the this
+walk over the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk over the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk over the you know the
+negative that's a negative program about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's a negative program about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's a negative program about
+um about difficulty for reductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about difficulty for reductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about difficulty for reductive
+explanation about the distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation about the distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation about the distinction
+between the problem any other issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the problem any other issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the problem any other issues
+anyone want to rais that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to rais that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to rais that
+point so you mention Consciousness do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so you mention Consciousness do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so you mention Consciousness do
+you think there are other areas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simar agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free exle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean there are obviously various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there are obviously various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there are obviously various
+aspects of the mind that at least raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the mind that at least raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the mind that at least raise
+um ques about reduction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ques about reduction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ques about reduction uh
+agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intentionality so um I guess my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionality so um I guess my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionality so um I guess my own
+suspicion is that although there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicion is that although there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicion is that although there are
+some primy worries here the most serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some primy worries here the most serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some primy worries here the most serious
+worry in each of these cases about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry in each of these cases about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry in each of these cases about
+redution is tied to the conscious aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redution is tied to the conscious aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redution is tied to the conscious aspect
+of these phenomena such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these phenomena such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these phenomena such as the
+experience of Will and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of Will and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of Will and
+experience of intentionality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of intentionality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of intentionality and
+representation and so on so those all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and so on so those all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and so on so those all
+pretty clearly POS problems analog the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clearly POS problems analog the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clearly POS problems analog the
+ones that come say experience perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that come say experience perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that come say experience perception
+and so on I don't think although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on I don't think although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on I don't think although
+philosophers often concentrate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers often concentrate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers often concentrate on
+percep the explanatory problems there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percep the explanatory problems there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percep the explanatory problems there
+are really distinctive so certainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really distinctive so certainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really distinctive so certainly the
+experience of agency the experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of agency the experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of agency the experience of
+intentionality does and the I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionality does and the I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionality does and the I suppose
+the question then is whether there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question then is whether there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question then is whether there's a
+further aspect of these problems I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further aspect of these problems I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further aspect of these problems I mean
+of course there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there are
+various various primy issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oftion about determinism Andis and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftion about determinism Andis and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftion about determinism Andis and so in
+the case of agency and so on I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of agency and so on I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of agency and so on I guess I
+don't those are serious philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't those are serious philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't those are serious philosophical
+problems I don't see them as posing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I don't see them as posing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I don't see them as posing as
+as uh posing as gaping an explanatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh posing as gaping an explanatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh posing as gaping an explanatory
+Gap as as one does in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap as as one does in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap as as one does in the case of
+Consciousness and in those areas I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and in those areas I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and in those areas I'm
+inclined to think there are moves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to think there are moves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to think there are moves that
+can be made just at least once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be made just at least once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be made just at least once you've
+made it phys once you've got the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it phys once you've got the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it phys once you've got the the
+physical basis plus the experiential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical basis plus the experiential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical basis plus the experiential
+part you've got the tools for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you've got the tools for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you've got the tools for for
+reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explanation good good yeah so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation good good yeah so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation good good yeah so so
+intentionality is doesn't as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionality is doesn't as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionality is doesn't as
+philosophers use it doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers use it doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers use it doesn't mean
+intention and deciding to do stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention and deciding to do stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention and deciding to do stuff and
+end to that just basically means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to that just basically means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to that just basically means
+representation or about being about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation or about being about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation or about being about
+things in the world so I think about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the world so I think about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the world so I think about my
+mother my thought is about my mother I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother my thought is about my mother I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother my thought is about my mother I
+look at you guys and that looks like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you guys and that looks like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you guys and that looks like my
+my visual perception is representing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my visual perception is representing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my visual perception is representing you
+guys so philosophers put this as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so philosophers put this as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so philosophers put this as some
+bizarre Reason by saying that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre Reason by saying that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre Reason by saying that these
+states have intentionality one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states have intentionality one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states have intentionality one of the
+most confusing words um for non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most confusing words um for non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most confusing words um for non
+philosophers you can find because not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers you can find because not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers you can find because not
+only does it mean not only does it sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only does it mean not only does it sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only does it mean not only does it sound
+the same as intention and sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as intention and sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as intention and sense the
+philosophy of action there's also this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of action there's also this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of action there's also this
+other term intentionality with an S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other term intentionality with an S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other term intentionality with an S
+which I won't even bother to explain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I won't even bother to explain but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I won't even bother to explain but
+anyway so so that's the that's the of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so so that's the that's the of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so so that's the that's the of of
+of representing the world and it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representing the world and it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representing the world and it does
+and philosophers actually pursu these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and philosophers actually pursu these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and philosophers actually pursu these
+two things on the same on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things on the same on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things on the same on different
+tracks a study of intentionality study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks a study of intentionality study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks a study of intentionality study
+of Consciousness bit odd itself in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Consciousness bit odd itself in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Consciousness bit odd itself in a way
+because it seems to be clear these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems to be clear these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems to be clear these two
+things have awful lot to do with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have awful lot to do with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have awful lot to do with each
+other in recent years people have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in recent years people have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in recent years people have really
+started to focus on taking the two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to focus on taking the two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to focus on taking the two of
+them together and Alex has been a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and Alex has been a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and Alex has been a time
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um and um so certainly I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um so certainly I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um so certainly I think there's
+much about intentionality which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about intentionality which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about intentionality which is
+inally conscious those those race that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inally conscious those those race that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inally conscious those those race that
+race is analogous to my race question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race is analogous to my race question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race is analogous to my race question
+worries unconscious intentionality for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries unconscious intentionality for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries unconscious intentionality for
+example or worries not tied to conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or worries not tied to conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or worries not tied to conscious
+well there are worries here but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are worries here but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are worries here but I don't
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+there there's that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ofth Century that all our knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofth Century that all our knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofth Century that all our knowledge of
+the world gen that we do from the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world gen that we do from the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world gen that we do from the third
+voice person point of view structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice person point of view structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice person point of view structural
+dynamic as he was saying but then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic as he was saying but then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic as he was saying but then there
+would be some intrinsic nature that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be some intrinsic nature that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be some intrinsic nature that's
+about conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about conscious
+what Russ Russ knowledge acquaintance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Russ Russ knowledge acquaintance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Russ Russ knowledge acquaintance is
+the best expression but we might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best expression but we might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best expression but we might think
+there stories about the inic nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there stories about the inic nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there stories about the inic nature of
+Dark Matter stream super streams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dark Matter stream super streams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dark Matter stream super streams
+whatever and our science is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and our science is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and our science is going to
+tell us these things intrinsic are since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us these things intrinsic are since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us these things intrinsic are since
+it's just going to give us some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to give us some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to give us some
+mathematical description structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical description structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical description structure and
+Dynamics so I might think Consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics so I might think Consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics so I might think Consciousness
+is is not is pointing at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is not is pointing at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is not is pointing at that
+distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction
+but maybe there's lot so that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe there's lot so that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe there's lot so that's that's a
+very natural way to uh to catch this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very natural way to uh to catch this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very natural way to uh to catch this uh
+this uh this distinction I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this distinction I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this distinction I don't want to
+be committed to uh cing it out that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be committed to uh cing it out that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be committed to uh cing it out that way
+and making the distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making the distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making the distinction between
+structure and Dynamics and Consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and Dynamics and Consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and Dynamics and Consciousness
+that involves a whole of theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves a whole of theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves a whole of theoretical
+commitment but I am very sythetic with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment but I am very sythetic with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment but I am very sythetic with
+this uh with this brelan view that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh with this brelan view that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh with this brelan view that
+knowledge the physical world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the physical world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the physical world is
+basically purely structural Russell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically purely structural Russell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically purely structural Russell
+originally attended this a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally attended this a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally attended this a very strong
+sense ofu basically structure bu related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense ofu basically structure bu related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense ofu basically structure bu related
+by a bunch of relation nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a bunch of relation nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a bunch of relation nature
+specified and so on and then for reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified and so on and then for reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified and so on and then for reason
+familiar in philosophy looks like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar in philosophy looks like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar in philosophy looks like that
+just can't work goes back to Problems by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't work goes back to Problems by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't work goes back to Problems by
+raised by the mathematician Max Newman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised by the mathematician Max Newman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised by the mathematician Max Newman
+that uh descriptions of this kind turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh descriptions of this kind turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh descriptions of this kind turn
+out to be vacuous they can be satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be vacuous they can be satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be vacuous they can be satisfied
+by any set it's going to be some set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any set it's going to be some set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any set it's going to be some set of
+relations and any set that have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations and any set that have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations and any set that have this
+structure so you need a kind somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so you need a kind somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so you need a kind somewhat
+more specific structure than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific structure than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific structure than that
+something like involving specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like involving specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like involving specific
+relations maybe spao temporal relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations maybe spao temporal relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations maybe spao temporal relations
+or causal relations so if we if we allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or causal relations so if we if we allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or causal relations so if we if we allow
+that kind of structure you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of structure you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of structure you know a
+structure with some relation specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure with some relation specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure with some relation specified
+you know basically a structure the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know basically a structure the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know basically a structure the world
+our fundamental grip on the world is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fundamental grip on the world is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fundamental grip on the world is is
+a entities related in certain SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a entities related in certain SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a entities related in certain SP
+temporal and causal TS and I'm not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal and causal TS and I'm not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal and causal TS and I'm not at
+all unpoetic with the idea that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all unpoetic with the idea that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all unpoetic with the idea that's really
+what something that physics is giving us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what something that physics is giving us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what something that physics is giving us
+and that um structure of that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that um structure of that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that um structure of that kind
+doesn't suff conscious okay so I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't suff conscious okay so I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't suff conscious okay so I should
+move on to the uh then to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to the uh then to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to the uh then to the the
+positive um program if all that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive um program if all that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive um program if all that's right
+then okay so um purely reductive EXP of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay so um purely reductive EXP of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay so um purely reductive EXP of
+Consciousness all in terms of neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness all in terms of neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness all in terms of neural
+computational processes doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational processes doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational processes doesn't work
+this doesn't mean you have to give up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't mean you have to give up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't mean you have to give up on
+science some pretty Central parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science some pretty Central parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science some pretty Central parts of
+science are not reductive we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science are not reductive we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science are not reductive we don't
+always try to explain phenomena wholly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always try to explain phenomena wholly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always try to explain phenomena wholly
+in terms of lower level phenomena for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of lower level phenomena for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of lower level phenomena for
+example in physics when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in physics when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in physics when it comes to
+explanation of things like space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of things like space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of things like space and
+time we don't try to you know get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we don't try to you know get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we don't try to you know get rid of
+the notion we don't try to explain space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion we don't try to explain space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion we don't try to explain space
+time in terms of something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in terms of something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in terms of something more
+fundamental like guess there are few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental like guess there are few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental like guess there are few
+developing physical theories and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing physical theories and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing physical theories and try to
+try to do just that we need to do just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do just that we need to do just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do just that we need to do just
+that we look at classical uh neonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we look at classical uh neonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we look at classical uh neonian
+physics or even classical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics or even classical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics or even classical uh
+relativity then no like space time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity then no like space time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity then no like space time or
+taken as as basic um don't try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken as as basic um don't try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken as as basic um don't try to
+explain them terms more basic things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain them terms more basic things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain them terms more basic things you
+just try to figure out the principles by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to figure out the principles by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to figure out the principles by
+which space time works and how they how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which space time works and how they how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which space time works and how they how
+connect to everything else in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to everything else in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to everything else in the world
+you know Mass charge and so ons that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Mass charge and so ons that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Mass charge and so ons that uh
+that the government likewise May charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the government likewise May charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the government likewise May charge
+and electromagnetic Theory and so on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electromagnetic Theory and so on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electromagnetic Theory and so on you
+reductive theory of that so I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive theory of that so I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive theory of that so I'm I'm
+sympathetic with the idea that a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic with the idea that a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic with the idea that a a
+theory of Consciousness even try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of Consciousness even try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of Consciousness even try to
+reduce it to something more basic say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it to something more basic say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it to something more basic say
+that Consciousness fundamentally is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Consciousness fundamentally is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Consciousness fundamentally is an
+underlying neural structure you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying neural structure you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying neural structure you just
+take Consciousness for for granted as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Consciousness for for granted as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Consciousness for for granted as a
+primitive in the theory the way that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive in the theory the way that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive in the theory the way that a
+physicist might take space and time as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist might take space and time as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist might take space and time as a
+as a primitive but then what a science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a primitive but then what a science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a primitive but then what a science
+of Consciousness should be doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Consciousness should be doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Consciousness should be doing is
+basically look at what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically look at what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically look at what are the
+principles that govern Consciousness in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that govern Consciousness in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that govern Consciousness in
+particular what are the principles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what are the principles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what are the principles that
+connected to everything else in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to everything else in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to everything else in the
+world that we uh that we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that we uh that we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that we uh that we know about
+obviously the relevant some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the relevant some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the relevant some of the
+especially relevant stuff is in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially relevant stuff is in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially relevant stuff is in terms of
+connecting Consciousness to the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting Consciousness to the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting Consciousness to the rest of
+the world is going to be connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is going to be connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is going to be connected to
+physical processes that are associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical processes that are associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical processes that are associated
+with Consciousness and most directly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Consciousness and most directly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Consciousness and most directly in
+the first instance perhaps with physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first instance perhaps with physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first instance perhaps with physical
+processes in the uh in the brain I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in the uh in the brain I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in the uh in the brain I mean
+no question no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no question no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no question no no
+even there's a really systematic and ENT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even there's a really systematic and ENT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even there's a really systematic and ENT
+connection between processes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between processes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between processes in the
+brain processes in Consciousness affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain processes in Consciousness affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain processes in Consciousness affect
+the brain Consciousness I mean it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain Consciousness I mean it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain Consciousness I mean it looks
+like there's a very serious dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a very serious dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a very serious dependence
+there and you need be a reductionist to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you need be a reductionist to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you need be a reductionist to
+think that uh that uh there could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that uh that uh there could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that uh that uh there could be a
+very you know detailed and systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very you know detailed and systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very you know detailed and systematic
+science of the way the Consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of the way the Consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of the way the Consciousness
+Depends for depends on on the brain more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depends for depends on on the brain more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depends for depends on on the brain more
+generally I think what we basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally I think what we basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally I think what we basically you
+follow this model you basically want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this model you basically want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this model you basically want to
+admit the third person data as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit the third person data as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit the third person data as as
+certain third person data as Bas you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain third person data as Bas you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain third person data as Bas you can
+admit the first person data don't try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit the first person data don't try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit the first person data don't try
+and don't try and fully explain away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't try and fully explain away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't try and fully explain away
+explain the first person data in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the first person data in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the first person data in terms
+of the third person data but just to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the third person data but just to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the third person data but just to you
+know take some of these data as basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know take some of these data as basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know take some of these data as basic
+and try to build an explanatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to build an explanatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to build an explanatory
+connection between the two the realm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between the two the realm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between the two the realm of
+say brain and behavior in the realm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say brain and behavior in the realm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say brain and behavior in the realm of
+Consciousness and in that in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and in that in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and in that in fact I
+think if you look at what's been going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you look at what's been going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you look at what's been going
+on in the exploding science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the exploding science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the exploding science of
+Consciousness over the last 20 years or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness over the last 20 years or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness over the last 20 years or
+so it's I think very much a project of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's I think very much a project of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's I think very much a project of
+that kind I mean it's actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind I mean it's actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind I mean it's actually you
+really look at the science in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look at the science in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look at the science in detail
+there's actually very little made in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually very little made in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually very little made in the
+way of productive claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of productive claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of productive claim that
+Consciousness fundamentally is um S type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness fundamentally is um S type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness fundamentally is um S type
+of process this doing this explains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of process this doing this explains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of process this doing this explains
+conscious I mean some scientists make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious I mean some scientists make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious I mean some scientists make
+these claims in there when they write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these claims in there when they write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these claims in there when they write
+about this stuff but this is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this stuff but this is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this stuff but this is usually
+wearing their philosopher PA and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing their philosopher PA and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing their philosopher PA and it
+doesn't usually fall out of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't usually fall out of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't usually fall out of the of the
+science itself instead what you get is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science itself instead what you get is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science itself instead what you get is a
+really detailed systematic science you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really detailed systematic science you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really detailed systematic science you
+feel like correlations and principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like correlations and principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like correlations and principles
+connecting brain processes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting brain processes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting brain processes and
+Consciousness perhaps the um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness perhaps the um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness perhaps the um you know
+the Paradigm of this is the uh is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Paradigm of this is the uh is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Paradigm of this is the uh is the uh
+research project on neural Corral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research project on neural Corral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research project on neural Corral of
+conscious sure be something you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious sure be something you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious sure be something you guys
+talked about conscious is only a recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about conscious is only a recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about conscious is only a recent
+part of this CL is that right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this CL is that right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this CL is that right you
+haven't gotten to to uh to all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't gotten to to uh to all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't gotten to to uh to all of that
+but okay but so I mean the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay but so I mean the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay but so I mean the um the
+project of looking for neural Coral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project of looking for neural Coral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project of looking for neural Coral
+Consciousness is the project of trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness is the project of trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness is the project of trying
+to find certain neural systems in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find certain neural systems in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find certain neural systems in the
+brain whose states are closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain whose states are closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain whose states are closely
+associated with States Of Consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with States Of Consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with States Of Consciousness
+and ultimately a minimal certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately a minimal certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately a minimal certain
+maximumly specific systems in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximumly specific systems in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximumly specific systems in the brain
+who state are closely associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who state are closely associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who state are closely associated with
+states of conscious doesn't every of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of conscious doesn't every of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of conscious doesn't every of the
+brain is equally relevant to conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is equally relevant to conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is equally relevant to conscious
+the program try and try and narrow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program try and try and narrow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program try and try and narrow it
+down now this program has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down now this program has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down now this program has been
+developing in a lot of areas but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing in a lot of areas but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing in a lot of areas but it's
+certainly been at just most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly been at just most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly been at just most
+sophisticated and detailed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated and detailed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated and detailed in the
+science of visual Consciousness you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of visual Consciousness you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of visual Consciousness you know
+we have these I think you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these I think you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these I think you talk about
+visual at least not necessarily visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual at least not necessarily visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual at least not necessarily visual
+Consciousness and you you got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and you you got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and you you got these
+complicated uh o t oil tanker Refinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh o t oil tanker Refinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh o t oil tanker Refinery
+diagrams of the uh of the uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams of the uh of the uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams of the uh of the uh different
+areas involved in um the different brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas involved in um the different brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas involved in um the different brain
+areas involved in visual processing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas involved in visual processing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas involved in visual processing and
+we can then raise the question of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then raise the question of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then raise the question of all
+these these areas different stages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these areas different stages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these areas different stages of
+the visual Pathways which bits are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual Pathways which bits are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual Pathways which bits are the
+most closely associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most closely associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most closely associated with
+Consciousness in the sense that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness in the sense that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness in the sense that those
+are the ones such you know affecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones such you know affecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones such you know affecting
+those things will affect Consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things will affect Consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things will affect Consciousness
+actually even even posing that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even even posing that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even even posing that question
+is totally straightforward what you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is totally straightforward what you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is totally straightforward what you mean
+by this is the bit that's most closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this is the bit that's most closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this is the bit that's most closely
+associated with Consciousness I mean say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with Consciousness I mean say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with Consciousness I mean say
+that you just took the uh you just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just took the uh you just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just took the uh you just say
+it's inferior temporal cortex or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inferior temporal cortex or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inferior temporal cortex or
+something it doesn't mean if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it doesn't mean if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it doesn't mean if you just
+took took out inferior temporal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took took out inferior temporal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took took out inferior temporal cortex
+and put it in a V without the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it in a V without the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it in a V without the rest of
+the brain and changes the States you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain and changes the States you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain and changes the States you
+then get States Of Consciousness it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get States Of Consciousness it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get States Of Consciousness it's
+got to be that that uh that neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be that that uh that neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be that that uh that neural
+system or area which against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or area which against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or area which against the
+background of the the rest of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background of the the rest of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background of the the rest of the brain
+in normal conditions gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in normal conditions gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in normal conditions gives you
+variations in Consciousness that raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in Consciousness that raises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in Consciousness that raises
+a bunch of tricky issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of tricky issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of tricky issues that
+I've I've written about but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've written about but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've written about but still
+there's a there seems to be a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there seems to be a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there seems to be a question
+here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where
+addressing um I mean some of the uh most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing um I mean some of the uh most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing um I mean some of the uh most
+interesting work here has come from work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work here has come from work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work here has come from work
+on uh on on monkeys some of you may know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on on monkeys some of you may know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on on monkeys some of you may know
+the work that eus and some of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that eus and some of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that eus and some of his
+colleagues have done on B rivalry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues have done on B rivalry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues have done on B rivalry in
+monkeys I think I talked about that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys I think I talked about that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys I think I talked about that in
+the in the uh in the paper where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the uh in the paper where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the uh in the paper where um
+basically the thought is youve got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the thought is youve got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the thought is youve got the
+phenomenon of binocular rivalry you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon of binocular rivalry you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon of binocular rivalry you put
+um different Sim Le to the two eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different Sim Le to the two eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different Sim Le to the two eyes
+maybe a horizontal grating to one eye a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a horizontal grating to one eye a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a horizontal grating to one eye a
+vertical grating to the other now do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical grating to the other now do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical grating to the other now do
+that in a um do that for one of us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a um do that for one of us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a um do that for one of us and
+we get know we get kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get know we get kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get know we get kind of an
+alternating experience horizontal for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating experience horizontal for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating experience horizontal for a
+while vertical for a while maybe check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while vertical for a while maybe check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while vertical for a while maybe check
+bit both for a while so one thought is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit both for a while so one thought is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit both for a while so one thought is
+okay well that's a variation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that's a variation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that's a variation in
+Consciousness and interestingly A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and interestingly A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and interestingly A
+variation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in
+Consciousness um without varying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness um without varying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness um without varying the
+stimulus that's particularly useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus that's particularly useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus that's particularly useful for
+purposes of doing the science here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of doing the science here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of doing the science here
+because okay one thought is we just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay one thought is we just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay one thought is we just do
+that to us see what we're conscious off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to us see what we're conscious off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to us see what we're conscious off
+at a given time monitor what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given time monitor what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given time monitor what's going on
+in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my
+brain and uh find out which bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and uh find out which bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and uh find out which bit of the
+brain seem to coary most directly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain seem to coary most directly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain seem to coary most directly with
+the my States Of Consciousness now turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the my States Of Consciousness now turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the my States Of Consciousness now turns
+out be hard to do this in uh in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out be hard to do this in uh in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out be hard to do this in uh in humans
+because brain Imaging methods are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because brain Imaging methods are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because brain Imaging methods are just
+not sufficiently find brain to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sufficiently find brain to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sufficiently find brain to be able
+to get the difference between to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the difference between to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the difference between to be able
+to really easily get at the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really easily get at the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really easily get at the difference
+between representing vertical lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between representing vertical lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between representing vertical lines and
+horizontal lines although there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal lines although there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal lines although there are some
+methods people have tried to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods people have tried to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods people have tried to develop
+with large scale structures in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with large scale structures in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with large scale structures in the in
+the visual cortex but it's uh much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual cortex but it's uh much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual cortex but it's uh much
+easier to do if you can if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to do if you can if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to do if you can if you can
+monitor single cells in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor single cells in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor single cells in the brain
+because we know that there are cells to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that there are cells to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that there are cells to
+responding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to
+horizontal um horizontal lines and cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal um horizontal lines and cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal um horizontal lines and cells
+tuned to responding to vertical lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned to responding to vertical lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned to responding to vertical lines
+how to do those experiments on uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do those experiments on uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do those experiments on uh on
+humans because you got to drill a hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans because you got to drill a hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans because you got to drill a hole
+in the uh in the scull put the electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh in the scull put the electrode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh in the scull put the electrode
+in and most people AR wild about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and most people AR wild about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and most people AR wild about about
+having that happen to them unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that happen to them unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that happen to them unless
+they're already already had to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already already had to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already already had to happen
+for for medical reasons people have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for medical reasons people have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for medical reasons people have done
+those experiments in a few cases I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those experiments in a few cases I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those experiments in a few cases I guess
+um you guys know about the results where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you guys know about the results where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you guys know about the results where
+they stuck the electron into the skull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stuck the electron into the skull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stuck the electron into the skull
+of various surgical patients and found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of various surgical patients and found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of various surgical patients and found
+the the Jennifer Aniston cell and the OJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Jennifer Aniston cell and the OJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Jennifer Aniston cell and the OJ
+Simpson cell and and and so on but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simpson cell and and and so on but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simpson cell and and and so on but um
+you know but people do do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but people do do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but people do do these
+experiments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on
+monkeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys
+um so lus trained train these monkeys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so lus trained train these monkeys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so lus trained train these monkeys to
+basically give you kind of prototypical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically give you kind of prototypical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically give you kind of prototypical
+reports of what it's experiencing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports of what it's experiencing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports of what it's experiencing when
+it's these horizontal lines and vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's these horizontal lines and vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's these horizontal lines and vertical
+lines but you know this lever for when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines but you know this lever for when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines but you know this lever for when
+it's presented with a horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's presented with a horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's presented with a horizontal
+stimulus and this one presented with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus and this one presented with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus and this one presented with a
+vertical stimulus both when it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical stimulus both when it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical stimulus both when it gets
+checked or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked or something
+um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then
+uh okay now we'll give a rival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay now we'll give a rival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay now we'll give a rival
+stimulates and it basically go to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulates and it basically go to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulates and it basically go to I
+don't know something like that um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know something like that um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know something like that um and
+then is okay we'll stick electrodes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is okay we'll stick electrodes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is okay we'll stick electrodes into
+its brain and see when do it uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its brain and see when do it uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its brain and see when do it uh which
+cells in the brain we know certain cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in the brain we know certain cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in the brain we know certain cells
+we can figure out that certain cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can figure out that certain cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can figure out that certain cells are
+tuned for horizontal or vertical lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned for horizontal or vertical lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned for horizontal or vertical lines
+and then figure out in these conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then figure out in these conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then figure out in these conditions
+of rivalry which cells follow the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rivalry which cells follow the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rivalry which cells follow the what
+the monkey reports would be the case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkey reports would be the case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkey reports would be the case and
+which ones follow just the stimulus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones follow just the stimulus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones follow just the stimulus and
+it turns out you do this in say prim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you do this in say prim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you do this in say prim
+primary visual cortex you don't find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary visual cortex you don't find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary visual cortex you don't find a
+very good correlation between the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good correlation between the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good correlation between the uh the
+responsiveness of horizontal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsiveness of horizontal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsiveness of horizontal and
+vertical cells and what the monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical cells and what the monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical cells and what the monkey
+reports you go um um you go later on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports you go um um you go later on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports you go um um you go later on in
+the visual Pathway to it interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual Pathway to it interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual Pathway to it interior
+temporal cortex and you find a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal cortex and you find a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal cortex and you find a much
+better a very good correlation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better a very good correlation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better a very good correlation between
+when the monkey uh reports seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the monkey uh reports seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the monkey uh reports seeing the
+horizontal grating whole bunch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal grating whole bunch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal grating whole bunch of the
+horizontal cells are firing roughly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal cells are firing roughly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal cells are firing roughly and
+um when the monkey reports seeing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when the monkey reports seeing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when the monkey reports seeing a
+vertical graving whole bunch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical graving whole bunch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical graving whole bunch of the
+vertical cells are firing so okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical cells are firing so okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical cells are firing so okay so
+there's a thought inferior temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a thought inferior temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a thought inferior temporal
+cortex is at least as far as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex is at least as far as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex is at least as far as that
+evidence is concerned a much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence is concerned a much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence is concerned a much better
+candidate to be a neural corrent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate to be a neural corrent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate to be a neural corrent of
+Consciousness than V1 primary visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness than V1 primary visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness than V1 primary visual
+cortex now that's just one piece of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex now that's just one piece of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex now that's just one piece of uh
+one piece of data and there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece of data and there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece of data and there's a whole
+bunch of other data and it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other data and it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other data and it really is
+still arring controversy I think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still arring controversy I think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still arring controversy I think there
+are there are who come who have come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there are who come who have come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there are who come who have come up
+with various considerations in favor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with various considerations in favor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with various considerations in favor of
+V1 being a being a COR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 being a being a COR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 being a being a COR
+here um this less an example of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um this less an example of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um this less an example of the the
+kind of work that's going on here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work that's going on here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work that's going on here and
+this is work quite obviously you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is work quite obviously you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is work quite obviously you can uh
+you can buy into whether you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can buy into whether you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can buy into whether you're a
+reductionist or a non-reductionist about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionist or a non-reductionist about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionist or a non-reductionist about
+Consciousness because it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness because it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness because it's basically
+it's a program of correlations these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a program of correlations these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a program of correlations these um
+activity in these brain areas correlates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in these brain areas correlates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in these brain areas correlates
+with with activity in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with activity in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with activity in uh in
+Consciousness if you look at this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness if you look at this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness if you look at this whole
+this entire program there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire program there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire program there's nothing
+there to give any particular to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to give any particular to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to give any particular to um
+reductive approaches but what there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive approaches but what there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive approaches but what there is
+is a detailed science of correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a detailed science of correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a detailed science of correlation
+between this third person realm bra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this third person realm bra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this third person realm bra
+processes and the first person data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and the first person data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and the first person data
+visual Consciousness the same could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual Consciousness the same could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual Consciousness the same could be
+said for a whole bunch of other research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said for a whole bunch of other research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said for a whole bunch of other research
+programs here including the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs here including the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs here including the research
+programs for very active research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs for very active research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs for very active research
+programs for disting between conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs for disting between conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs for disting between conscious
+and unconscious processes you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unconscious processes you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unconscious processes you know
+conscious versus unconscious perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious versus unconscious perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious versus unconscious perception
+conscious versus unconscious learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious versus unconscious learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious versus unconscious learning
+and memory or implicit and explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and memory or implicit and explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and memory or implicit and explicit
+learning and memory as people often call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and memory as people often call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and memory as people often call
+it these are basically where certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it these are basically where certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it these are basically where certain
+kinds of Behavioral capacities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of Behavioral capacities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of Behavioral capacities to
+discriminate to be sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate to be sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate to be sensitive to
+information in the past can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the past can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the past can be
+instantiated consciously and maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiated consciously and maybe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiated consciously and maybe in
+the most familiar examples are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most familiar examples are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most familiar examples are
+instantiated consciously but can also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiated consciously but can also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiated consciously but can also in
+principle be instantiated unconsciously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle be instantiated unconsciously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle be instantiated unconsciously
+so there is unconscious perceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is unconscious perceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is unconscious perceptual
+sensitivity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to
+information um unconscious influences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information um unconscious influences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information um unconscious influences of
+information about the past and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the past and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the past and so that
+an interesting question now that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting question now that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting question now that's a
+that distinction between conscious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distinction between conscious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distinction between conscious and
+unconscious processing be cashed out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious processing be cashed out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious processing be cashed out in
+a bunch of different ways some of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different ways some of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different ways some of which
+are purely third personal but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are purely third personal but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are purely third personal but I think
+one of the ways of cashing it out is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways of cashing it out is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways of cashing it out is in
+terms of the presence or absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the presence or absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the presence or absence of
+certain SS of subjective experience so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain SS of subjective experience so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain SS of subjective experience so
+you know explicit memory could be or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know explicit memory could be or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know explicit memory could be or
+conscious memory could be as the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious memory could be as the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious memory could be as the kind of
+memory that goes along with a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that goes along with a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that goes along with a certain
+phenomenology of remembering whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenology of remembering whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenology of remembering whereas
+implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit
+memory um is not that's a distinction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory um is not that's a distinction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory um is not that's a distinction in
+first person data if you learn then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person data if you learn then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person data if you learn then we
+find out certain things on the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out certain things on the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out certain things on the third
+person realm certain capacities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person realm certain capacities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person realm certain capacities that
+coary with it so maybe there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coary with it so maybe there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coary with it so maybe there are certain
+things that conscious per can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that conscious per can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that conscious per can do
+functionally that unconscious perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally that unconscious perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally that unconscious perception
+can't for example I think when it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't for example I think when it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't for example I think when it comes
+to unconscious perception of listic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unconscious perception of listic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unconscious perception of listic
+information at least a few years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information at least a few years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information at least a few years ago
+when I was looking at this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was looking at this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was looking at this stuff
+carefully um there was you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully um there was you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully um there was you know some
+pretty decent evidence for say semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty decent evidence for say semantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty decent evidence for say semantic
+processing of um individual words you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing of um individual words you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing of um individual words you
+see a word like like chair and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a word like like chair and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a word like like chair and then
+later on you might be primed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on you might be primed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on you might be primed to
+recognize the word chair again faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the word chair again faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the word chair again faster
+oriz chairs faster and so on but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriz chairs faster and so on but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriz chairs faster and so on but not
+much evidence of process of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much evidence of process of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much evidence of process of complex
+syntactic and semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactic and semantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactic and semantic
+structures um you know if you had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures um you know if you had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures um you know if you had the
+cat is on the table you'd be primed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat is on the table you'd be primed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat is on the table you'd be primed for
+cats and Prim for tables not primed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats and Prim for tables not primed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats and Prim for tables not primed for
+cats being on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats being on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats being on the
+table um I guess it was it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table um I guess it was it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table um I guess it was it was a
+controversy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversy
+about was it mommy and I are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was it mommy and I are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was it mommy and I are
+one they present people sually the simul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they present people sually the simul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they present people sually the simul
+mummy and ir1 they people all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mummy and ir1 they people all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mummy and ir1 they people all kinds of
+warm and fuzzy feelings this what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm and fuzzy feelings this what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm and fuzzy feelings this what you
+think about that but uh but um priming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that but uh but um priming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that but uh but um priming
+for that complex that complex structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that complex that complex structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that complex that complex structure
+um um I guess people argued maybe came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I guess people argued maybe came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I guess people argued maybe came
+down to posi mmy and I One individually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to posi mmy and I One individually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to posi mmy and I One individually
+that's an example of correlating a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of correlating a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of correlating a first
+person distinction with a a third person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person distinction with a a third person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person distinction with a a third person
+distinction that those certain functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction that those certain functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction that those certain functions
+and so so that that's another project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so that that's another project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so that that's another project
+here for the other science of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the other science of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the other science of of
+Consciousness um mapping um certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness um mapping um certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness um mapping um certain
+first person distinctions onto certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person distinctions onto certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person distinctions onto certain
+third person distinctions finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third person distinctions finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third person distinctions finding
+principles by which the two things go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles by which the two things go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles by which the two things go
+together ultimately what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together ultimately what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together ultimately what we want to do
+here is to uh is to systematize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to uh is to systematize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to uh is to systematize this
+sort of connection into C principles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of connection into C principles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of connection into C principles and
+certain kind of generality not just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of generality not just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of generality not just say
+well this brain area this state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this brain area this state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this brain area this state of
+conscious unconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious unconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious unconscious
+perception conscious perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception conscious perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception conscious perception
+unconscious perception this difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious perception this difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious perception this difference
+in capacities but some really pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in capacities but some really pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in capacities but some really pretty
+detailed and systematic principles for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed and systematic principles for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed and systematic principles for
+nothing say spaces of brain States or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing say spaces of brain States or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing say spaces of brain States or
+computational States onto St of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational States onto St of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational States onto St of of
+Consciousness and that's that's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and that's that's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and that's that's a a
+project which is still very much under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project which is still very much under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project which is still very much under
+development I we've got a whole lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development I we've got a whole lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development I we've got a whole lot in
+the way of really detailed systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way of really detailed systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way of really detailed systematic
+account in very very limited domains but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account in very very limited domains but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account in very very limited domains but
+you know you can see that in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can see that in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can see that in the in the
+coming decades I think there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming decades I think there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming decades I think there's a
+prospect the development of theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospect the development of theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospect the development of theories of
+that kind the ultimate aim for someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind the ultimate aim for someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind the ultimate aim for someone
+like me is that um maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me is that um maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me is that um maybe
+we um as as we start to develop some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um as as we start to develop some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um as as we start to develop some
+systematic and general principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic and general principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic and general principles
+connecting say first person data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting say first person data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting say first person data and
+third person data you might ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third person data you might ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third person data you might ultimately
+be able to infer the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to infer the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to infer the fundamental
+principles that govern this connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that govern this connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that govern this connection
+you know the simple basic and Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the simple basic and Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the simple basic and Universal
+fundamental princip principles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental princip principles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental princip principles that
+connect physical processes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect physical processes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect physical processes to
+Consciousness after all if I'm right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness after all if I'm right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness after all if I'm right
+that uh conscious involves something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh conscious involves something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh conscious involves something
+fundamental and primitive in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental and primitive in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental and primitive in the way
+that space and time are fundamental and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space and time are fundamental and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space and time are fundamental and
+primitive it'll be governed by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive it'll be governed by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive it'll be governed by some
+fundamental laws and at least elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental laws and at least elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental laws and at least elsewhere
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+science well fundamental laws as once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science well fundamental laws as once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science well fundamental laws as once
+you take as basic you don't further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take as basic you don't further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take as basic you don't further
+explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now you have to do that somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to do that somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to do that somewhere in
+science you don't get explanation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science you don't get explanation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science you don't get explanation for
+free but the thought is always that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free but the thought is always that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free but the thought is always that you
+know you at least want your simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you at least want your simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you at least want your simple and
+basic your unexplained basic low to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic your unexplained basic low to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic your unexplained basic low to be
+as simple as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple as
+possible you know so you don't you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you know so you don't you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you know so you don't you take
+the minimum amount possible for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum amount possible for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum amount possible for for
+granted you know so I guess in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted you know so I guess in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted you know so I guess in physics
+people sometimes say they want a Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sometimes say they want a Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sometimes say they want a Theory
+of Everything fundamental Theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Everything fundamental Theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Everything fundamental Theory of
+physics so simple you WR up in the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so simple you WR up in the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so simple you WR up in the front
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+t-shirt um well you know time in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirt um well you know time in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirt um well you know time in this in
+this view of Consciousness we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this view of Consciousness we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this view of Consciousness we also
+ultimately one for a theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately one for a theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately one for a theory of
+Consciousness is fundamental principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness is fundamental principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness is fundamental principles
+governing Consciousness so simple you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing Consciousness so simple you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing Consciousness so simple you
+could write them on the front of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write them on the front of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write them on the front of a
+T-shirt and we don't have anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T-shirt and we don't have anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T-shirt and we don't have anything like
+that yet any t-shirt theory of conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet any t-shirt theory of conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet any t-shirt theory of conscious
+anyone has now is almost certainly wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone has now is almost certainly wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone has now is almost certainly wrong
+but um but uh think of that as a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but uh think of that as a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but uh think of that as a name
+you want to infer simple basic Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to infer simple basic Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to infer simple basic Universal
+fundamental principles simple basic not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental principles simple basic not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental principles simple basic not
+Universal they don't just apply to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal they don't just apply to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal they don't just apply to us
+humans without without brains But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans without without brains But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans without without brains But
+ultimately the principles that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately the principles that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately the principles that might
+explain apply to dogs or cats or ANS if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain apply to dogs or cats or ANS if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain apply to dogs or cats or ANS if
+they're conscious Mars if they exist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're conscious Mars if they exist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're conscious Mars if they exist and
+on you go um and the thought is I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you go um and the thought is I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you go um and the thought is I mean
+the basic thought here is actually kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic thought here is actually kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic thought here is actually kind
+of simple you just how do how do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simple you just how do how do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simple you just how do how do you get
+such a science we just gather up a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a science we just gather up a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a science we just gather up a whole
+bunch of third person data about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of third person data about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of third person data about
+physical processes especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical processes especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical processes especially in
+conscious systems gather up the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious systems gather up the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious systems gather up the first
+person data about their about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person data about their about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person data about their about their
+conscious experiences and try and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious experiences and try and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious experiences and try and you
+know abstract out the uh the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know abstract out the uh the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know abstract out the uh the simplest
+the simplest correlations between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest correlations between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest correlations between the
+two the principles governing take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the principles governing take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the principles governing take that
+data and do a bunch of data mining you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and do a bunch of data mining you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and do a bunch of data mining you
+know to uh find okay what are the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to uh find okay what are the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to uh find okay what are the what
+are the connections here at least do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the connections here at least do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the connections here at least do
+science the normal way formulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science the normal way formulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science the normal way formulate
+hypotheses um test them refute them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses um test them refute them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses um test them refute them
+refine them and on you go now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine them and on you go now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine them and on you go now of course
+that much being said it's a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much being said it's a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much being said it's a lot more
+comp that there are serious obstacles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp that there are serious obstacles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp that there are serious obstacles in
+the science of Consciousness in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science of Consciousness in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science of Consciousness in
+particular and really I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular and really I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular and really I think the
+obstacles come from from data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles come from from data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles come from from data
+Gathering uh there are obstacles to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering uh there are obstacles to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering uh there are obstacles to the
+Gathering of relevant third person data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering of relevant third person data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering of relevant third person data
+because we don't have nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have nearly
+sophisticated enough methods of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated enough methods of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated enough methods of uh
+monitoring the relevant neural St at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring the relevant neural St at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring the relevant neural St at the
+moment and it's kind of brought out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and it's kind of brought out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and it's kind of brought out by
+the fact that L of these experiments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that L of these experiments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that L of these experiments are
+experiments we have to do in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we have to do in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we have to do in in
+monkeys monkeys you got really serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys monkeys you got really serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys monkeys you got really serious
+limitation for the science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation for the science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation for the science of
+Consciousness we don't have veral repul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness we don't have veral repul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness we don't have veral repul
+which is our single best method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our single best method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our single best method of
+getting it states of Consciousness so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it states of Consciousness so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it states of Consciousness so
+that's a limitation you can imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a limitation you can imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a limitation you can imagine that
+the technology gets better and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology gets better and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology gets better and we get
+more sophisticated brain Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated brain Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated brain Imaging
+Technologies in coming decades and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies in coming decades and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies in coming decades and maybe
+there going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there going to be
+the prospect for vast advances on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prospect for vast advances on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prospect for vast advances on the
+study of the neural correlates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of the neural correlates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of the neural correlates of
+Consciousness and hum for examp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and hum for examp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and hum for examp
+but there are also even more serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are also even more serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are also even more serious
+limitations on the Gathering of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations on the Gathering of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations on the Gathering of first
+person data and the worry is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person data and the worry is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person data and the worry is basically
+the obvious worry that there are a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obvious worry that there are a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obvious worry that there are a bunch
+of worries but perhaps the most obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of worries but perhaps the most obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of worries but perhaps the most obvious
+worry is the the worry that first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry is the the worry that first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry is the the worry that first the
+subjective experience is in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective experience is in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective experience is in a certain
+sense private and very hard to observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense private and very hard to observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense private and very hard to observe
+from the third person point of view I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the third person point of view I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the third person point of view I
+know my own States Of Consciousness you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my own States Of Consciousness you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my own States Of Consciousness you
+know yours but it's very difficult for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yours but it's very difficult for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yours but it's very difficult for
+one person to tell another person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person to tell another person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person to tell another person's
+State of Consciousness this is the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State of Consciousness this is the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State of Consciousness this is the point
+we think would be a whole lot easier if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think would be a whole lot easier if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think would be a whole lot easier if
+we had the mythical Consciousness meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the mythical Consciousness meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the mythical Consciousness meter
+which I just you know w head searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I just you know w head searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I just you know w head searching
+for Consciousness searching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Consciousness searching for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Consciousness searching for
+Consciousness and up comes a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and up comes a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and up comes a picture of
+a beetle on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beetle on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beetle on the
+screen conscious Beetle um at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen conscious Beetle um at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen conscious Beetle um at the same
+time we could um um at the same time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we could um um at the same time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we could um um at the same time we
+could monitor Alex's brain states with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could monitor Alex's brain states with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could monitor Alex's brain states with a
+Ultra super uh brain imager and okay get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ultra super uh brain imager and okay get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ultra super uh brain imager and okay get
+the data of Consciousness along with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data of Consciousness along with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data of Consciousness along with the
+brain data and then cor to but um Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain data and then cor to but um Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain data and then cor to but um Al
+last we don't have a Consciousness meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last we don't have a Consciousness meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last we don't have a Consciousness meter
+I give a talk on this stuff at the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give a talk on this stuff at the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give a talk on this stuff at the at
+the CIA a you few years ago I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CIA a you few years ago I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CIA a you few years ago I don't know
+why they invited me maybe they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they invited me maybe they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they invited me maybe they wanted to
+hear some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear some
+foundational foundational ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational foundational ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational foundational ideas and
+don't know what they're expecting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what they're expecting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what they're expecting but
+they didn't get it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't get it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't get it you know
+most up Bing until I got to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most up Bing until I got to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most up Bing until I got to the
+conscious meter boy we really use one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious meter boy we really use one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious meter boy we really use one of
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those a whole bunch of those ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those a whole bunch of those ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those a whole bunch of those ethical
+issues about water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues about water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues about water
+boarding a whole of new ones new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this there is actually a picture of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there is actually a picture of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there is actually a picture of a
+conscious meter on my website that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious meter on my website that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious meter on my website that's
+devised using a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devised using a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devised using a combination of
+transpersonal psychology quantum gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpersonal psychology quantum gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpersonal psychology quantum gravity
+and neuromorphic Engineering looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like do you think that first person data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do you think that first person data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do you think that first person data
+can give us any idea of which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give us any idea of which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give us any idea of which of these
+are the likely C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the likely C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the likely C
+start and help yeah um I guess I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and help yeah um I guess I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and help yeah um I guess I'd say
+not obviously I mean not obviously on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obviously I mean not obviously on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obviously I mean not obviously on
+its own um with that the first person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own um with that the first person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own um with that the first person
+data are fairly neutral on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data are fairly neutral on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data are fairly neutral on the
+underlying structures in the brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying structures in the brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying structures in the brain and
+you're absolutely right in considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right in considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right in considering
+neural of conscious restrict ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural of conscious restrict ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural of conscious restrict ourselves
+to local properties of the brain various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to local properties of the brain various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to local properties of the brain various
+Global and informational properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global and informational properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global and informational properties of
+the brain I think what you end up doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain I think what you end up doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain I think what you end up doing
+here and I think even what people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I think even what people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I think even what people like
+ton and others end up doing is try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton and others end up doing is try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton and others end up doing is try to
+find the of the brain that correlate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the of the brain that correlate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the of the brain that correlate the
+best with first person features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best with first person features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best with first person features of
+Consciousness so he thinks that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness so he thinks that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness so he thinks that as a
+matter of empirical fact that's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of empirical fact that's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of empirical fact that's these
+these information integration properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these information integration properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these information integration properties
+that be Beal question out there and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be Beal question out there and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be Beal question out there and do
+the experiment measure the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment measure the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment measure the properties
+and find out might turn out some local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find out might turn out some local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find out might turn out some local
+property really coar visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property really coar visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property really coar visual
+Consciousness or might turn out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness or might turn out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness or might turn out some
+Global property coar better I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global property coar better I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global property coar better I think in
+that process the first person data will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process the first person data will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process the first person data will
+Ser as a constraint I mean you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser as a constraint I mean you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser as a constraint I mean you got to
+have them you got know the first person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them you got know the first person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them you got know the first person
+how to find what correlates with it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to find what correlates with it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to find what correlates with it I
+certainly don't think they'll they'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly don't think they'll they'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly don't think they'll they'll do
+that on their own this is something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on their own this is something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on their own this is something for
+which you need the two kinds of data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combination yeah so this isly ties into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination yeah so this isly ties into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination yeah so this isly ties into
+the issue about the Consciousness meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue about the Consciousness meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue about the Consciousness meter
+what is the best Consciousness meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the best Consciousness meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the best Consciousness meter
+that we actually have at the moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually have at the moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually have at the moment in
+the absence of that your direct read out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of that your direct read out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of that your direct read out
+well it's precisely glal report and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's precisely glal report and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's precisely glal report and you
+might say well okay how do we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well okay how do we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well okay how do we know that
+people making glal reports are conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people making glal reports are conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people making glal reports are conscious
+um you know they could be zombies I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know they could be zombies I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know they could be zombies I
+think at this point you got to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think at this point you got to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think at this point you got to make
+assumption that you know just as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that you know just as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that you know just as in
+ordinary science you assume the percept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary science you assume the percept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary science you assume the percept
+a pretty good Guide to the uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty good Guide to the uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty good Guide to the uh to the
+physical world we can't prove that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical world we can't prove that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical world we can't prove that we're
+not brain and but uh methodologically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not brain and but uh methodologically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not brain and but uh methodologically we
+assume that um perception is reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that um perception is reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that um perception is reliable
+roughly unless we have certain specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly unless we have certain specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly unless we have certain specific
+reasons to to think otherwise for known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to to think otherwise for known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to to think otherwise for known
+illusion for example I think likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion for example I think likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion for example I think likewise
+you got to think I think my of conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to think I think my of conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to think I think my of conscious
+is the veral report have a role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the veral report have a role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the veral report have a role
+analogous to that of say perception in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to that of say perception in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to that of say perception in
+the physical world you got to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical world you got to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical world you got to assume
+that you can B take the of assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can B take the of assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can B take the of assuming that
+people's vers are accurate guides to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's vers are accurate guides to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's vers are accurate guides to
+their Consciousness in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Consciousness in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Consciousness in the absence of
+specific reasons to believe otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific reasons to believe otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific reasons to believe otherwise
+like know erors of and biases of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like know erors of and biases of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like know erors of and biases of of
+introspection and that's the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introspection and that's the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introspection and that's the assumption
+that makes a science of Consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes a science of Consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes a science of Consciousness
+possible but now there is that so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but now there is that so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but now there is that so there
+is this further worry think is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this further worry think is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this further worry think is basically
+block what if there's a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block what if there's a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block what if there's a whole lot of
+Consciousness would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness would be
+kind I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind I think
+you the physical world out there we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the physical world out there we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the physical world out there we come
+to see um you know you got to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see um you know you got to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see um you know you got to take
+different there's different attitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different there's different attitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different there's different attitudes
+you can take at this point why is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take at this point why is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take at this point why is is
+there any evidence for there being this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any evidence for there being this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any evidence for there being this
+kind of Consciousness we can't record I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Consciousness we can't record I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Consciousness we can't record I
+ned thinks there's certain kinds of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ned thinks there's certain kinds of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ned thinks there's certain kinds of very
+indirect reasons to believe in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect reasons to believe in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect reasons to believe in that
+somewhat suspicious about the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat suspicious about the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat suspicious about the individual
+individual cases although one place you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual cases although one place you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual cases although one place you
+really might wor is conscious outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really might wor is conscious outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really might wor is conscious outside
+attention might think okay boy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention might think okay boy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention might think okay boy this
+pretty close was a lot of Consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close was a lot of Consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close was a lot of Consciousness
+outside our attention very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside our attention very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside our attention very hard to
+report that how do I report what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report that how do I report what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report that how do I report what's going
+on in the frenches of my visual field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the frenches of my visual field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the frenches of my visual field
+well by attending to it I can report but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well by attending to it I can report but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well by attending to it I can report but
+then arguably transform the transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then arguably transform the transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then arguably transform the transform
+the phenomen um that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomen um that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomen um that's that
+Consciousness within attention so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness within attention so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness within attention so maybe
+Consciousness outside attention is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness outside attention is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness outside attention is
+something that we uh we can't recort or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we uh we can't recort or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we uh we can't recort or
+even easily introspect I mean the weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even easily introspect I mean the weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even easily introspect I mean the weaker
+approach it takes at least there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach it takes at least there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach it takes at least there some
+kind of conscious all which we have data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of conscious all which we have data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of conscious all which we have data
+that's the kind of conscious we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of conscious we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of conscious we can
+thought and attemp to respect and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought and attemp to respect and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought and attemp to respect and in the
+first instance let's go to science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first instance let's go to science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first instance let's go to science of
+those things and I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things and I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things and I think that's
+basically what goes on right now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what goes on right now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what goes on right now in the
+science of Consciousness I'd be happy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of Consciousness I'd be happy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of Consciousness I'd be happy if
+we ended up with a pretty good science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up with a pretty good science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up with a pretty good science
+of those things of the central cases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things of the central cases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things of the central cases of
+conscious that would still leave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious that would still leave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious that would still leave a
+question open what about the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question open what about the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question open what about the possibility
+further cases of conscious outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further cases of conscious outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further cases of conscious outside
+report you know Consciousness outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report you know Consciousness outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report you know Consciousness outside
+attention right now you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention right now you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention right now you've got the
+situation some people think there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation some people think there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation some people think there is
+conscious outside attention some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious outside attention some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious outside attention some people
+think there's not and the sense we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's not and the sense we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's not and the sense we have
+of such Consciousness outside of tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such Consciousness outside of tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such Consciousness outside of tension
+is just comes from the ability we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just comes from the ability we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just comes from the ability we have
+tend to it and then it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to it and then it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to it and then it's like a
+refrigerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator
+light whenever we whenever we open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light whenever we whenever we open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light whenever we whenever we open the
+fridge the lights on so the light was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fridge the lights on so the light was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fridge the lights on so the light was on
+all along Maybe not maybe attending to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all along Maybe not maybe attending to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all along Maybe not maybe attending to
+have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made
+it I think that's a really serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think that's a really serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think that's a really serious
+methodological I don't have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodological I don't have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodological I don't have a good
+solution to that I wish I did um but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that I wish I did um but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that I wish I did um but I
+do think though the science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think though the science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think though the science of
+conscience can proceed in the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscience can proceed in the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscience can proceed in the central
+cases without then hope is somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases without then hope is somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases without then hope is somewhere
+along the way we might come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way we might come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way we might come up with
+special empirical or philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special empirical or philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special empirical or philosophical
+methods to resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to resolve
+that um yeah so let go so that gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um yeah so let go so that gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um yeah so let go so that gets the
+uh second meth look doesn't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh second meth look doesn't worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh second meth look doesn't worry about
+privacy to worry about uh methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy to worry about uh methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy to worry about uh methods
+methods for investigating states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for investigating states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for investigating states of
+conscious from the inside which really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious from the inside which really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious from the inside which really
+terribly primitive right now at Le say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly primitive right now at Le say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly primitive right now at Le say
+used in parent are you experiencing red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in parent are you experiencing red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in parent are you experiencing red
+or not um our methods for investigating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not um our methods for investigating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not um our methods for investigating
+first person data aren't anywhere near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person data aren't anywhere near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person data aren't anywhere near
+as sophisticated methods for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sophisticated methods for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sophisticated methods for
+investigating third person data here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating third person data here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating third person data here is
+where at least I'd like to think that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where at least I'd like to think that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where at least I'd like to think that um
+you know Western science and philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Western science and philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Western science and philosophy
+can actually learn things from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually learn things from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually learn things from some
+other Traditions to spend a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Traditions to spend a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Traditions to spend a whole lot
+more time on investigating Consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time on investigating Consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time on investigating Consciousness
+from the inside where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the inside where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the inside where
+Eastern Traditions coming from Buddhist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern Traditions coming from Buddhist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern Traditions coming from Buddhist
+philosophy and the like um Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and the like um Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and the like um Western
+phenomenology coming from people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenology coming from people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenology coming from people like
+like P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like P
+and and so on maybe even ideas that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so on maybe even ideas that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so on maybe even ideas that were
+that were big in sort of 19 early 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were big in sort of 19 early 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were big in sort of 19 early 20th
+century in perspective psychology there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century in perspective psychology there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century in perspective psychology there
+was a whole lot of this stuff I me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a whole lot of this stuff I me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a whole lot of this stuff I me that
+ended up I mean the last of those ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up I mean the last of those ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up I mean the last of those ended
+up colling under its own weight when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up colling under its own weight when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up colling under its own weight when
+cond a purely introspective psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cond a purely introspective psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cond a purely introspective psychology
+led to S intractable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to S intractable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to S intractable
+debates um and so on you know again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debates um and so on you know again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debates um and so on you know again the
+fact there are certain areas where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there are certain areas where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there are certain areas where there
+are intractable debates like is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are intractable debates like is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are intractable debates like is there
+certain kind of IM thoughts and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of IM thoughts and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of IM thoughts and so on
+doesn't mean there aren't areas there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean there aren't areas there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean there aren't areas there's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+intractable debate and there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intractable debate and there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intractable debate and there aren't
+Central cases so I think one can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central cases so I think one can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central cases so I think one can try to
+take on S of introspective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on S of introspective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on S of introspective and
+phenomenological method as a kind of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological method as a kind of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological method as a kind of as
+a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of
+data method without necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data method without necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data method without necessarily
+endorsing all the metaphysical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endorsing all the metaphysical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endorsing all the metaphysical
+conclusion say the Buddhist philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion say the Buddhist philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion say the Buddhist philosophy
+or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever
+L um used that as a method of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L um used that as a method of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L um used that as a method of data
+Gathering at least in the central cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering at least in the central cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering at least in the central cases
+and gradually try to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gradually try to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gradually try to increase the
+sophistication of that method there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication of that method there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication of that method there's
+also the issue of beinging a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the issue of beinging a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the issue of beinging a language
+for the description of conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the description of conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the description of conscious
+formalism representing that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism representing that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism representing that in the
+science you know if you're going have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science you know if you're going have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science you know if you're going have a
+real science these first person data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real science these first person data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real science these first person data you
+going have ways of you know writing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going have ways of you know writing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going have ways of you know writing down
+your data in the Lo book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data in the Lo book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data in the Lo book and
+representing it for the for the purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing it for the for the purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing it for the for the purposes
+of formulating these principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formulating these principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formulating these principles
+connecting physical processes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting physical processes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting physical processes to
+Consciousness what of formalism for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness what of formalism for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness what of formalism for
+representing states of states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing states of states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing states of states of
+Consciousness right now we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness right now we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness right now we don't have
+really good formalisms we basically use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good formalisms we basically use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good formalisms we basically use
+our language for describing the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our language for describing the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our language for describing the world
+experiences as a exp of squareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences as a exp of squareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences as a exp of squareness
+experience of chairs I guess someone our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of chairs I guess someone our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of chairs I guess someone our
+going that's well and profer because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that's well and profer because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that's well and profer because
+that's you know this is what states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know this is what states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know this is what states of
+conscious fundamentally are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious fundamentally are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious fundamentally are
+representational State that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representational State that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representational State that's another
+area where these things really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where these things really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where these things really be
+developing so I think basically Ian the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing so I think basically Ian the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing so I think basically Ian the
+science of conscious moving ahead a pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of conscious moving ahead a pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of conscious moving ahead a pace
+like this and and the first person data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and and the first person data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and and the first person data
+really are a distinctive thing they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are a distinctive thing they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are a distinctive thing they do
+POS these distinctive challenges I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POS these distinctive challenges I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POS these distinctive challenges I think
+in the long run for the advance in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the long run for the advance in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the long run for the advance in the
+real development of this science we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real development of this science we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real development of this science we're
+going to need methods for you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need methods for you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need methods for you know for
+studying and representing first person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying and representing first person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying and representing first person
+data that are analogous in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that are analogous in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that are analogous in their
+sophistication to their to third person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication to their to third person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication to their to third person
+data and right now that's a a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and right now that's a a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and right now that's a a pretty
+serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cheng so I like the suggestions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheng so I like the suggestions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheng so I like the suggestions you
+making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+and My worry is that once we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and My worry is that once we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and My worry is that once we get a
+really good um sort of account of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good um sort of account of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good um sort of account of the
+first person phenomenon and a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person phenomenon and a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person phenomenon and a really
+good account the third person phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good account the third person phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good account the third person phenomenon
+the hard problems sort of start to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard problems sort of start to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard problems sort of start to look
+a whole lot less hard um so take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot less hard um so take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot less hard um so take
+something like uh go back to tier's lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like uh go back to tier's lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like uh go back to tier's lab
+manual um for how to do inpection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual um for how to do inpection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual um for how to do inpection
+psychology um he gets us to focus on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology um he gets us to focus on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology um he gets us to focus on um
+the range of tones that we're sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of tones that we're sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of tones that we're sensitive
+to discriminating when we hear um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discriminating when we hear um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discriminating when we hear um I
+something that we take to be a primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we take to be a primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we take to be a primitive
+simple tone and gets us to extract all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple tone and gets us to extract all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple tone and gets us to extract all
+of the different components out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different components out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different components out of that
+once we sort of start paying attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we sort of start paying attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we sort of start paying attention
+to how sensitive we are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how sensitive we are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how sensitive we are to
+discriminating these various little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating these various little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating these various little
+lowle phenomena and we start getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowle phenomena and we start getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowle phenomena and we start getting
+down to the level of mechanisms where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the level of mechanisms where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the level of mechanisms where
+we're sort of picking out which ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of picking out which ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of picking out which ones are
+sensitive to each of these tones and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to each of these tones and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to each of these tones and get
+nice correlations between these it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice correlations between these it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice correlations between these it looks
+like there's very little left over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's very little left over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's very little left over that
+we going really want to explain we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going really want to explain we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going really want to explain we've
+got a full account of what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a full account of what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a full account of what we're
+sensitive to what we're discriminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to what we're discriminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to what we're discriminating
+um I mean of course we're going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean of course we're going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean of course we're going to need
+an account of why we privilege um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an account of why we privilege um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an account of why we privilege um these
+first person sorts of uh experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person sorts of uh experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person sorts of uh experiences
+over experiences that we have of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over experiences that we have of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over experiences that we have of other
+people's experience um but I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's experience um but I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's experience um but I mean
+it's the denan project now looks a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the denan project now looks a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the denan project now looks a lot
+more plausible once you sort start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more plausible once you sort start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more plausible once you sort start
+that's what I don't see I certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I don't see I certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I don't see I certainly
+agree that after got this kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that after got this kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that after got this kind of thing
+then you you start to get potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you start to get potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you start to get potentially
+really useful explanations of the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful explanations of the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful explanations of the states
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Consciousness um last thing about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness um last thing about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness um last thing about that
+project to me this is a reductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to me this is a reductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to me this is a reductive
+explanation I think what you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation I think what you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation I think what you know if you
+look at the way did it explicitly number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the way did it explicitly number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the way did it explicitly number
+project go up these states of take for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project go up these states of take for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project go up these states of take for
+find these discriminatory mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these discriminatory mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these discriminatory mechanisms
+that that uh correlate with them you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh correlate with them you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh correlate with them you say
+okay this this underlying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this this underlying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this this underlying the
+informational State this state of so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informational State this state of so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informational State this state of so far
+that's a nonu project takes punish from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nonu project takes punish from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nonu project takes punish from
+gr and Corr these things now this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr and Corr these things now this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr and Corr these things now this to
+thetive project orous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetive project orous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetive project orous
+project once you've explained all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project once you've explained all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project once you've explained all those
+kinds of discrimination you thereby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of discrimination you thereby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of discrimination you thereby
+explained the State of Consciousness I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained the State of Consciousness I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained the State of Consciousness I
+just don't see anything there that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't see anything there that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't see anything there that has a
+baring on the uh basic underlying why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baring on the uh basic underlying why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baring on the uh basic underlying why
+does all that discrimination have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does all that discrimination have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does all that discrimination have to be
+accompanied by consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanied by consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanied by consciousness
+why have gone on without that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why have gone on without that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why have gone on without that
+experimental Paradigm just assumes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental Paradigm just assumes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental Paradigm just assumes the
+existence of cons assum thesea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of cons assum thesea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of cons assum thesea and
+correlates I you have to do a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlates I you have to do a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlates I you have to do a whole
+bunch of extra philosophy to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of extra philosophy to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of extra philosophy to get to
+that's explain everything he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's explain everything he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's explain everything he's
+explaining and that philosophy would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining and that philosophy would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining and that philosophy would
+basically making the questions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically making the questions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically making the questions in the
+way that didn't really turn on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that didn't really turn on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that didn't really turn on the
+details of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of these
+experiments well I mean I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments well I mean I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments well I mean I guess the
+question is gonna I know you've got lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is gonna I know you've got lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is gonna I know you've got lots
+of things to say about this as well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things to say about this as well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things to say about this as well the
+question is going to be about whether we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is going to be about whether we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is going to be about whether we
+get any better reductive sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get any better reductive sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get any better reductive sorts of
+explanations um any other sort of sence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations um any other sort of sence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations um any other sort of sence
+yeah and my explanation to think that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and my explanation to think that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and my explanation to think that we
+probably don't the end of the day get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't the end of the day get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't the end of the day get
+much beyond the level of these real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much beyond the level of these real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much beyond the level of these real
+tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight
+correlations between different levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations between different levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations between different levels
+ofation whether it's between neurons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofation whether it's between neurons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofation whether it's between neurons and
+Consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness
+or individual behaviors and and social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or individual behaviors and and social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or individual behaviors and and social
+interactions I guess I guess I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions I guess I guess I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions I guess I guess I'm in
+think that's not the case in areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's not the case in areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's not the case in areas of
+science correlation hey youve got a DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science correlation hey youve got a DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science correlation hey youve got a DNA
+you got a g you still have the DNA story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a g you still have the DNA story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a g you still have the DNA story
+in enough detail and you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in enough detail and you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in enough detail and you basically
+explained the explained the phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained the explained the phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained the explained the phenomena
+one of the ways one of the signals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways one of the signals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways one of the signals of
+this is in a whole of areas of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in a whole of areas of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in a whole of areas of science
+once you get an explanation of a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get an explanation of a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get an explanation of a low
+level phenomena like gen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level phenomena like gen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level phenomena like gen
+or life or metabolism whatever people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or life or metabolism whatever people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or life or metabolism whatever people in
+the science often end up they stop using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science often end up they stop using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science often end up they stop using
+the term um gene or or life and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term um gene or or life and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term um gene or or life and because
+they understand the phenomena well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they understand the phenomena well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they understand the phenomena well
+enough they just don't need it they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough they just don't need it they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough they just don't need it they say
+okay well you got this turns out notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well you got this turns out notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well you got this turns out notion
+Gene splits five different ways you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene splits five different ways you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene splits five different ways you say
+transl this you encode that and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transl this you encode that and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transl this you encode that and you know
+what you need to know so I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to know so I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to know so I'm very
+skeptical that will ever happen for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical that will ever happen for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical that will ever happen for the
+for the science of Consciousness I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the science of Consciousness I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the science of Consciousness I mean
+the analog be disabl we get okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog be disabl we get okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog be disabl we get okay well
+this is discriminated and this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is discriminated and this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is discriminated and this is um
+this is the threshold for this and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the threshold for this and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the threshold for this and so
+you never actually actually mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never actually actually mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never actually actually mentioned
+States Of Consciousness and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States Of Consciousness and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States Of Consciousness and then you
+wouldn't need to mention them of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't need to mention them of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't need to mention them of course
+you know what you need to know KN the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you need to know KN the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you need to know KN the
+under stuff it seems be that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under stuff it seems be that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under stuff it seems be that we just
+leave out the central data of a science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave out the central data of a science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave out the central data of a science
+of conscious which more attitude towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conscious which more attitude towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conscious which more attitude towards
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+doesn't well we are out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't well we are out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't well we are out of
+time thanks so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/F3y8qupFfUs.txt b/F3y8qupFfUs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6bb0bbd870987157804c81f9fcd07e5e7648f1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/F3y8qupFfUs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,643 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the law of total probability is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of total probability is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of total probability is another
+probability law that gives you a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law that gives you a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law that gives you a way to
+reason about cases which we've seen is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about cases which we've seen is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about cases which we've seen is a
+fundamental technique for dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental technique for dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental technique for dealing with
+all sorts of problems so the point of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of problems so the point of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of problems so the point of uh
+cases of course is that you can prove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of course is that you can prove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of course is that you can prove a
+complicated Thing by breaking it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated Thing by breaking it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated Thing by breaking it up into
+if you're lucky easy subcases so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're lucky easy subcases so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're lucky easy subcases so here's
+the way to understand the law of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to understand the law of total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to understand the law of total
+probability abstractly it starts off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability abstractly it starts off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability abstractly it starts off
+with set theoretic reasoning suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with set theoretic reasoning suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with set theoretic reasoning suppose
+that I have a set a embedded in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have a set a embedded in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have a set a embedded in some
+larger sample space s so a is really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger sample space s so a is really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger sample space s so a is really an
+event but uh but we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event but uh but we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event but uh but we're just going to
+think of it as a set now suppose that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a set now suppose that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a set now suppose that I
+have three sets B1 B2 and B3 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three sets B1 B2 and B3 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three sets B1 B2 and B3 that
+partition the sample space that is B1 B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the sample space that is B1 B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the sample space that is B1 B2
+and B3 uh don't overlap they're disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B3 uh don't overlap they're disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B3 uh don't overlap they're disjoint
+and everything is in one of those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything is in one of those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything is in one of those three
+sets so there's a picture of B1 B2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets so there's a picture of B1 B2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets so there's a picture of B1 B2 and
+B3 cutting up the whole sample space s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 cutting up the whole sample space s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 cutting up the whole sample space s
+represented by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the
+square or rectangle okay uh now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square or rectangle okay uh now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square or rectangle okay uh now these
+three sets that cut up the whole Space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sets that cut up the whole Space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sets that cut up the whole Space
+really nearly cut up the set a into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nearly cut up the set a into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nearly cut up the set a into
+three pieces the first pace is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pieces the first pace is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pieces the first pace is uh the
+points in a that are in B1 the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in a that are in B1 the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in a that are in B1 the second
+piece is the points in a that are in B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is the points in a that are in B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is the points in a that are in B2
+and the third is the points in a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third is the points in a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third is the points in a that
+are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in
+B3 so that's why we get a basic set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 so that's why we get a basic set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 so that's why we get a basic set
+theoretic identity that says that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic identity that says that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic identity that says that as
+long as B1 B2 and B3 have the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as B1 B2 and B3 have the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as B1 B2 and B3 have the property
+that their Union is the the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their Union is the the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their Union is the the universe
+everything um and and they're pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything um and and they're pairwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything um and and they're pairwise
+disjoint then any set a is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint then any set a is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint then any set a is equal to the
+union of uh the part of a that's in B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of uh the part of a that's in B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of uh the part of a that's in B1
+the part of a that's in B2 the part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of a that's in B2 the part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of a that's in B2 the part of a
+that's in B3 and this is a disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in B3 and this is a disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in B3 and this is a disjoint
+Union because the B's don't overlap that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union because the B's don't overlap that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union because the B's don't overlap that
+means that if I was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if I was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if I was talking about
+cardinality I could add them up but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality I could add them up but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality I could add them up but in
+terms of probability I can apply the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of probability I can apply the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of probability I can apply the sum
+rule for probabilities and discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for probabilities and discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for probabilities and discover that
+the probability of a is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a is simply the
+probability of B1 intersection a B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B1 intersection a B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B1 intersection a B2
+intersection a B3 intersection a now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection a B3 intersection a now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection a B3 intersection a now the
+most useful form of the law of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most useful form of the law of total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most useful form of the law of total
+probability is when you replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is when you replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is when you replace this
+intersection B1 intersection a by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection B1 intersection a by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection B1 intersection a by the
+conditional probability using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability using the
+product rule so let's replace it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule so let's replace it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule so let's replace it by the
+probability of a given B1 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given B1 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given B1 times the
+probability of B1 that's just an that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B1 that's just an that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B1 that's just an that's
+another formula for B1 intersection a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another formula for B1 intersection a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another formula for B1 intersection a
+and if I do that with the rest of them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I do that with the rest of them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I do that with the rest of them I
+now have the law of total probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have the law of total probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have the law of total probability
+stated in the usual way in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated in the usual way in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated in the usual way in terms of
+conditional probabilities where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities where it's
+most useful now I did it for three sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most useful now I did it for three sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most useful now I did it for three sets
+but it obviously works for any finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it obviously works for any finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it obviously works for any finite
+number of sets as a matter of fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sets as a matter of fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sets as a matter of fact it
+works fine for any accountable Union of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works fine for any accountable Union of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works fine for any accountable Union of
+sets if I have a a partition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets if I have a a partition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets if I have a a partition of the
+sample space s into B 0 B1 and so on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space s into B 0 B1 and so on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space s into B 0 B1 and so on a
+partition with a countable number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition with a countable number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition with a countable number of
+blocks then it's still the case that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks then it's still the case that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks then it's still the case that the
+probability of a is equal by the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a is equal by the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a is equal by the sum
+rule to the probability of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to the probability of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to the probability of these
+disjoint pieces the parts of a that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint pieces the parts of a that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint pieces the parts of a that are
+in each of the different blocks of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of the different blocks of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of the different blocks of the
+partition and reformulating that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and reformulating that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and reformulating that as a
+conditional probability I get the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability I get the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability I get the rule
+that the probability of a is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of a is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of a is the sum
+over all possible I of the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible I of the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible I of the probability
+of a given bi times the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a given bi times the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a given bi times the probability of
+bi and that basic rule is one that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi and that basic rule is one that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi and that basic rule is one that we're
+going to get a lot of mileage out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a lot of mileage out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a lot of mileage out of
+when we turn in the next segment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we turn in the next segment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we turn in the next segment to
+analyze uh and understand the results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze uh and understand the results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze uh and understand the results of
+tests that are uh may be unreliable
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Fo-Y6kEMURk.txt b/Fo-Y6kEMURk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af98ab399e52c555456a08a9a91c70718ad8d6fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Fo-Y6kEMURk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay now over I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay now over I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay now over I've been
+giving out uh the muddy cards for a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving out uh the muddy cards for a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving out uh the muddy cards for a few
+of the lectures and two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lectures and two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lectures and two or three
+questions came up in those that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions came up in those that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions came up in those that I
+haven't addressed so far and I kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't addressed so far and I kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't addressed so far and I kind
+calling them loose ends and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling them loose ends and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling them loose ends and I'm going to
+pick up on a couple of those today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up on a couple of those today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up on a couple of those today I
+think they'll help you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they'll help you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they'll help you kind of
+consolidate the knowledge around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidate the knowledge around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidate the knowledge around the
+quiz and so I'm going to couple of loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz and so I'm going to couple of loose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz and so I'm going to couple of loose
+ends there and then I'm the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends there and then I'm the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends there and then I'm the lecture
+topic I started last time which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic I started last time which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic I started last time which is
+making this transition from thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this transition from thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this transition from thinking
+about angular momentum of particles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about angular momentum of particles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about angular momentum of particles to
+using the full angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the full angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the full angular momentum
+equations for rigid bodies where we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for rigid bodies where we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for rigid bodies where we talk
+about Mass moment M of inertia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Mass moment M of inertia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Mass moment M of inertia and
+products of inertia and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of inertia and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of inertia and that's where
+we'll pick up there again today because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pick up there again today because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pick up there again today because
+that's where we're going for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we're going for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we're going for the next
+few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's pick up with an first example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's pick up with an first example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's pick up with an first example
+here this is this is on the topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is this is on the topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is this is on the topic of
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finding equations of motion and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding equations of motion and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding equations of motion and there's
+been a little confusioner with people I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a little confusioner with people I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a little confusioner with people I
+notic who've asked me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notic who've asked me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notic who've asked me you
+know what do you mean find you me solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what do you mean find you me solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what do you mean find you me solve
+Etc and so I'm going to go through just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and so I'm going to go through just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and so I'm going to go through just
+a real quick example skipping some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real quick example skipping some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real quick example skipping some of
+the steps because there be my purpose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steps because there be my purpose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steps because there be my purpose is
+emphasizing the steps not working out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing the steps not working out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing the steps not working out
+all the details so um finding equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the details so um finding equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the details so um finding equations
+of motion where does it begin so really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion where does it begin so really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion where does it begin so really
+one of the really important steps is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the really important steps is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the really important steps is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determine the number of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the number of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the number of independent
+coordinates you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need because when you've done that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need because when you've done that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need because when you've done that that
+tells you basically the uh that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you basically the uh that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you basically the uh that's also
+the number it really starts finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number it really starts finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number it really starts finding the
+number of degrees of freedom should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of degrees of freedom should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of degrees of freedom should have
+put just in different order degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put just in different order degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put just in different order degrees of
+freedom tells you the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom tells you the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom tells you the number of
+independent coordinates you need so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent coordinates you need so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent coordinates you need so this
+is one two and then three that leads you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one two and then three that leads you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one two and then three that leads you
+to the number of equations of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the number of equations of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the number of equations of motion
+that you need so this is really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need so this is really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need so this is really an
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+step secondly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+draw free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw free body
+diagrams and third apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forces external Vector equations gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces external Vector equations gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces external Vector equations gives
+you masstimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you masstimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you masstimes
+acceleration and summation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+torqux gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you d h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you d h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you d h
+DT plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus this
+V cross P term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V cross P term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V cross P term
+well so this is just kind of the step by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so this is just kind of the step by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so this is just kind of the step by
+step so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so
+let's apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+briefly we've talked a lot about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly we've talked a lot about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly we've talked a lot about things
+on Heels so here's a cart it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Heels so here's a cart it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Heels so here's a cart it's got
+wheels attached by a cord to a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels attached by a cord to a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels attached by a cord to a second
+Mass that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass that's
+sliding M1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding M1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding M1
+M2 doesn't stretch the cord in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's think of these things as rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's think of these things as rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's think of these things as rigid
+bodies so how many degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies so how many degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies so how many degrees of freedom
+how many possible degrees of freedom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many possible degrees of freedom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many possible degrees of freedom to
+for the maximum possible you have how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the maximum possible you have how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the maximum possible you have how
+many rigid bodies two how many degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many rigid bodies two how many degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many rigid bodies two how many degrees
+of freedom for rigid bodies possible six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom for rigid bodies possible six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom for rigid bodies possible six
+each so we're six times m + 3 * n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so we're six times m + 3 * n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so we're six times m + 3 * n minus
+the number of constraints is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of constraints is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of constraints is the number
+of independent degrees of freedom this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent degrees of freedom this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent degrees of freedom this
+is number of rigid bodies number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is number of rigid bodies number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is number of rigid bodies number of
+particles so we have 6 * 2 3 * 0 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so we have 6 * 2 3 * 0 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so we have 6 * 2 3 * 0 minus
+the constraint so this one comes up 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint so this one comes up 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint so this one comes up 12
+minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the
+constraints you have to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints you have to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints you have to figure out the
+constraints quickly where we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints quickly where we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints quickly where we're not
+going to allow rotation in any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allow rotation in any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allow rotation in any of the
+three directions on either and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three directions on either and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three directions on either and there
+they on carts they're big they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they on carts they're big they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they on carts they're big they're
+sliding they're not rolling any of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding they're not rolling any of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding they're not rolling any of that
+so no rotation for three no rotation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no rotation for three no rotation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no rotation for three no rotation for
+three more that's minus 6 so C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three more that's minus 6 so C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three more that's minus 6 so C
+equals - 6 or C equals 6 for rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals - 6 or C equals 6 for rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals - 6 or C equals 6 for rotation
+and then what else can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's
+no I'll like designate this the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'll like designate this the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'll like designate this the Y
+Direction so we can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so we can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so we can talk about
+directions here and I'll designate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions here and I'll designate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions here and I'll designate this
+X in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in general
+no acceleration at all in the y in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no acceleration at all in the y in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no acceleration at all in the y in the y
+direction right can't move in the Y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right can't move in the Y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right can't move in the Y so
+that gives us one two for each Mass plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us one two for each Mass plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us one two for each Mass plus
+two more it's eight constraints that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more it's eight constraints that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more it's eight constraints that
+we've come up with now a ninth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've come up with now a ninth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've come up with now a ninth
+constraint is the fact that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is the fact that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is the fact that these two
+are tied together and so if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tied together and so if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tied together and so if you had
+temporarily assigned a coordinate here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily assigned a coordinate here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily assigned a coordinate here
+X1 and another one here X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and another one here X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and another one here X2
+we know for a fact that X1 has got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know for a fact that X1 has got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know for a fact that X1 has got to be
+equal to X2 and that gives you yet one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X2 and that gives you yet one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X2 and that gives you yet one
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constraint so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so that's
+nine and let's so we might just stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and let's so we might just stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and let's so we might just stop
+there we say okay that's a total of nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we say okay that's a total of nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we say okay that's a total of nine
+so the number of degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+freedom 12- 9 is three and that implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom 12- 9 is three and that implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom 12- 9 is three and that implies
+you need three equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need three equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need three equations of
+motion some conf comes you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion some conf comes you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion some conf comes you know if
+something's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's not
+cons let me start with start rephrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons let me start with start rephrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons let me start with start rephrase
+that we haven't talked anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we haven't talked anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we haven't talked anything about
+the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z
+Direction I haven't described any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction I haven't described any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction I haven't described any
+constraints in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints in the Z
+direction if you're if this is me in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if you're if this is me in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if you're if this is me in a
+car and I'm dragging a sled down a hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and I'm dragging a sled down a hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and I'm dragging a sled down a hill
+or I'm in a vehicle I'm dragging a sled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'm in a vehicle I'm dragging a sled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'm in a vehicle I'm dragging a sled
+down a hill I don't know if you've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a hill I don't know if you've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a hill I don't know if you've ever
+been in a vehicle on a trailer on an icy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in a vehicle on a trailer on an icy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in a vehicle on a trailer on an icy
+with a trailer on an icy Road in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a trailer on an icy Road in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a trailer on an icy Road in the
+wintertime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wintertime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wintertime
+that's a dicey maneuver okay so going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a dicey maneuver okay so going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a dicey maneuver okay so going
+down a hill with a trying to put brakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a hill with a trying to put brakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a hill with a trying to put brakes
+on so this thing could conceivably move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so this thing could conceivably move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so this thing could conceivably move
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+direction and you can either constrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and you can either constrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and you can either constrain
+it to be that way to make the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be that way to make the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be that way to make the problem
+simple or you can just say it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple or you can just say it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple or you can just say it's possible
+so we have three equations of motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have three equations of motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have three equations of motion of
+which two for now the summation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which two for now the summation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which two for now the summation of the
+forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces
+external in the since I've got X and Y Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external in the since I've got X and Y Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external in the since I've got X and Y Z
+must be this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be this way
+in the y direction and we'll make it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the y direction and we'll make it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the y direction and we'll make it in
+Z Direction This is coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Direction This is coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Direction This is coordinate system
+one so this would be Z1 or Z2 some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this would be Z1 or Z2 some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this would be Z1 or Z2 some of
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces
+Z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is M1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is M1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is M1
+y Z1 double dot but I'm going to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Z1 double dot but I'm going to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Z1 double dot but I'm going to set
+that equal to zero I just know of no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equal to zero I just know of no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equal to zero I just know of no
+forces so this becomes a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces so this becomes a trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces so this becomes a trivial
+equation of motion I add another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion I add another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion I add another one
+summation of the forces on the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the forces on the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the forces on the second
+Mass this is on M2 in the Z2 direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass this is on M2 in the Z2 direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass this is on M2 in the Z2 direction
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+M2 Z2 double dot let me set that equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 Z2 double dot let me set that equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 Z2 double dot let me set that equal
+to zero also so what it Wells down to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero also so what it Wells down to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero also so what it Wells down to I
+had three degrees of freedom two trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had three degrees of freedom two trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had three degrees of freedom two trivial
+equations of motion leaving me with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion leaving me with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion leaving me with just
+one equation of motion that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equation of motion that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equation of motion that's going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+meaningful yeah X1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful yeah X1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful yeah X1 is
+X2 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 um
+could that would that mean that the rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that would that mean that the rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that would that mean that the rod
+has to be entirely along the x-axis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be entirely along the x-axis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be entirely along the x-axis so
+that that would mean that so he asks if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would mean that so he asks if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would mean that so he asks if
+X1 equals X2 does that mean they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 equals X2 does that mean they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 equals X2 does that mean they both
+have to be along the x- axis I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be along the x- axis I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be along the x- axis I'm
+assuming that so I really am assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that so I really am assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that so I really am assuming
+this thing's going down the hill I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing's going down the hill I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing's going down the hill I'm
+making a point about this Z Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a point about this Z Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a point about this Z Direction
+thing because it's just a subtlety that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because it's just a subtlety that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because it's just a subtlety that
+you have to decide on when you're fig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to decide on when you're fig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to decide on when you're fig
+when you're figuring out how to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're figuring out how to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're figuring out how to actually
+analyze the situation if you really were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the situation if you really were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the situation if you really were
+thinking about what happens when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what happens when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what happens when a
+vehicle is going down a steep icy Hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle is going down a steep icy Hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle is going down a steep icy Hill
+towing a trailer maybe put the brakes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towing a trailer maybe put the brakes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towing a trailer maybe put the brakes on
+maybe not uh you could probably say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not uh you could probably say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not uh you could probably say well
+unless I really have disaster then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless I really have disaster then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless I really have disaster then we're
+not going to get uh uh rollovers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get uh uh rollovers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get uh uh rollovers and
+things like that but you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but you could imagine
+that it can it can get out of the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can it can get out of the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can it can get out of the X
+direction right it could start sliding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right it could start sliding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right it could start sliding
+in the Z uh probably not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Z uh probably not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Z uh probably not going to go
+anywhere in the Y that's still a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in the Y that's still a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in the Y that's still a good
+assumption so this is about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so this is about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so this is about this is
+about modeling and how complicated do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about modeling and how complicated do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about modeling and how complicated do
+you make the modeling so you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the modeling so you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the modeling so you actually
+have to make quite a few modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make quite a few modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make quite a few modeling
+decisions when you go to do this and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions when you go to do this and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions when you go to do this and we
+tend in class and examples tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend in class and examples tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend in class and examples tend to
+really oversimplify problems so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really oversimplify problems so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really oversimplify problems so that we
+can do them all right so I've boiled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do them all right so I've boiled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do them all right so I've boiled
+this down to where I'm going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down to where I'm going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down to where I'm going to end up
+with one significant equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that one's going to say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that one's going to say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that one's going to say that the
+summation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the
+forces in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the X
+Direction and I'm just going to write m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and I'm just going to write m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and I'm just going to write m
+x double dot here not putting down m1's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x double dot here not putting down m1's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x double dot here not putting down m1's
+or m2s because we're going to have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or m2s because we're going to have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or m2s because we're going to have to go
+to free B diagrams to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to free B diagrams to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to free B diagrams to figure out what
+we how to apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we how to apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we how to apply this
+okay so free body diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass so this is M1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here m1g a normal force no doubt a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here m1g a normal force no doubt a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here m1g a normal force no doubt a
+friction Force I'll call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction Force I'll call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction Force I'll call that
+F1 and ATT tension in the chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm assuming that tension's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm assuming that tension's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm assuming that tension's going to
+always be there so if you again in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be there so if you again in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be there so if you again in a
+situation where the trailer starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the trailer starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the trailer starts
+overtaking the car I mean the Rope goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtaking the car I mean the Rope goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtaking the car I mean the Rope goes
+slack we're not going to consider that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack we're not going to consider that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack we're not going to consider that
+one today okay so there's your free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one today okay so there's your free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one today okay so there's your free body
+diagram for the first one and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for the first one and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for the first one and we're
+going to need to break mg into a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to break mg into a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to break mg into a couple
+of components we're going to need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components we're going to need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components we're going to need the
+slope here and that translates into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope here and that translates into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope here and that translates into an
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+here so there's our first free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's our first free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's our first free body
+diagram and our second free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and our second free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and our second free body
+diagram second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram second
+Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass
+tension normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+force another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force another
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+2G and this one's on Wheels and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2G and this one's on Wheels and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2G and this one's on Wheels and we're
+going to assume consider this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume consider this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume consider this one
+frictionless so we don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictionless so we don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictionless so we don't have any
+friction Force holding it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the reason I've kind of this seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason I've kind of this seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason I've kind of this seemed
+like a ridiculously simple problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a ridiculously simple problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a ridiculously simple problem but
+the point I want to make is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point I want to make is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point I want to make is not the
+solution not the particular problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution not the particular problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution not the particular problem but
+an issue that crops up how many unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue that crops up how many unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue that crops up how many unknowns
+are there in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem well do you know N1 immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well do you know N1 immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well do you know N1 immediately
+or N2 or the friction force or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or N2 or the friction force or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or N2 or the friction force or the
+tension or for that matter the x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension or for that matter the x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension or for that matter the x dot
+we're looking for there's actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for there's actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for there's actually you
+start off this problem with five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off this problem with five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off this problem with five
+unknowns but only you're only looking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns but only you're only looking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns but only you're only looking to
+derive one equation of motion so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive one equation of motion so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive one equation of motion so the
+fact that we're looking for one equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we're looking for one equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we're looking for one equation
+of motion doesn't say you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion doesn't say you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion doesn't say you don't have to
+deal with several intermediate equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with several intermediate equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with several intermediate equations
+to get there that's just part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there that's just part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there that's just part of the
+part of the work okay so this is five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the work okay so this is five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the work okay so this is five
+unknowns to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with N1 N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with N1 N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with N1 N2
+fub1 T and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fub1 T and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fub1 T and X
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+okay now I'm not going to so if you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I'm not going to so if you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I'm not going to so if you'll
+find out that the summation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that the summation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that the summation of the
+forces on Y and the y1 on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass this one
+this gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you
+N1 summation the forces in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 summation the forces in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 summation the forces in the y
+direction on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction on
+M2 this one gives you N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 this one gives you N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 this one gives you N2
+directly from this flows directly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from this flows directly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from this flows directly you
+know that the friction force is Mu N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the friction force is Mu N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the friction force is Mu N1
+see that's a third equation so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's a third equation so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's a third equation so this
+gives you one equation this gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you one equation this gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you one equation this gives you
+another equation this gives you a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another equation this gives you a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another equation this gives you a third
+equation you have five unknowns you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you have five unknowns you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you have five unknowns you need
+five equations so there's three of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five equations so there's three of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five equations so there's three of them
+right off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right off the
+top so this leaves you've solved for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so this leaves you've solved for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so this leaves you've solved for
+those this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leaves T and X double dot to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for so now the sum of the forces on mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so now the sum of the forces on mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so now the sum of the forces on mass
+one in the X Direction says M1 X double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the X Direction says M1 X double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the X Direction says M1 X double
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the sum of the forces on the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sum of the forces on the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sum of the forces on the second
+mass in the X Direction gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass in the X Direction gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass in the X Direction gives you
+M2 X double dot and did I if I if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 X double dot and did I if I if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 X double dot and did I if I if I was
+explicitly haven't said this yet what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly haven't said this yet what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly haven't said this yet what
+I've done is one of my requirements is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done is one of my requirements is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done is one of my requirements is
+X1 equal X2 and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 equal X2 and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 equal X2 and I'm
+just going to call them X both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to call them X both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to call them X both of these
+are exactly the same both masses have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly the same both masses have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly the same both masses have to
+move with the same motion as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move with the same motion as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move with the same motion as the
+Assumption so that means that X1 dot =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption so that means that X1 dot =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption so that means that X1 dot =
+X2 dotal X Dot and that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 dotal X Dot and that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 dotal X Dot and that's what I'm
+assuming when I writing down these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming when I writing down these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming when I writing down these two
+equations okay I can write those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay I can write those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay I can write those two
+equations one from each free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations one from each free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations one from each free body
+diagram I've already eliminated three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram I've already eliminated three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram I've already eliminated three of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+unknowns and now because I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and now because I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and now because I have two
+equations each have t in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations each have t in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations each have t in
+them essentially you eliminate t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solve for x double dot and if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for x double dot and if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for x double dot and if you do
+that in this problem you get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this problem you get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this problem you get your
+equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+eliminate T solve for X1 double dot look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate T solve for X1 double dot look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate T solve for X1 double dot look
+at this and just look at things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this and just look at things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this and just look at things that
+doesn't make sense this says the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense this says the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense this says the total
+mass times the acceleration it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the acceleration it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the acceleration it's a
+system it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's one
+system mass time the acceleration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system mass time the acceleration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system mass time the acceleration of the
+center gravity of the system if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center gravity of the system if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center gravity of the system if you will
+it's got to be equal to the sums of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be equal to the sums of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be equal to the sums of the
+forces on it well it's got M1 + M2 G sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on it well it's got M1 + M2 G sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on it well it's got M1 + M2 G sin
+Theta pulling it down the hill and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta pulling it down the hill and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta pulling it down the hill and it
+has minus M mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has minus M mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has minus M mu
+M1 G cosine Theta dragging it back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 G cosine Theta dragging it back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 G cosine Theta dragging it back up
+the hill and that's the entire equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hill and that's the entire equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hill and that's the entire equation
+Motion makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motion makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motion makes sense
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+but the the equation of motion the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the equation of motion the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the equation of motion the thing
+you're looking for is the one that ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for is the one that ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for is the one that ends
+up with this acceleration term in it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this acceleration term in it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this acceleration term in it if
+you have multiple degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have multiple degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have multiple degrees of freedom
+multiple coordinates if you have let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple coordinates if you have let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple coordinates if you have let's
+say three significant equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say three significant equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say three significant equations of
+motion the result they there won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion the result they there won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion the result they there won't
+necessarily be one in terms of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily be one in terms of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily be one in terms of each
+coordinate they'll have the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate they'll have the coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate they'll have the coordinates
+mixed in them like we did that two Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed in them like we did that two Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed in them like we did that two Mass
+system with springs the other day each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with springs the other day each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with springs the other day each
+equation of motion had X1 and x2 in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion had X1 and x2 in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion had X1 and x2 in it
+they don't necessarily separated they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't necessarily separated they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't necessarily separated they're
+coupled through their coordinates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled through their coordinates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled through their coordinates this
+one it's a one equation of motion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's a one equation of motion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's a one equation of motion for
+the system therefore you have only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system therefore you have only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system therefore you have only one
+coordin in it but that's not generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordin in it but that's not generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordin in it but that's not generally
+true of multiple degree Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems okay that's your your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay that's your your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay that's your your your
+method though for a simple problem now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method though for a simple problem now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method though for a simple problem now
+let's do I want to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do I want to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do I want to do a
+um a little more difficult problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little more difficult problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little more difficult problem that
+involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotation okay rotation right and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation okay rotation right and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation okay rotation right and this is
+a problem I'm sure you've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem I'm sure you've done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem I'm sure you've done this
+problem in physics it's classic problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in physics it's classic problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in physics it's classic problem
+that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do a disc a pulley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really supporting two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+masses rotates about this point I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses rotates about this point I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses rotates about this point I'll
+call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here assign some Theta there's no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here assign some Theta there's no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here assign some Theta there's no no
+slip so Theta is going to be related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip so Theta is going to be related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip so Theta is going to be related to
+movement X and I'm going to assign this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement X and I'm going to assign this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement X and I'm going to assign this
+one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a
+coordinate X1 going down this one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate X1 going down this one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate X1 going down this one a
+coordinate X2 going up a little for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate X2 going up a little for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate X2 going up a little for
+knowledge here because you work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge here because you work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge here because you work the
+problem so I I want to solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I I want to solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I I want to solve for the
+motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system now again we need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now again we need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now again we need to know the
+number of degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of degrees of
+freedom so it's the maximum possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so it's the maximum possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so it's the maximum possible
+which is our 6 m + 3 n minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our 6 m + 3 n minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our 6 m + 3 n minus the
+constraints and let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and let's think about
+uh you know how we want to model this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know how we want to model this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know how we want to model this
+again this time I'm just going to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this time I'm just going to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this time I'm just going to model
+these as part particles doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as part particles doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as part particles doesn't matter
+how big they are my problem really they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big they are my problem really they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big they are my problem really they
+only go up and down so if I model them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only go up and down so if I model them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only go up and down so if I model them
+as particles this is six * 0 + 3 * 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as particles this is six * 0 + 3 * 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as particles this is six * 0 + 3 * 2
+minus the constraints so 6 minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the constraints so 6 minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the constraints so 6 minus the
+constraints so the issue is really how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints so the issue is really how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints so the issue is really how
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+constraints well we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints well we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints well we're going to
+require X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require X1
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+X2 chords taut doesn't stretch if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 chords taut doesn't stretch if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 chords taut doesn't stretch if this
+thing goes down that has to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing goes down that has to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing goes down that has to go up
+exactly in equal amount okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in equal amount okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in equal amount okay and that's
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constraint okay and that leaving us 6 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint okay and that leaving us 6 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint okay and that leaving us 6 -
+one is five leaving us with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is five leaving us with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is five leaving us with a lot of
+degrees of freedom here now kind of back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom here now kind of back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom here now kind of back
+to the issue I was making before are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the issue I was making before are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the issue I was making before are
+there any constraints in the I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any constraints in the I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any constraints in the I'll call
+it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh
+x y z directions here are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y z directions here are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y z directions here are there any
+constraints in the y or Z directions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints in the y or Z directions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints in the y or Z directions on
+either of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those
+masses no I haven't shown any no tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses no I haven't shown any no tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses no I haven't shown any no tracks
+no guides no anything so technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no guides no anything so technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no guides no anything so technically
+there are no additional constraints in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no additional constraints in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no additional constraints in
+this problem but if there's no forces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem but if there's no forces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem but if there's no forces in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Y X I guess y this way and no forces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y X I guess y this way and no forces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y X I guess y this way and no forces in
+the Z I'm going to end up with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z I'm going to end up with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z I'm going to end up with two
+trivial equations of motion for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial equations of motion for this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial equations of motion for this one
+one in the Y one in the Z for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the Y one in the Z for this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the Y one in the Z for this one
+one in the Y one in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the Y one in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the Y one in the Z
+so back to this issue of there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to this issue of there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to this issue of there's a
+difference between constraints and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between constraints and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between constraints and
+trivial equations of motion we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial equations of motion we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial equations of motion we're going
+to have four trivial equations of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have four trivial equations of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have four trivial equations of motion
+so I really again I'm going to come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I really again I'm going to come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I really again I'm going to come down
+to one significant equation of motion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one significant equation of motion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one significant equation of motion so
+I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have one
+constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for trivial
+eom and one significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+okay now because I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now because I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now because I want to talk about
+rotation we need to pick a we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation we need to pick a we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation we need to pick a we need to
+pick a coordinate now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pick I can either let X1 equal X2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick I can either let X1 equal X2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick I can either let X1 equal X2 and
+just let it be to some x a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let it be to some x a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let it be to some x a single
+coordinate or Theta the rotation I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate or Theta the rotation I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate or Theta the rotation I'm
+actually going to use x for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but there's there's two obvious ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's there's two obvious ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's there's two obvious ways to
+approach this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach this
+problem one is to sum is to draw free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem one is to sum is to draw free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem one is to sum is to draw free
+body diagrams of each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body diagrams of each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body diagrams of each of these
+masses sum the forces on each and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses sum the forces on each and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses sum the forces on each and how
+many if I do that how many unknowns do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many if I do that how many unknowns do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many if I do that how many unknowns do I
+end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with when we can start we'll we can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with when we can start we'll we can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with when we can start we'll we can draw
+the free here's the free body diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free here's the free body diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free here's the free body diagram
+from Mass one what's it got on it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Mass one what's it got on it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Mass one what's it got on it well
+it's m1g what's the other what else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's m1g what's the other what else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's m1g what's the other what else is
+acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and here's the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and here's the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and here's the second
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+m2g and tension acting on it so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2g and tension acting on it so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2g and tension acting on it so now we
+can sum sum sum of the forces equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sum sum sum of the forces equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sum sum sum of the forces equals
+mass times the acceleration of each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the acceleration of each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the acceleration of each one
+and the external forces are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the external forces are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the external forces are going to
+involve T so you're going to end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve T so you're going to end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve T so you're going to end up with
+how many unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many unknowns when I I can write two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many unknowns when I I can write two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many unknowns when I I can write two
+equations some the forces in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations some the forces in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations some the forces in the X
+Direction xou dot certainly an unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction xou dot certainly an unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction xou dot certainly an unknown
+what else t t t so I end up with two I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else t t t so I end up with two I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else t t t so I end up with two I
+end up with this other unknown so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with this other unknown so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with this other unknown so that
+means I'm going to have to write two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm going to have to write two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm going to have to write two
+equations I'm going to have to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I'm going to have to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I'm going to have to eliminate
+T I'm going to go through the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I'm going to go through the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I'm going to go through the same thing
+there so I don't want to bother with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I don't want to bother with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I don't want to bother with
+that is there another way to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is there another way to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is there another way to do this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a problem where you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a problem where you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a problem where you can use
+angular momentum and not have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum and not have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum and not have to deal
+with T at all so let's set that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up so you know that the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so you know that the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so you know that the sum of the
+torqu about that point a with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqu about that point a with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqu about that point a with respect to
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+a it's going to be derivative and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's going to be derivative and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's going to be derivative and since
+we're dealing with particles here of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with particles here of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with particles here of the
+angular momentum with respect to I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum with respect to I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum with respect to I'll
+just call it lowercase H for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it lowercase H for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it lowercase H for
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+plus this velocity of a with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this velocity of a with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this velocity of a with respect to
+an inertial frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inertial frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inertial frame
+cross the linear momentum with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the linear momentum with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the linear momentum with respect
+to an inertial frame that's the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an inertial frame that's the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an inertial frame that's the full
+equation for Su of torqus what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for Su of torqus what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for Su of torqus what's
+velocity of a with respect to O in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem zero so that's fortunately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem zero so that's fortunately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem zero so that's fortunately the
+one of those problems you get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those problems you get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those problems you get rid of
+this new this this difficult second term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new this this difficult second term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new this this difficult second term
+so it's just Torx is the time derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just Torx is the time derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just Torx is the time derivative
+of the angular momentum so we need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angular momentum so we need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angular momentum so we need an
+expression then for both the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression then for both the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression then for both the sum of the
+torqus with respect a let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus with respect a let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus with respect a let's see what
+would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be the so now the external torqus with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the so now the external torqus with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the so now the external torqus with
+respect to the uh and I'll finish my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the uh and I'll finish my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the uh and I'll finish my
+come here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come here
+you free body diagram so now what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you free body diagram so now what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you free body diagram so now what I
+really want is a free body diagram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want is a free body diagram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want is a free body diagram of
+the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system so here's the whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so here's the whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so here's the whole system
+treated as one thing you have a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated as one thing you have a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated as one thing you have a force
+down m1g another Force down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down m1g another Force down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down m1g another Force down
+m2g up here you have some normal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2g up here you have some normal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2g up here you have some normal force
+up that's the support of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that's the support of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that's the support of the
+pin and now you have tensions in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin and now you have tensions in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin and now you have tensions in these
+but now this equation applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the this equation applies to the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this equation applies to the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this equation applies to the system
+the t's are internal to the system they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t's are internal to the system they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t's are internal to the system they
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+irrelevant so I'm talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant so I'm talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant so I'm talking about this
+whole thing treated as a system and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing treated as a system and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing treated as a system and I'm
+going to compute the moments about point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute the moments about point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute the moments about point
+a which is right there where that axle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which is right there where that axle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which is right there where that axle
+is does n create a moment at the axle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is does n create a moment at the axle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is does n create a moment at the axle
+nope but M1 and M2 create time G create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope but M1 and M2 create time G create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope but M1 and M2 create time G create
+moments sure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments sure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments sure okay
+so I'm going to have positive out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to have positive out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to have positive out of the
+board be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board be
+positive moment positive angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive moment positive angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive moment positive angular
+Direction so the torqus applied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so the torqus applied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so the torqus applied to the
+system are R cross T so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system are R cross T so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system are R cross T so you're going to
+end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up
+with I want to summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I want to summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I want to summarize
+these an M1 G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these an M1 G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these an M1 G
+and I didn't write the radius on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't write the radius on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't write the radius on this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+but has some radius capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but has some radius capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but has some radius capital
+r so the torqu are M1 grr positive minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r so the torqu are M1 grr positive minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r so the torqu are M1 grr positive minus
+M2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2
+gr okay K hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr okay K hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr okay K hat
+Direction and that must be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and that must be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and that must be equal to the
+time derivative of the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time derivative of the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time derivative of the angular momentum
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+a now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we need an expression for the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need an expression for the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need an expression for the angular
+momentum with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a angular momentum is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general this is a it's R cross linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this is a it's R cross linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this is a it's R cross linear
+momentum right so R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum right so R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum right so R
+for Mass one with respect to a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Mass one with respect to a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Mass one with respect to a cross
+the the momentum of that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the momentum of that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the momentum of that second
+Mass with respect to an inertial frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass with respect to an inertial frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass with respect to an inertial frame
+and a and the inertial frame are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a and the inertial frame are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a and the inertial frame are the
+same thing a is fixed in the inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing a is fixed in the inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing a is fixed in the inertial
+frame but the angular momentum is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame but the angular momentum is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame but the angular momentum is always
+with respect to the inertial frame plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the inertial frame plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the inertial frame plus
+the second piece which is R of M2 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second piece which is R of M2 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second piece which is R of M2 with
+respect to a crossed with P for Mass 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a crossed with P for Mass 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a crossed with P for Mass 2
+with respect to some inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to some inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to some inertial
+frame okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame okay
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so I'm just going to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to give you the
+results to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this M1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are x
+dot k so X do is this velocity R cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot k so X do is this velocity R cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot k so X do is this velocity R cross
+uh that and mass times velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that and mass times velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that and mass times velocity is
+momentum so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so they
+perpendicular radius to that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular radius to that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular radius to that is the
+radius R so it's RX dot time M shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius R so it's RX dot time M shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius R so it's RX dot time M shouldn't
+surprise you in the Kat Direction that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise you in the Kat Direction that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise you in the Kat Direction that's
+the total angular momentum that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total angular momentum that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total angular momentum that comes
+from these two particles with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these two particles with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these two particles with respect to
+a and taking their time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative these are constants that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative these are constants that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative these are constants that's a
+constant this is not this is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this is not this is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this is not this is a constant
+but it doesn't change direction so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't change direction so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't change direction so this
+one pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now I can set equal the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can set equal the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can set equal the sum of the
+external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external
+torqus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus
+that to the time derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the time derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the time derivative of the
+angular momentum just to fulfill this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum just to fulfill this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum just to fulfill this
+expression and in so doing I end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and in so doing I end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and in so doing I end up with
+a solution for xou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution for xou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution for xou
+DOT M1 minus M2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT M1 minus M2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT M1 minus M2
+M1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1
++
+
+ align:start position:0%
++
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++
+M2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 *
+G turns out the r goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away never had so one equation never had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away never had so one equation never had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away never had so one equation never had
+to mess with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mess with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mess with
+tension this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension this is
+a pretty nice direct way of solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty nice direct way of solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty nice direct way of solving this
+problem this m if you solve for G here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this m if you solve for G here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this m if you solve for G here
+and you measure X double dot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you measure X double dot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you measure X double dot this
+actually gives you to an experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gives you to an experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gives you to an experimental
+way of determining the acceleration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of determining the acceleration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of determining the acceleration of
+gravity it's actually what the what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity it's actually what the what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity it's actually what the what this
+thing was used for a long time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was used for a long time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was used for a long time ago
+before they had a lot of the measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they had a lot of the measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they had a lot of the measurement
+techniques and things that we do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and things that we do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and things that we do today
+this is a way of determining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way of determining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way of determining the
+acceleration of gravity so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of gravity so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of gravity so these two
+masses are quite close together this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses are quite close together this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses are quite close together this
+this number is pretty small and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is pretty small and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is pretty small and you can
+you know however accurate your timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know however accurate your timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know however accurate your timing
+device is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now just to mention it I neglected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now just to mention it I neglected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now just to mention it I neglected
+something this I assume something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this I assume something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this I assume something I
+didn't even say it what was it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even say it what was it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even say it what was it what
+would screw up this measurement I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would screw up this measurement I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would screw up this measurement I'm
+trying to measure the acceleration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure the acceleration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure the acceleration of
+gravity if I built this apparatus how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity if I built this apparatus how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity if I built this apparatus how
+would I would I get a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I would I get a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I would I get a very good
+measurement the pulley would have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement the pulley would have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement the pulley would have to be
+would have to be massless yeah pulley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be massless yeah pulley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be massless yeah pulley
+would have to be massless I've made an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be massless I've made an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be massless I've made an
+assumption about that right so how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption about that right so how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption about that right so how would
+you fix up this equation to account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fix up this equation to account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fix up this equation to account for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pulley you have to take into account it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulley you have to take into account it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulley you have to take into account it
+moment of intia yeah you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of intia yeah you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of intia yeah you put in
+something and where would that go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and where would that go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and where would that go into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+how would you account for the mo its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you account for the mo its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you account for the mo its
+inertia moment of inertia in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia moment of inertia in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia moment of inertia in the
+problem yeah you just put it into ha so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yeah you just put it into ha so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yeah you just put it into ha so
+there's going this expression for H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going this expression for H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going this expression for H
+would end up with one more term it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would end up with one more term it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would end up with one more term it's
+going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like
+uh well when you take the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well when you take the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well when you take the time
+derivative you're going to end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you're going to end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you're going to end up with
+another piece over here some I about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another piece over here some I about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another piece over here some I about
+a Theta double dot and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Theta double dot and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Theta double dot and you're going to
+have to relate Theta dot to xou dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to relate Theta dot to xou dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to relate Theta dot to xou dot
+which you can because x equals r Theta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can because x equals r Theta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can because x equals r Theta X
+dots R Theta double dot and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots R Theta double dot and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots R Theta double dot and you could
+fix that and you'd have a an equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that and you'd have a an equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that and you'd have a an equation of
+motion but that means we need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion but that means we need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion but that means we need to know
+about I about a which we're that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I about a which we're that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I about a which we're that's where
+we're going to uh at the for the next at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh at the for the next at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh at the for the next at
+the end of this lecture and for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this lecture and for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this lecture and for the next
+several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several
+lectures okay that's that example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures okay that's that example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures okay that's that example and
+I've got two more brief ones that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got two more brief ones that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got two more brief ones that I
+wanted to talk about any last questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk about any last questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk about any last questions
+yeah can you explain again why you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can you explain again why you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can you explain again why you uh
+take the tensions into account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the tensions into account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the tensions into account for
+yourself okay so why did I did I not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself okay so why did I did I not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself okay so why did I did I not
+take the tensions into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+account so I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the equation of motion for this thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of motion for this thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of motion for this thing as
+a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete
+system one the masses and the pulley are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one the masses and the pulley are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one the masses and the pulley are
+all same thing and the summation uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all same thing and the summation uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all same thing and the summation uh it's
+a the summation of the torqus external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the summation of the torqus external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the summation of the torqus external
+torqus on that are going to mount up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus on that are going to mount up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus on that are going to mount up to
+taking into account the time rate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking into account the time rate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking into account the time rate change
+of the angular momentum of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angular momentum of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angular momentum of the system
+now if I had didn't understand that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I had didn't understand that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I had didn't understand that I
+could have blindly gone ahead and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have blindly gone ahead and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have blindly gone ahead and put
+the t's in there right but they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t's in there right but they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t's in there right but they would
+have been exactly equal and opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been exactly equal and opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been exactly equal and opposite
+with respect to a and it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a and it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a and it would have
+canceled out so either way if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled out so either way if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled out so either way if you're not
+sure about that assumption you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure about that assumption you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure about that assumption you could
+just put them in and they would appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put them in and they would appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put them in and they would appear
+in the torque equation but as a minus TR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the torque equation but as a minus TR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the torque equation but as a minus TR
+and a plus TR and they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a plus TR and they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a plus TR and they'd
+cancel okay I want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel okay I want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel okay I want to make a
+uh move on to a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh move on to a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh move on to a third
+example and this is um third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and this is um third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and this is um third
+P item that I want to clear up loose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P item that I want to clear up loose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P item that I want to clear up loose and
+I'm calling them when the muddy cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm calling them when the muddy cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm calling them when the muddy cards
+are really useful I get questions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really useful I get questions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really useful I get questions in
+those that that spark something and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that that spark something and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that that spark something and this
+is a question that came up two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a question that came up two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a question that came up two or three
+times in the muddy cards on I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in the muddy cards on I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in the muddy cards on I haven't
+addressed it and that is you know we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed it and that is you know we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed it and that is you know we did
+we were working with rotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were working with rotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were working with rotor
+problems and remember this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and remember this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and remember this problem
+here's our rotor had an arm I did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our rotor had an arm I did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our rotor had an arm I did it
+this way to make some things obvious but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way to make some things obvious but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way to make some things obvious but
+uh this is z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is z
+Direction it's rotating about that axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction it's rotating about that axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction it's rotating about that axis
+I've got a point Mass up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a point Mass up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a point Mass up
+here R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here R
+hat so this is R actually I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so this is R actually I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so this is R actually I'm going to
+use make it a capital R so it's easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use make it a capital R so it's easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use make it a capital R so it's easier
+to distinguish from the r hat and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distinguish from the r hat and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distinguish from the r hat and this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+z in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the this thing is rotating it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this thing is rotating it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this thing is rotating it's got
+bearings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here to keep it going and we wanted we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to keep it going and we wanted we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to keep it going and we wanted we
+were talk we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talk we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talk we talked about
+torqus so this is my point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to write the sum of the torqus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to write the sum of the torqus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to write the sum of the torqus
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a time derivative of the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time derivative of the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time derivative of the angular
+momentum we've done this problem before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum we've done this problem before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum we've done this problem before
+so I'm just putting up a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just putting up a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just putting up a couple of
+points for review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points for review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points for review
+to clear up some possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+misconceptions plus this term so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconceptions plus this term so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconceptions plus this term so what
+about point a now in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about point a now in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about point a now in this
+problem what's the velocity of point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what's the velocity of point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what's the velocity of point a
+zero so again we can get rid of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so again we can get rid of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so again we can get rid of this guy
+I'm going to come back to this do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to come back to this do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to come back to this do an
+example one of these days where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one of these days where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one of these days where this
+isn't zero where it's really handy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't zero where it's really handy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't zero where it's really handy to
+have to be able to do a problem where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to do a problem where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to do a problem where
+that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay this is true I need a free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is true I need a free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is true I need a free body
+diagram of our little Mass so here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of our little Mass so here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of our little Mass so here's my
+free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free body
+diagram and it has possibly a force in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and it has possibly a force in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and it has possibly a force in
+the Z direction that come from the rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z direction that come from the rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z direction that come from the rod
+there's a rods that's supporting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rods that's supporting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rods that's supporting this
+thing right there's possibly a force in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right there's possibly a force in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right there's possibly a force in
+the Z direction there's a force in the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z direction there's a force in the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z direction there's a force in the r
+hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat
+Direction the r direction there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction the r direction there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction the r direction there's a
+force in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Theta
+Direction going into the board and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction going into the board and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction going into the board and
+there's mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all sorts of forces on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all sorts of forces on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all sorts of forces on this
+thing and the question was asked when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and the question was asked when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and the question was asked when we
+did this problem before and did the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this problem before and did the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this problem before and did the time
+derivatives of the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the angular
+momentum we found that we got there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum we found that we got there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum we found that we got there's
+three terms and I'll I'll write them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three terms and I'll I'll write them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three terms and I'll I'll write them
+down here for you I'm just step I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here for you I'm just step I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here for you I'm just step I'm just
+saying in advance what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying in advance what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying in advance what we're going to do
+when you solve this problem you find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you solve this problem you find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you solve this problem you find out
+that it takes torque to accelerate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes torque to accelerate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes torque to accelerate this
+shaft and spin that's the driving one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft and spin that's the driving one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft and spin that's the driving one
+that's what makes it happen makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes it happen makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes it happen makes it
+accelerate we had two more terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate we had two more terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate we had two more terms that
+were torqus at this point that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were torqus at this point that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were torqus at this point that is what
+it takes to support this system it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes to support this system it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes to support this system it's
+trying to bend out it's trying to bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to bend out it's trying to bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to bend out it's trying to bend
+back those are torqus that show up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back those are torqus that show up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back those are torqus that show up here
+and we actually get them when we work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we actually get them when we work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we actually get them when we work
+through this but we don't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this but we don't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this but we don't get a
+something that tells us about the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that tells us about the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that tells us about the moment
+the torque created this point caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque created this point caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque created this point caused by
+gravity so why the question was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity so why the question was you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity so why the question was you know
+why don't we get the torque about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we get the torque about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we get the torque about this
+point caused by gravity is clearly mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point caused by gravity is clearly mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point caused by gravity is clearly mg
+down there's clearly a moment arm so MGR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there's clearly a moment arm so MGR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there's clearly a moment arm so MGR
+is a torque about this point and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a torque about this point and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a torque about this point and if you
+were doing the Statics problem in two1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing the Statics problem in two1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing the Statics problem in two1
+there'd be a torque around this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be a torque around this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be a torque around this point
+caused by the weight of this thing just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by the weight of this thing just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by the weight of this thing just
+sitting there not even spinning okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there not even spinning okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there not even spinning okay and
+what we're doing here gives you no help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing here gives you no help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing here gives you no help
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+that but just for a quick just for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but just for a quick just for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but just for a quick just for the
+quick review of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick review of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick review of this
+problem more in the line of helping you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem more in the line of helping you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem more in the line of helping you
+think about the the quiz this then is r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the the quiz this then is r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the the quiz this then is r
+and we'll call this point B and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll call this point B and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll call this point B and this is
+point a remember this is r b with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a remember this is r b with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a remember this is r b with
+respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+p with respect to O okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p with respect to O okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p with respect to O okay and that's
+where angular momentum comes from in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where angular momentum comes from in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where angular momentum comes from in
+this problem that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem that is
+r r hat plus ZK Hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r r hat plus ZK Hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r r hat plus ZK Hat
+Cross M * velocity which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross M * velocity which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross M * velocity which is
+R Omega Z and that must be in the Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Omega Z and that must be in the Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Omega Z and that must be in the Theta
+hat Direction so you multiply these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat Direction so you multiply these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat Direction so you multiply these
+out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and
+Theta Theta hat Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Theta hat Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Theta hat Omega
+Z is Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is Theta
+dot they're kind of interchangeable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot they're kind of interchangeable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot they're kind of interchangeable in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+problem so when you multiply this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so when you multiply this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so when you multiply this out
+you get two terms m r²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta do K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta do K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta do K
+hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+Mr Z Theta dot R hat two terms from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and when you
+do the time derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dhdt you get three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dhdt you get three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dhdt you get three
+terms Mr 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms Mr 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms Mr 2
+Theta dot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta dot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta dot in the
+K now why do you get three terms because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K now why do you get three terms because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K now why do you get three terms because
+this term has two two variables in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term has two two variables in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term has two two variables in it
+that are functions of time Theta dot has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are functions of time Theta dot has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are functions of time Theta dot has
+a derivative and R hat has a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative and R hat has a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative and R hat has a derivative
+because it rotates so one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it rotates so one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it rotates so one of the key
+bits of mathematics you have to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of mathematics you have to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of mathematics you have to kind of
+learn in this course so I'm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in this course so I'm kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in this course so I'm kind of
+giving you little quiz review here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you little quiz review here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you little quiz review here is
+you need to know how to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know how to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know how to take the
+derivative of a rotating vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a rotating vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a rotating vector and
+that's what we do here gives us two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we do here gives us two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we do here gives us two
+terms minus m r z Theta dot R hat minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms minus m r z Theta dot R hat minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms minus m r z Theta dot R hat minus
+Mr Z Theta do SAR Theta hat so three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr Z Theta do SAR Theta hat so three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr Z Theta do SAR Theta hat so three
+terms in this time derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in this time derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in this time derivative of the
+angular momentum and they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum and they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum and they have to be
+equal to the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the external
+torqus so this is equal to the summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus so this is equal to the summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus so this is equal to the summation
+of the torqus about a the external t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the torqus about a the external t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the torqus about a the external t
+torqus well you'll need a torque in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus well you'll need a torque in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus well you'll need a torque in the
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+Direction that's what it takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction that's what it takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction that's what it takes to
+accelerate the thing make it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+faster this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster this
+Mass has a force on it to make it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass has a force on it to make it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass has a force on it to make it go
+faster that's this F in the Theta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster that's this F in the Theta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster that's this F in the Theta hat
+Direction and that rods having push on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and that rods having push on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and that rods having push on
+that mass the mass pushes back on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mass the mass pushes back on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mass the mass pushes back on the
+rod so if in the Theta directions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod so if in the Theta directions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod so if in the Theta directions like
+that the mass pushes back on the rod it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mass pushes back on the rod it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mass pushes back on the rod it
+twists the rod or tries to that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twists the rod or tries to that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twists the rod or tries to that's a
+torque about this in the r hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque about this in the r hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque about this in the r hat
+Direction so there's centripetal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so there's centripetal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so there's centripetal
+acceleration it takes Force to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration it takes Force to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration it takes Force to cause
+centripetal acceleration it's that force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal acceleration it's that force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal acceleration it's that force
+is inward it's about a moment arm Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inward it's about a moment arm Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inward it's about a moment arm Z and
+so this gives you a torque about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives you a torque about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives you a torque about the
+point a in the Theta hat Direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a in the Theta hat Direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a in the Theta hat Direction so
+these are three different terms each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are three different terms each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are three different terms each one
+has a purpose no work is done here no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a purpose no work is done here no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a purpose no work is done here no
+work is done here because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is done here because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is done here because there's no
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+okay now but gravity we started this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now but gravity we started this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now but gravity we started this
+thing question is why doesn't gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing question is why doesn't gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing question is why doesn't gravity
+pop out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop out of
+this because this only tells you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because this only tells you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because this only tells you about
+the time rate of change of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time rate of change of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time rate of change of angular
+momentum and gravity has nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and gravity has nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and gravity has nothing to do
+with angular momentum R cross p is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with angular momentum R cross p is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with angular momentum R cross p is all
+that angular momentum is linear momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angular momentum is linear momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angular momentum is linear momentum
+of little pumps of mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little pumps of mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little pumps of mass times
+the radius from the point you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius from the point you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius from the point you're
+Computing the angular momentum has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the angular momentum has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the angular momentum has
+nothing to do with g never will so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with g never will so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with g never will so you
+never get you'll never get the G static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get you'll never get the G static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get you'll never get the G static
+moment G related static moment out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment G related static moment out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment G related static moment out of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+equation it's there though and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's there though and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's there though and if you
+were designing the system you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were designing the system you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were designing the system you'd have to
+take it into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so remember I brought I didn't bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember I brought I didn't bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember I brought I didn't bring it
+today but I have my shaker I've bolted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but I have my shaker I've bolted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but I have my shaker I've bolted
+it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+floor inside of that Shaker is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor inside of that Shaker is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor inside of that Shaker is a
+rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating
+Mass has a little arm and eccentricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass has a little arm and eccentricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass has a little arm and eccentricity
+it has some mass that I'm going make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has some mass that I'm going make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has some mass that I'm going make
+M it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M it's
+rotating Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating Theta
+Direction and it rotates at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and it rotates at constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and it rotates at constant
+speed so it's some constant Omega Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed so it's some constant Omega Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed so it's some constant Omega Theta
+double dot equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot equals
+Zer so I just got my shaker bolted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer so I just got my shaker bolted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer so I just got my shaker bolted to
+the floor it's putting a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor it's putting a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor it's putting a lot of
+vibration into the floor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration into the floor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration into the floor and the
+question that someone came up with on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that someone came up with on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that someone came up with on a
+muddy card that was a really in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddy card that was a really in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddy card that was a really in
+insightful question why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful question why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful question why
+or they didn't say it why they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they didn't say it why they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they didn't say it why they said
+shouldn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't the
+torque required to drive this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque required to drive this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque required to drive this thing
+somehow be affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gravity so does the torque that it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity so does the torque that it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity so does the torque that it takes
+to run this around and around depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run this around and around depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run this around and around depend on
+gravity was the question that was asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity was the question that was asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity was the question that was asked
+so let's take it kind of take a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take it kind of take a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take it kind of take a quick
+look at that we just discovered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that we just discovered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that we just discovered that
+dhdt doesn't tell you anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dhdt doesn't tell you anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dhdt doesn't tell you anything about
+Torque from Gravity right well let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Torque from Gravity right well let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Torque from Gravity right well let's see
+what happens then so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens then so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens then so the
+summation of the external torqus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the external torqus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the external torqus and
+I'll call this now point a where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call this now point a where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call this now point a where it's
+rotating about this point now doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating about this point now doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating about this point now doesn't
+move in this problem so it's an inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in this problem so it's an inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in this problem so it's an inertial
+Point summation of the Torx with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point summation of the Torx with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point summation of the Torx with respect
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+a is DH with respect to a DT and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is DH with respect to a DT and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is DH with respect to a DT and there's
+no additional terms because it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no additional terms because it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no additional terms because it doesn't
+that that velocity point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that velocity point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that velocity point is
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+and that's d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's d by
+DT and the torque is just R cross P so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and the torque is just R cross P so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and the torque is just R cross P so
+that is m e Theta dot that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is m e Theta dot that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is m e Theta dot that's the
+velocity that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity that's the
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I've left out something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so R cross P I need an e s in here me^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so R cross P I need an e s in here me^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so R cross P I need an e s in here me^ 2
+Theta dot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta dot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta dot in the
+K hat Direction I need to take the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K hat Direction I need to take the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K hat Direction I need to take the time
+derivative of that that's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that that's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that that's a constant
+that's a constant that's a constant it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a constant that's a constant it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a constant that's a constant it's
+only comes from this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only comes from this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only comes from this term
+okay and that gives me m E2 a to double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that gives me m E2 a to double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that gives me m E2 a to double
+dot k hat Direction and that's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot k hat Direction and that's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot k hat Direction and that's got to be
+equal to the sum of the torqu in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the torqu in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the torqu in the
+system the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the external
+torqu and what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well and so torqus about this point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and so torqus about this point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and so torqus about this point so
+axial forces in this thing contribute no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axial forces in this thing contribute no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axial forces in this thing contribute no
+torqus uh transverse forces external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus uh transverse forces external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus uh transverse forces external
+forces only come from the mg on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces only come from the mg on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces only come from the mg on this
+thing so my torqu on this system there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so my torqu on this system there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so my torqu on this system there
+is some mechanical torque being applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some mechanical torque being applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some mechanical torque being applied
+that's what I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm looking
+for I've got a motor driving this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I've got a motor driving this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I've got a motor driving this thing
+so there's some T of T in there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some T of T in there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some T of T in there some
+torque okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque okay
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+cine Theta is the moment arm so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cine Theta is the moment arm so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cine Theta is the moment arm so there's
+this Force there's this moment arm is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Force there's this moment arm is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Force there's this moment arm is e
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+Theta so this is the external torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so this is the external torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so this is the external torque
+caused by gravity but all of this equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by gravity but all of this equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by gravity but all of this equals
+what what's Theta double dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's Theta double dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's Theta double dot
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay external
+torque is mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque is mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque is mg
+e cine Omega T Theta is Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e cine Omega T Theta is Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e cine Omega T Theta is Omega
+T and so indeed as this thing goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and so indeed as this thing goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and so indeed as this thing goes
+around when it's coming up you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around when it's coming up you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around when it's coming up you got to
+apply enough torque to lifted Against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply enough torque to lifted Against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply enough torque to lifted Against
+Gravity when it clears the top gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gravity when it clears the top gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gravity when it clears the top gravity
+is helping it it's going down the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is helping it it's going down the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is helping it it's going down the other
+side so in fact if you plotted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so in fact if you plotted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so in fact if you plotted the
+torque as a function of time for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque as a function of time for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque as a function of time for this
+system it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's like
+this it's just lifting that mass up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's just lifting that mass up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's just lifting that mass up and
+down then of course if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then of course if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then of course if there's any
+friction in this thing Etc is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction in this thing Etc is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction in this thing Etc is going to
+have to apply a little bit of torque for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to apply a little bit of torque for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to apply a little bit of torque for
+that too but indeed this is an is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too but indeed this is an is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too but indeed this is an is an
+insightful question that someone asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful question that someone asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful question that someone asked
+is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the
+uh gravity does have to have enter into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gravity does have to have enter into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gravity does have to have enter into
+into this thing so there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this thing so there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this thing so there will be a
+torque that the motor has to supply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque that the motor has to supply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque that the motor has to supply to
+drive this thing in the in gravity yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive this thing in the in gravity yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive this thing in the in gravity yeah
+should that expression also have um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should that expression also have um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should that expression also have um the
+expression for torque also have me dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for torque also have me dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for torque also have me dot
+th dot is yeah see it would if I allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th dot is yeah see it would if I allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th dot is yeah see it would if I allow
+if this thing was spinning up and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this thing was spinning up and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this thing was spinning up and I was
+trying to account for the torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to account for the torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to account for the torque
+required to spin it up then I would act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to spin it up then I would act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to spin it up then I would act
+then here it is I would then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here it is I would then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here it is I would then I would
+include that this would be the an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include that this would be the an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include that this would be the an
+equation of motion that says all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion that says all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion that says all these
+things are true and I could solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are true and I could solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are true and I could solve for
+torque again and it would allow me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque again and it would allow me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque again and it would allow me to
+decide how fast I could spin it up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how fast I could spin it up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how fast I could spin it up right
+if I have a dinky little motor doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a dinky little motor doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a dinky little motor doesn't
+spin up very fast if I had a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin up very fast if I had a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin up very fast if I had a really
+powerful motor that can really put it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful motor that can really put it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful motor that can really put it to
+it spin up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it spin up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it spin up
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I want to move on to the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I want to move on to the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I want to move on to the third
+topic which is kind of go back to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which is kind of go back to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which is kind of go back to where
+I left off last time talking about we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I left off last time talking about we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I left off last time talking about we
+need to move on from particles to rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to move on from particles to rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to move on from particles to rigid
+bodies so we can do more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies so we can do more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies so we can do more interesting
+problems and so I want to pick up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and so I want to pick up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and so I want to pick up with
+the subject of angular momentum for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of angular momentum for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of angular momentum for
+rigid bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now last time I just barely scratched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now last time I just barely scratched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now last time I just barely scratched
+the surface of this and lots of Muddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of this and lots of Muddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of this and lots of Muddy
+card says I don't get it I didn't expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card says I don't get it I didn't expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card says I don't get it I didn't expect
+you to get it the with with it being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get it the with with it being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get it the with with it being
+Half Baked and the first time we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Half Baked and the first time we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Half Baked and the first time we've seen
+it so we're going to continue and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we're going to continue and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we're going to continue and we
+won't finish today so let's uh think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't finish today so let's uh think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't finish today so let's uh think
+about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general rigid body here's my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial
+system got a body out here it's rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system got a body out here it's rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system got a body out here it's rotating
+about some point a a could even be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some point a a could even be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some point a a could even be
+outside the body and have it rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the body and have it rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the body and have it rotate
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and attached to a is a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frame Little X little y little Z so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame Little X little y little Z so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame Little X little y little Z so it's
+my axy frame now I put up last time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my axy frame now I put up last time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my axy frame now I put up last time a
+there's a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a two
+page two pages out of Williams which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page two pages out of Williams which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page two pages out of Williams which
+gives the equations for the moments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the equations for the moments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the equations for the moments and
+products of inertia in terms of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of inertia in terms of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of inertia in terms of uh
+summations of masses times particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summations of masses times particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summations of masses times particle
+locations and in order to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and in order to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and in order to do that
+Williams defines a coordinate system on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams defines a coordinate system on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams defines a coordinate system on
+this body and that coordinate system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this body and that coordinate system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this body and that coordinate system is
+fixed to the body rotates to the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed to the body rotates to the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed to the body rotates to the body
+and Williams calls that coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Williams calls that coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Williams calls that coordinate
+system little o XYZ and his in his book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system little o XYZ and his in his book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system little o XYZ and his in his book
+he calls the nural frame Big O XYZ it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he calls the nural frame Big O XYZ it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he calls the nural frame Big O XYZ it's
+really hard to do that on the Blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to do that on the Blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to do that on the Blackboard
+and how you'd be able to tell it apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how you'd be able to tell it apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how you'd be able to tell it apart
+okay so I'm going to depart and my frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to depart and my frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to depart and my frame
+in here is my is an a XYZ frame but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here is my is an a XYZ frame but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here is my is an a XYZ frame but a
+and o so if you're reading that handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and o so if you're reading that handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and o so if you're reading that handout
+are the same thing a and little o it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same thing a and little o it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same thing a and little o it's a
+frame fixed to the body that's rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame fixed to the body that's rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame fixed to the body that's rotating
+with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can write angular momentum for rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write angular momentum for rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write angular momentum for rigid
+bodies as a vector HX having a component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies as a vector HX having a component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies as a vector HX having a component
+in the I Direction J Direction in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates as the
+product of a matrix of the these of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a matrix of the these of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a matrix of the these of
+constants and these constants are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and these constants are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and these constants are these
+moments of inertia and products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of inertia and products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of inertia and products of
+inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms and so forth I'll write out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and so forth I'll write out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and so forth I'll write out a
+couple more of these y y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a symmetric
+Matrix and you multiply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and you multiply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and you multiply it
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+components of the rotation that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are rotating this object so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rotating this object so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rotating this object so here's a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+Omega this object is rotating about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega this object is rotating about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega this object is rotating about a
+the direction the axle axis of rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction the axle axis of rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction the axle axis of rotation
+is like that and you can break this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like that and you can break this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like that and you can break this
+rotation rate into components in the XYZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation rate into components in the XYZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation rate into components in the XYZ
+system and that's what these are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that's what these are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that's what these are these
+are the components of it so you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the components of it so you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the components of it so you multiply
+out this Matrix and a vector you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this Matrix and a vector you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this Matrix and a vector you will
+get individual equations for the HX Hy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get individual equations for the HX Hy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get individual equations for the HX Hy
+and HZ components of the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and HZ components of the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and HZ components of the angular
+momentum of that object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's consider let's just do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case where the spin is only about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the spin is only about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the spin is only about the
+z-axis we do lots of these problems the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis we do lots of these problems the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis we do lots of these problems the
+the book has a whole chapter on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book has a whole chapter on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book has a whole chapter on it
+they're called planer motion problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called planer motion problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called planer motion problems
+just typically we pick the spin around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just typically we pick the spin around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just typically we pick the spin around
+the Z as a convention and if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z as a convention and if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z as a convention and if you have a
+case like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case like
+that then H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then H
+here is I * 0 0 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I * 0 0 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I * 0 0 Omega
+Z and you multiply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and you multiply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and you multiply that
+out you get I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you get I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you get I
+XZ Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z i y z Omega Z and I ZZ Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z i y z Omega Z and I ZZ Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z i y z Omega Z and I ZZ Omega
+Z Vector times the square Matrix gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Vector times the square Matrix gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Vector times the square Matrix gives
+you back a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back a
+vector that's what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that's what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that's what you get
+back and if you want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and if you want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and if you want to write
+H as a vector which we frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H as a vector which we frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H as a vector which we frequently
+do H now this is with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do H now this is with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do H now this is with respect to
+a and we'll find I here is also with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we'll find I here is also with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we'll find I here is also with
+respect to a have to be very careful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a have to be very careful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a have to be very careful in
+in the or construction of this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the or construction of this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the or construction of this Matrix
+has to do with the point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the point about
+which you are Computing your angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you are Computing your angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you are Computing your angular
+momentum okay if you want to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum okay if you want to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum okay if you want to write this
+as a vector then this becomes h x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a vector then this becomes h x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a vector then this becomes h x i
+hat plus h y j hat plus HZ K hat this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus h y j hat plus HZ K hat this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus h y j hat plus HZ K hat this is
+where the unit vectors come in when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the unit vectors come in when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the unit vectors come in when you
+want to express this as a vector you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to express this as a vector you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to express this as a vector you
+take these three components and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these three components and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these three components and these
+are H and x h y h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z the first this little double subscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z the first this little double subscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z the first this little double subscript
+the first one tells you the component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one tells you the component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one tells you the component of
+H this is HX h y HZ the second one tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H this is HX h y HZ the second one tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H this is HX h y HZ the second one tells
+you the axis of rotation about which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the axis of rotation about which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the axis of rotation about which the
+object is spinning to give you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is spinning to give you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is spinning to give you this
+piece of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of angular
+momentum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so
+ixz is HX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spinning at rate Omega Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning at rate Omega Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning at rate Omega Z
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now the direction of spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the direction of spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the direction of spin
+was what's the unit Vector in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what's the unit Vector in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what's the unit Vector in the
+direction of rotation for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what's
+Omega said we're going to start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega said we're going to start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega said we're going to start off with
+just Direction it's only spinning in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Direction it's only spinning in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Direction it's only spinning in the
+Z Direction so spinning just spinning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Direction so spinning just spinning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Direction so spinning just spinning in
+the Z Direction but I multiply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z Direction but I multiply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z Direction but I multiply this
+thing out I get three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing out I get three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing out I get three
+terms and I get a term in the I A J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and I get a term in the I A J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and I get a term in the I A J and
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k now these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms so this is I XZ Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zi plus i y z om GA Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zi plus i y z om GA Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zi plus i y z om GA Z
+J plus I ZZ Omega z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J plus I ZZ Omega z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J plus I ZZ Omega z
+k okay that's these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k okay that's these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k okay that's these three
+terms these two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms these two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms these two terms
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because I've assumed that these off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've assumed that these off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've assumed that these off
+diagonal terms are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal terms are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal terms are not
+zero now the problem we started with we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now the problem we started with we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now the problem we started with we
+started with an example last time our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with an example last time our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with an example last time our
+bicycle wheel thing with the unbalanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle wheel thing with the unbalanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle wheel thing with the unbalanced
+masses on it we use the Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses on it we use the Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses on it we use the Williams
+formulas to compute these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas to compute these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas to compute these different
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+if the off diagonal terms here are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the off diagonal terms here are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the off diagonal terms here are not
+zero then when you write the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then when you write the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then when you write the angular
+momentum expression you get part parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum expression you get part parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum expression you get part parts
+of the angular momentum that are not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angular momentum that are not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angular momentum that are not in
+the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of
+spin that's that's an really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin that's that's an really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin that's that's an really important
+conclusion so the off diagonal terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion so the off diagonal terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion so the off diagonal terms
+lead to angular momentum not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to angular momentum not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to angular momentum not in the
+direction of Spin and when you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of Spin and when you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of Spin and when you take the
+time derivative you end up with torqux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time derivative you end up with torqux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time derivative you end up with torqux
+and they're just they're right back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're just they're right back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're just they're right back to
+this problem up here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem up here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem up here the
+if if you have off diagonal terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you have off diagonal terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you have off diagonal terms in
+this Matrix when you spin it around one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix when you spin it around one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix when you spin it around one
+of its axes it is dynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unbalanced okay so the off if these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced okay so the off if these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced okay so the off if these are
+not zero if you spin it around one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero if you spin it around one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero if you spin it around one of
+the axes of the system for which these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axes of the system for which these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axes of the system for which these
+are defined in which these are defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined in which these are defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined in which these are defined
+you find out that you get unbalanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find out that you get unbalanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find out that you get unbalanced
+torqus in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus in the
+system so those two go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so those two go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so those two go
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now so an an just another way of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so an an just another way of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so an an just another way of saying
+that is anytime you this anytime you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is anytime you this anytime you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is anytime you this anytime you end
+up with the angular momentum Vector not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the angular momentum Vector not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the angular momentum Vector not
+pointing in the same direction as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in the same direction as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in the same direction as the
+rotation then the system is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation then the system is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation then the system is going to be
+dynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically
+unbalanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's whoops I want this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually I kind of want to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I kind of want to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I kind of want to keep the
+Atwoods machine here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we this was our unbalanced bicycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we this was our unbalanced bicycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we this was our unbalanced bicycle
+wheel problem that we were had talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel problem that we were had talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel problem that we were had talked
+about last time I can simulate that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time I can simulate that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time I can simulate that with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I basically have drawn it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I basically have drawn it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I basically have drawn it like
+this so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is the
+problem now this thing this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now this thing this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now this thing this thing is
+definitely is unbalanced it's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely is unbalanced it's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely is unbalanced it's trying to
+do this as it as it goes around okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this as it as it goes around okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this as it as it goes around okay and
+last time we actually worked up what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we actually worked up what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we actually worked up what the
+from the Williams formulas what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Williams formulas what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Williams formulas what the
+moment of inertia Matrix look like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia Matrix look like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia Matrix look like so
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x
+y z system are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y z system are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y z system are
+attached and rotating with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached and rotating with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached and rotating with that
+frame so my Axis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so my Axis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so my Axis of
+spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is yeah this one's a little exaggerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah this one's a little exaggerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah this one's a little exaggerated
+this one is like this one that drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is like this one that drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is like this one that drawing
+is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X like that so X is like this Z is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X like that so X is like this Z is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X like that so X is like this Z is like
+that minus x minus C so when this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus x minus C so when this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus x minus C so when this thing
+spins that's the problem that's drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins that's the problem that's drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins that's the problem that's drawn
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+okay and if I compute with those with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I compute with those with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I compute with those with
+Williams formulas the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams formulas the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams formulas the various
+quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities
+um so I with respect to a for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I with respect to a for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I with respect to a for this
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this the first term the iixx term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the first term the iixx term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the first term the iixx term is
+summation Mi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation Mi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation Mi
+i y i 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i y i 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i y i 2
++ zi
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ zi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ zi
+squar and so forth you get a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and so forth you get a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and so forth you get a bunch of
+terms and I will uh write out one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and I will uh write out one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and I will uh write out one other
+one here this term over in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here this term over in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here this term over in the
+corner is MXZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as IX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as IX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as IX
+Z and that's minus summation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and that's minus summation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and that's minus summation of the
+Mi XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mi XI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mi XI
+Z and so forth and if we went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and so forth and if we went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and so forth and if we went through
+and worked up each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worked up each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worked up each of these
+things I with respect to a for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I with respect to a for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I with respect to a for this
+problem comes out M Z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem comes out M Z1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem comes out M Z1
+2 0 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M X1
+Z1 0 minus M X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 0 minus M X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 0 minus M X1
+Z1 the middle term M X12 + Z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mx12 so that's what this Mass moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mx12 so that's what this Mass moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mx12 so that's what this Mass moment of
+inertia Matrix looks like for these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia Matrix looks like for these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia Matrix looks like for these two
+particles okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now if I want to write the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if I want to write the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if I want to write the angular
+momentum of this system using this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of this system using this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of this system using this new
+notation I would say that it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I would say that it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I would say that it's I
+computed respect to a times my Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed respect to a times my Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed respect to a times my Omega and
+let's our case is 0 0 Omega Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if we write that out we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if we write that out we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if we write that out we do that
+multiply that out we end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that out we end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that out we end up with a
+minus mx1 Z1 Omega Z 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mx1 Z1 Omega Z 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mx1 Z1 Omega Z 0
+and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M
+X12 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z and these are our three components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and these are our three components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and these are our three components
+HX h h y h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HX h h y h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HX h h y h
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if you wanted to write it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you wanted to write it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you wanted to write it as a
+vector then You' add the unit vectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector then You' add the unit vectors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector then You' add the unit vectors so
+the HX and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HX and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HX and the
+I plus Z for the Hy plus HZ in the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what now if you went and took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what now if you went and took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what now if you went and took the
+time derivative of those terms what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time derivative of those terms what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time derivative of those terms what do
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get Tor Tor and you'll get three terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Tor Tor and you'll get three terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Tor Tor and you'll get three terms
+when we just did the example a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we just did the example a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we just did the example a minute
+ago what we're doing here is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago what we're doing here is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago what we're doing here is not very
+different from that you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from that you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from that you're going to get
+the torque that it takes to accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque that it takes to accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque that it takes to accelerate
+it around the spin axis but you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around the spin axis but you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around the spin axis but you're also
+going to get the torque to derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the torque to derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the torque to derivatives
+of this one to gives you two terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this one to gives you two terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this one to gives you two terms and
+these are the moments torqus about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the moments torqus about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the moments torqus about that
+center of the axle in this case trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the axle in this case trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the axle in this case trying
+to twist the system around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to twist the system around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to twist the system around
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now reach some closure here at a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now reach some closure here at a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now reach some closure here at a good
+stopping point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our
+system One Last Time here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z-axis the angular momentum that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis the angular momentum that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis the angular momentum that comes
+out of this you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this you have a
+component h z in the Z direction and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component h z in the Z direction and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component h z in the Z direction and you
+end up with a component it's got a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a component it's got a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a component it's got a minus
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+it in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the X
+Direction like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction like this
+so that the total H Vector with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the total H Vector with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the total H Vector with respect
+to a looks like that and it's not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a looks like that and it's not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a looks like that and it's not in the
+direction of spin it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of spin it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of spin it's actually
+perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+to our bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our bar
+here okay and it's dynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and it's dynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and it's dynamically
+imbalan so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um how do we make the transition from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do we make the transition from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do we make the transition from
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+to rigid bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rigid bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rigid bodies
+the Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Williams
+formulas that are these say that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas that are these say that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas that are these say that if you
+want the mass moment of inertia of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the mass moment of inertia of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the mass moment of inertia of a
+body all you have to do is sum up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body all you have to do is sum up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body all you have to do is sum up all
+the little Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little Mass
+bits at their correct distances off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits at their correct distances off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits at their correct distances off of
+off of axes and you will get it so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of axes and you will get it so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of axes and you will get it so we
+when you have particles you can just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have particles you can just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have particles you can just add
+them up when you have a rigid body those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up when you have a rigid body those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up when you have a rigid body those
+summations become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summations become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summations become
+integrals and for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ZZ is the integral of should I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x^2 +
+y^2 DM every little Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 DM every little Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 DM every little Mass
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right looks like is there an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right looks like is there an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right looks like is there an
+exam some distance away I see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam some distance away I see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam some distance away I see a lot of
+people Vanishing okay so let me I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Vanishing okay so let me I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Vanishing okay so let me I'll
+tell you what I'll just make it easy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what I'll just make it easy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what I'll just make it easy for
+you and let you go let me just say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and let you go let me just say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and let you go let me just say one
+thing so where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so where we
+going for every rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for every rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for every rigid
+body there is a different set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axes for which when you go to make up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes for which when you go to make up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes for which when you go to make up
+this Matrix you can make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix you can make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix you can make it
+diagonal and those are called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and those are called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and those are called the
+principal axes and that's where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal axes and that's where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal axes and that's where we're
+going next those play really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going next those play really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going next those play really important
+role in what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay drop
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FqtMJ2EFo5s.txt b/FqtMJ2EFo5s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52544e50726c2bb81551d8d52de689ea5708bf34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FqtMJ2EFo5s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello this is Rita from the publication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello this is Rita from the publication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello this is Rita from the publication
+team at MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team at MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team at MIT open
+courseware I would like to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware I would like to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware I would like to show you a
+few sections from a course called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few sections from a course called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few sections from a course called
+documentary photography and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary photography and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary photography and
+photojournalism still images of a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photojournalism still images of a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photojournalism still images of a world
+in motion the course is taught by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in motion the course is taught by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in motion the course is taught by
+Professor Bey Cen a senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Bey Cen a senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Bey Cen a senior
+Communications officer for University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications officer for University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications officer for University
+science at Harvard University and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science at Harvard University and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science at Harvard University and a
+Communications advisor at Harvard stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications advisor at Harvard stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications advisor at Harvard stem
+cell Institute he shared the 1984 pullit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell Institute he shared the 1984 pullit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell Institute he shared the 1984 pullit
+surprise for General local reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise for General local reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise for General local reporting
+while working as a reporter editor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while working as a reporter editor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while working as a reporter editor and
+columnist at Newsday he has won many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnist at Newsday he has won many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnist at Newsday he has won many
+national and local journalism Awards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national and local journalism Awards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national and local journalism Awards
+during a 23-year career at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a 23-year career at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a 23-year career at the
+Washington Post and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington Post and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington Post and
+Newsday I chose to share this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newsday I chose to share this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newsday I chose to share this course
+with you because I think this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you because I think this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you because I think this type of
+Photography reveals Beautiful Stories in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography reveals Beautiful Stories in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography reveals Beautiful Stories in
+a powerful and unique way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a powerful and unique way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a powerful and unique way
+students in this course learn to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in this course learn to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in this course learn to see the
+world around them in a new way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world around them in a new way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world around them in a new way and
+produce a documentary project the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a documentary project the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a documentary project the class
+emphasizes thinking about why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizes thinking about why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizes thinking about why people
+take photographs what photographs mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take photographs what photographs mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take photographs what photographs mean
+to us and how one can tell stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us and how one can tell stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us and how one can tell stories
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+photographs in the image gallery you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs in the image gallery you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs in the image gallery you
+will see some of the documentaries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see some of the documentaries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see some of the documentaries that
+the students have developed let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students have developed let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students have developed let's take a
+look at the last sock lonely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the last sock lonely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the last sock lonely
+laundromat laundromats tend to be filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundromat laundromats tend to be filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundromat laundromats tend to be filled
+with a wide variety of people but much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a wide variety of people but much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a wide variety of people but much
+like oil and water you can put different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oil and water you can put different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oil and water you can put different
+people together in a laundromat but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people together in a laundromat but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people together in a laundromat but they
+want mix the people in laundromats are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want mix the people in laundromats are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want mix the people in laundromats are
+engaging in a very private act in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in a very private act in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in a very private act in a very
+public place and they do everything
+
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+public place and they do everything
+ 
+
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+public place and they do everything
+possible to compensate for that the
+
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+possible to compensate for that the
+ 
+
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+possible to compensate for that the
+people at the L sock laundromat act much
+
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+people at the L sock laundromat act much
+ 
+
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+people at the L sock laundromat act much
+like planets orbiting around each other
+
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+like planets orbiting around each other
+ 
+
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+like planets orbiting around each other
+but never
+
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+but never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but never
+meeting let's now take a look at the A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting let's now take a look at the A
+ 
+
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+meeting let's now take a look at the A
+Day in the Life Judy Freeman image
+
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+ 
+
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+Day in the Life Judy Freeman image
+gallery
+
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+gallery
+ 
+
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+gallery
+page Boston Latin School is not your
+
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+page Boston Latin School is not your
+ 
+
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+page Boston Latin School is not your
+average high school the school was
+
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+average high school the school was
+ 
+
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+average high school the school was
+founded in 1635 as the first school in
+
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+founded in 1635 as the first school in
+ 
+
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+founded in 1635 as the first school in
+colonial America its reputation and
+
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+colonial America its reputation and
+ 
+
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+colonial America its reputation and
+history is as prolific as its list of
+
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+history is as prolific as its list of
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+
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+history is as prolific as its list of
+alumni which includes five signers of
+
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+school is now home to over 2500 students
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+this documentary takes you through a day
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+in the life of Boston Latin history
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+teacher Judy Freeman I enjoyed working
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+teacher Judy Freeman I enjoyed working
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FtQl1gAo12E.txt b/FtQl1gAo12E.txt
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/FtQl1gAo12E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1493 @@
+PROFESSOR: OK, this lecture
+is about the slopes, the
+
+derivatives, of two of the
+great functions of
+
+mathematics: sine
+x and cosine x.
+
+Why do I say great functions?
+
+What sort of motion do we
+see sines and cosines?
+
+Well, I guess I'm thinking
+of oscillations.
+
+Things go back and forth.
+
+They go up and down.
+
+They go round in a circle.
+
+Your heart beats and
+beats and beats.
+
+Your lungs go in and out.
+
+The earth goes around the sun.
+
+So many motions are repeating
+motions, and that's when sines
+
+and cosines show up.
+
+The opposite is growing
+motions.
+
+That's where we have powers of
+x, x cubed, x to the n-th.
+
+Or if we really want
+the motion to get
+
+going, e to the x.
+
+Or decaying would be
+e to the minus x.
+
+So there are two kinds here.
+
+We're talking about the ones
+that repeat and stay level,
+
+and they all involve
+sines and cosines.
+
+And to make that point,
+I'm going to have to--
+
+you know what sines and cosines
+are for triangles from
+
+trigonometry.
+
+But I have to make those
+triangles move.
+
+So I'm going to put the triangle
+in a circle, with one
+
+corner at the center, and
+another corner on the circle,
+
+and I'm going to move
+that point.
+
+So it's going to be
+circular motion.
+
+It's going to be the
+motion that--
+
+the perfect model of repeating
+motion, around
+
+and around the circle.
+
+And then the answer we're going
+to get is just great.
+
+The derivative of sine x turns
+out to be cosine x.
+
+And the derivative of cosine x
+turns out to be minus sine x.
+
+You couldn't ask for more.
+
+So my interest is always to
+explain those, but then I want
+
+to really--
+
+we're seeing this limit stuff
+in taking a derivative, and
+
+here's a chance for me
+to find a limit.
+
+This turns out to be the crucial
+quantity: the sine of
+
+an angle divided by the angle,
+when the angle goes to 0.
+
+Of course, when it's at 0,
+the sine of 0 is 0, so
+
+we have 0 over 0.
+
+This is the big problem
+of calculus.
+
+You can't be at the limit,
+because it's 0
+
+over 0 at that point.
+
+But you can be close to it.
+
+And then if we drew a graph, had
+a calculator, whatever we
+
+do, we would see that that ratio
+is very close to 1, but
+
+today we're going to actually
+prove it from the meaning of
+
+sine theta.
+
+Now remember what
+that meaning is.
+
+So back to the start
+of the world.
+
+Actually back to Pythagoras,
+way, way back.
+
+The key fact is what you
+remember about right
+
+triangles, a squared plus b
+squared equals c squared.
+
+That's where everything starts
+for a right triangle.
+
+I don't know if Pythagoras
+knew how to prove it.
+
+I think his friends
+helped him.
+
+A lot of people have
+suggested proofs.
+
+Einstein gave a proof.
+
+Some US president even
+gave a proof.
+
+So it's a fundamental fact, and
+I'm going to divide by c
+
+squared, because I'd like the
+right hand side to be 1.
+
+So if I divide by c squared, I
+just have a squared over c
+
+squared plus b squared
+over c squared is 1.
+
+And I'm going to make that
+hypotenuse in my picture 1.
+
+So then this will be the a over
+c, and that ratio of the
+
+near side to the hypotenuse
+is the cosine.
+
+So what I have here is
+cosine theta squared.
+
+Let me put theta in there.
+
+Theta is that angle
+at the center.
+
+And what's b?
+
+So this is a over c.
+
+That's cosine theta.
+
+B over c is this point,
+and that's sine theta.
+
+And they add to 1.
+
+So that's Pythagoras using
+sines and cosines.
+
+So this is the cosine.
+
+And this vertical distance
+is sine theta.
+
+OK, so that's the
+triangle I like.
+
+That's the triangle that's
+going to move.
+
+As this point goes around the
+circle at a steady speed, this
+
+triangle is going to move.
+
+The base will go left and
+right, left and right.
+
+The height will go up and down,
+up and down, following
+
+cosine and sine.
+
+And we want to know things
+about the speed.
+
+OK, so that's circular motion.
+
+Now I've introduced
+this word radians.
+
+And let me remind you what they
+are and why we need them.
+
+Why don't we just use 360
+degrees for the full circle?
+
+360 degrees.
+
+Well, that's a nice
+number, 360.
+
+Somebody must have thought it
+was really nice, and chose it
+
+for measuring angles
+around the world.
+
+It's nice, but it's
+not natural.
+
+Somebody thought of it,
+so it's not good.
+
+What we need is the natural
+way to measure the angle.
+
+If we don't use the natural way,
+then this is the sine--
+
+if I measure this x
+in degrees, that
+
+formula won't be right.
+
+There will be a miserable factor
+that I want to be 1.
+
+So I have to measure the angles
+the right way, and
+
+here's the idea of radians.
+
+The measure of that
+angle is this
+
+distance around the circle.
+
+That distance I'm going to call
+theta, and I'm going to
+
+say this angle is theta
+radians when
+
+that distance is theta.
+
+So that now, what's
+a full circle?
+
+A full circle would mean the
+angle went all the way round.
+
+I get the whole circumference,
+which is 2 pi.
+
+So 360 degrees is
+2 pi radians.
+
+So the natural number
+here is 2 pi.
+
+This can't be helped, it's
+the right one to use.
+
+Radians are the right way
+to measure an angle.
+
+So now I'm ready to do the job
+of finding this derivative.
+
+OK.
+
+Let me start at the
+key point 0.
+
+If we get this one, we get
+all the rest easily.
+
+So I'm looking at the graph
+of the sine curve.
+
+I'm starting at 0.
+
+We know what sine theta looks
+like, and I'm interested in
+
+the slope, the derivative.
+
+That's what this subject
+is about, calculus,
+
+differentiating.
+
+So I want to know the
+slope at that point.
+
+And it's 1.
+
+And how do we show
+that it's 1?
+
+So now I'm coming to the point
+where I'm going to give a
+
+proof that is 1.
+
+And the proof isn't just for the
+sake of formality or rigor
+
+or something.
+
+You really have to understand
+the sine function, the cosine
+
+function, and this is
+the heart of it.
+
+OK.
+
+So we want to show
+that slope is 1.
+
+How am I going to do that?
+
+That's the slope, right?
+
+If I go a tiny amount theta,
+then I go up sine theta.
+
+So in this average slope, if
+I take a finite step--
+
+I could have called it delta
+theta, but I don't want to
+
+write deltas all the time.
+
+So I just go out a little
+distance theta and up to the
+
+sine curve.
+
+I stopped at the sine
+curve by the way.
+
+The straight line is a little
+above the sine curve here.
+
+And that ratio, up divided by
+across, that's the delta sine
+
+divided by delta theta.
+
+And because it started at 0,
+it's just sine theta is the
+
+distance up, and theta is
+the distance across.
+
+So this is the average slope.
+
+And of course you remember
+what calculus is doing.
+
+There's always this limiting
+process where you push things
+
+closer and closer to the point,
+and you find the slope
+
+at that point, sometimes called
+the instantaneous
+
+velocity or slope
+or derivative.
+
+Now here's the way it's
+going to work.
+
+I'm going to show that sine
+theta over theta is
+
+always below 1.
+
+So two facts I want to prove.
+
+I want to show that sine theta
+over theta is less--
+
+sorry, sine theta over theta--
+
+well, let me get this right.
+
+I might as well put
+it the neat way.
+
+I want to show that sine
+theta is below theta.
+
+This is for theta
+greater than 0.
+
+That's what I'm doing.
+
+OK.
+
+So that tells me that this
+curve stays under that
+
+straight line, that 45 degree
+line, which I'm claiming is
+
+the tangent line.
+
+And it tells me when I divide
+it by the theta, it tells me
+
+that sine theta over
+theta is below 1.
+
+But now how much below 1?
+
+Right now if I only know this,
+I haven't ruled out the
+
+possibility that the slope
+could be much smaller.
+
+So I need something below it.
+
+And fantastically, the
+cosine is below it.
+
+So the other thing that I want
+to prove is that the cosine--
+
+and I'll let me do
+it this way.
+
+I'm going to show the tangent of
+theta is bigger than theta.
+
+Again, some range of thetas.
+
+Positive thetas up
+to somewhere.
+
+I don't know, I think
+maybe pi over 2.
+
+But the main point is near
+0, that's the main point.
+
+So can I just rewrite--
+
+do you remember what
+the tangent is?
+
+Of course, sine theta
+over cosine theta.
+
+So this is sine theta
+over cosine
+
+theta, bigger than theta.
+
+We still have to prove this.
+
+And now I want to bring the
+theta down and move the cosine
+
+up, and that will tell me that
+sine theta, when I divide by
+
+the theta and multiply
+by the cosine theta.
+
+So that was the same as that,
+was the same as that.
+
+And that's what I want.
+
+That tells that this ratio is
+above the cosine curve.
+
+Do you see that if I can
+convince you, and convince
+
+myself that these are both true,
+that this picture is
+
+right, then--
+
+I haven't gone into gory
+detail about limits.
+
+If you really insist,
+I'll do it later.
+
+But whatever.
+
+You can see this has just got to
+be true, that if this curve
+
+is squeezed between the cosine
+curve and the 1, then as theta
+
+gets smaller and smaller,
+it's squeezed to
+
+equal 1 in the limit.
+
+Allow me to say that that's
+pretty darn clear.
+
+OK.
+
+Whatever limit meets.
+
+So these are the main facts
+that I need to show.
+
+And I need to show those
+using trig, right?
+
+I have to draw some graph
+that convinces you.
+
+And this isn't quite good
+enough, because I just
+
+sketched a sine graph.
+
+I have to say where does
+sine theta come from?
+
+OK.
+
+So this will be number one, and
+this will be number two,
+
+and when we get those two things
+convincing, then we
+
+know that sine theta over theta
+is squeezed between and
+
+approaches 1.
+
+And then we'll know the story
+at the start, and you'll see
+
+that it becomes easy to
+find these formulas
+
+all along the curve.
+
+OK.
+
+Ready for these two?
+
+Number one and number two.
+
+OK, number one.
+
+Why is sine theta--
+
+oh, I can probably see
+it on this picture.
+
+Yeah, I can prove number
+one on this picture.
+
+Look, that piece was
+sine theta, right?
+
+And I want to prove
+that this length--
+
+what am I trying to prove?
+
+That sine theta is
+below theta.
+
+Let me write it again
+what it is to show.
+
+In math it's always a good
+idea to keep reminding
+
+yourself of what it
+is you're doing.
+
+Sine theta is below theta.
+
+OK.
+
+So why is it?
+
+And you see it here.
+
+That was sine theta, right?
+
+And where was theta?
+
+Well, because we measured theta
+in radians, theta is
+
+this curvy distance that's
+clearly longer.
+
+The shortest way from this to
+the axis there is straight
+
+down, and that's sine theta.
+
+A slower way is go round and
+end up at not the nearest
+
+point, and that was theta.
+
+Is that good?
+
+I could sometimes just to be
+even more convincing, you add
+
+a second angle, and you say OK,
+there's 2 sine thetas and
+
+here is 2 thetas, and clearly we
+all know that the shortest
+
+way from there to there
+is the straight way.
+
+So I regard this as done
+by that picture.
+
+You see we didn't
+just make it up.
+
+It went back to the fundamental
+idea of where sine
+
+theta is in a picture.
+
+Now I need another picture.
+
+Yeah, I need another picture
+for number two to show that
+
+tan theta is bigger
+than theta.
+
+That was our other job.
+
+So essentially, I need that
+same picture again.
+
+Whoops, let me draw
+that triangle.
+
+Yeah, and it's got a circle.
+
+OK, that's not a bad circle.
+
+It's got an angle theta.
+
+And now I'm going to--
+
+math has always got
+some little trick.
+
+So this is it.
+
+Go all the way out, so now the
+base is 1, and this is still
+
+the angle theta.
+
+And what else do I know
+on that picture?
+
+Now I've scaled the triangle
+up from this little one, so
+
+the base is 1.
+
+So what's that height?
+
+Well, the ratio of the opposite
+side to the near
+
+side, that's what tangent is.
+
+Tangent is the ratio--
+
+whatever size the triangle--
+
+is the ratio of the opposite
+side to the near side.
+
+Sine to cosine, here it's
+tan theta is that
+
+distance, and to 1.
+
+Good.
+
+OK, but now how am I
+going to see this?
+
+I have to ask you--
+and it's OK--
+
+to think about area instead
+of distance for a moment.
+
+What about area?
+
+So what do I see of area?
+
+I see right away that the area
+of this triangle is smaller
+
+than the area--
+
+sorry, I shouldn't have called
+that a triangle.
+
+That's a little piece of pie,
+a little sector of a circle.
+
+So the area of this shaded--
+
+did I shade it OK--
+
+is less than--
+
+so this is the area
+of the sector.
+
+Can I just call it the pie,
+piece of a pie, is less than
+
+the area of the triangle.
+
+But we know what the area
+of the triangle is.
+
+What's the area of a triangle?
+
+We can do that.
+
+It's the base half, right?
+
+1/2 times the base
+times the height.
+
+So the area of the triangle
+is 1/2 times the
+
+base 1 times the height.
+
+OK.
+
+Notice we've got the sign
+going the right way.
+
+We want tan theta to be
+bigger than something,
+
+so what do I hope?
+
+I hope that the area of this
+shaded part, the area of the
+
+circular sector, is
+1/2 of theta.
+
+Wouldn't that be wonderful?
+
+If I look at those areas,
+nobody's in any doubt that
+
+this piece, this sector that's
+inside the triangle, has an
+
+area less than the area
+of the triangle.
+
+So now I just have to remember
+why is the area of this
+
+sector, half of theta.
+
+You know, there's another reason
+why areas come up right
+
+when we use a radians, when we
+measure theta with radians.
+
+So remember, just think about
+this piece of pie compared to
+
+the whole pie.
+
+What's the area of the
+whole piece of pie?
+
+So I'm explaining 1/2 theta.
+
+The area of the whole pie--
+
+I'm going to get some terrible
+pun here on the word pie.
+
+Unintended, forgive it.
+
+The area of that whole circle,
+the radius is 1, we all know
+
+what the area of a circle
+is pi r squared.
+
+r is 1, so the area is pi.
+
+My God, I didn't expect that.
+
+Now what about this?
+
+What fraction is this sector?
+
+Well, the whole angle would be
+2 pi, and this part of it is
+
+theta, so I have the sector is
+theta over 2 pi, that's the
+
+angle fraction, times the
+pi, the whole area.
+
+Do you see it?
+
+This piece of pie, or
+pizza, whatever--
+
+yeah, if I'd said pizza, I
+wouldn't have had that
+
+terrible pun.
+
+Forget it.
+
+So the area of this piece of
+pizza compared to the whole
+
+one is theta over
+the whole 2 pi.
+
+Suppose it was a pizza cut
+in the usual 6 pieces.
+
+Then this would be a 60
+degree angle, but
+
+I don't want degrees.
+
+What would be the angle of that
+piece of pizza that's cut
+
+when the whole pizza's
+cut in 6?
+
+It would be 1/6 of 360.
+
+That's 60 degrees.
+
+But I don't want degrees.
+
+It's 1/6 of 2 pi.
+
+And this one is theta of 2 pi.
+
+Anyway, the pis cancel.
+
+Theta over 2 is the right
+answer, and now we can cancel
+
+the 1/2, and we've
+got what we want.
+
+That's pretty nice when you
+realize that we were facing
+
+for the first time, more or
+less, the sort of tough
+
+problem of calculus when I can't
+really divide theta into
+
+sine theta.
+
+Sine theta, I can't
+just divide it in.
+
+I have to keep them both
+approaching 0 over 0, and see
+
+what that ratio is doing.
+
+And now I said to conclude,
+I'll go back and prove the
+
+slopes, find the slopes
+at all points.
+
+OK, so at all points--
+
+now let's start with sine x.
+
+So what am I doing now?
+
+I'm looking at the sine curve.
+
+You remember it went up like
+this and down like this.
+
+I'm taking any point x.
+
+Suddenly I changed the angle
+from theta to x, just because
+
+I'm used to functions of x.
+
+We're just talking
+letters there.
+
+X is good, and this is
+a graph of sine x.
+
+X is measured in radians still.
+
+OK.
+
+So now what am I doing to find
+the derivative at some
+
+particular point?
+
+I look at the sine there.
+
+I go a little distance
+delta x.
+
+I go up to here, and
+I look to see--
+
+I want to know the change
+in sine x divided by
+
+the change in x.
+
+And of course, I'm going
+to let the piece
+
+get smaller and smaller.
+
+That's what calculus does.
+
+The main point is my x is
+now here instead of
+
+being at the start.
+
+I've done it for the start, but
+now I have to do it for
+
+all the other x's.
+
+So there's the x.
+
+There's the x plus delta
+x, a little bit long.
+
+In other words, can I write this
+in the familiar way, sine
+
+of x plus delta minus sine
+there divided by delta x?
+
+OK.
+
+So again, we can't simplify
+totally by just dividing the
+
+delta x in.
+
+We've got to go back
+to trigonometry.
+
+Trig had a formula for
+the sine of a plus b.
+
+Two angles added, then there's
+a neat formula for it.
+
+So the sine--
+
+can I remind you of
+that formula?
+
+It is the sine of the first
+angle times the cosine of the
+
+second minus the cosine of the
+first angle times the sine of
+
+the second.
+
+OK?
+
+You remember this,
+right, from trig?
+
+The sine of a plus b
+is this neat thing.
+
+Now I have to subtract sine x.
+
+So now can I subtract
+off sine x?
+
+When I subtract off sine x,
+then I need a minus 1.
+
+And now I have to divide
+by delta x.
+
+So I divide this by delta x, and
+I divide this by delta x.
+
+OK.
+
+This is an expression
+I can work with.
+
+That's why I had to remember
+this trig formula to get this
+
+expression that I
+can work with.
+
+Why do I say I can
+work with it?
+
+Because this is exactly what
+I've already pinned down.
+
+Delta x is now headed for 0.
+
+This point is going to come
+close to this one.
+
+So actually, I've got two terms.
+This sine delta x over
+
+delta x, what does that do
+as delta x goes to 0?
+
+It goes to 1.
+
+That was the point of that
+whole right hand board.
+
+So this thing goes to 1.
+
+Wait a minute.
+
+That's a plus sign.
+
+Everybody watching is going
+to think, OK, forgot trig.
+
+The sine of the sum of an angle
+is the sine times the
+
+cosine plus the cosine
+times the sine.
+
+Sorry about that one too.
+
+OK, so sine of delta x over
+delta x goes to 0.
+
+And now finally, this goes to 1,
+and actually I need another
+
+little piece.
+
+I need to know this piece, and
+I need to know that that
+
+ratio goes to 0.
+
+So I need to go back to that
+board and look again at the
+
+cosine curve at 0.
+
+Because this will be a slope
+of the cosine curve at 0.
+
+And the slope comes out 0
+for the cosine curve.
+
+The slope for the sine
+curve came out 1.
+
+Do you see how it's working?
+
+So this is gone because
+of the 0.
+
+This is the cosine x times 1.
+
+All together I get
+cosine of x.
+
+Hooray.
+
+That's the goal.
+
+That's the predicted plan,
+desired formula cos x for the
+
+ratio of delta of sine x over
+delta x as delta x goes to 0.
+
+Do you see that?
+
+So we used a trig formula,
+and we got the sine
+
+right a little late.
+
+Well, of course the reason I--
+
+one reason I goofed was that the
+other example, the other
+
+case we need for the
+second formula does
+
+have a minus sign.
+
+And it survives in the end.
+
+So I would do exactly the same
+thing for the cosines that I
+
+did for the sines.
+
+If there's another board
+underneath here,
+
+I'm going to do it.
+
+Yeah, there is.
+
+Now I want to know the delta
+of cosine x over delta x.
+
+That's what we do, we have to
+simplify that, then we have to
+
+let delta x go to 0.
+
+So what does this mean?
+
+This means the cosine a little
+bit along minus the cosine at
+
+the point divided by delta x.
+
+Again, we can't do that division
+just right away, but
+
+we can simplify this
+by remembering the
+
+formula that cosign--
+
+now let me try to remember it.
+
+It's a cosine times a cosine
+for this guy plus a sine--
+
+no, minus a sine
+times the sine.
+
+That's the formula that we all
+remember and go to sleep with.
+
+Now divide by delta x.
+
+Oh, first subtract cosine x.
+
+So there was a cosine x, so I
+want to subtract one of them.
+
+OK?
+
+And now I have to divide
+by the delta x.
+
+So I do that there.
+
+I do it here.
+
+And you see that we're in
+the same happy position.
+
+We're in the happy position that
+as delta x goes to 0, we
+
+know what this does.
+
+That goes to 1.
+
+We know what this does,
+or we soon will.
+
+That goes to 0, just the
+way they did on the
+
+board that got raised.
+
+So that term disappeared
+just like before.
+
+This term survives.
+
+It's got a 1, it's got now a
+sine x, and it's got now a
+
+minus sign.
+
+So that's the final result,
+that the limit
+
+is minus sine x.
+
+That's the slope of
+the cosine curve.
+
+And you wouldn't want
+it any other way.
+
+You want that minus sign.
+
+You'll see it with second
+derivatives.
+
+So it's just terrific that
+those functions, the
+
+derivative of the sine is the
+cosine with a plus, the
+
+derivative of the cosine is
+the sine with a minus.
+
+OK.
+
+And we've almost proved it, we
+just didn't quite pick up this
+
+point yet, and let me do that.
+
+That will finish this lecture.
+
+Why does that ratio
+approach zero?
+
+What is that ratio?
+
+That ratio is coming from
+the cosine curve.
+
+The cosine curve at 0, the way
+this ratio came from the sine
+
+curve at 0.
+
+Here I'm taking--
+
+this is delta cosine.
+
+There's lots of ways I can do
+this, but maybe I'll just do
+
+it the way you see it.
+
+What's the slope of
+the cosine at 0?
+
+Yeah, I think I can ask that
+without doing limits, without
+
+doing hard work.
+
+I'll just add the rest of the
+cosine curve, because we know
+
+it's symmetric.
+
+What's the slope
+at that point?
+
+This is actually the most
+important application of
+
+calculus, is to locate
+the place where a
+
+function has a maximum.
+
+The cosine, its maximum
+is right there.
+
+Its maximum value is 1, and it
+happens at theta equals 0.
+
+So the slope at a maximum--
+
+all right, I'm going
+to put this--
+
+I could get this result by these
+pictures, but let me do
+
+it short circuit.
+
+The slope at the maximum is 0.
+
+OK.
+
+Your intuition tells you that.
+
+If the slope was positive,
+the function
+
+would still be rising.
+
+It wouldn't be a maximum, it
+would be going higher.
+
+If the slope was negative, the
+function would be coming down,
+
+and the maximum would
+have been earlier.
+
+But here the maximum
+is right there.
+
+The slope has to be
+0 at that point.
+
+And that's the quantity that we
+were after, because this is
+
+the cosine of delta x.
+
+There is the cosine
+of delta x.
+
+Here is the 1, here is the delta
+x, and this ratio is
+
+height over slope.
+
+It gets to height over slope as
+we get closer and closer.
+
+It's the derivative, and
+it's 0 at a maximum.
+
+And my notes give another way
+to convince yourself that
+
+that's 0 by using these facts
+that we've already got.
+
+OK.
+
+End of the-- so let me just
+recap one moment, which this
+
+board will do.
+
+We now know the derivatives
+of two of the great
+
+functions of calculus.
+
+We already know the derivative
+of x to the n-th, and in the
+
+future is coming e to the
+x and the logarithm.
+
+Then you've got the big ones.
+
+Thank you.
+
+ANNOUNCER: This has been
+a production of MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare and
+Gilbert Strang.
+
+Funding for this video was
+provided by the Lord
+
+Foundation.
+
+To help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access
+
+to MIT courses, please
+make a donation at
+
+ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FzS0n_Z8lrk.txt b/FzS0n_Z8lrk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..402c47b6fcde1f4d1cdac941393ac14662066304
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FzS0n_Z8lrk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13923 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right time for some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right time for some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right time for some more
+geometry and in particular some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and in particular some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and in particular some more
+fractional cascading which is a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading which is a cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading which is a cool
+topic we saw last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic we saw last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic we saw last lecture
+uh and then we're going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we're going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we're going to do a
+different kind of data structure called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of data structure called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of data structure called
+kinetic data structures where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic data structures where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic data structures where you have
+moving data uh in that'll actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving data uh in that'll actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving data uh in that'll actually be
+most of lecture but last time we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of lecture but last time we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of lecture but last time we saw
+this nice General blackbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice General blackbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice General blackbox
+transformation fractional cascading we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation fractional cascading we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation fractional cascading we
+didn't really see a lot of applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really see a lot of applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really see a lot of applications
+of it saw a simple example in orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it saw a simple example in orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it saw a simple example in orthogonal
+Rain searching but I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rain searching but I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rain searching but I want to show you
+today a much cooler one uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today a much cooler one uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today a much cooler one uh in the
+original fractional casting papers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original fractional casting papers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original fractional casting papers so
+remember in general what it lets you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in general what it lets you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in general what it lets you do
+is search for a common element X find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is search for a common element X find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is search for a common element X find
+predecessor and successor in K sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and successor in K sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and successor in K sorted
+lists in order log n plus K time instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists in order log n plus K time instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists in order log n plus K time instead
+of the obvious K Times log in uh where n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the obvious K Times log in uh where n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the obvious K Times log in uh where n
+is the length of each list uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the length of each list uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the length of each list uh and the
+general version that we talked about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general version that we talked about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general version that we talked about uh
+is if you're navigating a graph and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you're navigating a graph and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you're navigating a graph and in
+each Noe of the graph you have one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Noe of the graph you have one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Noe of the graph you have one of
+these lists then you can instantly know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lists then you can instantly know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lists then you can instantly know
+what it's sorted uh know where X fits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's sorted uh know where X fits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's sorted uh know where X fits in
+that list in constant time per thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list in constant time per thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list in constant time per thing as
+long as you spend login time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you spend login time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you spend login time to get
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+provided your graph has bounded degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided your graph has bounded degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided your graph has bounded degree
+that was necessary to do all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was necessary to do all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was necessary to do all the
+fractional cascading stuff of copying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading stuff of copying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading stuff of copying
+half into the next level up um so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half into the next level up um so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half into the next level up um so we're
+going to use this result to get a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this result to get a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this result to get a log
+Factor improvement in our old friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor improvement in our old friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor improvement in our old friend
+orthogonal range searching so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal range searching so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal range searching so let's
+do thogonal range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+searching so last time we saw how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching so last time we saw how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching so last time we saw how to do
+two-dimensional orthogonal range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional orthogonal range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional orthogonal range
+searching in log and per query that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching in log and per query that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching in log and per query that was
+using fractional cascading or really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using fractional cascading or really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using fractional cascading or really
+half a fractional cascading which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a fractional cascading which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a fractional cascading which was
+just a cross-linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea this time we're going to do 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea this time we're going to do 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea this time we're going to do 3D
+orthogonal range searching in log and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal range searching in log and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal range searching in log and
+time our space is going to go up by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time our space is going to go up by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time our space is going to go up by a
+couple log factors but this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple log factors but this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple log factors but this is pretty
+cool in general for D Dimensions this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool in general for D Dimensions this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool in general for D Dimensions this
+gives us log to the D minus 2 whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us log to the D minus 2 whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us log to the D minus 2 whereas
+last class we saw how to do log to the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class we saw how to do log to the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class we saw how to do log to the D
+minus1 now this is static only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 now this is static only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 now this is static only
+uh you could probably do polylog update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could probably do polylog update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could probably do polylog update
+but let's not worry about updates just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's not worry about updates just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's not worry about updates just
+trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do
+static uh so 3D orthogonal range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static uh so 3D orthogonal range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static uh so 3D orthogonal range
+search using fractional cascading this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search using fractional cascading this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search using fractional cascading this
+is kind of a t to force it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a t to force it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a t to force it's a really
+cool result uh it's in the applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool result uh it's in the applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool result uh it's in the applications
+of fractional cascading paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fractional cascading paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fractional cascading paper by
+chazelle and gibus and it proceeds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chazelle and gibus and it proceeds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chazelle and gibus and it proceeds in
+four easy steps each of the steps are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four easy steps each of the steps are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four easy steps each of the steps are
+easy but it's kind of amazing where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy but it's kind of amazing where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy but it's kind of amazing where we
+get to um we're we're going to start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to um we're we're going to start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to um we're we're going to start out
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+two-dimensional restricted orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional restricted orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional restricted orthogonal
+range query we'll see why at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range query we'll see why at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range query we'll see why at the very
+end uh but this is actually from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end uh but this is actually from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end uh but this is actually from another
+paper of chazelle in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+year okay in general remember we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year okay in general remember we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year okay in general remember we're
+trying to for in 3D we're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to for in 3D we're trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to for in 3D we're trying to do
+uh quering with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quering with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quering with a
+rectangle A1 B1 A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle A1 B1 A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle A1 B1 A2
+B2 uh A3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 uh A3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 uh A3
+B3 we want to know all the points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 we want to know all the points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 we want to know all the points in
+that rectangle so I'm going to start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rectangle so I'm going to start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rectangle so I'm going to start out
+with a very restricted form which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very restricted form which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very restricted form which is
+only two-dimensional for whatever reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two-dimensional for whatever reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two-dimensional for whatever reason
+we'll see why later y-coordinate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see why later y-coordinate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see why later y-coordinate and
+z-coordinate skipping X and the left end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-coordinate skipping X and the left end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-coordinate skipping X and the left end
+point doesn't exists so you go all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point doesn't exists so you go all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point doesn't exists so you go all the
+way up to B2 and you go all the way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to B2 and you go all the way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to B2 and you go all the way up
+to B3 this is a quarter plane in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B3 this is a quarter plane in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B3 this is a quarter plane in two
+Dimensions I want to know all the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions I want to know all the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions I want to know all the points
+in there it's the same as saying all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there it's the same as saying all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there it's the same as saying all the
+points that are dominated by this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that are dominated by this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that are dominated by this point
+both X and uh both Y and Z coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both X and uh both Y and Z coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both X and uh both Y and Z coordinates
+are dominated by that YZ coordinate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dominated by that YZ coordinate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dominated by that YZ coordinate okay
+this is B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is B2
+B3 so we can solve this in log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 so we can solve this in log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 so we can solve this in log n
+time uh plus K but I want to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh plus K but I want to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh plus K but I want to be a little
+bit more precise about what that log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more precise about what that log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more precise about what that log n
+is and say that this costs whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and say that this costs whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and say that this costs whatever it
+costs to search for B3 the Z coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs to search for B3 the Z coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs to search for B3 the Z coordinate
+in a in a z list in a list of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a z list in a list of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a z list in a list of Z
+coordinates of points plus order K I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of points plus order K I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of points plus order K I
+write it this way because if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it this way because if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it this way because if we have
+many searches among lists then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many searches among lists then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many searches among lists then we can
+speed things up so I don't want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed things up so I don't want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed things up so I don't want to just
+think of it as log N I want to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as log N I want to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as log N I want to think of
+it as one of these fractional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as one of these fractional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as one of these fractional
+cascading uh operations so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading uh operations so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading uh operations so this is the
+time bound I want to get for solving for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time bound I want to get for solving for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time bound I want to get for solving for
+finding the K points in this search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the K points in this search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the K points in this search
+range uh now here's the fun part we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range uh now here's the fun part we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range uh now here's the fun part we're
+going to transform this into a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to transform this into a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to transform this into a kind of
+stabbing gray problem like we saw uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabbing gray problem like we saw uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabbing gray problem like we saw uh
+last class and in the retroactive stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class and in the retroactive stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class and in the retroactive stuff
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on so let's suppose I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points uh I'm just going to draw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh I'm just going to draw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh I'm just going to draw an
+arbitrary Arrangement hopefully it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary Arrangement hopefully it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary Arrangement hopefully it's
+reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably
+interesting those are the points I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting those are the points I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting those are the points I want
+to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to
+query and if I'm given say a query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query and if I'm given say a query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query and if I'm given say a query
+like this one I want to know all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one I want to know all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one I want to know all the
+points in here so what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in here so what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in here so what I'm going to do
+is draw a leftward horizontal Ray from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is draw a leftward horizontal Ray from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is draw a leftward horizontal Ray from
+the query point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the query point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the query point
+and I'm going to draw maybe use a color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to draw maybe use a color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to draw maybe use a color
+upward vertical Rays from each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay and
+the where there's Crossings those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where there's Crossings those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where there's Crossings those
+correspond to points that are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to points that are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to points that are in the
+query query quarter plane okay so same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query query quarter plane okay so same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query query quarter plane okay so same
+problem but now thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but now thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but now thinking about
+Rays so here's a cool thing you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays so here's a cool thing you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays so here's a cool thing you can do
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+uh approach so we want to be able to pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh approach so we want to be able to pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh approach so we want to be able to pre
+we want to pre-process these vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to pre-process these vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to pre-process these vertical
+Rays so that then we can stab with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays so that then we can stab with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays so that then we can stab with a
+horizontal Ray and we could it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal Ray and we could it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal Ray and we could it's
+actually easier to think of it as coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually easier to think of it as coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually easier to think of it as coming
+from the left because that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left because that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left because that's kind of a
+consistent x coordinate and walking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent x coordinate and walking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent x coordinate and walking to
+the right I'd like to find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right I'd like to find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right I'd like to find this
+intersection then find this one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection then find this one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection then find this one then
+find this one eventually I get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this one eventually I get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this one eventually I get to the
+desired y-coordinate this is the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired y-coordinate this is the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired y-coordinate this is the y
+direction and this is z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and this is z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and this is z
+Direction uh then I stop so if I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction uh then I stop so if I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction uh then I stop so if I could
+get started over here in log n time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started over here in log n time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started over here in log n time and
+then do a walk in constant time per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do a walk in constant time per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do a walk in constant time per
+intersection I'd be golden that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection I'd be golden that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection I'd be golden that would
+give me that's that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me that's that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me that's that is
+possible and the way that chazelle did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and the way that chazelle did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and the way that chazelle did
+this I'm going to erase the query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aray is to decompose the plane in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aray is to decompose the plane in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aray is to decompose the plane in a
+pretty simple way we're going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple way we're going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple way we're going to draw
+horizontal segment from each point we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal segment from each point we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal segment from each point we're
+going to extend it to the right until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to extend it to the right until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to extend it to the right until it
+hits something extend it to the left in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits something extend it to the left in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits something extend it to the left in
+this case it goes off to Infinity here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it goes off to Infinity here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it goes off to Infinity here I
+extend this guy extend this guy extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend this guy extend this guy extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend this guy extend this guy extend
+this guy extend this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy extend this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy extend this
+guy and extend this one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay maybe I'll draw and to add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay maybe I'll draw and to add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay maybe I'll draw and to add one
+more point over here a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more point over here a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more point over here a little more
+exciting so this stops there this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting so this stops there this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting so this stops there this goes
+to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there
+one more up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more up here
+thanks okay so this is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks okay so this is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks okay so this is kind of a
+decomposition into slabs or bricks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition into slabs or bricks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition into slabs or bricks or
+something it looks good and so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it looks good and so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it looks good and so the idea
+is over here there's at most n different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over here there's at most n different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over here there's at most n different
+uh rays that make it all the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rays that make it all the way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rays that make it all the way to the
+left do a binary search there that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left do a binary search there that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left do a binary search there that's uh
+or do a search that's your z- search so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do a search that's your z- search so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do a search that's your z- search so
+that's what we're that's this search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're that's this search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're that's this search for
+B3 in the Z list so remember our goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 in the Z list so remember our goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 in the Z list so remember our goal is
+to get to here so we search for that Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to here so we search for that Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to here so we search for that Z
+coordinate over here we say okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate over here we say okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate over here we say okay it
+falls here then I enter this face I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls here then I enter this face I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls here then I enter this face I'd
+like to then navigate to this face say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to then navigate to this face say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to then navigate to this face say
+okay that's where I am now uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's where I am now uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's where I am now uh by
+Crossing this Edge I know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing this Edge I know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing this Edge I know that this
+point is actually in my answer and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is actually in my answer and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is actually in my answer and then
+I cross this Edge so I know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cross this Edge so I know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cross this Edge so I know that this
+point is in my answer then I cross this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is in my answer then I cross this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is in my answer then I cross this
+Edge so this Ray so I know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge so this Ray so I know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge so this Ray so I know that this
+point is in my answer I say okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is in my answer I say okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is in my answer I say okay I
+reached my desired y-coordinate stop so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached my desired y-coordinate stop so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached my desired y-coordinate stop so
+if I can do each of these traversals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can do each of these traversals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can do each of these traversals in
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+time I'd be all set so I do one search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'd be all set so I do one search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'd be all set so I do one search
+at the beginning then constant time per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning then constant time per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning then constant time per
+qu we know how to solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu we know how to solve this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu we know how to solve this problem
+right we can do it with range trees in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can do it with range trees in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can do it with range trees in
+log and time preperation but this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and time preperation but this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and time preperation but this this
+is a particular way to solve it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a particular way to solve it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a particular way to solve it that
+will work with fractional cascading when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work with fractional cascading when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work with fractional cascading when
+we do many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do many of
+them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay
+cool can I do this in constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time maybe not uh because it's this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe not uh because it's this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe not uh because it's this sort
+of scenario if I if I draw a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scenario if I if I draw a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scenario if I if I draw a whole bunch
+of points like this they'll each have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points like this they'll each have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points like this they'll each have a
+segment in general uh this face will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment in general uh this face will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment in general uh this face will
+have large degree and so I need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have large degree and so I need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have large degree and so I need to know
+which of these outgoing I need to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these outgoing I need to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these outgoing I need to sort
+of find my z-coordinate again somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of find my z-coordinate again somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of find my z-coordinate again somewhere
+in here turns out with essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here turns out with essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here turns out with essentially
+fractional cascading again you can avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading again you can avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading again you can avoid
+that uh if you have many segments here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if you have many segments here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if you have many segments here
+just extend half of them so maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just extend half of them so maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just extend half of them so maybe I'll
+extend this one over and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend this one over and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend this one over and this one
+over okay looks like fractional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over okay looks like fractional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over okay looks like fractional
+cascading I'm taking half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading I'm taking half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading I'm taking half of the
+elements here inserting them into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements here inserting them into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements here inserting them into the
+previous list which is the left side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous list which is the left side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous list which is the left side of
+the face okay if this now has too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face okay if this now has too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face okay if this now has too many
+well half of them get promoted but it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well half of them get promoted but it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well half of them get promoted but it it
+decreases exponentially and so the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases exponentially and so the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases exponentially and so the total
+amount of extra edges I'm adding here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of extra edges I'm adding here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of extra edges I'm adding here is
+only linear so linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only linear so linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only linear so linear
+space I can I'm not going to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I can I'm not going to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I can I'm not going to prove this
+formula here but it's the same idea as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here but it's the same idea as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here but it's the same idea as
+fractional cascading we just need needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading we just need needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading we just need needed
+as a tool to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a tool to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a tool to get to
+3D you can extend these things and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D you can extend these things and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D you can extend these things and then
+every face will have bounded degree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every face will have bounded degree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every face will have bounded degree and
+so you can just look at every single uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just look at every single uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just look at every single uh
+rightward Edge in constant time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightward Edge in constant time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightward Edge in constant time and
+figure out which one has your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which one has your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which one has your
+z-coordinate follow that edge and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-coordinate follow that edge and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-coordinate follow that edge and so
+every time you're crossing a uh array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you're crossing a uh array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you're crossing a uh array
+and getting an output so you can pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting an output so you can pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting an output so you can pay
+only constant time to get it pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only constant time to get it pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only constant time to get it pretty
+cool that's the first step question um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool that's the first step question um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool that's the first step question um
+so when you say that a particular face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you say that a particular face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you say that a particular face
+has too many Crossings what you find too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has too many Crossings what you find too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has too many Crossings what you find too
+many um more than a constant in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many um more than a constant in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many um more than a constant in general
+you just look at the right side uh of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look at the right side uh of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look at the right side uh of a
+face and if just take half of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and if just take half of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and if just take half of those
+things and propagate it to left just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and propagate it to left just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and propagate it to left just do
+that right to left in one pass I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right to left in one pass I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right to left in one pass I think
+you might also need to do it left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might also need to do it left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might also need to do it left to
+right if you want to have bounded left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you want to have bounded left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you want to have bounded left
+for degree but I'm not sure that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for degree but I'm not sure that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for degree but I'm not sure that really
+matters so I think you just do one pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters so I think you just do one pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters so I think you just do one pass
+right to left and half the guys keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to left and half the guys keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to left and half the guys keep
+getting promoted and it's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting promoted and it's the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting promoted and it's the same thing
+you're promoting from the LI primes not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're promoting from the LI primes not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're promoting from the LI primes not
+from the Li so it's everybody who came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Li so it's everybody who came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Li so it's everybody who came
+from the right plus whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the right plus whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the right plus whatever you
+originally had half of them get promoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally had half of them get promoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally had half of them get promoted
+to the left but because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left but because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left but because it's
+geometrically decreasing all is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically decreasing all is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically decreasing all is okay
+this paper proceedes uh is earlier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper proceedes uh is earlier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper proceedes uh is earlier than
+fractional cascading but I would guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading but I would guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading but I would guess
+it's what motivated them to then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what motivated them to then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what motivated them to then do
+General fractional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cascading other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading other
+questions it's I know this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions it's I know this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions it's I know this is a little
+bit vague but the more exciting stuff to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit vague but the more exciting stuff to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit vague but the more exciting stuff to
+me is the next three steps so let's move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is the next three steps so let's move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is the next three steps so let's move
+on to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this a tool for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this a tool for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this a tool for doing
+two-dimensional uh quarter plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional uh quarter plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional uh quarter plane
+searching next thing we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching next thing we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching next thing we're going to do
+is make it threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is make it threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is make it threedimensional
+this is actually something we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually something we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually something we already
+know how to do and we're going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do and we're going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do and we're going to do it
+in exact the same way we knew how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exact the same way we knew how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exact the same way we knew how to
+before suppose you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before suppose you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before suppose you have a
+three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional
+query and two of the intervals start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query and two of the intervals start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query and two of the intervals start at
+minus infinity but the new x coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity but the new x coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity but the new x coordinate
+is a regular interval can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a regular interval can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a regular interval can you can
+specify both end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify both end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify both end
+points okay I want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+searches plus k k is the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches plus k k is the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches plus k k is the size of the
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+how do I do this using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I do this using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I do this using
+one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+words range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words range
+tree yep easy just do 1D range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tree on
+X and then each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+stores that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores that data
+structure one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure one
+uh on points in the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree and so just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before you get log N Sub trees that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get log N Sub trees that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get log N Sub trees that
+represent your X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interval you look at the root of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval you look at the root of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval you look at the root of each
+one and it stores a a one data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it stores a a one data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it stores a a one data structure
+you query each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you query each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you query each of them
+for B2 and B3 for that interval among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for B2 and B3 for that interval among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for B2 and B3 for that interval among
+the Y and Z coordinates and each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y and Z coordinates and each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y and Z coordinates and each of them
+cost a search plus order K the K's sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost a search plus order K the K's sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost a search plus order K the K's sum
+up to order K so we end up doing log and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to order K so we end up doing log and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to order K so we end up doing log and
+searches of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches of that
+type uh plus K time and we can now solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type uh plus K time and we can now solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type uh plus K time and we can now solve
+this kind of 3D query this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of 3D query this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of 3D query this is really
+easy this is what we did last class uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy this is what we did last class uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy this is what we did last class uh
+the cool thing of course is that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cool thing of course is that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cool thing of course is that by
+doing log and searches it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing log and searches it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing log and searches it's always
+searching for the same thing B3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for the same thing B3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for the same thing B3
+in in various SE lists We Know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in various SE lists We Know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in various SE lists We Know by
+fractional cascading this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading this is actually
+log n time doing log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n time doing log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n time doing log n
+searches uh in K list but we know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches uh in K list but we know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches uh in K list but we know and
+slightly different K here sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different K here sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different K here sorry
+uh it's actually log n list but we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's actually log n list but we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's actually log n list but we know
+from this bound uh we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this bound uh we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this bound uh we're going to get
+order log n plus K but I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order log n plus K but I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order log n plus K but I don't want to
+do fractional cascading yet because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do fractional cascading yet because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do fractional cascading yet because
+we're not done this is almost I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not done this is almost I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not done this is almost I mean
+this is a sort of three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sort of three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sort of three-dimensional
+orthogonal range query but I want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal range query but I want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal range query but I want to put
+A2 here and A3 here we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 here and A3 here we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 here and A3 here we're going to do
+that step by step first step is A2 we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step by step first step is A2 we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step by step first step is A2 we're
+going to do it exactly the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+twice again I want to do it in log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice again I want to do it in log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice again I want to do it in log n
+searches plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches plus
+K so same time bound I want to put in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so same time bound I want to put in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so same time bound I want to put in an
+A2 the cost will be a log n factor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 the cost will be a log n factor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 the cost will be a log n factor in
+space and this is it's a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and this is it's a cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and this is it's a cool
+transformation it's a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation it's a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation it's a general
+transformation whenever you have a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation whenever you have a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation whenever you have a data
+structure that has a minus infinity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that has a minus infinity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that has a minus infinity you
+can turn it into a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn it into a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn it into a lower
+bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+magically okay almost the same way as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically okay almost the same way as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically okay almost the same way as we
+did here except we're not going to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here except we're not going to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here except we're not going to lose
+a log factor in time only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log factor in time only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log factor in time only in
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+so I'm going to say it's kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to say it's kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to say it's kind of like a
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+Tree on the y-coordinate y-coordinate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tree on the y-coordinate y-coordinate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tree on the y-coordinate y-coordinate is
+the one that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extend and you may remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh there was this uh brief question last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was this uh brief question last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was this uh brief question last
+time what in a 1D range tree what key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what in a 1D range tree what key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what in a 1D range tree what key
+does a node store it just has has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a node store it just has has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a node store it just has has to
+store something that's in between what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store something that's in between what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store something that's in between what's
+in the left sub tree and what's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the left sub tree and what's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the left sub tree and what's in the
+right sub tree so one I I proposed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sub tree so one I I proposed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sub tree so one I I proposed you
+could store uh Max of left sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could store uh Max of left sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could store uh Max of left sub
+tree and that will that's enough to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and that will that's enough to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and that will that's enough to do a
+search then you know whether you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search then you know whether you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search then you know whether you should
+go in the left sub tree or the right sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in the left sub tree or the right sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in the left sub tree or the right sub
+tree just compare with that key so same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree just compare with that key so same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree just compare with that key so same
+as before we're going to store that key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before we're going to store that key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before we're going to store that key
+except now I'm making explicit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now I'm making explicit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now I'm making explicit because
+we really need to know what that key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to know what that key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to know what that key
+is okay a node V will also store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay a node V will also store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay a node V will also store
+one of these actually two of these so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these actually two of these so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these actually two of these so
+it's going to store the two data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to store the two data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to store the two data
+structure on the points in the right sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree not the entire sub tree just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree not the entire sub tree just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree not the entire sub tree just the
+right sub tree and it's going to store a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sub tree and it's going to store a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sub tree and it's going to store a
+y inverted two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+on points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on points
+and the left sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the left sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the left sub
+tree so this is the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so this is the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so this is the new
+part and what does y inverted mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and what does y inverted mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and what does y inverted mean it
+means that you can search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for uh boxes like this so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh boxes like this so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh boxes like this so before
+regularly a two structure is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly a two structure is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly a two structure is sort of
+left centered and it can the left end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left centered and it can the left end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left centered and it can the left end
+point is undefined and it goes up to B3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is undefined and it goes up to B3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is undefined and it goes up to B3
+now I want something that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want something that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want something that's right
+centered you can go it goes up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered you can go it goes up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered you can go it goes up to
+Infinity on the right side but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity on the right side but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity on the right side but you can
+start at an arbitrary A2 how do I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at an arbitrary A2 how do I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at an arbitrary A2 how do I make
+such a data structure do exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a data structure do exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a data structure do exactly the
+same thing but with this inverted which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing but with this inverted which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing but with this inverted which
+means do exactly this but with uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means do exactly this but with uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means do exactly this but with uh this
+inverted okay easy to do just twice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted okay easy to do just twice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted okay easy to do just twice as
+many data structures so you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many data structures so you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many data structures so you can think of
+that as one prime and two prime I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as one prime and two prime I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as one prime and two prime I'll
+call this two prime explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now the big question is why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the big question is why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the big question is why is this
+enough so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that how do I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do I do a
+query in data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three okay basic idea is simple we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay basic idea is simple we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay basic idea is simple we're
+going to walk down the tree now before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk down the tree now before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk down the tree now before
+we walk down the tree and the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we walk down the tree and the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we walk down the tree and the interval
+was represented by log n different sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was represented by log n different sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was represented by log n different sub
+trees we can't afford that anymore we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees we can't afford that anymore we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees we can't afford that anymore we
+can really only afford a constant number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really only afford a constant number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really only afford a constant number
+of calls to this data structure if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calls to this data structure if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calls to this data structure if we're
+not going to get log an extra log blow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get log an extra log blow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get log an extra log blow
+up so I don't want to walk and then fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so I don't want to walk and then fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so I don't want to walk and then fork
+and then visit all these sub trees I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then visit all these sub trees I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then visit all these sub trees I
+could do that but it turns out with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that but it turns out with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that but it turns out with this
+structure I can be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I can be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I can be a little bit more
+efficient because essentially I I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient because essentially I I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient because essentially I I want
+to do an interval like this and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do an interval like this and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do an interval like this and the idea
+is if I and the queries I'm allowed is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I and the queries I'm allowed is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I and the queries I'm allowed is I
+can do a query that's infinite to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a query that's infinite to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a query that's infinite to the
+left and I can do a query that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and I can do a query that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and I can do a query that's
+infinite to the right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite to the right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite to the right so the
+intersection of those would be what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of those would be what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of those would be what I
+want I can't really compute intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I can't really compute intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I can't really compute intersection
+it would take too much time to list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take too much time to list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take too much time to list
+those but if somehow I could get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but if somehow I could get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but if somehow I could get this
+left end point in another way using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left end point in another way using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left end point in another way using the
+tree then I can do a leftward Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree then I can do a leftward Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree then I can do a leftward Infinity
+query so that's what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query so that's what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query so that's what we're going to do
+uh and you just say once I say walk down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you just say once I say walk down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you just say once I say walk down
+the tree it's pretty clear what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree it's pretty clear what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree it's pretty clear what you have
+to do when you visit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do when you visit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do when you visit a
+node if uh the key of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node if uh the key of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node if uh the key of the
+node is less than what are we searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node is less than what are we searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node is less than what are we searching
+for A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for A2
+B2 so A2 is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 so A2 is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 so A2 is less than
+B2 and if the key of the node is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 and if the key of the node is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 and if the key of the node is to the
+left that means the stuff we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that means the stuff we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that means the stuff we're
+interested to is to the right so walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay if the key of the node is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay if the key of the node is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay if the key of the node is
+greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the
+interval then walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval then walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval then walk
+left that's sort of the easy case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that's sort of the easy case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that's sort of the easy case and
+then the interesting case is this Fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the interesting case is this Fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the interesting case is this Fork
+before we had to do a lot of work at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we had to do a lot of work at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we had to do a lot of work at the
+fork now I claim we only need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork now I claim we only need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork now I claim we only need to do
+constant work at the fork so if the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant work at the fork so if the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant work at the fork so if the key
+falls between A2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls between A2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls between A2 and
+B2 so our interval is stabbed by the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 so our interval is stabbed by the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 so our interval is stabbed by the key
+of the node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the node
+then I want to query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to query
+the two data structure two is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two data structure two is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two data structure two is the right
+number yeah and I want to query the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number yeah and I want to query the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number yeah and I want to query the two
+Prime data structure so I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime data structure so I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime data structure so I'm going to do
+two calls to data structure two and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two calls to data structure two and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two calls to data structure two and so I
+only get a constant Factor blow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get a constant Factor blow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get a constant Factor blow
+up and what could I possibly search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and what could I possibly search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and what could I possibly search for
+well uh two I'm able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh two I'm able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh two I'm able to
+do uh what is it A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B1 uh minus infinity B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 uh minus infinity B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 uh minus infinity B2
+and minus infinity B3 we're not fixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus infinity B3 we're not fixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus infinity B3 we're not fixing
+the Z coordinate yet and with 2 Prime I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z coordinate yet and with 2 Prime I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z coordinate yet and with 2 Prime I
+can do the left end point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the left end point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the left end point
+bounded this is once I've set things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded this is once I've set things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded this is once I've set things up
+this is like the only thing you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the only thing you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the only thing you could
+possibly do but I claim it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly do but I claim it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly do but I claim it's actually
+the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer okay what does this mean 2 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay what does this mean 2 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay what does this mean 2 Prime
+is we're doing rightward Infinity uh C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're doing rightward Infinity uh C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're doing rightward Infinity uh C
+is in the left sub tree so here's V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the left sub tree so here's V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the left sub tree so here's V
+here's the left sub tree of V right sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the left sub tree of V right sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the left sub tree of V right sub
+tree of V so this is a bunch of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of V so this is a bunch of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of V so this is a bunch of points
+down here A bunch of points down here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here A bunch of points down here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here A bunch of points down here we
+know that the interval looks something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the interval looks something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the interval looks something
+like this it straddles this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it straddles this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it straddles this
+node that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node that's what this
+means and so what we'd really like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and so what we'd really like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and so what we'd really like is
+this stuff plus this stuff okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff plus this stuff okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff plus this stuff okay that
+looks good because this goes to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks good because this goes to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks good because this goes to Infinity
+on the right that's the two prime search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right that's the two prime search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right that's the two prime search
+and this goes to Infinity on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this goes to Infinity on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this goes to Infinity on the left
+that's the two search as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the two search as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the two search as long as you
+restrict to this sub tree which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict to this sub tree which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict to this sub tree which is what
+we've always been doing and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've always been doing and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've always been doing and in
+particular here two is only on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular here two is only on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular here two is only on the right
+the the points that are in the right sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the points that are in the right sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the points that are in the right sub
+tree two prime is only on the points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree two prime is only on the points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree two prime is only on the points in
+the left sub tree and so that's it we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left sub tree and so that's it we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left sub tree and so that's it we're
+golden actually we only need to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden actually we only need to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden actually we only need to do a
+right word infinity search and a left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right word infinity search and a left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right word infinity search and a left
+word infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word infinity
+search so uh that's actually that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search so uh that's actually that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search so uh that's actually that is
+data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure
+three and it's really easy once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and it's really easy once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and it's really easy once you have
+the ability to do a 3D search uh uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to do a 3D search uh uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to do a 3D search uh uh even
+though this one is only uh in fact even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this one is only uh in fact even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this one is only uh in fact even
+if this one was minus infinity B1 if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this one was minus infinity B1 if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this one was minus infinity B1 if we
+just could do uh what do you call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just could do uh what do you call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just could do uh what do you call it
+octants octant search in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octants octant search in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octants octant search in
+3D then we could just sit there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D then we could just sit there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D then we could just sit there and
+apply this transformation and turn each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this transformation and turn each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this transformation and turn each
+one of them into double-sided with a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them into double-sided with a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them into double-sided with a log
+n penalty each time in space but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n penalty each time in space but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n penalty each time in space but no
+extra query time we do a single log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra query time we do a single log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra query time we do a single log n
+traversal of this tree that's so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal of this tree that's so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal of this tree that's so this
+part costs log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again and then we reduce to the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then we reduce to the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then we reduce to the previous
+problem just constant number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem just constant number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem just constant number of
+calls okay so I could have written minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls okay so I could have written minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls okay so I could have written minus
+infinity here but I pay an extra log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity here but I pay an extra log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity here but I pay an extra log
+factor in space so this one we get for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in space so this one we get for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in space so this one we get for
+free we're using range trees we do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free we're using range trees we do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free we're using range trees we do one
+transformation we get this one and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation we get this one and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation we get this one and now
+we're basically done because we just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically done because we just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically done because we just do
+this again on the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinate and we get A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and we get A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and we get A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+desired for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+queries just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ditto on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ditto on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ditto on
+Z and using three in place of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and using three in place of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and using three in place of
+two so we want to add in this A3 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so we want to add in this A3 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so we want to add in this A3 we
+build a three data structure we build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a three data structure we build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a three data structure we build
+three Prime data structures in exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Prime data structures in exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Prime data structures in exactly
+the same way three primes are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way three primes are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way three primes are on the
+left threes are on the right of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left threes are on the right of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left threes are on the right of every
+node in this range Tree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node in this range Tree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node in this range Tree on
+Z and we do a log n search at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and we do a log n search at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and we do a log n search at the
+beginning then we do a constant number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning then we do a constant number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning then we do a constant number
+of calls to data structure three data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calls to data structure three data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calls to data structure three data
+structure 3 does a log n search at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure 3 does a log n search at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure 3 does a log n search at the
+beginning constant number of calls to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning constant number of calls to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning constant number of calls to
+data structure two data structure 2 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure two data structure 2 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure two data structure 2 uh
+does our usual range tree thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does our usual range tree thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does our usual range tree thing
+identifies log in different calls to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies log in different calls to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies log in different calls to
+data structure one data structure one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure one data structure one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure one data structure one is
+a search in a list plus every time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a search in a list plus every time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a search in a list plus every time I
+walk to the right and spend constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk to the right and spend constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk to the right and spend constant
+time that is an element of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that is an element of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that is an element of my
+output how much time is this take in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output how much time is this take in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output how much time is this take in
+total normally uh there's log of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total normally uh there's log of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total normally uh there's log of these
+Plus or k normally that would be log s n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus or k normally that would be log s n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus or k normally that would be log s n
+plus K but with fractional cascading we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K but with fractional cascading we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K but with fractional cascading we
+have to check this is valid within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to check this is valid within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to check this is valid within
+fractional cascading we've got a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading we've got a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading we've got a graph
+of data structures here but each node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data structures here but each node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data structures here but each node
+has only constant degree you can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only constant degree you can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only constant degree you can come
+from your parent you can go to your left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your parent you can go to your left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your parent you can go to your left
+child you can go to your right child and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child you can go to your right child and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child you can go to your right child and
+you can go to data your previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to data your previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to data your previous
+Dimension data structure strcture or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension data structure strcture or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension data structure strcture or the
+inverted version of it so it's degree 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted version of it so it's degree 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted version of it so it's degree 5
+if you count in and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you count in and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you count in and out
+degree and so fractional cascading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and so fractional cascading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and so fractional cascading
+applies we're always searching for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies we're always searching for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies we're always searching for the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+thing uh not quite actually little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh not quite actually little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh not quite actually little bit
+of a cheat uh because of this inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cheat uh because of this inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cheat uh because of this inversion
+thing we'll sometimes be searching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we'll sometimes be searching for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we'll sometimes be searching for
+B3 in the Z list but we'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 in the Z list but we'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 in the Z list but we'll also
+sometimes be searching for A3 in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes be searching for A3 in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes be searching for A3 in the Z
+list but hey just a factor of two so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list but hey just a factor of two so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list but hey just a factor of two so we
+have two fractional cascan data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two fractional cascan data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two fractional cascan data
+structures one for searching for B3 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures one for searching for B3 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures one for searching for B3 one
+for searching for A3 it's the inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for searching for A3 it's the inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for searching for A3 it's the inverted
+versions of one and the uninverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of one and the uninverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of one and the uninverted
+versions of one Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of one Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of one Z
+inverted but that's that's fine and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted but that's that's fine and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted but that's that's fine and in
+the end we get log n to do the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we get log n to do the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we get log n to do the first
+search and then plus the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and then plus the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and then plus the number of
+searches number of searches is log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches number of searches is log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches number of searches is log n
+plus K where K is the size of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K where K is the size of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K where K is the size of the output
+so total time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is log n plus K this is pretty amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log n plus K this is pretty amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log n plus K this is pretty amazing
+uh we can do 3D orthogonal range queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can do 3D orthogonal range queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can do 3D orthogonal range queries
+still in login and if you go to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in login and if you go to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in login and if you go to higher
+Dimensions the best we know basically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions the best we know basically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions the best we know basically is
+to use range trees and so you get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use range trees and so you get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use range trees and so you get in
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+log to the D minus 2 N plus K so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to the D minus 2 N plus K so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to the D minus 2 N plus K so before
+last class we could do one now we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class we could do one now we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class we could do one now we could
+improved it by one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions question so uh where does so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions question so uh where does so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions question so uh where does so
+so we do two and then we do three and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do two and then we do three and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do two and then we do three and so
+it's not too hard to imagine sorry we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too hard to imagine sorry we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too hard to imagine sorry we do
+three and then we do four it's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then we do four it's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then we do four it's not too
+hard to imagine that say in the 40 case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to imagine that say in the 40 case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to imagine that say in the 40 case
+you know we might try to do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we might try to do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we might try to do the same
+argument okay step three step four step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument okay step three step four step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument okay step three step four step
+five why can't we keep doing this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five why can't we keep doing this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five why can't we keep doing this for
+all dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all dimensions
+so what three is and also four it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what three is and also four it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what three is and also four it's
+using the same transformation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same transformation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same transformation which is
+if I have a minus infinity something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a minus infinity something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a minus infinity something
+interval I can transform it into an A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval I can transform it into an A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval I can transform it into an A2
+B2 interval so I can make a one-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 interval so I can make a one-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 interval so I can make a one-sided
+interval into two-sided the trouble is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval into two-sided the trouble is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval into two-sided the trouble is
+actually getting the one-sided interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting the one-sided interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting the one-sided interval
+so we started in one and two just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we started in one and two just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we started in one and two just
+getting up to three dimensions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting up to three dimensions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting up to three dimensions and
+that's where things are hard so fine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where things are hard so fine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where things are hard so fine in
+two Dimensions we can do all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Dimensions we can do all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Dimensions we can do all sorts of
+fancy tricks we saw one way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy tricks we saw one way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy tricks we saw one way to do it
+last time this is a particularly cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time this is a particularly cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time this is a particularly cute
+way to do it that lets you fractionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it that lets you fractionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it that lets you fractionally
+Cascade uh we could add a dimension here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade uh we could add a dimension here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade uh we could add a dimension here
+all we to add a dimension we just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we to add a dimension we just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we to add a dimension we just use
+range trees this is kind of pathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range trees this is kind of pathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range trees this is kind of pathetic
+every time we do this we're going to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we do this we're going to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we do this we're going to pay
+a log n Factor so we could afford to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log n Factor so we could afford to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log n Factor so we could afford to do
+it once and get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once and get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once and get to
+3D and we paid a log and Factor here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D and we paid a log and Factor here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D and we paid a log and Factor here but
+we were lucky fractional cascading will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were lucky fractional cascading will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were lucky fractional cascading will
+remove One log Factor but only one if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove One log Factor but only one if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove One log Factor but only one if we
+had to go to four dimensions we'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go to four dimensions we'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go to four dimensions we'd have
+to use another level of range trees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use another level of range trees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use another level of range trees and
+then we'd get log squared searches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'd get log squared searches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'd get log squared searches and
+then we have to to pay unit cost for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to to pay unit cost for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to to pay unit cost for
+every search and so we'll get log squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every search and so we'll get log squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every search and so we'll get log squ
+for four dimensions so it's just getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four dimensions so it's just getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four dimensions so it's just getting
+up to the right number of Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the right number of Dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the right number of Dimensions
+this hard what you're seeing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hard what you're seeing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hard what you're seeing here is
+that one-sided intervals are just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one-sided intervals are just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one-sided intervals are just the
+same as two-sided intervals if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as two-sided intervals if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as two-sided intervals if you don't
+mind extra space the space here is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind extra space the space here is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind extra space the space here is I
+think log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cubed n log cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed n log cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed n log cubed
+n uh we don't the data structure one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh we don't the data structure one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh we don't the data structure one is
+linear space but every other level we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear space but every other level we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear space but every other level we
+lost a log Factor so one of those was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost a log Factor so one of those was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost a log Factor so one of those was to
+get up a dimension by range trees the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up a dimension by range trees the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up a dimension by range trees the
+other two were to convert the one-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two were to convert the one-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two were to convert the one-sided
+intervals into two-sided intervals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals into two-sided intervals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals into two-sided intervals and
+that generalizes you could do that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generalizes you could do that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generalizes you could do that as
+many times as you want the hard part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times as you want the hard part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times as you want the hard part is
+just getting the right number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting the right number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting the right number of
+intervals in the first place and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals in the first place and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals in the first place and that's
+where we pay log per Dimension so kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we pay log per Dimension so kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we pay log per Dimension so kind
+of annoying you can't do log n for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of annoying you can't do log n for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of annoying you can't do log n for any
+Dimension but pretty sure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impossible there are models under which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible there are models under which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible there are models under which
+it's impossible but we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible but we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible but we're not going to
+get into that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that yeah
+so when quer is l k k is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when quer is l k k is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when quer is l k k is actually the
+number of points that are coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of points that are coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of points that are coming back
+because uh yeah good question um here K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh yeah good question um here K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh yeah good question um here K
+has to be this is for what we call range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be this is for what we call range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be this is for what we call range
+reporting where you really want to list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting where you really want to list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting where you really want to list
+everybody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in
+there and if you wanted to do range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and if you wanted to do range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and if you wanted to do range
+counting queries which just give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting queries which just give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting queries which just give me the
+number of elements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of elements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of elements that
+match I don't think this will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match I don't think this will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match I don't think this will work
+uh in particular our seed data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in particular our seed data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in particular our seed data structure
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+here had to pay for everything it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here had to pay for everything it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here had to pay for everything it
+wouldn't it doesn't know how many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it doesn't know how many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it doesn't know how many times
+it's going to have to walk to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have to walk to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have to walk to the right
+it's got to actually do it uh so range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to actually do it uh so range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to actually do it uh so range
+counting not so much our previous data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting not so much our previous data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting not so much our previous data
+structures could do range counting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures could do range counting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures could do range counting in
+the same in without the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in without the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in without the plus
+K uh just paying log to the D minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh just paying log to the D minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh just paying log to the D minus one
+but this is just for range reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is just for range reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is just for range reporting
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+question don't think anyone knows how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question don't think anyone knows how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question don't think anyone knows how to
+do range counting faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do range counting faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do range counting faster
+and the reason we're only hitting points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason we're only hitting points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason we're only hitting points
+we know about because the one dat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about because the one dat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about because the one dat
+structure is on the bottom so we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is on the bottom so we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is on the bottom so we never
+actually right so you you need to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually right so you you need to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually right so you you need to check
+uh why is it only order K or k is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why is it only order K or k is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why is it only order K or k is the
+actual output size Because by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual output size Because by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual output size Because by the time
+we get down to the one data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get down to the one data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get down to the one data structure
+level we're guaranteed that X already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level we're guaranteed that X already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level we're guaranteed that X already
+matches it's already in our interval A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches it's already in our interval A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches it's already in our interval A1
+B1 by the range tree and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 by the range tree and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 by the range tree and we're
+guaranteed that these two open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed that these two open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed that these two open
+intervals uh the minus infinity is A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals uh the minus infinity is A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals uh the minus infinity is A2
+here and it actually is A3 here uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it actually is A3 here uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it actually is A3 here uh or
+actually something bigger than it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually something bigger than it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually something bigger than it so
+we're guaranteed whatever this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're guaranteed whatever this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're guaranteed whatever this thing
+outputs is a result and we're never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs is a result and we're never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs is a result and we're never
+doing overlapping intervals so we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing overlapping intervals so we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing overlapping intervals so we never
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+charge yeah you do need to check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge yeah you do need to check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge yeah you do need to check that
+there's a lot of pointers to follow here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of pointers to follow here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of pointers to follow here
+but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it
+works all right you look convinced let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works all right you look convinced let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works all right you look convinced let's
+move on to kinetic data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the idea with Kinetic data structures is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea with Kinetic data structures is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea with Kinetic data structures is
+you have moving data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have moving data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have moving data
+deal with it so normally we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it so normally we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it so normally we're thinking
+of data that we at best it's Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that we at best it's Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that we at best it's Dynamic
+data meaning we can delete something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data meaning we can delete something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data meaning we can delete something and
+then reinsert it but what if everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reinsert it but what if everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reinsert it but what if everything
+is constantly changing so normally okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constantly changing so normally okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constantly changing so normally okay
+I've got some points in my data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got some points in my data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got some points in my data
+structure but now what if they also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but now what if they also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but now what if they also have
+velocities and maybe some guys just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities and maybe some guys just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities and maybe some guys just
+sitting there stationary but some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there stationary but some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there stationary but some of
+them are moving relative to it and uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are moving relative to it and uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are moving relative to it and uh my
+operations this kind of like time travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations this kind of like time travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations this kind of like time travel
+but now we're going to time travel into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're going to time travel into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're going to time travel into
+the future which we do all the time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future which we do all the time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future which we do all the time but
+we like to do it really quickly um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like to do it really quickly um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like to do it really quickly um and
+say okay uh Advance Time by 5 units and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay uh Advance Time by 5 units and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay uh Advance Time by 5 units and
+now in that time frame do an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in that time frame do an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in that time frame do an orthogonal
+range query or something do some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range query or something do some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range query or something do some kind of
+query we're always going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query we're always going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query we're always going to be doing
+queries in the present so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries in the present so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries in the present so this is not
+just not real this is not fancy time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not real this is not fancy time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not real this is not fancy time
+travel this is regular forward time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel this is regular forward time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel this is regular forward time
+travel we just want to quickly say JUMP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel we just want to quickly say JUMP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel we just want to quickly say JUMP
+forward 10 time units do some queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward 10 time units do some queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward 10 time units do some queries
+jump forward some other time units uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump forward some other time units uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump forward some other time units uh
+there's actually another operation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually another operation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually another operation which
+is uh this Point's no longer moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this Point's no longer moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this Point's no longer moving in
+that direction now it's moving in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction now it's moving in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction now it's moving in this
+direction okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operations uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+advance to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance to time
+T so this is like setting now equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so this is like setting now equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so this is like setting now equal to
+T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change a point x to have some new F of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trajectory well arbitrary trajectories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory well arbitrary trajectories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory well arbitrary trajectories
+not not quite I'm going to restrict what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not quite I'm going to restrict what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not quite I'm going to restrict what
+those trajectories are but that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trajectories are but that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trajectories are but that is the
+remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining
+question what kind of ffts do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+allow I'm drawing the picture in D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow I'm drawing the picture in D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow I'm drawing the picture in D
+Dimensions let's say uh and most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions let's say uh and most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions let's say uh and most of the
+work in kinetic data structures in in 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in kinetic data structures in in 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in kinetic data structures in in 2D
+a little bit in 3D uh but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit in 3D uh but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit in 3D uh but I'm going to
+focus today mostly on 1D because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus today mostly on 1D because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus today mostly on 1D because it's
+easy to analyze clean there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to analyze clean there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to analyze clean there's a lot of
+open questions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open questions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open questions in
+2D uh so just we can also think of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D uh so just we can also think of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D uh so just we can also think of these
+there's points on the line they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's points on the line they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's points on the line they have
+velocities accelerations who knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities accelerations who knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities accelerations who knows what
+okay that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that would be
+uh okay let's say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+models of trajectories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the simplest one that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the simplest one that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the simplest one that would be
+apine F of t equal a + b t uh A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apine F of t equal a + b t uh A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apine F of t equal a + b t uh A and B
+here would be points in D Dimensions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be points in D Dimensions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be points in D Dimensions or
+just values in one dimension so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just values in one dimension so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just values in one dimension so this is
+saying you you so I mean the motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you you so I mean the motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you you so I mean the motivation
+is maybe of cell phones or cars or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe of cell phones or cars or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe of cell phones or cars or
+something you have some current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you have some current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you have some current
+estimates on which way they're going and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates on which way they're going and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates on which way they're going and
+at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what
+speed uh then this would be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed uh then this would be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed uh then this would be the the
+simple model and if those if either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model and if those if either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model and if those if either of
+those two things change you do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things change you do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things change you do you have
+to do a change operation so you pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a change operation so you pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a change operation so you pay for
+that every time they change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every time they change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every time they change their
+trajectory but otherwise it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory but otherwise it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory but otherwise it's going to
+be super efficient because Advance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be super efficient because Advance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be super efficient because Advance is
+going to be super fast that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be super fast that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be super fast that's the
+plan um but maybe it's not just uh speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan um but maybe it's not just uh speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan um but maybe it's not just uh speed
+and sorry it's not just position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sorry it's not just position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sorry it's not just position and
+speed maybe also have acceleration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed maybe also have acceleration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed maybe also have acceleration and
+stuff uh and then the next level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff uh and then the next level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff uh and then the next level
+up or the the extension of that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or the the extension of that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or the the extension of that would be
+bounded degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algebraic which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is you have some polinomial of bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have some polinomial of bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have some polinomial of bounded
+degree sorry that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree sorry that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree sorry that should be
+C okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay but
+bounded and the reason we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded and the reason we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded and the reason we care about
+bounded is is really the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded is is really the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded is is really the following
+there's an even more General model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an even more General model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an even more General model which
+we call pseudo algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we we would like to bound the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we would like to bound the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we would like to bound the cost of
+this Advance operation what we'd like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Advance operation what we'd like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Advance operation what we'd like is
+that when we advance time a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we advance time a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we advance time a large
+amount stuff doesn't change crazy crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount stuff doesn't change crazy crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount stuff doesn't change crazy crazy
+number of times and pseudo algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times and pseudo algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times and pseudo algebraic
+says that if you look at any anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if you look at any anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if you look at any anything
+you care about call this a certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about call this a certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about call this a certificate
+of Interest we'll be talking a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Interest we'll be talking a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Interest we'll be talking a lot about
+certificates today certificate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates today certificate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates today certificate is
+something like is this point left of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like is this point left of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like is this point left of
+that point it's a Boolean question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point it's a Boolean question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point it's a Boolean question about
+the moving points it's either true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moving points it's either true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moving points it's either true or
+false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+and what I'd like is that I have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'd like is that I have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'd like is that I have you
+know I have some point it has some crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have some point it has some crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have some point it has some crazy
+trajectory I have another point it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory I have another point it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory I have another point it has
+some crazy trajectory I don't want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some crazy trajectory I don't want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some crazy trajectory I don't want is
+this point left at this point to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point left at this point to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point left at this point to change
+an unbounded number of times I'd like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unbounded number of times I'd like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unbounded number of times I'd like it
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+constant as long as no change operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant as long as no change operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant as long as no change operations
+are called so for a single trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called so for a single trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called so for a single trajectory
+I'd like these to flip a constant number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like these to flip a constant number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like these to flip a constant number
+of times now if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times now if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times now if you're
+algebraic with bounded degree then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic with bounded degree then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic with bounded degree then that
+will be the case uh but more generally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the case uh but more generally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the case uh but more generally I
+mean as long as you sort of switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean as long as you sort of switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean as long as you sort of switch
+between left and right bounded number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between left and right bounded number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between left and right bounded number of
+times then that particular certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times then that particular certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times then that particular certificate
+will only change a bounded number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only change a bounded number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only change a bounded number of
+times but in general anything where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but in general anything where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but in general anything where all
+the certificates I care about change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certificates I care about change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certificates I care about change the
+constant number of times is just as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of times is just as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of times is just as good
+as algebraic this is really why we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as algebraic this is really why we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as algebraic this is really why we like
+this I think I've talked enough about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think I've talked enough about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think I've talked enough about
+trajectory models it's not totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory models it's not totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory models it's not totally
+generic but it covers a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic but it covers a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic but it covers a lot of things
+you might care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about certificate of interest is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about certificate of interest is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about certificate of interest is just a
+function a Boolean function on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a Boolean function on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a Boolean function on a
+constant number of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of data
+points over time a constant number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points over time a constant number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points over time a constant number of
+trajectories I should say okay we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories I should say okay we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories I should say okay we uh
+I'll probably actually Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll probably actually Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll probably actually Define
+certificate right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but certificates I'm going to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certificates I'm going to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certificates I'm going to Define
+them more as a tool that we use to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more as a tool that we use to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more as a tool that we use to build
+data structures but they're really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures but they're really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures but they're really the
+same thing that I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pretty much all kinetic data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all kinetic data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all kinetic data structures
+follow this unified approach kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this unified approach kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this unified approach kinetic
+data structures are actually a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures are actually a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures are actually a pretty
+new thing introduced in 1999 so as data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing introduced in 1999 so as data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing introduced in 1999 so as data
+structures go that's new and over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures go that's new and over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures go that's new and over the
+last however many years that is 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last however many years that is 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last however many years that is 13
+there's been a bunch of kinetic data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a bunch of kinetic data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a bunch of kinetic data
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+um so what we're going to do is store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what we're going to do is store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what we're going to do is store
+the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+structure uh that is accurate now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh that is accurate now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh that is accurate now
+so this will make queries about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will make queries about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will make queries about the
+present really easy it just is you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present really easy it just is you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present really easy it just is you look
+at the data structure you do a query and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the data structure you do a query and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the data structure you do a query and
+so the hard part becomes how do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hard part becomes how do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hard part becomes how do I do
+Advance how do I Advance time and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance how do I Advance time and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance how do I Advance time and make
+the new data structure which is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new data structure which is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new data structure which is correct
+about the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now way we do that is with certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now way we do that is with certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now way we do that is with certificates
+so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to
+do is additionally store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically a proof that this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a proof that this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a proof that this data
+structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+valid could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid could say
+conditions which are currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions which are currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions which are currently
+true and if as long as they remain true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and if as long as they remain true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and if as long as they remain true
+the data structure remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+valid so these conditions are true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid so these conditions are true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid so these conditions are true
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+and uh sry under which data structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh sry under which data structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh sry under which data structure is
+accurate or correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and those conditions are true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those conditions are true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those conditions are true
+now okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so for
+example well we'll get to examples in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment this is we'll keep abstract for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment this is we'll keep abstract for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment this is we'll keep abstract for a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+longer each of these certificates you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer each of these certificates you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer each of these certificates you
+can figure out a failure time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have some certificate like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have some certificate like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have some certificate like this
+point is to the left of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to the left of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to the left of that
+point and you just look ahead in time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and you just look ahead in time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and you just look ahead in time if
+you have some constant defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some constant defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some constant defined
+trajectories you just see when is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories you just see when is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories you just see when is the
+time when they will be aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when they will be aligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when they will be aligned
+vertically after that time they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically after that time they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically after that time they're going
+to switch who's left to whom so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch who's left to whom so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch who's left to whom so just
+compute that failure time I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that failure time I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that failure time I'm going to
+assume it's another assumption about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it's another assumption about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it's another assumption about the
+trajectory model that this takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory model that this takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory model that this takes
+constant time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trajectory okay I do that for every um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory okay I do that for every um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory okay I do that for every um
+certificate and then uh put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate and then uh put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate and then uh put those
+failure times into priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q you want to ask you a question um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q you want to ask you a question um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q you want to ask you a question um so
+is is it required that a certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it required that a certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it required that a certificate
+needs to be like to check that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be like to check that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be like to check that a
+certificate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate is
+true to be founded by order one or yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true to be founded by order one or yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true to be founded by order one or yeah
+so I'm assuming checking a certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm assuming checking a certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm assuming checking a certificate
+takes constant time whether it currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes constant time whether it currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes constant time whether it currently
+holds and Computing this failure time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds and Computing this failure time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds and Computing this failure time
+takes constant time yeah I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes constant time yeah I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes constant time yeah I mean you
+could assume it or you maybe you pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could assume it or you maybe you pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could assume it or you maybe you pay a
+little more I mean this is how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more I mean this is how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more I mean this is how we're
+going to build the data structure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build the data structure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build the data structure so
+whatever it costs it will cost but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it costs it will cost but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it costs it will cost but I
+think everything we'll talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think everything we'll talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think everything we'll talk about in
+pretty much every certificate to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much every certificate to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much every certificate to get out
+there as sort of a constant size thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as sort of a constant size thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as sort of a constant size thing
+some of them are bigger but we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are bigger but we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are bigger but we'll we'll
+get to the costs involved maybe we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the costs involved maybe we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the costs involved maybe we won't
+worry about time too much this priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about time too much this priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about time too much this priority
+Q is going to take log n time where n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q is going to take log n time where n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q is going to take log n time where n is
+the number of certificates in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of certificates in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of certificates in the data
+structure to find when is the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to find when is the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to find when is the next
+failure so if I want to do an advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure so if I want to do an advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure so if I want to do an advance
+basically I'm going to do discrete event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm going to do discrete event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm going to do discrete event
+simulation I find the next event when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation I find the next event when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation I find the next event when
+something changes I.E a certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something changes I.E a certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something changes I.E a certificate
+fails I'm going to fix that event fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails I'm going to fix that event fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails I'm going to fix that event fix
+that certificate make the data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certificate make the data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certificate make the data structure
+correct again then advance to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct again then advance to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct again then advance to the next
+failure repeat as long as there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure repeat as long as there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure repeat as long as there aren't
+too many certificates to mess me up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many certificates to mess me up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many certificates to mess me up this
+Advance will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's how we're going to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's how we're going to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's how we're going to implement
+Advance basically in in all kinetic data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance basically in in all kinetic data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance basically in in all kinetic data
+structures we just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures we just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures we just say
+while T is greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while T is greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while T is greater than or equal
+to the next failure of the priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next failure of the priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next failure of the priority
+Q we advance to that moment in time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q we advance to that moment in time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q we advance to that moment in time when
+something interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens we do an event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way and then we set now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T and this event thing has to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and this event thing has to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and this event thing has to somehow
+fix the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the data
+structure and you know fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and you know fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and you know fix the
+certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that is the challenge is how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is the challenge is how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is the challenge is how do you
+deal with an event when one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with an event when one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with an event when one of your
+certificates breaks so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates breaks so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates breaks so if you have a
+data structure you want to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure you want to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure you want to make it
+kinetic you just first write down some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic you just first write down some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic you just first write down some
+certificates under which it's guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates under which it's guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates under which it's guaranteed
+to be valid uh and then see how to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be valid uh and then see how to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be valid uh and then see how to fix
+them as things happen then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as things happen then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as things happen then there's the
+analysis issue which we will get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis issue which we will get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis issue which we will get to
+let's start with an example before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with an example before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with an example before we
+get to analyzing so this becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to analyzing so this becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to analyzing so this becomes a
+little more concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so are the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so are the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so are the change
+operations U sort online or do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations U sort online or do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations U sort online or do you have
+like the sequence of changes uh all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sequence of changes uh all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sequence of changes uh all of
+these operations are online so at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations are online so at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations are online so at any
+moment someone says Advance someone says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment someone says Advance someone says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment someone says Advance someone says
+change or someone says query and query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or someone says query and query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or someone says query and query
+is respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is respect to
+now so we have no idea which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we have no idea which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we have no idea which of these
+are coming in what order whatever don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming in what order whatever don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming in what order whatever don't
+think anyone studied the case where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think anyone studied the case where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think anyone studied the case where you
+know up front all the things are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know up front all the things are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know up front all the things are going
+to happen though there are presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen though there are presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen though there are presumably
+applications for that I mean time can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications for that I mean time can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications for that I mean time can
+just be a euphemism for a dimension or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be a euphemism for a dimension or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be a euphemism for a dimension or
+whatever uh but a lot of the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh but a lot of the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh but a lot of the kinetic
+people act really want to be tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people act really want to be tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people act really want to be tracking
+points and maintaining what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and maintaining what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and maintaining what's
+happening so let's uh let's do a 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so let's uh let's do a 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so let's uh let's do a 1D
+problem simple one sort of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem simple one sort of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem simple one sort of the most
+basic problem which is predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic problem which is predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic problem which is predecessor
+problem insert delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem insert delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem insert delete
+we won't worry too much about insert and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't worry too much about insert and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't worry too much about insert and
+delete here uh it's hard enough because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete here uh it's hard enough because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete here uh it's hard enough because
+the points are moving around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points are moving around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points are moving around and
+predecessor and successor so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and successor so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and successor so I want to
+know on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on the
+line I have some points they're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I have some points they're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I have some points they're moving
+now query is who's at the current time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now query is who's at the current time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now query is who's at the current time
+who's between who's to the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's between who's to the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's between who's to the left and
+who's to the right of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's to the right of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's to the right of this
+query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query
+okay how do we maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do we maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do we maintain
+this uh this is a problem we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this is a problem we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this is a problem we'll be
+studying a lot in this class but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying a lot in this class but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying a lot in this class but the
+basic structure for solving predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic structure for solving predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic structure for solving predecessor
+insert delete predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is binary search
+tree balance binary search tree okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree balance binary search tree okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree balance binary search tree okay so
+let's use a Logan High AVL trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use a Logan High AVL trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use a Logan High AVL trees
+whatever um so what do we need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um so what do we need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um so what do we need for
+certificates I was going to use this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates I was going to use this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates I was going to use this as
+an example but it's actually a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example but it's actually a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example but it's actually a little
+tricky to think about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to think about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to think about what the
+certificates are cu the binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates are cu the binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates are cu the binary search
+Tre property is yeah X less or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tre property is yeah X less or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tre property is yeah X less or equal to
+X greater than equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X greater than equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X greater than equal to
+X that's kind of a lot of certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's kind of a lot of certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's kind of a lot of certificates
+if I want to compare X to every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to compare X to every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to compare X to every single
+guy in here compare X to every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in here compare X to every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in here compare X to every single
+guy in here that would be a I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in here that would be a I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in here that would be a I think
+quadratic number of certificates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic number of certificates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic number of certificates in
+general almost everyone has a relation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general almost everyone has a relation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general almost everyone has a relation I
+prefer to get away with fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to get away with fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to get away with fewer
+certificates because then less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates because then less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates because then less
+certificates will go will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates will go will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates will go will
+fail so uh cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail so uh cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail so uh cute
+idea I really only need to compare x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I really only need to compare x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I really only need to compare x
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+one and this one the max in the sub tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this one the max in the sub tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this one the max in the sub tree
+and the Min in the sub Tree in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Min in the sub Tree in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Min in the sub Tree in general
+if I look at the data in sorted order it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at the data in sorted order it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at the data in sorted order it
+has to stay sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to stay sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to stay sorted
+order uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where it's not going to be sorted but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not going to be sorted but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not going to be sorted but
+this is an in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+traversal okay in order traversal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal okay in order traversal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal okay in order traversal is
+something we can understand without kn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can understand without kn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can understand without kn
+what the data is because remember data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the data is because remember data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the data is because remember data
+is constantly changing we can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constantly changing we can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constantly changing we can't really
+use the keys here but we can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the keys here but we can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the keys here but we can use the
+abstract shape of the tree and do an in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract shape of the tree and do an in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract shape of the tree and do an in
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+traversal and say look as long as x i is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal and say look as long as x i is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal and say look as long as x i is
+less than equal to x i + one in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than equal to x i + one in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than equal to x i + one in the in
+order traversal for all I then this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order traversal for all I then this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order traversal for all I then this is a
+valid binary search tree if in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid binary search tree if in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid binary search tree if in order to
+traversal stay sorted we're golden so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal stay sorted we're golden so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal stay sorted we're golden so
+those are my certificates only n of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are my certificates only n of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are my certificates only n of them
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nice um we need to check that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice um we need to check that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice um we need to check that we can
+compute a failure time this is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a failure time this is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a failure time this is usually
+really easy but go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exercise writing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down so I want to know among all times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so I want to know among all times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so I want to know among all times
+greater than or equal to now when will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to now when will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to now when will
+XI am I doing strict here should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI am I doing strict here should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI am I doing strict here should
+probably be greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so that's why I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's why I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's why I have an
+inum okay I take the moment the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inum okay I take the moment the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inum okay I take the moment the earliest
+moment when XI of T is greater than x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment when XI of T is greater than x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment when XI of T is greater than x i
++ 1 which is the opposite of what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 which is the opposite of what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 which is the opposite of what I want
+and take the info of those times and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the info of those times and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the info of those times and so
+that will be the moment of transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be the moment of transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be the moment of transition
+when they're equal and then boom it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're equal and then boom it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're equal and then boom it's
+going to jump over I'm assuming these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to jump over I'm assuming these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to jump over I'm assuming these
+things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are
+continuous that's yeah so the it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous that's yeah so the it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous that's yeah so the it will be
+an inum because these guys are going of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inum because these guys are going of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inum because these guys are going of
+acoss some I mean I don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoss some I mean I don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoss some I mean I don't care about
+this kind of happening but if it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of happening but if it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of happening but if it's going
+to actually go across then there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually go across then there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually go across then there'll be
+the moment of transition where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment of transition where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment of transition where they're
+equal and that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+syum okay uh how do you compute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syum okay uh how do you compute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syum okay uh how do you compute that
+well it depends what these trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it depends what these trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it depends what these trajectory
+functions are like if it's if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are like if it's if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are like if it's if it's
+algebraic then this is just a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic then this is just a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic then this is just a polinomial
+thing you can do it in bounded degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do it in bounded degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do it in bounded degree
+you can do it in constant time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it in constant time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it in constant time that's
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+model okay so you put them into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay so you put them into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay so you put them into a
+priority Q do this advance and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority Q do this advance and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority Q do this advance and now the
+question is how how do you process an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how how do you process an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how how do you process an
+event when one of these things happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event when one of these things happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event when one of these things happens
+you're about to transition to XI being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're about to transition to XI being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're about to transition to XI being
+bigger than XI + one what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do so that's the real heart of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure although really the heart of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure although really the heart of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure although really the heart of a
+kinetic data structure is the choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic data structure is the choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic data structure is the choice of
+certificates if you choose certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates if you choose certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates if you choose certificates
+well then you're going to be efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then you're going to be efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then you're going to be efficient
+we haven't defined efficient yet we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't defined efficient yet we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't defined efficient yet we will
+uh otherwise not going to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh otherwise not going to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh otherwise not going to be so
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+so all about choosing a certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all about choosing a certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all about choosing a certificates
+right the rest is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+straightforward so let's suppose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward so let's suppose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward so let's suppose this
+certificate is about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate is about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate is about to
+fail and we're guaranteed by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail and we're guaranteed by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail and we're guaranteed by this
+algorithm that it it fails now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that it it fails now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that it it fails now we have
+advanced to the time when it is about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced to the time when it is about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced to the time when it is about to
+fail we process that event so we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail we process that event so we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail we process that event so we're now
+is the time when these two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time when these two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time when these two things are
+equal right after now we will get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal right after now we will get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal right after now we will get to
+greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater
+than so here's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them in the binary search tree so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the binary search tree so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the binary search tree so right
+now maybe it uh guess in general it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now maybe it uh guess in general it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now maybe it uh guess in general it's
+going to look something like this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look something like this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look something like this we
+have XI x i + 1 or could be the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have XI x i + 1 or could be the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have XI x i + 1 or could be the reverse
+scenario where one of these x i+ one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where one of these x i+ one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where one of these x i+ one is
+a leaf and XI is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leaf and XI is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leaf and XI is the
+predecessor right now they're equal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor right now they're equal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor right now they're equal in
+value so I'm just going to Interchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so I'm just going to Interchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so I'm just going to Interchange
+them move XI up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them move XI up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them move XI up
+here so it's a little confusing but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's a little confusing but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's a little confusing but this
+is x i + 1 and this is Xi replace those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x i + 1 and this is Xi replace those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x i + 1 and this is Xi replace those
+these are really pointers to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really pointers to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really pointers to the
+trajectories however they're described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories however they're described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories however they're described
+interchange them it's still valid as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange them it's still valid as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange them it's still valid as a
+binary search actually this B never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search actually this B never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search actually this B never
+becomes invalid because at this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes invalid because at this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes invalid because at this moment
+they're equal and after now things will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal and after now things will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal and after now things will
+continue to be okay because now this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be okay because now this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be okay because now this guy
+will be bigger than this one that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be bigger than this one that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be bigger than this one that's the
+Assumption uh we just need to fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption uh we just need to fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption uh we just need to fix the
+certificates fixing the data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates fixing the data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates fixing the data structure
+was pretty trivial constant time so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty trivial constant time so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty trivial constant time so what
+certificates do we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates do we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates do we need to
+do uh we need to add this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh we need to add this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh we need to add this new
+certificate I'm going to call it XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate I'm going to call it XI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate I'm going to call it XI
+Prime is less than equal to x i + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is less than equal to x i + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is less than equal to x i + 1
+Prime so this is actually x i + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so this is actually x i + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so this is actually x i + one
+formerly known as x i + 1 formerly known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formerly known as x i + 1 formerly known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formerly known as x i + 1 formerly known
+as XI but be really confusing so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as XI but be really confusing so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as XI but be really confusing so I'm
+going to use the primes to be the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the primes to be the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the primes to be the new
+data structure because this is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure because this is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure because this is always
+the kind of certificate we want we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of certificate we want we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of certificate we want we also
+need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+update uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update uh
+certificates so there used to be an x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates so there used to be an x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates so there used to be an x i
+minus one less than equal to x i we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one less than equal to x i we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one less than equal to x i we want
+to turn that into x i -1 less than equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn that into x i -1 less than equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn that into x i -1 less than equal
+to x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x i
+Prime and we used to have an XI I less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and we used to have an XI I less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and we used to have an XI I less
+than equal to x i + 1 we want to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to x i + 1 we want to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to x i + 1 we want to turn
+that into x i Prime less than equal oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into x i Prime less than equal oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into x i Prime less than equal oh
+that one we already did sorry so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one we already did sorry so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one we already did sorry so I want
+x i + 1 to x i + 2 and I want to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i + 1 to x i + 2 and I want to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i + 1 to x i + 2 and I want to do now
+x i + 1 Prime to x i +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i + 1 Prime to x i +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i + 1 Prime to x i +
+2 okay basically wherever the primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay basically wherever the primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay basically wherever the primes
+happen which is x i and X i+ One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen which is x i and X i+ One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen which is x i and X i+ One
+whatever certificates they're involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever certificates they're involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever certificates they're involved
+in you have to update them meaning rip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you have to update them meaning rip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you have to update them meaning rip
+out the old one put in the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the old one put in the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the old one put in the new
+one uh and the main issue here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh and the main issue here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh and the main issue here is that
+you have to maintain the priority queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to maintain the priority queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to maintain the priority queue
+so you've got to take them out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got to take them out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got to take them out of the
+priority queue put them recompute their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority queue put them recompute their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority queue put them recompute their
+failure times put them back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure times put them back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure times put them back in the
+priority queue with that failure time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority queue with that failure time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority queue with that failure time
+but the point is this is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is this is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is this is a constant
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+updates in general pretty much as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates in general pretty much as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates in general pretty much as long
+as the things you're messing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the things you're messing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the things you're messing with the
+items you're changing are involved in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items you're changing are involved in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items you're changing are involved in a
+small number of certificates each then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of certificates each then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of certificates each then
+this will be cheap I'm writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be cheap I'm writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be cheap I'm writing this
+explicitly but in general just update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly but in general just update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly but in general just update
+whatever certific those points we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever certific those points we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever certific those points we're
+involved in the issue is how many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the issue is how many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the issue is how many things
+you change and how many certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change and how many certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change and how many certificates
+each of those things is in in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those things is in in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those things is in in this case
+changing a constant number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing a constant number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing a constant number of things
+each of them is in a constant number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them is in a constant number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them is in a constant number of
+certificates so it's not constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates so it's not constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates so it's not constant time
+but constant number of calls to Priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but constant number of calls to Priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but constant number of calls to Priority
+Q updates so log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q updates so log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q updates so log n
+time question Yeah question so but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time question Yeah question so but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time question Yeah question so but how
+do you find the things that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you find the things that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you find the things that you just
+changed in the priority of the P times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed in the priority of the P times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed in the priority of the P times
+uh you've got to how do you find them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you've got to how do you find them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you've got to how do you find them in
+the priority queue how do you find these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the priority queue how do you find these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the priority queue how do you find these
+XIs and XI plus 1es every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XIs and XI plus 1es every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XIs and XI plus 1es every
+point every Point knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point every Point knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point every Point knows what
+certificates it's in meaning has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates it's in meaning has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates it's in meaning has a
+pointer to a list of certificates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to a list of certificates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to a list of certificates and
+there's only two of them and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two of them and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two of them and each
+certificate has a pointer into its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate has a pointer into its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate has a pointer into its
+existence in the priority queue so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence in the priority queue so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence in the priority queue so then
+you know where it is in the priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where it is in the priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where it is in the priority
+queue and you can rip it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue and you can rip it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue and you can rip it
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+yeah lots of pointers in Cross linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah lots of pointers in Cross linking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah lots of pointers in Cross linking
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh something that's Pudo algebraic any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something that's Pudo algebraic any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something that's Pudo algebraic any
+certific uh changes of one times but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certific uh changes of one times but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certific uh changes of one times but
+here there's n even though we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's n even though we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's n even though we're only
+taking n certificates at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time you're asking about efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're asking about efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're asking about efficiency
+which we will go to now this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will go to now this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will go to now this looks
+disconcerting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconcerting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconcerting
+because there even though pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there even though pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there even though pseudo
+algebraic gives us that there that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic gives us that there that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic gives us that there that each
+certificate won't change too many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate won't change too many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate won't change too many times
+there quadratic number of potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there quadratic number of potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there quadratic number of potential
+certificates they could all become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates they could all become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates they could all become
+relevant and indeed that is the case if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant and indeed that is the case if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant and indeed that is the case if
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh if you have these points spaced out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have these points spaced out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have these points spaced out a
+lot then you have these points spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot then you have these points spaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot then you have these points spaced
+out a little four and four and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a little four and four and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a little four and four and these
+guys are all moving constant velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are all moving constant velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are all moving constant velocity
+this way and the white guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and the white guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and the white guys are
+stationary then what happens well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary then what happens well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary then what happens well
+there's Event Event Event Event Event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Event Event Event Event Event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Event Event Event Event Event
+Event Event Event Event Event Event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Event Event Event Event Event Event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Event Event Event Event Event Event
+Event Event Event Event Event Event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Event Event Event Event Event Event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Event Event Event Event Event Event
+Event Event Event okay you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Event Event Event okay you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Event Event Event okay you're going to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+N2 events get like n / two each time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 events get like n / two each time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 events get like n / two each time you
+cross a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross a one
+point I call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I call this
+okay why because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiency the claim is this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency the claim is this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency the claim is this is sort of
+the best you could hope to do so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best you could hope to do so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best you could hope to do so in that
+sense it's as good as you can hope to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's as good as you can hope to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's as good as you can hope to do
+if you want to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+predecessors let's put it this way if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessors let's put it this way if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessors let's put it this way if we
+need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know no is a sort of vague thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know no is a sort of vague thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know no is a sort of vague thing the
+sorted order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points then you need an event if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points then you need an event if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points then you need an event if we're
+going to keep a data structure that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep a data structure that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep a data structure that is
+always is accurate now so this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always is accurate now so this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always is accurate now so this is sort
+of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an
+assumption then you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption then you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption then you need
+um an event every time you have an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an event every time you have an order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an event every time you have an order
+change that's sort of a topology but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that's sort of a topology but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that's sort of a topology but
+it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+perspective and what's happening here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and what's happening here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and what's happening here is
+that we have an event every time there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have an event every time there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have an event every time there's
+an order change so sometimes yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an order change so sometimes yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an order change so sometimes yeah it's
+going to be bad worst case here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bad worst case here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bad worst case here's
+quadratic um you can actually prove for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic um you can actually prove for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic um you can actually prove for
+for pseudo algebraic it is order n squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pseudo algebraic it is order n squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pseudo algebraic it is order n squ
+of n so this was really a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bound but it is also order n squ all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound but it is also order n squ all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound but it is also order n squ all the
+time because if you look at any pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because if you look at any pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because if you look at any pair of
+guys they're only going to change a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys they're only going to change a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys they're only going to change a
+constant number of times who's above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of times who's above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of times who's above
+whom for pseudo algebraic if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom for pseudo algebraic if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom for pseudo algebraic if there are
+no change events so for efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no change events so for efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no change events so for efficiency
+because it's really hard to analyze if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really hard to analyze if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really hard to analyze if
+points are changing their trajectories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are changing their trajectories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are changing their trajectories
+all the time assume there's no changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time assume there's no changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time assume there's no changes
+we basically just advance to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically just advance to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically just advance to Infinity
+how much could that possibly cost that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much could that possibly cost that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much could that possibly cost that's
+how kinetic people like to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how kinetic people like to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how kinetic people like to analyze
+things and for this problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and for this problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and for this problem for
+maintaining sorted order at all times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining sorted order at all times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining sorted order at all times
+the worst case answer is Theta n^2 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case answer is Theta n^2 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case answer is Theta n^2 this
+data structure achieves Theta n^ s so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure achieves Theta n^ s so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure achieves Theta n^ s so we
+consider it worst case optimal in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it worst case optimal in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it worst case optimal in this
+weird sense okay this is if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird sense okay this is if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird sense okay this is if you really
+want to maintain the sorted order now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to maintain the sorted order now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to maintain the sorted order now we
+didn't say we wanted to maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say we wanted to maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say we wanted to maintain the
+sorted order we said we want to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted order we said we want to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted order we said we want to maintain
+a predecessor data structure but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a predecessor data structure but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a predecessor data structure but it
+feels kind of like those are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels kind of like those are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels kind of like those are the same
+thing maybe I don't know if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing maybe I don't know if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing maybe I don't know if there's a
+formal sense in which this is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal sense in which this is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal sense in which this is the case
+and efficiency in general is the vaguest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and efficiency in general is the vaguest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and efficiency in general is the vaguest
+part of kinetic and for each problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of kinetic and for each problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of kinetic and for each problem you
+have to think hard to understand what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think hard to understand what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think hard to understand what is
+efficient mean for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient mean for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient mean for this
+problem uh but bottom maybe don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh but bottom maybe don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh but bottom maybe don't even
+worry about efficiency what does a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about efficiency what does a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about efficiency what does a lower
+bound mean but bottom line is worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound mean but bottom line is worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound mean but bottom line is worst case
+and squared events if there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and squared events if there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and squared events if there are no
+change operations okay so you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change operations okay so you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change operations okay so you can think
+of the running time if you want of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the running time if you want of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the running time if you want of
+jumping to Infinity is order n squ in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping to Infinity is order n squ in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping to Infinity is order n squ in
+the worst case that's how we analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case that's how we analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case that's how we analyze
+these things there are other things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things there are other things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things there are other things we
+like to analyze efficiency is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to analyze efficiency is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to analyze efficiency is one of
+them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we
+have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three
+others uh which I sort of hinted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others uh which I sort of hinted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others uh which I sort of hinted that
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+responsiveness which is uh time spent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsiveness which is uh time spent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsiveness which is uh time spent to
+do an event so when a certificate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an event so when a certificate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an event so when a certificate is
+invalidated how much time does it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalidated how much time does it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalidated how much time does it take
+to do that uh there's locality which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that uh there's locality which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that uh there's locality which is
+closely related uh this is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related uh this is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related uh this is the number
+of oh I see number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+certificates per data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object okay I said over here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay I said over here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay I said over here this is
+good because each item XI is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because each item XI is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because each item XI is only
+involved in a constant number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in a constant number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in a constant number of
+certificates so we say the locality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates so we say the locality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates so we say the locality is
+constant constant number of certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant constant number of certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant constant number of certificates
+per object usually locality implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per object usually locality implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per object usually locality implies
+responsive as long as you can update the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive as long as you can update the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive as long as you can update the
+data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure
+you can also update the certificates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also update the certificates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also update the certificates in
+whatever um you play a log Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um you play a log Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um you play a log Factor
+because you're updating a priority queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're updating a priority queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're updating a priority queue
+but you can update all those events you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can update all those events you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can update all those events you
+or sorry redo all the certificates in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry redo all the certificates in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry redo all the certificates in an
+event provided your local so locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event provided your local so locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event provided your local so locally
+usually implies responsive more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually implies responsive more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually implies responsive more or less
+and then what's the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what's the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what's the other one
+compact this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact this is about
+space we just like the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we just like the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we just like the number of
+certificates to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates to be
+small so in this case number number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so in this case number number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so in this case number number
+certificates is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates is
+linear set up here so we consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear set up here so we consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear set up here so we consider the
+data structure to be optimally compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure to be optimally compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure to be optimally compact
+you need at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need at least
+n okay so in our in our case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay so in our in our case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay so in our in our case we're
+getting order n here order one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting order n here order one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting order n here order one here
+Order log n here and efficiency I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Order log n here and efficiency I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Order log n here and efficiency I guess
+you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call
+constant kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant kind
+of uh efficiency is the ratio of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh efficiency is the ratio of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh efficiency is the ratio of how
+many events you do divided by how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many events you do divided by how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many events you do divided by how many
+events you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events you need to
+do and here it is optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and here it is optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and here it is optimal
+uh in a certain vague sense okay sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a certain vague sense okay sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a certain vague sense okay sorry
+that's a little unsatisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little unsatisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little unsatisfying
+but it's unsatisfying that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's unsatisfying that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's unsatisfying that's the
+literature for that problem we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature for that problem we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature for that problem we're going
+to do another problem which is more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do another problem which is more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do another problem which is more more
+satisfying I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say and kind of shows you why kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and kind of shows you why kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and kind of shows you why kinetic
+problems are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting data structures are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting data structures are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting data structures are often
+pretty darn simple and and the fun part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn simple and and the fun part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn simple and and the fun part
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analysis where it can get intricate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis where it can get intricate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis where it can get intricate is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+analysis so let's solve kinetic keep our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so let's solve kinetic keep our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so let's solve kinetic keep our
+goal is to be able to do find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to be able to do find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to be able to do find
+men and yeah we I mean there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and yeah we I mean there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and yeah we I mean there's also
+insertions and deletions but I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions and deletions but I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions and deletions but I'm not
+going to think about them because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about them because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about them because they
+don't really they're not really that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really they're not really that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really they're not really that
+different they're kind of like a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they're kind of like a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they're kind of like a change
+let's not worry about it the goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not worry about it the goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not worry about it the goal is to
+maintain M the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain M the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain M the
+minimum now if you look at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum now if you look at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum now if you look at this point
+set and their velocities how many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and their velocities how many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and their velocities how many times
+does the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the minimum
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+once initially the Min is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once initially the Min is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once initially the Min is this
+eventually the Min will be this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the Min will be this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the Min will be this one
+change to the minimum so this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to the minimum so this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to the minimum so this data
+structure is a bad way to maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is a bad way to maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is a bad way to maintain the
+minimum yes it does maintain the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum yes it does maintain the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum yes it does maintain the minimum
+but it's going to spend a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to spend a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to spend a quadratic
+number of events in this situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of events in this situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of events in this situation where
+the Min only changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Min only changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Min only changes
+once so can we get a ideally you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so can we get a ideally you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so can we get a ideally you have
+one certificate which is like this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one certificate which is like this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one certificate which is like this point
+is the minimum but that's not such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the minimum but that's not such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the minimum but that's not such a
+good certificate because then every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good certificate because then every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good certificate because then every
+point is involved in it and how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is involved in it and how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is involved in it and how do you
+know when it's going to be violated I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when it's going to be violated I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when it's going to be violated I
+guess you could compute it in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you could compute it in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you could compute it in like
+linear time or something is not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time or something is not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time or something is not a good
+plan we need to break down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan we need to break down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan we need to break down and
+certificates that only involve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates that only involve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates that only involve a
+constant number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of
+things and maintain the minimum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and maintain the minimum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and maintain the minimum and
+somehow I want to get below quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I want to get below quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I want to get below quadratic
+number of events in the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of events in the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of events in the worst
+case and you can and you do it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and you can and you do it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and you can and you do it with a
+heap okay remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heaps start Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaps start Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaps start Min
+Heap so Min Heap has this property you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heap so Min Heap has this property you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heap so Min Heap has this property you
+have X Y and Z then X is less than equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X Y and Z then X is less than equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X Y and Z then X is less than equal
+to Y and X is less than equal to Z this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y and X is less than equal to Z this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y and X is less than equal to Z this
+is nice cuz local property these are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nice cuz local property these are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nice cuz local property these are my
+certificates for every node X I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates for every node X I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates for every node X I have to
+have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+property okay so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay so I have
+order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+certificates that's good I had order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates that's good I had order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates that's good I had order n
+certificates before but I claim these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates before but I claim these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates before but I claim these
+magically are easier to maintain than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically are easier to maintain than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically are easier to maintain than
+those though they look almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those though they look almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those though they look almost the
+same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of
+crazy uh I don't know if I really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy uh I don't know if I really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy uh I don't know if I really need
+to write it but how do we do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+event okay if X and Y are about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event okay if X and Y are about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event okay if X and Y are about to
+invert in order So currently X is l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert in order So currently X is l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert in order So currently X is l
+equal to Y in a moment X will be bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Y in a moment X will be bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Y in a moment X will be bigger
+than y i swap X and Y I update all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than y i swap X and Y I update all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than y i swap X and Y I update all the
+certificates okay constant for each two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates okay constant for each two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates okay constant for each two
+items I'm moving each of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items I'm moving each of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items I'm moving each of them is
+involved in a constant number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in a constant number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in a constant number of
+certificates three now instead of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates three now instead of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates three now instead of two
+but uh constant number of certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh constant number of certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh constant number of certificate
+changes and stuff log in time I update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and stuff log in time I update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and stuff log in time I update
+prior to Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to Q
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+uh because X is involved why is it three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because X is involved why is it three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because X is involved why is it three
+x is involved in certificate with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is involved in certificate with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is involved in certificate with its
+two children and with its parent it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two children and with its parent it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two children and with its parent it's
+parent has a relation as well yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent has a relation as well yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent has a relation as well yeah so
+you have to be careful in counting how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be careful in counting how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be careful in counting how
+many counting locality how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many counting locality how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many counting locality how many
+certificates is each object in okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates is each object in okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates is each object in okay so
+we're responsive login time local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're responsive login time local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're responsive login time local
+constant certificates per object compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant certificates per object compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant certificates per object compact
+linear number certificates all these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear number certificates all these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear number certificates all these are
+the same big issue is always about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same big issue is always about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same big issue is always about
+efficiency how many events is it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency how many events is it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency how many events is it in the
+worst case how many events do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case how many events do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case how many events do I
+need okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need okay
+here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh
+it's for kinetic Heap where I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for kinetic Heap where I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for kinetic Heap where I want to
+maintain the minimum at all times is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the minimum at all times is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the minimum at all times is
+actually a very clear lower bound uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very clear lower bound uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very clear lower bound uh the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+events or let's say the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events or let's say the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events or let's say the number of
+changes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Min I think this is what some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min I think this is what some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min I think this is what some people
+call external events like you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call external events like you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call external events like you can't
+control when the Min changes the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control when the Min changes the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control when the Min changes the user
+controls that by how they set up the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls that by how they set up the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls that by how they set up the uh
+trajectories changes to Min is uh at Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories changes to Min is uh at Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories changes to Min is uh at Le
+and in the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case okay it's pretty easy to set this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay it's pretty easy to set this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay it's pretty easy to set this
+up you have a point another Point moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you have a point another Point moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you have a point another Point moving
+at constant velocity to the left it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at constant velocity to the left it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at constant velocity to the left it will
+overtake you have another Point farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtake you have another Point farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtake you have another Point farther
+away with a bigger velocity to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with a bigger velocity to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with a bigger velocity to the left
+it will overtake after this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will overtake after this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will overtake after this one
+overtakes and you know something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtakes and you know something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtakes and you know something like
+this got to make sure they don't all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this got to make sure they don't all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this got to make sure they don't all
+cross at the same moment but this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross at the same moment but this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross at the same moment but this one
+will go first and then this guy will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go first and then this guy will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go first and then this guy will
+cross over and eventually so that's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross over and eventually so that's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross over and eventually so that's easy
+to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up
+the Min can change a linear number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Min can change a linear number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Min can change a linear number of
+times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I
+claim in this data structure well of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim in this data structure well of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim in this data structure well of
+course the Min will change at most a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the Min will change at most a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the Min will change at most a
+linear number of times Well it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear number of times Well it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear number of times Well it's not
+clear it's at most but that's true what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear it's at most but that's true what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear it's at most but that's true what
+we care about though is we're storing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about though is we're storing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about though is we're storing a
+way more certificates than the men we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way more certificates than the men we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way more certificates than the men we
+have a linear number of certificates I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a linear number of certificates I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a linear number of certificates I
+claim the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim the total number of
+events uh in this data structure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events uh in this data structure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events uh in this data structure if
+there are no change operations so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no change operations so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no change operations so if we
+just advance to Infinity number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just advance to Infinity number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just advance to Infinity number of
+events is order and logm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we call the efficiency log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we call the efficiency log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we call the efficiency log n
+because you're log n Factor away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're log n Factor away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're log n Factor away from
+this lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lower
+bound this is the interesting part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound this is the interesting part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound this is the interesting part and
+this requires a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why is the number of events order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is the number of events order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is the number of events order and
+log we're going to prove this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amortization with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization with a
+somewhat tedious potential function but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat tedious potential function but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat tedious potential function but
+it's sort of the obvious one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at a time T I want to Define my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time T I want to Define my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time T I want to Define my
+potential at time T to be how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at time T to be how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at time T to be how many
+events will happen in the future this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events will happen in the future this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events will happen in the future this is
+the thing I want to bound okay so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing I want to bound okay so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing I want to bound okay so I want
+to prove this is order and log n at Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this is order and log n at Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this is order and log n at Time
+Zero but let's think about how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero but let's think about how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero but let's think about how it
+changes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes over
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so I'm going to rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to rewrite this
+as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to sum overall items X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to sum overall items X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to sum overall items X and
+we're thinking about the potential at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking about the potential at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking about the potential at
+time T so I look X is in some node and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T so I look X is in some node and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T so I look X is in some node and
+you know which node is in changes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which node is in changes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which node is in changes over
+time but at time T it's in some node I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but at time T it's in some node I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but at time T it's in some node I
+look at all the descendants of that node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the descendants of that node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the descendants of that node
+I look at those items and I see which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at those items and I see which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at those items and I see which of
+those items will overtake X in a future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those items will overtake X in a future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those items will overtake X in a future
+time those are the ones that I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time those are the ones that I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time those are the ones that I care
+about when you overtake an ancestor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when you overtake an ancestor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when you overtake an ancestor
+that's when uh an event happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when uh an event happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when uh an event happens
+okay I claim these two things are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I claim these two things are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I claim these two things are equal
+uh I probably don't even need to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I probably don't even need to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I probably don't even need to prove
+that okay so this is in parenthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this is in parenthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this is in parenthesis
+don't worry about these being equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about these being equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about these being equal
+think of this as the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function okay now I want to look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay now I want to look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay now I want to look at an
+event and see how this changes I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event and see how this changes I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event and see how this changes I need a
+little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more
+notation I'm going to call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I'm going to call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I'm going to call this
+thing uh Fe of T comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh Fe of T comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh Fe of T comma
+X okay so F of T is the sum overall X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so F of T is the sum overall X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so F of T is the sum overall X of
+this thing thing which is f of T comma X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing thing which is f of T comma X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing thing which is f of T comma X
+number of descendants of X at this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of descendants of X at this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of descendants of X at this time
+that will in the future overtake X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will in the future overtake X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will in the future overtake X
+meaning their key will get larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning their key will get larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning their key will get larger than
+x okay I can also expand F of TX in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay I can also expand F of TX in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay I can also expand F of TX in a in
+a simple way it's kind of trivial but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple way it's kind of trivial but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple way it's kind of trivial but uh
+if I look at each child of X there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at each child of X there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at each child of X there's two
+of them call that Y and then measure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them call that Y and then measure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them call that Y and then measure how
+many descendants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Y at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t uh will overtake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh will overtake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh will overtake
+X it's almost the same words but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X it's almost the same words but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X it's almost the same words but I
+changed one of the X's to a y but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed one of the X's to a y but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed one of the X's to a y but only
+one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them so future I write greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so future I write greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so future I write greater than
+T okay this is a different quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay this is a different quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay this is a different quantity
+slightly different which I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different which I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different which I'm going to
+call F of t X comma y I just need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call F of t X comma y I just need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call F of t X comma y I just need to be
+able to talk about this so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to talk about this so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to talk about this so this is
+mostly to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly to introduce
+notation okay and but descendants of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation okay and but descendants of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation okay and but descendants of Y
+this is including y itself so there's Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is including y itself so there's Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is including y itself so there's Y
+and all of its children descendants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of its children descendants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of its children descendants
+whatever which of those will overtake X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever which of those will overtake X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever which of those will overtake X
+if I do add that up for both children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do add that up for both children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do add that up for both children
+that is the total number of descendants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the total number of descendants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the total number of descendants
+of X that will overtake X okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X that will overtake X okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X that will overtake X okay so this
+is equality is Trivial mainly I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equality is Trivial mainly I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equality is Trivial mainly I wanted
+to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce
+that okay so what now let's look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so what now let's look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so what now let's look at an
+event see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a little bigger x y z let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little bigger x y z let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little bigger x y z let's say we
+need to change it to y x z because Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to change it to y x z because Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to change it to y x z because Y is
+about to overtake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to overtake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to overtake
+X how does the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X how does the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X how does the potential
+change okay well potential is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay well potential is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay well potential is the sum of
+all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these
+ftxs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ftxs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ftxs
+so which of them which of these ftxs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which of them which of these ftxs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which of them which of these ftxs
+change I claim that Fe of I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I claim that Fe of I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I claim that Fe of I'm going to
+call it t+ which is the moment right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it t+ which is the moment right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it t+ which is the moment right
+after now infinitesimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+larger I claim it does not change for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger I claim it does not change for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger I claim it does not change for
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices it only changes for X and Y If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices it only changes for X and Y If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices it only changes for X and Y If
+X and Y are the guys that are switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y are the guys that are switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y are the guys that are switching
+order this will not change for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order this will not change for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order this will not change for any
+others uh why is that because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others uh why is that because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others uh why is that because we're
+looking at number descendants of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at number descendants of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at number descendants of some
+vertex that will overtake that vertex so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex that will overtake that vertex so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex that will overtake that vertex so
+do this descendants change no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this descendants change no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this descendants change no
+descendants of X and Y change but no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants of X and Y change but no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants of X and Y change but no one
+else their descendants change this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else their descendants change this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else their descendants change this just
+a swap of two adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a swap of two adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a swap of two adjacent
+elements okay uh will overtaking change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements okay uh will overtaking change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements okay uh will overtaking change
+no I mean overtaking doesn't change if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I mean overtaking doesn't change if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I mean overtaking doesn't change if
+you're going to be overtaken by before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be overtaken by before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be overtaken by before
+you'll still be overtaken by X and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll still be overtaken by X and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll still be overtaken by X and it's
+still a descendant unless it was y y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a descendant unless it was y y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a descendant unless it was y y is
+the only one for which it changed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one for which it changed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one for which it changed okay
+so we only have to think about X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we only have to think about X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we only have to think about X and Y
+and how their potentials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how their potentials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how their potentials are
+changing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing okay
+uh so let's look at x x is pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's look at x x is pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's look at x x is pretty simple
+x went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x went
+down um so we care about now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um so we care about now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um so we care about now the
+descendants of X those are what used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants of X those are what used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants of X those are what used to
+be the descendants of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the descendants of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the descendants of
+Y okay so what are the descendants of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y okay so what are the descendants of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y okay so what are the descendants of Y
+that will overtake X that is the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will overtake X that is the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will overtake X that is the of
+TX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX
+y That's the definition here descendants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y That's the definition here descendants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y That's the definition here descendants
+of Y that will overtake X we had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y that will overtake X we had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y that will overtake X we had that
+written down so that is its new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down so that is its new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down so that is its new
+potential except there's a minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential except there's a minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential except there's a minus one
+because y used to be a descendant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because y used to be a descendant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because y used to be a descendant that
+would overtake X but it just overtook X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would overtake X but it just overtook X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would overtake X but it just overtook X
+not going to happen again not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to happen again not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to happen again not going to
+happen again I'm I'm assuming here apine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen again I'm I'm assuming here apine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen again I'm I'm assuming here apine
+motion I suppose could really happen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion I suppose could really happen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion I suppose could really happen a
+constant number of times but let's keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of times but let's keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of times but let's keep
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+simple okay that was easy next one's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple okay that was easy next one's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple okay that was easy next one's a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+harder the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y what is the new potential of y y has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y what is the new potential of y y has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y what is the new potential of y y has
+new descendants now it used to just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new descendants now it used to just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new descendants now it used to just have
+this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many
+descendants still has those descendants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants still has those descendants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants still has those descendants
+it now has X which doesn't matter if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now has X which doesn't matter if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now has X which doesn't matter if we
+assume they'll never be overtaken again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume they'll never be overtaken again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume they'll never be overtaken again
+and now it has this whole sub tree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it has this whole sub tree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it has this whole sub tree of
+Z okay so we have whatever it used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay so we have whatever it used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay so we have whatever it used to
+have which is f of Ty y That's all its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have which is f of Ty y That's all its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have which is f of Ty y That's all its
+old descendants and now we have this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old descendants and now we have this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old descendants and now we have this new
+thing F of t y z if you plug that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing F of t y z if you plug that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing F of t y z if you plug that into
+here that is the number of descendants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is the number of descendants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is the number of descendants
+of Z that will overtake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y That's the new thing that we add on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y That's the new thing that we add on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y That's the new thing that we add on
+okay so this is an increase this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is an increase this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is an increase this was a
+decrease and this is an increase we hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease and this is an increase we hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease and this is an increase we hope
+that they're about the same in fact they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're about the same in fact they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're about the same in fact they
+will be basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be basically
+equal so first claim is this is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most other thing P of Ty y p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most other thing P of Ty y p of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most other thing P of Ty y p of
+TX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z okay so I'm just replacing this y with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay so I'm just replacing this y with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay so I'm just replacing this y with
+an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X
+why is this true because if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this true because if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this true because if you're going
+to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is
+overtaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtaking
+y if you're going to overtake Y at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y if you're going to overtake Y at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y if you're going to overtake Y at this
+time you would overtake X at this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you would overtake X at this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you would overtake X at this time
+because X and Y are equal right now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because X and Y are equal right now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because X and Y are equal right now I'm
+pretty sure this is actually equal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure this is actually equal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure this is actually equal I
+don't know why I wrote in my notes less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why I wrote in my notes less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why I wrote in my notes less
+than equal to less than equal to is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to less than equal to is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to less than equal to is all
+I need but I think at this moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need but I think at this moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need but I think at this moment in
+time when they're actually equal to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when they're actually equal to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when they're actually equal to each
+other um doesn't matter whether you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um doesn't matter whether you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um doesn't matter whether you have
+X and Y here you will overtake one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y here you will overtake one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y here you will overtake one if
+and only if if you overtake the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if if you overtake the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if if you overtake the other
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+moment no I see right actually we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment no I see right actually we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment no I see right actually we care
+about this is about future time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is about future time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is about future time in
+future time we know that Y is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future time we know that Y is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future time we know that Y is always
+going to be less than x because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less than x because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less than x because it's
+moving up in future time if you overtake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving up in future time if you overtake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving up in future time if you overtake
+y you'll certainly overtake X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y you'll certainly overtake X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y you'll certainly overtake X
+cuz no the other way around if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz no the other way around if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz no the other way around if you
+overtake X meaning you go below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtake X meaning you go below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtake X meaning you go below
+x one of these ways if I go overtaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x one of these ways if I go overtaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x one of these ways if I go overtaking
+is actually is going up in the tree but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually is going up in the tree but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually is going up in the tree but
+is actually getting smaller in value if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually getting smaller in value if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually getting smaller in value if
+you get smaller than y you rise above y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get smaller than y you rise above y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get smaller than y you rise above y
+that means you will have already risen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you will have already risen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you will have already risen
+above X you'll already be a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above X you'll already be a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above X you'll already be a value
+smaller than x so hopefully that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than x so hopefully that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than x so hopefully that is the
+way that is less than or equal to that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that is less than or equal to that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that is less than or equal to that's
+what we need okay good now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need okay good now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need okay good now I
+understand uh this we're assuming aine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh this we're assuming aine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh this we're assuming aine
+we're assuming apine yeah sorry forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming apine yeah sorry forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming apine yeah sorry forgot
+to mention that I think this works for p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention that I think this works for p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention that I think this works for p
+algebraic but this proof does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic but this proof does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic but this proof does not
+assuming that X and Y only switch plac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that X and Y only switch plac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that X and Y only switch plac
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+once okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then uh we have this simple equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we have this simple equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we have this simple equation
+which is f of TX equals F of txy plus F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is f of TX equals F of txy plus F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is f of TX equals F of txy plus F
+of txz or you just sum over the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of txz or you just sum over the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of txz or you just sum over the two
+children so this is f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so this is f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so this is f of
+txz so I need more space I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess so F of txz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so F of txz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so F of txz
+that is f of TX minus F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is f of TX minus F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is f of TX minus F of
+txy so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txy so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txy so we
+have same left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have same left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have same left hand
+side is less than or equal to F of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is less than or equal to F of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is less than or equal to F of t
+y plus this is what we had before T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y plus this is what we had before T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y plus this is what we had before T of
+XZ but now that is the same as F of TX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XZ but now that is the same as F of TX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XZ but now that is the same as F of TX
+minus the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+child uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y okay that was just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay that was just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay that was just that
+equation now do things simplify I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now do things simplify I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now do things simplify I hope
+so V of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+okay not so pretty um what we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not so pretty um what we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not so pretty um what we care
+about is the sum of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the sum of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the sum of these
+things that's we care about the sum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's we care about the sum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's we care about the sum the
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+potential so we want F of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so we want F of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so we want F of t
+plus is f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is f of
+t plus something how it changes is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus something how it changes is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus something how it changes is well
+how does it how does uh F of T Prime X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it how does uh F of T Prime X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it how does uh F of T Prime X
+Change well it went down a lot it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Change well it went down a lot it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Change well it went down a lot it went
+all the way down to F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+txy okay well actually we just add these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txy okay well actually we just add these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txy okay well actually we just add these
+together add them up uh this is messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry let's look at this sum Fe of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry let's look at this sum Fe of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry let's look at this sum Fe of t
+plus X and Y so we get this thing Fe of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X and Y so we get this thing Fe of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X and Y so we get this thing Fe of
+txy minus one and then we get this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txy minus one and then we get this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txy minus one and then we get this thing
+so F of Ty y plus v of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so F of Ty y plus v of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so F of Ty y plus v of
+TX minus F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX minus F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX minus F of
+TX y this is an elaborate way of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX y this is an elaborate way of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX y this is an elaborate way of saying
+this cancels with this so we are left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cancels with this so we are left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cancels with this so we are left
+with the old value F of TX plus F of Ty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the old value F of TX plus F of Ty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the old value F of TX plus F of Ty
+y minus one so that means F sorry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y minus one so that means F sorry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y minus one so that means F sorry this
+is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal
+to this means F of t plus is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this means F of t plus is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this means F of t plus is less than
+or equal to F of T minus 1 in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to F of T minus 1 in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to F of T minus 1 in other
+words every time an event happens the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words every time an event happens the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words every time an event happens the
+potential goes down by at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential goes down by at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential goes down by at least
+one the this is basically confirming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the this is basically confirming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the this is basically confirming
+this intuition but roughly okay but our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intuition but roughly okay but our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intuition but roughly okay but our
+definition was this number of Def
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition was this number of Def
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition was this number of Def
+descendants of X overtake X in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants of X overtake X in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants of X overtake X in the
+future how many how big could this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future how many how big could this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future how many how big could this thing
+be it is at most the sum over all nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it is at most the sum over all nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it is at most the sum over all nodes
+of the number of descendants of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of descendants of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of descendants of that
+node so it's by definition at most n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so it's by definition at most n log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so it's by definition at most n log
+n if we look at F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Zer it's order n log n we're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer it's order n log n we're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer it's order n log n we're using a
+balance he here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance he here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance he here and so
+if for order n log n initially in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for order n log n initially in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for order n log n initially in every
+event that happens we go down by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that happens we go down by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that happens we go down by one
+that and we never never negative that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we never never negative that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we never never negative that
+thing is always non- negative then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is always non- negative then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is always non- negative then the
+number of events is at most order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of events is at most order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of events is at most order and
+log in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in
+cool okay only have one more page of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay only have one more page of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay only have one more page of
+notes to cover in zero minutes 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes to cover in zero minutes 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes to cover in zero minutes 15
+seconds let me quickly tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds let me quickly tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds let me quickly tell you about
+what's on this page and you can read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on this page and you can read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on this page and you can read it
+at home uh it's a little survey of lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home uh it's a little survey of lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home uh it's a little survey of lots
+of different kinetic data structures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different kinetic data structures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different kinetic data structures in
+particular for more than one dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for more than one dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for more than one dimension
+so there's a lot of work on 2D convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of work on 2D convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of work on 2D convex
+Hull you have moving points in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hull you have moving points in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hull you have moving points in two
+Dimensions you want to maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions you want to maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions you want to maintain the
+convex Hull uh the number of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex Hull uh the number of events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex Hull uh the number of events
+turns the best we know how to achieve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns the best we know how to achieve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns the best we know how to achieve is
+order n 2 plus Epsilon little bit bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n 2 plus Epsilon little bit bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n 2 plus Epsilon little bit bigger
+than n^2 uh and there's a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n^2 uh and there's a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n^2 uh and there's a lower bound
+that it can change n s times so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can change n s times so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can change n s times so it's
+almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost
+optimal unknown how to do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal unknown how to do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal unknown how to do that in
+3D uh a problem that we solved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D uh a problem that we solved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D uh a problem that we solved in the
+open problem session this class uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open problem session this class uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open problem session this class uh two
+years ago is smallest en closing disc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago is smallest en closing disc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago is smallest en closing disc so
+points moving in the plane and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points moving in the plane and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points moving in the plane and you want
+to maintain what is the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain what is the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain what is the smallest
+enclosing disc of those points number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosing disc of those points number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosing disc of those points number of
+events we got was n the 3 plus Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events we got was n the 3 plus Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events we got was n the 3 plus Epsilon
+which is a little bit painful best lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little bit painful best lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little bit painful best lower
+bound is n squ so still a gap there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound is n squ so still a gap there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound is n squ so still a gap there but
+it's closely related to another open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's closely related to another open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's closely related to another open
+problem which is you want to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is you want to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is you want to maintain
+something called a Delan triangulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a Delan triangulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a Delan triangulation
+if you know what that is great if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know what that is great if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know what that is great if not
+it's a big open problem how many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big open problem how many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big open problem how many times
+can the Delan triangulation change if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the Delan triangulation change if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the Delan triangulation change if
+you have just points moving along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have just points moving along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have just points moving along
+straight lines best upper bound is n Cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines best upper bound is n Cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines best upper bound is n Cub
+best lower bound is n^2 so similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best lower bound is n^2 so similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best lower bound is n^2 so similar
+linear Gap if you just want to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Gap if you just want to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Gap if you just want to maintain
+some triangulation on your points uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some triangulation on your points uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some triangulation on your points uh you
+can do better best upper bound is n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do better best upper bound is n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do better best upper bound is n to
+the 2.33 333 best lower bound is n squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2.33 333 best lower bound is n squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2.33 333 best lower bound is n squ
+so smaller Gap and just n to the just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so smaller Gap and just n to the just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so smaller Gap and just n to the just
+cube root of n Gap uh Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube root of n Gap uh Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube root of n Gap uh Collision
+detection is probably the most obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection is probably the most obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection is probably the most obvious
+application here you have video game you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application here you have video game you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application here you have video game you
+want to things are moving with know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to things are moving with know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to things are moving with know
+velocities you update those velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities you update those velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities you update those velocities
+like you have bullets and people running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have bullets and people running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have bullets and people running
+around whatever you want to know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around whatever you want to know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around whatever you want to know when
+they bounce into each other walls which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bounce into each other walls which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bounce into each other walls which
+are stationary when does that happen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stationary when does that happen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stationary when does that happen uh
+there's pretty good algorithms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's pretty good algorithms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's pretty good algorithms for
+kinetic Collision detection although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic Collision detection although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic Collision detection although
+it's very unclear what efficient means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very unclear what efficient means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very unclear what efficient means
+um because it you know you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it you know you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it you know you want to
+optimize for the case when not many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize for the case when not many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize for the case when not many
+collisions happen and these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions happen and these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions happen and these these
+algorithms do in a certain sense they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms do in a certain sense they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms do in a certain sense they're
+optimal but it's much harder to State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal but it's much harder to State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal but it's much harder to State
+what that sense is uh minimum spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that sense is uh minimum spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that sense is uh minimum spanning
+tree is another one I have this is tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is another one I have this is tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is another one I have this is tough
+easy thing to do is do kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy thing to do is do kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy thing to do is do kinetic
+predecessor on the entire sorted order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor on the entire sorted order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor on the entire sorted order
+of the edge lengths and then you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the edge lengths and then you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the edge lengths and then you just
+run uh stand that processes the edges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run uh stand that processes the edges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run uh stand that processes the edges in
+order uh so that gets a quadratic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh so that gets a quadratic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh so that gets a quadratic number
+of events it's unknown whether you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events it's unknown whether you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events it's unknown whether you can
+do any better for minimum spanning tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any better for minimum spanning tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any better for minimum spanning tree
+so that was your quick survey of kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was your quick survey of kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was your quick survey of kinetic
+and that ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that ends
+geometry the end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/G11r4Srh4u8.txt b/G11r4Srh4u8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fbcf3b6e1c526cb12309001cce6386aabb4f0912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/G11r4Srh4u8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this lecture we'll continue our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we'll continue our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we'll continue our
+discussion of continuous random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of continuous random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of continuous random
+variables we will start by bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we will start by bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we will start by bringing
+conditioning into the picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning into the picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning into the picture and
+discussing how the PDF of a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing how the PDF of a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing how the PDF of a continuous
+random variable changes when we are told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable changes when we are told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable changes when we are told
+that a certain event has occurred we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a certain event has occurred we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a certain event has occurred we
+will take the occasion to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take the occasion to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take the occasion to develop
+counterparts of some of the tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparts of some of the tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparts of some of the tools that
+we developed in the discrete case such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we developed in the discrete case such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we developed in the discrete case such
+as the total probability and total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the total probability and total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the total probability and total
+expectation theorem in fact we will push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation theorem in fact we will push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation theorem in fact we will push
+the analogy even further in the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analogy even further in the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analogy even further in the discrete
+case we looked at the geometric PMF in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we looked at the geometric PMF in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we looked at the geometric PMF in
+some detail and recognized an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some detail and recognized an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some detail and recognized an important
+memorylessness property that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorylessness property that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorylessness property that it
+possesses in the continuous case there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possesses in the continuous case there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possesses in the continuous case there
+is an entirely analogous story that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an entirely analogous story that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an entirely analogous story that we
+will follow this time involving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will follow this time involving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will follow this time involving the
+exponential distribution which has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution which has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution which has a
+similar memorylessness property we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar memorylessness property we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar memorylessness property we will
+then move to a second theme which is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then move to a second theme which is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then move to a second theme which is how
+to describe the joint distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the joint distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the joint distribution of
+multiple random variables we did this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple random variables we did this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple random variables we did this in
+the discrete case by introducing joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete case by introducing joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete case by introducing joint
+pmfs in the continuous case we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmfs in the continuous case we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmfs in the continuous case we can do
+the same using appropriately defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same using appropriately defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same using appropriately defined
+joint PDFs and by replacing sums by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDFs and by replacing sums by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDFs and by replacing sums by
+integrals as usual we will illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals as usual we will illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals as usual we will illustrate
+the various concepts through some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various concepts through some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various concepts through some simple
+examples and also take the opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and also take the opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and also take the opportunity
+to introduce some additional concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce some additional concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce some additional concepts
+such as mixed random variables and joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as mixed random variables and joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as mixed random variables and joint
+cumulative distribution functions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GGVls5jofiM.txt b/GGVls5jofiM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..160f30a1e2f07a4dc0ee92bc13eccf6944eed2b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GGVls5jofiM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12179 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu at one time I know MIT did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu at one time I know MIT did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu at one time I know MIT did
+study how many signatures it took to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study how many signatures it took to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study how many signatures it took to
+appoint a student as a graduate research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appoint a student as a graduate research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appoint a student as a graduate research
+assistant and it was 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant and it was 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant and it was 18
+okay so lean thinking very much applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so lean thinking very much applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so lean thinking very much applies
+not just to defense aircraft which a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just to defense aircraft which a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just to defense aircraft which a lot
+of it you heard about but to a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you heard about but to a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you heard about but to a lot of
+other situations including education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other situations including education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other situations including education and
+uh that's an opportunity if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's an opportunity if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's an opportunity if you think
+it's hard to change aerospace companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to change aerospace companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to change aerospace companies
+and now we're doing health care it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're doing health care it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're doing health care it's
+going to be even harder to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be even harder to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be even harder to change
+education because faculty members are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education because faculty members are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education because faculty members are
+not uh very flexible on these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh very flexible on these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh very flexible on these kinds of
+things so but maybe in time we will okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so but maybe in time we will okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so but maybe in time we will okay
+so what we're going to in this module is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to in this module is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to in this module is
+to look into some of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look into some of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look into some of the fundamental
+principles of lean thinking so we've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of lean thinking so we've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of lean thinking so we've had
+a couple introductory modules now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple introductory modules now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple introductory modules now we're
+actually going to get down to to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to get down to to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to get down to to a
+little bit more what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more what are the
+fundamentals we're going to look at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals we're going to look at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals we're going to look at at
+the end of this module you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this module you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this module you should be
+able to describe what are the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to describe what are the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to describe what are the basic
+elements of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of a
+process you will be able to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you will be able to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you will be able to draw a
+process map we're going to you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process map we're going to you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process map we're going to you're going
+to draw a process map as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a process map as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a process map as an
+exercise you'll should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you'll should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you'll should be able to
+explain what constitutes value George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what constitutes value George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what constitutes value George
+already talked a lot about that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked a lot about that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked a lot about that but
+we'll be a little bit more specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be a little bit more specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be a little bit more specific
+then there are five fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are five fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are five fundamental
+principles of lean thinking they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of lean thinking they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of lean thinking they're very
+fairly simple common sense but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple common sense but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple common sense but very
+powerful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful to
+internalize and then we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize and then we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize and then we're going to talk
+about some tools for implementing lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some tools for implementing lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some tools for implementing lean
+thinking your George already mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking your George already mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking your George already mentioned
+value stream Maps we're going we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream Maps we're going we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream Maps we're going we won't
+do that till this afternoon but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that till this afternoon but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that till this afternoon but that's a
+very uh powerful tool but we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh powerful tool but we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh powerful tool but we'll look at
+some simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tools okay process pretty simple a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools okay process pretty simple a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools okay process pretty simple a
+series of actions changes or functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of actions changes or functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of actions changes or functions
+which brings about a result okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which brings about a result okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which brings about a result okay
+and so you got every process has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you got every process has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you got every process has some
+inputs there's a process which changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs there's a process which changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs there's a process which changes
+those inputs into some useful outputs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those inputs into some useful outputs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those inputs into some useful outputs so
+let me give you a simple example you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you a simple example you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you a simple example you can
+all relate to doing a homework problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all relate to doing a homework problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all relate to doing a homework problem
+okay what are your inputs for a homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what are your inputs for a homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what are your inputs for a homework
+problem Greg it's out of a book you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem Greg it's out of a book you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem Greg it's out of a book you know
+give you okay yeah Maggie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you okay yeah Maggie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you okay yeah Maggie
+um cles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cles
+maybe you got some requirements from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you got some requirements from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you got some requirements from
+somebody who wants you to do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who wants you to do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who wants you to do that in
+that homework problem you know here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that homework problem you know here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that homework problem you know here's
+the assumptions or here's what okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumptions or here's what okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumptions or here's what okay and
+then what do you do well you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what do you do well you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what do you do well you have some
+kind of way of taking those inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of way of taking those inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of way of taking those inputs and
+generating now what's the output of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating now what's the output of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating now what's the output of a
+homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework
+problem Christopher solution solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem Christopher solution solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem Christopher solution solution
+okay and what do you do with that turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what do you do with that turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what do you do with that turn
+it turn it in right okay okay okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turn it in right okay okay okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turn it in right okay okay okay and
+so you got you know if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got you know if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got you know if you think about
+how you do a homework problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do a homework problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do a homework problem you
+probably have to develop some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to develop some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to develop some kind of
+process for doing that nobody you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for doing that nobody you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for doing that nobody you might
+even been taught that you know but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even been taught that you know but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even been taught that you know but you
+know maybe you read it carefully what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe you read it carefully what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe you read it carefully what
+you know what's required maybe you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's required maybe you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's required maybe you do it
+with somebody else maybe you check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with somebody else maybe you check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with somebody else maybe you check the
+answers you know you got some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers you know you got some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers you know you got some kind of
+process to do that that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to do that that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to do that that's a that's a
+process now what we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process now what we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process now what we're going to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+processes that involve a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that involve a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that involve a lot of
+people um George in one of your Radars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um George in one of your Radars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um George in one of your Radars
+how many people might be involved in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people might be involved in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people might be involved in in
+say these are engineers how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say these are engineers how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say these are engineers how many people
+might be involved in the engineering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be involved in the engineering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be involved in the engineering of
+a radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radar
+system the developmental of front work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah 50 60 overall 50 or 60 people okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 50 60 overall 50 or 60 people okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 50 60 overall 50 or 60 people okay
+that's fairly small actually Al for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fairly small actually Al for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fairly small actually Al for the
+F18 how many f8f how many people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F18 how many f8f how many people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F18 how many f8f how many people might
+be involved 1500 1500 okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be involved 1500 1500 okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be involved 1500 1500 okay so we're
+talking about processes where you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about processes where you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about processes where you got a
+lot of people involved okay not just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people involved okay not just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people involved okay not just one
+person working a homework problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person working a homework problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person working a homework problem but
+it's the same concept okay so so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same concept okay so so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same concept okay so so you
+have to go about it the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go about it the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go about it the right
+way okay so we've already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay so we've already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay so we've already talked about
+this what happens to the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what happens to the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what happens to the output of the
+process we call the person that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we call the person that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we call the person that that
+goes to the customer okay so in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the customer okay so in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the customer okay so in your
+homework problem Chris your customer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problem Chris your customer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problem Chris your customer is
+your faculty member or TA or whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your faculty member or TA or whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your faculty member or TA or whoever
+you're giving it to and what do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're giving it to and what do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're giving it to and what do you want
+to do to that customer you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to that customer you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to that customer you want
+to please them right okay you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to please them right okay you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to please them right okay you want to
+Delight them right you want them to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delight them right you want them to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delight them right you want them to come
+back and say Christopher this is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and say Christopher this is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and say Christopher this is not an
+a it's an a plus okay okay that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's an a plus okay okay that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's an a plus okay okay that's your
+customer okay now George talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer okay now George talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer okay now George talked about
+customers for the radar locked was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers for the radar locked was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers for the radar locked was a
+customer for their radar system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer for their radar system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer for their radar system okay
+that that kind of customer we call an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that kind of customer we call an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that kind of customer we call an
+external customer okay that's the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external customer okay that's the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external customer okay that's the person
+who typically is giving you money for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who typically is giving you money for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who typically is giving you money for
+something okay that's pretty important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay that's pretty important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay that's pretty important
+okay if they don't give you money for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if they don't give you money for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if they don't give you money for it
+whoever your company is isn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever your company is isn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever your company is isn't going to
+be around too long George mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be around too long George mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be around too long George mentioned
+Westinghouse was making tons of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Westinghouse was making tons of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Westinghouse was making tons of money
+from their customer and they got into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their customer and they got into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their customer and they got into
+some trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trouble
+okay now there's actually a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there's actually a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there's actually a difference
+between the enduser and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the enduser and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the enduser and the
+customer okay so if we're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer okay so if we're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer okay so if we're making
+commercial airplanes the customer might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial airplanes the customer might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial airplanes the customer might
+be the airlines but the enduser is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the airlines but the enduser is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the airlines but the enduser is
+who the passenger the mechanic the pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the passenger the mechanic the pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the passenger the mechanic the pilot
+okay so so they don't pay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so they don't pay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so they don't pay for the
+airplane but they're the ones that use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane but they're the ones that use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane but they're the ones that use
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh now that case they actually don't pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now that case they actually don't pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now that case they actually don't pay
+for the airplane in some other cases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the airplane in some other cases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the airplane in some other cases the
+end user may actually pay and consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end user may actually pay and consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end user may actually pay and consume
+the product okay you know I'm the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product okay you know I'm the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product okay you know I'm the end
+user of the of the water bottle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user of the of the water bottle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user of the of the water bottle but
+there's some difference between enduser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some difference between enduser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some difference between enduser
+end users and customers but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end users and customers but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end users and customers but there's
+somebody who's paying for what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's paying for what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's paying for what you're
+doing and you want to please them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and you want to please them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and you want to please them or
+somebody who's using what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's using what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's using what you're
+producing you want to please them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing you want to please them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing you want to please them but
+many of the customers you guys will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the customers you guys will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the customers you guys will work
+for very few of you will probably end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for very few of you will probably end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for very few of you will probably end up
+handing the airplane over or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handing the airplane over or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handing the airplane over or the
+satellite or the avionics system to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite or the avionics system to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite or the avionics system to the
+pain customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain customer
+okay that'd be unusual some of you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that'd be unusual some of you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that'd be unusual some of you may
+you may be the CEO or something but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be the CEO or something but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be the CEO or something but but
+you'll probably be as an engineer you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably be as an engineer you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably be as an engineer you'll
+probably be turning that over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be turning that over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be turning that over to
+somebody who's going to build it or test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's going to build it or test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's going to build it or test
+it or something okay so that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or something okay so that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or something okay so that's your
+customer and that's what we call an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer and that's what we call an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer and that's what we call an
+internal customer and typically they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal customer and typically they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal customer and typically they
+don't give you money but they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't give you money but they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't give you money but they're the
+ones who receive your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones who receive your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones who receive your
+work now what do you think you have if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work now what do you think you have if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work now what do you think you have if
+you have a process that has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a process that has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a process that has no
+customer are you going to be adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer are you going to be adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer are you going to be adding
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+okay if nobody wants what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if nobody wants what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if nobody wants what you're doing
+probably not okay so so everybody who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not okay so so everybody who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not okay so so everybody who's
+doing something that's value added is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something that's value added is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something that's value added is
+going to have a customer who's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a customer who's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a customer who's the next
+person in the sequence of what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in the sequence of what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in the sequence of what they're
+doing okay and not only the customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay and not only the customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay and not only the customers
+receive what you're doing but as we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive what you're doing but as we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive what you're doing but as we said
+in the homework problem they give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the homework problem they give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the homework problem they give you
+some of the inputs they give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the inputs they give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the inputs they give you the
+specifications or the delivery schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications or the delivery schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications or the delivery schedule
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+customers not only receive the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers not only receive the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers not only receive the output
+but can give you some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can give you some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can give you some of the
+input okay so we have a process and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input okay so we have a process and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input okay so we have a process and yeah
+I was just going to say one of the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just going to say one of the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just going to say one of the good
+examples of that most most folks don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that most most folks don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that most most folks don't
+think of it is car dealerships because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it is car dealerships because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it is car dealerships because
+most folks think of you coming in to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most folks think of you coming in to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most folks think of you coming in to buy
+the car as the customer when in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car as the customer when in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car as the customer when in fact
+when they were trying to deploy OnStar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were trying to deploy OnStar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were trying to deploy OnStar
+the real reality of it was people only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real reality of it was people only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real reality of it was people only
+bought the cars that the dealers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought the cars that the dealers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought the cars that the dealers were
+buying from the manufacturer so they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying from the manufacturer so they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying from the manufacturer so they had
+to redo a bunch of that the for for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to redo a bunch of that the for for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to redo a bunch of that the for for it
+down through the dealership so that end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down through the dealership so that end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down through the dealership so that end
+user device customer discussion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user device customer discussion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user device customer discussion is
+valuable yeah yeah there's a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable yeah yeah there's a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable yeah yeah there's a difference
+between the end user and the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the end user and the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the end user and the customer
+not always but I mean there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always but I mean there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always but I mean there can be
+sometimes they're the same okay now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're the same okay now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're the same okay now a
+good way to understand a process is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to understand a process is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to understand a process is to
+draw a map and that's going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a map and that's going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a map and that's going to be our
+next exercise we're actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next exercise we're actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next exercise we're actually going to
+map out a a process this is don't try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map out a a process this is don't try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map out a a process this is don't try to
+read all this is is made made so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read all this is is made made so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read all this is is made made so you
+can't read it but this is an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't read it but this is an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't read it but this is an actual
+process map uh from a one of our Lai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process map uh from a one of our Lai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process map uh from a one of our Lai
+companies on the process they used to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies on the process they used to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies on the process they used to do
+a release of a drawing after it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a release of a drawing after it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a release of a drawing after it was
+drawn the you know the check off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn the you know the check off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn the you know the check off
+inspection process and you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection process and you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection process and you know you know
+what's your first impression of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your first impression of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your first impression of that
+process it's looks kind of complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's looks kind of complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's looks kind of complicated
+doesn't it okay I mean look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it okay I mean look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it okay I mean look at this
+thing here huh this goes here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here huh this goes here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here huh this goes here and this
+goes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes here
+and I can't find where this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't find where this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't find where this goes
+everything goes oh here it goes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything goes oh here it goes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything goes oh here it goes here
+okay okay but anyway it's it's a vis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay but anyway it's it's a vis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay but anyway it's it's a vis so
+a process map is a visualization a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process map is a visualization a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process map is a visualization a
+visual image of it and when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual image of it and when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual image of it and when you're
+involving 50 people or 1500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving 50 people or 1500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving 50 people or 1500
+people very few of those 50 people know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people very few of those 50 people know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people very few of those 50 people know
+what the other person's doing unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the other person's doing unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the other person's doing unless you
+try to map it out and show it to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to map it out and show it to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to map it out and show it to them
+and that that's what leads to this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's what leads to this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's what leads to this value
+stream map which George mentioned so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream map which George mentioned so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream map which George mentioned so the
+only way you can improve a process is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way you can improve a process is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way you can improve a process is to
+understand understand it you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand understand it you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand understand it you can't
+improve it if you don't understand it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it if you don't understand it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it if you don't understand it so
+one of the things about lean thinking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things about lean thinking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things about lean thinking is
+we start with where we're at the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with where we're at the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with where we're at the current
+state George said and we try to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state George said and we try to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state George said and we try to improve
+it we don't throw it out in reinvent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we don't throw it out in reinvent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we don't throw it out in reinvent the
+wheel and start with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel and start with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel and start with something
+completely untested we start with where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely untested we start with where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely untested we start with where
+we're at we try to we being the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at we try to we being the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at we try to we being the people
+doing it the Frontline workers the Joe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it the Frontline workers the Joe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it the Frontline workers the Joe
+Taylor try to improve it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor try to improve it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor try to improve it and then
+improve it again and again and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it again and again and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it again and again and the way
+to improve it is to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve it is to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve it is to understand
+it okay and it's easier to understand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and it's easier to understand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and it's easier to understand if
+you can visualize it's pretty hard if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can visualize it's pretty hard if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can visualize it's pretty hard if I
+try to describe this process to you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to describe this process to you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to describe this process to you in
+words or long document was like but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words or long document was like but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words or long document was like but it's
+much easier if you can visualize it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier if you can visualize it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier if you can visualize it and
+a process map is just an organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process map is just an organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process map is just an organized
+visualization of all the interrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization of all the interrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization of all the interrelated
+activities which when combined or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities which when combined or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities which when combined or that
+set of activities that change an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of activities that change an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of activities that change an input
+to an output okay that's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an output okay that's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an output okay that's called a
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+map okay any of you ever heard this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map okay any of you ever heard this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map okay any of you ever heard this word
+process map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process map
+before no yeah Doug okay you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before no yeah Doug okay you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before no yeah Doug okay you know this
+is remarkable okay and this is why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remarkable okay and this is why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remarkable okay and this is why we're
+teaching this class I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this class I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this class I
+mean I love teaching aerodynamics that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I love teaching aerodynamics that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I love teaching aerodynamics that's
+what I taught here uh for many years but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I taught here uh for many years but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I taught here uh for many years but
+when you guys get out and try to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you guys get out and try to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you guys get out and try to apply
+that aerodynamics to an aerospace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aerodynamics to an aerospace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aerodynamics to an aerospace
+problem you're going to be in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're going to be in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're going to be in in the
+midst of one of these processes and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midst of one of these processes and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midst of one of these processes and we
+don't teach anything about processes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't teach anything about processes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't teach anything about processes at
+MIT except here okay and about half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT except here okay and about half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT except here okay and about half of
+what you need to know is this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to know is this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to know is this kind of
+stuff and the other half is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and the other half is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and the other half is the
+aerodynamics okay so let's talk let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamics okay so let's talk let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamics okay so let's talk let's
+look at a this is a a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a this is a a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a this is a a very simple
+process to fix a hot dog now no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to fix a hot dog now no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to fix a hot dog now no one
+would ever map this out because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ever map this out because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ever map this out because you know
+how to fix hot dogs okay so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to fix hot dogs okay so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to fix hot dogs okay so but
+okay we want him to fix a hot dog and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we want him to fix a hot dog and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we want him to fix a hot dog and so
+here's the process map and here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the process map and here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the process map and here's some
+symbology we'll go back and forth so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbology we'll go back and forth so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbology we'll go back and forth so we
+start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a
+customer and that customer gives an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer and that customer gives an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer and that customer gives an an
+order in case if it's you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in case if it's you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in case if it's you you're
+probably giving it to yourself but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably giving it to yourself but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably giving it to yourself but you
+know it may be your roomat or wife or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it may be your roomat or wife or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it may be your roomat or wife or
+boyfriend or whatever you know I want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boyfriend or whatever you know I want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boyfriend or whatever you know I want a
+hot dog okay so we use we we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot dog okay so we use we we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot dog okay so we use we we're going to
+use a kind of a broken arrow like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a kind of a broken arrow like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a kind of a broken arrow like that
+to show information flow so then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show information flow so then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show information flow so then we get
+here got an order for a hot dog so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here got an order for a hot dog so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here got an order for a hot dog so we
+need to find do we have a hot dog and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find do we have a hot dog and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find do we have a hot dog and we
+have a bun to to to give that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bun to to to give that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bun to to to give that that's the
+first question do we have any hot dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question do we have any hot dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question do we have any hot dogs
+if the answer is yes do we need I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the answer is yes do we need I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the answer is yes do we need I'm
+sorry do we need a hot dog if the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry do we need a hot dog if the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry do we need a hot dog if the answer
+is yes we have to go to the store and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes we have to go to the store and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes we have to go to the store and
+get that hot dog before we can start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that hot dog before we can start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that hot dog before we can start to
+cook it okay you might think of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook it okay you might think of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook it okay you might think of this is
+being going to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being going to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being going to your
+supplier if the answer is no we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier if the answer is no we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier if the answer is no we don't
+need a hot dog we have one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a hot dog we have one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a hot dog we have one in
+inventory that's inventory go to The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory that's inventory go to The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory that's inventory go to The
+Pantry we'll get it the bun or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pantry we'll get it the bun or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pantry we'll get it the bun or the
+refrigerator whatever and uh and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator whatever and uh and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator whatever and uh and then we
+can start cooking the hot dog so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start cooking the hot dog so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start cooking the hot dog so first
+we got to get the raw materials the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to get the raw materials the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to get the raw materials the
+input for our process so we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input for our process so we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input for our process so we got
+information we got some raw materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we got some raw materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we got some raw materials
+then we're using these kind of double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're using these kind of double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're using these kind of double
+arrows to show that this is the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows to show that this is the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows to show that this is the main
+process flow now what's flowing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process flow now what's flowing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process flow now what's flowing in this
+process the hot dog is Flowing okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the hot dog is Flowing okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the hot dog is Flowing okay so
+we cook the hot dog that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cook the hot dog that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cook the hot dog that's a
+task we put it in the bun and add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task we put it in the bun and add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task we put it in the bun and add the
+condiments that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condiments that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condiments that's another
+task and then we deliver the order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task and then we deliver the order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task and then we deliver the order to
+the customer okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer okay
+but things aren't finished yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but things aren't finished yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but things aren't finished yet
+okay we want to do a little cleanup to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we want to do a little cleanup to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we want to do a little cleanup to
+get ready for the next what do we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ready for the next what do we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ready for the next what do we call
+in the lean thinking what do we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lean thinking what do we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lean thinking what do we call
+this part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here 5S okay we do a little 5S kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 5S okay we do a little 5S kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 5S okay we do a little 5S kind of
+clean things up then we ask is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean things up then we ask is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean things up then we ask is that the
+last hot dog and Bun we have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last hot dog and Bun we have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last hot dog and Bun we have in the
+pantry if the answer is yes what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pantry if the answer is yes what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pantry if the answer is yes what do we
+do we make a shopping list now you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we make a shopping list now you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we make a shopping list now you've
+actually heard this on a different term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually heard this on a different term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually heard this on a different term
+this morning and but probably hav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning and but probably hav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning and but probably hav
+connect to the dot yet anybody recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to the dot yet anybody recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to the dot yet anybody recognize
+what this might be in terms of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this might be in terms of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this might be in terms of something
+Al mentioned in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al mentioned in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al mentioned in his
+lecture this is a con Bond okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture this is a con Bond okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture this is a con Bond okay this is
+a list that we're now out of hot dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list that we're now out of hot dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list that we're now out of hot dogs
+and we need some more hot dogs and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need some more hot dogs and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need some more hot dogs and we'll
+come back to a little bit later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to a little bit later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to a little bit later in the
+lecture but it's conon so we we add it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but it's conon so we we add it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but it's conon so we we add it
+to our shopping list because now we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our shopping list because now we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our shopping list because now we know
+we need some more and then we stop okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need some more and then we stop okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need some more and then we stop okay
+so that's a simple process map and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a simple process map and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a simple process map and in
+doing these since you're working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these since you're working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these since you're working with
+multiple people you have to agree on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple people you have to agree on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple people you have to agree on on
+some terminology just like in air D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some terminology just like in air D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some terminology just like in air D
+class you have to agree that Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you have to agree that Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you have to agree that Alpha
+stands for angle of attack or structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for angle of attack or structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for angle of attack or structures
+class that L stands for the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that L stands for the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that L stands for the length of
+the beam otherwise you can't communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam otherwise you can't communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam otherwise you can't communicate
+with each other when you work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other when you work together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other when you work together
+as a group you have to agree on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a group you have to agree on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a group you have to agree on some
+some kind of symbols for these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of symbols for these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of symbols for these things
+and these are not unique there different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are not unique there different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are not unique there different
+ways you can do it but but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can do it but but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can do it but but these are
+some ones uh that are typically done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ones uh that are typically done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ones uh that are typically done so
+this is the main process flow this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the main process flow this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the main process flow this is a
+secondary or feeder flow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary or feeder flow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary or feeder flow this
+information flow so this means you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow so this means you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow so this means you know
+we're we're getting something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're getting something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're getting something which is
+contributing to the main flow we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to the main flow we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to the main flow we have a
+warehouse we have a task we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse we have a task we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse we have a task we have
+inventory we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory we have a
+decision okay so now I'm going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision okay so now I'm going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision okay so now I'm going to ask
+you to open your folder and pull out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to open your folder and pull out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to open your folder and pull out
+something called Sasha and Andy's hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called Sasha and Andy's hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called Sasha and Andy's hot
+dog stand okay okay it's in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog stand okay okay it's in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog stand okay okay it's in the right
+side of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+folder it should be uh right behind your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folder it should be uh right behind your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folder it should be uh right behind your
+5S or right behind your Enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5S or right behind your Enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5S or right behind your Enterprise
+speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker
+notes okay so Sasha Andy have a hot dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes okay so Sasha Andy have a hot dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes okay so Sasha Andy have a hot dog
+stand that they've set up their local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand that they've set up their local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand that they've set up their local
+park and they offer a hot dog with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park and they offer a hot dog with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park and they offer a hot dog with a
+choice of fresh fruit and a beverage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of fresh fruit and a beverage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of fresh fruit and a beverage to
+any of the walkup customers in the park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the walkup customers in the park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the walkup customers in the park
+between 10: and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 10: and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 10: and
+2 and the customers uh they set out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and the customers uh they set out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and the customers uh they set out
+condiments customers put their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condiments customers put their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condiments customers put their own
+condiments on and the feedback they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condiments on and the feedback they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condiments on and the feedback they're
+getting is the customers like the hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is the customers like the hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is the customers like the hot
+dogs they saying it's awful they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs they saying it's awful they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs they saying it's awful they have to
+wait an awful long time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait an awful long time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait an awful long time to get
+it so they've been doing this for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so they've been doing this for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so they've been doing this for two
+weeks making some summer money and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks making some summer money and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks making some summer money and they
+noticed they're barely keeping up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed they're barely keeping up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed they're barely keeping up with a
+customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer
+demand and they're making a little money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and they're making a little money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and they're making a little money
+and they'd like to improve their process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'd like to improve their process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'd like to improve their process
+because they they can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they they can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they they can see that the
+demand is growing and so at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is growing and so at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is growing and so at the end of
+the week they they sat down and came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week they they sat down and came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week they they sat down and came up
+with these 11 steps in their process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these 11 steps in their process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these 11 steps in their process and
+they've got some data for each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got some data for each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got some data for each of the
+each of the steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the steps
+now uh we're going to start by working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh we're going to start by working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh we're going to start by working
+with just the process steps when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just the process steps when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just the process steps when you
+start adding the data then you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start adding the data then you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start adding the data then you get to
+what we call a value stream map and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a value stream map and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a value stream map and
+we'll be doing that later on so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be doing that later on so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be doing that later on so right
+now we want look at the process and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want look at the process and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want look at the process and so
+here's our our our exercise we got four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our our our exercise we got four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our our our exercise we got four
+tables we got four um easel charts we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables we got four um easel charts we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables we got four um easel charts we
+got some poits for you and uh Hugh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some poits for you and uh Hugh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some poits for you and uh Hugh is
+going to describe how to use those in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to describe how to use those in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to describe how to use those in a
+minute here and so what you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute here and so what you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute here and so what you want to do
+is to is to write down the process steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to is to write down the process steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to is to write down the process steps
+on the poits and to organize them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the poits and to organize them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the poits and to organize them uh
+it's nice it turns out it's better if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice it turns out it's better if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice it turns out it's better if
+you do these things with potit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do these things with potit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do these things with potit because
+you know you can move them around until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can move them around until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can move them around until
+you arrive at what you just decide your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you arrive at what you just decide your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you arrive at what you just decide your
+process map is so you put those Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process map is so you put those Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process map is so you put those Pro
+poits on the easel chart and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poits on the easel chart and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poits on the easel chart and then you're
+going to draw some lines to to to map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw some lines to to to map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw some lines to to to map
+out this process and what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this process and what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this process and what I want to
+point out is don't get hung up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out is don't get hung up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out is don't get hung up on the
+symbology the symbology is only a means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbology the symbology is only a means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbology the symbology is only a means
+to an end so if you want to use a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an end so if you want to use a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an end so if you want to use a little
+different symbology that's fine don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different symbology that's fine don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different symbology that's fine don't
+you know we gave you some to use but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we gave you some to use but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we gave you some to use but you
+don't have to feel constrained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to feel constrained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to feel constrained by
+that and you want to identify what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you want to identify what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you want to identify what are
+the inputs and the outputs of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs and the outputs of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs and the outputs of the
+process and to do that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and to do that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and to do that you have to
+understand what the boundary of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the boundary of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the boundary of the
+process is what's you know within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is what's you know within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is what's you know within the
+process and what's outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and what's outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and what's outside the
+process and then we're going to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then we're going to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then we're going to ask you
+to uh present your a process map to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh present your a process map to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh present your a process map to the
+rest of the class and explain it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the class and explain it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the class and explain it okay so
+this will take about 15 minutes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will take about 15 minutes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will take about 15 minutes uh
+altogether we'll give about 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether we'll give about 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether we'll give about 10 minutes
+to do the process map if you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the process map if you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the process map if you need a
+little bit more time we'll we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more time we'll we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more time we'll we'll we'll
+figure it out and then in about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out and then in about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out and then in about five
+minutes to report out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+engaged they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged they are
+engaging so just to wrap up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging so just to wrap up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging so just to wrap up this
+introduction to processes processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to processes processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to processes processes
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+underlay everything we do I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlay everything we do I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlay everything we do I mean you
+know there's this phrase if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's this phrase if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's this phrase if I have a
+hammer everything looks like a nail well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer everything looks like a nail well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer everything looks like a nail well
+if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start
+abstracting what you do in life you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracting what you do in life you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracting what you do in life you can
+abstract almost anything to it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract almost anything to it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract almost anything to it's a
+process okay and uh it turns out this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay and uh it turns out this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay and uh it turns out this is
+critically important okay process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically important okay process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically important okay process
+thinking is critically important to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is critically important to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is critically important to uh
+to improvements the fundamentals of lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improvements the fundamentals of lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improvements the fundamentals of lean
+thinking are are the foundations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking are are the foundations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking are are the foundations of
+modern process Improvement and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern process Improvement and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern process Improvement and you'll
+hear this word a lot process Improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear this word a lot process Improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear this word a lot process Improvement
+and so understanding and improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so understanding and improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so understanding and improving
+processes is the key step to this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes is the key step to this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes is the key step to this kind
+of productivity which George was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of productivity which George was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of productivity which George was talking
+about and Al's been talking about okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and Al's been talking about okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and Al's been talking about okay
+and it's not it's what's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not it's what's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not it's what's important to
+realize is it's not that people are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize is it's not that people are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize is it's not that people are not
+capable most people that you hire are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable most people that you hire are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable most people that you hire are
+actually quite capable of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite capable of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite capable of doing
+something maybe not what you have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something maybe not what you have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something maybe not what you have them
+doing but they're quite capable of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but they're quite capable of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but they're quite capable of doing
+something it's that you immerse them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's that you immerse them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's that you immerse them in
+a system as George said which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system as George said which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system as George said which is not
+efficient and that's the process level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and that's the process level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and that's the process level
+okay so lean thinking is not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so lean thinking is not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so lean thinking is not about
+beating up people okay it's about giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating up people okay it's about giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating up people okay it's about giving
+those people an efficient process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people an efficient process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people an efficient process so
+that they can be productive okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can be productive okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can be productive okay now
+with that we're going to now take segue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that we're going to now take segue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that we're going to now take segue
+to these five fundamental principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these five fundamental principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these five fundamental principles of
+lean thinking and these these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean thinking and these these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean thinking and these these were
+articulated in the book by Jim wac and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated in the book by Jim wac and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated in the book by Jim wac and
+Dan Jones the first thing is understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan Jones the first thing is understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan Jones the first thing is understand
+what is value and value is defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is value and value is defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is value and value is defined by
+the customer in terms of specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer in terms of specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer in terms of specific
+products and services for engineers this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and services for engineers this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and services for engineers this
+is very hard to think about value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very hard to think about value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very hard to think about value
+because there are no units that go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are no units that go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are no units that go with
+it you know it's not like speed or mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know it's not like speed or mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know it's not like speed or mass
+or volts or something okay okay there no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or volts or something okay okay there no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or volts or something okay okay there no
+units that go with value yet each of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that go with value yet each of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that go with value yet each of us
+makes value decisions every day you made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes value decisions every day you made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes value decisions every day you made
+a value decision to come take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value decision to come take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value decision to come take this
+course okay however you did that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay however you did that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay however you did that you
+decided this course was going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided this course was going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided this course was going to be
+valuable enough you wanted to come come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable enough you wanted to come come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable enough you wanted to come come
+take it okay you're the customer you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it okay you're the customer you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it okay you're the customer you're
+our customers for this course and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our customers for this course and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our customers for this course and we're
+going to keep asking you are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep asking you are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep asking you are you
+satisfied how can you help us improve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied how can you help us improve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied how can you help us improve it
+so value is defined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so value is defined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so value is defined by the
+customer once we understand what value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer once we understand what value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer once we understand what value
+is then we talk about a value stream and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then we talk about a value stream and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then we talk about a value stream and
+George mentioned value stream mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George mentioned value stream mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George mentioned value stream mapping
+okay and these are the value stream are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and these are the value stream are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and these are the value stream are
+the in toin actions that you've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in toin actions that you've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in toin actions that you've just
+mapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped
+out in processes and functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in processes and functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in processes and functions that
+transform the inputs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the inputs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the inputs to the
+outputs and what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs and what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs and what we want to do is
+identify what in that stream is value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what in that stream is value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what in that stream is value
+added and what's not value added okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added and what's not value added okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added and what's not value added okay so
+you can think of there a bunch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of there a bunch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of there a bunch the
+customer says I want something and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer says I want something and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer says I want something and there
+are a bunch of steps to do that now I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of steps to do that now I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of steps to do that now I'll
+tell you a little quick story here is Bo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little quick story here is Bo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little quick story here is Bo
+when boing commercial airplane started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when boing commercial airplane started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when boing commercial airplane started
+thinking of in terms of these things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of in terms of these things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of in terms of these things I
+was told by a friend there that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was told by a friend there that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was told by a friend there that they
+started with that their output is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with that their output is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with that their output is to
+deliver an airplane to a customer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver an airplane to a customer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver an airplane to a customer and
+they started mapping backwards all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started mapping backwards all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started mapping backwards all the
+activities they did to develop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities they did to develop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities they did to develop that
+airplane back to the front and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane back to the front and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane back to the front and then they
+compared that with what they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared that with what they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared that with what they actually
+did so this is the things they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so this is the things they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so this is the things they need to
+do to deliver that product but what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to deliver that product but what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to deliver that product but what do
+we actually do and they found out about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually do and they found out about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually do and they found out about
+50% of the things they did to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% of the things they did to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% of the things they did to develop
+that airplane added no value in the eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that airplane added no value in the eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that airplane added no value in the eyes
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+customer okay 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer okay 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer okay 50%
+okay okay so once you understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so once you understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so once you understand that
+value stream then you want to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream then you want to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream then you want to try to
+have those everything flow through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those everything flow through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those everything flow through that
+value stream smoothly eliminating all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream smoothly eliminating all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream smoothly eliminating all
+the waste and having everything just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waste and having everything just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waste and having everything just add
+value so you want to make want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so you want to make want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so you want to make want to have
+things going smoothly you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going smoothly you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going smoothly you don't want to
+have things blocked and not flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things blocked and not flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things blocked and not flowing
+smoothly and then when you can get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly and then when you can get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly and then when you can get to
+that point and we're going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point and we're going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point and we're going to go through
+each of these five steps in more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these five steps in more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these five steps in more detail
+then you want to be able to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to be able to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to be able to have the
+customer pull that so you'd like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer pull that so you'd like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer pull that so you'd like to be
+able rather than there's pull and push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able rather than there's pull and push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able rather than there's pull and push
+okay so the push mentality is I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the push mentality is I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the push mentality is I'm going
+to build airplanes or I'm going to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build airplanes or I'm going to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build airplanes or I'm going to build
+spacecraft or I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft or I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft or I'm going to do
+engineering calculations or whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering calculations or whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering calculations or whatever you
+do and you're thinking about just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and you're thinking about just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and you're thinking about just doing
+your work the pull process is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work the pull process is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work the pull process is that
+you're responding to what the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're responding to what the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're responding to what the customer
+demand is so the customer wants the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is so the customer wants the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is so the customer wants the
+airplanes the customer wants your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes the customer wants your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes the customer wants your
+calculations you know the customer wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations you know the customer wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations you know the customer wants
+your Widgets or whatever and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Widgets or whatever and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Widgets or whatever and you're
+trying to you know get that to them just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to you know get that to them just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to you know get that to them just
+as they want it they're they're pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they want it they're they're pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they want it they're they're pulling
+it from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from you
+okay and then once you get to that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then once you get to that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then once you get to that point
+then you just keep keep making it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just keep keep making it better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just keep keep making it better
+as George says do a value stream map and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as George says do a value stream map and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as George says do a value stream map and
+that's current say 18 months later you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's current say 18 months later you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's current say 18 months later you
+can probably do better okay lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably do better okay lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably do better okay lean
+thinking is an endless Journey it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is an endless Journey it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is an endless Journey it's a
+journey of just continuing to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey of just continuing to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey of just continuing to improve
+continuing to improve as Al mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to improve as Al mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to improve as Al mentioned
+this is the sixth version of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sixth version of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sixth version of this course
+we've done okay actually the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done okay actually the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done okay actually the first
+version worked really well we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version worked really well we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version worked really well we got
+fantastic student reviews on the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic student reviews on the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic student reviews on the very
+first version but we've made it a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first version but we've made it a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first version but we've made it a lot
+better okay so those are the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better okay so those are the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better okay so those are the five
+fundamental principles of lean thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental principles of lean thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental principles of lean thinking
+we'll come back to them several times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to them several times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to them several times in
+the course so Okay now what's value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course so Okay now what's value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course so Okay now what's value and
+non-value added and as I said this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-value added and as I said this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-value added and as I said this is
+particularly hard for engineers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly hard for engineers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly hard for engineers because
+we don't it's it's not quantitative try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't it's it's not quantitative try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't it's it's not quantitative try
+to remember this a value add value added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember this a value add value added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember this a value add value added
+activity has three tests one was does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity has three tests one was does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity has three tests one was does it
+actually transform or shape whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually transform or shape whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually transform or shape whatever is
+in the value stream material or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the value stream material or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the value stream material or
+information okay is it actually is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay is it actually is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay is it actually is it
+just moving the material from one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moving the material from one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moving the material from one place
+to other is it taking from one Warehouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other is it taking from one Warehouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other is it taking from one Warehouse
+to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another
+or is it actually reshaping in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it actually reshaping in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it actually reshaping in that
+process if it's just moving it it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process if it's just moving it it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process if it's just moving it it's not
+adding any value if it's reshaping it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding any value if it's reshaping it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding any value if it's reshaping it
+changing it then it's adding value so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing it then it's adding value so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing it then it's adding value so it
+has to actually do something to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to actually do something to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to actually do something to it
+secondly do you do it right the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly do you do it right the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly do you do it right the first
+time this is the quality this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is the quality this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is the quality this is the
+fundamental thing about quality okay do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental thing about quality okay do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental thing about quality okay do
+you do the right or do you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the right or do you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the right or do you have to go
+back and do rework as we heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and do rework as we heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and do rework as we heard about
+sending it back to Norway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending it back to Norway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending it back to Norway and
+finally is what you're doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally is what you're doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally is what you're doing something
+the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer
+wants okay so those are those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants okay so those are those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants okay so those are those are the
+three tests now if it doesn't satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three tests now if it doesn't satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three tests now if it doesn't satisfy
+those tests then it's a nonv value added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tests then it's a nonv value added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tests then it's a nonv value added
+activity and there are two versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and there are two versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and there are two versions of
+this let me put them both up let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let me put them both up let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let me put them both up let's start
+with this one first because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this one first because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this one first because it's a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+easier it's you're doing something to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier it's you're doing something to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier it's you're doing something to it
+but it adds no value in the eyes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it adds no value in the eyes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it adds no value in the eyes of the
+customer and it's just pure waste it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer and it's just pure waste it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer and it's just pure waste it's
+waiting it's it's idle it's seen there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting it's it's idle it's seen there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting it's it's idle it's seen there
+just seen idle nothing's happening to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seen idle nothing's happening to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seen idle nothing's happening to it
+seen there for months and months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen there for months and months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen there for months and months
+nobody's working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's working on
+it or it's going into inventory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or it's going into inventory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or it's going into inventory and
+waiting or it's being reworked or we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting or it's being reworked or we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting or it's being reworked or we got
+27 signatures that are being checked off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 signatures that are being checked off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 signatures that are being checked off
+okay that's pure waste as nothing useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's pure waste as nothing useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's pure waste as nothing useful
+is being done at all but it's consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being done at all but it's consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being done at all but it's consuming
+resources in the middle categories what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources in the middle categories what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources in the middle categories what
+we call necessary waste it's consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call necessary waste it's consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call necessary waste it's consuming
+resources but it can't be eliminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources but it can't be eliminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources but it can't be eliminated
+based on the current technology or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the current technology or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the current technology or
+policy or thinking so um Mark Mark is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy or thinking so um Mark Mark is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy or thinking so um Mark Mark is it
+Mark brought up this question how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark brought up this question how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark brought up this question how do we
+know whether it's worth investing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether it's worth investing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether it's worth investing that
+money to get the number of signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to get the number of signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to get the number of signatures
+from 27 to 4 okay you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 27 to 4 okay you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 27 to 4 okay you're going to have
+to do some kind of of U cost benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some kind of of U cost benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some kind of of U cost benefit
+analysis or something and maybe get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis or something and maybe get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis or something and maybe get a
+team together to fix it okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team together to fix it okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team together to fix it okay if you
+think of that the customer doesn't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that the customer doesn't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that the customer doesn't care
+that you're doing that okay but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're doing that okay but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're doing that okay but that's a
+necessary step to actually deliver the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary step to actually deliver the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary step to actually deliver the
+value to the customer so the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to the customer so the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to the customer so the customer
+doesn't want to pay you to do that study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to pay you to do that study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to pay you to do that study
+to reduce the cost of signatures but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the cost of signatures but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the cost of signatures but
+eventually by doing that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually by doing that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually by doing that you're going to
+be able to reduce the cost of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to reduce the cost of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to reduce the cost of the
+product to the customer okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to the customer okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to the customer okay so we have
+an activity which doesn't add valueing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an activity which doesn't add valueing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an activity which doesn't add valueing
+the eyes of the customer but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eyes of the customer but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eyes of the customer but is
+necessary to complete your job so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to complete your job so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to complete your job so
+example is Project coordination if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is Project coordination if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is Project coordination if you
+all go to a meeting uh Monday morning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all go to a meeting uh Monday morning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all go to a meeting uh Monday morning to
+coordinate working on the project the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate working on the project the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate working on the project the
+customer doesn't care about that meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer doesn't care about that meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer doesn't care about that meeting
+that's not in the contract that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not in the contract that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not in the contract that you'll
+have a meeting on Monday morning please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a meeting on Monday morning please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a meeting on Monday morning please
+deliver me the results of the meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver me the results of the meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver me the results of the meeting
+okay but if you don't go to that meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you don't go to that meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you don't go to that meeting
+and you all work on the wrong things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you all work on the wrong things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you all work on the wrong things
+during the week that would been a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the week that would been a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the week that would been a big
+mistake okay so the coordination meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake okay so the coordination meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake okay so the coordination meeting
+by itself is not something the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself is not something the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself is not something the customer
+wants but it's necessary waste or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants but it's necessary waste or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants but it's necessary waste or maybe
+have to satisfy some regulatory things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to satisfy some regulatory things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to satisfy some regulatory things
+environmental concerns or worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental concerns or worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental concerns or worker
+standards this should actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards this should actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards this should actually be
+company mandate uh can someone make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company mandate uh can someone make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company mandate uh can someone make a
+check that this should be not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this should be not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this should be not the
+customer mandate but company mandate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer mandate but company mandate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer mandate but company mandate
+maybe the company has some policies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the company has some policies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the company has some policies or
+it's legal what you want to do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's legal what you want to do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's legal what you want to do is you
+want to get rid of this stuff right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of this stuff right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of this stuff right away
+it's not doing anything useful you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not doing anything useful you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not doing anything useful you want
+to continually work on minimizing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continually work on minimizing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continually work on minimizing this
+stuff and you want to emphasize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and you want to emphasize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and you want to emphasize this
+stuff s yeah I'd be interested if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff s yeah I'd be interested if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff s yeah I'd be interested if the
+class would tell us whether they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class would tell us whether they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class would tell us whether they think
+inspection is a value added test or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection is a value added test or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection is a value added test or
+not think about that inspection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not think about that inspection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not think about that inspection is
+inspection a value added test or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not well if it Cates a mistake you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not well if it Cates a mistake you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not well if it Cates a mistake you can
+say it was a value added test but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it was a value added test but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it was a value added test but if you
+design process right first maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design process right first maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design process right first maybe you
+don't need to inspect you can get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to inspect you can get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to inspect you can get rid of
+the inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inspection
+good one get is filling out of time pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one get is filling out of time pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one get is filling out of time pay
+American Airlines doesn't care one iota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Airlines doesn't care one iota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Airlines doesn't care one iota
+for you to do that I mean if if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to do that I mean if if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to do that I mean if if they
+bought the airplane for $125 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought the airplane for $125 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought the airplane for $125 million
+that's all they're going to write you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all they're going to write you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all they're going to write you a
+check for that that's it and but we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for that that's it and but we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for that that's it and but we all
+know that we have to in fact if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we have to in fact if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we have to in fact if you're
+going to get paid you have to fill out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get paid you have to fill out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get paid you have to fill out a
+time card okay let's keep going these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time card okay let's keep going these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time card okay let's keep going these
+are good good examples here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good good examples here's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good good examples here's an example
+of of actually this is it there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of actually this is it there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of actually this is it there you go
+George inspection okay mistakes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George inspection okay mistakes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George inspection okay mistakes are
+mistakes are inspection an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes are inspection an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes are inspection an example of
+waste okay Bingo we just covered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste okay Bingo we just covered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste okay Bingo we just covered this
+one okay an inspection by itself doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay an inspection by itself doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay an inspection by itself doesn't
+add value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add value
+okay okay value stream so that's value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay value stream so that's value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay value stream so that's value
+now let's move on to Value Stream So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's move on to Value Stream So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's move on to Value Stream So
+value stream is all the activities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream is all the activities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream is all the activities that
+create the value it starts with the raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the value it starts with the raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the value it starts with the raw
+materials or initial information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials or initial information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials or initial information and
+ends with it going to the customer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends with it going to the customer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends with it going to the customer so
+the value stream or all these activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value stream or all these activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value stream or all these activities
+that you you receive some customer needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you receive some customer needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you receive some customer needs
+or requirements or schedule so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or requirements or schedule so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or requirements or schedule so the
+customer specifies what they want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer specifies what they want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer specifies what they want and
+then you you know do these activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you know do these activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you know do these activities
+which transform that material or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which transform that material or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which transform that material or
+information uh to the customer now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh to the customer now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh to the customer now let
+me just being a group of Engineers let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just being a group of Engineers let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just being a group of Engineers let
+me say that in manufacturing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me say that in manufacturing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me say that in manufacturing you're
+usually transforming material it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually transforming material it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually transforming material it's easy
+to see in engineering you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see in engineering you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see in engineering you're actually
+transforming information you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming information you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming information you're doing
+designs you're doing analysis you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs you're doing analysis you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs you're doing analysis you're
+that type so we work with information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type so we work with information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type so we work with information
+information is very hard to see okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is very hard to see okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is very hard to see okay so
+one of the challenges of applying lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the challenges of applying lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the challenges of applying lean
+thinking to engineering is to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to engineering is to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to engineering is to realize
+that you're transforming information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what that's what says what moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what that's what says what moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what that's what says what moves
+in a value stream in manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a value stream in manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a value stream in manufacturing
+material moves in engineering or travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material moves in engineering or travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material moves in engineering or travel
+requisitions information's moving as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requisitions information's moving as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requisitions information's moving as
+we've mentioned lean thinking is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've mentioned lean thinking is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've mentioned lean thinking is being
+applied a lot to healthcare and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied a lot to healthcare and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied a lot to healthcare and there
+people are moving okay you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are moving okay you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are moving okay you're
+transforming the person so the person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming the person so the person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming the person so the person is
+what's going the value stream and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going the value stream and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going the value stream and
+actually in education that's what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in education that's what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in education that's what it is
+too hopefully we're adding value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hopefully we're adding value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hopefully we're adding value in
+these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three
+days to you okay we're trying to trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days to you okay we're trying to trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days to you okay we're trying to trans
+form you in some positive way uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you in some positive way uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you in some positive way uh and
+that's what we're doing so you're our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're doing so you're our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're doing so you're our
+value stream for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream for
+now okay uh this comes pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay uh this comes pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay uh this comes pretty much
+straight from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight from
+Toyota uh they they identified what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota uh they they identified what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota uh they they identified what the
+different categories you should look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories you should look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories you should look in
+for Waste um and they came up with seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Waste um and they came up with seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Waste um and they came up with seven
+categories so producing more than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories so producing more than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories so producing more than what
+you need um we often do this in Spades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need um we often do this in Spades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need um we often do this in Spades
+and Engineering we crank out lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Engineering we crank out lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Engineering we crank out lots of
+numbers okay whether we need them or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay whether we need them or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay whether we need them or not
+because we can do it right I mean boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can do it right I mean boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can do it right I mean boy
+that's great I mean I I can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great I mean I I can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great I mean I I can give you
+anything you want and so I'll just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want and so I'll just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want and so I'll just do
+that well that's that's not maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well that's that's not maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well that's that's not maybe not
+adding value uh you you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding value uh you you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding value uh you you generate
+information and put it in into inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and put it in into inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and put it in into inventory
+again let me put this in engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let me put this in engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let me put this in engineering
+context since you're Engineers uh you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context since you're Engineers uh you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context since you're Engineers uh you do
+the calculations you do them three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations you do them three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations you do them three
+months ahead of time and save them boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months ahead of time and save them boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months ahead of time and save them boy
+you're you're you're really good well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're you're really good well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're you're really good well
+the trouble with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trouble with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trouble with that
+is 3 months later the world's changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 months later the world's changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 months later the world's changed
+and your calculations may have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your calculations may have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your calculations may have to be
+redone because because they're obsolete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redone because because they're obsolete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redone because because they're obsolete
+there's new information or something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's new information or something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's new information or something so
+they lost value sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lost value sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lost value sitting in
+inventory okay Transportation you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory okay Transportation you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory okay Transportation you're
+just moving things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moving things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moving things
+um uh you know maybe you carry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know maybe you carry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know maybe you carry the
+report across campus and put over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report across campus and put over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report across campus and put over there
+and then later on you carry it back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later on you carry it back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later on you carry it back and
+so on if you get rid of those steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on if you get rid of those steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on if you get rid of those steps
+those are non-v value added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are non-v value added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are non-v value added
+steps uh unnecessary movement is um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps uh unnecessary movement is um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps uh unnecessary movement is um you
+bring everybody together for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring everybody together for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring everybody together for your
+meeting here and you found out really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting here and you found out really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting here and you found out really
+didn't do that you could have done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do that you could have done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do that you could have done it
+virtually it took a lot of time to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually it took a lot of time to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually it took a lot of time to bring
+people together here they had to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people together here they had to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people together here they had to walk
+across campus spend 15 20 minutes doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across campus spend 15 20 minutes doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across campus spend 15 20 minutes doing
+that when you could have done it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you could have done it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you could have done it you
+know in some virtual mode or by telecon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in some virtual mode or by telecon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in some virtual mode or by telecon
+or something like that waiting sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that waiting sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that waiting sort of
+you know you're ready to do the next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're ready to do the next uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're ready to do the next uh
+job and uh but the person you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and uh but the person you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and uh but the person you're you're
+supplier you're a customer for somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier you're a customer for somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier you're a customer for somebody
+they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the
+supplier uh they haven't given you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier uh they haven't given you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier uh they haven't given you the
+information yet so you just wait the ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information yet so you just wait the ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information yet so you just wait the ex
+couple days because uh they haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple days because uh they haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple days because uh they haven't done
+their work and that's wasted time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work and that's wasted time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work and that's wasted time
+defects I think that's pretty clear you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects I think that's pretty clear you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects I think that's pretty clear you
+you you make mistakes and and and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you make mistakes and and and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you make mistakes and and and those
+mistakes propagate in the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes propagate in the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes propagate in the system and
+create other mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create other mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create other mistakes
+overprocess you you calculate 16 digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overprocess you you calculate 16 digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overprocess you you calculate 16 digits
+when you're not sure whether the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're not sure whether the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're not sure whether the first
+one's right or not okay or these view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's right or not okay or these view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's right or not okay or these view
+graphs you know you keep working on The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs you know you keep working on The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs you know you keep working on The
+View graphs to make them better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+View graphs to make them better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+View graphs to make them better and
+better but really it's not adding any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but really it's not adding any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but really it's not adding any
+value okay so that's value stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay so that's value stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay so that's value stream
+quickly flow to get now now you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly flow to get now now you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly flow to get now now you kind of
+identified which value ad you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified which value ad you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified which value ad you want to
+get flow so here we need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get flow so here we need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get flow so here we need to think about
+time because flow is has a connotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because flow is has a connotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because flow is has a connotation
+of something's moving and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something's moving and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something's moving and time
+controlling the process you know making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the process you know making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the process you know making
+sure things are done in sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure things are done in sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure things are done in sequence
+eliminating uh bottlenecks and stoppages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating uh bottlenecks and stoppages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating uh bottlenecks and stoppages
+and eliminating unplanned rework now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eliminating unplanned rework now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eliminating unplanned rework now in
+in engineering there's often a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering there's often a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering there's often a lot of
+iterative Loops which are necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative Loops which are necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative Loops which are necessary
+because you have to start with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to start with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to start with some
+approximation do a calculation do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation do a calculation do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation do a calculation do
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+approximation you know those ones if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation you know those ones if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation you know those ones if you
+think I'm care okay but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm care okay but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm care okay but it's the
+unplanned ones that you do you did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unplanned ones that you do you did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unplanned ones that you do you did the
+calculation but you forgot to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation but you forgot to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation but you forgot to do
+something so you got to go back and redo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so you got to go back and redo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so you got to go back and redo
+it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's
+unplanned okay so in looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unplanned okay so in looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unplanned okay so in looking at
+flow and this is a change in mindset the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and this is a change in mindset the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and this is a change in mindset the
+kind of thing George was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing George was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing George was talking about
+as difficult you want to look at not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as difficult you want to look at not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as difficult you want to look at not
+what you're doing but what's going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing but what's going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing but what's going in
+the value stream okay so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value stream okay so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value stream okay so if you have a
+company has a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company has a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company has a lot of different
+departments and they're only you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments and they're only you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments and they're only you the
+Department's only thinking about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department's only thinking about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department's only thinking about their
+job you're going to have a hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job you're going to have a hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job you're going to have a hard time
+what you have to look is what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to look is what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to look is what's going
+through those department so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those department so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those department so you have to
+kind of as a word would say strap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of as a word would say strap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of as a word would say strap
+yourself onto the activity and think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself onto the activity and think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself onto the activity and think of
+going with it you know and and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with it you know and and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with it you know and and that's
+how to think about flow so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about flow so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about flow so you have to
+go and George mentioned this he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and George mentioned this he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and George mentioned this he said
+locked in north of Grumman and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked in north of Grumman and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked in north of Grumman and the
+supplier in Norway got together they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier in Norway got together they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier in Norway got together they
+went beyond the walls of north of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went beyond the walls of north of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went beyond the walls of north of
+Grumman okay they they had you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grumman okay they they had you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grumman okay they they had you have to
+do that you have to go beyond these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you have to go beyond these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you have to go beyond these
+These Walls you're used to working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These Walls you're used to working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These Walls you're used to working
+within okay time so it's an essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within okay time so it's an essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within okay time so it's an essential
+metric for lean Improvement and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric for lean Improvement and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric for lean Improvement and there
+are different ways to measure time there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different ways to measure time there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different ways to measure time there
+different kinds of time and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of time and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of time and we're going
+to go through these different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through these different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through these different times
+there's weight time processing time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's weight time processing time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's weight time processing time
+cycle time and lead time or customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle time and lead time or customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle time and lead time or customer
+Demand Time and um different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Demand Time and um different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Demand Time and um different
+organizations have different definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations have different definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations have different definitions
+there's not Universal definitions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not Universal definitions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not Universal definitions for
+these things so if you're in a group you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so if you're in a group you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so if you're in a group you
+know agree on your terminology and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know agree on your terminology and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know agree on your terminology and we'll
+see this in a minute so so the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this in a minute so so the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this in a minute so so the important
+thing is you're all using the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is you're all using the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is you're all using the same
+mental concept for the word you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental concept for the word you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental concept for the word you're using
+okay and uh it may not be exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh it may not be exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh it may not be exactly what
+you see here if you go to work in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here if you go to work in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here if you go to work in an
+internship somewhere this summer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internship somewhere this summer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internship somewhere this summer you
+know make sure when they talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know make sure when they talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know make sure when they talk about
+cycle time ask them okay what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle time ask them okay what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle time ask them okay what's your
+definition of cycle time you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of cycle time you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of cycle time you probably
+find out nobody can give it to you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out nobody can give it to you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out nobody can give it to you okay
+but ask them okay so we'll give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ask them okay so we'll give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ask them okay so we'll give you the
+ones wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones wait
+time wait time is a time that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time wait time is a time that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time wait time is a time that there's
+work in process something's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in process something's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in process something's going
+through a job's going through this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a job's going through this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a job's going through this value
+stream that's called work in process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream that's called work in process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream that's called work in process and
+waight time is it's just sitting idle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waight time is it's just sitting idle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waight time is it's just sitting idle
+nothing's happening to that it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's happening to that it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's happening to that it's in a
+queue it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue it's in
+storage uh or some other place and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage uh or some other place and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage uh or some other place and so
+sometimes these are some other names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes these are some other names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes these are some other names
+that are we'll use the word wait time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are we'll use the word wait time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are we'll use the word wait time
+but some other names that other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some other names that other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some other names that other places
+might be used or Q time or delay time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be used or Q time or delay time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be used or Q time or delay time
+okay so if we have a typical process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we have a typical process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we have a typical process
+here it's not unusual to find a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's not unusual to find a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's not unusual to find a lot of
+time things are just waiting to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time things are just waiting to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time things are just waiting to be
+worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked
+on okay then processing time is is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay then processing time is is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay then processing time is is when
+you're actually doing something so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually doing something so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually doing something so it's
+time that activities are being performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that activities are being performed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that activities are being performed
+on that work and process and it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that work and process and it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that work and process and it may
+consist of value added time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist of value added time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist of value added time and
+non-value added time in the color code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-value added time in the color code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-value added time in the color code
+we talked about before so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about before so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about before so that's
+processing time and here are some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing time and here are some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing time and here are some other
+names that people use Touch time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names that people use Touch time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names that people use Touch time
+inprocess time response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inprocess time response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inprocess time response
+time okay and then cycle time now cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay and then cycle time now cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay and then cycle time now cycle
+time is the time it takes to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is the time it takes to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is the time it takes to actually
+execute those activities in a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute those activities in a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute those activities in a process
+from beginning to end and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from beginning to end and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from beginning to end and you have to
+Define what the boundaries of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define what the boundaries of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define what the boundaries of your
+process are so cycle time is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process are so cycle time is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process are so cycle time is the
+boundaries of your process okay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of your process okay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of your process okay so it
+may be a single task you may talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a single task you may talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a single task you may talk about
+what the cycle time of my single task is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cycle time of my single task is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cycle time of my single task is
+or a group of tasks single process or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a group of tasks single process or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a group of tasks single process or a
+group of process so you have to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of process so you have to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of process so you have to talk
+about the cycle time to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cycle time to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cycle time to do
+something and it includes the processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and it includes the processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and it includes the processing
+time and the weit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the weit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the weit
+time here are some other needs so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here are some other needs so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here are some other needs so in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+particular uh diagram in to end time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh diagram in to end time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh diagram in to end time is
+a cycle time we have weight time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle time we have weight time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle time we have weight time
+non-value added processing time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-value added processing time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-value added processing time and
+value added processing time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value added processing time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value added processing time
+your sheet that I gave you your sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sheet that I gave you your sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sheet that I gave you your sheet
+for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your
+exercise has a bunch of times here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise has a bunch of times here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise has a bunch of times here okay
+now caution is these times are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now caution is these times are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now caution is these times are
+calculated differently sometimes it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated differently sometimes it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated differently sometimes it it's
+a CAU sometimes it's a time to cook a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a CAU sometimes it's a time to cook a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a CAU sometimes it's a time to cook a
+hot dog and sometimes it's a time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot dog and sometimes it's a time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot dog and sometimes it's a time to
+cook an to fill an order how many hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook an to fill an order how many hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook an to fill an order how many hot
+dogs are in the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs are in the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs are in the average
+order two okay so you have to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order two okay so you have to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order two okay so you have to convert
+all these times from to the time per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these times from to the time per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these times from to the time per
+order the right hand column is time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the right hand column is time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the right hand column is time to
+complete an order okay and now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete an order okay and now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete an order okay and now I'm going
+to ask you since we're short of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you since we're short of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you since we're short of
+time I want the first thing is is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I want the first thing is is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I want the first thing is is for
+you guys to decide on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to decide on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to decide on a
+process by how you're going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by how you're going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by how you're going to do this
+calculation because otherwise it'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation because otherwise it'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation because otherwise it'll take
+us too long so you got six to seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us too long so you got six to seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us too long so you got six to seven
+people at a table okay so maybe you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at a table okay so maybe you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at a table okay so maybe you can
+allocate some results some some allocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate some results some some allocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate some results some some allocate
+some some activities so here's one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some activities so here's one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some activities so here's one way
+you might have one member who's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have one member who's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have one member who's just
+going to write the answers on the flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write the answers on the flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write the answers on the flip
+chart you might have uh you might take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart you might have uh you might take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart you might have uh you might take
+uh you might divide up the work here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might divide up the work here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might divide up the work here and
+say give one person calculate the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say give one person calculate the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say give one person calculate the the
+the time for order for the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time for order for the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time for order for the first two
+things and for the another person for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and for the another person for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and for the another person for
+the next two things okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next two things okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next two things okay this is
+additive they can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive they can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive they can be done
+independently and then uh and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently and then uh and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently and then uh and then you
+got to add them all up for what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to add them all up for what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to add them all up for what the
+total cycle time is so first thing I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total cycle time is so first thing I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total cycle time is so first thing I'd
+like you to do is just agree on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to do is just agree on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to do is just agree on the
+process you're going to use at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you're going to use at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you're going to use at your
+table to do this calculation then do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table to do this calculation then do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table to do this calculation then do the
+calculation and then give you your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and then give you your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and then give you your
+answers and then we're going to stop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and then we're going to stop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and then we're going to stop and
+go on our uh get ready for our trip do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on our uh get ready for our trip do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on our uh get ready for our trip do
+we have a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a total
+time 340
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you guys have a total time 42 420
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you guys have a total time 42 420
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you guys have a total time 42 420
+okay good hey I first I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good hey I first I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good hey I first I want to
+congratulate you doing that under a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulate you doing that under a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulate you doing that under a time
+constraint um I'm going to hand out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint um I'm going to hand out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint um I'm going to hand out the
+instructors solution which came out 446
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors solution which came out 446
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors solution which came out 446
+so okay uh now let me say the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay uh now let me say the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay uh now let me say the process
+map there's nothing particularly unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map there's nothing particularly unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map there's nothing particularly unique
+about this drawing it could be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this drawing it could be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this drawing it could be done
+somewhat different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different ways
+um we'll we'll get to it in a slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll we'll get to it in a slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll we'll get to it in a slide
+coming up a little bit later so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up a little bit later so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up a little bit later so let's
+not look at that but let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not look at that but let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not look at that but let's look at the
+cycle time calculations which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle time calculations which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle time calculations which is this
+sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet
+here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+so before we before we left went and saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we before we left went and saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we before we left went and saw
+that great New Balance tour we came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great New Balance tour we came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great New Balance tour we came up
+with these cycle time calculations um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these cycle time calculations um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these cycle time calculations um so
+you can see and and the instructors came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see and and the instructors came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see and and the instructors came
+up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with
+446 so let's just kind of look at where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+446 so let's just kind of look at where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+446 so let's just kind of look at where
+some of those variations might be so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those variations might be so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those variations might be so the
+first one on Step One is taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one on Step One is taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one on Step One is taking the
+order 60 seconds spent per customer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order 60 seconds spent per customer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order 60 seconds spent per customer so
+time for order is 60 seconds that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for order is 60 seconds that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for order is 60 seconds that's
+pretty straightforward and then Sasha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward and then Sasha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward and then Sasha
+takes the orders and puts on Andy board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the orders and puts on Andy board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the orders and puts on Andy board
+Andy's board it sits there for 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andy's board it sits there for 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andy's board it sits there for 30
+seconds so that's another 30 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so that's another 30 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so that's another 30 seconds
+then the time spent to produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the time spent to produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the time spent to produce the
+cooked hot dog is 50 seconds and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooked hot dog is 50 seconds and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooked hot dog is 50 seconds and the
+average order is two hot dogs so we came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average order is two hot dogs so we came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average order is two hot dogs so we came
+out with 110
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with 110
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with 110
+seconds then it takes 20 second per dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds then it takes 20 second per dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds then it takes 20 second per dog
+to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the
+um to wrap it and put put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to wrap it and put put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to wrap it and put put in the
+container put the fruit on so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container put the fruit on so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container put the fruit on so that's
+uh 40 seconds but now 10% of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 40 seconds but now 10% of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 40 seconds but now 10% of them are
+rejected and have to go back through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected and have to go back through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected and have to go back through
+that excuse me was back up 110 seconds I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excuse me was back up 110 seconds I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excuse me was back up 110 seconds I
+missed that that's right so step three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed that that's right so step three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed that that's right so step three
+it's 50 seconds to cook a hot dog two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 50 seconds to cook a hot dog two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 50 seconds to cook a hot dog two
+hot dogs 100 seconds but then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot dogs 100 seconds but then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot dogs 100 seconds but then there's
+10% reject so that so we added a 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% reject so that so we added a 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% reject so that so we added a 10%
+penalty on there and the same with step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty on there and the same with step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty on there and the same with step
+four 20 seconds per hot dog two hot dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four 20 seconds per hot dog two hot dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four 20 seconds per hot dog two hot dogs
+per orders 40 seconds 10% penalty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per orders 40 seconds 10% penalty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per orders 40 seconds 10% penalty is
+44 um same and then is we got to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 um same and then is we got to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 um same and then is we got to check
+and see if the order is complete that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if the order is complete that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if the order is complete that's
+10 seconds per hot dog see if it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 seconds per hot dog see if it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 seconds per hot dog see if it has
+fruit on it and so on so that's 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit on it and so on so that's 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit on it and so on so that's 22
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+uh it sits 30 seconds on the counter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it sits 30 seconds on the counter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it sits 30 seconds on the counter but
+10% of them go through that a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% of them go through that a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% of them go through that a second
+time so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that's
+33 uh Sasha does a final check again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 uh Sasha does a final check again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 uh Sasha does a final check again
+she's got to uh check that and 10% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's got to uh check that and 10% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's got to uh check that and 10% of
+reject that's 11 so now we're past the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject that's 11 so now we're past the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject that's 11 so now we're past the
+rejection State on step eight Sasha adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejection State on step eight Sasha adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejection State on step eight Sasha adds
+the beverage uh 10 seconds per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beverage uh 10 seconds per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beverage uh 10 seconds per
+order CH Sasha delivers to the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order CH Sasha delivers to the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order CH Sasha delivers to the customer
+chats it up a bit it's 30 seconds then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chats it up a bit it's 30 seconds then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chats it up a bit it's 30 seconds then
+we got this kind of extra work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got this kind of extra work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got this kind of extra work that
+isn't done in cycle it's not it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't done in cycle it's not it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't done in cycle it's not it's you
+know it's done in parallel as the South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's done in parallel as the South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's done in parallel as the South
+West team said there 10 minutes per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West team said there 10 minutes per hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West team said there 10 minutes per hour
+and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're
+uh I've forgotten how many orders there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've forgotten how many orders there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've forgotten how many orders there
+are per hour right now but anyway it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are per hour right now but anyway it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are per hour right now but anyway it
+works out to 48 seconds per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out to 48 seconds per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out to 48 seconds per
+order so the instructors came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so the instructors came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so the instructors came up with
+446 seconds you could do it maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+446 seconds you could do it maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+446 seconds you could do it maybe a
+little bit differently but certainly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit differently but certainly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit differently but certainly you
+know particularly steps 10 and 11 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know particularly steps 10 and 11 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know particularly steps 10 and 11 you
+might not know how to account for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not know how to account for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not know how to account for those
+but that's that's what we came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's what we came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's what we came up with
+Okay so let's use that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so let's use that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so let's use that as a
+baseline okay so that completes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline okay so that completes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline okay so that completes that
+exercise now the rest of this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise now the rest of this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise now the rest of this lecture
+you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see
+um we heard a lot of it while we're up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we heard a lot of it while we're up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we heard a lot of it while we're up
+in Lawrence at New Balance shoes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Lawrence at New Balance shoes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Lawrence at New Balance shoes but
+let's keep going so we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep going so we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep going so we talked about
+value we heard about value streams boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we heard about value streams boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we heard about value streams boy
+now they is interesting New Balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they is interesting New Balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they is interesting New Balance
+they've organized themselves by value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've organized themselves by value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've organized themselves by value
+streams they don't even talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams they don't even talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams they don't even talk about
+departments or function anymore we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments or function anymore we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments or function anymore we got
+this value stream and that value stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value stream and that value stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value stream and that value stream
+and I've heard that in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've heard that in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've heard that in other
+organizations too that they're organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations too that they're organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations too that they're organized
+by value streams so it's kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by value streams so it's kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by value streams so it's kind of an
+organizational principle I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational principle I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational principle I think you
+told me they have five five values yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me they have five five values yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me they have five five values yeah
+yeah so we're now on Flow um and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we're now on Flow um and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we're now on Flow um and we're
+on these just to back up here a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these just to back up here a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these just to back up here a second
+you know we're looking at cycle time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're looking at cycle time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're looking at cycle time
+process weit time so we're time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process weit time so we're time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process weit time so we're time
+processing weight time cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing weight time cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing weight time cycle
+time uh a lot of organizations will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh a lot of organizations will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh a lot of organizations will will
+map out these called time value charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map out these called time value charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map out these called time value charts
+actually map out for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually map out for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually map out for a
+particular uh value stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh value stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh value stream
+what all these times are and go measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all these times are and go measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all these times are and go measure
+them and now it's it's uh uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and now it's it's uh uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and now it's it's uh uh you know
+people walk around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people walk around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people walk around with
+stopwatches and actually measure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopwatches and actually measure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopwatches and actually measure how
+much time is it taking to do this how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time is it taking to do this how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time is it taking to do this how
+much time is it sitting in inventory how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time is it sitting in inventory how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time is it sitting in inventory how
+much of the time is it waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the time is it waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the time is it waiting for
+somebody to approve and you make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to approve and you make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to approve and you make these
+these time value charts and map it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these time value charts and map it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these time value charts and map it all
+out and it's not unusual to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and it's not unusual to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and it's not unusual to see this
+much kind of read on a time value chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much kind of read on a time value chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much kind of read on a time value chart
+that nothing of any value is being done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nothing of any value is being done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nothing of any value is being done
+to whatever is going through the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever is going through the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever is going through the value
+stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um Al I don't you know I heard some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Al I don't you know I heard some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Al I don't you know I heard some
+things in the early days of Aerospace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the early days of Aerospace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the early days of Aerospace
+that there'd be some component you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there'd be some component you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there'd be some component you know
+going on to an aircraft and it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on to an aircraft and it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on to an aircraft and it would be
+you know like 5% of its time was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like 5% of its time was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like 5% of its time was there
+any value added activity going on to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any value added activity going on to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any value added activity going on to it
+95% of the time it was sitting on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% of the time it was sitting on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% of the time it was sitting on some
+Docker some two biggest waste we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Docker some two biggest waste we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Docker some two biggest waste we always
+talk about were move and Q the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about were move and Q the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about were move and Q the extra
+Transportation time that we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation time that we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation time that we really
+didn't need because the stuff wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need because the stuff wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need because the stuff wasn't
+where it's supposed to be in the Q time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's supposed to be in the Q time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's supposed to be in the Q time
+waiting to for a mechanic to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to for a mechanic to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to for a mechanic to be able to
+start doing something and the mechanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing something and the mechanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing something and the mechanic
+had to make sure he had the tools the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to make sure he had the tools the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to make sure he had the tools the
+instructions the paper the the papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions the paper the the papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions the paper the the papers
+and the part and the tools yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the part and the tools yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the part and the tools yeah so
+that's where you want to start what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you want to start what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you want to start what you
+want to do is get rid of that as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is get rid of that as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is get rid of that as I said
+before we went to New Balance we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we went to New Balance we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we went to New Balance we're not
+talking about making the people work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about making the people work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about making the people work
+twice as fast that's not that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as fast that's not that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as fast that's not that's not
+where the payoff is the people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the payoff is the people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the payoff is the people are
+probably working pretty good already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably working pretty good already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably working pretty good already
+what you want to do is get rid of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do is get rid of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do is get rid of these
+these activities that just are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these activities that just are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these activities that just are not
+contributing to anything okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to anything okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to anything okay and so
+their big cycle Time Savings come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their big cycle Time Savings come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their big cycle Time Savings come from
+reducing the weight time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the weight time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the weight time and the
+non-value added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-value added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-value added
+time okay some tools Kitty now we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay some tools Kitty now we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay some tools Kitty now we didn't
+see this up at at New Balance U because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this up at at New Balance U because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this up at at New Balance U because
+they weren't really doing assembly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't really doing assembly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't really doing assembly this
+comes in more when you're doing assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in more when you're doing assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in more when you're doing assembly
+when you're getting parts from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're getting parts from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're getting parts from different
+locations that have either been bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations that have either been bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations that have either been bought
+from suppliers or uh manufactured before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from suppliers or uh manufactured before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from suppliers or uh manufactured before
+you get to a final assembly uh but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to a final assembly uh but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to a final assembly uh but it's
+typical in assembly that you get a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical in assembly that you get a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical in assembly that you get a bunch
+buch of parts in and you got to put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buch of parts in and you got to put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buch of parts in and you got to put them
+together and one of the lean tools is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and one of the lean tools is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and one of the lean tools is to
+is to Kit those put those all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to Kit those put those all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to Kit those put those all those
+parts needed for one item you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts needed for one item you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts needed for one item you know
+whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it
+is in Aerospace usually call a ship set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in Aerospace usually call a ship set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in Aerospace usually call a ship set
+but could be anything put all those in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but could be anything put all those in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but could be anything put all those in a
+kit and um the kit is a often made out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit and um the kit is a often made out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit and um the kit is a often made out
+of Styrofoam and it has the shapes cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Styrofoam and it has the shapes cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Styrofoam and it has the shapes cut
+out for the parts and the wrenches that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for the parts and the wrenches that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for the parts and the wrenches that
+go with it might be right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with it might be right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with it might be right there
+everything you need to install comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you need to install comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you need to install comes to
+you in one one pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in one one pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in one one pack
+and instructions are right there to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instructions are right there to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instructions are right there to you
+on the top left corner yeah yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top left corner yeah yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top left corner yeah yeah the
+instructions work instructions are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions work instructions are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions work instructions are right
+up here and um so you so the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and um so you so the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and um so you so the person
+doing the final assembly doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the final assembly doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the final assembly doesn't have to
+run all around and collect all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run all around and collect all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run all around and collect all this
+information and get it in one place this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and get it in one place this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and get it in one place this
+is a huge savings and often suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a huge savings and often suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a huge savings and often suppliers
+will deliver things in the kits they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will deliver things in the kits they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will deliver things in the kits they
+come right to the factory in the kits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come right to the factory in the kits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come right to the factory in the kits
+now we didn't see that new balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we didn't see that new balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we didn't see that new balance
+because they really weren't doing final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they really weren't doing final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they really weren't doing final
+assembly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly so
+much mistake proofing uh another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much mistake proofing uh another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much mistake proofing uh another way
+to enable flow is to eliminate mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enable flow is to eliminate mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enable flow is to eliminate mistakes
+uh mistake proofing is just designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mistake proofing is just designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mistake proofing is just designing
+things so it's it's impossible to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so it's it's impossible to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so it's it's impossible to make a
+mistake mistakes happen I can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake mistakes happen I can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake mistakes happen I can tell you
+that from firsthand experience last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from firsthand experience last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from firsthand experience last week
+in my house okay so they get to flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my house okay so they get to flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my house okay so they get to flow
+then next thing you want to get to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then next thing you want to get to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then next thing you want to get to pull
+we heard that up at New Balance customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we heard that up at New Balance customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we heard that up at New Balance customer
+pull okay so no one produces a good or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull okay so no one produces a good or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull okay so no one produces a good or
+service until someone Downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service until someone Downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service until someone Downstream
+requests it actually was a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests it actually was a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests it actually was a great
+question that came up I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that came up I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that came up I don't remember
+who answered it in the final session to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who answered it in the final session to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who answered it in the final session to
+claudo you know if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claudo you know if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claudo you know if you can
+do you ever find out you produce more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you ever find out you produce more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you ever find out you produce more
+than you need and he says yeah and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you need and he says yeah and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you need and he says yeah and we
+stop you know until we need that okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop you know until we need that okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop you know until we need that okay uh
+because that's not being pulled by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not being pulled by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not being pulled by the
+customer so that goes into inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer so that goes into inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer so that goes into inventory
+stuff say in inventory cost you money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff say in inventory cost you money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff say in inventory cost you money
+you have to put it in you have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put it in you have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put it in you have to take
+it out you have to rent the space for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out you have to rent the space for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out you have to rent the space for it
+and oh by the way while seeing inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh by the way while seeing inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh by the way while seeing inventory
+is getting obsolete so you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting obsolete so you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting obsolete so you don't want to
+do that okay so you want to respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that okay so you want to respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that okay so you want to respond to
+pull and so you know the ideal system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull and so you know the ideal system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull and so you know the ideal system is
+almost what we heard there the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost what we heard there the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost what we heard there the customer
+goes into the store and says I'd like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the store and says I'd like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the store and says I'd like a
+pair of these New Balance shoes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of these New Balance shoes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of these New Balance shoes the
+store calls up New Balance New Balances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store calls up New Balance New Balances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store calls up New Balance New Balances
+will make them tomorrow and they send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make them tomorrow and they send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make them tomorrow and they send
+them out I mean that's that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out I mean that's that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out I mean that's that's kind of
+almost the ideal situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the ideal situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the ideal situation
+okay yeah what happens when you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah what happens when you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah what happens when you have an
+unanticipated surge demand I mean okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanticipated surge demand I mean okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanticipated surge demand I mean okay
+with shoes you can produce them the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with shoes you can produce them the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with shoes you can produce them the next
+day but larger systems you can't so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day but larger systems you can't so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day but larger systems you can't so well
+you know you're right uh so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're right uh so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're right uh so you have to
+figure out what is your surge capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what is your surge capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what is your surge capacity
+you know how much how much uh excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much how much uh excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much how much uh excess
+capacity do you have in the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity do you have in the system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity do you have in the system to
+meet that surge you probably have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet that surge you probably have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet that surge you probably have enough
+to meet you know 5% or 10% but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet you know 5% or 10% but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet you know 5% or 10% but if you
+get 50% then you're going to have to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 50% then you're going to have to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 50% then you're going to have to add
+more lines well he Happ on the JDM for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lines well he Happ on the JDM for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lines well he Happ on the JDM for
+example yeah the M you know these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example yeah the M you know these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example yeah the M you know these new
+armored vehicles to replace the Hummers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armored vehicles to replace the Hummers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armored vehicles to replace the Hummers
+I mean there's a huge demand that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's a huge demand that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's a huge demand that the
+numbers keep fluctuating but they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers keep fluctuating but they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers keep fluctuating but they wanted
+like 177,000 of them between the Army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 177,000 of them between the Army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 177,000 of them between the Army
+and the and the Marine tour they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the Marine tour they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the Marine tour they've
+changed those numbers the Marines you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed those numbers the Marines you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed those numbers the Marines you're
+going to cut it down but they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cut it down but they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cut it down but they've got
+like five contractors now trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five contractors now trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five contractors now trying to make
+them and there's that tremendous demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and there's that tremendous demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and there's that tremendous demand
+save lives and all that but their lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save lives and all that but their lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save lives and all that but their lead
+times for forgings lead time for machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times for forgings lead time for machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times for forgings lead time for machine
+parts you know it just takes so long to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts you know it just takes so long to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts you know it just takes so long to
+do it and no matter you know it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and no matter you know it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and no matter you know it's one of
+those things that we wish we had thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that we wish we had thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that we wish we had thought
+about it earlier so that's that's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it earlier so that's that's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it earlier so that's that's part
+of sometimes you can't react to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sometimes you can't react to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sometimes you can't react to the
+demand so but this last B's important uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand so but this last B's important uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand so but this last B's important uh
+is the pull systems are more agile and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pull systems are more agile and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pull systems are more agile and
+responsive because you have to design to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive because you have to design to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive because you have to design to
+be that way so you can't meet all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that way so you can't meet all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that way so you can't meet all
+situations there's going to be a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations there's going to be a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations there's going to be a certain
+amount of tension there but a pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of tension there but a pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of tension there but a pull
+system is better than a push system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is better than a push system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is better than a push system
+where you make as many as you can hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you make as many as you can hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you make as many as you can hope
+somebody's going to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them okay so uh here are some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so uh here are some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so uh here are some things
+that once you get flow to move to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you get flow to move to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you get flow to move to pull
+okay oh anybody hear about Tac time up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh anybody hear about Tac time up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh anybody hear about Tac time up
+there in Lawrence okay okay balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in Lawrence okay okay balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in Lawrence okay okay balanced
+work standard work single piece flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work standard work single piece flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work standard work single piece flow
+conon okay and then we I mean we heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conon okay and then we I mean we heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conon okay and then we I mean we heard
+all those terms up there and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those terms up there and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those terms up there and then what
+we didn't hear too much was just in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't hear too much was just in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't hear too much was just in time
+delivery of all material but in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery of all material but in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery of all material but in a in a
+pull system you want the the suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull system you want the the suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull system you want the the suppliers
+who send you the material to deliver it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who send you the material to deliver it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who send you the material to deliver it
+the day you need it or the hour you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day you need it or the hour you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day you need it or the hour you need
+it or whatever your time period is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or whatever your time period is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or whatever your time period is so
+Toyota's suppliers are right outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota's suppliers are right outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota's suppliers are right outside the
+Toyota plant and Toyota doesn't receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota plant and Toyota doesn't receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota plant and Toyota doesn't receive
+shipments and put them somewhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipments and put them somewhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipments and put them somewhere and
+then move them to the factory to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then move them to the factory to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then move them to the factory to the
+assembly line they just receive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line they just receive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line they just receive the
+shipment they go right to the assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipment they go right to the assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipment they go right to the assembly
+line okay so how do you create well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line okay so how do you create well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line okay so how do you create well
+what's the strategy you you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the strategy you you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the strategy you you want to know
+you want to think of the customer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think of the customer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think of the customer and
+work backwards through the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work backwards through the system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work backwards through the system to
+figure out how long it's going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how long it's going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how long it's going to take
+you to respond to the customer if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to respond to the customer if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to respond to the customer if the
+customer's lead time a certain lead time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer's lead time a certain lead time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer's lead time a certain lead time
+you have with the customer heard it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have with the customer heard it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have with the customer heard it
+could be as short as a day at New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be as short as a day at New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be as short as a day at New
+Balance uh if your cycle time is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balance uh if your cycle time is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balance uh if your cycle time is less
+than the lead time then you can meet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the lead time then you can meet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the lead time then you can meet the
+customer demand if your cycle time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer demand if your cycle time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer demand if your cycle time is
+greater the cycle time it takes you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater the cycle time it takes you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater the cycle time it takes you to
+produ it's greater than lead time then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produ it's greater than lead time then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produ it's greater than lead time then
+you're going to need need some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need need some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need need some kind of
+inventory or buffer to meet customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory or buffer to meet customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory or buffer to meet customer
+demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+okay this is uh I should let Al do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is uh I should let Al do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is uh I should let Al do this
+slide if I do it in Justice tell me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide if I do it in Justice tell me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide if I do it in Justice tell me this
+is Al's slide actually but you know Dell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Al's slide actually but you know Dell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Al's slide actually but you know Dell
+computers is C of the classic example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers is C of the classic example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers is C of the classic example of
+this you know you call them up place an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know you call them up place an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know you call them up place an
+order and when they get the order the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and when they get the order the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and when they get the order the
+suppliers know immediately you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers know immediately you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers know immediately you've
+ordered a and by the way you give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered a and by the way you give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered a and by the way you give them
+the money okay with your credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money okay with your credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money okay with your credit card
+number so they're making the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so they're making the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so they're making the computer
+not a money they borrow from the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a money they borrow from the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a money they borrow from the bank
+but on the money you've given them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the money you've given them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the money you've given them the
+suppliers are online they know right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers are online they know right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers are online they know right
+away they start working on the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away they start working on the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away they start working on the computer
+and and it's shipped in a day okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's shipped in a day okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's shipped in a day okay so
+Dell was a a great pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell was a a great pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell was a a great pull
+system okay this Tac time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay this Tac time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay this Tac time we
+heard what is it Tac time is uh it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard what is it Tac time is uh it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard what is it Tac time is uh it comes
+from the German word for I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the German word for I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the German word for I think it was
+the uh like the Metro yeah and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh like the Metro yeah and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh like the Metro yeah and like
+tachometer you know yeah okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tachometer you know yeah okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tachometer you know yeah okay so it's
+like a drum beat for the process so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a drum beat for the process so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a drum beat for the process so what
+it is is the the time that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is the the time that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is the the time that you have
+available say a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available say a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available say a day
+and the the customer demand for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the customer demand for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the customer demand for your
+shipment and that means you got to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipment and that means you got to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipment and that means you got to make
+one of those every ta time to meet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those every ta time to meet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those every ta time to meet the
+customer demand okay so let's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer demand okay so let's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer demand okay so let's work
+through an example just while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an example just while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an example just while you're
+talking about that uh I mean I'm give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that uh I mean I'm give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that uh I mean I'm give
+you a real example you've heard me refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a real example you've heard me refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a real example you've heard me refer
+to the Apache for the Army and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Apache for the Army and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Apache for the Army and uh uh
+when we had Peak production the we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had Peak production the we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had Peak production the we had
+21 production days in a month if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 production days in a month if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 production days in a month if you
+take 30 days and you take the weekends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 30 days and you take the weekends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 30 days and you take the weekends
+out it's like 21 days in a month and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's like 21 days in a month and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's like 21 days in a month and the
+Army w at 144 a year which is 12 a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Army w at 144 a year which is 12 a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Army w at 144 a year which is 12 a month
+so that says every 21 days we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that says every 21 days we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that says every 21 days we had to
+produce 12 and that says that we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce 12 and that says that we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce 12 and that says that we had to
+produce one every 1.75 days and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce one every 1.75 days and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce one every 1.75 days and that
+Apache line moved every 1.75 days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apache line moved every 1.75 days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apache line moved every 1.75 days and
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay
+so that's a good example and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a good example and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a good example and so here
+it's just another example 235 days a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just another example 235 days a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just another example 235 days a
+year 40 orders the TAC time is 235
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year 40 orders the TAC time is 235
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year 40 orders the TAC time is 235
+divided by 406
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 406
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 406
+days okay so for our uh hot dog stand we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days okay so for our uh hot dog stand we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days okay so for our uh hot dog stand we
+got f for 50 customers what's our Tac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got f for 50 customers what's our Tac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got f for 50 customers what's our Tac
+time well 50 customers in a day so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well 50 customers in a day so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well 50 customers in a day so
+what's the time in the day we got how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the time in the day we got how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the time in the day we got how
+many hours four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hours four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hours four
+hours times how many minutes per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours times how many minutes per hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours times how many minutes per hour
+60 okay so that's uh 240 minutes and 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 okay so that's uh 240 minutes and 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 okay so that's uh 240 minutes and 50
+customers so that works out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4.8 minutes we have to hit a t back time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.8 minutes we have to hit a t back time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.8 minutes we have to hit a t back time
+of 4.8 minutes per hot dog that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4.8 minutes per hot dog that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4.8 minutes per hot dog that's not
+you know if you can't cook a hot dog in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you can't cook a hot dog in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you can't cook a hot dog in
+5 minutes you know you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 minutes you know you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 minutes you know you're not going to
+be in business too long okay but now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in business too long okay but now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in business too long okay but now if
+we go up to 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go up to 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go up to 75
+customers okay then it's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers okay then it's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers okay then it's going to be the
+same for this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for this is for
+50 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 or
+75 it's going to be 240
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 it's going to be 240
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 it's going to be 240
+oops divided by 75 so that means we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops divided by 75 so that means we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops divided by 75 so that means we got
+to get the TAC time down to 3.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minutes okay now now what's our cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes okay now now what's our cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes okay now now what's our cycle
+time our cycle time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time our cycle time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time our cycle time is
+4 46 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 46 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 46 seconds
+so oh okay 7.43 minutes so let's come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh okay 7.43 minutes so let's come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh okay 7.43 minutes so let's come
+back we'll come back to that in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back we'll come back to that in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back we'll come back to that in the next
+module look at that but our cycle time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module look at that but our cycle time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module look at that but our cycle time
+right now is uh longer than our Tac time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is uh longer than our Tac time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is uh longer than our Tac time
+but we have two people working so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have two people working so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have two people working so if we
+work that through we'll find out we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that through we'll find out we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that through we'll find out we can
+meet the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+demand okay one of the ways to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand okay one of the ways to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand okay one of the ways to get a
+pull is to have balanced work we heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull is to have balanced work we heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull is to have balanced work we heard
+that up in Lawrence okay so if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up in Lawrence okay so if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up in Lawrence okay so if we're
+going to have a cycle time of 30 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a cycle time of 30 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a cycle time of 30 days
+but we have to deliver something in six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have to deliver something in six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have to deliver something in six
+days what do we do well we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days what do we do well we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days what do we do well we want to
+have we want to have a sequence of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we want to have a sequence of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we want to have a sequence of six
+day operations and so everything every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day operations and so everything every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day operations and so everything every
+six days moves and once we start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six days moves and once we start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six days moves and once we start the
+system you know then every six days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you know then every six days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you know then every six days
+something comes out and what we do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something comes out and what we do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something comes out and what we do is we
+have balanced everything balanced work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have balanced everything balanced work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have balanced everything balanced work
+everything is taking six days to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is taking six days to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is taking six days to do and
+so we can we can all run to the drum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can we can all run to the drum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can we can all run to the drum
+beat and we heard that up in Lawrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat and we heard that up in Lawrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat and we heard that up in Lawrence
+where they said that uh uh at least on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they said that uh uh at least on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they said that uh uh at least on
+the tour I was on that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tour I was on that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tour I was on that they were
+um uh they had added some work at one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they had added some work at one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they had added some work at one of
+the workstations so they had balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workstations so they had balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workstations so they had balanced
+work across the workstations so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work across the workstations so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work across the workstations so that you
+notice they were all kind of moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice they were all kind of moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice they were all kind of moving
+about the same time okay that's balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same time okay that's balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same time okay that's balanced
+work so you want to balance the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so you want to balance the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so you want to balance the work
+amongst the different operations to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst the different operations to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst the different operations to all
+operate at the tack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate at the tack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate at the tack
+time standard work one way to do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time standard work one way to do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time standard work one way to do that is
+to is to get everything down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is to get everything down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is to get everything down to a
+standard process so that there's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard process so that there's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard process so that there's not a
+variation from operator to operator or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation from operator to operator or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation from operator to operator or
+from Line to Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Line to Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Line to Line
+so that everything's operating at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that everything's operating at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that everything's operating at the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+level okay and that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay and that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay and that gives you
+repeatability and then single piece flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatability and then single piece flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatability and then single piece flow
+this we heard much more about up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we heard much more about up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we heard much more about up there
+than I want to describe here but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I want to describe here but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I want to describe here but the
+idea is you know they they' reorganized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is you know they they' reorganized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is you know they they' reorganized
+themselves from doing a bunch of batch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves from doing a bunch of batch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves from doing a bunch of batch
+processes of making a lot of components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes of making a lot of components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes of making a lot of components
+and then just piling them up to having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just piling them up to having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just piling them up to having
+them all in those u-shaped cells they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all in those u-shaped cells they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all in those u-shaped cells they
+get single piece flow and one of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get single piece flow and one of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get single piece flow and one of the big
+advantages of that is if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of that is if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of that is if there's a
+mistake you find it right away rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake you find it right away rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake you find it right away rather
+than creating a whole batch of parts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than creating a whole batch of parts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than creating a whole batch of parts and
+then finding the next day they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finding the next day they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finding the next day they're all
+wrong and you have to throw them out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and you have to throw them out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and you have to throw them out and
+redo them in single piece flow you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo them in single piece flow you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo them in single piece flow you find
+out in the next operation that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the next operation that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the next operation that there's
+something gone a Miss with that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something gone a Miss with that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something gone a Miss with that with
+that process that production system or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process that production system or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process that production system or
+maybe the machines out of balance or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the machines out of balance or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the machines out of balance or the
+workers not feeling well or whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers not feeling well or whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers not feeling well or whatever you
+find out right away until you avoid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out right away until you avoid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out right away until you avoid the
+scrap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrap and
+rework a question yeah isn't there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rework a question yeah isn't there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rework a question yeah isn't there a
+compromise though going to single piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromise though going to single piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromise though going to single piece
+flow because if if they were making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow because if if they were making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow because if if they were making a
+different color shoe every sing piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color shoe every sing piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color shoe every sing piece
+they have to constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to constantly
+be changing the color of the thread and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changing the color of the thread and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changing the color of the thread and
+the sewing machines and that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sewing machines and that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sewing machines and that sort of
+thing so isn't there a compromise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so isn't there a compromise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so isn't there a compromise in
+terms of the types of retooling you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the types of retooling you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the types of retooling you have
+to do the the lower and lower yeah one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the the lower and lower yeah one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the the lower and lower yeah one
+of the things you want to do is get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things you want to do is get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things you want to do is get the
+the the the the change very quickly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the change very quickly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the change very quickly so
+you know you could change quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could change quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could change quickly
+between the two threads so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two threads so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two threads so if you have
+to use different color threads for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use different color threads for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use different color threads for
+different shoes if you can make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shoes if you can make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shoes if you can make that
+change very quickly then it's okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change very quickly then it's okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change very quickly then it's okay and
+if you can't make it quickly then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't make it quickly then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't make it quickly then you
+can't do that kind of single piece flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that kind of single piece flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that kind of single piece flow
+so this led to this was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this led to this was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this led to this was a big
+breakthrough at Toyota where they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough at Toyota where they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough at Toyota where they did
+what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they
+called single minute exchange of die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called single minute exchange of die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called single minute exchange of die
+wasn't it yeah yeah where they could ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it yeah yeah where they could ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it yeah yeah where they could ex
+they could change out the die shape in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could change out the die shape in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could change out the die shape in
+the stamping machine in one minute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stamping machine in one minute so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stamping machine in one minute so
+they could respond to that type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could respond to that type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could respond to that type of
+change that New Balance there in answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that New Balance there in answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that New Balance there in answer
+to a question he said that it was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a question he said that it was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a question he said that it was it was
+a a big deal multi-hour thing to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a big deal multi-hour thing to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a big deal multi-hour thing to change
+uh the model of shoe but they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the model of shoe but they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the model of shoe but they could
+change out the size of shoe very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change out the size of shoe very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change out the size of shoe very quickly
+yeah just a couple minutes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just a couple minutes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just a couple minutes so
+yeah okay we heard about kbon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay we heard about kbon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay we heard about kbon I
+mean we saw this up there here we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we saw this up there here we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we saw this up there here we got
+a we we have a need for a part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we we have a need for a part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we we have a need for a part that
+Parts in what we call this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts in what we call this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts in what we call this particular
+case a supermarket it's not always this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a supermarket it's not always this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a supermarket it's not always this
+way but Supermarket take the part out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but Supermarket take the part out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but Supermarket take the part out
+and then whoever is supplying those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then whoever is supplying those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then whoever is supplying those
+parts see we have an empty shelf in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts see we have an empty shelf in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts see we have an empty shelf in the
+supermarket will put those parts back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket will put those parts back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket will put those parts back in
+and that's a con Bond system there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a con Bond system there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a con Bond system there are
+other kinds of con Bond systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of con Bond systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of con Bond systems
+uh but they all follow the same basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but they all follow the same basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but they all follow the same basic
+principle that that the the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that that the the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that that the the production
+or supply of a component is done in re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or supply of a component is done in re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or supply of a component is done in re
+response to the demand of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to the demand of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to the demand of the next
+station in the sequence down the line so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station in the sequence down the line so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station in the sequence down the line so
+that you're always pulling things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're always pulling things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're always pulling things
+through now what's the opposite of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through now what's the opposite of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through now what's the opposite of that
+the opposite of that is you would do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite of that is you would do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite of that is you would do a
+forecast you say I'm going to need so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast you say I'm going to need so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast you say I'm going to need so
+many parts in March and so many parts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many parts in March and so many parts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many parts in March and so many parts in
+April and then you order them and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April and then you order them and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April and then you order them and maybe
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+some uh discounts because you order big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh discounts because you order big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh discounts because you order big
+Parts they all show up in April and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts they all show up in April and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts they all show up in April and you
+don't need them okay and so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need them okay and so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need them okay and so that that's
+that's the opposite system and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the opposite system and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the opposite system and that's
+usually not very that's usually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually not very that's usually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually not very that's usually very
+wasteful visual control another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasteful visual control another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasteful visual control another thing
+for pulls make things visible we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pulls make things visible we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pulls make things visible we saw
+that up in uh up in Lawrence with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up in uh up in Lawrence with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up in uh up in Lawrence with the
+you know the goals for the day and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the goals for the day and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the goals for the day and the
+boards and so on uh make things visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards and so on uh make things visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards and so on uh make things visible
+so everybody can understand what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody can understand what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody can understand what the
+situation is and a particular instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is and a particular instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is and a particular instance
+of that is called an andon light which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is called an andon light which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is called an andon light which
+is a a group of lights that indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a group of lights that indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a group of lights that indicate
+whether the process that current process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the process that current process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the process that current process
+that that activity on the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that activity on the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that activity on the production
+line is performing well or is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is performing well or is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is performing well or is getting
+out of whack and we didn't see this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of whack and we didn't see this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of whack and we didn't see this up
+there too much in in New Balance because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there too much in in New Balance because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there too much in in New Balance because
+uh everything was going smoothly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everything was going smoothly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everything was going smoothly but
+there were some lights up there if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some lights up there if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some lights up there if you
+looked and typically what you see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked and typically what you see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked and typically what you see in a
+lean Factory is uh red yellow green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean Factory is uh red yellow green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean Factory is uh red yellow green
+lights and if if everything's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights and if if everything's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights and if if everything's going
+smoothly everything's green and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly everything's green and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly everything's green and you can
+look out you can look across the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out you can look across the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out you can look across the whole
+Factory and see everything's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory and see everything's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory and see everything's going
+through as soon as there's a problem if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through as soon as there's a problem if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through as soon as there's a problem if
+if it's just get to be a little problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's just get to be a little problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's just get to be a little problem
+and not a serious problem you pull the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not a serious problem you pull the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not a serious problem you pull the
+yellow light and somebody comes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow light and somebody comes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow light and somebody comes the
+supervisor comes or the flow coordinator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisor comes or the flow coordinator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisor comes or the flow coordinator
+whoever it was they called it flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever it was they called it flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever it was they called it flow
+coordinator up there will come and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinator up there will come and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinator up there will come and say
+do you need some help what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need some help what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need some help what's happening
+they say yeah my machine's getting out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say yeah my machine's getting out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say yeah my machine's getting out
+of whack or I'm running out of thread or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whack or I'm running out of thread or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whack or I'm running out of thread or
+whatever and then if it really gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and then if it really gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and then if it really gets
+serious it becomes red and when it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious it becomes red and when it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious it becomes red and when it's a
+red light the production line stops and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red light the production line stops and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red light the production line stops and
+when the production line stops and in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the production line stops and in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the production line stops and in in
+Toyota one of the big things came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota one of the big things came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota one of the big things came out
+Toyota was every worker can stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota was every worker can stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota was every worker can stop the
+whole production line and uh somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole production line and uh somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole production line and uh somebody
+comes and helps them figures out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes and helps them figures out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes and helps them figures out what's
+wrong gets it fixed and gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong gets it fixed and gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong gets it fixed and gets the
+production line running and usually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production line running and usually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production line running and usually what
+happens is once you set up this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is once you set up this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is once you set up this kind of
+system you don't have much stoppage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you don't have much stoppage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you don't have much stoppage
+because you respond ahead of time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you respond ahead of time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you respond ahead of time with
+the yellow light or make sure things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow light or make sure things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow light or make sure things are
+working okay okay lastly is to pursue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working okay okay lastly is to pursue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working okay okay lastly is to pursue
+Perfection and uh this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfection and uh this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfection and uh this is just the
+process of continuous Improvement so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of continuous Improvement so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of continuous Improvement so you
+you just want to continually look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to continually look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to continually look for
+Waste reduction uh make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waste reduction uh make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waste reduction uh make sure that
+everybody can see what's going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can see what's going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can see what's going on so
+that they can bring their suggestions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can bring their suggestions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can bring their suggestions
+forward uh to continually improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward uh to continually improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward uh to continually improve the
+system and I think George mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I think George mentioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I think George mentioned the
+five wise or maybe claudo did I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five wise or maybe claudo did I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five wise or maybe claudo did I think it
+was claudo mentioned the five wise five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was claudo mentioned the five wise five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was claudo mentioned the five wise five
+wise is when you ask somebody why isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise is when you ask somebody why isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise is when you ask somebody why isn't
+something working whatever they answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something working whatever they answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something working whatever they answer
+they give you well you say well why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you well you say well why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you well you say well why is
+that and why is that and why is that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and why is that and why is that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and why is that and why is that to
+try to get back to what the root cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get back to what the root cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get back to what the root cause
+is not not the first apparent cause but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not not the first apparent cause but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not not the first apparent cause but
+the root cause and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root cause and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root cause and so this is the
+example that it uh people use a lot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that it uh people use a lot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that it uh people use a lot so
+why is the Jefferson monument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is the Jefferson monument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is the Jefferson monument
+deteriorating it gets washed too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deteriorating it gets washed too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deteriorating it gets washed too much
+see so why does it get washed too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so why does it get washed too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so why does it get washed too much
+well it always has bird droppings on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it always has bird droppings on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it always has bird droppings on it
+so why does it have Birds droppings on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why does it have Birds droppings on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why does it have Birds droppings on
+it because the birds come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because the birds come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because the birds come to the
+monument to feed on the spiders you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monument to feed on the spiders you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monument to feed on the spiders you know
+why do they come feed on the spiders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do they come feed on the spiders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do they come feed on the spiders
+because of spiders are feeding on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of spiders are feeding on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of spiders are feeding on the
+gnats and why are the gats there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnats and why are the gats there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnats and why are the gats there because
+the lights are left on all the time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights are left on all the time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights are left on all the time so
+the reason the Jefferson monuments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason the Jefferson monuments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason the Jefferson monuments
+deteriorating is because the lights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deteriorating is because the lights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deteriorating is because the lights are
+left on all the time okay so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left on all the time okay so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left on all the time okay so this is an
+example of the five Wise It's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the five Wise It's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the five Wise It's called
+root cause analysis just keep if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root cause analysis just keep if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root cause analysis just keep if in
+average if you ask at least five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average if you ask at least five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average if you ask at least five
+questions you'll get to the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you'll get to the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you'll get to the what the
+root cause is why something's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root cause is why something's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root cause is why something's happening
+and that's part of the pursuit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's part of the pursuit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's part of the pursuit of
+perfection okay so these are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfection okay so these are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfection okay so these are some of the
+lean Concepts we introduced so far most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean Concepts we introduced so far most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean Concepts we introduced so far most
+of these we saw up on we didn't see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these we saw up on we didn't see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these we saw up on we didn't see this
+one at at uh Lawrence but they had eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at at uh Lawrence but they had eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at at uh Lawrence but they had eight
+types of waste I didn't see the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of waste I didn't see the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of waste I didn't see the board
+there on our tour that showed the eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on our tour that showed the eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on our tour that showed the eight
+waist but he mentioned there were eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waist but he mentioned there were eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waist but he mentioned there were eight
+was yeah very good a pictorial okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was yeah very good a pictorial okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was yeah very good a pictorial okay so
+they've added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've added
+one the e was very interesting it it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the e was very interesting it it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the e was very interesting it it was
+associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate
+creativity associate creativity employee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity associate creativity employee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity associate creativity employee
+creativity oh too much creativity no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity oh too much creativity no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity oh too much creativity no no
+waste of that okay the waste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste of that okay the waste of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste of that okay the waste of
+associate creativity okay yeah so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate creativity okay yeah so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate creativity okay yeah so that
+was a new one but pretty much the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a new one but pretty much the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a new one but pretty much the rest
+of these uh we saw up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh we saw up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh we saw up
+there okay so I think we'll just wrap up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so I think we'll just wrap up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so I think we'll just wrap up
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GGakcLdPWl4.txt b/GGakcLdPWl4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1ff518a56874def7f1eb0619b67ca719a2d85e61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GGakcLdPWl4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17840 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+what we're going to do in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do in the last
+section is not so much have a lecture as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is not so much have a lecture as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is not so much have a lecture as
+a debate and it's going to be a debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a debate and it's going to be a debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a debate and it's going to be a debate
+between myself and Laura Schultz and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between myself and Laura Schultz and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between myself and Laura Schultz and
+hopefully at the end all of you can join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully at the end all of you can join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully at the end all of you can join
+in for some sort of free-for-all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for some sort of free-for-all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for some sort of free-for-all
+although of course you're welcome to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although of course you're welcome to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although of course you're welcome to ask
+questions at any moment now Lauren I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions at any moment now Lauren I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions at any moment now Lauren I've
+had this debate a few times now it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this debate a few times now it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this debate a few times now it's a
+debate about where do new ideas come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate about where do new ideas come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate about where do new ideas come
+from it's about theories it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it's about theories it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it's about theories it's about
+imagination the last time that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination the last time that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination the last time that we were
+supposed to have the debate was an SR CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have the debate was an SR CD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have the debate was an SR CD
+which is a child development conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a child development conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a child development conference
+but Laura couldn't make it so I ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Laura couldn't make it so I ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Laura couldn't make it so I ended up
+pulling a Monty Python man Russell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling a Monty Python man Russell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling a Monty Python man Russell's
+with himself routine where I was arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with himself routine where I was arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with himself routine where I was arguing
+both my point and Laura's point so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both my point and Laura's point so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both my point and Laura's point so it's
+nice to have a sparring partner again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to have a sparring partner again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to have a sparring partner again
+after that experience I am still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that experience I am still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that experience I am still a
+little intimidated just to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little intimidated just to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little intimidated just to give you a
+sense of the caliber of my opponent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the caliber of my opponent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the caliber of my opponent the
+reason Laura didn't show up to our SRC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason Laura didn't show up to our SRC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason Laura didn't show up to our SRC
+debate was that she was giving a talk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate was that she was giving a talk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate was that she was giving a talk of
+her own in something called Ted I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her own in something called Ted I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her own in something called Ted I don't
+know if you've heard of SRC D but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you've heard of SRC D but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you've heard of SRC D but
+presumably you've heard of Ted okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably you've heard of Ted okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably you've heard of Ted okay so
+what's this debate about what am what am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this debate about what am what am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this debate about what am what am
+I talking about here's a 65 second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talking about here's a 65 second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talking about here's a 65 second
+prologue sort of setting it up and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prologue sort of setting it up and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prologue sort of setting it up and then
+we'll get into it the background to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into it the background to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into it the background to this
+debate is that you know we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate is that you know we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate is that you know we have this
+sort of really nice picture coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of really nice picture coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of really nice picture coming out
+of development and models and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development and models and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development and models and sort of
+Laura and Josh have set up the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laura and Josh have set up the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laura and Josh have set up the perfect
+intro to that which is from development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro to that which is from development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro to that which is from development
+we had this idea of children are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this idea of children are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this idea of children are sort of
+like scientists or hackers or what have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scientists or hackers or what have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scientists or hackers or what have
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+they come up with these theories to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come up with these theories to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come up with these theories to
+explain the world and they do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the world and they do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the world and they do it
+beautifully and that's what they do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully and that's what they do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully and that's what they do in
+development and then we have this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and then we have this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and then we have this idea
+coming out of computational land which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of computational land which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of computational land which
+is well what they do what we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what they do what we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what they do what we mean by
+theories how do we actually capture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories how do we actually capture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories how do we actually capture that
+computationally how do we formalize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally how do we formalize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally how do we formalize that
+well maybe it's something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe it's something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe it's something like
+hierarchical learning over space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical learning over space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical learning over space of
+programs right because programs are this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs right because programs are this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs right because programs are this
+this thing that's kind of like theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that's kind of like theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that's kind of like theories
+and they kind of explain the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they kind of explain the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they kind of explain the world and
+can learn them via Bayesian inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn them via Bayesian inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn them via Bayesian inference
+and programs over programs and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and programs over programs and learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and programs over programs and learning
+over learning and that's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over learning and that's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over learning and that's sort of a
+really nice picture but a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice picture but a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice picture but a lot of people
+George I think was using the phrase or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George I think was using the phrase or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George I think was using the phrase or
+nor was using the phrase give us grief a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor was using the phrase give us grief a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor was using the phrase give us grief a
+lot of people give give grief to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people give give grief to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people give give grief to these
+computational models correctly they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational models correctly they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational models correctly they say
+something like wait a minute these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like wait a minute these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like wait a minute these
+computational models that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational models that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational models that you've
+described like Josh was describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described like Josh was describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described like Josh was describing
+earlier these hierarchical programs over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier these hierarchical programs over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier these hierarchical programs over
+programs what's the theory space on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs what's the theory space on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs what's the theory space on that
+right like what's the space of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like what's the space of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like what's the space of all
+possible programs remind me isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible programs remind me isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible programs remind me isn't that
+infinite and is an infinite really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite and is an infinite really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite and is an infinite really
+really big what are you trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big what are you trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big what are you trying to
+suggest that children are just searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that children are just searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that children are just searching
+through this giant space of programs how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this giant space of programs how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this giant space of programs how
+could they possibly be doing that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they possibly be doing that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they possibly be doing that and
+what we'd like to argue and I'll spell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to argue and I'll spell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to argue and I'll spell
+out is that well we don't search through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that well we don't search through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that well we don't search through
+the space of all programs we don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of all programs we don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of all programs we don't do
+that when we write out our programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we write out our programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we write out our programs
+right we'd somehow figure it out we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'd somehow figure it out we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'd somehow figure it out we're
+writing out these infinite spaces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing out these infinite spaces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing out these infinite spaces and
+yet we search them in our computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we search them in our computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we search them in our computers
+that's what we're trying to suggest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're trying to suggest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're trying to suggest the
+same way that we search them in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that we search them in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that we search them in our
+computers might be something like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers might be something like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers might be something like the
+way the children actually have to search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the children actually have to search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the children actually have to search
+for their theories and it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their theories and it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their theories and it's hard
+grueling work for computers and children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grueling work for computers and children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grueling work for computers and children
+and the algorithms that were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the algorithms that were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the algorithms that were in
+particular interested and there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular interested and there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular interested and there's all
+sorts of learning algorithms of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of learning algorithms of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of learning algorithms of course
+but one of the most influential learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the most influential learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the most influential learning
+algorithms that people have used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that people have used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that people have used for
+learning these programs and hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning these programs and hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning these programs and hierarchical
+programs over programs and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs over programs and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs over programs and things like
+that is just sort of this version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just sort of this version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just sort of this version of
+stochastic search and I've told you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic search and I've told you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic search and I've told you a
+little bit about that those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about that those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about that those of you who
+went to the church tutorial about Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the church tutorial about Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the church tutorial about Markov
+chain Monte coral and all that stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain Monte coral and all that stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain Monte coral and all that stuff but
+the point is something well the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is something well the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is something well the way to
+search large complicated Theory spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search large complicated Theory spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search large complicated Theory spaces
+is through something like stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is through something like stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is through something like stochastic
+search and well if it's something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and well if it's something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and well if it's something like
+stochastic search algorithms for or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic search algorithms for or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic search algorithms for or
+theories maybe children are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories maybe children are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories maybe children are doing
+something like stochastic search right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like stochastic search right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like stochastic search right
+know is what Laura's going to say or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is what Laura's going to say or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is what Laura's going to say or
+she's going to say that can't possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's going to say that can't possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's going to say that can't possibly
+be the whole story and here's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the whole story and here's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the whole story and here's what's
+missing so does everyone sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing so does everyone sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing so does everyone sort of
+understand what the debate is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the debate is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the debate is going to
+be about more or less I'm going to spell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about more or less I'm going to spell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about more or less I'm going to spell
+out of course all of this in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of course all of this in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of course all of this in the next
+few minutes okay so I just had we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes okay so I just had we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes okay so I just had we're
+going to switch back and forth floor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to switch back and forth floor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to switch back and forth floor and
+I the outline of the bait is that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the outline of the bait is that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the outline of the bait is that I'm
+going to give some background for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give some background for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give some background for like
+what good are theories representing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what good are theories representing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what good are theories representing a
+good theory just really sort of covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good theory just really sort of covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good theory just really sort of covered
+that so I'll be zooming through it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'll be zooming through it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'll be zooming through it just
+to give you an example of what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an example of what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an example of what I'm
+talking about because I want to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about because I want to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about because I want to tell you
+what stochastic search in theory space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what stochastic search in theory space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what stochastic search in theory space
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+after I do that Laura's gonna step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I do that Laura's gonna step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I do that Laura's gonna step in
+and she's going to rudely interrupt me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's going to rudely interrupt me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's going to rudely interrupt me
+and say no no no that can't possibly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say no no no that can't possibly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say no no no that can't possibly be
+true here's all the things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true here's all the things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true here's all the things that are
+wrong with that I will then give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with that I will then give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with that I will then give a
+rebuttal and then Laura will end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuttal and then Laura will end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuttal and then Laura will end and
+summarize beyond all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize beyond all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize beyond all these things
+something I didn't write was all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I didn't write was all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I didn't write was all of you
+jump in and say what you think okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in and say what you think okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in and say what you think okay so
+what good is a theory like I said you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what good is a theory like I said you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what good is a theory like I said you're
+sort of um went through this I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um went through this I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um went through this I don't
+think you guys need that much convincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you guys need that much convincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you guys need that much convincing
+at this point but by theory means some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point but by theory means some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point but by theory means some
+sort of structured knowledge that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of structured knowledge that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of structured knowledge that goes
+beyond the data compresses the data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the data compresses the data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the data compresses the data in
+some way and is able to predict new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and is able to predict new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and is able to predict new
+things my running example is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things my running example is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things my running example is going to be
+much simpler than character recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler than character recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler than character recognition
+or anything like that it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that it's going to be
+about magnets and in particular very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about magnets and in particular very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about magnets and in particular very
+simplified theory of magnetism so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified theory of magnetism so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified theory of magnetism so
+suppose we bring a child into the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we bring a child into the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we bring a child into the lab
+and we told look at these blocks they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we told look at these blocks they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we told look at these blocks they
+all look the same play with them see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all look the same play with them see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all look the same play with them see if
+you can figure out what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out what's going on here
+okay and unbeknownst to the child but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and unbeknownst to the child but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and unbeknownst to the child but
+beknownst to you is that these things or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beknownst to you is that these things or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beknownst to you is that these things or
+magnets then I'll just block some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnets then I'll just block some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnets then I'll just block some of
+them are metal some of them are magnets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are metal some of them are magnets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are metal some of them are magnets
+some of them are plastic okay so she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are plastic okay so she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are plastic okay so she's
+gonna start playing with them and she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start playing with them and she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start playing with them and she's
+gonna start noticing something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start noticing something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start noticing something like
+sometimes none of these things do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes none of these things do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes none of these things do
+anything right they just don't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right they just don't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right they just don't they
+don't stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stick
+but sometimes huh they do stick and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes huh they do stick and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes huh they do stick and she
+starts collecting observations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts collecting observations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts collecting observations in
+something like this like how could she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this like how could she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this like how could she
+explain the data well she could explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the data well she could explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the data well she could explain
+the data in this you could just write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data in this you could just write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data in this you could just write it
+down right you could like label these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right you could like label these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right you could like label these
+somehow she could all these 8i and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow she could all these 8i and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow she could all these 8i and she
+could say well a and B attract one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say well a and B attract one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say well a and B attract one
+another B and a attract one another B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another B and a attract one another B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another B and a attract one another B
+and C attract one another and so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C attract one another and so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C attract one another and so okay
+that's her theory that's her explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's her theory that's her explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's her theory that's her explanation
+of the data this is horrible of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data this is horrible of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data this is horrible of course
+right like this is not an explanation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like this is not an explanation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like this is not an explanation in
+any sense of the word it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense of the word it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense of the word it's just the
+table of data but in one sense why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of data but in one sense why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of data but in one sense why is it
+not a theory it's because it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a theory it's because it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a theory it's because it's just
+writing down what you've already seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down what you've already seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down what you've already seen it
+doesn't compress it in any way and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't compress it in any way and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't compress it in any way and it
+can't predict anything new if I now give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't predict anything new if I now give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't predict anything new if I now give
+you a new block X and I tell you listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a new block X and I tell you listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a new block X and I tell you listen
+X attracts B what else can you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X attracts B what else can you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X attracts B what else can you tell me
+about it and she'll say well X attracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and she'll say well X attracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and she'll say well X attracts
+beat yeah that's what my table tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat yeah that's what my table tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat yeah that's what my table tells me
+you can't really predict anything new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really predict anything new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really predict anything new
+from a giant table like that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a giant table like that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a giant table like that you want
+some sort of compression you want some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of compression you want some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of compression you want some
+sort of theory but what else could she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of theory but what else could she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of theory but what else could she
+come up with right there's all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with right there's all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with right there's all sorts of
+things you could come up with but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you could come up with but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you could come up with but you
+could have come up with a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have come up with a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have come up with a very
+simplified theory that goes like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified theory that goes like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified theory that goes like this
+suppose that we imagine that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we imagine that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we imagine that there are
+certain things in the world we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things in the world we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things in the world we're just
+going to call them like magnet and smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call them like magnet and smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call them like magnet and smell
+because I don't want to confuse it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want to confuse it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want to confuse it with
+actual magnets and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual magnets and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual magnets and actually
+Oh medals but she comes up with names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh medals but she comes up with names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh medals but she comes up with names
+she says there are several things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she says there are several things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she says there are several things in the
+world and how do these things interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and how do these things interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and how do these things interact
+with one another well let's say let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one another well let's say let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one another well let's say let's
+just hypothesize some rules and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hypothesize some rules and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hypothesize some rules and we can
+talk about how does she come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how does she come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how does she come up with
+these rules how does he know there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rules how does he know there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rules how does he know there's two
+things in the world let's say for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the world let's say for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the world let's say for some
+reason by dumb luck she hits upon this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason by dumb luck she hits upon this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason by dumb luck she hits upon this
+which is actually a really good theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually a really good theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually a really good theory
+for explaining that which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for explaining that which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for explaining that which is to say
+there are two things in the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two things in the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two things in the world and
+the way they interact is through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they interact is through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they interact is through these
+rules if something is a magnet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules if something is a magnet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules if something is a magnet and
+another thing is a magnet if X is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing is a magnet if X is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing is a magnet if X is a
+magnet and Y is a magnet they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet and Y is a magnet they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet and Y is a magnet they're going
+to interact they're going to stick if X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interact they're going to stick if X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interact they're going to stick if X
+is a magnet in Y is metal they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a magnet in Y is metal they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a magnet in Y is metal they're going
+to stick and interactions or symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick and interactions or symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick and interactions or symmetric
+okay so metals don't stick to metals but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so metals don't stick to metals but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so metals don't stick to metals but
+mendel stick to magnets magnetics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendel stick to magnets magnetics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendel stick to magnets magnetics to
+metals and things directions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and things directions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and things directions of
+symmetric and if you have these rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and if you have these rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and if you have these rules
+you need to pay some overhead obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to pay some overhead obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to pay some overhead obviously
+for remembering the rules but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for remembering the rules but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for remembering the rules but you can
+compress this and you know and by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress this and you know and by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress this and you know and by n
+thing into just the vectors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing into just the vectors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing into just the vectors of
+remembering what are the magnets what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what are the magnets what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what are the magnets what
+are the magnets so you've achieved some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the magnets so you've achieved some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the magnets so you've achieved some
+compression and if I give you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression and if I give you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression and if I give you something
+new and I take a look this is X X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and I take a look this is X X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and I take a look this is X X
+attracts a and you're like wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracts a and you're like wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracts a and you're like wait a minute
+a is a magnet so this is either a magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a magnet so this is either a magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a magnet so this is either a magnet
+or a metal you can probably predict a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a metal you can probably predict a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a metal you can probably predict a
+lot of different things about this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different things about this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different things about this thing
+you can go and design your little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go and design your little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go and design your little
+experiment to figure out if this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to figure out if this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to figure out if this new
+thing is itself a magnet or a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is itself a magnet or a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is itself a magnet or a metal
+great so this is wonderful I won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so this is wonderful I won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so this is wonderful I won't go
+through something like there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through something like there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through something like there's this
+added thing of finding out which one are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added thing of finding out which one are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added thing of finding out which one are
+the actual magnet magnet sandy metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual magnet magnet sandy metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual magnet magnet sandy metals
+and then you can predict the observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can predict the observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can predict the observed
+data okay so now what we've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay so now what we've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay so now what we've done is
+we've set up this sort of space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've set up this sort of space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've set up this sort of space of
+possible theories right imagine like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible theories right imagine like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible theories right imagine like all
+the possible logical theories that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible logical theories that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible logical theories that you
+could have written out of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have written out of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have written out of all the
+possible logical predicate there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible logical predicate there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible logical predicate there's an
+infinite amount of them but now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite amount of them but now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite amount of them but now we've
+turned this into a rational inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned this into a rational inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned this into a rational inference
+problem right the problem for you as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right the problem for you as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right the problem for you as the
+learner is out of the space of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner is out of the space of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner is out of the space of all
+possible theories just just find the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible theories just just find the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible theories just just find the one
+that best explains the observed data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that best explains the observed data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that best explains the observed data
+right whereby best we mean something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whereby best we mean something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whereby best we mean something
+like Bayes law right try to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Bayes law right try to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Bayes law right try to find the
+best theory to predict the data whereby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best theory to predict the data whereby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best theory to predict the data whereby
+we mean the theory that sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean the theory that sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean the theory that sort of the
+shortest and most compressed in itself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest and most compressed in itself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest and most compressed in itself a
+priori you've all seen Bayes rule you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori you've all seen Bayes rule you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori you've all seen Bayes rule you've
+all heard Josh talk about this in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all heard Josh talk about this in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all heard Josh talk about this in other
+people but also explains the data itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but also explains the data itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but also explains the data itself
+the best that's the problem go figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best that's the problem go figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best that's the problem go figure it
+out we formalize it for you we've sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we formalize it for you we've sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we formalize it for you we've sold
+it and of course this doesn't you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and of course this doesn't you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and of course this doesn't you know
+this elides a lot of things that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this elides a lot of things that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this elides a lot of things that doesn't
+really solve anything but we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really solve anything but we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really solve anything but we'll get to
+that in a second so you might wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a second so you might wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a second so you might wonder
+like how do we build a good space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how do we build a good space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how do we build a good space for
+possible theories right and one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible theories right and one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible theories right and one way to
+do that is to say well we how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is to say well we how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is to say well we how do you
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+all possible theories how do you define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible theories how do you define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible theories how do you define
+a space of all possible theories where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space of all possible theories where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space of all possible theories where
+in this case we're just going to go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we're just going to go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we're just going to go with
+grammars but you could imagine something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars but you could imagine something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars but you could imagine something
+like a generator for all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a generator for all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a generator for all possible
+programs right so a grammar to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs right so a grammar to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs right so a grammar to put it
+very very very shortly is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very shortly is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very shortly is something that
+you can run forward and will generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run forward and will generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run forward and will generate a
+sentence so it's a way of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence so it's a way of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence so it's a way of sort of
+looking at a sentence and figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a sentence and figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a sentence and figuring out
+what its underlying rules are let's put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what its underlying rules are let's put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what its underlying rules are let's put
+it this way okay so in a grammar you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way okay so in a grammar you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way okay so in a grammar you
+would start with a sort of a sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start with a sort of a sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start with a sort of a sentence
+node and then you know that the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and then you know that the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and then you know that the sentence
+can go into several other nodes and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go into several other nodes and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go into several other nodes and some
+probability for example it can go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for example it can go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for example it can go a
+sentence node can go into something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence node can go into something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence node can go into something like
+a verb phrase and a noun phrase the noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verb phrase and a noun phrase the noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verb phrase and a noun phrase the noun
+phrase goes into a noun and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase goes into a noun and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase goes into a noun and another
+thing and you sort of generate through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you sort of generate through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you sort of generate through
+this grammar until you end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this grammar until you end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this grammar until you end up with a
+sentence and it can be any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence and it can be any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence and it can be any sort of
+sentence can be the clownfish ascended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence can be the clownfish ascended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence can be the clownfish ascended
+the stairs darkly right and you can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stairs darkly right and you can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stairs darkly right and you can run
+this grammar forward and generate whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this grammar forward and generate whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this grammar forward and generate whole
+new sentences that you've never thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new sentences that you've never thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new sentences that you've never thought
+of it before and you can then also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it before and you can then also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it before and you can then also use
+that grammar to figure out sentences if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grammar to figure out sentences if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grammar to figure out sentences if
+you see the sentence the clownfish under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the sentence the clownfish under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the sentence the clownfish under
+the stairs darkly you can use something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stairs darkly you can use something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stairs darkly you can use something
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a grammar to figure out well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a grammar to figure out well you
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+
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+know how is the sentence constructed
+ 
+
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+know how is the sentence constructed
+this is a grammar for logical predicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a grammar for logical predicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a grammar for logical predicate
+so it just means that if we run it
+
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+so it just means that if we run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it just means that if we run it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract thing like you know it's going
+ 
+
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+abstract thing like you know it's going
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+
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+
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+
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+logical predicate you run it forward and
+ 
+
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+logical predicate you run it forward and
+it ends up not with the sentence like
+
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+it ends up not with the sentence like
+ 
+
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+it ends up not with the sentence like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clownfish bla bla bla it ends up
+ 
+
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+the clownfish bla bla bla it ends up
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+
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+with a particular law that's relating a
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+
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+with a particular law that's relating a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+few particular predicates like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few particular predicates like you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sorry like x and y interact
+ 
+
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+like sorry like x and y interact
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+
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+symmetrically right like there are
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+
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+things in the world there are x and y if
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+
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+things in the world there are x and y if
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+x interacts with y y interacts with x
+ 
+
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+x interacts with y y interacts with x
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a law we went through the grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a law we went through the grammar
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we generate that we could run for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we generate that we could run for the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar again and it'll say something
+ 
+
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+grammar again and it'll say something
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+
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+completely different like of all the
+ 
+
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+completely different like of all the
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+
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+things that i've related there are such
+ 
+
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+things that i've related there are such
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+way
+ 
+
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+way
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you define a grammar like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you define a grammar like that you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+can predict all sorts of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can predict all sorts of different
+theories right I give gave simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories right I give gave simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories right I give gave simplified
+magnetism but you could also capture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism but you could also capture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism but you could also capture a
+kinship with a set of four laws and
+
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+kinship with a set of four laws and
+ 
+
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+kinship with a set of four laws and
+several predicates you could capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several predicates you could capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several predicates you could capture
+taxonomy you could capture Psych get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxonomy you could capture Psych get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxonomy you could capture Psych get
+very very simplified psychology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very simplified psychology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very simplified psychology of
+preference okay so as I said this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference okay so as I said this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference okay so as I said this is
+another view of theory search I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another view of theory search I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another view of theory search I haven't
+yet gotten to the algorithmic level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet gotten to the algorithmic level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet gotten to the algorithmic level of
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+
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+how do you actually search for these
+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but I did want to set up the
+ 
+
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+things but I did want to set up the
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+
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+grammar because it's going to be a
+ 
+
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+grammar because it's going to be a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit important later on the
+ 
+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+start with something you're gender
+ 
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+
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+it forward until you end up with a
+ 
+
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+
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+particular set of logical rules so again
+ 
+
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+
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical inference is to say we have the
+ 
+
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+
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+space of theories it's an infinite space
+ 
+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+right theory is to explain my data where
+ 
+
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+even seen the blocks before I've seen
+ 
+
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+even seen the blocks before I've seen
+anything that I need to explain yet I
+
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+anything that I need to explain yet I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that I need to explain yet I
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+
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+have some sort of space of all possible
+ 
+
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+have some sort of space of all possible
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+
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+theories it can be all the logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories it can be all the logical
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+
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+theories all the possible programs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories all the possible programs in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and I have some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and I have some sort of
+probability distribution over which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution over which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution over which one
+of these are more likely than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are more likely than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are more likely than others
+which comes from the proteome and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes from the proteome and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes from the proteome and the
+prior can be something on simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior can be something on simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior can be something on simplicity
+like shorter programs are more likely or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like shorter programs are more likely or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like shorter programs are more likely or
+the less free parameter is the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less free parameter is the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less free parameter is the better
+something like that right so before I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right so before I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right so before I've
+seen any data I can already score some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen any data I can already score some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen any data I can already score some
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+
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+programs as being unlikely because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs as being unlikely because
+they're too long and too ungainly does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're too long and too ungainly does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're too long and too ungainly does
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense to everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense to everyone
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's just a representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's just a representation of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in 2d space it seemed like over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in 2d space it seemed like over
+here's theory space and the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's theory space and the size of the
+ 
+
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+here's theory space and the size of the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+hills over 2d space is how likely each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hills over 2d space is how likely each
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+point each point in theory space is a
+ 
+
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+point each point in theory space is a
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+
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+theory right where a theory can be as I
+ 
+
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+said a set of logical laws or a program
+
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+said a set of logical laws or a program
+ 
+
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+said a set of logical laws or a program
+or anything and the height of the hill
+
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+or anything and the height of the hill
+ 
+
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+or anything and the height of the hill
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+
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+over that is the amount of probability
+ 
+
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+over that is the amount of probability
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+
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+you should have signed to that theory
+ 
+
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+you should have signed to that theory
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+
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+how much you should believe in it and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you should believe in it and as
+data comes in what happens is you become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data comes in what happens is you become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data comes in what happens is you become
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less certain of certain programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less certain of certain programs
+like suddenly you shift probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like suddenly you shift probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like suddenly you shift probability
+distributions around you say oh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions around you say oh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions around you say oh these
+things that are you know I didn't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are you know I didn't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are you know I didn't think
+we're that likely well the data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're that likely well the data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're that likely well the data is
+really pushing me to accepting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pushing me to accepting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pushing me to accepting these
+theories okay and that's what learning
+
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+theories okay and that's what learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories okay and that's what learning
+is right that's the view of learning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right that's the view of learning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right that's the view of learning you
+just start with particular probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just start with particular probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just start with particular probabilities
+you get some data and then you shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some data and then you shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some data and then you shift
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that around and you get other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that around and you get other
+probabilities and that sort of a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and that sort of a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and that sort of a very
+beautiful picture and the only problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful picture and the only problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful picture and the only problem
+with it is that it is clearly false and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it is that it is clearly false and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it is that it is clearly false and
+the reason it's false is because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it's false is because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it's false is because this is
+an infinite space and there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite space and there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite space and there's no way
+that you could have scored the entire
+
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+that you could have scored the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could have scored the entire
+infinite space there's no way that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite space there's no way that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite space there's no way that what
+children are doing what adults are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are doing what adults are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are doing what adults are doing
+what computers are doing is to instantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what computers are doing is to instantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what computers are doing is to instantly
+shift probability mass over this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift probability mass over this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift probability mass over this entire
+space right new data comes in they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right new data comes in they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right new data comes in they're
+holding in this infinite space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding in this infinite space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding in this infinite space and
+shifting exactly the probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting exactly the probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting exactly the probabilities
+around right this you of learning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right this you of learning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right this you of learning is
+ridiculous because it's it's well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous because it's it's well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous because it's it's well it's
+patently absurd and it's also it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patently absurd and it's also it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patently absurd and it's also it's sort
+of people have taken issue with it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people have taken issue with it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people have taken issue with it even
+though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+was never meant to be the the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was never meant to be the the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was never meant to be the the story of
+learning that is happening in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that is happening in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that is happening in the real
+well how should I put this in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how should I put this in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how should I put this in the real
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+do you guys know the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you guys know the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you guys know the difference between
+the computation love them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation love them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation love them the
+algorithmic level when I say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic level when I say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic level when I say something
+like that who knows about show of hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that who knows about show of hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that who knows about show of hands
+who knows about Mars three levels okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows about Mars three levels okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows about Mars three levels okay
+who doesn't know about Mars three levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who doesn't know about Mars three levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who doesn't know about Mars three levels
+of explanation okay the point is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of explanation okay the point is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of explanation okay the point is to say
+when you try to explain the phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you try to explain the phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you try to explain the phenomenon
+you're going to give it several levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to give it several levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to give it several levels
+of explanation you're going to give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of explanation you're going to give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of explanation you're going to give it
+sort of the functional level what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the functional level what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the functional level what we
+might call the computational level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call the computational level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call the computational level and
+then you're going to actually say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to actually say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to actually say how
+does this actually get implemented in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this actually get implemented in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this actually get implemented in an
+actual machine and there are many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual machine and there are many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual machine and there are many ways
+of implementing things like you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of implementing things like you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of implementing things like you might
+say well look the general problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well look the general problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well look the general problem for
+vision is this or this thing needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision is this or this thing needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision is this or this thing needs to be
+an addition function and there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an addition function and there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an addition function and there's sort of
+things I wanted to do but there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I wanted to do but there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I wanted to do but there are many
+different ways to implement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to implement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to implement that
+function some of them are better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function some of them are better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function some of them are better than
+others that's the algorithmic level how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that's the algorithmic level how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that's the algorithmic level how
+does this actually get implemented in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this actually get implemented in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this actually get implemented in an
+algorithm then you can implement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm then you can implement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm then you can implement the
+algorithm in many different mechanistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in many different mechanistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in many different mechanistic
+ways right you can go and implement it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways right you can go and implement it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways right you can go and implement it
+in neurons or in silicon chips or things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in neurons or in silicon chips or things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in neurons or in silicon chips or things
+like that there are many different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that there are many different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that there are many different ways
+of implementing a particular algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of implementing a particular algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of implementing a particular algorithm
+this view of you know you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this view of you know you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this view of you know you have some
+theories you have some prior over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories you have some prior over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories you have some prior over
+theories you shift the probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories you shift the probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories you shift the probabilities
+around as data comes in that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around as data comes in that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around as data comes in that's an
+explanation on the computational level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation on the computational level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation on the computational level
+that's not an explanation of how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an explanation of how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an explanation of how we
+actually shift them around how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shift them around how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shift them around how we
+actually search for these theories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually search for these theories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually search for these theories and
+really they're sort of the computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really they're sort of the computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really they're sort of the computational
+level is you know sometimes gets grief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is you know sometimes gets grief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is you know sometimes gets grief
+because people say well what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people say well what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people say well what are you
+saying are you saying that Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying are you saying that Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying are you saying that Einstein
+somehow had the theory of relativity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow had the theory of relativity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow had the theory of relativity we
+all had the theory of relativity in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all had the theory of relativity in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all had the theory of relativity in our
+head and his process of discovery was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and his process of discovery was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and his process of discovery was
+just disabled I believe in Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just disabled I believe in Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just disabled I believe in Newton's
+theory and I had some low prior on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and I had some low prior on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and I had some low prior on
+relativity but then the data came in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity but then the data came in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity but then the data came in and
+I shifted my probability to the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shifted my probability to the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shifted my probability to the theory
+of relativity right that sounds not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relativity right that sounds not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relativity right that sounds not the
+way people actually learn that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way people actually learn that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way people actually learn that doesn't
+sound like the way we discover things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound like the way we discover things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound like the way we discover things
+that doesn't sound like the way we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't sound like the way we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't sound like the way we come
+up with new theories that doesn't sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with new theories that doesn't sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with new theories that doesn't sound
+like the way that children learn and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the way that children learn and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the way that children learn and as
+I said that's not exactly what we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said that's not exactly what we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said that's not exactly what we think
+and that's not what happens in computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not what happens in computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not what happens in computers
+either that's not the algorithmic levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either that's not the algorithmic levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either that's not the algorithmic levels
+so what happens in the algorithmic level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens in the algorithmic level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens in the algorithmic level
+is you actually have to search for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you actually have to search for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you actually have to search for your
+theories okay and this is what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories okay and this is what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories okay and this is what happens
+in stochastic search in particular what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stochastic search in particular what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stochastic search in particular what
+happens in stochastic search those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in stochastic search those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in stochastic search those of
+you in tutorial remember this you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in tutorial remember this you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in tutorial remember this you have
+some space of theories okay I'm still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some space of theories okay I'm still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some space of theories okay I'm still
+giving you the space of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the space of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the space of possible
+theories each possible dolt I saw each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories each possible dolt I saw each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories each possible dolt I saw each
+dot in theory space is let's say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot in theory space is let's say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot in theory space is let's say a
+programmer in this case of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer in this case of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer in this case of something
+like a theory in the sense I defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a theory in the sense I defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a theory in the sense I defined
+it's a set of laws logical laws relating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a set of laws logical laws relating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a set of laws logical laws relating
+these predicates together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these predicates together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these predicates together
+okay so Dalton let me use I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Dalton let me use I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Dalton let me use I'm not sure
+you can follow my hand like this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can follow my hand like this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can follow my hand like this right
+gays detection or whatever so theory a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gays detection or whatever so theory a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gays detection or whatever so theory a
+is let's say a theory that has several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's say a theory that has several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's say a theory that has several
+they had has three possible laws it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had has three possible laws it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had has three possible laws it says
+if X is a P P can be anything and y is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if X is a P P can be anything and y is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if X is a P P can be anything and y is a
+P it's the same sort of thing than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P it's the same sort of thing than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P it's the same sort of thing than
+they're going to interact the second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to interact the second law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to interact the second law
+says if X is a Q sorry if X is a P and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if X is a Q sorry if X is a P and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if X is a Q sorry if X is a P and Y
+is a Q they will interact doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Q they will interact doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Q they will interact doesn't matter
+you don't have to figure this theory out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to figure this theory out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to figure this theory out
+right I'm just trying to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm just trying to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm just trying to give you an
+example of what a theory could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what a theory could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what a theory could be
+theoretically and they interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically and they interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically and they interact
+symmetrically that's one built let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically that's one built let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically that's one built let's
+call that Dalton number one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that Dalton number one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that Dalton number one that's
+Theory eight here is built number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory eight here is built number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory eight here is built number two
+theory be okay you as the learner as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory be okay you as the learner as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory be okay you as the learner as the
+stochastic search learner in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic search learner in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic search learner in the
+algorithmic level don't have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic level don't have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic level don't have access to
+the full theory space all you have is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full theory space all you have is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full theory space all you have is a
+that's where you are right now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you are right now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you are right now that's
+all you have of the world okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have of the world okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have of the world okay that's
+how you can try to explain the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can try to explain the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can try to explain the world and
+what you can do is you can try proposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is you can try proposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is you can try proposing
+certain changes to your theory you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain changes to your theory you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain changes to your theory you can
+try taking out a law or putting in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try taking out a law or putting in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try taking out a law or putting in a
+lawyer out a protic it's somehow sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer out a protic it's somehow sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer out a protic it's somehow sort of
+messing with your theory hacking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messing with your theory hacking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messing with your theory hacking with
+your theory somehow coming up with a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your theory somehow coming up with a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your theory somehow coming up with a new
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+let's gives you theory beam that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's gives you theory beam that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's gives you theory beam that's a
+different point in theory space and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point in theory space and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point in theory space and what
+you do then is you compare your two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do then is you compare your two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do then is you compare your two
+theories you say how well does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories you say how well does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories you say how well does this
+predict the data so and so you give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the data so and so you give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the data so and so you give it
+some score you say how well does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some score you say how well does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some score you say how well does this
+theory predict the data so and say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory predict the data so and say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory predict the data so and say you
+give it some score you say how well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it some score you say how well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it some score you say how well how
+likely is the theory a priori how short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely is the theory a priori how short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely is the theory a priori how short
+is it how simple is it okay how short is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it how simple is it okay how short is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it how simple is it okay how short is
+this theory our priori okay so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theory our priori okay so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theory our priori okay so you get
+some score for this theory that's based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some score for this theory that's based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some score for this theory that's based
+on the data in the prior you get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data in the prior you get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data in the prior you get some
+score for this theory based on the delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score for this theory based on the delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score for this theory based on the delay
+in the prior and you basically decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the prior and you basically decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the prior and you basically decide
+which one of these two theories to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of these two theories to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of these two theories to
+accept you could either stay with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept you could either stay with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept you could either stay with the
+year old theory before you proposed any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old theory before you proposed any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old theory before you proposed any
+changes or you could decide that wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes or you could decide that wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes or you could decide that wait a
+minute that theory that I just proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute that theory that I just proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute that theory that I just proposed
+the new one is actually a bit better or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new one is actually a bit better or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new one is actually a bit better or
+even if it's not better it's not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's not better it's not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's not better it's not doing
+that much worse or I'll jump to it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much worse or I'll jump to it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much worse or I'll jump to it okay
+that's the stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the stochastic
+Parden stochastic searcher and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parden stochastic searcher and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parden stochastic searcher and like
+these metropolis Hastings algorithm this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these metropolis Hastings algorithm this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these metropolis Hastings algorithm this
+way of sort of jumping around in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of sort of jumping around in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of sort of jumping around in the
+space is it with the stochastic search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is it with the stochastic search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is it with the stochastic search
+I'm talking about you're here in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about you're here in theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about you're here in theory
+space you have one theory you propose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you have one theory you propose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you have one theory you propose a
+change to that theory and we'll get in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to that theory and we'll get in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to that theory and we'll get in a
+second to how you propose a change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to how you propose a change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to how you propose a change to
+that theory you propose a change you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theory you propose a change you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theory you propose a change you end
+up here you say should I move here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here you say should I move here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here you say should I move here let's
+check is the Siri doing any better if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is the Siri doing any better if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is the Siri doing any better if
+it's doing better move there if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing better move there if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing better move there if it's
+doing worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing worse
+well maybe still move there depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe still move there depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe still move there depending on
+how much worse it's doing and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much worse it's doing and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much worse it's doing and this
+process of sort of jumping around in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of sort of jumping around in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of sort of jumping around in
+theory space probabilistically proposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory space probabilistically proposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory space probabilistically proposing
+theories and accepting them is not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories and accepting them is not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories and accepting them is not that
+far from what MCMC is doing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from what MCMC is doing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from what MCMC is doing or
+optimization through MCMC sorry I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization through MCMC sorry I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization through MCMC sorry I'm
+clicking on this okay and you can notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking on this okay and you can notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking on this okay and you can notice
+that this sort of search is is somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sort of search is is somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sort of search is is somewhat
+different from this is the picture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from this is the picture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from this is the picture that
+Josh was showing before it's somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Josh was showing before it's somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Josh was showing before it's somewhat
+different from gradient descent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from gradient descent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from gradient descent or
+convex optimization the sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex optimization the sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex optimization the sort of thing
+that you might do on neural networks I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might do on neural networks I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might do on neural networks I'm
+not trying to suggest that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to suggest that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to suggest that this is
+exactly what happens in neural networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what happens in neural networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what happens in neural networks
+I mean the more complicated neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the more complicated neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the more complicated neural
+networks stuff the the energy landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks stuff the the energy landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks stuff the the energy landscape
+can can be quite complicated and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can be quite complicated and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can be quite complicated and they
+still need to do stochastic gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need to do stochastic gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need to do stochastic gradient
+descent but it doesn't look as fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent but it doesn't look as fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent but it doesn't look as fully
+connected and as horrible as these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected and as horrible as these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected and as horrible as these sort
+of theories on top look like because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theories on top look like because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theories on top look like because the
+space there is much more I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space there is much more I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space there is much more I don't want to
+say well-defined they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well-defined they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well-defined they're both
+well-defined but it's sort of much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined but it's sort of much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined but it's sort of much
+easier to search through right it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to search through right it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to search through right it's sort
+of easy to get in these neural networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of easy to get in these neural networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of easy to get in these neural networks
+to know where you're going to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where you're going to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where you're going to sort of
+differentiate and quickly get to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate and quickly get to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate and quickly get to your
+target you're not so much doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target you're not so much doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target you're not so much doing this
+sort of hard laborious stochastic search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hard laborious stochastic search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hard laborious stochastic search
+you sort of have this notion of well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of have this notion of well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of have this notion of well
+it's immediately going to be the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's immediately going to be the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's immediately going to be the best
+direction to go in is this okay I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to go in is this okay I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to go in is this okay I'm just
+going to do greatly descend I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do greatly descend I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do greatly descend I'm going to
+roll down hill and then that's in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll down hill and then that's in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll down hill and then that's in some
+sort of good point okay so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of good point okay so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of good point okay so how do we
+actually propose alternative theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually propose alternative theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually propose alternative theories
+well you say look I have some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you say look I have some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you say look I have some sort of
+let's say let's do this okay you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say let's do this okay you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say let's do this okay you have
+some sort of particular rule and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of particular rule and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of particular rule and then
+what you do remember when I said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do remember when I said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do remember when I said you
+have some sort of grammar over theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of grammar over theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of grammar over theories
+right kind of like a grammar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right kind of like a grammar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right kind of like a grammar and
+language for those of you who know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language for those of you who know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language for those of you who know the
+grammar describes a particular tree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar describes a particular tree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar describes a particular tree that
+you walk through to end up with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk through to end up with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk through to end up with your
+theory what you do to propose a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory what you do to propose a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory what you do to propose a change
+to it and this is true for both these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and this is true for both these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and this is true for both these
+logical theories but also for programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical theories but also for programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical theories but also for programs
+you go to any door you go to any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to any door you go to any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to any door you go to any sort of
+node in that tree that generated your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node in that tree that generated your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node in that tree that generated your
+program or generated your theory and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program or generated your theory and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program or generated your theory and you
+change it you sort of resample from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it you sort of resample from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it you sort of resample from it
+or you know cut it and regenerate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know cut it and regenerate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know cut it and regenerate and
+then you can end up with things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can end up with things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can end up with things like
+what that ends up doing is it ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that ends up doing is it ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that ends up doing is it ends up
+for example adding a new rule or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example adding a new rule or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example adding a new rule or for
+example changing a predicate or adding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example changing a predicate or adding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example changing a predicate or adding a
+new rule again or deleting a rule or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rule again or deleting a rule or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rule again or deleting a rule or
+deleting a predicate or changing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting a predicate or changing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting a predicate or changing a
+predicate deleting a predicate by sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate deleting a predicate by sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate deleting a predicate by sort
+of changing predicates the leading rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changing predicates the leading rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changing predicates the leading rules
+adding rules adding prod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding rules adding prod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding rules adding prod
+Kitt's and this could I wasn't following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kitt's and this could I wasn't following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kitt's and this could I wasn't following
+the covering the full space you jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covering the full space you jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covering the full space you jump
+around in theory when okay and this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in theory when okay and this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in theory when okay and this sort
+of dynamic of moving around in Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dynamic of moving around in Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dynamic of moving around in Theory
+land stochastically one step forward two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land stochastically one step forward two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land stochastically one step forward two
+steps back you know you don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps back you know you don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps back you know you don't know the
+target ahead of time when you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target ahead of time when you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target ahead of time when you actually
+propose something you propose something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose something you propose something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose something you propose something
+new different learners might take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new different learners might take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new different learners might take
+different paths to get to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paths to get to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paths to get to the same
+target ultimately starting from an equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target ultimately starting from an equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target ultimately starting from an equal
+state of ignorance you sort of propose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of ignorance you sort of propose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of ignorance you sort of propose
+different theories you end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different theories you end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different theories you end up in
+different ways but usually if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but usually if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but usually if you get
+the right data eventually you end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right data eventually you end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right data eventually you end up in
+the same spot these discrete moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same spot these discrete moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same spot these discrete moments of
+sort of you know laughing about and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know laughing about and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know laughing about and sort
+of saying well this rule that rule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying well this rule that rule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying well this rule that rule that
+doesn't explain that this explains I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't explain that this explains I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't explain that this explains I
+said suddenly you propose something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said suddenly you propose something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said suddenly you propose something that
+sort of clicks into place you say ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of clicks into place you say ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of clicks into place you say ah
+it's not that there's two things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that there's two things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that there's two things in the
+world there's three things in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world there's three things in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world there's three things in the world
+right it's not just metals and magnets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not just metals and magnets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not just metals and magnets
+and that I've sorry metals and plastics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that I've sorry metals and plastics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that I've sorry metals and plastics
+there's actually metals and magnets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually metals and magnets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually metals and magnets and
+plastics ah and suddenly you rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastics ah and suddenly you rearrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastics ah and suddenly you rearrange
+the data and things like that right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and things like that right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and things like that right all
+these things all these dynamics have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things all these dynamics have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things all these dynamics have
+something of the flavor of children's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the flavor of children's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the flavor of children's
+learning and I didn't give you the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and I didn't give you the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and I didn't give you the full
+feel and you can go and read some of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel and you can go and read some of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel and you can go and read some of our
+papers there's also been other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers there's also been other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers there's also been other people
+who've been very interested in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've been very interested in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've been very interested in sort of
+looking at the dynamics of stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the dynamics of stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the dynamics of stochastic
+search how well it predicts what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search how well it predicts what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search how well it predicts what
+children are doing among them I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are doing among them I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are doing among them I'll just
+mention people like Liz Bona wits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention people like Liz Bona wits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention people like Liz Bona wits and
+Stephanie Dennison and also Tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephanie Dennison and also Tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephanie Dennison and also Tom
+Griffiths and finally Alison Gopnik so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Griffiths and finally Alison Gopnik so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Griffiths and finally Alison Gopnik so I
+also have a TED speaker on my side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a TED speaker on my side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a TED speaker on my side and
+not just any TED speaker it's Laura's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just any TED speaker it's Laura's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just any TED speaker it's Laura's
+adviser former advisor so at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adviser former advisor so at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adviser former advisor so at that point
+it's a good point to hand it off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good point to hand it off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good point to hand it off to
+Laura and see what she has to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laura and see what she has to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laura and see what she has to say about
+this but a midpoint summary is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but a midpoint summary is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but a midpoint summary is to say
+theories are useful right I think George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories are useful right I think George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories are useful right I think George
+has already convinced you that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already convinced you that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already convinced you that we want
+theories the problem is that they define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories the problem is that they define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories the problem is that they define
+these rich structured complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rich structured complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rich structured complicated
+landscapes much more rich much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscapes much more rich much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscapes much more rich much more
+complicated than anything that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than anything that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than anything that you might
+find in the neural network lobe yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in the neural network lobe yes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in the neural network lobe yes and
+it's hard to search these rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to search these rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to search these rich
+complicated fully connected landscapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated fully connected landscapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated fully connected landscapes
+like the space of all programs of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the space of all programs of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the space of all programs of the
+space of all possible logic theories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of all possible logic theories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of all possible logic theories and
+the way to search through Edisto castex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to search through Edisto castex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to search through Edisto castex
+Sergio can be horribly slow and wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sergio can be horribly slow and wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sergio can be horribly slow and wrong
+and things like that but the claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that but the claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that but the claim is
+something like what are you going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like what are you going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like what are you going to do
+right I mean we want these rich theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean we want these rich theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean we want these rich theories
+which theories define which landscapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which theories define which landscapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which theories define which landscapes
+and you just have to get away right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just have to get away right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just have to get away right now
+with stochastic search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stochastic search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stochastic search
+our algorithm a solution for these writ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our algorithm a solution for these writ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our algorithm a solution for these writ
+spaces or stochastic search in that rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces or stochastic search in that rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces or stochastic search in that rich
+landscape and well why shouldn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape and well why shouldn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape and well why shouldn't that
+apply to what children are doing so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to what children are doing so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to what children are doing so here
+with a why not am i okay so what I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a why not am i okay so what I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a why not am i okay so what I first
+engaged in this debate with Tomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in this debate with Tomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in this debate with Tomer
+I was stuck on this kind of a thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was stuck on this kind of a thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was stuck on this kind of a thought
+that what's going to happen here is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's going to happen here is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's going to happen here is in
+which following an eloquent exposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which following an eloquent exposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which following an eloquent exposition
+of a formal model attendant experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a formal model attendant experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a formal model attendant experiments
+and quantitative data Laura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quantitative data Laura
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quantitative data Laura
+proceeds to wave her hands around ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeds to wave her hands around ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeds to wave her hands around ah
+someone was asking about intuitions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone was asking about intuitions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone was asking about intuitions and
+I just had this strong compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just had this strong compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just had this strong compelling
+intuition this was completely wrong but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition this was completely wrong but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition this was completely wrong but
+mainly I was puzzled as to why I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly I was puzzled as to why I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly I was puzzled as to why I was
+stuck on this archaic locution what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck on this archaic locution what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck on this archaic locution what was
+I doing with this in which situation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I doing with this in which situation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I doing with this in which situation and
+it occurred to me the reason I was stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it occurred to me the reason I was stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it occurred to me the reason I was stuck
+on this particularly queue ssin is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this particularly queue ssin is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this particularly queue ssin is that
+I was thinking of a particular story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking of a particular story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking of a particular story
+that nicely illustrates exactly what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nicely illustrates exactly what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nicely illustrates exactly what I
+think the problem is with stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the problem is with stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the problem is with stochastic
+search is from our classic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search is from our classic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search is from our classic and
+developmental literature store is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental literature store is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental literature store is of
+course of AML and Winnie the Pooh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of AML and Winnie the Pooh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of AML and Winnie the Pooh and
+this is a particular problem of in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a particular problem of in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a particular problem of in which
+a Christopher Robin and and Pooh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Christopher Robin and and Pooh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Christopher Robin and and Pooh and
+I'll go on an expedition to the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go on an expedition to the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go on an expedition to the North
+Pole and so they're organizing a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole and so they're organizing a search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole and so they're organizing a search
+and like tumors algorithms ah they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like tumors algorithms ah they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like tumors algorithms ah they don't
+actually know where the North Pole is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know where the North Pole is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know where the North Pole is
+and it turns out as rabbit confides if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out as rabbit confides if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out as rabbit confides if
+Christopher Robin confides at a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christopher Robin confides at a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christopher Robin confides at a moment
+to rabbit they also don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rabbit they also don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rabbit they also don't know what the
+North Pole is also like homers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Pole is also like homers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Pole is also like homers
+algorithms but they do know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms but they do know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms but they do know something
+about the terrain and they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the terrain and they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the terrain and they know
+something about search you gather all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about search you gather all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about search you gather all
+the friends and relations and you engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the friends and relations and you engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the friends and relations and you engage
+in an iterative process over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an iterative process over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an iterative process over and over
+over again until you succeed and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again until you succeed and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again until you succeed and you
+find yourself at the North Pole and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find yourself at the North Pole and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find yourself at the North Pole and he
+or is a little bit skeptical about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is a little bit skeptical about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is a little bit skeptical about this
+he says well you can call this it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says well you can call this it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says well you can call this it you
+know Expo whatever or gathering nuts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Expo whatever or gathering nuts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Expo whatever or gathering nuts in
+May it's it's all the same to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May it's it's all the same to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May it's it's all the same to him
+and at the end of the day I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end of the day I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end of the day I actually
+think Christopher Robin and colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Christopher Robin and colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Christopher Robin and colleagues
+here have a certain set of advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have a certain set of advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have a certain set of advantages
+over Tomer and colleagues and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Tomer and colleagues and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Tomer and colleagues and that is
+that it is a hundred-acre wood and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is a hundred-acre wood and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is a hundred-acre wood and so if
+the north poles are really there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the north poles are really there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the north poles are really there and
+they engage in that process and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they engage in that process and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they engage in that process and they
+have all of rabbits friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all of rabbits friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all of rabbits friends and
+relations they probably will find it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations they probably will find it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations they probably will find it but
+it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also
+oh that I'm like tell my colleagues they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that I'm like tell my colleagues they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that I'm like tell my colleagues they
+do know something about what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know something about what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know something about what they're
+searching for and now they're wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for and now they're wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for and now they're wrong
+about this but nonetheless I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this but nonetheless I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this but nonetheless I think that
+acts as an important constraint on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts as an important constraint on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts as an important constraint on the
+search process and actually helps them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search process and actually helps them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search process and actually helps them
+out quite a lot so that's what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out quite a lot so that's what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out quite a lot so that's what I'm going
+to try to talk to you about today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to talk to you about today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to talk to you about today so
+here are the issues with stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the issues with stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the issues with stochastic
+search I think there are two big ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search I think there are two big ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search I think there are two big ones
+Grint everything granted grammar grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grint everything granted grammar grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grint everything granted grammar grant
+para knowledge grant templates grant a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+para knowledge grant templates grant a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+para knowledge grant templates grant a
+bias towards simplicity the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias towards simplicity the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias towards simplicity the problem with
+an infinite search space is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite search space is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite search space is that
+infinite is a very very very big space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite is a very very very big space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite is a very very very big space
+to search it's a very big space to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to search it's a very big space to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to search it's a very big space to
+search and children seem to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and children seem to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and children seem to do
+remarkably well with it so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably well with it so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably well with it so I'm going to
+give you I just give you a toy fictional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you I just give you a toy fictional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you I just give you a toy fictional
+example I'm going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nonfiction example from my child we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonfiction example from my child we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonfiction example from my child we were
+riding on an airplane she was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding on an airplane she was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding on an airplane she was about
+three and a half at the time and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half at the time and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half at the time and she
+knows a lot about airplane she was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows a lot about airplane she was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows a lot about airplane she was a lot
+of physics right prior knowledge about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics right prior knowledge about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics right prior knowledge about
+airplanes and she also knows a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes and she also knows a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes and she also knows a lot about
+phones Richard said a lot of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones Richard said a lot of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones Richard said a lot of experience
+of fun but nothing in her prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun but nothing in her prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun but nothing in her prior
+knowledge predicted the announcement you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge predicted the announcement you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge predicted the announcement you
+have to turn off your cell phone when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to turn off your cell phone when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to turn off your cell phone when
+you fly a plane right so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fly a plane right so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fly a plane right so this was
+surprising and she immediately said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising and she immediately said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising and she immediately said well
+I know the answer I know why you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know the answer I know why you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know the answer I know why you have to
+do that and I don't I know that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and I don't I know that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and I don't I know that she
+doesn't know anything about radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know anything about radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know anything about radio
+transmission or government bureaucracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission or government bureaucracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission or government bureaucracy
+so I said how do you how do you know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I said how do you how do you know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I said how do you how do you know why
+do you think and she said well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think and she said well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think and she said well because
+ah when the plane takes off it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah when the plane takes off it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah when the plane takes off it's too
+noisy to hear you know that example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy to hear you know that example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy to hear you know that example is
+not especially clever or especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not especially clever or especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not especially clever or especially
+adorable but what is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adorable but what is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adorable but what is really really
+interesting about that answer is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about that answer is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about that answer is that
+although it is wrong it's even wrong as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it is wrong it's even wrong as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it is wrong it's even wrong as
+to the causal direction it is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the causal direction it is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the causal direction it is a good
+wrong answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong answer
+compared to all of the other things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to all of the other things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to all of the other things that
+are consistent with their prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are consistent with their prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are consistent with their prior
+knowledge and the grammar of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and the grammar of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and the grammar of her
+intuitive theories that she didn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive theories that she didn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive theories that she didn't say
+she didn't say because airplanes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she didn't say because airplanes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she didn't say because airplanes are
+made of metal ends her offence because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of metal ends her offence because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of metal ends her offence because
+airplanes fly over the earth and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes fly over the earth and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes fly over the earth and the
+earth has phones because their plans are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth has phones because their plans are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth has phones because their plans are
+big and firms are small because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and firms are small because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and firms are small because the
+airplanes her by her grandfather lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes her by her grandfather lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes her by her grandfather lives
+in Ohio in his letter to believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ohio in his letter to believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ohio in his letter to believe that
+everything is made in Ohio because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is made in Ohio because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is made in Ohio because
+airplanes and phones are both made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes and phones are both made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes and phones are both made in
+Ohio Infinite is a very big space there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohio Infinite is a very big space there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohio Infinite is a very big space there
+are a lot of things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of things that you
+could say consistent with prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say consistent with prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say consistent with prior
+knowledge and where you're making random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and where you're making random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and where you're making random
+changes and your intuitive theories that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and your intuitive theories that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and your intuitive theories that
+are not even wrong they're not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not even wrong they're not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not even wrong they're not even
+wrong and so the real question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and so the real question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and so the real question is how
+did she convert at a good wrong answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did she convert at a good wrong answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did she convert at a good wrong answer
+and an answer that although it is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an answer that although it is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an answer that although it is wrong
+makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense
+it isn't just I think a toy problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't just I think a toy problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't just I think a toy problem but
+here here is here is here is from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here is here is here is from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here is here is here is from their
+innumerable logical constitutive causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innumerable logical constitutive causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innumerable logical constitutive causal
+and relational hypotheses consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relational hypotheses consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relational hypotheses consistent
+with the grammar intuitive theories how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the grammar intuitive theories how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the grammar intuitive theories how
+do we so rapidly literally between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we so rapidly literally between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we so rapidly literally between the
+announcement and the next thing I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement and the next thing I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement and the next thing I never
+must converge on ones that if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must converge on ones that if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must converge on ones that if they were
+true might explain the data they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true might explain the data they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true might explain the data they might
+not be true but if they were they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be true but if they were they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be true but if they were they could
+work they could solve problems and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work they could solve problems and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work they could solve problems and that
+I think is the really really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is the really really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is the really really hard
+mystery and again it's not it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery and again it's not it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery and again it's not it's not just
+a toy problem modeling even relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a toy problem modeling even relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a toy problem modeling even relatively
+simple well understood problems takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple well understood problems takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple well understood problems takes
+time I would often come across Joshua's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I would often come across Joshua's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I would often come across Joshua's
+students wandering in the hallways I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students wandering in the hallways I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students wandering in the hallways I
+said what are you doing I go I'm waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what are you doing I go I'm waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what are you doing I go I'm waiting
+for my my model to run like waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my my model to run like waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my my model to run like waiting for
+mother computers are really fast fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother computers are really fast fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother computers are really fast fast
+information plastic what is it doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information plastic what is it doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information plastic what is it doing
+well it turns out it's generating a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out it's generating a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out it's generating a lot
+of answers that aren't even wrong that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of answers that aren't even wrong that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of answers that aren't even wrong that's
+what it's doing right it's spending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's doing right it's spending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's doing right it's spending a
+lot of time sitting around sifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time sitting around sifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time sitting around sifting
+through things that that aren't even our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through things that that aren't even our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through things that that aren't even our
+right iterations I've spent searching in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right iterations I've spent searching in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right iterations I've spent searching in
+hopeless places and this is true of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopeless places and this is true of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopeless places and this is true of some
+of the best and the brightest this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the best and the brightest this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the best and the brightest this was
+like a fantastic nips paper a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a fantastic nips paper a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a fantastic nips paper a major
+advance is it's a probabilistic graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance is it's a probabilistic graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance is it's a probabilistic graphics
+program and it's solving the really deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and it's solving the really deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and it's solving the really deep
+theory problem of CAPTCHAs so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory problem of CAPTCHAs so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory problem of CAPTCHAs so it's
+trying to figure out in this case but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out in this case but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out in this case but it
+doesn't just do in fairness but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't just do in fairness but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't just do in fairness but let me
+return to that but let me show you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to that but let me show you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to that but let me show you what
+does do there's a rectangle over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does do there's a rectangle over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does do there's a rectangle over there
+it wants to to be able to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wants to to be able to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wants to to be able to figure out
+what is in that space and it wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is in that space and it wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is in that space and it wants to
+model it it wants to find a rectangle on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it it wants to find a rectangle on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it it wants to find a rectangle on
+the lower left-hand corner of a scene so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower left-hand corner of a scene so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower left-hand corner of a scene so
+what does it do it generates pixels all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it do it generates pixels all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it do it generates pixels all
+over the map until it finds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the map until it finds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the map until it finds the
+rectangle and I saw this in in Pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle and I saw this in in Pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle and I saw this in in Pilot
+innocent why is it looking all it can at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent why is it looking all it can at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent why is it looking all it can at
+least can find it search to the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least can find it search to the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least can find it search to the lower
+left-hand corner but of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand corner but of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand corner but of course the
+algorithm doesn't know from lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm doesn't know from lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm doesn't know from lower
+left-hand corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand corner
+it's a powerful algorithm if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a powerful algorithm if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a powerful algorithm if you wanted
+to solve a catchy you could do others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve a catchy you could do others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve a catchy you could do others
+you look at it it's all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it it's all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it it's all over the place
+no this is a virtue anyway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is a virtue anyway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is a virtue anyway the
+convergence that's just great right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence that's just great right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence that's just great right but
+why doesn't it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why doesn't it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why doesn't it do
+why doesn't it search the lower left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why doesn't it search the lower left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why doesn't it search the lower left
+ankle well the answer is it doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ankle well the answer is it doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ankle well the answer is it doesn't know
+from lower left em cords and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lower left em cords and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lower left em cords and it's a
+feature not a bug that it doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature not a bug that it doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature not a bug that it doesn't know
+from this because that means it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this because that means it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this because that means it doesn't
+just solve CAPTCHAs which you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solve CAPTCHAs which you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solve CAPTCHAs which you could have
+an edge detection it can find you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge detection it can find you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge detection it can find you know
+objects in the road and it can do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in the road and it can do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in the road and it can do all
+kinds of other things I'm sure Josh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of other things I'm sure Josh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of other things I'm sure Josh and
+Vikas would be happy to talk to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vikas would be happy to talk to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vikas would be happy to talk to about
+it's a pretty general thing it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty general thing it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty general thing it's not
+constrained and that's a feature but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained and that's a feature but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained and that's a feature but the
+interesting thing about humans including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing about humans including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing about humans including
+human children is they are both flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human children is they are both flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human children is they are both flexible
+and constraints they can both solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and constraints they can both solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and constraints they can both solve a
+whole bunch of problems and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of problems and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of problems and it can
+converge on them very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge on them very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge on them very quickly
+right where's here it trades off so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where's here it trades off so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where's here it trades off so one
+problem with stochastic search I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with stochastic search I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with stochastic search I think
+is and and again that is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and and again that is a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and and again that is a simple
+problem that does a square and a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that does a square and a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that does a square and a bunch
+of pixels the kind of learning we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pixels the kind of learning we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pixels the kind of learning we're
+talking about when we're trying to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about when we're trying to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about when we're trying to talk
+about theory generation or real-world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about theory generation or real-world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about theory generation or real-world
+learning is a really really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is a really really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is a really really really
+really big space so one problem is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big space so one problem is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big space so one problem is just
+how are you going to get at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you going to get at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you going to get at least two
+answers that if they were true might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers that if they were true might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers that if they were true might
+work but if one problem is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but if one problem is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but if one problem is that the
+theory space is really big the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory space is really big the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory space is really big the other
+problems that human learners are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that human learners are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that human learners are not
+that dumb we have a lot of knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dumb we have a lot of knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dumb we have a lot of knowledge and
+we have a lot of knowledge that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lot of knowledge that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lot of knowledge that these
+algorithms are not making use of and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are not making use of and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are not making use of and the
+question is why not and is there any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why not and is there any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why not and is there any way
+that we could develop models that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could develop models that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could develop models that did
+make use of it in particular we know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of it in particular we know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of it in particular we know a
+lot about our problems our problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about our problems our problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about our problems our problems are
+actually our friends we know about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually our friends we know about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually our friends we know about our
+problems and our goals and we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and our goals and we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and our goals and we know about
+our problems well before we can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problems well before we can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problems well before we can solve
+those problems an abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems an abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems an abstract
+representation of what the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of what the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of what the solution
+might look like what it ought to do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like what it ought to do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like what it ought to do what
+the criteria is trying to satisfy our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criteria is trying to satisfy our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criteria is trying to satisfy our
+could help constrain and guide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could help constrain and guide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could help constrain and guide the
+search it matters about adèle not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search it matters about adèle not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search it matters about adèle not just
+that she had prior knowledge about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she had prior knowledge about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she had prior knowledge about
+airplanes and about phones but that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes and about phones but that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes and about phones but that she
+had pronounces the problems she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had pronounces the problems she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had pronounces the problems she was
+solving was an unpredicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving was an unpredicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving was an unpredicted
+incompatibility between airplanes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompatibility between airplanes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompatibility between airplanes and
+phones you have to turn one off when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones you have to turn one off when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones you have to turn one off when the
+other is going on that's information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is going on that's information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is going on that's information
+that's not in her general back or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not in her general back or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not in her general back or not
+it's about the particular problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the particular problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the particular problem that
+she has and the question is how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has and the question is how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has and the question is how could
+you use that to make good proposals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use that to make good proposals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use that to make good proposals and
+make better proposals so the proposal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make better proposals so the proposal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make better proposals so the proposal I
+have is that when you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that when you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that when you know something
+about what you're looking for then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you're looking for then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you're looking for then
+I can help you find it and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can help you find it and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can help you find it and this is the
+kind of knowledge that Christopher Robin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of knowledge that Christopher Robin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of knowledge that Christopher Robin
+and colleagues had that tamarin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colleagues had that tamarin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colleagues had that tamarin
+colleagues did not they at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues did not they at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues did not they at least
+eventually decided that what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually decided that what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually decided that what they were
+looking for was of course a pole they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for was of course a pole they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for was of course a pole they
+know what poles are therefore when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what poles are therefore when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what poles are therefore when they
+find a pole they can be quite confident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a pole they can be quite confident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a pole they can be quite confident
+that here they are and this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here they are and this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here they are and this is a good
+candidate solution to their problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate solution to their problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate solution to their problem that
+solution is wrong but at least it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is wrong but at least it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is wrong but at least it's
+wrong okay so the argument here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong okay so the argument here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong okay so the argument here which
+I'm going to try to get slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to get slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to get slightly more
+precise is that the form of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise is that the form of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise is that the form of the problem
+as an input to the algorithm should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an input to the algorithm should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an input to the algorithm should
+increase the probability that proposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the probability that proposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the probability that proposes
+useful ideas and you can consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful ideas and you can consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful ideas and you can consider this
+even in the simplest form and the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the simplest form and the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the simplest form and the kind
+of information that is contained in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information that is contained in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information that is contained in our
+question words I think it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question words I think it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question words I think it's an
+interesting feature about human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting feature about human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting feature about human
+cognition that we have a very very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition that we have a very very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition that we have a very very small
+handful of question words which we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of question words which we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of question words which we use
+to query the entire universe right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to query the entire universe right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to query the entire universe right and
+you know what this question would do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what this question would do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what this question would do a
+lot of work for us when I tell you I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work for us when I tell you I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work for us when I tell you I'm
+asking a question about who you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking a question about who you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking a question about who you might
+propose that we ought to be looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose that we ought to be looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose that we ought to be looking for
+some kind of answer that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of answer that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of answer that's something
+like a social network and a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a social network and a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a social network and a social
+network might be more likely as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network might be more likely as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network might be more likely as an
+answer than a 2d map whereas if I ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer than a 2d map whereas if I ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer than a 2d map whereas if I ask
+you a question about where well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a question about where well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a question about where well you
+really do want to consider 2d maps if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do want to consider 2d maps if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do want to consider 2d maps if
+I'm asking when you're talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking when you're talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking when you're talking about a
+timeline answer if I ask you a why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline answer if I ask you a why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline answer if I ask you a why
+question maybe it's a causal network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question maybe it's a causal network and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question maybe it's a causal network and
+if I'm asking about how question maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm asking about how question maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm asking about how question maybe
+it's a circuit diagram right something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a circuit diagram right something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a circuit diagram right something
+about you know anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know anything about the
+content at this point I could be asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content at this point I could be asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content at this point I could be asking
+you anything but I ask you who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anything but I ask you who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anything but I ask you who was
+Christopher Columbus and you answer 1492
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christopher Columbus and you answer 1492
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christopher Columbus and you answer 1492
+that's the kind of thing that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of thing that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of thing that our
+algorithms are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are doing
+that's not even wrong right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not even wrong right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not even wrong right it's
+consistent with your parent and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with your parent and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with your parent and it's the
+kind of thing Watson does right as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing Watson does right as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing Watson does right as good
+a second solutions but it's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second solutions but it's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second solutions but it's not what
+children do it's not what children do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children do it's not what children do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children do it's not what children do I
+think that the issue is that we this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the issue is that we this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the issue is that we this is
+actually a friendly amendment right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a friendly amendment right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a friendly amendment right
+because in what we have shown time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in what we have shown time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in what we have shown time and
+again by we I mean not me oh but ah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again by we I mean not me oh but ah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again by we I mean not me oh but ah but
+but computational modeling folks is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but computational modeling folks is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but computational modeling folks is that
+we can use lots of information out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use lots of information out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use lots of information out there
+for hypothesis evaluation right once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hypothesis evaluation right once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hypothesis evaluation right once we
+have a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a theory
+we have the data we can select and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the data we can select and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the data we can select and use
+this information to say well does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information to say well does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information to say well does it
+enter the problem or not right does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the problem or not right does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the problem or not right does it
+improve does it make better predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve does it make better predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve does it make better predictions
+so we use this kind of information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we use this kind of information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we use this kind of information that
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+I even even informally we can say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I even even informally we can say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I even even informally we can say that
+we can use that to select among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use that to select among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use that to select among
+hypotheses we can use information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses we can use information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses we can use information about
+the structural form of problem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structural form of problem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structural form of problem to
+represent them the question is can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent them the question is can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent them the question is can we
+use the same kind of information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same kind of information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same kind of information to
+constrain the search space now it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain the search space now it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain the search space now it's easy
+for me to say I don't have to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to say I don't have to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to say I don't have to do that
+right but it's the kind of a proposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's the kind of a proposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's the kind of a proposal
+that I think is missing because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think is missing because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think is missing because we have
+rich constraints that go far far far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich constraints that go far far far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich constraints that go far far far
+beyond our question words the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond our question words the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond our question words the kinds of
+problems we have in the criteria for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we have in the criteria for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we have in the criteria for
+solving them derived from all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving them derived from all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving them derived from all kinds of
+sources we've tried to solve different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources we've tried to solve different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources we've tried to solve different
+kinds of problems navigation in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems navigation in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems navigation in some
+cases explanation in other cases but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases explanation in other cases but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases explanation in other cases but
+they're not just and some of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just and some of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just and some of those are
+epistemic ends I want to persuade you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemic ends I want to persuade you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemic ends I want to persuade you of
+something I want to instruct you oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I want to instruct you oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I want to instruct you oh and
+something I wanted to deceive you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I wanted to deceive you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I wanted to deceive you in
+some ways but we also have all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways but we also have all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways but we also have all kinds of
+non epistemic goals I want to impress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non epistemic goals I want to impress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non epistemic goals I want to impress
+you I want to soothe you I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I want to soothe you I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I want to soothe you I want to
+entertain you each of these console's is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertain you each of these console's is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertain you each of these console's is
+actually a constraint on what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a constraint on what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a constraint on what is going
+to count as the solution our goals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count as the solution our goals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count as the solution our goals are
+innumerable but there are only a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innumerable but there are only a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innumerable but there are only a small
+handful of ways you can solve any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of ways you can solve any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of ways you can solve any given
+the goal so when you're dealing with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal so when you're dealing with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal so when you're dealing with an
+infinite search space having a goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite search space having a goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite search space having a goal
+having a problem actually could act as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a problem actually could act as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a problem actually could act as a
+constraint on how you search for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on how you search for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on how you search for the
+solution and it is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and it is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and it is an interesting
+feature of human cognition that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of human cognition that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of human cognition that our
+Google goals can be Noble or venial they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google goals can be Noble or venial they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google goals can be Noble or venial they
+can be impressive or trivial and it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be impressive or trivial and it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be impressive or trivial and it may
+not matter with respect to the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not matter with respect to the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not matter with respect to the solution
+we have we have analytical object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we have analytical object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we have analytical object
+because the medieval monks wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the medieval monks wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the medieval monks wanted to
+find incontrovertible proof for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find incontrovertible proof for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find incontrovertible proof for the
+existence of God we don't hold on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of God we don't hold on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of God we don't hold on to
+their goal but we hold on to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their goal but we hold on to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their goal but we hold on to their
+solution we are here in the east coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we are here in the east coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we are here in the east coast
+of Massachusetts because of a search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Massachusetts because of a search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Massachusetts because of a search for
+the West Indies right so our goals act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the West Indies right so our goals act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the West Indies right so our goals act
+as constraints for on the solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as constraints for on the solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as constraints for on the solution and
+on the search process and the importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the search process and the importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the search process and the importance
+of our goals may be that they do exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our goals may be that they do exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our goals may be that they do exactly
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that they help leverage some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they help leverage some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they help leverage some
+some new research in a way that at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new research in a way that at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new research in a way that at least
+helps us make progress so the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us make progress so the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us make progress so the argument
+here is instead of sixth elasticsearch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is instead of sixth elasticsearch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is instead of sixth elasticsearch
+that we have I don't call goal-oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have I don't call goal-oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have I don't call goal-oriented
+a call goal constrained no Kol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a call goal constrained no Kol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a call goal constrained no Kol
+constrained hypothesis generation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained hypothesis generation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained hypothesis generation and
+the idea here is that at least we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is that at least we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is that at least we know
+something about where we didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about where we didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about where we didn't want to
+go now this is not a total argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now this is not a total argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now this is not a total argument
+against this classic search it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this classic search it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this classic search it's just a
+way of getting a stochastic search into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of getting a stochastic search into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of getting a stochastic search into
+a much smaller search space right once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much smaller search space right once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much smaller search space right once
+you know what things count then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what things count then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what things count then you can
+do everything Tomer says you do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything Tomer says you do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything Tomer says you do I
+actually agree with him but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually agree with him but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually agree with him but you don't
+want to do it over all postures you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it over all postures you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it over all postures you know
+a lot more than that right you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more than that right you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more than that right you know what
+kinds of things are gonna count you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things are gonna count you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things are gonna count you
+should do it over that space not a virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do it over that space not a virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do it over that space not a virus
+should look in the left-hand corner then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look in the left-hand corner then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look in the left-hand corner then
+you can iterate all the pixels you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can iterate all the pixels you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can iterate all the pixels you want
+but if the things in the left-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the things in the left-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the things in the left-hand
+corner that's where you want to ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner that's where you want to ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner that's where you want to ought to
+be looking I'm going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking I'm going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking I'm going to give you a
+corollary to this which is if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary to this which is if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary to this which is if you don't
+have any idea what the search space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any idea what the search space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any idea what the search space is
+you are going to resort to extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to resort to extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to resort to extremely
+inefficient extremely frustrating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient extremely frustrating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient extremely frustrating a
+search and actually the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and actually the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and actually the kinds of
+conditions under which I think human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions under which I think human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions under which I think human
+beings quit so I will give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings quit so I will give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings quit so I will give you an
+example from my personal experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from my personal experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from my personal experiences
+Jessica Summerville knows because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jessica Summerville knows because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jessica Summerville knows because we
+were trying to get my child's booster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to get my child's booster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to get my child's booster
+seat because children any burster seats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat because children any burster seats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat because children any burster seats
+until their 14v attached from my plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until their 14v attached from my plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until their 14v attached from my plane
+flight couldn't do it right one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight couldn't do it right one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight couldn't do it right one thing
+goes down two things go up it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down two things go up it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down two things go up it's a
+spatial problem we spent 10 minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial problem we spent 10 minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial problem we spent 10 minutes to
+phd's really thing out and just had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phd's really thing out and just had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phd's really thing out and just had it
+right in the bottom of the booster seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the bottom of the booster seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the bottom of the booster seat
+without the top if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the top if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the top if I have a
+thousand-piece puzzle and I have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand-piece puzzle and I have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand-piece puzzle and I have to find
+a puzzle piece people who are good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a puzzle piece people who are good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a puzzle piece people who are good at
+puzzles know before they find that piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles know before they find that piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles know before they find that piece
+something about what its gonna look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about what its gonna look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about what its gonna look like
+like okay well the edge has to be angled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay well the edge has to be angled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay well the edge has to be angled
+like this it has to have a concavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it has to have a concavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it has to have a concavity
+here and it convexity there and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it convexity there and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it convexity there and that's
+what I'm looking for me as soon as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm looking for me as soon as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm looking for me as soon as I
+look away from the piece I have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look away from the piece I have no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look away from the piece I have no idea
+what I'm looking for that is Who I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm looking for that is Who I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm looking for that is Who I am
+what tumor would do I do a stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what tumor would do I do a stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what tumor would do I do a stochastic
+search over all the present with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search over all the present with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search over all the present with a
+thousand pieces and many permutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand pieces and many permutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand pieces and many permutations
+that is not a good way to solve a puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not a good way to solve a puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not a good way to solve a puzzle
+as a result I never do puzzles right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result I never do puzzles right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result I never do puzzles right I
+would you know as entertainment I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know as entertainment I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know as entertainment I just
+don't understand but if you do know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand but if you do know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand but if you do know it's
+very satisfying right you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very satisfying right you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very satisfying right you know what
+you're looking for and now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for and now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for and now you can
+contain your search space much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain your search space much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain your search space much more
+effectively to those kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively to those kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively to those kinds of things
+indeed when I say we are smarter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed when I say we are smarter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed when I say we are smarter than
+that human beings know we have medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that human beings know we have medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that human beings know we have medical
+native principles around these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native principles around these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native principles around these kinds of
+things right this knowledge is in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right this knowledge is in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right this knowledge is in human
+minds what it might mean for us to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds what it might mean for us to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds what it might mean for us to think
+that a problem is tractable what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a problem is tractable what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a problem is tractable what does
+that word mean but sometimes it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word mean but sometimes it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word mean but sometimes it means
+where the financial resources of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the financial resources of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the financial resources of the
+technology to carry off but often it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to carry off but often it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to carry off but often it
+means we have a well-posed problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we have a well-posed problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we have a well-posed problem we
+don't know the answer but we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the answer but we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the answer but we know what
+the answer needs to do we know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer needs to do we know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer needs to do we know what the
+answer needs to look like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer needs to look like we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer needs to look like we have
+criteria for what would count at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria for what would count at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria for what would count at least
+we have a precise enough representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a precise enough representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a precise enough representation
+of the problem to effectively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem to effectively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem to effectively and
+efficiently guide the search and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently guide the search and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently guide the search and I think
+that's the kind of thing we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of thing we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of thing we would
+ideally like our models and algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally like our models and algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally like our models and algorithms
+to have at that point we may have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have at that point we may have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have at that point we may have to
+bounce around a lot but we're bouncing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce around a lot but we're bouncing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce around a lot but we're bouncing
+in a pretty well-defined space so to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a pretty well-defined space so to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a pretty well-defined space so to the
+degree that this is true it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree that this is true it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree that this is true it actually
+explains a lot of otherwise peculiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains a lot of otherwise peculiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains a lot of otherwise peculiar
+features of human cognition for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of human cognition for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of human cognition for instance
+we had this weird sense that we're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this weird sense that we're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this weird sense that we're on
+the right track right well what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right track right well what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right track right well what does it
+mean to be on the right track it surely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to be on the right track it surely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to be on the right track it surely
+doesn't mean you're better explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean you're better explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean you're better explaining
+the data right you may be nowhere close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data right you may be nowhere close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data right you may be nowhere close
+to having an answer that makes better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to having an answer that makes better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to having an answer that makes better
+predictions or gets it right very like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions or gets it right very like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions or gets it right very like
+oh that's a really good idea you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's a really good idea you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's a really good idea you know
+you get excited you know like I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get excited you know like I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get excited you know like I know
+that's an answer what does it mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an answer what does it mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an answer what does it mean it
+might mean that at least it fits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might mean that at least it fits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might mean that at least it fits the
+abstract form of solution if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract form of solution if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract form of solution if it were
+true it might work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weakness how are students in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness how are students in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness how are students in an
+undergraduate class that that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate class that that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate class that that was a
+great idea even when we know it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea even when we know it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea even when we know it's been
+disproven right so it's actually false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproven right so it's actually false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproven right so it's actually false
+it doesn't explain you know it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't explain you know it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't explain you know it's just
+not true we still think it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true we still think it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true we still think it's a great
+idea in virtue of what not it's fit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in virtue of what not it's fit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in virtue of what not it's fit to
+the data right not how well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data right not how well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data right not how well it's
+predicting things it's actually false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting things it's actually false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting things it's actually false
+and still good what could that possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still good what could that possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still good what could that possibly
+mean right it must mean there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean right it must mean there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean right it must mean there's some
+other constraint on hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other constraint on hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other constraint on hypothesis
+generation that we are sensitive to so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation that we are sensitive to so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation that we are sensitive to so I
+want to suggest that they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to suggest that they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to suggest that they're actually
+two constraints four hypotheses one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two constraints four hypotheses one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two constraints four hypotheses one is
+how well they should para knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well they should para knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well they should para knowledge and
+data that's one we know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's one we know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's one we know something about
+that is for instance truth but Stephen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is for instance truth but Stephen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is for instance truth but Stephen
+Colbert and whose infinite wisdom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colbert and whose infinite wisdom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colbert and whose infinite wisdom
+proposed of the earth is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed of the earth is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed of the earth is that well
+they're also sensitive to this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also sensitive to this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also sensitive to this thing
+called truthiness right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called truthiness right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called truthiness right
+and in politician you know like how good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in politician you know like how good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in politician you know like how good
+the story sounds how good the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story sounds how good the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story sounds how good the argument
+and of course in politics you know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course in politics you know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course in politics you know he
+makes massive and effective fun of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes massive and effective fun of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes massive and effective fun of this
+but I think this is a feature of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think this is a feature of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think this is a feature of human
+cognition not a bug I think it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition not a bug I think it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition not a bug I think it is
+extremely important the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important the
+we can generate ideas that are truthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can generate ideas that are truthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can generate ideas that are truthy
+right because they're plausible they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they're plausible they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they're plausible they're
+interesting they're informative they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting they're informative they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting they're informative they
+teleca's they may be false but it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleca's they may be false but it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleca's they may be false but it could
+be worse than false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worse than false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worse than false
+it could be not even false so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be not even false so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be not even false so I want to
+make an important point here generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an important point here generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an important point here generating
+new ideas is not just about Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ideas is not just about Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ideas is not just about Einstein
+versus Newton and it's not about going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Newton and it's not about going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Newton and it's not about going
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+undifferentiated concept of heat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undifferentiated concept of heat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undifferentiated concept of heat and
+temperature to a modern scientific way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature to a modern scientific way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature to a modern scientific way
+it's not just about radical conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just about radical conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just about radical conceptual
+change this is the stuff of ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this is the stuff of ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this is the stuff of ordinary
+everyday thought it is our ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday thought it is our ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday thought it is our ability to
+reliably make up new relevant answers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably make up new relevant answers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably make up new relevant answers to
+basically any ad-hoc question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically any ad-hoc question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically any ad-hoc question the
+answers may be trivial they may be false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers may be trivial they may be false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers may be trivial they may be false
+but they are genuinely new and that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are genuinely new and that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are genuinely new and that we
+didn't have them until we thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have them until we thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have them until we thought of
+them they're genuinely made-up we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're genuinely made-up we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're genuinely made-up we didn't
+learn them from evidence or testimony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn them from evidence or testimony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn them from evidence or testimony
+and they enter the question they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they enter the question they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they enter the question they're not
+non sequiturs and I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non sequiturs and I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non sequiturs and I think this is
+important and this is only possible if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and this is only possible if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and this is only possible if
+we can use the form of our problems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the form of our problems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the form of our problems to
+guide search so let me give you a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide search so let me give you a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide search so let me give you a few
+examples what's a good name for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples what's a good name for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples what's a good name for a
+theater company none of you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater company none of you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater company none of you know you
+haven't thought about that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't thought about that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't thought about that problem
+before but now you're thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but now you're thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but now you're thinking about it
+know what's a good name for it how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's a good name for it how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's a good name for it how do
+you get stripes on peppermints this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get stripes on peppermints this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get stripes on peppermints this is
+not a problem you walked in thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a problem you walked in thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a problem you walked in thinking
+about none of you are working on this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about none of you are working on this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about none of you are working on this is
+your independent project but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your independent project but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your independent project but you can
+think about it and you already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it and you already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it and you already know
+enough knowing nothing about theater and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough knowing nothing about theater and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough knowing nothing about theater and
+nothing about peppermints maybe to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about peppermints maybe to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about peppermints maybe to know
+what the constraints what counts right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the constraints what counts right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the constraints what counts right
+that's the kind of information you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of information you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of information you
+already have it's not prior knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have it's not prior knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have it's not prior knowledge
+about theater companies or peppermints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about theater companies or peppermints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about theater companies or peppermints
+its prior knowledge about what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its prior knowledge about what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its prior knowledge about what's going
+to work for a solution so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work for a solution so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work for a solution so for instance
+you know that McDonald's is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that McDonald's is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that McDonald's is a
+non-starter and Assaf cloris or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-starter and Assaf cloris or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-starter and Assaf cloris or whatever
+is also not a good name for a theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also not a good name for a theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also not a good name for a theater
+company you know that getting strips on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company you know that getting strips on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company you know that getting strips on
+peppermints you don't want to do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peppermints you don't want to do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peppermints you don't want to do it with
+a spatter lice right you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spatter lice right you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spatter lice right you don't want to
+spray things at it right because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spray things at it right because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spray things at it right because that
+won't even count as a solution it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't even count as a solution it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't even count as a solution it's not
+the kind of thing you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of thing you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of thing you're looking for
+you're looking for something more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for something more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for something more like
+fresh ink it's new which novels familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh ink it's new which novels familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh ink it's new which novels familiar
+make some reference you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some reference you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some reference you're looking for
+something more like a pendulum approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more like a pendulum approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more like a pendulum approach
+which at least could generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which at least could generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which at least could generate
+periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity
+I'm sure that it was a pendulum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure that it was a pendulum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure that it was a pendulum to
+spray-paint peppermints so are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spray-paint peppermints so are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spray-paint peppermints so are you
+that's not a bad answer right yeah so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a bad answer right yeah so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a bad answer right yeah so is
+there any evidence that kids can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any evidence that kids can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any evidence that kids can do this
+that information contain only an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information contain only an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information contain only an
+abstract form of the problem can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract form of the problem can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract form of the problem can help
+learners converge on solutions we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners converge on solutions we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners converge on solutions we wanted
+to find out so I'm going to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out so I'm going to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out so I'm going to show you a
+little baby attempt to start getting ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little baby attempt to start getting ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little baby attempt to start getting ah
+getting at this this problem we gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting at this this problem we gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting at this this problem we gave
+kids a machine and we gave kids some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids a machine and we gave kids some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids a machine and we gave kids some
+things that could work the machine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that could work the machine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that could work the machine and
+the machine had two visual effects you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine had two visual effects you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine had two visual effects you
+could make a ball appear to flow up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make a ball appear to flow up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make a ball appear to flow up and
+down on that screen there or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on that screen there or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on that screen there or you can
+make the ball appear at the bottom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the ball appear at the bottom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the ball appear at the bottom and
+then flash up at the top all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then flash up at the top all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then flash up at the top all right
+because we put a computer madness right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we put a computer madness right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we put a computer madness right
+through the balls and moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the balls and moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the balls and moving
+continuously or the mall is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously or the mall is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously or the mall is moving
+discretely and the affordances you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretely and the affordances you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretely and the affordances you might
+note are also continuous or discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note are also continuous or discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note are also continuous or discrete
+right there's a rolling ball or there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a rolling ball or there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a rolling ball or there's
+this peg that you can move back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peg that you can move back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peg that you can move back and
+forth continuously or there's a peg you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth continuously or there's a peg you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth continuously or there's a peg you
+can pull in and out of a drawer you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pull in and out of a drawer you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pull in and out of a drawer you can
+pull in an app so there's continuous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull in an app so there's continuous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull in an app so there's continuous and
+discrete affordances and also continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete affordances and also continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete affordances and also continuous
+and discrete effects so we also had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discrete effects so we also had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discrete effects so we also had an
+auditory tone that varied continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory tone that varied continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory tone that varied continuously
+on our auditory tone that went from high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our auditory tone that went from high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our auditory tone that went from high
+to low everyone got it and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to low everyone got it and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to low everyone got it and we just
+showed the children all the parts but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the children all the parts but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the children all the parts but
+that connected to the machine and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connected to the machine and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connected to the machine and then
+we showed the kids they are there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed the kids they are there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed the kids they are there for
+the effects but we hid the affordances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects but we hid the affordances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects but we hid the affordances
+we said well which part made the ball go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said well which part made the ball go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said well which part made the ball go
+and we asked them either about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we asked them either about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we asked them either about the
+visual or the auditory affordance they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual or the auditory affordance they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual or the auditory affordance they'd
+seen no covariation data prior knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen no covariation data prior knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen no covariation data prior knowledge
+you know agnostic about all of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know agnostic about all of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know agnostic about all of this and
+the question is well would they say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is well would they say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is well would they say well
+I'm trying to solve a problem about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to solve a problem about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to solve a problem about a
+continuous affordance so I should our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous affordance so I should our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous affordance so I should our
+continuous effect I should use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous effect I should use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous effect I should use a
+continuous affordance I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous affordance I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous affordance I'm trying to
+solve a problem about a discrete effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a problem about a discrete effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a problem about a discrete effect
+I should use a discrete affordance would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should use a discrete affordance would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should use a discrete affordance would
+they use something about the form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use something about the form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use something about the form of the
+problem to answer the solution if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to answer the solution if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to answer the solution if they
+knew nothing nothing else about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew nothing nothing else about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew nothing nothing else about it
+so there's no fact of the matter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no fact of the matter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no fact of the matter here
+right because obviously we're not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because obviously we're not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because obviously we're not using
+either of these really but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of these really but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of these really but the
+prediction was that they would indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction was that they would indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction was that they would indeed
+make this kind of mapping and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this kind of mapping and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this kind of mapping and and they
+did so now what you might worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so now what you might worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so now what you might worried about
+was that well they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that well they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that well they don't
+there is no fact of the matter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no fact of the matter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no fact of the matter so
+they're just doing some kind of cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just doing some kind of cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just doing some kind of cross
+modal mapping right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal mapping right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal mapping right if you
+have a way to answer the problem they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way to answer the problem they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way to answer the problem they're
+just saying something like well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying something like well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying something like well you know
+this has this property so does this let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has this property so does this let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has this property so does this let
+me go ahead and and make a mapping from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me go ahead and and make a mapping from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me go ahead and and make a mapping from
+one to the other it's a weird kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the other it's a weird kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the other it's a weird kind of
+cross-modal mapping because usually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-modal mapping because usually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-modal mapping because usually you
+integrate things that are in a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate things that are in a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate things that are in a single
+stimulus actually contained together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus actually contained together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus actually contained together
+like the sound of a ball dropping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sound of a ball dropping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sound of a ball dropping and
+the sight of a ball dropping not two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sight of a ball dropping not two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sight of a ball dropping not two
+different things but maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things but maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things but maybe it's
+something kind of like that so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of like that so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of like that so if
+they're actually using the form of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually using the form of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually using the form of a
+problem then if you change the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem then if you change the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem then if you change the problems
+they should generate different solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should generate different solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should generate different solutions
+so what we did in a second experiment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we did in a second experiment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we did in a second experiment is
+we said oh yeah so what we did here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said oh yeah so what we did here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said oh yeah so what we did here is
+we showed the children the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed the children the continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed the children the continuous
+visual stimuli and then we asked them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual stimuli and then we asked them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual stimuli and then we asked them to
+generate the continuous auditory stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the continuous auditory stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the continuous auditory stimuli
+okay so all of these are not continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of these are not continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of these are not continuous
+they could still just go ahead and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could still just go ahead and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could still just go ahead and make
+the continuous map but if you represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous map but if you represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous map but if you represent
+the problem is changing from vision to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is changing from vision to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is changing from vision to
+audition that feels like a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audition that feels like a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audition that feels like a discrete
+problem right you're completely changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right you're completely changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right you're completely changing
+modalities so now cut this case you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities so now cut this case you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities so now cut this case you may
+expect the kids to resist making just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the kids to resist making just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the kids to resist making just
+the continuous mapping if they're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous mapping if they're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous mapping if they're using
+something about the kind of problem they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the kind of problem they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the kind of problem they
+have to constraint how to search for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to constraint how to search for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to constraint how to search for the
+solution now again there's no real right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now again there's no real right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now again there's no real right
+answer here but what you see is the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer here but what you see is the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer here but what you see is the kids
+shifted their responses and responses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted their responses and responses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted their responses and responses so
+this is just a tiny bit of suggestion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a tiny bit of suggestion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a tiny bit of suggestion
+that when there's no differentiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when there's no differentiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when there's no differentiating
+prior knowledge and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior knowledge and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior knowledge and there's no
+differentiating evidence children take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating evidence children take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating evidence children take
+into account what kind of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account what kind of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account what kind of problem
+they're trying to solve right and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to solve right and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to solve right and what
+the information is in the problem itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information is in the problem itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information is in the problem itself
+that can help constrain their search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can help constrain their search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can help constrain their search for
+a solution I'm going to give you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution I'm going to give you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution I'm going to give you another
+example for some more recent work by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for some more recent work by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for some more recent work by
+Pedro Severus in our lab he buried the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pedro Severus in our lab he buried the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pedro Severus in our lab he buried the
+dynamics of a scene he had here some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of a scene he had here some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of a scene he had here some
+bug's and in one scene those bugs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug's and in one scene those bugs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug's and in one scene those bugs in
+green they vary periodically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green they vary periodically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green they vary periodically
+so they just what from having very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they just what from having very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they just what from having very few
+spots to having a whole lot of spots to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots to having a whole lot of spots to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots to having a whole lot of spots to
+having very few spots to having a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having very few spots to having a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having very few spots to having a whole
+lot of spots right that's what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of spots right that's what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of spots right that's what these
+green bugs do and the other bugs just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green bugs do and the other bugs just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green bugs do and the other bugs just
+got faster over time right so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got faster over time right so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got faster over time right so those
+longer vectors are supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer vectors are supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer vectors are supposed to be
+indicating the bugs are getting faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating the bugs are getting faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating the bugs are getting faster
+continuously and then he said well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously and then he said well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously and then he said well you
+know here's some bugs in these rooms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here's some bugs in these rooms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here's some bugs in these rooms and
+I have two kinds of lights in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two kinds of lights in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two kinds of lights in the room
+one set of lights looks like those on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of lights looks like those on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of lights looks like those on
+top the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top the other
+let's looks like those on the bottom can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's looks like those on the bottom can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's looks like those on the bottom can
+you tell me which lights are responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me which lights are responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me which lights are responsible
+for the behavior which bugs again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the behavior which bugs again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the behavior which bugs again is
+sort of very similar kind of problem no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very similar kind of problem no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very similar kind of problem no
+effect of the matter but if children can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the matter but if children can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the matter but if children can
+represent something about the abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent something about the abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent something about the abstract
+form of the problem and use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the problem and use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the problem and use that to
+constrain their search for the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain their search for the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain their search for the solution
+that the periodic lights should reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the periodic lights should reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the periodic lights should reflect
+the periodic change and the bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic change and the bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic change and the bugs
+behavior the continuous light should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior the continuous light should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior the continuous light should
+reflect the continuous change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the continuous change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the continuous change in the
+bugs behavior where of course not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs behavior where of course not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs behavior where of course not using
+the words periodic or continuous with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words periodic or continuous with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words periodic or continuous with us
+or anything like that they have to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that they have to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that they have to pull
+that out and say this is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out and say this is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out and say this is the kind of
+problem it is this is a feature of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it is this is a feature of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it is this is a feature of a
+possible solution let's go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible solution let's go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible solution let's go ahead and
+make that mapping and indeed the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that mapping and indeed the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and search they're not using most of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and search they're not using most of our
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a funny kind of analogy because
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it isn't is a mapping between the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solved how are you gonna use that to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if your answer is wrong if it were
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if your answer is wrong if it were
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is that this applies to any
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is that this applies to any
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+ align:start position:0%
+obvious how an analogy would apply so
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious how an analogy would apply so
+what is a good name for a theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a good name for a theater
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a good name for a theater
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what would count as a solution to
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+constraints something about what you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you think would be a good answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+but that's that there's not an easy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that there's not an easy way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that there's not an easy way
+to tell that and a story is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell that and a story is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell that and a story is as
+analogical reasoning ah so the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogical reasoning ah so the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogical reasoning ah so the argument
+is children seem to have data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is children seem to have data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is children seem to have data
+independent criteria for the evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent criteria for the evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hypotheses and these criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hypotheses and these criteria
+extending simplicity grammaticality are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending simplicity grammaticality are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending simplicity grammaticality are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible
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+
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+the extent to which a hypothesis
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of a problem not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of a problem not just the
+degree to which it fits the data and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree to which it fits the data and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree to which it fits the data and I
+will suggest that this is maybe deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will suggest that this is maybe deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will suggest that this is maybe deeply
+part of an important mystery of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of an important mystery of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of an important mystery of human
+cognition which is our most powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition which is our most powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition which is our most powerful
+learners spend a lot of their time doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners spend a lot of their time doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners spend a lot of their time doing
+something that is defied most of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is defied most of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is defied most of our
+best attempts to explain it which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best attempts to explain it which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best attempts to explain it which is
+they've spent a lot a lot of time many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've spent a lot a lot of time many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've spent a lot a lot of time many
+hours a day just pretending and making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours a day just pretending and making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+up stories stories have some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up stories stories have some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up stories stories have some interesting
+properties they do not have to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties they do not have to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties they do not have to be true
+right they don't have to fit the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they don't have to fit the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they don't have to fit the world
+or fit the data but they do have to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fit the data but they do have to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fit the data but they do have to set
+up a problem and a solution that if true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a problem and a solution that if true
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a problem and a solution that if true
+would solve the problem most of play has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would solve the problem most of play has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would solve the problem most of play has
+that it is not at all obvious why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is not at all obvious why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is not at all obvious why you
+would think it was important that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think it was important that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think it was important that you
+want to balance a twisty on the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to balance a twisty on the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to balance a twisty on the top of
+the candlestick in order to shoot a pea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the candlestick in order to shoot a pea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the candlestick in order to shoot a pea
+through it but it's problem and guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it but it's problem and guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it but it's problem and guess
+what if you can set up the problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you can set up the problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you can set up the problem and
+find a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a solution
+you've just exercised a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just exercised a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just exercised a really important
+ability about setting up problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability about setting up problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability about setting up problems and
+setting up solutions that if they worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up solutions that if they worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up solutions that if they worked
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+would solve that kind of problem and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would solve that kind of problem and of
+course imagination most of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course imagination most of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course imagination most of our
+narratives most of our fictions have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives most of our fictions have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives most of our fictions have at
+least those sets of properties so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least those sets of properties so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least those sets of properties so I'm
+gonna go ahead and stop there okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go ahead and stop there okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go ahead and stop there okay so if
+you remember the structure we said at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the structure we said at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the structure we said at
+the beginning there will now be a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning there will now be a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning there will now be a short
+rebuttal and then Laura will give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuttal and then Laura will give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuttal and then Laura will give an
+even shorter summary and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even shorter summary and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even shorter summary and then the
+free-for-all so most of you are probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-for-all so most of you are probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-for-all so most of you are probably
+thinking all sorts of ways that Laura's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking all sorts of ways that Laura's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking all sorts of ways that Laura's
+wrong but wait let me get through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but wait let me get through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but wait let me get through it
+first and then see if I didn't cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then see if I didn't cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then see if I didn't cover
+something so but actually but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so but actually but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so but actually but actually
+my response to this to all of what Laura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my response to this to all of what Laura
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my response to this to all of what Laura
+said is not you're wrong but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is not you're wrong but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is not you're wrong but you're
+right so you're right Laura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're right Laura
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're right Laura
+you're right other people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right other people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right other people in the
+audience who think that stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience who think that stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience who think that stochastic
+search by itself if you had some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search by itself if you had some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search by itself if you had some sort of
+Internet in theory space that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet in theory space that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet in theory space that was
+supposed to account for all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to account for all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to account for all possible
+problems and for any new problem what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and for any new problem what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and for any new problem what
+you did was to just completely at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did was to just completely at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did was to just completely at random
+try to search through that space anew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to search through that space anew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to search through that space anew
+then that wouldn't work that's fine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that wouldn't work that's fine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that wouldn't work that's fine and
+I agree that there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree that there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree that there's something
+inherently wrong about an algorithm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently wrong about an algorithm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently wrong about an algorithm that
+can take some problem like why these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take some problem like why these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take some problem like why these two
+blocks are sticking together and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks are sticking together and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks are sticking together and say
+well maybe it's because the moon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe it's because the moon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe it's because the moon is
+bigger than a piece of cheese right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than a piece of cheese right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than a piece of cheese right like
+that as Laura said that just seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as Laura said that just seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as Laura said that just seems like
+it's not even not even wrong or it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even not even wrong or it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even not even wrong or it's you
+know maybe it's because people have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe it's because people have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe it's because people have more
+than two children on average no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two children on average no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two children on average no and
+there's also something wrong Laura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also something wrong Laura
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also something wrong Laura
+didn't quite get through this or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite get through this or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite get through this or maybe
+not emphasize it but she emphasizes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not emphasize it but she emphasizes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not emphasize it but she emphasizes it
+sometimes because there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes because there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes because there's something
+wrong about an algorithm that makes well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong about an algorithm that makes well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong about an algorithm that makes well
+she did a little but another in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she did a little but another in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she did a little but another in that
+make sort of dumb proposals and dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sort of dumb proposals and dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sort of dumb proposals and dumb
+proposals of all sorts of things things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals of all sorts of things things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals of all sorts of things things
+like you know you try to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know you try to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know you try to explain
+something in theory space and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in theory space and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in theory space and you say
+well maybe it's because of X and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe it's because of X and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe it's because of X and you
+check it and it's not X and you say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it and it's not X and you say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it and it's not X and you say oh
+well oh well maybe it's because of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well oh well maybe it's because of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well oh well maybe it's because of X
+there's something wrong about stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something wrong about stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something wrong about stochastic
+search although I have to say Laura you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search although I have to say Laura you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search although I have to say Laura you
+have an eight-year-old neither you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an eight-year-old neither you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an eight-year-old neither you know
+when we gave this first I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we gave this first I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we gave this first I had a
+two-year-old and I actually think maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-year-old and I actually think maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-year-old and I actually think maybe
+it's X maybe it's X maybe it's X it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's X maybe it's X maybe it's X it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's X maybe it's X maybe it's X it's
+not such a crazy way of describing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not such a crazy way of describing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not such a crazy way of describing what
+two-year-olds are doing okay but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-year-olds are doing okay but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-year-olds are doing okay but I do
+want to give an actual response so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give an actual response so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give an actual response so you
+know I don't actually think that I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't actually think that I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't actually think that I I
+think I have some responses for Laura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I have some responses for Laura
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I have some responses for Laura
+and these are responses that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are responses that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are responses that all
+importantly you know they'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly you know they'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly you know they'll try to
+address what Laura's saying they'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address what Laura's saying they'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address what Laura's saying they'll try
+to take it into account they'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it into account they'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it into account they'll try to
+give new answers to it that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give new answers to it that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give new answers to it that will
+importantly leave her unhappy so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly leave her unhappy so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly leave her unhappy so what
+I'm going to try to do is take a page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to do is take a page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to do is take a page
+out of Hannibal Barca at the Battle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of Hannibal Barca at the Battle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of Hannibal Barca at the Battle of
+cannae and try to envelop we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannae and try to envelop we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannae and try to envelop we're going to
+sort of say from one direction I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say from one direction I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say from one direction I'm going
+to highlight sort of work by other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to highlight sort of work by other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to highlight sort of work by other
+people for one direction is worked by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for one direction is worked by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for one direction is worked by
+Steve can todo see which is about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve can todo see which is about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve can todo see which is about making
+these you know algorithmic search part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know algorithmic search part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know algorithmic search part
+of the problem with it it's too slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem with it it's too slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem with it it's too slow
+students are wandering around the halls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are wandering around the halls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are wandering around the halls
+doing nothing waiting for it to converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing nothing waiting for it to converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing nothing waiting for it to converge
+what if we just did it really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we just did it really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we just did it really really
+fast another way to address this to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast another way to address this to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast another way to address this to say
+what if we made actually good proposals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we made actually good proposals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we made actually good proposals
+okay the problem of making proposals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the problem of making proposals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the problem of making proposals
+that are just ridiculous what if we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just ridiculous what if we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just ridiculous what if we made
+proposal that actually take the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal that actually take the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal that actually take the data
+into account a little bit or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account a little bit or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account a little bit or the
+previous data the stuff that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous data the stuff that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous data the stuff that we're
+trying to explain another thing is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explain another thing is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explain another thing is this
+proposal this another way to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal this another way to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal this another way to address
+what Laura's saying is to say well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Laura's saying is to say well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Laura's saying is to say well maybe
+we can make better primitives and better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make better primitives and better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make better primitives and better
+primitives mean that your search base is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives mean that your search base is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives mean that your search base is
+actually more more confined to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more more confined to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more more confined to the right
+sort of things and finally I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of things and finally I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of things and finally I'm going to
+highlight some new thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight some new thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight some new thoughts
+by myself about ad-hoc spaces and how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by myself about ad-hoc spaces and how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by myself about ad-hoc spaces and how we
+might construct them together this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might construct them together this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might construct them together this
+problem of of this thing like how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of of this thing like how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of of this thing like how would
+you come up with a new name for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up with a new name for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up with a new name for a
+theater company for a new theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater company for a new theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater company for a new theater
+company so I'll go through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so I'll go through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so I'll go through these
+somewhat fast you're welcome to come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat fast you're welcome to come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat fast you're welcome to come and
+talk about any of them and I'll point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about any of them and I'll point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about any of them and I'll point
+you to the people who are actually doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to the people who are actually doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to the people who are actually doing
+the work which I I said before so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work which I I said before so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work which I I said before so let's
+see this is just sort of the rebuttal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is just sort of the rebuttal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is just sort of the rebuttal
+one of the rebuttals is to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the rebuttals is to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the rebuttals is to say well
+here's this work by Steve Contador see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this work by Steve Contador see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this work by Steve Contador see
+which is you know introspection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know introspection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know introspection is
+really actually a poor guide so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really actually a poor guide so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really actually a poor guide so when
+Adele was giving that example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adele was giving that example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adele was giving that example that
+beautiful example of why do cell phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful example of why do cell phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful example of why do cell phones
+why you have to shut them off on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have to shut them off on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have to shut them off on
+airplanes you say and she came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes you say and she came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes you say and she came up with
+this example that it's not it's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example that it's not it's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example that it's not it's not true
+but if it were true it would be nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it were true it would be nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it were true it would be nice and
+you know know this well maybe she went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know know this well maybe she went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know know this well maybe she went
+through a billion other things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a billion other things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a billion other things right
+before she came up with that Laura's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before she came up with that Laura's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before she came up with that Laura's
+like she did it like that but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like she did it like that but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like she did it like that but we don't
+have a good sense for what is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good sense for what is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good sense for what is actually
+fast what is actually slow and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast what is actually slow and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast what is actually slow and there
+might be a case where we don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a case where we don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a case where we don't actually
+introspect about a lot of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introspect about a lot of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introspect about a lot of things that
+should you know the things that bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you know the things that bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you know the things that bubble
+up into consciousness that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into consciousness that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into consciousness that you might
+actually accept a reject rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually accept a reject rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually accept a reject rely on
+actually a ton of other proposals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a ton of other proposals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a ton of other proposals that
+you don't they don't even bubble up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't they don't even bubble up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't they don't even bubble up into
+introspection though you're making very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introspection though you're making very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introspection though you're making very
+quickly and just rejecting even before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and just rejecting even before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and just rejecting even before
+that and Steve came up with this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and Steve came up with this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and Steve came up with this really
+interesting way you guys have probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way you guys have probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way you guys have probably
+heard about deep learning and sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about deep learning and sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about deep learning and sort of a
+GPU revolution for things like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPU revolution for things like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPU revolution for things like that so
+the point is instead of food we use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is instead of food we use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is instead of food we use a
+CPUs you know we would use graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPUs you know we would use graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPUs you know we would use graphical
+processing units then we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing units then we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing units then we can make
+stochastic search algorithms in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic search algorithms in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic search algorithms in parallel
+in some cases and once you can make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases and once you can make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases and once you can make them
+in parallel then you can put them on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel then you can put them on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel then you can put them on a
+GPU and once you put them on GPU a GPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPU and once you put them on GPU a GPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPU and once you put them on GPU a GPU
+is sort of a way of you know taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a way of you know taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a way of you know taking
+something that's supposed to be a CPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's supposed to be a CPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's supposed to be a CPU
+instead of having a CPU that can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a CPU that can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a CPU that can do
+something sort of complicated than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something sort of complicated than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something sort of complicated than a
+sort of task you can do a lot of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of task you can do a lot of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of task you can do a lot of really
+simple tasks in parallel very fast so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple tasks in parallel very fast so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple tasks in parallel very fast so if
+you could make that proposal that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make that proposal that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make that proposal that thing
+I said before take a theory make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said before take a theory make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said before take a theory make a
+change to it if you could make that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to it if you could make that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to it if you could make that into
+the sort of thing that you could put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thing that you could put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thing that you could put on
+the GPU then you can make a ton of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GPU then you can make a ton of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GPU then you can make a ton of those
+proposals very quickly in parallel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals very quickly in parallel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals very quickly in parallel and
+that's sort of what he figured out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of what he figured out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of what he figured out how
+to do for a bunch of spaces it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do for a bunch of spaces it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do for a bunch of spaces it's much
+faster than the CPU and the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the CPU and the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the CPU and the main
+advantage is that it's also much cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage is that it's also much cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage is that it's also much cheaper
+and you can cram a whole bunch of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can cram a whole bunch of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can cram a whole bunch of them
+together and you can get to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you can get to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you can get to something
+like I forget the exact numbers you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I forget the exact numbers you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I forget the exact numbers you can
+make like a million of these Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make like a million of these Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make like a million of these Theory
+proposals a second and that's just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals a second and that's just with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals a second and that's just with
+today's technology right we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's technology right we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's technology right we don't know
+what's coming around the corner a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming around the corner a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming around the corner a few
+years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now
+you know Steve Plus GPUs is awesome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Steve Plus GPUs is awesome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Steve Plus GPUs is awesome and
+you could think of it like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think of it like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think of it like you know
+these various problems like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various problems like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various problems like you're
+trying to fit these data points on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to fit these data points on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to fit these data points on the
+bottom can people see that this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom can people see that this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom can people see that this is sort
+of a classic problem you have some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a classic problem you have some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a classic problem you have some data
+points are trying to fit a polynomial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are trying to fit a polynomial to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are trying to fit a polynomial to
+it you're trying to say well how will we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you're trying to say well how will we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you're trying to say well how will we
+do that the truth is there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that the truth is there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that the truth is there's a lot of
+very clever ways of doing that but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clever ways of doing that but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clever ways of doing that but let's
+assume that you're even doing random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that you're even doing random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that you're even doing random
+search in polynomial space not the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search in polynomial space not the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search in polynomial space not the sort
+of thing you want to do those have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing you want to do those have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing you want to do those have you
+been to the tutorial I mentioned that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been to the tutorial I mentioned that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been to the tutorial I mentioned that if
+you have an actual better way than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an actual better way than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an actual better way than
+stochastic search we'll probably do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic search we'll probably do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic search we'll probably do that
+but suppose you didn't know and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose you didn't know and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose you didn't know and you want
+to do stochastic search you could still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do stochastic search you could still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do stochastic search you could still
+do a million moves a second and quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a million moves a second and quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a million moves a second and quickly
+converge on something like that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge on something like that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge on something like that line
+that you see okay and that line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see okay and that line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see okay and that line is
+actually taken from I think galileo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually taken from I think galileo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually taken from I think galileo
+galilei's data for how things slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galilei's data for how things slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galilei's data for how things slide
+downhill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill
+I'm not saying Galaga Lovelace sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying Galaga Lovelace sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying Galaga Lovelace sat
+around and said maybe it's X to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and said maybe it's X to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and said maybe it's X to the
+square maybe six is a two point one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square maybe six is a two point one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square maybe six is a two point one
+maybe two point three maybe like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe two point three maybe like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe two point three maybe like some
+two point one maybe six into it and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point one maybe six into it and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point one maybe six into it and that
+finally converged like after I know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally converged like after I know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally converged like after I know you
+move to that that's not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to that that's not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to that that's not exactly
+scientific discovery but for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific discovery but for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific discovery but for a lot of
+everyday thinking you might actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday thinking you might actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday thinking you might actually be
+proposing things very fast and rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing things very fast and rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing things very fast and rejecting
+them okay let's do some things from Owen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay let's do some things from Owen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay let's do some things from Owen
+Lewis about making may be smarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis about making may be smarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis about making may be smarter
+proposals and this gets at that point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals and this gets at that point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals and this gets at that point of
+like maybe it's an X maybe not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe it's an X maybe not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe it's an X maybe not so
+suppose that I'm trying to teach you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I'm trying to teach you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I'm trying to teach you a
+concept okay and trying to teach your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept okay and trying to teach your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept okay and trying to teach your
+particular concept I'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular concept I'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular concept I'm going to give you
+some positive examples of the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some positive examples of the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some positive examples of the concept
+okay this is other thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is other thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is other thing that
+psychologists really like to study okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists really like to study okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists really like to study okay
+so this is a room no Roomba is an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a room no Roomba is an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a room no Roomba is an actual
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+blick it's overused can someone give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blick it's overused can someone give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blick it's overused can someone give me
+a nonsense term this is a Jabberwock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nonsense term this is a Jabberwock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nonsense term this is a Jabberwock
+okay this is a jabber walk I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a jabber walk I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a jabber walk I'm going to
+give you another example of a jabber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you another example of a jabber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you another example of a jabber
+walk who thinks they know what jabber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk who thinks they know what jabber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk who thinks they know what jabber
+walks are you have some sense of what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks are you have some sense of what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks are you have some sense of what a
+jabber walk is okay huh that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jabber walk is okay huh that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jabber walk is okay huh that's also
+jabber walk wait a minute okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jabber walk wait a minute okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jabber walk wait a minute okay that's
+the thing I the sense that I had from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing I the sense that I had from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing I the sense that I had from
+even what a jabber walk is is maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even what a jabber walk is is maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even what a jabber walk is is maybe not
+that great that's a gentle walk that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great that's a gentle walk that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great that's a gentle walk that's a
+jog walk that's a jabber walk that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jog walk that's a jabber walk that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jog walk that's a jabber walk that's a
+jabber walk okay and you might think at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jabber walk okay and you might think at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jabber walk okay and you might think at
+this point we'll find jabber walks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we'll find jabber walks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we'll find jabber walks are
+either squares of any color or red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either squares of any color or red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either squares of any color or red
+circles or maybe they're squares or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles or maybe they're squares or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles or maybe they're squares or
+circles I don't know exactly you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles I don't know exactly you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles I don't know exactly you're
+building up some sort of theory for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up some sort of theory for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up some sort of theory for that
+concept which can be described in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept which can be described in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept which can be described in
+something like a grammar right for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a grammar right for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a grammar right for your
+current hypothesis you might say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current hypothesis you might say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current hypothesis you might say it's
+either a red circle or it's a square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a red circle or it's a square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a red circle or it's a square of
+any color okay not sort of your grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any color okay not sort of your grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any color okay not sort of your grammar
+for these concepts and now you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these concepts and now you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these concepts and now you could
+sort of change that grammar right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of change that grammar right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of change that grammar right you
+could sort of exercise these nodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of exercise these nodes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of exercise these nodes and
+that tree to come up with new things why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tree to come up with new things why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tree to come up with new things why
+would you want to come up with new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to come up with new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to come up with new
+things because look that's a Jabberwock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because look that's a Jabberwock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because look that's a Jabberwock
+just give you a new example it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you a new example it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you a new example it's
+something you didn't know before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you didn't know before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you didn't know before it's
+sort of confounding with your theory you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of confounding with your theory you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of confounding with your theory you
+have to come up with a new theory on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come up with a new theory on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come up with a new theory on the
+fly okay theory again used in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly okay theory again used in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly okay theory again used in a very
+very minimal sense here but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very minimal sense here but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very minimal sense here but if you
+accept that this is something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept that this is something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept that this is something like a
+theory you have to come up with a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory you have to come up with a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory you have to come up with a new
+theory for explaining why that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory for explaining why that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory for explaining why that's a
+Jabberwock and all the other things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jabberwock and all the other things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jabberwock and all the other things that
+you've seen or general what is a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen or general what is a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen or general what is a bad
+idea a bad idea is to just cut and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea a bad idea is to just cut and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea a bad idea is to just cut and
+generate randomly right you might come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate randomly right you might come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate randomly right you might come
+up with something like you might come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with something like you might come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with something like you might come up
+with something like it's a triangle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something like it's a triangle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something like it's a triangle or
+some like that but you might come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like that but you might come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like that but you might come up
+with well maybe it's a square no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with well maybe it's a square no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with well maybe it's a square no we
+already did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did that
+well maybe such you know maybe it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe such you know maybe it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe such you know maybe it's just
+triangles maybe it's just a square maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles maybe it's just a square maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles maybe it's just a square maybe
+is it like you could spend all this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it like you could spend all this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it like you could spend all this time
+not taking into account your previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taking into account your previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taking into account your previous
+theory and the fact that your new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and the fact that your new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and the fact that your new
+example had something to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example had something to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example had something to do with
+triangles something to do with red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles something to do with red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles something to do with red
+triangles you want to be able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles you want to be able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles you want to be able to make
+proposals that take into account this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals that take into account this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals that take into account this
+new data and somehow they're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data and somehow they're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data and somehow they're gonna
+understand what the the problem we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the the problem we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the the problem we're
+trying to get at is so Owen is done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get at is so Owen is done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get at is so Owen is done is
+to sort of take these stochastic search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of take these stochastic search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of take these stochastic search
+algorithms and say if you get a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and say if you get a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and say if you get a new
+piece of data that contradicts that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of data that contradicts that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of data that contradicts that sort
+of interferes with what you had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interferes with what you had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interferes with what you had before
+how would you make proposals that must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you make proposals that must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you make proposals that must
+take into account this new data right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account this new data right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account this new data right
+I'm going to recut and generate but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to recut and generate but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to recut and generate but I'm
+going to identify the places in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to identify the places in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to identify the places in my
+theory that would take into account this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that would take into account this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that would take into account this
+new piece of data and I'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new piece of data and I'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new piece of data and I'm going to make
+smarter proposals they might still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter proposals they might still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter proposals they might still be
+wrong and there's better and worse ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and there's better and worse ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and there's better and worse ways
+of doing this it's still going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing this it's still going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing this it's still going to be
+around to my search in theory space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to my search in theory space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to my search in theory space but
+it's at least going to take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at least going to take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at least going to take into account
+this new data okay and that's just I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new data okay and that's just I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new data okay and that's just I'm
+afraid I don't have time but look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid I don't have time but look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid I don't have time but look it
+works and it's much better than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and it's much better than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and it's much better than just
+bouncing around completely random as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing around completely random as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing around completely random as you
+might guess another response would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might guess another response would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might guess another response would come
+from this is work by a yellow vector let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is work by a yellow vector let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is work by a yellow vector let
+me skip over this for a little bit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me skip over this for a little bit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me skip over this for a little bit this
+is work by L vector which is to say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is work by L vector which is to say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is work by L vector which is to say what
+if you wanted to use better and better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to use better and better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to use better and better
+primitives okay so before we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives okay so before we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives okay so before we have this
+notion of you're just bouncing around in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of you're just bouncing around in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of you're just bouncing around in
+theory space you're making all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory space you're making all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory space you're making all sorts of
+notions let me put it this way suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions let me put it this way suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions let me put it this way suppose
+that you're searching through the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're searching through the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're searching through the entire
+space of programs okay and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of programs okay and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of programs okay and the only
+thing that you had to work with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you had to work with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you had to work with is
+something like that lambda expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that lambda expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that lambda expression
+before right you didn't have the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right you didn't have the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right you didn't have the notion
+of plus minus multiplication sign waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plus minus multiplication sign waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plus minus multiplication sign waves
+things like that and you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and you're trying to
+figure out something about an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out something about an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out something about an equation
+and you work through it and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you work through it and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you work through it and there's a
+way of doing it there was a way of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing it there was a way of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing it there was a way of like
+generating functions that rely on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating functions that rely on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating functions that rely on other
+functions that rely on other functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that rely on other functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that rely on other functions
+in a complicated way that will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a complicated way that will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a complicated way that will give you
+the plus function okay and you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus function okay and you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus function okay and you do that
+and then you generate a lot of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you generate a lot of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you generate a lot of new
+somehow to manage to find out the sinus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow to manage to find out the sinus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow to manage to find out the sinus
+function and you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you find
+we figure out that this function they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figure out that this function they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figure out that this function they're
+trying to describe is sinus X plus sinus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to describe is sinus X plus sinus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to describe is sinus X plus sinus
+Y let's say something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y let's say something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y let's say something like that
+okay the exact example doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the exact example doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the exact example doesn't matter
+where you worked really hard and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you worked really hard and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you worked really hard and you
+figured that out now you get a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured that out now you get a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured that out now you get a new
+example and underneath the hood it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and underneath the hood it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and underneath the hood it's
+actually just sinus X minus y or let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just sinus X minus y or let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just sinus X minus y or let's
+say it's sinus y plus sign is Zed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's sinus y plus sign is Zed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's sinus y plus sign is Zed or
+something like that and now you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and now you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and now you start
+all over again you're like fine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over again you're like fine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over again you're like fine okay
+land something something something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land something something something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land something something something like
+if you could only use the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could only use the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could only use the fact that
+you've already discovered the sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already discovered the sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already discovered the sine
+functions you've already discovered plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you've already discovered plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you've already discovered plus
+and minus and things like that and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus and things like that and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus and things like that and now
+when you come to try and explain a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you come to try and explain a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you come to try and explain a new
+problem right you actually have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right you actually have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right you actually have a lot of
+previous knowledge okay so when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous knowledge okay so when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous knowledge okay so when you're
+trying to describe why airplanes take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to describe why airplanes take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to describe why airplanes take
+off and how they do that you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and how they do that you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and how they do that you're actually
+going to rely on previous knowledge not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rely on previous knowledge not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rely on previous knowledge not
+going to search in your entire theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to search in your entire theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to search in your entire theory
+space starting from nowhere you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space starting from nowhere you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space starting from nowhere you're going
+to rely on primitives before that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rely on primitives before that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rely on primitives before that have
+been useful so you might notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been useful so you might notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been useful so you might notice that
+actually plus and minus and signs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plus and minus and signs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plus and minus and signs and
+things like that and cosine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and cosine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and cosine and
+exponentiation are really useful let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation are really useful let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation are really useful let's
+save those as primitives so that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save those as primitives so that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save those as primitives so that next
+time that we make random proposals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that we make random proposals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that we make random proposals in
+theory space we're going to make a hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory space we're going to make a hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory space we're going to make a hole
+you can think of it of making like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it of making like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it of making like a
+whole bunch of moves at once that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of moves at once that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of moves at once that were
+useful okay like a whole bunch of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay like a whole bunch of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay like a whole bunch of stuff
+at once that was useful that shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once that was useful that shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once that was useful that shows up
+all the time you want to make that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time you want to make that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time you want to make that again
+okay so try that for example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so try that for example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so try that for example in the
+examples that we gave them in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that we gave them in theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that we gave them in theory
+space like you might find out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space like you might find out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space like you might find out that
+actually a lot of theories use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a lot of theories use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a lot of theories use
+transitivity or a lot of theories use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity or a lot of theories use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity or a lot of theories use a
+reflection write in the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection write in the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection write in the particular
+magnet case if X attracts Y then Y will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet case if X attracts Y then Y will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet case if X attracts Y then Y will
+attract X in general the law of if X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract X in general the law of if X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract X in general the law of if X
+blahs Y then Y will blow X that turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blahs Y then Y will blow X that turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blahs Y then Y will blow X that turns
+out to be useful in a lot of domains if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be useful in a lot of domains if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be useful in a lot of domains if
+only there was a way of reusing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only there was a way of reusing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only there was a way of reusing them
+right there is what al was doing was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is what al was doing was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is what al was doing was to
+basically use an exploration compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically use an exploration compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically use an exploration compression
+algorithm the ICI algorithm and what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm the ICI algorithm and what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm the ICI algorithm and what it
+does is it tries to encapsulate useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it tries to encapsulate useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it tries to encapsulate useful
+concepts and use it on a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and use it on a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and use it on a whole bunch of
+stuff one of the nice domains he used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff one of the nice domains he used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff one of the nice domains he used it
+on was these circuit diagrams if any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on was these circuit diagrams if any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on was these circuit diagrams if any of
+you actually had to solve circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually had to solve circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually had to solve circuit
+diagrams this is sort of stuff to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams this is sort of stuff to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams this is sort of stuff to people
+at MIT do you're given a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT do you're given a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT do you're given a particular
+input output function and again like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input output function and again like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input output function and again like I
+said under the hood it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said under the hood it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said under the hood it might be
+something like you're just told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you're just told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you're just told
+something like here's x and y okay x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like here's x and y okay x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like here's x and y okay x and
+y can each be 1 or 0 ok and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y can each be 1 or 0 ok and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y can each be 1 or 0 ok and now I'm
+going to give you combinations of values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you combinations of values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you combinations of values
+of x and y and what that spits out ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y and what that spits out ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y and what that spits out ok so
+x and y are both 1 light turns on x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y are both 1 light turns on x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y are both 1 light turns on x and
+y are both 0 light turns on X is 1 Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y are both 0 light turns on X is 1 Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y are both 0 light turns on X is 1 Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light turns off X's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light turns off X's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light turns off X's okay
+and you're trying to find out some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to find out some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to find out some sort
+of circuit that will explain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of circuit that will explain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of circuit that will explain this
+behavior some sort of combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior some sort of combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior some sort of combination of
+logic gates right like ands and ORS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic gates right like ands and ORS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic gates right like ands and ORS and
+Mane's and things like that okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mane's and things like that okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mane's and things like that okay the
+people sort of understand the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sort of understand the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sort of understand the problem
+for these circuits you can get a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these circuits you can get a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these circuits you can get a long
+list of things X Y Z T some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of things X Y Z T some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of things X Y Z T some sort of
+complicated behavior you might not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated behavior you might not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated behavior you might not even
+get the full behavior and you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the full behavior and you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the full behavior and you're trying
+to find sort of a minimal set of logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find sort of a minimal set of logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find sort of a minimal set of logical
+predicate or in this case circuits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate or in this case circuits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate or in this case circuits that
+will explain that behavior and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will explain that behavior and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will explain that behavior and now
+suppose that you only have the gate NAND
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you only have the gate NAND
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you only have the gate NAND
+to work with okay do people know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with okay do people know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with okay do people know what
+NAND is and to sort of logic gate it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAND is and to sort of logic gate it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAND is and to sort of logic gate it's a
+very simple logic gate that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple logic gate that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple logic gate that you can
+build up all the other logic gates from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up all the other logic gates from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up all the other logic gates from
+but it'll take you a while right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll take you a while right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll take you a while right to
+build up and from NAND or or from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up and from NAND or or from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up and from NAND or or from that
+but you can do it and so what he did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can do it and so what he did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can do it and so what he did was
+and his colleagues they started out sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his colleagues they started out sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his colleagues they started out sort
+of giving this algorithm a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of giving this algorithm a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of giving this algorithm a lot of
+different problems like here's a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems like here's a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems like here's a bunch
+of circuit diagrams that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of circuit diagrams that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of circuit diagrams that you need to
+solve or circuit problems you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve or circuit problems you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve or circuit problems you need to
+find a diagram for but the algorithm was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a diagram for but the algorithm was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a diagram for but the algorithm was
+doing was that each time it sold a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was that each time it sold a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was that each time it sold a
+problem or set of problems it would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or set of problems it would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or set of problems it would go
+back and look huh which parts of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look huh which parts of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look huh which parts of this
+can I in capsulate right which parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I in capsulate right which parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I in capsulate right which parts of
+this can I sort of use again I can carve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can I sort of use again I can carve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can I sort of use again I can carve
+off a chunk of something that was useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off a chunk of something that was useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off a chunk of something that was useful
+and now when I make a new proposal I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now when I make a new proposal I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now when I make a new proposal I'm
+not going to say put an and here or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to say put an and here or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to say put an and here or an
+and they're stochastic I'm going to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're stochastic I'm going to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're stochastic I'm going to sort
+of put in a whole chunk that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of put in a whole chunk that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of put in a whole chunk that I've
+already used before okay I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already used before okay I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already used before okay I'm going to
+sort of call that a new primitive cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of call that a new primitive cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of call that a new primitive cut
+out this part of the space call it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this part of the space call it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this part of the space call it and
+it's under the hood it's actually an ant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's under the hood it's actually an ant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's under the hood it's actually an ant
+or something like that it discovers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that it discovers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that it discovers the
+discovers nought and and it discovers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovers nought and and it discovers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovers nought and and it discovers
+this really useful thing that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really useful thing that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really useful thing that they
+called e to which doesn't appear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called e to which doesn't appear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called e to which doesn't appear in
+logic books but turns out to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic books but turns out to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic books but turns out to be really
+useful for certain diagrams which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for certain diagrams which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for certain diagrams which is
+take an input split it into two do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an input split it into two do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an input split it into two do
+something on this part do something on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on this part do something on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on this part do something on
+that part and recombine it it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part and recombine it it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part and recombine it it turns out
+to be a hugely useful concept for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a hugely useful concept for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a hugely useful concept for
+circuit diagrams and this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit diagrams and this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit diagrams and this thing
+discovers it and once it discovers it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovers it and once it discovers it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovers it and once it discovers it
+it's sort of you reuses it and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of you reuses it and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of you reuses it and what that
+does is it turns an infinite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it turns an infinite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it turns an infinite and
+unmanageable space into infinite but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmanageable space into infinite but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmanageable space into infinite but a
+bit more manageable okay so your space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more manageable okay so your space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more manageable okay so your space
+is infinite you're not going to search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinite you're not going to search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinite you're not going to search
+the full length of it imagine that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full length of it imagine that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full length of it imagine that this
+is a space of all possible programs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a space of all possible programs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a space of all possible programs as
+you go down the programs get way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go down the programs get way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go down the programs get way too
+long you're never going to reach them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you're never going to reach them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you're never going to reach them
+but some of them are really good some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of them are really good some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of them are really good some of
+them are really good explanations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are really good explanations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are really good explanations and
+the only way to get to them is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way to get to them is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way to get to them is if you
+had some sort of way of chunking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some sort of way of chunking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some sort of way of chunking the
+problem of saying yes it looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of saying yes it looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of saying yes it looks like a
+long program but actually half of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long program but actually half of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long program but actually half of it
+I've already used before to solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already used before to solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already used before to solve a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+and half of it is less long two times so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and half of it is less long two times so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and half of it is less long two times so
+you might discover you know you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might discover you know you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might discover you know you might
+have an effective search area you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an effective search area you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an effective search area you find
+out all the problems you can solve there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the problems you can solve there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the problems you can solve there
+and suppose yeah this is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose yeah this is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose yeah this is an interesting
+thing a choice color but so imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a choice color but so imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a choice color but so imagine that
+sort of this blue thing over here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this blue thing over here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this blue thing over here is
+describing within the space of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing within the space of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing within the space of all
+possible programs the sort of programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible programs the sort of programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible programs the sort of programs
+that you want to find so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to find so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to find so there's the
+effective search area they're sort of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective search area they're sort of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective search area they're sort of if
+they only cover part of this blue thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only cover part of this blue thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only cover part of this blue thing
+you can think of it like the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it like the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it like the probability
+is really high over there you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really high over there you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really high over there you really
+want to find all of them but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find all of them but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find all of them but by
+searching that small space and within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching that small space and within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching that small space and within
+that small space finding the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that small space finding the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that small space finding the right
+primitives and encapsulating them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives and encapsulating them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives and encapsulating them you
+can now actually search more efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now actually search more efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now actually search more efficiently
+the rest of the space and the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the space and the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the space and the rest of
+the space sort of compresses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space sort of compresses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space sort of compresses and
+compresses until it's all within your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compresses until it's all within your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compresses until it's all within your
+effective search area new people sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective search area new people sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective search area new people sort of
+understand that it's sort of there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that it's sort of there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that it's sort of there were
+long programs before that you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long programs before that you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long programs before that you never
+would have gotten to but by searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have gotten to but by searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have gotten to but by searching
+these small spaces that you could search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these small spaces that you could search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these small spaces that you could search
+through before discovering the useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through before discovering the useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through before discovering the useful
+parts they're these new things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts they're these new things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts they're these new things that
+seemed really long before or actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed really long before or actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed really long before or actually
+short because they can be described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short because they can be described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short because they can be described by
+just a few chunks okay this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few chunks okay this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few chunks okay this is really
+interesting work and I encourage you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work and I encourage you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work and I encourage you all
+to read it those of you who find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read it those of you who find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read it those of you who find it
+interesting the last thing that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the last thing that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the last thing that I'm
+going to do and then that'll leave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do and then that'll leave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do and then that'll leave us
+ten minutes of discussion which is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten minutes of discussion which is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten minutes of discussion which is great
+is this problem but I guess maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this problem but I guess maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this problem but I guess maybe it's
+really the heart of what Laura's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the heart of what Laura's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the heart of what Laura's getting
+out I think she was not satisfied by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I think she was not satisfied by any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I think she was not satisfied by any
+of these things and she was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things and she was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things and she was sort of
+pointing it out well fine you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing it out well fine you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing it out well fine you can do
+stochastic search all you want but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic search all you want but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic search all you want but the
+really hard problem is constructing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard problem is constructing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard problem is constructing the
+space itself on the fly you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space itself on the fly you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space itself on the fly you're not going
+to find out you're not going to use one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out you're not going to use one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out you're not going to use one
+infinite space for all possible problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite space for all possible problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite space for all possible problems
+you're going to use the right spaces for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to use the right spaces for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to use the right spaces for
+the right problem and how do you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right problem and how do you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right problem and how do you do that
+so something like you know construct you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something like you know construct you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something like you know construct you
+know give me a good name in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know give me a good name in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know give me a good name in this case
+we're going to do give me a good name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do give me a good name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do give me a good name
+for a romantic drama all right and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a romantic drama all right and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a romantic drama all right and your
+search space is going to be imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search space is going to be imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search space is going to be imagine that
+can people see sort of the border like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can people see sort of the border like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can people see sort of the border like
+there's this whole space of uselessness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this whole space of uselessness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this whole space of uselessness
+and what you really want to do is focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you really want to do is focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you really want to do is focus
+in on that tiny part of useful things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on that tiny part of useful things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on that tiny part of useful things
+and if only there was a way of just on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if only there was a way of just on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if only there was a way of just on
+the fly you know zooming in on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly you know zooming in on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly you know zooming in on that
+thing and then bouncing around in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then bouncing around in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then bouncing around in that
+and the point is to say well when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is to say well when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is to say well when we
+construct the space we can just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the space we can just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the space we can just use
+previous examples I don't think it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous examples I don't think it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous examples I don't think it's the
+case that we just do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that we just do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that we just do something
+necessarily completely new in these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily completely new in these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily completely new in these sort
+of everyday thinking well maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everyday thinking well maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everyday thinking well maybe we can
+argue about that in the discussion well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue about that in the discussion well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue about that in the discussion well
+you actually start out with is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually start out with is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually start out with is actually
+taking a few examples that you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a few examples that you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a few examples that you find
+relevant in some way and using those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant in some way and using those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant in some way and using those
+examples to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples to
+then construct your space on the fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then construct your space on the fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then construct your space on the fly
+right you might find out you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you might find out you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you might find out you might think
+about things like what other romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things like what other romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things like what other romantic
+dramas do I remember in the past what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramas do I remember in the past what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramas do I remember in the past what do
+they share in common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they share in common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they share in common
+what movie names do I know of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what movie names do I know of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what movie names do I know of in the
+past quickly finding the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past quickly finding the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past quickly finding the sort of
+relevant thing for all these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant thing for all these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant thing for all these things and
+then having a space for those and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having a space for those and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having a space for those and then
+searching around stochastically because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching around stochastically because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching around stochastically because
+you're not going to do better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to do better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to do better than
+stochastic search there will come a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic search there will come a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic search there will come a
+point where you're just bouncing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where you're just bouncing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where you're just bouncing around
+at random so I use this actually for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random so I use this actually for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random so I use this actually for
+giving me a paper title for s or CD and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me a paper title for s or CD and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me a paper title for s or CD and
+came up with some amusing things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with some amusing things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with some amusing things you
+guys can play with that online if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can play with that online if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can play with that online if you
+want but let's do give me a good name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but let's do give me a good name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but let's do give me a good name
+for a new romantic drama so as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a new romantic drama so as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a new romantic drama so as I said
+what you would do is you would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would do is you would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would do is you would just
+think about all the romantic dramas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all the romantic dramas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all the romantic dramas that
+you know like the climbers Cristina the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like the climbers Cristina the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like the climbers Cristina the
+big top you could farm these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big top you could farm these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big top you could farm these are all
+actual romantic dramas pulled off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual romantic dramas pulled off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual romantic dramas pulled off of
+Wikipedia then use those to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia then use those to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia then use those to construct
+your space don't care about all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your space don't care about all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your space don't care about all that
+could happen in the world okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen in the world okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen in the world okay and what
+do I mean construct your space well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean construct your space well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean construct your space well
+there's a bunch of ways to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of ways to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of ways to construct
+this space what ideally we would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space what ideally we would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space what ideally we would want
+and what I didn't do but what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I didn't do but what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I didn't do but what we're
+thinking of is to construct a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of is to construct a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of is to construct a very very
+simple grammar right which instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple grammar right which instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple grammar right which instead of
+all possible sentences is a grammar for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible sentences is a grammar for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible sentences is a grammar for
+movie titles and this grammar usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie titles and this grammar usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie titles and this grammar usually
+tends to generate things like the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to generate things like the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to generate things like the right
+thus something-something and long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus something-something and long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus something-something and long and
+then it just stops okay and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it just stops okay and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it just stops okay and it turns out
+that something like the adjective noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something like the adjective noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something like the adjective noun
+is a really good way of generating names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really good way of generating names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really good way of generating names
+for pubs the white queen the blond tiger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pubs the white queen the blond tiger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pubs the white queen the blond tiger
+the bleeding bottle I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bleeding bottle I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bleeding bottle I don't know
+something right like right it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right like right it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right like right it's really
+useful if it only you could do that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful if it only you could do that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful if it only you could do that if
+only construct these tiny grammars that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only construct these tiny grammars that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only construct these tiny grammars that
+will still give you an infinite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still give you an infinite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still give you an infinite number
+of things but you know that removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things but you know that removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things but you know that removing
+names or things like um verbing proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names or things like um verbing proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names or things like um verbing proper
+name turns out to be a really good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name turns out to be a really good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name turns out to be a really good thing
+for like you know I'm you know stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like you know I'm you know stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like you know I'm you know stopping
+a me interrupting Timmy and you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a me interrupting Timmy and you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a me interrupting Timmy and you can find
+that I'm looking at these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm looking at these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm looking at these things and
+just to show you how how much I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you how how much I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you how how much I think
+that this is you know actually bad of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is you know actually bad of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is you know actually bad of a
+problem I did not this grammar thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I did not this grammar thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I did not this grammar thing I
+did something even simpler okay which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did something even simpler okay which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did something even simpler okay which is
+to take all the put all the names I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take all the put all the names I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take all the put all the names I
+could find on Wikipedia for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find on Wikipedia for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find on Wikipedia for different
+movie genres throughout the ages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie genres throughout the ages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie genres throughout the ages and
+then I looked at things like romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I looked at things like romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I looked at things like romantic
+dramas and what I did was construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramas and what I did was construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramas and what I did was construct a
+very simple Engram which just takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple Engram which just takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple Engram which just takes
+those words and just sort of does a ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those words and just sort of does a ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those words and just sort of does a ran
+walk on those words okay and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk on those words okay and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk on those words okay and you could
+imagine complicating this immediately by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine complicating this immediately by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine complicating this immediately by
+taking something like embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking something like embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking something like embedding
+words in the high dimensional space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in the high dimensional space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in the high dimensional space and
+actually picking words that are close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually picking words that are close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually picking words that are close to
+that you could get new words that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could get new words that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could get new words that were
+never in there before I'm not even doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never in there before I'm not even doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never in there before I'm not even doing
+that and doing something ridiculously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and doing something ridiculously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and doing something ridiculously
+simple that I don't think people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple that I don't think people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple that I don't think people are
+doing that let me show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that let me show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that let me show you how
+reasonable it is okay and what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable it is okay and what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable it is okay and what I'm going
+to here to is some stuff that we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here to is some stuff that we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here to is some stuff that we we
+asked people on Mechanical Turk to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked people on Mechanical Turk to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked people on Mechanical Turk to give
+us names for a new romantic drum so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us names for a new romantic drum so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us names for a new romantic drum so the
+only thing I forgot was the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing I forgot was the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing I forgot was the right
+labeling for these things so Laura what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling for these things so Laura what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling for these things so Laura what
+do you think is this from Turk or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think is this from Turk or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think is this from Turk or is
+this my algorithm 50/50 so how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this my algorithm 50/50 so how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this my algorithm 50/50 so how about
+we'll have by not show of hands but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have by not show of hands but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have by not show of hands but
+people just shout it out like if it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just shout it out like if it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just shout it out like if it's I
+don't know Turk or looking for a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know Turk or looking for a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know Turk or looking for a short
+word which is like Turk or Tomer let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word which is like Turk or Tomer let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word which is like Turk or Tomer let's
+do it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it that way
+okay so tomar just standing in for Tomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so tomar just standing in for Tomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so tomar just standing in for Tomer
+simple silly algorithm okay so who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple silly algorithm okay so who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple silly algorithm okay so who
+thinks that this was created by someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that this was created by someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that this was created by someone
+actual human Mechanical Turk and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual human Mechanical Turk and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual human Mechanical Turk and who
+thinks it was created by tomar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks it was created by tomar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks it was created by tomar
+mechanically running through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically running through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically running through an
+algorithm okay so in three two one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay so in three two one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay so in three two one you
+are either going to shout Turk or Tomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either going to shout Turk or Tomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either going to shout Turk or Tomer
+three two one okay that was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two one okay that was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two one okay that was actually
+someone mechanical turk let's do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone mechanical turk let's do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone mechanical turk let's do this
+again girls and ships for a romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again girls and ships for a romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again girls and ships for a romantic
+drama three two this was an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama three two this was an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama three two this was an algorithm
+value of love three two one that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of love three two one that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of love three two one that was
+Turk good endless love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turk good endless love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turk good endless love
+three two one good okay how about legend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two one good okay how about legend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two one good okay how about legend
+of Paris three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nobody knows this is actually okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows this is actually okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows this is actually okay
+who's enjoying this and wants to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's enjoying this and wants to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's enjoying this and wants to do a
+few more land of roses three two one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more land of roses three two one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more land of roses three two one
+Tomer and finally those we meet again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tomer and finally those we meet again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tomer and finally those we meet again
+three two one no it was me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two one no it was me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two one no it was me
+oh sorry one more love lightly three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry one more love lightly three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry one more love lightly three two
+one yeah it seems like truckers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah it seems like truckers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah it seems like truckers were
+actually do than the algorithm which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do than the algorithm which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do than the algorithm which is
+romantic is love and I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic is love and I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic is love and I'm just going to
+put something with love in the title so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something with love in the title so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something with love in the title so
+who wants to do this for action movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to do this for action movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to do this for action movies
+none will stop okay how about the chase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none will stop okay how about the chase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none will stop okay how about the chase
+three two one yes how about who the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two one yes how about who the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two one yes how about who the
+annihilation okay that's me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilation okay that's me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilation okay that's me the
+oversight Turk the edge Turk Jack death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversight Turk the edge Turk Jack death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversight Turk the edge Turk Jack death
+among heroes no it was me sword men in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among heroes no it was me sword men in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among heroes no it was me sword men in
+China three Toma and the hit people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China three Toma and the hit people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China three Toma and the hit people on
+tour you can probably burn four in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour you can probably burn four in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour you can probably burn four in each
+one and again people are like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and again people are like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and again people are like the
+oversight the hit the chase the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversight the hit the chase the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversight the hit the chase the edge
+it's not the only thing they did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the only thing they did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the only thing they did they
+actually came up with some clever stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually came up with some clever stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually came up with some clever stuff
+as well but you know it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but you know it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but you know it's interesting
+and of course I'm cheating because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I'm cheating because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I'm cheating because the
+algorithm did a bunch of really dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm did a bunch of really dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm did a bunch of really dumb
+stuff that I didn't put in here like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that I didn't put in here like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that I didn't put in here like
+Hunchback of Montecristi dead it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hunchback of Montecristi dead it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hunchback of Montecristi dead it did
+bail of a lesser God Eagles shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bail of a lesser God Eagles shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bail of a lesser God Eagles shooting
+heroes Tomb Raider the raging go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroes Tomb Raider the raging go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroes Tomb Raider the raging go to
+violence and legend of legend my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence and legend of legend my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence and legend of legend my
+favorite but my point is to say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite but my point is to say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite but my point is to say you know
+you might think of like in this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think of like in this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think of like in this in the
+same sense that Josh was saying you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sense that Josh was saying you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sense that Josh was saying you know
+imagine that you could use something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you could use something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you could use something
+like a Quan vennett to quickly seed your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Quan vennett to quickly seed your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Quan vennett to quickly seed your
+proposals imagine if you could think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals imagine if you could think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals imagine if you could think of
+like a random dumb algorithm but good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a random dumb algorithm but good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a random dumb algorithm but good
+then this doesn't say legend of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this doesn't say legend of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this doesn't say legend of
+something and then you sort of say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then you sort of say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then you sort of say no
+that's not really a great idea what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really a great idea what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really a great idea what
+you're trying to get on here is not 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to get on here is not 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to get on here is not 100%
+accuracy with these silly things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy with these silly things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy with these silly things but
+something like one in five one in five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like one in five one in five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like one in five one in five
+is better than one in zero which is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better than one in zero which is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better than one in zero which is or
+one in a million or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in a million or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in a million or something like that
+which is what Laura was pointing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what Laura was pointing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what Laura was pointing out
+okay so as I said that we still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as I said that we still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as I said that we still have a
+long long way to go to model children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long way to go to model children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long way to go to model children
+and meet Laura's critique it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meet Laura's critique it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meet Laura's critique it's hard to
+say what's hard I think that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's hard I think that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's hard I think that's what I
+was trying to hint out with Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to hint out with Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to hint out with Steve
+counted Oh Sees point we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted Oh Sees point we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted Oh Sees point we don't really
+know what's easy we don't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's easy we don't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's easy we don't really know
+what's hard but people in development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's hard but people in development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's hard but people in development
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+computational and should continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational and should continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational and should continue to
+care about stochastic algorithms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about stochastic algorithms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about stochastic algorithms and
+people in computational and to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in computational and to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in computational and to continue
+to care about children to everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to care about children to everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to care about children to everyone's
+benefit and that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit and that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit and that's it
+so more this is great right so I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so more this is great right so I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so more this is great right so I didn't
+know I rather I didn't have I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I rather I didn't have I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I rather I didn't have I didn't
+know it was gonna be part of this debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it was gonna be part of this debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it was gonna be part of this debate
+about max singles thing so I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about max singles thing so I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about max singles thing so I'll say
+briefly about that but you've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about that but you've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about that but you've heard
+three really good approaches and to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three really good approaches and to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three really good approaches and to each
+of this all speak I think what one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this all speak I think what one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this all speak I think what one is
+doing is totally great but still driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is totally great but still driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is totally great but still driven
+in some sense by the data not just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense by the data not just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense by the data not just by
+the question right and I think the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question right and I think the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question right and I think the point
+that I'm gonna make just continually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm gonna make just continually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm gonna make just continually
+here is that the way we think is driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the way we think is driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the way we think is driven
+by the goals that we have right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the goals that we have right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the goals that we have right and that
+and and and and each of these solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and each of these solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and each of these solutions
+in some ways is failing to use most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways is failing to use most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways is failing to use most
+salient or is humans which is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient or is humans which is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient or is humans which is we have
+problems we have questions right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we have questions right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we have questions right and
+what I would like to do is see us move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would like to do is see us move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would like to do is see us move
+to a case where it's not just the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a case where it's not just the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a case where it's not just the data
+that's causing us to generate new ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's causing us to generate new ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's causing us to generate new ideas
+that we're not just ready to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not just ready to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not just ready to deal with
+that it is it's actually the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is it's actually the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is it's actually the information
+in the problem itself similarly I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem itself similarly I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem itself similarly I think
+what a I was doing is totally beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a I was doing is totally beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a I was doing is totally beautiful
+in the representational compression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the representational compression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the representational compression is
+really really interesting but a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really interesting but a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really interesting but a lot of
+learning problems can't be solved most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning problems can't be solved most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning problems can't be solved most
+the the ones I was gesturing at are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ones I was gesturing at are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ones I was gesturing at are not
+really problems of changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really problems of changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really problems of changing the
+representational format it matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representational format it matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representational format it matters
+hugely that we have an Arabic numeral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely that we have an Arabic numeral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely that we have an Arabic numeral
+system instead of a Roman numeral system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system instead of a Roman numeral system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system instead of a Roman numeral system
+that changes the consequence that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes the consequence that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes the consequence that we can
+solve and so that it represents a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and so that it represents a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and so that it represents a huge
+event space it's sort of and and it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event space it's sort of and and it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event space it's sort of and and it for
+many kinds of problems that will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many kinds of problems that will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many kinds of problems that will make
+search much more efficient but a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search much more efficient but a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search much more efficient but a lot of
+pubs just don't have that property so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pubs just don't have that property so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pubs just don't have that property so
+it's a it's in some sense an answer to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's in some sense an answer to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's in some sense an answer to a
+different a different kind of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a different kind of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a different kind of problem
+Steve's proposal what can you say right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve's proposal what can you say right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve's proposal what can you say right
+it could be true they're a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be true they're a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be true they're a billion
+billion neurons you got more synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion neurons you got more synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion neurons you got more synaptic
+connections and their stars in the known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and their stars in the known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and their stars in the known
+universe of course it could be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of course it could be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of course it could be true
+that's what an expedition means a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what an expedition means a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what an expedition means a long
+line of everybody says that's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of everybody says that's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of everybody says that's not as
+good a story if it's true right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a story if it's true right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a story if it's true right so it
+could be true you could do a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be true you could do a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be true you could do a billion
+things really fast didn't just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things really fast didn't just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things really fast didn't just think
+about the ones that you arrive at but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ones that you arrive at but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ones that you arrive at but I
+I think I think the jury is out on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I think the jury is out on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I think the jury is out on that
+one next and Tomer and and this so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one next and Tomer and and this so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one next and Tomer and and this so in a
+while I think Sam Gershman a so right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I think Sam Gershman a so right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I think Sam Gershman a so right so
+Sam Gershwin came off as we spent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam Gershwin came off as we spent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam Gershwin came off as we spent a
+while talking about how you would invent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while talking about how you would invent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while talking about how you would invent
+what we were affectionately calling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were affectionately calling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were affectionately calling a
+ generator right our ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ generator right our ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ generator right our ability to
+accomplish it you know somebody asked me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish it you know somebody asked me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish it you know somebody asked me
+about anything you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anything you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anything you know
+tell me about ionic and Doric columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about ionic and Doric columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about ionic and Doric columns
+you remember something from sixth grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember something from sixth grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember something from sixth grade
+and you start talking all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you start talking all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you start talking all right
+so so the question is you know what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the question is you know what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the question is you know what can
+you do and I think this is a really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do and I think this is a really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do and I think this is a really nice
+attempt I think the idea of seeding it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt I think the idea of seeding it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt I think the idea of seeding it
+from past examples to help construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from past examples to help construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from past examples to help construct a
+search space is a really beautiful idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search space is a really beautiful idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search space is a really beautiful idea
+again the question is how do you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the question is how do you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the question is how do you make
+that but my feeling is still we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but my feeling is still we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but my feeling is still we can do
+something that that works for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that works for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that works for those
+kinds of problems where we have past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems where we have past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems where we have past
+examples we can do it for any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples we can do it for any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples we can do it for any kind of
+problems and and so what I really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and and so what I really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and and so what I really want
+to push for is use the problem right use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push for is use the problem right use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push for is use the problem right use
+the information and the problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information and the problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information and the problem because
+for those problems like romantic movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those problems like romantic movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those problems like romantic movies
+we have some existing able as we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some existing able as we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some existing able as we can see
+the search space we can do that and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search space we can do that and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search space we can do that and for
+my theater company example is perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my theater company example is perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my theater company example is perfect
+but for the peppermint example not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the peppermint example not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the peppermint example not so
+much right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much right
+you're not going to seed the search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to seed the search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to seed the search
+space from examples of candies right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space from examples of candies right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space from examples of candies right or
+what you know about the construction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know about the construction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know about the construction of
+candies and if you did it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candies and if you did it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candies and if you did it wouldn't
+generate the pendulum answer which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the pendulum answer which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the pendulum answer which we
+think is a good wrong answer right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is a good wrong answer right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is a good wrong answer right so
+it's not just that it is I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just that it is I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just that it is I have a
+problem of a particular kind it is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of a particular kind it is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of a particular kind it is going
+to be satisfied by some kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be satisfied by some kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be satisfied by some kind of an
+answer and not others how can I use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and not others how can I use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and not others how can I use that
+to help how big the puzzles so that's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help how big the puzzles so that's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help how big the puzzles so that's I
+think the end of what I say and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the end of what I say and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the end of what I say and we'll
+just return to questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GrnYlDAsmuA.txt b/GrnYlDAsmuA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f1ae64c3a2ab5087627cd100bba9bc852e685d85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GrnYlDAsmuA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1752 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+PROFESSOR: In the last
+lecture, we began the
+
+discussion of modulation.
+
+And in particular, what
+we focused on, was the
+
+continuous time case.
+
+And in talking about continuous
+time modulation,
+
+we've covered a number
+of topics.
+
+We talked about the properties
+and analysis of modulation
+
+when we had a complex
+exponential carrier signal.
+
+We talked about the properties
+and analysis in the case of a
+
+sinusoidal carrier.
+
+And in that context and related
+to the application
+
+associated with communications,
+we talked
+
+about synchronous modulation,
+asynchronous modulation and
+
+also the notion of single
+side band modulation.
+
+In the lecture today, there are
+two issues that I'd like
+
+to address, broad topics.
+
+One is a parallel discussion,
+particularly, as associated
+
+with complex exponential and
+sinusoidal modulation for
+
+discrete time signals.
+
+And the second is the
+introduction and analysis of
+
+another kind of carriers,
+specifically a pulse kind of
+
+carrier in continuous time
+leading to the notions of
+
+pulse amplitude modulation
+and, eventually, a very
+
+powerful theorem and result
+called the sampling theorem.
+
+Well, let me begin the lecture,
+though, focusing on
+
+the discrete time modulation
+to essentially draw your
+
+attention to the fact that the
+analysis in discrete time very
+
+much parallels the analysis
+in continuous time.
+
+Well, let's consider, in the
+discrete time case, just as we
+
+had in continuous time, a signal
+modulating a carrier
+
+signal and the resulting
+modulated signal is y of n.
+
+And it was in continuous time
+the modulation property
+
+associated with the Fourier
+Transform that provided the
+
+basis for the analysis.
+
+And exactly the same thing
+is true in the
+
+discrete time case.
+
+In particular, what we have
+in discrete time, is the
+
+modulation property as it
+relates to the Fourier
+
+Transform, which tells us that
+the Fourier Transform of the
+
+modulated signal is the
+convolution of the Fourier
+
+Transform of the carrier and the
+Fourier Transform of the
+
+modulated signal.
+
+And the only real difference at
+issue here is that, in the
+
+discrete time case, what we're
+talking about is a periodic
+
+convolution because
+the specter,
+
+of course is periodic.
+
+Whereas, in the continuous time
+case, it was an aperiodic
+
+convolution.
+
+So let's parallel the
+discussion, and in particular,
+
+what we'll focus on is, first,
+a complex exponential carrier
+
+and second a sinusoidal
+carrier.
+
+And we'll see how this parallels
+our discussion in
+
+continuous time, and we'll make
+fairly brief reference as
+
+we introduce the pulse carrier
+for continuous time.
+
+We'll make very brief reference
+to the pulse carrier
+
+for discrete time indicating
+that, again, the analysis and
+
+discrete time and continuous
+time is very parallel.
+
+So let's, first, consider
+complex exponential and
+
+sinusoidal carriers for the
+discrete time case,
+
+emphasizing the very strong
+parallel and similarity
+
+between discrete time
+and continuous time.
+
+Well we have, once, again
+the modulation property.
+
+And the modulation property
+tells us that the spectrum of
+
+the modulated signal is the
+periodic convolution of the
+
+two spectra.
+
+And let's consider, for
+example, an input, or
+
+modulating spectrum, as
+I've indicated here.
+
+And since we want to consider,
+first of all, a complex
+
+exponential carrier, we'll
+consider the case of c of n
+
+equal to e to the
+j omega sub cn.
+
+And let me stress, by the way,
+as I did in the continuous
+
+time case, that I'll tend to
+suppress the phase angle
+
+which, of course, can
+be associated
+
+with the carrier also.
+
+All right, so we have,
+then, the spectrum of
+
+the modulated signal.
+
+The spectra, the carrier
+signal, if this is the
+
+carrier, then it's spectrum is
+an impulse train, and that
+
+impulse train, I've
+indicated here.
+
+And let me stress, also, that in
+the discrete time case, of
+
+course, these spectra and all
+of the spectra involved, are
+
+periodic with a period
+of 2 pi.
+
+So this then is the spectrum
+of the carrier signal.
+
+This is the spectrum of
+the input signal.
+
+The periodic convolution of
+these two is the spectrum the
+
+modulated signal.
+
+And the result is, then, this
+spectrum shifted to a center
+
+frequency, which is the carrier
+frequency omega sub c.
+
+So the result of modulation with
+a complex exponential is
+
+a straightforward shift of the
+spectrum so that what occurred
+
+around zero frequency now occurs
+around the frequency
+
+omega sub c.
+
+Now, in the continuous time
+case, we demodulated, when we
+
+had a complex exponential
+carrier, we demodulated by,
+
+essentially, just shifting
+the spectrum back.
+
+And in fact, in the discrete
+time case, were able to do
+
+exactly the same thing.
+
+So if we were to replace c of n
+which is either j omega sub
+
+cn by c of n equals e to the
+minus j omega sub cn, the
+
+resulting spectra would be an
+impulse train, as I indicate
+
+here, and the result of multiply
+y of n by that new
+
+carrier, in the frequency domain
+as a convolution of
+
+these two, and it's relatively
+straightforward to verify that
+
+if you convolve these with a
+periodic convolution, then
+
+that will get us back to the
+original spectrum that we
+
+started with.
+
+So what's happened in the
+discrete time case, with the
+
+complex exponential, is
+exactly the same as in
+
+continuous time.
+
+Namely, we modulate that
+corresponds to
+
+shifting the spectrum.
+
+We demodulate by multiplying
+by the complex conjugate of
+
+the original modulated carrier
+and that shifts the spectrum
+
+back to where it
+was originally.
+
+OK.
+
+Now let's consider the case
+of a sinusoidal carrier in
+
+discrete time.
+
+And again, things very much
+parallel what we saw in
+
+continuous time.
+
+And again, as we look at the
+spectra, I will choose a phase
+
+angle of zero, mainly for
+notational and analytical
+
+convenience.
+
+So in this case, now, rather
+than a carrier signal, which
+
+is a single complex exponential,
+it's now a
+
+sinusoidal carrier and the
+sinusoidal carrier is the sum
+
+of two complex exponential.
+
+And so if we consider a
+modulated spectrum, that is
+
+the spectrum of x of n,
+something of the type that I
+
+indicate here, and the spectrum
+of the carrier, now,
+
+since the carrier is sinusoidal
+rather than a
+
+complex exponential consists of
+two impulses, one at plus
+
+omega sub c and one at minus
+omega sub c, convolving this
+
+spectrum with this spectrum
+gives us a replication of x of
+
+omega around plus and
+minus omega sub c.
+
+And incidentally, with an
+amplitude change of a half.
+
+So again, things have
+worked as they did
+
+in continuous time.
+
+In continuous time or in
+discrete time, modulating with
+
+a sinusoidal carrier would
+correspond to a replication of
+
+the spectrum around, plus the
+carrier frequency and a
+
+replication of the spectrum
+around minus the carrier
+
+frequency, in both cases, as
+long as the carrier frequency
+
+is large enough compared with
+the bandwidth of the signal so
+
+that those two replication
+don't overlap, then it's
+
+reasonable to suppose that we
+should be able to recover the
+
+original signal.
+
+Well, in fact, to demodulate in
+the discrete time case, we
+
+would again follow very much
+the strategy that we did in
+
+continuous time.
+
+In particular, let's consider
+demodulating by taking the
+
+modulated signal and, again,
+putting that through a
+
+modulator, again, with
+the carrier which is
+
+cosine omega sub cn.
+
+If we do that, we have a
+demodulator or what will turn
+
+out to be part of a demodulator,
+as I indicate
+
+here, the spectrum of the input
+signal is, as I had just
+
+developed, a replication of the
+original spectrum around
+
+plus and minus omega sub c with
+an amplitude of a half.
+
+When this is, again, convolved
+with the spectrum of the
+
+carrier, then we get a
+replication of the original
+
+spectrum, first around zero
+frequency, as I indicate here,
+
+and then around twice the
+carrier frequency and minus
+
+twice the carrier frequency.
+
+And as long as the carrier
+frequency is large enough
+
+compared with the width of the
+original signal, then, as you
+
+can see, by extracting this part
+of the spectrum with a
+
+low pass filter, we can, in
+principle, recover the
+
+spectrum associated with
+the original signal.
+
+And again, just as in continuous
+time, because this
+
+amplitude is a half, we would
+want to choose, for scaling
+
+purposes, a low pass filter
+amplitude which is 2 to
+
+compensate for this
+factor of a half.
+
+So once again things work out
+basically the same way as they
+
+had in continuous time.
+
+We have sinusoidal modulation
+which consists of using a
+
+sinusoidal carrier.
+
+And we have the demodulator
+which consists of taking a
+
+modulated signal, multiplying
+by the carrier, and then
+
+processing that with a low pass
+filter to extract the
+
+portion of the spectrum, which
+is around zero frequency, as I
+
+indicate in the spectrum below
+and the result, then, that
+
+this low pass filter having
+a gain of 2 is that we've
+
+recovered the original spectrum,
+x of omega, which is
+
+the spectrum that
+we started with.
+
+Now several other things
+to stress.
+
+This is a fairly quick tour
+through sinusoidal modulation
+
+for discrete time.
+
+There are very similar issues
+that arise in the discrete
+
+time case in terms of having
+phase synchronization and
+
+frequency synchronization
+between the modulator and
+
+demodulator.
+
+And we had discussed that in a
+fair amount of detail for the
+
+continuous time case.
+
+In some sense, in practical
+terms, that becomes much more
+
+of an issue in continuous time
+than it does in discrete time,
+
+in part, because synchronization
+between a
+
+modulator and demodulator is
+often much harder in a
+
+continuous time system, which
+is essentially an analog
+
+system as compared with
+a digital system.
+
+Another very important reason
+and it's important to stress
+
+this at the outset is that,
+whereas the theory involving
+
+the use of complex exponential
+and sinusoidal modulation
+
+parallels very strongly in the
+continuous time and the
+
+discrete time case.
+
+In practical terms, it has
+much more significance in
+
+continuous time than it
+does in discrete time.
+
+That is, the notion called
+sinusidal modulation, in the
+
+context of communication
+systems, is extremely
+
+important for continuous time
+systems, and less so in
+
+discrete time systems.
+
+Now as a preview of a point to
+be raised later on, I should
+
+modify that slightly with the
+statement that one very
+
+important place in which
+sinusoidal modulation in a
+
+discrete time context arises,
+is in a class of systems
+
+called transmultiplexers or
+transmodulation systems.
+
+And this surface is basically
+because so many communication
+
+systems are now becoming digital
+and, specifically,
+
+discrete time, although the
+actual transmission is
+
+continuous time, the signal
+processing manipulation and
+
+switching is discrete time.
+
+And so, in fact, it turns out
+to be very important and
+
+useful to take a discrete time
+representation of the analog
+
+signals or continuous time
+signals and, in a discrete
+
+time, or digital representation,
+to convert
+
+them from one modulation scheme
+or one multiplexing
+
+scheme to another.
+
+And although I said a lot there
+that really requires
+
+much more detail to develop in
+any sense at all, you should
+
+get the notion that discrete
+time modulation systems become
+
+very important, in
+part, because of
+
+implementational issues.
+
+OK, now, there is another
+application that we have
+
+discussed for both continuous
+time and actually, previously,
+
+for discrete time, amplitude
+modulation with sinusoidal
+
+complex exponential carriers.
+
+And let me just remind you of
+that, because, in fact, it
+
+becomes a very important
+one in the case of
+
+discrete time systems.
+
+And that is the notion of using
+modulation together with
+
+fixed filtering to implement a
+filter, which either has a
+
+variable cut off or converts,
+let's say, a low pass filter
+
+to a high pass filter.
+
+We had originally talked about
+this when we introduce the
+
+modulation property in the
+context of converting a low
+
+pass filter to a high
+pass filter.
+
+And the notion was that, if we
+modulate the signal with a
+
+carrier which is minus 1 to the
+n, and that's just simply
+
+a complex exponential or
+sinusoidal carrier with a
+
+carrier frequency of pi, then
+that, in effect, interchanges
+
+the low frequencies and
+the high frequencies.
+
+And if, after modulation, that
+is processed with a low pass
+
+filter, and then the result is
+demodulated, using exactly the
+
+same carrier, namely a carrier
+which is minus 1 to the n,
+
+then the effect of that is
+equivalent to high pass
+
+filtering on the original
+signal.
+
+And a generalization of that
+would involve, instead of this
+
+specific choice of minus 1 to
+the n, would involve a choice,
+
+in general, of e to the j omega
+sub cn, that is a more
+
+general carrier frequency, and
+a demodulator which is e to
+
+the minus j omega sub cn.
+
+And as I've represented it here,
+and as we had talked
+
+about it when we talked about
+the modulation property for
+
+discrete time signals, we had
+specifically chosen the
+
+conversion of a low pass
+to a high pass filter.
+
+Well, let me continue the
+review of that just by
+
+reminding you of the details
+of what happens with the
+
+spectra, and, specifically, the
+notion, if we take this
+
+particular case of omega sub
+c is equal to pi, or
+
+equivalently, a carrier signal
+which is minus 1 to the n,
+
+then if we have the original
+spectra and the spectrum of
+
+the carrier signal, the spectrum
+of the carrier signal
+
+convolved with this spectrum
+will then, in effect, shift
+
+this by pi.
+
+And so, after modulating, the
+result that we have is a shift
+
+of that spectrum so that what
+happened in low frequencies
+
+now happens at high frequencies,
+namely around pi,
+
+and what happened at high
+frequencies now happens at low
+
+frequencies.
+
+Well, if that's processed now,
+with a low pass filter, and
+
+this dashed line indicates the
+low pass filter, then the
+
+result that we get is shown
+here, where we've extracted
+
+the low frequency portion
+of the modulated signal.
+
+And now when we modulate or
+demodulate back, then this
+
+spectrum is shifted back
+to where it belongs.
+
+Namely, it's shifted back to
+be centered around minus pi
+
+and around plus pi.
+
+So if we just compare this
+spectrum with the original
+
+spectrum at the top, what we
+can see is that, in effect,
+
+what we've done is to extract
+a portion of the spectrum
+
+equivalent to processing with
+a high pass filter.
+
+And, again, this is very similar
+to what we did in
+
+continuous time and all of the
+analytical processes and
+
+convolution involved are
+very much the same.
+
+Really, the biggest difference
+between continuous time
+
+discrete time has to do, not
+so much with the details of
+
+the analysis, but perhaps has
+more to do with issues of
+
+practical applications.
+
+OK, well, so what we've done,
+so far, for continuous time
+
+and discrete time, is to talk
+about modulation, amplitude
+
+modulation with complex
+exponential
+
+and sinusoidal carriers.
+
+We saw that the analysis is
+very similar, although
+
+applications are slightly
+different.
+
+And now what I'd like to turn
+to is a different choice of
+
+carrier signal.
+
+And the carrier signal, in this
+particular case, is a
+
+pulse train rather than
+a sinusoidal signal.
+
+Now the idea is the following.
+
+In general, of course, the
+modulator consists of all of
+
+multiplying x of t by whatever
+the carrier signal is.
+
+And previously, we've talked
+about a carrier signal which
+
+is sinusoidal signal.
+
+The carrier signal that we
+want to consider now is a
+
+carrier signal which, in
+fact, is a pulse train.
+
+And so, in fact, what we want
+to do is multiply the input
+
+signal by a pulse train and, in
+effect, then, the modulated
+
+signal consists of the original
+signal, simply with
+
+time slices pulled out of it,
+as I've indicated in the
+
+bottom curve.
+
+So what we have now is a
+modulated signal that is a
+
+chopped or sliced version of the
+original waveform and that
+
+is what's referred to as pulse
+amplitude modulation.
+
+Now it seems like it's
+kind of a crazy idea.
+
+The idea is to chop out slices
+of the wave form and hope that
+
+you could put things back
+together again.
+
+And the amazing thing about it,
+as we'll see, is that, in
+
+fact, under fairly broad
+general and applicable
+
+conditions, you really can put
+the waveform back together
+
+again if you just have
+these time slices.
+
+Not only that, but that basic
+notion, as we'll see, is
+
+independent, in fact,
+of what the width of
+
+those time slices are.
+
+In fact the width
+can go to zero.
+
+And, in fact, we're going to
+make it go to zero, and really
+
+only dependent on what
+the frequency of
+
+the pulse train is.
+
+So let's explore that
+in some detail.
+
+And what we want to look at is
+the analysis, but let me,
+
+first, just comment, very
+briefly, that all of the
+
+analysis we go through, as has
+been true in the case of
+
+sinusoidal modulation, all of
+the analysis then we go
+
+through holds just as well
+with, essentially minor
+
+analytical modifications, to
+discrete time pulse amplitude
+
+modulation as it does to
+continuous time pulse
+
+amplitude modulation.
+
+And so we'll really only go
+through this in terms of
+
+tracking the wave forms
+and spectra for the
+
+continuous time case.
+
+But bear in mind that the
+results are basically similar
+
+for discrete time.
+
+OK, well, let's see how so we
+get the basic result that we
+
+want to get.
+
+What we have is modulated signal
+which is a pulse train,
+
+basically a square wave, and
+as we've seen in previous
+
+lectures, the spectra or Fourier
+transform associated
+
+with that is an impulse train.
+
+And the envelope of that impulse
+train is on the form
+
+of a sine x over x function.
+
+The Fourier transform
+is impulses.
+
+And the spacing of the impulses
+is associated with
+
+the fundamental frequency of
+the pulse train and that's
+
+omega sub p.
+
+So omega sub p is pi divided
+by the period
+
+of the pulse train.
+
+And the amplitude and shape of
+this envelope is dictated by
+
+the parameter delta, which
+has to do with how
+
+wide the pulses are.
+
+OK, so we have a
+time function.
+
+It's multiplied by
+this pulse train.
+
+Now we're talking
+continuous time.
+
+So, in the frequency domain, we
+have the Fourier transform
+
+of the time function convolved
+with this Fourier transform
+
+for the pulse train.
+
+And let's see what
+that looks like.
+
+If we were to consider, let's
+say, a Fourier transform,
+
+which I have chosen as more or
+less a general one, then in
+
+fact, when we convert all of
+this with this impulse train,
+
+what we end up with is a
+replication of this spectrum
+
+at the places in the frequency
+domain where the individual
+
+impulses occurred.
+
+So we can see that this spectrum
+is replicated at each
+
+of these locations.
+
+And as long as the frequency
+of the pulse train is large
+
+enough, compared with the
+maximum frequency in the
+
+original signal, x of t, so
+that there's no overlap
+
+between these triangles, then
+what you can see, in fact,
+
+somewhat amazingly is that,
+simply by low pass filtering
+
+the result, we can get back,
+except for amplitude factor,
+
+we can get back to the
+original signal.
+
+Now it's amazing.
+
+It really is amazing that all
+that this depends on is the
+
+original signal being band
+limited and the frequency of
+
+the pulse train being high
+enough so that when you
+
+replicate the spectrum the
+frequency domain, there's no
+
+overlap between these individual
+replications.
+
+And we'll have address that a
+little more in a few minutes.
+
+But let me, first of all, point
+out that this has a
+
+whole variety of very important
+implications.
+
+One is, in the context of
+communications, it leads to
+
+another very important
+multiplexing scheme for
+
+communications.
+
+We had talked last time about
+frequency division
+
+multiplexing, where individual
+signals were put into
+
+individual frequencies slots by
+choosing different carrier
+
+frequencies for a sinusoidal
+modulating signal.
+
+What this suggests is that
+what we can put different
+
+signals into, non-overlapping
+time slots and, in fact, be
+
+able to recover the original
+signals back again.
+
+So in particular, suppose that
+I had a signal which I
+
+modulated with a pulse train
+and I chose another signal,
+
+modulated with another pulse
+train, where the time slot was
+
+different, and I continued
+this process.
+
+And after I'd done this with
+some number of channels,
+
+simply added all those together
+as I indicate here.
+
+Then as long as I knew what time
+slots to associate with
+
+what signal, I could get the
+original modulated signals
+
+back again.
+
+And then as long as the
+frequency of the impulse train
+
+was such that I was able to do
+this reconstruction by simply
+
+low pass filtering, then I would
+be able to demodulate.
+
+So it's a very different very
+important modulation scheme
+
+called time division
+multiplexing in contrast to
+
+frequency division multiplexing
+as we had talked
+
+about last time.
+
+I had made reference earlier
+to the concept of
+
+trans-multiplexing.
+
+And in fact, what happens in
+many communication systems is
+
+that the signals are
+represented, in fact, in
+
+discrete time.
+
+The analog and continuous time
+signals are represented in
+
+discrete time.
+
+And very often the conversion
+from frequency division
+
+multiplexing to time division
+multiplexing and back is done,
+
+in fact, in the discrete
+time domain.
+
+OK, so what we have then, is
+the notion that we can
+
+multiply a time function
+by a pulse train,
+
+as I indicate here.
+
+And from the output I can, if
+the frequency of this pulse
+
+train is high enough in relation
+to this bandwidth,
+
+from the output, which consists
+of time slices, from
+
+those time slices I can recover
+the original signal.
+
+Stressing again the reason it
+relates to the spectra, and
+
+the reason is that the original
+spectra is simply
+
+replicated at multiples of the
+fundamental frequency of the
+
+pulse train.
+
+Now there's a very important
+thing to observe here, which
+
+is that the ability to do the
+reconstruction is associated
+
+with the notion of whether
+we can extract
+
+that central triangle.
+
+I happened to choose a
+triangular shape but obviously
+
+I could be talking about any
+shape, as long as it's band
+
+limited, the ability
+to extract that.
+
+And notice that, in this
+modulated output spectrum, the
+
+ability to recover this is
+totally independent called
+
+what the value of delta is.
+
+In other words, if we look back
+at the modulator, then,
+
+in fact, we can make delta,
+the width of these pulses,
+
+arbitrarily small.
+
+And, in theory, that doesn't
+affect our ability to do the
+
+reconstruction.
+
+Now in practical
+terms it might.
+
+Looking back once more at the
+spectrum of the output, notice
+
+that this amplitude is
+proportional to delta.
+
+And what that suggests is that,
+as we make delta smaller
+
+and smaller, which we might,
+in fact, want to do, if you
+
+want to time division multiplex
+lots of channels, in
+
+principle, in theory, you could
+make it an infinite
+
+number of channels just
+by making that
+
+infinitesimally small.
+
+The smaller it is, in
+some sense, the less
+
+energy there is.
+
+And again, in practical terms,
+this one of those things if
+
+you push down here pops up
+there, namely, you eventually
+
+run into issues such
+as noise problems.
+
+So, more typically what's done
+is to, in fact, eliminate this
+
+scale factor of delta.
+
+And the way that that's
+done is very simply.
+
+It's done by choosing the width
+of the pulses, and the
+
+height of the pulses, in such
+a way that the area is
+
+constant, even as we make delta
+get arbitrarily small.
+
+So we can just modify our
+argument so that what we're
+
+referring to is a modulated
+pulse train, which is a pulse
+
+train with pulses of
+width delta and
+
+height, 1 over delta.
+
+In that case, as delta gets
+arbitrarily small, then, in
+
+fact, what these rectangles
+become are impulses, in which
+
+case, what we're talking about
+is a carrier signal which, in
+
+fact, is an impulse train.
+
+And the resulting modulated
+signal is an impulse train for
+
+which the amplitudes of the
+impulses are proportional to
+
+the original input waveform at
+the times at which these
+
+impulses occur.
+
+OK well, let's look at
+the analysis of that.
+
+And so now, what we're talking
+about, is a spectrum that
+
+consists of the result of the
+spectrum we talked about
+
+before with the sine x over x
+envelope, except that, now, as
+
+delta goes to zero that
+becomes flat.
+
+In other words, the modulated
+signal is an impulse train.
+
+And so as we look at the
+spectrum of the modulated
+
+signal, that is, then,
+an impulse train in
+
+the frequency domain.
+
+The height is proportional to
+the frequency of the impulse
+
+train and omega sub s now
+denotes the frequency of the
+
+impulse train.
+
+And the resulting output of the
+modulator has a spectrum
+
+which is this original spectrum,
+again, replicated
+
+around each of these impulses,
+in other words, replicated in
+
+multiples of the sampling
+frequency
+
+Now this is very much
+identical to the
+
+more general case.
+
+We have this replication
+of the spectra.
+
+And as long as the frequency of
+the impulse train is large
+
+enough, compared with the
+bandwidth of the signal so
+
+that these triangles don't
+overlap, I can extract this
+
+portion of the spectrum by low
+pass filtering, in fact, would
+
+then give us back the
+original signal.
+
+Now if, instead, this frequency
+omega sub m is
+
+greater than omega sub s minus
+omega sub m, we would have a
+
+spectrum that looked something
+more like this.
+
+And what's happened, in this
+case, is that, because we have
+
+an overlap here, we've destroyed
+the ability to
+
+recover the original signal
+from the impulse train.
+
+And that would be true, also
+in a more general case, of
+
+pulse amplitude modulation with
+pulses of non-zero width.
+
+This effect by the way, is one
+that we'll be exploring in
+
+considerably more detail
+in the next lecture.
+
+And it's a phenomenon or
+distortion refer to as
+
+aliasing which, in fact,
+is an important
+
+and interesting topic.
+
+But going back to the case
+in which we've chosen the
+
+frequency of the impulse train
+high enough, then we would
+
+recover the original signal by
+processing it through a low
+
+pass filter.
+
+And in that case, what this
+says is, that if we have a
+
+signal, and we modulate it with
+an impulse train, if we
+
+then process that impulse train
+through an idea low pass
+
+filter, given the right
+conditions on the frequency of
+
+impulse train and the bandwidth
+of the signal, we
+
+can recover the original
+signal back again.
+
+Now let me stress, just going
+back to the picture in which
+
+we had done this modulation,
+that this process, where the
+
+modulation, where the carrier
+signal involves an impulse
+
+train, is often referred
+to as sampling.
+
+And what that means,
+specifically, is that, if we
+
+notice, this resulting impulse
+train is, in fact, a sequence
+
+of samples of the original
+continuous time signal.
+
+In other words, what we've
+done, in effect, is taken
+
+instantaneous sample
+of this wave form.
+
+And the implication is that,
+if we do that at a rapid
+
+enough rate in relation to the
+bandwidth of the signal, then
+
+we can, in fact, recover the
+original signal back again.
+
+And, finally to remind you of
+the argument once more, we
+
+have an original signal and
+we have its spectrum.
+
+When we've sampled it, and
+this is now the sampled
+
+signal, it's an impulse train
+whose instantaneous values are
+
+samples of the original
+waveform, the spectrum of that
+
+is the original one
+replicated.
+
+And when that is processed,
+through a low pass filter, to
+
+extract this part of the
+spectrum, then, after the low
+
+pass filter, we can recover the
+
+original signal back again.
+
+OK well, in fact, although if
+you follow through the spectra
+
+and the wave forms, this all
+seems fairly straightforward
+
+and, perhaps or perhaps not,
+obvious, it's really worth
+
+reflecting on how amazing
+the result really is.
+
+We began this discussion by
+talking about modulation.
+
+And in fact modulation and
+sinusoidal of modulation is
+
+important in its own right.
+
+We ended the discussion by
+talking about first pulse
+
+amplitude modulation, and then
+showing how, under the right
+
+set of conditions, you can, in
+fact, take a wave form and
+
+sample it with a set of
+instantaneous samples.
+
+And that set of instantaneous
+samples, in fact, are
+
+sufficient to totally
+represent and
+
+reconstruct the signal.
+
+What in fact, the formal
+statement that is, is refer to
+
+as the sampling theorem, a very
+powerful theorem that
+
+says, if we're given equally
+spaced samples of a time
+
+function, and if that time
+function is band limited, and
+
+if the bandwidth and if the
+sampling frequency is chosen
+
+in the right way, in relation
+to the bandwidth, then, in
+
+fact, the original time
+function is uniquely
+
+recoverable with a
+low pass filter.
+
+Now the sampling theorem is,
+I would say, a watershed or
+
+cornerstone of a lot of the
+discussion that we've been
+
+having for a whole variety
+of reasons.
+
+It, first of all, drops out
+almost as a straightforward
+
+obvious statement.
+
+But more importantly what
+it says is, if I have a
+
+continuous time signal which
+satisfies the right set of
+
+conditions, I could represent it
+by what it does at sampling
+
+instance or, equivalently, at
+discrete instance of time.
+
+Now what that leads to is
+a whole host of things.
+
+One of which is this statement
+that says, if we have a
+
+continuous time signal, I could
+in fact, represent it as
+
+a discrete time signal.
+
+And I could even think of
+processing a continuous time
+
+signal using discrete
+time concepts.
+
+And when I'm all done converting
+back, through the
+
+power of the sampling theorem,
+converting back to a
+
+continuous time signal.
+
+So the sampling theorem provides
+us with a very major
+
+important bridge between
+continuous time and discrete
+
+time implementations
+and ideas.
+
+In the next several lectures,
+we will be exploring some of
+
+this in considerable detail.
+
+First, to focus in more, next
+time, on some of the specific
+
+issues and distortions
+associated with sampling.
+
+And following that, a discussion
+of what is referred
+
+to discrete time processing of
+continuous time signals.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/H-1-X9bkop8.txt b/H-1-X9bkop8.txt
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/H-1-X9bkop8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13059 @@
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+so welcome to the second lecture of 672
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome to the second lecture of 672
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome to the second lecture of 672
+performance engineering of software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance engineering of software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance engineering of software
+systems today we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems today we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems today we're going to be talking
+about Bentley rules for optimizing work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Bentley rules for optimizing work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Bentley rules for optimizing work
+all right so work does anyone know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so work does anyone know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so work does anyone know what
+work means you're all at MIT so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work means you're all at MIT so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work means you're all at MIT so you
+should know so in terms of computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know so in terms of computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know so in terms of computer
+programming there's actually a formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming there's actually a formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming there's actually a formal
+definition of work the work of a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of work the work of a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of work the work of a program
+on a particular input is defined to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a particular input is defined to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a particular input is defined to be
+the sum total of all of the operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum total of all of the operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum total of all of the operations
+executed by the program so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed by the program so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed by the program so it's
+basically a gross measure of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a gross measure of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a gross measure of how much
+stuff the program needs to do and idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff the program needs to do and idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff the program needs to do and idea
+of optimizing work is to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of optimizing work is to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of optimizing work is to reduce the
+amount of stuff that the program needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of stuff that the program needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of stuff that the program needs
+to do in order to improve the running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in order to improve the running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in order to improve the running
+time of your program improve its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of your program improve its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of your program improve its
+performance so algorithm design can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so algorithm design can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so algorithm design can
+produce dramatic reductions in the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce dramatic reductions in the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce dramatic reductions in the work
+of a program for example if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a program for example if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a program for example if you want to
+sort an array of elements you can use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort an array of elements you can use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort an array of elements you can use an
+n log n time quicksort or you can use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log n time quicksort or you can use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log n time quicksort or you can use an
+N squared time sort like insertion sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squared time sort like insertion sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squared time sort like insertion sort
+so you've probably seen this before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've probably seen this before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've probably seen this before in
+your algorithms courses and for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your algorithms courses and for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your algorithms courses and for large
+enough values of n then n log n time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough values of n then n log n time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough values of n then n log n time
+sort is going to be much faster than an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort is going to be much faster than an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort is going to be much faster than an
+N squared sort so today I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squared sort so today I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squared sort so today I'm not going to
+be talking about algorithm design you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about algorithm design you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about algorithm design you'll
+see more of this in other courses here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more of this in other courses here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more of this in other courses here
+at MIT and we'll also talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and we'll also talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and we'll also talk a little bit
+about algorithm design later on in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about algorithm design later on in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about algorithm design later on in this
+semester we will be talking about many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester we will be talking about many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester we will be talking about many
+other cool tricks for reducing the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cool tricks for reducing the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cool tricks for reducing the work
+of a program but I do want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a program but I do want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a program but I do want to point out
+that reducing the work of our program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reducing the work of our program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reducing the work of our program
+doesn't automatically translate to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't automatically translate to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't automatically translate to a
+reduction in running time and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in running time and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in running time and this is
+because of the complex nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the complex nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the complex nature of
+computer hardware so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer hardware so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer hardware so there's a lot of
+things going on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on that
+aren't captured by this definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't captured by this definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't captured by this definition of
+work there's instruction level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work there's instruction level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work there's instruction level
+parallelism caching vectorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism caching vectorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism caching vectorization
+speculation and branch prediction and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation and branch prediction and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation and branch prediction and so
+on and we'll learn about some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and we'll learn about some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and we'll learn about some of these
+things throughout this semester but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things throughout this semester but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things throughout this semester but
+reducing the work of our program does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the work of our program does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the work of our program does
+serve as a good heuristic for reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as a good heuristic for reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as a good heuristic for reducing
+the overall running time of a program at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall running time of a program at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall running time of a program at
+least to a first order so today we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to a first order so today we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to a first order so today we'll be
+learning about many ways to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about many ways to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about many ways to reduce the
+work of your program so rules that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of your program so rules that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of your program so rules that we
+will be looking at we call them Bentley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be looking at we call them Bentley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be looking at we call them Bentley
+optimization rules in honor of John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization rules in honor of John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization rules in honor of John
+Lewis Bentley so John Lewis Bentley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis Bentley so John Lewis Bentley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis Bentley so John Lewis Bentley
+wrote a nice little book back in 1982
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a nice little book back in 1982
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a nice little book back in 1982
+called writing efficient programs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called writing efficient programs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called writing efficient programs and
+inside this book there are various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this book there are various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this book there are various
+techniques for reducing the work of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for reducing the work of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for reducing the work of a
+computer program so if you haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program so if you haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program so if you haven't seen
+this book before it's it's very good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book before it's it's very good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book before it's it's very good so
+I highly encourage you to read it many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I highly encourage you to read it many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I highly encourage you to read it many
+of the original rules in Bentley's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original rules in Bentley's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original rules in Bentley's book
+had to deal with the vagaries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to deal with the vagaries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to deal with the vagaries of
+computer architecture three and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer architecture three and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer architecture three and a half
+decades ago so today we've created a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades ago so today we've created a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades ago so today we've created a new
+set of Bentley rules just dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of Bentley rules just dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of Bentley rules just dealing with
+the work of a program we'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of a program we'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of a program we'll be talking
+about architecture specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about architecture specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about architecture specific
+optimizations later on in the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations later on in the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations later on in the semester
+but today we won't be talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one cool fact is that John Lewis Bentley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cool fact is that John Lewis Bentley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cool fact is that John Lewis Bentley
+is actually my academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually my academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually my academic
+great-grandfather so John Bentley was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great-grandfather so John Bentley was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great-grandfather so John Bentley was
+one of charles license academic advisors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of charles license academic advisors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of charles license academic advisors
+charles leiserson was guy blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles leiserson was guy blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles leiserson was guy blocks
+academic adviser and guy block who's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic adviser and guy block who's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic adviser and guy block who's a
+professor at Carnegie Mellon was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at Carnegie Mellon was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at Carnegie Mellon was my
+advisor when I was a graduate student at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor when I was a graduate student at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor when I was a graduate student at
+CMU so it's a nice little fact and I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMU so it's a nice little fact and I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMU so it's a nice little fact and I had
+honor of meeting John Bentley a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor of meeting John Bentley a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor of meeting John Bentley a couple
+years ago at a conference and he told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago at a conference and he told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago at a conference and he told me
+that he was my academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was my academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was my academic
+great-grandfather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and Charles is my academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and Charles is my academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and Charles is my academic
+grandfather and all of Charles's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather and all of Charles's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather and all of Charles's
+students are my academic aunts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are my academic aunts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are my academic aunts and
+uncles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncles
+including your TA Helen okay so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including your TA Helen okay so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including your TA Helen okay so here's a
+list of all the work optimizations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of all the work optimizations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of all the work optimizations that
+we'll be looking at today so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be looking at today so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be looking at today so they're
+grouped into four categories data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped into four categories data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped into four categories data
+structures loops logic and functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures loops logic and functions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures loops logic and functions so
+there's a list of 22 rules on this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a list of 22 rules on this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a list of 22 rules on this slide
+today in fact we'll actually be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in fact we'll actually be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in fact we'll actually be able to
+look at all of them today so today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all of them today so today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all of them today so today's
+lecture is going to be structured as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is going to be structured as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is going to be structured as a
+series of many lectures and I'm gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of many lectures and I'm gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of many lectures and I'm gonna be
+spending one to three slides on each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending one to three slides on each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending one to three slides on each one
+of these optimizations all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these optimizations all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these optimizations all right so
+let's start with optimizations for data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with optimizations for data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with optimizations for data
+structures so first optimization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so first optimization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so first optimization is
+packing and encoding your data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing and encoding your data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing and encoding your data structure
+and the idea of packing is to store more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea of packing is to store more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea of packing is to store more
+than one data value in a machine word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one data value in a machine word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one data value in a machine word
+and the related idea of encoding is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the related idea of encoding is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the related idea of encoding is to
+convert data values into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert data values into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert data values into a
+representation that requires fewer bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that requires fewer bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that requires fewer bits
+so as I need one know why this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I need one know why this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I need one know why this could
+possibly reduce the running time of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly reduce the running time of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly reduce the running time of a
+program yes right so good answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program yes right so good answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program yes right so good answer the
+answer was it might need less memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was it might need less memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was it might need less memory
+fetches and it turns out that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetches and it turns out that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetches and it turns out that that's
+correct because a computer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because a computer program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because a computer program
+spends a lot of time moving stuff around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends a lot of time moving stuff around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends a lot of time moving stuff around
+in memory and if you reduce the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory and if you reduce the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory and if you reduce the number
+of things that you have to move around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you have to move around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you have to move around
+in memory then that's a good heuristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory then that's a good heuristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory then that's a good heuristic
+for reducing the running time of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reducing the running time of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reducing the running time of your
+program so let's look at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so let's look at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so let's look at an example
+let's say we wanted to encode dates so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we wanted to encode dates so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we wanted to encode dates so
+let's say we wanted to encode this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we wanted to encode this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we wanted to encode this
+string September 11th 2018 you can store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string September 11th 2018 you can store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string September 11th 2018 you can store
+this using 18 bytes so you can use one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using 18 bytes so you can use one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using 18 bytes so you can use one
+byte per character here and this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byte per character here and this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byte per character here and this would
+require more than two double words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require more than two double words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require more than two double words
+because each double word is eight bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each double word is eight bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each double word is eight bytes
+or 64 bits and you have 18 bytes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 64 bits and you have 18 bytes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 64 bits and you have 18 bytes you
+need more than two double words and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more than two double words and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more than two double words and you
+have to move around these words every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to move around these words every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to move around these words every
+time you want to manipulate the date but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you want to manipulate the date but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you want to manipulate the date but
+it turns out that you can actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that you can actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that you can actually do
+better than using 18 bytes so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than using 18 bytes so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than using 18 bytes so let's say
+let's assume that we only want to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that we only want to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that we only want to store
+years between 4096 BCE and 4096
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years between 4096 BCE and 4096
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years between 4096 BCE and 4096
+see so there are about 365.25 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so there are about 365.25 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so there are about 365.25 times
+8192 dates in this range which is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8192 dates in this range which is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8192 dates in this range which is three
+million approximately and you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million approximately and you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million approximately and you can use
+log base 2 of 3 million bits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base 2 of 3 million bits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base 2 of 3 million bits to
+represent all of the dates within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent all of the dates within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent all of the dates within this
+range so the notation LG here means log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so the notation LG here means log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so the notation LG here means log
+base of 2 that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base of 2 that's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base of 2 that's going to be the
+notation I'll be using in this class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I'll be using in this class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I'll be using in this class and
+LG will mean log base 10 so we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LG will mean log base 10 so we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LG will mean log base 10 so we take the
+ceiling of log base 2 of 3 million and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling of log base 2 of 3 million and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling of log base 2 of 3 million and
+that gives us 22 bits so a good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us 22 bits so a good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us 22 bits so a good way to
+remember how to compute the log base 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how to compute the log base 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how to compute the log base 2
+of sum of something you can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sum of something you can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sum of something you can remember
+that the log base 2 of 1 million is 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the log base 2 of 1 million is 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the log base 2 of 1 million is 20
+log base 2 of 1,000 is 10 and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base 2 of 1,000 is 10 and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base 2 of 1,000 is 10 and then you
+can factor this out and then add in log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can factor this out and then add in log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can factor this out and then add in log
+base 2 of 3 rounded up which is 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 of 3 rounded up which is 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 of 3 rounded up which is 2 so
+that gives you 22 bits and that easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you 22 bits and that easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you 22 bits and that easily
+fits within one 32-bit words you now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits within one 32-bit words you now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits within one 32-bit words you now you
+only need one word instead of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need one word instead of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need one word instead of three
+words as you did in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words as you did in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words as you did in the original
+representation but with this modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation but with this modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation but with this modified
+representation now determining the month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation now determining the month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation now determining the month
+of a particular date will take more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular date will take more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular date will take more work
+because now you're not explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you're not explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you're not explicitly
+storing the month in your representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing the month in your representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing the month in your representation
+whereas with the string representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas with the string representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas with the string representation
+you are explicitly storing it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are explicitly storing it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are explicitly storing it at the
+beginning of the string so this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the string so this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the string so this does
+take more work but it requires less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take more work but it requires less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take more work but it requires less
+space so any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it turns out that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it turns out that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it turns out that there's
+another way to store this which also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to store this which also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to store this which also
+makes it easy for you to fetch the month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it easy for you to fetch the month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it easy for you to fetch the month
+the year or the day for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year or the day for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year or the day for a particular
+date so here we're going to use the bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date so here we're going to use the bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date so here we're going to use the bit
+fields facilities in C so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields facilities in C so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields facilities in C so we're gonna
+create a struct called date underscore t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a struct called date underscore t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a struct called date underscore t
+with three fields a year the month in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three fields a year the month in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three fields a year the month in
+the date and the integer after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the date and the integer after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the date and the integer after the
+semicolon specifies how many bits I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicolon specifies how many bits I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicolon specifies how many bits I want
+to assign to this particular field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assign to this particular field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assign to this particular field in
+the struct so this says I need 13 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the struct so this says I need 13 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the struct so this says I need 13 bits
+for the year four bits for the month and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the year four bits for the month and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the year four bits for the month and
+five bits for the day so the 13 bits for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five bits for the day so the 13 bits for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five bits for the day so the 13 bits for
+the year is because I have 8,192
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year is because I have 8,192
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year is because I have 8,192
+possible year so I need 13 bits to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible year so I need 13 bits to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible year so I need 13 bits to store
+that for the month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the month
+I have 12 possible months so I need log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have 12 possible months so I need log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have 12 possible months so I need log
+base 2 of 12 rounded up which is 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 of 12 rounded up which is 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 of 12 rounded up which is 4 and
+then finally for the day I need log base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally for the day I need log base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally for the day I need log base
+2 of 32 31 rounded up which is 5 so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 of 32 31 rounded up which is 5 so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 of 32 31 rounded up which is 5 so in
+total this still takes 22 bits but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total this still takes 22 bits but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total this still takes 22 bits but now
+the individual fields can now be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual fields can now be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual fields can now be
+accessed much more quick quickly than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed much more quick quickly than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed much more quick quickly than if
+we had just encoded the 3 million dates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had just encoded the 3 million dates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had just encoded the 3 million dates
+using sequential integers because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sequential integers because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sequential integers because now
+you can just extract a month just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just extract a month just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just extract a month just by
+saying whatever whatever you named your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying whatever whatever you named your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying whatever whatever you named your
+struct you can just say that that struck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struct you can just say that that struck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struct you can just say that that struck
+dot Mont and that gives you the month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot Mont and that gives you the month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot Mont and that gives you the month
+yes yeah so this will actually pad the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so this will actually pad the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so this will actually pad the
+struct a little bit at the end yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struct a little bit at the end yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struct a little bit at the end yes
+so you actually do require a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you actually do require a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you actually do require a little bit
+more than 22 bits that's a good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 22 bits that's a good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 22 bits that's a good good
+question but this representation is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but this representation is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but this representation is much
+more easy to access than if you just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easy to access than if you just had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easy to access than if you just had
+encoded the integers as sequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded the integers as sequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded the integers as sequential
+integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but another point is that sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another point is that sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another point is that sometimes
+unpacking and decoding or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpacking and decoding or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpacking and decoding or the
+optimization because sometimes it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization because sometimes it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization because sometimes it takes
+a lot of work to encode and code the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work to encode and code the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work to encode and code the
+values and to extract them so sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and to extract them so sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and to extract them so sometimes
+you want to actually unpack the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to actually unpack the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to actually unpack the values
+so that they take more space but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they take more space but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they take more space but they're
+faster to access so it depends on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster to access so it depends on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster to access so it depends on your
+particular application you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular application you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular application you might want to
+do one thing or the other and the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one thing or the other and the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one thing or the other and the way to
+figure this out is just to experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this out is just to experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this out is just to experiment
+with it okay so I need other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so the second optimization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the second optimization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the second optimization is
+data structure augmentation an idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure augmentation an idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure augmentation an idea here
+is to add information to a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to add information to a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to add information to a data
+structure to make common operations do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to make common operations do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to make common operations do
+less work so that they're faster and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less work so that they're faster and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less work so that they're faster and
+let's look at an example let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at an example let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at an example let's say we
+had two singly linked lists and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two singly linked lists and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two singly linked lists and we
+wanted to append them together and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to append them together and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to append them together and let's
+say we only stored the head corner to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we only stored the head corner to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we only stored the head corner to
+the list and then each element in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list and then each element in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list and then each element in the
+list has a pointer to the next element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list has a pointer to the next element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list has a pointer to the next element
+in the list now if you want to append
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the list now if you want to append
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the list now if you want to append
+one list to another list well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one list to another list well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one list to another list well that's
+going to require you walking down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to require you walking down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to require you walking down the
+first list to find the last element so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first list to find the last element so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first list to find the last element so
+that you can change the pointer of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can change the pointer of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can change the pointer of the
+last element to point to the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last element to point to the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last element to point to the beginning
+of the next list and this might be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next list and this might be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next list and this might be very
+slow if the first list is very long so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow if the first list is very long so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow if the first list is very long so
+does anyone see a way to augment this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone see a way to augment this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone see a way to augment this
+data structure so that appending two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure so that appending two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure so that appending two
+lists can be done much more efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists can be done much more efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists can be done much more efficiently
+yes yes so the answer is the store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so the answer is the store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so the answer is the store
+pointer to the last value and we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the last value and we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the last value and we call
+that a tail pointer so now we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a tail pointer so now we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a tail pointer so now we have two
+pointers both the head and the tail the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers both the head and the tail the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers both the head and the tail the
+head points the beginning of the list a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head points the beginning of the list a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head points the beginning of the list a
+tail points to the end of the list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail points to the end of the list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail points to the end of the list and
+now you can just append two lists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can just append two lists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can just append two lists in
+Causton time because you can access the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Causton time because you can access the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Causton time because you can access the
+last element in the list by following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last element in the list by following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last element in the list by following
+the tail pointer and then now you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail pointer and then now you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail pointer and then now you just
+change the successor pointer of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the successor pointer of the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the successor pointer of the last
+element to point to the head of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element to point to the head of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element to point to the head of the
+second list and then now you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second list and then now you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second list and then now you also have
+to update the tail to point to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to update the tail to point to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to update the tail to point to the end
+of the second list okay so that's idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second list okay so that's idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second list okay so that's idea
+of data structure augmentation we added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data structure augmentation we added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data structure augmentation we added
+a little bit of extra information to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of extra information to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of extra information to the
+data structure such that now appending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure such that now appending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure such that now appending
+to lists is much more efficient than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lists is much more efficient than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lists is much more efficient than in
+the original method where we only had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original method where we only had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original method where we only had a
+head pointer questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the next optimization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next optimization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next optimization is
+pre-computation the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-computation the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-computation the idea of
+pre-computation is to perform some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-computation is to perform some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-computation is to perform some
+calculations in advance so as to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations in advance so as to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations in advance so as to avoid
+doing these computations at mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these computations at mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these computations at mission
+critical times to avoid doing them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical times to avoid doing them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical times to avoid doing them at
+run time so I say we had a program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time so I say we had a program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time so I say we had a program that
+needed to use binomial coefficients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to use binomial coefficients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to use binomial coefficients and
+here's a definition of a binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a definition of a binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a definition of a binomial
+coefficient so it's basically the choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so it's basically the choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so it's basically the choose
+function so you want to choose you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so you want to choose you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so you want to choose you want
+to count the number of ways that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count the number of ways that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count the number of ways that you can
+choose K things from a set of n things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose K things from a set of n things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose K things from a set of n things
+and the formula for computing this is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the formula for computing this is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the formula for computing this is n
+factorial divided by the product of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial divided by the product of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial divided by the product of K
+factorial and n minus K factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and n minus K factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and n minus K factorial
+computing this choose function can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing this choose function can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing this choose function can
+actually be quite expensive because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be quite expensive because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be quite expensive because you
+have to do a lot of multiplications to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a lot of multiplications to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a lot of multiplications to
+compute the factorials even if the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the factorials even if the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the factorials even if the final
+result is not that big because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is not that big because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is not that big because you have
+to compute one term in the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute one term in the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute one term in the denominator
+and then two factorial terms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then two factorial terms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then two factorial terms in the
+denominator and then you also might run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and then you also might run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and then you also might run
+into integer overflow issues because n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into integer overflow issues because n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into integer overflow issues because n
+factorial grows very fast it grows super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial grows very fast it grows super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial grows very fast it grows super
+exponentially it grows like n to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially it grows like n to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially it grows like n to the N
+which is even faster than 2 to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is even faster than 2 to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is even faster than 2 to the N
+which is exponential so doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exponential so doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exponential so doing this
+computation you have to be very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation you have to be very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation you have to be very careful
+with integer overflow issues so one idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with integer overflow issues so one idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with integer overflow issues so one idea
+to speed up a program that uses these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speed up a program that uses these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speed up a program that uses these
+binomial coefficients is to pre compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial coefficients is to pre compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial coefficients is to pre compute
+a table of coefficients when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table of coefficients when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table of coefficients when you
+initialize the program and then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize the program and then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize the program and then just
+perform table look up on this pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform table look up on this pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform table look up on this pre
+computed table at runtime when you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed table at runtime when you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed table at runtime when you need
+the binomial coefficient so as anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial coefficient so as anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial coefficient so as anyone
+know what the table that stores binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the table that stores binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the table that stores binomial
+coefficients is called yes yeah Pascal's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients is called yes yeah Pascal's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients is called yes yeah Pascal's
+triangles good so here's what Pascal's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles good so here's what Pascal's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles good so here's what Pascal's
+triangle looks like so on the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle looks like so on the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle looks like so on the vertical
+axis we have different values of n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis we have different values of n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis we have different values of n and
+then on the horizontal axis we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on the horizontal axis we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on the horizontal axis we have
+different values of K and then to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of K and then to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of K and then to get
+and choose K just go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choose K just go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choose K just go to the
+and throw in the case column and look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throw in the case column and look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throw in the case column and look up
+that entry Pascal's triangle has a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entry Pascal's triangle has a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entry Pascal's triangle has a nice
+property that for every element it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that for every element it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that for every element it can
+be computed as a sum of the element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be computed as a sum of the element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be computed as a sum of the element
+directly above it and above it and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly above it and above it and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly above it and above it and to
+the left of it so here 56 is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of it so here 56 is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of it so here 56 is the sum of
+35 and 21 and this gives us a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 and 21 and this gives us a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 and 21 and this gives us a nice
+formula to compute the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to compute the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to compute the binomial
+coefficients so we first check if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so we first check if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so we first check if n is
+less than K in this choose function if n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than K in this choose function if n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than K in this choose function if n
+is less than K then we just return zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than K then we just return zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than K then we just return zero
+because we're trying to choose more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're trying to choose more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're trying to choose more
+things than there are in a set if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things than there are in a set if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things than there are in a set if n is
+equal to zero then we just return one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero then we just return one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero then we just return one
+because here K must also be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here K must also be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here K must also be equal to
+zero since we had the condition and last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero since we had the condition and last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero since we had the condition and last
+and K above and there's one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K above and there's one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K above and there's one way to
+choose zero things from a set of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose zero things from a set of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose zero things from a set of zero
+things and then if K is equal to zero we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then if K is equal to zero we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then if K is equal to zero we
+also return one because there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also return one because there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also return one because there's only one
+way to choose zero things from a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to choose zero things from a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to choose zero things from a set of
+any number of things you just don't pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of things you just don't pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of things you just don't pick
+anything and then finally we recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and then finally we recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and then finally we recursively
+call this huge function so we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this huge function so we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this huge function so we call
+choose of n minus 1 K minus 1 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose of n minus 1 K minus 1 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose of n minus 1 K minus 1 this is
+essentially the entry above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the entry above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the entry above and
+diagonally diagonal to this and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonally diagonal to this and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonally diagonal to this and then we
+add in choose of n minus K m nice one K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in choose of n minus K m nice one K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in choose of n minus K m nice one K
+which is the entry directly above it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the entry directly above it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the entry directly above it so
+this is a recursive function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a recursive function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a recursive function for
+generating this Pascal's triangle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating this Pascal's triangle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating this Pascal's triangle but
+notice that we're actually still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that we're actually still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that we're actually still not
+doing pre computation because every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing pre computation because every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing pre computation because every time
+we call this choose function we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this choose function we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this choose function we're
+making two recursive calls and this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making two recursive calls and this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making two recursive calls and this can
+still be pretty expensive so how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be pretty expensive so how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be pretty expensive so how can we
+actually pre compute this table so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pre compute this table so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pre compute this table so
+here's some C code for pre computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some C code for pre computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some C code for pre computing
+Pascal's triangle and let's say we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pascal's triangle and let's say we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pascal's triangle and let's say we only
+wanted coefficients up to a shoe size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted coefficients up to a shoe size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted coefficients up to a shoe size of
+a hundred so we initialize matrix of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred so we initialize matrix of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred so we initialize matrix of a
+hundred by a hundred and then we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred by a hundred and then we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred by a hundred and then we call
+this in the netshoes function so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the netshoes function so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the netshoes function so first
+it goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes from
+zero all the way up to two size minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all the way up to two size minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all the way up to two size minus
+one and then it sets choose of n 0 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then it sets choose of n 0 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then it sets choose of n 0 to be
+1 it also choose sets choose of n n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 it also choose sets choose of n n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 it also choose sets choose of n n to
+be 1 so the first line is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 so the first line is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 so the first line is because
+there's only one way to choose 0 things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one way to choose 0 things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one way to choose 0 things
+from any number of things in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any number of things in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any number of things in the second
+line is because there's only one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is because there's only one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is because there's only one way to
+choose n things from N Things which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose n things from N Things which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose n things from N Things which is
+just to pick all of them and then now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to pick all of them and then now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to pick all of them and then now we
+have a second loop which goes from n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a second loop which goes from n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a second loop which goes from n
+equals 1 all the way up to choose size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 all the way up to choose size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 all the way up to choose size
+minus 1 and then first we set choose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and then first we set choose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and then first we set choose of
+0 and to be 0 because here n is or K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and to be 0 because here n is or K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and to be 0 because here n is or K is
+greater than n so there's no way to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than n so there's no way to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than n so there's no way to pick
+that there's no way to pick more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no way to pick more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no way to pick more
+elements from a set of things that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements from a set of things that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements from a set of things that is
+less than the number of things you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the number of things you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the number of things you want
+to pick and then now you loop from K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick and then now you loop from K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick and then now you loop from K
+equals 1 all the way up to n minus 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 all the way up to n minus 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 all the way up to n minus 1 and
+then you apply this recursive formula so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you apply this recursive formula so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you apply this recursive formula so
+choose of n K is equal to choose of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose of n K is equal to choose of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose of n K is equal to choose of n
+minus 1 K minus 1 plus choose of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 K minus 1 plus choose of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 K minus 1 plus choose of n minus
+1 K and then you also set choose of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 K and then you also set choose of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 K and then you also set choose of K
+and to be 0 so the this is basically all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be 0 so the this is basically all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be 0 so the this is basically all
+of the entries above the diagonal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entries above the diagonal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entries above the diagonal here
+where K is greater than n and then now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where K is greater than n and then now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where K is greater than n and then now
+inside the program whenever we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the program whenever we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the program whenever we need a
+binomial coefficient that's less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial coefficient that's less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial coefficient that's less than a
+hundred we can just do table lookup into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred we can just do table lookup into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred we can just do table lookup into
+this table and we just index into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table and we just index into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table and we just index into this
+choose array so does this make sense any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose array so does this make sense any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose array so does this make sense any
+questions it's just pretty easy so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions it's just pretty easy so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions it's just pretty easy so far
+right so one thing to note is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one thing to note is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one thing to note is that we're
+still computing this table at run time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still computing this table at run time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still computing this table at run time
+because we have to initialize this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have to initialize this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have to initialize this table
+at run time and if we want to run or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at run time and if we want to run or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at run time and if we want to run or
+program many times then we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program many times then we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program many times then we have to
+initialize this table many times so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize this table many times so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize this table many times so is
+there a way to only initialize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a way to only initialize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a way to only initialize this
+table once even though we might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table once even though we might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table once even though we might want to
+run the program many times yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the program many times yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the program many times yes
+yeah so good so put it in the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so good so put it in the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so good so put it in the source
+code and so we're gonna do compile time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and so we're gonna do compile time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and so we're gonna do compile time
+initialization and if you put the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialization and if you put the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialization and if you put the table
+in the source code then the compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the source code then the compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the source code then the compiler
+will compile this code and generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will compile this code and generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will compile this code and generate the
+table for you at compile time so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table for you at compile time so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table for you at compile time so now
+whenever you run it you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you run it you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you run it you don't have to
+spend time initializing the table so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time initializing the table so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time initializing the table so
+idea of compile time initialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of compile time initialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of compile time initialization
+there's a store that values of constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a store that values of constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a store that values of constants
+during compilation and therefore saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during compilation and therefore saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during compilation and therefore saving
+work at run time so let's say we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at run time so let's say we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at run time so let's say we wanted
+choose values up to 10 this is the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose values up to 10 this is the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose values up to 10 this is the table
+the 10 by 10 table storing all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 by 10 table storing all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 by 10 table storing all of the
+binomial coefficients up to 10 so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial coefficients up to 10 so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial coefficients up to 10 so if you
+put this in your source code now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in your source code now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in your source code now when
+you run the program you can just index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run the program you can just index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run the program you can just index
+into this table to get the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this table to get the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this table to get the appropriate
+appropriate constant here but this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate constant here but this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate constant here but this table
+was just a 10 by 10 table what if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a 10 by 10 table what if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a 10 by 10 table what if you
+wanted a table of a thousand by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted a table of a thousand by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted a table of a thousand by a
+thousand does anyone actually want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand does anyone actually want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand does anyone actually want to
+type this in a table of 1000 by 1000 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type this in a table of 1000 by 1000 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type this in a table of 1000 by 1000 so
+probably not so is there any way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not so is there any way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not so is there any way to get
+around this yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so the answer is to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the answer is to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the answer is to write a
+program that writes your program for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that writes your program for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that writes your program for you
+and that's called meta programming so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called meta programming so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called meta programming so
+here's a snippet of code that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a snippet of code that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a snippet of code that will
+generate this table for you so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this table for you so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this table for you so it's
+going to call this a net choose function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call this a net choose function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call this a net choose function
+that we defined before and that now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we defined before and that now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we defined before and that now it's
+just gonna print out C code so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna print out C code so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna print out C code so it's
+gonna print out that the Declaration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna print out that the Declaration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna print out that the Declaration of
+this array choose followed by a left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this array choose followed by a left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this array choose followed by a left
+bracket and then for each row of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket and then for each row of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket and then for each row of the
+table we're gonna print another left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table we're gonna print another left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table we're gonna print another left
+bracket and then print the value of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket and then print the value of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket and then print the value of each
+entry in that row followed by a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in that row followed by a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in that row followed by a right
+bracket and we do that for every row so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket and we do that for every row so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket and we do that for every row so
+this will give you the C code and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will give you the C code and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will give you the C code and now
+you can just copy and paste this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just copy and paste this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just copy and paste this and
+place it into your source code this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it into your source code this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it into your source code this is a
+pretty pretty cool technique to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pretty cool technique to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pretty cool technique to get your
+get your computer to do work for you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your computer to do work for you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your computer to do work for you and
+you're welcome to use this technique and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're welcome to use this technique and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're welcome to use this technique and
+in your homeworks and projects if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your homeworks and projects if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your homeworks and projects if you if
+you need to generate large tables of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to generate large tables of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to generate large tables of
+constant values so this is a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant values so this is a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant values so this is a very good
+technique to know so any questions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you can't so you can pipe the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can't so you can pipe the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can't so you can pipe the you
+can pipe the output of this program to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pipe the output of this program to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pipe the output of this program to a
+file yeah yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so I think you can write macros to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I think you can write macros to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I think you can write macros to
+actually generate this table and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually generate this table and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually generate this table and then
+the compiler will run the run those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler will run the run those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler will run the run those
+macros to generate this table for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macros to generate this table for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macros to generate this table for you
+yes you don't actually need to copy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you don't actually need to copy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you don't actually need to copy and
+paste it right so as Charles says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste it right so as Charles says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste it right so as Charles says you
+can write your meta program using any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write your meta program using any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write your meta program using any
+language you don't have to write it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you don't have to write it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you don't have to write it and
+see you can write it in Python if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you can write it in Python if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you can write it in Python if you're
+more familiar with that and it's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar with that and it's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar with that and it's often
+easier to write it using a scripting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to write it using a scripting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to write it using a scripting
+language like Python okay so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like Python okay so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like Python okay so let's look
+at the next optimization so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next optimization so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next optimization so if we
+already gone gone through a couple mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gone gone through a couple mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gone gone through a couple mini
+lectures already so congratulations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures already so congratulations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures already so congratulations to
+all of you who who are still here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you who who are still here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you who who are still here so the
+next optimization is caching the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next optimization is caching the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next optimization is caching the idea of
+caching is to store results have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching is to store results have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching is to store results have been
+accessed recently so that you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed recently so that you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed recently so that you don't need
+to compute them again in the program so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute them again in the program so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute them again in the program so
+let's look at an example so let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at an example so let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at an example so let's say we
+wanted to compute the hypotenuse of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to compute the hypotenuse of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to compute the hypotenuse of a
+right triangle with side lengths a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right triangle with side lengths a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right triangle with side lengths a and B
+so the formula for computing this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the formula for computing this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the formula for computing this is you
+take the square root of a times a plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the square root of a times a plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the square root of a times a plus B
+times B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so turns out that the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so turns out that the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so turns out that the square root
+operator is actually a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is actually a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is actually a relatively
+expensive more expensive than additions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive more expensive than additions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive more expensive than additions
+and multiplications on modern machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplications on modern machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplications on modern machines
+so you don't want to have to call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't want to have to call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't want to have to call the
+square root function if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root function if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root function if you don't have
+to and one way to avoid doing that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and one way to avoid doing that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and one way to avoid doing that is to
+create a cache so here I have a cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a cache so here I have a cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a cache so here I have a cache
+just storing the previous hypotenuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just storing the previous hypotenuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just storing the previous hypotenuse
+that I calculated and I also store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I calculated and I also store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I calculated and I also store the
+values of a and B that were passed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a and B that were passed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a and B that were passed to
+the function and then now when I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function and then now when I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function and then now when I call
+the hypotenuse function I can first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypotenuse function I can first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypotenuse function I can first
+check if a is equal to the cash value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if a is equal to the cash value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if a is equal to the cash value of
+a and if B is equal to the cash value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and if B is equal to the cash value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and if B is equal to the cash value of
+B and if both of those are true then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and if both of those are true then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and if both of those are true then I
+already computed I potenuse before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already computed I potenuse before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already computed I potenuse before and
+then I can just return cast of age but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can just return cast of age but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can just return cast of age but
+if it's not in my cache now I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not in my cache now I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not in my cache now I need to
+actually compute it so I need to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute it so I need to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute it so I need to call
+this square root function and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this square root function and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this square root function and then I
+store the result into cash 2h and I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the result into cash 2h and I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the result into cash 2h and I also
+store a and B in the cache a in cash B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a and B in the cache a in cash B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a and B in the cache a in cash B
+respectively and then finally I return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively and then finally I return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively and then finally I return
+cash 2h so this this example isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash 2h so this this example isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash 2h so this this example isn't
+actually very realistic because my cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very realistic because my cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very realistic because my cache
+is only of size one and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only of size one and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only of size one and it's very
+unlikely in a program you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely in a program you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely in a program you're going to
+repeatedly call some function with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly call some function with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly call some function with the
+same input arguments but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same input arguments but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same input arguments but you can
+actually make a larger cache you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make a larger cache you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make a larger cache you can
+make a cache of size 1,000 storing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a cache of size 1,000 storing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a cache of size 1,000 storing the
+1000 most recently computer hypotenuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1000 most recently computer hypotenuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1000 most recently computer hypotenuse
+values and then now when you call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and then now when you call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and then now when you call that
+potenuse function you can just check if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potenuse function you can just check if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potenuse function you can just check if
+it's in your cache checking the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in your cache checking the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in your cache checking the the
+larger cache is going to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger cache is going to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger cache is going to be more
+expensive because there are more values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive because there are more values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive because there are more values
+to look at they can still save you time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at they can still save you time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at they can still save you time
+overall and and hardware also does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall and and hardware also does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall and and hardware also does
+caching for you as well talk about later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching for you as well talk about later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching for you as well talk about later
+on in the semester but the point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the semester but the point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the semester but the point of this
+optimization is that you can also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization is that you can also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization is that you can also do
+caching yourself you can do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching yourself you can do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching yourself you can do it in
+software you don't have to let Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software you don't have to let Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software you don't have to let Hardware
+do it for you it turns out for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for you it turns out for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for you it turns out for this
+particular program here actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular program here actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular program here actually is
+about 30% faster if you do hit the cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30% faster if you do hit the cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30% faster if you do hit the cache
+2/3 about 2/3 at the time so it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 about 2/3 at the time so it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 about 2/3 at the time so it does
+actually save you time if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually save you time if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually save you time if you do
+repeatedly compute the same values over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly compute the same values over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly compute the same values over
+and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again
+so that's caching any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the next optimization will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next optimization will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next optimization will look
+at is sparsity the idea of exploiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is sparsity the idea of exploiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is sparsity the idea of exploiting
+sparsity in an input is to avoid storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity in an input is to avoid storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity in an input is to avoid storing
+and computing on zero elements of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computing on zero elements of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computing on zero elements of that
+input and the fastest way to compute on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and the fastest way to compute on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and the fastest way to compute on
+zeros is not compute on them at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros is not compute on them at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros is not compute on them at all
+because we know that at any value plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that at any value plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that at any value plus
+zero is just that original value and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is just that original value and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is just that original value and any
+value times zero is just zero so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value times zero is just zero so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value times zero is just zero so why
+waste the computation doing that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste the computation doing that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste the computation doing that when
+you already know the result so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already know the result so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already know the result so let's
+look at an example this is matrix vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an example this is matrix vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an example this is matrix vector
+multiplication so we want to multiply an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so we want to multiply an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so we want to multiply an
+N by n matrix by an N by one vector we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N by n matrix by an N by one vector we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N by n matrix by an N by one vector we
+can do dense matrix vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do dense matrix vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do dense matrix vector
+multiplication by just doing a dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by just doing a dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by just doing a dot
+product of each row in the matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of each row in the matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of each row in the matrix with
+the column vector and then that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column vector and then that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column vector and then that will
+give us the output vector but if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us the output vector but if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us the output vector but if you do
+dense matrix vector multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense matrix vector multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense matrix vector multiplication
+that's gonna perform N squared or 36 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna perform N squared or 36 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna perform N squared or 36 in
+this example scalar multiplies but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example scalar multiplies but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example scalar multiplies but it
+turns out only 14 of these entries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out only 14 of these entries in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out only 14 of these entries in
+this matrix are 0 or are nonzero so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix are 0 or are nonzero so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix are 0 or are nonzero so you
+just wasted work doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wasted work doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wasted work doing the
+multiplication on the zero elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication on the zero elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication on the zero elements
+because you know that 0 times any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know that 0 times any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know that 0 times any other
+element is just 0 so a better way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is just 0 so a better way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is just 0 so a better way to do
+this is instead of doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is instead of doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is instead of doing the
+multiplication for every element you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication for every element you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication for every element you
+first check if one of the arguments is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first check if one of the arguments is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first check if one of the arguments is 0
+and if it is 0 then you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it is 0 then you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it is 0 then you don't have to
+actually do the multiplication but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do the multiplication but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do the multiplication but this
+is this this is still kind of slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this is still kind of slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this is still kind of slow
+because you still have to do a check for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you still have to do a check for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you still have to do a check for
+every entry in your matrix even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every entry in your matrix even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every entry in your matrix even though
+many of the entries are 0 so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the entries are 0 so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the entries are 0 so there's
+actually a pretty cool data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a pretty cool data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a pretty cool data structure
+that won't actually store these 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that won't actually store these 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that won't actually store these 0
+entries and this will speed up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and this will speed up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and this will speed up your
+matrix vector multiplication if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix vector multiplication if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix vector multiplication if your
+matrix is sparse enough so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is sparse enough so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is sparse enough so let me
+describe how this data structure works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how this data structure works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how this data structure works
+it's called compressed sparse Row or CSR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called compressed sparse Row or CSR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called compressed sparse Row or CSR
+there's an analogous representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an analogous representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an analogous representation
+called compressed sparse column or CSC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called compressed sparse column or CSC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called compressed sparse column or CSC
+but today I'm just going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today I'm just going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today I'm just going to talk about
+CSR so we have three arrays first we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSR so we have three arrays first we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSR so we have three arrays first we
+have the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the rows
+the length of the rows array is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the rows array is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the rows array is just
+equal to the number of rows in a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the number of rows in a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the number of rows in a matrix
+plus 1 and then each entry in the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 and then each entry in the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 and then each entry in the rows
+array just stores an offset into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array just stores an offset into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array just stores an offset into the
+columns array or the calls array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns array or the calls array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns array or the calls array and
+inside the calls array I'm storing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the calls array I'm storing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the calls array I'm storing the
+indices of the nonzero entries in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices of the nonzero entries in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices of the nonzero entries in each
+of the rows so if we take Row 1 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rows so if we take Row 1 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rows so if we take Row 1 for
+example we have rows of 1 is equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have rows of 1 is equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have rows of 1 is equal to 2
+that means I start looking at the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means I start looking at the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means I start looking at the second
+entry in the calls array and then now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in the calls array and then now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in the calls array and then now I
+have the indices of the nonzero columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the indices of the nonzero columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the indices of the nonzero columns
+in the first row so it's just 1 2 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first row so it's just 1 2 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first row so it's just 1 2 4 and
+5 these are nonzero in this these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 these are nonzero in this these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 these are nonzero in this these are
+the indices for the nonzero entries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indices for the nonzero entries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indices for the nonzero entries and
+then I have another array called vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have another array called vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have another array called vowels
+the length of this array is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of this array is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of this array is the same as
+the calls array and then this array just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calls array and then this array just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calls array and then this array just
+stores the actual value in these indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores the actual value in these indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores the actual value in these indices
+here so the vowels array for Row 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the vowels array for Row 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the vowels array for Row 1 is
+going to store 4 1 5 and 9 because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to store 4 1 5 and 9 because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to store 4 1 5 and 9 because these
+are the nonzero entries in the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the nonzero entries in the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the nonzero entries in the first row
+right so the first rows array just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the first rows array just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the first rows array just
+serves as an index into this calls array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves as an index into this calls array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves as an index into this calls array
+so you can basically get the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can basically get the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can basically get the starting
+starting index in this calls away for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting index in this calls away for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting index in this calls away for
+any row just by looking at the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any row just by looking at the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any row just by looking at the entry
+stored at the corresponding location in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored at the corresponding location in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored at the corresponding location in
+the rows array so for example Row 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows array so for example Row 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows array so for example Row 2
+starts at location 6 so it starts here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at location 6 so it starts here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at location 6 so it starts here
+and you have indices 3 & 5 which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have indices 3 & 5 which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have indices 3 & 5 which are the
+nonzero indices does anyone know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero indices does anyone know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero indices does anyone know how to
+compute the length the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the length the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the length the number of
+non-zeros in a row by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zeros in a row by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zeros in a row by looking at the
+rows array yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yes so to get the length of a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes so to get the length of a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes so to get the length of a row
+you just take the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take the difference between
+that Rose offset and the next Rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Rose offset and the next Rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Rose offset and the next Rose
+offset so we can see that the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset so we can see that the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset so we can see that the length of
+the first row is 4 because it's offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row is 4 because it's offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row is 4 because it's offset
+is 2 and the offset for Row 2 is 6 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 and the offset for Row 2 is 6 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 and the offset for Row 2 is 6 so
+you just take the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take the difference between
+those two entries we have an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two entries we have an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two entries we have an additional
+entry here so we have the sixth row here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry here so we have the sixth row here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry here so we have the sixth row here
+because we want to be able to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to be able to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to be able to compute
+the length of the last row without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the last row without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the last row without
+overflowing in our array so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflowing in our array so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflowing in our array so we just
+created an additional entry in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an additional entry in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an additional entry in the
+road's array for that so turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road's array for that so turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road's array for that so turns out that
+this representation will save you space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this representation will save you space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this representation will save you space
+if your matrix is sparse so the storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your matrix is sparse so the storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your matrix is sparse so the storage
+required by the CSR format is order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required by the CSR format is order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required by the CSR format is order n
+plus n n Z where n n Z is a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n n Z where n n Z is a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n n Z where n n Z is a number of
+non-zeros in your matrix and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zeros in your matrix and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zeros in your matrix and the reason
+why you have n plus n n Z well you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have n plus n n Z well you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have n plus n n Z well you have
+two arrays here calls in bhau's whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two arrays here calls in bhau's whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two arrays here calls in bhau's whose
+length is equal to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is equal to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is equal to the number of
+non-zeros in the matrix and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zeros in the matrix and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zeros in the matrix and then you
+also have this rows array whose length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have this rows array whose length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have this rows array whose length
+is n plus 1 so that's why we have n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n plus 1 so that's why we have n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n plus 1 so that's why we have n plus
+n n Z and if the number of nonzero is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n n Z and if the number of nonzero is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n n Z and if the number of nonzero is as
+much less than N squared then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than N squared then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than N squared then this is
+going to be significantly more compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be significantly more compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be significantly more compact
+than the dense matrix representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however this isn't always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this isn't always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this isn't always going to be
+the most compact representation does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most compact representation does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most compact representation does
+anyone see why why might the dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone see why why might the dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone see why why might the dense
+representation sometimes take less space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation sometimes take less space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation sometimes take less space
+yeah sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry
+why might the dance representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why might the dance representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why might the dance representation
+sometimes take less space right so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes take less space right so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes take less space right so yeah
+if you have a relatively dance matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a relatively dance matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a relatively dance matrix
+then it might take more space than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it might take more space than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it might take more space than
+storing it it might take more space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing it it might take more space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing it it might take more space in
+the CSR representation because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CSR representation because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CSR representation because you have
+these two arrays so if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two arrays so if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two arrays so if you take the
+extreme case where all of the entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case where all of the entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case where all of the entries
+are non zeros then both of these arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are non zeros then both of these arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are non zeros then both of these arrays
+are going to be of length N squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be of length N squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be of length N squared so
+you already have 2n squared there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have 2n squared there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have 2n squared there and
+then you also need this Rose array which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you also need this Rose array which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you also need this Rose array which
+is of length n plus 1 okay so now I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of length n plus 1 okay so now I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of length n plus 1 okay so now I gave
+you this more compact representation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this more compact representation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this more compact representation for
+storing the matrix so how do we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing the matrix so how do we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing the matrix so how do we actually
+do stuff with this representation so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do stuff with this representation so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do stuff with this representation so it
+turns out that you can still do matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that you can still do matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that you can still do matrix
+vector multiplication using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector multiplication using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector multiplication using this
+compressed barse row format and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed barse row format and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed barse row format and here's
+the code for doing it so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code for doing it so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code for doing it so we have this
+struct here which is the CSR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struct here which is the CSR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struct here which is the CSR
+representation we have the Rose array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation we have the Rose array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation we have the Rose array
+that call calls array and then the Val's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that call calls array and then the Val's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that call calls array and then the Val's
+array and then we also have the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and then we also have the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and then we also have the number
+of rows N and the number of non-zeros n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rows N and the number of non-zeros n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rows N and the number of non-zeros n
+n Z and then now what we do we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Z and then now what we do we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Z and then now what we do we call this
+SP MV or sparse matrix vector multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP MV or sparse matrix vector multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP MV or sparse matrix vector multiply
+we pass in our CSR representation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pass in our CSR representation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pass in our CSR representation which
+is a and then the input array which is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a and then the input array which is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a and then the input array which is X
+and then we store the result in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we store the result in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we store the result in an
+output array Y so first we loop through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output array Y so first we loop through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output array Y so first we loop through
+all of the rows and then we set Y if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the rows and then we set Y if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the rows and then we set Y if I
+to be 0 this is just initialization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 0 this is just initialization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 0 this is just initialization and
+then for each of my rows I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for each of my rows I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for each of my rows I'm going to
+look at the non 0 the column indices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the non 0 the column indices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the non 0 the column indices for
+the non zero elements and I can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non zero elements and I can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non zero elements and I can do that
+by starting at K equals 2 rows of I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by starting at K equals 2 rows of I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by starting at K equals 2 rows of I and
+going up 2 rows of I plus 1 and then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up 2 rows of I plus 1 and then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up 2 rows of I plus 1 and then for
+each one of these entries I just look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these entries I just look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these entries I just look up
+the index the column index for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index the column index for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index the column index for the
+nonzero element and I can do that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero element and I can do that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero element and I can do that with
+calls of K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls of K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls of K so
+that BJ and then now I know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that BJ and then now I know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that BJ and then now I know which
+elements to multiply I multiplied vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements to multiply I multiplied vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements to multiply I multiplied vowels
+of K by ax of J and then now I just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K by ax of J and then now I just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K by ax of J and then now I just add
+that to Wi-Fi and then this after I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to Wi-Fi and then this after I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to Wi-Fi and then this after I
+finish with all of these multiplications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish with all of these multiplications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish with all of these multiplications
+and additions this will give me the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and additions this will give me the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and additions this will give me the same
+result as if I did the dense matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result as if I did the dense matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result as if I did the dense matrix
+vector multiplication so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector multiplication so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector multiplication so this is
+actually a pretty pretty cool program so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a pretty pretty cool program so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a pretty pretty cool program so
+I encourage you to look at this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I encourage you to look at this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I encourage you to look at this program
+offline to convince yourself that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline to convince yourself that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline to convince yourself that it's
+actually computing the same thing as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually computing the same thing as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually computing the same thing as the
+dense matrix vector multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense matrix vector multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense matrix vector multiplication
+version so I'm not going to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so I'm not going to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so I'm not going to prove this
+during lecture today but you can feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during lecture today but you can feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during lecture today but you can feel
+free to ask me or any of your TAS after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to ask me or any of your TAS after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to ask me or any of your TAS after
+class if you have questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class if you have questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class if you have questions about this
+and the number of scalar multiplications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of scalar multiplications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of scalar multiplications
+that you have to do using this code it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to do using this code it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to do using this code it's
+just going to be nnz because you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be nnz because you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be nnz because you're just
+operating on the non-zero elements you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on the non-zero elements you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on the non-zero elements you
+don't have to touch all of the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to touch all of the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to touch all of the zero
+elements and in contrast the dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and in contrast the dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and in contrast the dense
+matrix vector multiply algorithm would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix vector multiply algorithm would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix vector multiply algorithm would
+take N squared multiplications so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take N squared multiplications so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take N squared multiplications so this
+can be significantly faster for sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be significantly faster for sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be significantly faster for sparse
+matrices so it turns out that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so it turns out that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so it turns out that you can
+also use a similar structure to store a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use a similar structure to store a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use a similar structure to store a
+sparse static graph so I see many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse static graph so I see many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse static graph so I see many of you
+have seen graphs in your previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen graphs in your previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen graphs in your previous
+courses see here's what the sparse graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses see here's what the sparse graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses see here's what the sparse graph
+representation looks like so again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation looks like so again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation looks like so again we
+have this raised we have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this raised we have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this raised we have these two
+arrays we have offsets and edges the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays we have offsets and edges the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays we have offsets and edges the
+offsets array is analogous to the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets array is analogous to the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets array is analogous to the rows
+array in the edges array is analogous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array in the edges array is analogous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array in the edges array is analogous to
+the columns array for the CSR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns array for the CSR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns array for the CSR
+representation and then in this offsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and then in this offsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and then in this offsets
+array we store for each vertex where its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array we store for each vertex where its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array we store for each vertex where its
+neighbors start in this majus array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors start in this majus array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors start in this majus array and
+then in the edges array we just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the edges array we just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the edges array we just write
+the indices of its neighbors there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indices of its neighbors there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indices of its neighbors there so
+let's take vertex one for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take vertex one for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take vertex one for example the
+offset of vertex one is two so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset of vertex one is two so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset of vertex one is two so we know
+that its outgoing neighbors start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its outgoing neighbors start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its outgoing neighbors start at
+position two in this edges array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position two in this edges array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position two in this edges array and
+then we see that vertex one has outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we see that vertex one has outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we see that vertex one has outgoing
+edges two vertices two three and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges two vertices two three and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges two vertices two three and four
+and we see in the edges array two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see in the edges array two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see in the edges array two three
+four are listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four are listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four are listed
+and you can also get the degree of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also get the degree of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also get the degree of each
+vertex which is analogous to the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex which is analogous to the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex which is analogous to the length
+of each row by taking the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each row by taking the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each row by taking the difference
+between consecutive offsets so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between consecutive offsets so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between consecutive offsets so here we
+see that the degree of vertex 1 is 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the degree of vertex 1 is 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the degree of vertex 1 is 3
+because it's offset is 1 it's offset is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's offset is 1 it's offset is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's offset is 1 it's offset is
+2 in the offset of vertex 2 is 5 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 in the offset of vertex 2 is 5 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 in the offset of vertex 2 is 5 it
+turns out that using this representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that using this representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that using this representation
+you can run many classic graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run many classic graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run many classic graph
+algorithms such as breadth-first search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms such as breadth-first search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms such as breadth-first search
+and PageRank quite efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and PageRank quite efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and PageRank quite efficiently
+especially when the graph is sparse so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when the graph is sparse so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when the graph is sparse so
+this would be much more efficient than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be much more efficient than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be much more efficient than
+using a dense matrix to represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a dense matrix to represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a dense matrix to represent the
+graph and running these algorithms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and running these algorithms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and running these algorithms you
+can also store weight on the edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also store weight on the edges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also store weight on the edges and
+one way to do that is to just create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do that is to just create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do that is to just create an
+additional array called weights whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional array called weights whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional array called weights whose
+length is equal to the number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is equal to the number of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is equal to the number of edges
+in the graph and then you just store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph and then you just store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph and then you just store the
+weights in that array and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights in that array and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights in that array and this is
+analogous to the values array in the CSR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to the values array in the CSR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to the values array in the CSR
+representation but there's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation but there's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation but there's actually a
+more efficient way to store this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient way to store this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient way to store this if you
+always need to access the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always need to access the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always need to access the weight
+whenever you acts as an edge and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you acts as an edge and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you acts as an edge and the way
+to do this is to interleave the weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is to interleave the weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is to interleave the weights
+with the edges so to store the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the edges so to store the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the edges so to store the weight
+for a particular edge right next to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular edge right next to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular edge right next to that
+edge and create a array of twice number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and create a array of twice number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and create a array of twice number
+of edges in the graph and the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges in the graph and the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges in the graph and the reason why
+this is more efficient is because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more efficient is because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more efficient is because it
+gives you improved cache locality weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you improved cache locality weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you improved cache locality weight
+and we'll talk much more about cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk much more about cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk much more about cache
+locality later on in this course but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality later on in this course but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality later on in this course but the
+high-level idea is that whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level idea is that whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level idea is that whenever you
+access an edge the weight for that edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access an edge the weight for that edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access an edge the weight for that edge
+will also likely to be on the same cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also likely to be on the same cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also likely to be on the same cache
+line so you don't need to go to main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so you don't need to go to main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so you don't need to go to main
+memory to access the weight of that edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory to access the weight of that edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory to access the weight of that edge
+again and later on in the semester we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and later on in the semester we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and later on in the semester we'll
+actually have a whole lecture on doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a whole lecture on doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a whole lecture on doing
+optimizations for graph algorithms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations for graph algorithms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations for graph algorithms and
+today I'm just going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm just going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm just going to talk about the
+representation one representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation one representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation one representation of
+graphs but we'll talk much more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs but we'll talk much more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs but we'll talk much more about
+this later on any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's it for the data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's it for the data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's it for the data structure
+optimizations we still have three more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations we still have three more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations we still have three more
+categories of optimizations to go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of optimizations to go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of optimizations to go over
+so it's a pretty fun lecture we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a pretty fun lecture we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a pretty fun lecture we get to
+learn about many cool tricks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about many cool tricks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about many cool tricks for
+reducing the work of your program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the work of your program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the work of your program
+so in the next class of optimizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the next class of optimizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the next class of optimizations
+will look at is logic so first thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look at is logic so first thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look at is logic so first thing is
+constant folding and propagation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant folding and propagation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant folding and propagation the
+idea of constant folding and propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of constant folding and propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of constant folding and propagation
+is to evaluate constant expressions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to evaluate constant expressions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to evaluate constant expressions and
+substitute the result into further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute the result into further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute the result into further
+expressions all at compilation times you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions all at compilation times you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions all at compilation times you
+don't have to do it at runtime so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do it at runtime so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do it at runtime so again
+let's look at an example so we're here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at an example so we're here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at an example so we're here
+we have this function called orrery does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this function called orrery does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this function called orrery does
+anyone know what worried means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can look it up on Google okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look it up on Google okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look it up on Google okay so so
+nori is a model of a solar system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nori is a model of a solar system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nori is a model of a solar system so
+here we're constructing a digital orrery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're constructing a digital orrery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're constructing a digital orrery
+and in order we we have these whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order we we have these whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order we we have these whole
+bunch of different constants we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different constants we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different constants we have the
+radius the diameter the circumference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius the diameter the circumference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius the diameter the circumference
+cross area surface area and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross area surface area and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross area surface area and also the
+volume if you look at this code you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume if you look at this code you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume if you look at this code you can
+notice that actually all these constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that actually all these constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that actually all these constants
+can be defined at compile time once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be defined at compile time once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be defined at compile time once we
+fix the radius so here we set the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the radius so here we set the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the radius so here we set the radius
+to be this constant here six six million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this constant here six six million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this constant here six six million
+three hundred and seventy one thousand I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hundred and seventy one thousand I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hundred and seventy one thousand I
+don't know where that constant comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where that constant comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where that constant comes
+from by the way but Charles made these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from by the way but Charles made these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from by the way but Charles made these
+slides so it probably does sorry okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so it probably does sorry okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so it probably does sorry okay
+radius of the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of the earth
+now that diameter is just twice this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that diameter is just twice this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that diameter is just twice this
+radius the circumference is just pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius the circumference is just pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius the circumference is just pi
+times diameter cross area is pi times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times diameter cross area is pi times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times diameter cross area is pi times
+the radius squared surface area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius squared surface area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius squared surface area is
+circumference times the diameter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference times the diameter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference times the diameter and
+finally volume is four times pi times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally volume is four times pi times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally volume is four times pi times
+the radius cubed divided by three so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius cubed divided by three so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius cubed divided by three so you
+can actually evaluate all of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually evaluate all of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually evaluate all of these two
+constants at compile time so with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants at compile time so with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants at compile time so with a
+sufficiently high level of optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently high level of optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently high level of optimization
+the compiler will actually evaluate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler will actually evaluate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler will actually evaluate all
+of these things at compile time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things at compile time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things at compile time and
+that's the idea of constant folding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea of constant folding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea of constant folding and
+propagation it's a good idea to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation it's a good idea to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation it's a good idea to know
+about this even though the compiler is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this even though the compiler is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this even though the compiler is
+still pretty is pretty good at doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty is pretty good at doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty is pretty good at doing
+this because sometimes the compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because sometimes the compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because sometimes the compiler
+won't do it and in those cases you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do it and in those cases you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do it and in those cases you can
+do it yourself and you can also figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it yourself and you can also figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it yourself and you can also figure
+out whether the compiler is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether the compiler is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether the compiler is actually
+doing it when you look at the assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it when you look at the assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it when you look at the assembly
+code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the next optimization is common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next optimization is common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next optimization is common
+sub-expression elimination and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-expression elimination and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-expression elimination and the idea
+here is to avoid computing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to avoid computing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to avoid computing the same
+expression multiple times by valuing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression multiple times by valuing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression multiple times by valuing the
+expression once and storing the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression once and storing the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression once and storing the result
+for later use so let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for later use so let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for later use so let's look at this
+simple four line program we have a equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple four line program we have a equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple four line program we have a equal
+to B plus C then we set B equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B plus C then we set B equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B plus C then we set B equal to a
+minus D then we set C equal to B plus C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D then we set C equal to B plus C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D then we set C equal to B plus C
+and finally we set D equal to a minus D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we set D equal to a minus D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we set D equal to a minus D
+so notice here that the second and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice here that the second and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice here that the second and the
+fourth lines are computing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth lines are computing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth lines are computing the same
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+they're both computing a minus D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both computing a minus D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both computing a minus D and
+they evaluate to the same thing so idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they evaluate to the same thing so idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they evaluate to the same thing so idea
+of common sub-expression elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of common sub-expression elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of common sub-expression elimination
+would be to just substitute the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to just substitute the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to just substitute the result
+of the first evaluation into the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first evaluation into the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first evaluation into the place
+where you need it in future future lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you need it in future future lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you need it in future future lines
+so here we still evaluate the first line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we still evaluate the first line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we still evaluate the first line
+for a minus D but now in the second time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minus D but now in the second time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minus D but now in the second time
+we need a minus D we just set the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a minus D we just set the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a minus D we just set the value
+to B so now D is equal to B instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B so now D is equal to B instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B so now D is equal to B instead of a
+minus D so in this example the first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D so in this example the first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D so in this example the first and
+the third line the right-hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third line the right-hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third line the right-hand side of
+those lines actually look the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines actually look the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines actually look the same
+they're both B plus seed does anyone see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both B plus seed does anyone see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both B plus seed does anyone see
+why you can't do common sub-expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you can't do common sub-expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you can't do common sub-expression
+elimination here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so you can't do common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you can't do common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you can't do common
+sub-expression for the first and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-expression for the first and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-expression for the first and the
+third lines because the value of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third lines because the value of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third lines because the value of B
+changes in between so the value of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in between so the value of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in between so the value of B
+changes on the second line so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes on the second line so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes on the second line so on the
+third line when you do B plus C is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third line when you do B plus C is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third line when you do B plus C is not
+actually computing the same thing as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually computing the same thing as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually computing the same thing as the
+first first evaluation of B plus C so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first first evaluation of B plus C so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first first evaluation of B plus C so
+again the compiler is usually smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the compiler is usually smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the compiler is usually smart
+enough to figure this optimization out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to figure this optimization out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to figure this optimization out
+so it will do this optimization for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it will do this optimization for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it will do this optimization for you
+in your code but again it doesn't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your code but again it doesn't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your code but again it doesn't always
+do it for use as good it's a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for use as good it's a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for use as good it's a good idea
+to know about this optimization so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about this optimization so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about this optimization so that
+you can do this optimization by hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this optimization by hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this optimization by hand
+when the compiler doesn't do it for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the compiler doesn't do it for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the compiler doesn't do it for you
+questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so next let's look at algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so next let's look at algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so next let's look at algebra
+identities the idea of exploiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities the idea of exploiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities the idea of exploiting
+algebraic identities is to replace more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic identities is to replace more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic identities is to replace more
+expensive algebraic expressions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive algebraic expressions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive algebraic expressions with
+expressions that are cheaper to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions that are cheaper to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions that are cheaper to evaluate
+so let's look at an example let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at an example let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at an example let's say we
+we have a whole bunch of balls and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a whole bunch of balls and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a whole bunch of balls and we
+want to detect whether two balls collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to detect whether two balls collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to detect whether two balls collide
+with each other say ball has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other say ball has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other say ball has an
+x-coordinate a y-coordinate a Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-coordinate a y-coordinate a Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-coordinate a y-coordinate a Z
+coordinate as well as a radius and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate as well as a radius and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate as well as a radius and the
+collision test works as follows we set D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision test works as follows we set D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision test works as follows we set D
+equal to the square root of the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the square root of the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the square root of the sum of
+the squares of the differences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squares of the differences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squares of the differences between
+each of the three coordinates of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the three coordinates of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the three coordinates of the two
+balls so here we're taking the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls so here we're taking the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls so here we're taking the square of
+B one's x-coordinate minus B 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B one's x-coordinate minus B 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B one's x-coordinate minus B 2 is
+x-coordinate and then adding the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-coordinate and then adding the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-coordinate and then adding the square
+of B one's y-coordinate minus B 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B one's y-coordinate minus B 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B one's y-coordinate minus B 2 is
+y-coordinate and finally adding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate and finally adding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate and finally adding the
+square of B 1 z coordinate minus B 2 z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of B 1 z coordinate minus B 2 z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of B 1 z coordinate minus B 2 z
+coordinate and now we take the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and now we take the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and now we take the square
+root of all of that and then if if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of all of that and then if if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of all of that and then if if the
+result is less than or equal to the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is less than or equal to the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is less than or equal to the sum
+of the two radii of the ball then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two radii of the ball then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two radii of the ball then that
+means that there's a collision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's a collision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's a collision and
+otherwise that means there's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise that means there's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise that means there's not a
+collision it turns out that the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision it turns out that the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision it turns out that the square
+root operator as I mentioned before is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root operator as I mentioned before is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root operator as I mentioned before is
+relatively expensive compared to doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively expensive compared to doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively expensive compared to doing
+multiplications and additions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications and additions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications and additions and
+subtractions on modern machines so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtractions on modern machines so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtractions on modern machines so how
+can we do this without using the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do this without using the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do this without using the square
+root operator yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so that's actually a good check to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's actually a good check to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's actually a good check to
+a good fast path check I don't think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good fast path check I don't think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good fast path check I don't think it
+necessarily always gives you the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily always gives you the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily always gives you the right
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+sir another yes right right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir another yes right right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir another yes right right so the
+answer is that you can actually take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that you can actually take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that you can actually take the
+square of both sides so now you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of both sides so now you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of both sides so now you don't
+have to take the square root anymore so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take the square root anymore so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take the square root anymore so
+we're gonna use the identity that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna use the identity that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna use the identity that says
+if the square root of U is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the square root of U is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the square root of U is less than or
+equal to V exactly when u is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V exactly when u is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V exactly when u is less than
+or equal to V squared so we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to V squared so we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to V squared so we're just
+going to take the square of both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the square of both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the square of both sides
+and here's the modified code so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the modified code so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the modified code so now I
+don't have this square root anymore on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have this square root anymore on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have this square root anymore on
+the right hand side when I compute V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side when I compute V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side when I compute V
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+but instead I square the sum of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead I square the sum of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead I square the sum of the two
+radii so this this will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radii so this this will give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radii so this this will give you the
+same answer however you do have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer however you do have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer however you do have to be
+careful with floating-point operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful with floating-point operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful with floating-point operations
+because they don't work exactly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't work exactly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't work exactly in the
+same way as real numbers so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way as real numbers so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way as real numbers so you
+sometimes might run into overflow issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes might run into overflow issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes might run into overflow issues
+or rounding issues so you do have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rounding issues so you do have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rounding issues so you do have to be
+careful if you're using algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful if you're using algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful if you're using algebraic
+identities in floating-point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities in floating-point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities in floating-point
+computations but the hile of idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations but the hile of idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations but the hile of idea is
+that you can use equivalent algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use equivalent algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use equivalent algebraic
+expressions to reduce the work of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions to reduce the work of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions to reduce the work of your
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll come back to this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to this example
+later on in this lecture when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in this lecture when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in this lecture when we talk
+about some other optimizations such as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some other optimizations such as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some other optimizations such as a
+fast path optimization as one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast path optimization as one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast path optimization as one of the
+students pointed out yes which are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students pointed out yes which are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students pointed out yes which are you
+talking about this line so before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this line so before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this line so before we
+were comparing D yeah yeah okay is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were comparing D yeah yeah okay is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were comparing D yeah yeah okay is that
+clear okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the next optimization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next optimization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next optimization is
+short-circuiting the idea here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-circuiting the idea here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-circuiting the idea here is that
+when we're performing a series of tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're performing a series of tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're performing a series of tests
+we can actually stop you evaluating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually stop you evaluating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually stop you evaluating this
+series of tests as soon as we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of tests as soon as we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of tests as soon as we know what
+the answer is so here's an example let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is so here's an example let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is so here's an example let's
+say we have an array a containing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have an array a containing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have an array a containing all
+non-negative integers and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative integers and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative integers and we want to
+check if the sum of the values and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if the sum of the values and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if the sum of the values and a
+exceeds some limit so the simple way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds some limit so the simple way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds some limit so the simple way to
+do this is you just sum up all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is you just sum up all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is you just sum up all of the
+values of the array using a for loop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the array using a for loop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the array using a for loop and
+then at the end you check if the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the end you check if the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the end you check if the total
+sum is greater than the limit so using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is greater than the limit so using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is greater than the limit so using
+this approach you always have to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach you always have to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach you always have to look at
+all the elements in the array but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the elements in the array but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the elements in the array but
+there's actually a better way to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a better way to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a better way to do this
+and the idea here is that once you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea here is that once you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea here is that once you know
+the partial sum exceeds the limit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sum exceeds the limit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sum exceeds the limit that
+you're testing against then you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're testing against then you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're testing against then you can just
+return true because at that point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return true because at that point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return true because at that point you
+know that the sum of the elements in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the sum of the elements in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the sum of the elements in the
+array will exceed the limit because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array will exceed the limit because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array will exceed the limit because all
+of the elements in the array are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements in the array are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements in the array are
+non-negative and then if you get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative and then if you get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative and then if you get all the
+way to the end of this for loop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the end of this for loop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the end of this for loop that
+means you didn't exceed this limit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you didn't exceed this limit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you didn't exceed this limit and
+you can just return false so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just return false so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just return false so this this
+second program here will usually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second program here will usually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second program here will usually be
+faster if most of the time you exceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster if most of the time you exceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster if most of the time you exceed
+the limit pretty early on when you loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit pretty early on when you loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit pretty early on when you loop
+through the array but if you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the array but if you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the array but if you actually
+end up looking at most of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up looking at most of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up looking at most of the elements
+anyways or even looking at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways or even looking at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways or even looking at all the
+elements this second program will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements this second program will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements this second program will
+actually be a little bit slower because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be a little bit slower because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be a little bit slower because
+you have this additional check inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this additional check inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this additional check inside
+this for loop that has to be done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for loop that has to be done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for loop that has to be done for
+every iteration so when you apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every iteration so when you apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every iteration so when you apply this
+optimization you should be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization you should be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization you should be aware of
+whether this will actually be faster or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this will actually be faster or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this will actually be faster or
+slower based on the frequency of of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower based on the frequency of of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower based on the frequency of of what
+when you can short-circuit the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay and I want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay and I want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay and I want to point out
+that there are short-circuiting logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are short-circuiting logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are short-circuiting logical
+operators so if you do double ampersand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so if you do double ampersand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so if you do double ampersand
+that's a short-circuiting and logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a short-circuiting and logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a short-circuiting and logical
+and operator so if it you value so if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operator so if it you value so if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operator so if it you value so if it
+evaluates the left side to be false it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates the left side to be false it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates the left side to be false it
+means that the whole thing has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the whole thing has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the whole thing has to be
+false it's not even going to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false it's not even going to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false it's not even going to evaluate
+the right side and then the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side and then the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side and then the double
+vertical bar is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical bar is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical bar is going to be a
+short-circuiting or so if it knows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-circuiting or so if it knows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-circuiting or so if it knows that
+the left side is true it knows the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side is true it knows the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side is true it knows the whole
+thing has to be true because or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has to be true because or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has to be true because or just
+requires one of the two sides to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires one of the two sides to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires one of the two sides to be true
+and it's gonna short-circuit in contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna short-circuit in contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna short-circuit in contrast
+if you just have a single ampersand or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just have a single ampersand or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just have a single ampersand or a
+single vertical bar these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single vertical bar these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single vertical bar these are not
+short-circuiting operators are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-circuiting operators are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-circuiting operators are going to
+evaluate both sides of the argument the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate both sides of the argument the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate both sides of the argument the
+single ampersand and single vertical bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single ampersand and single vertical bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single ampersand and single vertical bar
+turn out to be pretty useful when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be pretty useful when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be pretty useful when you're
+doing bit manipulation and we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing bit manipulation and we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing bit manipulation and we'll be
+talking about these operators more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about these operators more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about these operators more on
+Thursday's lecture yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah if you use a double ampersand then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you use a double ampersand then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you use a double ampersand then
+that would be true yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yes one example is if you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes one example is if you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes one example is if you might
+possibly index an array out of balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly index an array out of balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly index an array out of balance
+you can first check whether you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can first check whether you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can first check whether you would
+exceed the limit or be out of balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed the limit or be out of balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed the limit or be out of balance
+and if if so then you don't actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if so then you don't actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if so then you don't actually do
+the index okay a related idea is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index okay a related idea is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index okay a related idea is to
+order tests such that the tests that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order tests such that the tests that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order tests such that the tests that are
+more often successful or earlier and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often successful or earlier and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often successful or earlier and the
+ones that are less frequently successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are less frequently successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are less frequently successful
+are later in the order because you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are later in the order because you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are later in the order because you want
+to take advantage of short-circuiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take advantage of short-circuiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take advantage of short-circuiting
+and similarly inexpensive tests should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly inexpensive tests should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly inexpensive tests should
+precede expensive tests because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precede expensive tests because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precede expensive tests because if you
+do too inexpensive tests in your test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do too inexpensive tests in your test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do too inexpensive tests in your test
+short circuit then you don't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuit then you don't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuit then you don't have to do
+the more expensive tests so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more expensive tests so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more expensive tests so here's an
+example here we're checking whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here we're checking whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here we're checking whether a
+character this white space so characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character this white space so characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character this white space so characters
+white space if it's equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white space if it's equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white space if it's equal to the
+carriage return character if it's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriage return character if it's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriage return character if it's equal
+to the tab character is equal to space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tab character is equal to space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tab character is equal to space
+or if it's equal to the newline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if it's equal to the newline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if it's equal to the newline
+character so which one of these tests do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character so which one of these tests do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character so which one of these tests do
+you think should go at the beginning yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think should go at the beginning yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think should go at the beginning yes
+why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so so the it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so so the it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so so the it turns out that
+the space and then you line characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space and then you line characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space and then you line characters
+appear more frequently than the curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear more frequently than the curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear more frequently than the curious
+returned in the tab in the the space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned in the tab in the the space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned in the tab in the the space is
+the most frequent because you have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most frequent because you have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most frequent because you have a lot
+of spaces in text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spaces in text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spaces in text
+so here I've reordered the test so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I've reordered the test so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I've reordered the test so that
+the space the check for space is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space the check for space is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space the check for space is first
+and then now if you have a character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now if you have a character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now if you have a character
+that's a space you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a space you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a space you can just
+short-circuit this test and return true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-circuit this test and return true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-circuit this test and return true
+next the newline character I have I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the newline character I have I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the newline character I have I have
+it as the second test because these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as the second test because these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as the second test because these are
+also pretty frequent you have a new line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also pretty frequent you have a new line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also pretty frequent you have a new line
+for every new line in your text and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every new line in your text and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every new line in your text and then
+less frequent is a tab character and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less frequent is a tab character and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less frequent is a tab character and
+finally the carriage return free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the carriage return free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the carriage return free
+character isn't that frequently used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character isn't that frequently used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character isn't that frequently used
+nowadays so now now with this or during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays so now now with this or during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays so now now with this or during
+the most frequently successful tests are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most frequently successful tests are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most frequently successful tests are
+going to appear first notice that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to appear first notice that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to appear first notice that this
+only actually saves you work if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only actually saves you work if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only actually saves you work if the
+character is a whitespace character if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is a whitespace character if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is a whitespace character if
+it's not a whitespace character then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a whitespace character then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a whitespace character then
+you're gonna end up evaluating all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna end up evaluating all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna end up evaluating all of
+these tests anyways okay so now let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tests anyways okay so now let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tests anyways okay so now let's go
+back to this example of detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this example of detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this example of detecting
+collision of balls so we're gonna look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision of balls so we're gonna look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision of balls so we're gonna look
+at the idea of creating a fast path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the idea of creating a fast path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the idea of creating a fast path and
+the idea of creating a fast path is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of creating a fast path is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of creating a fast path is that
+there might possibly be a check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might possibly be a check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might possibly be a check that
+will enable you to exit the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will enable you to exit the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will enable you to exit the program
+early because you already know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early because you already know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early because you already know what the
+result is and one one fast path check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is and one one fast path check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is and one one fast path check
+for this particular program here is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular program here is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular program here is you
+can check whether the bounding boxes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check whether the bounding boxes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check whether the bounding boxes of
+the two balls intersect if you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two balls intersect if you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two balls intersect if you know the
+bounding boxes of the two balls don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounding boxes of the two balls don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounding boxes of the two balls don't
+intersect then you know that the balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect then you know that the balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect then you know that the balls
+cannot collide if the bounding boxes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot collide if the bounding boxes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot collide if the bounding boxes of
+the two balls do intersect well then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two balls do intersect well then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two balls do intersect well then you
+have to do the more expensive test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do the more expensive test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do the more expensive test
+because that doesn't necessarily mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that doesn't necessarily mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that doesn't necessarily mean
+that the balls will collide so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the balls will collide so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the balls will collide so here's
+what the fast path test looks like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the fast path test looks like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the fast path test looks like we're
+first going to check whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first going to check whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first going to check whether the
+bounding box is intersect and we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounding box is intersect and we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounding box is intersect and we can do
+this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by
+looking at the absolute value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the absolute value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the absolute value of the
+difference on each of the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference on each of the coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference on each of the coordinates
+and checking if that's greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and checking if that's greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and checking if that's greater than the
+sum of the two radii and if so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the two radii and if so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the two radii and if so that
+means that for that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that for that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that for that particular
+coordinate the bounding boxes cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate the bounding boxes cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate the bounding boxes cannot
+intersect and therefore the balls cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect and therefore the balls cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect and therefore the balls cannot
+collide and then we can return false of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide and then we can return false of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide and then we can return false of
+any one of these tests return true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of these tests return true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of these tests return true and
+otherwise we'll do the more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we'll do the more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we'll do the more expensive
+test of comparing D squared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of comparing D squared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of comparing D squared to the
+square of the sum of the two radii and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the sum of the two radii and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the sum of the two radii and
+the reason why this is a fast path is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why this is a fast path is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why this is a fast path is
+because this test here is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this test here is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this test here is actually
+cheaper to evaluate than this test below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper to evaluate than this test below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper to evaluate than this test below
+here we're just doing subtractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're just doing subtractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're just doing subtractions
+additions and comparisons and below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additions and comparisons and below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additions and comparisons and below
+we're using the square operator which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using the square operator which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using the square operator which
+requires a multiplication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a multiplication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a multiplication and
+multiplications are usually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications are usually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications are usually more
+expensive than additions on modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive than additions on modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive than additions on modern
+machines so ideally if we don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines so ideally if we don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines so ideally if we don't need to
+do the multiplication we can avoid it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the multiplication we can avoid it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the multiplication we can avoid it by
+going through our fast path so for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through our fast path so for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through our fast path so for this
+example it probably isn't worth it to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it probably isn't worth it to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it probably isn't worth it to do
+the fast path checks since there's such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fast path checks since there's such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fast path checks since there's such
+a small program but in practice there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small program but in practice there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small program but in practice there
+are many applications and graphics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many applications and graphics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many applications and graphics that
+benefit greatly from doing fast path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit greatly from doing fast path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit greatly from doing fast path
+checks and the fast path check will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks and the fast path check will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks and the fast path check will
+greatly improve the performance of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly improve the performance of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly improve the performance of these
+graphics programs there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics programs there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics programs there's actually
+another optimization that we can do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another optimization that we can do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another optimization that we can do here
+I talked about this optimization couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about this optimization couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about this optimization couple
+slides ago does anyone see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides ago does anyone see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides ago does anyone see it
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so we can apply common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we can apply common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we can apply common
+sub-expression elimination here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-expression elimination here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-expression elimination here because
+we're computing the sum of the two radii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're computing the sum of the two radii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're computing the sum of the two radii
+four times we can actually just compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times we can actually just compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times we can actually just compute
+it once stored in a variable and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once stored in a variable and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once stored in a variable and then
+use it for the subsequent three calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for the subsequent three calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for the subsequent three calls
+and then similarly what we're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then similarly what we're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then similarly what we're taking the
+difference between each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between each of the
+coordinates we're also doing it twice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we're also doing it twice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we're also doing it twice so
+again we can store that in a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we can store that in a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we can store that in a variable
+and then just use the result in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just use the result in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just use the result in the
+second time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the next idea is to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next idea is to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next idea is to combine
+tests together so here we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests together so here we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests together so here we're gonna
+replace a sequence of tests with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace a sequence of tests with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace a sequence of tests with just
+one test or switch statement here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one test or switch statement here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one test or switch statement here's an
+implementation of a full adder so a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of a full adder so a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of a full adder so a full
+adder there's a hardware device that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adder there's a hardware device that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adder there's a hardware device that
+takes us input three bits and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us input three bits and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us input three bits and then it
+returns the carry bit and the sum bit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns the carry bit and the sum bit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns the carry bit and the sum bit as
+output so here's a table that specifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so here's a table that specifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so here's a table that specifies
+for every possible input to the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every possible input to the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every possible input to the full
+adder what the output should be and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adder what the output should be and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adder what the output should be and are
+eight possible inputs to the full adder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight possible inputs to the full adder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight possible inputs to the full adder
+because it takes three bits and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it takes three bits and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it takes three bits and there
+eight possibilities there and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight possibilities there and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight possibilities there and this
+program here it's going to check all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program here it's going to check all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program here it's going to check all the
+possibilities its first going to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities its first going to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities its first going to check
+if a is equal to zero if so it checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is equal to zero if so it checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is equal to zero if so it checks
+that B equals equals to zero if so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B equals equals to zero if so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B equals equals to zero if so it
+checks if C is equal to zero and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks if C is equal to zero and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks if C is equal to zero and if
+that's true it returns zero and zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true it returns zero and zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true it returns zero and zero for
+the two bits and otherwise it returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two bits and otherwise it returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two bits and otherwise it returns
+one and zero and so on so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and zero and so on so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and zero and so on so this is
+basically a whole bunch of if-else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a whole bunch of if-else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a whole bunch of if-else
+statements nested together does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements nested together does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements nested together does anyone
+think this is a good way to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a good way to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a good way to write the
+program who thinks this is a bad way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program who thinks this is a bad way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program who thinks this is a bad way to
+write the program okay so most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the program okay so most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the program okay so most of you
+think it's a bad way to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a bad way to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a bad way to write the
+program and hopefully I can convince the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and hopefully I can convince the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and hopefully I can convince the
+rest of you who didn't raise your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of you who didn't raise your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of you who didn't raise your hand
+so here's a better way to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a better way to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a better way to write this
+program so we're gonna replace these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so we're gonna replace these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so we're gonna replace these
+multiple if-else clauses with a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple if-else clauses with a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple if-else clauses with a single
+switch statement and what we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch statement and what we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch statement and what we're gonna do
+is we're going to create this test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to create this test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to create this test
+variable that is a 3-bit variable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that is a 3-bit variable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that is a 3-bit variable so
+we're gonna place the C bit in the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna place the C bit in the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna place the C bit in the least
+significant digit the B bit we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant digit the B bit we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant digit the B bit we're gonna
+shift it over by one so in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift it over by one so in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift it over by one so in the second
+least significant digit and then the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least significant digit and then the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least significant digit and then the a
+bit in the third least significant digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in the third least significant digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in the third least significant digit
+and then now the value of this test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now the value of this test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now the value of this test
+variable is going to range from 0 to 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is going to range from 0 to 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is going to range from 0 to 7
+and then for each possibility we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for each possibility we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for each possibility we can
+just specify what the sum and the carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just specify what the sum and the carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just specify what the sum and the carry
+bits should be and this requires just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits should be and this requires just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits should be and this requires just a
+single switch statement instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single switch statement instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single switch statement instead of a
+whole bunch of is else clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's actually an even better way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually an even better way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually an even better way to
+do this for this example which is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for this example which is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for this example which is to use
+table lookups you just pre compute all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table lookups you just pre compute all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table lookups you just pre compute all
+of these answers stored in a table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these answers stored in a table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these answers stored in a table and
+then just look it up at runtime but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just look it up at runtime but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just look it up at runtime but the
+idea here is that you can combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is that you can combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is that you can combine
+multiple tasks into a single test and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple tasks into a single test and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple tasks into a single test and
+this not only makes your code cleaner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this not only makes your code cleaner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this not only makes your code cleaner
+but it can also improve the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can also improve the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can also improve the performance
+of your program because you're not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your program because you're not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your program because you're not doing
+so many checks and you won't have an as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many checks and you won't have an as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many checks and you won't have an as
+many branch misses yes maybe yeah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many branch misses yes maybe yeah I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many branch misses yes maybe yeah I mean
+I encourage you to see if you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I encourage you to see if you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I encourage you to see if you can write
+a faster program for for this all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a faster program for for this all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a faster program for for this all right
+so we're done with two categories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're done with two categories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're done with two categories of
+optimizations stuff two or more to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the third category is going to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third category is going to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third category is going to be about
+loops so if we didn't have any loops in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops so if we didn't have any loops in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops so if we didn't have any loops in
+our in our programs well there wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in our programs well there wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in our programs well there wouldn't
+be many interesting programs to optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be many interesting programs to optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be many interesting programs to optimize
+because most of our programs wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most of our programs wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most of our programs wouldn't be
+very long running but with loops we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long running but with loops we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long running but with loops we can
+actually optimize these loops and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually optimize these loops and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually optimize these loops and then
+realize the benefits of performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize the benefits of performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize the benefits of performance
+engineering the first loop optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering the first loop optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering the first loop optimization
+I want to talk about is hoisting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk about is hoisting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk about is hoisting the
+Gulf hoisting which is also called loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gulf hoisting which is also called loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gulf hoisting which is also called loop
+invariant code motion is to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant code motion is to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant code motion is to avoid
+recomputing a loop invariant code each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recomputing a loop invariant code each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recomputing a loop invariant code each
+time through the body of a loop so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time through the body of a loop so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time through the body of a loop so if
+you have a for loop where each and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a for loop where each and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a for loop where each and each
+iteration are competing the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration are competing the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration are competing the same thing
+well you can actually save work by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can actually save work by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can actually save work by just
+computing it once so in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing it once so in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing it once so in this example
+here I'm looping over an array of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm looping over an array of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm looping over an array of length
+N and then I'm setting Y if I equal to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and then I'm setting Y if I equal to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and then I'm setting Y if I equal to X
+of I times the exponential of the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I times the exponential of the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I times the exponential of the square
+root of pi over 2 but this exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of pi over 2 but this exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of pi over 2 but this exponential
+of square root of PI over 2 is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of square root of PI over 2 is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of square root of PI over 2 is actually
+the same in every iteration so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in every iteration so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in every iteration so I don't
+actually have to compute that every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to compute that every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to compute that every time
+so here's a version of the code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a version of the code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a version of the code that
+does hoisting I just moved this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does hoisting I just moved this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does hoisting I just moved this
+expression outside of the for loop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression outside of the for loop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression outside of the for loop and
+stored it in a variable factor and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored it in a variable factor and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored it in a variable factor and then
+now inside the for loop I just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now inside the for loop I just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now inside the for loop I just have to
+multiply by factor I already computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by factor I already computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by factor I already computed
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+this expression is and this can save a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression is and this can save a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression is and this can save a
+running time because computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time because computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time because computing the
+exponential d'squared of pi over two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential d'squared of pi over two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential d'squared of pi over two is
+actually relatively expensive so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relatively expensive so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relatively expensive so it
+turns out that for this example here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that for this example here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that for this example here the
+compiler can probably figure it out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler can probably figure it out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler can probably figure it out and
+do this hoisting for you but in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this hoisting for you but in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this hoisting for you but in some
+cases the compiler might not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the compiler might not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the compiler might not be able to
+figure it out especially if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out especially if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out especially if these
+functions here might change throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions here might change throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions here might change throughout
+the program so it's good it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program so it's good it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program so it's good it's a good
+idea to know what this optimization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to know what this optimization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to know what this optimization is
+so you can apply it in your code when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can apply it in your code when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can apply it in your code when
+the compiler doesn't do it for you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler doesn't do it for you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler doesn't do it for you okay
+sentinels so sentinels are special dummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentinels so sentinels are special dummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentinels so sentinels are special dummy
+values placed in a data structure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values placed in a data structure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values placed in a data structure to
+simplify the logic of handling boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the logic of handling boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the logic of handling boundary
+boundary conditions and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions and in particular
+the handling of loop exit tests so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handling of loop exit tests so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handling of loop exit tests so here
+I have again have this program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have again have this program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have again have this program that
+checks whether I have this program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks whether I have this program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks whether I have this program that
+checks whether the sum of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks whether the sum of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks whether the sum of the elements
+in some array a will overflow if I added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some array a will overflow if I added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some array a will overflow if I added
+all of the elements together and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the elements together and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the elements together and here
+I've specified that all the elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've specified that all the elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've specified that all the elements of
+a are non-negative so how I do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a are non-negative so how I do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a are non-negative so how I do this is
+in every iteration I'm gonna increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every iteration I'm gonna increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every iteration I'm gonna increment
+sum by a of I and then I'll check if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum by a of I and then I'll check if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum by a of I and then I'll check if the
+resulting sum is less than a of I does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting sum is less than a of I does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting sum is less than a of I does
+anyone see why this will detect if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone see why this will detect if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone see why this will detect if I had
+an overflow yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know so if so if the thing I added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so if so if the thing I added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so if so if the thing I added
+in cause is an overflow then the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cause is an overflow then the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cause is an overflow then the result
+is going to wrap around and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to wrap around and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to wrap around and it's going
+to be less than the thing I added in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less than the thing I added in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less than the thing I added in so
+this is why the check here that checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why the check here that checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why the check here that checks
+whether some is last native I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether some is last native I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether some is last native I will
+detect an overflow okay so I'm gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect an overflow okay so I'm gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect an overflow okay so I'm gonna do
+this check in every iteration if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this check in every iteration if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this check in every iteration if it's
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+I'll just return true and otherwise I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just return true and otherwise I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just return true and otherwise I
+get to the end of this for loop where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the end of this for loop where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the end of this for loop where I
+just return false but here on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just return false but here on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just return false but here on every
+iteration I'm doing two checks I'm first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration I'm doing two checks I'm first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration I'm doing two checks I'm first
+checking whether I should exit the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking whether I should exit the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking whether I should exit the body
+of this loop and then secondly I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this loop and then secondly I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this loop and then secondly I'm
+checking whether the sum is less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking whether the sum is less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking whether the sum is less than a
+of I it turns out that I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I it turns out that I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I it turns out that I can actually
+modify this program so that I only need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify this program so that I only need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify this program so that I only need
+to do one check in every iteration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do one check in every iteration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do one check in every iteration of
+the loop there's a modified version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop there's a modified version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop there's a modified version of
+this program so here I'm gonna assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program so here I'm gonna assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program so here I'm gonna assume
+that I have two additional entries in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have two additional entries in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have two additional entries in my
+array a so these are a of N and a of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array a so these are a of N and a of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array a so these are a of N and a of n
+minus one so I assume I can use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so I assume I can use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so I assume I can use these
+locations and I'm gonna set a of n to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and I'm gonna set a of n to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and I'm gonna set a of n to be
+the largest possible 64-bit integer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest possible 64-bit integer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest possible 64-bit integer or
+in 64 max and then I'm gonna set a of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 64 max and then I'm gonna set a of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 64 max and then I'm gonna set a of n
+plus 1 to be 1 now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 to be 1 now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 to be 1 now I'm going to
+initialize my loop variable I to be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize my loop variable I to be 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize my loop variable I to be 0
+and then I'm going to set the sum equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to set the sum equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to set the sum equal
+to the first element in a or a of 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first element in a or a of 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first element in a or a of 0 and
+then now I have this loop it checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now I have this loop it checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now I have this loop it checks
+whether the sum is greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the sum is greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the sum is greater than or equal
+to a of I and if so I'm gonna add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a of I and if so I'm gonna add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a of I and if so I'm gonna add the
+sum I'm going to add a of I plus 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum I'm going to add a of I plus 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum I'm going to add a of I plus 1 to
+the sum and then I also increment I okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum and then I also increment I okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum and then I also increment I okay
+and this code here does the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this code here does the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this code here does the same thing
+as a thing on the left because the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a thing on the left because the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a thing on the left because the only
+way I'm going to exit this while loop is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm going to exit this while loop is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm going to exit this while loop is
+if I overflow and I'll overflow if a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I overflow and I'll overflow if a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I overflow and I'll overflow if a of
+I becomes greater than sum or if the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I becomes greater than sum or if the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I becomes greater than sum or if the sum
+becomes less than a of I which is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes less than a of I which is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes less than a of I which is what I
+had in my original program and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in my original program and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in my original program and then
+otherwise I'm gonna just increment sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm gonna just increment sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm gonna just increment sum
+by AFI and then this code here is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by AFI and then this code here is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by AFI and then this code here is going
+to eventually overflow because if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eventually overflow because if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eventually overflow because if the
+elements in my array a don't cause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in my array a don't cause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in my array a don't cause the
+program to overflow I'm gonna get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to overflow I'm gonna get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to overflow I'm gonna get to a
+of N and a if n is a very large integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N and a if n is a very large integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N and a if n is a very large integer
+and if I add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I add that
+what I have is going to cause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have is going to cause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have is going to cause the
+program to overflow and at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to overflow and at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to overflow and at that point
+I'm gonna exit this for loop or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna exit this for loop or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna exit this for loop or this
+while loop and then after I exit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while loop and then after I exit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while loop and then after I exit this
+loop I can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop I can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop I can check
+I can check why I overflowed if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can check why I overflowed if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can check why I overflowed if I
+overflowed because I because of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflowed because I because of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflowed because I because of some
+element of a then the loop index I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of a then the loop index I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of a then the loop index I is
+going to be less than n and I return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less than n and I return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less than n and I return
+true but if I overflowed because I added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but if I overflowed because I added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but if I overflowed because I added
+in this huge integer well then I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this huge integer well then I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this huge integer well then I is
+going to be equal to n and then I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to n and then I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to n and then I know
+that the elements of a didn't cause me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the elements of a didn't cause me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the elements of a didn't cause me
+to overflow the a of n value here did so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overflow the a of n value here did so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overflow the a of n value here did so
+then I just return false does this make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just return false does this make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just return false does this make
+sense so here in each iteration I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so here in each iteration I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so here in each iteration I only
+have to do one check instead of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do one check instead of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do one check instead of two
+texts as in my original code I only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts as in my original code I only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts as in my original code I only have
+to check whether the sum is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check whether the sum is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check whether the sum is greater than
+or equal to a if I does anyone know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to a if I does anyone know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to a if I does anyone know why
+I set a of n plus one equal to one yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so good so the answer is because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so good so the answer is because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so good so the answer is because if
+all of my elements were zero in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of my elements were zero in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of my elements were zero in my
+original array that even though I add in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original array that even though I add in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original array that even though I add in
+this huge integer it's still not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge integer it's still not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge integer it's still not gonna
+overflow but now I'm going to when I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow but now I'm going to when I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow but now I'm going to when I get
+to a of n plus 1 I'm gonna add 1 to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a of n plus 1 I'm gonna add 1 to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a of n plus 1 I'm gonna add 1 to it
+and then that will cause the sum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that will cause the sum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that will cause the sum to
+overflow and then I can exit there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow and then I can exit there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow and then I can exit there so
+this is a steal deal with the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a steal deal with the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a steal deal with the boundary
+condition when all the entries in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition when all the entries in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition when all the entries in my
+array are 0 okay so next loop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array are 0 okay so next loop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array are 0 okay so next loop and
+rolling so loop unrolling attempts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling so loop unrolling attempts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling so loop unrolling attempts a
+safe work by combining several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe work by combining several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe work by combining several
+consecutive iterations of a loop into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive iterations of a loop into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive iterations of a loop into a
+single iteration thereby reducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single iteration thereby reducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single iteration thereby reducing the
+total number of iterations of the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of iterations of the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of iterations of the loop
+and consequently the number of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consequently the number of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consequently the number of times
+that the instructions that control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the instructions that control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the instructions that control the
+loop have to be executed there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop have to be executed there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop have to be executed there are two
+types of loop unrolling there's full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of loop unrolling there's full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of loop unrolling there's full
+loop and rolling why unroll all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and rolling why unroll all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and rolling why unroll all of the
+iterations of the for loop and I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations of the for loop and I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations of the for loop and I'll just
+get rid of the control flow logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the control flow logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the control flow logic
+entirely then there's partial loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely then there's partial loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely then there's partial loop
+unrolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrolling
+where I only ate only unroll some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I only ate only unroll some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I only ate only unroll some of the
+iterations but not all of the iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations but not all of the iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations but not all of the iterations
+so I still have some control flow code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I still have some control flow code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I still have some control flow code
+in my loop let's first look at full loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my loop let's first look at full loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my loop let's first look at full loop
+unrolling say here I have a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrolling say here I have a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrolling say here I have a simple
+program that just loops for 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that just loops for 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that just loops for 10
+iterations the fully unrolled loop just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations the fully unrolled loop just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations the fully unrolled loop just
+looks like the code on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the code on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the code on the right hand
+side I just wrote out all the lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I just wrote out all the lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I just wrote out all the lines of
+code that I have to do in straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that I have to do in straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that I have to do in straight line
+code instead of using a for loop and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code instead of using a for loop and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code instead of using a for loop and now
+I don't need to check on every iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to check on every iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to check on every iteration
+whether I need to exit the for loop so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I need to exit the for loop so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I need to exit the for loop so
+this is full loop unrolling this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is full loop unrolling this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is full loop unrolling this is
+actually not very common because most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not very common because most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not very common because most
+your loops are going to be much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your loops are going to be much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your loops are going to be much larger
+than 10 and often times many of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 and often times many of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 and often times many of your
+loop bounds are not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop bounds are not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop bounds are not going to be
+determined at compile time they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined at compile time they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined at compile time they're
+determined at runtime so the compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined at runtime so the compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined at runtime so the compiler
+can't fully unload that loop for you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fully unload that loop for you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fully unload that loop for you for
+small loops like this the compiler will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small loops like this the compiler will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small loops like this the compiler will
+probably unroll the loop for you but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably unroll the loop for you but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably unroll the loop for you but for
+larger loops it actually doesn't benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger loops it actually doesn't benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger loops it actually doesn't benefit
+to unroll the loop fully because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unroll the loop fully because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unroll the loop fully because you're
+gonna have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a lot of
+structions and that's going to pollute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structions and that's going to pollute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structions and that's going to pollute
+your instruction cache so the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instruction cache so the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instruction cache so the more
+common form of Lupin trolling is partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common form of Lupin trolling is partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common form of Lupin trolling is partial
+loop and rolling and here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and rolling and here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and rolling and here in this
+example here I've enrolled the loop by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here I've enrolled the loop by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here I've enrolled the loop by a
+factor of four so I reduce a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of four so I reduce a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of four so I reduce a number of
+iterations of my for loop by a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations of my for loop by a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations of my for loop by a factor of
+four and then inside the body of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and then inside the body of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and then inside the body of each of
+each iteration I have four instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each iteration I have four instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each iteration I have four instructions
+and then notice I also changed the logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then notice I also changed the logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then notice I also changed the logic
+in my in the control flow of my for loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my in the control flow of my for loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my in the control flow of my for loop
+so now I'm incrementing the variable J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm incrementing the variable J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm incrementing the variable J
+by four instead of just by one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by four instead of just by one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by four instead of just by one and then
+since n might not necessarily be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since n might not necessarily be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since n might not necessarily be
+divisible by four I have I have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by four I have I have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by four I have I have to deal
+with the remaining elements and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the remaining elements and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the remaining elements and this is
+what the second for loop is doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the second for loop is doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the second for loop is doing here
+is just dealing with the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just dealing with the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just dealing with the remaining
+elements and this is the more common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and this is the more common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and this is the more common
+form of loop unrolling so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of loop unrolling so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of loop unrolling so the first
+benefit of doing this is that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of doing this is that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of doing this is that you have
+fewer fewer checks to this to the exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer fewer checks to this to the exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer fewer checks to this to the exit
+condition for the loop because you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for the loop because you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for the loop because you only
+have to do this check every four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this check every four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this check every four
+iterations instead of every iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations instead of every iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations instead of every iteration
+but the second and much bigger benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the second and much bigger benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the second and much bigger benefit
+is that it allows more compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it allows more compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it allows more compiler
+optimizations because it increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations because it increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations because it increases the
+size of the loop body and it gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the loop body and it gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the loop body and it gives the
+compiler more freedom to play around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler more freedom to play around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler more freedom to play around
+with code and to find ways to optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with code and to find ways to optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with code and to find ways to optimize
+the performance of that code so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of that code so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of that code so that's
+usually the bigger benefit if you unroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the bigger benefit if you unroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the bigger benefit if you unroll
+the loop by too much that actually isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop by too much that actually isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop by too much that actually isn't
+very good because because now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good because because now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good because because now you're
+going to be polluting your instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be polluting your instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be polluting your instruction
+cache and every time you fetch an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache and every time you fetch an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache and every time you fetch an
+instruction it's likely going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction it's likely going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction it's likely going to be a
+miss in your instruction cache and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss in your instruction cache and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss in your instruction cache and
+that's gonna decrease the performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna decrease the performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna decrease the performance of
+your program and furthermore if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program and furthermore if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program and furthermore if your
+loop body is already very big you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop body is already very big you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop body is already very big you don't
+really get additional improvements from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get additional improvements from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get additional improvements from
+having the compiler do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the compiler do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the compiler do more
+optimizations because it already has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations because it already has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations because it already has
+enough code to work with so giving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough code to work with so giving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough code to work with so giving it
+more code doesn't actually give you much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more code doesn't actually give you much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more code doesn't actually give you much
+there okay so I just said this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so I just said this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so I just said this the
+benefits of loop unrolling a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of loop unrolling a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of loop unrolling a lower
+number of instructions and loop control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of instructions and loop control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of instructions and loop control
+code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and
+it also enables bohr compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also enables bohr compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also enables bohr compiler
+optimizations and the second benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations and the second benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations and the second benefit
+here is usually the much more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is usually the much more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is usually the much more important
+benefit and we'll talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit and we'll talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit and we'll talk more about
+compiler optimizations in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler optimizations in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler optimizations in a couple
+lectures okay any questions okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures okay any questions okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures okay any questions okay so the
+next optimization is loop fusion this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next optimization is loop fusion this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next optimization is loop fusion this is
+also called jamming and the idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called jamming and the idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called jamming and the idea here is
+to combine multiple loops over the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to combine multiple loops over the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to combine multiple loops over the same
+index range into a single loop thereby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index range into a single loop thereby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index range into a single loop thereby
+saving the overhead of loop control say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving the overhead of loop control say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving the overhead of loop control say
+here I have two loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have two loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have two loops
+they're both looping from I equals 0 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both looping from I equals 0 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both looping from I equals 0 all
+the way up to n minus 1 the first loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up to n minus 1 the first loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up to n minus 1 the first loop
+I'm computing the the minimum of a of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm computing the the minimum of a of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm computing the the minimum of a of I
+and V of I and storing the result in CFI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V of I and storing the result in CFI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V of I and storing the result in CFI
+the second loop I'm comparing the I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second loop I'm comparing the I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second loop I'm comparing the I'm
+computing the maximum of a of I and B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the maximum of a of I and B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the maximum of a of I and B of
+I and storing the result in D of I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and storing the result in D of I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and storing the result in D of I so
+since these are going over the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these are going over the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these are going over the same
+index range I can fuse together the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index range I can fuse together the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index range I can fuse together the two
+loops giving me a single loop that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops giving me a single loop that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops giving me a single loop that does
+both of these both of these lines here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these both of these lines here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these both of these lines here
+and this reduces the overhead of loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this reduces the overhead of loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this reduces the overhead of loop
+control code because now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control code because now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control code because now instead of
+doing this exit condition check two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this exit condition check two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this exit condition check two and
+times I only have to do it end times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I only have to do it end times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I only have to do it end times
+this also gives you better cash flow Cal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also gives you better cash flow Cal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also gives you better cash flow Cal
+D again we'll talk more about cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D again we'll talk more about cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D again we'll talk more about cache
+locality in a future lecture but at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality in a future lecture but at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality in a future lecture but at a
+lot high level here what it what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot high level here what it what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot high level here what it what it
+gives you is that once you load a of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you is that once you load a of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you is that once you load a of I
+and B of I into cache when you compute C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B of I into cache when you compute C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B of I into cache when you compute C
+of I it's also going to be in cache when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I it's also going to be in cache when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I it's also going to be in cache when
+you compute D of I whereas in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute D of I whereas in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute D of I whereas in the
+original code when you compute DF i it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original code when you compute DF i it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original code when you compute DF i it's
+very likely that a of I and B if I are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely that a of I and B if I are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely that a of I and B if I are
+going to be kicked out of cache already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be kicked out of cache already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be kicked out of cache already
+even though you brought it in when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you brought it in when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you brought it in when you
+compute at C of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for this example here again there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this example here again there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this example here again there's
+another optimization you can do common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another optimization you can do common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another optimization you can do common
+sub-expression elimination since you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-expression elimination since you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-expression elimination since you're
+computing this expression a if I is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing this expression a if I is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing this expression a if I is less
+than or equal to B of I twice okay next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to B of I twice okay next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to B of I twice okay next
+let's look at eliminating wasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at eliminating wasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at eliminating wasted
+iterations the idea of eliminating waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations the idea of eliminating waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations the idea of eliminating waste
+generation is to modify the loop bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation is to modify the loop bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation is to modify the loop bounds
+to avoid executing loop iterations over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid executing loop iterations over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid executing loop iterations over
+essentially empty loop bodies so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially empty loop bodies so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially empty loop bodies so here I
+have some code to transpose a matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some code to transpose a matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some code to transpose a matrix so
+I go from I equals 0 to n minus 1 from J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go from I equals 0 to n minus 1 from J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go from I equals 0 to n minus 1 from J
+equals 0 to n minus 1 and then I check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 to n minus 1 and then I check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 to n minus 1 and then I check
+if I is greater than J and if so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I is greater than J and if so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I is greater than J and if so I'll
+swap the entries in a of IJ and a of ji
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap the entries in a of IJ and a of ji
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap the entries in a of IJ and a of ji
+the reason why I have this check here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why I have this check here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why I have this check here is
+because I don't want to do the swab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want to do the swab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want to do the swab
+twice otherwise I'll just end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice otherwise I'll just end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice otherwise I'll just end up with
+the same matrix that I had before so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same matrix that I had before so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same matrix that I had before so I
+only have I all have to do the swap when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have I all have to do the swap when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have I all have to do the swap when
+I is greater than J one disadvantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is greater than J one disadvantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is greater than J one disadvantage of
+this code here is I still have a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code here is I still have a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code here is I still have a loop
+for N squared iterations even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for N squared iterations even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for N squared iterations even though
+only about half the iterations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about half the iterations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about half the iterations are
+actually doing useful work because about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing useful work because about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing useful work because about
+half the iterations are gonna fail this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the iterations are gonna fail this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the iterations are gonna fail this
+check here that checks whether I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check here that checks whether I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check here that checks whether I is
+greater than J so here's a modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than J so here's a modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than J so here's a modified
+version of the program where I basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the program where I basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the program where I basically
+eliminate these wasted iterations so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate these wasted iterations so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate these wasted iterations so now
+I'm gonna loop from I equals 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna loop from I equals 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna loop from I equals 1 to n
+minus 1 and then from J equals 0 all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and then from J equals 0 all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and then from J equals 0 all the
+way up to I minus 1 so now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to I minus 1 so now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to I minus 1 so now instead of
+going up to n minus 1 I'm going just up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up to n minus 1 I'm going just up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up to n minus 1 I'm going just up
+to I minus 1 and that basically puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I minus 1 and that basically puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I minus 1 and that basically puts
+this check whether I is greater than J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this check whether I is greater than J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this check whether I is greater than J
+into the loop control code and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the loop control code and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the loop control code and that
+saves me the extra wasted iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's the last optimization on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the last optimization on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the last optimization on
+loops are there any questions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the check is so you still have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the check is so you still have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the check is so you still have to do
+the check in the loop control code but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the check in the loop control code but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the check in the loop control code but
+here you also had to do it and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you also had to do it and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you also had to do it and now you
+just don't have to do it again inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have to do it again inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have to do it again inside
+the body of the loop yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the first example and be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first example and be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first example and be able to
+the processor pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so branch yes so most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so branch yes so most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so branch yes so most of these
+are gonna be branch hits so it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna be branch hits so it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna be branch hits so it's still
+gonna be pretty fast but it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be pretty fast but it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be pretty fast but it's gonna be
+even faster if you just don't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even faster if you just don't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even faster if you just don't do that
+check at all so I mean basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check at all so I mean basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check at all so I mean basically you
+should just test it out in your code to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just test it out in your code to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just test it out in your code to
+see whether it will give you a runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether it will give you a runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether it will give you a runtime
+improvement okay so last category of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement okay so last category of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement okay so last category of
+optimizations as functions so first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations as functions so first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations as functions so first the
+idea of inlining is to avoid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of inlining is to avoid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of inlining is to avoid the
+overhead of a function call by replacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead of a function call by replacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead of a function call by replacing
+a call to the function with the body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a call to the function with the body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a call to the function with the body of
+the function itself so here I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function itself so here I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function itself so here I have a
+piece of code that's computing the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of code that's computing the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of code that's computing the sum
+of squares of elements in an array a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of squares of elements in an array a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of squares of elements in an array a and
+then four so I have this for loop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then four so I have this for loop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then four so I have this for loop that
+in each iteration is calling this square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each iteration is calling this square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each iteration is calling this square
+function and the square function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the square function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the square function is
+defined above here it just does x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined above here it just does x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined above here it just does x times
+X for a input argument X but it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X for a input argument X but it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X for a input argument X but it turns
+out that there is actually some overhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there is actually some overhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there is actually some overhead
+to doing a function call and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing a function call and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing a function call and the idea
+here is to just put the body of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to just put the body of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to just put the body of the
+function inside the function that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function inside the function that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function inside the function that's
+calling it so instead of calling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it so instead of calling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it so instead of calling the
+square function I'm just gonna create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square function I'm just gonna create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square function I'm just gonna create a
+variable temp and then I call I call I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable temp and then I call I call I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable temp and then I call I call I
+set some equal to some plus 10 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set some equal to some plus 10 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set some equal to some plus 10 times
+temp so now I don't have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp so now I don't have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp so now I don't have to do the
+additional function call it you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional function call it you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional function call it you don't
+actually have to do this manually so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to do this manually so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to do this manually so if
+you declare your function to be static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you declare your function to be static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you declare your function to be static
+inline that the compiler is going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inline that the compiler is going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inline that the compiler is going to try
+to inline this function for you by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inline this function for you by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inline this function for you by
+placing the body of the function inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing the body of the function inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing the body of the function inside
+the code that's calling it and nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code that's calling it and nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code that's calling it and nowadays
+compiler is pretty good at doing this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler is pretty good at doing this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler is pretty good at doing this so
+even if you don't declare static in-line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't declare static in-line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't declare static in-line
+compiler will probably still inline this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler will probably still inline this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler will probably still inline this
+code for you but just to make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for you but just to make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for you but just to make sure you
+should if you want to inline a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should if you want to inline a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should if you want to inline a function
+you should declare it as static inline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should declare it as static inline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should declare it as static inline
+and you might ask why can't you just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might ask why can't you just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might ask why can't you just use
+a macro to do this but it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a macro to do this but it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a macro to do this but it turns out that
+inline functions nowadays are just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inline functions nowadays are just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inline functions nowadays are just as
+efficient as macros but they're better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient as macros but they're better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient as macros but they're better
+structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured
+because they evaluate all of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they evaluate all of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they evaluate all of their
+arguments whereas macros just do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments whereas macros just do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments whereas macros just do a
+textual substitution so if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textual substitution so if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textual substitution so if you have an
+argument that's very expensive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that's very expensive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that's very expensive to
+evaluate the macro might actually paste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the macro might actually paste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the macro might actually paste
+that expression multiple times in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression multiple times in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression multiple times in your
+code and if the compiler isn't good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and if the compiler isn't good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and if the compiler isn't good
+enough to do common sub-expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to do common sub-expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to do common sub-expression
+elimination then you just wasted a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination then you just wasted a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination then you just wasted a lot
+of work okay so there's one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work okay so there's one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work okay so there's one more
+optimization or there's two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization or there's two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization or there's two more
+optimizations that I'm not gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations that I'm not gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations that I'm not gonna have
+time to talk about but I'm gonna post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to talk about but I'm gonna post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to talk about but I'm gonna post
+these slides on learning modules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides on learning modules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides on learning modules so
+please take a look at them tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please take a look at them tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please take a look at them tail
+recursion elimination and forcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion elimination and forcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion elimination and forcing
+recursion so here are a list of most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion so here are a list of most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion so here are a list of most of
+the rules that we looked at today there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules that we looked at today there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules that we looked at today there
+are two of the function optimizations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two of the function optimizations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two of the function optimizations I
+didn't get to talk about please take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get to talk about please take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get to talk about please take a
+look at that offline and ask your TAS if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that offline and ask your TAS if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that offline and ask your TAS if
+you have any questions and some closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any questions and some closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any questions and some closing
+advice is you should avoid premature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice is you should avoid premature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice is you should avoid premature
+optimization so all the things I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization so all the things I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization so all the things I talked
+about today improve the performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today improve the performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today improve the performance of
+your program but you first need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program but you first need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program but you first need to make
+sure that your program is correct if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that your program is correct if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that your program is correct if you
+have a program that doesn't do the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a program that doesn't do the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a program that doesn't do the right
+thing then it doesn't really benefit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then it doesn't really benefit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then it doesn't really benefit you
+to make it faster and to preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it faster and to preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it faster and to preserve
+correctness you should do regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness you should do regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness you should do regression
+testing so develop a suite of tests to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing so develop a suite of tests to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing so develop a suite of tests to
+check the Krakus of your program every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the Krakus of your program every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the Krakus of your program every
+time you change the program and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you change the program and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you change the program and as I
+said before reducing the work of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before reducing the work of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before reducing the work of a
+program doesn't necessarily decrease its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program doesn't necessarily decrease its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program doesn't necessarily decrease its
+running time but it's a good heuristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time but it's a good heuristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time but it's a good heuristic
+and finally the compiler automates many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the compiler automates many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the compiler automates many
+level of optimizations and you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of optimizations and you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of optimizations and you can look
+at the assembly code to see whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the assembly code to see whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the assembly code to see whether the
+compiler did something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler did something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler did something
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HC0TlX3EcSU.txt b/HC0TlX3EcSU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d240cbf05a31af6817ffeacd5daaf3aa942e4f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HC0TlX3EcSU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8259 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu I decided against giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I decided against giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I decided against giving you
+any kind of quiz today because I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of quiz today because I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of quiz today because I put
+those questions up pretty late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions up pretty late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions up pretty late
+and uh some of you are studying on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh some of you are studying on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh some of you are studying on a
+schedule that might not have fitted my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule that might not have fitted my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule that might not have fitted my
+late schedule for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late schedule for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late schedule for this
+week but we're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but we're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but we're working
+on worksheets that will be you know full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on worksheets that will be you know full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on worksheets that will be you know full
+page things like this and where I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page things like this and where I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page things like this and where I've
+basically on something like this I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically on something like this I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically on something like this I've
+taken out the the identifications so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken out the the identifications so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken out the the identifications so you
+have to fill them in or we might ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fill them in or we might ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fill them in or we might ask you
+to draw a pathway on a diagram like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a pathway on a diagram like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a pathway on a diagram like this
+just major Pathways that we want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just major Pathways that we want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just major Pathways that we want you to
+learn so Caitlyn and I will come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn so Caitlyn and I will come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn so Caitlyn and I will come up with
+questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and
+uh we'll do some of that uh partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll do some of that uh partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll do some of that uh partly
+homework I think and maybe a quiz we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework I think and maybe a quiz we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework I think and maybe a quiz we'll
+decide just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide just
+when we want you to have a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we want you to have a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we want you to have a chance to
+work with it for a while before you gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with it for a while before you gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with it for a while before you gets
+thrown at you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown at you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown at you in the
+exam and that way in the exam it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam and that way in the exam it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam and that way in the exam it's just
+a test to see whether you can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test to see whether you can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test to see whether you can remember
+what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+okay all right we let's finish talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right we let's finish talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right we let's finish talking
+about axonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plasticity first of all we hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity first of all we hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity first of all we hadn't
+finished talking about regeneration at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished talking about regeneration at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished talking about regeneration at
+all I just introduced it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I just introduced it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I just introduced it a little bit
+last time so what's the answer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time so what's the answer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time so what's the answer to this
+what happens to Regeneration of central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to Regeneration of central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to Regeneration of central
+nervous system accents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mamals that changes it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mamals that changes it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mamals that changes it with
+development basically you cut axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development basically you cut axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development basically you cut axons
+early enough in the developmental period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early enough in the developmental period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early enough in the developmental period
+at least in the systems that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the systems that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the systems that have been
+examined the optic tract and the lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examined the optic tract and the lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examined the optic tract and the lateral
+Factory tract and the cortical spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory tract and the cortical spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory tract and the cortical spinal
+tract and they these systems will all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract and they these systems will all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract and they these systems will all
+regrow if you do the leion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regrow if you do the leion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regrow if you do the leion
+early and if you're a frog or a fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early and if you're a frog or a fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early and if you're a frog or a fish
+it'll still regrow even when you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll still regrow even when you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll still regrow even when you do it
+later in life but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in life but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in life but not
+mammals in mammals there seems to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals in mammals there seems to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals in mammals there seems to be a
+pretty early cut off when there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty early cut off when there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty early cut off when there are a
+few exceptions there's a few systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few exceptions there's a few systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few exceptions there's a few systems
+that have a lot more growth Vigor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a lot more growth Vigor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a lot more growth Vigor of
+growth that is retained right into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth that is retained right into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth that is retained right into
+adulthood although that doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adulthood although that doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adulthood although that doesn't mean
+they'll cross an actual Gap but they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll cross an actual Gap but they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll cross an actual Gap but they'll
+find some way to get around like the Nar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some way to get around like the Nar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some way to get around like the Nar
+andrine containing accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andrine containing accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andrine containing accents
+but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's
+uh that's what this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summarizes so I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes so I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes so I want to talk about
+methods now that have been used to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods now that have been used to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods now that have been used to get
+that regeneration later in life this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regeneration later in life this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regeneration later in life this is
+a topic that I've done research on for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a topic that I've done research on for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a topic that I've done research on for a
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+years uh and I still collaborate on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh and I still collaborate on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh and I still collaborate on some
+of this research with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this research with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this research with
+u rle jalis y who comes here in January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u rle jalis y who comes here in January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u rle jalis y who comes here in January
+to give the little neuron anatomy class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give the little neuron anatomy class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give the little neuron anatomy class
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+IAP so some of you have met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IAP so some of you have met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IAP so some of you have met
+him all right so this is what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him all right so this is what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him all right so this is what this is
+what we've been doing we've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've been doing we've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've been doing we've used
+peripheral nerve Bridges why would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nerve Bridges why would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nerve Bridges why would you
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+that it was discovered a while back yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was discovered a while back yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was discovered a while back yeah
+you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly that's exactly right the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's exactly right the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's exactly right the idea
+was very simple you you cut a nerve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very simple you you cut a nerve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very simple you you cut a nerve in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+arm uh and it will regenerate or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm uh and it will regenerate or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm uh and it will regenerate or in the
+leg okay unless the axons just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg okay unless the axons just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg okay unless the axons just get
+outside their usual track so they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside their usual track so they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside their usual track so they have
+no guidance then sometimes they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no guidance then sometimes they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no guidance then sometimes they just
+won't find their way back to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't find their way back to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't find their way back to their
+normal termination point but the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal termination point but the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal termination point but the idea
+was since axons will grow in pural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was since axons will grow in pural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was since axons will grow in pural
+nerve but they won't grow in the CNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve but they won't grow in the CNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve but they won't grow in the CNS
+after a certain age maybe if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a certain age maybe if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a certain age maybe if you put
+some peral nerve into the CNS maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some peral nerve into the CNS maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some peral nerve into the CNS maybe the
+central nervous system aons would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system aons would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system aons would
+grow maybe there's inhibitory factors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow maybe there's inhibitory factors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow maybe there's inhibitory factors in
+the CNS and separate investigations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CNS and separate investigations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CNS and separate investigations of
+that have found exactly that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have found exactly that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have found exactly that there's a
+lot of factors in the central nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of factors in the central nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of factors in the central nervous
+system in the mature central nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the mature central nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the mature central nervous
+system that inhibit axine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that inhibit axine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that inhibit axine
+growth so one way to get around it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth so one way to get around it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth so one way to get around it is to
+use peripheral nerve bridges over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use peripheral nerve bridges over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use peripheral nerve bridges over
+lesions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions in the
+CNS this has been tried in just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNS this has been tried in just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNS this has been tried in just a few
+Labs it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labs it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labs it is not
+easy to do this kind of surgery the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do this kind of surgery the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do this kind of surgery the
+details make a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details make a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details make a huge
+difference and after reading some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and after reading some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and after reading some of the
+failures that weren't complete failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures that weren't complete failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures that weren't complete failures
+they were only partial failures I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were only partial failures I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were only partial failures I
+decided to give it a try myself in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to give it a try myself in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to give it a try myself in this
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+MIT uh working with several students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh working with several students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh working with several students
+including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including
+rutage and uh we found that we could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rutage and uh we found that we could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rutage and uh we found that we could get
+quite a bit of regeneration we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of regeneration we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of regeneration we started
+with cutting the optic nerve right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cutting the optic nerve right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cutting the optic nerve right
+behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the
+eye and connecting a long piece a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and connecting a long piece a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and connecting a long piece a
+periphal nerve from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphal nerve from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphal nerve from the
+leg right to that stump now these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg right to that stump now these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg right to that stump now these are
+central nervous system accents coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system accents coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system accents coming
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+retina and they had to go like 17 mm all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina and they had to go like 17 mm all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina and they had to go like 17 mm all
+the way to the midbrain tectum we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the midbrain tectum we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the midbrain tectum we wanted
+to put them there because we knew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put them there because we knew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put them there because we knew the
+function of the tectum in controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the tectum in controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the tectum in controlling
+orienting movements so we could test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting movements so we could test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting movements so we could test for
+the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional
+return We the problem with that was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return We the problem with that was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return We the problem with that was it
+took a really long time to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a really long time to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a really long time to get the
+Regeneration almost every dad that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regeneration almost every dad that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regeneration almost every dad that had
+tried it gave up many months before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried it gave up many months before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried it gave up many months before I
+gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave
+up I kept doing other experiments but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I kept doing other experiments but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I kept doing other experiments but
+returning to these animals and testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning to these animals and testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning to these animals and testing
+them some more and I had about given up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them some more and I had about given up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them some more and I had about given up
+when students told me they just couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when students told me they just couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when students told me they just couldn't
+see anything I decided before we get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see anything I decided before we get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see anything I decided before we get rid
+of these animals I'm going to try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these animals I'm going to try it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these animals I'm going to try it
+look myself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look myself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look myself and
+see and I saw something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and I saw something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and I saw something really
+remarkable in an animal where we had put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable in an animal where we had put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable in an animal where we had put
+the nerve in the midbrain we had let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nerve in the midbrain we had let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nerve in the midbrain we had let it
+from the eye to the midbrain but we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the eye to the midbrain but we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the eye to the midbrain but we put
+it on the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the wrong
+side so if we got any functional return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so if we got any functional return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so if we got any functional return
+they would turn in the wrong direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would turn in the wrong direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would turn in the wrong direction
+and I started seeing wrong direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I started seeing wrong direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I started seeing wrong direction
+turning that was the first animal where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning that was the first animal where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning that was the first animal where
+where we succeeded in getting a peral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we succeeded in getting a peral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we succeeded in getting a peral
+Nerf to work I'll show you that animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nerf to work I'll show you that animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nerf to work I'll show you that animal
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+video uh and then how we've used shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video uh and then how we've used shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video uh and then how we've used shorter
+Bridges to improve the the percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridges to improve the the percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridges to improve the the percentage of
+animals and the speed of return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and the speed of return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and the speed of return
+percentage of animals where we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of animals where we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of animals where we get
+success and the speed at which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success and the speed at which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success and the speed at which it
+happens so I'll show you all that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so I'll show you all that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so I'll show you all that and
+then we'll talk about using new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about using new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about using new
+materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+this that seem to Pro act like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that seem to Pro act like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that seem to Pro act like
+extracellular Matrix they they support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular Matrix they they support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular Matrix they they support
+axon growth and let me get to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon growth and let me get to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon growth and let me get to that in a
+minute they also inhibit scar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute they also inhibit scar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute they also inhibit scar
+formation we've worked with a few other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation we've worked with a few other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation we've worked with a few other
+things uh like genetic transections but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh like genetic transections but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh like genetic transections but
+I want to show you the two methods where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you the two methods where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you the two methods where
+we've been most successful this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been most successful this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been most successful this is how
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+start we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start we just
+transect on at least one side we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transect on at least one side we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transect on at least one side we
+transect the the optic tract as it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transect the the optic tract as it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transect the the optic tract as it comes
+into the midbrain tectum if you test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the midbrain tectum if you test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the midbrain tectum if you test
+such animals behaviorally they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such animals behaviorally they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such animals behaviorally they cannot
+Orient in the opposite side the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orient in the opposite side the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orient in the opposite side the visual
+feel on the opposite side so it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel on the opposite side so it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel on the opposite side so it's a very
+good model to look for functional return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good model to look for functional return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good model to look for functional return
+so this is then one the method of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is then one the method of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is then one the method of the
+shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter
+Bridges uh instead of putting it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridges uh instead of putting it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridges uh instead of putting it all the
+way from the eye they don't have so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way from the eye they don't have so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way from the eye they don't have so far
+to grow if we can get them to grow in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow if we can get them to grow in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow if we can get them to grow in on
+the side towards the retina and get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side towards the retina and get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side towards the retina and get them
+to grow across the legion where they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow across the legion where they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow across the legion where they've
+been transsected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been transsected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been transsected
+and grow into the tectum on the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grow into the tectum on the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grow into the tectum on the opposite
+side it's very tricky I'm happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's very tricky I'm happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's very tricky I'm happy to
+discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the
+details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details
+uh obviously for this to be used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh obviously for this to be used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh obviously for this to be used in
+neurosurgery these details can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosurgery these details can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosurgery these details can make a
+lot of difference all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of difference all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of difference all
+right I was able to put up to Three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I was able to put up to Three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I was able to put up to Three
+Bridges like this across a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridges like this across a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridges like this across a single
+transsection this distance here is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transsection this distance here is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transsection this distance here is only
+about 2 and 1 12 mm the width here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2 and 1 12 mm the width here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2 and 1 12 mm the width here so
+it's not very big but the the pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very big but the the pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very big but the the pieces of
+purple nerve proportionately are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple nerve proportionately are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple nerve proportionately are about
+the way you see them there we take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you see them there we take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you see them there we take these
+are branches of the sciatic from the leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are branches of the sciatic from the leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are branches of the sciatic from the leg
+the animal is impaired a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal is impaired a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal is impaired a little bit
+without the nerve we take out but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the nerve we take out but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the nerve we take out but he
+gets along pretty well there's enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets along pretty well there's enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets along pretty well there's enough
+redundancy in the ination or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy in the ination or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy in the ination or the
+periphery uh so we don't render them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functionless all right so what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionless all right so what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionless all right so what I'm going
+to do here is put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do here is put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do here is put on the
+PowerPoint where I can show you these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint where I can show you these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint where I can show you these
+video clips most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily
+these are the slides we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the slides we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the slides we've seen
+already okay this is first of all an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already okay this is first of all an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already okay this is first of all an
+animal like with that last region leion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal like with that last region leion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal like with that last region leion
+where I put made the legion put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I put made the legion put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I put made the legion put the
+little Bridges across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Bridges across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Bridges across
+several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here he
+is just to give you an idea a method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to give you an idea a method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to give you an idea a method of
+testing them they can't see much at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing them they can't see much at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing them they can't see much at all
+of that white wire there's a white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that white wire there's a white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that white wire there's a white
+background surrounding them normally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background surrounding them normally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background surrounding them normally you
+don't see it here but when we testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see it here but when we testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see it here but when we testing
+them we have surrounded with a white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we have surrounded with a white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we have surrounded with a white
+background we can put that wire in over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background we can put that wire in over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background we can put that wire in over
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+barrier and about all they see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier and about all they see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier and about all they see is that
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ball and uh this is animals fairly old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and uh this is animals fairly old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and uh this is animals fairly old
+uh he's been kept a long time let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's been kept a long time let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's been kept a long time let's just
+see how far he would recover so he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how far he would recover so he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how far he would recover so he's a
+little slow when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slow when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slow when he
+turns but he's obviously able to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns but he's obviously able to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns but he's obviously able to turn
+when whereas he didn't before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when whereas he didn't before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when whereas he didn't before the
+Regeneration occurred okay now this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regeneration occurred okay now this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regeneration occurred okay now this one
+is the very first animal we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the very first animal we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the very first animal we did the
+surgery when he was 12 weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery when he was 12 weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery when he was 12 weeks
+old cut the nerve behind the eye and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old cut the nerve behind the eye and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old cut the nerve behind the eye and
+then we led the implanted pereral nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we led the implanted pereral nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we led the implanted pereral nerve
+all the way from behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from behind the
+eye to the eye in the opposite to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye to the eye in the opposite to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye to the eye in the opposite to the
+tectum on the same side so it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum on the same side so it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum on the same side so it was the
+wrong side and we eliminated the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong side and we eliminated the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong side and we eliminated the other
+eye so he was blind unless he got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye so he was blind unless he got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye so he was blind unless he got these
+were the first animals we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the first animals we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the first animals we were
+testing now I actually put several of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing now I actually put several of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing now I actually put several of
+the sequences together so you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequences together so you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequences together so you see it
+three times note this stimulus come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times note this stimulus come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times note this stimulus come in
+stimulating his right eye and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating his right eye and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating his right eye and see what
+he does he turns to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+left every time he catches that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left every time he catches that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left every time he catches that
+stimulus he turns in the wrong direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus he turns in the wrong direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus he turns in the wrong direction
+and that was that was the first success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was that was the first success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was that was the first success
+with that method we had uh there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that method we had uh there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that method we had uh there's no
+way it can be any other explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it can be any other explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it can be any other explanation
+there's no auditory ql Factory Q people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no auditory ql Factory Q people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no auditory ql Factory Q people
+will make up all kinds of things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make up all kinds of things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make up all kinds of things to
+explain away your behavior and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain away your behavior and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain away your behavior and I
+appreciate that from scientists they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate that from scientists they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate that from scientists they
+want to make sure you're really seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure you're really seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure you're really seeing
+what you're claiming so this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're claiming so this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're claiming so this was a
+perfect control for that okay this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect control for that okay this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect control for that okay this just
+shows what that when you label the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows what that when you label the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows what that when you label the
+accents here's a piece of the perple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents here's a piece of the perple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents here's a piece of the perple
+nerve Bridge it shriveled quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve Bridge it shriveled quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve Bridge it shriveled quite a bit
+but axons are growing through it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but axons are growing through it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but axons are growing through it and you
+can see all of these labeled fibers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see all of these labeled fibers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see all of these labeled fibers in
+the tekan have regenerated because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tekan have regenerated because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tekan have regenerated because the
+tekan was completely denervated before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tekan was completely denervated before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tekan was completely denervated before
+this the only way they can get in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the only way they can get in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the only way they can get in is
+through those nerve Bridges and quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those nerve Bridges and quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those nerve Bridges and quite a
+few of them did grow in here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of them did grow in here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of them did grow in here's another
+the one that one that lasted Live 5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that one that lasted Live 5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that one that lasted Live 5 and
+1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2
+months uh after the surgery and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months uh after the surgery and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months uh after the surgery and you can
+see quite quite a few accents coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see quite quite a few accents coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see quite quite a few accents coming in
+and terminating not throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and terminating not throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and terminating not throughout the
+tectum in this case but in the AUM right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum in this case but in the AUM right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum in this case but in the AUM right
+near where the implant was put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near where the implant was put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near where the implant was put
+in okay the other method uses a self-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay the other method uses a self-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay the other method uses a self-
+assembling peptide usually a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling peptide usually a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling peptide usually a sequence of
+16 amino acids that are there's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 amino acids that are there's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 amino acids that are there's usually
+only four different amino acids but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four different amino acids but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four different amino acids but
+they're put together in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're put together in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're put together in a certain
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+in in a good protein lab so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a good protein lab so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a good protein lab so the
+synthesized peptid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized peptid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized peptid
+they have the unique property that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the unique property that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the unique property that they
+assemble into a kind of gel when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble into a kind of gel when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble into a kind of gel when they
+contact a salt solution so they it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact a salt solution so they it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact a salt solution so they it looks
+like a little bile of water when we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little bile of water when we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little bile of water when we use
+it in the surgery and we can put it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the surgery and we can put it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the surgery and we can put it into
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+pipet and we put it right into the Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipet and we put it right into the Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipet and we put it right into the Gap
+if if this is a deep leion in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if this is a deep leion in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if this is a deep leion in the middle
+of the tectum that's how we started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tectum that's how we started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tectum that's how we started the
+experiments we put it right in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we put it right in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we put it right in that
+Gap okay now without putting anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap okay now without putting anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap okay now without putting anything in
+this is what you end up with just gaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you end up with just gaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you end up with just gaps
+in the tissue so axons the axons are way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tissue so axons the axons are way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tissue so axons the axons are way
+up here they they will not grow all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here they they will not grow all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here they they will not grow all the
+way down and around unless it's a baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down and around unless it's a baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down and around unless it's a baby
+end then they will but in adult they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end then they will but in adult they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end then they will but in adult they
+never do okay so they just come up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never do okay so they just come up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never do okay so they just come up to
+that barrier and stop if we labeled them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that barrier and stop if we labeled them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that barrier and stop if we labeled them
+but here's what we first noticed about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's what we first noticed about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's what we first noticed about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+material the tissue seems to heal itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the tissue seems to heal itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the tissue seems to heal itself
+it it forms the Gap disappears this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it forms the Gap disappears this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it forms the Gap disappears this is
+not the Gap over here this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the Gap over here this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the Gap over here this is a
+distortion due to the after the surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion due to the after the surgery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion due to the after the surgery
+the the cut is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cut is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cut is
+here you can see the bright uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see the bright uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see the bright uh
+fluoresence of the red blood cells there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence of the red blood cells there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence of the red blood cells there
+to indicate that okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate that okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate that okay so this is the
+model this shows the pathway we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model this shows the pathway we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model this shows the pathway we're
+testing the pathway from the eye crosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing the pathway from the eye crosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing the pathway from the eye crosses
+at the optic kism and reaches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the optic kism and reaches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the optic kism and reaches the
+spiculus which represents the entire in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiculus which represents the entire in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiculus which represents the entire in
+on on the right represents the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the right represents the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the right represents the entire
+left visual field and the cross pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left visual field and the cross pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left visual field and the cross pathway
+from there is the tectal spinal tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there is the tectal spinal tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there is the tectal spinal tract
+that controls turning movements so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that controls turning movements so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that controls turning movements so the
+controls turning to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+left and we're in the same for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and we're in the same for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and we're in the same for the other
+side so then what we do is we make we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so then what we do is we make we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so then what we do is we make we
+make the lesion for example like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the lesion for example like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the lesion for example like that so
+we're right there's the tectum you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're right there's the tectum you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're right there's the tectum you can
+see it and during surgery it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it and during surgery it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it and during surgery it looks like
+this all of course never get this wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all of course never get this wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all of course never get this wide
+view you get the view through a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view you get the view through a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view you get the view through a tiny
+little window but you get so you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little window but you get so you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little window but you get so you know if
+you're a good surgeon you learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a good surgeon you learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a good surgeon you learn to
+recognize all the landmarks and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize all the landmarks and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize all the landmarks and you can
+expose it and you can see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose it and you can see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose it and you can see these
+landmarks we make the cut right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmarks we make the cut right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmarks we make the cut right there
+and we've been pretty successful at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've been pretty successful at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've been pretty successful at
+putting it where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it where we
+want and here shows some hystology where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and here shows some hystology where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and here shows some hystology where
+we put a fluorescent label in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put a fluorescent label in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put a fluorescent label in the
+accents there the Red Cell these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents there the Red Cell these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents there the Red Cell these are
+blood cells and you can see where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cells and you can see where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cells and you can see where the
+Gap was and and you see quite a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap was and and you see quite a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap was and and you see quite a few
+accents the green uh Accents in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents the green uh Accents in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents the green uh Accents in that
+among those red cells okay and if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among those red cells okay and if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among those red cells okay and if we do
+a histology with paral sections the cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a histology with paral sections the cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a histology with paral sections the cut
+was right here and you can this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right here and you can this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right here and you can this is
+pretectal termination here here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretectal termination here here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretectal termination here here's the
+spheric culus it's a little thinner than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheric culus it's a little thinner than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheric culus it's a little thinner than
+normal here near the lesion but you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal here near the lesion but you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal here near the lesion but you see
+the axom growing right across and into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axom growing right across and into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axom growing right across and into
+the reinnervating the spir cus not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reinnervating the spir cus not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reinnervating the spir cus not at
+full density they don't all regrow but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full density they don't all regrow but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full density they don't all regrow but
+enough of them regrow that you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of them regrow that you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of them regrow that you can get
+function okay so I'm going to start here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so I'm going to start here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so I'm going to start here
+by showing you an animal that's has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by showing you an animal that's has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by showing you an animal that's has no
+right eye this is the control and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right eye this is the control and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right eye this is the control and you
+can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see
+he it's it's very simple he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he it's it's very simple he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he it's it's very simple he doesn't
+respond at all on the right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond at all on the right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond at all on the right we're
+staying away from the whiskers we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying away from the whiskers we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying away from the whiskers we're
+we're basically up above him a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically up above him a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically up above him a little
+bit as soon as we move far enough across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit as soon as we move far enough across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit as soon as we move far enough across
+the midline he turns okay this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midline he turns okay this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midline he turns okay this is an
+animal now who's been rewarded many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal now who's been rewarded many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal now who's been rewarded many
+times for turning he simply won't turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times for turning he simply won't turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times for turning he simply won't turn
+unless he sees it or you touch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless he sees it or you touch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless he sees it or you touch the
+whiskers either one and that's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiskers either one and that's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiskers either one and that's always a
+control like this animal we stimulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control like this animal we stimulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control like this animal we stimulate
+many times by stimulating the whiskers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times by stimulating the whiskers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times by stimulating the whiskers
+on the right side then he does turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right side then he does turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right side then he does turn
+right so we show that he's perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we show that he's perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we show that he's perfectly
+capable of the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of the motor
+response all right so now here's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response all right so now here's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response all right so now here's the one
+where we had the self assembling peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had the self assembling peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had the self assembling peptide
+in that uh and then in the cut that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that uh and then in the cut that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that uh and then in the cut that
+transected the breaking of the spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transected the breaking of the spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transected the breaking of the spirit
+calculus and then we put that bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and then we put that bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and then we put that bridge
+over the breaking of the spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cicus and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cicus and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cicus and you can
+see again he's fairly old and he is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again he's fairly old and he is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again he's fairly old and he is not
+making a quick wide turn the way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a quick wide turn the way a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a quick wide turn the way a
+normal young animal would do but he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turning and he keeps keeps turning until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning and he keeps keeps turning until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning and he keeps keeps turning until
+he gets to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets to the
+seed all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right they don't Orient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they don't Orient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they don't Orient
+without visual input into the spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without visual input into the spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without visual input into the spirit
+fcul some of it does come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fcul some of it does come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fcul some of it does come from the
+visual cortex but in the hamster you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual cortex but in the hamster you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual cortex but in the hamster you can
+take the visual cortex out completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the visual cortex out completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the visual cortex out completely
+and he will still or in as long as he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he will still or in as long as he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he will still or in as long as he's
+got that retinal projection to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that retinal projection to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that retinal projection to the
+spiritus that's what makes it such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritus that's what makes it such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritus that's what makes it such a
+nice animal for this animals with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice animal for this animals with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice animal for this animals with a
+somewhat smaller tectum depend more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat smaller tectum depend more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat smaller tectum depend more on
+other things did you want to oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+sorry like a labat yeah very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry like a labat yeah very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry like a labat yeah very good
+question uh they live anywhere from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh they live anywhere from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh they live anywhere from
+about 9 months up to year and a half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 9 months up to year and a half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 9 months up to year and a half the
+oldest I've ever had was about 2 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldest I've ever had was about 2 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldest I've ever had was about 2 years
+and 3 months No in fact I've had one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3 months No in fact I've had one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3 months No in fact I've had one at
+home live three years but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home live three years but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home live three years but in the
+laboratory they usually don't make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory they usually don't make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory they usually don't make it
+much Beyond two years and even that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Beyond two years and even that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Beyond two years and even that's
+unusual we don't know why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual we don't know why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual we don't know why that
+difference nobody's ever studied it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference nobody's ever studied it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference nobody's ever studied it but
+people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with
+pets have often told me they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pets have often told me they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pets have often told me they have
+hamsters live longer I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamsters live longer I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamsters live longer I think it's
+because the parents replace their parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the parents replace their parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the parents replace their parent
+replaces them and the kid doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaces them and the kid doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaces them and the kid doesn't know
+because they all look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alike you think that's true see that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anely well see it's an interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anely well see it's an interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anely well see it's an interesting thing
+that people scientists simply haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people scientists simply haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people scientists simply haven't
+paid attention to that phenomenon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid attention to that phenomenon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid attention to that phenomenon I
+think it would be an interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would be an interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would be an interesting thing
+to try to figure fig that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out yes I did because hamsters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cuter no I did because for several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuter no I did because for several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuter no I did because for several
+reasons one is the behavioral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons one is the behavioral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons one is the behavioral is
+behavior is easier to study they show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is easier to study they show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is easier to study they show
+all this visually guided Behavior it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this visually guided Behavior it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this visually guided Behavior it's
+very difficult to to see in rats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to to see in rats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to to see in rats and
+mice I've done it with rats and mice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice I've done it with rats and mice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice I've done it with rats and mice but
+it's harder okay with the hamsters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's harder okay with the hamsters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's harder okay with the hamsters and
+also hamsters are stupid they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also hamsters are stupid they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also hamsters are stupid they're they're
+and that is a big Advantage you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is a big Advantage you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is a big Advantage you don't
+want them learning all the time and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them learning all the time and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them learning all the time and you
+know you want really fixed action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want really fixed action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want really fixed action
+patterns and that's what the hamster's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and that's what the hamster's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and that's what the hamster's
+doing for us he's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing for us he's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing for us he's very
+predictable they learn too I've tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable they learn too I've tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable they learn too I've tested
+their learning visual discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their learning visual discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their learning visual discrimination
+sorry are smarter than him oh yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry are smarter than him oh yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry are smarter than him oh yeah yeah
+fets are are good the par gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fets are are good the par gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fets are are good the par gives you the
+advantage of a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of a large
+cortex and the other thing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and the other thing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and the other thing that the
+where the fet fits also is the hamsters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the fet fits also is the hamsters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the fet fits also is the hamsters
+are born in a very immature state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are born in a very immature state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are born in a very immature state
+they're born less than 16 days they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're born less than 16 days they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're born less than 16 days they are
+born on the 16th day after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born on the 16th day after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born on the 16th day after
+conception you know the nearest to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception you know the nearest to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception you know the nearest to that
+among the laboratory animals is 21 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the laboratory animals is 21 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the laboratory animals is 21 days
+or 23 days you know for mice and rats so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 23 days you know for mice and rats so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 23 days you know for mice and rats so
+the hamster is much more immature than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamster is much more immature than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamster is much more immature than
+those animals so the optic cracked is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those animals so the optic cracked is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those animals so the optic cracked is
+just starting to grow into the tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just starting to grow into the tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just starting to grow into the tectum
+when they're born and the the cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're born and the the cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're born and the the cortical
+projection to the tectum appears later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection to the tectum appears later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection to the tectum appears later
+all after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all after all
+postnatal so that those are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postnatal so that those are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postnatal so that those are some of the
+advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages
+okay so you can read this rut summarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can read this rut summarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can read this rut summarized
+the whole problem of getting central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole problem of getting central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole problem of getting central
+nervous system regeneration as a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system regeneration as a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system regeneration as a series
+of problems preserve keeping cells from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems preserve keeping cells from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems preserve keeping cells from
+dying if they're missing their a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying if they're missing their a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying if they're missing their a the
+tips of their axons they no longer are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips of their axons they no longer are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips of their axons they no longer are
+innovating their target uh many cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating their target uh many cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating their target uh many cells
+will just gradually shrivel up and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just gradually shrivel up and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just gradually shrivel up and even
+die so you've got to keep them alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die so you've got to keep them alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die so you've got to keep them alive
+you've got to give them a permissive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to give them a permissive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to give them a permissive
+environment there's a lot of inhibitory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment there's a lot of inhibitory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment there's a lot of inhibitory
+factors in adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors in adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors in adult
+tissue uh and in some cases you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue uh and in some cases you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue uh and in some cases you have to
+promote the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote the growth
+sometimes like I've told you that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes like I've told you that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes like I've told you that these
+not all the accents are growing we're we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all the accents are growing we're we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all the accents are growing we're we
+were able to get enough of them grow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to get enough of them grow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to get enough of them grow to
+get good function but all of them won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get good function but all of them won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get good function but all of them won't
+in some systems you can get none of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some systems you can get none of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some systems you can get none of them
+to grow you need to use growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow you need to use growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow you need to use growth
+factors and perhaps even genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and perhaps even genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and perhaps even genetic
+transfects to get them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfects to get them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfects to get them to
+grow and then there's they they do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow and then there's they they do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow and then there's they they do have
+to milon that's another problem okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to milon that's another problem okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to milon that's another problem okay but
+generally that has it takes a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally that has it takes a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally that has it takes a long time
+for all this recovery to to occur and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all this recovery to to occur and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all this recovery to to occur and
+even after we can label the Regeneration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after we can label the Regeneration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after we can label the Regeneration
+into the tectum we don't see function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the tectum we don't see function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the tectum we don't see function
+right away one of the reasons might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away one of the reasons might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away one of the reasons might be
+plasticity the the places they terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity the the places they terminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity the the places they terminate
+on in the tectum have been occupied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the tectum have been occupied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the tectum have been occupied by
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+aons The Good the proper ones when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aons The Good the proper ones when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aons The Good the proper ones when they
+come in often have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in often have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in often have to
+compete for axons that have taken over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete for axons that have taken over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete for axons that have taken over
+the synaptic sites and in studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synaptic sites and in studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synaptic sites and in studies of
+non-mammals that has been that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-mammals that has been that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-mammals that has been that's been
+examined and they find out that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examined and they find out that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examined and they find out that they are
+able to compete they will basically push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compete they will basically push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compete they will basically push
+out the ones that are there but in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the ones that are there but in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the ones that are there but in any
+case however that's happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case however that's happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case however that's happening in the
+mammal we're getting it to work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammal we're getting it to work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammal we're getting it to work in the
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clickers all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I want to talk get started talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I want to talk get started talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I want to talk get started talking
+about the motor system today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this just summarizes where we are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just summarizes where we are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just summarizes where we are in the
+class right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right
+now we've looked at all the levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've looked at all the levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've looked at all the levels of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+CNS I want to go through specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNS I want to go through specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNS I want to go through specific
+functional systems we start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional systems we start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional systems we start with the
+motor system and I'll talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor system and I'll talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor system and I'll talk a little bit
+it won't be very long about brain State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't be very long about brain State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't be very long about brain State
+control before we get into sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control before we get into sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control before we get into sensory
+systems okay and then after sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay and then after sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay and then after sensory
+systems we have quite a bit of study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we have quite a bit of study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we have quite a bit of study of
+the limic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limic
+system uh Corpus trium and finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neocortex so I start by considering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex so I start by considering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex so I start by considering the
+evolution of motor control with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of motor control with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of motor control with these
+questions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you
+see uh three major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh three major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh three major
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+uh and to study organization of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and to study organization of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and to study organization of that
+system I want to begin with the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I want to begin with the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I want to begin with the motor
+neur because that's where what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neur because that's where what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neur because that's where what's
+essential if you don't reach the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential if you don't reach the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential if you don't reach the motor
+neur neurons you don't get any movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neur neurons you don't get any movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neur neurons you don't get any movement
+at all so we'll see how the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so we'll see how the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so we'll see how the motor
+neurons are organized and then we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are organized and then we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are organized and then we'll see
+what connects to those motor neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what connects to those motor neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what connects to those motor neurons
+we've already done that a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already done that a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already done that a little bit
+just to talk about simple reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to talk about simple reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to talk about simple reflex
+function all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so the first questions are simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the first questions are simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the first questions are simply
+a review of things we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a review of things we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a review of things we've talked about
+before the general purpose movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the general purpose movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the general purpose movements
+that are used for many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used for many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used for many different
+purposes and what do the three types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes and what do the three types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes and what do the three types of
+movements we talked about already we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements we talked about already we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements we talked about already we
+were talking about the midbrain remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right
+Locomotion orienting movements which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locomotion orienting movements which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locomotion orienting movements which
+means turning towards the source of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means turning towards the source of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means turning towards the source of a
+stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+usually uh and grasping it that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uh and grasping it that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uh and grasping it that can be
+by mouth or by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mouth or by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mouth or by the
+limbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbs
+okay and then I said before a neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I said before a neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I said before a neocortex
+evolved the midbrain had evolved Str
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved the midbrain had evolved Str
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved the midbrain had evolved Str
+structures for controlling those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for controlling those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for controlling those three
+types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of
+movement so can you think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement so can you think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement so can you think of the
+structure in the midbrain we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the midbrain we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the midbrain we talked
+about for each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first The
+Locomotion the midbrain locomotor region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locomotion the midbrain locomotor region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locomotion the midbrain locomotor region
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+area and there are other locomotor areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and there are other locomotor areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and there are other locomotor areas
+but that's the one in the midbrain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the one in the midbrain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the one in the midbrain that
+seems to be almost always involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be almost always involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be almost always involved in
+Locomotion okay now for orienting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know that the tectum in the majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the tectum in the majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the tectum in the majority
+of vertebrates is the dominant structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertebrates is the dominant structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertebrates is the dominant structure
+for orienting it doesn't mean it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for orienting it doesn't mean it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for orienting it doesn't mean it was the
+first okay and then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay and then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay and then for
+grasping well it depends on the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasping well it depends on the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasping well it depends on the kind of
+grasping doesn't it what are animals we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasping doesn't it what are animals we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasping doesn't it what are animals we
+probably earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably earliest
+vertebrates probably didn't have limbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrates probably didn't have limbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrates probably didn't have limbs
+at all so you had to get oral grasping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so you had to get oral grasping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so you had to get oral grasping
+how do you get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get that
+well what controls opening of the mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what controls opening of the mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what controls opening of the mouth
+and shutting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shutting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shutting the
+mouth it's a trigeminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth it's a trigeminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth it's a trigeminal
+system okay and there's a motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay and there's a motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay and there's a motor
+component there um that's involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component there um that's involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component there um that's involved in
+the in jaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in jaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in jaw
+control and there are Pathways to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and there are Pathways to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and there are Pathways to that
+system from the optic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from the optic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from the optic
+tectum okay but then to get grasping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum okay but then to get grasping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum okay but then to get grasping
+with limbs in the petrop pods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there there is a nucleus there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is a nucleus there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is a nucleus there in the
+midbrain the red nucleus or nucleus ruar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain the red nucleus or nucleus ruar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain the red nucleus or nucleus ruar
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Latin okay there's only one issue there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin okay there's only one issue there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin okay there's only one issue there
+though that's bit of a problem I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that's bit of a problem I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that's bit of a problem I said
+tetrapods animals with limbs then why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrapods animals with limbs then why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrapods animals with limbs then why is
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+that at least the more advanced fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least the more advanced fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least the more advanced fish
+have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them
+too the fact is we don't fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too the fact is we don't fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too the fact is we don't fully
+understand the red nucleus it may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the red nucleus it may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the red nucleus it may not
+have evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have evolved
+initially for control of Limbs but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially for control of Limbs but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially for control of Limbs but then
+again fish have fins of course they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again fish have fins of course they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again fish have fins of course they can
+be used but not really for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used but not really for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used but not really for
+grasping except for the rare fish that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasping except for the rare fish that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasping except for the rare fish that
+use their tail as a means of as a weapon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use their tail as a means of as a weapon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use their tail as a means of as a weapon
+to kill prey and slap them out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kill prey and slap them out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kill prey and slap them out of the
+water and so forth there are fish like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and so forth there are fish like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and so forth there are fish like
+that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well that's right yeah you see it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's right yeah you see it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's right yeah you see it in
+moving in that direction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in that direction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in that direction but
+then you'd have to postulate that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd have to postulate that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd have to postulate that all
+the advanced fish developed the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advanced fish developed the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advanced fish developed the red
+nucleus and then went back to having no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and then went back to having no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and then went back to having no
+limbs later and it seems very unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbs later and it seems very unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbs later and it seems very unlikely
+that that was true okay so okay these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was true okay so okay these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was true okay so okay these
+are of the what we just talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of the what we just talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of the what we just talked
+about and uh these are the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and uh these are the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and uh these are the specific
+Pathways involved for those three kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways involved for those three kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways involved for those three kinds
+of movements we've talked about all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movements we've talked about all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movements we've talked about all of
+them we know there are descending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we know there are descending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we know there are descending
+Pathways from the midbrain locom motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways from the midbrain locom motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways from the midbrain locom motor
+area how have they been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area how have they been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area how have they been
+studied it's very difficult to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied it's very difficult to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied it's very difficult to Define
+precisely that area anatomically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely that area anatomically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely that area anatomically it
+involves the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the number of
+structures so they use electrophysiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so they use electrophysiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so they use electrophysiology
+they use electrical stimulation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use electrical stimulation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use electrical stimulation where
+with very low amounts of current they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very low amounts of current they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very low amounts of current they
+can elicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can elicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can elicit
+Locomotion and it's in one region there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locomotion and it's in one region there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locomotion and it's in one region there
+the codal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+midr we'll talk about some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midr we'll talk about some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midr we'll talk about some of those
+components later some of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components later some of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components later some of them have
+horrendous names like nucleus TTI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrendous names like nucleus TTI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrendous names like nucleus TTI
+pedunculopontinus pars compacta is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedunculopontinus pars compacta is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedunculopontinus pars compacta is a big
+part of it and it gets a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it and it gets a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it and it gets a direct
+projection from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection from the
+striatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum
+okay and then you have the tectospinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you have the tectospinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you have the tectospinal
+track we've talked about that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track we've talked about that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track we've talked about that it's not
+the same as that pathway that controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as that pathway that controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as that pathway that controls
+Escape movements here we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape movements here we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape movements here we're talking
+about turning movements Escape movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about turning movements Escape movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about turning movements Escape movements
+are part of the local motor system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are part of the local motor system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are part of the local motor system that
+isolateral pathway from the tectum goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolateral pathway from the tectum goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolateral pathway from the tectum goes
+to the midbrain locomotive area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the midbrain locomotive area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the midbrain locomotive area and
+other locomotive areas too to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other locomotive areas too to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other locomotive areas too to control
+rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid
+Locomotion okay and then you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locomotion okay and then you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locomotion okay and then you have the
+rubber spinal tra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber spinal tra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber spinal tra
+from the red nucleus nucleus rubar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the red nucleus nucleus rubar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the red nucleus nucleus rubar
+another cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another cross
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+uh for controlling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for controlling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for controlling the
+limbs and then I mentioned for oral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbs and then I mentioned for oral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbs and then I mentioned for oral
+grasping Pathways separate Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasping Pathways separate Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasping Pathways separate Pathways
+involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in
+that and they of course are the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they of course are the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they of course are the main
+Pathways for grasping in most uh most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways for grasping in most uh most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways for grasping in most uh most
+fish okay so here's that picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish okay so here's that picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish okay so here's that picture of the
+midbrain just to remind you of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain just to remind you of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain just to remind you of these
+where these pathways are there are deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these pathways are there are deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these pathways are there are deep
+neurons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the
+spiculus that have they get input from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiculus that have they get input from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiculus that have they get input from
+the more superficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more superficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more superficial
+layers they get input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers they get input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers they get input
+from what's in what's stimulating The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what's in what's stimulating The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what's in what's stimulating The
+Superficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superficial
+layers these axons are coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers these axons are coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers these axons are coming from the
+ratina what are the other accents coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratina what are the other accents coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratina what are the other accents coming
+in there nonvisual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there nonvisual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there nonvisual
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smat sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smat sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smat sensory
+and auditory right and there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and auditory right and there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and auditory right and there's actually
+maps of auditory space and met sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps of auditory space and met sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps of auditory space and met sensory
+space in especially animals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in especially animals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in especially animals with
+whiskers okay but anyway you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiskers okay but anyway you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiskers okay but anyway you get a
+convergence of input on these steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of input on these steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of input on these steep
+neurons the output neurons that send an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons the output neurons that send an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons the output neurons that send an
+Aon down across the midline and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aon down across the midline and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aon down across the midline and they
+descend right near the midline on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend right near the midline on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend right near the midline on the
+opposite side the tectospinal tract they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite side the tectospinal tract they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite side the tectospinal tract they
+we call it tectospinal like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it tectospinal like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it tectospinal like a lot of
+Pathways we name a pathway after its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways we name a pathway after its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways we name a pathway after its
+longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest
+aons the longest ones reach the cervical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aons the longest ones reach the cervical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aons the longest ones reach the cervical
+spinal cord the others terminate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord the others terminate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord the others terminate in
+hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+because the the pathways for orienting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the pathways for orienting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the pathways for orienting
+movements include a lot of postural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements include a lot of postural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements include a lot of postural
+adjustments a lot of that is done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments a lot of that is done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments a lot of that is done in the
+reticular formation of behind brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation of behind brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation of behind brain and
+involves various movements in the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves various movements in the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves various movements in the spinal
+cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you remember this statement from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you remember this statement from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you remember this statement from
+before I talked about the midbrain being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I talked about the midbrain being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I talked about the midbrain being
+the connecting link between the forbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connecting link between the forbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connecting link between the forbrain
+and motor systems early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and motor systems early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and motor systems early on
+before the neocortex evolved and got so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the neocortex evolved and got so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the neocortex evolved and got so
+big it and generally the bigger a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big it and generally the bigger a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big it and generally the bigger a
+structure is the more connected it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is the more connected it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is the more connected it is
+and the neocortex when it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neocortex when it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neocortex when it got
+large by past that midbrain for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large by past that midbrain for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large by past that midbrain for some
+many of its functions that's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of its functions that's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of its functions that's not true
+with animals without this very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with animals without this very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with animals without this very large
+endbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endbrain
+and then I mentioned the visceral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I mentioned the visceral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I mentioned the visceral
+nervous system and various motivational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system and various motivational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system and various motivational
+states are also represented in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are also represented in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are also represented in the
+midbrain okay it's not all done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain okay it's not all done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain okay it's not all done by
+hypothalamus and the what are the areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and the what are the areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and the what are the areas
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+midbrain that Central gray Right Around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain that Central gray Right Around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain that Central gray Right Around
+The ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The ventricle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The ventricle
+and then more eventually the midline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then more eventually the midline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then more eventually the midline
+areas the ventral pigmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas the ventral pigmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas the ventral pigmental
+area Okay site of many dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area Okay site of many dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area Okay site of many dopamine
+Pathways and uh there are studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways and uh there are studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways and uh there are studies that
+show that even without the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that even without the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that even without the hypothalamus
+you can elicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can elicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can elicit
+various actions triggered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various actions triggered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various actions triggered by
+motivational States from that midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational States from that midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational States from that midbrain
+area including sexual behavior including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area including sexual behavior including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area including sexual behavior including
+attack behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack behavior and
+predators all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what sensory systems are evolved we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what sensory systems are evolved we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what sensory systems are evolved we
+we we've just been mentioning this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've just been mentioning this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've just been mentioning this but
+look at this is the question one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this is the question one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this is the question one of your
+questions there I asked what two sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions there I asked what two sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions there I asked what two sensory
+modalities most strongly shape the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities most strongly shape the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities most strongly shape the
+evolution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the
+forbrain which then influences the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain which then influences the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain which then influences the
+midbrain old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain old
+faction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faction
+and the second one Vision these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one Vision these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one Vision these are the
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+forbrain cranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain cranial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain cranial
+nerves actually there are others but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves actually there are others but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves actually there are others but
+these are the ones we all the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the ones we all the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the ones we all the the
+largest ones there's a terminal nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest ones there's a terminal nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest ones there's a terminal nerve
+there's an epipal nerve another visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an epipal nerve another visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an epipal nerve another visual
+where visual input can come in but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where visual input can come in but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where visual input can come in but the
+ones that are prominent in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are prominent in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are prominent in modern
+anamals are those two o faction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anamals are those two o faction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anamals are those two o faction and the
+the retinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retinal
+projections Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've talked a little bit about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've talked a little bit about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've talked a little bit about these
+things old faction and vision and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things old faction and vision and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things old faction and vision and their
+links to these motor systems of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links to these motor systems of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links to these motor systems of the
+midbrain and then there are other inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain and then there are other inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain and then there are other inputs
+too that come in there that also affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too that come in there that also affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too that come in there that also affect
+movement gustatory inputs met a sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement gustatory inputs met a sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement gustatory inputs met a sensory
+and auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and auditory
+inputs uh and we know I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs uh and we know I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs uh and we know I've just
+mentioned here how these are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here how these are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here how these are also
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the diphallic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the diphallic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the diphallic
+structure often involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure often involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure often involved in the
+initiation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation of
+locomotion much more than those that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotion much more than those that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotion much more than those that
+midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+structure can't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure can't hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure can't hear
+youp hypothalamus is the best answer now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youp hypothalamus is the best answer now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youp hypothalamus is the best answer now
+there Earth a specific area in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Earth a specific area in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Earth a specific area in the
+hypothalamus we've mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus we've mentioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus we've mentioned the
+hypothalamic locom motor area but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic locom motor area but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic locom motor area but the
+hypothalamus in general is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer what about the gates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what about the gates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what about the gates of
+locomotion where is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotion where is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotion where is that
+controlled where does an an where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled where does an an where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled where does an an where are
+the organized circuits that control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organized circuits that control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organized circuits that control
+walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking
+trotting rapid running or Galloping if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trotting rapid running or Galloping if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trotting rapid running or Galloping if
+you're four-legged animal many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're four-legged animal many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're four-legged animal many more
+animals are four-legged of course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals are four-legged of course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals are four-legged of course and
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+two-legged sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-legged sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-legged sorry
+bra the brain stem is no doubt involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bra the brain stem is no doubt involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bra the brain stem is no doubt involved
+but in fact the gates are controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact the gates are controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact the gates are controlled
+further down in the spinal cord so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further down in the spinal cord so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further down in the spinal cord so let's
+talk a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little more
+about well I use Larry Swanson's way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well I use Larry Swanson's way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well I use Larry Swanson's way to
+conceptualize it initially and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualize it initially and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualize it initially and then I
+show how the forbrain ENT this is his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how the forbrain ENT this is his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how the forbrain ENT this is his
+hierarchy he has at the bottom here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy he has at the bottom here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy he has at the bottom here the
+motor the pools of motor neurons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor the pools of motor neurons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor the pools of motor neurons in the
+spinal cord and of course there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord and of course there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord and of course there's some
+of them are in the hindbrain too okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are in the hindbrain too okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are in the hindbrain too okay
+just not for Locomotion involves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not for Locomotion involves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not for Locomotion involves the
+legs so it's mostly spinal but other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs so it's mostly spinal but other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs so it's mostly spinal but other
+many other behaviors are controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other behaviors are controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other behaviors are controlled by
+hindbrain too so the motor neurons at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain too so the motor neurons at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain too so the motor neurons at
+the bottom and connected to those motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom and connected to those motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom and connected to those motor
+neurons are many interneurons of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are many interneurons of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are many interneurons of the
+brain and spinal cord we call them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and spinal cord we call them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and spinal cord we call them the
+central pattern generators those would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central pattern generators those would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central pattern generators those would
+be things like the gates of locomotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be things like the gates of locomotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be things like the gates of locomotion
+okay it's built in it's an innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's built in it's an innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's built in it's an innate
+pattern of wiring rooming movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of wiring rooming movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of wiring rooming movements
+would be something like that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be something like that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be something like that too
+controlled by mainly hindbrain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by mainly hindbrain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by mainly hindbrain and
+spinal cord many of them again are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord many of them again are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord many of them again are
+spinal cord pattern generating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord pattern generating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord pattern generating the
+innate patterns of movement but above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate patterns of movement but above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate patterns of movement but above
+them like in the midbrain you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like in the midbrain you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like in the midbrain you have the
+central pattern initiators in Swanson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central pattern initiators in Swanson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central pattern initiators in Swanson's
+terminology like the midbrain locomot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology like the midbrain locomot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology like the midbrain locomot
+area and above that the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and above that the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and above that the pattern
+controllers the forbrain levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers the forbrain levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers the forbrain levels of
+control that are usually involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that are usually involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that are usually involved in
+animals initiating these movements okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals initiating these movements okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals initiating these movements okay
+so this is what I did this is in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what I did this is in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what I did this is in your
+book and uh here it just shows some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and uh here it just shows some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and uh here it just shows some of
+the network of generating these patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network of generating these patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network of generating these patterns
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+activation of the flexors and extensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation of the flexors and extensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation of the flexors and extensors
+of the limbs and controlling various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the limbs and controlling various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the limbs and controlling various
+movement patterns and then this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement patterns and then this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement patterns and then this would be
+midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+level like the midbrain locomoter region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level like the midbrain locomoter region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level like the midbrain locomoter region
+if we're just talking about locomoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're just talking about locomoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're just talking about locomoter
+Behavior here and then this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior here and then this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior here and then this would be
+hypothalamus this is with where you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus this is with where you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus this is with where you get
+the input from what we call the drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input from what we call the drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input from what we call the drive
+States the motivational States okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the motivational States okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the motivational States okay and
+then I show with Evolution how first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I show with Evolution how first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I show with Evolution how first
+whole faction as the nbran began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole faction as the nbran began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole faction as the nbran began to
+expand remember that was how the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand remember that was how the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand remember that was how the for
+brain began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain began
+U about the endbrain began anyway with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U about the endbrain began anyway with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U about the endbrain began anyway with
+all faction which projected to the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all faction which projected to the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all faction which projected to the most
+primitive parts of the Corpus trium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive parts of the Corpus trium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive parts of the Corpus trium
+which then projected right into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then projected right into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then projected right into the
+hypothal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothal
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+also as it grew it started projecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also as it grew it started projecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also as it grew it started projecting
+directly to the midbrain as well so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the midbrain as well so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the midbrain as well so in
+all modern mammals now you have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all modern mammals now you have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all modern mammals now you have those
+two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of
+projections into just controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections into just controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections into just controlling
+Locomotion and then second you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locomotion and then second you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locomotion and then second you have
+other inputs besides o action remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other inputs besides o action remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other inputs besides o action remember
+that was the second major factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the second major factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the second major factor
+involved in the expansion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the expansion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the expansion of the
+embran uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embran uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embran uh
+other other inputs came into the far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other inputs came into the far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other inputs came into the far
+brain through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain through the
+dianon through the older parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dianon through the older parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dianon through the older parts of the
+thalamus which went to Corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus which went to Corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus which went to Corpus
+trium okay those other inputs then went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trium okay those other inputs then went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trium okay those other inputs then went
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+to Cortex as well and it a newer part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Cortex as well and it a newer part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Cortex as well and it a newer part of
+the phus evolved so that's why I put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phus evolved so that's why I put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phus evolved so that's why I put a
+third here because it was this neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third here because it was this neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third here because it was this neocortex
+that expanded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most which again projected to Corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most which again projected to Corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most which again projected to Corpus
+Statum also to the medial pum here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statum also to the medial pum here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statum also to the medial pum here the
+two major involving the two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two major involving the two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two major involving the two kinds of
+movement two kinds of learning rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement two kinds of learning rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement two kinds of learning rather
+habit formation and learning of place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit formation and learning of place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit formation and learning of place
+but notice the big change here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice the big change here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice the big change here with
+neocortex when invol when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Locomotion projections to the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locomotion projections to the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locomotion projections to the midbrain
+locomotive region yes but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotive region yes but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotive region yes but also
+projections directly to the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections directly to the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections directly to the spinal cord
+that was the big change with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the big change with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the big change with the
+expansion of the pum as the nealis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the pum as the nealis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the pum as the nealis the
+the nealis ne cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nealis ne cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nealis ne cortex
+evolved and that structure be began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved and that structure be began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved and that structure be began to
+enlarge all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so this just discusses these pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this just discusses these pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this just discusses these pattern
+controllers and initiators of a midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers and initiators of a midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers and initiators of a midbrain
+and codal hypo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and codal hypo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and codal hypo
+and I should mention here that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should mention here that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should mention here that there's
+sub subthalamic locomotive areas too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub subthalamic locomotive areas too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub subthalamic locomotive areas too
+some people just lump them together but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people just lump them together but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people just lump them together but
+the localization by the physiologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the localization by the physiologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the localization by the physiologists
+indicates that they're probably separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that they're probably separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that they're probably separate
+and the the subthalamic structures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the subthalamic structures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the subthalamic structures and
+their involvement in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their involvement in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their involvement in these
+things U including Locomotion and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things U including Locomotion and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things U including Locomotion and even
+things like feeding is less stud we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like feeding is less stud we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like feeding is less stud we
+usually focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually focus on the
+hypothalamus and yet I think the subus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and yet I think the subus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and yet I think the subus
+is very important in in brain Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important in in brain Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important in in brain Evolution
+too but this is just the simp I I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but this is just the simp I I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but this is just the simp I I have a
+question and there discuss the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and there discuss the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and there discuss the types of
+connections that the early forbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that the early forbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that the early forbrain
+could have used to influence the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have used to influence the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have used to influence the general
+purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose
+movements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements of the
+midbrain in those first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain in those first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain in those first
+questions and so here I showed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and so here I showed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and so here I showed the
+midbrain locomotor area here I show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain locomotor area here I show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain locomotor area here I show the
+hypothalamic locom mot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic locom mot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic locom mot
+region and I show Pathways from the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and I show Pathways from the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and I show Pathways from the old
+factory boats there are a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory boats there are a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory boats there are a few more
+direct Connections in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fish I show how the poly synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish I show how the poly synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish I show how the poly synaptic
+Pathways were probably more common they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways were probably more common they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways were probably more common they
+came into the both of these local motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came into the both of these local motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came into the both of these local motor
+regions okay and some of them took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions okay and some of them took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions okay and some of them took a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+route to through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route to through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route to through the
+epithalamus which then also projected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithalamus which then also projected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithalamus which then also projected
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+all right and these are the did I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and these are the did I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and these are the did I show
+you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this
+before just the maps of these Locomo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before just the maps of these Locomo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before just the maps of these Locomo
+regions by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrologist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrologist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrologist and
+then we know that local motion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know that local motion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know that local motion is
+influenced by a lot of other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by a lot of other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by a lot of other kinds of
+inputs maintaining balance of the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs maintaining balance of the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs maintaining balance of the body
+during standing or Locomotion depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during standing or Locomotion depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during standing or Locomotion depends on
+multiple Pathways some of them from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Pathways some of them from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Pathways some of them from the
+formation of the hind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of the hind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of the hind
+brain uh but there's two other really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain uh but there's two other really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain uh but there's two other really
+important descending Pathways do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important descending Pathways do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important descending Pathways do you
+know what they are besides reticular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they are besides reticular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they are besides reticular
+spinal they're mainly concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal they're mainly concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal they're mainly concerned with
+controlling the body axis and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the body axis and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the body axis and what we
+call whole body movement like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call whole body movement like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call whole body movement like
+Locomotion Locomotion involves a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locomotion Locomotion involves a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locomotion Locomotion involves a lot
+more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than
+legs involves your whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+body the stios spinal exactly so ulos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body the stios spinal exactly so ulos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body the stios spinal exactly so ulos
+spinal vulos spinal and remember a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal vulos spinal and remember a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal vulos spinal and remember a
+structure that coordinates the timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that coordinates the timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that coordinates the timing
+when multiple systems are involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when multiple systems are involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when multiple systems are involved in
+controlling the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the same
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+cerebella okay so there's a s we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebella okay so there's a s we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebella okay so there's a s we we
+usually don't call it the cerebello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually don't call it the cerebello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually don't call it the cerebello
+spinal it's okay with me if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal it's okay with me if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal it's okay with me if you want to
+call it that but it gets the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it that but it gets the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it that but it gets the name of the
+structure in the cerebellum that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the cerebellum that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the cerebellum that gives
+rise to it the Nu is festigious so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to it the Nu is festigious so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to it the Nu is festigious so we'll
+just wait and see the pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wait and see the pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wait and see the pictures of
+it so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this
+just talks about what we just said and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talks about what we just said and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talks about what we just said and
+this is the picture uh based on pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the picture uh based on pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the picture uh based on pictures
+of this is the picture of NAA where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is the picture of NAA where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is the picture of NAA where he
+shows U the position I've emphasized it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows U the position I've emphasized it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows U the position I've emphasized it
+here the position of the distibutor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the position of the distibutor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the position of the distibutor
+nuclei in the top view or in the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei in the top view or in the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei in the top view or in the side
+view the distributor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view the distributor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view the distributor
+nuclei near the dorsal part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei near the dorsal part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei near the dorsal part of the
+hindbrain there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh right at the same level as the clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right at the same level as the clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right at the same level as the clear
+nuclei okay so just tucked under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei okay so just tucked under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei okay so just tucked under the
+lateral edge of the cerebelum here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral edge of the cerebelum here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral edge of the cerebelum here you
+have that vestibular input coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that vestibular input coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that vestibular input coming in
+through the eth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the eth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the eth
+nerve and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve and the
+cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum
+developed as a vibor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed as a vibor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed as a vibor
+structure as far as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure as far as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure as far as we can
+tell this is I used a different figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell this is I used a different figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell this is I used a different figure
+in the book but it's really very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book but it's really very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book but it's really very similar
+this one is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is from
+rodol the most primitive part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodol the most primitive part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodol the most primitive part of the
+cerebellum is here the focular nodular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum is here the focular nodular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum is here the focular nodular
+L the fulus out here the nodulus near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L the fulus out here the nodulus near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L the fulus out here the nodulus near
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+midline and things in near the midline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midline and things in near the midline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midline and things in near the midline
+in the cerebellum control the body axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cerebellum control the body axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cerebellum control the body axis
+as does the visb system out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as does the visb system out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as does the visb system out in the
+hemispheres it's very different uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres it's very different uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres it's very different uh the
+hemisphere Fe are mostly concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere Fe are mostly concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere Fe are mostly concerned with
+the distal muscles of the limbs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and here on A sagittal section they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and here on A sagittal section they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and here on A sagittal section they
+show the position of those STI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the position of those STI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the position of those STI
+structures but this one shows the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures but this one shows the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures but this one shows the this
+that the distributor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the distributor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the distributor
+system primary Sensory neurons of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system primary Sensory neurons of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system primary Sensory neurons of the
+distributor System project into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor System project into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor System project into the
+cerebellum and they do so in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum and they do so in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum and they do so in an
+interesting way because no other system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way because no other system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way because no other system
+does this they go Direct to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this they go Direct to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this they go Direct to the
+cerebella cortex so here's the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebella cortex so here's the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebella cortex so here's the little
+diagram you see the vestibular nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram you see the vestibular nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram you see the vestibular nerve
+these are primary Sensory neurons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are primary Sensory neurons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are primary Sensory neurons the
+distribut system you see them coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribut system you see them coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribut system you see them coming
+into the distribut nuclei but they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the distribut nuclei but they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the distribut nuclei but they also
+go up into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cerebal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebal and the
+cerebellum normally projects to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum normally projects to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum normally projects to these
+various deep nuclei the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various deep nuclei the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various deep nuclei the
+cerebel below the cerebel cortex but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebel below the cerebel cortex but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebel below the cerebel cortex but in
+the case of a STI system IT projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of a STI system IT projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of a STI system IT projects
+directly to the distrib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nuclei and there you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and there you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and there you see
+a very simplified view there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simplified view there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simplified view there's actually
+four different distributor nuclei they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different distributor nuclei they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different distributor nuclei they
+don't show that here but this is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show that here but this is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show that here but this is again
+the brool book where he shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brool book where he shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brool book where he shows the
+origins of the stib spinal tract and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins of the stib spinal tract and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins of the stib spinal tract and
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+also another set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also another set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also another set of
+accents going in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents going in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents going in the opposite
+direction connecting to the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction connecting to the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction connecting to the the the
+motor neurons controlling eye muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neurons controlling eye muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neurons controlling eye muscles
+there's a very close tide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very close tide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very close tide
+between vestibular system cerebellum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between vestibular system cerebellum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between vestibular system cerebellum and
+eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye
+movements and head movements and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements and head movements and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements and head movements and there's
+a whole group of axons running between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole group of axons running between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole group of axons running between
+these nuclei interconnected with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nuclei interconnected with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nuclei interconnected with
+reticular formation distibutor nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation distibutor nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation distibutor nuclei
+and cerebellum always coordinating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cerebellum always coordinating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cerebellum always coordinating the
+eye and the head and turning movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and the head and turning movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and the head and turning movements
+they're so important in the for animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so important in the for animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so important in the for animal
+animals to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals to get
+around all right this you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around all right this you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around all right this you don't need to
+learn this but I wanted to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn this but I wanted to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn this but I wanted to emphasize
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+nucleus that's nuc KPS that projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that's nuc KPS that projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that's nuc KPS that projects
+directly to the spinal cord okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the spinal cord okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the spinal cord okay and
+it's heavily connected with the vular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's heavily connected with the vular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's heavily connected with the vular
+system as well okay so we'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as well okay so we'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as well okay so we'll come back
+there to next time and we'll start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to next time and we'll start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to next time and we'll start by
+going over orienting a little more um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over orienting a little more um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over orienting a little more um in
+order to finish this introduction to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to finish this introduction to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to finish this introduction to the
+motor system I didn't expect to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor system I didn't expect to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor system I didn't expect to finish
+this today but the what follows will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this today but the what follows will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this today but the what follows will be
+is a little easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you've got I posted all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got I posted all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got I posted all the things
+here for you you to read so please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for you you to read so please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for you you to read so please
+continue with that reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with that reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with that reading
+and we'll give you something on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll give you something on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll give you something on
+Wednesday if we're going to give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday if we're going to give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday if we're going to give it a
+little bit as the quiz will let you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit as the quiz will let you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit as the quiz will let you know
+I'm not sure we'll do that but we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure we'll do that but we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure we'll do that but we'll get
+that done as soon as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that done as soon as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that done as soon as we
+can
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HF4hKftgWxg.txt b/HF4hKftgWxg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19ae17c9d9975aab1e2c4156096ffd113a4ea7a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HF4hKftgWxg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+PROFESSOR: The humanities,
+to me, particularly at MIT,
+
+are essential, indispensable, to
+help break those infamous walls
+
+and build bridges.
+
+Why?
+
+Because the humanities are the
+only disciplines of philosophy,
+
+psychology, linguistics,
+history, writing, women
+
+and gender studies,
+that can give us
+
+the tools to understand
+how phenomena connected
+
+to race, to language,
+to religion, to gender,
+
+to sexual orientation,
+to have the tools to be
+
+able to understand
+how they can be used
+
+or misused for domination
+or for liberation.
+
+This is the only
+group of studies,
+
+of disciplines, that
+give us those tools.
+
+As Paulo Freire and
+[INAUDIBLE] said,
+
+we have to learn
+to become literate.
+
+Not literate just being able to
+read, but being able to, as we,
+
+as Freire says, to read the
+world, and read the word.
+
+Because as we read
+the word, we have
+
+to understand the impact
+of what we read on the way
+
+the world works.
+
+And the way the
+world works often
+
+is based on these hierarchies
+of power that are often
+
+embedded in the text we read.
+
+But we're not able to critically
+understand those texts
+
+and see how they create a myth,
+or maintain those hierarchies
+
+of power, then we're
+going to become
+
+part of these hierarchies
+We help maintain them.
+
+So the humanities
+give us the tools
+
+to be critical about
+these hierarchies
+
+and be able to distance
+ourselves from them,
+
+and perchance to even
+undermine those hierarchies,
+
+and create more
+inclusive, and more--
+
+kinder, more humane societies.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HKMY-8BqWWw.txt b/HKMY-8BqWWw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f46732a65153039a51556862b0026b7979676d72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HKMY-8BqWWw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2396 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+PROFESSOR: Last time we began
+the development of the
+
+discrete-time Fourier
+transform.
+
+And just as with the
+continuous-time case, we first
+
+treated the notion of
+periodic signals.
+
+This led to the Fourier
+series.
+
+And then we generalized that to
+the Fourier transform, and
+
+finally incorporated within the
+framework of the Fourier
+
+transform both aperiodic
+and periodic signals.
+
+In today's lecture, what I'd
+like to do is expand on some
+
+of the properties of the
+Fourier transform, and
+
+indicate how those properties
+are used for
+
+a variety of things.
+
+Well, let's begin by reviewing
+the Fourier transform as we
+
+developed it last time.
+
+It, of course, involves a
+synthesis equation and an
+
+analysis equation.
+
+The synthesis equation
+expressing x of n, the
+
+sequence, in terms of the
+Fourier transform, and the
+
+analysis equation telling us
+how to obtain the Fourier
+
+transform from the original
+sequence.
+
+And I draw your attention again
+to the basic point that
+
+the synthesis equation
+essentially corresponds to
+
+decomposing the sequence as a
+linear combination of complex
+
+exponentials with amplitudes
+that are, in effect,
+
+proportional to the
+Fourier transform.
+
+Now, the discrete-time Fourier
+transform, just as the
+
+continuous-time Fourier
+transform, has a number of
+
+important and useful
+properties.
+
+Of course, as I stressed last
+time, it's a function of a
+
+continuous variable.
+
+And it's also a complex-valued
+function, which means that
+
+when we represent it in
+general it requires a
+
+representation in terms of its
+real part and imaginary part,
+
+or in terms of magnitude
+and angle.
+
+Also, as I indicated last time,
+the Fourier transform is
+
+a periodic function of
+frequency, and the periodicity
+
+is with a period of 2 pi.
+
+And so it says, in effect, that
+the Fourier transform, if
+
+we replace the frequency
+variable by an integer
+
+multiple of 2 pi, the
+function repeats.
+
+And I stress again that the
+underlying basis for this
+
+periodicity property is the
+fact that it's the set of
+
+complex exponentials that are
+
+inherently periodic in frequency.
+
+And so, of course, any
+representation using them
+
+would, in effect, generate
+a periodicity with
+
+this period of 2 pi.
+
+Just as in continuous time,
+the Fourier transform has
+
+important symmetry properties.
+
+And in particular, if the
+sequence x sub n is
+
+real-valued, then the
+Fourier transform
+
+is conjugate symmetric.
+
+In other words, if we replace
+omega by minus omega, that's
+
+equivalent to applying
+complex conjugation
+
+to the Fourier transform.
+
+And as a consequence of this
+conjugate symmetry, this
+
+results in a symmetry in the
+real part that is an even
+
+symmetry, or the magnitude has
+an even symmetry, whereas the
+
+imaginary part or the phase
+angle are both odd symmetric.
+
+And these are symmetry
+properties, again, that are
+
+identical to the symmetry
+properties that we saw in
+
+continuous time.
+
+Well, let's see this in the
+context of an example that we
+
+worked last time and that we'll
+want to draw attention
+
+to in reference to several
+issues as this
+
+lecture goes along.
+
+And that is the Fourier
+transform of a real damped
+
+exponential.
+
+So the sequence that we are
+talking about is a to the n u
+
+of n, and let's consider
+a to be positive.
+
+We saw last time that the
+Fourier transform for this
+
+sequence algebraically
+is of this form.
+
+And if we look at its magnitude
+and angle, the
+
+magnitude I show here.
+
+And the magnitude, as
+we see, has the
+
+properties that we indicated.
+
+It is an even function
+of frequency.
+
+Of course, it's a function
+of a continuous variable.
+
+And it, in addition,
+is periodic with a
+
+period of two pi.
+
+On the other hand, if we look
+at the phase angle below it,
+
+the phase angle has a symmetry
+which is odd symmetric.
+
+And that's indicated clearly
+in this picture.
+
+And of course, in addition to
+being odd symmetric, it
+
+naturally has to be, again, a
+periodic function of frequency
+
+with a period of 2 pi.
+
+OK, so we have some symmetry
+properties.
+
+We have this inherent
+periodicity in the Fourier
+
+transform, which I'm stressing
+very heavily because it forms
+
+the basic difference between
+continuous time
+
+and discrete time.
+
+In addition to these properties
+of the Fourier
+
+transform, there are a number
+of other properties that are
+
+particularly useful in the
+manipulation of the Fourier
+
+transform, and, in fact, in
+using the Fourier transform
+
+to, for example, analyze systems
+represented by linear
+
+constant coefficient difference
+equations.
+
+There in the text is a longer
+list of properties, but let me
+
+just draw your attention
+to several of them.
+
+One is the time shifting
+property.
+
+And the time shifting property
+tells us that if x of omega is
+
+the Fourier transform of x of n,
+then the Fourier transform
+
+of x of n shifted in time is
+that same Fourier transform
+
+multiplied by this factor,
+which is a
+
+linear phase factor.
+
+So time shifting introduces
+a linear phase term.
+
+And, by the way, recall that in
+the continuous-time case we
+
+had a similar situation, namely
+that a time shift
+
+corresponded to a
+linear phase.
+
+There also is a dual to the time
+shifting property, which
+
+is referred to as the frequency
+shifting property,
+
+which tells us that if we
+multiply a time function by a
+
+complex exponential,
+that, in effect,
+
+generates a frequency shift.
+
+And we'll see this frequency
+shifting property surface in a
+
+slightly different way shortly,
+when we talk about
+
+the modulation property in
+the discrete-time case.
+
+Another important property that
+we'll want to make use of
+
+shortly is linearity, which
+follows in a very
+
+straightforward way from the
+Fourier transform definition.
+
+And the linearity property says
+simply that the Fourier
+
+transform of a sum, or linear
+combination, is the same
+
+linear combination of the
+Fourier transforms.
+
+Again, that's a property that
+we saw in continuous time.
+
+And, also, among other
+properties there is a
+
+Parseval's relation for the
+discrete-time case that in
+
+effect says something similar
+to continuous time,
+
+specifically that the energy
+in the sequence is
+
+proportional to the energy in
+the Fourier transform, the
+
+energy over one period.
+
+Or, said another way, in fact,
+or another way that it can be
+
+said, is that the energy
+in the time domain is
+
+proportional to the
+power in this
+
+periodic Fourier transform.
+
+OK, so these are some
+of the properties.
+
+And, as I indicated, parallel
+somewhat properties that we
+
+saw in continuous time.
+
+Two additional properties that
+will play important roles in
+
+discrete time just as they did
+in continuous time are the
+
+convolution property and the
+modulation property.
+
+The convolution property is the
+property that tells us how
+
+to relate the Fourier transform
+of the convolution
+
+of two sequences to the Fourier
+transforms of the
+
+individual sequences.
+
+And, not surprisingly,
+what happens--
+
+and this can be demonstrated
+algebraically--
+
+not surprisingly, the Fourier
+transform of the convolution
+
+is simply the product of
+the Fourier transforms.
+
+So, Fourier transform maps
+convolution in the time domain
+
+to multiplication in the
+frequency domain.
+
+Now convolution, of course,
+arises in the context of
+
+linear time-invariant systems.
+
+In particular, if we have
+a system with an impulse
+
+response h of n, input x of n,
+the output is the convolution.
+
+The convolution property then
+tells us that in the frequency
+
+domain, the Fourier transform is
+the product of the Fourier
+
+transform of the impulse
+response and the Fourier
+
+transform of the input.
+
+Now we also saw and have talked
+about a relationship
+
+between the Fourier transform,
+the impulse response, and what
+
+we call the frequency response
+in the context of the response
+
+of a system to a complex
+exponential.
+
+Specifically, complex
+exponentials are
+
+eigenfunctions of linear
+time-invariant systems.
+
+One of these into the system
+gives us, as an output, a
+
+complex exponential with the
+same complex frequency
+
+multiplied by what we refer
+to as the eigenvalue.
+
+And as you saw in the video
+course manual, this
+
+eigenvalue, this constant,
+multiplier on the exponential
+
+is, in fact, the Fourier
+transform of the impulse
+
+response evaluated at
+that frequency.
+
+Now, we saw exactly the same
+statement in continuous time.
+
+And, in fact, we used
+that statement--
+
+the frequency response
+interpretation of the Fourier
+
+transform, the impulse
+response--
+
+we use that to motivate an
+intuitive interpretation of
+
+the convolution property.
+
+Now, formally the convolution
+property can be developed by
+
+taking the convolution sum,
+applying the Fourier transform
+
+sum to it, doing the appropriate
+substitution of
+
+variables, interchanging order
+of summations, et cetera, and
+
+all the algebra works out to
+show that it's a product.
+
+But as I stressed when we
+discussed this with continuous
+
+time, the interpretation--
+
+the underlying interpretation--
+
+is particularly important
+to understand.
+
+So let me review it again in
+the discrete-time case, and
+
+it's exactly the same for
+discrete time or for
+
+continuous time.
+
+Specifically, the argument was
+that the Fourier transform of
+
+a sequence or signal corresponds
+to decomposing it
+
+into a linear combination
+of complex exponentials.
+
+What's the amplitude of those
+complex exponentials?
+
+It's basically proportional
+to the Fourier transform.
+
+If we think of pushing through
+the system that linear
+
+combination, then each of those
+complex exponentials
+
+gets the amplitude modified, or
+multiplied, by the Fourier
+
+transform of--
+
+by the frequency response--
+
+which we saw is the
+Fourier transform
+
+of the impulse response.
+
+So the amplitudes of the output
+complex exponentials is
+
+then the amplitudes of the input
+complex exponentials
+
+multiplied by the frequency
+response.
+
+And the Fourier transform of the
+output, in effect, is an
+
+expression expressing the
+summation, or integration, of
+
+the output as a linear
+combination of all of these
+
+exponentials with the
+appropriate complex
+
+amplitudes.
+
+So, it's important, in thinking
+about the convolution
+
+property, to think about it in
+terms of nothing more than the
+
+fact that we've decomposed the
+input, and we're now modifying
+
+separately through
+multiplication, through
+
+scaling, the amplitudes
+of each of the complex
+
+exponential components.
+
+Now what we saw in continuous
+time is that this
+
+interpretation and the
+convolution property led to an
+
+important concept, namely the
+concept of filtering.
+
+Kind of the idea that if we
+decompose the input as a
+
+linear combination of complex
+exponentials, we can
+
+separately attenuate or
+amplify each of those
+
+components.
+
+And, in fact, we could exactly
+pass some set of frequencies
+
+and totally eliminate other
+set of frequencies.
+
+So, again, just as in continuous
+time, we can talk
+
+about an ideal filter.
+
+And what I show here is the
+frequency response of an ideal
+
+lowpass filter.
+
+The ideal lowpass filter, of
+course, passes exactly, with a
+
+gain of 1, frequencies around
+0, and eliminates totally
+
+other frequencies.
+
+However, an important
+distinction here between
+
+continuous time and discrete
+time is the fact that, whereas
+
+in continuous time when we
+talked about an ideal filter,
+
+we passed a band of frequencies
+and totally
+
+eliminated everything else
+out to infinity.
+
+In the discrete time case, the
+
+frequency response is periodic.
+
+So, obviously, the frequency
+response must periodically
+
+repeat for the lowpass filter.
+
+And in fact we see that here.
+
+If we look at the lowpass
+filter, then we've eliminated
+
+some frequencies.
+
+But then we pass, of course,
+frequencies around 2 pi, and
+
+also frequencies around minus
+2 pi, and for that matter
+
+around any multiple of 2 pi.
+
+Although it's important to
+recognize that because of the
+
+inherent periodicity of the
+complex exponentials, these
+
+frequencies are exactly the
+same frequencies as these
+
+frequencies.
+
+So it's lowpass filtering
+interpreted in terms of
+
+frequencies over a range
+from minus pi to pi.
+
+Well, just as we talk about a
+lowpass filter, we can also
+
+talk about a highpass filter.
+
+And a highpass filter, of
+course, would pass high
+
+frequencies.
+
+In a continuous-time case,
+high frequencies meant
+
+frequencies that go
+out to infinity.
+
+In the discrete-time case,
+of course, the highest
+
+frequencies we can generate
+are frequencies up to pi.
+
+And once our complex
+exponentials go past pi, then,
+
+in fact, we start seeing the
+lower frequencies again.
+
+Let me indicate what I mean.
+
+If we think in the context of
+the lowpass filter, these are
+
+low frequencies.
+
+As we move along the frequency
+axis, these become high
+
+frequencies.
+
+And as we move further along the
+frequency axis, what we'll
+
+see when we get to, for example,
+a frequency of 2 pi
+
+are the same low frequencies
+that we see around 0.
+
+In particular then, an ideal
+highpass filter in the
+
+discrete-time case would be a
+filter that eliminates these
+
+frequencies and passes
+frequencies around pi.
+
+OK, so we've seen the
+convolution property and its
+
+interpretation in terms
+of filtering.
+
+More broadly, the convolution
+property in combination with a
+
+number of the other properties
+that I introduced, in
+
+particular the time shifting and
+linearity property, allows
+
+us to generate or analyze
+systems that are described by
+
+linear constant coefficient
+difference equations.
+
+And this, again, parallels very
+strongly the discussion
+
+we carried out in the
+continuous-time case.
+
+In particular, let's think of a
+discrete-time system that is
+
+described by a linear constant
+
+coefficient difference equation.
+
+And we'll restrict the initial
+conditions on the equation
+
+such that it corresponds to a
+linear time-invariant system.
+
+And recall that, in fact, in
+our discussion of linear
+
+constant coefficient difference
+equations, it is
+
+the condition of initial rest
+that-- on the equation--
+
+that guarantees for us that
+the system will be causal,
+
+linear, and time invariant.
+
+OK, now let's consider a
+first-order difference
+
+equation, a system
+described by a
+
+first-order difference equation.
+
+And we've talked about
+the solution of
+
+this equation before.
+
+Essentially, we run the
+solution recursively.
+
+Let's now consider generating
+the solution by taking
+
+advantage of the properties
+of the Fourier transform.
+
+Well, just as we did in
+continuous time, we can
+
+consider applying the Fourier
+transform to both sides of
+
+this equation.
+
+And the Fourier transform
+of y of n, of
+
+course, is Y of omega.
+
+And then using the shifting
+property, the time shifting
+
+property, the Fourier transform
+of y of n minus 1 is
+
+Y of omega multiplied by
+e to the minus j omega.
+
+And so we have this, using a
+linearity property we can
+
+carry down the scale factor, and
+add these two together as
+
+they're added here.
+
+And the Fourier transform
+of x of n is X of omega.
+
+Well, we can solve this equation
+for the Fourier
+
+transform of the output in terms
+of the Fourier transform
+
+of the input and an appropriate
+
+complex scale factor.
+
+And simply solving this
+for Y of omega yields
+
+what we have here.
+
+Now what we've used in going
+from this point to this point
+
+is both the shifting property
+and we've also used the
+
+linearity property.
+
+At this point, we can recognize
+that here the
+
+Fourier transform of the output
+is the product of the
+
+Fourier transform of the input
+and some complex function.
+
+And from the convolution
+property, then, that complex
+
+function must in fact correspond
+to the frequency
+
+response, or equivalently, the
+Fourier transform of the
+
+impulse response.
+
+So if we want to determine the
+Fourier transform of the--
+
+or the impulse response of the
+system, let's say for example,
+
+then it becomes a matter of
+having identified the Fourier
+
+transform of the impulse
+response, which is the
+
+frequency response.
+
+We now want to inverse
+transform to
+
+get the impulse response.
+
+Well, how do we inverse
+transform?
+
+Of course, we could do it by
+attempting to go through the
+
+synthesis equation for the
+Fourier transform.
+
+Or we can do as we did in the
+continuous-time case which is
+
+to take advantage
+of what we know.
+
+And in particular, we know that
+from an example that we
+
+worked before, this is in fact
+the Fourier transform of a
+
+sequence which is a to
+the n times u of n.
+
+And so, in essence,
+by inspection--
+
+very similar to what has gone
+on in continuous time--
+
+essentially by inspection, we
+can then solve for the impulse
+
+response to the system.
+
+OK, so that procedure follows
+very much the kind of
+
+procedure that we've carried
+out in continuous time.
+
+And this, of course, is
+discussed in more
+
+detail in the text.
+
+Well, let's look at
+that example then.
+
+Here we have the impulse
+response for that, associated
+
+with the system described
+by that
+
+particular difference equation.
+
+And to the right of
+that, we have the
+
+associated frequency response.
+
+And one of the things
+that we notice--
+
+and this is drawn for a positive
+between 0 and 1--
+
+what we notice, in fact, is that
+it is an approximation to
+
+a lowpass filter, because it
+tends to attenuate the high
+
+frequencies and retain and,
+in fact, amplify the low
+
+frequencies.
+
+Now if instead, actually, the
+impulse response was such that
+
+we picked a to be negative
+between minus 1 and 0, then
+
+the impulse response in the time
+domain looks like this.
+
+And the corresponding frequency
+
+response looks like this.
+
+And that becomes an
+approximation
+
+to a highpass filter.
+
+So, in fact, a first-order
+difference equation, as we
+
+see, has a frequency response,
+depending on the value of a,
+
+that either looks approximately
+like a lowpass
+
+filter for a positive or
+a highpass filter for a
+
+negative, very much like the
+first-order differential
+
+equation looked like a
+lowpass filter in the
+
+continuous-time case.
+
+And, in fact, what I'd like to
+illustrate is the filtering
+
+characteristics--
+
+or an example of filtering--
+
+using a first-order difference
+equation.
+
+And the example that I'll
+illustrate is a filtering of a
+
+sequence that in fact is
+filtered very often for very
+
+practical reasons, namely a
+sequence which represents the
+
+Dow Jones Industrial Average
+over a fairly long period.
+
+And we'll process the Dow Jones
+Industrial Average first
+
+through a first-order difference
+equation, where, if
+
+we begin with a equals 0,
+then, referring to the
+
+frequency response that we have
+here, a equals 0 would
+
+simply be passing
+all frequencies.
+
+As a is positive we start to
+retain mostly low frequencies,
+
+and the larger a gets, but still
+less than 1, the more it
+
+attenuates high frequencies
+at the expense of low
+
+frequencies.
+
+So let's watch the filtering,
+first with a positive and
+
+we'll see it behave as a lowpass
+filter, and then with
+
+a negative and we'll see the
+difference equation behaving
+
+as a highpass filter.
+
+What we see here is the Dow
+Jones Industrial Average over
+
+roughly a five-year period
+from 1927 to 1932.
+
+And, in fact, that big dip in
+the middle is the famous stock
+
+market crash of 1929.
+
+And we can see that following
+that, in fact, the market
+
+continued a very long
+downward trend.
+
+And what we now want to do
+is process this through a
+
+difference equation.
+
+Above the Dow Jones average we
+show the impulse response of
+
+the difference equation.
+
+Here we've chosen the parameter
+a equal to 0.
+
+And the impulse response will
+be displayed on an expanded
+
+scale in relation to the scale
+of the input and, for that
+
+matter, the scale
+of the output.
+
+Now with the impulse response
+shown here which is just an
+
+impulse, in fact, the output
+shown on the bottom trace is
+
+exactly identical
+to the input.
+
+And what we'll want to do now
+is increase, first, the
+
+parameter a, and the impulse
+response will begin to look
+
+like an exponential with a
+duration that's longer and
+
+longer as a moves from 0 to 1.
+
+Correspondingly we'll get more
+and more lowpass filtering as
+
+the coefficient a increases
+from 0 toward 1.
+
+So now we are increasing
+the parameter a.
+
+We see that the bottom trace
+in relation to the middle
+
+trace in fact is looking more
+and more smoothed or
+
+lowpass-filtered.
+
+And here now we have a fair
+amount of smoothing, to the
+
+point where the stock market
+crash of 1929 is totally lost.
+
+And in fact I'm sure there are
+many people who wish that
+
+through filtering we could, in
+fact, have avoided the stock
+
+market crash altogether.
+
+Now, let's decrease a from
+1 back towards 0.
+
+And as we do that,
+we will be taking
+
+out the lowpass filtering.
+
+And when a finally reaches 0,
+the impulse response of the
+
+filter will again be an impulse,
+and so the output
+
+will be once again identical
+to the input.
+
+And that's where we are now.
+
+All right now we want to
+continue to decrease a so that
+
+it becomes negative, moving
+from 0 toward minus 1.
+
+And what we will see in that
+case is more and more highpass
+
+filtering on the output in
+relation to the input.
+
+And this will be particularly
+evident in, again, the region
+
+of high frequencies represented
+by sharp
+
+transitions which, of course,
+the market crash
+
+of 1929 would represent.
+
+So here, now, a is decreasing
+toward minus 1.
+
+We see that the high
+frequencies, or rapid
+
+variations are emphasized., And
+finally, let's move from
+
+minus 1 back towards 0, taking
+out the highpass filtering and
+
+ending up with a equal to 0,
+corresponding to an impulse
+
+response which is an
+impulse, in other
+
+words, an identity system.
+
+And let me stress once again
+that the time scale on which
+
+we displayed the impulse
+response is an expanded time
+
+scale in relation to the time
+scale on which we displayed
+
+the input and the output.
+
+OK, so we see that, in fact,
+a first-order difference
+
+equation is a filter.
+
+And, in fact, it's a very
+important class of filters,
+
+and it's used very often to
+do approximate lowpass and
+
+highpass filtering.
+
+Now, in addition to the
+convolution property, another
+
+important property that we had
+in continuous time, and that
+
+we have in discrete time, is
+the modulation property.
+
+The modulation property tells
+us what happens in the
+
+frequency domain when
+you multiply
+
+signals in the time domain.
+
+In continuous time, the
+modulation property
+
+corresponded to the statement
+that if we multiply the time
+
+domain, we convolve the Fourier
+transforms in the
+
+frequency domain.
+
+And in discrete time we have
+very much the same kind of
+
+relationship.
+
+The only real distinction
+between these is that in the
+
+discrete-time case, in carrying
+out the convolution,
+
+it's an integration only
+over a 2 pi interval.
+
+And what that corresponds to
+is what's referred to as a
+
+periodic convolution, as opposed
+to the continuous-time
+
+case where what we have is
+a convolution that is an
+
+aperiodic convolution.
+
+So, again, we have a convolution
+property in
+
+discrete time that is very
+much like the convolution
+
+property in continuous time.
+
+The only real difference is
+that here we're convolving
+
+periodic functions.
+
+And so it's a periodic
+convolution which involves an
+
+integration only over a 2 pi
+interval, rather than an
+
+integration from minus infinity
+to plus infinity.
+
+Well, let's take a look at an
+example of the modulation
+
+property, which will then lead
+to one particular application,
+
+and a very useful application,
+of the modulation property in
+
+discrete time.
+
+The example that I want to pick
+is an example in which we
+
+consider modulating
+a signal with--
+
+a signal with another signal,
+x of n, or x1 of n as I
+
+indicated here, which
+is minus 1 to the n.
+
+Essentially what that says is
+that any signal which I
+
+modulate with this in effect
+corresponds to taking the
+
+original signal and then going
+through that signal
+
+alternating the algebraic
+signs.
+
+Now we--
+
+in applying the modulation
+property, of course, what we
+
+need to do is develop
+the Fourier
+
+transform of this signal.
+
+This signal which I rewrite--
+
+I can write either as minus 1
+to the n or rewrite as e to
+
+the j pi n since e to the j
+pi is equal to minus 1--
+
+is a periodic signal.
+
+And it's the periodic signal
+that I show here.
+
+And recall that to get the
+Fourier transform of a
+
+periodic signal, one way to do
+it is to generate the Fourier
+
+series coefficients for the
+periodic signal, and then
+
+identify the Fourier transform
+as an impulse train where the
+
+heights of the impulses in
+the impulse train are
+
+proportional, with a
+proportionality factor of 2
+
+pi, proportional to the Fourier
+series coefficients.
+
+So let's first work out what the
+Fourier series is and for
+
+this example, in fact,
+it's fairly easy.
+
+Here is the general
+synthesis equation
+
+for the Fourier series.
+
+And if we take our particular
+example where, if we look back
+
+at the curve above, what we
+recognize is that the period
+
+is equal to 2, namely it
+repeats after 2 points.
+
+Then capital N is equal to 2,
+and so we can just write this
+
+out with the two terms.
+
+And the two terms involved are
+x1 of n is a0, the 0-th
+
+coefficient, that's with k
+equals 0, and a1, and this is
+
+with k equals 1, and
+we substituted in
+
+capital N equal to 2.
+
+All right, well, we can do a
+little bit of algebra here,
+
+obviously cross off
+the factors of 2.
+
+And what we recognize, if we
+compare this expression with
+
+the original signal which is e
+to the j pi n, then we can
+
+simply identify the fact that
+a0, the 0-th coefficient is 0,
+
+that's the DC term.
+
+And the coefficient
+a1 is equal to 1.
+
+So we've done it simply by
+essentially inspecting the
+
+Fourier series synthesis
+equation.
+
+OK, now, if we want to get the
+Fourier transform for this, we
+
+take those coefficients and
+essentially generate an
+
+impulse train where we choose
+as values for the impulses 2
+
+pi times the Fourier series
+coefficients.
+
+So, the Fourier series
+coefficients are a0 is equal
+
+to 0 and a1 is equal to 1.
+
+So, notice that in the plot that
+I've shown here of the
+
+Fourier transform of x1 of n, we
+have the 0-th coefficient,
+
+which happens to be 0, and so
+I have it indicated, an
+
+impulse there.
+
+We have the coefficient a1, and
+the coefficient a1 occurs
+
+at a frequency which is omega
+0, and omega 0 in fact is
+
+equal to pi because the signal
+is e to the j pi n.
+
+Well, what's this impulse
+over here?
+
+Well, that impulse is a--
+
+corresponds to the
+Fourier series
+
+coefficient a sub minus 1.
+
+And, of course, if we drew
+this out over a longer
+
+frequency axis, we would see
+lots of other impulses because
+
+of the fact that the Fourier
+transform periodically repeats
+
+or, equivalently, the Fourier
+series coefficients
+
+periodically repeat.
+
+So this is the coefficient a0,
+This is the coefficient a1
+
+with a factor of 2 pi,
+this is 2 pi times a0
+
+and 2 pi times a1.
+
+And then this is simply an
+indication that it's
+
+periodically repeated.
+
+All right.
+
+Now, let's consider what happens
+if we take a signal
+
+and multiply it, modulate
+it, by minus 1 to the n.
+
+Well in the frequency domain
+that corresponds to a
+
+convolution.
+
+Let's consider a signal x2
+of n which has a Fourier
+
+transform as I've
+indicated here.
+
+Then the Fourier transform of
+the product of x1 of n and x2
+
+of n is the convolution
+of these two spectra.
+
+And recall that if you could
+convolve something with an
+
+impulse train, as this is, that
+simply corresponds to
+
+taking the something and placing
+it at the positions of
+
+each of the impulses.
+
+So, in fact, the result of the
+convolution of this with this
+
+would then be the spectrum that
+I indicate here, namely
+
+this spectrum shifted up to pi
+and of course to minus pi.
+
+And then of course to not only
+pi but 3 pi and 5 pi, et
+
+cetera, et cetera.
+
+And so this spectrum, finally,
+corresponds to the Fourier
+
+transform of minus 1 to the n
+times x2 of n where x2 of n is
+
+the sequence whose spectrum
+was X2 of omega.
+
+OK, now, this is in fact an
+important, useful, and
+
+interesting point.
+
+What it says is if I have a
+signal with a certain spectrum
+
+and if I modulate--
+
+multiply--
+
+that signal by minus 1 to the
+n, meaning that I alternate
+
+the signs, then it takes
+the low frequencies--
+
+in effect, it shifts
+the spectrum by pi.
+
+So it takes the low frequencies
+and moves them up
+
+to high frequencies, and will
+incidentally take the high
+
+frequencies and move them
+to low frequencies.
+
+So in fact we, in essence,
+saw this when we took--
+
+or when I talked about the
+example of a sequence which
+
+was a to the n times u of n.
+
+Notice--
+
+let me draw your attention to
+the fact that when a is
+
+positive, we have this sequence
+and its Fourier
+
+transform is as I show
+on the right.
+
+For a negative, the sequence is
+identical to a positive but
+
+with alternating sines.
+
+And the Fourier transform of
+that you can now see, and
+
+verify also algebraically if
+you'd like, is identical to
+
+this spectrum, simply
+shifted by pi.
+
+So it says in fact that
+multiplying that impulse
+
+response, or if we think of a
+positive and a negative, that
+
+is algebraically similar to
+multiplying the impulse
+
+response by minus 1 to the n.
+
+And in the frequency domain,
+the effect of that,
+
+essentially, is shifting
+the spectrum by pi.
+
+And we can interpret that
+in the context of
+
+the modulation property.
+
+Now it's interesting that what
+that says is that if we have a
+
+system which corresponds to a
+lowpass filter, as I indicate
+
+here, with an impulse
+response h of n.
+
+And it can be any approximation
+to a lowpass
+
+filter and even an ideal
+lowpass filter.
+
+If we want to convert that to
+a highpass filter, we can do
+
+that by generating a new system
+whose impulse response
+
+is minus 1 to the n times the
+impulse response of the
+
+lowpass filter.
+
+And this modulation by minus
+1 to the n will take the
+
+frequency response of this
+system and shift it by pi so
+
+that what's going on here at low
+frequencies will now go on
+
+here at high frequencies.
+
+This also says, incidentally,
+that if we look at an ideal
+
+lowpass filter and an ideal
+highpass filter, and we choose
+
+the cutoff frequencies for
+comparison, or the bandwidth
+
+of the filter to be equal.
+
+Since this ideal highpass filter
+is this ideal lowpass
+
+filter with the frequency
+response shifted by pi, the
+
+modulation property tells us
+that in the time domain, what
+
+that corresponds to is an
+impulse response multiplied by
+
+minus 1 to the n.
+
+So it says that the impulse
+response of the highpass
+
+filter, or equivalently the
+inverse Fourier transform of
+
+the highpass filter frequency
+response, is minus 1 to the n
+
+times the impulse response
+for the lowpass filter.
+
+That all follows from the
+modulation property.
+
+Now there's another way, an
+interesting and useful way,
+
+that modulation can be used to
+implement or convert from
+
+lowpass filtering to
+highpass filtering.
+
+The modulation property tells us
+about multiplying the time
+
+domain is shifting in the
+frequency domain.
+
+And in the example that we
+happened to pick said if you
+
+multiply or modulate by minus
+1 to the n, that takes low
+
+frequencies and shifts them
+to high frequencies.
+
+What that tells us, as a
+practical and useful notion,
+
+is the following.
+
+Suppose we have a system that
+we know is a lowpass filter,
+
+and it's a good lowpass
+filter.
+
+How might we use it as
+a highpass filter?
+
+Well, one way to do it, instead
+of shifting its
+
+frequency response, is to take
+the original signal, shift its
+
+low frequencies to high
+frequencies and its high
+
+frequencies to low frequencies
+by multiplying the input
+
+signal, the original signal, by
+minus 1 to the n, process
+
+that with a lowpass filter where
+now what's sitting at
+
+the low frequencies were
+the high frequencies.
+
+And then unscramble it all at
+the output so that we put the
+
+frequencies back where
+they belong.
+
+And I summarize that here.
+
+Let's suppose, for example, that
+this system was a lowpass
+
+filter, and so it
+lowpass-filters
+
+whatever comes into it.
+
+Down below, I indicate taking
+the input and first
+
+interchanging the high and low
+frequencies through modulation
+
+with minus 1 to the n.
+
+Doing the lowpass filtering,
+which--
+
+and what's sitting at the low
+frequencies here were the high
+
+frequencies of this signal.
+
+And then after the lowpass
+filtering, moving the
+
+frequencies back where they
+belong by again modulating
+
+with minus 1 to the n.
+
+And that, in fact, turns out to
+be a very useful notion for
+
+applying a fixed lowpass
+filter to do highpass
+
+filtering and vice versa.
+
+OK, now, what we've seen and
+what we've talked about are
+
+the Fourier representation for
+discrete-time signals, and
+
+prior to that, continuous-time
+signals.
+
+And we've seen some very
+important similarities and
+
+differences.
+
+And what I'd like to do is
+conclude this lecture by
+
+summarizing those various
+relationships kind of all in
+
+one package, and in fact drawing
+your attention to both
+
+the similarities and differences
+and comparisons
+
+between them.
+
+Well, let's begin this summary
+by first looking at the
+
+continuous-time Fourier
+series.
+
+In the continuous-time Fourier
+series, we have a periodic
+
+time function expanded as
+a linear combination of
+
+harmonically-related complex
+exponentials.
+
+And there are an infinite
+number of these that are
+
+required to do the
+decomposition.
+
+And we saw an analysis equation
+which tells us how to
+
+get these Fourier series
+coefficients through an
+
+integration on the original
+time function.
+
+And notice in this that what
+we have is a continuous
+
+periodic time function.
+
+What we end up with in the
+frequency domain is a sequence
+
+of Fourier series coefficients
+which in fact is an infinite
+
+sequence, namely, requires all
+values of k in general.
+
+We had then generalized that to
+the continuous-time Fourier
+
+transform, and, in effect, in
+doing that what happened is
+
+that the synthesis equation in
+the Fourier series became an
+
+integral relationship in
+the Fourier transform.
+
+And we now have a
+continuous-time function which
+
+is no longer periodic, this was
+for the aperiodic case,
+
+represented as a linear
+combination of infinitesimally
+
+close-in-frequency complex
+exponentials with complex
+
+amplitudes given by X of omega
+d omega divided by 2 pi.
+
+And we had of course the
+corresponding analysis
+
+equation that told us how
+to get X of omega.
+
+Here we have a continuous-time
+function which is aperiodic,
+
+and a continuous function of
+frequency which is aperiodic.
+
+The conceptual strategy in the
+discrete-time case was very
+
+similar, with some differences
+resulting in the relationships
+
+because of some inherent
+differences between continuous
+
+time and discrete time.
+
+We began with the discrete-time
+Fourier series,
+
+corresponding to representing a
+periodic sequence through a
+
+set of complex exponentials,
+where now we only required a
+
+finite number of these because
+of the fact that, in fact,
+
+there are only a finite number
+of harmonically-related
+
+complex exponentials.
+
+That's an inherent property
+of discrete-time complex
+
+exponentials.
+
+And so we have a discrete,
+periodic time function.
+
+And we ended up with a set of
+Fourier series coefficients,
+
+which of course are discrete, as
+Fourier series coefficients
+
+are, and which periodically
+repeat because of the fact
+
+that the associated complex
+exponentials
+
+periodically repeat.
+
+We then used an argument similar
+to the continuous-time
+
+case for going from periodic
+time functions to aperiodic
+
+time functions.
+
+And we ended up with a
+relationship describing a
+
+representation for aperiodic
+discrete-time signals in which
+
+now the synthesis equation went
+from a summation to an
+
+integration, since the
+frequencies are now
+
+infinitesimally close, involving
+frequencies only
+
+over a 2 pi interval,
+and for which the
+
+amplitude factor X of omega--
+
+well, the amplitude factor
+is X of omega d omega
+
+divided by 2 pi.
+
+And this term, X of omega,
+which is the Fourier
+
+transform, is given by this
+summation, and of course
+
+involves all of the
+values of x of n.
+
+And so the important difference
+between the
+
+continuous-time and
+discrete-time case kind of
+
+arose, in part, out of the fact
+that discrete time is
+
+discrete time, continuous time
+is continuous time, and the
+
+fact that complex exponentials
+are periodic in discrete time.
+
+The harmonically-related ones
+periodically repeat whereas
+
+they don't in continuous time.
+
+Now this, among other things,
+has an important consequence
+
+for duality.
+
+And let's go back again and look
+at this equation, this
+
+pair of equations.
+
+And clearly there is no duality
+
+between these two equations.
+
+This involves a summation, this
+involves an integration.
+
+And so, in fact, if we make
+reference to duality, there
+
+isn't duality in the
+
+continuous-time Fourier series.
+
+However, for the continuous-time
+Fourier
+
+transform, we're talking about
+aperiodic time functions and
+
+aperiodic frequency functions.
+
+And, in fact, when we look at
+these two equations, we see
+
+very definitely a duality.
+
+In other words, the time
+function effectively is the
+
+Fourier transform of the
+Fourier transform.
+
+There's a little time reversal
+in there, but basically that's
+
+the result.
+
+And, in fact, we had exploited
+that duality property when we
+
+talked about the
+
+continuous-time Fourier transform.
+
+With the discrete-time Fourier
+series, we have a duality
+
+indicated by the fact that we
+have a periodic time function
+
+and a sequence which
+is periodic in
+
+the frequency domain.
+
+And in fact, if you look at
+these two expressions, you see
+
+the duality very clearly.
+
+And so it's the discrete-time
+Fourier
+
+series that has a duality.
+
+And finally the discrete-time
+Fourier transform loses the
+
+duality because of the fact,
+among other things, that in
+
+the time domain things are
+inherently discrete whereas in
+
+the frequency domain they're
+inherently continuous.
+
+So, in fact, here there
+is no duality.
+
+OK, now that says that there's
+a difference in the duality,
+
+continuous time and
+discrete time.
+
+And there's one more very
+important piece to the duality
+
+relationships.
+
+And we can see that first
+algebraically by comparing the
+
+continuous-time Fourier
+series and the
+
+discrete-time Fourier transform.
+
+The continuous-time Fourier
+series in the time domain is a
+
+periodic continuous function, in
+the frequency domain is an
+
+aperiodic sequence.
+
+In the discrete-time case, in
+the time domain we have an
+
+aperiodic sequence, and in the
+frequency domain we have a
+
+function of a continuous
+variable
+
+which we know is periodic.
+
+And so in fact we have,
+in the time domain
+
+here, aperiodic sequence.
+
+In the frequency domain
+we have a
+
+continuous periodic function.
+
+And in fact, if you look at the
+relationship between these
+
+two, then what we see in fact
+is a duality between the
+
+continuous-time Fourier
+series and the
+
+discrete-time Fourier transform.
+
+One way of thinking of that is
+to kind of think, and this is
+
+a little bit of a tongue twister
+which you might want
+
+to get straightened out slowly,
+but the Fourier
+
+transform in discrete time is a
+
+periodic function of frequency.
+
+That periodic function has a
+Fourier series representation.
+
+What is this Fourier series?
+
+What are the Fourier series
+coefficients of
+
+that periodic function?
+
+Well in fact, except for an
+issue of time reversal, what
+
+it is the original sequence
+for which
+
+that's the Fourier transform.
+
+And that is the duality that I'm
+trying to emphasize here.
+
+OK, well, so what we see is
+that these four sets of
+
+relationships all tie together
+in a whole variety of ways.
+
+And we will be exploiting as
+the discussion goes on the
+
+inner-connections and
+relationships
+
+that I've talked about.
+
+Also, as we've talked about the
+Fourier transform, both
+
+continuous time and discrete
+time, two important properties
+
+that we focused on, among many
+of the properties, are the
+
+convolution property and the
+modulation property.
+
+We've also shown that the
+convolution property leads to
+
+a very important concept,
+namely filtering.
+
+The modulation property leads
+to an important concept,
+
+namely modulation.
+
+We've also very briefly
+indicated how these properties
+
+and how these concepts have
+practical implications.
+
+In the next several lectures,
+we'll focus in more
+
+specifically first on filtering,
+and then on
+
+modulation.
+
+And as we'll see the filtering
+and modulation concepts form
+
+really the cornerstone
+of many, many
+
+signal processing ideas.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HaL1Q8f7M_o.txt b/HaL1Q8f7M_o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..040ec9fd73b19542377e54778ee464e865655a94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HaL1Q8f7M_o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9579 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+uh today is lecture two and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today is lecture two and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today is lecture two and we're going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+talking about counting and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about counting and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about counting and we're going
+to be talking about the mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking about the mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking about the mole
+which is a way to count to help us count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a way to count to help us count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a way to count to help us count
+and then and this is really exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and this is really exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and this is really exciting
+we're going to be building this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be building this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be building this
+and that is super exciting now everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is super exciting now everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is super exciting now everybody
+should have gotten one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have gotten one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have gotten one of these
+on the first day we'll be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first day we'll be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first day we'll be talking about
+this later in the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this later in the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this later in the lecture
+if you don't have this and for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have this and for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have this and for that
+matter if you oh there's laura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if you oh there's laura
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if you oh there's laura
+laura has like thousands of these and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laura has like thousands of these and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laura has like thousands of these and if
+you need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need one
+um uh please ask laura enough also if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh please ask laura enough also if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh please ask laura enough also if
+you need a goodie bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a goodie bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a goodie bag
+which we gave out on the first day uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we gave out on the first day uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we gave out on the first day uh
+please get in touch with laura and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please get in touch with laura and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please get in touch with laura and
+she'll give you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she'll give you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she'll give you one
+we have extras here you can stop by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have extras here you can stop by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have extras here you can stop by our
+office later get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office later get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office later get one
+please today all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please today all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please today all right now
+last uh uh lecture we left off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh uh lecture we left off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh uh lecture we left off with
+uh remember those guys like boyle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remember those guys like boyle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remember those guys like boyle and
+priestly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priestly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priestly
+and uh and lavoisier conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and lavoisier conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and lavoisier conservation of
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+right and what these guys were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what these guys were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what these guys were doing
+is they were they were smashing and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they were they were smashing and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they were they were smashing and and
+burning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning and
+pushing on things and trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing on things and trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing on things and trying to figure
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+what it was that was that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was that was that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was that was that that that
+sort of fundamental object that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fundamental object that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fundamental object that you
+couldn't break apart anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't break apart anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't break apart anymore
+and remember it was democritus that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember it was democritus that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember it was democritus that said
+there is such a thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is such a thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is such a thing right
+he said there was this such a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said there was this such a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said there was this such a thing
+called adams atomos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called adams atomos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called adams atomos
+and so we come to dalton who said look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we come to dalton who said look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we come to dalton who said look
+these things were trying we're calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things were trying we're calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things were trying we're calling
+them elements right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them elements right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them elements right now
+let's in honor of that indivisibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's in honor of that indivisibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's in honor of that indivisibility
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+let's call them atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call them atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call them atoms and
+and dalton did a lot of really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dalton did a lot of really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dalton did a lot of really important
+experiments and he was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and he was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and he was also
+trying to smash and break and measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to smash and break and measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to smash and break and measure
+and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out
+what what are these indivisible in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are these indivisible in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are these indivisible in in
+what are these things that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these things that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these things that you can't
+break apart anymore what are these atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break apart anymore what are these atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break apart anymore what are these atoms
+how many of them are there what do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of them are there what do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of them are there what do they
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+and uh he came up with a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh he came up with a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh he came up with a pretty
+important uh uh observation which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh uh observation which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh uh observation which is a
+he called it the law of multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he called it the law of multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he called it the law of multiple
+proportions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions
+and um and in this so so what dalton did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is he said look i'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he said look i'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he said look i'm going to take
+something and react it with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and react it with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and react it with something
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+and it's going to react fully okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to react fully okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to react fully okay so
+so there's no limiting reagent there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no limiting reagent there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no limiting reagent there's
+no excess it's just everything reacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no excess it's just everything reacted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no excess it's just everything reacted
+here and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and everything
+i'm going to measure how much stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to measure how much stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to measure how much stuff
+reacts and then how much i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts and then how much i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts and then how much i get
+and and so if you take like an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so if you take like an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so if you take like an example
+of this law of multiple proportions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this law of multiple proportions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this law of multiple proportions
+if you take an example of how that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take an example of how that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take an example of how that came
+about what he observed is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what he observed is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what he observed is that if you
+had sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had sort of
+for example um maybe you had sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example um maybe you had sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example um maybe you had sort of
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+one and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you
+you you react some amount so he's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you react some amount so he's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you react some amount so he's going
+to react some amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to react some amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to react some amount
+so let's say he reacted okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say he reacted okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say he reacted okay
+i don't know some amount let's write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know some amount let's write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know some amount let's write it
+yeah some amount of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah some amount of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah some amount of something
+maybe carbon and some amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe carbon and some amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe carbon and some amount of
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+how about oxygen and he would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about oxygen and he would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about oxygen and he would get
+some amount right okay you know he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount right okay you know he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount right okay you know he's
+doing all these calculations he's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all these calculations he's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all these calculations he's doing
+all his measurements so i'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all his measurements so i'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all his measurements so i'm trying to
+get you back in that mood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you back in that mood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you back in that mood
+how much do i have i don't know weigh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do i have i don't know weigh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do i have i don't know weigh it
+measure it that's what he was doing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it that's what he was doing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it that's what he was doing over
+and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over
+but he had some amount of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aha now he would do this over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha now he would do this over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha now he would do this over and over
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+some amount of car okay i'm just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of car okay i'm just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of car okay i'm just taking
+these two elements as an example he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two elements as an example he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two elements as an example he did
+this for many many elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for many many elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for many many elements
+right so so some amount of carbon with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so some amount of carbon with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so some amount of carbon with
+some and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some and
+in case one you find okay everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case one you find okay everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case one you find okay everything
+reacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts
+and i get this carbon to oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get this carbon to oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get this carbon to oxygen
+mass ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass ratio
+of let's say 1 to 1.33
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let's say 1 to 1.33
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let's say 1 to 1.33
+i measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that's how much of the sum amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's how much of the sum amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's how much of the sum amount
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+1 to one point three three reacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to one point three three reacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to one point three three reacts
+fully remember no excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully remember no excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully remember no excess
+because it adds a little more and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it adds a little more and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it adds a little more and it's
+excess no this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess no this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess no this
+reacts fully then you do it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts fully then you do it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts fully then you do it again
+case two and he'd find that this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case two and he'd find that this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case two and he'd find that this same
+ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+was 1 to 2.66
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he noticed a pattern and he noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he noticed a pattern and he noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he noticed a pattern and he noticed
+a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pattern
+and he called it the law of multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he called it the law of multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he called it the law of multiple
+proportions because what he found is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions because what he found is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions because what he found is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you could keep on going and in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could keep on going and in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could keep on going and in some
+cases not all cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases not all cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases not all cases
+but in some cases like carbon and oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some cases like carbon and oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some cases like carbon and oxygen
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+these these would come in ratios these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these would come in ratios these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these would come in ratios these
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+right 3 2.66 divided by 1.33
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 3 2.66 divided by 1.33
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 3 2.66 divided by 1.33
+is an integer these things would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an integer these things would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an integer these things would happen
+in in integer ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in integer ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in integer ratios
+integer amounts so i could i could keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer amounts so i could i could keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer amounts so i could i could keep
+going and maybe i'd get three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and maybe i'd get three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and maybe i'd get three or four
+right and and what that means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and what that means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and what that means is that
+well over here this some amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well over here this some amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well over here this some amount of
+something is it says something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is it says something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is it says something about the
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+right because it says maybe this maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it says maybe this maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it says maybe this maybe
+these somethings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these somethings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these somethings
+are some are like co and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some are like co and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some are like co and
+co2 right for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 right for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 right for example
+maybe oh but not definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe oh but not definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe oh but not definitely
+and that frustrated dalton that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that frustrated dalton that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that frustrated dalton that
+frustrated him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated him
+we'll come back to that in a sec right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that in a sec right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that in a sec right
+but he did this and he and he and he saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he did this and he and he and he saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he did this and he and he and he saw
+he observed these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he observed these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he observed these
+these these ratios these integer ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these ratios these integer ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these ratios these integer ratios
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+what would react with what he's trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would react with what he's trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would react with what he's trying
+to figure out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what's
+what is he making right what is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is he making right what is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is he making right what is he
+making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+now um now he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um now he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um now he
+he also as with lavoisier remember i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also as with lavoisier remember i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also as with lavoisier remember i
+showed you the lavoisiers tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the lavoisiers tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the lavoisiers tableau
+well he had his own table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he had his own table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he had his own table
+and and here it is so here's in 1827
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here it is so here's in 1827
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here it is so here's in 1827
+he had identified 36 elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the thing is though um okay point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing is though um okay point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing is though um okay point
+one if you're going to try to brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you're going to try to brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you're going to try to brand
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+which he clearly tried with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he clearly tried with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he clearly tried with these
+symbols you can't make him this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols you can't make him this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols you can't make him this
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+right i'm pretty happy that that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm pretty happy that that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm pretty happy that that's not
+how we write our elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we write our elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we write our elements
+you can see that this would be very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that this would be very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that this would be very hard
+but he did come up with these symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he did come up with these symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he did come up with these symbols
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+you can see it'd be very hard to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it'd be very hard to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it'd be very hard to keep
+going uh without getting complicated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uh without getting complicated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uh without getting complicated so
+i think we're pretty lucky that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're pretty lucky that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're pretty lucky that
+brazilians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brazilians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brazilians
+came along and figured out how to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came along and figured out how to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came along and figured out how to name
+these elements in a consistent way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements in a consistent way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements in a consistent way
+but that wasn't his real problem his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that wasn't his real problem his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that wasn't his real problem his
+real problem was what i just alluded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problem was what i just alluded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problem was what i just alluded to
+see he he knew that he had these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see he he knew that he had these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see he he knew that he had these
+different elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements
+but he didn't know what the compositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he didn't know what the compositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he didn't know what the compositions
+were he had he was so close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were he had he was so close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were he had he was so close
+he was so close he could see that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was so close he could see that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was so close he could see that these
+ah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah but
+is it co and co2 or is it co2 and co4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it co and co2 or is it co2 and co4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it co and co2 or is it co2 and co4
+that he didn't know that he didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he didn't know that he didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he didn't know that he didn't know
+because he didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he didn't have
+an accurate way to measure the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accurate way to measure the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accurate way to measure the mass of
+an atom not at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom not at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom not at that time
+right but he did have this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but he did have this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but he did have this this this
+nice ability to see these series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice ability to see these series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice ability to see these series
+okay but in comes other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in comes other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in comes other
+measurements and you had guy lusak who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and you had guy lusak who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and you had guy lusak who
+was looking at volumes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking at volumes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking at volumes right
+and and so guy luck was saying oh look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so guy luck was saying oh look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so guy luck was saying oh look
+if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take
+a certain amount of volume of a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of volume of a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of volume of a gas
+right one gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one gas
+and i and i react it again completely no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i and i react it again completely no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i and i react it again completely no
+excess okay and i react it with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess okay and i react it with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess okay and i react it with another
+gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+and then i see i get something else over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i see i get something else over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i see i get something else over
+here right i can measure the volumes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right i can measure the volumes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right i can measure the volumes and
+i do this for the cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do this for the cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do this for the cases where
+there's nothing left over nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing left over nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing left over nothing
+limited it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited it
+and so he would find for example what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he would find for example what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he would find for example what's
+shown up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown up there
+you know he would find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he would find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he would find that
+you've got for every two volumes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got for every two volumes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got for every two volumes of
+hydrogen gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen gas
+so he's got two volumes of hydrogen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's got two volumes of hydrogen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's got two volumes of hydrogen that
+he would react with one volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of oxygen and he would notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxygen and he would notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxygen and he would notice
+that he would get two volumes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would get two volumes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would get two volumes of
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+that had let's not put a dash there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had let's not put a dash there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had let's not put a dash there it
+had hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had hydrogen
+and oxygen in it he knew that now he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen in it he knew that now he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen in it he knew that now he
+knew this because he was very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew this because he was very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew this because he was very careful
+right so nothing leaked he said no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so nothing leaked he said no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so nothing leaked he said no
+everything is accounted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is accounted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is accounted for
+lavoisier holds right conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lavoisier holds right conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lavoisier holds right conservation of
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+i'm not losing anything here and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not losing anything here and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not losing anything here and as
+lavoisier said in a chemical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lavoisier said in a chemical reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lavoisier said in a chemical reaction
+mathis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathis
+mass is neither created nor destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is neither created nor destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is neither created nor destroyed
+so i know that whatever is over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i know that whatever is over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i know that whatever is over here
+must consist of whatever i had here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must consist of whatever i had here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must consist of whatever i had here
+oxygen and hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he kept doing it for other you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he kept doing it for other you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he kept doing it for other you know
+lots of different types of gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different types of gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different types of gases
+but it was very strange because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was very strange because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was very strange because what
+happened is sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is sometimes
+you know sometimes you'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sometimes you'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sometimes you'd get
+the volumes are the same so you'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volumes are the same so you'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volumes are the same so you'd get
+like he did it for hydrogen and chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he did it for hydrogen and chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he did it for hydrogen and chlorine
+one volume of hydrogen and one volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one volume of hydrogen and one volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one volume of hydrogen and one volume
+of chlorine would give you two volumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chlorine would give you two volumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chlorine would give you two volumes
+of hydrogen and chlorine something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogen and chlorine something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogen and chlorine something that
+had hydrogen and chlorine in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had hydrogen and chlorine in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had hydrogen and chlorine in it
+and so there you'd mix one and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there you'd mix one and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there you'd mix one and add
+another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one
+and you'd get two it seems it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd get two it seems it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd get two it seems it kind of
+makes sense right you said add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right you said add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right you said add one
+volume get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume get it
+but here you'd mix two volumes add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you'd mix two volumes add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you'd mix two volumes add
+another volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another volume
+and it would feel like it was reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would feel like it was reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would feel like it was reduced
+something in the reaction happened that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the reaction happened that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the reaction happened that
+gave you a lower volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you a lower volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you a lower volume
+what could it possibly be right what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could it possibly be right what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could it possibly be right what was
+going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+this is what they were grappling with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what they were grappling with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what they were grappling with
+this is where they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where they were
+and then along comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+avogadro now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avogadro now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avogadro now i
+wish we all called him lorenzo romano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish we all called him lorenzo romano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish we all called him lorenzo romano
+amadeo carlo avogadro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amadeo carlo avogadro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amadeo carlo avogadro
+which is his full name but we shall call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is his full name but we shall call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is his full name but we shall call
+him avogadro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him avogadro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him avogadro
+and he made a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he made a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he made a critical
+proposal he said look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the way to explain what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to explain what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to explain what's going on in
+guy lu sacks volume measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy lu sacks volume measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy lu sacks volume measurements
+is to make the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make the following
+assumption oh i have another board over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption oh i have another board over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption oh i have another board over
+here is to make the following assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to make the following assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to make the following assumption
+and i think if you've had high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think if you've had high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think if you've had high school
+chemistry you know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry you know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry you know what this
+is but i'm going to put it here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but i'm going to put it here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but i'm going to put it here because
+of how important it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how important it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how important it
+is so avogadro said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so avogadro said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so avogadro said that
+at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at constant
+temperature and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure
+equal volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal volume
+equals same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles
+so if i have the f i'm at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have the f i'm at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have the f i'm at the same
+temperature pressure if i have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure if i have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure if i have the same
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+i have the same number of particles now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have the same number of particles now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have the same number of particles now
+what are those particles oh he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are those particles oh he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are those particles oh he was
+flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible
+this is important he was flexible he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important he was flexible he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important he was flexible he
+said those particles could be atoms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said those particles could be atoms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said those particles could be atoms or
+they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be
+combinations of atoms it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of atoms it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of atoms it could be
+molecules remember at the time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules remember at the time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules remember at the time they
+weren't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't even
+they hadn't all settled on the atom as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hadn't all settled on the atom as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hadn't all settled on the atom as a
+name even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name even
+what were these things equal volumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were these things equal volumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were these things equal volumes
+same number of particles and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of particles and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of particles and this
+really helped because you see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helped because you see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helped because you see if you
+make that assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and you believe these volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you believe these volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you believe these volume
+measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+then it becomes very clear what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it becomes very clear what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it becomes very clear what you have
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+right i can't have if i have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i can't have if i have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i can't have if i have the same
+number of particles in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles in here
+and i believe in lavoisier who tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i believe in lavoisier who tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i believe in lavoisier who tells me
+nothing comes in or out in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing comes in or out in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing comes in or out in terms of the
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+i didn't create or destroy atoms then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't create or destroy atoms then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't create or destroy atoms then
+you know that if i have two volumes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that if i have two volumes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that if i have two volumes of
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+if i start with let's say i started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i start with let's say i started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i start with let's say i started with
+o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o
+and h it doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h it doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h it doesn't work
+i can't make enough water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't make enough water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't make enough water
+i just can't make enough particles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just can't make enough particles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just can't make enough particles the
+the number of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of particles
+on the right has to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right has to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right has to be equal to the
+number of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles
+in those two volumes of of hydrogen it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those two volumes of of hydrogen it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those two volumes of of hydrogen it's
+got to add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to add up
+counting has to work that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting has to work that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting has to work that's what
+avogadro gave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avogadro gave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avogadro gave us
+is this idea of counting and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this idea of counting and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this idea of counting and that's why
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+we've named a constant after him which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've named a constant after him which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've named a constant after him which
+i'll get to because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or in honor of avogadro salute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in honor of avogadro salute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in honor of avogadro salute
+he was italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so if you believe avogadro if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you believe avogadro if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you believe avogadro if you
+believe avogadro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe avogadro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe avogadro
+this becomes clear because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes clear because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes clear because
+the only way for these things to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way for these things to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way for these things to work
+then is if here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is if here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is if here
+you know i'm counting how much volumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm counting how much volumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm counting how much volumes
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so here i'm i've got hcl only if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i'm i've got hcl only if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i'm i've got hcl only if this is
+a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two
+and that's a two diatomic gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the only way the numbers work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only way the numbers work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only way the numbers work and
+here i've got to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i've got to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i've got to have two
+and two and this must be h2o oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and this must be h2o oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and this must be h2o oh
+or at least it's one simple and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least it's one simple and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least it's one simple and very
+plausible explanation if avogadro's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible explanation if avogadro's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible explanation if avogadro's
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+was right dalton didn't buy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right dalton didn't buy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right dalton didn't buy it
+dalton said uh uh no way you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dalton said uh uh no way you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dalton said uh uh no way you've got
+leaks dude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaks dude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaks dude
+and and he he really was harsh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and he he really was harsh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and he he really was harsh
+right he's uh water is oh everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he's uh water is oh everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he's uh water is oh everybody
+thought water was o-h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought water was o-h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought water was o-h
+at the time right and so dalton said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time right and so dalton said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time right and so dalton said you
+must have made a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have made a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have made a mistake
+i block you on instagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i block you on instagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i block you on instagram
+i block you and it was pretty tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i block you and it was pretty tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i block you and it was pretty tough
+because avocado
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because avocado
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because avocado
+you know put a lot of really brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know put a lot of really brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know put a lot of really brilliant
+work out there that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out there that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out there that was
+really ignored for 50 years until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ignored for 50 years until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ignored for 50 years until
+canizado came along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canizado came along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canizado came along
+and others 50 years later two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others 50 years later two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others 50 years later two years
+after he died was when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he died was when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he died was when
+we had the first evidence that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the first evidence that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the first evidence that the
+scientific community was willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific community was willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific community was willing to
+believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+that his hypothesis was right what a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his hypothesis was right what a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his hypothesis was right what a big
+deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal
+his work was now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work was now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work was now
+um okay now i i mentioned that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay now i i mentioned that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay now i i mentioned that this is
+i'm mentioning all this because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm mentioning all this because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm mentioning all this because we are
+going to use his constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use his constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use his constant
+a lot the avogadro constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot the avogadro constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot the avogadro constant
+and it's a way and so i want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a way and so i want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a way and so i want to talk
+about that constant and i want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that constant and i want to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that constant and i want to do it
+in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context
+of our candle and so because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our candle and so because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our candle and so because this
+constant this number of this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this number of this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this number of this idea
+of the number of particles you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of particles you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of particles you have in
+chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+is is is the link between the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is the link between the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is the link between the atomic
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+and the macroscopic world that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the macroscopic world that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the macroscopic world that's what
+his constant does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his constant does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his constant does
+for us okay now let's put that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us okay now let's put that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us okay now let's put that into
+context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context
+if i were to ask you a question like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i were to ask you a question like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i were to ask you a question like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+i have that candle remember the candle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have that candle remember the candle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have that candle remember the candle
+the c25h52
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c25h52
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c25h52
+and i say well okay you've lit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i say well okay you've lit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i say well okay you've lit the
+candle how many candle molecules burn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle how many candle molecules burn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle how many candle molecules burn in
+a minute i want to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute i want to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute i want to know that
+don't we all right like that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we all right like that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we all right like that's a pretty
+important question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important question
+i see a lot of people nodding thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see a lot of people nodding thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see a lot of people nodding thank you
+for that agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that agreement
+and i could say well i assume at 12 hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i could say well i assume at 12 hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i could say well i assume at 12 hour
+candle the mass of 90 grams just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle the mass of 90 grams just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle the mass of 90 grams just get
+that off of a candle on amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that off of a candle on amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that off of a candle on amazon
+right how many molecules burn in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many molecules burn in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many molecules burn in a
+minute what i need to know is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute what i need to know is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute what i need to know is well
+how many are we sort of talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many are we sort of talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many are we sort of talking about
+how do we know how to even answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know how to even answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know how to even answer this
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+and it comes from the link but see to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes from the link but see to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes from the link but see to
+answer this kind of question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this kind of question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this kind of question
+which i'm sure so many people wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm sure so many people wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm sure so many people wanted to
+know back then you must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know back then you must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know back then you must have
+a way to talk about big numbers you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to talk about big numbers you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to talk about big numbers you must
+why because there's a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because there's a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because there's a lot of these
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+in a very tiny amount of volume a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very tiny amount of volume a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very tiny amount of volume a lot
+drop of water for perspective has 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop of water for perspective has 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop of water for perspective has 10
+trillion molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion molecules
+10 trillion molecules anybody know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 trillion molecules anybody know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 trillion molecules anybody know how
+many cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cells
+you have in your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's about 100 let's call it 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 100 let's call it 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 100 let's call it 100
+trillion just to be nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion just to be nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion just to be nice
+right it's 100 trillion cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's 100 trillion cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's 100 trillion cells
+and and so we need we you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so we need we you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so we need we you know if you're
+going to talk about how many cells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about how many cells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about how many cells you
+have or how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have or how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have or how many
+molecules there are in a drop of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules there are in a drop of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules there are in a drop of water
+you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have
+a big number a big scale and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big number a big scale and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big number a big scale and that
+is what a mole is and we name it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what a mole is and we name it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what a mole is and we name it
+avogadro didn't come up with this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avogadro didn't come up with this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avogadro didn't come up with this number
+this was gotten much later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was gotten much later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was gotten much later
+right but we name it after him in honor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but we name it after him in honor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but we name it after him in honor
+of the work he did on counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work he did on counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work he did on counting
+on counting atoms and molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on counting atoms and molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on counting atoms and molecules and
+that's the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number
+this is the way we talk about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way we talk about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way we talk about it and
+just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be
+complete avogadro's constant which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete avogadro's constant which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete avogadro's constant which is
+a mole one mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mole one mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mole one mole
+is equal to 6.022 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 6.022 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 6.022 times
+10 to the 23rd it's just a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 23rd it's just a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 23rd it's just a number
+right it's just a number but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just a number but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just a number but it's a
+really important one because it provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important one because it provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important one because it provides
+the link so if i asked you how many you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link so if i asked you how many you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link so if i asked you how many you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+okay if i take like how many uh eggs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if i take like how many uh eggs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if i take like how many uh eggs are
+there in a dozen eggs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in a dozen eggs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in a dozen eggs
+it's 12. how many eggs are how many bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 12. how many eggs are how many bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 12. how many eggs are how many bags
+of sugar are there in a dozen bags of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sugar are there in a dozen bags of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sugar are there in a dozen bags of
+sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+is 12 right how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 12 right how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 12 right how many
+atoms are there in a mole of atoms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are there in a mole of atoms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are there in a mole of atoms that
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+that's all it is it's a number okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all it is it's a number okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all it is it's a number okay
+uh oh but a dozen eggs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh but a dozen eggs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh but a dozen eggs
+weighs differently than a dozen bags of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighs differently than a dozen bags of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighs differently than a dozen bags of
+sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+so a mole of one atom will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a mole of one atom will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a mole of one atom will have a
+different amount of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amount of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amount of mass
+a different weight than a mole of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different weight than a mole of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different weight than a mole of
+another atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another atom
+and that's the link that he gave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the link that he gave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the link that he gave us
+that's the link that this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the link that this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the link that this number
+gave us and you know in particular again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us and you know in particular again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us and you know in particular again
+going back to this idea of counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to this idea of counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to this idea of counting
+we can count now with this link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can count now with this link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can count now with this link
+if i asked you to if i said well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i asked you to if i said well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i asked you to if i said well how
+many pennies are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many pennies are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many pennies are there
+and i gave you a mass of pennies right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i gave you a mass of pennies right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i gave you a mass of pennies right
+if i had 2.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had 2.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had 2.5
+kilograms of pennies and i say how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms of pennies and i say how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms of pennies and i say how many
+pennies do i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennies do i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennies do i have
+then all i need to know is how much each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all i need to know is how much each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all i need to know is how much each
+penny weighs i'm not going to count them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny weighs i'm not going to count them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny weighs i'm not going to count them
+right you don't want to count them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't want to count them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't want to count them you
+want to do something a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do something a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do something a little
+easier so if i have one penny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so if i have one penny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so if i have one penny
+weighs 2.5 grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighs 2.5 grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighs 2.5 grams
+then i know that i can just get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i know that i can just get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i know that i can just get this
+really easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easily
+i have a thousand pennies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what a mole does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what a mole does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what a mole does
+a mole gives us the length so a mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mole gives us the length so a mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mole gives us the length so a mole
+if i have moles then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have moles then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have moles then
+i can go to the mass of an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can go to the mass of an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can go to the mass of an atom
+the mass of an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of an atom
+and from that i can go all the way up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that i can go all the way up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that i can go all the way up to
+grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is this is critical okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this is critical okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this is critical okay the
+mass of the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the atom
+and the grams per mole are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the grams per mole are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the grams per mole are the same
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+that's what the mole gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the mole gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the mole gives us
+right so one mole so so in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one mole so so in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one mole so so in the in the
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carbon has a mass per atom of 12.011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon has a mass per atom of 12.011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon has a mass per atom of 12.011
+amu these are atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amu these are atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amu these are atomic
+mass units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's just a way to measure things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a way to measure things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a way to measure things that
+have very little mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very little mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very little mass
+but the link here is that if i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the link here is that if i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the link here is that if i have a
+mole of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole of these things
+if i have a mole one mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a mole one mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a mole one mole
+of carbon then i have exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon then i have exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon then i have exactly
+12.011 grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back and forth grams atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth grams atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth grams atoms
+numbers of atoms mass per atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of atoms mass per atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of atoms mass per atom
+all right so one carbon atom has a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so one carbon atom has a mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so one carbon atom has a mass
+of 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 12
+atomic mass units we don't need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic mass units we don't need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic mass units we don't need to know
+we this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this is
+this comes from weighing neutrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from weighing neutrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from weighing neutrons and
+protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons
+we'll get to that next week we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to that next week we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to that next week we don't
+need to know that yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know that yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know that yet
+but this isn't a this is a mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this isn't a this is a mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this isn't a this is a mass of
+things at the very tiny scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at the very tiny scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at the very tiny scale
+and if i have a mole of those atoms i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i have a mole of those atoms i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i have a mole of those atoms i
+get to grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to grams
+okay so it's my link now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's my link now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's my link now
+where is this amount where is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is this amount where is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is this amount where is this
+this critical number that gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this critical number that gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this critical number that gives me the
+counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting
+per gram it's of course here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per gram it's of course here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per gram it's of course here
+in your periodic table this is where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your periodic table this is where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your periodic table this is where you
+get that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that information
+okay so we'll be building that up as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll be building that up as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll be building that up as we
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+let's say why does this why why do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say why does this why why do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say why does this why why do i
+need to count well let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to count well let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to count well let's go back to
+answer our question now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer our question now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer our question now
+that's the that's the link that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the link that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the link that number
+avogadro's constant links these atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avogadro's constant links these atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avogadro's constant links these atomic
+masses to grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses to grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses to grams
+right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um
+now i can answer the question how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can answer the question how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can answer the question how many
+candle molecules burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle molecules burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle molecules burn
+in one minute well let's do that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one minute well let's do that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one minute well let's do that because
+now i know that one mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i know that one mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i know that one mole
+of c 25 h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c 25 h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c 25 h
+52 is something like 352
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 is something like 352
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 is something like 352
+oh fine 0.7 grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh fine 0.7 grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh fine 0.7 grams
+how do i know that because i can look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i know that because i can look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i know that because i can look up
+what a mole ways of carbon in here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a mole ways of carbon in here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a mole ways of carbon in here right
+how many grams and i can look up how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many grams and i can look up how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many grams and i can look up how
+many grams a mole of hydrogen weighs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many grams a mole of hydrogen weighs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many grams a mole of hydrogen weighs
+and then i can multiply 25 and 52 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can multiply 25 and 52 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can multiply 25 and 52 and
+that's how many grams i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how many grams i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how many grams i get
+one mole of it is that oh the link is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mole of it is that oh the link is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mole of it is that oh the link is
+coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+the link is coming it's very exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because in a 12 hour candle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a 12 hour candle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a 12 hour candle
+if it's 90 grams so if i have a 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's 90 grams so if i have a 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's 90 grams so if i have a 90
+gram candle as i've said in the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram candle as i've said in the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram candle as i've said in the problem
+then i i know now that that is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i i know now that that is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i i know now that that is about
+0.25 moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.25 moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.25 moles
+right because you know because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you know because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you know because of this
+see that 90 over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that 90 over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that 90 over that
+so now i know how many moles of candle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i know how many moles of candle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i know how many moles of candle
+i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got
+right i know how many moles of candle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i know how many moles of candle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i know how many moles of candle
+i've got but but remember a mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got but but remember a mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got but but remember a mole
+a a mole is just a number it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a mole is just a number it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a mole is just a number it's just a
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+so this is how many moles of candle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how many moles of candle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how many moles of candle
+molecules i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules i have
+and oh okay i'm gonna in one minute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh okay i'm gonna in one minute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh okay i'm gonna in one minute it
+says in one minute so in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in one minute so in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in one minute so in one
+minute well okay there's 60 minutes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute well okay there's 60 minutes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute well okay there's 60 minutes in
+an hour and it's 12 hours just a 720
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour and it's 12 hours just a 720
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour and it's 12 hours just a 720
+minute candle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute candle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute candle
+right so in one minute 1 720th of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in one minute 1 720th of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in one minute 1 720th of that
+is what burns if it lasts 12 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what burns if it lasts 12 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what burns if it lasts 12 hours
+i'm just taking the information i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just taking the information i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just taking the information i was
+given right and i'm using the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given right and i'm using the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given right and i'm using the math
+of minutes and hours 1 720th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minutes and hours 1 720th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minutes and hours 1 720th
+okay all right good so hundred 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right good so hundred 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right good so hundred 1
+twentieth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twentieth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twentieth
+of the candle burns in one minute one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the candle burns in one minute one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the candle burns in one minute one
+seven hundred twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven hundred twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven hundred twenty
+of the candle burns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the candle burns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the candle burns
+and that if the candle is that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that if the candle is that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that if the candle is that many
+moles that's this many moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles that's this many moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles that's this many moles
+zero point zero zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point zero zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point zero zero
+nope zero three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope zero three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope zero three four
+seven moles why did i do all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven moles why did i do all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven moles why did i do all that
+because i can now answer the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i can now answer the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i can now answer the question
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+of avogadro's constant because a mole is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of avogadro's constant because a mole is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of avogadro's constant because a mole is
+just a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number
+a mole is just a number so if i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mole is just a number so if i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mole is just a number so if i've got
+that many moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many moles
+then i know that i've got 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i know that i've got 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i know that i've got 2
+times 10 to the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the 20th
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roughly so i have been able to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly so i have been able to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly so i have been able to answer
+this question by going back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question by going back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question by going back and forth
+did you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you notice
+i looked here to get the grams per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i looked here to get the grams per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i looked here to get the grams per mole
+i figured out how much candle i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i figured out how much candle i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i figured out how much candle i had
+that gave me in grams that gave me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave me in grams that gave me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave me in grams that gave me how
+many moles i have of candle and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many moles i have of candle and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many moles i have of candle and then
+that gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave
+me the number back and forth back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the number back and forth back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the number back and forth back and
+forth that's what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth that's what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth that's what we do
+avogadro's constant gets us in and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avogadro's constant gets us in and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avogadro's constant gets us in and out
+of the atomic world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atomic world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atomic world
+okay and so we're going to practice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we're going to practice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we're going to practice that
+a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now but and this gets me back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but and this gets me back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but and this gets me back to
+what we started on wednesday i mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we started on wednesday i mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we started on wednesday i mentioned
+that and i always like to give you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and i always like to give you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and i always like to give you guys
+advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice
+if i can and last time i mentioned if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can and last time i mentioned if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can and last time i mentioned if
+you're on a date at a restaurant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on a date at a restaurant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on a date at a restaurant
+ask them to give you not a candle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them to give you not a candle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them to give you not a candle but
+some c25h52
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some c25h52
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some c25h52
+as a test for the quality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a test for the quality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a test for the quality of the
+restaurant now i'm asking you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant now i'm asking you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant now i'm asking you to do
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+go into yeah it's noisy you want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into yeah it's noisy you want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into yeah it's noisy you want to talk
+right you know i don't know first date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know i don't know first date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know i don't know first date
+is a little nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little nervous
+you want to quiet a room ask them for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to quiet a room ask them for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to quiet a room ask them for a
+if there's a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a room
+where you can kind of shut the door and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can kind of shut the door and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can kind of shut the door and
+get that noise out and it's quiet so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that noise out and it's quiet so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that noise out and it's quiet so you
+can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk
+but now you are armed with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you are armed with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you are armed with very
+important knowledge because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important knowledge because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important knowledge because
+now you know how much volume you have of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know how much volume you have of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know how much volume you have of
+air in the room and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air in the room and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air in the room and therefore
+how much oxygen you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you light a candle and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you light a candle and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you light a candle and you're
+taking 10 to the 2 times 10 to the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking 10 to the 2 times 10 to the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking 10 to the 2 times 10 to the 20th
+molecules of candle out of the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of candle out of the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of candle out of the air
+by the way how many molecules of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way how many molecules of oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way how many molecules of oxygen
+are you burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah how many molecules of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+38 balance 38 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 balance 38 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 balance 38 times
+as many molecules for each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many molecules for each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many molecules for each one of these
+that burns you need 38 molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that burns you need 38 molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that burns you need 38 molecules of
+oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+so 38 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 38 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 38 times
+as many o2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many o2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many o2
+now i don't know about you but if i'm on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i don't know about you but if i'm on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i don't know about you but if i'm on
+this date i'm looking it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this date i'm looking it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this date i'm looking it up
+humans need the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+needs 1.9 grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs 1.9 grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs 1.9 grams
+of oxygen per minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you need that i mean you know maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need that i mean you know maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need that i mean you know maybe it's
+variable but you need roughly that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but you need roughly that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but you need roughly that and
+there's two of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.42 grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.42 grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.42 grams
+of o2 is burned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of o2 is burned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of o2 is burned
+is burned per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is burned per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is burned per
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero point who's gonna win you or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point who's gonna win you or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point who's gonna win you or the
+candle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle
+so you gotta be just aware of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you gotta be just aware of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you gotta be just aware of this and
+now look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look
+i'm not saying that um i'm not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying that um i'm not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying that um i'm not saying
+this is the kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of thing
+we can do now and i'm not saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do now and i'm not saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do now and i'm not saying that
+everyone's going to understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's going to understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's going to understand this
+you might be out you might not be with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be out you might not be with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be out you might not be with
+an mit student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an mit student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an mit student
+you might be with a student from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be with a student from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be with a student from some
+other school down the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other school down the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other school down the street
+and i you know all i want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i you know all i want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i you know all i want to say
+be nice be nice it may not be their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice be nice it may not be their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice be nice it may not be their
+fault that they're where they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault that they're where they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault that they're where they are
+it may not be their fault go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may not be their fault go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may not be their fault go through
+this with them carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with them carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with them carefully
+slowly explain these concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly explain these concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly explain these concepts
+and this gets me to the other topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this gets me to the other topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this gets me to the other topic of
+conversation that you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation that you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation that you can have
+and this gets me to my why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this gets me to my why this matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this gets me to my why this matters
+moment for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment for today
+why does this matter why does counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this matter why does counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this matter why does counting
+and thinking about how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about how much
+of stuff you're using by using chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff you're using by using chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff you're using by using chemistry
+and moles why does that matter well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moles why does that matter well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moles why does that matter well
+let's take an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take an example
+let's take an example of nothing less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take an example of nothing less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take an example of nothing less
+than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+the number of humans on this planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of humans on this planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of humans on this planet
+this is the population of humans and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the population of humans and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the population of humans and you
+can see that it wasn't all that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that it wasn't all that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that it wasn't all that much
+until lately and but let's focus in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until lately and but let's focus in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until lately and but let's focus in on
+this part here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part here
+let's focus in on that part there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's focus in on that part there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's focus in on that part there right
+so that's billions of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's billions of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's billions of people
+so if i if i zoom in on this there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i if i zoom in on this there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i if i zoom in on this there's an
+up there's a change look at that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there's a change look at that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there's a change look at that it's
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+going a little bit up but now it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going a little bit up but now it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going a little bit up but now it really
+kicks up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks up
+what happened during that time what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened during that time what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened during that time what
+happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+is a very important chemical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very important chemical reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very important chemical reaction
+became easy to do or a lot easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became easy to do or a lot easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became easy to do or a lot easier
+okay and the process that enabled that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the process that enabled that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the process that enabled that
+is called the haber bosch process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the haber bosch process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the haber bosch process
+but it is what allowed us to feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is what allowed us to feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is what allowed us to feed
+billions of people in a sustainable way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of people in a sustainable way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of people in a sustainable way
+well it's arguable whether we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's arguable whether we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's arguable whether we're doing
+that sustainably but in a way where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sustainably but in a way where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sustainably but in a way where we
+could actually produce enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually produce enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually produce enough
+enough what enough ammonia and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough what enough ammonia and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough what enough ammonia and here's
+the deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deal
+you see because plants yeah there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see because plants yeah there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see because plants yeah there's
+plants need nitrogen to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants need nitrogen to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants need nitrogen to grow
+right they but and they're 78 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they but and they're 78 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they but and they're 78 of the
+atmosphere is nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere is nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere is nitrogen
+but it's useless because it's n2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's useless because it's n2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's useless because it's n2 and
+then 2 is one of the strongest bonds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 2 is one of the strongest bonds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 2 is one of the strongest bonds in
+nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature
+and plants can't break it now we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plants can't break it now we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plants can't break it now we knew
+how to break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to break it
+before we knew how to do this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we knew how to do this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we knew how to do this before
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+this is called fixing fixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called fixing fixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called fixing fixing
+nitrogen and the way it works is you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and the way it works is you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and the way it works is you go
+n2 plus h this is a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2 plus h this is a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2 plus h this is a reaction
+goes to nh3 what is wrong with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to nh3 what is wrong with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to nh3 what is wrong with this
+it's not balanced thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not balanced thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not balanced thank you
+did anybody see balancing is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anybody see balancing is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anybody see balancing is the same as
+mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole
+ratio balancing and mole ratio it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio balancing and mole ratio it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio balancing and mole ratio it's the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+counting balancing remember we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting balancing remember we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting balancing remember we talked
+about but balancing is counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but balancing is counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but balancing is counting
+so let's see how oh two here okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see how oh two here okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see how oh two here okay that
+helps me with the nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps me with the nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps me with the nitrogen
+and then i got what do i oh but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i got what do i oh but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i got what do i oh but this is
+h2 i meant to put that in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2 i meant to put that in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2 i meant to put that in the first
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+and then so this is a three that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so this is a three that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so this is a three that
+reaction was known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction was known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction was known
+and doable but it took tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doable but it took tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doable but it took tremendous
+amounts of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of energy
+so it's very difficult to scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very difficult to scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very difficult to scale and
+haberbash came up with a way using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haberbash came up with a way using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haberbash came up with a way using
+catalysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis
+to do it at much lower temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it at much lower temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it at much lower temperatures
+catalysis is something we'll learn later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis is something we'll learn later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis is something we'll learn later
+in the semester right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semester right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semester right
+um but how do you answer this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but how do you answer this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but how do you answer this question
+here's my what's my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my what's my question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my what's my question
+my question is how long can we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question is how long can we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question is how long can we keep
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+50 of every protein you put in your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 of every protein you put in your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 of every protein you put in your body
+50 percent comes from this comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 percent comes from this comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 percent comes from this comes from
+some plant that was grown using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some plant that was grown using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some plant that was grown using this
+process that's how important it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that's how important it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that's how important it is
+it's 500 million tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 500 million tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 500 million tons
+of nitrogen is made this way every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nitrogen is made this way every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nitrogen is made this way every year
+well it's just counting one mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of ammonia is 17 grams oh we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ammonia is 17 grams oh we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ammonia is 17 grams oh we're doing
+the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing
+how did i know that periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did i know that periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did i know that periodic table
+that's how i knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i knew that
+one mole if i have that many molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mole if i have that many molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mole if i have that many molecules
+of ammonia i've got 17 grams of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ammonia i've got 17 grams of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ammonia i've got 17 grams of it
+and but i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say i just need to make the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i just need to make the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i just need to make the same
+amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of
+says so times 10 to the six tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says so times 10 to the six tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says so times 10 to the six tons
+i need that much tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need that much tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need that much tons of
+nh3 per year that's sorry yeah per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nh3 per year that's sorry yeah per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nh3 per year that's sorry yeah per year
+per year okay so that sets up my problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year okay so that sets up my problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year okay so that sets up my problem
+i know how much i need i know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know how much i need i know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know how much i need i know how much
+you know how many atoms we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how many atoms we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how many atoms we're talking
+about in one mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in one mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in one mole
+now i can actually understand how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can actually understand how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can actually understand how many
+moles so i'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles so i'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles so i'm just going to
+not do the detailed math but how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do the detailed math but how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do the detailed math but how many
+moles i have so i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles i have so i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles i have so i've got
+30 times 10 to the 12th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 times 10 to the 12th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 times 10 to the 12th
+moles this is how many moles i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles this is how many moles i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles this is how many moles i need
+of needed okay per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how much do i have well we know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do i have well we know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do i have well we know how much
+the atmosphere weighs it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere weighs it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere weighs it turns out
+we know how much the atmosphere weighs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how much the atmosphere weighs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how much the atmosphere weighs
+the mass of the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the atmosphere
+the mass of the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the atmosphere
+is something like 5 times 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like 5 times 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like 5 times 10
+to the 21st grams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 21st grams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 21st grams and
+if i take 78
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take 78
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take 78
+of that as my n2 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that as my n2 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that as my n2 right
+so 78
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is n2 then i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n2 then i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n2 then i can
+tell you that i've got uh let's see 1.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that i've got uh let's see 1.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that i've got uh let's see 1.4
+times 10 to the 20th moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of n2 that's how much i have available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n2 that's how much i have available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n2 that's how much i have available
+okay so if i keep on taking into out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i keep on taking into out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i keep on taking into out of
+the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere
+then i can now answer the question just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can now answer the question just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can now answer the question just
+like the candle right how long do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the candle right how long do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the candle right how long do you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+i can answer the question how long can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can answer the question how long can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can answer the question how long can
+we keep taking energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep taking energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep taking energy
+n2 out of the atmosphere and using haber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2 out of the atmosphere and using haber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2 out of the atmosphere and using haber
+bosch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bosch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bosch
+right oh well you would use the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh well you would use the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh well you would use the balance
+reaction so for every mole of n2 i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so for every mole of n2 i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so for every mole of n2 i take
+i get two moles of ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get two moles of ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get two moles of ammonia
+that's good and you can work backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good and you can work backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good and you can work backwards
+and you can learn that you're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can learn that you're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can learn that you're good
+we're good for now for now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're good for now for now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're good for now for now we have
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+we have roughly 100 million years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we have 100 million years that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have 100 million years that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have 100 million years that we
+could consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could consume
+um we have 100 million years that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have 100 million years that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have 100 million years that we
+could keep consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could keep consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could keep consuming
+uh and then we'll run out of n2 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we'll run out of n2 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we'll run out of n2 in the
+atmosphere that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere that's
+how fun was that okay i love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fun was that okay i love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fun was that okay i love
+doing these now when i get excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these now when i get excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these now when i get excited
+wow wait before i get excited what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow wait before i get excited what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow wait before i get excited what's the
+limiting reagent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it n2 how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it n2 how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it n2 how do you know
+how could you show how could you prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you show how could you prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you show how could you prove
+limiting reagent means what runs out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting reagent means what runs out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting reagent means what runs out
+first well oh i'll just take h2 from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first well oh i'll just take h2 from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first well oh i'll just take h2 from the
+atmosphere right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere right
+uh there's no h2 in the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's no h2 in the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's no h2 in the atmosphere
+where's the h2 it's over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the h2 it's over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the h2 it's over here
+h2o it's in the oceans how much h2o do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2o it's in the oceans how much h2o do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2o it's in the oceans how much h2o do i
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it turns out you got a lot 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you got a lot 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you got a lot 10 to the
+23rd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23rd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23rd
+ish moles of h2o right 10 to the 23ish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ish moles of h2o right 10 to the 23ish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ish moles of h2o right 10 to the 23ish
+moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles
+and so because of those coefficients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so because of those coefficients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so because of those coefficients of
+the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction
+you know exactly which one is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exactly which one is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exactly which one is going to
+run out first you know it's n2 so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out first you know it's n2 so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out first you know it's n2 so your
+answer over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer over there
+was correct and two is the limiting i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was correct and two is the limiting i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was correct and two is the limiting i
+love that little dance i'm gonna try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that little dance i'm gonna try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that little dance i'm gonna try to
+learn that i'm going to learn that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that i'm going to learn that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that i'm going to learn that later
+if if if you try this you go 100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if if you try this you go 100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if if you try this you go 100 million
+years you run out of into plenty of h2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you run out of into plenty of h2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you run out of into plenty of h2
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+limiting region when i get excited i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting region when i get excited i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting region when i get excited i
+also i didn't mention this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i didn't mention this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i didn't mention this
+i like to throw stuff like t-shirts now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like to throw stuff like t-shirts now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like to throw stuff like t-shirts now
+the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is
+these t-shirts are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these t-shirts are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these t-shirts are not
+now and i go like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and i go like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and i go like this
+and then i go all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i go all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i go all the way
+to the back all the way up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the back all the way up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the back all the way up there
+and all the way up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the way up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the way up there
+all right okay now look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why do i throw t-shirts i have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes things just are better left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes things just are better left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes things just are better left
+unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+but please i'll throw t-shirts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but please i'll throw t-shirts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but please i'll throw t-shirts
+i'll throw t-shirts 34 more times every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll throw t-shirts 34 more times every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll throw t-shirts 34 more times every
+lecture i'm going to throw some t-shirts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture i'm going to throw some t-shirts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture i'm going to throw some t-shirts
+when i get a little excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i get a little excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i get a little excited
+and please if you get a t-shirt a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and please if you get a t-shirt a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and please if you get a t-shirt a second
+time share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time share
+right don't don't take you give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right don't don't take you give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right don't don't take you give it to
+somebody trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody trade
+right sharing is carry now where were we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sharing is carry now where were we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sharing is carry now where were we
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now here we are we got we got to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here we are we got we got to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here we are we got we got to build
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+here's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in 1669 there were only 12 elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1669 there were only 12 elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1669 there were only 12 elements
+known but yeah i hope i've given you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known but yeah i hope i've given you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known but yeah i hope i've given you a
+sense all these people and many more i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all these people and many more i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all these people and many more i
+haven't even named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even named
+we're working on discovering new ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working on discovering new ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working on discovering new ones
+by 1799
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1799
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1799
+we had 34. dalton i mentioned had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had 34. dalton i mentioned had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had 34. dalton i mentioned had a
+table of 36 and they kept going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of 36 and they kept going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of 36 and they kept going
+and as we got more and more elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we got more and more elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we got more and more elements
+a lot of people are running how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people are running how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people are running how do we
+organize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize these
+how do we organize these and are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we organize these and are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we organize these and are there
+patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns
+are there patterns right that became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there patterns right that became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there patterns right that became
+a hot question yes they still wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hot question yes they still wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hot question yes they still wanted to
+smash and break and burn and make new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smash and break and burn and make new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smash and break and burn and make new
+discover new things but they also wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover new things but they also wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover new things but they also wanted
+to know what it all means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what it all means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what it all means
+it wasn't just like a few it was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't just like a few it was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't just like a few it was a lot
+and so they started looking for patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they started looking for patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they started looking for patterns
+and one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the first
+uh people was dove reiner who who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people was dove reiner who who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people was dove reiner who who who
+came up with what he called the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with what he called the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with what he called the law of
+triads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triads
+which was a law that worked three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but but what he found everybody was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but what he found everybody was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but what he found everybody was like
+arranging these elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranging these elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranging these elements
+in different ways range it by mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways range it by mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways range it by mass
+no range it by something else and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no range it by something else and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no range it by something else and he
+found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that
+you know if you listed him kind of by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you listed him kind of by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you listed him kind of by
+mass ish then the middle atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass ish then the middle atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass ish then the middle atom
+of the three would weigh exactly half or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three would weigh exactly half or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three would weigh exactly half or
+roughly half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly half
+of these two that was cool for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two that was cool for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two that was cool for three
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh newlands newlands did something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh newlands newlands did something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh newlands newlands did something
+really important well first of all he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important well first of all he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important well first of all he
+he loved music he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he loved music he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he loved music he
+arranged elements like this and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged elements like this and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged elements like this and again
+kind of by mass and he noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of by mass and he noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of by mass and he noticed
+that there were repeating patterns every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were repeating patterns every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were repeating patterns every
+eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+now unlike the law of triads this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now unlike the law of triads this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now unlike the law of triads this was
+really important because the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important because the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important because the law of
+triads just said look i can i can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triads just said look i can i can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triads just said look i can i can take
+these three i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three i can
+take those three that's kind of cool but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those three that's kind of cool but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those three that's kind of cool but
+it wasn't periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't periodic
+it didn't happen these three then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't happen these three then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't happen these three then the
+next three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next three and
+whereas new orleans it was periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas new orleans it was periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas new orleans it was periodic
+it sort of also only worked for two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of also only worked for two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of also only worked for two and
+a half runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half runs
+the law of octaves he called it the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of octaves he called it the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of octaves he called it the law
+of octaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of octaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of octaves
+oh this was the time to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this was the time to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this was the time to look for
+patterns and many people took a stab at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and many people took a stab at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and many people took a stab at
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+um meyer julius meyer made some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um meyer julius meyer made some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um meyer julius meyer made some really
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+contributions in in measuring the molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions in in measuring the molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions in in measuring the molar
+volume by knowing the densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume by knowing the densities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume by knowing the densities
+and finding patterns patterns they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finding patterns patterns they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finding patterns patterns they were
+looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+for periodicity but as many of you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for periodicity but as many of you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for periodicity but as many of you may
+already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know
+it was mendeleev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was mendeleev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was mendeleev
+who figured out what needed to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who figured out what needed to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who figured out what needed to be done
+and and what he figured out was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what he figured out was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what he figured out was
+absolutely critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely critical
+let's go to the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he came up and oh notice he's listing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he came up and oh notice he's listing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he came up and oh notice he's listing
+them oh okay he didn't know whether to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them oh okay he didn't know whether to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them oh okay he didn't know whether to
+put it this way or sideways or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it this way or sideways or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it this way or sideways or what
+right so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is actually
+different this is oriented differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this is oriented differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this is oriented differently
+than what we do today but it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we do today but it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we do today but it's okay
+he's just listing them and looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just listing them and looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just listing them and looking for
+patterns but what mendeleev did that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns but what mendeleev did that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns but what mendeleev did that was
+so critical what he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so critical what he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so critical what he did
+that was so important is that he looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was so important is that he looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was so important is that he looked
+for these he he organized them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these he he organized them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these he he organized them so
+mendeleev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mendeleev he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendeleev he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendeleev he had
+at the time this was let's see 1869
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time this was let's see 1869
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time this was let's see 1869
+he had 63 elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he called this a periodic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he called this a periodic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he called this a periodic system
+and the critical piece is he arranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the critical piece is he arranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the critical piece is he arranged
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is so important properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he really believed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he really believed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he really believed that
+the periodicity was the driver the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodicity was the driver the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodicity was the driver the
+driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver
+and that the properties were critical in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the properties were critical in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the properties were critical in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+organization the properties and the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization the properties and the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization the properties and the mass
+right but he was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but he was you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but he was you know
+he he was so certain that that you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he was so certain that that you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he was so certain that that you had
+to take them both into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take them both into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take them both into account
+that that he actually left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that he actually left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that he actually left
+gaps that was new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps that was new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps that was new
+at least for for this many elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for for this many elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for for this many elements
+arranging it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranging it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranging it this way
+that was different and so like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was different and so like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was different and so like for
+example look at this over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example look at this over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example look at this over here
+what you know so here you have aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know so here you have aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know so here you have aluminum
+silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon
+all right and you gotta uncover this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and you gotta uncover this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and you gotta uncover this so
+you can see it oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it oh
+zinc okay zinc right arsenic but he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc okay zinc right arsenic but he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc okay zinc right arsenic but he said
+no don't just put this next to zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no don't just put this next to zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no don't just put this next to zinc
+because of the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the properties
+this doesn't have the right properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't have the right properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't have the right properties
+this should be more like phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be more like phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be more like phosphorus
+so we're going to leave gaps and he even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to leave gaps and he even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to leave gaps and he even
+called he predicted and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called he predicted and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called he predicted and this
+is really important he predicted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really important he predicted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really important he predicted the
+properties of those missing elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of those missing elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of those missing elements
+so you could call those for example with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could call those for example with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could call those for example with
+silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon
+we know this is germanium we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this is germanium we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this is germanium we know that
+now but but back then no one had smashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but but back then no one had smashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but but back then no one had smashed
+and burned and broken enough stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and burned and broken enough stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and burned and broken enough stuff
+to find germanium so he said well we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find germanium so he said well we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find germanium so he said well we can
+predict it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict it
+because it comes here in this table in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it comes here in this table in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it comes here in this table in
+this organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this organization
+therefore it must have properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it must have properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it must have properties
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+to other elements in that column and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other elements in that column and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other elements in that column and he
+called it ika silicon eco just means one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it ika silicon eco just means one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it ika silicon eco just means one
+next right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next right
+and so these are predictions by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are predictions by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are predictions by
+mendeleev predictions of the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendeleev predictions of the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendeleev predictions of the properties
+of this missing element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this missing element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this missing element
+and here's what you get when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's what you get when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's what you get when you
+actually find germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find germanium
+years and years later and you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and years later and you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and years later and you measure
+those properties and look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those properties and look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those properties and look at that
+it's incredible right thank you for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incredible right thank you for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incredible right thank you for that
+wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow
+because i felt it too is there any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i felt it too is there any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i felt it too is there any more
+t-shirts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirts
+ah i felt the wow and it made me excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right this is a big deal you go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is a big deal you go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is a big deal you go back
+to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here
+iodine and tellurium no i'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine and tellurium no i'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine and tellurium no i'm not going to
+give you the mass ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the mass ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the mass ordering
+because it doesn't make sense in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't make sense in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't make sense in terms
+of property so i'm going to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of property so i'm going to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of property so i'm going to keep the
+mass the other way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass the other way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass the other way the
+even though this has a higher mass look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this has a higher mass look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this has a higher mass look
+at that question mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that question mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that question mark
+i'm still going to put it before because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm still going to put it before because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm still going to put it before because
+it makes more sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes more sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes more sense
+that's what mendeleev did and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what mendeleev did and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what mendeleev did and it was
+absolutely critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely critical
+and it brought it really brings us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it brought it really brings us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it brought it really brings us to
+the current system that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current system that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current system that we use
+so this is now the periodic table our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now the periodic table our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now the periodic table our
+periodic table today is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table today is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table today is based on
+mendeleev's organization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendeleev's organization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendeleev's organization and
+i'm not we're going to be spending a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not we're going to be spending a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not we're going to be spending a lot
+of time with it right so we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time with it right so we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time with it right so we're not going
+to go through everything but a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through everything but a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through everything but a couple of
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+first of all there's a key that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all there's a key that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all there's a key that's the
+key to the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to the table
+if a table doesn't have the key don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a table doesn't have the key don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a table doesn't have the key don't
+use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it
+it should have a key and and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should have a key and and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should have a key and and so for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+oh look at that number that looks nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look at that number that looks nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look at that number that looks nice
+right that's the amu or the grams per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the amu or the grams per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the amu or the grams per
+mole which we now know are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole which we now know are equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole which we now know are equivalent
+not equivalent but relatable right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equivalent but relatable right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equivalent but relatable right if
+you have a mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a mole
+that's how many grams you have or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how many grams you have or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how many grams you have or if you
+have one atom that's how many amuse you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one atom that's how many amuse you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one atom that's how many amuse you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+right there the key tells you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there the key tells you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there the key tells you what
+things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+if you have a more complicated one don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a more complicated one don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a more complicated one don't
+panic here's yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panic here's yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panic here's yours
+this is your periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look at this it's all in the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this it's all in the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this it's all in the key
+there's a lot more information in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more information in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more information in here
+than in the basic ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in the basic ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in the basic ones
+but it's all in the key it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's all in the key it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's all in the key it's all
+described in the key and the key may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in the key and the key may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in the key and the key may be
+different on the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on the front
+and the back there may be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the back there may be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the back there may be different
+properties included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties included
+right but it's all in the key and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's all in the key and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's all in the key and look
+at this some of these we know like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this some of these we know like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this some of these we know like the
+weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+atomic weight that's what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic weight that's what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic weight that's what we've been
+talking about melting point sounds kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about melting point sounds kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about melting point sounds kind
+of obvious boiling point density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obvious boiling point density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obvious boiling point density
+and then you get to these other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get to these other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get to these other things
+electronegativity first ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity first ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity first ionization
+all these things what are they we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things what are they we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things what are they we will
+find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out
+literally next week right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally next week right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally next week right
+as we build up our understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we build up our understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we build up our understanding of the
+atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom
+but it's on the key now this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's on the key now this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's on the key now this is so
+important that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that i
+i really ask you with passion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really ask you with passion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really ask you with passion
+to carry it with you everywhere you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry it with you everywhere you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry it with you everywhere you go
+i really do because you never know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really do because you never know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really do because you never know
+remember the restaurant example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the restaurant example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the restaurant example
+you never know when you need it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never know when you need it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never know when you need it you
+never know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never know
+and and in fact you can send me pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in fact you can send me pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in fact you can send me pictures
+students do this i love it i don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students do this i love it i don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students do this i love it i don't you
+don't have to send me pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to send me pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to send me pictures
+you can just post it on your feed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just post it on your feed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just post it on your feed or
+whatever it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's called
+feed what's it called i don't know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed what's it called i don't know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed what's it called i don't know a
+thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and
+but and i like look at how so you they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and i like look at how so you they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and i like look at how so you they
+took it all the way up to dartmouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it all the way up to dartmouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it all the way up to dartmouth
+because there were some people up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were some people up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were some people up there
+apparently that needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently that needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently that needed
+help with their chemistry here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help with their chemistry here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help with their chemistry here we are
+at a restaurant looking at at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a restaurant looking at at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a restaurant looking at at the
+periodic table here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table here's another
+it's a good it's a good thing to have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good it's a good thing to have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good it's a good thing to have at
+a restaurant you never know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a restaurant you never know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a restaurant you never know
+um here it is again look at look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here it is again look at look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here it is again look at look at how
+happy they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy they are
+look at that right uh they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that right uh they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that right uh they're they're
+they're really getting into it they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really getting into it they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really getting into it they're
+really getting into it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really getting into it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really getting into it here
+uh teaching teaching teaching family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh teaching teaching teaching family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh teaching teaching teaching family
+members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members
+right about this or being proud of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right about this or being proud of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right about this or being proud of it
+with the whole family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take it with you it'll come in handy no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it with you it'll come in handy no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it with you it'll come in handy no
+matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what
+here it is under a christmas tree right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is under a christmas tree right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is under a christmas tree right
+um it's in here somewhere um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's in here somewhere um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's in here somewhere um and and
+there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is
+and look even if you're dressing up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look even if you're dressing up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look even if you're dressing up uh
+for a theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a theater
+it's gonna be important um okay now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be important um okay now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be important um okay now this
+is the one i want to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one i want to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one i want to get to
+okay even if you're a little tired it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay even if you're a little tired it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay even if you're a little tired it's
+gonna be what comforts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be what comforts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be what comforts you
+i think it's being used as a pillow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's being used as a pillow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's being used as a pillow
+that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay
+it's comfortable and this is look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's comfortable and this is look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's comfortable and this is look at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right you know
+even at the dance club even at the dance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at the dance club even at the dance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at the dance club even at the dance
+club oh i see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+club oh i see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+club oh i see that
+you might need this you don't know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might need this you don't know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might need this you don't know you
+don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+look at how happy he is look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how happy he is look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how happy he is look at that
+because he has this take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he has this take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he has this take it
+with you everywhere you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you everywhere you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you everywhere you go
+now there's a bunch of things about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a bunch of things about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a bunch of things about this
+table that we'll be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that we'll be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that we'll be talking about
+right we just built it up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we just built it up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we just built it up um
+one of the the first things is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the the first things is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the the first things is just some
+nomenclature right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature right just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature right just
+how do we name things we name things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we name things we name things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we name things we name things the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the rows we call them periods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows we call them periods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows we call them periods and
+there's seven of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's seven of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's seven of them
+the columns we call them groups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns we call them groups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns we call them groups and
+there's 18 of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 18 of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 18 of them
+in the way we organize in the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way we organize in the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way we organize in the way we
+present it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present it right
+um but there's something kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there's something kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there's something kind of
+important that happens here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that happens here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that happens here which is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+these rows down here are actually 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rows down here are actually 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rows down here are actually 14
+elements longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements longer
+they would actually go so right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would actually go so right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would actually go so right so this
+is 18 across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 18 across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 18 across
+but these guys fit in right here they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these guys fit in right here they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these guys fit in right here they go
+right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+right these are called the lanthanides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are called the lanthanides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are called the lanthanides
+because that's lanthanum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's lanthanum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's lanthanum
+right innovative naming these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right innovative naming these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right innovative naming these are called
+the actinides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actinides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actinides
+right okay they go in there in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay they go in there in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay they go in there in between
+why don't we just put it all there well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we just put it all there well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we just put it all there well
+you can but then you got the bottom rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can but then you got the bottom rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can but then you got the bottom rows
+are 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 34
+right and then the next one's up there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then the next one's up there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then the next one's up there's
+only two rows in the periodic table that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two rows in the periodic table that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two rows in the periodic table that
+are actually 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually 18
+right then because then you got 18 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then because then you got 18 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then because then you got 18 here
+all right and then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then these
+are eight and then you got two up top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are eight and then you got two up top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are eight and then you got two up top
+now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why
+that we will understand when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will understand when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will understand when we
+understand the atom a little better next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the atom a little better next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the atom a little better next
+week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+okay but for now i just want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but for now i just want to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but for now i just want to call
+your attention that these are the names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention that these are the names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention that these are the names
+that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use
+and those top ones are called main group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those top ones are called main group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those top ones are called main group
+these ones are transition elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones are transition elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones are transition elements
+um you have alkalis here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have alkalis here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have alkalis here you have
+lanthanides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanthanides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanthanides
+actinides these are the names that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actinides these are the names that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actinides these are the names that we
+give these regions that get more clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give these regions that get more clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give these regions that get more clear
+when we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we know
+what electrons are and i think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what electrons are and i think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what electrons are and i think um
+i'll i'll i'll tell you just the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll i'll i'll tell you just the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll i'll i'll tell you just the last
+bits about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits about
+uh you know just a couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know just a couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know just a couple more
+observations about the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations about the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations about the periodic table
+i think um when we start our lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think um when we start our lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think um when we start our lecture on
+monday since it's 11 54
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monday since it's 11 54
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monday since it's 11 54
+and as promised i want to let you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as promised i want to let you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as promised i want to let you guys
+out right on time every lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right on time every lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right on time every lecture
+have a fantastic weekend and see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Hy0YzQa-tW8.txt b/Hy0YzQa-tW8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6656f6173741765840da75a7714e49849aa1da34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Hy0YzQa-tW8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so um we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so um we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so um we're going
+to do a basic three-point lighting setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a basic three-point lighting setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a basic three-point lighting setup
+um this is one of the kits I use this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is one of the kits I use this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is one of the kits I use this is
+a compact 1K lighting kit as I call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compact 1K lighting kit as I call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compact 1K lighting kit as I call it
+um it's got a few we're going to go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's got a few we're going to go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's got a few we're going to go over
+what's in it here here's one very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in it here here's one very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in it here here's one very
+important item in the kit it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important item in the kit it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important item in the kit it has
+everything to do with lighting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to do with lighting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to do with lighting um
+transparent microbubble powder uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent microbubble powder uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent microbubble powder uh
+sometimes you your subject will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you your subject will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you your subject will be a
+little too shiny under the lights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little too shiny under the lights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little too shiny under the lights and
+this uh transparent base will get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh transparent base will get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh transparent base will get rid of
+the shine without changing the color of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shine without changing the color of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shine without changing the color of
+their complexion and if you use the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their complexion and if you use the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their complexion and if you use the uh
+transparent powder always use a a brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent powder always use a a brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent powder always use a a brand
+new makeup pad or wedge um because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new makeup pad or wedge um because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new makeup pad or wedge um because you
+don't want to cause problems but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to cause problems but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to cause problems but that's
+an essential item in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an essential item in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an essential item in the
+kit uh this is a grid which we'll see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit uh this is a grid which we'll see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit uh this is a grid which we'll see in
+a moment we'll pull that out a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment we'll pull that out a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment we'll pull that out a couple of
+extension quarts very useful items to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension quarts very useful items to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension quarts very useful items to
+have um this is the low reefa what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um this is the low reefa what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um this is the low reefa what's
+really nice about the reefa is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice about the reefa is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice about the reefa is that it's
+a very compact soft light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very compact soft light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very compact soft light that
+folds up like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds up like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds up like an
+umbrella and very easy to pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+open and it opens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and it opens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and it opens
+up like that and we will revisit this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like that and we will revisit this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like that and we will revisit this in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+moment extension cords and if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment extension cords and if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment extension cords and if my
+extension cord doesn't have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension cord doesn't have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension cord doesn't have multiple
+taps on the end I always attach a cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taps on the end I always attach a cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taps on the end I always attach a cube
+tap because you never know when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap because you never know when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap because you never know when you're
+going to need to plug in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else this is the Lowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else this is the Lowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else this is the Lowel
+TOA basic open face light uh comes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOA basic open face light uh comes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOA basic open face light uh comes with
+a safety screen and you should always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a safety screen and you should always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a safety screen and you should always
+use it with the screen quartz hallogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it with the screen quartz hallogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it with the screen quartz hallogen
+lamps when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps when they
+shatter uh you don't want hot glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shatter uh you don't want hot glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shatter uh you don't want hot glass
+anywhere near living things so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere near living things so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere near living things so if you
+use uh the Lowel toal light um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh the Lowel toal light um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh the Lowel toal light um you
+definitely want to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely want to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely want to make sure that the
+safety screen is always on it the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety screen is always on it the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety screen is always on it the New
+Generation V light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation V light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation V light
+encapsulates the lamp inside of a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulates the lamp inside of a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulates the lamp inside of a glass
+case for safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for safety
+um but that's the older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's the older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's the older
+style here's a frel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style here's a frel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style here's a frel
+instrument there's your scalloped Glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument there's your scalloped Glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument there's your scalloped Glass
+Lens um and all frel instruments have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lens um and all frel instruments have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lens um and all frel instruments have a
+flood to the right spot to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood to the right spot to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood to the right spot to the left
+flood the cleanest most even light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood the cleanest most even light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood the cleanest most even light
+source comes in flood mode and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source comes in flood mode and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source comes in flood mode and we'll see
+how that floods and spots in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that floods and spots in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that floods and spots in a moment
+barn doors are usually included and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barn doors are usually included and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barn doors are usually included and
+we'll put these on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put these on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put these on the
+Fel and the barn doors are used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fel and the barn doors are used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fel and the barn doors are used for
+controlling The Spill and they get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling The Spill and they get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling The Spill and they get their
+name because they seem to look like barn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name because they seem to look like barn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name because they seem to look like barn
+doors of course I've never seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors of course I've never seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors of course I've never seen a
+barn that shaped round like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usually travel with a second extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually travel with a second extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually travel with a second extension
+cord this one's green because I bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord this one's green because I bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord this one's green because I bought
+it at 75% off in an after Christmas sale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at 75% off in an after Christmas sale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at 75% off in an after Christmas sale
+that's the best time to buy extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best time to buy extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best time to buy extension
+cords for some reason the green ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cords for some reason the green ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cords for some reason the green ones
+become much cheaper than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become much cheaper than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become much cheaper than the other
+colored ones the day after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Christmas men froto makes a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christmas men froto makes a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christmas men froto makes a variety of
+light stands These are nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light stands These are nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light stands These are nice
+lightweight aluminum stands which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight aluminum stands which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight aluminum stands which are
+very handy for when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very handy for when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very handy for when you're
+traveling um and we will set those up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling um and we will set those up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling um and we will set those up in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment when you set up the stands you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment when you set up the stands you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment when you set up the stands you
+should always make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always make
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+that the bottoms are as wide out as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bottoms are as wide out as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bottoms are as wide out as they
+go for maximum stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here's the umbrella that goes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the umbrella that goes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the umbrella that goes with
+the total light which we will be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total light which we will be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total light which we will be using
+today as well so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attaches the total light has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accessory has an accessory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessory has an accessory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessory has an accessory
+connection thing that's a technical term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection thing that's a technical term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection thing that's a technical term
+thing um that it attaches to the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um that it attaches to the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um that it attaches to the light
+and that gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us a
+nice soft light which we'll see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment here's the quarter blue gel I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment here's the quarter blue gel I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment here's the quarter blue gel I was
+talking about so for example if I hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so for example if I hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so for example if I hold
+this over the lens and we set the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over the lens and we set the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over the lens and we set the white
+balance we can actually increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance we can actually increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance we can actually increase the
+sort of the warmth of the of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the warmth of the of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the warmth of the of the world
+so we can fool the white balance circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can fool the white balance circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can fool the white balance circuit
+into thinking that the world is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into thinking that the world is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into thinking that the world is more
+blue and then we pull it pull it away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and then we pull it pull it away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and then we pull it pull it away so
+this eighth blue gel is very handy dandy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eighth blue gel is very handy dandy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eighth blue gel is very handy dandy
+thing to have also in the kit we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to have also in the kit we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to have also in the kit we have
+the seen stars for focusing for precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seen stars for focusing for precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seen stars for focusing for precise
+focusing these are really easy to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing these are really easy to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing these are really easy to focus
+on and this is also a gray card and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and this is also a gray card and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and this is also a gray card and on
+the opposite side a white card for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite side a white card for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite side a white card for
+balancing you never know when you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing you never know when you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing you never know when you might
+have trouble finding an 8 and half by 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble finding an 8 and half by 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble finding an 8 and half by 11
+piece of white paper so I always keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of white paper so I always keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of white paper so I always keep
+the white card in the kit as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we talked about gloves these will keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about gloves these will keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about gloves these will keep
+you from burning your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from burning your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from burning your
+hands and very important always have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and very important always have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and very important always have a
+set of spare lamps lamps have a tendency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of spare lamps lamps have a tendency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of spare lamps lamps have a tendency
+to burn out in the most inopportune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to burn out in the most inopportune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to burn out in the most inopportune
+moment so I always keep spare lamps in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so I always keep spare lamps in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so I always keep spare lamps in a
+nice little cushion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+box sometimes when you're shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box sometimes when you're shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box sometimes when you're shooting
+Outdoors all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outdoors all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outdoors all you
+need is a reflector to kind of fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is a reflector to kind of fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is a reflector to kind of fill in
+the shadows this wonderful device called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shadows this wonderful device called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shadows this wonderful device called
+the flex fill which opens up like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flex fill which opens up like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flex fill which opens up like this
+um comes they come in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um comes they come in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um comes they come in different
+varieties I like the matte silver on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varieties I like the matte silver on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varieties I like the matte silver on one
+side and the matte white on the other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the matte white on the other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the matte white on the other so
+if we need to fill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we need to fill in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we need to fill in the
+shadows with a very very kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows with a very very kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows with a very very kind of
+spunky light or a very very subtle light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spunky light or a very very subtle light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spunky light or a very very subtle light
+we have those two sides uh you store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have those two sides uh you store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have those two sides uh you store
+them away by giving them a little twist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them away by giving them a little twist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them away by giving them a little twist
+and throwing them back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throwing them back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throwing them back into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+case you can get accessories that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you can get accessories that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you can get accessories that will
+hold the flex Ville and you can attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the flex Ville and you can attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the flex Ville and you can attach
+it to a lightstand I have one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a lightstand I have one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a lightstand I have one of those
+in my larger kit but that usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my larger kit but that usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my larger kit but that usually
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+travel in the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel in the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel in the smaller
+kit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and sometimes I want to co color I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes I want to co color I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes I want to co color I want
+to color the light I keep a little file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to color the light I keep a little file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to color the light I keep a little file
+here with a variety of color gels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with a variety of color gels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with a variety of color gels
+blues for cooling things off orange and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blues for cooling things off orange and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blues for cooling things off orange and
+pink gels for warming things up I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink gels for warming things up I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink gels for warming things up I
+actually put these in the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put these in the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put these in the order of the
+rainbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainbow
+um and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course and I also have a bunch of I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and I also have a bunch of I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and I also have a bunch of I keep
+the orange and the blues for warming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orange and the blues for warming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orange and the blues for warming up
+and cooling lights in their own set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cooling lights in their own set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cooling lights in their own set
+along with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with some
+diffusion so if I want to diffuse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so if I want to diffuse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so if I want to diffuse the
+light for example this is standard 216
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light for example this is standard 216
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light for example this is standard 216
+or full diffusion you put this over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or full diffusion you put this over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or full diffusion you put this over
+light and it'll really soften it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and it'll really soften it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and it'll really soften it so
+we're going to look at some diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at some diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at some diffusion
+today and this is actually a half blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and this is actually a half blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and this is actually a half blue
+gel that is actually specifically cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel that is actually specifically cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel that is actually specifically cut
+for use with the um refal light um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for use with the um refal light um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for use with the um refal light um the
+blue gel is used to bring the warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue gel is used to bring the warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue gel is used to bring the warm
+tungsten light of the reefa closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten light of the reefa closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten light of the reefa closer to
+Daylight I use the half blue instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daylight I use the half blue instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daylight I use the half blue instead of
+the full blue because the full blue cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full blue because the full blue cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full blue because the full blue cuts
+the light way too much kind of like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light way too much kind of like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light way too much kind of like is
+it two or two and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it two or two and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it two or two and a half
+stops the full blue cuts the light a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops the full blue cuts the light a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops the full blue cuts the light a
+little too much the half blue um still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little too much the half blue um still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little too much the half blue um still
+gives me some some light intensity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me some some light intensity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me some some light intensity to
+work with so often I will split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with so often I will split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with so often I will split the
+difference in the white balance so keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the white balance so keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the white balance so keep
+one of I keep one of these specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of I keep one of these specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of I keep one of these specifically
+cut and sized for the refal light so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut and sized for the refal light so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut and sized for the refal light so it
+can be attached really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be attached really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be attached really
+quickly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly um
+now it's very important uh the refal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's very important uh the refal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's very important uh the refal
+light has a bare uh incandescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light has a bare uh incandescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light has a bare uh incandescent
+lamp it's very important that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp it's very important that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp it's very important that you you
+don't touch the lamp you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't touch the lamp you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't touch the lamp you don't want to
+get finger oils on it um they can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get finger oils on it um they can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get finger oils on it um they can cause
+the the fingerprint area to be at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fingerprint area to be at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fingerprint area to be at a
+different temperature than the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperature than the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperature than the rest of
+the lamp and the glass could crack so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lamp and the glass could crack so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lamp and the glass could crack so
+you want to be very careful um never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be very careful um never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be very careful um never
+operate the refal light without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate the refal light without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate the refal light without the
+diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion
+cover so here's the lower Rea and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover so here's the lower Rea and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover so here's the lower Rea and um
+there's an optional accessory the offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an optional accessory the offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an optional accessory the offset
+arm which is really important if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm which is really important if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm which is really important if you're
+mounting this on a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounting this on a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounting this on a relatively
+lightweight stand um it's going to tip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight stand um it's going to tip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight stand um it's going to tip
+over really easily but with the offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over really easily but with the offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over really easily but with the offset
+arm the weight is balanced evenly on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm the weight is balanced evenly on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm the weight is balanced evenly on a
+light stand so this offset arm is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light stand so this offset arm is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light stand so this offset arm is a
+pretty important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important
+accessory um never use the light without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessory um never use the light without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessory um never use the light without
+the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion
+cover um because this not only is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover um because this not only is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover um because this not only is
+providing the diffuse used light but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing the diffuse used light but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing the diffuse used light but
+it's also covering up the quartz hogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also covering up the quartz hogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also covering up the quartz hogen
+lamp because you never want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp because you never want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp because you never want to have a
+bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare
+lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp
+um in front of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+talent and this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent and this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent and this kind of
+attaches with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velcro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velcro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velcro
+and there we go so there is our soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there we go so there is our soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there we go so there is our soft
+light it comes with a short cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light it comes with a short cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light it comes with a short cord
+and so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we need
+the comes with its own little extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comes with its own little extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comes with its own little extension
+cord with a standard IEC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connector and there is our soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+key and Zach could you uh plug that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and Zach could you uh plug that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and Zach could you uh plug that into
+the power strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we have a
+lovely soft light which we'll use as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely soft light which we'll use as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely soft light which we'll use as our
+key so Chris are you ready for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key so Chris are you ready for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key so Chris are you ready for your
+interview I am all right so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview I am all right so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview I am all right so we're going
+to interview Chris today and uh here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interview Chris today and uh here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interview Chris today and uh here is
+Zach is going to be operating camera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zach is going to be operating camera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zach is going to be operating camera and
+we're going to start with our reefal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with our reefal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with our reefal
+light as our key light on Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glasses on or off David glasses on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses on or off David glasses on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses on or off David glasses on okay
+it gives us uh more fun to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives us uh more fun to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives us uh more fun to work with
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now right now we're using the Rea as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now right now we're using the Rea as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now right now we're using the Rea as
+our key and we have a lot of overhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our key and we have a lot of overhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our key and we have a lot of overhead
+lights in this classroom I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights in this classroom I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights in this classroom I'm going to
+turn off the ambient light for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off the ambient light for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off the ambient light for
+now so this is a single key light no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so this is a single key light no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so this is a single key light no
+fill no background light no backl uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill no background light no backl uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill no background light no backl uh
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dramatic uh what we would call a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic uh what we would call a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic uh what we would call a very
+high lighting ratio uh probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high lighting ratio uh probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high lighting ratio uh probably
+something worthy of film Noir uh it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something worthy of film Noir uh it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something worthy of film Noir uh it may
+or may not be appropriate for our piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be appropriate for our piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be appropriate for our piece
+but that is our starting point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is our starting point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is our starting point we
+typically set our key light our primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically set our key light our primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically set our key light our primary
+light source and determined what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source and determined what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source and determined what we
+wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do
+notice how we get a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how we get a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how we get a very different
+quality if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality if I
+raise the key light a little bit and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the key light a little bit and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the key light a little bit and if
+I move it off to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+versus moving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus moving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus moving it
+more towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+front this is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front this is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front this is a little more
+glamorous now there's no dramatic Shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glamorous now there's no dramatic Shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glamorous now there's no dramatic Shadow
+it's almost like an overhead towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost like an overhead towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost like an overhead towards the
+front key light so notice how as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front key light so notice how as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front key light so notice how as we
+bring it to the side and bring it down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it to the side and bring it down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it to the side and bring it down a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+we have a much more dramatic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Arrangement so now what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement so now what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement so now what we want to do is
+we want to fill the Shadows that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to fill the Shadows that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to fill the Shadows that are
+being created by the key light and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being created by the key light and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being created by the key light and maybe
+bring bring a backlight or a background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring bring a backlight or a background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring bring a backlight or a background
+light into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture uh for the uh for the fill light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh for the uh for the fill light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh for the uh for the fill light
+I think we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we'll
+use our total light with an umbrella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's handy about all these low lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's handy about all these low lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's handy about all these low lights
+is they use the same connector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they use the same connector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they use the same connector
+same cable style it's nice that uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same cable style it's nice that uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same cable style it's nice that uh it's
+nice that all the low lights have pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice that all the low lights have pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice that all the low lights have pretty
+much the same connector and wiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same connector and wiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same connector and wiring
+system they're interchangeable and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they're interchangeable and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they're interchangeable and they
+wrap easily into a case and are can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap easily into a case and are can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap easily into a case and are can be
+stored very portably because the cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored very portably because the cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored very portably because the cord
+separate out so we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate out so we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate out so we're going to use
+this um TOA as our fill and notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um TOA as our fill and notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um TOA as our fill and notice
+what's going on here that now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here that now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here that now our
+situation is a little less dramatic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is a little less dramatic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is a little less dramatic and
+as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I
+bring as I bring the fill light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring as I bring the fill light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring as I bring the fill light
+in I'm reducing the contrast ratio so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I'm reducing the contrast ratio so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I'm reducing the contrast ratio so
+when we talk about contrast ratio we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about contrast ratio we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about contrast ratio we're
+talking about the ratio between the fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the ratio between the fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the ratio between the fill
+light and key the fill and key together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and key the fill and key together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and key the fill and key together
+and just the fill so notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that in this case the fill and the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case the fill and the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case the fill and the key
+are very similar in intensity they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very similar in intensity they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very similar in intensity they're
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+um the ratio is almost 1: one it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the ratio is almost 1: one it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the ratio is almost 1: one it might
+be closer to 1 to two so as I bring my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be closer to 1 to two so as I bring my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be closer to 1 to two so as I bring my
+key sorry as I bring my fill light back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key sorry as I bring my fill light back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key sorry as I bring my fill light back
+I'm increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm increasing the
+lighting ratio and providing a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting ratio and providing a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting ratio and providing a more
+dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic
+experience uh I'm providing a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience uh I'm providing a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience uh I'm providing a more
+dramatic lighting situation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic lighting situation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic lighting situation for the
+subject now since this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject now since this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject now since this is
+um we might split the difference there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we might split the difference there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we might split the difference there
+and go with something like that how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go with something like that how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go with something like that how does
+that look Zach good all right so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look Zach good all right so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look Zach good all right so now we
+have a we have a choice we can um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a we have a choice we can um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a we have a choice we can um we can
+give Chris a backlight for a a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give Chris a backlight for a a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give Chris a backlight for a a more
+dramatic theatrical look or we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic theatrical look or we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic theatrical look or we can
+simply use our third light source as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply use our third light source as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply use our third light source as a
+uh background light but I think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh background light but I think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh background light but I think what
+we'll do now is let's see what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do now is let's see what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do now is let's see what a
+backlight does for Chris so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlight does for Chris so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlight does for Chris so we're going
+to use this 300 watt Fel as a backlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this 300 watt Fel as a backlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this 300 watt Fel as a backlight
+on Chris we're going to set it up over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Chris we're going to set it up over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Chris we're going to set it up over
+here sometimes I do it Opposite the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sometimes I do it Opposite the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sometimes I do it Opposite the key
+A lot of times it depends on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A lot of times it depends on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A lot of times it depends on my
+mood what seems to make sense for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood what seems to make sense for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood what seems to make sense for the
+particular scene in question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice that we're getting light directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that we're getting light directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that we're getting light directly
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+camera you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera you can
+see you getting flares Jared so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you getting flares Jared so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you getting flares Jared so we're
+getting flares in uh probably both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting flares in uh probably both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting flares in uh probably both
+camera lenses both cameras notice how by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera lenses both cameras notice how by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera lenses both cameras notice how by
+adjusting the barn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting the barn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting the barn
+doors I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors I can
+reduce that lens flare so what's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that lens flare so what's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that lens flare so what's nice
+about a fernel instrument is the barn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a fernel instrument is the barn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a fernel instrument is the barn
+doors actually work because the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors actually work because the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors actually work because the light
+beams are sort of so straight they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams are sort of so straight they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams are sort of so straight they're
+easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to
+control so what we've done here is we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so what we've done here is we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so what we've done here is we've
+provided a backlight on Chris and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided a backlight on Chris and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided a backlight on Chris and we've
+used the barn doors to reduce the spill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the barn doors to reduce the spill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the barn doors to reduce the spill
+directly into the camera lens to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into the camera lens to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into the camera lens to avoid
+that flare that you saw now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flare that you saw now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flare that you saw now this is
+looking kind of dramatic wouldn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking kind of dramatic wouldn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking kind of dramatic wouldn't you
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we've got these great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've got these great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've got these great
+little things called scrims which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things called scrims which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things called scrims which we can
+pop into our frel instrument and reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop into our frel instrument and reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop into our frel instrument and reduce
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intensity a scrim is just a wire screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity a scrim is just a wire screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity a scrim is just a wire screen
+that fits in front of the lamp and cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fits in front of the lamp and cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fits in front of the lamp and cuts
+out literally just cuts down how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out literally just cuts down how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out literally just cuts down how much
+light comes out of it so notice I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light comes out of it so notice I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light comes out of it so notice I have
+brought down the intense density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought down the intense density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought down the intense density of
+the backlight without having to move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backlight without having to move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backlight without having to move it
+and change its position and quality I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change its position and quality I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change its position and quality I've
+just Ed the scrims to uh reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Ed the scrims to uh reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Ed the scrims to uh reduce the
+intensity so that's another um most frel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so that's another um most frel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so that's another um most frel
+instruments have slots for um single or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments have slots for um single or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments have slots for um single or
+double scrims a double scrim basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double scrims a double scrim basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double scrims a double scrim basically
+cuts the light one stop cuts it in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts the light one stop cuts it in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts the light one stop cuts it in half
+or you can cut it less with a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can cut it less with a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can cut it less with a single
+scrim the other nice thing about a scrim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrim the other nice thing about a scrim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrim the other nice thing about a scrim
+if just um those are hals so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if just um those are hals so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if just um those are hals so these are
+this also allows you to cut either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also allows you to cut either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also allows you to cut either the
+sort of the bottom part or the top part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the bottom part or the top part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the bottom part or the top part
+you can actually adjust where the scrim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually adjust where the scrim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually adjust where the scrim
+goes in the light and have some control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in the light and have some control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in the light and have some control
+over which part up or down side left or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over which part up or down side left or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over which part up or down side left or
+right is cut more yeah so there's single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is cut more yeah so there's single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is cut more yeah so there's single
+and doubles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doubles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doubles and
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+halves which are physically half so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves which are physically half so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves which are physically half so
+sometimes you want half the beam to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you want half the beam to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you want half the beam to be
+brighter than the other half now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter than the other half now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter than the other half now
+sometimes I like my back lights to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I like my back lights to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I like my back lights to be a
+slightly different color than my key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different color than my key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different color than my key
+lights so I'm going to put a blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights so I'm going to put a blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights so I'm going to put a blue
+gel attaching it to the barn doors with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel attaching it to the barn doors with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel attaching it to the barn doors with
+closed pins also known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed pins also known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed pins also known as
+c47s and notice what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c47s and notice what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c47s and notice what's going on
+now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is
+we've um cooled off a little bit and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've um cooled off a little bit and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've um cooled off a little bit and I
+might want to Red remove those scrims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to Red remove those scrims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to Red remove those scrims
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the way scrims can get very hot you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way scrims can get very hot you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way scrims can get very hot you
+don't want to pull them out with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to pull them out with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to pull them out with your
+bare hands sometimes people will take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare hands sometimes people will take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare hands sometimes people will take a
+pair of close pins and hook it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of close pins and hook it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of close pins and hook it up
+backwards and you end up with what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and you end up with what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and you end up with what's
+called a scrim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a scrim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a scrim
+poar so notice now that my back light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poar so notice now that my back light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poar so notice now that my back light is
+a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+bluish and it's a little intense we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluish and it's a little intense we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluish and it's a little intense we we
+might want to tweak this further but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to tweak this further but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to tweak this further but for
+the sake of this demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sake of this demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sake of this demo
+uh how are the glasses looking another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how are the glasses looking another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how are the glasses looking another
+issue that we deal with is Reflections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that we deal with is Reflections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that we deal with is Reflections
+in glasses so there's several things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in glasses so there's several things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in glasses so there's several things we
+can do about Reflections and glasses one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do about Reflections and glasses one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do about Reflections and glasses one
+thing we can do is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we can do is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we can do is we can
+move the position of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+key Crossing all right um sometimes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key Crossing all right um sometimes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key Crossing all right um sometimes that
+can help uh we have a tricky situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help uh we have a tricky situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help uh we have a tricky situation
+here with both the fill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with both the fill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with both the fill and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+key but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key but
+notice now we've reduced we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice now we've reduced we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice now we've reduced we've
+eliminated that second reflection we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated that second reflection we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated that second reflection we do
+have we still have a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we still have a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we still have a little bit of
+reflection in the glasses but as Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection in the glasses but as Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection in the glasses but as Chris
+talks and his moves his head a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks and his moves his head a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks and his moves his head a little
+bit um you want to watch out um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um you want to watch out um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um you want to watch out um you know
+some people simply say take your glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people simply say take your glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people simply say take your glasses
+off I like to do a little bit of extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off I like to do a little bit of extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off I like to do a little bit of extra
+work and ask people do you normally wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and ask people do you normally wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and ask people do you normally wear
+glasses or not if they take them off cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses or not if they take them off cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses or not if they take them off cuz
+they'd only wear them some of the times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd only wear them some of the times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd only wear them some of the times
+fine if they usually wear their glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine if they usually wear their glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine if they usually wear their glasses
+I'll spend a little extra time tweaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll spend a little extra time tweaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll spend a little extra time tweaking
+the lights and get it to look nice um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights and get it to look nice um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights and get it to look nice um so
+that I'm photographing people uh the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm photographing people uh the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm photographing people uh the way
+they normally appear sometimes changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they normally appear sometimes changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they normally appear sometimes changing
+the position by tilting the the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position by tilting the the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position by tilting the the um the
+legs up or down a little bit you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs up or down a little bit you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs up or down a little bit you know
+sometimes a little bit of adjustment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a little bit of adjustment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a little bit of adjustment uh
+can help with the um reflection glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help with the um reflection glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help with the um reflection glasses
+it's a little tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little tricky
+but it can work so this is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can work so this is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can work so this is a pretty
+simple straightforward 3point key fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple straightforward 3point key fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple straightforward 3point key fill
+back we could have added some accent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back we could have added some accent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back we could have added some accent
+lights for details in the background we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights for details in the background we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights for details in the background we
+could have added a background light to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have added a background light to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have added a background light to
+lighter background but we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter background but we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter background but we're just going
+to keep it simple for the sake of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it simple for the sake of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it simple for the sake of this
+demo so notice what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now so here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+backl here's our fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's our key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+light we'll fill in the shadows with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light we'll fill in the shadows with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light we'll fill in the shadows with our
+fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill
+light and we'll provide a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and we'll provide a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and we'll provide a little bit of
+drama or theatrical Essence with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama or theatrical Essence with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama or theatrical Essence with our
+backlight and give a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlight and give a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlight and give a little bit of
+separation between foreground and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between foreground and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between foreground and
+background one more thing the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background one more thing the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background one more thing the thing
+about soft lights is they spill a lot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about soft lights is they spill a lot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about soft lights is they spill a lot so
+so notice how our key is spilling all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice how our key is spilling all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice how our key is spilling all
+over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+background there's one more accessory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background there's one more accessory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background there's one more accessory
+that I carry in the light kit along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I carry in the light kit along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I carry in the light kit along with
+the soft light and that's called a grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soft light and that's called a grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soft light and that's called a grid
+and what this grid will do is it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this grid will do is it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this grid will do is it will
+reduce the spill of the light and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the spill of the light and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the spill of the light and it's
+available in different size grids for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in different size grids for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in different size grids for
+different angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+allowing different be it's available in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing different be it's available in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing different be it's available in
+different size grids providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different size grids providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different size grids providing
+different amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts of
+spill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduction so now with the grid using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction so now with the grid using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction so now with the grid using the
+Grid in our key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you will notice it does reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will notice it does reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will notice it does reduce the
+intensity of the key light a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the key light a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the key light a
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+notice and it might be hard to see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice and it might be hard to see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice and it might be hard to see uh
+from this camera but we've dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this camera but we've dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this camera but we've dramatically
+reduced the amount of spill on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the amount of spill on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the amount of spill on the
+background we've eliminated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background we've eliminated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background we've eliminated the
+background spill and the light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background spill and the light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background spill and the light is
+primarily on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subject and since the intensity of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and since the intensity of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and since the intensity of our
+key came down cuz the grid does reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key came down cuz the grid does reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key came down cuz the grid does reduce
+the intensity of the light a bit I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of the light a bit I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of the light a bit I might
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull
+my fill light back a little bit so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my fill light back a little bit so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my fill light back a little bit so now
+we have a somewhat dramatic interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a somewhat dramatic interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a somewhat dramatic interview
+set up we're still getting a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up we're still getting a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up we're still getting a little bit
+of reflection with the glasses that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reflection with the glasses that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reflection with the glasses that's
+something that we would need to tweak uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we would need to tweak uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we would need to tweak uh
+one more thing I might do in a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing I might do in a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing I might do in a situation
+like this but we're going to skip it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but we're going to skip it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but we're going to skip it for
+uh brevity is I might add an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh brevity is I might add an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh brevity is I might add an additional
+light unit uh in order to um provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light unit uh in order to um provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light unit uh in order to um provide
+some definition in the background one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some definition in the background one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some definition in the background one
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing by the way instead of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing by the way instead of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing by the way instead of using
+instead of using a fill light I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using a fill light I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using a fill light I could
+have used the flex fill so notice how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used the flex fill so notice how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used the flex fill so notice how
+here grabbing some of the light from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here grabbing some of the light from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here grabbing some of the light from
+the key light I can actually use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key light I can actually use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key light I can actually use the
+silver side of the flex fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver side of the flex fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver side of the flex fill
+to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shadows though sometimes in an interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows though sometimes in an interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows though sometimes in an interview
+setup it might be better to have a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup it might be better to have a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup it might be better to have a light
+unit um farther away from the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit um farther away from the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit um farther away from the subject
+than the flex fill but the flex fill is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the flex fill but the flex fill is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the flex fill but the flex fill is
+kind of Handy and it doesn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Handy and it doesn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Handy and it doesn't have to be
+plugged into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wall all right one last thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall all right one last thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall all right one last thing I want to
+show is a scrim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+puller so Fel instruments usually allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puller so Fel instruments usually allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puller so Fel instruments usually allow
+you to pop in scrims so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to pop in scrims so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to pop in scrims so that you can
+adjust the intensity of the light once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the intensity of the light once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the intensity of the light once
+it's in place because the scrims are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in place because the scrims are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in place because the scrims are
+metal they get really hot so if you re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal they get really hot so if you re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal they get really hot so if you re
+if you reassemble a pair of close pins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you reassemble a pair of close pins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you reassemble a pair of close pins
+uh kind of with the clips backwards you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of with the clips backwards you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of with the clips backwards you
+can actually create what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually create what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually create what's called a
+scrim puller and you want to use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrim puller and you want to use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrim puller and you want to use those
+for popping out the scrims because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for popping out the scrims because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for popping out the scrims because they
+can get really hot and you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get really hot and you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get really hot and you don't want to
+burn your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn your
+fingers so what we've done here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers so what we've done here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers so what we've done here is a
+pretty traditional straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty traditional straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty traditional straightforward
+three-point lighting setup for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-point lighting setup for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-point lighting setup for an
+interview and I just wanted to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview and I just wanted to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview and I just wanted to make a
+couple of points about uh what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of points about uh what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of points about uh what other
+things to think about if this were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to think about if this were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to think about if this were in
+fact an interview uh so David has set me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact an interview uh so David has set me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact an interview uh so David has set me
+up here I'm the interview subject he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here I'm the interview subject he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here I'm the interview subject he's
+the interviewer uh cons presumably uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interviewer uh cons presumably uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interviewer uh cons presumably uh in
+a traditional interview uh situation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traditional interview uh situation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traditional interview uh situation I
+would be looking just off camera uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be looking just off camera uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be looking just off camera uh
+either to the left or the right and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to the left or the right and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to the left or the right and what
+we have set up here with the main on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have set up here with the main on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have set up here with the main on
+this side uh is essentially probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side uh is essentially probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side uh is essentially probably
+something that would favor me looking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would favor me looking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would favor me looking to
+the left of the camera so David if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of the camera so David if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of the camera so David if you
+stand where the interview rur would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand where the interview rur would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand where the interview rur would
+be hey there uh and I'm talking to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hey there uh and I'm talking to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hey there uh and I'm talking to you
+here you see that I'm just looking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see that I'm just looking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see that I'm just looking a
+little bit off camera maybe I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit off camera maybe I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit off camera maybe I'm looking
+here this is the side that is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the side that is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the side that is uh the
+main side of the lighting it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main side of the lighting it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main side of the lighting it's more
+brightly lit uh and then the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightly lit uh and then the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightly lit uh and then the other thing
+would be thinking about uh framing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be thinking about uh framing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be thinking about uh framing in
+relation to the lighting I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to the lighting I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to the lighting I don't know
+what kind of frame you have there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of frame you have there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of frame you have there uh
+since I'm not the director but uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm not the director but uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm not the director but uh you
+might want to think about whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to think about whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to think about whether this
+kind of lighting and this kind of Frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of lighting and this kind of Frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of lighting and this kind of Frame
+Works well in both a fairly close shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works well in both a fairly close shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works well in both a fairly close shot
+depending on what you're the style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what you're the style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what you're the style
+you're going for and a wider shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going for and a wider shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going for and a wider shot
+because you may want to vary the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you may want to vary the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you may want to vary the the
+frame size during the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame size during the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame size during the course of the
+interview uh when when David asked me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview uh when when David asked me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview uh when when David asked me
+the very emotional question about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very emotional question about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very emotional question about my
+childhood and you're uh you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood and you're uh you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood and you're uh you know this is
+the 60 Minutes uh interview you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 60 Minutes uh interview you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 60 Minutes uh interview you'll be
+much you want to zoom in for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you want to zoom in for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you want to zoom in for that
+perfect little teardrop exactly yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect little teardrop exactly yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect little teardrop exactly yes the
+teardrop quivering on the just the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teardrop quivering on the just the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teardrop quivering on the just the edge
+of the little did we know the eye there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the little did we know the eye there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the little did we know the eye there
+was a cut and a makeup person put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a cut and a makeup person put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a cut and a makeup person put that
+there with an eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with an eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with an eye
+dropper yes the uh when I was scared by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropper yes the uh when I was scared by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropper yes the uh when I was scared by
+a video camera at age four and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video camera at age four and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video camera at age four and it
+changed the course of my life but um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the course of my life but um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the course of my life but um but
+anyway I just so I just wanted to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I just so I just wanted to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I just so I just wanted to point
+that out that this could be an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out that this could be an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out that this could be an actual
+live interview situation and there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live interview situation and there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live interview situation and there would
+be things that we would be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be things that we would be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be things that we would be thinking
+about both in terms of Framing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about both in terms of Framing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about both in terms of Framing and
+position of the subject and the lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the subject and the lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the subject and the lighting
+impacts that right um um another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts that right um um another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts that right um um another thing
+I'd like another thing I'd like to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like another thing I'd like to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like another thing I'd like to add
+to that is uh I typically do not do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that is uh I typically do not do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that is uh I typically do not do all
+of this setup with the interview subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this setup with the interview subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this setup with the interview subject
+standing in yes so typically typic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in yes so typically typic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in yes so typically typic
+typically I work in a two-person team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically I work in a two-person team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically I work in a two-person team
+and um the person doing the interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the person doing the interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the person doing the interview
+will hang out with the interview subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will hang out with the interview subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will hang out with the interview subject
+and kind of chat with them and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of chat with them and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of chat with them and kind of
+warm things up and do that away from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm things up and do that away from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm things up and do that away from all
+the technical setup and I will do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical setup and I will do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical setup and I will do the
+technical um setup and then only do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical um setup and then only do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical um setup and then only do the
+very last minute tweaking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very last minute tweaking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very last minute tweaking and
+adjustments with the subject sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments with the subject sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments with the subject sitting
+under the lights because it could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the lights because it could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the lights because it could take
+you know 30 minutes to set everything up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 30 minutes to set everything up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 30 minutes to set everything up
+really carefully sound lighting Etc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really carefully sound lighting Etc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really carefully sound lighting Etc and
+you know you don't want to put people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't want to put people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't want to put people
+through that um yeah I mean we we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that um yeah I mean we we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that um yeah I mean we we have a
+separate class on interview techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate class on interview techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate class on interview techniques
+and things to think about when doing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things to think about when doing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things to think about when doing an
+interview but the the comfort and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview but the the comfort and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview but the the comfort and uh
+relaxed state of your subject is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed state of your subject is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed state of your subject is
+obviously really really crucial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously really really crucial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously really really crucial and
+putting them through what I just went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them through what I just went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them through what I just went
+through you know I'm patient because I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you know I'm patient because I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you know I'm patient because I I
+don't mind being a guinea pig here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mind being a guinea pig here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mind being a guinea pig here but
+putting them through that is not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them through that is not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them through that is not a good
+way to begin a relationship when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to begin a relationship when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to begin a relationship when you're
+going to be asking them questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be asking them questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be asking them questions
+similarly another point I wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly another point I wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly another point I wanted to make
+about the the lighting is you want to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the lighting is you want to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the lighting is you want to uh
+obviously make things look good and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously make things look good and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously make things look good and put
+the lights where they need to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights where they need to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights where they need to be in
+order to get a a good image and a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get a a good image and a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get a a good image and a look
+that you that works for you but you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you that works for you but you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you that works for you but you also
+want to think about the comfort of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about the comfort of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about the comfort of your
+subject uh so again having something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject uh so again having something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject uh so again having something
+glaring directly in their eyes a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glaring directly in their eyes a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glaring directly in their eyes a very
+powerful light uh can be a problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful light uh can be a problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful light uh can be a problem and
+raising the light a little bit higher so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising the light a little bit higher so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising the light a little bit higher so
+that it's not as uh see right there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not as uh see right there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not as uh see right there that
+makes a huge difference right in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a huge difference right in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a huge difference right in fact
+usually I and that you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually I and that you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually I and that you know that's
+actually another reason why I prefer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually another reason why I prefer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually another reason why I prefer the
+sidy light it's not just about being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidy light it's not just about being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidy light it's not just about being
+dramatic and and kind of following in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic and and kind of following in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic and and kind of following in
+the rembrand tradition but a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rembrand tradition but a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rembrand tradition but a lot of it
+is also driven by not having the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also driven by not having the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also driven by not having the light
+glare directly into the subject space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glare directly into the subject space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glare directly into the subject space so
+now if I'm talking to David back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I'm talking to David back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I'm talking to David back in the
+interviewer position I can see him I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewer position I can see him I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewer position I can see him I'm
+not looking into the light it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not looking into the light it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not looking into the light it's just
+much more comfortable for me um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more comfortable for me um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more comfortable for me um there's
+also a another uh thing that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a another uh thing that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a another uh thing that people
+often do called Comfort lights which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do called Comfort lights which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do called Comfort lights which
+basically would would be another small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically would would be another small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically would would be another small
+light that actually isn't lighting me at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that actually isn't lighting me at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that actually isn't lighting me at
+all but is a very low power light that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but is a very low power light that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but is a very low power light that's
+lighting David or lighting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting David or lighting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting David or lighting the
+background so that I'm not just staring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background so that I'm not just staring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background so that I'm not just staring
+into this black well with these Bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this black well with these Bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this black well with these Bright
+Lights pointing at me uh I actually can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lights pointing at me uh I actually can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lights pointing at me uh I actually can
+see who I'm talking to I can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see who I'm talking to I can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see who I'm talking to I can see the
+environment just a little bit and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment just a little bit and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment just a little bit and we
+know we keep them very low and very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we keep them very low and very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we keep them very low and very low
+power so that they don't actually affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so that they don't actually affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so that they don't actually affect
+the image but it just adds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image but it just adds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image but it just adds to the
+Comfort level of the person um but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comfort level of the person um but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comfort level of the person um but yeah
+David also made an extremely good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David also made an extremely good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David also made an extremely good and
+important point that that uh when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point that that uh when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point that that uh when you're
+working doing an interview particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working doing an interview particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working doing an interview particularly
+if it is kind of a sensitive subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is kind of a sensitive subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is kind of a sensitive subject
+having two people is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two people is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two people is really really
+important uh not just to schle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh not just to schle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh not just to schle the
+equipment but because one person can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment but because one person can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment but because one person can be
+sort of developing a report with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of developing a report with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of developing a report with the
+interview subject while the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview subject while the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview subject while the other person
+is handling all of this stuff yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is handling all of this stuff yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is handling all of this stuff yeah and
+and it gets really really difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets really really difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets really really difficult
+sometimes if you put somebody through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if you put somebody through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if you put somebody through
+especially someone who's not really used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially someone who's not really used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially someone who's not really used
+to doing this through this this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing this through this this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing this through this this whole
+experience of the tweaking and the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of the tweaking and the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of the tweaking and the and
+and the lighting setup and glaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lighting setup and glaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lighting setup and glaring
+lights in their eyes and then you say go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights in their eyes and then you say go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights in their eyes and then you say go
+ready start and that that can be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready start and that that can be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready start and that that can be a very
+sort of uh off-putting experience yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh off-putting experience yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh off-putting experience yeah
+and uh one last thing is we've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh one last thing is we've done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh one last thing is we've done this
+pretty dramatic almost theatrical setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty dramatic almost theatrical setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty dramatic almost theatrical setup
+for this particular demo but if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular demo but if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular demo but if I was
+interviewing Chris about teaching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing Chris about teaching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing Chris about teaching this
+class we would probably find a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we would probably find a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we would probably find a nice
+window uh maybe facing north or South so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window uh maybe facing north or South so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window uh maybe facing north or South so
+we don't get direct sunlight in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get direct sunlight in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get direct sunlight in the
+middle of the interview we'd sit by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the interview we'd sit by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the interview we'd sit by that
+window and some soft light and we'd talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and some soft light and we'd talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and some soft light and we'd talk
+there and I'd probably never pull a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I'd probably never pull a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I'd probably never pull a
+lighting um instrument out of the kit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting um instrument out of the kit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting um instrument out of the kit so
+start with Mother Nature see if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with Mother Nature see if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with Mother Nature see if the
+natural light works for you and if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural light works for you and if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural light works for you and if not
+you can always work artificially and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always work artificially and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always work artificially and
+remember to apply the principles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to apply the principles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to apply the principles that
+we've been talking about both in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about both in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about both in the the
+the lecture part and in this demo to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture part and in this demo to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture part and in this demo to
+non-lighting instrument situations uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-lighting instrument situations uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-lighting instrument situations uh a
+little bit of backlight adds a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of backlight adds a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of backlight adds a lot of
+definition well there are other ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition well there are other ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition well there are other ways to
+get backlight than setting up a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get backlight than setting up a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get backlight than setting up a light
+right maybe we should do one last setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe we should do one last setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe we should do one last setup
+sure using the natural lights available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure using the natural lights available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure using the natural lights available
+in this room the camera currently is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room the camera currently is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room the camera currently is not
+correctly white Balan that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly white Balan that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly white Balan that's why
+everything looks orange and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks orange and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks orange and we're going
+to do a white balance for you so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a white balance for you so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a white balance for you so here's
+a white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+card all right so here let's white B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card all right so here let's white B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card all right so here let's white B
+bance the taking camera Zach is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bance the taking camera Zach is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bance the taking camera Zach is going to
+white balance the Sony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white balance the Sony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white balance the Sony
+A1 P menu and then white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 P menu and then white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 P menu and then white
+balance and then there's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+push all right so now this is what Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push all right so now this is what Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push all right so now this is what Chris
+looks like with a technically correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like with a technically correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like with a technically correct
+white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white
+bounce so so now let's do that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce so so now let's do that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce so so now let's do that again
+Chris if you could hold up the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris if you could hold up the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris if you could hold up the white
+card let's do that again and hold an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card let's do that again and hold an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card let's do that again and hold an
+eighth blue filter over the lens we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth blue filter over the lens we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth blue filter over the lens we're
+going to fool the camera into thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fool the camera into thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fool the camera into thinking
+there's more blue in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more blue in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more blue in the
+world now we're going to do the one push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world now we're going to do the one push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world now we're going to do the one push
+white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balance got it and now we pull away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance got it and now we pull away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance got it and now we pull away the
+blue and Chris looks a little warmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and Chris looks a little warmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and Chris looks a little warmer
+teeny bit warmer just a tad it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeny bit warmer just a tad it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeny bit warmer just a tad it's like
+adding a little bit of Basil to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a little bit of Basil to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a little bit of Basil to your
+spaghetti sauce um slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti sauce um slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti sauce um slightly more
+flavorful now this is beautiful window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavorful now this is beautiful window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavorful now this is beautiful window
+light we're not getting direct sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light we're not getting direct sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light we're not getting direct sun
+shining into the room so it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining into the room so it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining into the room so it's all
+beautiful soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful soft
+Skylight and from this camera angle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skylight and from this camera angle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skylight and from this camera angle that
+Zach is shooting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zach is shooting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zach is shooting from
+um looks reasonably good it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um looks reasonably good it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um looks reasonably good it's a bit
+dramatic because remember that inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic because remember that inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic because remember that inverse
+Square law it's kind of hard to get away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square law it's kind of hard to get away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square law it's kind of hard to get away
+from it the light falls off pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it the light falls off pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it the light falls off pretty
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+uh but at this angle Chris if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but at this angle Chris if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but at this angle Chris if you look
+at me from this angle um we're getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at me from this angle um we're getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at me from this angle um we're getting a
+pretty nice wrap around his face um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nice wrap around his face um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nice wrap around his face um
+clearly we have a a bright side and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly we have a a bright side and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly we have a a bright side and a
+darker side of the face but it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darker side of the face but it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darker side of the face but it looks
+very natural it's kind of hard to beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very natural it's kind of hard to beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very natural it's kind of hard to beat
+really nice vermier like soft window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice vermier like soft window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice vermier like soft window
+light and of course just as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and of course just as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and of course just as you can
+change the light or the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the light or the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the light or the position of the
+light in the other setup here you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in the other setup here you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in the other setup here you could
+change the position of the subject so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the position of the subject so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the position of the subject so
+you could have me move and if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have me move and if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have me move and if you could
+just pan with me move this way if I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pan with me move this way if I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pan with me move this way if I move
+Chris back away from the window here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris back away from the window here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris back away from the window here it
+gets flatter I'm lit from the front see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets flatter I'm lit from the front see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets flatter I'm lit from the front see
+notice how flat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how flat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how flat that
+is but now Chris if you move right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but now Chris if you move right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but now Chris if you move right here
+and look straight into the camera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look straight into the camera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look straight into the camera and
+look over here now see how dramatic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look over here now see how dramatic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look over here now see how dramatic that
+is with a dark side and a light light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with a dark side and a light light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with a dark side and a light light
+side so just now look at me look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so just now look at me look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so just now look at me look at how
+that dramatically changes so in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dramatically changes so in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dramatically changes so in just
+this small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this small
+area moving the camera a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area moving the camera a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area moving the camera a little bit
+moving the subject a little bit we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the subject a little bit we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the subject a little bit we can
+adjust the light for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the light for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the light for what
+works and It ultimately depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and It ultimately depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and It ultimately depends on
+determining what works for your scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining what works for your scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining what works for your scene
+exactly and if we need fill we can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and if we need fill we can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and if we need fill we can you
+know we could bring in the the flex fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we could bring in the the flex fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we could bring in the the flex fill
+if necessary but typically when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if necessary but typically when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if necessary but typically when I'm
+shooting like this I might be solo Lobo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting like this I might be solo Lobo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting like this I might be solo Lobo
+and there's no one to hold the reflector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no one to hold the reflector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no one to hold the reflector
+so if I can find a nice position a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I can find a nice position a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I can find a nice position a nice
+soft window light somewhere hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft window light somewhere hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft window light somewhere hopefully
+away from a lot of noise so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from a lot of noise so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from a lot of noise so let's go
+back to the dramatic position though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the dramatic position though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the dramatic position though
+maybe that can hold the flex fill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that can hold the flex fill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that can hold the flex fill and
+put it in and just you can see what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in and just you can see what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in and just you can see what that
+look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like
+um so here come away from the window a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here come away from the window a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here come away from the window a
+little bit so it's more dramatic y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right pretty dramatic so that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right pretty dramatic so that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right pretty dramatic so that's a pretty
+dramatic that's a pretty intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic that's a pretty intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic that's a pretty intense
+lighting ratio but notice using the flex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting ratio but notice using the flex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting ratio but notice using the flex
+fill I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill I
+can fill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fill in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fill in the
+shadows wax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows wax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows wax
+off wax on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off wax on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off wax on
+wax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off wax on if I use the matte white side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off wax on if I use the matte white side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off wax on if I use the matte white side
+the effect is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect is more
+subtle wax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle wax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle wax
+off wax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off wax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off wax
+on so the flex fill can provide you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so the flex fill can provide you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so the flex fill can provide you with
+um really nice fill light so typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um really nice fill light so typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um really nice fill light so typically
+when we're working outdoors and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're working outdoors and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're working outdoors and we're
+going low Tech flexfill and mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going low Tech flexfill and mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going low Tech flexfill and mother
+nature Cinema is light moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time that's your wrapup yeah um so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's your wrapup yeah um so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's your wrapup yeah um so I'll
+just say uh that we've looked at a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say uh that we've looked at a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say uh that we've looked at a lot
+of tools today and um everything from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tools today and um everything from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tools today and um everything from uh
+Clos pins c47s to Fel lights and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos pins c47s to Fel lights and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos pins c47s to Fel lights and and
+more but ultimately the the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more but ultimately the the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more but ultimately the the most
+important tool is your eye uh and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important tool is your eye uh and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important tool is your eye uh and that's
+what I was trying to get at earlier when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was trying to get at earlier when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was trying to get at earlier when
+I talked about actually seeing what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about actually seeing what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about actually seeing what's in
+the scene and making changes based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene and making changes based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene and making changes based on
+what you're seeing uh your ey is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing uh your ey is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing uh your ey is an
+incredible instrument it's far better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible instrument it's far better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible instrument it's far better
+than any camera it's far more adaptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any camera it's far more adaptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any camera it's far more adaptable
+in different lighting situations in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different lighting situations in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different lighting situations in fact
+it's so good that you have to sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so good that you have to sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so good that you have to sometimes
+learn to see past it and see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to see past it and see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to see past it and see what's
+what's actually there and what a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's actually there and what a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's actually there and what a camera
+would see which is not as adaptable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see which is not as adaptable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see which is not as adaptable so
+it takes a lot of practice uh until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a lot of practice uh until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a lot of practice uh until it
+eventually becomes second nature but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually becomes second nature but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually becomes second nature but
+taking a look at the scene and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a look at the scene and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a look at the scene and then
+making adjustments either to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making adjustments either to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making adjustments either to your
+subject or to the light uh whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject or to the light uh whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject or to the light uh whether they
+be lighting instruments or Windows uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lighting instruments or Windows uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lighting instruments or Windows uh is
+really the basic process of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the basic process of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the basic process of doing
+lighting as it is the basic process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting as it is the basic process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting as it is the basic process of
+almost any aspect of film making so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any aspect of film making so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any aspect of film making so
+thanks a lot Dave I appreciate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks a lot Dave I appreciate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks a lot Dave I appreciate you
+coming in um Happ to come in fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in um Happ to come in fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in um Happ to come in fantastic
+and um you know your your blog kino.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know your your blog kino.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know your your blog kino.com
+is a great resource for not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great resource for not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great resource for not just
+lighting tips but uh video and media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting tips but uh video and media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting tips but uh video and media
+documentary mostly documentary and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary mostly documentary and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary mostly documentary and I'd
+like to thank Zach Ray for helping us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to thank Zach Ray for helping us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to thank Zach Ray for helping us
+today and thanks again also to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and thanks again also to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and thanks again also to our
+terrific cameraman Jared Dunc who uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific cameraman Jared Dunc who uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific cameraman Jared Dunc who uh is
+living what we're just talking about out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living what we're just talking about out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living what we're just talking about out
+as we as we uh film this
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/I2Z6K_g5kpc.txt b/I2Z6K_g5kpc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7836bd9b45337865587ac7b088c0ea418652590
--- /dev/null
+++ b/I2Z6K_g5kpc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2602 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello and welcome back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome back to
+recitation so today I want to practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation so today I want to practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation so today I want to practice
+doing Computing some integrals with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Computing some integrals with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Computing some integrals with you
+in polar coordinates so we have uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polar coordinates so we have uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polar coordinates so we have uh these
+these three integrals set up here and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three integrals set up here and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three integrals set up here and uh
+the way the integrals are given to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the integrals are given to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the integrals are given to you
+they're given to you in rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're given to you in rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're given to you in rectangular
+coordinates so the first thing you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so the first thing you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so the first thing you need
+to do is to uh reexpress these in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to uh reexpress these in polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to uh reexpress these in polar
+coordinates and uh so for the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and uh so for the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and uh so for the first one
+part A I want you to uh completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part A I want you to uh completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part A I want you to uh completely
+compute the uh the integral for Part B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the uh the integral for Part B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the uh the integral for Part B
+and C well we have this function f which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C well we have this function f which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C well we have this function f which
+we haven't specified yet so the exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't specified yet so the exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't specified yet so the exercise
+is to set up the integral we we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to set up the integral we we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to set up the integral we we won't
+actually um compute it we'll just set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um compute it we'll just set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um compute it we'll just set it
+up uh completely so rewrite it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh completely so rewrite it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh completely so rewrite it in terms
+of R and Theta so why don't you pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R and Theta so why don't you pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R and Theta so why don't you pause
+the video and uh get started on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video and uh get started on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video and uh get started on that and
+check back with me and we'll work it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check back with me and we'll work it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check back with me and we'll work it out
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+started so for for all of these when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so for for all of these when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so for for all of these when
+we're when we're transferring from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're when we're transferring from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're when we're transferring from uh
+rectangular to Polar coordinates the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular to Polar coordinates the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular to Polar coordinates the uh
+somehow the most difficult part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the most difficult part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the most difficult part is
+understanding what it is that we're what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what it is that we're what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what it is that we're what
+region we're integrating over and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region we're integrating over and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region we're integrating over and if we
+can understand that then the rest of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand that then the rest of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand that then the rest of it
+is just uh straightforward calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just uh straightforward calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just uh straightforward calculation
+so in part A let's try to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in part A let's try to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in part A let's try to think about
+what this region is that that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this region is that that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this region is that that we're
+given so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're given the region from x = 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're given the region from x = 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're given the region from x = 1 to
+x = 2 so let's draw those lines xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x = 2 so let's draw those lines xal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x = 2 so let's draw those lines xal
+1 and x =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and x =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and x =
+2 okay so that's how uh that's how X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so that's how uh that's how X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so that's how uh that's how X
+varies in between this band and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies in between this band and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies in between this band and now the
+Y varies from zero to the function X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y varies from zero to the function X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y varies from zero to the function X so
+we better draw the line yal X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the line Y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the line Y =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the line Y =
+X and the region that we're after is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the region that we're after is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the region that we're after is in
+between this band and in between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this band and in between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this band and in between these
+two lines so it's this uh region right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines so it's this uh region right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines so it's this uh region right
+here okay that's the reason that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay that's the reason that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay that's the reason that that's
+the region that we want all right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region that we want all right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region that we want all right so now
+that we have that what we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have that what we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have that what we need to
+do to express something in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to express something in polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to express something in polar
+coordinates is we need to uh sweep out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates is we need to uh sweep out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates is we need to uh sweep out
+uh rays of constant angle and uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rays of constant angle and uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rays of constant angle and uh and and
+then measure the radius along the Rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then measure the radius along the Rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then measure the radius along the Rays
+so let's see what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so so we can kind of see that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so we can kind of see that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so we can kind of see that if
+we're inside this region here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're inside this region here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're inside this region here the
+smallest value that Theta can be is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest value that Theta can be is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest value that Theta can be is just
+theta equals Zer because you C because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals Zer because you C because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals Zer because you C because
+right for instance right here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for instance right here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for instance right here is the
+point Theta is a point at theta equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Theta is a point at theta equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Theta is a point at theta equals z
+and then Theta runs all the way up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Theta runs all the way up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Theta runs all the way up and
+this whole line here is where Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole line here is where Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole line here is where Theta
+reaches its maximum and that's at Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches its maximum and that's at Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches its maximum and that's at Theta
+is pi over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi over 4
+so this tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells us
+that it's so this tells us that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's so this tells us that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's so this tells us that it's
+easiest to write the uh Theta integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest to write the uh Theta integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest to write the uh Theta integral
+on the outside and we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside and we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside and we're going to have
+Theta running from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta running from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta running from
+zero to pi over 4 okay very good now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to pi over 4 okay very good now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to pi over 4 okay very good now in
+order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to
+get in order to get the r ranges uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in order to get the r ranges uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in order to get the r ranges uh it's
+going to be a little bit more subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit more subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit more subtle
+because what we need to do is we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we need to do is we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we need to do is we need to
+fix some arbitrary Theta in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix some arbitrary Theta in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix some arbitrary Theta in the middle
+here so I'll just draw kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'll just draw kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'll just draw kind of a
+representative Theta would be like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative Theta would be like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative Theta would be like this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+here so there's a representative Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's a representative Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's a representative Theta
+and what we need to do is we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to we need to describe how R varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we need to describe how R varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we need to describe how R varies
+along this pink line here so uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this pink line here so uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this pink line here so uh that's
+that's the line that we really want okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the line that we really want okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the line that we really want okay
+so in order to do that uh we just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to do that uh we just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to do that uh we just need
+to do some simple trig ometry now so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some simple trig ometry now so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some simple trig ometry now so uh
+so let's see so R turns on at this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see so R turns on at this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see so R turns on at this line
+right here at the line xals 1 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here at the line xals 1 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here at the line xals 1 that's
+where R turns on so let's see what um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where R turns on so let's see what um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where R turns on so let's see what um
+what the value of R is at that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the value of R is at that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the value of R is at that line
+here so the point is that we have uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the point is that we have uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the point is that we have uh so
+let me draw this triangle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw this triangle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw this triangle here
+uh let me blow this triangle up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this
+is this is our line xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is our line xal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is our line xal
+1 and this is our triangle uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and this is our triangle uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and this is our triangle uh this is
+this triangle here we just put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle here we just put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle here we just put a
+magnifying glass on it so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnifying glass on it so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnifying glass on it so we have this
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+Theta and okay if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and okay if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and okay if we look at
+um so this x value is one because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this x value is one because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this x value is one because we're
+uh because we're on the line x equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because we're on the line x equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because we're on the line x equals 1
+so the the the length of this leg is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the the length of this leg is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the the length of this leg is one
+and this is r that we're after okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is r that we're after okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is r that we're after okay so
+basic trigonometry we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic trigonometry we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic trigonometry we know that
+cos Theta is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos Theta is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos Theta is equal
+to um so cosine is adjacent over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um so cosine is adjacent over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um so cosine is adjacent over
+hypotenuse is equal to 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse is equal to 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse is equal to 1 over
+R okay so that tells us that R is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay so that tells us that R is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay so that tells us that R is equal
+to se
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to se
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to se
+Theta okay so what that means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so what that means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so what that means is that
+this uh for any given Theta this pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh for any given Theta this pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh for any given Theta this pink
+band turns on at precisely r equal SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band turns on at precisely r equal SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band turns on at precisely r equal SE
+Theta and so that's what we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and so that's what we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and so that's what we need to
+write in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay now you can kind of see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now you can kind of see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now you can kind of see that
+uh it turns off at Ral 2 SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta because now instead of going over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta because now instead of going over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta because now instead of going over
+uh length one we go over length two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh length one we go over length two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh length one we go over length two and
+so our integral becomes uh integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our integral becomes uh integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our integral becomes uh integral from
+0 to Pi 4 uh Ral see Theta to 2 SE Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to Pi 4 uh Ral see Theta to 2 SE Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to Pi 4 uh Ral see Theta to 2 SE Theta
+okay and now we uh need to reexpress our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now we uh need to reexpress our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now we uh need to reexpress our
+original function in terms of R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original function in terms of R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original function in terms of R and
+Theta so our original function was um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so our original function was um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so our original function was um so
+let's go back over to the uh the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back over to the uh the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back over to the uh the um
+formula here so we have x^2 + y^2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here so we have x^2 + y^2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here so we have x^2 + y^2 to the
+3es so x^2 + y^2 to the 1/2 that's R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3es so x^2 + y^2 to the 1/2 that's R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3es so x^2 + y^2 to the 1/2 that's R and
+so x^2 + y^2 to 3es that's R cubed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x^2 + y^2 to 3es that's R cubed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x^2 + y^2 to 3es that's R cubed so
+this is 1 over R cubed so uh this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 1 over R cubed so uh this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 1 over R cubed so uh this is one
+over R cubed in here and as we know dydx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R cubed in here and as we know dydx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R cubed in here and as we know dydx
+becomes RDR D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta okay so this is the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so this is the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so this is the this is the
+integral that we need to compute and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that we need to compute and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that we need to compute and now
+that we've done all the geometry this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've done all the geometry this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've done all the geometry this is
+uh this is going to be a straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is going to be a straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is going to be a straightforward
+intergral to compute so let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergral to compute so let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergral to compute so let's do it
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+so just rewrite it over here so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just rewrite it over here so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just rewrite it over here so we have
+Theta running from 0 to pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta running from 0 to pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta running from 0 to pi over
+4 and R running from SE Theta to 2 SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and R running from SE Theta to 2 SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and R running from SE Theta to 2 SE
+Theta and we have uh 1 / r^ 2 d r d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and we have uh 1 / r^ 2 d r d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and we have uh 1 / r^ 2 d r d
+Theta okay so that equals uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have taking the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taking the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taking the inside
+integral first we get uh -1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral first we get uh -1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral first we get uh -1/
+R from 2 SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R from 2 SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R from 2 SE
+Theta to se Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and uh now this is nice because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh now this is nice because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh now this is nice because uh
+seek Theta if we plug it in for 1 / R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek Theta if we plug it in for 1 / R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek Theta if we plug it in for 1 / R
+it's just going to turn back into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to turn back into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to turn back into a
+cosine right so this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine right so this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine right so this is just the
+integral from Theta equal 0 to pi over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from Theta equal 0 to pi over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from Theta equal 0 to pi over 4
+okay because we have this minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because we have this minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because we have this minus sign
+here we're going to get cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to get cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to get cos
+Theta minus 1 over 2 SE Theta becomes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta minus 1 over 2 SE Theta becomes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta minus 1 over 2 SE Theta becomes uh
+12 cos Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D Theta and this we can compute to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Theta and this we can compute to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Theta and this we can compute to be uh
+the square < TK of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square < TK of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square < TK of 2
+over 4 so this is uh this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 so this is uh this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 so this is uh this is an
+elementary integral that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary integral that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary integral that we could
+compute squ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute squ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute squ 2
+4 okay so and and that's it that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 okay so and and that's it that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 okay so and and that's it that's all
+there is to a so notice that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is to a so notice that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is to a so notice that the the
+difficult part is is uh is figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult part is is uh is figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult part is is uh is figuring out
+how the boundary curves of your original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the boundary curves of your original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the boundary curves of your original
+reexpress in the r and Theta coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reexpress in the r and Theta coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reexpress in the r and Theta coordinates
+so let's see if we can get more practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see if we can get more practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see if we can get more practice
+with that on uh on Parts B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C so in Part B let me just recall we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so in Part B let me just recall we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so in Part B let me just recall we're
+taking the integral xal 0 2 1 y = x^2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the integral xal 0 2 1 y = x^2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the integral xal 0 2 1 y = x^2 to
+x f Dy DX so let's draw this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x f Dy DX so let's draw this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x f Dy DX so let's draw this region
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh the bottom curve is y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x^2 and the top curve is yal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 and the top curve is yal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 and the top curve is yal
+X and X runs from 0er to one so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and X runs from 0er to one so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and X runs from 0er to one so this is
+the region that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region that we're
+after okay so once again in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after okay so once again in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after okay so once again in this case
+it's pretty easy to figure out the Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty easy to figure out the Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty easy to figure out the Theta
+uh the the range for Theta because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the range for Theta because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the range for Theta because you
+see this Parabola here as it approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this Parabola here as it approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this Parabola here as it approaches
+the origin it becomes flat so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin it becomes flat so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin it becomes flat so the the
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+as we get closer and closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we get closer and closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we get closer and closer to the
+origin is zero so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin is zero so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin is zero so so the
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+um the initial Bound for Theta is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the initial Bound for Theta is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the initial Bound for Theta is zero
+uh it doesn't matter that we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it doesn't matter that we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it doesn't matter that we have this
+curve here it's still zero and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve here it's still zero and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve here it's still zero and then the
+top Bound Again is pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4 okay now for this curve uh y = x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 okay now for this curve uh y = x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 okay now for this curve uh y = x^2
+what we just have to do is we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just have to do is we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just have to do is we just have
+to use our uh change of coord or polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use our uh change of coord or polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use our uh change of coord or polar
+change of coordinates and reexpress this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of coordinates and reexpress this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of coordinates and reexpress this
+curve so y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x^2 well Y is R sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta and X is R cos Theta so this is Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and X is R cos Theta so this is Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and X is R cos Theta so this is Al
+together R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together R
+2 cos 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 cos 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 cos 2
+Theta okay and now all we need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay and now all we need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay and now all we need to do is
+just solve uh for R here so we get r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solve uh for R here so we get r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solve uh for R here so we get r
+equals so I can cancel that r with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals so I can cancel that r with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals so I can cancel that r with that
+one and it looks to me like we get rals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it looks to me like we get rals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it looks to me like we get rals
+tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tan
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+see secant Theta by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see secant Theta by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see secant Theta by
+solving okay so so that's the R value at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving okay so so that's the R value at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving okay so so that's the R value at
+each of these points along the curve uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these points along the curve uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these points along the curve uh
+so that is going to be our top bound so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is going to be our top bound so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is going to be our top bound so
+if we draw if we draw a little segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we draw if we draw a little segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we draw if we draw a little segments
+of constant Theta they all start at R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constant Theta they all start at R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constant Theta they all start at R
+equals z because uh we have this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z because uh we have this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z because uh we have this this
+sharp Point here at the origin and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp Point here at the origin and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp Point here at the origin and uh
+and they all stop at this curve rals tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all stop at this curve rals tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all stop at this curve rals tan
+Theta see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta all right and uh so now F Well F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta all right and uh so now F Well F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta all right and uh so now F Well F
+uh we're just going to leave put and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're just going to leave put and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're just going to leave put and
+then finally we have RDR D Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's our answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's our answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's our answer to
+B all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now uh C is going to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now uh C is going to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now uh C is going to be a little
+bit tricky uh what What's tricky about C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit tricky uh what What's tricky about C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit tricky uh what What's tricky about C
+is drawing the picture but uh but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is drawing the picture but uh but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is drawing the picture but uh but we'll
+we'll see what we can do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see what we can do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see what we can do about
+that so let me just remind you y range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let me just remind you y range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let me just remind you y range
+range from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from 0 to
+two and and X ranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and and X ranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and and X ranges
+from0 to the Square t of 2 y - y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and then we have F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then we have F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then we have F
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+Dy okay so uh well the Y bounds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy okay so uh well the Y bounds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy okay so uh well the Y bounds are
+pretty straightforward 0 to two this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward 0 to two this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward 0 to two this
+this function when I first saw this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function when I first saw this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function when I first saw this I
+didn't uh I didn't recognize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't uh I didn't recognize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't uh I didn't recognize this
+function right away so let's see what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right away so let's see what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right away so let's see what we
+can make out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make out of this
+curve so uh so the curve the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so uh so the curve the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so uh so the curve the the the
+sort of top curve for X is going to be X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of top curve for X is going to be X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of top curve for X is going to be X
+= the < TK of 2 y - y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= the < TK of 2 y - y^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= the < TK of 2 y - y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh this this looks like it wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this this looks like it wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this this looks like it wants to
+be the equation of a circle uh so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the equation of a circle uh so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the equation of a circle uh so let's
+see if we can turn this into an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can turn this into an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can turn this into an equation
+of a circle so if we Square both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a circle so if we Square both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a circle so if we Square both sides
+of this equation then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this equation then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this equation then we get
+x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2
+= um 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= um 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= um 2
+y minus y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y minus y^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y minus y^
+2 and now this uh this over here uh 2 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and now this uh this over here uh 2 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and now this uh this over here uh 2 y
+- y^2 so so if we add this both if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- y^2 so so if we add this both if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- y^2 so so if we add this both if we
+add this over to the other side we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this over to the other side we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this over to the other side we have
+x^2 plus y^ 2 - 2 y = 0 and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 plus y^ 2 - 2 y = 0 and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 plus y^ 2 - 2 y = 0 and now the
+thing that I notied about uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I notied about uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I notied about uh this
+expression here is it really looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here is it really looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here is it really looks
+almost like the quantity y -1 s yeah if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like the quantity y -1 s yeah if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like the quantity y -1 s yeah if
+there was a plus one here then then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a plus one here then then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a plus one here then then that
+would be the case so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x2+ y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2+ y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2+ y
+-1 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 squared
+except that the left hand side is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that the left hand side is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that the left hand side is not
+quite equal to that it's equal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite equal to that it's equal to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite equal to that it's equal to that
+minus one so this equation is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so this equation is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so this equation is just
+equals zero so this equation is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero so this equation is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero so this equation is just
+equivalent to that one and that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to that one and that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to that one and that's good
+news because this says that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news because this says that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news because this says that this is the
+equation if I add this uh one over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if I add this uh one over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if I add this uh one over to
+the other side let me go over here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side let me go over here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side let me go over here we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+x^2 + y - 1^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + y - 1^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + y - 1^
+2ar equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2ar equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2ar equals
+1 and this we know what this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and this we know what this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and this we know what this is this is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+circle with its um this is a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle with its um this is a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle with its um this is a circle
+which is Center not at the origin but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Center not at the origin but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Center not at the origin but at
+the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point
+uh 0 comma 1 in the Y uh Direction so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0 comma 1 in the Y uh Direction so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0 comma 1 in the Y uh Direction so if
+we draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this this is um this is the well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is um this is the well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is um this is the well this is
+the equation for the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation for the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation for the entire
+circle but we only want the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle but we only want the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle but we only want the positive
+half because uh because we were told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half because uh because we were told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half because uh because we were told
+that X starts at zero and goes up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X starts at zero and goes up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X starts at zero and goes up to
+this positive number so we only want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positive number so we only want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positive number so we only want the
+positive half here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive half here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive half here okay
+so so this is the region that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the region that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the region that we're
+integrating and now now that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating and now now that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating and now now that we know
+this we can we can again figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we can we can again figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we can we can again figure out the
+values of theta and the values of R so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of theta and the values of R so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of theta and the values of R so
+um so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so first of
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+Theta is going to range again from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is going to range again from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is going to range again from zero
+because this uh this bottom curve as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this uh this bottom curve as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this uh this bottom curve as it
+comes into the origin it comes in flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into the origin it comes in flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into the origin it comes in flat
+so uh we have points of of arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we have points of of arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we have points of of arbitrarily
+small angle so Theta is is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angle so Theta is is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angle so Theta is is going to
+start at zero and Theta is going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at zero and Theta is going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at zero and Theta is going to go
+all the way up until Pi / 2 because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up until Pi / 2 because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up until Pi / 2 because it's
+uh because Theta can be pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because Theta can be pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because Theta can be pointing
+straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up okay and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now now we have to think about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now we have to think about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now we have to think about these
+lines of constant uh constant angle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of constant uh constant angle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of constant uh constant angle and
+we need to think about what what R does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to think about what what R does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to think about what what R does
+on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+so we can see from the picture that R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see from the picture that R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see from the picture that R
+always starts at zero and so and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always starts at zero and so and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always starts at zero and so and it
+stops at at this curve so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops at at this curve so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops at at this curve so we need to
+figure out what the R value is along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the R value is along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the R value is along
+this curve in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve in terms of
+theta so uh what we want to do is use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so uh what we want to do is use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so uh what we want to do is use uh
+the equation so we had it over here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation so we had it over here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation so we had it over here so
+x^2 uh + y^ 2 - 2 y equals z so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 uh + y^ 2 - 2 y equals z so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 uh + y^ 2 - 2 y equals z so that was
+that was one of the equivalent equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one of the equivalent equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one of the equivalent equations
+that we got for our curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got for our curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got for our curve
+and now this is nice because this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is nice because this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is nice because this here
+is just R 2 isn't it so this is R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just R 2 isn't it so this is R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just R 2 isn't it so this is R
+2 and uh this is min - 2 Y and Y is R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and uh this is min - 2 Y and Y is R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and uh this is min - 2 Y and Y is R
+sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta okay so we get r^ 2us 2 R sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so we get r^ 2us 2 R sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so we get r^ 2us 2 R sin
+theta equals 0 solving this for R we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals 0 solving this for R we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals 0 solving this for R we get
+that R is just 2 sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that so Ral 2 sin Theta that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that so Ral 2 sin Theta that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that so Ral 2 sin Theta that is
+the equation in R Theta coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation in R Theta coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation in R Theta coordinates
+which describes this semicircle here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which describes this semicircle here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which describes this semicircle here and
+so Al together we get uh the range is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Al together we get uh the range is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Al together we get uh the range is
+from Ral 0 to R =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Ral 0 to R =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Ral 0 to R =
+2 sin Theta and uh F just comes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 sin Theta and uh F just comes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 sin Theta and uh F just comes along
+for the ride and we have R Dr r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ride and we have R Dr r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ride and we have R Dr r
+D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+Theta and I'll leave it at that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JBgbUI3pxV0.txt b/JBgbUI3pxV0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e21c74962c924212d5ae23b7a37b62be423eb69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JBgbUI3pxV0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6915 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so moving um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so moving um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so moving um to
+today's handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's handout
+this is one of my favorite parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of my favorite parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of my favorite parts of the
+course honestly when I first started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course honestly when I first started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course honestly when I first started
+teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching
+5111 um I said transition medals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5111 um I said transition medals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5111 um I said transition medals are
+rarely covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+introchamp is not good enough that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introchamp is not good enough that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introchamp is not good enough that you
+have to take the advanced standing exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take the advanced standing exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take the advanced standing exam
+because the people who teach in organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the people who teach in organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the people who teach in organic
+chemistry found that people who placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry found that people who placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry found that people who placed
+out a 5111 didn't do as well in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a 5111 didn't do as well in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a 5111 didn't do as well in their
+course as people who took 5111 here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as people who took 5111 here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as people who took 5111 here so
+this is one of the reasons and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the reasons and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the reasons and then I
+started teaching it and I realized this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started teaching it and I realized this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started teaching it and I realized this
+is one of the even though people haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the even though people haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the even though people haven't
+seen it before and sometimes people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it before and sometimes people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it before and sometimes people get
+a little scared it's actually one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little scared it's actually one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little scared it's actually one of the
+most fun unit so I absolutely love it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fun unit so I absolutely love it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fun unit so I absolutely love it
+and hopefully you will love it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully you will love it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully you will love it by the
+end people are like we never covered it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end people are like we never covered it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end people are like we never covered it
+why are you covering it we're in chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are you covering it we're in chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are you covering it we're in chapter
+16 it's fun okay so transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 it's fun okay so transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 it's fun okay so transition
+medals dblock metals because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medals dblock metals because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medals dblock metals because they have
+those D orbitals yes we're going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those D orbitals yes we're going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those D orbitals yes we're going back to
+talking about orbitals again and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about orbitals again and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about orbitals again and they're
+called transition metals because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called transition metals because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called transition metals because you
+transition from this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from this part of the
+periodic table with your what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table with your what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table with your what kind of
+orbitals s to this part of your periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals s to this part of your periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals s to this part of your periodic
+table with your what kind of orbitals P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table with your what kind of orbitals P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table with your what kind of orbitals P
+so they are the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are the transition
+metals and they're often really reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and they're often really reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and they're often really reactive
+and very cool and many of them since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very cool and many of them since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very cool and many of them since
+we're on a biological theme many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on a biological theme many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on a biological theme many of them
+are super important in biology and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are super important in biology and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are super important in biology and I
+have some of these written down in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some of these written down in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some of these written down in your
+notes but here they are up here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes but here they are up here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes but here they are up here in the
+um transition metals you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um transition metals you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um transition metals you have a lot of
+metals that we could not live without um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals that we could not live without um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals that we could not live without um
+Iron carries oxygen to our blood very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iron carries oxygen to our blood very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iron carries oxygen to our blood very
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+hemoglobin um we talked about Cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin um we talked about Cobalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin um we talked about Cobalt
+just now that is the metal and vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now that is the metal and vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now that is the metal and vitamin
+B12 so we know why that's important we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B12 so we know why that's important we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B12 so we know why that's important we
+have zinc everywhere nickel's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zinc everywhere nickel's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zinc everywhere nickel's important
+for bacteria not so much for us but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bacteria not so much for us but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bacteria not so much for us but
+bacteria is important for us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria is important for us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria is important for us so
+therefore nickel's important to us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore nickel's important to us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore nickel's important to us so
+all of these are really important also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these are really important also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these are really important also
+this part of the periodic table is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the periodic table is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the periodic table is a
+part of the table that people love that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the table that people love that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the table that people love that
+want to make Pharmaceuticals or want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make Pharmaceuticals or want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make Pharmaceuticals or want to
+make new kinds of electrodes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make new kinds of electrodes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make new kinds of electrodes or
+batteries or all sorts of things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries or all sorts of things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries or all sorts of things um
+there's a bunch that are used as probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch that are used as probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch that are used as probes
+we talked about Imaging agents detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about Imaging agents detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about Imaging agents detecting
+cancer and all sorts of different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and all sorts of different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and all sorts of different things
+like that many of these um transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that many of these um transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that many of these um transition
+metals are used in those probes um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals are used in those probes um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals are used in those probes um and
+also in pharmac euticals um and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in pharmac euticals um and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in pharmac euticals um and so this
+is this is sort of a very rich part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is sort of a very rich part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is sort of a very rich part of
+the periodic table where those D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table where those D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table where those D
+orbitals allow for properties that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals allow for properties that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals allow for properties that are
+incredibly useful for our health and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly useful for our health and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly useful for our health and for
+doing all sorts of stuff so I love this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all sorts of stuff so I love this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all sorts of stuff so I love this
+part um again some of the biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part um again some of the biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part um again some of the biological
+Global cycling of nitrogen we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global cycling of nitrogen we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global cycling of nitrogen we talked
+about nitrogen fixation that triple bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nitrogen fixation that triple bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nitrogen fixation that triple bond
+it's really hard to break nitrogen apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to break nitrogen apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to break nitrogen apart
+but bacteria can do it it does it using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but bacteria can do it it does it using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but bacteria can do it it does it using
+transition metals um fixing carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals um fixing carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals um fixing carbon
+hydrogenase people want to make hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogenase people want to make hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogenase people want to make hydrogen
+fuel cells that are more biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel cells that are more biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel cells that are more biological
+again biology uses transition metals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again biology uses transition metals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again biology uses transition metals in
+this making vitamins making deoxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this making vitamins making deoxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this making vitamins making deoxy
+nucleotides respiration photosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides respiration photosynthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides respiration photosynthesis
+it's all due to transition metals all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all due to transition metals all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all due to transition metals all
+right so we'll start with just uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we'll start with just uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we'll start with just uh one
+example or one of our in our own words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or one of our in our own words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or one of our in our own words
+um segment and this focuses on nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um segment and this focuses on nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um segment and this focuses on nickel
+which is something very important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something very important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something very important in
+bacteria and uh this is actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and uh this is actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and uh this is actually an
+example from a collaborative project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from a collaborative project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from a collaborative project
+between my lab and core six and I know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between my lab and core six and I know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between my lab and core six and I know a
+lot of you are thinking about being core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of you are thinking about being core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of you are thinking about being core
+six major so I thought I would uh tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six major so I thought I would uh tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six major so I thought I would uh tell
+you about some research of Colin staltz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about some research of Colin staltz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about some research of Colin staltz
+the course six Professor so he was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course six Professor so he was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course six Professor so he was doing
+some computational analysis on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some computational analysis on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some computational analysis on these
+proteins that we're studying so um many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that we're studying so um many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that we're studying so um many
+of you at this point in the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you at this point in the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you at this point in the semester
+probably feel like you might be getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably feel like you might be getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably feel like you might be getting
+an ulcer but unless you have H pylori in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ulcer but unless you have H pylori in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ulcer but unless you have H pylori in
+your gut you probably are not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gut you probably are not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gut you probably are not actually
+getting an ulcer and you just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting an ulcer and you just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting an ulcer and you just take a
+little B12 you'll feel a lot better okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little B12 you'll feel a lot better okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little B12 you'll feel a lot better okay
+so here's the video my name is Sarah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the video my name is Sarah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the video my name is Sarah
+Bowman and I am a postural fellow at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bowman and I am a postural fellow at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bowman and I am a postural fellow at MIT
+I am working on studying a protein from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am working on studying a protein from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am working on studying a protein from
+helicobactor poori which is pathogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicobactor poori which is pathogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicobactor poori which is pathogenic
+bacteria it's kind of ecological niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria it's kind of ecological niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria it's kind of ecological niche
+is in mamillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in mamillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in mamillion
+stomachs it's actually very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomachs it's actually very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomachs it's actually very difficult to
+treat using antibiotics because a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat using antibiotics because a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat using antibiotics because a lot of
+times when you're given antibiotics um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when you're given antibiotics um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when you're given antibiotics um
+they're going to actually be broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to actually be broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to actually be broken
+apart by the acidity of the stomach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart by the acidity of the stomach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart by the acidity of the stomach
+before they actually ever um get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they actually ever um get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they actually ever um get to
+killing the helicobactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing the helicobactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing the helicobactor
+POI transition metals and biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POI transition metals and biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POI transition metals and biological
+systems are actually really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are actually really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are actually really important
+they increase the range of reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they increase the range of reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they increase the range of reactivity
+that proteins and enzymes are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proteins and enzymes are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proteins and enzymes are able to
+access nickel is a transition metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access nickel is a transition metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access nickel is a transition metal and
+it's a transition metal that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a transition metal that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a transition metal that's actually
+um fairly rare in biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fairly rare in biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fairly rare in biological
+systems so one of the big things that H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so one of the big things that H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so one of the big things that H
+poor uses nickel for is an enzyme called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor uses nickel for is an enzyme called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor uses nickel for is an enzyme called
+Urias U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urias U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urias U
+requires something like 24 nickel ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires something like 24 nickel ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires something like 24 nickel ions
+which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a
+lot Urias is one of the proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot Urias is one of the proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot Urias is one of the proteins that
+allows for a lot of buffering capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows for a lot of buffering capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows for a lot of buffering capacity
+um of the organism of the HPI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the organism of the HPI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the organism of the HPI
+organism the stomach pH is very low so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism the stomach pH is very low so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism the stomach pH is very low so
+PH2 something and this bacteria has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PH2 something and this bacteria has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PH2 something and this bacteria has to
+swim through the stomach and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swim through the stomach and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swim through the stomach and then
+colonize it and you know You' think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonize it and you know You' think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonize it and you know You' think that
+the stomach would just break it apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stomach would just break it apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stomach would just break it apart
+like it breaks apart your food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it breaks apart your food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it breaks apart your food
+but in fact the bacteria itself has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact the bacteria itself has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact the bacteria itself has
+mechanisms in place that allow it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms in place that allow it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms in place that allow it to
+create buffers that allow it to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create buffers that allow it to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create buffers that allow it to move
+through the stomach and live in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the stomach and live in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the stomach and live in the
+stomach and one of those enzymes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach and one of those enzymes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach and one of those enzymes that's
+really important for that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Urias in humans nickel as far as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urias in humans nickel as far as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urias in humans nickel as far as we can
+tell is not essential for any enzymes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell is not essential for any enzymes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell is not essential for any enzymes um
+whereas in helicobactor poori for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in helicobactor poori for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in helicobactor poori for
+instance um nickel is an ENT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um nickel is an ENT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um nickel is an ENT
+transition metal and so um a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metal and so um a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metal and so um a really
+intriguing thing to kind of think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intriguing thing to kind of think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intriguing thing to kind of think about
+is just whether we could somehow Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just whether we could somehow Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just whether we could somehow Target
+the the nickel um requirement in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the nickel um requirement in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the nickel um requirement in this
+organism and another bacteria um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism and another bacteria um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism and another bacteria um that
+would allow us to kill these pathogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would allow us to kill these pathogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would allow us to kill these pathogenic
+bacteria while not doing anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria while not doing anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria while not doing anything that
+would be harmful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be harmful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be harmful to
+humans so I like that video partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans so I like that video partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans so I like that video partly
+because it brings back acid base and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it brings back acid base and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it brings back acid base and
+buffers um as well as talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers um as well as talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers um as well as talking about
+transition metals and I I love the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals and I I love the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals and I I love the
+bacteria being attacked by by the acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria being attacked by by the acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria being attacked by by the acid
+and then making a buffer and saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then making a buffer and saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then making a buffer and saving
+itself it's awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's awesome
+okay so one of the reasons why these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one of the reasons why these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one of the reasons why these
+transition metals are so powerful they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals are so powerful they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals are so powerful they
+can do so many things is that they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do so many things is that they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do so many things is that they like
+to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form
+complexes and they have uh they like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes and they have uh they like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes and they have uh they like to
+form complexes with um small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form complexes with um small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form complexes with um small
+small molecules or ions and those ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecules or ions and those ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecules or ions and those ions
+often will have a lone pair of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often will have a lone pair of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often will have a lone pair of electrons
+and the metal wants that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the metal wants that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the metal wants that electron
+density it wants the benefit of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density it wants the benefit of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density it wants the benefit of that
+lone pair so when you have this lone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pair so when you have this lone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pair so when you have this lone
+pair um and that the metal will come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair um and that the metal will come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair um and that the metal will come in
+contact with that lone pair and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with that lone pair and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with that lone pair and it'll
+make it very happy very happy metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it very happy very happy metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it very happy very happy metal and
+uh we can think about this interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can think about this interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can think about this interaction
+here um as uh the donor atoms are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um as uh the donor atoms are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um as uh the donor atoms are called
+ligans and now let's review something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligans and now let's review something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligans and now let's review something we
+learned before about whether this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned before about whether this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned before about whether this is a
+Lewis acid or a Lewis base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then okay 10 more seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right so uh it's a Lewis base so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so uh it's a Lewis base so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so uh it's a Lewis base so
+if we put this up here donor at donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put this up here donor at donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put this up here donor at donor
+atoms are called lians which are Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are called lians which are Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are called lians which are Lewis
+bases and the ls bases donate the lone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases and the ls bases donate the lone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases and the ls bases donate the lone
+pair of electrons and again we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of electrons and again we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of electrons and again we can think
+about the definition that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the definition that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the definition that we've been
+more used to where a base is taking H+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more used to where a base is taking H+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more used to where a base is taking H+
+it's accepting the proton from the acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's accepting the proton from the acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's accepting the proton from the acid
+but there when it's it's taking H+ it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there when it's it's taking H+ it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there when it's it's taking H+ it's
+taking H without its electrons so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking H without its electrons so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking H without its electrons so it's
+actually donating its lone pairs to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually donating its lone pairs to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually donating its lone pairs to form
+a bond and then we can think about Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond and then we can think about Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond and then we can think about Lewis
+acids so the acceptor atoms which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids so the acceptor atoms which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids so the acceptor atoms which are
+our transition metals are Lewis acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our transition metals are Lewis acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our transition metals are Lewis acids
+they accept the lone pair and when an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they accept the lone pair and when an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they accept the lone pair and when an
+acid that has a proton on it loses H+ it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid that has a proton on it loses H+ it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid that has a proton on it loses H+ it
+is taking the electrons with it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking the electrons with it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking the electrons with it because
+H+ is leaving without its electrons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H+ is leaving without its electrons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H+ is leaving without its electrons so
+these definitions work but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these definitions work but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these definitions work but these are
+sort of more broad uh definitions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more broad uh definitions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more broad uh definitions so
+here are metals any of our transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are metals any of our transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are metals any of our transition
+metals are going to be our acceptors our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals are going to be our acceptors our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals are going to be our acceptors our
+Lewis acids and here are a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis acids and here are a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis acids and here are a bunch of
+ligans we have water we have NH3 we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligans we have water we have NH3 we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligans we have water we have NH3 we have
+Co they have lone pairs they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co they have lone pairs they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co they have lone pairs they can be
+donor atoms and the ligans form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor atoms and the ligans form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor atoms and the ligans form
+complexes with the metals and the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes with the metals and the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes with the metals and the kind
+of complexes they're often called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complexes they're often called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complexes they're often called
+coordination complexes and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination complexes and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination complexes and that's a
+metal that's surrounded um by lians and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal that's surrounded um by lians and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal that's surrounded um by lians and
+here's a little example a metal in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little example a metal in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little example a metal in the
+middle and it has the lians around it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and it has the lians around it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and it has the lians around it so
+let's consider this coordination complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider this coordination complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider this coordination complex
+now and think about um what this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and think about um what this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and think about um what this picture
+is telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling
+us so we have our coordination complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so we have our coordination complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so we have our coordination complex
+we have Cobalt in the middle and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Cobalt in the middle and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Cobalt in the middle and we have
+NH3 groups as our donor lians and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH3 groups as our donor lians and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH3 groups as our donor lians and here
+this bracket indicates the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bracket indicates the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bracket indicates the overall
+charge is+ three again the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is+ three again the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is+ three again the transition
+metal is going to be the Lewis acid it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal is going to be the Lewis acid it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal is going to be the Lewis acid it's
+going to be accepting the lone pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be accepting the lone pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be accepting the lone pairs
+from the leis bases which are the lians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the leis bases which are the lians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the leis bases which are the lians
+or the donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the donor
+atoms now we can think about a new term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms now we can think about a new term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms now we can think about a new term
+called coration number and that's simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called coration number and that's simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called coration number and that's simply
+the number of lians that are bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of lians that are bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of lians that are bound to
+the metal so a CN number of six would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal so a CN number of six would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal so a CN number of six would
+indicate six lians um make up what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate six lians um make up what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate six lians um make up what's
+called the primary coordination sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the primary coordination sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the primary coordination sphere
+which is the things that are bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the things that are bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the things that are bound
+directly to the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the metal
+so CN numbers for transition metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so CN numbers for transition metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so CN numbers for transition metals
+range from 2 to 12 but six is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from 2 to 12 but six is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from 2 to 12 but six is probably
+the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+common so before we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common so before we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common so before we think about the
+shapes of these molecules let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of these molecules let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of these molecules let's just
+look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the
+notation uh for this so coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation uh for this so coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation uh for this so coordination
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+notation so I would write this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so I would write this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so I would write this uh
+structure up here within brackets Cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure up here within brackets Cobalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure up here within brackets Cobalt
+bracket NH3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket NH3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket NH3
+um you have parentheses around NH3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have parentheses around NH3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have parentheses around NH3
+there's six of those another bracket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's six of those another bracket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's six of those another bracket
+here with a plus three charge indicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with a plus three charge indicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with a plus three charge indicating
+the charge on everything this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge on everything this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge on everything this whole
+structure but often coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but often coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but often coordination
+complexes with a plus charge will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes with a plus charge will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes with a plus charge will have
+counter ions around so there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter ions around so there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter ions around so there might be
+say three chlorine minus ions around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say three chlorine minus ions around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say three chlorine minus ions around and
+so that could be written like this or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that could be written like this or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that could be written like this or it
+could be written like this if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be written like this if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be written like this if you see
+cl3 outside of those brackets it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cl3 outside of those brackets it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cl3 outside of those brackets it means
+that they're counter ions so if I looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're counter ions so if I looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're counter ions so if I looked
+at this I'd say NH3 is within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this I'd say NH3 is within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this I'd say NH3 is within the
+brackets that means it's bound to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets that means it's bound to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets that means it's bound to the
+Cobalt so that would tell you there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt so that would tell you there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt so that would tell you there's
+six things bound to the Cobalt the CL is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six things bound to the Cobalt the CL is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six things bound to the Cobalt the CL is
+outside that indicates it's a counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside that indicates it's a counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside that indicates it's a counter
+ion there're three of them so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion there're three of them so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion there're three of them so they're
+three counter ions which then tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three counter ions which then tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three counter ions which then tells you
+the charge must be plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge must be plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge must be plus
+three all right so there is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notation all right so now we're back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation all right so now we're back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation all right so now we're back to
+thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+geometries so this is one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries so this is one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries so this is one of the things
+I love about this part I feel like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love about this part I feel like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love about this part I feel like some
+people in the course are just like new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the course are just like new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the course are just like new
+topic new topic oh man when is the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic new topic oh man when is the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic new topic oh man when is the new
+material going to end but you find you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material going to end but you find you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material going to end but you find you
+get enough into chemistry and you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get enough into chemistry and you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get enough into chemistry and you start
+revisiting topics you've already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisiting topics you've already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisiting topics you've already seen
+before so this is great all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so this is great all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so this is great all right
+so coordination number six we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so coordination number six we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so coordination number six we haven't
+maybe heard coordination number six but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe heard coordination number six but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe heard coordination number six but
+that's pretty easy to remember it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty easy to remember it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty easy to remember it's a
+number of atoms bound what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms bound what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms bound what type of
+geometry is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can just yell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just yell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just yell it
+out all right so that's octahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all right so that's octahedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all right so that's octahedral
+geometry again the solid triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry again the solid triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry again the solid triangles
+coming out um indicate they're coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out um indicate they're coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out um indicate they're coming
+out at you back dashes are going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at you back dashes are going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at you back dashes are going back
+and we have our axial all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have our axial all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have our axial all right so let's
+see how well you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how well you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how well you remember
+cn5 structures and you can keep this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cn5 structures and you can keep this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cn5 structures and you can keep this up
+here and you can tell me what the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you can tell me what the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you can tell me what the name
+of those two geometries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's take 10 more seconds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's take 10 more seconds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's take 10 more seconds and
+here are our structures in real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are our structures in real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are our structures in real life
+down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people are just like I want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are just like I want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are just like I want to put
+seesaw no no that that is a a uh that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seesaw no no that that is a a uh that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seesaw no no that that is a a uh that is
+the parent geometry of seesaw but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent geometry of seesaw but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent geometry of seesaw but not
+seesaw itself okay so we have um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seesaw itself okay so we have um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seesaw itself okay so we have um the
+trigonal by parameter and the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonal by parameter and the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonal by parameter and the square
+parameter so I'm holding up the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so I'm holding up the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so I'm holding up the square
+parameter right now and then we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter right now and then we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter right now and then we have the
+trigonal because it's trigonal along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonal because it's trigonal along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonal because it's trigonal along
+here by paramal so it's sort of like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by paramal so it's sort of like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by paramal so it's sort of like one
+pyramid here one pyramid there so bip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid here one pyramid there so bip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid here one pyramid there so bip
+paramal and if I took off one and we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramal and if I took off one and we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramal and if I took off one and we had
+a lone pair then we would get our friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lone pair then we would get our friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lone pair then we would get our friend
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Seesaw okay next we have this what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seesaw okay next we have this what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seesaw okay next we have this what's
+that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+Square planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square planer
+yep and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and this
+one tetra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+draw and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now see a number of three what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now see a number of three what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now see a number of three what is this
+one trigonal planer it's in a plane kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one trigonal planer it's in a plane kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one trigonal planer it's in a plane kind
+of if I hold the bonds so they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if I hold the bonds so they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if I hold the bonds so they don't
+fall off and it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall off and it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall off and it's kind of
+trigonal and then what about the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonal and then what about the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonal and then what about the last
+onear linear okay and let's just run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onear linear okay and let's just run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onear linear okay and let's just run
+through and think about the angles as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and think about the angles as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and think about the angles as
+well with uh octahedral what are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with uh octahedral what are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with uh octahedral what are our
+angles 90 trigonal by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paramal 90 and 120 that's right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramal 90 and 120 that's right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramal 90 and 120 that's right so we
+have um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um one
+120 around here and then the top parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120 around here and then the top parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120 around here and then the top parts
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+90 okay um they have the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 okay um they have the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 okay um they have the square
+paramal 90 Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramal 90 Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramal 90 Square
+planer 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tetrahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral
+109.5 give credit for 72 that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.5 give credit for 72 that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.5 give credit for 72 that's that's
+quite close uh trigonal flaner 120 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite close uh trigonal flaner 120 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite close uh trigonal flaner 120 and
+linear 180 right so you're going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear 180 right so you're going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear 180 right so you're going to need
+to remember these for this unit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember these for this unit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember these for this unit but
+that's okay because you need to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay because you need to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay because you need to remember
+them for the final anyway so it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for the final anyway so it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for the final anyway so it gives
+you a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a nice
+review all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review all
+right so we got everyone they got them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we got everyone they got them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we got everyone they got them
+down can look up your old notes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down can look up your old notes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down can look up your old notes just
+review all right so corination complexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review all right so corination complexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review all right so corination complexes
+also have another name that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have another name that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have another name that can be
+called kilates just another name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called kilates just another name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called kilates just another name for
+coordination complex so keates can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination complex so keates can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination complex so keates can be
+the thing but you can also say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing but you can also say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing but you can also say that the
+Lian will keate as another way of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lian will keate as another way of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lian will keate as another way of saying
+that it will bind to a metal and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will bind to a metal and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will bind to a metal and it can
+bind with more than on with one or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind with more than on with one or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind with more than on with one or more
+sites of attachment and the word keate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites of attachment and the word keate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites of attachment and the word keate
+comes from Claws and I like that picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from Claws and I like that picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from Claws and I like that picture
+I feel like yes these these lians coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like yes these these lians coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like yes these these lians coming
+in like Claws and binding that metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like Claws and binding that metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like Claws and binding that metal
+they're Keating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Keating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Keating that
+metal so they're different names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal so they're different names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal so they're different names
+depending on how many points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how many points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how many points of
+attachment they have and we have what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment they have and we have what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment they have and we have what's
+known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as
+monodentate Dent for dentist or tooth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monodentate Dent for dentist or tooth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monodentate Dent for dentist or tooth so
+that's one point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one point of
+attachment and I bet that without having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment and I bet that without having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment and I bet that without having
+seen this material ever before you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this material ever before you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this material ever before you can
+tell me what the rest of these are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what the rest of these are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what the rest of these are what
+do you think by dentate means two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think by dentate means two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think by dentate means two
+tridentate tetradentate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tridentate tetradentate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tridentate tetradentate
+hexa dentate six all right there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexa dentate six all right there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexa dentate six all right there's not
+one for five but this is good so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for five but this is good so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for five but this is good so don't
+lose a point on this I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a point on this I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a point on this I feel like
+sometimes people lose a point on this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people lose a point on this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people lose a point on this in
+the exam you knew it in class before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam you knew it in class before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam you knew it in class before I
+taught it you know want to like somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught it you know want to like somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught it you know want to like somehow
+work backwards so this is easy points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work backwards so this is easy points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work backwards so this is easy points
+right here just remember on the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here just remember on the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here just remember on the exam
+wait a minute maybe I already know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute maybe I already know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute maybe I already know this
+all right so let's look at some example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's look at some example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's look at some example
+of um keading ligans that bind with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um keading ligans that bind with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um keading ligans that bind with
+multiple points of attachment and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple points of attachment and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple points of attachment and the
+first one we're kind of on a theme today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one we're kind of on a theme today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one we're kind of on a theme today
+is vitamin B12 that we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vitamin B12 that we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vitamin B12 that we're going to look
+at so this is called the Corin ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so this is called the Corin ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so this is called the Corin ring
+Cobalt is in the middle and that ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt is in the middle and that ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt is in the middle and that ring
+binds with four points of attachment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds with four points of attachment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds with four points of attachment so
+it is a tetradentate Lian this Corin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a tetradentate Lian this Corin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a tetradentate Lian this Corin
+ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring
+there is also an upper Lian which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also an upper Lian which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also an upper Lian which is
+five Prime deoxy adenosine and a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five Prime deoxy adenosine and a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five Prime deoxy adenosine and a lower
+ligan that's called dimethyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligan that's called dimethyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligan that's called dimethyl
+benzimidazol you don't need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzimidazol you don't need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzimidazol you don't need to know
+their names overall it has six lians in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their names overall it has six lians in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their names overall it has six lians in
+octahedral Geometry um but the Corin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral Geometry um but the Corin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral Geometry um but the Corin
+ring is a very nice biological example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring is a very nice biological example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring is a very nice biological example
+of a multi- dentate Lian heem would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a multi- dentate Lian heem would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a multi- dentate Lian heem would be
+the same I thought I would uh show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same I thought I would uh show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same I thought I would uh show you
+this rotating around so you get a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rotating around so you get a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rotating around so you get a better
+sense and tell you that this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and tell you that this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and tell you that this structure
+of this vitamin was determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this vitamin was determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this vitamin was determined by
+Dorothy hodkin um who won the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dorothy hodkin um who won the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dorothy hodkin um who won the Nobel
+Prize in 1964 for determining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize in 1964 for determining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize in 1964 for determining the
+structure by crystallography and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure by crystallography and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure by crystallography and also
+solving the structure of penicillin um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the structure of penicillin um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the structure of penicillin um
+this was the most complicated molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the most complicated molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the most complicated molecule
+to be solved by crystallography and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be solved by crystallography and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be solved by crystallography and a
+lot of people said that technique could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people said that technique could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people said that technique could
+never be used to do something that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be used to do something that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be used to do something that big
+she showed that they were wrong in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she showed that they were wrong in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she showed that they were wrong in terms
+of determining the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of determining the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of determining the structure of
+penicillin it was during the war um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin it was during the war um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin it was during the war um and
+people wanted to make more penicillin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted to make more penicillin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted to make more penicillin
+but they had no no idea what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they had no no idea what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they had no no idea what the
+structure was so they didn't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure was so they didn't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure was so they didn't know what
+to make and she figured out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make and she figured out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make and she figured out the
+structure and it's a weird looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and it's a weird looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and it's a weird looking
+molecule so no one would have guessed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so no one would have guessed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so no one would have guessed it
+without knowing the structure so for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing the structure so for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing the structure so for uh
+her pioneering work um in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her pioneering work um in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her pioneering work um in in
+crystallography she won the Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography she won the Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography she won the Nobel Prize
+all right so vitamin B12 is one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so vitamin B12 is one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so vitamin B12 is one example
+of a keate another that's probably more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a keate another that's probably more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a keate another that's probably more
+that you probably hear about the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you probably hear about the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you probably hear about the most
+it's almost synonymous with the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost synonymous with the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost synonymous with the word
+keate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keate is
+Eda here here is the Eda molecule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eda here here is the Eda molecule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eda here here is the Eda molecule and
+you see that it has lots of Lone pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that it has lots of Lone pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that it has lots of Lone pairs
+that are just dying to grab onto a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just dying to grab onto a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just dying to grab onto a metal
+so we have six we have 1 two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have six we have 1 two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have six we have 1 two three four
+five six six things that are capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six six things that are capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six six things that are capable of
+Keating that metal and so here is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keating that metal and so here is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keating that metal and so here is what
+the complex looks like so the red oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex looks like so the red oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex looks like so the red oxygen
+can Cate the green oxygen here can Cate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Cate the green oxygen here can Cate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Cate the green oxygen here can Cate
+nitrogen here and in dark blue the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen here and in dark blue the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen here and in dark blue the other
+nitrogen and dark blue here light blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and dark blue here light blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and dark blue here light blue
+oxygen here and also the purple oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen here and also the purple oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen here and also the purple oxygen
+so now why don't you tell me what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now why don't you tell me what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now why don't you tell me what the
+geometry of this would be as a clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question ready yeah 10 more seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question ready yeah 10 more seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question ready yeah 10 more seconds
+should be fast hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah great 86% it is octahedral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great 86% it is octahedral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great 86% it is octahedral and
+sometimes it's a little bit hard to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's a little bit hard to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's a little bit hard to see
+that but I helped you out by drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I helped you out by drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I helped you out by drawing
+those Bonds in Black that you needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Bonds in Black that you needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Bonds in Black that you needed to
+look at so we have four that are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at so we have four that are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at so we have four that are in the
+plane here one above and one below here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane here one above and one below here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane here one above and one below here
+so that is octahedral geometry also how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is octahedral geometry also how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is octahedral geometry also how
+many points of attachment what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many points of attachment what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many points of attachment what kind of
+dentate Li is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dentate Li is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dentate Li is
+this it's hexadentate as well so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's hexadentate as well so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's hexadentate as well so it has
+has six six points of attachment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has six six points of attachment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has six six points of attachment
+here all right so Eda is a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so Eda is a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so Eda is a really good
+metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+keator and part of the reason that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keator and part of the reason that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keator and part of the reason that it is
+such an awesome metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an awesome metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an awesome metal
+keator is because of entropy so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keator is because of entropy so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keator is because of entropy so we're
+back to entropy again so The Binding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to entropy again so The Binding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to entropy again so The Binding of
+Eda to the metal is entropically favored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eda to the metal is entropically favored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eda to the metal is entropically favored
+and the reason for this is that metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for this is that metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for this is that metals
+that are say in your body like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are say in your body like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are say in your body like if you
+happen to eat some lead paint um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to eat some lead paint um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to eat some lead paint um and uh
+that lead is hanging out it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead is hanging out it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead is hanging out it's not just
+by itself it's coordinating um hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself it's coordinating um hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself it's coordinating um hopefully
+just to water and not to proteins in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to water and not to proteins in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to water and not to proteins in
+your body um but when you take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body um but when you take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body um but when you take some
+EDTA um to uh to prevent your lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EDTA um to uh to prevent your lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EDTA um to uh to prevent your lead
+poisoning one molecule of Eda will bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisoning one molecule of Eda will bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisoning one molecule of Eda will bind
+the metal and all of these these waters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal and all of these these waters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal and all of these these waters
+are going to be released so I have over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be released so I have over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be released so I have over
+here um some lead with a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um some lead with a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um some lead with a whole bunch of
+little Waters this isn't this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Waters this isn't this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Waters this isn't this is um
+quite an ordered system but if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an ordered system but if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an ordered system but if I take
+out all of those Waters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here that's a lot more entropy going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's a lot more entropy going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's a lot more entropy going on
+than what we had and then you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we had and then you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we had and then you have one
+chelating liand here and that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chelating liand here and that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chelating liand here and that's a pretty
+simple system so this is ordered this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple system so this is ordered this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple system so this is ordered this is
+disordered so The Binding of Eda one Eda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered so The Binding of Eda one Eda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered so The Binding of Eda one Eda
+releases six water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases six water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases six water
+molecules and that makes um that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and that makes um that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and that makes um that makes
+it very favorable to do this and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very favorable to do this and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very favorable to do this and because
+of that keading molecules or the kelate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that keading molecules or the kelate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that keading molecules or the kelate
+effect molecules that are keates like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect molecules that are keates like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect molecules that are keates like
+metal bound to Eda are unusually stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal bound to Eda are unusually stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal bound to Eda are unusually stable
+because of this favorable entropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this favorable entropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this favorable entropic
+effect this release of water so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect this release of water so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect this release of water so the
+release of water the release of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release of water the release of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release of water the release of
+increasing entropy drives that metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing entropy drives that metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing entropy drives that metal
+cation and you uh sequester your metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation and you uh sequester your metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation and you uh sequester your metal
+which is really good if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really good if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really good if you're trying to
+avoid lead poisoning so I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid lead poisoning so I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid lead poisoning so I think this is
+a nice example of our friend entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice example of our friend entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice example of our friend entropy
+driving a reaction so a lot of you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving a reaction so a lot of you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving a reaction so a lot of you did
+really well on the exam talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well on the exam talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well on the exam talking about
+factors of Delta H and entropy and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of Delta H and entropy and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of Delta H and entropy and when
+you'd have favorable Delta G's here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have favorable Delta G's here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have favorable Delta G's here's
+another nice example where the chelate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nice example where the chelate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nice example where the chelate
+effect explains why metal keates are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect explains why metal keates are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect explains why metal keates are so
+unusually stable all right so uses of Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusually stable all right so uses of Ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusually stable all right so uses of Ed
+EDTA I already just told you one um lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EDTA I already just told you one um lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EDTA I already just told you one um lead
+poisoning all ambulances have Eda in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisoning all ambulances have Eda in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisoning all ambulances have Eda in
+case someone is um eating some some lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case someone is um eating some some lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case someone is um eating some some lead
+paint um another thing uh that Eda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint um another thing uh that Eda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint um another thing uh that Eda is
+used for which I think is fun you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for which I think is fun you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for which I think is fun you should
+all go check if you buy little packaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all go check if you buy little packaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all go check if you buy little packaged
+goods and they have a long list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and they have a long list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and they have a long list of
+chemical ingredients look for Eda it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical ingredients look for Eda it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical ingredients look for Eda it's
+often there and it says it's added for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there and it says it's added for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there and it says it's added for
+freshness which means that bacteria need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshness which means that bacteria need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshness which means that bacteria need
+Metals you have Eda Eda sequesters the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals you have Eda Eda sequesters the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals you have Eda Eda sequesters the
+metals the bacteria can't live on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals the bacteria can't live on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals the bacteria can't live on the
+food that you're eating so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food that you're eating so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food that you're eating so instead of
+saying food additive added to kill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying food additive added to kill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying food additive added to kill the
+bacteria that were otherwise growing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria that were otherwise growing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria that were otherwise growing on
+your food they say added for freshness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your food they say added for freshness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your food they say added for freshness
+and I do think that is an improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do think that is an improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do think that is an improvement
+all right another thing we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right another thing we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right another thing we've already
+talked about the importance of cleaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the importance of cleaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the importance of cleaning
+bathtubs um to keate calcium out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathtubs um to keate calcium out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathtubs um to keate calcium out of
+bathtub scum you have Eda or other metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathtub scum you have Eda or other metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathtub scum you have Eda or other metal
+chelates and then I have my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chelates and then I have my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chelates and then I have my favorite
+another example of the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of the use of
+Eda this favorite example is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eda this favorite example is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eda this favorite example is in
+Hollywood the movie Blade how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood the movie Blade how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood the movie Blade how do you
+kill a vampire vampires drink what blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill a vampire vampires drink what blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill a vampire vampires drink what blood
+blood has iron Eda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood has iron Eda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood has iron Eda
+keates iron so you get a little Dart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keates iron so you get a little Dart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keates iron so you get a little Dart and
+you have you can kind of see them maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you can kind of see them maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you can kind of see them maybe
+up here they're filled with with liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here they're filled with with liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here they're filled with with liquid
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+EDTA you shoot the vampire with EDTA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EDTA you shoot the vampire with EDTA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EDTA you shoot the vampire with EDTA and
+the vampire just disappears just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vampire just disappears just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vampire just disappears just kind of
+turns to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns to sort of
+dust because it's like mostly iron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust because it's like mostly iron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust because it's like mostly iron and
+the iron gets cated but it happens right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron gets cated but it happens right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron gets cated but it happens right
+away but anyway I think that's cool yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but anyway I think that's cool yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but anyway I think that's cool yes
+what a good way to kill a vampire Eda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a good way to kill a vampire Eda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a good way to kill a vampire Eda
+it's brilliant excellent use on Hol on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's brilliant excellent use on Hol on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's brilliant excellent use on Hol on
+Hollywood's part for Eda okay metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood's part for Eda okay metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood's part for Eda okay metal
+keates all sorts of potential values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keates all sorts of potential values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keates all sorts of potential values
+that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have
+okay so when we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when we're talking about
+coordination complexes we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination complexes we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination complexes we're talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+geometries sometimes the atoms can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries sometimes the atoms can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries sometimes the atoms can be
+arranged in different ways and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in different ways and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in different ways and when you
+have these geometric isomers they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these geometric isomers they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these geometric isomers they can
+have very different properties so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very different properties so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very different properties so just
+look at uh an example here it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh an example here it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh an example here it's a
+platinum compound a platinum compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum compound a platinum compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum compound a platinum compound
+who is two nh2 groups and two chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is two nh2 groups and two chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is two nh2 groups and two chlorine
+groups and you could arrange those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and you could arrange those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and you could arrange those in
+two different ways you could put the NH3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different ways you could put the NH3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different ways you could put the NH3
+groups on one side and the chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups on one side and the chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups on one side and the chlorine
+groups on the other side and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups on the other side and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups on the other side and that would
+be Cy these are cyst to each other or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Cy these are cyst to each other or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Cy these are cyst to each other or
+you could put a trans configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could put a trans configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could put a trans configuration
+where chlorine is here and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where chlorine is here and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where chlorine is here and then the
+nether chlorine is Trans on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nether chlorine is Trans on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nether chlorine is Trans on the other
+side and the same with this so Cy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the same with this so Cy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the same with this so Cy
+Platinum here is a potent anti-cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Platinum here is a potent anti-cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Platinum here is a potent anti-cancer
+drug and it has to be Cy Platinum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug and it has to be Cy Platinum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug and it has to be Cy Platinum
+because it binds to DNA and um the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it binds to DNA and um the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it binds to DNA and um the two
+bases of DNA displace these chlorines so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases of DNA displace these chlorines so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases of DNA displace these chlorines so
+if they're not on the same side it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not on the same side it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not on the same side it can't
+bind to the DNA and so this um prevents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind to the DNA and so this um prevents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind to the DNA and so this um prevents
+um the the cancer cells from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the cancer cells from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the cancer cells from being
+repaired from damaging agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repaired from damaging agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repaired from damaging agents
+transplatinum does absolutely nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transplatinum does absolutely nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transplatinum does absolutely nothing
+that anyone knows so it's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyone knows so it's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyone knows so it's exactly the
+same composition but because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same composition but because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same composition but because they are
+different isomers from each other and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different isomers from each other and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different isomers from each other and I
+have see oh over here um different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have see oh over here um different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have see oh over here um different
+isomers of each other and so chlorines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomers of each other and so chlorines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomers of each other and so chlorines
+on the same side CIS versus the trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same side CIS versus the trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same side CIS versus the trans
+have completely different properties so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have completely different properties so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have completely different properties so
+CIS Platinum got a lot of Fame because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIS Platinum got a lot of Fame because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIS Platinum got a lot of Fame because
+it cured Lance Armstrong of cancer Lance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cured Lance Armstrong of cancer Lance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cured Lance Armstrong of cancer Lance
+Armstrong now of course is a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Armstrong now of course is a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Armstrong now of course is a much more
+controversial figure than he was at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial figure than he was at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial figure than he was at the
+time um but still he created um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um but still he created um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um but still he created um an
+amazing charity that hopefully is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing charity that hopefully is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing charity that hopefully is uh
+still doing well uh despite uh some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still doing well uh despite uh some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still doing well uh despite uh some of
+his fall from f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his fall from f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his fall from f
+okay so another type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so another type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so another type of
+isomer um are called Optical isomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomer um are called Optical isomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomer um are called Optical isomers
+also called uh enantiomers or chyro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called uh enantiomers or chyro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called uh enantiomers or chyro
+molecules and these are one again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and these are one again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and these are one again you
+have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same
+composition but they are nons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition but they are nons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition but they are nons
+superimposable they are in fact mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposable they are in fact mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposable they are in fact mirror
+images of each other so if my head was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of each other so if my head was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of each other so if my head was a
+mirror these would be mirror images of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror these would be mirror images of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror these would be mirror images of
+each other and I could try very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and I could try very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and I could try very hard to
+superimpose them bringing the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose them bringing the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose them bringing the blue
+molecules over here but then the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules over here but then the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules over here but then the green
+and the red don't match you can come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the red don't match you can come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the red don't match you can come and
+try these are in fact nons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try these are in fact nons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try these are in fact nons
+superimposable mirror images from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposable mirror images from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposable mirror images from each
+other and sometimes they can have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and sometimes they can have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and sometimes they can have very
+similar properties it depends but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar properties it depends but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar properties it depends but if you
+put molecules like that that are known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put molecules like that that are known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put molecules like that that are known
+as chyro chyro molecules I.E ananur nons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as chyro chyro molecules I.E ananur nons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as chyro chyro molecules I.E ananur nons
+superimposable mirror images the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposable mirror images the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposable mirror images the human
+body is very much of a chyal environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body is very much of a chyal environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body is very much of a chyal environment
+you have enzymes designed to bind things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have enzymes designed to bind things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have enzymes designed to bind things
+in a particular way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular way
+um so they can have very very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they can have very very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they can have very very different
+properties okay so um we have to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay so um we have to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay so um we have to do some
+de electron counting before we end today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de electron counting before we end today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de electron counting before we end today
+and I love this um because it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I love this um because it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I love this um because it's really
+pretty simple um to count de electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple um to count de electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple um to count de electrons
+and so we're going to just uh take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to just uh take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to just uh take a
+look at some examples and for this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some examples and for this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some examples and for this um
+doing this part we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this part we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this part we're going to start
+using our friend the periodic table uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our friend the periodic table uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our friend the periodic table uh
+again so um and we need to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so um and we need to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so um and we need to find
+oxidation numbers which which uh we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation numbers which which uh we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation numbers which which uh we just
+talked about in the last in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the last in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the last in the last
+unit so if we have a coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit so if we have a coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit so if we have a coordination
+complex with Cobalt and this Cobalt has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex with Cobalt and this Cobalt has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex with Cobalt and this Cobalt has
+those six NH3 groups and are plus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those six NH3 groups and are plus three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those six NH3 groups and are plus three
+charge so this is the complex that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so this is the complex that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so this is the complex that we
+have been talking about let's now figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been talking about let's now figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been talking about let's now figure
+out what the oxidation number of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the oxidation number of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the oxidation number of this is
+and so this NH3 is neutral so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this NH3 is neutral so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this NH3 is neutral so that's
+given as a hint many of our lians um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given as a hint many of our lians um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given as a hint many of our lians um are
+going to be neutral lians so if that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be neutral lians so if that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be neutral lians so if that is
+zero what is the charge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what is the charge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what is the charge on the
+Cobalt plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt plus
+three now we're going to Lo use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now we're going to Lo use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now we're going to Lo use the
+rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of
+dount so we have a dcount we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dount so we have a dcount we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dount so we have a dcount we need to
+look up the group number from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the group number from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the group number from the
+periodic table which in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table which in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table which in this case is
+nine then we we have minus the oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine then we we have minus the oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine then we we have minus the oxidation
+number so we have 9 - 3 or 6 and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so we have 9 - 3 or 6 and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so we have 9 - 3 or 6 and so this
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+D6 system and that is all there is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D6 system and that is all there is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D6 system and that is all there is to
+doing um these counts so let's just try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um these counts so let's just try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um these counts so let's just try
+another one so we heard about nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one so we heard about nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one so we heard about nickel
+we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do
+nickel nickel is coordinated by carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel nickel is coordinated by carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel nickel is coordinated by carbon
+monoxide and there are four of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is my charge of the nickel going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is my charge of the nickel going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is my charge of the nickel going
+to be my oxidation number of the nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be my oxidation number of the nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be my oxidation number of the nickel
+so what's my overall charge of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's my overall charge of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's my overall charge of this
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+zero Co is also going to be zero there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Co is also going to be zero there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Co is also going to be zero there's
+no charge on Co so what is the oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no charge on Co so what is the oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no charge on Co so what is the oxidation
+number of nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nickel
+zero so then we can do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so then we can do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so then we can do our
+dcount the dec count what is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dcount the dec count what is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dcount the dec count what is the uh
+group number for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group number for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group number for
+nickel what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel what is it
+10 this is like this is the kind of math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 this is like this is the kind of math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 this is like this is the kind of math
+that always makes me very happy zero 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always makes me very happy zero 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always makes me very happy zero 10
+minus 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0 is
+10 so that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 so that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 so that is a
+d10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d10
+system all right we'll do one more over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system all right we'll do one more over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system all right we'll do one more over
+here and the next one is a clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the next one is a clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the next one is a clicker
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gives me time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write yeah all right let's just do 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write yeah all right let's just do 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write yeah all right let's just do 10
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds yep so here our overall charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds yep so here our overall charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds yep so here our overall charge
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+minus1 we have the chlorines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 we have the chlorines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 we have the chlorines are
+minus1 NH3 is zero water is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 NH3 is zero water is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 NH3 is zero water is zero
+so this has to be + two cuz + 2 - 3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has to be + two cuz + 2 - 3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has to be + two cuz + 2 - 3 is
+min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min
+-1 we have 9 - 2 is 7 so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 we have 9 - 2 is 7 so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 we have 9 - 2 is 7 so it's a
+D7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D7
+system all right so Wednesday D orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system all right so Wednesday D orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system all right so Wednesday D orbitals
+I cannot wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes all right 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds okay do someone want to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay do someone want to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay do someone want to tell me
+um why that's the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody we got we got a nice uh dangly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody we got we got a nice uh dangly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody we got we got a nice uh dangly
+thing for your keys or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for your keys or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for your keys or
+ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no all right so uh so here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no all right so uh so here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no all right so uh so here we're
+thinking about whether things are better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about whether things are better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about whether things are better
+reducing agents or better oxidizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing agents or better oxidizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing agents or better oxidizing
+agents and here we're given two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents and here we're given two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents and here we're given two
+different Redux potentials minus 600 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Redux potentials minus 600 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Redux potentials minus 600 and
+minus 300 so the one that is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 300 so the one that is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 300 so the one that is going to be
+the the lower number is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lower number is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lower number is going to be
+better at reducing other things it wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at reducing other things it wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at reducing other things it wants
+to be oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be oxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be oxidized
+itself um and then we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself um and then we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself um and then we can think about
+whether it's a favorable process uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a favorable process uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a favorable process uh in
+terms of whether the thing that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of whether the thing that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of whether the thing that should
+likes to reduce is actually doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to reduce is actually doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to reduce is actually doing the
+reducing that's going to make it a spont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing that's going to make it a spont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing that's going to make it a spont
+anous process all right so um these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anous process all right so um these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anous process all right so um these are
+the kinds of uh questions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of uh questions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of uh questions for the
+oxidation reduction unit that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reduction unit that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reduction unit that we just
+finished and this will be on um exam 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished and this will be on um exam 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished and this will be on um exam 4
+which amazingly we just finished exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which amazingly we just finished exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which amazingly we just finished exam
+and there's another one um so exam four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another one um so exam four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another one um so exam four
+is two weeks um from today all right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two weeks um from today all right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two weeks um from today all right uh
+from Friday sorry two weeks from Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Friday sorry two weeks from Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Friday sorry two weeks from Friday
+all right so today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so today we're going to
+continue with this unit on transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with this unit on transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with this unit on transition
+metals the next exam is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals the next exam is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals the next exam is going to have
+oxidation reduction and transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reduction and transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reduction and transition
+metals and a little bit of kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and a little bit of kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and a little bit of kinetics
+kinetics is our last unit so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics is our last unit so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics is our last unit so we're
+getting very close to the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting very close to the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting very close to the end of the
+semester so we're finishing up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester so we're finishing up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester so we're finishing up the
+handout from last time again we're back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout from last time again we're back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout from last time again we're back
+to the periodic table we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the periodic table we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the periodic table we're thinking
+about transition medals we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about transition medals we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about transition medals we're thinking
+about that middle part of the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that middle part of the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that middle part of the periodic
+table and so we're thinking about D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orbitals so there are five D orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so there are five D orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so there are five D orbitals
+how many s orbitals are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many s orbitals are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many s orbitals are there
+one one how many P orbitals are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one how many P orbitals are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one how many P orbitals are there
+three three and so D orbitals have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three and so D orbitals have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three and so D orbitals have five
+and we're not going to talk about really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not going to talk about really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not going to talk about really
+anything beyond D orbitals in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything beyond D orbitals in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything beyond D orbitals in this class
+and frankly not very many people do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly not very many people do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly not very many people do but
+D orbitals are amazing so we have to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D orbitals are amazing so we have to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D orbitals are amazing so we have to fit
+them in all right so they're 5D orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in all right so they're 5D orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in all right so they're 5D orbitals
+and they're up here and you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're up here and you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're up here and you need to be
+able to draw their shapes and the bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to draw their shapes and the bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to draw their shapes and the bar
+for drawing the shapes is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for drawing the shapes is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for drawing the shapes is actually
+pretty low um so these are my drawings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low um so these are my drawings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low um so these are my drawings
+that that made um and so if you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that made um and so if you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that made um and so if you can you
+can probably do just about as well all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably do just about as well all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably do just about as well all
+right so the uh the one that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the uh the one that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the uh the one that has the
+most unusual shape is the D DZ squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most unusual shape is the D DZ squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most unusual shape is the D DZ squared
+and so it has its maximum amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it has its maximum amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it has its maximum amplitude
+along the Z axis and for this unit our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the Z axis and for this unit our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the Z axis and for this unit our
+z-axis is always going to be up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis is always going to be up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis is always going to be up and down
+here um Y is in the plane of the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um Y is in the plane of the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um Y is in the plane of the screen
+and X is coming out towards you and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X is coming out towards you and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X is coming out towards you and also
+going into the screen and so DZ squ is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the screen and so DZ squ is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the screen and so DZ squ is a
+maximum amplitude along Z and it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amplitude along Z and it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amplitude along Z and it also
+has a dut in the XY plane and so I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a dut in the XY plane and so I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a dut in the XY plane and so I also
+brought a little model of this um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought a little model of this um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought a little model of this um so
+here's DZ squared we have um maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's DZ squared we have um maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's DZ squared we have um maximum
+amplitude along the Z axis up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude along the Z axis up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude along the Z axis up and down
+and we have our little dut in our XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have our little dut in our XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have our little dut in our XY
+plane so then we have dx^ 2 - y^2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so then we have dx^ 2 - y^2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so then we have dx^ 2 - y^2 which
+has maximum amplitude along X and along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has maximum amplitude along X and along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has maximum amplitude along X and along
+Y and that would look like this so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and that would look like this so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and that would look like this so we
+have our maximum amplitudes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our maximum amplitudes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our maximum amplitudes that are
+right on axis so if this is y axis and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on axis so if this is y axis and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on axis so if this is y axis and X
+is coming at towards you those orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming at towards you those orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming at towards you those orbitals
+are pointing right along that coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pointing right along that coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pointing right along that coordinate
+frame the other three orbitals look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame the other three orbitals look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame the other three orbitals look a
+little bit like dx^ 2us y^2 but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like dx^ 2us y^2 but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like dx^ 2us y^2 but they're
+not on axis they're off off axis they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on axis they're off off axis they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on axis they're off off axis they're
+in between the axes so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between the axes so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between the axes so we have
+dyz it has its maximum amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyz it has its maximum amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyz it has its maximum amplitude
+45° off of the Y and the Z axis so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45° off of the Y and the Z axis so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45° off of the Y and the Z axis so if
+this is z-axis here there's no maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is z-axis here there's no maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is z-axis here there's no maximum
+amplitude along here it's 45 degrees off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude along here it's 45 degrees off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude along here it's 45 degrees off
+so it's right in the middle between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's right in the middle between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's right in the middle between the
+Z and the Y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and the Y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and the Y so
+dxz has its maximum amplitude along um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxz has its maximum amplitude along um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxz has its maximum amplitude along um
+or 45° between x and z so that would uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 45° between x and z so that would uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 45° between x and z so that would uh
+would be pointing the other way and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be pointing the other way and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be pointing the other way and so I
+tried to draw this keeping the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to draw this keeping the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to draw this keeping the reference
+frame the same it's a little hard to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame the same it's a little hard to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame the same it's a little hard to see
+the orbitals but it would be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbitals but it would be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbitals but it would be kind of
+this so we rotate that around um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we rotate that around um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we rotate that around um and so
+that's what that would look like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that would look like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that would look like and
+then D um XY we have maximum amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then D um XY we have maximum amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then D um XY we have maximum amplitude
+45° in between the the X and the Y so X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45° in between the the X and the Y so X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45° in between the the X and the Y so X
+coming out y in the plane and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out y in the plane and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out y in the plane and so this is
+again a little bit hard to draw if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a little bit hard to draw if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a little bit hard to draw if I
+drew it absolutely perfectly and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew it absolutely perfectly and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew it absolutely perfectly and not
+tilted at all you kind of wouldn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilted at all you kind of wouldn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilted at all you kind of wouldn't see
+anything but that's what that would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but that's what that would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but that's what that would look
+like so again the names of this it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so again the names of this it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so again the names of this it tells
+you about the relationship between that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the relationship between that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the relationship between that
+that orbital that maximum amplitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that orbital that maximum amplitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that orbital that maximum amplitude and
+the axis that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis that we have
+defined so um it's this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined so um it's this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined so um it's this is very
+important to know that these guys are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know that these guys are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know that these guys are in
+between the axes right in the middle 45°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the axes right in the middle 45°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the axes right in the middle 45°
+and you'll see why in a few minutes why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see why in a few minutes why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see why in a few minutes why
+that's important okay so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important okay so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important okay so just to
+practice um here are some slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice um here are some slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice um here are some slightly
+better pictures um of the orbitals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better pictures um of the orbitals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better pictures um of the orbitals and
+this um is the uh coordinate frame over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um is the uh coordinate frame over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um is the uh coordinate frame over
+here and now we have the orbitals inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now we have the orbitals inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now we have the orbitals inside
+that so again Z is going up Y is uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so again Z is going up Y is uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so again Z is going up Y is uh in
+the plane of the screen and X is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane of the screen and X is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane of the screen and X is going
+back and also coming out toward us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and also coming out toward us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and also coming out toward us so
+which is this D orbital you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this D orbital you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this D orbital you can just
+yell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yell it
+out D yeah that's easy to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out D yeah that's easy to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out D yeah that's easy to remember
+that's the uh unique looking one what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the uh unique looking one what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the uh unique looking one what
+about this one think about this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one think about this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one think about this first
+think about the plane so it's the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the plane so it's the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the plane so it's the XY
+plane and then is it on or off axis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and then is it on or off axis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and then is it on or off axis so
+which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is
+this yeah so this one is on axis you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah so this one is on axis you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah so this one is on axis you can
+see the the maximum amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the maximum amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the maximum amplitude of the
+orbital pointing right along those axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital pointing right along those axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital pointing right along those axis
+so it's right in the corners of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's right in the corners of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's right in the corners of that
+square there um and then uh what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square there um and then uh what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square there um and then uh what about
+this one down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one down
+here yeah so that would be dxy so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah so that would be dxy so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah so that would be dxy so it's
+in the XY plane but it's 45° off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the XY plane but it's 45° off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the XY plane but it's 45° off the
+axis so it's in between the axes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so it's in between the axes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so it's in between the axes here
+and what about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what about that
+one right so we have it's a long uh both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so we have it's a long uh both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so we have it's a long uh both
+Z and um y here and then this last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and um y here and then this last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and um y here and then this last one
+which is drawn to kind of come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is drawn to kind of come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is drawn to kind of come out
+toward you so that is um along X as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward you so that is um along X as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward you so that is um along X as well
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+dxz and it's going up along Z so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxz and it's going up along Z so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxz and it's going up along Z so you can
+look at the coordinate frame which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the coordinate frame which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the coordinate frame which will
+try to keep consistent and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to keep consistent and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to keep consistent and figure out
+whether ask yourself is it on Axis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether ask yourself is it on Axis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether ask yourself is it on Axis or
+off axis and which plane is it in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off axis and which plane is it in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off axis and which plane is it in and
+that will allow you to name them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will allow you to name them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will allow you to name them and
+also to draw them so just to kind of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to draw them so just to kind of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to draw them so just to kind of get
+you give you more of a three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give you more of a three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give you more of a three-dimensional
+sense there's these little uh movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense there's these little uh movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense there's these little uh movies
+that I'll show you now um and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll show you now um and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll show you now um and so you can
+get a better sense of that awesome dut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a better sense of that awesome dut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a better sense of that awesome dut
+it's going to make you hungry they even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to make you hungry they even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to make you hungry they even
+colored it like a really nice original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored it like a really nice original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored it like a really nice original
+dut that you would get at Duncan Donuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dut that you would get at Duncan Donuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dut that you would get at Duncan Donuts
+so that is uh in the dut is in uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is uh in the dut is in uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is uh in the dut is in uh the
+the uh XY plane and these uh other loes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh XY plane and these uh other loes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh XY plane and these uh other loes
+are along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are along
+Z so now uh we have D x^2 minus y^2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so now uh we have D x^2 minus y^2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so now uh we have D x^2 minus y^2 and
+you can see that the maximum amplitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the maximum amplitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the maximum amplitudes
+again are along the axis key they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again are along the axis key they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again are along the axis key they're
+along Ong the axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along Ong the axes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along Ong the axes
+here I don't know why it comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't know why it comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't know why it comes out
+toward you and it wrote I I didn't yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward you and it wrote I I didn't yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward you and it wrote I I didn't yeah
+but it gives you a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it gives you a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it gives you a good
+three-dimensional uh uh a sense of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional uh uh a sense of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional uh uh a sense of this
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+dxy now again in the XY plane but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxy now again in the XY plane but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxy now again in the XY plane but
+instead of being on axis it's 45° off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being on axis it's 45° off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being on axis it's 45° off
+axis you can see I think in this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis you can see I think in this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis you can see I think in this really
+nicely it's right between the axis but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely it's right between the axis but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely it's right between the axis but
+it's not touching them the axes sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not touching them the axes sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not touching them the axes sort of
+separate these orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have
+XZ so now we're going up along the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XZ so now we're going up along the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XZ so now we're going up along the Z
+axis and in the X plane and here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and in the X plane and here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and in the X plane and here it
+comes at you again 45 Dees in between Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes at you again 45 Dees in between Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes at you again 45 Dees in between Z
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+x and then our last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one we have y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we have y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we have y
+z so the shapes of those later three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so the shapes of those later three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so the shapes of those later three
+actually even four of them are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even four of them are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even four of them are the same
+it's just a matter if they're on or off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a matter if they're on or off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a matter if they're on or off
+axis in which plane they're in so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis in which plane they're in so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis in which plane they're in so this
+is not too hard to draw all right so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not too hard to draw all right so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not too hard to draw all right so why
+is this important why should we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this important why should we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this important why should we care
+exactly how the uh the orbitals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how the uh the orbitals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how the uh the orbitals are
+oriented and the reason that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented and the reason that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented and the reason that you should
+care about that is because it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about that is because it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about that is because it can
+explain a lot of the special properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a lot of the special properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a lot of the special properties
+of transition metals
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/K3OFb7RlbVE.txt b/K3OFb7RlbVE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae6407c68840273e8d10559a040ddc21a3e98d80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/K3OFb7RlbVE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8195 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu hello and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome so as I said last time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome so as I said last time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome so as I said last time the
+important part of doing this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of doing this class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of doing this class is
+doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the
+homework we have a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework we have a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework we have a relatively
+Complicated new system for how to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Complicated new system for how to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Complicated new system for how to do the
+homework so I apologize if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so I apologize if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so I apologize if there's a
+couple of kinks in it I appreciate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of kinks in it I appreciate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of kinks in it I appreciate the
+feedback pointing out the Kinks we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback pointing out the Kinks we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback pointing out the Kinks we will
+try to fix them and we won't hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to fix them and we won't hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to fix them and we won't hold
+anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody
+responsible for our Kinks just so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for our Kinks just so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for our Kinks just so you
+know so uh The Kinks include there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so uh The Kinks include there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so uh The Kinks include there's two
+parts there's the tutor problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts there's the tutor problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts there's the tutor problems that
+are automatically graded and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are automatically graded and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are automatically graded and if you
+think the tutor didn't get give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the tutor didn't get give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the tutor didn't get give you a
+just answer please just let us know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just answer please just let us know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just answer please just let us know and
+we will take care of it provided of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will take care of it provided of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will take care of it provided of
+course that your answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that your answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that your answer is
+just and for the problems that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and for the problems that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and for the problems that will be
+graded by a human we would like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded by a human we would like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded by a human we would like you to
+read the solution so that you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the solution so that you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the solution so that you understand
+what went wrong if anything in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what went wrong if anything in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what went wrong if anything in your
+solution and perhaps an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and perhaps an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and perhaps an alternative
+approach most of the engineering design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach most of the engineering design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach most of the engineering design
+problems will be solvable in multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems will be solvable in multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems will be solvable in multiple
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+so it's good for you to see other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's good for you to see other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's good for you to see other
+approaches to encourage you to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to encourage you to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to encourage you to do that
+we're asking you to uh identify any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking you to uh identify any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking you to uh identify any
+errors that were in your original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors that were in your original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors that were in your original
+submission so the importance of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission so the importance of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission so the importance of that is
+that homework one was due yesterday at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that homework one was due yesterday at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that homework one was due yesterday at
+5:00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5:00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5:00
+pm and if you want to recoup points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pm and if you want to recoup points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pm and if you want to recoup points that
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+lost you must submit markup version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost you must submit markup version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost you must submit markup version of
+the same thing that you submitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that you submitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that you submitted
+yesterday today by Friday 5:00 p.m. by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday today by Friday 5:00 p.m. by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday today by Friday 5:00 p.m. by
+tomorrow 5:00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow 5:00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow 5:00
+p.m. you're welcome to mark up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. you're welcome to mark up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. you're welcome to mark up a
+photocopy of the paper and give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photocopy of the paper and give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photocopy of the paper and give us a
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+markup if you do that it's due in at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup if you do that it's due in at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup if you do that it's due in at the
+beginning of recitation if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of recitation if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of recitation if you want to
+scan it you can send us a scan anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan it you can send us a scan anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan it you can send us a scan anytime
+up to 5:00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 5:00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 5:00
+pm questions yes we just email you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pm questions yes we just email you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pm questions yes we just email you the
+scan no enter it into the website is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan no enter it into the website is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan no enter it into the website is
+much easier for me the graders will all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier for me the graders will all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier for me the graders will all
+be able to see it that way if you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see it that way if you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see it that way if you send
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+email it's much harder it's easier if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email it's much harder it's easier if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email it's much harder it's easier if we
+have everything in one place if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everything in one place if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everything in one place if there's
+a problem with the tutor then send it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem with the tutor then send it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem with the tutor then send it to
+me by email and we'll fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me by email and we'll fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me by email and we'll fix
+it other comments or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh yes
+eventually now what hasn't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually now what hasn't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually now what hasn't been
+completely worked out yet is whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely worked out yet is whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely worked out yet is whether
+what you get back will be paper or bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get back will be paper or bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get back will be paper or bits
+okay because we'll probably end up doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because we'll probably end up doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because we'll probably end up doing
+all the grading via bits because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the grading via bits because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the grading via bits because it's
+just easier to communicate with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just easier to communicate with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just easier to communicate with all the
+graders via bits so that's not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders via bits so that's not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders via bits so that's not been
+resolved yet we're still going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved yet we're still going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved yet we're still going to work
+out with the graders what's the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with the graders what's the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with the graders what's the easiest
+way to synchronize grading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to synchronize grading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to synchronize grading the
+electronic and dealing with it so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic and dealing with it so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic and dealing with it so you
+will get feedback but you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get feedback but you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get feedback but you won't
+necessarily get paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily get paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily get paper
+feedback other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comments okay so last time we started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments okay so last time we started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments okay so last time we started to
+think about how to think about discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how to think about discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how to think about discrete
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+systems the thing you were supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the thing you were supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the thing you were supposed to
+get out of last time is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of last time is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of last time is that there's
+different representations for discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different representations for discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different representations for discrete
+time systems we're interested in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time systems we're interested in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time systems we're interested in all of
+them we're interested in all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we're interested in all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we're interested in all of them
+because of the strengths and weaknesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the strengths and weaknesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the strengths and weaknesses
+of each we look particularly at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each we look particularly at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each we look particularly at uh
+difference equations which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equations which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equations which are
+mathematically precise and concise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically precise and concise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically precise and concise
+that's very good we looked at block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very good we looked at block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very good we looked at block
+diagrams that was good because we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams that was good because we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams that was good because we could
+trace the flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace the flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace the flow of
+information through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information through the
+network and we looked at operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and we looked at operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and we looked at operator
+representations and they were nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and they were nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and they were nice and
+we will see further today how that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see further today how that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see further today how that's
+nice they are nice because they allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice they are nice because they allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice they are nice because they allow us
+to think about a system in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about a system in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about a system in terms of
+polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+mathematics so what I want to do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics so what I want to do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics so what I want to do today
+primarily is develop that latter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theme keep in mind that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme keep in mind that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme keep in mind that one of the
+important features of the block diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important features of the block diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important features of the block diagram
+was the arrow notation it told you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the arrow notation it told you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the arrow notation it told you what
+causes what it let you make a hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes what it let you make a hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes what it let you make a hardware
+realization of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization of a
+system an important point from last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system an important point from last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system an important point from last time
+which we just ended on at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we just ended on at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we just ended on at the end of the
+hour an important point was that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour an important point was that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour an important point was that when
+you're thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about the
+signals there's a higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals there's a higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals there's a higher level
+abstraction that is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction that is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction that is also
+important in addition to knowing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in addition to knowing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in addition to knowing which
+is the input to the r operator and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the input to the r operator and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the input to the r operator and which
+is the output of the r operator there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the output of the r operator there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the output of the r operator there
+are some kinds of systems that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some kinds of systems that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some kinds of systems that just
+behave categorically different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave categorically different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave categorically different from
+other kinds of systems and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of systems and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of systems and they're
+indicated here this system has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here this system has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here this system has the
+property that it's easy to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that it's easy to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that it's easy to write a
+recipe for how to compute y given X how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe for how to compute y given X how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe for how to compute y given X how
+do you compute y given X well you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you compute y given X well you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you compute y given X well you take
+x copy it invert it shift it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x copy it invert it shift it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x copy it invert it shift it to the
+Right add the copy to the inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right add the copy to the inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right add the copy to the inverted
+shifted easy to make a recipe to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted easy to make a recipe to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted easy to make a recipe to do that
+it's not so easy to make a recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here right so there the so if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so there the so if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so there the so if you think
+about how you would try to write that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you would try to write that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you would try to write that in
+an operator you could say uh Y what is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator you could say uh Y what is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator you could say uh Y what is y
+y is going to be X plus a right shift of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y so you could say well that's one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so you could say well that's one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so you could say well that's one minus
+a right shift of Y equals X that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right shift of Y equals X that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right shift of Y equals X that's not a
+recipe for computing y from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe for computing y from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe for computing y from
+X that's a recipe for computing X from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's a recipe for computing X from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's a recipe for computing X from
+y but we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y but we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y but we don't know
+why everybody see that's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why everybody see that's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why everybody see that's completely
+different and so it's that difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and so it's that difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and so it's that difference
+that's kind that makes this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind that makes this kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind that makes this kind of a
+network this kind of a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network this kind of a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network this kind of a system
+interesting by comparison to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting by comparison to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting by comparison to that
+one and the distinguishing feature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the distinguishing feature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the distinguishing feature that
+makes that behavior occur is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes that behavior occur is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes that behavior occur is
+feedback when you have feedback feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback when you have feedback feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback when you have feedback feedback
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+for some signal in this system we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some signal in this system we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some signal in this system we would
+say the system has feedback if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the system has feedback if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the system has feedback if there is
+some signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some signal
+somewhere whose output at Time end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere whose output at Time end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere whose output at Time end
+depends on its same the the the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on its same the the the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on its same the the the output
+of that same signal at a previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that same signal at a previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that same signal at a previous
+time if that's true for some signal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if that's true for some signal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if that's true for some signal in
+the in the system then we say the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the system then we say the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the system then we say the system
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+feedback the the implications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback the the implications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback the the implications of
+feedback are profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback are profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback are profound
+they mean for example that a transient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean for example that a transient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean for example that a transient
+input can give rise to a persisting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input can give rise to a persisting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input can give rise to a persisting
+output and we took a look at how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and we took a look at how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and we took a look at how to
+think about that in terms of the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that in terms of the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that in terms of the block
+diagrams you can see that if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams you can see that if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams you can see that if you had
+even a signal that only lasts for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a signal that only lasts for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a signal that only lasts for one
+sample a signal at a system that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample a signal at a system that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample a signal at a system that has
+this property of feedback could generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property of feedback could generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property of feedback could generate
+a response that lasts for a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a response that lasts for a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a response that lasts for a very long
+time in fact the response at Time Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in fact the response at Time Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in fact the response at Time Zero
+the only way that could happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way that could happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way that could happen is
+through the straight through path the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the straight through path the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the straight through path the
+only way you could get an output at Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way you could get an output at Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way you could get an output at Time
+Zero given that the input is non zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero given that the input is non zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero given that the input is non zero
+only at zero is through the straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only at zero is through the straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only at zero is through the straight
+through path but then you could get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through path but then you could get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through path but then you could get an
+output at time one if you cycled around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output at time one if you cycled around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output at time one if you cycled around
+once this is the idea that a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once this is the idea that a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once this is the idea that a signal
+somewhere depends on a prior value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere depends on a prior value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere depends on a prior value of
+itself and you could get a a response at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and you could get a a response at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and you could get a a response at
+time two by going around the loop twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time two by going around the loop twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time two by going around the loop twice
+three three times four four times Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three times four four times Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three times four four times Etc
+and in general the response could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general the response could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general the response could
+persist forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist forever
+that's such an interesting Behavior it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's such an interesting Behavior it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's such an interesting Behavior it's
+such a fundamental property of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a fundamental property of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a fundamental property of these
+systems that we we want to characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that we we want to characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that we we want to characterize
+systems by thinking about them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems by thinking about them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems by thinking about them that
+way so uh in this particular case so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so uh in this particular case so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so uh in this particular case so so
+if we think about sort of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about sort of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about sort of the most
+simple form that feedback could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple form that feedback could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple form that feedback could take
+this is sort of the simplest way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the simplest way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the simplest way you
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+imagine uh this is kind of the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine uh this is kind of the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine uh this is kind of the simplest
+system that you could imagine that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feedback and you can see that the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and you can see that the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and you can see that the kinds
+of responses that you can get depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of responses that you can get depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of responses that you can get depend on
+this number P knot and that P knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number P knot and that P knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number P knot and that P knot
+characterizes the family of of responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes the family of of responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes the family of of responses
+that you could get so for example if P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could get so for example if P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could get so for example if P
+not were a number less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not were a number less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not were a number less than
+one you could get a decaying geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you could get a decaying geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you could get a decaying geometric
+sequence if P not were one exactly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence if P not were one exactly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence if P not were one exactly you
+would get a response that never decayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get a response that never decayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get a response that never decayed
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+grew and if P not were a number bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew and if P not were a number bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew and if P not were a number bigger
+than one then the response could grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one then the response could grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one then the response could grow
+infinitely so that's a very fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely so that's a very fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely so that's a very fundamental
+characteristic and we call that number P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic and we call that number P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic and we call that number P
+not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the
+pole okay everybody's happy with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole okay everybody's happy with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole okay everybody's happy with that
+that's very simple-minded so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very simple-minded so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very simple-minded so we're going
+to characterize so the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to characterize so the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to characterize so the point
+is there's a higher level of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a higher level of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a higher level of uh
+structure in systems that we would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in systems that we would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in systems that we would like
+to capture we're going to call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture we're going to call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture we're going to call that
+higher level feedback it means there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level feedback it means there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level feedback it means there's a
+cycle in the block diagram and it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in the block diagram and it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in the block diagram and it means
+that you can get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get uh
+characteristically different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristically different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristically different kinds of
+responses than result when you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses than result when you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses than result when you don't
+have feedback in particular simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have feedback in particular simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have feedback in particular simple
+systems will have this behavior of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems will have this behavior of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems will have this behavior of a
+geometric sequence characterized by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric sequence characterized by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric sequence characterized by a
+pole okay just to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole okay just to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole okay just to make sure that
+everybody's uh with me how many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's uh with me how many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's uh with me how many of the
+following unit sample responses can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following unit sample responses can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following unit sample responses can be
+represented by a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pole okay before you answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole okay before you answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole okay before you answer that
+question talk to your neighbor don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question talk to your neighbor don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question talk to your neighbor don't
+even bother trying to about the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even bother trying to about the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even bother trying to about the question
+look at your neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your neighbor
+say Hi and then try to answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what's the answer everybody raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the answer everybody raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the answer everybody raise
+your hand raise some number of fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand raise some number of fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand raise some number of fingers
+equal to the answer for how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the answer for how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the answer for how many of
+those responses could result from a how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those responses could result from a how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those responses could result from a how
+many of those systems could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those systems could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those systems could be
+represented by a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a single
+pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole
+uh okay A little variety that's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay A little variety that's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay A little variety that's about
+80% correct um tell me a simple one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% correct um tell me a simple one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% correct um tell me a simple one uh
+so tell me one that's can definitely be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tell me one that's can definitely be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tell me one that's can definitely be
+represented by a pole okay upper right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a pole okay upper right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a pole okay upper right
+because that looks just like one that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that looks just like one that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that looks just like one that I
+showed you before what's another simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you before what's another simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you before what's another simple
+one that could definitely be represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that could definitely be represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that could definitely be represented
+by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a
+pole excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole excuse
+me underneath okay so these are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me underneath okay so these are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me underneath okay so these are things
+that were on the previous slide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were on the previous slide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were on the previous slide that
+should be pretty easy any others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be pretty easy any others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be pretty easy any others
+yes top left why there's nothing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes top left why there's nothing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes top left why there's nothing like
+that on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the other
+side because it's oscillating it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side because it's oscillating it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side because it's oscillating it's
+changing signs that me the is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing signs that me the is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing signs that me the is negative
+but because it's converging to zero me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because it's converging to zero me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because it's converging to zero me
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+92 so what would be the pole for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+92 so what would be the pole for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+92 so what would be the pole for the
+upper left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+like Z so can you figure out what p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Z so can you figure out what p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Z so can you figure out what p is
+the back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back in the
+back any so what's P KN for the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back any so what's P KN for the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back any so what's P KN for the upper
+left what is the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P minus a half okay maybe not really but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P minus a half okay maybe not really but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P minus a half okay maybe not really but
+yeah so this if it were so if P not were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this if it were so if P not were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this if it were so if P not were
+minus a half let's let's think about p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half let's let's think about p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half let's let's think about p
+is minus one2 what would that do okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus one2 what would that do okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus one2 what would that do okay if
+the first answer were one then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first answer were one then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first answer were one then the
+second one should be minus a half what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one should be minus a half what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one should be minus a half what
+should the third one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the third one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the third one
+be plus a quarter what should the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be plus a quarter what should the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be plus a quarter what should the next
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+be minus an eight so it doesn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be minus an eight so it doesn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be minus an eight so it doesn't quite
+look like a minus a half it looks more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like minus 3/4 yep having made the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like minus 3/4 yep having made the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like minus 3/4 yep having made the graph
+myself I know that the answer was minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself I know that the answer was minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself I know that the answer was minus
+0.8 okay you wouldn't necessarily have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8 okay you wouldn't necessarily have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8 okay you wouldn't necessarily have
+any way of knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way of knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way of knowing
+that okay so three of them are how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so three of them are how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so three of them are how about
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no completely
+uncommitted my neighbor didn't know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommitted my neighbor didn't know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommitted my neighbor didn't know my
+partner is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idiot so this is this is geometric isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiot so this is this is geometric isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiot so this is this is geometric isn't
+it right the only thing you see there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right the only thing you see there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right the only thing you see there is
+like one and a half and a quarter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one and a half and a quarter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one and a half and a quarter and
+stuff like that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blank stairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes to St if it were responding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes to St if it were responding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes to St if it were responding to the
+unit step that's absolutely true so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit step that's absolutely true so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit step that's absolutely true so if
+I'm thinking about the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking about the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking about the unit sample
+response then the unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response then the unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response then the unit sample response
+always looks like P KN to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always looks like P KN to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always looks like P KN to the
+n n bigger than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's no way you can make you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no way you can make you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no way you can make you can
+choose a p knot that fits that uh lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a p knot that fits that uh lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a p knot that fits that uh lower
+left hand how about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand how about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand how about this
+one same problem it's alternating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one same problem it's alternating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one same problem it's alternating with
+the same problem right so the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same problem right so the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same problem right so the only
+response so you can't do those two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so you can't do those two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so you can't do those two the
+answer was three the only kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was three the only kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was three the only kinds of
+responses you can uh model with a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses you can uh model with a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses you can uh model with a single
+pole can be can be shown uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's not quite true let me retract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not quite true let me retract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not quite true let me retract
+that slightly here are some and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slightly here are some and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slightly here are some and I will
+make this more complicated in about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this more complicated in about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this more complicated in about two
+pages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of
+notes here's all the real values of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes here's all the real values of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes here's all the real values of P
+not and the associated behaviors in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and the associated behaviors in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and the associated behaviors in two
+pages we'll get to the complex values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages we'll get to the complex values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages we'll get to the complex values
+for p not so here's all of the responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for p not so here's all of the responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for p not so here's all of the responses
+that can be associated with uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be associated with uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be associated with uh a
+um a single real valued poll so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a single real valued poll so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a single real valued poll so you can
+get as somebody has already said you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get as somebody has already said you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get as somebody has already said you can
+get the idea of uh diverging with oscill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea of uh diverging with oscill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea of uh diverging with oscill
+with alternation converging with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with alternation converging with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with alternation converging with
+alteration converging monotonically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alteration converging monotonically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alteration converging monotonically
+diverging monotonically those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverging monotonically those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverging monotonically those are the
+behaviors that you can get with a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors that you can get with a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors that you can get with a single
+real valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poll okay that's what can happen with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poll okay that's what can happen with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poll okay that's what can happen with a
+single real valued pole but systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single real valued pole but systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single real valued pole but systems
+there are more complicated systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more complicated systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more complicated systems and
+when you have a more complicated system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a more complicated system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a more complicated system
+you can get a more complic ated response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a more complic ated response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a more complic ated response
+and one example is showed here so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one example is showed here so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one example is showed here so here's
+a system here's the unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system here's the unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system here's the unit sample response
+is this something that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this something that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this something that can be
+represented by a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a single
+pole no because it doesn't fall into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole no because it doesn't fall into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole no because it doesn't fall into one
+of those canonical shapes right in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those canonical shapes right in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those canonical shapes right in fact
+this response has the propability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this response has the propability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this response has the propability that
+it grows and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it grows and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it grows and then
+decays but it only does the grow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays but it only does the grow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays but it only does the grow and
+Decay once so it's just not one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay once so it's just not one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay once so it's just not one of the
+canonical forms so now there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical forms so now there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical forms so now there's something
+different going on here and we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different going on here and we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different going on here and we'd like to
+to understand what that is so we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what that is so we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what that is so we cannot
+represent that by a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent that by a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent that by a single
+pole however this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole however this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole however this is where the
+polinomial stuff becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial stuff becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial stuff becomes
+useful because I can think about tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because I can think about tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because I can think about tricks
+I can do with the polinomial which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do with the polinomial which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do with the polinomial which you
+all learned in high school so you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all learned in high school so you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all learned in high school so you all
+know how to do that that we can uh think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do that that we can uh think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do that that we can uh think
+about the system in terms of we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the system in terms of we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the system in terms of we can
+think about this complicated system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this complicated system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this complicated system in
+terms of simpler systems that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of simpler systems that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of simpler systems that can be
+represented by one pole so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by one pole so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by one pole so for example
+one of the more powerful things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the more powerful things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the more powerful things you can
+do with a polinomial is Factor if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with a polinomial is Factor if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with a polinomial is Factor if you
+factor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor this
+polinomial okay so this is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay so this is a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay so this is a simple
+representation for that right I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for that right I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for that right I can just
+read that straight off right so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that straight off right so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that straight off right so I can
+make this representation just reading it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this representation just reading it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this representation just reading it
+straight off the block diagram I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight off the block diagram I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight off the block diagram I can
+turn that into an operator type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that into an operator type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that into an operator type
+representation here so I operate on y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation here so I operate on y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation here so I operate on y
+with this mess to get X it's backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this mess to get X it's backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this mess to get X it's backwards
+feedback that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback that's what
+happens but the second order polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens but the second order polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens but the second order polinomial
+in R can be factored into two first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R can be factored into two first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R can be factored into two first
+order polinomial in R and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order polinomial in R and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order polinomial in R and not
+surprisingly that then leads to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly that then leads to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly that then leads to a
+representation of the more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the more complex
+system in terms of two simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in terms of two simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in terms of two simpler
+systems so in fact I can write this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so in fact I can write this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so in fact I can write this the
+original system if I factor it there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original system if I factor it there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original system if I factor it there's
+an equivalent representation equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent representation equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent representation equivalent
+means provided that it's that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means provided that it's that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means provided that it's that all the
+systems start out at initial rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems start out at initial rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems start out at initial rest
+initial rest means provided all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial rest means provided all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial rest means provided all the
+delays started out at zero putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays started out at zero putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays started out at zero putting in
+the normal caveats there's an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal caveats there's an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal caveats there's an equivalent
+representation to the complex system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation to the complex system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation to the complex system in
+fact there's two equivalent systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's two equivalent systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's two equivalent systems
+showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed
+here each corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here each corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here each corresponds to
+factoring and it corresponds to doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring and it corresponds to doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring and it corresponds to doing
+which factor first so in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which factor first so in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which factor first so in the first
+realization it says that generate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization it says that generate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization it says that generate an
+intermediate signal by thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate signal by thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate signal by thinking about
+the factor that has a base of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor that has a base of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor that has a base of
+7 then Cascade that with another system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 then Cascade that with another system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 then Cascade that with another system
+that has a base that's looks just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a base that's looks just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a base that's looks just like a
+canonical first order system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+except that the base now is 0.9 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that the base now is 0.9 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that the base now is 0.9 and
+presumably if you Cascade those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably if you Cascade those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably if you Cascade those two
+things you will get an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you will get an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you will get an equivalent
+response and the order didn't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and the order didn't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and the order didn't make any
+difference okay so that's a way we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay so that's a way we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay so that's a way we can
+think about the response of a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the response of a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the response of a more
+complex system in terms of first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system in terms of first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system in terms of first order
+responses so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses so that's
+nice uh and that gives us then so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh and that gives us then so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh and that gives us then so we can
+then use the idea of um tailor series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use the idea of um tailor series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use the idea of um tailor series
+expansion to think about the response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion to think about the response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion to think about the response of
+each of those first order systems so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those first order systems so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those first order systems so we
+can replace the response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can replace the response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can replace the response of the
+canonical first order system with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical first order system with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical first order system with the
+infinite feed forward realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite feed forward realization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite feed forward realization
+remember from last time the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from last time the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from last time the first order
+feed back system can be equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed back system can be equivalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed back system can be equivalently
+represented by an infinite order feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by an infinite order feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by an infinite order feed
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+system so the the uh unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the the uh unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the the uh unit sample
+response here so this system excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response here so this system excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response here so this system excuse me
+this first order feedback system can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first order feedback system can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first order feedback system can be
+Rewritten as that infinite order feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rewritten as that infinite order feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rewritten as that infinite order feed
+forward system this one can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward system this one can be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward system this one can be written
+that way and then again we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and then again we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and then again we can use
+polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+math to figure out the response the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math to figure out the response the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math to figure out the response the of
+that more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more complicated
+system all we need to do is multiply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system all we need to do is multiply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system all we need to do is multiply and
+then collect terms you all know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then collect terms you all know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then collect terms you all know how to
+multiply pols therefore you all know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply pols therefore you all know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply pols therefore you all know how
+to solve second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve second order
+systems okay that's the advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay that's the advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay that's the advantage of
+converting one representation a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting one representation a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting one representation a system
+representation into a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation into a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation into a polinomial
+representation because you already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation because you already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation because you already know
+all about pols since you already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about pols since you already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about pols since you already know
+how to multiply pols you already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to multiply pols you already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to multiply pols you already know
+how to Cascade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems the only difficulty here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bookkeeping not missing a term so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping not missing a term so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping not missing a term so there
+are graphic aids to that think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are graphic aids to that think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are graphic aids to that think about the
+block diagram that would correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram that would correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram that would correspond to
+the infinite feedforward realization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinite feedforward realization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinite feedforward realization of
+the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left
+part and the infinite feed forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the infinite feed forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the infinite feed forward
+realization of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization of the right
+part right so I'm thinking about uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part right so I'm thinking about uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part right so I'm thinking about uh this
+system and that system being represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that system being represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that system being represented
+by this infinite system and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this infinite system and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this infinite system and that
+infinite system and now I'm just making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite system and now I'm just making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite system and now I'm just making
+a a block diagram realization of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a block diagram realization of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a block diagram realization of this
+and a separate block diagram realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a separate block diagram realization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a separate block diagram realization
+of that and cascading them to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now the bookkeeping is Trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the bookkeeping is Trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the bookkeeping is Trivial
+what's the only way you can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the only way you can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the only way you can get a
+response if the input is a unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response if the input is a unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response if the input is a unit sample
+signal what's the only way you can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal what's the only way you can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal what's the only way you can get a
+response at time n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero What's the only signal path that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero What's the only signal path that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero What's the only signal path that
+generates a response at n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z say say the top left the only signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z say say the top left the only signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z say say the top left the only signal
+path is to go through here because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is to go through here because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is to go through here because if I
+go through here I introduce a delay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through here I introduce a delay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through here I introduce a delay this
+introduces even more delay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces even more delay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces even more delay this
+introduces even more delay the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces even more delay the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces even more delay the only way
+I can get from the input to the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get from the input to the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get from the input to the output
+with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no
+delay is to go through the one here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay is to go through the one here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay is to go through the one here and
+go through the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the one
+here so that that's where that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that that's where that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that that's where that term
+comes from the only way I can get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the only way I can get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the only way I can get from
+the input to the output with no delay no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to the output with no delay no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to the output with no delay no
+R is through that top path if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is through that top path if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is through that top path if I want to
+get one level of delay the only way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one level of delay the only way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one level of delay the only way I
+can do that is to pick it up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that is to pick it up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that is to pick it up here and
+then not pick it up there or vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's more ways that I could get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more ways that I could get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more ways that I could get two
+delays I could pick up two delays all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays I could pick up two delays all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays I could pick up two delays all at
+once on the left with none on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once on the left with none on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once on the left with none on the right
+or vice versa or one in each that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vice versa or one in each that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vice versa or one in each that's just
+bookkeeping right it's just showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping right it's just showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping right it's just showing you
+how you can think about polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can think about polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can think about polinomial
+multiplication in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in different
+ways alternatively you could represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways alternatively you could represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways alternatively you could represent
+it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a
+table so if you think about multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so if you think about multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so if you think about multiplying
+these two pols where I've repres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pols where I've repres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pols where I've repres
+resented the first pole as a and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resented the first pole as a and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resented the first pole as a and the
+second pole as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B you can think about polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B you can think about polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B you can think about polinomial
+multiplication in a tabular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in a tabular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in a tabular
+form so you have to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so you have to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so you have to think about the
+distributive property the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive property the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive property the one
+distributes over all of these then the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes over all of these then the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes over all of these then the a
+distributes over all the a r distributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes over all the a r distributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes over all the a r distributes
+over all of these and the a squ r squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of these and the a squ r squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of these and the a squ r squ
+distributes over all of these and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes over all of these and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes over all of these and you
+can represent each of those distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can represent each of those distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can represent each of those distribution
+operations by a row in the table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations by a row in the table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations by a row in the table and
+then you can see that the only entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can see that the only entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can see that the only entries
+with no r with R to the zero is along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no r with R to the zero is along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no r with R to the zero is along
+that diagonal and then the r terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that diagonal and then the r terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that diagonal and then the r terms are
+here the r squ terms the r Cub terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the r squ terms the r Cub terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the r squ terms the r Cub terms
+Etc and you can see how that would all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and you can see how that would all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and you can see how that would all
+sum to give you something that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to give you something that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to give you something that's not a
+geometric okay all those things just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric okay all those things just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric okay all those things just
+bookkeeping right all I'm trying to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping right all I'm trying to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping right all I'm trying to say
+is that there's a way that you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's a way that you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's a way that you can think
+about the second order system which does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the second order system which does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the second order system which does
+not generate a simple geometric sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not generate a simple geometric sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not generate a simple geometric sequence
+by thinking about the Cascade of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thinking about the Cascade of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thinking about the Cascade of two
+systems that each do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that each do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that each do
+generate a unit sample response that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a unit sample response that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a unit sample response that is
+geometric nevertheless all all this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric nevertheless all all this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric nevertheless all all this is
+is bookkeeping it's still the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bookkeeping it's still the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bookkeeping it's still the case that
+this is a complicated shape and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a complicated shape and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a complicated shape and you
+still have to do a fair amount of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to do a fair amount of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to do a fair amount of work
+to figure out what that complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what that complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what that complicated
+shape is we can use polinomial one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape is we can use polinomial one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape is we can use polinomial one more
+time to make it conceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simpler we can do something that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler we can do something that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler we can do something that we call
+partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+fractions you can take the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions you can take the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions you can take the expression
+that we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found
+for this complicated system Factor it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this complicated system Factor it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this complicated system Factor it
+just like we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we did
+before but now according to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but now according to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but now according to the the
+method of partial fractions you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of partial fractions you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of partial fractions you can
+represent the reciprocal of a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the reciprocal of a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the reciprocal of a quadratic
+as the sum of two terms each the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sum of two terms each the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sum of two terms each the
+reciprocal of a linear function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of a linear function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of a linear function in
+R so you can always do that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so you can always do that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so you can always do that that's a
+property of pols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of pols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of pols
+right so what that says is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what that says is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what that says is that there's
+an equivalent representation for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent representation for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent representation for this
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so uh backing up so we showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so uh backing up so we showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so uh backing up so we showed that
+by um factoring we take this and turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um factoring we take this and turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um factoring we take this and turn it
+into this by partial fractions we turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this by partial fractions we turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this by partial fractions we turn
+it into a sum difference what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a sum difference what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a sum difference what's the
+difference so now we think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so now we think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so now we think about that
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+here this term can be generated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this term can be generated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this term can be generated by
+multiplying 4.5 times A canonic first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying 4.5 times A canonic first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying 4.5 times A canonic first
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term this can be generated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this can be generated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this can be generated by
+multiplying minus 3.5 times A canonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying minus 3.5 times A canonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying minus 3.5 times A canonic
+first order term and the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order term and the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order term and the response
+ads okay well that's completely new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads okay well that's completely new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads okay well that's completely new
+insight we've taken what looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight we've taken what looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight we've taken what looks like a
+very complicated response from A system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated response from A system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated response from A system
+that is not a canonical form and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not a canonical form and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not a canonical form and we've
+turned it into to something that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned it into to something that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned it into to something that does
+look like several canonical forms just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like several canonical forms just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like several canonical forms just
+like we did with the Cascade but now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did with the Cascade but now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did with the Cascade but now we
+can see that the answer is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the answer is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the answer is the sum of
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geometrics everybody's with it so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrics everybody's with it so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrics everybody's with it so so
+it's even better than being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even better than being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even better than being able to
+Cascade where in the Cascade we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade where in the Cascade we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade where in the Cascade we have to
+do some complicated bookkeeping in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some complicated bookkeeping in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some complicated bookkeeping in order
+to figure out the responses by thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out the responses by thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out the responses by thinking
+about it with partial fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it with partial fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it with partial fraction
+it's the simple sum of two simple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the simple sum of two simple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the simple sum of two simple things
+so then if you know properties of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then if you know properties of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then if you know properties of each
+individual one like it rattles for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual one like it rattles for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual one like it rattles for a
+long time or it decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time or it decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time or it decays
+quickly you can instantly say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly you can instantly say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly you can instantly say something
+about the combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the combined
+response that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that
+follow so then this this response which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow so then this this response which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow so then this this response which
+I introduced by saying it's complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I introduced by saying it's complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I introduced by saying it's complicated
+it's not really complicated it's the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really complicated it's the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really complicated it's the sum
+of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geometrics it goes up and then down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrics it goes up and then down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrics it goes up and then down
+simply because the Decay constants for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because the Decay constants for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because the Decay constants for
+the two different geometrics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two different geometrics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two different geometrics are
+different that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all the point is that this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the point is that this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the point is that this is a very
+different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of
+representation many things so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation many things so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation many things so you could
+do a lot by just taking a a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot by just taking a a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot by just taking a a difference
+equation and just factoring it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and just factoring it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and just factoring it and
+moving terms around and figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving terms around and figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving terms around and figuring out
+different ways to to do the sums and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to to do the sums and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to to do the sums and and
+so forth to try to simplify your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth to try to simplify your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth to try to simplify your life
+you do the same with block diagrams you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the same with block diagrams you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the same with block diagrams you
+could shuel around the blocks and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could shuel around the blocks and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could shuel around the blocks and try to
+make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things
+simpler this idea of turning the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler this idea of turning the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler this idea of turning the top
+system into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system into
+this is Trivial to see with polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Trivial to see with polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Trivial to see with polinomial
+manipulations and relatively and not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations and relatively and not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations and relatively and not at
+all straightforward to do by simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all straightforward to do by simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all straightforward to do by simple
+block diagram manipulations it follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram manipulations it follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram manipulations it follows
+directly from the polinomial realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the polinomial realization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the polinomial realization
+that's what we mean by a more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we mean by a more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we mean by a more powerful
+representation it's very easy to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation it's very easy to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation it's very easy to see how
+we got there if you represent the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got there if you represent the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got there if you represent the system
+by polinomial it's much less easy to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by polinomial it's much less easy to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by polinomial it's much less easy to see
+how we got there by thinking about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we got there by thinking about it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we got there by thinking about it as
+a block diagram or as a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block diagram or as a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block diagram or as a difference
+equation okay make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+okay because they're so important we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because they're so important we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because they're so important we
+would like shorthand ways of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poles as soon as you know the poles of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles as soon as you know the poles of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles as soon as you know the poles of a
+system then you know the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then you know the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then you know the geometric
+sequences that characterize unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that characterize unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that characterize unit sample
+response and for at least a broad class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and for at least a broad class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and for at least a broad class
+of systems we're going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systems we're going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systems we're going to be able to
+think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the
+combined unit sample response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined unit sample response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined unit sample response of the
+system as some weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as some weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as some weighted
+sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+contributions so that makes the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions so that makes the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions so that makes the idea of
+finding the polls very important there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the polls very important there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the polls very important there's
+a very straightforward way that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very straightforward way that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very straightforward way that we've
+sort of already alluded to if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of already alluded to if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of already alluded to if you had
+this complicated thing and you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complicated thing and you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complicated thing and you wanted to
+find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the
+poles what you should do is try to coers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles what you should do is try to coers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles what you should do is try to coers
+it into the canonic form you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the canonic form you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the canonic form you remember
+the canonic form for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canonic form for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canonic form for
+a single pole system was this sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+representation so we have X coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so we have X coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so we have X coming in
+coming out as Y and feeding around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out as Y and feeding around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out as Y and feeding around that
+way that's the canonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's the canonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's the canonic
+form for one whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for one whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for one whole
+system and that had a system function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that had a system function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that had a system function of
+the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form
+YX is 1/ 1 - p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R so if you can coers all the parts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so if you can coers all the parts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so if you can coers all the parts to
+look like 1 over 1 minus p r then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like 1 over 1 minus p r then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like 1 over 1 minus p r then
+according to that here's a pole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to that here's a pole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to that here's a pole and
+there's a pole just by canonic forms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pole just by canonic forms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pole just by canonic forms and
+matching up the terms in a canonic form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that requires some sort of graphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that requires some sort of graphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that requires some sort of graphic
+memory or something graphic ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory or something graphic ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory or something graphic ability to
+take one form and turn it into to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one form and turn it into to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one form and turn it into to
+another form a simpler rule is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another form a simpler rule is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another form a simpler rule is to say
+look just replace all the RS by 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look just replace all the RS by 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look just replace all the RS by 1 /
+Z rewrite things and the Z's turn out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z rewrite things and the Z's turn out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z rewrite things and the Z's turn out to
+be the values of Z that are the roots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the values of Z that are the roots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the values of Z that are the roots of
+the denominator turn out to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator turn out to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator turn out to be the
+values of the poles that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the poles that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the poles that's very
+straightforward to see just by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward to see just by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward to see just by looking
+at the canonical form if I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the canonical form if I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the canonical form if I have the
+canonical form where I know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical form where I know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical form where I know that the
+pole is p KN and if I replace the R by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole is p KN and if I replace the R by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole is p KN and if I replace the R by
+1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over
+Z and cleared the fraction I would end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and cleared the fraction I would end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and cleared the fraction I would end
+up with Z over Z minus P KN and now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with Z over Z minus P KN and now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with Z over Z minus P KN and now if I
+ask what's the poll of the bottom what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what's the poll of the bottom what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what's the poll of the bottom what's
+the roots of the bottom for what values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots of the bottom for what values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots of the bottom for what values
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Z is the denominator equal to zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is the denominator equal to zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is the denominator equal to zero the
+answer is clearly zal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is clearly zal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is clearly zal
+P it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P it's just a
+trick to turn a system function in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to turn a system function in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to turn a system function in terms
+of R into a um a root finding problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R into a um a root finding problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R into a um a root finding problem
+so rather than having some program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather than having some program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather than having some program that
+knows how to write canonical forms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how to write canonical forms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how to write canonical forms you
+can use any root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use any root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use any root
+finder to find the values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finder to find the values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finder to find the values of the
+polls okay so make sure everybody's with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polls okay so make sure everybody's with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polls okay so make sure everybody's with
+me consider the following system blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me consider the following system blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me consider the following system blah
+blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah
+blah how many of the following are true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah how many of the following are true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah how many of the following are true
+answer looks like it ought to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer looks like it ought to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer looks like it ought to be a
+number between zero and five probably so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between zero and five probably so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between zero and five probably so
+talk to your neighbor and figure out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to your neighbor and figure out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to your neighbor and figure out a
+number between Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how many of the statements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many of the statements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many of the statements are
+true hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay participation is a little small but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay participation is a little small but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay participation is a little small but
+it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like
+95 93 something like that percent except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 93 something like that percent except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 93 something like that percent except
+people keep changing their number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people keep changing their number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people keep changing their number of
+fingers that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers that makes it
+confusing okay uh how do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing okay uh how do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing okay uh how do you think about
+the first one the Unis sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one the Unis sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one the Unis sample response
+converges to zero yes or no how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to zero yes or no how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to zero yes or no how do you
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it yes because they all do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yes because they all do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yes because they all do
+true or false false uh yes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false false uh yes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false false uh yes because
+there's something special about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something special about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something special about this
+one what is special about this one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what is special about this one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what is special about this one that
+convinces you that that's true or false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinces you that that's true or false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinces you that that's true or false
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TW it has two poles both of which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TW it has two poles both of which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TW it has two poles both of which are
+magnitude less than one that's precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude less than one that's precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude less than one that's precisely
+right so um if we simply simply if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um if we simply simply if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um if we simply simply if we
+just do one Blackboard full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do one Blackboard full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do one Blackboard full of
+math so we take this turn it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math so we take this turn it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math so we take this turn it into a
+polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+form turn it into a functional form turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form turn it into a functional form turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form turn it into a functional form turn
+it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z's everyone's happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z's everyone's happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z's everyone's happy with
+that okay you may have made slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay you may have made slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay you may have made slight
+algebra errors in what you were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra errors in what you were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra errors in what you were doing
+but the procedure is very easy right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the procedure is very easy right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the procedure is very easy right we
+see that we get two poles where are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poles one2 and plus one4 they're at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles one2 and plus one4 they're at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles one2 and plus one4 they're at the
+roots of the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of the denominator
+so is the unit sample response converged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is the unit sample response converged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is the unit sample response converged
+to zero it's the unit sample Response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero it's the unit sample Response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero it's the unit sample Response
+Unit sample responses are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unit sample responses are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unit sample responses are going to be
+the sum of two pieces from the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of two pieces from the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of two pieces from the partial
+fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction
+argument and so uh it will depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and so uh it will depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and so uh it will depend on the
+positions of the poles both poles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of the poles both poles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of the poles both poles are
+inside the unit circle both poles have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the unit circle both poles have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the unit circle both poles have
+magnitude less than one therefore uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude less than one therefore uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude less than one therefore uh
+they converge therefore the first one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they converge therefore the first one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they converge therefore the first one's
+right poles are at a half and a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right poles are at a half and a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right poles are at a half and a quarter
+obviously wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously wrong
+right obviously wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right obviously wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right obviously wrong
+right there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are two
+poles none of the above obviously wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles none of the above obviously wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles none of the above obviously wrong
+okay so the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the answer is
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay one more example problem favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one more example problem favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one more example problem favorite
+computer science problem is Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science problem is Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science problem is Fibonacci
+problem Fibonacci uh was thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem Fibonacci uh was thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem Fibonacci uh was thinking about
+population growth when he formulated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth when he formulated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth when he formulated the
+problem the idea was what if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the idea was what if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the idea was what if you have a
+pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of
+rabbits that takes one cycle to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits that takes one cycle to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits that takes one cycle to grow
+up and every cycle thereafter has a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and every cycle thereafter has a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and every cycle thereafter has a pair
+of baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of baby
+rabbits or then the next cycle there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits or then the next cycle there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits or then the next cycle there's a
+pair of baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of baby
+rabbits then they grow up but meanwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits then they grow up but meanwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits then they grow up but meanwhile
+mom and dad had another pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom and dad had another pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom and dad had another pair of
+rabbits but then those grow up and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits but then those grow up and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits but then those grow up and now
+we have more and then they grow up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have more and then they grow up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have more and then they grow up and
+then they grow up and then they grow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they grow up and then they grow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they grow up and then they grow up
+and you get lots of rabbits okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get lots of rabbits okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get lots of rabbits okay so
+that's the idea right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question what are the poles of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what are the poles of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what are the poles of the
+Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+only have to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is a hard philosophy question I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is a hard philosophy question I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is a hard philosophy question I'm
+not sure if I can answer philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure if I can answer philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure if I can answer philosophy
+questions I guess I have a PhD maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I guess I have a PhD maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I guess I have a PhD maybe I
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+uh so it's has to do with partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's has to do with partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's has to do with partial
+fractions right it's the bottom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions right it's the bottom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions right it's the bottom the
+bottoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottoms are
+special and in fact in about a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special and in fact in about a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special and in fact in about a week
+we'll talk about what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about what's the
+tops not surprisingly the tops are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tops not surprisingly the tops are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tops not surprisingly the tops are like
+an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverse
+bottom what a deep Insight so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom what a deep Insight so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom what a deep Insight so if you
+were to run signals through the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to run signals through the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to run signals through the system
+backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward
+words the tops look like bottoms and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the tops look like bottoms and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the tops look like bottoms and the
+bottoms look like tops and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottoms look like tops and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottoms look like tops and there's some
+really useful things that you can derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful things that you can derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful things that you can derive
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+that okay what's the answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay what's the answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay what's the answer to the
+question uh what are the polls of fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh what are the polls of fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh what are the polls of fit
+ACI system give me a number between zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACI system give me a number between zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACI system give me a number between zero
+and no one and five raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand okay how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand okay how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand okay how many of you
+guessed okay that's what I thought okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed okay that's what I thought okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed okay that's what I thought okay
+so uh are there there poles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh are there there poles in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh are there there poles in the
+Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system how do you how would you convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system how do you how would you convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system how do you how would you convince
+yourself there are or are not poles in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself there are or are not poles in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself there are or are not poles in a
+Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah has visual representation so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah has visual representation so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah has visual representation so you
+have to start somehow somehow you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start somehow somehow you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start somehow somehow you want
+to translate that graphical problem into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to translate that graphical problem into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to translate that graphical problem into
+a difference equation or an R expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference equation or an R expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference equation or an R expression
+or something so one way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something so one way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something so one way to think about
+it is a difference equation of this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a difference equation of this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a difference equation of this form
+at time n add some number of rabbits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time n add some number of rabbits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time n add some number of rabbits
+that somebody just plunked in that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody just plunked in that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody just plunked in that's my
+input in the example I showed by magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input in the example I showed by magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input in the example I showed by magic
+by spontaneous creation there was a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by spontaneous creation there was a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by spontaneous creation there was a pair
+of rabbits at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rabbits at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rabbits at the
+beginning that didn't obey the rules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that didn't obey the rules for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that didn't obey the rules for
+the that uh were true for the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that uh were true for the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that uh were true for the rest of
+time that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that was
+X and Y of n also you have to add in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y of n also you have to add in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y of n also you have to add in the
+two previous values that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two previous values that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two previous values that's kind of a
+rule for the Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for the Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for the Fibonacci
+system and that has the form that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that has the form that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that has the form that we've
+been talking about it's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about it's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about it's something that
+has just adders and delays and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has just adders and delays and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has just adders and delays and stuff
+like that in it so we can write that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that in it so we can write that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that in it so we can write that as
+a functional and we get a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a functional and we get a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a functional and we get a second order
+denominator so we see that there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so we see that there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so we see that there are two
+poles and if you find the roots by the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and if you find the roots by the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and if you find the roots by the Z
+method you get these funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers and they're inde indeed funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and they're inde indeed funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and they're inde indeed funny
+right you get the golden ratio and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you get the golden ratio and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you get the golden ratio and you
+get the reciprocal of the golden R the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the reciprocal of the golden R the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the reciprocal of the golden R the
+negative reciprocal of the golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative reciprocal of the golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative reciprocal of the golden
+ratio so that's really bizarre because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio so that's really bizarre because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio so that's really bizarre because
+we end up with this pole 1.618 tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with this pole 1.618 tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with this pole 1.618 tell me
+something about the response of a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the response of a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the response of a system
+that has a poll at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1.618
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.618
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.618
+diverges what about this one at minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+618 it oscillates so you take diverging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+618 it oscillates so you take diverging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+618 it oscillates so you take diverging
+plus oscillating and what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get you get a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integers okay that's pretty bizarre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers okay that's pretty bizarre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers okay that's pretty bizarre
+right you take diverging and oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you take diverging and oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you take diverging and oscillating
+and you get 1 one 2 3 5 8 13 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get 1 one 2 3 5 8 13 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get 1 one 2 3 5 8 13 that's
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weird also notice that it doesn't behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird also notice that it doesn't behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird also notice that it doesn't behave
+the way we think about it when we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we think about it when we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we think about it when we think
+about computer science there's no R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about computer science there's no R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about computer science there's no R
+squar growth of anything How many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar growth of anything How many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar growth of anything How many
+operations is required to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations is required to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations is required to compute the
+output at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+119 depends on what you mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+119 depends on what you mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+119 depends on what you mean by
+operations that's a good point so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that's a good point so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that's a good point so if you
+used a a u modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a a u modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a a u modern
+laptop how many steps would the laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop how many steps would the laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop how many steps would the laptop
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take have to know something about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take have to know something about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take have to know something about what's
+inside the in the laptop but these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the in the laptop but these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the in the laptop but these days
+exponentiation is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation is pretty
+simple so you can think about so all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so you can think about so all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so you can think about so all you
+need to do is raise to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n and add minus 5 to the minus n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and add minus 5 to the minus n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and add minus 5 to the minus n and
+scale them and add them so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale them and add them so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale them and add them so it's a
+different way of thinking about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of thinking about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of thinking about things
+that's the point so you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point so you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point so you can think about
+the Fibonacci system as a recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fibonacci system as a recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fibonacci system as a recursion
+problem like we did in 601 or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like we did in 601 or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like we did in 601 or you can
+think about it as the response to an LTI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as the response to an LTI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as the response to an LTI
+system a linear timing variance system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a linear timing variance system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a linear timing variance system
+and you get this kind of way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get this kind of way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get this kind of way of thinking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+things okay one more c one more thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay one more c one more thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay one more c one more thing to
+talk about today and that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today and that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today and that is what
+happens when things are complex you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when things are complex you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when things are complex you can
+make a terribly small change to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a terribly small change to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a terribly small change to the
+system functional here all I've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system functional here all I've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system functional here all I've done is
+changed one sign from the Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed one sign from the Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed one sign from the Fibonacci
+system and the result is complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the result is complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the result is complex
+Roots so what's it mean to have a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots so what's it mean to have a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots so what's it mean to have a system
+that has complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has complex
+poles so um comp Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles so um comp Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles so um comp Le
+poles one of the interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles one of the interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles one of the interesting things
+about polom math complex numbers work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about polom math complex numbers work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about polom math complex numbers work
+like any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any other
+number not surprisingly then complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number not surprisingly then complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number not surprisingly then complex
+poles in a linear system work sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles in a linear system work sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles in a linear system work sort of
+like any other pole the fundamental mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any other pole the fundamental mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any other pole the fundamental mode
+associated with any pole is p to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with any pole is p to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with any pole is p to the
+N the fundamental modes corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N the fundamental modes corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N the fundamental modes corresponding to
+a complex pole have complex values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex pole have complex values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex pole have complex values and
+that's showed here we we can write so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's showed here we we can write so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's showed here we we can write so we
+can think about that um system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about that um system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about that um system
+polinomial that I showed on the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial that I showed on the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial that I showed on the previous
+slide this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide this
+one we can write that in a factored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we can write that in a factored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we can write that in a factored
+form but now the roots are complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form but now the roots are complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form but now the roots are complex
+numbers uh this is a complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh this is a complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh this is a complex number
+there's complex numbers all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's complex numbers all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's complex numbers all over the
+place who cares complex numbers they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place who cares complex numbers they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place who cares complex numbers they're
+just numbers that's the nice part about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just numbers that's the nice part about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just numbers that's the nice part about
+algebra so we don't need to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra so we don't need to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra so we don't need to worry about
+that other than the modes are complex so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other than the modes are complex so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other than the modes are complex so
+if you try to plot the mode associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to plot the mode associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to plot the mode associated
+with um with one of the roots and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um with one of the roots and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um with one of the roots and and
+the other root they have real and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other root they have real and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other root they have real and
+imaginary parts so here I'm showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary parts so here I'm showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary parts so here I'm showing the
+real part in blue and the imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part in blue and the imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part in blue and the imaginary part
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+Red so each of the fundamental modes has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red so each of the fundamental modes has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red so each of the fundamental modes has
+a real and imaginary part that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real and imaginary part that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real and imaginary part that's the
+only complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing uh it's sometimes easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh it's sometimes easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh it's sometimes easier to
+visualize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modes on a polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes on a polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes on a polar
+plot and that's Illustrated here these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and that's Illustrated here these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and that's Illustrated here these
+plots look complicated if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots look complicated if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots look complicated if you think
+about what they look like in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they look like in polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they look like in polar
+coordinates if you think about this P KN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates if you think about this P KN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates if you think about this P KN
+to the end but now p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end but now p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end but now p is
+complex just plot the number P to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex just plot the number P to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex just plot the number P to the
+n on a complex plane it's pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n on a complex plane it's pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n on a complex plane it's pretty simple
+so in this first case we have um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this first case we have um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this first case we have um this
+pole at e to the J pi over 3 gets raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole at e to the J pi over 3 gets raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole at e to the J pi over 3 gets raised
+to the nth power and we use trig and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nth power and we use trig and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nth power and we use trig and we
+can come up with some expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up with some expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up with some expression for
+that but forget trig just remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but forget trig just remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but forget trig just remember the
+oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oiler
+relationship and that's equivalent we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and that's equivalent we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and that's equivalent we
+can just use this form to say well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just use this form to say well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just use this form to say well if
+you had zero e to the zero is one so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had zero e to the zero is one so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had zero e to the zero is one so I'm
+there if n were one then it would be e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if n were one then it would be e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if n were one then it would be e
+to the J pi over 3 well that's there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J pi over 3 well that's there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J pi over 3 well that's there you
+go up by 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up by 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up by 60
+degrees if n is two you're over here 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees if n is two you're over here 3 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees if n is two you're over here 3 4
+5 6 7 8 9 10 so you can visualize how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 6 7 8 9 10 so you can visualize how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 6 7 8 9 10 so you can visualize how
+the roote is behaving the complex route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roote is behaving the complex route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roote is behaving the complex route
+by looking at a complex plane the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at a complex plane the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at a complex plane the other
+route works just the same way except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route works just the same way except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route works just the same way except
+it's negative so it spins around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative so it spins around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative so it spins around the
+other way so it's convenient to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way so it's convenient to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way so it's convenient to watch
+the behavior of complex roots on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of complex roots on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of complex roots on a
+complex plane that's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex plane that's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex plane that's not too
+surprising um what's slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising um what's slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising um what's slightly more
+surprising is the idea of a real system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising is the idea of a real system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising is the idea of a real system
+that's made out of adders and delays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's made out of adders and delays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's made out of adders and delays and
+that kind of stuff generating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of stuff generating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of stuff generating a
+complex response that's a little weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex response that's a little weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex response that's a little weird
+how would that happen does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would that happen does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would that happen does that mean
+every time I build a delay I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I build a delay I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I build a delay I need to
+have an output that is imaginary or does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an output that is imaginary or does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an output that is imaginary or does
+it sort of just squirted out into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of just squirted out into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of just squirted out into some
+orthogonal space or how do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal space or how do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal space or how do you think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that so it's a little weird to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's a little weird to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's a little weird to think
+about the response of a real system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the response of a real system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the response of a real system
+coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out
+complex and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't systems with real value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't systems with real value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't systems with real value
+coefficients of the type that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the type that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the type that could be
+represented by a difference equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a difference equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a difference equation
+think about a difference equation if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a difference equation if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a difference equation if you
+require that the coefficients are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that the coefficients are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that the coefficients are real
+valued that puts a constraint on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued that puts a constraint on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued that puts a constraint on the
+kinds of difference equations that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of difference equations that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of difference equations that you
+can have even though the roots may come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have even though the roots may come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have even though the roots may come
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+complex if you started with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex if you started with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex if you started with a
+system that could be expressed with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that could be expressed with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that could be expressed with a
+difference equation whose coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation whose coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation whose coefficients
+were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all
+real then algebra will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real then algebra will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real then algebra will
+conspire to make the sum of the modes be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conspire to make the sum of the modes be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conspire to make the sum of the modes be
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+it's sort of all that could happen right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of all that could happen right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of all that could happen right
+so we're expecting that if it were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're expecting that if it were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're expecting that if it were a
+physical system it could if it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical system it could if it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical system it could if it could be
+represented by a difference equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a difference equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a difference equation
+with real Valu coefficients how on Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with real Valu coefficients how on Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with real Valu coefficients how on Earth
+could a real valued input generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could a real valued input generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could a real valued input generate a
+complex valued output that doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex valued output that doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex valued output that doesn't make
+any sense and it doesn't happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense and it doesn't happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense and it doesn't happen and
+that's because things conspire so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because things conspire so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because things conspire so if you
+this is just showing long-winded math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just showing long-winded math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just showing long-winded math
+for those of you who like long-winded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who like long-winded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who like long-winded
+math the idea is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math the idea is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math the idea is that these
+coefficients conspire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients conspire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients conspire
+as complex numbers so that for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as complex numbers so that for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as complex numbers so that for every
+integer value of n the answer will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer value of n the answer will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer value of n the answer will be
+real valued and what's showed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real valued and what's showed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real valued and what's showed in the
+bottom is the unit sample response for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is the unit sample response for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is the unit sample response for
+that system and you can see everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system and you can see everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system and you can see everything's
+real valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real valued
+now so last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so last
+question here's the response of a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here's the response of a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here's the response of a system
+with poles two poles at those complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with poles two poles at those complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with poles two poles at those complex
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do you think about the values R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about the values R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about the values R and
+Omega so assume that the poles are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so assume that the poles are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so assume that the poles are at
+that the polar form of the pole location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the polar form of the pole location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the polar form of the pole location
+is magnitude R angle plus or minus J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is magnitude R angle plus or minus J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is magnitude R angle plus or minus J
+Omega how do you think about R and Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega how do you think about R and Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega how do you think about R and Omega
+so let's say that I plotted the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that I plotted the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that I plotted the response
+here can you figure out by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can you figure out by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can you figure out by looking at
+that what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is
+r Can you estimate r r is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nth 9 R is approximately 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth 9 R is approximately 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth 9 R is approximately 0.
+n so if it were 0. n how's it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up so it's going around in that Circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so it's going around in that Circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so it's going around in that Circle
+right so as it's spinning around in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so as it's spinning around in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so as it's spinning around in the
+circle it's going up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle it's going up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle it's going up and
+down as it's spinning around the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as it's spinning around the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as it's spinning around the circle
+the r is also spiraling in so the r r to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r is also spiraling in so the r r to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r is also spiraling in so the r r to
+the N right if we think about Pole to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N right if we think about Pole to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N right if we think about Pole to
+the N the key is always Pole to the N if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N the key is always Pole to the N if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N the key is always Pole to the N if
+we think about Pole to the N then it's R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about Pole to the N then it's R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about Pole to the N then it's R
+to the n e to the J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n e to the J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n e to the J Omega
+n the r part R the N is making it spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the r part R the N is making it spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the r part R the N is making it spiral
+in or spiral out one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or spiral out one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or spiral out one of
+those and the Omega part is making it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and the Omega part is making it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and the Omega part is making it go
+up and down and up and down so the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down and up and down so the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down and up and down so the r
+here is actually uh 0.9 7 because I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is actually uh 0.9 7 because I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is actually uh 0.9 7 because I made
+the plot so I know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot so I know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot so I know what it
+is so R is 97 that has to do with sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so R is 97 that has to do with sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so R is 97 that has to do with sort
+of a gentle Decay across Cycles so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gentle Decay across Cycles so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gentle Decay across Cycles so you
+could figure that out for example by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could figure that out for example by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could figure that out for example by
+finding the ratio of that height to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the ratio of that height to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the ratio of that height to that
+height right sort of how much did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height right sort of how much did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height right sort of how much did it
+decay when it come came around once so R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay when it come came around once so R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay when it come came around once so R
+is 097 what do you think Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah
+around5 so what you need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around5 so what you need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around5 so what you need to think about
+in Omega is if you go n steps and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Omega is if you go n steps and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Omega is if you go n steps and each
+advances the angle by Omega how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances the angle by Omega how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances the angle by Omega how long
+does it take to get to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi right it'll go around the circle once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi right it'll go around the circle once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi right it'll go around the circle once
+when the radian angle when the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the radian angle when the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the radian angle when the angle
+goes increments by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes increments by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes increments by 2
+pi every time every step the angle gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi every time every step the angle gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi every time every step the angle gets
+incremented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremented by
+Omega how many steps does it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega how many steps does it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega how many steps does it take
+to get to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi so it t so if I started here and went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so it t so if I started here and went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so it t so if I started here and went
+to there I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
+12 takes about 12 so 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 takes about 12 so 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 takes about 12 so 12
+Omega is 2 pi and so Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is 2 pi and so Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is 2 pi and so Omega is
+approximately well it's exactly well no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately well it's exactly well no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately well it's exactly well no
+it's approximately this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's approximately this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's approximately this should be
+approximately uh 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately uh 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately uh 2 pi
+over 12 6 over 12 by back by Blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 12 6 over 12 by back by Blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 12 6 over 12 by back by Blackboard
+math is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math is a
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+okay okay there's one more slide but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay there's one more slide but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay there's one more slide but
+that will turn out to be a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will turn out to be a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will turn out to be a good question
+for you to review as per preparation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to review as per preparation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to review as per preparation for
+exam
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KSrPJe7y9oA.txt b/KSrPJe7y9oA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a1cc106cf76e417d241f63360fccd6c50183b78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KSrPJe7y9oA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2339 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we will look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we will look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we will look at the
+famous example which goes posed by count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous example which goes posed by count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous example which goes posed by count
+to be found a French naturalist back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be found a French naturalist back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be found a French naturalist back in
+the 18th century and it marks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 18th century and it marks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 18th century and it marks the
+beginning of a subject that is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of a subject that is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of a subject that is known as
+the subject of geometric probability the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of geometric probability the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of geometric probability the
+problem is pretty simple we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is pretty simple we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is pretty simple we have the
+infinite plane and we draw lines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite plane and we draw lines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite plane and we draw lines that
+are parallel to each other and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are parallel to each other and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are parallel to each other and there are
+spaced apart D units so this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced apart D units so this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced apart D units so this distance
+here is D and the same for all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is D and the same for all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is D and the same for all the other
+lines we take a needle that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines we take a needle that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines we take a needle that has a
+certain length L and we throw it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain length L and we throw it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain length L and we throw it at
+random on the plane so the needle might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random on the plane so the needle might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random on the plane so the needle might
+fall this way so that it doesn't cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall this way so that it doesn't cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall this way so that it doesn't cross
+any line or it might fall this way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any line or it might fall this way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any line or it might fall this way so
+that it ends up crossing one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it ends up crossing one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it ends up crossing one of the
+lines if the needle is long enough it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines if the needle is long enough it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines if the needle is long enough it
+might actually even end up crossing two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually even end up crossing two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually even end up crossing two
+of the lines but we will make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lines but we will make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lines but we will make the
+assumption that the length of the needle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the length of the needle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the length of the needle
+is less than the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than the distance between the
+tool between two adjacent lines so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool between two adjacent lines so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool between two adjacent lines so that
+we're going to have either this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have either this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have either this
+configuration or that configuration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration or that configuration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration or that configuration so
+in this setting were interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this setting were interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this setting were interested in the
+question of how likely is it that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how likely is it that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how likely is it that the
+needle is going to intersect one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle is going to intersect one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle is going to intersect one of the
+lines if the needle is thrown completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines if the needle is thrown completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines if the needle is thrown completely
+at random we will answer this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random we will answer this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random we will answer this question
+and we will proceed as follows first we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will proceed as follows first we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will proceed as follows first we
+need to model the experiment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to model the experiment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to model the experiment the
+probabilistic experiment mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic experiment mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic experiment mathematically
+that is we need to define an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we need to define an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we need to define an appropriate
+sample space define some relevant random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space define some relevant random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space define some relevant random
+variables choose an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables choose an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables choose an appropriate
+probability law identify the event of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law identify the event of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law identify the event of
+interest and then calculate let us see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and then calculate let us see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and then calculate let us see
+what it takes to describe a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it takes to describe a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it takes to describe a typical
+outcome of the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of the experiment
+suppose that the needle fell this way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the needle fell this way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the needle fell this way so
+that the nearest line is the one above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the nearest line is the one above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the nearest line is the one above
+and let us mark here the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let us mark here the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let us mark here the center of the
+needle one quantity of interest is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle one quantity of interest is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle one quantity of interest is this
+vertical distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical distance between the
+and the nearest line let us call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nearest line let us call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nearest line let us call this
+quantity X we're using here in lowercase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity X we're using here in lowercase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity X we're using here in lowercase
+X because we're dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X because we're dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X because we're dealing with the
+numerical value in one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical value in one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical value in one particular
+outcome of the experiment but we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of the experiment but we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of the experiment but we think
+of this X as being the realization of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this X as being the realization of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this X as being the realization of a
+certain random variable that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain random variable that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain random variable that we will
+denote by capital X what else does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote by capital X what else does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote by capital X what else does it
+take to describe the middle suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to describe the middle suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to describe the middle suppose that
+the needle had fallen somewhere so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the needle had fallen somewhere so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the needle had fallen somewhere so that
+it is at the same vertical distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is at the same vertical distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is at the same vertical distance from
+the nearest line but it has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nearest line but it has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nearest line but it has an
+orientation of this kind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of this kind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of this kind this
+orientation compared to that one should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation compared to that one should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation compared to that one should
+make a difference because when it falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference because when it falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference because when it falls
+that way it's more likely that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it's more likely that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it's more likely that it's
+going to cut the next line as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cut the next line as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cut the next line as opposed to
+this case so the angle that the needle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case so the angle that the needle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case so the angle that the needle
+is making with the parallel lines should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making with the parallel lines should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making with the parallel lines should
+also be relevant so let us give a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be relevant so let us give a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be relevant so let us give a name
+to that particular angle so let's extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that particular angle so let's extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that particular angle so let's extend
+that line until it crosses one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line until it crosses one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line until it crosses one of the
+lines and let us give a name to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and let us give a name to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and let us give a name to this
+angle and call it theta so if I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and call it theta so if I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and call it theta so if I tell you
+X and theta you know how far away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and theta you know how far away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and theta you know how far away the
+needle is from the nearest line and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle is from the nearest line and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle is from the nearest line and at
+what angle it is it looks like these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what angle it is it looks like these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what angle it is it looks like these are
+two useful variables to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two useful variables to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two useful variables to describe the
+outcome of the experiment so let us try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of the experiment so let us try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of the experiment so let us try
+working with these so our model is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with these so our model is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with these so our model is going
+to involve two random variables defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to involve two random variables defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to involve two random variables defined
+the way we discuss it just just now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we discuss it just just now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we discuss it just just now what
+is the range of these random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the range of these random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the range of these random variables
+since we took X to be the distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we took X to be the distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we took X to be the distance from
+the nearest line and the lines are D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nearest line and the lines are D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nearest line and the lines are D
+units apart this means that X is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units apart this means that X is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units apart this means that X is going
+to be somewhere between 0 and D over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somewhere between 0 and D over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somewhere between 0 and D over 2
+how about theta so the needle makes two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about theta so the needle makes two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about theta so the needle makes two
+angles with the parallel line it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles with the parallel line it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles with the parallel line it's this
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+and the complementary one which one do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complementary one which one do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complementary one which one do
+we take well we use the convention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take well we use the convention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take well we use the convention that
+theta is defined as the acute angle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is defined as the acute angle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is defined as the acute angle that
+the direction of the needle is making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the needle is making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the needle is making
+with the lines so that theta will vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lines so that theta will vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lines so that theta will vary
+over a range from zero to PI over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and our sample space for the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our sample space for the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our sample space for the experiment
+will be the set of all pairs of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the set of all pairs of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the set of all pairs of X and
+theta that satisfy these two conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta that satisfy these two conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta that satisfy these two conditions
+this will be the possible X's and Thetas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the possible X's and Thetas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the possible X's and Thetas
+having defined the sample space next we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having defined the sample space next we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having defined the sample space next we
+need to define a probability law at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to define a probability law at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to define a probability law at this
+point we do not want to make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we do not want to make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we do not want to make any
+arbitrary assumptions we only have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary assumptions we only have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary assumptions we only have the
+words completely at random to go by but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words completely at random to go by but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words completely at random to go by but
+what would these words mean we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would these words mean we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would these words mean we will
+interpret them to mean that there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret them to mean that there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret them to mean that there are no
+preferred x-values so that all X values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred x-values so that all X values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred x-values so that all X values
+are in some sense equally likely so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in some sense equally likely so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in some sense equally likely so
+we're going to assume that X is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume that X is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume that X is a
+uniform random variable since it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform random variable since it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform random variable since it is
+uniform it's going to be a constant over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform it's going to be a constant over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform it's going to be a constant over
+this range and in order to integrate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range and in order to integrate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range and in order to integrate to
+one that constant will have to be 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that constant will have to be 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that constant will have to be 2 over
+D and we understand that the PDF of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and we understand that the PDF of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and we understand that the PDF of x is
+0 outside that range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 outside that range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 outside that range
+similarly for theta we do not want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for theta we do not want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for theta we do not want to
+assume that some orientations are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that some orientations are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that some orientations are more
+likely than other orientations so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely than other orientations so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely than other orientations so we
+will again assume a uniform probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will again assume a uniform probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will again assume a uniform probability
+distribution and therefore that PDF must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and therefore that PDF must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and therefore that PDF must
+be equal to 2 over PI for Thetas over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 2 over PI for Thetas over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 2 over PI for Thetas over
+this particular range so far we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular range so far we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular range so far we have
+specified the marginal PDF of each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified the marginal PDF of each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified the marginal PDF of each one
+of the two random variables how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two random variables how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two random variables how about
+the joint PDF in order to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint PDF in order to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint PDF in order to have a
+complete model we need to have a joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete model we need to have a joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete model we need to have a joint
+PDF in our hands here we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF in our hands here we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF in our hands here we're going to
+make the assumption that X and theta are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the assumption that X and theta are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the assumption that X and theta are
+independent of each other and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other and in that
+case the joint PDF is determined by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the joint PDF is determined by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the joint PDF is determined by just
+taking the product of the marginal PDFs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the product of the marginal PDFs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the product of the marginal PDFs
+so the joint PDF is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the joint PDF is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the joint PDF is going to be equal to
+4 divided by PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 divided by PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 divided by PI
+times D by this point we have completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times D by this point we have completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times D by this point we have completely
+specified a probabilistic model we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified a probabilistic model we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified a probabilistic model we have
+made some assumptions which you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made some assumptions which you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made some assumptions which you might
+even consider arbitrary but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even consider arbitrary but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even consider arbitrary but these
+assumptions are reasonable attempt at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are reasonable attempt at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are reasonable attempt at
+capturing the idea that the needle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing the idea that the needle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing the idea that the needle is
+thrown completely at random this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown completely at random this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown completely at random this
+completes the subjective part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes the subjective part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes the subjective part the
+modeling part the next step is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling part the next step is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling part the next step is much more
+streamlined there are not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamlined there are not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamlined there are not going to be
+any choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any choices
+we just need to consider the event of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need to consider the event of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need to consider the event of
+interest express it in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest express it in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest express it in terms of the
+random variables that we have in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables that we have in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables that we have in our
+hands and then use the probability model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and then use the probability model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and then use the probability model
+that we have to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to calculate the
+probability of this particular event so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this particular event so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this particular event so
+let us identify the event of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us identify the event of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us identify the event of interest
+when will the needle intersect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when will the needle intersect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when will the needle intersect the
+nearest line this will depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest line this will depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest line this will depend on the
+following we can look at the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we can look at the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we can look at the vertical
+extent of the needle by vertical extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent of the needle by vertical extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent of the needle by vertical extent
+I mean the following let's see how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the following let's see how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the following let's see how far
+the needle goes in the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the needle goes in the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the needle goes in the vertical
+direction which is the length of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which is the length of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which is the length of this
+green segment here in this example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green segment here in this example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green segment here in this example the
+vertical extent of the needle is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical extent of the needle is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical extent of the needle is less
+than the distance from the next line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the distance from the next line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the distance from the next line and
+we do not have an intersection if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not have an intersection if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not have an intersection if the
+figure was something like this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure was something like this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure was something like this the
+vertical extent of the needle would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical extent of the needle would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical extent of the needle would have
+been that but X would have been just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been that but X would have been just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been that but X would have been just
+this little segment the vertical extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little segment the vertical extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little segment the vertical extent
+is bigger than X and the needle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than X and the needle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than X and the needle
+intersects the line so we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersects the line so we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersects the line so we have an
+intersection if and only if the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection if and only if the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection if and only if the vertical
+extent which is this vertical green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent which is this vertical green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent which is this vertical green
+segment is larger than the distance X or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment is larger than the distance X or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment is larger than the distance X or
+equivalently if X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently if X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently if X
+is less than the vertical extended so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than the vertical extended so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than the vertical extended so we
+will have an intersection if X is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have an intersection if X is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have an intersection if X is less
+than or equal to the vertical extent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the vertical extent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the vertical extent of
+the needle now how big is this vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the needle now how big is this vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the needle now how big is this vertical
+extent let's use some trigonometry here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent let's use some trigonometry here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent let's use some trigonometry here
+this angle here is Theta so this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle here is Theta so this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle here is Theta so this angle
+here is also theta here we have a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is also theta here we have a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is also theta here we have a right
+triangle and the hypotenuse of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and the hypotenuse of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and the hypotenuse of this
+triangle is L over 2 this angle is Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle is L over 2 this angle is Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle is L over 2 this angle is Theta
+therefore this vertical segment is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this vertical segment is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this vertical segment is equal
+to L over 2 times sine theta so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L over 2 times sine theta so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L over 2 times sine theta so this is
+the geometrical condition that describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometrical condition that describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometrical condition that describes
+the event that the needle intersects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that the needle intersects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that the needle intersects the
+nearest line and all we need to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest line and all we need to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest line and all we need to do now
+is to calculate the probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to calculate the probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to calculate the probability of this
+event so here is what we have so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event so here is what we have so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event so here is what we have so far
+this is the picture that we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the picture that we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the picture that we had before
+but drawn in a somewhat nicer way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but drawn in a somewhat nicer way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but drawn in a somewhat nicer way this
+is the joint PDF that we decided upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the joint PDF that we decided upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the joint PDF that we decided upon
+and we wish to calculate the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wish to calculate the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wish to calculate the probability
+of this particular event that X is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this particular event that X is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this particular event that X is less
+than or equal to L over 2 sine theta how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to L over 2 sine theta how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to L over 2 sine theta how
+do we calculate the probability the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we calculate the probability the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we calculate the probability the
+probability of an event that has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of an event that has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of an event that has to do
+with two random variables what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two random variables what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two random variables what we do is
+we take the joint PDF which in our case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the joint PDF which in our case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the joint PDF which in our case
+is 4 over PI D and integrated over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4 over PI D and integrated over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4 over PI D and integrated over the
+set of X's and Thetas for which the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of X's and Thetas for which the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of X's and Thetas for which the PDF
+is nonzero so it's only going to be over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nonzero so it's only going to be over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nonzero so it's only going to be over
+X's and Thetas in those ranges and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's and Thetas in those ranges and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's and Thetas in those ranges and also
+only for those X theta pairs for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for those X theta pairs for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for those X theta pairs for which
+the event occurs so what are these pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event occurs so what are these pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event occurs so what are these pairs
+this event can occur with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event can occur with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event can occur with any
+choice of theta so theta is free to vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of theta so theta is free to vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of theta so theta is free to vary
+from 0 up to PI over 2 how about X for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 up to PI over 2 how about X for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 up to PI over 2 how about X for
+this event to occur X can be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event to occur X can be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event to occur X can be anything
+that is non-negative as long as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is non-negative as long as it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is non-negative as long as it is
+less than or equal to this number so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to this number so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to this number so the
+upper limit of this integration is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper limit of this integration is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper limit of this integration is going
+to be L over 2 times sine theta and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be L over 2 times sine theta and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be L over 2 times sine theta and all
+we need to do now is to evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do now is to evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do now is to evaluate this
+double integral let's start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral let's start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral let's start with the
+inner integral because we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner integral because we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner integral because we're just
+integrating a constant the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating a constant the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating a constant the inner
+integral evaluates to the quantity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral evaluates to the quantity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral evaluates to the quantity that
+were integrating the constant that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were integrating the constant that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were integrating the constant that were
+integrating which is 4 times pi D times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating which is 4 times pi D times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating which is 4 times pi D times
+the length of the interval over which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the interval over which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the interval over which
+were integrating which is L over 2 sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were integrating which is L over 2 sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were integrating which is L over 2 sine
+theta and now we need to carry out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and now we need to carry out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and now we need to carry out the
+outer integral let us pull out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer integral let us pull out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer integral let us pull out the
+constants which is this 4 with is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants which is this 4 with is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants which is this 4 with is to
+give us two we have 2l over PI D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us two we have 2l over PI D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us two we have 2l over PI D and
+then the integral from 0 to PI over 2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the integral from 0 to PI over 2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the integral from 0 to PI over 2 of
+sine theta now the integral of sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta now the integral of sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta now the integral of sine
+theta is minus cosine theta and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is minus cosine theta and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is minus cosine theta and we need
+to evaluate this at 0 and PI over 2 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate this at 0 and PI over 2 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate this at 0 and PI over 2 this
+turns out to be equal to 1 so the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be equal to 1 so the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be equal to 1 so the final
+result is 2l over PI D and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is 2l over PI D and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is 2l over PI D and this is the
+final answer to the problem that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final answer to the problem that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final answer to the problem that we have
+been considering and now a curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been considering and now a curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been considering and now a curious
+thought suppose that you do not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought suppose that you do not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought suppose that you do not know
+what the number pi is and all you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the number pi is and all you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the number pi is and all you have
+in your hands is your floor lines drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your hands is your floor lines drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your hands is your floor lines drawn
+on your floor and the needle and you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your floor and the needle and you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your floor and the needle and you do
+know the length between adjacent lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the length between adjacent lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the length between adjacent lines
+on your floor and you do know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your floor and you do know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your floor and you do know your
+length of your needle how can you figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of your needle how can you figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of your needle how can you figure
+out the number pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the number pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the number pi
+take your needle throw it at random a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your needle throw it at random a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your needle throw it at random a
+million times and count the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million times and count the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million times and count the frequency
+with which the needle ends up crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which the needle ends up crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which the needle ends up crossing
+the line if you believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line if you believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line if you believe that
+probabilities can be interpreted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities can be interpreted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities can be interpreted as
+frequencies the frequency that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the frequency that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the frequency that you
+observe gives you a good estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe gives you a good estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe gives you a good estimate of
+this probability so it gives you a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability so it gives you a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability so it gives you a good
+estimate of this particular number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of this particular number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of this particular number and
+if you know the length of your needle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the length of your needle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the length of your needle
+and of the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of the distance between the
+different lines you can use the estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lines you can use the estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lines you can use the estimate
+of that number to determine the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that number to determine the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that number to determine the value of
+pi this is a so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi this is a so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi this is a so-called
+Monte Carlo method which uses simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo method which uses simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo method which uses simulation
+to evaluate experimentally the value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate experimentally the value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate experimentally the value in
+this case of the constant pi of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case of the constant pi of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case of the constant pi of course
+for pi we have much better ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pi we have much better ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pi we have much better ways of
+calculating it but there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating it but there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating it but there are many
+applications in engineering and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in engineering and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in engineering and in
+physics where certain quantities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics where certain quantities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics where certain quantities are
+hard to calculate but they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to calculate but they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to calculate but they can be
+calculated using a trick of this kind by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated using a trick of this kind by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated using a trick of this kind by
+simulation here's a typical situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation here's a typical situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation here's a typical situation
+consider the unit cube and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the unit cube and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the unit cube and for
+simplicity I'm only taking a cube in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity I'm only taking a cube in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity I'm only taking a cube in two
+dimensions but in general think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions but in general think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions but in general think of the
+unit cube in n dimensions which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cube in n dimensions which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cube in n dimensions which is an
+object that has unit volume inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that has unit volume inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that has unit volume inside that
+unit cube there is a complicated subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cube there is a complicated subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cube there is a complicated subset
+which is described maybe by some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is described maybe by some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is described maybe by some very
+complicated formulas and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated formulas and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated formulas and you want to
+calculate the volume of this complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the volume of this complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the volume of this complicated
+subset the description of the subset is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset the description of the subset is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset the description of the subset is
+so complicated that using integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so complicated that using integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so complicated that using integration
+multiple integrals and calculus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple integrals and calculus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple integrals and calculus is
+practically impossible what can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically impossible what can you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically impossible what can you do
+what you can do is to start throwing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is to start throwing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is to start throwing at
+random points inside that unit cube so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random points inside that unit cube so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random points inside that unit cube so
+you throw points unfold inside some form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you throw points unfold inside some form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you throw points unfold inside some form
+outside you count the frequency with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside you count the frequency with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside you count the frequency with
+which the points happen to be inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the points happen to be inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the points happen to be inside
+yourself and as long as you're throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and as long as you're throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and as long as you're throwing
+the points uniformly over the cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points uniformly over the cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points uniformly over the cube
+then the probability of your complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the probability of your complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the probability of your complicated
+set is going to be the volume of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is going to be the volume of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is going to be the volume of that
+set you estimate the probability by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you estimate the probability by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you estimate the probability by
+Counting the frequency with which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counting the frequency with which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counting the frequency with which you
+get points in that set and so by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get points in that set and so by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get points in that set and so by using
+these observed frequencies you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these observed frequencies you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these observed frequencies you can
+estimate the volume of a set something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the volume of a set something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the volume of a set something
+that might be very difficult to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be very difficult to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be very difficult to do
+through other numerical methods it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through other numerical methods it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through other numerical methods it turns
+out that these days physicists and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that these days physicists and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that these days physicists and many
+engineers use methods of this kind quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers use methods of this kind quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers use methods of this kind quite
+often and in many important applications
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KbAgNwrpUTw.txt b/KbAgNwrpUTw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9814ff48f27662392431cc3fc73d22024efae2fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KbAgNwrpUTw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can go a step forward now let's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go a step forward now let's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go a step forward now let's so
+we're trying to understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to understand this
+operators in the next claim is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators in the next claim is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators in the next claim is that if
+you multiply an arbitrary per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply an arbitrary per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply an arbitrary per
+permutation operator times s or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation operator times s or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation operator times s or you
+multiply it on the other side is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it on the other side is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it on the other side is the
+same and in fact is just s on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and in fact is just s on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and in fact is just s on the other
+hand if you multiply by a permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if you multiply by a permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if you multiply by a permutation
+operator a it is still the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator a it is still the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator a it is still the same as
+multiplying a from the right with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a from the right with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a from the right with that
+permutation operator but this time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation operator but this time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation operator but this time you
+get epsilon alpha zero times a so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get epsilon alpha zero times a so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get epsilon alpha zero times a so this
+is a claim of the simple way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a claim of the simple way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a claim of the simple way in which
+permutation operators interact with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation operators interact with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation operators interact with your
+a and s so here is again a same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and s so here is again a same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and s so here is again a same kind of
+argument we'll we'll say it first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument we'll we'll say it first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument we'll we'll say it first
+so please p 0 P alpha 0 acting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please p 0 P alpha 0 acting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please p 0 P alpha 0 acting on the
+list of permutation operators just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of permutation operators just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of permutation operators just
+rearranges the list we just argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranges the list we just argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranges the list we just argue that
+taking the inverse of the permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the inverse of the permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the inverse of the permutation
+operators just rearranges the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators just rearranges the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators just rearranges the list
+multiplying by P alpha 0 the list of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by P alpha 0 the list of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by P alpha 0 the list of all
+permutation operators if you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation operators if you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation operators if you have all
+the permutation operators now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permutation operators now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permutation operators now you
+multiply by P alpha 0 and then the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by P alpha 0 and then the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by P alpha 0 and then the claim
+is that they just go somewhere but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they just go somewhere but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they just go somewhere but you
+get the same list at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that again you can prove by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that again you can prove by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that again you can prove by the same
+argument show that two elements that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument show that two elements that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument show that two elements that are
+different here go to two elements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different here go to two elements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different here go to two elements that
+are different and any element here can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different and any element here can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different and any element here can
+be written as P alpha zero of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as P alpha zero of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as P alpha zero of something
+here I think you can do that and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think you can do that and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think you can do that and it's a
+repeat of this kind of argument we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat of this kind of argument we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat of this kind of argument we've
+been doing so P alpha zero rearranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing so P alpha zero rearranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing so P alpha zero rearranges
+the list so that's a first thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list so that's a first thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list so that's a first thing so
+therefore let's try one of these so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore let's try one of these so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore let's try one of these so the
+first one P alpha zero on s so all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one P alpha zero on s so all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one P alpha zero on s so all we
+can do is use the formula for s so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is use the formula for s so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is use the formula for s so you
+have 1 over n factorial the sum of s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 over n factorial the sum of s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 over n factorial the sum of s is
+the sum over alpha of P alpha but now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over alpha of P alpha but now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over alpha of P alpha but now we
+have P alpha zero and then we we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have P alpha zero and then we we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have P alpha zero and then we we don't
+really do much at this stage we say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by this claim that P alpha zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this claim that P alpha zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this claim that P alpha zero
+rearranges all the operators this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranges all the operators this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranges all the operators this is
+just another sum PB da of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another sum PB da of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another sum PB da of all the
+operators this P alpha 0 times P alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators this P alpha 0 times P alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators this P alpha 0 times P alpha
+is another operator but at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another operator but at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another operator but at the end of
+the job when you sum over alpha you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job when you sum over alpha you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job when you sum over alpha you get
+just the list rearranged so here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the list rearranged so here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the list rearranged so here it is
+the list rearranged so this is back to S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the a case let's do it P alpha zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the a case let's do it P alpha zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the a case let's do it P alpha zero
+we have to work a little more a so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to work a little more a so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to work a little more a so it's
+a little more subtle one over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more subtle one over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more subtle one over N
+factorial alpha P alpha zero but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial alpha P alpha zero but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial alpha P alpha zero but this
+time I have the epsilon alpha of the a P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I have the epsilon alpha of the a P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I have the epsilon alpha of the a P
+alpha zero P alpha okay to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha zero P alpha okay to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha zero P alpha okay to make this
+clear I'm going to put a sign factor two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear I'm going to put a sign factor two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear I'm going to put a sign factor two
+times so we'll have some over alpha I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so we'll have some over alpha I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so we'll have some over alpha I'll
+put epsilon alpha then I'll put epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put epsilon alpha then I'll put epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put epsilon alpha then I'll put epsilon
+alpha zero then another epsilon alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha zero then another epsilon alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha zero then another epsilon alpha
+zero that's whatever of epsilon alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's whatever of epsilon alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's whatever of epsilon alpha
+zero is I can do this because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is I can do this because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is I can do this because I'm
+inserting just a 1 here and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting just a 1 here and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting just a 1 here and then you
+have P alpha zero P alpha now look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have P alpha zero P alpha now look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have P alpha zero P alpha now look at
+this operator and look at this sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator and look at this sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator and look at this sine
+factor a few things are clear here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor a few things are clear here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor a few things are clear here this
+epsilon alpha zero has nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon alpha zero has nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon alpha zero has nothing to do
+with the sum so this epsilon alpha zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sum so this epsilon alpha zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sum so this epsilon alpha zero
+can go out of the sum and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go out of the sum and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go out of the sum and then you have
+a sum so one over N factorial epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum so one over N factorial epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum so one over N factorial epsilon
+alpha 0 the sum of this epsilon alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 0 the sum of this epsilon alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 0 the sum of this epsilon alpha
+epsilon alpha zero P alpha zero P alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here it's clear that if this is some PBT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this sign factor is in fact epsilon beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sign factor is in fact epsilon beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sign factor is in fact epsilon beta
+because if P beta is made by these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if P beta is made by these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if P beta is made by these two
+permutations the sign factor of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations the sign factor of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations the sign factor of that
+permutation is the product of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation is the product of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation is the product of these two
+sign factors this is kind of clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign factors this is kind of clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign factors this is kind of clear
+because it's just a number of trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just a number of trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just a number of trans
+positions again this is counting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions again this is counting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions again this is counting the
+number of transposition mod two this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of transposition mod two this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of transposition mod two this is
+counting the number of transposition not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the number of transposition not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the number of transposition not
+two and this works like that in if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this works like that in if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this works like that in if you
+have to even permutations the product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to even permutations the product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to even permutations the product is
+an even permutation and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even permutation and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even permutation and therefore the
+two pluses give you a plus if one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pluses give you a plus if one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pluses give you a plus if one is
+even and one is odd the product is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and one is odd the product is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and one is odd the product is an
+odd permutation and you have a one and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd permutation and you have a one and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd permutation and you have a one and a
+minus one sprout this minus one so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one sprout this minus one so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one sprout this minus one so this
+is an epsilon beta P beta sum over beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an epsilon beta P beta sum over beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an epsilon beta P beta sum over beta
+and that is an the anti symmetry sir so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is an the anti symmetry sir so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is an the anti symmetry sir so
+u dot epsilon alpha zero in here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u dot epsilon alpha zero in here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u dot epsilon alpha zero in here and the
+rest is again the anti symmetry sir so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is again the anti symmetry sir so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is again the anti symmetry sir so
+these two properties have been proven I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two properties have been proven I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two properties have been proven I
+proven them when P is from the left the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven them when P is from the left the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven them when P is from the left the
+proof when piece from the right is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof when piece from the right is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof when piece from the right is very
+similar almost no changes okay little by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar almost no changes okay little by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar almost no changes okay little by
+little this operators are a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little this operators are a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little this operators are a little
+complicated because they have a lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because they have a lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because they have a lots of
+terms and therefore manipulating them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and therefore manipulating them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and therefore manipulating them
+requires some but now we're ready for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires some but now we're ready for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires some but now we're ready for
+the main claim about these operators we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main claim about these operators we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main claim about these operators we
+can do the arithmetic with them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the arithmetic with them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the arithmetic with them and
+finally say that a and s are orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+projectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what does that mean it means that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean it means that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean it means that s
+squared is equal to s a squared is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to s a squared is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to s a squared is equal
+to a and we'll also show that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a and we'll also show that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a and we'll also show that they're
+orthogonal to each other in that a s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other in that a s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other in that a s
+equal s a equals zero as well so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal s a equals zero as well so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal s a equals zero as well so if you
+first apply the symmetrization operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first apply the symmetrization operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first apply the symmetrization operator
+to a state and then you apply the anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a state and then you apply the anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a state and then you apply the anti
+symmetry sation you get zero so once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry sation you get zero so once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry sation you get zero so once you
+symmetrize that symmetric state has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrize that symmetric state has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrize that symmetric state has no
+component along the anti-symmetric state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component along the anti-symmetric state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component along the anti-symmetric state
+they're complementary so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're complementary so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're complementary so this is really
+what you want from these operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want from these operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want from these operators
+they're doing the right job so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing the right job so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing the right job so this is
+the last thing we need to prove about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing we need to prove about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing we need to prove about
+them but by now we really have worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but by now we really have worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but by now we really have worked
+quite well so it's going to be simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite well so it's going to be simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite well so it's going to be simple
+the other statement of course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other statement of course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other statement of course of
+orthogonal projectors also includes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal projectors also includes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal projectors also includes the
+fact that they are hermitian operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that they are hermitian operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that they are hermitian operators
+so we already showed that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already showed that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already showed that they're
+hermitian so we're almost there we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian so we're almost there we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian so we're almost there we just
+need to prove that these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prove that these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prove that these two things
+happen so let's see how difficult or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so let's see how difficult or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so let's see how difficult or as
+easy this is so first case the S squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy this is so first case the S squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy this is so first case the S squared
+equal s s squared is s times s so I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal s s squared is s times s so I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal s s squared is s times s so I will
+write it as 1s here acting on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as 1s here acting on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as 1s here acting on the other
+s now next step is just erasing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s now next step is just erasing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s now next step is just erasing this
+parenthesis over alpha and now we had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis over alpha and now we had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis over alpha and now we had it
+there the product of any projector sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the product of any projector sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the product of any projector sums
+s is s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so projector an alpha is just s so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so projector an alpha is just s so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so projector an alpha is just s so we
+have one over N factorial the sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one over N factorial the sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one over N factorial the sum over
+alpha of s but s has no alpha index so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of s but s has no alpha index so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of s but s has no alpha index so
+it goes out of the sum is equal to s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes out of the sum is equal to s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes out of the sum is equal to s
+times 1 over N factorial the sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over N factorial the sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over N factorial the sum over
+alpha of 1 and the sum over alpha of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of 1 and the sum over alpha of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of 1 and the sum over alpha of 1
+is a 1 added for each element of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a 1 added for each element of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a 1 added for each element of the
+permutation group which is n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation group which is n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation group which is n factorial
+elements therefore this sum is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements therefore this sum is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements therefore this sum is n
+factorial and therefore this cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and therefore this cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and therefore this cancels
+with that n factorial and we get s as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that n factorial and we get s as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that n factorial and we get s as we
+wanted so s squared is s it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted so s squared is s it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted so s squared is s it is a
+projector operator that's good let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector operator that's good let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector operator that's good let's do
+the second a squared is going to be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second a squared is going to be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second a squared is going to be 1
+over n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n factorial
+some epsilon alpha P alpha acting on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some epsilon alpha P alpha acting on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some epsilon alpha P alpha acting on an
+anti-symmetric a so this is the first a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric a so this is the first a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric a so this is the first a
+and there's the second a I should put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the second a I should put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the second a I should put
+the sum over alpha but we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over alpha but we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over alpha but we already
+calculated P alpha on a this is sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated P alpha on a this is sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated P alpha on a this is sum over
+alpha epsilon alpha and pl found a was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha epsilon alpha and pl found a was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha epsilon alpha and pl found a was
+calculated on that board is just another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated on that board is just another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated on that board is just another
+epsilon alpha times a well epsilon alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon alpha times a well epsilon alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon alpha times a well epsilon alpha
+times epsilon alpha whether is 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times epsilon alpha whether is 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times epsilon alpha whether is 1 or
+minus 1 this the product is just plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 this the product is just plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 this the product is just plus 1
+so you get 1 over n factorial and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get 1 over n factorial and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get 1 over n factorial and again
+the sum over alpha of a the a goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over alpha of a the a goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over alpha of a the a goes out
+sum over alpha of 1 and we're back to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a squared is also a finally let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a squared is also a finally let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a squared is also a finally let's do
+one of those mixed products 3a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those mixed products 3a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those mixed products 3a
+multiplied with s so as usual we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied with s so as usual we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied with s so as usual we write
+the first operator explicitly epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first operator explicitly epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first operator explicitly epsilon
+alpha P alpha on s but P alpha and s we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha P alpha on s but P alpha and s we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha P alpha on s but P alpha and s we
+know already is just s so 1 over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know already is just s so 1 over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know already is just s so 1 over N
+factorial sum over alpha epsilon alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial sum over alpha epsilon alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial sum over alpha epsilon alpha
+times s the s goes out 1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times s the s goes out 1 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times s the s goes out 1 over n
+factorial as sum over alpha of epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial as sum over alpha of epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial as sum over alpha of epsilon
+alpha that's as far as we can simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha that's as far as we can simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha that's as far as we can simplify
+this and then we recall in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we recall in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we recall in any
+permutation group s n the number of even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation group s n the number of even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation group s n the number of even
+permutations is equal to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations is equal to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations is equal to the number of
+odd permutations so there's equal number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd permutations so there's equal number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd permutations so there's equal number
+of pluses an equal number of minuses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pluses an equal number of minuses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pluses an equal number of minuses in
+that son so this sum is equal to 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that son so this sum is equal to 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that son so this sum is equal to 0 and
+therefore this result is 0 the operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this result is 0 the operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this result is 0 the operators
+are orthogonal and they will do the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so good we have our several operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good we have our several operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good we have our several operators
+and therefore up we can do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore up we can do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore up we can do with this
+projectors but you would expect we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors but you would expect we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors but you would expect we
+should be able to do so here it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to do so here it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to do so here it is the
+last statement s takes V tensor and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last statement s takes V tensor and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last statement s takes V tensor and two
+sim and of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a projector to the symmetric States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a projector to the symmetric States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a projector to the symmetric States
+why is that well take upside belonging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that well take upside belonging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that well take upside belonging
+to V pen sir and then consider s on sigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V pen sir and then consider s on sigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V pen sir and then consider s on sigh
+that's the operator s acting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the operator s acting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the operator s acting on the
+state psi and that should be a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state psi and that should be a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state psi and that should be a symmetric
+state and to check that it's symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and to check that it's symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and to check that it's symmetric
+we apply a P alpha on si but P alpha s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply a P alpha on si but P alpha s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply a P alpha on si but P alpha s
+is s so that's just a spy so the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s so that's just a spy so the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s so that's just a spy so the state
+of sy is independent and change by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sy is independent and change by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sy is independent and change by the
+action of the P alpha so the state s sy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of the P alpha so the state s sy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of the P alpha so the state s sy
+is indeed this implies that si belongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed this implies that si belongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed this implies that si belongs
+to sim and we as claimed so the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sim and we as claimed so the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sim and we as claimed so the operator
+does what you wanted it to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what you wanted it to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what you wanted it to do this
+property helps for the other one so a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property helps for the other one so a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property helps for the other one so a is
+an operator that takes arbitrary states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator that takes arbitrary states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator that takes arbitrary states
+in the tensor product to untie and B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tensor product to untie and B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tensor product to untie and B so
+indeed if again you have some sy in VN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed if again you have some sy in VN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed if again you have some sy in VN
+you can then form a side and see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then form a side and see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then form a side and see where
+it lies for that you apply P alpha on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lies for that you apply P alpha on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lies for that you apply P alpha on
+ape side but P alpha on a from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ape side but P alpha on a from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ape side but P alpha on a from that
+middle blackboard is epsilon alpha Apes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle blackboard is epsilon alpha Apes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle blackboard is epsilon alpha Apes
+I but that is precisely the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I but that is precisely the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I but that is precisely the definition
+of an anti symmetric state so indeed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an anti symmetric state so indeed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an anti symmetric state so indeed a
+takes States to anti symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes States to anti symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes States to anti symmetric
+Faith's if you think of the vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V tensor n here there's some subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V tensor n here there's some subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V tensor n here there's some subspace
+here sim and V and some subspace here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sim and V and some subspace here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sim and V and some subspace here
+untie and V and these two subspaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untie and V and these two subspaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untie and V and these two subspaces
+don't contain any common element I maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't contain any common element I maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't contain any common element I maybe
+I should well no maybe I should really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should well no maybe I should really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should well no maybe I should really
+make them touch at one point that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them touch at one point that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them touch at one point that point
+would be what vector zero yes in vette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be what vector zero yes in vette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be what vector zero yes in vette
+if you have a vector subspace it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a vector subspace it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a vector subspace it has to
+have the zero vector so here is the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the zero vector so here is the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the zero vector so here is the zero
+vector so but they don't fill the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so but they don't fill the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so but they don't fill the whole
+thing in general they don't fill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in general they don't fill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in general they don't fill the
+whole thing for particles in when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing for particles in when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing for particles in when you
+have two particle States however they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two particle States however they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two particle States however they do
+remember when we had N equals two we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we had N equals two we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we had N equals two we had
+the symmetry sir was 1 plus P 2 1 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry sir was 1 plus P 2 1 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry sir was 1 plus P 2 1 and a
+was 1/2 1 minus P 2 1 in that case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 1/2 1 minus P 2 1 in that case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 1/2 1 minus P 2 1 in that case the
+symmetry sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry sir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry sir
+plus the anti symmetry sir was equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the anti symmetry sir was equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the anti symmetry sir was equal to
+1 but this is only for two particles if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 but this is only for two particles if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 but this is only for two particles if
+you have three particles this will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have three particles this will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have three particles this will not
+work suppose I get three particles maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work suppose I get three particles maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work suppose I get three particles maybe
+I'll use this blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the fact that s plus a is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that s plus a is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that s plus a is equal to
+the unit operator means something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit operator means something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit operator means something of
+course it means that still for n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it means that still for n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it means that still for n equals
+two means that any vector can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two means that any vector can be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two means that any vector can be written
+as a plus or s plus a times the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a plus or s plus a times the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a plus or s plus a times the vector
+because this is one and therefore it's s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is one and therefore it's s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is one and therefore it's s
+B plus a V so any vector where V belongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B plus a V so any vector where V belongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B plus a V so any vector where V belongs
+to the tensor product because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tensor product because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tensor product because you have
+two particles can be written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particles can be written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particles can be written as a
+symmetric state plus an anti-symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric state plus an anti-symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric state plus an anti-symmetric
+state that is the statement that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that is the statement that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that is the statement that the
+symmetric States plus the anti-symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric States plus the anti-symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric States plus the anti-symmetric
+state span the space so that is true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state span the space so that is true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state span the space so that is true for
+N equals to 2 so in N equals to 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equals to 2 so in N equals to 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equals to 2 so in N equals to 2 the
+two states the two spaces span the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states the two spaces span the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states the two spaces span the space
+on the other hand for N equals to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand for N equals to 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand for N equals to 3
+remember we had and this is a good way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had and this is a good way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had and this is a good way
+to write some things explicitly if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write some things explicitly if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write some things explicitly if you
+have N equals to 3 you had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have N equals to 3 you had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have N equals to 3 you had the
+permutation one two three which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation one two three which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation one two three which is the
+identity the permutation three one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity the permutation three one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity the permutation three one two
+the permutation are two three one all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permutation are two three one all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permutation are two three one all
+this were even permutations this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were even permutations this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were even permutations this is
+original and this is this can be built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original and this is this can be built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original and this is this can be built
+with two per permutations then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two per permutations then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two per permutations then you have
+P 1 3 2 4 you flip just 2 & 3 3 2 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P 1 3 2 4 you flip just 2 & 3 3 2 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P 1 3 2 4 you flip just 2 & 3 3 2 this
+has one transposition you can cycle them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one transposition you can cycle them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one transposition you can cycle them
+3 2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 2 1
+P 2 1 3 these are they even and here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P 2 1 3 these are they even and here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P 2 1 3 these are they even and here are
+the odd permutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this was for three particles six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was for three particles six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was for three particles six
+operators three even three odd so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators three even three odd so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators three even three odd so what
+is the symmetry sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the symmetry sir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the symmetry sir
+the symmetry sir 1 over 3 factorial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry sir 1 over 3 factorial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry sir 1 over 3 factorial and
+you should sum so it's 1 over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should sum so it's 1 over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should sum so it's 1 over 3
+factorial which is 6 the 1 plus P 3 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial which is 6 the 1 plus P 3 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial which is 6 the 1 plus P 3 1 2
+plus P 2 3 1 like keep adding you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus P 2 3 1 like keep adding you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus P 2 3 1 like keep adding you should
+add all of them plus P 3 2 1 plus P 2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add all of them plus P 3 2 1 plus P 2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add all of them plus P 3 2 1 plus P 2 1
+3 boom that's it all the ones you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 boom that's it all the ones you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 boom that's it all the ones you have
+to add them what is a is 1 6 you add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add them what is a is 1 6 you add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add them what is a is 1 6 you add the
+ones that are even 1 plus P 3 1 2 plus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are even 1 plus P 3 1 2 plus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are even 1 plus P 3 1 2 plus P
+2 1 3 and you subtract all the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 3 and you subtract all the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 3 and you subtract all the ones that
+are odd so you're minus P 1 3 2 minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are odd so you're minus P 1 3 2 minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are odd so you're minus P 1 3 2 minus P
+3 2 1 minus B 2 1 3 so those are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 2 1 minus B 2 1 3 so those are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 2 1 minus B 2 1 3 so those are the two
+operators in case you wanted to see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators in case you wanted to see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators in case you wanted to see them
+but now notice that a + s is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now notice that a + s is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now notice that a + s is equal to
+one third one plus P 3 1 2 plus P 2 3 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one third one plus P 3 1 2 plus P 2 3 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one third one plus P 3 1 2 plus P 2 3 1
+and that's not equal to the identity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not equal to the identity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not equal to the identity as
+it was before it's equal to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was before it's equal to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was before it's equal to something
+else so you cannot say that the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so you cannot say that the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so you cannot say that the vector
+is equal to a plus s and the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a plus s and the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a plus s and the vector
+that's not true here doesn't happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true here doesn't happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true here doesn't happen so
+there's more to the triple tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more to the triple tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more to the triple tensor
+product than the symmetric States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product than the symmetric States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product than the symmetric States and
+the anti-symmetric States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-symmetric States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-symmetric States
+that's a nice subject for a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nice subject for a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nice subject for a slightly
+more advanced course in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more advanced course in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more advanced course in quantum
+mechanics where you study the young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics where you study the young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics where you study the young
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+of the permutation group and while for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the permutation group and while for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the permutation group and while for
+two things two objects that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things two objects that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things two objects that are
+represented with young table so a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented with young table so a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented with young table so a little
+squares you can form something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares you can form something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares you can form something that is
+called symmetric and anti-symmetric for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called symmetric and anti-symmetric for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called symmetric and anti-symmetric for
+three objects you can form a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three objects you can form a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three objects you can form a symmetric
+object you can form an anti-symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object you can form an anti-symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object you can form an anti-symmetric
+object but you can form a mixed symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but you can form a mixed symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but you can form a mixed symmetry
+object and this young table laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and this young table laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and this young table laws
+represent the tensors that enter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the tensors that enter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the tensors that enter here
+there are other projectors to this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other projectors to this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other projectors to this kind
+of objects these objects are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects these objects are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects these objects are not
+symmetric nor anti-symmetric they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric nor anti-symmetric they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric nor anti-symmetric they have
+partial symmetry and partial anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial symmetry and partial anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial symmetry and partial anti
+symmetry and they take a while to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and they take a while to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and they take a while to get
+around to visualize them but that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to visualize them but that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to visualize them but that's why
+the permutation group is interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permutation group is interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permutation group is interesting and
+why we try to understand it better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we try to understand it better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we try to understand it better and
+better so that's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so that's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so that's basically the
+mathematics that we need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that we need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that we need for
+understanding permutation so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding permutation so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding permutation so we're going
+to do some of the physics that follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some of the physics that follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some of the physics that follows
+from this now
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KlKduOOHukU.txt b/KlKduOOHukU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9fc89837d7c9ec34d434429e8f7343c6c0082e73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KlKduOOHukU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1813 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu now I'd like to demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now I'd like to demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now I'd like to demonstrate
+multi-slit defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-slit defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-slit defraction
+pattern now normally one would take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern now normally one would take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern now normally one would take a
+let's a piece of glass with uh with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's a piece of glass with uh with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's a piece of glass with uh with a
+ruling on it many many lines many uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruling on it many many lines many uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruling on it many many lines many uh
+dark lines on a piece of glass and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark lines on a piece of glass and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark lines on a piece of glass and then
+one would Shine the laser light through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would Shine the laser light through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would Shine the laser light through
+it and look on the screen and see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and look on the screen and see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and look on the screen and see the
+multi-slit defraction pattern but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-slit defraction pattern but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-slit defraction pattern but we're
+going to do it a little differently what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it a little differently what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it a little differently what
+we're going to do we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do we're going to
+introduce one slit at a time until we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce one slit at a time until we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce one slit at a time until we'll
+build up to the many slits so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up to the many slits so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up to the many slits so you can
+see the contribution of each slit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the contribution of each slit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the contribution of each slit and
+we're going to do it in this way we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it in this way we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it in this way we have
+the same setup as before here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same setup as before here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same setup as before here's our
+laser and the two mirrors and the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and the two mirrors and the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and the two mirrors and the lens
+to expand the beam is expanded beam now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand the beam is expanded beam now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand the beam is expanded beam now
+over here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we
+have a we have two things uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a we have two things uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a we have two things uh we have
+first of all we have a pair of Jaws here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we have a pair of Jaws here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we have a pair of Jaws here
+which are two razor blades which I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are two razor blades which I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are two razor blades which I can
+adjust the spacing between the razor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the spacing between the razor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the spacing between the razor
+blades I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades I can
+adjust with this translation stage over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust with this translation stage over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust with this translation stage over
+here and then right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then right
+behind the razor blades there is a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the razor blades there is a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the razor blades there is a piece
+of glass which is a roony ruling just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass which is a roony ruling just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass which is a roony ruling just a
+piece of glass with black lines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of glass with black lines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of glass with black lines the
+thickness of each black line is about 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of each black line is about 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of each black line is about 75
+microns and the spacing between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns and the spacing between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns and the spacing between the
+black lines is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black lines is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black lines is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns uh is about 250 lines per inch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns uh is about 250 lines per inch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns uh is about 250 lines per inch
+uh if you want so this is then the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you want so this is then the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you want so this is then the uh
+this Rony ruling this this uh uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Rony ruling this this uh uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Rony ruling this this uh uh this
+piece of glass with all these narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of glass with all these narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of glass with all these narrow
+slits on on it the screen is uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits on on it the screen is uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits on on it the screen is uh as
+before is 200 CM away and again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is 200 CM away and again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is 200 CM away and again the
+wavelength of light is uh 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of light is uh 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of light is uh 6
+6,328 angstroms so now let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6,328 angstroms so now let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6,328 angstroms so now let's look at
+first of all let's close down the Jaws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all let's close down the Jaws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all let's close down the Jaws
+look at the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the screen
+and and see if we can see the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and see if we can see the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and see if we can see the single
+slit defraction pattern all right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit defraction pattern all right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit defraction pattern all right here
+we have the single slit defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the single slit defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the single slit defraction
+pattern I have to apologize because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern I have to apologize because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern I have to apologize because we
+when we close down the Jaws we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we close down the Jaws we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we close down the Jaws we don't
+have much light and so uh but I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much light and so uh but I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much light and so uh but I hope you
+can still see the single slit defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still see the single slit defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still see the single slit defraction
+patter now the on the screen we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patter now the on the screen we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patter now the on the screen we have the
+circles the circles are the 5 cm markers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles the circles are the 5 cm markers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles the circles are the 5 cm markers
+and the little arrow tips uh as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the little arrow tips uh as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the little arrow tips uh as you can
+see uh they Mark the the zeros of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh they Mark the the zeros of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh they Mark the the zeros of the uh
+Central lobe of the single slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central lobe of the single slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central lobe of the single slit
+defraction pattern associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern associated with the
+uh 50 Micron or so uh uh slit on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 50 Micron or so uh uh slit on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 50 Micron or so uh uh slit on this
+Rony ruling so now what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rony ruling so now what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rony ruling so now what I'm going to do
+I'm going now to separate the Jaws to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going now to separate the Jaws to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going now to separate the Jaws to
+admit one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit one
+more the second slit now those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the second slit now those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the second slit now those of you
+who understand stand this Theory very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who understand stand this Theory very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who understand stand this Theory very
+will quickly verify that indeed you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will quickly verify that indeed you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will quickly verify that indeed you will
+see three three loes then three loes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see three three loes then three loes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see three three loes then three loes
+within the single slit uh principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the single slit uh principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the single slit uh principal
+L now I'm going to add one more slit by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L now I'm going to add one more slit by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L now I'm going to add one more slit by
+again opening up the Jaws as I bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again opening up the Jaws as I bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again opening up the Jaws as I bring in
+one more slit now we have three slits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more slit now we have three slits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more slit now we have three slits
+and and look at the pattern now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and look at the pattern now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and look at the pattern now it
+generates some some weaker loes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates some some weaker loes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates some some weaker loes in
+between and the loes themselves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and the loes themselves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and the loes themselves are
+getting uh uh narrower now we'll add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh uh narrower now we'll add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh uh narrower now we'll add one
+more here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more here it is
+four and here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and here it is
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 and so on I'm just going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 and so on I'm just going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 and so on I'm just going to keep
+enlarging the spacing and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarging the spacing and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarging the spacing and you can see
+that uh first of all that the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh first of all that the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh first of all that the principal
+three loes get get narrower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three loes get get narrower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three loes get get narrower and
+narrower and then you get lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower and then you get lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower and then you get lot more
+little side loes in between so as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little side loes in between so as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little side loes in between so as I
+widen the spacing between the Jaws you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widen the spacing between the Jaws you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widen the spacing between the Jaws you
+can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see
+that those three lobes will get narrower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those three lobes will get narrower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those three lobes will get narrower
+and narrower and of course you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and narrower and of course you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and narrower and of course you'll see
+the ones from from these other side loes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones from from these other side loes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones from from these other side loes
+also there's little dots uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there's little dots uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there's little dots uh to the
+sign now the intensity is so bright that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign now the intensity is so bright that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign now the intensity is so bright that
+it's saturating our camera so uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saturating our camera so uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saturating our camera so uh what
+we' like to do we take a little closeup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we' like to do we take a little closeup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we' like to do we take a little closeup
+so we can resolve the the L so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can resolve the the L so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can resolve the the L so if you
+can go in and take a close look at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go in and take a close look at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go in and take a close look at at
+the three loes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+center here we are let me go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center here we are let me go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center here we are let me go back
+again to when I had only two slits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to when I had only two slits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to when I had only two slits in
+there now I've added the third the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now I've added the third the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now I've added the third the
+fourth fif withd and so on as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth fif withd and so on as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth fif withd and so on as you can
+see the the width of the three principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the width of the three principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the width of the three principal
+loes are getting narrower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+narrower and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have lots of slits now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of slits now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of slits now and
+again the intensity is high so I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the intensity is high so I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the intensity is high so I can't
+really tell how narrow but I know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tell how narrow but I know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tell how narrow but I know it
+looks very narrow so maybe we can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very narrow so maybe we can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very narrow so maybe we can and
+cut down the sensitivity a little bit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut down the sensitivity a little bit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut down the sensitivity a little bit on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+camera and let's see if we get a feel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and let's see if we get a feel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and let's see if we get a feel of
+how narrow these spots will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how narrow these spots will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how narrow these spots will
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+again all I can say they look they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all I can say they look they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all I can say they look they look
+pretty pretty narrow and I leave it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pretty narrow and I leave it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pretty narrow and I leave it and
+I leave it to you to calculate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I leave it to you to calculate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I leave it to you to calculate how
+narrow uh they become because I've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow uh they become because I've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow uh they become because I've given
+you all the data I've given you the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all the data I've given you the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all the data I've given you the the
+spacing between the slits I've given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing between the slits I've given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing between the slits I've given you
+the width of the slits and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of the slits and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of the slits and the
+wavelength of the light and the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the light and the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the light and the distance
+between the slits and the and the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the slits and the and the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the slits and the and the screen
+so in in in summary this is a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in in summary this is a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in in summary this is a very very
+cute experiment demonstration of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute experiment demonstration of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute experiment demonstration of how
+each the addition of each slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each the addition of each slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each the addition of each slit
+contributes to the franer defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes to the franer defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes to the franer defraction
+pattern now we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern now we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern now we're going to look at
+multi-slit defraction as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-slit defraction as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-slit defraction as a function of
+line spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line spacing
+what we have here are Rony rulings which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have here are Rony rulings which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have here are Rony rulings which
+are pieces of glass with lots of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pieces of glass with lots of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pieces of glass with lots of lines
+drawn on them uh this one here has about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn on them uh this one here has about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn on them uh this one here has about
+100 lines per inch so we're going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 lines per inch so we're going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 lines per inch so we're going to put
+this Rony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Rony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Rony
+ruling in here in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruling in here in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruling in here in our
+setup and the the setup is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup and the the setup is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup and the the setup is the same as
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+uh with this lens here to uh to enlarge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with this lens here to uh to enlarge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with this lens here to uh to enlarge
+the beam so we can illuminate uh as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam so we can illuminate uh as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam so we can illuminate uh as many
+of the uh of the lines as uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of the lines as uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of the lines as uh as
+possible we've also added this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible we've also added this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible we've also added this uh this
+aena here so that we can adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aena here so that we can adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aena here so that we can adjust the
+intensity of the light uh when uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the light uh when uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the light uh when uh when
+we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need
+to so now let's look at let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so now let's look at let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so now let's look at let's look at
+the screen and see what uh what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen and see what uh what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen and see what uh what we can
+see with this with this Rony ruling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see with this with this Rony ruling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see with this with this Rony ruling of
+100 lines per per uh per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 lines per per uh per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 lines per per uh per
+inch as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch as you can
+see there are plenty plenty of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there are plenty plenty of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there are plenty plenty of very
+narrow dots and in fact if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow dots and in fact if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow dots and in fact if you want to
+get a feel for this scale the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a feel for this scale the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a feel for this scale the little
+circles just below the uh below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles just below the uh below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles just below the uh below the
+defraction pattern are the 5 cm markers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern are the 5 cm markers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern are the 5 cm markers
+that we've had uh before now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've had uh before now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've had uh before now if I
+attenuate the intensity a little bit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuate the intensity a little bit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuate the intensity a little bit you
+can see that the ones in the center are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the ones in the center are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the ones in the center are
+are the brightest of course and also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the brightest of course and also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the brightest of course and also uh
+as I reduce intensity you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I reduce intensity you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I reduce intensity you can see that
+the spots are really uh very small now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spots are really uh very small now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spots are really uh very small now
+if I've given you the number of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've given you the number of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've given you the number of lines
+per inch and the spacing between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per inch and the spacing between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per inch and the spacing between the
+rcky ruling and the screen is uh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rcky ruling and the screen is uh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rcky ruling and the screen is uh again
+200 cm and the wavelength is 6328
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 cm and the wavelength is 6328
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 cm and the wavelength is 6328
+angstroms uh you should be able to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms uh you should be able to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms uh you should be able to check
+on the on the spacing between the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the spacing between the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the spacing between the the uh
+the fringes and also on their on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fringes and also on their on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fringes and also on their on their
+widths so here they are when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widths so here they are when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widths so here they are when I
+overexpose them so we can see the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overexpose them so we can see the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overexpose them so we can see the ones
+way out uh in the wings okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out uh in the wings okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out uh in the wings okay so this is
+then uh the defraction pattern the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the defraction pattern the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the defraction pattern the
+franer defraction pattern uh associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franer defraction pattern uh associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franer defraction pattern uh associated
+with a Rony ruling of 100 lines per inch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Rony ruling of 100 lines per inch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Rony ruling of 100 lines per inch
+now let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look
+at 200 lines per inch so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 200 lines per inch so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 200 lines per inch so here is
+the 200 lines per inch and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 200 lines per inch and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 200 lines per inch and you can see
+that the spacing now is different but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spacing now is different but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spacing now is different but I
+I leave it to you to to check on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I leave it to you to to check on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I leave it to you to to check on it and
+again if I reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if I reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if I reduce the
+intensity and you get at least a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and you get at least a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and you get at least a little
+bit of a feel for how narrow these dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a feel for how narrow these dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a feel for how narrow these dots
+are they're indeed very bright because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they're indeed very bright because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they're indeed very bright because
+they're saturating our our camera all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saturating our our camera all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saturating our our camera all
+right so that's for then 200 lines per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's for then 200 lines per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's for then 200 lines per
+inch now we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch now we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch now we go to
+300 lines per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inch again the spacing is uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different and also if I change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and also if I change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and also if I change the
+orientation of the lines you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the lines you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the lines you can see
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+defraction pattern also also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern also also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern also also
+changes all right so that's then for 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes all right so that's then for 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes all right so that's then for 300
+lines per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines per
+inch next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch next
+one is 2,000 lines per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is 2,000 lines per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is 2,000 lines per
+inch now when I put it over here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch now when I put it over here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch now when I put it over here you can
+see that the spacing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the spacing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the spacing uh
+between between the fringes are about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between the fringes are about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between the fringes are about 10
+10 cm and again that gives you a check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 cm and again that gives you a check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 cm and again that gives you a check
+on on the uh on the number of lines per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the uh on the number of lines per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the uh on the number of lines per
+per centimeter or per inch as we have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per centimeter or per inch as we have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per centimeter or per inch as we have it
+now let me see if I if we pull back a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me see if I if we pull back a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me see if I if we pull back a
+little bit pull back on the camera to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit pull back on the camera to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit pull back on the camera to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+the the other dots yes here they are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other dots yes here they are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other dots yes here they are are
+but they're so widely spaced it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're so widely spaced it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're so widely spaced it's
+difficult to get them all on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to get them all on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to get them all on the on the
+camera at once so if we go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera at once so if we go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera at once so if we go back to the
+original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+position if we go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position if we go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position if we go in
+again here we are and now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here we are and now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here we are and now I'm going to
+again reduce intensity and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again reduce intensity and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again reduce intensity and you can see
+how how narrow the the spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how narrow the the spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how narrow the the spots
+are all right so this then sums up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all right so this then sums up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all right so this then sums up
+multi-slit defraction pattern as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-slit defraction pattern as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-slit defraction pattern as a
+function of line space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of line space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of line space
+ing in the in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ing in the in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ing in the in the next
+demonstration we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration we're going to
+show the opposite effect instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the opposite effect instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the opposite effect instead of
+slits we're going to use thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits we're going to use thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits we're going to use thin
+wires and then when we come back we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and then when we come back we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and then when we come back we'll
+show you what the front halfa defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what the front halfa defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what the front halfa defraction
+pattern for very thin wires looks like
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ku2zZ5Vfpzo.txt b/Ku2zZ5Vfpzo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c1723df554b058a2d9084409718f4a0789724a70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ku2zZ5Vfpzo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh now I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh now I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh now I'm going to have
+differential equations systems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations systems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations systems of
+equations so there'll be matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so there'll be matrices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so there'll be matrices and
+vectors using a symmetric Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors using a symmetric Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors using a symmetric Matrix
+there'll be second order so second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be second order so second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be second order so second order
+second derivative that Y is the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative that Y is the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative that Y is the vector
+and S is the symmetric Matrix and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S is the symmetric Matrix and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S is the symmetric Matrix and that's
+the first time we've been prepared for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time we've been prepared for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time we've been prepared for
+the most fundamental equation of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most fundamental equation of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most fundamental equation of physics
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+mechanics oscillating Springs so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics oscillating Springs so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics oscillating Springs so many
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+rotating uh uh torqus it's it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating uh uh torqus it's it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating uh uh torqus it's it's a very
+important in applications the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in applications the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in applications the finite
+element giant finite elements codes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element giant finite elements codes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element giant finite elements codes are
+solving uh equations like that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving uh equations like that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving uh equations like that all the
+time uh and we don't have a damping term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh and we don't have a damping term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh and we don't have a damping term
+here so it or a forcing term so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it or a forcing term so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it or a forcing term so it's the
+null solutions that I'm going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null solutions that I'm going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null solutions that I'm going to look
+for to match initial conditions I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for to match initial conditions I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for to match initial conditions I don't
+have a forcing term okay so the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a forcing term okay so the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a forcing term okay so the real
+Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central
+equation always looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation always looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation always looks like
+that this is Newton's law is what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is Newton's law is what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is Newton's law is what this
+is masstimes acceleration so M will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is masstimes acceleration so M will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is masstimes acceleration so M will be a
+matrix often a diagonal matrix telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix often a diagonal matrix telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix often a diagonal matrix telling
+me the masses remember I have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the masses remember I have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the masses remember I have n
+equations here so I have n masses as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here so I have n masses as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here so I have n masses as
+you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see
+and I have let's say a bunch of Springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have let's say a bunch of Springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have let's say a bunch of Springs
+connecting those masses and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting those masses and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting those masses and then there's
+a matrix K in the multiplying y itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix K in the multiplying y itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix K in the multiplying y itself
+and that's always called the stiffness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's always called the stiffness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's always called the stiffness
+Matrix so actually in applications the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so actually in applications the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so actually in applications the
+first job is to take the problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first job is to take the problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first job is to take the problem and
+create these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these
+matrices I'll give you an example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices I'll give you an example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices I'll give you an example but
+let's suppose we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose we've got
+them and what how do we solve them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and what how do we solve them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and what how do we solve them we
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+for as we always do Solutions where time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for as we always do Solutions where time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for as we always do Solutions where time
+is separate from the vector X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is separate from the vector X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is separate from the vector X I
+substitute that into the equation so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute that into the equation so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute that into the equation so I
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+M second derivative will bring down I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M second derivative will bring down I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M second derivative will bring down I
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+twice e to the I Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice e to the I Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice e to the I Omega
+t x right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t x right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t x right
+plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this
+term k time e to the I Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term k time e to the I Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term k time e to the I Omega
+TX should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX should be
+zero so I'm just substituting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I'm just substituting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I'm just substituting the
+expected form for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected form for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected form for the
+solution in that form that exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in that form that exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in that form that exponential
+Factor can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor can
+cancel and I see I have an IG value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and I see I have an IG value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and I see I have an IG value
+problem let me just look at that igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem let me just look at that igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem let me just look at that igen
+value problem I'm going to put that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value problem I'm going to put that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value problem I'm going to put that on
+the opposite side but what i^2 is giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite side but what i^2 is giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite side but what i^2 is giving
+me minus1 I'm just going to be left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me minus1 I'm just going to be left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me minus1 I'm just going to be left with
+KX well well let me put this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX well well let me put this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX well well let me put this on the
+other side because it's got a minus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side because it's got a minus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side because it's got a minus and
+then when I put it over there it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I put it over there it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I put it over there it will be
+a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M Omega
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+x that's an igen value problem here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x that's an igen value problem here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x that's an igen value problem here's
+the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen
+vector there's the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector there's the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector there's the igen
+value oh but we have two matrices that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value oh but we have two matrices that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value oh but we have two matrices that's
+something a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little
+new not new to matlb however the matlb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new not new to matlb however the matlb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new not new to matlb however the matlb
+command to find these igen values let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command to find these igen values let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command to find these igen values let me
+call those igen values Lambda so Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call those igen values Lambda so Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call those igen values Lambda so Lambda
+will now be Omega squared because two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will now be Omega squared because two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will now be Omega squared because two
+derivatives brought down Omega twice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives brought down Omega twice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives brought down Omega twice but
+we have a two matrices so mat the matlb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a two matrices so mat the matlb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a two matrices so mat the matlb
+command would be I of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command would be I of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command would be I of K
+A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M if you if you define the matrices kn&
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M if you if you define the matrices kn&
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M if you if you define the matrices kn&
+M and you call that command it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and you call that command it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and you call that command it will
+produce the igen values and the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the igen values and the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the igen values and the igen
+vectors X for this you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors X for this you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors X for this you could say
+generalized igen value problem two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized igen value problem two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized igen value problem two
+Matrix igen value problem it's got a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix igen value problem it's got a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix igen value problem it's got a k
+as usual and then it has an M but many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual and then it has an M but many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual and then it has an M but many
+many times M will be a multiple of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times M will be a multiple of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times M will be a multiple of the
+identity and present no problem okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and present no problem okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and present no problem okay so
+that that this is the igen value problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this is the igen value problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this is the igen value problem
+that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+reached and that's the command that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached and that's the command that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached and that's the command that
+would solve it okay that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would solve it okay that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would solve it okay that's the first
+step a look for Solutions of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step a look for Solutions of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step a look for Solutions of that
+special form now let's do a little count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special form now let's do a little count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special form now let's do a little count
+how many solutions are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many solutions are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many solutions are we
+expecting how many initial conditions do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting how many initial conditions do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting how many initial conditions do
+we have so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so we
+initially we give Y at Zer of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we give Y at Zer of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we give Y at Zer of course the
+initial condition the position but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition the position but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition the position but we
+also give in a second order equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also give in a second order equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also give in a second order equation we
+also give the initial velocity y Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also give the initial velocity y Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also give the initial velocity y Prime
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+0 and those are vectors because those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and those are vectors because those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and those are vectors because those
+tell us the initial condition of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us the initial condition of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us the initial condition of n
+masses and so I have n numbers from y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and so I have n numbers from y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and so I have n numbers from y of
+Z and N More numbers 2 N Al together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and N More numbers 2 N Al together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and N More numbers 2 N Al together
+initial conditions I'm going to need 2 N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions I'm going to need 2 N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions I'm going to need 2 N
+Solutions I'm going to need two n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions I'm going to need two n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions I'm going to need two n
+solutions to match 2 N initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to match 2 N initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to match 2 N initial
+conditions and solve the solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and solve the solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and solve the solve the
+equation okay so what do they look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so what do they look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so what do they look like
+what all right ah here I've I've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all right ah here I've I've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all right ah here I've I've gone
+ahead to put an application up uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead to put an application up uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead to put an application up uh so
+again I'm taking the masses to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm taking the masses to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm taking the masses to be equal
+here are the masses M M and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in so I end up with a 3X3 Matrix I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in so I end up with a 3X3 Matrix I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in so I end up with a 3X3 Matrix I
+have three unknowns n is three for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem and I've got four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I've got four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I've got four
+Springs these are Springs maybe I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs these are Springs maybe I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs these are Springs maybe I make
+them look a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+springier okay and they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springier okay and they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springier okay and they they're
+connected at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected at the
+top to a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top to a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top to a fixed
+uh support and at the bottom to a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh support and at the bottom to a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh support and at the bottom to a fixed
+support so and they're connected to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support so and they're connected to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support so and they're connected to each
+other so do you see what will happen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so do you see what will happen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so do you see what will happen as
+I uh as I as maybe I the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh as I as maybe I the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh as I as maybe I the initial
+condition I drag drag all those masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I drag drag all those masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I drag drag all those masses
+down as my initial condition I let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as my initial condition I let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as my initial condition I let
+go then they will go up and down up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go then they will go up and down up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go then they will go up and down up and
+down just the way Springs always do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down just the way Springs always do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down just the way Springs always do and
+they will solve their Position will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will solve their Position will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will solve their Position will be
+the solution to my differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to my differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to my differential equation
+uh m y Prime + k y = 0 so I'm not I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh m y Prime + k y = 0 so I'm not I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh m y Prime + k y = 0 so I'm not I'm
+I'm just starting the starting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just starting the starting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just starting the starting the
+motion and then backing off so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and then backing off so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and then backing off so I'm not
+forcing it's not forced motion uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing it's not forced motion uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing it's not forced motion uh it's
+pure oscillation pure oscillation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure oscillation pure oscillation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure oscillation pure oscillation right
+but coupled several oscillators are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but coupled several oscillators are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but coupled several oscillators are
+coupled that's what's new we we we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled that's what's new we we we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled that's what's new we we we know
+all about this equation when Y is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about this equation when Y is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about this equation when Y is just a
+scalar just one equation we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar just one equation we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar just one equation we know that
+that led us to the square root of K Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led us to the square root of K Over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led us to the square root of K Over
+M all the that was just a 1 by one igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M all the that was just a 1 by one igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M all the that was just a 1 by one igen
+value problem and now we will have a 3X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value problem and now we will have a 3X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value problem and now we will have a 3X3
+igen value problem the mass Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value problem the mass Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value problem the mass Matrix is
+simple here's what the stiffness Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple here's what the stiffness Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple here's what the stiffness Matrix
+would look like if all those Springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like if all those Springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like if all those Springs
+were the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the same
+just I I wanted you to see what uh kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I I wanted you to see what uh kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I I wanted you to see what uh kind
+of a matrix shows up in the problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix shows up in the problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix shows up in the problem and
+and time to write down Solutions okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time to write down Solutions okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time to write down Solutions okay so
+what are we remembering from Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we remembering from Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we remembering from Solutions
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+remembering that Solutions look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that Solutions look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that Solutions look like
+this I have but I'll have three possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have but I'll have three possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have but I'll have three possible
+igen vectors because I have 3x3 matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors because I have 3x3 matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors because I have 3x3 matrices
+so that will give me three solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will give me three solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will give me three solutions
+uh but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I want
+six because I have three six in initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six because I have three six in initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six because I have three six in initial
+conditions Al together let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions Al together let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions Al together let me write
+those six Solutions down why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those six Solutions down why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those six Solutions down why the
+solution is some constant times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is some constant times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is some constant times the
+cosine of Omega T times the first igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of Omega T times the first igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of Omega T times the first igen
+vector and another constant times the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and another constant times the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and another constant times the S
+of Omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega t
+times the second igon Vector times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second igon Vector times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second igon Vector times the
+first igon Vector sorry that first ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first igon Vector sorry that first ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first igon Vector sorry that first ion
+Vector each I have three IG vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector each I have three IG vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector each I have three IG vectors and
+for each of them I get two solutions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of them I get two solutions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of them I get two solutions one
+a cosine and one a sign and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine and one a sign and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine and one a sign and the
+frequencies there would be Omega 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies there would be Omega 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies there would be Omega 1 and
+you're you're remembering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're remembering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're remembering that
+Lambda Lambda is Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Lambda is Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Lambda is Omega
+squar so if I write Omega one there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar so if I write Omega one there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar so if I write Omega one there it's
+the square root of Lambda 1 that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of Lambda 1 that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of Lambda 1 that's the
+square root of Lambda 1 so I've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of Lambda 1 so I've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of Lambda 1 so I've got two
+solutions so far coming from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so far coming from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so far coming from the first
+igen vector and its igen value and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vector and its igen value and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vector and its igen value and with
+a cosine and a sign and then I'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine and a sign and then I'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine and a sign and then I'll also
+have the for the two A2 and a B2 and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the for the two A2 and a B2 and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the for the two A2 and a B2 and an
+A3 and a B3 so I just briefly A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 and a B3 so I just briefly A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 and a B3 so I just briefly A2
+B2 with with with Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 with with with Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 with with with Omega
+using Omega 2 and X2 and then there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Omega 2 and X2 and then there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Omega 2 and X2 and then there'll
+be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an
+A3 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 and a
+B3 using omega3 and the I Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 using omega3 and the I Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 using omega3 and the I Vector
+X3 that that's pretty stupid looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 that that's pretty stupid looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 that that's pretty stupid looking
+this is what they meant to represent I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what they meant to represent I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what they meant to represent I
+couldn't I don't want to rewrite all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't I don't want to rewrite all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't I don't want to rewrite all
+that with twos and then rewrite it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with twos and then rewrite it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with twos and then rewrite it again
+with threes that's what the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with threes that's what the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with threes that's what the solution
+looks like okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like okay so uh
+how do we when we match the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we when we match the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we when we match the initial
+condition what happens I set T equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition what happens I set T equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition what happens I set T equals z
+right when I set T equals 0 the signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I set T equals 0 the signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I set T equals 0 the signs
+disappear so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear so it's the
+A's that match y of 0o so so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's that match y of 0o so so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's that match y of 0o so so so
+A's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's uh
+match y of Z and when I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match y of Z and when I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match y of Z and when I look at the
+initial velocity the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity the derivative
+the derivative of the cosine is the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the cosine is the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the cosine is the sign
+and it's zero but the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's zero but the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's zero but the derivative of the
+sign is the cosine and it's one so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is the cosine and it's one so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is the cosine and it's one so I'll
+see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the
+B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's
+match y Prime of Z I'm trying to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match y Prime of Z I'm trying to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match y Prime of Z I'm trying to get the
+total count to be six so there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total count to be six so there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total count to be six so there are three
+on three initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on three initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on three initial
+positions and Three A's there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and Three A's there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and Three A's there are three
+initial velocities because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocities because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocities because there are
+three masses and there are three Bs I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three masses and there are three Bs I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three masses and there are three Bs I
+get a perfect match a total of six six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a perfect match a total of six six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a perfect match a total of six six
+constants six numbers to match it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants six numbers to match it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants six numbers to match it all
+works okay now do I want to try an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works okay now do I want to try an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works okay now do I want to try an
+example sure let me uh end with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example sure let me uh end with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example sure let me uh end with a
+particular example I better go to 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example I better go to 2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example I better go to 2 by
+two for for an example okay so can I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for for an example okay so can I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for for an example okay so can I do
+the same problem 2 by two so uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same problem 2 by two so uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same problem 2 by two so uh my
+problem is going to be y prime plus s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is going to be y prime plus s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is going to be y prime plus s
+there's a k a there's a division by m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a k a there's a division by m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a k a there's a division by m
+and there's a 2 2 -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a 2 2 -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a 2 2 -1
+-1 uh y equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 uh y equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 uh y equal
+Z that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z that's my
+equation now I'm speaking now about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now I'm speaking now about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now I'm speaking now about the
+problem with with a spring a first mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with with a spring a first mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with with a spring a first mass
+m a spring a second mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m a spring a second mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m a spring a second mass
+m and a spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and a spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and a spring
+and so two masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so two masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so two masses
+two equal masses three equal Springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equal masses three equal Springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equal masses three equal Springs
+that's my equation so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my equation so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my equation so what's the
+solution how do I solve it I need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution how do I solve it I need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution how do I solve it I need the
+igen values and the igen vectors of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values and the igen vectors of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values and the igen vectors of my
+Matrix so the so here's my Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so the so here's my Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so the so here's my Matrix
+S that's my Matrix S it's symmetric it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S that's my Matrix S it's symmetric it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S that's my Matrix S it's symmetric it's
+got physical constants there the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got physical constants there the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got physical constants there the the
+stiffness of the Springs divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness of the Springs divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness of the Springs divided by the
+masses K Over M were expecting that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses K Over M were expecting that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses K Over M were expecting that same
+K Over M that always shows up and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Over M that always shows up and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Over M that always shows up and we
+need the I vectors there and what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the I vectors there and what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the I vectors there and what are
+they the I values of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the I values of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the I values of that
+are 1 * K Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 1 * K Over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 1 * K Over
+M and 3 time K Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and 3 time K Over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and 3 time K Over
+M because the trace is four 2 + 2 is 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M because the trace is four 2 + 2 is 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M because the trace is four 2 + 2 is 4
+the determinant is three 4 - 1 is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant is three 4 - 1 is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant is three 4 - 1 is three
+those are the two ion values and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two ion values and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two ion values and these
+are the Omega squar remember okay shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the Omega squar remember okay shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the Omega squar remember okay shall
+I start the system from rest so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start the system from rest so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start the system from rest so
+physically I pull down these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically I pull down these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically I pull down these
+masses or maybe I push that one up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses or maybe I push that one up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses or maybe I push that one up and
+pull that one down whatever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull that one down whatever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull that one down whatever I
+like I hold them for a moment and I let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I hold them for a moment and I let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I hold them for a moment and I let
+go I don't give them an initial velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I don't give them an initial velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I don't give them an initial velocity
+they start from rest so the B's will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start from rest so the B's will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start from rest so the B's will be
+zero so I'm so so y Prime of 0 y Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I'm so so y Prime of 0 y Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I'm so so y Prime of 0 y Prime
+of 0 is going to be Zero from rest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 is going to be Zero from rest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 is going to be Zero from rest and
+that will give me B's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give me B's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give me B's are
+zero so my solution will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+my a cosine of so the I values cosine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my a cosine of so the I values cosine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my a cosine of so the I values cosine I
+take the square root square < TK of k/ M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the square root square < TK of k/ M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the square root square < TK of k/ M
+ttimes the first first igon Vector oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ttimes the first first igon Vector oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ttimes the first first igon Vector oh
+what are the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the igen
+vectors the igen vectors of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the igen vectors of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the igen vectors of this
+probably are one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and then the other ion vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then the other ion vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then the other ion vector and
+that will have a coine of the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will have a coine of the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will have a coine of the square
+root Omega I have to take the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Omega I have to take the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Omega I have to take the square
+root of that so that's the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of that so that's the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of that so that's the square root
+of 3 K Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3 K Over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3 K Over
+m t times its ion Vector which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m t times its ion Vector which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m t times its ion Vector which I think
+is 1 minus one it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 minus one it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 minus one it's going to be
+perpendicular to that one I've solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to that one I've solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to that one I've solved
+the problem the A1 and the A2 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem the A1 and the A2 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem the A1 and the A2 are
+determined by the initial condition now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the initial condition now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the initial condition now
+do you see what's happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see what's happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see what's happening in the
+motion that's the last thing last point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that's the last thing last point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that's the last thing last point
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+video this motion with a one one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video this motion with a one one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video this motion with a one one I
+Vector the two masses are in sync
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the two masses are in sync
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the two masses are in sync
+they're going together up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going together up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going together up and down
+that's one I Vector of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one I Vector of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one I Vector of the problem
+and it has a certain frequency that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a certain frequency that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a certain frequency that they
+go up and down a square root of K Over M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and down a square root of K Over M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and down a square root of K Over M
+our old friend but also with two masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our old friend but also with two masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our old friend but also with two masses
+they can go against each other like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can go against each other like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can go against each other like this
+motion that's coming from this ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that's coming from this ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that's coming from this ion
+vector and it happens at a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and it happens at a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and it happens at a higher
+frequency so those are go so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so those are go so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so those are go so the the the
+final solution is a combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final solution is a combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final solution is a combination of the
+masses moving together at a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses moving together at a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses moving together at a little
+slower oscillation and the masses moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower oscillation and the masses moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower oscillation and the masses moving
+opposite each other at a faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite each other at a faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite each other at a faster
+oscillation some combination of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation some combination of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation some combination of those
+two is the solution and if if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is the solution and if if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is the solution and if if we had
+three masses there would be three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three masses there would be three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three masses there would be three
+oscillations one where all three are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations one where all three are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations one where all three are
+going together one where the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going together one where the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going together one where the outside
+ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are
+are opposite and one where the all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are opposite and one where the all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are opposite and one where the all three
+are I see opposite signs right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I see opposite signs right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I see opposite signs right so
+it's a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a beautiful
+subject highly developed and highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject highly developed and highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject highly developed and highly
+important in applications and but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in applications and but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in applications and but that
+that's the nicest solution you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the nicest solution you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the nicest solution you could
+hope for okay that's a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for okay that's a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for okay that's a second order
+system solved good
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LQ-WcLwrU6c.txt b/LQ-WcLwrU6c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c2dc6f2dd457e2ca21b5fdea236a88dcf1c57de5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LQ-WcLwrU6c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, congrats on turning in paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, congrats on turning in paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, congrats on turning in paper
+number two. For those of you who've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two. For those of you who've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two. For those of you who've
+turned in paper number two, and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned in paper number two, and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned in paper number two, and for
+those who are wrapping things up, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are wrapping things up, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are wrapping things up, uh,
+good luck. Um, your next assignment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck. Um, your next assignment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck. Um, your next assignment is
+very, very open-ended. paper three, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very, very open-ended. paper three, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very, very open-ended. paper three, you
+just get to pick what you want to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get to pick what you want to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get to pick what you want to do.
+Um, if there's kind of the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if there's kind of the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if there's kind of the only
+restriction on it is like you can't turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction on it is like you can't turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction on it is like you can't turn
+in like this assignment in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like this assignment in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like this assignment in another
+class, like you can't like the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, like you can't like the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, like you can't like the same
+paper in two classes, but other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in two classes, but other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in two classes, but other than
+that, there are very very few guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, there are very very few guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, there are very very few guidelines
+on what you could do. I am particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what you could do. I am particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what you could do. I am particularly
+enthusiastic about anyone who picks an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic about anyone who picks an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic about anyone who picks an
+assignment that is connected to things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment that is connected to things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment that is connected to things
+they're already working on. Um, so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already working on. Um, so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already working on. Um, so like
+you know Kent should totally do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Kent should totally do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Kent should totally do
+something about Mccclea. Like he what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about Mccclea. Like he what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about Mccclea. Like he what I
+don't I don't know what that is but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't know what that is but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't know what that is but he
+like probably no one has ever asked him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like probably no one has ever asked him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like probably no one has ever asked him
+like you know write eight or 10 pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know write eight or 10 pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know write eight or 10 pages
+about what it is you're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it is you're trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it is you're trying to do
+there or do some more research that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or do some more research that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or do some more research that
+helps inform what you're doing or design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps inform what you're doing or design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps inform what you're doing or design
+your next steps or whatever it is. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your next steps or whatever it is. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your next steps or whatever it is. But
+that would be a great project for Kent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a great project for Kent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a great project for Kent.
+Um and even if Kent is like even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and even if Kent is like even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and even if Kent is like even if it's
+your is to like build Mccclea or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your is to like build Mccclea or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your is to like build Mccclea or
+whatever it's totally fine to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's totally fine to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's totally fine to have
+something that's very adjacent to that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's very adjacent to that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's very adjacent to that.
+Um, I've had doctoral students who part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I've had doctoral students who part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I've had doctoral students who part
+of their who like did part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their who like did part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their who like did part of the
+literature review that they have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature review that they have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature review that they have to do
+like for writing a chapter of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for writing a chapter of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for writing a chapter of their
+dissertation or something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissertation or something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissertation or something that was
+great. Um, so if there so any of I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. Um, so if there so any of I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. Um, so if there so any of I mean
+you can also pick something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also pick something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also pick something that is
+completely unrelated to what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unrelated to what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unrelated to what you're
+working on just a thing that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on just a thing that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on just a thing that you're
+interested in exploring further. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in exploring further. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in exploring further. Um,
+anything is is fine. Um, but part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is is fine. Um, but part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is is fine. Um, but part of the
+assignment is figuring out what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment is figuring out what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment is figuring out what it is
+that you want to do. Okay. Um what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to do. Okay. Um what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to do. Okay. Um what we
+want to try to do then today is talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to do then today is talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to do then today is talk
+about um two of these as yet intractable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um two of these as yet intractable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um two of these as yet intractable
+dilemmas that you've read about. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemmas that you've read about. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemmas that you've read about. So in
+the first half of the book and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of the book and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of the book and in the
+course we talked about these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we talked about these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we talked about these three
+genres of learning and scale tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres of learning and scale tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres of learning and scale tried to
+emphasize to you that these genres have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize to you that these genres have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize to you that these genres have
+predictable characteristics. they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable characteristics. they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable characteristics. they have
+semi-predictable impacts in school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-predictable impacts in school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-predictable impacts in school
+settings. Um that uh and that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings. Um that uh and that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings. Um that uh and that their
+impacts are almost never transformative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts are almost never transformative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts are almost never transformative.
+They have the potential to be useful. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have the potential to be useful. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have the potential to be useful. Um
+and to some extent there's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to some extent there's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to some extent there's a kind of
+like ongoing disappointment. Um, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ongoing disappointment. Um, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ongoing disappointment. Um, you
+know, think of all of the amazing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, think of all of the amazing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, think of all of the amazing things
+that we've developed from radio, film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've developed from radio, film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've developed from radio, film
+strips, television,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips, television,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips, television,
+um, videos, personal computers, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, videos, personal computers, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, videos, personal computers, the
+internet, instructional tutors, online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet, instructional tutors, online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet, instructional tutors, online
+communities, all these different things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities, all these different things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities, all these different things.
+And like none of them have really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And like none of them have really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And like none of them have really like
+blown the walls off school. Like school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blown the walls off school. Like school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blown the walls off school. Like school
+is still kind of school. Um, and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still kind of school. Um, and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still kind of school. Um, and in a
+lot of cases like doesn't educate people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of cases like doesn't educate people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of cases like doesn't educate people
+as well as we want to. So what like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as we want to. So what like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as we want to. So what like what
+are some of the reasons why these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the reasons why these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the reasons why these
+technologies don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies don't have the
+transformative impacts that we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative impacts that we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative impacts that we keep
+hoping that they will? Um and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that they will? Um and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that they will? Um and that that
+the four as yet intractable dilemmas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four as yet intractable dilemmas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four as yet intractable dilemmas the
+the goal of this part of the book is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of this part of the book is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of this part of the book is to
+say we know a bunch about why they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we know a bunch about why they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we know a bunch about why they don't
+do all the things we want them to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all the things we want them to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all the things we want them to do.
+Like we know some of the um challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like we know some of the um challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like we know some of the um challenges
+that occur across these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur across these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur across these different
+genres. Um, so you know, a thing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres. Um, so you know, a thing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres. Um, so you know, a thing like
+Scratch, a MOO, an instructional tutor,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scratch, a MOO, an instructional tutor,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scratch, a MOO, an instructional tutor,
+Khan Academy, there's a whole they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Khan Academy, there's a whole they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Khan Academy, there's a whole they they
+might be really different in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be really different in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be really different in some
+dimensions, but a lot of times they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions, but a lot of times they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions, but a lot of times they
+still stumble across these same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still stumble across these same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still stumble across these same
+problems. Um, some of this is me writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. Um, some of this is me writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. Um, some of this is me writing
+like making an argument to the field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like making an argument to the field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like making an argument to the field.
+Hey, if we if we want to do better in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey, if we if we want to do better in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey, if we if we want to do better in
+the future, we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future, we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future, we're going to have to
+figure out how we deal with these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how we deal with these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how we deal with these four
+things. We're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. We're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. We're going to have to
+understand these problems and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these problems and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these problems and how they
+operate, and then we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate, and then we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate, and then we're going to have to
+do better with them. Um, so today we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better with them. Um, so today we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better with them. Um, so today we'll
+talk about the curse of the familiar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the curse of the familiar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the curse of the familiar and
+the edtech Matthew effect and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edtech Matthew effect and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edtech Matthew effect and then we'll
+talk about the trap of routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the trap of routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the trap of routine
+assessment and the toxic power of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment and the toxic power of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment and the toxic power of data
+and experiments. Um, why don't I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experiments. Um, why don't I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experiments. Um, why don't I give
+you a minute to chat amongst yourselves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a minute to chat amongst yourselves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a minute to chat amongst yourselves.
+Um, this was from a couple weeks ago,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this was from a couple weeks ago,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this was from a couple weeks ago,
+but turn to the person next to you. talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but turn to the person next to you. talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but turn to the person next to you. talk
+to this person about like what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this person about like what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this person about like what you
+remember of what the curse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember of what the curse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember of what the curse of the
+familiar is, why it would be a problem,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar is, why it would be a problem,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar is, why it would be a problem,
+what kinds of things get stuck in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of things get stuck in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of things get stuck in the
+curse of the familiar, and what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse of the familiar, and what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse of the familiar, and what kinds of
+strategies seem to exist that might help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies seem to exist that might help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies seem to exist that might help
+us get past that. Um, turn to the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us get past that. Um, turn to the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us get past that. Um, turn to the person
+next to you and just externalize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to you and just externalize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to you and just externalize what
+you remember about all this. Ready, go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember about all this. Ready, go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember about all this. Ready, go.
+All right, come on back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who want what what are what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who want what what are what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who want what what are what are some
+what are some what are some things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some what are some things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some what are some things you
+discussed that seemed core to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed that seemed core to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed that seemed core to the
+definition if you were to quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition if you were to quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition if you were to quickly
+summarize the curse of the familiar what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the curse of the familiar what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the curse of the familiar what
+are some key ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some key ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some key ideas
+like the idea of taking an old idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the idea of taking an old idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the idea of taking an old idea and
+kind of repackaging it so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of repackaging it so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of repackaging it so that it
+appears to be something new but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be something new but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be something new but really
+isn't like I think we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't like I think we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't like I think we talked about the
+idea of Quizlet versus flashcards it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of Quizlet versus flashcards it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of Quizlet versus flashcards it's
+basically the same technological premise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same technological premise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same technological premise
+but you're just digitizing it and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're just digitizing it and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're just digitizing it and and
+What's the virtue of doing that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the virtue of doing that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the virtue of doing that?
+I guess people will think it's new and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess people will think it's new and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess people will think it's new and
+maybe won't be excited by that, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe won't be excited by that, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe won't be excited by that, but
+there's no real change. Good. What do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real change. Good. What do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real change. Good. What do
+people want to add to just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to add to just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to add to just that
+particular idea?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular idea?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular idea?
+I was going to say like it kind of stems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to say like it kind of stems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to say like it kind of stems
+from this idea that um these new like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this idea that um these new like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this idea that um these new like
+inventors um just have a lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventors um just have a lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventors um just have a lack of
+knowledge of like what's come before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of like what's come before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of like what's come before
+them. Um and like that's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Um and like that's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Um and like that's kind of like
+where it can stem from. That can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it can stem from. That can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it can stem from. That can be a
+problem. Yeah. Sabrina, what were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Yeah. Sabrina, what were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Yeah. Sabrina, what were you
+going to say? And then Gloria, I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say? And then Gloria, I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say? And then Gloria, I was
+going to say how they take like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say how they take like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say how they take like these
+new technologies and instead of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technologies and instead of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technologies and instead of um
+revolutionizing them, they just bend it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionizing them, they just bend it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionizing them, they just bend it
+so that it fits the um how old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it fits the um how old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it fits the um how old
+institutions still continues to be. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions still continues to be. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions still continues to be. I
+like I like that we we take things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I like that we we take things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I like that we we take things and
+we make them fit in existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make them fit in existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make them fit in existing
+institutions. Yeah. I say that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions. Yeah. I say that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions. Yeah. I say that like
+education and learning is very risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and learning is very risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and learning is very risk
+averse. So people don't want their kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse. So people don't want their kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse. So people don't want their kids
+or like to be the ones experimented on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like to be the ones experimented on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like to be the ones experimented on.
+So when things are repackaged, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when things are repackaged, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when things are repackaged, it's
+still like, oh, we know this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still like, oh, we know this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still like, oh, we know this works
+because it's been done before, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's been done before, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's been done before, but it's
+still new. Good. All right. So, I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still new. Good. All right. So, I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still new. Good. All right. So, I'm I'm
+sensing a which might be appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing a which might be appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing a which might be appropriate
+like a little bit of a negative vibe on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little bit of a negative vibe on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little bit of a negative vibe on
+the on the people who are doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the people who are doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the people who are doing these
+kinds of things. But if we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things. But if we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things. But if we wanted to
+celebrate um folks who take technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate um folks who take technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate um folks who take technologies
+that digitize existing practices, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that digitize existing practices, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that digitize existing practices, like
+what's the virtue of that approach?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the virtue of that approach?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the virtue of that approach?
+What's good about it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's good about it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's good about it?
+I can carry like a million flash cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can carry like a million flash cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can carry like a million flash cards
+in my pocket. Yeah. Yeah. Good. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my pocket. Yeah. Yeah. Good. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my pocket. Yeah. Yeah. Good. And
+everyone knows what to do with them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone knows what to do with them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone knows what to do with them.
+Like Quizlet has Quizlet might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like Quizlet has Quizlet might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like Quizlet has Quizlet might be the
+most widely adopted piece of education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most widely adopted piece of education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most widely adopted piece of education
+technology software used in American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology software used in American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology software used in American
+secondary schools. That's awesome. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary schools. That's awesome. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary schools. That's awesome. Um
+Zillian like if you want the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zillian like if you want the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zillian like if you want the thing that
+people will use you there's some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will use you there's some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will use you there's some good
+evidence that you have to give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that you have to give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that you have to give them
+something they're familiar with. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they're familiar with. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they're familiar with. And
+also like mentioned that you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like mentioned that you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like mentioned that you can have a
+million different flash cards in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million different flash cards in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million different flash cards in your
+pocket but you can also have a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket but you can also have a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket but you can also have a million
+different flash cards from other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different flash cards from other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different flash cards from other people
+like sharing ideas globally. Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sharing ideas globally. Yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sharing ideas globally. Yeah. Yeah.
+Yeah. So we can we can take this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So we can we can take this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So we can we can take this idea of
+a flash card and we can like tweak a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flash card and we can like tweak a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flash card and we can like tweak a
+little bit. We can do some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. We can do some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. We can do some of the things
+that digital technologies are good at.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that digital technologies are good at.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that digital technologies are good at.
+We can make it scaled. We can make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can make it scaled. We can make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can make it scaled. We can make it
+shared. We make all this kind of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared. We make all this kind of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared. We make all this kind of stuff
+though, you know, with always running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though, you know, with always running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though, you know, with always running
+into the hard limitation of like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the hard limitation of like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the hard limitation of like how
+much can you improve schooling by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much can you improve schooling by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much can you improve schooling by
+improving flash cards like like flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving flash cards like like flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving flash cards like like flash
+cards are like I mean the joke I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards are like I mean the joke I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards are like I mean the joke I tell
+often is if like if you got all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often is if like if you got all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often is if like if you got all of the
+world's experts together and we're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's experts together and we're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's experts together and we're like
+what does education really need? Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does education really need? Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does education really need? Like
+what do we really need to go to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we really need to go to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we really need to go to the next
+level? No one would raise their hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level? No one would raise their hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level? No one would raise their hand and
+be like, "There's a huge der of flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like, "There's a huge der of flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like, "There's a huge der of flash
+cards." Like, "We need to dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards." Like, "We need to dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards." Like, "We need to dramatically
+include improve flash card technology."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include improve flash card technology."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include improve flash card technology."
+Like, there's plenty of index cards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like, there's plenty of index cards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like, there's plenty of index cards.
+There's like there's plenty of pencils.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's like there's plenty of pencils.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's like there's plenty of pencils.
+You know, flash cards are like it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, flash cards are like it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, flash cards are like it's not
+an obvious thing to revolutionize. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obvious thing to revolutionize. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obvious thing to revolutionize. Um,
+also you like like I mean, I think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you like like I mean, I think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you like like I mean, I think if
+you talk to Andrew, he wouldn't be he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk to Andrew, he wouldn't be he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk to Andrew, he wouldn't be he
+wouldn't tell you this was a thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't tell you this was a thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't tell you this was a thing to
+revolutionize education. It's like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionize education. It's like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionize education. It's like this
+was just like a useful thing for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just like a useful thing for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just like a useful thing for me to
+study French that other people found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study French that other people found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study French that other people found
+useful and that I could sell. Um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and that I could sell. Um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and that I could sell. Um and uh
+you know but so so a hu you know the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but so so a hu you know the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but so so a hu you know the I
+mean these kinds of technologies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean these kinds of technologies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean these kinds of technologies are
+like the the sort of square boxes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the sort of square boxes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the sort of square boxes like
+it fits in the school. That's a virtue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fits in the school. That's a virtue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fits in the school. That's a virtue
+like we can like we can only benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we can like we can only benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we can like we can only benefit
+from technologies that fit in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from technologies that fit in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from technologies that fit in our
+institutions. Our institutions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions. Our institutions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions. Our institutions are
+riskaverse and they're conservative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskaverse and they're conservative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskaverse and they're conservative and
+they have a bunch of constraints. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a bunch of constraints. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a bunch of constraints. Um
+yeah Mari I think one point also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Mari I think one point also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Mari I think one point also that
+the chapter made is that It's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter made is that It's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter made is that It's just a
+phase where people use it in way they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase where people use it in way they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase where people use it in way they're
+familiar with and then after a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with and then after a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with and then after a while
+they're able to use it in more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to use it in more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to use it in more like
+revolutionary ways. So the benefit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary ways. So the benefit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary ways. So the benefit of
+having something that they already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having something that they already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having something that they already know
+how it works is that they can use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works is that they can use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works is that they can use it
+long enough to get to that point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough to get to that point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough to get to that point where
+they might feel comfortable using it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might feel comfortable using it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might feel comfortable using it in
+a way that haven't been used before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that haven't been used before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that haven't been used before.
+Great. That is that is one of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. That is that is one of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. That is that is one of the two
+ideas that I've proposed with sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that I've proposed with sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that I've proposed with sort of
+not great research evidence behind them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not great research evidence behind them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not great research evidence behind them
+that might be a way of getting past the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be a way of getting past the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be a way of getting past the
+curse of the familiar that you introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse of the familiar that you introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse of the familiar that you introduce
+things in schools that have a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in schools that have a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in schools that have a kind of
+familiar structure to them but open them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar structure to them but open them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar structure to them but open them
+up in ways that go somewhere else. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in ways that go somewhere else. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in ways that go somewhere else. I
+don't think there's a lot of evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there's a lot of evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there's a lot of evidence
+that Quizlet has been able to do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Quizlet has been able to do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Quizlet has been able to do that.
+Like Quizlet gives you flashcards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like Quizlet gives you flashcards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like Quizlet gives you flashcards.
+Actually, I just took a screenshot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, I just took a screenshot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, I just took a screenshot of
+their website right now. Um Quizlet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their website right now. Um Quizlet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their website right now. Um Quizlet is
+more than flashards. Like if you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than flashards. Like if you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than flashards. Like if you have to
+say that you're more than flash cards,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you're more than flash cards,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you're more than flash cards,
+you're probably just flash cards like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably just flash cards like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably just flash cards like
+you know your sort of sort of special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your sort of sort of special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your sort of sort of special
+pleading there. Um all right, you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleading there. Um all right, you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleading there. Um all right, you all
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+described this part of the curse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described this part of the curse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described this part of the curse of the
+familiar. What would be some key ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar. What would be some key ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar. What would be some key ideas
+of the sort of flip side of the curse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort of flip side of the curse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort of flip side of the curse of
+the familiar? Um what are the challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the familiar? Um what are the challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the familiar? Um what are the challenges
+you run into if you make something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run into if you make something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run into if you make something
+that's really new and novel?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I feel like just going back to what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like just going back to what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like just going back to what was
+said earlier, like people don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier, like people don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier, like people don't want
+their kids to be experimented on. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kids to be experimented on. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kids to be experimented on. Like
+when something's new, it's not proven to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when something's new, it's not proven to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when something's new, it's not proven to
+be successful yet. Um, and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be successful yet. Um, and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be successful yet. Um, and it's
+obviously replacing something else that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously replacing something else that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously replacing something else that
+maybe isn't the most successful, but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe isn't the most successful, but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe isn't the most successful, but in
+some case it's there because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some case it's there because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some case it's there because it is
+teaching someone something. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching someone something. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching someone something. Um, so
+there's this idea that if you introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this idea that if you introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this idea that if you introduce
+something new, you have no evidence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new, you have no evidence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new, you have no evidence to
+back up whether or not it will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up whether or not it will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up whether or not it will actually
+be beneficial. Good. So people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be beneficial. Good. So people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be beneficial. Good. So people are
+riskaverse. you use the phrase was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskaverse. you use the phrase was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskaverse. you use the phrase was like
+we know this thing in schools teaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this thing in schools teaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this thing in schools teaches
+someone something. Um there might even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone something. Um there might even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone something. Um there might even
+be sort of a lower threshold of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of a lower threshold of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of a lower threshold of
+acceptability which is something like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptability which is something like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptability which is something like we
+know this thing works in schools like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this thing works in schools like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this thing works in schools like
+sometimes a thing works in schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a thing works in schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a thing works in schools
+because people learn something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people learn something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people learn something.
+Sometimes it works in schools because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes it works in schools because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes it works in schools because
+like kids are quiet and well behaved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kids are quiet and well behaved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kids are quiet and well behaved and
+busy and other things like that. like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy and other things like that. like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy and other things like that. like
+not even really learning just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even really learning just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even really learning just you know
+just like like like you know if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like like like you know if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like like like you know if you've
+kept a bunch of adolescent like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept a bunch of adolescent like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept a bunch of adolescent like if
+you've kept hundreds of adolescents in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've kept hundreds of adolescents in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've kept hundreds of adolescents in a
+building safe and for a day like you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building safe and for a day like you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building safe and for a day like you've
+kind of made school work um in at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of made school work um in at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of made school work um in at the
+you know at at sort of the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at at sort of the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at at sort of the one of the
+baseline levels of it. So there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline levels of it. So there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline levels of it. So there's
+practices that we would consider sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices that we would consider sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices that we would consider sort of
+sort of baseline not because they teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of baseline not because they teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of baseline not because they teach
+but because they work to do the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because they work to do the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because they work to do the other
+things that we ask schools to do. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we ask schools to do. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we ask schools to do. Um
+yeah, Mari I think we also talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, Mari I think we also talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, Mari I think we also talked a
+little bit about fear which I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about fear which I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about fear which I think it's
+part of the risk averse aspect not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the risk averse aspect not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the risk averse aspect not only
+from families but the student themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from families but the student themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from families but the student themselves
+the professor the teachers as well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professor the teachers as well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professor the teachers as well um
+and it was also an aspect I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was also an aspect I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was also an aspect I don't know I
+would put it as credibility u because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put it as credibility u because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put it as credibility u because
+even students if something is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even students if something is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even students if something is too
+different they're going to feel like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they're going to feel like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they're going to feel like oh
+this is not serious enough like I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not serious enough like I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not serious enough like I would
+rather just have a lecture because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather just have a lecture because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather just have a lecture because this
+is something I've seen being done before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something I've seen being done before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something I've seen being done before
+so they don't and and you and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't and and you and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't and and you and you know
+how to do it you know how to There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it you know how to There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it you know how to There's a
+bunch of people who go into school that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people who go into school that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people who go into school that
+are that sort of are like look there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that sort of are like look there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that sort of are like look there's a
+deal here like you tell me to do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal here like you tell me to do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal here like you tell me to do things
+that I know how to do and I will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know how to do and I will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know how to do and I will do
+those things. Um you know sometimes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things. Um you know sometimes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things. Um you know sometimes in
+lower performing schools that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower performing schools that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower performing schools that can be
+expressed as like give me a set of tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as like give me a set of tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as like give me a set of tasks
+that I understand how to do and like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I understand how to do and like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I understand how to do and like the
+day will be quiet and function. um uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day will be quiet and function. um uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day will be quiet and function. um uh or
+in in high performing schools it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in high performing schools it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in high performing schools it can be
+something like give me a set of tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like give me a set of tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like give me a set of tasks
+that I know how to get an A on I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know how to get an A on I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know how to get an A on I won't
+have my parents call you um and and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my parents call you um and and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my parents call you um and and sort
+of cause difficulties and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cause difficulties and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cause difficulties and things like
+that but it's the same kind of deal um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's the same kind of deal um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's the same kind of deal um
+new routines break up that arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new routines break up that arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new routines break up that arrangement
+um and students can be some of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and students can be some of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and students can be some of the most
+conservative stakeholders in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative stakeholders in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative stakeholders in these
+systems you know people can come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you know people can come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you know people can come in
+being like look at this new awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like look at this new awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like look at this new awesome
+thing we might have us try and they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we might have us try and they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we might have us try and they'll
+be like I don't know how to get I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like I don't know how to get I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like I don't know how to get I don't
+know how to get an A doing that. Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to get an A doing that. Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to get an A doing that. Why
+don't we go back to the thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we go back to the thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we go back to the thing that I
+know how to get an A doing? What was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to get an A doing? What was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to get an A doing? What was the
+um there were early on in the days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there were early on in the days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there were early on in the days of
+MOOs, there were like a handful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MOOs, there were like a handful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MOOs, there were like a handful of
+people that were trying different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that were trying different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that were trying different things
+and there would always be learners that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there would always be learners that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there would always be learners that
+would show up in these like, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show up in these like, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show up in these like, you know,
+somewhat novel enterprise being like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat novel enterprise being like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat novel enterprise being like
+this isn't real learning. This isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't real learning. This isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't real learning. This isn't
+serious learning. Why don't we get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious learning. Why don't we get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious learning. Why don't we get back
+to what we were supposed to be? It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we were supposed to be? It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we were supposed to be? It's
+like my guy, it's optional. Like no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my guy, it's optional. Like no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my guy, it's optional. Like no one
+is making you be here. Like go, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making you be here. Like go, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making you be here. Like go, you
+know, um like if you want something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, um like if you want something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, um like if you want something
+else, you know, there's zillions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else, you know, there's zillions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else, you know, there's zillions of
+these courses being developed. There's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these courses being developed. There's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these courses being developed. There's I
+think there's something in that um in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's something in that um in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's something in that um in uh
+in the chapter on muks about that. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chapter on muks about that. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chapter on muks about that. Yeah,
+I think teachers could also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think teachers could also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think teachers could also get
+overwhelmed by introducing entirely new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmed by introducing entirely new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmed by introducing entirely new
+novel idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel idea
+especially if that novel idea like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if that novel idea like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if that novel idea like what
+if you have to change the curriculum?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have to change the curriculum?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have to change the curriculum?
+What if you have to change the schedule?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if you have to change the schedule?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if you have to change the schedule?
+What if you have to change your grading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if you have to change your grading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if you have to change your grading
+arrangements? like a new technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements? like a new technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements? like a new technology
+cannot like if it's actually changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot like if it's actually changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot like if it's actually changing
+the way teaching happens, it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way teaching happens, it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way teaching happens, it's probably
+trying to simultaneously change a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to simultaneously change a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to simultaneously change a whole
+bunch of things that are going on. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things that are going on. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things that are going on. Um,
+which can be like which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be like which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be like which can be
+stressful, which can be difficult. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressful, which can be difficult. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressful, which can be difficult. Um,
+so a lot of teachers have to prepare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of teachers have to prepare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of teachers have to prepare
+students for a certain exam at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students for a certain exam at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students for a certain exam at the end
+of the school year, whether it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the school year, whether it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the school year, whether it's like
+the standardized assessments or AP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standardized assessments or AP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standardized assessments or AP
+exams, and they can't really afford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams, and they can't really afford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams, and they can't really afford to
+like go off trail. um and they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go off trail. um and they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go off trail. um and they need to
+like stick with what they know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stick with what they know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stick with what they know because
+they that's what gets the results which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that's what gets the results which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that's what gets the results which
+which means that different parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that different parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that different parts of
+school systems have different amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school systems have different amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school systems have different amounts of
+flexibility to try really new things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility to try really new things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility to try really new things.
+Like one of the fun things about being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like one of the fun things about being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like one of the fun things about being a
+history teacher in Massachusetts is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history teacher in Massachusetts is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history teacher in Massachusetts is that
+until this year when we just launched an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until this year when we just launched an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until this year when we just launched an
+eighth grade civics assessment, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth grade civics assessment, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth grade civics assessment, there
+was no standardized assessment, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no standardized assessment, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no standardized assessment, you
+know, and I mean there has been some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, and I mean there has been some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, and I mean there has been some
+like SAT2s in history, AP US history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like SAT2s in history, AP US history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like SAT2s in history, AP US history and
+things like that, but they're usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that, but they're usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that, but they're usually
+not like the centerpiece of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like the centerpiece of people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like the centerpiece of people's
+efforts. And so history, social studies,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts. And so history, social studies,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts. And so history, social studies,
+electives for seniors off um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electives for seniors off um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electives for seniors off um and then
+anything in the sort of co-curricular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the sort of co-curricular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the sort of co-curricular
+domains, theater, arts, dance, physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains, theater, arts, dance, physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains, theater, arts, dance, physical
+education, like a lot of times those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education, like a lot of times those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education, like a lot of times those are
+places where you can do really different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where you can do really different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where you can do really different
+kinds of things. Um the mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things. Um the mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things. Um the mathematics
+sequence is often a place where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is often a place where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is often a place where you're
+like, "Oh boy, like this really better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "Oh boy, like this really better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "Oh boy, like this really better
+work." Um not only that, you know, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work." Um not only that, you know, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work." Um not only that, you know, not
+only because people need to do well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because people need to do well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because people need to do well in
+math, but like if you don't get eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math, but like if you don't get eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math, but like if you don't get eighth
+grade math, nth grade math is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade math, nth grade math is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade math, nth grade math is really
+hard. you know, if you like if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. you know, if you like if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. you know, if you like if you don't
+get earth science, you might still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get earth science, you might still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get earth science, you might still be
+okay in physics or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in physics or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in physics or something like that
+because they're just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're just sort of
+sufficiently different and so forth. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently different and so forth. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently different and so forth. So,
+the stakes in different parts of schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakes in different parts of schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakes in different parts of schools
+are different. Um there's a there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different. Um there's a there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different. Um there's a there's an
+old saw in any kind of education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old saw in any kind of education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old saw in any kind of education
+development that um the elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development that um the elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development that um the elementary
+school curriculum is pretty locked.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school curriculum is pretty locked.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school curriculum is pretty locked.
+There's just some reading and math and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's just some reading and math and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's just some reading and math and a
+handful of other things people need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of other things people need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of other things people need to
+do. The high school curriculum is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. The high school curriculum is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. The high school curriculum is pretty
+locked because these tracks and exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked because these tracks and exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked because these tracks and exams
+and things like that. And middle school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that. And middle school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that. And middle school
+is maybe the most open-ended space. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe the most open-ended space. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe the most open-ended space. So
+quite a few new products for education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few new products for education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few new products for education
+will find themselves in middle schools.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find themselves in middle schools.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find themselves in middle schools.
+Not because like you know 12-year-olds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not because like you know 12-year-olds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not because like you know 12-year-olds
+are a particularly great group to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a particularly great group to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a particularly great group to
+embrace new ideas or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace new ideas or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace new ideas or something like
+that. It's just like that curriculum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It's just like that curriculum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It's just like that curriculum is
+more flexible in some ways than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexible in some ways than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexible in some ways than others
+are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are.
+Um so that we have this example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so that we have this example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so that we have this example of
+Quizlet. You know, I feel like um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quizlet. You know, I feel like um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quizlet. You know, I feel like um uh the
+the connectivist mukes that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connectivist mukes that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connectivist mukes that we talked
+about before are sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before are sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before are sort of the
+quintessential example of like here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintessential example of like here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintessential example of like here's
+some really cool ideas, some really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really cool ideas, some really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really cool ideas, some really cool
+technologies, potentially very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies, potentially very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies, potentially very different
+solving some very meaningful problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving some very meaningful problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving some very meaningful problems
+that that higher education had not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that higher education had not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that higher education had not
+figured out good ways of solving and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out good ways of solving and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out good ways of solving and you
+know were essentially rejected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know were essentially rejected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know were essentially rejected by the
+higher education system. a sort of spark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education system. a sort of spark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education system. a sort of spark
+of interest for a little while and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest for a little while and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest for a little while and then
+people are like this is weird, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are like this is weird, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are like this is weird, this is
+different, what we're doing is fine. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different, what we're doing is fine. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different, what we're doing is fine. Um,
+and all this stuff kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this stuff kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this stuff kind of
+died. So the question then is are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died. So the question then is are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died. So the question then is are there
+strategies that would get you past the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that would get you past the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that would get you past the
+curse of the familiar? Are there things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse of the familiar? Are there things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse of the familiar? Are there things
+that you could do in developing products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do in developing products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do in developing products
+and services that would let you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and services that would let you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and services that would let you use
+technology to do really different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to do really different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to do really different kinds
+of teaching and learning? Um, and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of teaching and learning? Um, and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of teaching and learning? Um, and I
+think there are two strategies that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are two strategies that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are two strategies that have
+some evidence behind them that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some evidence behind them that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some evidence behind them that they
+might work. One of them Mario alluded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might work. One of them Mario alluded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might work. One of them Mario alluded to
+before, which is build a technology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, which is build a technology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, which is build a technology that
+starts somewhere familiar and goes to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts somewhere familiar and goes to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts somewhere familiar and goes to a
+different place somehow. Um, like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different place somehow. Um, like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different place somehow. Um, like you
+enter it and you're like, I know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter it and you're like, I know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter it and you're like, I know what
+that is. And then you're like, whoa, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is. And then you're like, whoa, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is. And then you're like, whoa, I
+could do these other kinds of things,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do these other kinds of things,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do these other kinds of things,
+too. Um, the second sort of crucial idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. Um, the second sort of crucial idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. Um, the second sort of crucial idea
+is something around cultivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something around cultivating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something around cultivating
+professional communities. The easy part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional communities. The easy part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional communities. The easy part
+of scaling online technologies is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scaling online technologies is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scaling online technologies is like
+getting people to download stuff. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people to download stuff. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people to download stuff. It
+like it's not that difficult to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's not that difficult to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's not that difficult to get an
+app on people's machines on schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app on people's machines on schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app on people's machines on schools
+machines. It's not that difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines. It's not that difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines. It's not that difficult to
+get, you know, millions of YouTube views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get, you know, millions of YouTube views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get, you know, millions of YouTube views
+or other kinds of things like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other kinds of things like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other kinds of things like that.
+What's really hard is not scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's really hard is not scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's really hard is not scaling
+technology, but scaling community. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, but scaling community. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, but scaling community. How
+do you get groups of educators to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get groups of educators to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get groups of educators to share
+the ideas for new practices with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas for new practices with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas for new practices with other
+people? But there are a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people? But there are a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people? But there are a couple of
+organizations um that have done a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations um that have done a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations um that have done a a
+demonstrabably good job of not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrabably good job of not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrabably good job of not only
+scaling their product but scaling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling their product but scaling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling their product but scaling the
+ideas, the pedagogies, the new ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas, the pedagogies, the new ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas, the pedagogies, the new ideas
+underneath that. So um the two I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath that. So um the two I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath that. So um the two I like to
+talk about are Scratch and Desmos. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about are Scratch and Desmos. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about are Scratch and Desmos. Um
+they've probably made the most progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've probably made the most progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've probably made the most progress
+on this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this.
+Scratch maybe has never achieved like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scratch maybe has never achieved like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scratch maybe has never achieved like a
+familiar place to start, but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar place to start, but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar place to start, but they have
+thought a lot about entry points about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought a lot about entry points about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought a lot about entry points about
+how you get people in for a while. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you get people in for a while. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you get people in for a while. You
+know, Seymour Papard had this famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, Seymour Papard had this famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, Seymour Papard had this famous
+line that you want technologies with low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that you want technologies with low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that you want technologies with low
+floors and high ceilings. Yousef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floors and high ceilings. Yousef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floors and high ceilings. Yousef
+referred to it a few times ago. You want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to it a few times ago. You want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to it a few times ago. You want
+something that like is pretty easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that like is pretty easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that like is pretty easy to
+get people into um and also things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people into um and also things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people into um and also things that
+they can really do awesome stuff later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can really do awesome stuff later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can really do awesome stuff later
+on. Um uh sometimes the Scratch people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Um uh sometimes the Scratch people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Um uh sometimes the Scratch people
+have also talked about narrow entryways.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also talked about narrow entryways.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also talked about narrow entryways.
+You want people to kind of get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want people to kind of get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want people to kind of get into the
+software, like get into the platform,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software, like get into the platform,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software, like get into the platform,
+have some more clear ideas about what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some more clear ideas about what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some more clear ideas about what to
+do with a few things and then go other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with a few things and then go other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with a few things and then go other
+places. Um for a while, uh Scratch was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places. Um for a while, uh Scratch was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places. Um for a while, uh Scratch was
+experimenting with these micro worlds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting with these micro worlds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting with these micro worlds
+where you would get a smaller set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you would get a smaller set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you would get a smaller set of
+blocks, a smaller set of sprites, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks, a smaller set of sprites, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks, a smaller set of sprites, and
+they would be connected to some um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be connected to some um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be connected to some um to
+what they thought young people would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they thought young people would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they thought young people would be
+interested in. So I think there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in. So I think there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in. So I think there was a
+standup comedy micro world. There was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standup comedy micro world. There was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standup comedy micro world. There was a
+fashion micro world. There was a dance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion micro world. There was a dance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion micro world. There was a dance
+micro world. And it was like don't learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro world. And it was like don't learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro world. And it was like don't learn
+everything about Scratch. Like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about Scratch. Like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about Scratch. Like just
+learn enough to make there be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn enough to make there be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn enough to make there be a little
+standup comedy routine or to make there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standup comedy routine or to make there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standup comedy routine or to make there
+be a little dance or things like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little dance or things like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little dance or things like that.
+So you have, you know, a set of sprites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have, you know, a set of sprites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have, you know, a set of sprites
+that are relevant to that. You have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are relevant to that. You have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are relevant to that. You have a
+set of blocks that are relevant to that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of blocks that are relevant to that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of blocks that are relevant to that.
+And once you learn that smaller part, go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And once you learn that smaller part, go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And once you learn that smaller part, go
+into more complex things. Um, a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more complex things. Um, a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more complex things. Um, a thing
+that I think Scratch has done a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think Scratch has done a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think Scratch has done a very
+good job of is scaling community. is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job of is scaling community. is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job of is scaling community. is
+basically saying, you know, is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying, you know, is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying, you know, is
+acknowledging that if educators just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledging that if educators just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledging that if educators just
+download Scratch into their machines,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download Scratch into their machines,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download Scratch into their machines,
+that is not enough to get over the curse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not enough to get over the curse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not enough to get over the curse
+of the familiar. Like they know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the familiar. Like they know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the familiar. Like they know exactly
+what happens when people who don't sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when people who don't sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when people who don't sort
+of understand the pedagogy of Scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understand the pedagogy of Scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understand the pedagogy of Scratch
+download Scratch. And you heard Yousef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download Scratch. And you heard Yousef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download Scratch. And you heard Yousef
+talking about it, they just turn it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it, they just turn it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it, they just turn it into
+like a recipe book. So instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a recipe book. So instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a recipe book. So instead of having
+it be this place for computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be this place for computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be this place for computational
+creativity, you see all the students in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity, you see all the students in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity, you see all the students in
+lockep, you know, all building the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lockep, you know, all building the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lockep, you know, all building the same
+greeting card or all building the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greeting card or all building the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greeting card or all building the same
+roller coaster or whatever it is. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller coaster or whatever it is. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller coaster or whatever it is. Um, so
+they have, you know, all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have, you know, all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have, you know, all kinds of
+programs that are developed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that are developed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that are developed for
+educators. They have a world scratch day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators. They have a world scratch day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators. They have a world scratch day
+where people get together. They have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people get together. They have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people get together. They have
+Scratch educator meetups. They had for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scratch educator meetups. They had for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scratch educator meetups. They had for a
+while minutes with Mitch, um, which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while minutes with Mitch, um, which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while minutes with Mitch, um, which were
+Mitch Resnik like giving short talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mitch Resnik like giving short talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mitch Resnik like giving short talks
+about ideas and things and Natalie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ideas and things and Natalie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ideas and things and Natalie's
+notes. They have other kinds of projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes. They have other kinds of projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes. They have other kinds of projects
+and tools and things like that. Um, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tools and things like that. Um, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tools and things like that. Um, a
+big part of them is meant to get Scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big part of them is meant to get Scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big part of them is meant to get Scratch
+educators connected with each other. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators connected with each other. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators connected with each other. Um
+if you and a few studies have done this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you and a few studies have done this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you and a few studies have done this.
+If you interview teachers about how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you interview teachers about how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you interview teachers about how they
+adopt new pedagogies, the number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt new pedagogies, the number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt new pedagogies, the number one
+answer they will give you is from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer they will give you is from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer they will give you is from other
+teachers. Um the main reason why a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers. Um the main reason why a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers. Um the main reason why a
+teacher is willing to try a new practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher is willing to try a new practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher is willing to try a new practice
+is because they see uh that practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because they see uh that practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because they see uh that practice
+working in somebody else's classroom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in somebody else's classroom.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in somebody else's classroom.
+Ideally someone who teaches in a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ideally someone who teaches in a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ideally someone who teaches in a place
+like them, in a grade like them, in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like them, in a grade like them, in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like them, in a grade like them, in a
+subject like them that's near them. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject like them that's near them. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject like them that's near them. Um
+what that means is that any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that any of these
+kinds of curriculum change, technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of curriculum change, technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of curriculum change, technology
+change problems are really peer learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change problems are really peer learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change problems are really peer learning
+problems. You have to figure out how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. You have to figure out how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. You have to figure out how do
+you get teachers to share with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get teachers to share with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get teachers to share with one
+another. That is just immensely more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. That is just immensely more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. That is just immensely more
+complicated um than it is in to to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated um than it is in to to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated um than it is in to to get
+software to be disseminated widely. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software to be disseminated widely. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software to be disseminated widely. Um
+it's particularly difficult in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's particularly difficult in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's particularly difficult in most
+places in the world in education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in the world in education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in the world in education
+definitely in the United States in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely in the United States in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely in the United States in
+education because there are there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education because there are there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education because there are there are
+weak professional that like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak professional that like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak professional that like the
+professional organization level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional organization level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional organization level of
+education is really weak. Um if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is really weak. Um if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is really weak. Um if you were
+like man I want all of the emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like man I want all of the emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like man I want all of the emergency
+room doctors to do something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room doctors to do something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room doctors to do something different
+and better you'd be like oh let's go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better you'd be like oh let's go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better you'd be like oh let's go to
+whatever it's called the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's called the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's called the American
+Academy of Emergency Physicians or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy of Emergency Physicians or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy of Emergency Physicians or
+something like that. If you wanted all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. If you wanted all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. If you wanted all
+the pediatricians to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pediatricians to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pediatricians to do something
+different, you'd go to the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different, you'd go to the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different, you'd go to the American
+Academy of Pediatricians and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy of Pediatricians and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy of Pediatricians and you would
+convince some senior steering committee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince some senior steering committee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince some senior steering committee
+of the American Academy of Pediatricians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the American Academy of Pediatricians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the American Academy of Pediatricians
+that we're going to do this new practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to do this new practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to do this new practice
+and they would be like, "Yes, this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would be like, "Yes, this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would be like, "Yes, this is a
+good practice. Let's all do that." And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good practice. Let's all do that." And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good practice. Let's all do that." And
+then that group has a journal pediatrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that group has a journal pediatrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that group has a journal pediatrics
+and all the pediatricians read it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the pediatricians read it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the pediatricians read it and
+you can and you can get people even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can and you can get people even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can and you can get people even
+though there are, you know, thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there are, you know, thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there are, you know, thousands
+and thousands of pediatricians in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thousands of pediatricians in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thousands of pediatricians in the
+country, you can get them to be like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country, you can get them to be like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country, you can get them to be like,
+"Okay, this is a new and better idea."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Okay, this is a new and better idea."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Okay, this is a new and better idea."
+education does not have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education does not have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education does not have that
+professional organization level. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional organization level. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional organization level. There's
+there's no authoritative body that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no authoritative body that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no authoritative body that says
+this is a good way to teach second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good way to teach second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good way to teach second
+graders or this is a good way to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders or this is a good way to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders or this is a good way to teach
+math or reading. Like we you know um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math or reading. Like we you know um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math or reading. Like we you know um we
+have teachers unions which organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have teachers unions which organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have teachers unions which organize
+teachers in a bunch of places in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers in a bunch of places in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers in a bunch of places in the US
+but they and they sometimes have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they and they sometimes have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they and they sometimes have a
+professional learning role but usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional learning role but usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional learning role but usually
+not this kind of authoritative one. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this kind of authoritative one. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this kind of authoritative one. Um
+sometime they're organizations like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime they're organizations like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime they're organizations like the
+National Council of Teachers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Council of Teachers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Council of Teachers of
+Mathematics or the National Councils of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematics or the National Councils of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematics or the National Councils of
+Teachers of English and they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Teachers of English and they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Teachers of English and they sort of
+have some things that are like this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some things that are like this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some things that are like this but
+they're they're very weak compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're very weak compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're very weak compared to
+other professions and other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other professions and other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other professions and other kinds of
+things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things.
+Um, how many of you use Desmos in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, how many of you use Desmos in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, how many of you use Desmos in
+schools? So, we're just Okay, a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools? So, we're just Okay, a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools? So, we're just Okay, a lot more
+now. This is way more than you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. This is way more than you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. This is way more than you would
+have said five or six years ago. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said five or six years ago. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said five or six years ago. Um,
+Desmos was originally developed as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Desmos was originally developed as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Desmos was originally developed as a
+graphing calculator. Like its earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing calculator. Like its earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing calculator. Like its earliest
+functions were just we're going to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions were just we're going to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions were just we're going to um
+make a TI84 available on every machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a TI84 available on every machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a TI84 available on every machine
+for free. Um and one of the brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free. Um and one of the brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free. Um and one of the brilliant
+things they did was they got um instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they did was they got um instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they did was they got um instead
+of consumers to pay for it, they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consumers to pay for it, they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consumers to pay for it, they got
+testing companies and publishers to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing companies and publishers to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing companies and publishers to pay
+for it. Um and what that meant was is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it. Um and what that meant was is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it. Um and what that meant was is
+that I mean that was the way they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean that was the way they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean that was the way they could
+make a high-quality project available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a high-quality project available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a high-quality project available
+for free without ads, without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free without ads, without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free without ads, without
+subscriptions, without um um costs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscriptions, without um um costs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscriptions, without um um costs to
+the education system. And of course, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the education system. And of course, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the education system. And of course, you
+know, for anybody who's used a TI84
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, for anybody who's used a TI84
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, for anybody who's used a TI84
+before, you look at something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, you look at something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, you look at something like this
+and you're like, "Yeah, I know what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're like, "Yeah, I know what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're like, "Yeah, I know what to
+do there." Like, I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do there." Like, I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do there." Like, I'm going to start
+teaching in equations and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching in equations and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching in equations and it's going to
+start graphing them for me. Um, and you,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start graphing them for me. Um, and you,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start graphing them for me. Um, and you,
+you know, I mean, for those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I mean, for those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I mean, for those of you who
+grew up in affluent environments, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up in affluent environments, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up in affluent environments, like
+replacing a TI84 might not be a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing a TI84 might not be a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing a TI84 might not be a big
+deal. Um, but there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal. Um, but there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal. Um, but there are lots of
+households and lots of families where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households and lots of families where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households and lots of families where
+like an $80 cost, $120 cost, a big deal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an $80 cost, $120 cost, a big deal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an $80 cost, $120 cost, a big deal.
+Um, like a real obstacle to kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, like a real obstacle to kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, like a real obstacle to kids
+education schools, you know, where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education schools, you know, where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education schools, you know, where they
+just have like TI84s in boxes and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have like TI84s in boxes and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have like TI84s in boxes and they
+hand them out at the beginning of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand them out at the beginning of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand them out at the beginning of class
+and put them back in the box at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them back in the box at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them back in the box at the end
+of class and things like that. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class and things like that. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class and things like that. Um, but
+you could give just this to lots of math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could give just this to lots of math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could give just this to lots of math
+teachers and lots of students and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers and lots of students and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers and lots of students and they
+would be like,"Great, I totally know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like,"Great, I totally know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like,"Great, I totally know
+what to do with this." Um, and then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do with this." Um, and then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do with this." Um, and then on
+top of that, there was all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of that, there was all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of that, there was all kinds of
+other crazy things that you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other crazy things that you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other crazy things that you could do
+with Desmos. You know, one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Desmos. You know, one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Desmos. You know, one of the things
+they do every year is have an art, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do every year is have an art, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do every year is have an art, maybe
+they still don't do it, but for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still don't do it, but for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still don't do it, but for a while
+they would have art competitions, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have art competitions, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have art competitions, um,
+where you have people who create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have people who create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have people who create
+drawings using graphs and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings using graphs and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings using graphs and things like
+that. I don't know what what were what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I don't know what what were what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I don't know what what were what
+were the kinds of things that you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the kinds of things that you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the kinds of things that you did
+with Desmos that were very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Desmos that were very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Desmos that were very different
+from a graphing calculator in in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a graphing calculator in in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a graphing calculator in in for
+those of you who raised your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hands. I think this is something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands. I think this is something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands. I think this is something you
+could do on a graphing calculator, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do on a graphing calculator, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do on a graphing calculator, but
+that was made so much easier was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was made so much easier was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was made so much easier was just
+like um seeing just like different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um seeing just like different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um seeing just like different
+versions of the same graph like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the same graph like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the same graph like
+simultaneously or being able to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously or being able to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously or being able to like
+slide the coefficients and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide the coefficients and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide the coefficients and the
+variables. Yep. And so um modeling is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. Yep. And so um modeling is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. Yep. And so um modeling is a
+term that a lot of math teachers might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that a lot of math teachers might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that a lot of math teachers might
+use to describe that like you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to describe that like you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to describe that like you can look
+at the same equation you know across a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same equation you know across a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same equation you know across a
+range of parameters and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of parameters and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of parameters and things like
+that. It was a sometimes we had like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It was a sometimes we had like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It was a sometimes we had like uh
+TI was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI was it
+TI3 um so it was easy it's a lot easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI3 um so it was easy it's a lot easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI3 um so it was easy it's a lot easier
+to input stuff into decimals when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to input stuff into decimals when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to input stuff into decimals when
+compared to like traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to like traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to like traditional
+calculators. Yeah. So some of it it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators. Yeah. So some of it it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators. Yeah. So some of it it just
+made some efficiency gains like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made some efficiency gains like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made some efficiency gains like they
+just figured out some ways of doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figured out some ways of doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figured out some ways of doing some
+mathematical inputs that are like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical inputs that are like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical inputs that are like a
+little bit easier if you learn them on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier if you learn them on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier if you learn them on a
+keyboard than on you know a number pad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard than on you know a number pad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard than on you know a number pad
+like finding intersections of uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like finding intersections of uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like finding intersections of uh two
+polomials you just click on it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials you just click on it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials you just click on it as
+opposed to like let's go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to like let's go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to like let's go through the
+directions of how to find it on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions of how to find it on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions of how to find it on your
+graphing calculator go left go right go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing calculator go left go right go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing calculator go left go right go
+like it just like it's so much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it just like it's so much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it just like it's so much less
+bandwidth and just to add on to that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth and just to add on to that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth and just to add on to that I
+think I heard somewhere I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I heard somewhere I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I heard somewhere I don't remember
+when but some technologies like chatb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when but some technologies like chatb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when but some technologies like chatb
+are like extremely bad for beginners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like extremely bad for beginners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like extremely bad for beginners
+because it distracts them. In this case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it distracts them. In this case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it distracts them. In this case,
+I I literally made this analogy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I literally made this analogy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I literally made this analogy the
+other day. Um I think it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day. Um I think it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day. Um I think it was just
+yesterday. I was talking to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday. I was talking to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday. I was talking to some
+somebody about this class and I said a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody about this class and I said a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody about this class and I said a
+calculator sometimes if you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator sometimes if you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator sometimes if you don't know
+how to use it, it'll be more distracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use it, it'll be more distracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use it, it'll be more distracting
+and helpful to you. And for some people,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helpful to you. And for some people,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helpful to you. And for some people,
+Desmos was easier in my classrooms than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Desmos was easier in my classrooms than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Desmos was easier in my classrooms than
+a traditional graph. Yeah. get that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traditional graph. Yeah. get that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traditional graph. Yeah. get that if
+you you sort of lower the barrier to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you sort of lower the barrier to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you sort of lower the barrier to to
+like learning the interface like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like learning the interface like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like learning the interface like
+learning the interface is not useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the interface is not useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the interface is not useful to
+anyone. What's useful is doing math and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone. What's useful is doing math and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone. What's useful is doing math and
+if you if the barrier to learning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if the barrier to learning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if the barrier to learning the
+interface is high then you're spending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is high then you're spending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is high then you're spending a
+bunch of your math time not doing math.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of your math time not doing math.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of your math time not doing math.
+You're doing like you know user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're doing like you know user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're doing like you know user
+interface on you know 1980s era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface on you know 1980s era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface on you know 1980s era
+calculators. Um I mean yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators. Um I mean yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators. Um I mean yeah the
+calculator calculators are a remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator calculators are a remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator calculators are a remarkable
+piece of technology. They they cost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of technology. They they cost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of technology. They they cost like
+50 cents to make or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 cents to make or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 cents to make or something like that
+and they sell them for $100 because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they sell them for $100 because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they sell them for $100 because they
+have a bunch because they have a like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch because they have a like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch because they have a like
+regulatory lock in um because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory lock in um because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory lock in um because you know
+they you get the testing companies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you get the testing companies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you get the testing companies to
+agree to mandate them and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree to mandate them and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree to mandate them and then the
+curriculum companies have to mandate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum companies have to mandate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum companies have to mandate
+them and then Texas Instruments can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then Texas Instruments can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then Texas Instruments can
+charge a hundred bucks. Um for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge a hundred bucks. Um for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge a hundred bucks. Um for something
+that should be a lot less. Um all right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be a lot less. Um all right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be a lot less. Um all right.
+So, what are some things that Desmos did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what are some things that Desmos did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what are some things that Desmos did
+to try to get folks um excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to get folks um excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to get folks um excited about
+some of the other capacities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other capacities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other capacities in
+um in in Desmos um is in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in Desmos um is in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in Desmos um is in addition to
+promoting the technology of Desmos um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting the technology of Desmos um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting the technology of Desmos um
+their leadership promoted alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their leadership promoted alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their leadership promoted alternative
+approaches to teaching mathematics. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to teaching mathematics. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to teaching mathematics. Um
+so Dan Meyer who was the chief academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Dan Meyer who was the chief academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Dan Meyer who was the chief academic
+officer of Desmos um he did a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer of Desmos um he did a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer of Desmos um he did a bunch of
+teaching um in low-inccome schools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching um in low-inccome schools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching um in low-inccome schools and
+in schools with a bunch of kids who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in schools with a bunch of kids who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in schools with a bunch of kids who
+would have been pretty turned off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been pretty turned off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been pretty turned off to
+math. Um thought a lot about like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. Um thought a lot about like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. Um thought a lot about like what
+kinds of pedagogies really engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of pedagogies really engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of pedagogies really engaged
+students and came up with this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and came up with this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and came up with this um
+framework he called threeact math. Um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework he called threeact math. Um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework he called threeact math. Um it
+was very mediabased. So um he would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very mediabased. So um he would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very mediabased. So um he would take
+a picture of himself shooting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of himself shooting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of himself shooting a
+basketball. Um, so you'd watch a video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball. Um, so you'd watch a video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball. Um, so you'd watch a video
+of him shooting a free throw and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of him shooting a free throw and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of him shooting a free throw and about
+halfway through the shot he would stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway through the shot he would stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway through the shot he would stop
+it. Um, and that's all the video that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um, and that's all the video that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um, and that's all the video that
+you would see. Actually, I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see. Actually, I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see. Actually, I'll give you
+my favorite example of it. Like, do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite example of it. Like, do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite example of it. Like, do you
+do you remember in geometry you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember in geometry you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember in geometry you are
+always encountering like hexagonal fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always encountering like hexagonal fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always encountering like hexagonal fish
+tanks and things like that? You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanks and things like that? You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanks and things like that? You're
+always encountering like these shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always encountering like these shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always encountering like these shapes
+that like would never exist. So, he like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like would never exist. So, he like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like would never exist. So, he like
+found a hexagonal fish tank um and gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a hexagonal fish tank um and gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a hexagonal fish tank um and gets
+a hose and holds the hose on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hose and holds the hose on top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hose and holds the hose on top of the
+fish tank and just makes a video of 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish tank and just makes a video of 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish tank and just makes a video of 30
+seconds of just water filling up. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds of just water filling up. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds of just water filling up. Um and
+usually when he shows this video at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually when he shows this video at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually when he shows this video at some
+point some kid is like, "How long is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point some kid is like, "How long is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point some kid is like, "How long is
+this going to take?" And he goes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this going to take?" And he goes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this going to take?" And he goes,
+"Exactly." Um and then you sort of stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Exactly." Um and then you sort of stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Exactly." Um and then you sort of stop
+the video there. Um but it kind of, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video there. Um but it kind of, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video there. Um but it kind of, you
+know, these videos inspire like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, these videos inspire like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, these videos inspire like a
+natural curiosity. How long does it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural curiosity. How long does it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural curiosity. How long does it take
+the fish tank to fill up? Like will the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fish tank to fill up? Like will the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fish tank to fill up? Like will the
+basketball go in? Um, and then what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball go in? Um, and then what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball go in? Um, and then what he
+does, that's the first act, is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does, that's the first act, is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does, that's the first act, is sort of
+setting up some kind of problem. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up some kind of problem. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up some kind of problem. The
+second act is trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second act is trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second act is trying to figure out
+what's going on in the setting. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in the setting. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in the setting. So,
+students have a chance to ask a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have a chance to ask a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have a chance to ask a bunch of
+questions. Um, how far away was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. Um, how far away was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. Um, how far away was this
+person from the basket? How high is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person from the basket? How high is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person from the basket? How high is the
+basket? How fast is the ball moving?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket? How fast is the ball moving?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket? How fast is the ball moving?
+What is the ark? How big is the fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the ark? How big is the fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the ark? How big is the fish
+tank? How wide is the fish tank? How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank? How wide is the fish tank? How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank? How wide is the fish tank? How
+tall is the fish tank? What is the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall is the fish tank? What is the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall is the fish tank? What is the angle
+on each side of the fish tank? How much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each side of the fish tank? How much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each side of the fish tank? How much
+how wide is the hose? How much water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how wide is the hose? How much water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how wide is the hose? How much water is
+coming out of the hose? All these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the hose? All these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the hose? All these kinds
+of things. Um, some of some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things. Um, some of some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things. Um, some of some of these
+details Dan or other teachers will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details Dan or other teachers will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details Dan or other teachers will give
+to their students and some they won't.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their students and some they won't.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their students and some they won't.
+Um, and then they sort of agree on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and then they sort of agree on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and then they sort of agree on a
+question or the teacher kind of imposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or the teacher kind of imposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or the teacher kind of imposes
+a question. Okay, the question is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question. Okay, the question is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question. Okay, the question is going
+to be how long is this going to take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be how long is this going to take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be how long is this going to take to
+fill up? And I'm going to give you these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill up? And I'm going to give you these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill up? And I'm going to give you these
+pieces of information. Um, now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of information. Um, now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of information. Um, now because
+it's a realworld environment, it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a realworld environment, it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a realworld environment, it's like
+it's actually kind of mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually kind of mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually kind of mathematically
+impossible to determine the exact answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to determine the exact answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to determine the exact answer
+to these questions. um you know like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these questions. um you know like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these questions. um you know like the
+the amount of water that's flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of water that's flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of water that's flowing
+through the hose through a municipal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the hose through a municipal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the hose through a municipal
+water system is not like a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water system is not like a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water system is not like a completely
+predictable amount that's coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable amount that's coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable amount that's coming out
+every time. Um you know he'll give some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time. Um you know he'll give some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time. Um you know he'll give some
+measurements of the tank but the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of the tank but the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of the tank but the like
+the tank probably wasn't measured to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tank probably wasn't measured to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tank probably wasn't measured to the
+hundth of a millimeter or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundth of a millimeter or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundth of a millimeter or something like
+that. Um so students start creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um so students start creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um so students start creating
+models. Um they say all right well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. Um they say all right well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. Um they say all right well I
+think it's going to be this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's going to be this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's going to be this you know
+here's what I know and and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what I know and and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what I know and and sometimes
+there's a little instruction there like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little instruction there like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little instruction there like
+oh so to figure this out you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so to figure this out you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so to figure this out you're going to
+have to calculate the area of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to calculate the area of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to calculate the area of a
+hexagonal solid. Okay. um here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagonal solid. Okay. um here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagonal solid. Okay. um here is the
+formula that you need to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that you need to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that you need to do that and
+here's why it work and then you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's why it work and then you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's why it work and then you sort of
+figure out these other things. So then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out these other things. So then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out these other things. So then
+the third act um is Dan will show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third act um is Dan will show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third act um is Dan will show the
+video again um and the water will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video again um and the water will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video again um and the water will be
+pouring into the tank and the water will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouring into the tank and the water will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouring into the tank and the water will
+be filling up. Usually he sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be filling up. Usually he sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be filling up. Usually he sort of
+accelerates it so it goes a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerates it so it goes a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerates it so it goes a little bit
+faster and he puts a clock in the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and he puts a clock in the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and he puts a clock in the corner
+of the video. Now all of the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the video. Now all of the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the video. Now all of the students
+have made some kind of prediction about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made some kind of prediction about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made some kind of prediction about
+when they think the tank will fill up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they think the tank will fill up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they think the tank will fill up
+but it's pretty much impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's pretty much impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's pretty much impossible to
+predict exactly. Um, and he's got great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict exactly. Um, and he's got great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict exactly. Um, and he's got great
+videos of kids watching these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos of kids watching these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos of kids watching these sort of
+third act videos where you sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third act videos where you sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third act videos where you sort of see
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+h like their time they predict to go off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h like their time they predict to go off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h like their time they predict to go off
+and then at some point in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at some point in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at some point in the middle
+middle of the video like you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the video like you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the video like you know a
+third of the class cheers. Yeah. Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the class cheers. Yeah. Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the class cheers. Yeah. Because
+their time was like roughly right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their time was like roughly right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their time was like roughly right or
+something like that. And it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. And it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. And it's just a
+sort of great moment to be like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of great moment to be like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of great moment to be like like
+typically when you get an answer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you get an answer right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you get an answer right
+in math class you don't like stand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in math class you don't like stand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in math class you don't like stand up
+and cheer and stuff like that. Um but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cheer and stuff like that. Um but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cheer and stuff like that. Um but uh
+you know there's a there's a few key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a there's a few key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a there's a few key
+features of the pedagogy. First of all,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of the pedagogy. First of all,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of the pedagogy. First of all,
+um, one things he talks about is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, one things he talks about is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, one things he talks about is it
+dials up the math slowly. Um, so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dials up the math slowly. Um, so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dials up the math slowly. Um, so an
+exercise like this starts at a level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise like this starts at a level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise like this starts at a level of
+intuition and questioning that even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition and questioning that even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition and questioning that even if
+you don't really understand polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really understand polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really understand polomial
+functions or you know complex geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or you know complex geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or you know complex geometry
+of solids, well, you can still ask basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solids, well, you can still ask basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solids, well, you can still ask basic
+questions about it. You can still make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about it. You can still make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about it. You can still make
+observations about what's important. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations about what's important. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations about what's important. And
+then you sort of ratchet the mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you sort of ratchet the mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you sort of ratchet the mathematics
+up slowly until you get to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up slowly until you get to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up slowly until you get to the point
+where you're like working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're like working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're like working with
+particular equations and functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular equations and functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular equations and functions and
+numbers and those kinds of things. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and those kinds of things. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and those kinds of things. um
+and that it's impossible to be right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it's impossible to be right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it's impossible to be right.
+Like everyone in the room is just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like everyone in the room is just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like everyone in the room is just trying
+to be the least wrong that they can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the least wrong that they can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the least wrong that they can um
+and making a series of assumptions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making a series of assumptions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making a series of assumptions which
+are which you know hopefully get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are which you know hopefully get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are which you know hopefully get more
+and more reasonable as kids get more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more reasonable as kids get more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more reasonable as kids get more and
+more proficient mathematically um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more proficient mathematically um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more proficient mathematically um but
+will never be perfect. So um Desmos is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never be perfect. So um Desmos is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never be perfect. So um Desmos is a
+to you know hopefully you can see how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know hopefully you can see how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know hopefully you can see how a
+tool like the slider that Osel described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool like the slider that Osel described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool like the slider that Osel described
+before might be quite useful in building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before might be quite useful in building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before might be quite useful in building
+mathematical models of how long it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical models of how long it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical models of how long it takes
+to fill up a tank with a hose and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill up a tank with a hose and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill up a tank with a hose and other
+kinds of things like that. Um Dan Meyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things like that. Um Dan Meyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things like that. Um Dan Meyer
+has given talks at math conferences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has given talks at math conferences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has given talks at math conferences in
+all 50 states. Um he goes around to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 50 states. Um he goes around to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 50 states. Um he goes around to
+places all the time. Not only Probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places all the time. Not only Probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places all the time. Not only Probably
+even more important than Dan going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more important than Dan going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more important than Dan going to
+all 50 states to give talks is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 50 states to give talks is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 50 states to give talks is you can
+still go to math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conference in all 50 states and someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference in all 50 states and someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference in all 50 states and someone
+will be giving a presentation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be giving a presentation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be giving a presentation on
+three-act math tasks. Um because not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-act math tasks. Um because not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-act math tasks. Um because not
+just Dan but other mathematics educators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Dan but other mathematics educators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Dan but other mathematics educators
+have taken up the mantle of these ideas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken up the mantle of these ideas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken up the mantle of these ideas.
+um probably in those talks they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um probably in those talks they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um probably in those talks they'll
+explain how you can use Desmos for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how you can use Desmos for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how you can use Desmos for doing
+these things. And so all of a sudden you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things. And so all of a sudden you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things. And so all of a sudden you
+have not just a new technology to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not just a new technology to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not just a new technology to do
+math, but you have a whole community of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math, but you have a whole community of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math, but you have a whole community of
+people that are sharing new practices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are sharing new practices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are sharing new practices of
+how to do it. Just like in Scratch has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it. Just like in Scratch has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it. Just like in Scratch has a
+whole community of people who are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole community of people who are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole community of people who are trying
+to say let's not just teach computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say let's not just teach computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say let's not just teach computer
+programming as puzzle solving, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming as puzzle solving, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming as puzzle solving, let's
+teach it as computational creativity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach it as computational creativity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach it as computational creativity and
+things like that. I I want to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. I I want to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. I I want to emphasize
+to you like I mean these are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you like I mean these are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you like I mean these are like
+powerful powerful strategies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful powerful strategies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful powerful strategies for
+changing teaching and learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing teaching and learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing teaching and learning and
+they're super hard and time consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're super hard and time consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're super hard and time consuming
+and energy consuming. They require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy consuming. They require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy consuming. They require
+charismatic leaders. They require really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charismatic leaders. They require really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charismatic leaders. They require really
+good ideas. They require technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ideas. They require technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ideas. They require technologies
+that sort of fit with pedagogy. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of fit with pedagogy. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of fit with pedagogy. They
+require convincing educators. You know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require convincing educators. You know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require convincing educators. You know
+these riskaverse educators who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these riskaverse educators who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these riskaverse educators who you
+described who are preparing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described who are preparing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described who are preparing their
+students for math tests like here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students for math tests like here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students for math tests like here's a
+better way of doing this. you know, nuke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way of doing this. you know, nuke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way of doing this. you know, nuke
+a part of your geometry solids units and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of your geometry solids units and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of your geometry solids units and
+try this new thing. So, there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this new thing. So, there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this new thing. So, there's a whole
+lot that goes into it, but those I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot that goes into it, but those I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot that goes into it, but those I think
+are sort of the two key strategies um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of the two key strategies um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of the two key strategies um
+for for how we might get past the curse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for how we might get past the curse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for how we might get past the curse
+of the familiar. Um start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the familiar. Um start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the familiar. Um start with the
+familiar then go new places and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar then go new places and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar then go new places and think
+about not just scaling technology but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not just scaling technology but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not just scaling technology but
+scaling community, cultivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling community, cultivating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling community, cultivating
+professional communities. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional communities. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional communities. What
+observations or thoughts or questions do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations or thoughts or questions do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations or thoughts or questions do
+you have about those ideas?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, one more. Sort of like a spoiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, one more. Sort of like a spoiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, one more. Sort of like a spoiler
+to my essay, but I I did I did mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my essay, but I I did I did mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my essay, but I I did I did mention
+that um I'll be as vague as possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I'll be as vague as possible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I'll be as vague as possible.
+The target the target um that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The target the target um that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The target the target um that I was
+recommending my technology to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending my technology to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending my technology to actually
+had the infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the infrastructure
+implemented like five years before COVID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented like five years before COVID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented like five years before COVID
+and they started doing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they started doing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they started doing a lot of
+professional teaching within the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional teaching within the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional teaching within the entire
+district. And so by the time CO came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district. And so by the time CO came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district. And so by the time CO came
+around, they were ready for um distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around, they were ready for um distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around, they were ready for um distance
+learning without necessarily preparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning without necessarily preparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning without necessarily preparing
+for that. Um and they just happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that. Um and they just happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that. Um and they just happened to
+have like the resources necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like the resources necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like the resources necessary
+because everybody was involved. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everybody was involved. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everybody was involved. And I
+remember like there would be teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember like there would be teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember like there would be teachers
+like having separate meetings just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having separate meetings just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having separate meetings just to
+talk about like what went well, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about like what went well, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about like what went well, what
+didn't go well. Um, and then they like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go well. Um, and then they like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go well. Um, and then they like I
+was one of the volunteers during the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the volunteers during the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the volunteers during the the
+last accreditation self-study and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last accreditation self-study and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last accreditation self-study and I was
+in there like listening to sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there like listening to sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there like listening to sort of what
+happened during the pandemic like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened during the pandemic like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened during the pandemic like this
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+um at the end of like co um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the end of like co um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the end of like co um and then
+they were recruiting for that self-study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were recruiting for that self-study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were recruiting for that self-study
+but I was able to listen in on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I was able to listen in on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I was able to listen in on that and
+it was really cool to see like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really cool to see like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really cool to see like the
+community that built up. Yeah, it it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that built up. Yeah, it it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that built up. Yeah, it it is
+it is impossible to change teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is impossible to change teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is impossible to change teaching
+practice in schools without communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in schools without communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in schools without communities
+of educators teaching and learning with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of educators teaching and learning with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of educators teaching and learning with
+one another. Like every instructional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another. Like every instructional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another. Like every instructional
+improvement problem in a school is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement problem in a school is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement problem in a school is in
+some dimension a peer learning problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dimension a peer learning problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dimension a peer learning problem.
+Um and you you know you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and you you know you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and you you know you could imagine
+like how many education technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how many education technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how many education technology
+startups have as one of their first five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups have as one of their first five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups have as one of their first five
+hires someone who's really good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hires someone who's really good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hires someone who's really good at
+facilitating peer learning amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitating peer learning amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitating peer learning amongst
+educators. Like no one, right? like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators. Like no one, right? like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators. Like no one, right? like you
+need someone who can like like you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need someone who can like like you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need someone who can like like you need
+a front-end person and a backend person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a front-end person and a backend person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a front-end person and a backend person
+and someone who knows pedagogy and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone who knows pedagogy and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone who knows pedagogy and a
+marketing guy or finance guy or lady or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing guy or finance guy or lady or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing guy or finance guy or lady or
+something like that like you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that like you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that like you're just
+like there's just organizations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's just organizations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's just organizations that are
+not intuitively equipped um for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not intuitively equipped um for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not intuitively equipped um for those
+kinds of things you know when Andy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things you know when Andy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things you know when Andy is
+starting Quizlet I mean he's a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting Quizlet I mean he's a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting Quizlet I mean he's a high
+school he doesn't know anything he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school he doesn't know anything he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school he doesn't know anything he just
+like knows how to like make flashc cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like knows how to like make flashc cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like knows how to like make flashc cards
+online um and part of what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online um and part of what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online um and part of what their
+organization needed to build over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization needed to build over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization needed to build over time
+was was you know people who could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was you know people who could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was you know people who could
+interface with schools not just to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface with schools not just to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface with schools not just to sell
+to schools but to help help them think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to schools but to help help them think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to schools but to help help them think
+about like what could different look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like what could different look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like what could different look
+like here? What you know where do we fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here? What you know where do we fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here? What you know where do we fit
+into practice? How do we train teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into practice? How do we train teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into practice? How do we train teachers
+or have students become better at using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have students become better at using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have students become better at using
+these things? Um I feel like um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things? Um I feel like um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things? Um I feel like um this
+whole like talk is about how like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole like talk is about how like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole like talk is about how like
+difficult this can be and like even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult this can be and like even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult this can be and like even with
+these two ideas that you've brought up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two ideas that you've brought up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two ideas that you've brought up
+like this still requires like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this still requires like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this still requires like a lot of
+people buy in and just like other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people buy in and just like other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people buy in and just like other people
+supporting it. makes me think like about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting it. makes me think like about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting it. makes me think like about
+how difficult this can be for schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how difficult this can be for schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how difficult this can be for schools
+that like aren't out of public schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like aren't out of public schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like aren't out of public schools
+and like even like you have your charter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like even like you have your charter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like even like you have your charter
+schools that then have their own set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools that then have their own set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools that then have their own set of
+curricula and if you're trying to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curricula and if you're trying to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curricula and if you're trying to really
+gain this type of support nationwide if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain this type of support nationwide if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain this type of support nationwide if
+you have like this whole subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like this whole subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like this whole subset of
+schools that are like avoiding your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools that are like avoiding your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools that are like avoiding your
+technology like it can make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology like it can make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology like it can make things
+really hard. Um, like thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard. Um, like thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard. Um, like thinking about
+like like because I had written my paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like because I had written my paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like because I had written my paper
+to like my high school which was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like my high school which was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like my high school which was like
+like a Catholic high school in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Catholic high school in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Catholic high school in
+Philadelphia and like those schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia and like those schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia and like those schools
+don't do anything to try and improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do anything to try and improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do anything to try and improve
+schools cuz like they are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools cuz like they are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools cuz like they are just
+struggling to like keep kids in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling to like keep kids in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling to like keep kids in the
+schools. Yeah. So like thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools. Yeah. So like thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools. Yeah. So like thinking about
+trying to like improve a system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to like improve a system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to like improve a system that
+like can't even look that far. is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like can't even look that far. is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like can't even look that far. is like
+really interesting too of like those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting too of like those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting too of like those
+teachers don't have time to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers don't have time to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers don't have time to like
+cultivate that professional community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivate that professional community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivate that professional community
+because they're just trying to cultivate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're just trying to cultivate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're just trying to cultivate
+like a school community or I mean almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a school community or I mean almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a school community or I mean almost
+every school has a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every school has a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every school has a certain amount of
+time to do professional learning amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do professional learning amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do professional learning amongst
+faculty like that's baked into most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty like that's baked into most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty like that's baked into most
+schools but you have like there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools but you have like there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools but you have like there's only
+one block of that um that is the that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one block of that um that is the that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one block of that um that is the that is
+what you'll use to improve your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll use to improve your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll use to improve your
+assessment practices to address chronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment practices to address chronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment practices to address chronic
+absenteeism to deal with violence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absenteeism to deal with violence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absenteeism to deal with violence in
+schools to take on a new state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools to take on a new state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools to take on a new state
+initiative about sex education to do,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative about sex education to do,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative about sex education to do,
+you know, a dozen different things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, a dozen different things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, a dozen different things that
+might come along. Um, you know, I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come along. Um, you know, I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come along. Um, you know, I mean,
+Omar described a school that 5 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omar described a school that 5 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omar described a school that 5 years
+before co happened to decide that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before co happened to decide that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before co happened to decide that like
+online learning, distance learning was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online learning, distance learning was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online learning, distance learning was
+like a good thing for them to work on,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good thing for them to work on,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good thing for them to work on,
+but it might have been equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it might have been equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it might have been equally
+reasonable for them to work on phonics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable for them to work on phonics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable for them to work on phonics
+instruction or executive functioning or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction or executive functioning or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction or executive functioning or
+any one of a dozen other things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of a dozen other things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of a dozen other things that
+helps improve schools. Um so yeah think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps improve schools. Um so yeah think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps improve schools. Um so yeah think
+you know thinking about like what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know thinking about like what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know thinking about like what are
+the what are the resources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what are the resources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what are the resources that
+institutions have to make themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions have to make themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions have to make themselves
+better and to make the kinds of changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and to make the kinds of changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and to make the kinds of changes
+that are needed for new practices to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are needed for new practices to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are needed for new practices to
+work. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Um
+we talked a lot about like cultivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked a lot about like cultivating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked a lot about like cultivating
+professional communities. Do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional communities. Do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional communities. Do you think
+that the professional communities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the professional communities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the professional communities so
+with teachers for example cultivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with teachers for example cultivating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with teachers for example cultivating
+that is enough or do we also need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is enough or do we also need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is enough or do we also need to
+cultivate like the students communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivate like the students communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivate like the students communities
+as well because I was surprised when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well because I was surprised when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well because I was surprised when
+reading the chapter that students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the chapter that students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the chapter that students
+themselves sometimes are also kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves sometimes are also kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves sometimes are also kind of
+like afraid or concerned about using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like afraid or concerned about using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like afraid or concerned about using
+this new technology. Yeah. I so I de I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new technology. Yeah. I so I de I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new technology. Yeah. I so I de I
+mean it's exciting to hear like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's exciting to hear like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's exciting to hear like what
+Omar talked about about bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omar talked about about bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omar talked about about bringing
+students in on these kinds of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in on these kinds of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in on these kinds of change
+initiatives. It would be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives. It would be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives. It would be you know
+there's almost every edtech company has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's almost every edtech company has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's almost every edtech company has
+some kind of ambassador program which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of ambassador program which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of ambassador program which is
+hiring a group of teachers to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring a group of teachers to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring a group of teachers to be like
+the folks who go to these conferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the folks who go to these conferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the folks who go to these conferences
+and share what they're doing with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and share what they're doing with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and share what they're doing with other
+people. I don't know of any technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. I don't know of any technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. I don't know of any technology
+company that has a student ambassador
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that has a student ambassador
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that has a student ambassador
+program. Um they're I mean they're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program. Um they're I mean they're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program. Um they're I mean they're you
+know one reason is that the like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one reason is that the like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one reason is that the like the
+teachers stay and the students leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers stay and the students leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers stay and the students leave
+which is good. That's what the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good. That's what the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good. That's what the students
+are supposed to do. Um like you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to do. Um like you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to do. Um like you probably
+have to be a certain age to be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a certain age to be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a certain age to be kind of
+useful doing like like a first grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful doing like like a first grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful doing like like a first grade
+ambassador would probably do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambassador would probably do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambassador would probably do some
+interesting things but like is not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things but like is not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things but like is not that
+helpful for um for what they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful for um for what they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful for um for what they can
+accomplish. Um but I you know but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish. Um but I you know but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish. Um but I you know but I do
+think that generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that generally
+speaking school systems change agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking school systems change agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking school systems change agents
+tend to underestimate students as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to underestimate students as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to underestimate students as
+potential partners. Um because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential partners. Um because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential partners. Um because when you
+you know when you get them really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you get them really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you get them really
+engaged they can be they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged they can be they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged they can be they can be
+transformative in institutions when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative in institutions when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative in institutions when
+students get together and be like oh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students get together and be like oh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students get together and be like oh we
+should do this sometimes that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do this sometimes that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do this sometimes that's when
+faculty light bulbs go off and go yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty light bulbs go off and go yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty light bulbs go off and go yeah
+you're interested in that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in that like
+absolutely like let's do it. I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely like let's do it. I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely like let's do it. I'm I'm
+asking because I met a like this girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking because I met a like this girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking because I met a like this girl
+she's doing her masters at um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's doing her masters at um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's doing her masters at um the
+graduate school of education in Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school of education in Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school of education in Harvard
+and in Brazil a few years back she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in Brazil a few years back she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in Brazil a few years back she was
+supposed to start like giving an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to start like giving an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to start like giving an
+entrepreneurship course to like middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship course to like middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship course to like middle
+schoolers. She wanted to use Figma like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schoolers. She wanted to use Figma like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schoolers. She wanted to use Figma like
+to do it very interactive you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it very interactive you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it very interactive you know
+experiential and professor like teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiential and professor like teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiential and professor like teachers
+were completely closed off to the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were completely closed off to the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were completely closed off to the idea
+and then she simply bypassed them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then she simply bypassed them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then she simply bypassed them and
+started reaching out to students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started reaching out to students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started reaching out to students and
+they loved it and it worked so well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they loved it and it worked so well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they loved it and it worked so well that
+like the excitement from the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the excitement from the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the excitement from the students
+convinced teachers themselves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced teachers themselves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced teachers themselves to
+actually give it a go because like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give it a go because like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give it a go because like if
+there's one thing they have in common is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one thing they have in common is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one thing they have in common is
+they're really concerned and like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really concerned and like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really concerned and like they
+care about students, right? So she ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about students, right? So she ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about students, right? So she ended
+up even giving like a TED talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up even giving like a TED talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up even giving like a TED talk about how
+she believes this whole like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she believes this whole like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she believes this whole like
+transformation is going to come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is going to come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is going to come from
+students. Yep. Uh so that's why I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students. Yep. Uh so that's why I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students. Yep. Uh so that's why I was
+interested in like you know we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in like you know we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in like you know we do that
+less than we could. Yeah. the the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than we could. Yeah. the the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than we could. Yeah. the the exact
+nature of the technology matters too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the technology matters too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the technology matters too.
+The more the technology the more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The more the technology the more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The more the technology the more like
+the business model of the technology has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business model of the technology has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business model of the technology has
+some kind of like premium or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of like premium or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of like premium or
+introduction kind of model like I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction kind of model like I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction kind of model like I don't
+know if you wanted to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you wanted to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you wanted to implement
+something like with robotics in a school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like with robotics in a school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like with robotics in a school
+and the robotics kits are expensive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the robotics kits are expensive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the robotics kits are expensive.
+It's pretty hard to be like hey kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's pretty hard to be like hey kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's pretty hard to be like hey kids
+like go get your own robotics kits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go get your own robotics kits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go get your own robotics kits and
+we'll like go around the system like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll like go around the system like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll like go around the system like
+somebody needs to buy the robotics kits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody needs to buy the robotics kits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody needs to buy the robotics kits.
+Um, you know, part of what makes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you know, part of what makes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you know, part of what makes like
+the example you gave of Figma works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example you gave of Figma works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example you gave of Figma works is
+that Figma has a kind of built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Figma has a kind of built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Figma has a kind of built-in
+premium model as a consumer product that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium model as a consumer product that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium model as a consumer product that
+educators can sort of piggy back on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators can sort of piggy back on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators can sort of piggy back on to
+to try those things out. But yeah, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try those things out. But yeah, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try those things out. But yeah, I
+mean, I would say anybody who has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, I would say anybody who has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, I would say anybody who has a
+change strategy in schools, if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change strategy in schools, if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change strategy in schools, if your
+students are part of that change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are part of that change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are part of that change
+strategy, it's pretty likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy, it's pretty likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy, it's pretty likely to be
+better than if they're not. Um, yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than if they're not. Um, yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than if they're not. Um, yeah,
+related to that, I know that Wolfford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that, I know that Wolfford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that, I know that Wolfford
+Technologies, which created Mathematica,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies, which created Mathematica,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies, which created Mathematica,
+has a student ambassador program that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a student ambassador program that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a student ambassador program that I
+did in high school. So you like present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in high school. So you like present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in high school. So you like present
+at their conference and like I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their conference and like I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their conference and like I don't
+know talk about it to all your friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know talk about it to all your friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know talk about it to all your friends
+and host webinars and things. So yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and host webinars and things. So yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and host webinars and things. So yeah
+that's one example of that. No that's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one example of that. No that's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one example of that. No that's I
+I had I had not known that but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had I had not known that but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had I had not known that but that's a
+that's you know and and again like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know and and again like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know and and again like yeah
+Wolf's in a pretty competitive space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wolf's in a pretty competitive space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wolf's in a pretty competitive space
+where of of different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where of of different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where of of different kinds of
+mathematics software where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics software where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics software where where
+absolutely cultivating student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely cultivating student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely cultivating student
+preferences could totally make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences could totally make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences could totally make a
+difference. Um, all right. Let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. Um, all right. Let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. Um, all right. Let's talk
+about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another
+um uh let's let's do another one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh let's let's do another one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh let's let's do another one of
+these challenges since I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these challenges since I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these challenges since I'm trying to
+double up this week. Um, which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double up this week. Um, which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double up this week. Um, which is the
+edtech Matthew effect.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edtech Matthew effect.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edtech Matthew effect.
+Um, which is really supposed to be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, which is really supposed to be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, which is really supposed to be here
+somewhere. Ah, this is what I used. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere. Ah, this is what I used. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere. Ah, this is what I used. Um,
+okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, here
+are here's sort of three variants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here's sort of three variants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here's sort of three variants
+of of mythologies that people have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of mythologies that people have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of mythologies that people have about
+technology in schools. Um, one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in schools. Um, one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in schools. Um, one is that
+edtech will destroy the system. We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edtech will destroy the system. We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edtech will destroy the system. We've
+talked about how that probably won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how that probably won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how that probably won't
+happen. Um, and instead um, new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. Um, and instead um, new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. Um, and instead um, new
+technologies domesticate education.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies domesticate education.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies domesticate education.
+Actually, that article that Yousef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, that article that Yousef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, that article that Yousef
+shared um, I thought it was Mimi and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared um, I thought it was Mimi and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared um, I thought it was Mimi and I
+who came up with this metaphor,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who came up with this metaphor,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who came up with this metaphor,
+particularly Mimi. Um, but that article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly Mimi. Um, but that article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly Mimi. Um, but that article
+that uh, Yousef shared of Seymour Papert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh, Yousef shared of Seymour Papert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh, Yousef shared of Seymour Papert
+responding to Taek and Cuban had a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to Taek and Cuban had a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to Taek and Cuban had a very
+similar kind of framing of what schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of framing of what schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of framing of what schools
+do. I don't think I don't know if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. I don't think I don't know if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. I don't think I don't know if they
+exactly use the word domesticate, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly use the word domesticate, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly use the word domesticate, but
+it's pretty close. Um, like new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty close. Um, like new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty close. Um, like new
+technologies don't come in and blow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies don't come in and blow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies don't come in and blow up
+schools. Um, instead schools take new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools. Um, instead schools take new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools. Um, instead schools take new
+technologies and go, "Okay, you fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and go, "Okay, you fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and go, "Okay, you fit
+here." Um, people are always hoping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here." Um, people are always hoping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here." Um, people are always hoping that
+new technologies, a word they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technologies, a word they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technologies, a word they really
+like is democratizing. Um, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is democratizing. Um, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is democratizing. Um, I think
+people like the word democratizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like the word democratizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like the word democratizing
+because you're not exactly sure what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not exactly sure what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not exactly sure what it
+means, but it sounds pretty good. Like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means, but it sounds pretty good. Like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means, but it sounds pretty good. Like,
+it would be better to have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be better to have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be better to have more
+democracy, but it's like, is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy, but it's like, is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy, but it's like, is that
+cheaper? Is that more equal? Is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper? Is that more equal? Is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper? Is that more equal? Is that
+more just? Is that better? Um, I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more just? Is that better? Um, I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more just? Is that better? Um, I'll show
+you in a bit. We really have pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a bit. We really have pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a bit. We really have pretty good
+evidence that new technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that new technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that new technologies
+disproportionately benefit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionately benefit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionately benefit the
+advantage. They disproportionately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage. They disproportionately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage. They disproportionately
+benefit people with the financial,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit people with the financial,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit people with the financial,
+social, and technical capital to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social, and technical capital to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social, and technical capital to take
+advantage of new innovations. So, people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of new innovations. So, people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of new innovations. So, people
+are always hoping like, oh, this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always hoping like, oh, this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always hoping like, oh, this new
+thing, it'll be distributed for free on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, it'll be distributed for free on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, it'll be distributed for free on
+the internet. like the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet. like the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet. like the people who are
+good at finding free stuff on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at finding free stuff on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at finding free stuff on the
+internet are affluent people with good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet are affluent people with good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet are affluent people with good
+internet access with discretionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet access with discretionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet access with discretionary
+leisure time with parents who went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure time with parents who went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure time with parents who went to
+college all of those kinds of things. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college all of those kinds of things. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college all of those kinds of things. um
+uh and and you know so so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and you know so so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and you know so so this is a
+figure that I that I used to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that I that I used to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that I that I used to describe
+the edtech matthew effect about to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edtech matthew effect about to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edtech matthew effect about to say
+it again um that in educational systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again um that in educational systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again um that in educational systems
+especially highly unequ unequal ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially highly unequ unequal ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially highly unequ unequal ones
+like the United States we assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the United States we assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the United States we assume that
+folks from higher socioeconomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks from higher socioeconomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks from higher socioeconomic
+backgrounds have better educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds have better educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds have better educational
+outcomes you know generically than from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes you know generically than from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes you know generically than from
+than folks from low socioeconomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than folks from low socioeconomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than folks from low socioeconomic
+outcomes and the hope is that through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and the hope is that through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and the hope is that through
+technology innovation like everyone will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology innovation like everyone will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology innovation like everyone will
+learn but maybe we can build things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn but maybe we can build things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn but maybe we can build things that
+particularly help this group. This this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly help this group. This this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly help this group. This this
+is when people talk about democratizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when people talk about democratizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when people talk about democratizing
+education this is basically like a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education this is basically like a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education this is basically like a graph
+of what they mean. Um what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they mean. Um what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they mean. Um what actually
+happens though is probably something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens though is probably something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens though is probably something
+like this. Um which is that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Um which is that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Um which is that new
+innovations disproportionately benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations disproportionately benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations disproportionately benefit
+people who are already affluent. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are already affluent. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are already affluent. And
+they you know a thing which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know a thing which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know a thing which is sort of
+tricky about this is they probably help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky about this is they probably help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky about this is they probably help
+everyone. Um there are not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone. Um there are not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone. Um there are not a lot of
+education technologies that we build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education technologies that we build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education technologies that we build
+that like really make things worse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like really make things worse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like really make things worse.
+Maybe there are um but typically they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe there are um but typically they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe there are um but typically they
+just help advantaged people more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just help advantaged people more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just help advantaged people more than
+they help um disadvantaged folks. Here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they help um disadvantaged folks. Here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they help um disadvantaged folks. Here's
+some um so so when we studied massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um so so when we studied massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um so so when we studied massive
+open online courses the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open online courses the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open online courses the the
+democratizing rhetoric was very active.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratizing rhetoric was very active.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratizing rhetoric was very active.
+Um Udacity for a while like their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um Udacity for a while like their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um Udacity for a while like their
+tagline was democratizing education or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagline was democratizing education or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagline was democratizing education or
+something like that. That's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. That's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. That's pretty
+unlikely to happen I think. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely to happen I think. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely to happen I think. So for
+instance, so so we did these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance, so so we did these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance, so so we did these kind of
+cool studies where um all these studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool studies where um all these studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool studies where um all these studies
+were based on the fact that when edex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were based on the fact that when edex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were based on the fact that when edex
+was founded and you had to register for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was founded and you had to register for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was founded and you had to register for
+it, someone was like, "Let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, someone was like, "Let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, someone was like, "Let's get
+people's addresses." So they would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's addresses." So they would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's addresses." So they would just
+people would type free form their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would type free form their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would type free form their
+addresses into edex. Why did anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses into edex. Why did anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses into edex. Why did anyone
+collect their addresses? Like I've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect their addresses? Like I've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect their addresses? Like I've never
+learned like were they going to mail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned like were they going to mail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned like were they going to mail
+them something? I don't know. But we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them something? I don't know. But we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them something? I don't know. But we had
+their addresses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their addresses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their addresses.
+Um, uh, through the magic of residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, uh, through the magic of residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, uh, through the magic of residential
+segregation, if you know someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation, if you know someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation, if you know someone's
+address, you can make a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address, you can make a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address, you can make a pretty good
+guess about how affluent they are, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess about how affluent they are, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess about how affluent they are, what
+their education level is, or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their education level is, or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their education level is, or something
+like that. Um, there are these units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um, there are these units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um, there are these units
+that are called census block tracks,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are called census block tracks,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are called census block tracks,
+which are something like the 1,200 homes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are something like the 1,200 homes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are something like the 1,200 homes
+that are nearest yours. Um, and wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are nearest yours. Um, and wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are nearest yours. Um, and wherever
+you live, like like the average median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live, like like the average median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live, like like the average median
+income of your of the,200 homes around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income of your of the,200 homes around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income of your of the,200 homes around
+you is like pretty close to your and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is like pretty close to your and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is like pretty close to your and we
+might not be exactly right, but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be exactly right, but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be exactly right, but if you
+do it over hundreds of thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it over hundreds of thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it over hundreds of thousands of
+people, it works out pretty well. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, it works out pretty well. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, it works out pretty well. Um, so
+this is a graph of people's average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a graph of people's average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a graph of people's average
+median income at different ages. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median income at different ages. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median income at different ages. Um,
+this is all of the people in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all of the people in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all of the people in the United
+States and these are the people who sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and these are the people who sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and these are the people who sign
+up for Harvard X and MITx. Um so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for Harvard X and MITx. Um so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for Harvard X and MITx. Um so for
+sure there were people from every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there were people from every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there were people from every
+possible income bracket that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible income bracket that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible income bracket that you
+imagined who had signed up for Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined who had signed up for Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined who had signed up for Harvard
+MITx courses. Um but at every age level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MITx courses. Um but at every age level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MITx courses. Um but at every age level
+they were you know a typical Harvard X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were you know a typical Harvard X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were you know a typical Harvard X
+or MITx participant is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or MITx participant is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or MITx participant is going to be
+wealthier than a typical US residents.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthier than a typical US residents.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthier than a typical US residents.
+Um this is a I for this is a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is a I for this is a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is a I for this is a kind of
+study called a case control study and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study called a case control study and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study called a case control study and it
+comes from epidemiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from epidemiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from epidemiology
+um where you're comparing a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you're comparing a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you're comparing a particular
+group to a whole population and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to a whole population and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to a whole population and it's
+usually used for like people who get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually used for like people who get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually used for like people who get
+viruses. So for folks who hated muks um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses. So for folks who hated muks um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses. So for folks who hated muks um
+we were basically treating like MOO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were basically treating like MOO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were basically treating like MOO
+participants as if they had a virus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants as if they had a virus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants as if they had a virus and
+they thought that was pretty funny. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought that was pretty funny. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought that was pretty funny. Um
+this is the amount of education that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the amount of education that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the amount of education that
+their uh parents had. Um, and so clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh parents had. Um, and so clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh parents had. Um, and so clearly
+the people who sign up for Harvard X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who sign up for Harvard X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who sign up for Harvard X and
+Edex are more educated than the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edex are more educated than the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edex are more educated than the typical
+population. What was the question you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population. What was the question you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population. What was the question you
+asked? I was just saying I love how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked? I was just saying I love how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked? I was just saying I love how
+there's someone who's under 20 with over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's someone who's under 20 with over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's someone who's under 20 with over
+$90,000 in medium in their household in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$90,000 in medium in their household in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$90,000 in medium in their household in
+their in their in the income of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their in their in the income of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their in their in the income of the
+census block tract. Okay. So it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+census block tract. Okay. So it's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+census block tract. Okay. So it's not an
+individual. Yeah. Yeah. It's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual. Yeah. Yeah. It's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual. Yeah. Yeah. It's not like
+it's not like they're a bunch of loaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like they're a bunch of loaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like they're a bunch of loaded
+16y olds who are taking our courses. No,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16y olds who are taking our courses. No,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16y olds who are taking our courses. No,
+but if you were 15 or 16 or 17 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you were 15 or 16 or 17 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you were 15 or 16 or 17 and you
+were taking a Harvard X class, it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking a Harvard X class, it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking a Harvard X class, it was
+very likely um that you were you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely um that you were you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely um that you were you were
+much more likely to be from a census
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more likely to be from a census
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more likely to be from a census
+block track with a much higher average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block track with a much higher average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block track with a much higher average
+median income um than comparable um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median income um than comparable um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median income um than comparable um
+Yeah. Yeah. you I mean you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. you I mean you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. you I mean you could also
+figure like people leave like like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure like people leave like like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure like people leave like like it's
+not that people become poorer they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that people become poorer they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that people become poorer they like
+move to crummy college neighborhoods you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to crummy college neighborhoods you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to crummy college neighborhoods you
+know and then their livelihood improves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then their livelihood improves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then their livelihood improves
+over time until they get old. Um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time until they get old. Um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time until they get old. Um like
+the subtitle the long boring subtitle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtitle the long boring subtitle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtitle the long boring subtitle.
+It did have a long boring subtitle. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It did have a long boring subtitle. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It did have a long boring subtitle. It
+meant something. Um what was this? This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant something. Um what was this? This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant something. Um what was this? This
+was the odds ratio um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the odds ratio um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the odds ratio um of
+uh these were these were the odds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these were these were the odds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these were these were the odds that
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+um were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um were
+um oh if you're if you had a parent who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh if you're if you had a parent who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh if you're if you had a parent who
+graduated from college um this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated from college um this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated from college um this was the
+odds that you were more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds that you were more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds that you were more likely to
+complete a class. So for particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete a class. So for particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete a class. So for particularly
+people who are the youngest. So actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are the youngest. So actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are the youngest. So actually
+once once you for old learners um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once once you for old learners um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once once you for old learners um some
+of their socioeconomic characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their socioeconomic characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their socioeconomic characteristics
+seem to be less predictive of whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be less predictive of whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be less predictive of whether or
+not they would be successful in a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they would be successful in a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they would be successful in a class
+which you could might you might assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you could might you might assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you could might you might assume
+to mean something like by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean something like by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean something like by the time
+people are 40 years old or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are 40 years old or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are 40 years old or something
+like that. Um you know your your initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um you know your your initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um you know your your initial
+family upbringing maybe matters less for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family upbringing maybe matters less for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family upbringing maybe matters less for
+the people who are signing up for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are signing up for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are signing up for this
+class. Um but for really young folks um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Um but for really young folks um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Um but for really young folks um
+if your parents graduated from college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your parents graduated from college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your parents graduated from college
+you were way more likely um to complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were way more likely um to complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were way more likely um to complete
+the class than if you signed up and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class than if you signed up and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class than if you signed up and your
+parents had not graduated from college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents had not graduated from college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents had not graduated from college
+pres you not presumably because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pres you not presumably because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pres you not presumably because you
+lived in a household in which you both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived in a household in which you both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived in a household in which you both
+had more support at the time that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more support at the time that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more support at the time that you
+were taking the class and you had grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking the class and you had grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking the class and you had grown
+up with many more academic and financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with many more academic and financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with many more academic and financial
+supports than other kinds of people. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports than other kinds of people. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports than other kinds of people. Um
+so you know it was I mean I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it was I mean I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it was I mean I mean you
+know at like MOO organizations at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at like MOO organizations at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at like MOO organizations at this
+time were telling stories like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time were telling stories like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time were telling stories like we
+mentioned before like the boy genius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before like the boy genius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before like the boy genius of
+Ulan Bar about all these people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ulan Bar about all these people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ulan Bar about all these people who are
+you know far-flung places who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know far-flung places who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know far-flung places who were
+taking courses and being successful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking courses and being successful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking courses and being successful and
+all of that was true. Um there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that was true. Um there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that was true. Um there were
+people from every walk of life from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from every walk of life from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from every walk of life from all
+corners of the world who are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners of the world who are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners of the world who are really
+successful. It was it was like mukes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful. It was it was like mukes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful. It was it was like mukes
+opened a door and a handful of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened a door and a handful of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened a door and a handful of people
+who definitely would have not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who definitely would have not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who definitely would have not have
+accessed higher education before walked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed higher education before walked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed higher education before walked
+through that door. But the vast majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that door. But the vast majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that door. But the vast majority
+of people who walked through the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who walked through the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who walked through the door
+were already educated, already um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were already educated, already um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were already educated, already um
+affluent people. So, you know, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluent people. So, you know, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluent people. So, you know, maybe
+there's a way that you could describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way that you could describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way that you could describe
+that as democratizing, but it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as democratizing, but it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as democratizing, but it didn't
+seem particularly democratizing to us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem particularly democratizing to us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem particularly democratizing to us.
+Um what are some um this was my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um what are some um this was my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um what are some um this was my uh
+doctoral research which I'll summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctoral research which I'll summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctoral research which I'll summarize
+quickly. So you know just like in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. So you know just like in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. So you know just like in just
+like today there's all these ideas like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like today there's all these ideas like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like today there's all these ideas like
+man AI is going to transform education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man AI is going to transform education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man AI is going to transform education
+and just like 10 years ago there was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like 10 years ago there was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like 10 years ago there was all
+these man mukes are going to transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these man mukes are going to transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these man mukes are going to transform
+education in 2007208 2009 it was social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in 2007208 2009 it was social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in 2007208 2009 it was social
+media that was going to transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media that was going to transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media that was going to transform
+education. It was blogs and wikis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. It was blogs and wikis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. It was blogs and wikis and
+peer production. Yeah it sounds silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer production. Yeah it sounds silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer production. Yeah it sounds silly
+now but believe me at the time people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but believe me at the time people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but believe me at the time people
+thought. Um so we did this kind of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought. Um so we did this kind of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought. Um so we did this kind of cool
+study where we like knocked on the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study where we like knocked on the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study where we like knocked on the door
+of a company that um let you set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a company that um let you set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a company that um let you set up
+wiks. At the time it was called PB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiks. At the time it was called PB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiks. At the time it was called PB
+Works. Um, and we were like, maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works. Um, and we were like, maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works. Um, and we were like, maybe it
+was called PB Wiki and then changed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called PB Wiki and then changed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called PB Wiki and then changed to
+PB Works. And we're like, can we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PB Works. And we're like, can we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PB Works. And we're like, can we have a
+list of all of your education related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of all of your education related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of all of your education related
+wiks? And they're like, yeah, sure. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiks? And they're like, yeah, sure. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiks? And they're like, yeah, sure. Like
+like in theory as something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in theory as something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in theory as something that we
+could have scraped from their website,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have scraped from their website,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have scraped from their website,
+but they just sort of handed it over.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they just sort of handed it over.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they just sort of handed it over.
+Um, so that was pretty cool. Now we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so that was pretty cool. Now we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so that was pretty cool. Now we had
+200,000 wiks that someone had labeled as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200,000 wiks that someone had labeled as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200,000 wiks that someone had labeled as
+education related. And these weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education related. And these weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education related. And these weren't
+wikis like Wikipedia that like everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wikis like Wikipedia that like everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wikis like Wikipedia that like everyone
+would work on. They would be like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work on. They would be like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work on. They would be like a
+class or a school or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or a school or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or a school or something like that
+would foster these wiks. So we took 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would foster these wiks. So we took 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would foster these wiks. So we took 1%
+of them. Um, and then I hired like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them. Um, and then I hired like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them. Um, and then I hired like a
+small army of uh research assistants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small army of uh research assistants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small army of uh research assistants to
+figure out what they all were. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what they all were. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what they all were. So we
+like coded the car we like labeled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like coded the car we like labeled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like coded the car we like labeled the
+characteristics of them. We did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of them. We did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of them. We did this
+like private investigation work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like private investigation work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like private investigation work to
+figure out like what school they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out like what school they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out like what school they were
+from. And then if you if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. And then if you if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. And then if you if you know
+something about a school, you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about a school, you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about a school, you know like
+what neighborhood it's in and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what neighborhood it's in and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what neighborhood it's in and how many
+of its students are eligible for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its students are eligible for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its students are eligible for free
+and reduced price lunch and what its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reduced price lunch and what its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reduced price lunch and what its
+racial divisions are. You can know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial divisions are. You can know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial divisions are. You can know all
+kinds of sort of demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of sort of demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of sort of demographic
+characteristics. Um, one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics. Um, one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics. Um, one of the things
+that we focused on, um, was whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we focused on, um, was whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we focused on, um, was whether or
+not they were title one schools where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they were title one schools where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they were title one schools where a
+certain percentage of students were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain percentage of students were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain percentage of students were
+eligible for free and reduced price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible for free and reduced price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible for free and reduced price
+lunch and those who are not. Um, and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch and those who are not. Um, and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch and those who are not. Um, and we
+basically sort of identified like four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sort of identified like four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sort of identified like four
+different types of wikis that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of wikis that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of wikis that people
+created. Um, things that just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created. Um, things that just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created. Um, things that just like
+didn't work, things where there was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work, things where there was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work, things where there was like
+like someone created it and then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like someone created it and then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like someone created it and then like
+never updated it, threw it away,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never updated it, threw it away,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never updated it, threw it away,
+whatever, that's fine. Um, things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever, that's fine. Um, things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever, that's fine. Um, things that
+were teacher centered content delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were teacher centered content delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were teacher centered content delivery
+devices. So things that were basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices. So things that were basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices. So things that were basically
+just like simple websites. So in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like simple websites. So in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like simple websites. So in some
+respects like definitely what you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects like definitely what you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects like definitely what you did
+not want wikis to be like like um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want wikis to be like like um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want wikis to be like like um uh the
+other one was sort of individual student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one was sort of individual student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one was sort of individual student
+assignment or portfolio like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment or portfolio like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment or portfolio like something
+an individual student made um and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual student made um and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual student made um and then a
+sort of collaborative multimedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of collaborative multimedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of collaborative multimedia
+assignment or workplace. So the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment or workplace. So the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment or workplace. So the first
+thing that we figured out is that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we figured out is that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we figured out is that like
+the vast majority of wiks either didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast majority of wiks either didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast majority of wiks either didn't
+work or were teacher- centered content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or were teacher- centered content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or were teacher- centered content
+delivery devices. Um this is a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery devices. Um this is a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery devices. Um this is a kind of
+curse of the familiar example like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse of the familiar example like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse of the familiar example like you
+can build if you if you give to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build if you if you give to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build if you if you give to people
+this never before seen tool to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this never before seen tool to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this never before seen tool to do
+collaborative writing. Um schools will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative writing. Um schools will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative writing. Um schools will
+use it to just broadcast things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to just broadcast things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to just broadcast things to
+students or to make students turn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students or to make students turn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students or to make students turn in
+their assignments with it. Um they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their assignments with it. Um they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their assignments with it. Um they're
+very unlikely to do the thing that wikis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unlikely to do the thing that wikis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unlikely to do the thing that wikis
+were supposed to do. um but they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were supposed to do. um but they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were supposed to do. um but they were
+more likely to fail um in title one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to fail um in title one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to fail um in title one
+schools and they were a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools and they were a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools and they were a little bit more
+likely to have some kind of student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have some kind of student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have some kind of student
+component in it in the non-por more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in it in the non-por more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in it in the non-por more
+affluent schools. Um so all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluent schools. Um so all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluent schools. Um so all of these
+things were free, you know, they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were free, you know, they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were free, you know, they were
+freely accessible on the internet, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely accessible on the internet, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely accessible on the internet, all
+kinds of things like that. But you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things like that. But you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things like that. But you could
+see from their like very beginning um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from their like very beginning um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from their like very beginning um
+schools that had more resources were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools that had more resources were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools that had more resources were
+going to be able to use them in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to use them in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to use them in more
+interesting, more student- centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting, more student- centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting, more student- centered
+kinds of ways. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ways. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ways. Um
+uh we'll skip that one. Oh, this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll skip that one. Oh, this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll skip that one. Oh, this is one
+of this is one of my sort of favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is one of my sort of favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is one of my sort of favorite
+pieces of research. That's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of research. That's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of research. That's an example of
+this. Um, so we make kids take this test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Um, so we make kids take this test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Um, so we make kids take this test
+that we've discussed before, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've discussed before, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've discussed before, the
+National Assessment of Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Assessment of Education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Assessment of Education
+Progress. And when we make them take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progress. And when we make them take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progress. And when we make them take the
+test, we also make them take a survey.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test, we also make them take a survey.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test, we also make them take a survey.
+Um, and in 2011, uh, kids took a math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and in 2011, uh, kids took a math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and in 2011, uh, kids took a math
+test and we asked them questions like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and we asked them questions like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and we asked them questions like,
+do you use a computer for drill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you use a computer for drill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you use a computer for drill and
+practice in math? Um, do you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in math? Um, do you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in math? Um, do you use
+computers for simulations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers for simulations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers for simulations and
+applications? Then you can like ascribe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications? Then you can like ascribe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications? Then you can like ascribe
+a few things from this. We're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few things from this. We're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few things from this. We're more
+likely to have students do drill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have students do drill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have students do drill and
+practice kinds of things than we are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice kinds of things than we are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice kinds of things than we are to
+have them do simulations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them do simulations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them do simulations and
+applications and things like that. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and things like that. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and things like that. You
+know, I don't know, this would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I don't know, this would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I don't know, this would be like
+Il and this would be like geometry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Il and this would be like geometry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Il and this would be like geometry,
+sketchpad or Desmos. Um, we make black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketchpad or Desmos. Um, we make black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketchpad or Desmos. Um, we make black
+students do drill and practice things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students do drill and practice things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students do drill and practice things
+more than white students. We make poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than white students. We make poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than white students. We make poor
+students do drill and practice things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students do drill and practice things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students do drill and practice things
+more than non-por students. Like when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than non-por students. Like when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than non-por students. Like when we
+give people access to new technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people access to new technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people access to new technologies
+um even if they have equitable access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if they have equitable access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if they have equitable access to
+the technologies they often have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies they often have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies they often have
+inequitable access to different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequitable access to different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequitable access to different kinds of
+opportunities with them. So, one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities with them. So, one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities with them. So, one of the
+papers that I um assigned to you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that I um assigned to you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that I um assigned to you um
+which one of my very favorites is by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of my very favorites is by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of my very favorites is by a
+guy named Paul Atwell um called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy named Paul Atwell um called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy named Paul Atwell um called the
+first and second digital divide. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and second digital divide. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and second digital divide. Um and
+his argument is that we the digital divi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his argument is that we the digital divi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his argument is that we the digital divi
+divide was originally conceived as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide was originally conceived as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide was originally conceived as an
+access divide like who has computers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access divide like who has computers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access divide like who has computers and
+who doesn't, who has broadband and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who doesn't, who has broadband and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who doesn't, who has broadband and who
+doesn't. But even if you could snap your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't. But even if you could snap your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't. But even if you could snap your
+fingers and give everyone the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers and give everyone the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers and give everyone the exact same
+access, there would still be a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access, there would still be a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access, there would still be a digital
+divide of usage. There's evidence um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide of usage. There's evidence um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide of usage. There's evidence um
+that uh uh people from low-inccome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh people from low-inccome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh people from low-inccome
+backgrounds are more likely to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds are more likely to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds are more likely to use
+technology for drill and practice kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology for drill and practice kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology for drill and practice kinds
+of things rather than creative things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things rather than creative things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things rather than creative things
+and they're more likely to use it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're more likely to use it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're more likely to use it with
+less adult mentorship and support than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less adult mentorship and support than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less adult mentorship and support than
+more affluent folks are. Um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more affluent folks are. Um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more affluent folks are. Um but the
+funny thing when I read this 2011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny thing when I read this 2011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny thing when I read this 2011
+summary was I was like man like it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary was I was like man like it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary was I was like man like it was
+like it was like having the experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was like having the experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was like having the experience
+of reading a plagiarized paper. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reading a plagiarized paper. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reading a plagiarized paper. You're
+like I swear I've read this exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I swear I've read this exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I swear I've read this exact same
+study before. Um, uh, this is what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study before. Um, uh, this is what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study before. Um, uh, this is what a
+Apple MacBook looked like in 1996. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple MacBook looked like in 1996. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple MacBook looked like in 1996. This
+is what it looked like in 2011. So like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it looked like in 2011. So like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it looked like in 2011. So like
+like 15 years of like pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 15 years of like pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 15 years of like pretty good
+technological proc progress. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological proc progress. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological proc progress. Um, but
+these are the same findings from 1996.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the same findings from 1996.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the same findings from 1996.
+Um, and as you can see like the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and as you can see like the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and as you can see like the numbers
+are exactly the same. Like we asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly the same. Like we asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly the same. Like we asked
+these kids these questions 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kids these questions 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kids these questions 15 years
+apart. If you see any difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart. If you see any difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart. If you see any difference in the
+numbers, they're probably statistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers, they're probably statistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers, they're probably statistically
+insignificant. It's just like a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant. It's just like a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant. It's just like a little
+bit of variation in the um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of variation in the um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of variation in the um in the
+sampling. Um, but essentially like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling. Um, but essentially like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling. Um, but essentially like I
+mean this was like 1996 to 2011 was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this was like 1996 to 2011 was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this was like 1996 to 2011 was like
+a pretty big decade and a half for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty big decade and a half for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty big decade and a half for
+technology and math. Um, and we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and math. Um, and we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and math. Um, and we made
+almost no change in the fundamental ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no change in the fundamental ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no change in the fundamental ways
+that young people were being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that young people were being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that young people were being able to
+access and use technology. Does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access and use technology. Does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access and use technology. Does that
+argument make sense to you? Um, totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument make sense to you? Um, totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument make sense to you? Um, totally
+striking um, pair of findings there. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking um, pair of findings there. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking um, pair of findings there. Um,
+but Olrich Boser did not um, did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Olrich Boser did not um, did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Olrich Boser did not um, did not
+plagiarize from Wlinsky. They just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plagiarize from Wlinsky. They just had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plagiarize from Wlinsky. They just had
+the the same findings. Yeah. Out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the same findings. Yeah. Out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the same findings. Yeah. Out of
+curiosity, is there a lot of difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity, is there a lot of difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity, is there a lot of difference
+between public public schools and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between public public schools and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between public public schools and like
+charter schools or like private schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charter schools or like private schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charter schools or like private schools
+in the US on how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US on how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US on how those
+things happen in real life? Here um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen in real life? Here um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen in real life? Here um I
+let me here's here. Yeah. Um there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me here's here. Yeah. Um there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me here's here. Yeah. Um there there
+are there can be like those things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there can be like those things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there can be like those things have
+enormous different gradations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous different gradations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous different gradations in the
+United States. Um so Dana was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States. Um so Dana was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States. Um so Dana was talking
+about Catholic schools in Philadelphia.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Catholic schools in Philadelphia.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Catholic schools in Philadelphia.
+those are like strictly speaking private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are like strictly speaking private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are like strictly speaking private
+schools, but they might be serving some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools, but they might be serving some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools, but they might be serving some
+of the most low-income neighborhoods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most low-income neighborhoods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most low-income neighborhoods and
+families in Philadelphia. Um, where the,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families in Philadelphia. Um, where the,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families in Philadelphia. Um, where the,
+you know, in, you know, a a a Catholic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, in, you know, a a a Catholic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, in, you know, a a a Catholic
+school in inner city Philadelphia might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school in inner city Philadelphia might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school in inner city Philadelphia might
+have more in common with its public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more in common with its public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more in common with its public
+neighbor than it does um, you know, to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor than it does um, you know, to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor than it does um, you know, to
+Sidwell Friends or something like that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sidwell Friends or something like that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sidwell Friends or something like that,
+a super elite private school, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super elite private school, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super elite private school, which
+might also be in Philadelphia, but might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might also be in Philadelphia, but might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might also be in Philadelphia, but might
+as well be in a whole different world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well be in a whole different world.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well be in a whole different world.
+Um so so to some extent like it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so so to some extent like it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so so to some extent like it's sort
+of like tax status or organizational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like tax status or organizational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like tax status or organizational
+status can be related to those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status can be related to those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status can be related to those kinds of
+things but not necessarily bec you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but not necessarily bec you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but not necessarily bec you know
+because we have public schools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have public schools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have public schools that
+serve you know that like public school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve you know that like public school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve you know that like public school
+in extremely wealthy neighborhood might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in extremely wealthy neighborhood might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in extremely wealthy neighborhood might
+have more in common with a private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more in common with a private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more in common with a private
+school than it does with another public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school than it does with another public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school than it does with another public
+school in inner city neighborhood. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school in inner city neighborhood. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school in inner city neighborhood. Um
+this was kind of a cool study that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was kind of a cool study that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was kind of a cool study that was
+done um looking at three schools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um looking at three schools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um looking at three schools that
+had adopted a whole bunch of technology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had adopted a whole bunch of technology.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had adopted a whole bunch of technology.
+Um so they like they they had roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so they like they they had roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so they like they they had roughly
+the same levels of access. They had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same levels of access. They had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same levels of access. They had
+bought the same kind of stuff. Um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought the same kind of stuff. Um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought the same kind of stuff. Um there
+was um they were all in the Bay Area.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um they were all in the Bay Area.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um they were all in the Bay Area.
+These aren't real names. Heathcliffe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These aren't real names. Heathcliffe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These aren't real names. Heathcliffe
+Academy which is a private mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy which is a private mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy which is a private mostly
+wealthy mostly white school. Sheldon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy mostly white school. Sheldon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy mostly white school. Sheldon
+Junior High which is a public mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junior High which is a public mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junior High which is a public mostly
+middle- class and Asian-American school.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle- class and Asian-American school.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle- class and Asian-American school.
+Caesar Chavez, middle school, public,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caesar Chavez, middle school, public,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caesar Chavez, middle school, public,
+mostly working-class and Latino. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly working-class and Latino. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly working-class and Latino. And
+again, they had all bought like roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, they had all bought like roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, they had all bought like roughly
+the same amount of stuff. Like I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of stuff. Like I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of stuff. Like I think
+like like each kid had a laptop, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like each kid had a laptop, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like each kid had a laptop, the
+laptop was connected to broadband. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop was connected to broadband. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop was connected to broadband. Um,
+of course, there are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course, there are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course, there are going to be
+differences, you know, some access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences, you know, some access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences, you know, some access
+differences in the really wealthy place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the really wealthy place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the really wealthy place
+and the more working-class places, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more working-class places, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more working-class places, but
+not but trying to find not striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but trying to find not striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but trying to find not striking
+differences. Um, but what Matt found was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences. Um, but what Matt found was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences. Um, but what Matt found was
+that the way people discussed technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way people discussed technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way people discussed technology
+was quite different. Um, so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite different. Um, so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite different. Um, so at the
+mostly white Heathcliffe Academy, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly white Heathcliffe Academy, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly white Heathcliffe Academy, um,
+uh, playing around with technology was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, playing around with technology was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, playing around with technology was
+viewed as essential. So if there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed as essential. So if there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed as essential. So if there were
+kids who were like goofing around in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids who were like goofing around in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids who were like goofing around in
+Minecraft and stuff like that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft and stuff like that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft and stuff like that was
+encouraged. Um, oh, you're playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged. Um, oh, you're playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged. Um, oh, you're playing
+around, you're hacking, you're doing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around, you're hacking, you're doing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around, you're hacking, you're doing all
+these kind of neat things. Um, whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of neat things. Um, whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of neat things. Um, whereas
+in the mostly middle class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mostly middle class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mostly middle class
+Asian-American school, like sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian-American school, like sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian-American school, like sort of
+goofy hacking applications of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goofy hacking applications of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goofy hacking applications of technology
+were considered threatening. It's like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were considered threatening. It's like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were considered threatening. It's like,
+oh, this is a risk to your education.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh, this is a risk to your education.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh, this is a risk to your education.
+This is a risk to your progress. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a risk to your progress. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a risk to your progress. Um
+whereas in the mostly working-class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in the mostly working-class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in the mostly working-class
+Latino school, there wasn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latino school, there wasn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latino school, there wasn't like
+encouragement or kind of discourage. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragement or kind of discourage. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragement or kind of discourage. It
+was just sort of considered irrelevant,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just sort of considered irrelevant,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just sort of considered irrelevant,
+like people weren't really paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people weren't really paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people weren't really paying
+attention to what they were doing. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to what they were doing. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to what they were doing. So
+again, the idea here being that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, the idea here being that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, the idea here being that like
+here are three institutions that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are three institutions that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are three institutions that had
+roughly similar levels of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly similar levels of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly similar levels of technology
+access, but they had like the faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access, but they had like the faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access, but they had like the faculty
+and community gave very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and community gave very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and community gave very different
+cultural messages about what playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural messages about what playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural messages about what playing
+around with that technology meant. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with that technology meant. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with that technology meant. Um,
+and for the kids who are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the kids who are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the kids who are already
+advantaged, they were encouraged to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantaged, they were encouraged to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantaged, they were encouraged to play
+and hack and goof around and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hack and goof around and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hack and goof around and things like
+that. But for the kids who were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But for the kids who were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But for the kids who were not
+already advantaged, they got different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already advantaged, they got different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already advantaged, they got different
+messages from their community about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages from their community about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages from their community about the
+values of those technology. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh, and yeah, this is another sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, and yeah, this is another sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, and yeah, this is another sort of
+myth pair. The idea that technical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth pair. The idea that technical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth pair. The idea that technical and
+economic barriers are what keep people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic barriers are what keep people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic barriers are what keep people
+out that like if we could just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that like if we could just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that like if we could just get
+people the stuff, they would have, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the stuff, they would have, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the stuff, they would have, you
+know, great education with technology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, great education with technology.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, great education with technology.
+whereas instead it's social and cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas instead it's social and cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas instead it's social and cultural
+exclusions which can often be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusions which can often be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusions which can often be the
+hardest. Um some of the we've talked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest. Um some of the we've talked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest. Um some of the we've talked in
+the class before about um connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class before about um connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class before about um connected
+learning. Um this some of these ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. Um this some of these ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. Um this some of these ideas
+about like how do kids do informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like how do kids do informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like how do kids do informal
+learning in their own communities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in their own communities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in their own communities and
+other things like that. Some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like that. Some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like that. Some of the
+things that the um that the connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that the um that the connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that the um that the connected
+learning researchers are most worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning researchers are most worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning researchers are most worried
+about right now is that like you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right now is that like you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right now is that like you know in
+incre as America's polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incre as America's polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incre as America's polarization
+um uh sort of increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh sort of increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh sort of increasingly
+uh is expressed on social media. Um more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is expressed on social media. Um more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is expressed on social media. Um more
+and more kids feel uncomfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more kids feel uncomfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more kids feel uncomfortable
+communicating and expressing themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating and expressing themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating and expressing themselves
+there. Um, and like white affluent dudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um, and like white affluent dudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um, and like white affluent dudes
+are the least likely to feel threatened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the least likely to feel threatened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the least likely to feel threatened
+in those spaces. And kids with all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those spaces. And kids with all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those spaces. And kids with all kinds
+of different marginalized backgrounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different marginalized backgrounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different marginalized backgrounds
+are are the ones who are more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are the ones who are more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are the ones who are more likely to
+withdraw from posting their fanfiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw from posting their fanfiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw from posting their fanfiction
+to sharing their art on Deviant Art on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sharing their art on Deviant Art on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sharing their art on Deviant Art on
+other kinds of things like that. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things like that. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things like that. Like
+basically what they saw was um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what they saw was um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what they saw was um you know
+in recent years ac again across all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recent years ac again across all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recent years ac again across all
+kinds of ages and racial groups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ages and racial groups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ages and racial groups and
+backgrounds and things like that a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds and things like that a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds and things like that a sort
+of withdrawing from public learning on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of withdrawing from public learning on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of withdrawing from public learning on
+social media but a withdrawing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social media but a withdrawing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social media but a withdrawing which
+seemed much more pronounced from people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed much more pronounced from people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed much more pronounced from people
+from marginalized backgrounds um than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from marginalized backgrounds um than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from marginalized backgrounds um than
+they did from people from more affluent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did from people from more affluent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did from people from more affluent
+backgrounds. And all of those kids have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds. And all of those kids have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds. And all of those kids have
+more access to technology than they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more access to technology than they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more access to technology than they've
+ever had before. Um but there are social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever had before. Um but there are social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever had before. Um but there are social
+and cultural exclusions that are keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cultural exclusions that are keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cultural exclusions that are keeping
+them from learning experiences in ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from learning experiences in ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from learning experiences in ways
+that are new. Um, okay. What can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are new. Um, okay. What can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are new. Um, okay. What can we do
+about this? Um, this is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this? Um, this is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this? Um, this is one of the most
+frustrating problems to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating problems to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating problems to talk about
+because I feel like I feel like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I feel like I feel like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I feel like I feel like the
+problem is extremely well understood.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is extremely well understood.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is extremely well understood.
+Um, this is one in which I feel like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this is one in which I feel like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this is one in which I feel like the
+evidence we can say for sure like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence we can say for sure like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence we can say for sure like if you
+build a new edtech thing, it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a new edtech thing, it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a new edtech thing, it is very
+likely to disproportionately benefit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to disproportionately benefit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to disproportionately benefit the
+affluent. Um, especially if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluent. Um, especially if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluent. Um, especially if you're not
+attentive to all to to how these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentive to all to to how these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentive to all to to how these issues
+operate. like we should not, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate. like we should not, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate. like we should not, you know,
+we should not assume that new generative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should not assume that new generative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should not assume that new generative
+AI tools are going to democratize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI tools are going to democratize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI tools are going to democratize
+education. They just are very unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. They just are very unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. They just are very unlikely
+to do that. But then you might say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that. But then you might say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that. But then you might say,
+well, all right, a there are some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, all right, a there are some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, all right, a there are some things
+um you read some studies of things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you read some studies of things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you read some studies of things like
+assistants and Carnegie learning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistants and Carnegie learning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistants and Carnegie learning that
+seem to disproportionately benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to disproportionately benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to disproportionately benefit
+people with low prior achievement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with low prior achievement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with low prior achievement in
+mathematics. Like what are they doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics. Like what are they doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics. Like what are they doing
+right? Like what are technologies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Like what are technologies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Like what are technologies that
+disproportionately benefit the learners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionately benefit the learners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionately benefit the learners
+who are furthest from opportunities? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are furthest from opportunities? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are furthest from opportunities? And
+I would say that we don't know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say that we don't know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say that we don't know very
+well. um the research on like how to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. um the research on like how to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. um the research on like how to fix
+this problem is is more novel um is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is is more novel um is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is is more novel um is more
+nent but here are a few things um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nent but here are a few things um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nent but here are a few things um that
+maybe would be promising directions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe would be promising directions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe would be promising directions to
+explore. So one think about technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore. So one think about technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore. So one think about technologies
+that align home school and community um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that align home school and community um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that align home school and community um
+if affluent kids automatically get kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if affluent kids automatically get kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if affluent kids automatically get kind
+of an educational support infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an educational support infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an educational support infrastructure
+from their homes and families from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their homes and families from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their homes and families from their
+college educated parents and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college educated parents and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college educated parents and stuff like
+that. How would you build technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. How would you build technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. How would you build technologies
+or technology infrastructures that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or technology infrastructures that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or technology infrastructures that like
+help all parents do more of this stuff?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help all parents do more of this stuff?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help all parents do more of this stuff?
+Um, so family creative learning is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so family creative learning is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so family creative learning is a
+super cool project by a woman named Rick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super cool project by a woman named Rick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super cool project by a woman named Rick
+Rose wrote who got a PhD here who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rose wrote who got a PhD here who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rose wrote who got a PhD here who
+basically was trying to figure out like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically was trying to figure out like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically was trying to figure out like
+um how would you help boys and girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how would you help boys and girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how would you help boys and girls
+clubs after schools support parents in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clubs after schools support parents in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clubs after schools support parents in
+doing a better job helping their kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a better job helping their kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a better job helping their kids
+use Scratch? like, "All right, so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Scratch? like, "All right, so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Scratch? like, "All right, so we
+know like we know kids of software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like we know kids of software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like we know kids of software
+engineers are the most likely folks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers are the most likely folks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers are the most likely folks to
+use Scratch, but what if we just helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Scratch, but what if we just helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Scratch, but what if we just helped
+all of the parents um support kids doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the parents um support kids doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the parents um support kids doing
+Scratch?" So, she would do these like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scratch?" So, she would do these like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scratch?" So, she would do these like
+multigenerational programs in after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multigenerational programs in after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multigenerational programs in after
+school play YMCA's, Boys and Girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school play YMCA's, Boys and Girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school play YMCA's, Boys and Girls
+Clubs, and stuff like that. You bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clubs, and stuff like that. You bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clubs, and stuff like that. You bring
+parents and grandparents in, you feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents and grandparents in, you feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents and grandparents in, you feed
+them dinner, you break the parents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them dinner, you break the parents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them dinner, you break the parents and
+the kids up, you each teach them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids up, you each teach them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids up, you each teach them
+something about computers, you put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about computers, you put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about computers, you put them
+back together and share their projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together and share their projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together and share their projects
+and stuff like that. Um, and that seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that. Um, and that seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that. Um, and that seemed
+pretty cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool.
+um how do you make it so that the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you make it so that the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you make it so that the kinds
+of things that you're working on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you're working on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you're working on with
+technology align with young people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology align with young people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology align with young people's
+interests? Um so this was a a photo from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests? Um so this was a a photo from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests? Um so this was a a photo from
+a project um that was done at Georgia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project um that was done at Georgia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project um that was done at Georgia
+Tech trying to um help more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tech trying to um help more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tech trying to um help more
+African-American males in the Atlanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American males in the Atlanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American males in the Atlanta
+area get involved in computer science,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area get involved in computer science,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area get involved in computer science,
+computer programming. Um, and this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programming. Um, and this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programming. Um, and this was a
+researcher who found um that uh a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher who found um that uh a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher who found um that uh a lot of
+these kids were really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kids were really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kids were really interested in
+video games and they were interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video games and they were interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video games and they were interested in
+um the problems in the video games,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the problems in the video games,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the problems in the video games,
+bugs, glitches, and things like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs, glitches, and things like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs, glitches, and things like that.
+She was like, "Cool, let's make a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She was like, "Cool, let's make a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She was like, "Cool, let's make a little
+QA testing company." Um, and so she got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QA testing company." Um, and so she got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QA testing company." Um, and so she got
+a bunch of kids. She helped them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of kids. She helped them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of kids. She helped them um
+interface with companies to do QA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface with companies to do QA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface with companies to do QA
+testing. They were called the glitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing. They were called the glitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing. They were called the glitch
+game testers because the language that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game testers because the language that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game testers because the language that
+they used for bugs in that part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used for bugs in that part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used for bugs in that part of the
+world was glitch. Um, and as kids got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world was glitch. Um, and as kids got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world was glitch. Um, and as kids got
+more engaged in this program, she would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more engaged in this program, she would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more engaged in this program, she would
+then help them like take AP computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then help them like take AP computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then help them like take AP computer
+science and stuff like that and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and stuff like that and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and stuff like that and sort of
+translate into academic programming. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate into academic programming. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate into academic programming. But
+the idea was to like find out find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to like find out find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to like find out find out
+what kids entry points look like into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kids entry points look like into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kids entry points look like into
+these issues and try to build um up from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues and try to build um up from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues and try to build um up from
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+Um, sort of similar I think to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, sort of similar I think to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, sort of similar I think to connect
+this is this is like the heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is like the heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is like the heart of
+connected learning like how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected learning like how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected learning like how do you
+connect to the interests and identities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to the interests and identities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to the interests and identities
+of young people? I mean, part of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of young people? I mean, part of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of young people? I mean, part of what
+Scratch was doing with Micro Worlds is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scratch was doing with Micro Worlds is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scratch was doing with Micro Worlds is
+being like, who is intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like, who is intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like, who is intuitively
+interested in creative programming, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in creative programming, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in creative programming, um,
+maybe not every kid, so, but like, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not every kid, so, but like, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not every kid, so, but like, what
+kinds of kids could we get, um, with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of kids could we get, um, with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of kids could we get, um, with
+hip-hop dance? What kinds of kids could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hip-hop dance? What kinds of kids could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hip-hop dance? What kinds of kids could
+we get with fashion? What kinds of kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get with fashion? What kinds of kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get with fashion? What kinds of kids
+could we get with standup comedy? Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we get with standup comedy? Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we get with standup comedy? Um,
+how could we offer a broad array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could we offer a broad array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could we offer a broad array of
+interests that could draw people in um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests that could draw people in um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests that could draw people in um,
+to what we're doing?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we're doing?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we're doing?
+Um, a a study that I would love to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, a a study that I would love to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, a a study that I would love to do
+one day is to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day is to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day is to think
+about how like what how do you how do ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how like what how do you how do ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how like what how do you how do ed
+tech companies reduce cost in ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech companies reduce cost in ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech companies reduce cost in ways that
+disproportionately benefit those who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionately benefit those who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionately benefit those who are
+furthest from opportunities. Um, like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthest from opportunities. Um, like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthest from opportunities. Um, like a
+funny thing to think about is like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny thing to think about is like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny thing to think about is like what
+happens when you make something free.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you make something free.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you make something free.
+Um, so MOOs for the most part were free.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so MOOs for the most part were free.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so MOOs for the most part were free.
+Open courseware for the most part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open courseware for the most part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open courseware for the most part is
+free. But those things probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free. But those things probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free. But those things probably
+disproportionately benefit the affluent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionately benefit the affluent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionately benefit the affluent.
+um like they're free things but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like they're free things but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like they're free things but they're
+better for rich people. There's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for rich people. There's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for rich people. There's actually
+a whole sociology of this like uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole sociology of this like uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole sociology of this like uh it
+connects to like swag bags at the Oscars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to like swag bags at the Oscars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to like swag bags at the Oscars
+and things like that. Like people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that. Like people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that. Like people are
+always giving rich people free stuff. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always giving rich people free stuff. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always giving rich people free stuff. Um
+which doesn't seem like it makes sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't seem like it makes sense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't seem like it makes sense.
+Um but there are certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but there are certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but there are certain kinds of
+things. You know, Desmos is the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. You know, Desmos is the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. You know, Desmos is the bottom
+example here. Um the TI8384 was a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here. Um the TI8384 was a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here. Um the TI8384 was a real
+barrier to mathematics learning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier to mathematics learning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier to mathematics learning for
+families. Um and Desmos reduced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families. Um and Desmos reduced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families. Um and Desmos reduced that
+cost to zero. Now, a $120 calculator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to zero. Now, a $120 calculator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to zero. Now, a $120 calculator is
+not a huge burden for an upper class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a huge burden for an upper class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a huge burden for an upper class
+family, not a huge burden for a middle-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family, not a huge burden for a middle-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family, not a huge burden for a middle-
+class family. It's a big burden for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class family. It's a big burden for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class family. It's a big burden for a
+working-class family. And so, like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working-class family. And so, like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working-class family. And so, like,
+you're saving money for the families for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saving money for the families for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saving money for the families for
+whom that barrier is most relevant. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom that barrier is most relevant. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom that barrier is most relevant. Um,
+another one of my favorite projects, has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of my favorite projects, has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of my favorite projects, has
+anybody ever heard of Open Stacks? Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody ever heard of Open Stacks? Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody ever heard of Open Stacks? Um,
+they did this cool thing where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did this cool thing where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did this cool thing where they
+realized all like something like half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized all like something like half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized all like something like half of
+all higher education enrollments are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all higher education enrollments are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all higher education enrollments are in
+20 classes. Um, just about everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 classes. Um, just about everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 classes. Um, just about everybody
+who's taking a college class this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's taking a college class this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's taking a college class this
+semester across the entire United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester across the entire United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester across the entire United States
+is taking sociology 101, pre-cal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking sociology 101, pre-cal,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking sociology 101, pre-cal,
+macroeconomics, micromatics, chemistry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomics, micromatics, chemistry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomics, micromatics, chemistry,
+US history, psychology, economics,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US history, psychology, economics,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US history, psychology, economics,
+algebra. Like, you know, I mean, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra. Like, you know, I mean, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra. Like, you know, I mean, there's
+a long tale of zillions and zillions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long tale of zillions and zillions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long tale of zillions and zillions of
+other classes that we offer in higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes that we offer in higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes that we offer in higher
+education, but almost everyone is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education, but almost everyone is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education, but almost everyone is in
+these 20 classes. They were like, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 20 classes. They were like, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 20 classes. They were like, let's
+just pay really smart people a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pay really smart people a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pay really smart people a bunch of
+money to write good textbooks and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to write good textbooks and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to write good textbooks and then
+give them away for free. Um, so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them away for free. Um, so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them away for free. Um, so for
+somebody who's coming to MIT and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's coming to MIT and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's coming to MIT and you're
+paying $50,000 a semester, whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying $50,000 a semester, whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying $50,000 a semester, whatever it
+is, you're paying like a $120 chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, you're paying like a $120 chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, you're paying like a $120 chemistry
+book is not a big deal. If you go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is not a big deal. If you go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is not a big deal. If you go to a
+community college and the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community college and the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community college and the entire
+chemistry course costs you $120 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry course costs you $120 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry course costs you $120 to
+register for a $120 textbook is a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register for a $120 textbook is a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register for a $120 textbook is a huge
+deal. It's just doubled the cost of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal. It's just doubled the cost of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal. It's just doubled the cost of your
+credit hours of education in that class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit hours of education in that class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit hours of education in that class.
+Um, so taking that $120 and bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so taking that $120 and bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so taking that $120 and bringing
+that to zero, that might really matter a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to zero, that might really matter a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to zero, that might really matter a
+lot. that could save people, you know, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot. that could save people, you know, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot. that could save people, you know, a
+meaningful amount of money that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful amount of money that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful amount of money that will
+help them advance in their community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them advance in their community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them advance in their community
+college education or other sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college education or other sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college education or other sorts of
+things like that. So, this idea that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. So, this idea that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. So, this idea that you
+could look across the education system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look across the education system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look across the education system
+and be like, you know, what are specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be like, you know, what are specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be like, you know, what are specific
+cost barriers to family that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost barriers to family that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost barriers to family that we use
+technology to drive down those costs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to drive down those costs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to drive down those costs in
+ways that like affluent people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that like affluent people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that like affluent people might
+benefit from but probably won't notice,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from but probably won't notice,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from but probably won't notice,
+um, but community college learners, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, but community college learners, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, but community college learners, you
+know, lower income working-class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, lower income working-class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, lower income working-class
+families might really benefit from. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families might really benefit from. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families might really benefit from. Um,
+a thing that we experimented with a lot,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing that we experimented with a lot,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing that we experimented with a lot,
+um, was trying to target the needs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, was trying to target the needs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, was trying to target the needs of
+subgroups. Um, did I talk about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups. Um, did I talk about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups. Um, did I talk about these
+experiments when we talk about MOOs? How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments when we talk about MOOs? How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments when we talk about MOOs? How
+we put all these little uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put all these little uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put all these little uh,
+interventions in at the beginning of MOO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions in at the beginning of MOO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions in at the beginning of MOO
+courses to get people to some nodding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses to get people to some nodding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses to get people to some nodding
+heads? It's in the books there. Um, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads? It's in the books there. Um, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads? It's in the books there. Um, we
+designed a whole series of interventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed a whole series of interventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed a whole series of interventions
+that were trying to increase the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were trying to increase the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were trying to increase the sense
+of belonging or increase the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of belonging or increase the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of belonging or increase the sense of
+well-being from people who might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being from people who might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being from people who might
+perceive themselves being from minority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive themselves being from minority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive themselves being from minority
+backgrounds. Um, and we thought they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds. Um, and we thought they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds. Um, and we thought they
+worked for a while and then we weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked for a while and then we weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked for a while and then we weren't
+sure that that our interventions was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that our interventions was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that our interventions was
+working. But it's sort of an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working. But it's sort of an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working. But it's sort of an interesting
+things to think about like what kind of,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to think about like what kind of,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to think about like what kind of,
+you know, if you if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if you if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if you if you're trying to
+serve people from a wide range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve people from a wide range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve people from a wide range of
+backgrounds and you know that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds and you know that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds and you know that some
+people from those backgrounds might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from those backgrounds might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from those backgrounds might not
+have the same level of support at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same level of support at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same level of support at home
+or might not have the same, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or might not have the same, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or might not have the same, you know,
+might experience stereotype threat or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might experience stereotype threat or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might experience stereotype threat or
+other kinds of things like that, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things like that, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things like that, like
+what kinds of interventions could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of interventions could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of interventions could you
+design to to address those needs? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design to to address those needs? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design to to address those needs? Um
+uh another thing to think about is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another thing to think about is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another thing to think about is like
+where could you target supports sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where could you target supports sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where could you target supports sort of
+across someone's educational trajectory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across someone's educational trajectory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across someone's educational trajectory.
+This is another sort of sad story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is another sort of sad story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is another sort of sad story of
+things that we thought worked for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we thought worked for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we thought worked for a
+little while and probably don't but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while and probably don't but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while and probably don't but
+still the problem is real. Um Ben Castle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the problem is real. Um Ben Castle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the problem is real. Um Ben Castle
+Ben Castleman worked at this school in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben Castleman worked at this school in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben Castleman worked at this school in
+in Providence called MET. Um and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Providence called MET. Um and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Providence called MET. Um and they
+were a charter school and they did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a charter school and they did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a charter school and they did a
+pretty good job getting kids into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good job getting kids into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good job getting kids into
+college. But one of the things they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college. But one of the things they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college. But one of the things they
+observed which totally broke their heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed which totally broke their heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed which totally broke their heart
+is that they would get kids into college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they would get kids into college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they would get kids into college
+accepted to college and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted to college and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted to college and then they
+wouldn't show up in the fall. Um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't show up in the fall. Um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't show up in the fall. Um like
+like you like like you're in part of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you like like you're in part of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you like like you're in part of you
+know four year 12ear educational system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know four year 12ear educational system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know four year 12ear educational system
+which is trying to get kids into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is trying to get kids into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is trying to get kids into
+post-secary education and you succeed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-secary education and you succeed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-secary education and you succeed.
+They have an application letter and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have an application letter and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have an application letter and some
+fraction of them don't arrive in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of them don't arrive in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of them don't arrive in the
+fall. They ended up calling that summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall. They ended up calling that summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall. They ended up calling that summer
+melt. um is the uh you know and part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt. um is the uh you know and part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt. um is the uh you know and part of
+it is if you are the first person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is if you are the first person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is if you are the first person in
+your family to go to college then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your family to go to college then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your family to go to college then
+figuring out FAFSA, figuring out course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out FAFSA, figuring out course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out FAFSA, figuring out course
+enrollment, figuring out moving on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment, figuring out moving on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment, figuring out moving on
+campus like if you come from a family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus like if you come from a family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus like if you come from a family
+where you're not first generation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're not first generation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're not first generation like
+your mom and your dad just explain all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mom and your dad just explain all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mom and your dad just explain all
+that stuff to you and figure it out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff to you and figure it out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff to you and figure it out and
+you get through it. Um but each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get through it. Um but each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get through it. Um but each of those
+obstacles, you know, and there are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles, you know, and there are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles, you know, and there are a few
+of them to showing up at Campson's each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them to showing up at Campson's each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them to showing up at Campson's each
+of those was enough. Um, so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those was enough. Um, so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those was enough. Um, so they
+designed these technologies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed these technologies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed these technologies that
+basically like sent little text message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like sent little text message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like sent little text message
+nudges to kids all throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudges to kids all throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudges to kids all throughout the
+summer, you know, have you figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer, you know, have you figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer, you know, have you figured out
+your financial aid? Have you registered?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your financial aid? Have you registered?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your financial aid? Have you registered?
+Have you other kinds of things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Have you other kinds of things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Have you other kinds of things like
+that? Um, and for a little while it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Um, and for a little while it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Um, and for a little while it
+looked like those nudges were working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like those nudges were working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like those nudges were working
+and then people reproduced at larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people reproduced at larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people reproduced at larger
+scales and this particular intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and this particular intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and this particular intervention
+doesn't seem like it's it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like it's it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like it's it's actually
+working. Um but it was at least this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working. Um but it was at least this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working. Um but it was at least this
+sort of good idea of being like let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of good idea of being like let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of good idea of being like let's
+think about people's educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about people's educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about people's educational
+trajectory from you know for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory from you know for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory from you know for all the
+transition points you have between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition points you have between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition points you have between
+middle school and high school and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle school and high school and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle school and high school and
+college and post-secary and lifelong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college and post-secary and lifelong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college and post-secary and lifelong
+learning and things like that and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and things like that and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and things like that and where
+might there might be transition points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might there might be transition points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might there might be transition points
+that affluent folks just kind of breeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affluent folks just kind of breeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affluent folks just kind of breeze
+through um but folks from working-class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um but folks from working-class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um but folks from working-class
+families find more struggles with um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families find more struggles with um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families find more struggles with um and
+pro probably the biggest challenge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro probably the biggest challenge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro probably the biggest challenge that
+education technology has um is things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education technology has um is things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education technology has um is things
+that really work in education often are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really work in education often are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really work in education often are
+tailored to their particular context.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailored to their particular context.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailored to their particular context.
+But usually what software developers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But usually what software developers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But usually what software developers are
+trying to do is build a thing that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is build a thing that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is build a thing that works
+anywhere. I mean that's that's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere. I mean that's that's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere. I mean that's that's a real
+tension. That's a real problem. Um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension. That's a real problem. Um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension. That's a real problem. Um there
+are some cool examples of this. You know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some cool examples of this. You know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some cool examples of this. You know
+I think you you could think of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you you could think of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you you could think of like the
+open edex platform is something kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open edex platform is something kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open edex platform is something kind of
+working on that. So like there's one big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that. So like there's one big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that. So like there's one big
+software platform and there are a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software platform and there are a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software platform and there are a couple
+of you know there's like edex as a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know there's like edex as a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know there's like edex as a big
+organization that offers mukes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that offers mukes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that offers mukes
+everywhere but there are dozens of local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but there are dozens of local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but there are dozens of local
+sort of MOO operators that offer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of MOO operators that offer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of MOO operators that offer in
+their particular country in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their particular country in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their particular country in their
+particular language in topics that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular language in topics that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular language in topics that they
+think local folks will be interested in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think local folks will be interested in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think local folks will be interested in.
+Um, one of them is Edrok, which is run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one of them is Edrok, which is run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one of them is Edrok, which is run
+by the Queen Rana Foundation. Um, which,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Queen Rana Foundation. Um, which,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Queen Rana Foundation. Um, which,
+uh, focuses on offering Arabic language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, focuses on offering Arabic language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, focuses on offering Arabic language
+classes to folks in Jordan and areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes to folks in Jordan and areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes to folks in Jordan and areas
+surrounding Jordan. And you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding Jordan. And you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding Jordan. And you could just
+imagine, well, okay, like, so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine, well, okay, like, so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine, well, okay, like, so they can
+take edex, they can make sure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take edex, they can make sure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take edex, they can make sure it
+supports right to left reading in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports right to left reading in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports right to left reading in
+Arabic, they can um, you know, do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabic, they can um, you know, do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabic, they can um, you know, do
+whatever else you need to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever else you need to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever else you need to make the
+Arabic interface work better, offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabic interface work better, offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabic interface work better, offer
+courses in Arabic, find out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in Arabic, find out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in Arabic, find out what the
+people in the Arabic world would want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the Arabic world would want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the Arabic world would want to
+be able to do. um and they're using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do. um and they're using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do. um and they're using the
+same kind of base software as everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of base software as everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of base software as everyone
+else, but that software is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else, but that software is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else, but that software is kind of
+customizable to serve particular um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customizable to serve particular um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customizable to serve particular um
+notions and areas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions and areas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions and areas.
+Um and and the idea is you might be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and and the idea is you might be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and and the idea is you might be able
+to apply all of these different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply all of these different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply all of these different kinds of
+thinking um all across a project's life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking um all across a project's life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking um all across a project's life
+cycle. Um so as we were giving these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle. Um so as we were giving these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle. Um so as we were giving these
+talks to people who fund technologies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks to people who fund technologies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks to people who fund technologies to
+venture capitalists to philanthropists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capitalists to philanthropists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capitalists to philanthropists
+to technologies developers to like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to technologies developers to like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to technologies developers to like you
+know the big fang kind of companies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the big fang kind of companies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the big fang kind of companies that
+have publishers who have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have publishers who have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have publishers who have a bunch of
+things underneath them who are saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things underneath them who are saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things underneath them who are saying
+like you know what are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know what are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know what are all the
+strategies you might try when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies you might try when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies you might try when you're
+funding a company um to get uh um to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding a company um to get uh um to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding a company um to get uh um to get
+the right people at the table. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right people at the table. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right people at the table. You know,
+lots of times when we when we fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of times when we when we fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of times when we when we fund
+education technologies, the only people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education technologies, the only people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education technologies, the only people
+who make those choices are like affluent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who make those choices are like affluent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who make those choices are like affluent
+people who went to private school and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who went to private school and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who went to private school and
+stuff like that. Like how would you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that. Like how would you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that. Like how would you make
+more people from more diverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people from more diverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people from more diverse
+backgrounds to be able to do that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds to be able to do that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds to be able to do that and so
+forth and so on through all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and so on through all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and so on through all of the
+different um uh programs. So in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um uh programs. So in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um uh programs. So in some
+ways it's sort of uh disappointing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's sort of uh disappointing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's sort of uh disappointing that
+there aren't better answers. Like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't better answers. Like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't better answers. Like it
+would be nice to give a lecture like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nice to give a lecture like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nice to give a lecture like
+this and be like we totally know what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and be like we totally know what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and be like we totally know what to
+do to make education more equitable. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to make education more equitable. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to make education more equitable. Um
+but we don't have that. But we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have that. But we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have that. But we have some
+really clear I mean in my mind just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really clear I mean in my mind just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really clear I mean in my mind just
+definitive evidence that when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitive evidence that when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitive evidence that when people
+build education technologies if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build education technologies if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build education technologies if they
+don't center the needs of marginalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't center the needs of marginalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't center the needs of marginalized
+communities it will disproportionately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities it will disproportionately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities it will disproportionately
+benefit the affluent like you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit the affluent like you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit the affluent like you can you
+can pretty much guarantee that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pretty much guarantee that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pretty much guarantee that as an
+outcome for almost anything that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome for almost anything that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome for almost anything that comes
+along. Um and there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along. Um and there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along. Um and there's lots of
+interesting work to be done and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work to be done and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work to be done and things
+to explore to figure out like how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explore to figure out like how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explore to figure out like how could
+we learn more about being more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn more about being more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn more about being more
+intentional about building things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional about building things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional about building things that
+serve a diverse range of folks. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve a diverse range of folks. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve a diverse range of folks. Um and
+then I so I won't see you I will see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I so I won't see you I will see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I so I won't see you I will see you
+each individually next week to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each individually next week to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each individually next week to talk
+about your projects. Um and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your projects. Um and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your projects. Um and then the
+following week we'll talk about the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following week we'll talk about the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following week we'll talk about the next
+couple of um uh as yet intractable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of um uh as yet intractable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of um uh as yet intractable
+dilemmas um the trap of routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemmas um the trap of routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemmas um the trap of routine
+assessment and the toxic power of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment and the toxic power of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment and the toxic power of data
+and experiments. So very nice to see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experiments. So very nice to see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experiments. So very nice to see you
+this week and I look forward to seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week and I look forward to seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week and I look forward to seeing
+you um individually next week and enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um individually next week and enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um individually next week and enjoy
+your long weekend.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/M2i8R6kMXKA.txt b/M2i8R6kMXKA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..852bdc8cbcccc98fcdc76325d586357ba3e36a17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/M2i8R6kMXKA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,739 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact could care less about the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact could care less about the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact could care less about the car
+dependence that exponential isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence that exponential isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence that exponential isn't
+relevant to a chart that exponential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to a chart that exponential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to a chart that exponential of
+time can be moved across and trans over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time can be moved across and trans over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time can be moved across and trans over
+this one and therefore you get that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and therefore you get that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and therefore you get that this
+is equal to the X sine of X H hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the expectation by the age on the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation by the age on the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation by the age on the full
+stationary state is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary state is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary state is equal to the
+expectation value of H on the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of H on the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of H on the space of
+kind of the stationary say that's me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the stationary say that's me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the stationary say that's me
+I think should be noted is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think should be noted is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think should be noted is equal to the
+age on little sigh effects this one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age on little sigh effects this one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age on little sigh effects this one we
+can evaluate because if we are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can evaluate because if we are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can evaluate because if we are in a
+stationary stage H hand side that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary stage H hand side that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary stage H hand side that is
+even scientists so we had an e integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even scientists so we had an e integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even scientists so we had an e integral
+D X sorry Sara side which were already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D X sorry Sara side which were already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D X sorry Sara side which were already
+shown that intimacy with the one so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that intimacy with the one so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that intimacy with the one so we
+get the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so 2 into Sigma say expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 2 into Sigma say expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 2 into Sigma say expectation value of
+this quantity of age the stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity of age the stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity of age the stationary
+state is the same interpretation mind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is the same interpretation mind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is the same interpretation mind of
+age in the spatial part and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age in the spatial part and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age in the spatial part and it's
+manually equal to the energy by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually equal to the energy by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually equal to the energy by the way
+you know this state are energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this state are energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this state are energy
+eigenstates this size X's so you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates this size X's so you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates this size X's so you would
+expect zero uncertainty because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect zero uncertainty because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect zero uncertainty because they are
+energy on C so this zero uncertainty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy on C so this zero uncertainty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy on C so this zero uncertainty of
+the energy operator in an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy operator in an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy operator in an energy
+eigenstate there's zero uncertainty even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate there's zero uncertainty even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate there's zero uncertainty even
+in the fall stationary state you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fall stationary state you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fall stationary state you have an
+H squared here it will give you P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H squared here it will give you P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H squared here it will give you P
+squared and expectation value of H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and expectation value of H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and expectation value of H is
+equal to EB so the expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to EB so the expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to EB so the expectation value of
+H squared minus expectation by the age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H squared minus expectation by the age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H squared minus expectation by the age
+swear be zero each one would be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swear be zero each one would be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swear be zero each one would be equal to
+peaceful nothing has happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaceful nothing has happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaceful nothing has happened
+no uncertainties whatsoever so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uncertainties whatsoever so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uncertainties whatsoever so let me
+say once more in general being so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say once more in general being so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say once more in general being so
+important there's a comment that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important there's a comment that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important there's a comment that the
+expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about time which is clearly time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about time which is clearly time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about time which is clearly time
+independent because the state has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent because the state has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent because the state has no
+time anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time anymore
+and so everybody say the second point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so everybody say the second point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so everybody say the second point is
+kind of a true geography but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a true geography but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a true geography but it's
+important to emphasize superposition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to emphasize superposition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to emphasize superposition is
+always true but the superposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true but the superposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true but the superposition of
+cool stationary States this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stationary States this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stationary States this is not the
+stationary state no good it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary state no good it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary state no good it's not the
+stationary state in general because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary state in general because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary state in general because it's
+not factorizing you have two stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not factorizing you have two stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not factorizing you have two stationary
+States with different energies each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States with different energies each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States with different energies each one
+has its own it's financial and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own it's financial and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own it's financial and therefore
+the host a is not factorized between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the host a is not factorized between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the host a is not factorized between
+space and time one time dependence has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and time one time dependence has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and time one time dependence has
+one state dependence but another depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's not just a clean a fact so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just a clean a fact so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just a clean a fact so the
+superposition of station energy is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's more than just an operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's more than just an operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's more than just an operation
+stationary what it means is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary what it means is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary what it means is that if you
+take expectation value of a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take expectation value of a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take expectation value of a time
+independent operator it may have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent operator it may have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent operator it may have time
+dependencies you're not every morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies you're not every morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies you're not every morning
+warranty by the stationary state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warranty by the stationary state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warranty by the stationary state that
+this petition pilot has no time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this petition pilot has no time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this petition pilot has no time
+dependence that's how it eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence that's how it eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence that's how it eventually
+these things have time dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things have time dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things have time dependence
+because these things are not animated on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these things are not animated on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these things are not animated on
+stationary States and so and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary States and so and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary States and so and that's
+important because not every will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because not every will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because not every will be very
+boring when we can exceed expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring when we can exceed expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring when we can exceed expectation
+value operators were always time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value operators were always time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value operators were always time
+independent so what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so what's happening
+whatever you measure never changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you measure never changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you measure never changes
+laughing and the way it's all is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing and the way it's all is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing and the way it's all is because
+you do have those stationary states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have those stationary states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have those stationary states that
+will give you lots of solutions but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you lots of solutions but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you lots of solutions but then
+we combine them and as we could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we combine them and as we could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we combine them and as we could find
+that we can get time dependence
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/M8QoJojEklw.txt b/M8QoJojEklw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a8e7d5e3f86ebcf43f14e32a85a3a6623ff36e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/M8QoJojEklw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1913 @@
+The following content is
+provided by MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+under a Creative Commons
+license.
+
+Additional information about
+our license and MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+-- sometimes called the van der
+Waal's interactions.
+
+And we saw that we could make a
+molecule between two inert gas
+
+atoms, like argon two or 
+xenon two,
+
+by virtue of these dispersion
+interactions,
+
+where the instantaneous charge
+in one atom or molecule produces
+
+a dipole.
+That dipole then induces a
+
+dipole in the neighboring
+molecule, and the result is a
+
+stabilization,
+an attraction.
+
+And we saw, last time,
+we had a generic form for the
+
+interaction potential for the
+dispersion interactions.
+
+This Lennard-Jones interaction
+potential.
+
+We talked about that in detail.
+And one of the parameters in
+
+that Lennard-Jones potential was
+this quantity epsilon,
+
+which actually was the well
+depth.
+
+And I just wanted to talk a few
+moments, here,
+
+about what determines what the
+well depth is,
+
+what the strength of that
+interaction is.
+
+And the bottom line is,
+what determines that is the
+
+polarizability of the atoms or
+the molecules that are
+
+interacting.
+And we give the symbol alpha to
+
+the polarizability.
+And what that is,
+
+is a measure of the ease with
+which a charge distribution can
+
+be distorted.
+That is the polarizability of
+
+the molecule.
+That is a term you will hear in
+
+future courses quite a lot.
+And, in general,
+
+the polarizability goes up with
+the number of electrons present.
+
+As you go from --
+And you can see on the side
+
+slides, here.
+As you go from helium to argon
+
+to xenon, and let me fix my
+pointer.
+
+As we go from helium to argon
+to xenon, this polarizability
+
+goes up because the number of
+electrons are going up.
+
+If the number of electrons are
+going up, that means we have
+
+electrons in outer shells,
+they are farther away from the
+
+nucleus.
+They are more easily distorted.
+
+As this polarizability goes up,
+helium, argon and xenon,
+
+that well depth for the
+Lennard-Jones potential is going
+
+up, 0.085, 0.996 and 1.8.
+And here, on this diagram,
+
+I actually show you what the
+shape of the Lennard-Jones
+
+potential is.
+Sometimes when I draw it on the
+
+board, it is not so accurate.
+But you can see this
+
+Lennard-Jones potentially
+actually has this repulsive wall
+
+that goes up really very
+steeply.
+
+And, likewise,
+on the next slide,
+
+you see some interactions for
+at least one molecule here,
+
+helium, nitrogen,
+and argon.
+
+You can also have these
+dispersion interactions,
+
+and you do have them,
+between molecules.
+
+So, the polarizability is going
+up.
+
+Helium, nitrogen,
+argon, the well depth is going
+
+up.
+Again, these are the
+
+Lennard-Jones potentials for
+those inert gases and for the
+
+interactions between two
+nitrogen atoms,
+
+dispersion interaction.
+All atoms and molecules have
+
+these dispersion interactions.
+It is just that often times the
+
+dispersion interactions can be
+so weak compared to some other
+
+interactions,
+which we are going to look at
+
+today, that we don't even think
+about them.
+
+But they are actually there.
+But what I want to do now is to
+
+talk about what happens as we
+lower the temperature even
+
+further.
+In other words,
+
+last time we were talking about
+the deviation from the inert gas
+
+law as we lowered the
+temperature.
+
+And what we said is that it is
+these dispersion interactions
+
+that are the microscopic origin
+for the deviation from the inert
+
+gas law, which is a macroscopic
+law, as you lower the
+
+temperature.
+But we also know that if you
+
+lower the temperature enough,
+that the gas condenses,
+
+the gas liquefies.
+And it is these dispersion
+
+interactions that are also
+responsible for the condensation
+
+of these gases.
+But now, let's talk about,
+
+a little bit more deeply,
+what exactly is going on as we
+
+lower the temperature close to
+the liquification point.
+
+Let me draw a Lennard-Jones
+potential again.
+
+And now I am going to do it for
+two nitrogen molecules.
+
+Here is nitrogen,
+here is nitrogen,
+
+two separated nitrogens as a
+function of r,
+
+the distance between the two
+nuclei.
+
+This is our zero of
+interaction.
+
+And, as I said from that slide,
+this bond association energy
+
+measured from the bottom of the
+well is 0.79 kilojoules per
+
+mole, the bottom of the well,
+where the molecules actually
+
+can never be.
+But that is the well depth.
+
+Now, let's think about this.
+At 300 degrees Kelvin,
+
+what is the average energy of
+the molecules?
+
+Well, the average energy is
+three-halves RT,
+
+as we saw.
+And, if I substitute in this
+
+temperature, I am going to get
+something on the order of 3.7
+
+kilojoules per mole,
+if this has two significant
+
+figures.
+3.7 kilojoules per mole.
+
+Well, let me do the following.
+Let me draw 3.7 kilojoules per
+
+mole, here, on this
+Lennard-Jones potential.
+
+When I do that,
+and I am going to start here at
+
+the bottom of the well,
+and I draw 3.7 kilojoules per
+
+mole, well, that is somewhere
+way up here, compared to the
+
+interaction energy.
+At 300 degrees Kelvin,
+
+the bottom line is that those
+two nitrogen molecules have
+
+enough kinetic energy to totally
+ignore this interaction energy.
+
+They are way up here.
+If they have 3.7 kilojoules per
+
+mole of energy,
+they are not going to stick
+
+together.
+They are not going to condense.
+
+They are actually really going
+to ignore this small interaction
+
+energy.
+They are just going to fly
+
+apart.
+And they do.
+
+You have a gas.
+However, let's lower the
+
+temperature now.
+Say we lower the temperature to
+
+100 degrees Kelvin.
+When we do that and calculate
+
+the average energy at 100
+degrees Kelvin,
+
+that is on the order of 1.2 or
+so kilojoules per mole average
+
+energy.
+1.2 kilojoules per mole,
+
+we are somewhere here.
+And now, the relative energies
+
+between these nitrogen molecules
+are much lower.
+
+And it is beginning to be
+comparable to this well depth.
+
+And those nitrogen molecules
+now are deviating from the inert
+
+gas law.
+They are kind of hanging around
+
+each other.
+They don't hit the walls as
+
+often, the walls of the vessel
+that they are in,
+
+because they are having an
+attractive interaction with
+
+their neighboring nitrogen
+molecule.
+
+And so, we are deviating,
+here, from the inert gas law.
+
+The pressure is not as large if
+you are doing it under constant
+
+volume conditions.
+And then, say we lower the
+
+temperature to 77 degrees
+Kelvin, which is actually the
+
+boiling point of nitrogen to
+make liquid nitrogen.
+
+Well, at 77 degrees Kelvin,
+the kinetic energy is 0.96
+
+kilojoules per mole.
+And now, in this case,
+
+we are fairly comparable to the
+well depth here at 0.96
+
+kilojoules per mole.
+What happens is the gas
+
+condenses.
+The interaction energy between
+
+those two nitrogen molecules is
+on the order of the kinetic
+
+energy.
+And then these molecules stick
+
+together, the gas condenses,
+and you have a liquid.
+
+That is the origin,
+here, of this temperature
+
+dependence and the relevance to
+the microscopic interactions
+
+between the molecules.
+You can understand that.
+
+And then vice versa,
+if you start to raise the
+
+temperature, the molecules start
+to fly apart.
+
+They ignore this interaction.
+Their energy is greater than
+
+that attractive interaction.
+And so what you can see in the
+
+macroscopic boiling points is
+the vestiges of this microscopic
+
+interaction energy.
+I think I am going to put the
+
+center screen down.
+
+If you look at --
+
+-- helium, neon,
+argon, krypton,
+
+and xenon.
+What we said is that this
+
+polarizability increases as we
+increase the number of
+
+electrons.
+We see that the well depth
+
+increases.
+Therefore, the boiling point
+
+increases as we go down the
+inert gas column.
+
+You can see how that
+macroscopic boiling point is a
+
+reflection of what is happening
+on the microscopic scale between
+
+two individual molecules.
+You can also see that in this
+
+plot or in this chart.
+Here we have molecules,
+
+hydrogen, nitrogen,
+and oxygen.
+
+The polarizability alpha is
+also increasing as we go down.
+
+Correspondingly,
+the well depth is increasing.
+
+Correspondingly,
+that boiling point is also
+
+getting larger and larger.
+That macroscopic quantity,
+
+then, reflects the change in
+the individual interaction
+
+energies between the molecules,
+the microscopic quantity.
+
+But it also turns out that the
+shape of the molecules are
+
+important.
+For example,
+
+let's take this molecule,
+C five H twelve.
+
+There are several ways I can
+draw a skeletal structure for C
+
+five H twelve.
+One way is to make it pentane,
+
+making a linear molecule.
+And another way is to make this
+
+two, two dimethylpropane,
+
+carbon in the center,
+some methyl groups around that
+
+center carbon.
+It turns out that the boiling
+
+point of pentane is 309 degrees
+Kelvin.
+
+The boiling point of
+2,2-dimethylpropane is 283
+
+degrees Kelvin.
+These are two molecules that
+
+have the same number of atoms,
+i.e., the same number of
+
+electrons, should have the same
+polarizability.
+
+However, one has a higher
+boiling point than the other.
+
+And the reason for this is
+because of the different shapes
+
+of these molecules.
+In the case of propane,
+
+if we have an instantaneous
+fluctuation in our charge
+
+distribution,
+it is going to be essentially
+
+along a line.
+That instantaneous fluctuation
+
+is essentially kind of rod-like
+because of the skeletal nature
+
+of the pentane.
+So, one end is a little
+
+positive, one end is a little
+negative, the other way around.
+
+That is going to induce a
+dipole in a neighboring pentane
+
+molecule.
+And then they are going to
+
+align, positive-negative here,
+positive-negative there.
+
+But then, in the case of
+dimethylpropane,
+
+you are also going to have this
+charge fluctuation.
+
+But in the case of propane,
+here, this is a more
+
+spherical-looking molecule.
+And so, the charge fluctuation
+
+is not going to be so rod-like.
+But, nevertheless,
+
+this charge fluctuation,
+induced dipole here,
+
+is going to induce another
+dipole in a neighboring
+
+molecule, and you are going to
+have an attractive interaction.
+
+But, in the case of the
+2,2-dimethylpropane,
+
+this is a much more spherical
+distribution than this.
+
+In this case,
+these two dipoles are not as
+
+close together as they are in
+the case of pentane,
+
+meaning that the interaction
+energy, here,
+
+between the dimethylpropane,
+is going to be less than it is
+
+in the case of the pentane.
+And, again, that is reflected
+
+in the macroscopic boiling
+points.
+
+The boiling point of pentane is
+larger than that of
+
+dimethylpropane because that
+microscopic interaction energy
+
+is larger for propane because
+the induced dipoles can get
+
+closer together.
+So, the shape is also important
+
+in determining these boiling
+points, these energies of
+
+interactions.
+That is going to take care of
+
+our discussion of molecules or
+discussion of the induced dipole
+
+- induced dipole interaction
+energy where we are talking
+
+about molecules that do not have
+permanent dipole moments.
+
+But now we are going to turn to
+molecules with permanent dipole
+
+moments, such as HCl.
+And, of course,
+
+in these molecules,
+the dispersion interaction is
+
+also taking place.
+It is just that that is going
+
+to be weak compared to the
+interaction between two
+
+permanent dipoles.
+Here we have one HCl molecule,
+
+permanent dipole.
+It is going to then,
+
+in a collection of HCl
+molecules, attract another HCl
+
+molecule.
+And that HCl molecule is going
+
+to align in the opposite
+direction.
+
+The alignment of those two
+dipoles is going to lower the
+
+energy.
+That is the attractive
+
+interaction.
+And then you might say,
+
+you get this attractive
+interaction, but you also have
+
+now this repulsive interaction
+between the two chlorines and
+
+the two hydrogens.
+Doesn't this all cancel out?
+
+And the answer is no.
+And that is because of this.
+
+The positive end of one
+molecule and the negative end of
+
+the other, this distance and
+this distance on the opposite
+
+end are actually closer than the
+positive charges.
+
+The yellow distance,
+here, is smaller than the
+
+distance between the two
+hydrogens, is smaller than the
+
+distance between the two
+chlorines.
+
+And so, it is this attractive
+interaction that wins out,
+
+actually.
+When you put those two dipoles
+
+together, the repulsion actually
+is there, but it is the
+
+attractive interaction that wins
+out, and the whole system is
+
+stabilized because the distance
+between the unlike charges is
+
+smaller than the distance
+between the like charges.
+
+Now, it also turns out that we
+have a functional form for the
+
+dipole-dipole attractive
+interaction.
+
+And that attractive interaction
+turns out to be a minus one over
+
+r cubed dependence.
+And this is exact.
+
+You can actually derive this.
+You can show that this is the
+
+interaction between two
+permanent dipoles is one over r
+
+cubed.
+The quantity on the top,
+
+mu, that is not a reduced mass,
+this time.
+
+If we go back to when we
+started talking about dipole
+
+moments, this is the dipole
+moment of the molecule.
+
+We have to use our symbols for
+multiple quantities.
+
+So, that is the dipole moment.
+We are talking about
+
+dipole-dipole attractive
+interactions.
+
+And that attractive interaction
+looks like this,
+
+minus one over r cubed.
+
+Now, you might say,
+where is the repulsive part of
+
+this interaction?
+In the case of the
+
+Lennard-Jones potential,
+remember we had two parts,
+
+the attractive part and the
+repulsive part.
+
+The repulsive part was one over
+r to the 12.
+
+The attractive part was one
+over r to the 6.
+
+But it turns out that for
+dipole-dipole interaction,
+
+we do not have a general form
+for the repulsive part,
+
+unlike induced dipole - induced
+dipole.
+
+So, the best we can do,
+in general, is to tell you that
+
+the dipole-dipole attractive
+interaction is one over r cubed.
+
+But I want to compare this one
+over r cubed to the attractive
+
+interaction due to the induced
+dipole - induced dipole
+
+interaction.
+You see that the dipole-dipole
+
+interaction is what we call
+longer range than the induced
+
+dipole - induced dipole.
+What I mean by that is that the
+
+value of r here,
+the distance between the two
+
+dipoles, can be larger.
+In the case of a longer range
+
+interaction, it can be larger
+and still have some non-zero
+
+quantity for the interaction
+potential.
+
+For example,
+if you are out here,
+
+if this value of r,
+you can just see with the
+
+shorter range interaction,
+one over r to the 6,
+
+that the attractive
+interaction is only the
+
+difference between the pink
+curve and the black curve,
+
+which is zero.
+Whereas, with a longer range
+
+interaction, we have more
+attractive interaction.
+
+This is more negative.
+That energy difference is
+
+larger.
+That is what we mean by a
+
+longer range interaction.
+And I want to just compare,
+
+in this diagram here,
+the strength of the dispersion
+
+interaction to that of the
+permanent dipole-dipole
+
+interaction by comparing the
+interaction between two argon
+
+atoms to those between two HCl
+molecules.
+
+Argon only has the dispersive
+interaction between it because
+
+it does not have a dipole
+moment.
+
+And you can see that this well
+depth, here, is one kilojoule
+
+per mole, roughly speaking.
+But in the case of HCl,
+
+that well depth,
+here, is three kilojoules per
+
+mole because that has a
+permanent dipole.
+
+And, in both cases,
+HCl and argon-argon,
+
+we are talking about roughly
+the same number of electrons,
+
+not exactly,
+but roughly,
+
+meaning the polarizability is
+roughly the same.
+
+The dispersion interaction
+energy is roughly the same for
+
+HCl as it is for argon,
+but the difference is that HCl
+
+has that permanent dipole
+moment.
+
+Therefore, the deeper well
+depth, therefore,
+
+in HCl, the higher boiling
+point, 239 degrees Kelvin as
+
+opposed to 87 Kelvin for argon.
+What is on this slide is just
+
+an example of how that
+dipole-dipole interaction energy
+
+varies with the dipole moment.
+The larger the dipole,
+
+of course, the larger the
+interaction energy.
+
+Here, I show you several
+molecules that all have,
+
+again, roughly the same number
+of atoms.
+
+They have the same mass,
+they roughly have the same
+
+number of electrons,
+so they roughly have the same
+
+polarizability.
+The induced dipole - induced
+
+dipole is the same,
+but what is changing here,
+
+as I go down,
+is the dipole moment.
+
+For propane,
+dipole moment really small,
+
+0.1 debye.
+Dimethyl ethe,r 1.3.
+
+Acetaldehyde,
+2.7.
+
+Acetonitrile,
+3.9.
+
+Dipole moment increases.
+The boiling point increases
+
+because that attractive
+interaction is increasing.
+
+It scales roughly as the dipole
+moment squared.
+
+The dipole-dipole interaction
+is stronger.
+
+Now, I just want to briefly
+then remind you about one other
+
+attractive interaction that we
+have talked about before.
+
+And that is between two ions.
+There we are talking about the
+
+Coulomb interaction energy,
+where the dependence is minus
+
+one over r.
+That is the longest range
+
+interaction.
+Again, you can see this way out
+
+here.
+If I choose this value of r,
+
+the one over six interaction
+term would give me a
+
+very small value for the
+attractive interaction,
+
+--
+-- because it is one over r to
+
+the six.
+You take a large number for r
+
+and raise it to the 6 power and
+put in the denominator.
+
+You are going to have a small
+value for U of r.
+
+The one over r to the three
+gives you some
+
+interaction energy,
+but one over r gives you a lot
+
+of attractive interaction.
+It is the longest range.
+
+And you can also see here,
+in a moment,
+
+that it is going to be the
+strongest interaction.
+
+What I am just doing is
+comparing several molecules or
+
+atoms.
+Here is argon 2 which has only
+
+the dispersive interaction.
+Here is the plot,
+
+well depth minus one kilojoule.
+Then, there is the HCl
+
+interaction energy that has the
+dispersion interaction in it,
+
+but also the dipole-dipole
+permanent interaction.
+
+It is minus three kilojoules.
+And then we are talking about
+
+chlorine two.
+This is a covalent bond.
+
+This is no longer a
+Lennard-Jones potential energy,
+
+but this well depth,
+here, is minus 200 kilojoules
+
+per mole.
+And then, finally,
+
+this ionic interaction between
+potassium and chlorine,
+
+look at how strong that is,
+minus 450 kilojoules per mole.
+
+So, these are the relative
+strengths here of these
+
+interaction energies.
+That is all I that want to say
+
+about these kinds of
+intermolecular interactions,
+
+where we are dealing with some
+kind of dipole.
+
+But before we move on,
+I want to talk about one other
+
+kind of intermolecular
+interaction potential.
+
+And that is something called
+hydrogen bonding.
+
+All right.
+A final intermolecular
+
+interaction, hydrogen bonding.
+Hydrogen bonding,
+
+here, occurs between a hydrogen
+atom that is attached to an
+
+electronegative atom and another
+molecule in the gas or in the
+
+solution.
+The first requirement is that
+
+you have hydrogen attached to a
+very electronegative atom.
+
+Hydrogen bonding occurs for
+hydrogens attached to oxygen,
+
+nitrogen, and chlorine.
+Those are all electronegative
+
+atoms.
+Water is a good example.
+
+In the case of water-- You have
+hydrogen bonded to this oxygen.
+
+This oxygen is really very
+electronegative.
+
+What that oxygen does is it
+pulls those electrons away from
+
+the hydrogen.
+This hydrogen is kind of
+
+partially unshielded.
+It is partially deshielded.
+
+And then, there is a lot of
+electron density here on this
+
+oxygen.
+Well, because that hydrogen is
+
+partially deshielded and because
+it is really small,
+
+this hydrogen actually will
+kind of see the oxygen atoms on
+
+a neighboring water molecule.
+And since this is kind of
+
+partially negative,
+this hydrogen will interact
+
+with one of the lone pairs on
+this oxygen and will form a
+
+bond.
+This is a little bit partially
+
+positive, this is a little bit
+partially negative,
+
+and the result,
+here, is a bond between the
+
+hydrogen and the oxygen.
+And that bond is on the order
+
+of 20 to 60 kilojoules per mole.
+This bond is not a covalent
+
+bond.
+A covalent bond is 400
+
+kilojoules per mole.
+This is 10% of it,
+
+but it is still a very
+important quantity or a very
+
+important phenomenon,
+this hydrogen bonding.
+
+The hydrogen bonding is
+certainly responsible for the
+
+peculiar properties of water,
+as you will learn more about in
+
+5.60, but it is also responsible
+for the unique shape,
+
+oftentimes, of biological
+molecules.
+
+The helix in DNA owes its
+structure to hydrogen bonding.
+
+The hydrogen bonding is what
+makes trees stand upright.
+
+The long cellulose molecules in
+trees are actually bonded
+
+together by hydrogen bonding.
+Nylon owes its strength to
+
+hydrogen bonding.
+And hydrogen bonding is also
+
+responsible for whether or not
+you have a bad hair day.
+
+As an example of that,
+I want you to look at the slide
+
+up there on the walls.
+What you see is a protein
+
+molecule.
+This is the structure of hair.
+
+The molecules that make up the
+strands of your hair look like
+
+this.
+It is a polymer.
+
+Well, it is a polypeptide.
+This unit right in here,
+
+carbon-oxygen bound to
+carbon-hydrogen bound to
+
+nitrogen-hydrogen is the
+peptide.
+
+It is repeated.
+You see the next unit over?
+
+CO-CH-NH.
+CO-CH-NH.
+
+That keeps repeating.
+That is the repeat unit.
+
+And, of course,
+this carbon-hydrogen right
+
+there, you can see it has a line
+there, indicating that it is
+
+bonded to something.
+And it is bonded to something.
+
+If that carbon-hydrogen is
+bound to another hydrogen,
+
+then you have a polypeptide
+which has been made from an
+
+amino acid that you might know
+of as glycine.
+
+If that carbon is bound to a CH
+three group,
+
+then that peptide was made from
+an amino acid that you might
+
+know of as alanine.
+And if it is bound to a CH two
+
+S H group,
+well, that was an amino acid
+
+known as cysteine.
+But what I want you to notice
+
+here is that these hydrogens on
+the nitrogen --
+
+That nitrogen is an electron
+negative atom.
+
+And that hydrogen,
+if your hair is wet,
+
+it is actually hydrogen bonded
+to a water molecule.
+
+Here is that hydrogen bond.
+And then in the next strand
+
+over, this oxygen is hydrogen
+bonded to a water molecule when
+
+your hair is wet.
+And the bottom line is that
+
+when your hair is wet,
+you have the strands of your
+
+hair that kind of slip by each
+other.
+
+There is no registry of one
+strand to another,
+
+because each strand has this
+coating, here,
+
+of water molecules due to
+hydrogen bonding.
+
+Suppose you take your hair and
+put it in a very contorted
+
+configuration like this.
+And then you drive off the
+
+water molecules,
+you dry your hair.
+
+What happens is that these
+water molecules then leave,
+
+the hydrogen bonds are broken.
+This is not such a strong bond,
+
+20 to 60 kilojoules per mole,
+those hydrogen bonds are
+
+broken.
+And then this hydrogen on this
+
+nitrogen looks around and sees
+the oxygen with its lone pairs
+
+on this strand,
+and so you form a hydrogen bond
+
+between this strand and this
+strand.
+
+And so now the strands of your
+hair are in registry with each
+
+other.
+They are actually stronger.
+
+And they do tell you not to
+brush your hair when it is wet,
+
+because it isn't so strong.
+Well, it is not so strong
+
+because these water molecules
+are insulating each one of these
+
+strands.
+And when it is dry these two
+
+strands are bond to each other.
+They are in registry with each
+
+other.
+And so, if you do this right,
+
+and you then let go of the
+contorted configuration,
+
+which I am having trouble
+doing, those strands are in
+
+registry with each other now.
+And you have a good hair day.
+
+So, that is the importance of
+hydrogen bonding.
+
+I curled my hair just for this
+demo, a little asymmetric,
+
+here.
+[LAUGHTER] But now,
+
+if you are as fortunate,
+or unfortunate,
+
+depending on your preference,
+to have naturally curly hair,
+
+then what you have are a lot of
+sulfur-sulfur bonds.
+
+You have a lot of cysteine
+peptide groups.
+
+What happens there is this.
+On the CH groups,
+
+you have CH two sulfur H.
+
+And on the next strand over you
+have S, CH two,
+
+and CH bonded to nitrogen,
+bonded to a CO.
+
+And you actually have a
+covalent bond between these two
+
+sulfurs, here.
+This is a strong bond.
+
+The strands of your polymers in
+your hair are in registry all of
+
+the time.
+And if you want to make your
+
+natural curly hair straight you
+have to do drastic things like
+
+use drastic chemicals to break
+this sulfur-sulfur bond.
+
+You can do it,
+but it is not easy.
+
+Likewise, if you have naturally
+straight hair and you want to
+
+curl it and make it
+semi-permanently curly,
+
+then you have to build in the
+sulfur-sulfur bonds.
+
+And you have to do,
+again, some rather drastic
+
+chemistry to make that happen.
+Hydrogen bonding is important,
+
+especially if you go to do
+anything in biologically-
+
+related sciences,
+you will see that.
+
+Now, I am going to change
+topics here.
+
+I am going to change topics,
+and we are going to talk a
+
+little bit about thermodynamics
+in preparation to get up to
+
+chemical equilibrium so that
+Professor Cummins can come in
+
+next Wednesday and start talking
+about acid-base equilibrium.
+
+He is great.
+You will love him.
+
+We are going to review some
+thermodynamics today.
+
+I am going to go kind of
+quickly because some of this I
+
+think you know,
+but I want to make sure
+
+everybody is on the same page.
+First of all,
+
+bond energies.
+We talked about bond energies
+
+as delta E sub D.
+And we measured it from the
+
+bottom of the well.
+And I told you a few days ago,
+
+I lied to you.
+The measured energies are
+
+really from v equals zero,
+and they are.
+
+But what I am going to do is
+change my language.
+
+Instead of talking about
+energies, I am going to talk
+
+about enthalpies.
+I am going to talk about delta
+
+Hs rather than delta Es.
+The reason I am going to do
+
+this is because it is easier for
+us to measure a bond enthalpy
+
+than a bond energy.
+And that has to do with the
+
+fact that we usually make
+measurements in bulk under
+
+constant pressure conditions.
+And that is the quantity that
+
+comes out.
+The relationship between delta
+
+H and delta E is this.
+Delta H is equal to delta E
+
+plus delta PV.
+
+This is a
+relationship that you will learn
+
+about in a lot of detail in
+5.60, in Chemical
+
+Thermodynamics.
+At this point,
+
+we are going to take it as a
+given.
+
+For gases, delta H differs on
+the order of 1% to 2% from delta
+
+E.
+It is not much,
+
+but if you are doing some
+precise calculation,
+
+you need to be aware of that.
+For liquids and solids,
+
+delta H and delta E are really
+the same for all intrinsic
+
+purposes.
+The delta PV term is really
+
+very small.
+And, in thermodynamics,
+
+since we are most always
+looking at changes in energy,
+
+we need what we call standard
+states.
+
+And we are going to put a
+nought, here,
+
+on all of our delta Hs to
+designate the standard state.
+
+And our standard state that
+your book uses,
+
+and will use,
+refers really to the pressure.
+
+And the pressure is one bar.
+And one bar is equal to 10^5
+
+Pascal.
+That is equal to 10^5 kilograms
+
+per meter second squared.
+The delta Hs we are going to
+
+talk about are also,
+just about all of them,
+
+measured at 298.15 degrees
+Kelvin.
+
+Delta H does depend on
+temperature, but we actually are
+
+not going to look at that in the
+next few days.
+
+You are going to do that in
+5.60.
+
+Our delta Hs are going to be
+delta Hs at 298.15 degrees
+
+Kelvin.
+On the first slide here,
+
+I show you a bunch of bond
+enthalpies for CH bonds.
+
+And, of course,
+those bond enthalpies are a
+
+little bit different,
+depending on what molecule you
+
+have.
+But they are not that
+
+different.
+And so, what is often done,
+
+and your book does this,
+is that somebody goes and
+
+calculates the average of the
+bond energies for lots of CH
+
+bonds and lots of molecules and
+they prepare a table that looks
+
+like this.
+This is the mean bond enthalpy.
+
+And they have CH,
+CC, carbon-carbon.
+
+But these are average bond
+enthalpies.
+
+Now, why are bond enthalpies
+important to us?
+
+Well, they are important
+because they determine the
+
+enthalpy of a chemical reaction.
+If the bonds are stronger in
+
+the products than in the
+reactants, that is going to give
+
+us an exothermic reaction.
+If the bonds are stronger in
+
+the reactants than the products,
+that gives us an endothermic
+
+reaction.
+And so let's look at this
+
+reaction.
+This is an important reaction.
+
+This is the oxidation of
+glucose.
+
+This is a reaction very
+exothermic, minus 2816
+
+kilojoules per mole.
+It is a reaction that is being
+
+carried out in every cell of
+your body as we speak.
+
+It is the reaction that is
+providing the energy to maintain
+
+your body temperature,
+the energy to move your
+
+muscles, the energy to repair
+tissue, and the energy to think.
+
+Important reaction.
+This is the reason why we eat.
+
+This is the reason why we
+breathe, this is the reason why
+
+we exhale, and this is the
+reason why we pee.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+What do we need to do to
+calculate the enthalpy for this
+
+reaction?
+We have to figure out how much
+
+energy is required to break all
+of the bonds of the reactants
+
+because that is how much energy
+we put in.
+
+And then we have to figure out
+then how much energy we get back
+
+when we form the product bonds.
+Bottom line is,
+
+the enthalpy necessary to break
+all of the bonds,
+
+you can calculate,
+is 12,452 kilojoules per mole.
+
+That number comes from using
+these average bond energies I
+
+told you about.
+We can then get back some
+
+energy, minus 15,000,
+approximately,
+
+when we form some new bonds.
+That number comes from those
+
+average bond enthalpies.
+The difference between these
+
+two energy levels is the
+exothermicity of the reaction.
+
+Now, what did we do to get the
+enthalpy?
+
+Well, what I did is took the
+bond enthalpies of each bond of
+
+the reactants and summed them.
+Then, I took the bond
+
+enthalpies for each one of the
+products, summed them,
+
+and subtracted the two to get
+the enthalpy of the reaction.
+
+I want you to notice something
+here, important.
+
+This is reactants minus
+products.
+
+In a moment,
+I am going to show you another
+
+way to calculate the enthalpy
+for a reaction.
+
+And it is going to be products
+minus reactants.
+
+You have to know this.
+But you also see that the
+
+calculated enthalpy is not the
+experimental enthalpy.
+
+Why?
+Because we use the average bond
+
+enthalpies.
+We did not use the exact bond
+
+enthalpies because if we had to
+use the exact bond enthalpies,
+
+can you imagine the size of the
+table of data that we would have
+
+to have?
+We would have to have a bond
+
+enthalpy for every bond for
+every known molecule.
+
+That is a lot.
+What are we going to do,
+
+then?
+Is there a more accurate way to
+
+do that?
+Yes, with knowing the absolute
+
+bond enthalpies.
+But that is too much data.
+
+Is there some other way to do
+it?
+
+Yes.
+We are going to use heats of
+
+formation.
+A heat of formation,
+
+delta H nought with an F as a
+subscript.
+
+The heat of formation is the
+
+enthalpy of a reaction that
+forms one mole of a compound
+
+from the pure elements in their
+most stable form in their
+
+standard state.
+For example,
+
+here is water.
+We are forming one mole of
+
+water from its elements,
+hydrogen and oxygen.
+
+The enthalpy for this reaction
+is defined as the heat of
+
+formation of water.
+Why is this the heat of
+
+formation of water?
+Well, because we are forming
+
+one mole, and that is important,
+from the elements that make up
+
+water.
+What elements are they?
+
+They are hydrogen.
+But notice that this hydrogen
+
+is H two.
+It is not hydrogen atoms
+
+because H two is the most
+stable form of hydrogen.
+
+Oxygen is O two,
+not oxygen atoms because this
+
+is the most stable form of
+oxygen at bar pressure.
+
+Look at this here.
+What is the heat of formation
+
+of oxygen?
+Well, the enthalpy change for
+
+this reaction is zero.
+That is the heat of formation
+
+of oxygen.
+Why?
+
+Because we are forming one mole
+of oxygen from the elements in
+
+their most stable form.
+For elements like oxygen,
+
+hydrogen, nitrogen,
+chlorine, two
+
+in the gas phase,
+those all have heats of
+
+formation that are equal to
+zero.
+
+And then, finally,
+here is the expression or the
+
+reaction that gives us one mole
+of glucose.
+
+The enthalpy for this reaction
+is the heat of formation of
+
+glucose.
+We get it from its elements,
+
+hydrogen, oxygen,
+and look at the elemental form,
+
+the most stable form of the
+element carbon is graphite.
+
+Is there an 18.0-something
+exam?
+
+Yes?
+Okay.
+
+See you on Monday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MT7X17ZRo1U.txt b/MT7X17ZRo1U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aad5ec5092bcb0f50e8474d92a0e5713cbb8d7ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MT7X17ZRo1U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16960 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right guys so let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right guys so let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right guys so let's get
+started welcome back from what I Hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started welcome back from what I Hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started welcome back from what I Hope
+was an exciting holiday for everyone uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an exciting holiday for everyone uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an exciting holiday for everyone uh
+so today we're going to talk about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to talk about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to talk about you
+and so the basic challenge that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the basic challenge that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the basic challenge that we want
+to address today is how can human users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to address today is how can human users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to address today is how can human users
+prove their identity to a program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove their identity to a program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove their identity to a program in
+particular the paper that uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the paper that uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the paper that uh was
+assigned for today's class addresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned for today's class addresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned for today's class addresses
+sort of an existential question in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an existential question in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an existential question in the
+security Community is there anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security Community is there anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security Community is there anything
+better than passwords for authentication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than passwords for authentication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than passwords for authentication
+right so at a high level it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so at a high level it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so at a high level it seems like
+passwords are a terrible idea right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords are a terrible idea right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords are a terrible idea right so
+they have very low entropy right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have very low entropy right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have very low entropy right it's
+very easy for attackers to guess them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy for attackers to guess them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy for attackers to guess them uh
+also the security questions that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the security questions that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the security questions that we use
+to recover from Lost passwords often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover from Lost passwords often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover from Lost passwords often
+have even lower entropy than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have even lower entropy than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have even lower entropy than the
+passwords themselves right which also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords themselves right which also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords themselves right which also
+seems like a problem uh and even worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a problem uh and even worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a problem uh and even worse
+users typically will use uh the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users typically will use uh the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users typically will use uh the same
+password across a lot of different sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password across a lot of different sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password across a lot of different sites
+right so that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that means that the
+vulnerability in one password if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerability in one password if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerability in one password if it's
+easy to guess could expose a user's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to guess could expose a user's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to guess could expose a user's
+activity across a wide range of sites so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity across a wide range of sites so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity across a wide range of sites so
+as the paper for today's class States I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the paper for today's class States I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the paper for today's class States I
+love this quote the continued domination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this quote the continued domination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this quote the continued domination
+of passwords over all other methods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of passwords over all other methods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of passwords over all other methods of
+enduser authentication is a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enduser authentication is a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enduser authentication is a major
+embarrassment for security researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassment for security researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassment for security researchers
+all right so the community just seething
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the community just seething
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the community just seething
+out there they want some better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there they want some better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there they want some better
+alternative but it's not clear if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative but it's not clear if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative but it's not clear if there
+actually is uh an authentication scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is uh an authentication scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is uh an authentication scheme
+that actually totally dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually totally dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually totally dominates
+passwords that's more usable that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords that's more usable that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords that's more usable that's more
+Deployable that's more secure so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deployable that's more secure so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deployable that's more secure so in
+today's lecture we're basically going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture we're basically going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture we're basically going to
+do three things so first of all we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do three things so first of all we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do three things so first of all we're
+going to look and we're going to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look and we're going to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look and we're going to see how
+current password schemes work uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current password schemes work uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current password schemes work uh then
+we're going to talk about the desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the desirable
+properties at a high level for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties at a high level for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties at a high level for any
+authentication scheme and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication scheme and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication scheme and then we're
+finally going to look at what the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally going to look at what the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally going to look at what the paper
+uh gives us in terms of metrics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gives us in terms of metrics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gives us in terms of metrics for
+authenticating authentication schemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticating authentication schemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticating authentication schemes
+and we're going to see how some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to see how some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to see how some of these
+other authentication schemes actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other authentication schemes actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other authentication schemes actually
+compare to passwords so at a high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to passwords so at a high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to passwords so at a high level
+what is a password so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a password so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a password so a
+password is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password is a
+secret that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shared between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared between uh
+user and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+server so the naive implementation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server so the naive implementation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server so the naive implementation of a
+password scheme is to basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password scheme is to basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password scheme is to basically just
+have uh a table right on the server side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a table right on the server side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a table right on the server side
+that essentially just Maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially just Maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially just Maps
+usernames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usernames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usernames
+to passwords right that's the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to passwords right that's the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to passwords right that's the simplest
+way you can imagine implementing one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can imagine implementing one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can imagine implementing one of
+these authentication schemes user uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these authentication schemes user uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these authentication schemes user uh
+passes in their user uh name and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes in their user uh name and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes in their user uh name and their
+password Ser it look does a look up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password Ser it look does a look up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password Ser it look does a look up in
+this table compares the password that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table compares the password that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table compares the password that
+the client applied what's in here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client applied what's in here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client applied what's in here if
+everything's good the user is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's good the user is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's good the user is
+authenticated so clearly the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticated so clearly the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticated so clearly the problem
+with this is that if the attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this is that if the attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this is that if the attacker
+compromises the server right then it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromises the server right then it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromises the server right then it can
+just look at this table and then get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at this table and then get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at this table and then get all
+the users passwords in the clear right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users passwords in the clear right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users passwords in the clear right
+so that's clearly a bad thing right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's clearly a bad thing right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's clearly a bad thing right so
+perhaps uh improv solution is to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps uh improv solution is to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps uh improv solution is to have
+the server store table that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server store table that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server store table that looks like
+this so once again it Maps the username
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so once again it Maps the username
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so once again it Maps the username
+but now it actually maps to uh hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it actually maps to uh hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it actually maps to uh hash
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+password right so the user client is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password right so the user client is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password right so the user client is
+going to supply their clear text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to supply their clear text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to supply their clear text
+password uh to the server the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password uh to the server the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password uh to the server the server
+will then take that clear text password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then take that clear text password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then take that clear text password
+hash it do a look up in the table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash it do a look up in the table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash it do a look up in the table and
+once again see if the user is who he or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again see if the user is who he or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again see if the user is who he or
+she says it they are so the advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she says it they are so the advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she says it they are so the advantage of
+this scheme is that by Design these hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scheme is that by Design these hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scheme is that by Design these hash
+functions are difficult to invert right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are difficult to invert right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are difficult to invert right
+so if this table is lost it's leaked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this table is lost it's leaked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this table is lost it's leaked
+somehow or the attacker compromised to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow or the attacker compromised to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow or the attacker compromised to
+the server and the attacker can at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server and the attacker can at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server and the attacker can at these
+things here but it's difficult for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here but it's difficult for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here but it's difficult for the
+attacker to say okay this sort of string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker to say okay this sort of string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker to say okay this sort of string
+of random alpha numeric characters here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random alpha numeric characters here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random alpha numeric characters here
+here's the pre-image that was used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the pre-image that was used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the pre-image that was used as
+the input to the hash function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to the hash function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to the hash function to
+generate that value there so that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate that value there so that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate that value there so that at
+least is the nice thing about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least is the nice thing about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least is the nice thing about these
+hashes sort of in theory now in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes sort of in theory now in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes sort of in theory now in practice
+attackers don't actually have to launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attackers don't actually have to launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attackers don't actually have to launch
+Brute Force attacks to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brute Force attacks to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brute Force attacks to figure out what
+the pre-images for these hash values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre-images for these hash values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre-images for these hash values are
+right so attackers can actually take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so attackers can actually take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so attackers can actually take
+advant to the fact that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advant to the fact that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advant to the fact that uh
+passwords in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords in
+practice have skewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distributions and by skewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and by skewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and by skewed
+distributions I mean that you know let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions I mean that you know let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions I mean that you know let's
+say that we knew that all passwords are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we knew that all passwords are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we knew that all passwords are
+20 characters long it's not like users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 characters long it's not like users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 characters long it's not like users
+actually pick passwords that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pick passwords that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pick passwords that sort of
+exist all in all places in that space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist all in all places in that space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist all in all places in that space of
+20 possible characters in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 possible characters in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 possible characters in practice
+people pick passwords like you know 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pick passwords like you know 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pick passwords like you know 1
+two 3 or you know Todd or things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 3 or you know Todd or things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 3 or you know Todd or things like
+this right and so in fact there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right and so in fact there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right and so in fact there's been
+these empirical studies of how um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these empirical studies of how um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these empirical studies of how um
+passwords work and uh a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords work and uh a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords work and uh a lot of times
+these studies find things like uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these studies find things like uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these studies find things like uh the
+top 5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+passwords cover about 20% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+users so what that means in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users so what that means in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users so what that means in other words
+is that if the attacker has a has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if the attacker has a has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if the attacker has a has a
+database of those five ,000 passwords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database of those five ,000 passwords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database of those five ,000 passwords
+then the attacker can just hash those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the attacker can just hash those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the attacker can just hash those
+and then when the attacker looks at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when the attacker looks at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when the attacker looks at this
+stolen uh password table can just see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen uh password table can just see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen uh password table can just see if
+any of those things that come from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of those things that come from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of those things that come from this
+5,000 uh large list Mash over here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 uh large list Mash over here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 uh large list Mash over here right
+and so empirically speaking the attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so empirically speaking the attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so empirically speaking the attack
+will be able to recover about 20% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to recover about 20% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to recover about 20% of
+passwords that way uh and so uh Folks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords that way uh and so uh Folks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords that way uh and so uh Folks at
+Yahoo found that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yahoo found that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yahoo found that uh
+passwords have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords have
+roughly uh 10 to 20 bits of entropy 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly uh 10 to 20 bits of entropy 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly uh 10 to 20 bits of entropy 10
+to 20 bits of Randomness in them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20 bits of Randomness in them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20 bits of Randomness in them and
+that's actually not that big right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually not that big right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually not that big right so
+for example if you think about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you think about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you think about you know
+what might this hash function here be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might this hash function here be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might this hash function here be so
+maybe it's something like sha something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's something like sha something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's something like sha something
+like this so modern machines can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so modern machines can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so modern machines can
+actually calculate you know millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate you know millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate you know millions of
+these hashes every second right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hashes every second right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hashes every second right so the
+fact that hash functions by Design are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that hash functions by Design are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that hash functions by Design are
+supposed to be easy to uh calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be easy to uh calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be easy to uh calculate
+supposed to be fast to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be fast to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be fast to calculate
+combined with this fact that there're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with this fact that there're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with this fact that there're
+these skewed password distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these skewed password distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these skewed password distributions
+means that in principle this scheme here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that in principle this scheme here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that in principle this scheme here
+is not as secure as it might seem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not as secure as it might seem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not as secure as it might seem right
+so one thing you can imagine to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing you can imagine to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing you can imagine to try to
+make life more difficult on the attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make life more difficult on the attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make life more difficult on the attacker
+is you could imagine that you use uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you could imagine that you use uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you could imagine that you use uh uh
+expensive uh key derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and so by key derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so by key derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so by key derivation
+function I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I just
+mean uh this thing up here this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh this thing up here this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh this thing up here this thing
+that's taking the password as an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's taking the password as an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's taking the password as an input
+and then generating something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then generating something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then generating something that's
+stored on stored in the server right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored on stored in the server right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored on stored in the server right and
+so what's nice about these key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's nice about these key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's nice about these key
+derivation functions is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation functions is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation functions is that they
+actually have um sort of tunable cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have um sort of tunable cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have um sort of tunable cost
+right so you can you can basically turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can you can basically turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can you can basically turn
+this knob and make that function run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this knob and make that function run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this knob and make that function run
+slower or faster depending on what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower or faster depending on what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower or faster depending on what you
+want and so the idea here is that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and so the idea here is that let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and so the idea here is that let's
+say that you're going to use a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you're going to use a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you're going to use a key
+derivation function so some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation function so some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation function so some of these
+examples are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples are like
+um PB kdf 2 or maybe bcrypt you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um PB kdf 2 or maybe bcrypt you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um PB kdf 2 or maybe bcrypt you can look
+these up using the miracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these up using the miracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these up using the miracle
+of the internet if you care to know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the internet if you care to know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the internet if you care to know more
+about them but the basic idea is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them but the basic idea is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them but the basic idea is let's
+imagine that one of these key derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that one of these key derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that one of these key derivation
+functions took a second to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions took a second to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions took a second to calculate
+right as opposed to you know a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as opposed to you know a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as opposed to you know a few
+milliseconds that actually makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds that actually makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds that actually makes the
+attacker's job much more difficult right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker's job much more difficult right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker's job much more difficult right
+because then when the attacker is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then when the attacker is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then when the attacker is trying
+to um let's say generate values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um let's say generate values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um let's say generate values for
+these 5,000 topmost passwords it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 5,000 topmost passwords it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 5,000 topmost passwords it's going
+to take the attacker much longer to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the attacker much longer to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the attacker much longer to do
+that so does that all make sense how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so does that all make sense how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so does that all make sense how
+these things work pretty straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things work pretty straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things work pretty straightforward
+um and so internally these key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so internally these key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so internally these key
+derivation functions of and operate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation functions of and operate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation functions of and operate by
+repeatedly calling a hash multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly calling a hash multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly calling a hash multiple
+multiple times so that's all pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times so that's all pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times so that's all pretty
+straightforward um so you might say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward um so you might say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward um so you might say well
+does this solve the problem so can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this solve the problem so can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this solve the problem so can we
+just use these expensive key derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use these expensive key derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use these expensive key derivation
+functions and be done with it so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and be done with it so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and be done with it so this is
+security class of course the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security class of course the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security class of course the answer is
+no so one problem is that the adversary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so one problem is that the adversary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so one problem is that the adversary
+can build something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build something called
+uh rainbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rainbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rainbow
+tables and so a rainbow table is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and so a rainbow table is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and so a rainbow table is
+basically uh just the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh just the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh just the map
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+password to Hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values and so the Insight here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and so the Insight here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and so the Insight here is that
+even if the system is using one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the system is using one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the system is using one of these
+expensive key derivation functions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive key derivation functions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive key derivation functions right
+the attacker can calculate one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker can calculate one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker can calculate one of these
+tables once okay it might be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables once okay it might be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables once okay it might be a little
+bit painful because each key derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit painful because each key derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit painful because each key derivation
+function invocation is slow but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function invocation is slow but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function invocation is slow but the
+attacker can build this table once and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can build this table once and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can build this table once and
+then use that to crack you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use that to crack you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use that to crack you know all
+subsequent systems the attacker can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent systems the attacker can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent systems the attacker can
+break into that use that same key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break into that use that same key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break into that use that same key
+derivation function okay so that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation function okay so that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation function okay so that's how
+rainbow tables work um and once again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainbow tables work um and once again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainbow tables work um and once again to
+maximize the cost benefit of building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the cost benefit of building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the cost benefit of building
+this rainbow table the attacker can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rainbow table the attacker can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rainbow table the attacker can take
+advantage of these skewed passer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of these skewed passer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of these skewed passer
+distributions like we see up here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions like we see up here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions like we see up here right
+so the attacker might only need to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the attacker might only need to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the attacker might only need to build
+a rainbow table for some small set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rainbow table for some small set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rainbow table for some small set of
+all possible passwords so salting makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible passwords so salting makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible passwords so salting makes
+this much more difficult yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much more difficult yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much more difficult yeah yeah yeah
+that's right that's right so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's right so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's right so we're going
+to get to salting I believe in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to salting I believe in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to salting I believe in a couple
+seconds that's right so but at a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds that's right so but at a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds that's right so but at a high
+level if you don't use salting right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if you don't use salting right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if you don't use salting right
+rainbow tables actually allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainbow tables actually allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainbow tables actually allow the
+attacker to spend some effort offline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker to spend some effort offline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker to spend some effort offline
+calculate this table and then sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this table and then sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this table and then sort of uh
+amortize the cost of calculating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortize the cost of calculating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortize the cost of calculating that
+table over breaking many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table over breaking many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table over breaking many different
+password data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password data
+bases uh and so right so the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases uh and so right so the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases uh and so right so the next thing
+that we can think about to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can think about to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can think about to improve
+things is salting I swear that guy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is salting I swear that guy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is salting I swear that guy was
+not a plant I'll give you your $20 after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a plant I'll give you your $20 after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a plant I'll give you your $20 after
+class uh so how does uh salting work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh so how does uh salting work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh so how does uh salting work so
+the base idea is that you just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base idea is that you just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base idea is that you just want to
+input some additional Randomness into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input some additional Randomness into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input some additional Randomness into
+the way that the password is generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that the password is generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that the password is generated
+right so basically uh you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically uh you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically uh you want to
+uh take this uh hash function and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take this uh hash function and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take this uh hash function and you
+want to put some salt in there which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put some salt in there which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put some salt in there which
+I'll explain in a second and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain in a second and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain in a second and then the
+password and this is the thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password and this is the thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password and this is the thing that you
+store in the server side in the table so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store in the server side in the table so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store in the server side in the table so
+what is this salt I mean just think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this salt I mean just think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this salt I mean just think of
+it as just just a a string right a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as just just a a string right a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as just just a a string right a long
+string that's provided as sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string that's provided as sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string that's provided as sort of the
+first part to this hash function okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part to this hash function okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part to this hash function okay so
+why is it better to use this scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it better to use this scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it better to use this scheme
+right and know that the salt is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and know that the salt is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and know that the salt is actually
+stored on the clear Tex on the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored on the clear Tex on the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored on the clear Tex on the server
+side right so you might be thinking okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right so you might be thinking okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right so you might be thinking okay
+well if that salt is stored on the clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if that salt is stored on the clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if that salt is stored on the clear
+Tex on the server side it seems like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tex on the server side it seems like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tex on the server side it seems like the
+server can both steal the table that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server can both steal the table that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server can both steal the table that
+Maps usernames to passwords and it's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps usernames to passwords and it's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps usernames to passwords and it's and
+the attacker can also steal the salt so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker can also steal the salt so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker can also steal the salt so
+why is that why is that useful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that why is that useful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that why is that useful because
+you pick the top most common password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick the top most common password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick the top most common password
+you can't just use it once and find any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just use it once and find any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just use it once and find any
+us it that's exactly right so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it that's exactly right so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it that's exactly right so basically
+what this does is this prevents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this does is this prevents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this does is this prevents the
+attacker from building a single rainbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker from building a single rainbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker from building a single rainbow
+table and then using that rainbow table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and then using that rainbow table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and then using that rainbow table
+against all instances of that hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against all instances of that hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against all instances of that hash
+function right and so you can basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right and so you can basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right and so you can basically
+think of this as sort of unifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as sort of unifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as sort of unifying
+passwords even if they're the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords even if they're the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords even if they're the same
+basically so this is what a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so this is what a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so this is what a lot of
+systems do in practice these this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems do in practice these this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems do in practice these this notion
+of ass salt here um and so the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ass salt here um and so the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ass salt here um and so the best
+practic is for this so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practic is for this so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practic is for this so you want to
+choose a salt that's long right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a salt that's long right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a salt that's long right because
+you can essentially think of the salt as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can essentially think of the salt as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can essentially think of the salt as
+adding more bits to this sort of pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding more bits to this sort of pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding more bits to this sort of pseudo
+password right and so more bits is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password right and so more bits is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password right and so more bits is
+always better and the other thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always better and the other thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always better and the other thing you
+want to do too is that whenever the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do too is that whenever the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do too is that whenever the user
+changes his or her password you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes his or her password you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes his or her password you
+typically want to change that salt too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically want to change that salt too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically want to change that salt too
+so one reason for that is let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one reason for that is let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one reason for that is let's say that
+users are lazy right and they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users are lazy right and they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users are lazy right and they want to
+pick the same password multiple times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the same password multiple times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the same password multiple times
+changing the salt will ensure that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the salt will ensure that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the salt will ensure that um
+the thing that's stored in the password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's stored in the password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's stored in the password
+database will actually be different even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database will actually be different even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database will actually be different even
+if that password is the same I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that password is the same I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that password is the same I think
+there was a question somewhere why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a question somewhere why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a question somewhere why is it
+called salt uh I'm actually not sure why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called salt uh I'm actually not sure why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called salt uh I'm actually not sure why
+it's called salt that's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called salt that's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called salt that's a good question
+I'm sure there's some answer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure there's some answer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure there's some answer to this
+though it's like why are cookies called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's like why are cookies called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's like why are cookies called
+cookies the internet will know but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies the internet will know but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies the internet will know but I
+actually don't know it does add some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't know it does add some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't know it does add some
+taste to the hash you know the T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste to the hash you know the T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste to the hash you know the T the
+hash is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash is
+something there we go I I'm glad that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there we go I I'm glad that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there we go I I'm glad that
+we're getting this on film because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting this on film because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting this on film because I
+feel this is how we're going to get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel this is how we're going to get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel this is how we're going to get our
+touring Awards that's right so yeah I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touring Awards that's right so yeah I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touring Awards that's right so yeah I'm
+sure there's some there's some answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there's some there's some answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there's some there's some answer
+out on the internet so I'll look that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the internet so I'll look that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the internet so I'll look that up
+later um but does that all basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um but does that all basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um but does that all basically
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+sense okay so so the these approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so so the these approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so so the these approaches
+are are fairly straightforward um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are fairly straightforward um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are fairly straightforward um all
+right so what I've assumed so far is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I've assumed so far is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I've assumed so far is
+that somehow the client is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow the client is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow the client is uh
+transmitting the password uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting the password uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting the password uh to the
+server but I haven't actually specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server but I haven't actually specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server but I haven't actually specified
+how that transmission is actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that transmission is actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that transmission is actually going
+to take place um so a question no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take place um so a question no okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take place um so a question no okay
+so uh yeah how do we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transmit these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit these
+passwords so you know the first idea you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords so you know the first idea you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords so you know the first idea you
+might have would be well we'll just send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have would be well we'll just send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have would be well we'll just send
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+password in the clear over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password in the clear over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password in the clear over the
+network this is clearly cartoonishly bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network this is clearly cartoonishly bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network this is clearly cartoonishly bad
+right because then there could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because then there could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because then there could be a
+network attacker who's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network attacker who's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network attacker who's basically
+snooping and seeing the traffic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snooping and seeing the traffic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snooping and seeing the traffic that
+you're sending and that snooper can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sending and that snooper can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sending and that snooper can just
+uh take that password right off the wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take that password right off the wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take that password right off the wire
+and then impersonates you okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then impersonates you okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then impersonates you okay so we
+always start with a straw man before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always start with a straw man before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always start with a straw man before I
+show you other Straw Men which of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you other Straw Men which of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you other Straw Men which of course
+are also fatally flawed so first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also fatally flawed so first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also fatally flawed so first thing
+you think about is sending the password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about is sending the password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about is sending the password
+in the clear uh another thing you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clear uh another thing you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clear uh another thing you might
+think which would be a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think which would be a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think which would be a little bit better
+perhaps is perhaps we uh send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps is perhaps we uh send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps is perhaps we uh send the
+password over uh an encrypted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connection right and so we use some type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection right and so we use some type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection right and so we use some type
+of uh cryptography here maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh cryptography here maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh cryptography here maybe there's
+some secret key or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some secret key or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some secret key or something like that
+and that's what we use to transform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we use to transform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we use to transform the
+password before we send it over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password before we send it over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password before we send it over the
+connection so at a high level you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection so at a high level you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection so at a high level you know
+encryption always seems to make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption always seems to make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption always seems to make things
+better right trademark but the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better right trademark but the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better right trademark but the problem
+is that uh unless you think carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh unless you think carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh unless you think carefully
+about how you're using things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you're using things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you're using things like
+encryption and hashing you may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption and hashing you may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption and hashing you may not be
+getting the security benefits that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the security benefits that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the security benefits that you
+think that you're getting because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you're getting because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you're getting because for
+example what if there is someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what if there is someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what if there is someone who's
+sitting between you the client and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting between you the client and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting between you the client and the
+server this perbal man in the- Middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server this perbal man in the- Middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server this perbal man in the- Middle
+attacker right who's actually snooping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker right who's actually snooping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker right who's actually snooping
+on your traffic and pretending to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your traffic and pretending to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your traffic and pretending to be the
+server right if when you send encrypted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server right if when you send encrypted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server right if when you send encrypted
+data you haven't actually authenticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you haven't actually authenticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you haven't actually authenticated
+the other end right then you could still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other end right then you could still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other end right then you could still
+be opening up yourself to problems right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be opening up yourself to problems right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be opening up yourself to problems right
+because if the client just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the client just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the client just you know
+let's say picks some random key sends it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say picks some random key sends it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say picks some random key sends it
+to some entity on the other side who may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some entity on the other side who may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some entity on the other side who may
+or may not be the server if it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be the server if it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be the server if it's not the
+server your encryption didn't really buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server your encryption didn't really buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server your encryption didn't really buy
+you anything right you're just sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anything right you're just sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anything right you're just sending
+something to some person who will then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to some person who will then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to some person who will then
+be able to get all your secrets right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get all your secrets right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get all your secrets right
+and so similarly people might think oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so similarly people might think oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so similarly people might think oh
+well what if I don't send the raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what if I don't send the raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what if I don't send the raw
+password but I send a hash of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password but I send a hash of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password but I send a hash of the
+password instead that actually doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password instead that actually doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password instead that actually doesn't
+give you anything in and of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you anything in and of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you anything in and of itself
+either because whether you send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because whether you send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because whether you send the
+password or the hash of the password I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password or the hash of the password I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password or the hash of the password I
+mean the hash of the password has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the hash of the password has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the hash of the password has the
+same sort of semantic pow as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of semantic pow as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of semantic pow as the
+original password itself right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original password itself right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original password itself right if you
+haven't authenticated the other side if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't authenticated the other side if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't authenticated the other side if
+you haven't authenticated the server or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't authenticated the server or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't authenticated the server or
+things like this so the basic point with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this so the basic point with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this so the basic point with
+this discussion here is just to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion here is just to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion here is just to sort of
+um stress the fact that just adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stress the fact that just adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stress the fact that just adding
+encryption or just adding hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption or just adding hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption or just adding hashing
+doesn't necessarily give you any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily give you any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily give you any
+additional power right if the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional power right if the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional power right if the client
+can't authenticate who he or she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't authenticate who he or she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't authenticate who he or she is
+sending the password to then the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending the password to then the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending the password to then the client
+could be mistakenly divulging that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be mistakenly divulging that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be mistakenly divulging that
+password to someone that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password to someone that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password to someone that they don't
+intend to divulge it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intend to divulge it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intend to divulge it
+to okay so perhaps a better idea than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay so perhaps a better idea than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay so perhaps a better idea than
+these two is to use what they call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two is to use what they call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two is to use what they call a
+challenge uh response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protocol and here's an example of a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and here's an example of a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and here's an example of a very
+simple challenge response protocol so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple challenge response protocol so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple challenge response protocol so
+let's say we've got um the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we've got um the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we've got um the client
+here and then we've got uh the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we've got uh the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we've got uh the server
+over here so the client says uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so the client says uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so the client says uh
+hi I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alice and then the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and then the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and then the server
+responds with some challenge C right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds with some challenge C right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds with some challenge C right
+some some quantity that the server got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some quantity that the server got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some quantity that the server got
+to pick and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick and then the
+client is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client is going to
+respond with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond with the
+hash of that server sent challenge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of that server sent challenge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of that server sent challenge and
+then you can concatenate that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+passord right so at this point uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passord right so at this point uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passord right so at this point uh the
+server can take this quantity the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server can take this quantity the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server can take this quantity the server
+knows the challenge that it's sent right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the challenge that it's sent right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the challenge that it's sent right
+and presumably the server knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and presumably the server knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and presumably the server knows the
+password so the server can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password so the server can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password so the server can sort of
+recompute this quantity and see if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute this quantity and see if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute this quantity and see if it
+actually matches what the user sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually matches what the user sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually matches what the user sent
+right so what's nice about this protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's nice about this protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's nice about this protocol
+is that if we ignore man in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if we ignore man in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if we ignore man in the middle
+attacks for a second um the server is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks for a second um the server is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks for a second um the server is
+now confident that the user is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now confident that the user is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now confident that the user is actually
+out because only Alice would know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because only Alice would know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because only Alice would know this
+password here and what's nice about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password here and what's nice about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password here and what's nice about this
+is that if the server is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if the server is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if the server is actually the
+attacker right so in other words if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker right so in other words if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker right so in other words if
+Alice sent this thing to someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice sent this thing to someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice sent this thing to someone who's
+not the person that she's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the person that she's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the person that she's trying to
+authenticate to then the attacker still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate to then the attacker still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate to then the attacker still
+doesn't know the password right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know the password right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know the password right because
+the attacker got to choose see but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker got to choose see but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker got to choose see but the
+attacker doesn't know what this is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker doesn't know what this is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker doesn't know what this is and
+so basically for the attacker to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically for the attacker to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically for the attacker to figure
+out what the password is the attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the password is the attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the password is the attacker
+would have to be able to once again sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be able to once again sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be able to once again sort
+of invert these hash functions right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of invert these hash functions right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of invert these hash functions right you
+have a question I'm just curious how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question I'm just curious how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question I'm just curious how can
+you not make you don't make the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not make you don't make the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not make you don't make the client
+do the hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the hashing
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+make it the PD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it the PD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it the PD
+pfre the load in the server the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pfre the load in the server the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pfre the load in the server the server
+definitely doesn't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely doesn't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely doesn't know what the
+password is so it's like an extra perk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password is so it's like an extra perk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password is so it's like an extra perk
+that you g so let's see so your proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you g so let's see so your proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you g so let's see so your proposed
+scheme is that uh the client side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme is that uh the client side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme is that uh the client side is
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+to is going to call this thing yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is going to call this thing yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is going to call this thing yeah so
+instead of sending the password and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of sending the password and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of sending the password and
+having the server hash the password and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the server hash the password and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the server hash the password and
+check it you'll just the Ser the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it you'll just the Ser the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it you'll just the Ser the client
+will just send the hash password the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just send the hash password the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just send the hash password the
+client would just send the hash password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client would just send the hash password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client would just send the hash password
+so one thing you want to keep in mind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing you want to keep in mind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing you want to keep in mind is
+that uh you typically well so so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you typically well so so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you typically well so so there's
+a couple reasons so one reason uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple reasons so one reason uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple reasons so one reason uh as
+we'll discuss later is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss later is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss later is that there's
+going to be these things called anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be these things called anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be these things called anti-
+hammering defenses right anti- hammering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammering defenses right anti- hammering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammering defenses right anti- hammering
+defenses are designed to prevent uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defenses are designed to prevent uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defenses are designed to prevent uh sort
+of like a bad client from continually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a bad client from continually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a bad client from continually
+asking is this the password is this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is this the password is this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is this the password is this the
+password this the password sometimes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password this the password sometimes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password this the password sometimes as
+a result it's easier for things to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result it's easier for things to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result it's easier for things to be
+done on the server side as on the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done on the server side as on the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done on the server side as on the client
+side but suffice it to say that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but suffice it to say that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but suffice it to say that you can
+in fact do the hashing on the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact do the hashing on the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact do the hashing on the client
+side right using using JavaScript or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right using using JavaScript or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right using using JavaScript or
+something like this but the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this but the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this but the basic idea
+is that somehow you have to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that somehow you have to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that somehow you have to have the
+computational expense be very very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational expense be very very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational expense be very very large
+right because that's going to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's going to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's going to prevent
+the the attacker from just guessing sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the attacker from just guessing sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the attacker from just guessing sort
+of what what the password is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what what the password is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what what the password is
+quickly you have another question well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly you have another question well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly you have another question well I
+just wanted to point out that if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to point out that if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to point out that if you if
+the client does the hashing then it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client does the hashing then it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client does the hashing then it is
+if you're not doing hashing because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not doing hashing because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not doing hashing because your
+password is the hash so that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password is the hash so that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password is the hash so that's true
+right so if someone gets the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if someone gets the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if someone gets the the the
+sort of table from the server of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of table from the server of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of table from the server of all the
+US house they can log in that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US house they can log in that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US house they can log in that's right
+that's right yeah it gets a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right yeah it gets a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right yeah it gets a little bit
+subtle sometimes depending on who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle sometimes depending on who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle sometimes depending on who can
+pick for example these uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick for example these uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick for example these uh these
+challenge values right because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge values right because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge values right because if
+clients and servers can pick challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients and servers can pick challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients and servers can pick challenge
+values sometimes that makes it more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values sometimes that makes it more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values sometimes that makes it more or
+less difficult for the client to launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less difficult for the client to launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less difficult for the client to launch
+those types of attacks so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of attacks so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of attacks so for example
+like one problem with this protocol here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one problem with this protocol here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one problem with this protocol here
+is that um basically the client doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um basically the client doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um basically the client doesn't
+get to inject any uh any Randomness into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to inject any uh any Randomness into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to inject any uh any Randomness into
+this right so you can imagine that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so you can imagine that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so you can imagine that we
+can make this protocol more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make this protocol more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make this protocol more difficult
+for the server to inv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the server to inv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the server to inv
+if the client actually got to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the client actually got to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the client actually got to choose
+some challenge that was put in here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some challenge that was put in here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some challenge that was put in here so
+you have a server side challenge versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a server side challenge versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a server side challenge versus
+a client side challenge but you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a client side challenge but you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a client side challenge but you're right
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any other
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+okay so so yeah so this seg discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so yeah so this seg discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so yeah so this seg discussion
+we're just having so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just having so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just having so
+um so even though to break this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so even though to break this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so even though to break this the
+server would have to invert this hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server would have to invert this hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server would have to invert this hash
+the attacker could still try to do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker could still try to do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker could still try to do one
+of these um sort of Brute Force attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these um sort of Brute Force attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these um sort of Brute Force attacks
+right so one way that we can prevent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one way that we can prevent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one way that we can prevent the
+server from doing these root Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server from doing these root Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server from doing these root Force
+attacks is to choose one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks is to choose one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks is to choose one of these
+expensive hash functions kind of like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive hash functions kind of like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive hash functions kind of like we
+were discussing before another thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were discussing before another thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were discussing before another thing as
+we just discussed is that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just discussed is that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just discussed is that you could
+actually allow the client to uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allow the client to uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allow the client to uh for
+example choose its own client chosen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example choose its own client chosen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example choose its own client chosen uh
+challenge over here and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge over here and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge over here and so that
+essentially would act as like a client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially would act as like a client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially would act as like a client
+chosen salt right so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen salt right so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen salt right so that would
+essentially make it more difficult for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially make it more difficult for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially make it more difficult for
+the hacker to do things like build up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hacker to do things like build up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hacker to do things like build up a
+rainbow table because note that um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainbow table because note that um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainbow table because note that um if
+the server is the attacker here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server is the attacker here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server is the attacker here the
+server always can pick the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server always can pick the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server always can pick the same
+challenge value again and again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge value again and again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge value again and again and
+again right allowing to build up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again right allowing to build up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again right allowing to build up a
+rainbow table but if when the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainbow table but if when the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainbow table but if when the client
+responded back the client also included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded back the client also included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded back the client also included
+some salt right some client chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some salt right some client chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some salt right some client chosen
+challenge that it included then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that it included then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that it included then that
+would prevent the attacker from building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prevent the attacker from building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prevent the attacker from building
+one of those rainbow tables so does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those rainbow tables so does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those rainbow tables so does that
+all make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so yeah so one thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah so one thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah so one thing that I
+mentioned is uh that might be useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned is uh that might be useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned is uh that might be useful to
+do is implementing these anti- Hammer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is implementing these anti- Hammer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is implementing these anti- Hammer
+defenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so anti- hammering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so anti- hammering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so anti- hammering
+defenses are basically designed to rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit the number uh of password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guesses that uh sort of a a bad client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses that uh sort of a a bad client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses that uh sort of a a bad client
+can issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right because the idea here is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the idea here is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the idea here is that uh
+if you've got some client who's trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got some client who's trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got some client who's trying
+to launch one of these sort of root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to launch one of these sort of root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to launch one of these sort of root
+Force guesses against a password you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force guesses against a password you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force guesses against a password you
+don't want that client to be able to sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want that client to be able to sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want that client to be able to sit
+there in a tight Loop and just say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in a tight Loop and just say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in a tight Loop and just say is
+this the password is this the password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the password is this the password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the password is this the password
+is this the password is this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the password is this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the password is this the
+password right so one way you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password right so one way you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password right so one way you can do
+anti- hammering is like said just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti- hammering is like said just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti- hammering is like said just do
+that rate limiting so the server will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rate limiting so the server will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rate limiting so the server will
+say I will only accept let's say three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I will only accept let's say three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I will only accept let's say three
+password guesses per second from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password guesses per second from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password guesses per second from any
+particular client right you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular client right you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular client right you could also
+mention imagine implementing uh timeouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention imagine implementing uh timeouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention imagine implementing uh timeouts
+here right so maybe the client can issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so maybe the client can issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so maybe the client can issue
+a bunch of password requests in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of password requests in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of password requests in a row
+but then after let's say 10 of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then after let's say 10 of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then after let's say 10 of them are
+wrong the server says okay you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong the server says okay you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong the server says okay you got to
+hold on I will not accept any more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on I will not accept any more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on I will not accept any more uh
+response any more requests from you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response any more requests from you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response any more requests from you for
+let's say 10 seconds something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 10 seconds something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 10 seconds something like that
+right and so both of these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so both of these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so both of these things are
+designed to vevent against Brute Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to vevent against Brute Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to vevent against Brute Force
+attacks and so for example like uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks and so for example like uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks and so for example like uh some
+smart cards have these types of defenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart cards have these types of defenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart cards have these types of defenses
+uh some TPMS have these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some TPMS have these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some TPMS have these kinds of
+defenses right to basically stop against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defenses right to basically stop against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defenses right to basically stop against
+this uh Brute Force attack so why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh Brute Force attack so why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh Brute Force attack so why is it
+important to do to use these anti-h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to do to use these anti-h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to do to use these anti-h
+hering defenses well one reason why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hering defenses well one reason why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hering defenses well one reason why it's
+important is as we discussed these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is as we discussed these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is as we discussed these
+passwords have so little entropy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords have so little entropy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords have so little entropy right
+so because passwords typically have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because passwords typically have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because passwords typically have so
+little entropy it's really important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little entropy it's really important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little entropy it's really important to
+prevent the attacker from just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the attacker from just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the attacker from just trying to
+cycle through that low entropy space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle through that low entropy space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle through that low entropy space
+very very quickly so as you may be aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very quickly so as you may be aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very quickly so as you may be aware
+a lot of websites have um these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of websites have um these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of websites have um these these
+formatting constraints that they in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formatting constraints that they in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formatting constraints that they in that
+push upon you for your passwords they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push upon you for your passwords they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push upon you for your passwords they'll
+say things like oh your password must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things like oh your password must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things like oh your password must
+have you know uh an unprintable not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know uh an unprintable not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know uh an unprintable not an
+unprintable character but it must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprintable character but it must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprintable character but it must have
+like an punctuation it must have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an punctuation it must have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an punctuation it must have a
+mixture of numbers and letters you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of numbers and letters you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of numbers and letters you must
+have like uppercase and lowercase stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like uppercase and lowercase stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like uppercase and lowercase stuff
+so on and so forth and so what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth and so what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth and so what those
+constraints are trying to get you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints are trying to get you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints are trying to get you to do
+is they're trying to get you to expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're trying to get you to expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're trying to get you to expand
+the entropy of the password but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy of the password but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy of the password but what's
+problematic though is that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic though is that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic though is that it's not
+really these formatting constraints that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really these formatting constraints that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really these formatting constraints that
+we should be caring about it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be caring about it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be caring about it's the
+actual entropy of the password itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual entropy of the password itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual entropy of the password itself
+right so as it turns out even if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so as it turns out even if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so as it turns out even if people
+are given these constraints like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given these constraints like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given these constraints like you
+have to use punctuation characters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use punctuation characters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use punctuation characters and
+stuff like that the entropy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that the entropy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that the entropy of the
+resulting pathwords is often quite low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting pathwords is often quite low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting pathwords is often quite low
+right so for example people will often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example people will often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example people will often
+put punctuation at the beginning or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put punctuation at the beginning or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put punctuation at the beginning or the
+end because they want to be troubled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end because they want to be troubled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end because they want to be troubled to
+remember like do I have like a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember like do I have like a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember like do I have like a dollar
+sign in the middle of something right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in the middle of something right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in the middle of something right
+and so as it turns out these formatting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as it turns out these formatting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as it turns out these formatting
+requirements often times don't uh make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements often times don't uh make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements often times don't uh make
+dictionary attacks much harder for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary attacks much harder for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary attacks much harder for a
+sophisticated adversary right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated adversary right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated adversary right and the
+reason is because uh basically the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because uh basically the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because uh basically the the
+dictionary attacker can leverage these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary attacker can leverage these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary attacker can leverage these
+observations about how people pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations about how people pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations about how people pick
+passwords even in the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords even in the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords even in the presence of
+constraints right so for example if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints right so for example if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints right so for example if the
+attacker knows that people typically put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker knows that people typically put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker knows that people typically put
+punctuation at the beginning of the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punctuation at the beginning of the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punctuation at the beginning of the end
+just incorporate that into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just incorporate that into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just incorporate that into your
+dictionary tag right and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary tag right and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary tag right and so there's
+actually a really interesting website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a really interesting website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a really interesting website
+you can go to that's called um telepath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wordss and so what's neat about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wordss and so what's neat about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wordss and so what's neat about this
+site is that you can B it has a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site is that you can B it has a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site is that you can B it has a little
+text box right you can type a character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text box right you can type a character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text box right you can type a character
+into that text box you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that text box you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that text box you know you're
+pretending that you're entering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretending that you're entering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretending that you're entering a
+password and telepath ORS will try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password and telepath ORS will try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password and telepath ORS will try to
+guess what your next character is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what your next character is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what your next character is right
+and so like as you type additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so like as you type additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so like as you type additional
+characters it'll have a little drop down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters it'll have a little drop down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters it'll have a little drop down
+box which says were you going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box which says were you going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box which says were you going to put
+this where you going to put this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where you going to put this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where you going to put this and
+it'll give you a little uh it'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll give you a little uh it'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll give you a little uh it'll give
+you like a little uh blurb that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like a little uh blurb that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like a little uh blurb that says
+here's why I think that you were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's why I think that you were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's why I think that you were going
+to enter this next uh password so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter this next uh password so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter this next uh password so how
+does telepath wordss work so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does telepath wordss work so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does telepath wordss work so it
+basically has a bunch of databases right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has a bunch of databases right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has a bunch of databases right
+it has a database of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+passwords it also has a list of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords it also has a list of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords it also has a list of um
+popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phrases that it's taken from uh websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases that it's taken from uh websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases that it's taken from uh websites
+and it also has this set of humanistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also has this set of humanistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also has this set of humanistics
+which describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which describes
+um common uh user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um common uh user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um common uh user
+biases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases in
+picking uh passwords so for example one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking uh passwords so for example one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking uh passwords so for example one
+funny bias is that people will often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny bias is that people will often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny bias is that people will often
+like when they're forced with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when they're forced with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when they're forced with these
+constraints to say You must use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints to say You must use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints to say You must use
+punctuation stuff like that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punctuation stuff like that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punctuation stuff like that a lot of
+times they will uh when they're picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times they will uh when they're picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times they will uh when they're picking
+characters for the password they'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters for the password they'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters for the password they'll use
+keys that are adjacent to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys that are adjacent to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys that are adjacent to each other
+right so in other words they'll be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in other words they'll be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in other words they'll be very
+small edit distance in physical space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small edit distance in physical space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small edit distance in physical space
+with respect to edit distance sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to edit distance sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to edit distance sort of in
+the um actual password itself so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um actual password itself so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um actual password itself so what
+telepath Wars does is it has this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telepath Wars does is it has this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telepath Wars does is it has this big
+database here so when you type in things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database here so when you type in things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database here so when you type in things
+it's running these models and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's running these models and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's running these models and it's
+saying statistically speaking here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying statistically speaking here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying statistically speaking here's the
+most likely thing that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely thing that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely thing that you're going to
+type next it's almost like autocom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type next it's almost like autocom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type next it's almost like autocom
+complete for passwords all right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete for passwords all right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete for passwords all right and so
+what's funny is that this shows once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's funny is that this shows once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's funny is that this shows once
+again that if you have these constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that if you have these constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that if you have these constraints
+they actually don't protect you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually don't protect you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually don't protect you that
+much if there are still these underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much if there are still these underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much if there are still these underlying
+sort of op prior distributions of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of op prior distributions of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of op prior distributions of things
+that the attacker can uh leverage I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the attacker can uh leverage I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the attacker can uh leverage I
+think there was a question oh uh yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there was a question oh uh yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there was a question oh uh yeah so
+um it seems like if an attack was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it seems like if an attack was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it seems like if an attack was too
+sophisticated that they could you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated that they could you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated that they could you know
+try guessing like do use password from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try guessing like do use password from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try guessing like do use password from a
+bunch of IP addresses and things and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of IP addresses and things and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of IP addresses and things and the
+only way to sort of prevent hammering in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to sort of prevent hammering in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to sort of prevent hammering in
+this case would just be to have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case would just be to have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case would just be to have like a
+global RIT on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global RIT on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global RIT on
+password have like this issue of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password have like this issue of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password have like this issue of like
+you know do possibility against leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do possibility against leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do possibility against leg
+users how do you like balance yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users how do you like balance yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users how do you like balance yeah it's
+very tricky now that's a good point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tricky now that's a good point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tricky now that's a good point so
+um anti- hammering I mean it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anti- hammering I mean it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anti- hammering I mean it it
+basically gets down to what's the scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gets down to what's the scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gets down to what's the scope
+of the attack that you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the attack that you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the attack that you're trying to
+prevent right so if you're concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent right so if you're concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent right so if you're concerned
+about um sort of distributed attackers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um sort of distributed attackers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um sort of distributed attackers
+in sort of a network system it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of a network system it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of a network system it does
+become very very subtle and suffice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very very subtle and suffice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very very subtle and suffice it
+to say that that um the notion of anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that that um the notion of anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that that um the notion of anti-
+hammering distributive systems and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammering distributive systems and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammering distributive systems and also
+the notion of things like let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of things like let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of things like let's say
+click fraud for example you know so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click fraud for example you know so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click fraud for example you know so so
+in other words how does someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words how does someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words how does someone who's
+running an advertising campaign online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running an advertising campaign online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running an advertising campaign online
+determine if someone's actually clicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine if someone's actually clicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine if someone's actually clicking
+the link and I should actually be paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link and I should actually be paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link and I should actually be paying
+someone for those clicks versus this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone for those clicks versus this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone for those clicks versus this is
+just some some spammer who's got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some some spammer who's got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some some spammer who's got some
+bot that's just sitting there clicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bot that's just sitting there clicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bot that's just sitting there clicking
+on stuff right so I to say there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stuff right so I to say there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stuff right so I to say there's a lot
+of distributed heuristics that try to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distributed heuristics that try to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distributed heuristics that try to uh
+solve those problems and in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve those problems and in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve those problems and in many cases
+it's not a science it's an art but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a science it's an art but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a science it's an art but
+you're exactly correct that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exactly correct that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exactly correct that in the
+distributed in the distributed setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed in the distributed setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed in the distributed setting
+things get much more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right soes this all make sense yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right soes this all make sense yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right soes this all make sense yeah
+what about the cryptographic anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the cryptographic anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the cryptographic anti
+hammering defenses most of the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammering defenses most of the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammering defenses most of the time you
+end up sending a hash on the on the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up sending a hash on the on the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up sending a hash on the on the line
+and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these
+hashes at a pretty high high rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes at a pretty high high rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes at a pretty high high rate and
+where you get out of is exactly what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get out of is exactly what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get out of is exactly what you
+need you get either the password or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you get either the password or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you get either the password or the
+hash of the password uh so is there like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of the password uh so is there like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of the password uh so is there like
+I know there are protocols like SRP or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know there are protocols like SRP or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know there are protocols like SRP or
+there are some zero knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some zero knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some zero knowledge
+protocols yeah so used in practice they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols yeah so used in practice they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols yeah so used in practice they
+do um those things are so yeah those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um those things are so yeah those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um those things are so yeah those
+prop those protocols provide some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop those protocols provide some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop those protocols provide some
+stronger cryptographic guarantees a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger cryptographic guarantees a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger cryptographic guarantees a lot
+of times they are not backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times they are not backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times they are not backwards
+compatible with current systems which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible with current systems which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible with current systems which is
+why in practice you don't see them used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in practice you don't see them used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in practice you don't see them used
+a lot yeah so there are some protocols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot yeah so there are some protocols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot yeah so there are some protocols
+for example that prevent that that allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that prevent that that allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that prevent that that allow
+the server to to to not have sort of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server to to to not have sort of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server to to to not have sort of any
+notion of the password at all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of the password at all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of the password at all right so
+there's some zero knowy type thing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some zero knowy type thing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some zero knowy type thing or
+whatever so those things do work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so those things do work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so those things do work in
+practice but but like one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice but but like one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice but but like one of the things
+that this paper uh says is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this paper uh says is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this paper uh says is very
+interesting is that they basically go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that they basically go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that they basically go
+through all these authentication schemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all these authentication schemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all these authentication schemes
+and they say okay you here's passwords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say okay you here's passwords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say okay you here's passwords
+yeah they kind of suck here's some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they kind of suck here's some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they kind of suck here's some other
+things that are actually much stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are actually much stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are actually much stronger
+on the security axis but then they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the security axis but then they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the security axis but then they all
+fail in like deployability or usability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail in like deployability or usability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail in like deployability or usability
+or things like that and so that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things like that and so that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things like that and so that's sort
+of one of the interesting and slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the interesting and slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the interesting and slightly
+sad outcomes of this paper that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad outcomes of this paper that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad outcomes of this paper that maybe
+even though we have all these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we have all these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we have all these sort of
+much stronger from the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stronger from the security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stronger from the security
+respective protocols we can't deploy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respective protocols we can't deploy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respective protocols we can't deploy
+them for some usability reason or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for some usability reason or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for some usability reason or some
+sort of technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reason okay so so yeah so that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason okay so so yeah so that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason okay so so yeah so that's just a
+fun site to go to right and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun site to go to right and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun site to go to right and so they
+claim that they don't store your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that they don't store your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that they don't store your
+password so you can take them at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password so you can take them at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password so you can take them at their
+word if you want to uh but it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word if you want to uh but it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word if you want to uh but it is very
+interesting to just sit down and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to just sit down and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to just sit down and think
+like what password would I generate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what password would I generate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what password would I generate and
+then type into this and see how accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then type into this and see how accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then type into this and see how accurate
+it is and guessing what the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and guessing what the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and guessing what the next thing
+will be right and it even covers things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be right and it even covers things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be right and it even covers things
+like the popularis like take a popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the popularis like take a popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the popularis like take a popular
+phrase and then that has multiple words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase and then that has multiple words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase and then that has multiple words
+and then only take like the first letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then only take like the first letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then only take like the first letter
+of each word so this thing is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each word so this thing is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each word so this thing is very very
+good very very scary too okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good very very scary too okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good very very scary too okay so that's
+telepath words um and so one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telepath words um and so one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telepath words um and so one thing that
+is also interesting to think about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also interesting to think about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also interesting to think about is
+you know are your in your password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are your in your password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are your in your password
+scheme um is it vulnerable to offline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guessing right so this was a problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing right so this was a problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing right so this was a problem uh
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+caros uh V4 had and then also V5 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caros uh V4 had and then also V5 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caros uh V4 had and then also V5 um
+without this thing they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without this thing they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without this thing they call
+uh preo so the basic idea is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh preo so the basic idea is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh preo so the basic idea is that in
+these versions of care brough um anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these versions of care brough um anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these versions of care brough um anyone
+could ask the KDC for a ticket that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask the KDC for a ticket that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask the KDC for a ticket that be
+encrypted with the user's password right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted with the user's password right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted with the user's password right
+so basically the KDC did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the KDC did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the KDC did not
+authenticate requests that were coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate requests that were coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate requests that were coming
+from a client now the thing that the KDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a client now the thing that the KDC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a client now the thing that the KDC
+would return was in fact you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would return was in fact you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would return was in fact you know there
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+some uh set of bids here that the KDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh set of bids here that the KDC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh set of bids here that the KDC
+would return I'm sure you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would return I'm sure you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would return I'm sure you don't want to
+think about this ugly set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this ugly set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this ugly set of
+cryptographic PRS anymore but sufficed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic PRS anymore but sufficed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic PRS anymore but sufficed
+to say that KDC would return this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that KDC would return this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that KDC would return this stuff
+that was encrypted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was encrypted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was encrypted
+with the key of the client right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the key of the client right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the key of the client right that's
+what will come back to the client side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will come back to the client side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will come back to the client side
+so the problem with this is that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem with this is that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem with this is that because
+the server did not um check who it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server did not um check who it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server did not um check who it was
+sending this encrypted set of things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending this encrypted set of things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending this encrypted set of things to
+um the attacker can basically get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the attacker can basically get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the attacker can basically get this
+thing here and then try to just guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here and then try to just guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here and then try to just guess
+what KC is right just guess that KC is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what KC is right just guess that KC is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what KC is right just guess that KC is
+some value try to Crypt this see if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value try to Crypt this see if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value try to Crypt this see if it
+looks reasonable if not try to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks reasonable if not try to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks reasonable if not try to guess
+another KC decrypt this see if it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another KC decrypt this see if it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another KC decrypt this see if it looks
+reasonable right and the reason why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable right and the reason why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable right and the reason why the
+attacker could launch this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker could launch this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker could launch this type of
+attack is that this thing here this TGT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack is that this thing here this TGT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack is that this thing here this TGT
+actually has uh a known format so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has uh a known format so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has uh a known format so it has
+things things in here like time stamps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things things in here like time stamps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things things in here like time stamps
+and it has things in here like various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has things in here like various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has things in here like various
+length fields which have to be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length fields which have to be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length fields which have to be sort of
+internally consistent and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally consistent and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally consistent and so that
+basically helps the attacker right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically helps the attacker right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically helps the attacker right
+because if the attacker guesses a KC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the attacker guesses a KC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the attacker guesses a KC
+gets this thing here a decrypted thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets this thing here a decrypted thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets this thing here a decrypted thing
+and the internal Fields don't check out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the internal Fields don't check out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the internal Fields don't check out
+the attacker knows that it picked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker knows that it picked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker knows that it picked the
+wrong KC so they can go on and pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong KC so they can go on and pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong KC so they can go on and pick
+another KC right and so uh in keros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another KC right and so uh in keros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another KC right and so uh in keros
+V5 um basically the client has to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V5 um basically the client has to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V5 um basically the client has to send
+uh in this uh thing that it sends over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this uh thing that it sends over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this uh thing that it sends over
+to the uh KDC it basically sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh KDC it basically sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh KDC it basically sends
+um a Tim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a Tim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a Tim
+stamp uh and then this timestamp is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp uh and then this timestamp is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp uh and then this timestamp is
+going to be uh encrypted with KC right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh encrypted with KC right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh encrypted with KC right
+so this is sent to the server and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sent to the server and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sent to the server and the
+server looks at this and validates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server looks at this and validates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server looks at this and validates that
+before it will send something back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it will send something back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it will send something back to
+the client right so that gets rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client right so that gets rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client right so that gets rid of
+this problem that any random client can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem that any random client can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem that any random client can
+show up and just ask for this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here all right so is the stamp included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so is the stamp included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so is the stamp included
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+message so can attack just get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so can attack just get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so can attack just get this
+message and reforce it uh let's see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and reforce it uh let's see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and reforce it uh let's see here
+so can't the attacker get this message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can't the attacker get this message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can't the attacker get this message
+here yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah the
+encryption uh so you're think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption uh so you're think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption uh so you're think you're
+worried that attacker might try to spoof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that attacker might try to spoof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that attacker might try to spoof
+this for example or no I just Pro foret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for example or no I just Pro foret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for example or no I just Pro foret
+and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get
+KC ah okay so in other words just word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KC ah okay so in other words just word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KC ah okay so in other words just word
+someone could observe this you te could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone could observe this you te could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone could observe this you te could
+obser right right so I believe that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obser right right so I believe that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obser right right so I believe that this
+is put inside um an encrypted thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is put inside um an encrypted thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is put inside um an encrypted thing
+that belongs to the server the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that belongs to the server the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that belongs to the server the key
+belongs to the server I think to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to the server I think to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to the server I think to prevent
+that attack I have to check the protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that attack I have to check the protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that attack I have to check the protocol
+so don't quote me on that um but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't quote me on that um but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't quote me on that um but you're
+correct that if it's not for example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that if it's not for example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that if it's not for example and
+if the attacker for example knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the attacker for example knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the attacker for example knew
+something about what the current time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about what the current time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about what the current time is
+roughly that actually is super useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly that actually is super useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly that actually is super useful
+right because then the server can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because then the server can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because then the server can the
+attacker can guess oh the time s should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can guess oh the time s should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can guess oh the time s should
+be roughly between here and here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be roughly between here and here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be roughly between here and here right
+and if it sees us in the clear it can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it sees us in the clear it can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it sees us in the clear it can do
+the exact same attack that we had up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same attack that we had up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same attack that we had up
+here it's a little better because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a little better because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a little better because the
+attack has to be in the middle but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack has to be in the middle but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack has to be in the middle but still
+that's true well yeah that's right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true well yeah that's right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true well yeah that's right I
+mean the attacker has to be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the attacker has to be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the attacker has to be on the
+Network somewhere sniffing stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all right so that's offline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so that's offline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so that's offline
+guessing uh so another thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing uh so another thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing uh so another thing that's
+important to think about is uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to think about is uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to think about is uh sort of
+password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recovery so this is the idea that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery so this is the idea that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery so this is the idea that you
+know you lose your password and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you lose your password and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you lose your password and then
+somehow you have to go to the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you have to go to the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you have to go to the service
+and you have to ask for another password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to ask for another password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to ask for another password
+right but before you get that password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but before you get that password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but before you get that password
+you have to prove that you are you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to prove that you are you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to prove that you are you in
+some way so how does that work how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way so how does that work how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way so how does that work how do
+you do password recovery so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do password recovery so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do password recovery so what's
+interesting is that people often times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that people often times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that people often times
+focus on the entropy of the password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the entropy of the password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the entropy of the password
+itself right but the problem is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself right but the problem is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself right but the problem is that uh
+if the uh password recovery questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the uh password recovery questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the uh password recovery questions or
+the password recovery scheme has low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the password recovery scheme has low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the password recovery scheme has low
+entropy that actually affects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that actually affects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that actually affects the
+entropy of the overall authentication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of the overall authentication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of the overall authentication
+scheme right so in other words the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme right so in other words the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme right so in other words the the
+strength of the of the overall uh scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the of the overall uh scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the of the overall uh scheme
+is basically equal to the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically equal to the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically equal to the minimum
+of the uh password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy and the uh recovery question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy and so you see this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and so you see this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and so you see this actually
+play out in a lot of uh real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play out in a lot of uh real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play out in a lot of uh real world
+scenarios there's a lot of famous cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios there's a lot of famous cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios there's a lot of famous cases
+like the Sarah Palin case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Sarah Palin case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Sarah Palin case where
+basically someone was able to uh recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically someone was able to uh recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically someone was able to uh recover
+her password uh fraudulently because her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her password uh fraudulently because her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her password uh fraudulently because her
+recovery questions were things that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery questions were things that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery questions were things that any
+random person could find by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random person could find by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random person could find by looking at
+her Wikipedia article for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her Wikipedia article for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her Wikipedia article for example
+finding out where she went to high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out where she went to high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out where she went to high
+school and things like that um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and things like that um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and things like that um and so
+oftentimes these password recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes these password recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes these password recovery
+questions um are not very good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um are not very good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um are not very good and
+they're not very good because of uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not very good because of uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not very good because of uh a
+couple reasons so sometimes these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple reasons so sometimes these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple reasons so sometimes these things
+just have very low entropy right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have very low entropy right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have very low entropy right so if
+you have a password recovery question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a password recovery question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a password recovery question
+that is something like what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something like what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something like what's your
+favorite color right the most popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite color right the most popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite color right the most popular
+answers are going to be like blue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers are going to be like blue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers are going to be like blue and
+red nobody's going to say like off-white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red nobody's going to say like off-white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red nobody's going to say like off-white
+fuchsia magenta right so some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuchsia magenta right so some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuchsia magenta right so some of these
+recovery questions just intrinsically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery questions just intrinsically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery questions just intrinsically
+are very difficult um to provide a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very difficult um to provide a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very difficult um to provide a lot
+of inry for uh the other problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inry for uh the other problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inry for uh the other problem is that
+um so sometimes these recovery questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so sometimes these recovery questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so sometimes these recovery questions
+um can be leaked via uh social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can be leaked via uh social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can be leaked via uh social
+media so for example you know if one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media so for example you know if one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media so for example you know if one of
+the recovery questions is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recovery questions is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recovery questions is you know
+what's your favorite movie so maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your favorite movie so maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your favorite movie so maybe the
+space there is a little bit bigger but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space there is a little bit bigger but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space there is a little bit bigger but
+if intrinsically I can go look at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if intrinsically I can go look at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if intrinsically I can go look at you
+know let's say your IMDb profile your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let's say your IMDb profile your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let's say your IMDb profile your
+Facebook profile and figure out like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook profile and figure out like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook profile and figure out like oh
+hey you literally told me that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you literally told me that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you literally told me that's your
+favorite movie this isn't super useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite movie this isn't super useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite movie this isn't super useful
+either right and another problem this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either right and another problem this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either right and another problem this is
+actually sort of the funniest one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of the funniest one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of the funniest one is
+that um the user selected recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the user selected recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the user selected recovery
+questions are often super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are often super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are often super
+weak so for example um you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak so for example um you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak so for example um you know people
+have done a survey of what some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done a survey of what some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done a survey of what some of these
+questions look like and sometimes users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions look like and sometimes users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions look like and sometimes users
+themselves will set recovery questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves will set recovery questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves will set recovery questions
+that are things like you know what is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are things like you know what is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are things like you know what is 2
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+three right and so that's at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right and so that's at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right and so that's at the time
+the users thinking this is a big hassle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users thinking this is a big hassle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users thinking this is a big hassle
+and they're going to have to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to have to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to have to use this
+but trivially most most humans who pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trivially most most humans who pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trivially most most humans who pass
+the Turing test can answer that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Turing test can answer that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Turing test can answer that question
+successfully and then therefore get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully and then therefore get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully and then therefore get the
+users a password back so both Microsoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users a password back so both Microsoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users a password back so both Microsoft
+have a for recovering passwords that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a for recovering passwords that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a for recovering passwords that
+doesn't like use any recovery passwords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't like use any recovery passwords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't like use any recovery passwords
+for Recovery questions it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Recovery questions it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Recovery questions it's basically
+like you enter in like your you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you enter in like your you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you enter in like your you know
+your name and maybe like the subjects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name and maybe like the subjects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name and maybe like the subjects of
+some emails that you've sent like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some emails that you've sent like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some emails that you've sent like a
+small amount of additional information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of additional information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of additional information
+like based on that like in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like based on that like in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like based on that like in some cases
+they can you know security that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can you know security that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can you know security that kind of
+stuff them like so I don't know any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff them like so I don't know any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff them like so I don't know any of
+any formal study like that um those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any formal study like that um those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any formal study like that um those
+things are actually a lot better so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are actually a lot better so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are actually a lot better so I
+actually know this because I was trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know this because I was trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know this because I was trying
+to help a friend go through this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help a friend go through this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help a friend go through this process
+uh so she basically lost control of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so she basically lost control of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so she basically lost control of her
+Gmail account and she was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gmail account and she was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gmail account and she was trying to
+prove that this was her account and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that this was her account and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that this was her account and so
+yeah they would ask you things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they would ask you things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they would ask you things like
+roughly speaking when did you open this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking when did you open this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking when did you open this
+account you know roughly speaking before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account you know roughly speaking before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account you know roughly speaking before
+you lost control of this account to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lost control of this account to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lost control of this account to
+Hezbollah or whatever uh you know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hezbollah or whatever uh you know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hezbollah or whatever uh you know who
+are some of the people that you talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the people that you talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the people that you talk to
+and things like that and it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that and it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that and it's actually a
+pretty laborious process right um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty laborious process right um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty laborious process right um but
+what ends up happening is that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ends up happening is that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ends up happening is that you're
+exactly correct it ends up being much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly correct it ends up being much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly correct it ends up being much
+more powerful than this stuff right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful than this stuff right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful than this stuff right um
+and so like said I don't know if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so like said I don't know if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so like said I don't know if any
+formal studies of that but it does seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal studies of that but it does seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal studies of that but it does seem
+at least intuitively to be much stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least intuitively to be much stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least intuitively to be much stronger
+than these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things all right any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all right any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all right any other
+questions okay so yeah so now we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so yeah so now we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so yeah so now we can get
+to uh sort of the paper for today so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh sort of the paper for today so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh sort of the paper for today so in
+the reading for today the authors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading for today the authors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading for today the authors
+basically propose a bunch of factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically propose a bunch of factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically propose a bunch of factors
+that can be used uh to evaluate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be used uh to evaluate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be used uh to evaluate these
+authentication schemes right and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication schemes right and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication schemes right and what's
+really cool about this paper I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool about this paper I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool about this paper I think is
+that it basically tries to say look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it basically tries to say look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it basically tries to say look a
+lot of us in the security Community are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of us in the security Community are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of us in the security Community are
+sitting there kind of fighting like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there kind of fighting like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there kind of fighting like just
+based on aesthetic principles like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on aesthetic principles like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on aesthetic principles like we
+should pick this because I just I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pick this because I just I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pick this because I just I just
+like the way that the curly braces look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the way that the curly braces look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the way that the curly braces look
+in the proof we should pick this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the proof we should pick this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the proof we should pick this because
+it just uses a lot of math mode right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just uses a lot of math mode right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just uses a lot of math mode right
+and so what they say is well look why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what they say is well look why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what they say is well look why
+don't we try to establish some type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we try to establish some type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we try to establish some type of
+criteria maybe some of the criteria are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria maybe some of the criteria are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria maybe some of the criteria are
+a little bit subjective but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit subjective but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit subjective but let's just
+try to have this taxonomy of ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to have this taxonomy of ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to have this taxonomy of ways to
+evaluate these authentication schemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate these authentication schemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate these authentication schemes
+then let's just see how these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's just see how these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's just see how these various
+schemes stack up and so the authors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes stack up and so the authors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes stack up and so the authors
+basically propose uh three highle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically propose uh three highle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically propose uh three highle
+metrics for evaluating um these schemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics for evaluating um these schemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics for evaluating um these schemes
+so the first metric is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first metric is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first metric is
+usability and so the base idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability and so the base idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability and so the base idea here is
+how easy is it for users to interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how easy is it for users to interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how easy is it for users to interact
+with this authentication scheme right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this authentication scheme right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this authentication scheme right so
+they Define a couple interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Define a couple interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Define a couple interesting
+properties so for example is it uh easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so for example is it uh easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so for example is it uh easy
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+learn this basically just means is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn this basically just means is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn this basically just means is the
+scheme easy to learn right so so some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme easy to learn right so so some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme easy to learn right so so some of
+these categories are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these categories are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these categories are pretty
+straightforward some of them actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward some of them actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward some of them actually
+involve a little bit of subtlety but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a little bit of subtlety but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a little bit of subtlety but
+this one makes a lot of sense um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one makes a lot of sense um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one makes a lot of sense um and so
+if we look at um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at um you know
+passwords passwords sort of pass this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords passwords sort of pass this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords passwords sort of pass this
+test right because everybody is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test right because everybody is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test right because everybody is used to
+using passwords so we'll say they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using passwords so we'll say they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using passwords so we'll say they're
+easy to learn uh another category is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to learn uh another category is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to learn uh another category is
+infrequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrequent
+errors so that means when you are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors so that means when you are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors so that means when you are trying
+to authenticate to the system if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to authenticate to the system if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to authenticate to the system if you are
+the actual user in question is it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual user in question is it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual user in question is it is it
+the case that you can often authenticate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that you can often authenticate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that you can often authenticate
+yourself without generating uh errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself without generating uh errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself without generating uh errors
+and so here the authors say quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes and so the Quasi prefix is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and so the Quasi prefix is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and so the Quasi prefix is one of
+the more entertaining aspects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more entertaining aspects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more entertaining aspects of the
+paper right because the authors kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper right because the authors kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper right because the authors kind of
+admit this is there's this element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit this is there's this element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit this is there's this element of
+subjectivity to it so you know we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectivity to it so you know we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectivity to it so you know we can't
+necessarily say with you know Cris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily say with you know Cris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily say with you know Cris
+Precision yes no things like this so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision yes no things like this so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision yes no things like this so the
+reason why they say quasa yes is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why they say quasa yes is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why they say quasa yes is because
+in general you can authenticate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general you can authenticate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general you can authenticate a
+password successfully but you know we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password successfully but you know we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password successfully but you know we've
+all been in that place where it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all been in that place where it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all been in that place where it's like
+3:00 a.m. we're trying to log into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:00 a.m. we're trying to log into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:00 a.m. we're trying to log into our
+email server our mind's not in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email server our mind's not in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email server our mind's not in the right
+place and we entered a bunch of Errors a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and we entered a bunch of Errors a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and we entered a bunch of Errors a
+bunch of times right so they say quasa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times right so they say quasa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times right so they say quasa
+yes for this uh another category is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes for this uh another category is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes for this uh another category is uh
+scalable uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+users and so the basic idea here is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users and so the basic idea here is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users and so the basic idea here is if
+the user uh has a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user uh has a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user uh has a bunch of different
+services that he or she wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that he or she wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that he or she wants to
+authentic at to does this scheme uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic at to does this scheme uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic at to does this scheme uh sort
+of scale well right does the user have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scale well right does the user have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scale well right does the user have
+to remember some new thing for each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember some new thing for each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember some new thing for each one
+of these uh schemes and so for here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh schemes and so for here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh schemes and so for here uh
+the authors uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors uh say
+no right because in practice it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right because in practice it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right because in practice it's very
+difficult for users to uh remember a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for users to uh remember a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for users to uh remember a
+separate password for every single site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate password for every single site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate password for every single site
+that they go to this is one reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they go to this is one reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they go to this is one reason
+actually why people reuse their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually why people reuse their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually why people reuse their
+passwords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords
+often uh so another usability property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh so another usability property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh so another usability property
+is easy recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what happens if you uh you know lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens if you uh you know lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens if you uh you know lose
+your authentication token in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your authentication token in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your authentication token in this case
+your password is it easy to reset and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your password is it easy to reset and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your password is it easy to reset and in
+this case uh the answer for passwords is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh the answer for passwords is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh the answer for passwords is
+yes in fact they are probably too easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes in fact they are probably too easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes in fact they are probably too easy
+to reset as we just discussed a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reset as we just discussed a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reset as we just discussed a couple
+minutes ago um so that's a yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ago um so that's a yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ago um so that's a yes
+um and so another interesting one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so another interesting one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so another interesting one is
+nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carry so a lot of the more uh Baro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry so a lot of the more uh Baro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry so a lot of the more uh Baro
+authentication protocols require that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication protocols require that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication protocols require that
+you run some smartphone app or you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run some smartphone app or you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run some smartphone app or you have
+some security token or a smart card or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some security token or a smart card or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some security token or a smart card or
+things like that so that's a burden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so that's a burden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so that's a burden
+right maybe not with a smartphone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe not with a smartphone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe not with a smartphone so
+much but having to carry around one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but having to carry around one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but having to carry around one of
+these other gadgets is probably a pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other gadgets is probably a pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other gadgets is probably a pain
+and so this is actually one nice feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is actually one nice feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is actually one nice feature
+of um passwords you basically only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um passwords you basically only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um passwords you basically only have
+to carry around your brain which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry around your brain which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry around your brain which
+presumably you should have at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably you should have at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably you should have at all
+moments so that's basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments so that's basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments so that's basically what
+usability looks like right and it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability looks like right and it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability looks like right and it's just
+very interesting at a high level that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting at a high level that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting at a high level that a
+lot a lot of times um you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot a lot of times um you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot a lot of times um you know these
+these sort of factors are given a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of factors are given a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of factors are given a little
+bit of a short shrift in the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a short shrift in the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a short shrift in the community
+security Community when people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security Community when people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security Community when people are
+evaluating new schemes they say oh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating new schemes they say oh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating new schemes they say oh this
+thing uses like a million bits of interp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uses like a million bits of interp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uses like a million bits of interp
+and you know it can only be broken by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it can only be broken by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it can only be broken by
+the Death Star or whatever but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Death Star or whatever but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Death Star or whatever but then
+people don't necessarily remember oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't necessarily remember oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't necessarily remember oh
+these are actually very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are actually very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are actually very important
+factors too right okay so the next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors too right okay so the next uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors too right okay so the next uh
+sort of highlevel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of highlevel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of highlevel
+category that the authors use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category that the authors use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category that the authors use to
+evaluate uh pass authentication schemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate uh pass authentication schemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate uh pass authentication schemes
+is deployability so the base idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is deployability so the base idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is deployability so the base idea here
+is how easy is it to incorporate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how easy is it to incorporate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how easy is it to incorporate this
+system into current web services right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system into current web services right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system into current web services right
+so one thing they look at for example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing they look at for example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing they look at for example is
+is it uh server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compatible and this basically means can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible and this basically means can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible and this basically means can
+I easily integrate this scheme with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I easily integrate this scheme with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I easily integrate this scheme with uh
+today's servers which are based around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's servers which are based around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's servers which are based around
+sort of text based passwords right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of text based passwords right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of text based passwords right and
+so since success here is defined with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since success here is defined with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since success here is defined with
+ECT the passwords passwords succeed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ECT the passwords passwords succeed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ECT the passwords passwords succeed uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+another metric is browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another metric is browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another metric is browser
+compatibility similar type of thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility similar type of thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility similar type of thing uh
+can I use this scheme with current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I use this scheme with current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I use this scheme with current
+off-the-shelf browsers without having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-the-shelf browsers without having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-the-shelf browsers without having to
+you know install a plugin something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know install a plugin something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know install a plugin something like
+that once again passwords when by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+default and another interesting one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default and another interesting one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default and another interesting one is
+accessibility so can people who have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility so can people who have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility so can people who have so
+can people who can use passwords now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can people who can use passwords now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can people who can use passwords now
+uh but maybe have some type of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but maybe have some type of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but maybe have some type of physical
+disability maybe they're they're blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disability maybe they're they're blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disability maybe they're they're blind
+or they can't hear well they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they can't hear well they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they can't hear well they can't
+gesture well or things like that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture well or things like that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture well or things like that can
+they actually use this scheme right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually use this scheme right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually use this scheme right and
+this is actually pretty important uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually pretty important uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually pretty important uh so
+once again the author say yes it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again the author say yes it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again the author say yes it's a
+little bit weird because it's not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit weird because it's not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit weird because it's not clear
+that all people with all disabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all people with all disabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all people with all disabilities
+can use passwords but they they say yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use passwords but they they say yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use passwords but they they say yes
+here um so so yeah so this is these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so so yeah so this is these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so so yeah so this is these are
+sort of three interesting things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of three interesting things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of three interesting things to
+think about with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about with respect to
+deployability um and the reason why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployability um and the reason why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployability um and the reason why this
+deployability category is so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployability category is so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployability category is so important
+is because it's very difficult to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it's very difficult to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it's very difficult to get
+anyone to upgrade anything ever really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone to upgrade anything ever really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone to upgrade anything ever really
+right I mean people don't even want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean people don't even want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean people don't even want to
+you know reboot their machines to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know reboot their machines to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know reboot their machines to get a
+new OS uh update installed so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new OS uh update installed so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new OS uh update installed so it's very
+difficult if a scheme requires example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult if a scheme requires example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult if a scheme requires example
+changes on the server to sort of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes on the server to sort of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes on the server to sort of get
+people on the server to actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the server to actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the server to actually do
+different stuff this gets back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stuff this gets back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stuff this gets back to your
+question why don't we use these better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question why don't we use these better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question why don't we use these better
+things because deployability in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because deployability in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because deployability in many
+cases is super super important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people all right so uh then the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all right so uh then the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all right so uh then the final
+category that people look at is security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so what kinds of attacks can this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what kinds of attacks can this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what kinds of attacks can this
+scheme prevent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme prevent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme prevent uh
+so a lot of these security properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of these security properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of these security properties
+are sort of resilient to Fu right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of resilient to Fu right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of resilient to Fu right so
+I'll just sort of shorten that with Rez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just sort of shorten that with Rez
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just sort of shorten that with Rez
+so um is the scheme resilient to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um is the scheme resilient to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um is the scheme resilient to uh
+physical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+observation right so the idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation right so the idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation right so the idea here is
+that an attack hacker cannot impersonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an attack hacker cannot impersonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an attack hacker cannot impersonate
+a user uh after observing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a user uh after observing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a user uh after observing them
+authenticate you know a few times so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate you know a few times so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate you know a few times so
+imagine that you know you had a shoulder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you know you had a shoulder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you know you had a shoulder
+Surfer so you're somewhere in a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surfer so you're somewhere in a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surfer so you're somewhere in a computer
+lab someone's looking over your shoulder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab someone's looking over your shoulder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab someone's looking over your shoulder
+seeing what you type in Imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what you type in Imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what you type in Imagine
+someone's videotaping you U maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's videotaping you U maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's videotaping you U maybe
+someone's got a microphone to listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's got a microphone to listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's got a microphone to listening
+to sort of like the acoustic signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of like the acoustic signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of like the acoustic signature
+of your keyboard and trying to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your keyboard and trying to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your keyboard and trying to extract
+things from that so on and so forth uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from that so on and so forth uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from that so on and so forth uh
+so the authors say that passwords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the authors say that passwords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the authors say that passwords
+actually fail this test and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fail this test and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fail this test and that's
+because you know if someone can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if someone can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if someone can uh
+videotape you uh typing in things they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videotape you uh typing in things they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videotape you uh typing in things they
+can pretty easily figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pretty easily figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pretty easily figure out what
+letters you typed or there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters you typed or there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters you typed or there's actually
+these attacks where you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these attacks where you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these attacks where you can actually
+listen to the acoustic um fingerprint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to the acoustic um fingerprint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to the acoustic um fingerprint of
+a keyboard and and detect what was typed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a keyboard and and detect what was typed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a keyboard and and detect what was typed
+based on what sounds that you hear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what sounds that you hear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what sounds that you hear so
+passwords are not resistant to physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords are not resistant to physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords are not resistant to physical
+observation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation um
+so another property is resistant to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+targeted uh impersonation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the Bas idea here is that is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the Bas idea here is that is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the Bas idea here is that is it
+possible for someone who knows you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for someone who knows you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for someone who knows you a
+friend an acquaintance a spouse a loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend an acquaintance a spouse a loved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend an acquaintance a spouse a loved
+one a family member whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a family member whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a family member whatever
+to impersonate you using their knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impersonate you using their knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impersonate you using their knowledge
+of who you are and what you do right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of who you are and what you do right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of who you are and what you do right so
+could your friend try to pretend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could your friend try to pretend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could your friend try to pretend to be
+you easily in this particular scheme so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you easily in this particular scheme so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you easily in this particular scheme so
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+the uh authors basically have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh authors basically have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh authors basically have another
+one of these quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these quasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these quasi
+yeses and they they say quasi yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeses and they they say quasi yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeses and they they say quasi yes
+because they're not aware of any studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're not aware of any studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're not aware of any studies
+which show that if you know a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which show that if you know a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which show that if you know a person
+you're more likely to be able to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're more likely to be able to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're more likely to be able to guess
+their password so they say quasa yes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their password so they say quasa yes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their password so they say quasa yes for
+that and so note that resistance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so note that resistance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so note that resistance is
+targeted impersonation this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted impersonation this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted impersonation this is where
+most security backup questions fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most security backup questions fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most security backup questions fail
+miserably right because if someone knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserably right because if someone knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserably right because if someone knows
+something about you quite easily they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about you quite easily they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about you quite easily they
+can sort of guess your security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of guess your security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of guess your security
+questions in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in many
+cases all right so then we have two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases all right so then we have two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases all right so then we have two uh
+categories that involve guessing so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories that involve guessing so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories that involve guessing so the
+first one is resilient to uh throttled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guessing and so what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing and so what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing and so what this means
+is if the attacker cannot issue uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if the attacker cannot issue uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if the attacker cannot issue uh uh
+guesses at line rate because for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses at line rate because for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses at line rate because for example
+the server uses um anti- hammering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server uses um anti- hammering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server uses um anti- hammering
+mechanisms is these scheme safe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms is these scheme safe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms is these scheme safe uh
+against the attacker right and so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the attacker right and so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the attacker right and so so
+here they say no right and so the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they say no right and so the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they say no right and so the reason
+why they say no is because in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they say no is because in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they say no is because in practice
+passwords not only have sort of low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords not only have sort of low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords not only have sort of low
+inherent entropy right because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent entropy right because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent entropy right because they're
+not that long but also they have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that long but also they have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that long but also they have that
+skewed distribution right and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed distribution right and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed distribution right and so that
+means is that uh even if the attacker is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that uh even if the attacker is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that uh even if the attacker is
+throttled in some way typically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throttled in some way typically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throttled in some way typically the
+attacker can still make good forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can still make good forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can still make good forward
+progress and crack a lot of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress and crack a lot of people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress and crack a lot of people's
+passwords so they Define um another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords so they Define um another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords so they Define um another
+guessing property which is resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing property which is resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing property which is resistance
+uh to uh unthrottled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guessing and so this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saying suppose that the attacker um can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying suppose that the attacker um can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying suppose that the attacker um can
+issue these uh authentication forgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue these uh authentication forgery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue these uh authentication forgery
+requests as quickly as he or she wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests as quickly as he or she wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests as quickly as he or she wants
+right so in other words the attacker is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in other words the attacker is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in other words the attacker is
+only limited by the speed of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only limited by the speed of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only limited by the speed of their
+Hardware so is the scheme is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware so is the scheme is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware so is the scheme is the
+authentication scheme resilient to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication scheme resilient to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication scheme resilient to that
+type of attack and here um I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of attack and here um I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of attack and here um I mean this
+the answer is also no for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is also no for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is also no for the same
+reason that the answer was no up here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that the answer was no up here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that the answer was no up here so
+basically passwords have a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically passwords have a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically passwords have a very small
+iny space and they come from the skew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iny space and they come from the skew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iny space and they come from the skew
+distribution so that's all pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so that's all pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so that's all pretty
+straightforward um one interesting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward um one interesting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward um one interesting one
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+resiliency to internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+observation so this means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so this means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so this means that the
+attacker cannot impersonate a user by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker cannot impersonate a user by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker cannot impersonate a user by
+intercepting that user's input for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercepting that user's input for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercepting that user's input for
+example by installing uh a keystroke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by installing uh a keystroke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by installing uh a keystroke
+logger on the uh keyboard that the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logger on the uh keyboard that the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logger on the uh keyboard that the user
+is using and using that logger to steal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using and using that logger to steal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using and using that logger to steal
+key presses right this also means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key presses right this also means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key presses right this also means for
+example that there's no way for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that there's no way for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that there's no way for a
+network attacker who's observing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network attacker who's observing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network attacker who's observing the
+things that the client sending over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that the client sending over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that the client sending over the
+wire to use that knowledge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire to use that knowledge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire to use that knowledge of the
+network traffic um to later impersonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network traffic um to later impersonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network traffic um to later impersonate
+the user and so here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user and so here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user and so here they
+say passwords do not have this scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say passwords do not have this scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say passwords do not have this scheme
+and they essentially say it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they essentially say it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they essentially say it's because
+passwords are static tokens right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords are static tokens right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords are static tokens right they
+don't change and typically static tokens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change and typically static tokens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change and typically static tokens
+are vulnerable to replay right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vulnerable to replay right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vulnerable to replay right so if
+somehow um for example an attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow um for example an attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow um for example an attacker
+installs a keyst struck logger and gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installs a keyst struck logger and gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installs a keyst struck logger and gets
+your password then basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your password then basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your password then basically the
+attacker can use that password until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can use that password until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can use that password until
+it's either expired or evoked or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either expired or evoked or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either expired or evoked or
+something like that it can just replay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that it can just replay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that it can just replay
+it again and again to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again and again to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again and again to that
+authenticating um server on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticating um server on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticating um server on the other
+side so here passwords actually failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so here passwords actually failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so here passwords actually failed
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+test another thing that we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test another thing that we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test another thing that we've talked
+about a little bit in this class uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit in this class uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit in this class uh
+fishing so resilience to fishing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another security metric and the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another security metric and the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another security metric and the basic
+idea here is that if the attacker can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is that if the attacker can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is that if the attacker can
+simulate a valid service for example by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate a valid service for example by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate a valid service for example by
+attacking the DNS infrastructure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking the DNS infrastructure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking the DNS infrastructure or
+something like that um then the attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that um then the attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that um then the attacker
+cannot collect credentials from the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot collect credentials from the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot collect credentials from the user
+that the attacker can then use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the attacker can then use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the attacker can then use to
+pretend to be the user uh later on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend to be the user uh later on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend to be the user uh later on and
+so this basically is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this basically is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this basically is supposed to
+penalize um sites that do not uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize um sites that do not uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize um sites that do not uh sort of
+uh strongly tell the user hey I'm this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh strongly tell the user hey I'm this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh strongly tell the user hey I'm this
+particular service so you can feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular service so you can feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular service so you can feel
+confident to give me uh your credentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident to give me uh your credentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident to give me uh your credentials
+and so here passwords fail just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here passwords fail just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here passwords fail just because
+fishing sites are very very popular um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing sites are very very popular um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing sites are very very popular um
+so password don't really intrinsically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so password don't really intrinsically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so password don't really intrinsically
+provide any protection against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that now the next two are particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now the next two are particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now the next two are particularly
+interesting in the context of a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in the context of a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in the context of a large
+scale distributed system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale distributed system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale distributed system
+so no trusted third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+party this essentially means that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party this essentially means that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party this essentially means that other
+than the client and the server there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the client and the server there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the client and the server there's
+no one else in the system that is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one else in the system that is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one else in the system that is sort
+of involved in the Authentication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of involved in the Authentication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of involved in the Authentication
+Protocol right and so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protocol right and so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protocol right and so that means that
+there's no third party who if that third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no third party who if that third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no third party who if that third
+party were compromised the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party were compromised the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party were compromised the entire
+Integrity of the security scheme might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrity of the security scheme might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrity of the security scheme might
+fall apart and so this is actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall apart and so this is actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall apart and so this is actually an
+interesting property to look at because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting property to look at because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting property to look at because
+a lot of authentication problems would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of authentication problems would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of authentication problems would
+go away if we could just store all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away if we could just store all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away if we could just store all of
+our authentication information in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our authentication information in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our authentication information in one
+place right we just store it in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place right we just store it in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place right we just store it in one
+place it's very simple we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it's very simple we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it's very simple we don't have to
+remember a lot of stuff on the client we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a lot of stuff on the client we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a lot of stuff on the client we
+just say whatever service you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say whatever service you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say whatever service you want to
+use you always go to this one third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you always go to this one third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you always go to this one third
+party and that third party will Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party and that third party will Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party and that third party will Al
+always be able to um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be able to um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be able to um sort of
+authenticate you and then allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate you and then allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate you and then allow you to
+go on your Merry way now of course um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on your Merry way now of course um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on your Merry way now of course um
+third parties are problematic from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third parties are problematic from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third parties are problematic from the
+perspective of robustness right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of robustness right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of robustness right because
+if you do have one of these Global third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do have one of these Global third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do have one of these Global third
+parties that everybody trusts if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties that everybody trusts if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties that everybody trusts if that
+third party gets subverted then perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third party gets subverted then perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third party gets subverted then perhaps
+the Integrity of all the sites that use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Integrity of all the sites that use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Integrity of all the sites that use
+that third party to authenticate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that third party to authenticate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that third party to authenticate all
+those sites are potentially um in danger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sites are potentially um in danger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sites are potentially um in danger
+so they say that passwords um do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they say that passwords um do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they say that passwords um do not
+have a trusted third party because each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a trusted third party because each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a trusted third party because each
+user is forced to have a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user is forced to have a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user is forced to have a separate
+password for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+site a related property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site a related property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site a related property is
+resilient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient to
+leaks from other verifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and by verifiers they just refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by verifiers they just refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by verifiers they just refer to
+these services that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these services that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these services that you're
+authenticating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to and so the author Define this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and so the author Define this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and so the author Define this is
+nothing that a service could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that a service could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that a service could possibly
+leak can help an attacker impersonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak can help an attacker impersonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak can help an attacker impersonate
+the user to another service so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user to another service so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user to another service so this
+basically penalizes schemes where fraud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically penalizes schemes where fraud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically penalizes schemes where fraud
+or malice or incompetence at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or malice or incompetence at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or malice or incompetence at one
+particular service um will then possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular service um will then possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular service um will then possibly
+result in leakage of your credentials at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in leakage of your credentials at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in leakage of your credentials at
+some other service right and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other service right and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other service right and so this
+property is actually related to the no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is actually related to the no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is actually related to the no
+trusted third party scheme right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted third party scheme right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted third party scheme right uh
+metric because if you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric because if you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric because if you don't want to
+trusted third party then automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted third party then automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted third party then automatically
+you start thinking we want some type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start thinking we want some type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start thinking we want some type of
+distributed authentication system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed authentication system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed authentication system right
+but the problem with that then is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem with that then is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem with that then is that
+you may end up with a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may end up with a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may end up with a situation where
+the overall security of the scheme is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall security of the scheme is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall security of the scheme is
+dependent on the security of the weakest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the security of the weakest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the security of the weakest
+link so think once you're again like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link so think once you're again like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link so think once you're again like
+htps like the certificate authorities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+htps like the certificate authorities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+htps like the certificate authorities
+right and certain s that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and certain s that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and certain s that's the
+distributed authentication system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed authentication system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed authentication system right
+but the problem is that if one CA gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is that if one CA gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is that if one CA gets
+subverted then then that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subverted then then that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subverted then then that means that
+person can issue sort of fraudulent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person can issue sort of fraudulent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person can issue sort of fraudulent
+certificates for a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates for a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates for a bunch of different
+parties right and so if you if if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties right and so if you if if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties right and so if you if if the
+world ever makes a mistake and gives CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world ever makes a mistake and gives CA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world ever makes a mistake and gives CA
+power to someone who's untrustworthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to someone who's untrustworthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to someone who's untrustworthy
+then potentially the whole thing can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then potentially the whole thing can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then potentially the whole thing can
+fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall
+apart and so the authors say um here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and so the authors say um here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and so the authors say um here
+that um this is a no for passwords so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this is a no for passwords so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this is a no for passwords so
+they say that because people often use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say that because people often use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say that because people often use
+uh reuse passwords across the same site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reuse passwords across the same site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reuse passwords across the same site
+if let's say you know my Gmail password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if let's say you know my Gmail password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if let's say you know my Gmail password
+stolen then maybe that means that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen then maybe that means that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen then maybe that means that my
+Facebook password has been stolen too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook password has been stolen too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook password has been stolen too so
+the author's given a no there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the author's given a no there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the author's given a no there for
+passwords so this is just sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords so this is just sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords so this is just sort of an
+overview of some of the more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of some of the more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of some of the more important
+categories uh that the authors look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories uh that the authors look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories uh that the authors look at
+and so you know sort of these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know sort of these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know sort of these things are
+are only useful when you compare them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only useful when you compare them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only useful when you compare them to
+the scores that some other system might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scores that some other system might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scores that some other system might
+have gotten so one interesting system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten so one interesting system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten so one interesting system to
+compare against uh is Biometrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Biometrics at first glance seem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics at first glance seem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics at first glance seem like
+super like a super cool thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super like a super cool thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super like a super cool thing to do
+right and so in fact like a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so in fact like a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so in fact like a lot of times
+like when you go to watch science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you go to watch science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you go to watch science
+fiction movies everybody's looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction movies everybody's looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction movies everybody's looking at
+Iris scanners and like putting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iris scanners and like putting their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iris scanners and like putting their
+fingers in some type of palm reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers in some type of palm reader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers in some type of palm reader
+things like that seems very futuristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that seems very futuristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that seems very futuristic
+right so basically Biometrics Leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically Biometrics Leverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically Biometrics Leverage
+The Unique aspects of someone's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Unique aspects of someone's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Unique aspects of someone's sort of
+body or the way that they gesture things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body or the way that they gesture things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body or the way that they gesture things
+like that to authenticate the person um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that to authenticate the person um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that to authenticate the person um
+and so one thing that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one thing that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one thing that might be
+interesting to think about is um uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to think about is um uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to think about is um uh how
+big is the key space actually I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big is the key space actually I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big is the key space actually I'll put
+this over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so the key space is actually not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the key space is actually not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the key space is actually not as
+big as you might think that it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big as you might think that it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big as you might think that it would be
+so for example for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fingerprints the key space is roughly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprints the key space is roughly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprints the key space is roughly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits uh if you look at uh Iris scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the amount of entropy is roughly uh 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bits And if you look at of voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recognition then you'll see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition then you'll see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition then you'll see that the
+amount of entropy is roughly uh about 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bits and so this seems perhaps a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and so this seems perhaps a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and so this seems perhaps a little
+bit concerning in as much as you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit concerning in as much as you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit concerning in as much as you know we
+have all these hopes that Biometrics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these hopes that Biometrics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these hopes that Biometrics are
+from the future and they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the future and they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the future and they're going to
+really help us but when we look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help us but when we look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help us but when we look at how
+much entropy they have they actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much entropy they have they actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much entropy they have they actually are
+not that much better than passwords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that much better than passwords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that much better than passwords
+actually they're roughly equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they're roughly equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they're roughly equivalent
+because if you remember passwords have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you remember passwords have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you remember passwords have
+roughly 10 to 20 bits of entropy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 10 to 20 bits of entropy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 10 to 20 bits of entropy right
+so that's that's a little bit disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's a little bit disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's a little bit disturbing
+but you know whatever we'll continue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know whatever we'll continue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know whatever we'll continue and
+we'll we'll eventually see how it St how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll eventually see how it St how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll eventually see how it St how
+biometric Stack Up versus um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biometric Stack Up versus um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biometric Stack Up versus um
+passwords and so so yeah so how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords and so so yeah so how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords and so so yeah so how do they
+stack up so according to the authors uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack up so according to the authors uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack up so according to the authors uh
+Biometrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics
+are easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easy to
+learn and that's because presumably you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and that's because presumably you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and that's because presumably you
+know how to move your body around or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to move your body around or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to move your body around or
+look at things in an IRA scan question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at things in an IRA scan question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at things in an IRA scan question
+so are those numbers from limitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are those numbers from limitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are those numbers from limitation
+technology scanning fingerprints are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology scanning fingerprints are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology scanning fingerprints are
+they fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fundamental
+property so I believe that they are well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so I believe that they are well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so I believe that they are well
+let's put it like this so I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put it like this so I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put it like this so I think that
+um current Hardware like current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um current Hardware like current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um current Hardware like current
+authentication Hardware gives you these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication Hardware gives you these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication Hardware gives you these
+limits here I think that if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits here I think that if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits here I think that if you had
+higher resolution biometric scanners you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher resolution biometric scanners you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher resolution biometric scanners you
+could potentially get better um I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could potentially get better um I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could potentially get better um I mean
+presumably there's some lower limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably there's some lower limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably there's some lower limit
+that's guaranteed by like you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's guaranteed by like you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's guaranteed by like you know the
+uniqueness of your DNA or things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness of your DNA or things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness of your DNA or things like
+that um but yeah I I think these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but yeah I I think these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but yeah I I think these are not
+fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+limits so yes the authors say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits so yes the authors say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits so yes the authors say that
+Biometrics are easy to learn because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics are easy to learn because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics are easy to learn because
+it's pretty easy to use these biometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty easy to use these biometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty easy to use these biometric
+scanners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanners
+um what's interesting is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's interesting is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's interesting is that uh
+Biometrics have frequent errors right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics have frequent errors right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics have frequent errors right
+and that's actually a bit problematic if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's actually a bit problematic if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's actually a bit problematic if
+any of you have ever tried to use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you have ever tried to use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you have ever tried to use these
+things so like for example like vocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so like for example like vocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so like for example like vocal
+recognition it's like if you have a cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition it's like if you have a cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition it's like if you have a cold
+or your uh your voice is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your uh your voice is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your uh your voice is a little bit
+horse because you've been yelling at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse because you've been yelling at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse because you've been yelling at a
+concert all day or whatever these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert all day or whatever these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert all day or whatever these things
+actually fail fairly fairly regularly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fail fairly fairly regularly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fail fairly fairly regularly so
+biometric scores a no on this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biometric scores a no on this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biometric scores a no on this um
+scalable for users so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalable for users so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalable for users so this is a
+yes right because basically you just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right because basically you just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right because basically you just you
+just bring yourself right to whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bring yourself right to whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bring yourself right to whatever
+service you want to authenticate to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service you want to authenticate to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service you want to authenticate to and
+then you can just sort of authenticate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can just sort of authenticate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can just sort of authenticate
+like magic so that's a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like magic so that's a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like magic so that's a very nice
+property um with respect to ease of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property um with respect to ease of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property um with respect to ease of
+recovery so this is a no and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery so this is a no and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery so this is a no and this is
+actually one of the big problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of the big problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of the big problems with
+Biometrics right so let's say somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics right so let's say somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics right so let's say somebody
+somehow manages to steal your iris scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow manages to steal your iris scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow manages to steal your iris scan
+for example that person can Replay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that person can Replay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that person can Replay that
+arbitrarily like you can't get new eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily like you can't get new eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily like you can't get new eyes
+so uh that not yet yeah exactly that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that not yet yeah exactly that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that not yet yeah exactly that's
+right yeah not with that attitude yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah not with that attitude yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah not with that attitude yeah
+so uh so yeah until um getting new eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so yeah until um getting new eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so yeah until um getting new eyes
+is something amazon.com will sell uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something amazon.com will sell uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something amazon.com will sell uh
+easy recovery is actually a pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy recovery is actually a pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy recovery is actually a pretty big
+problem here um and then for the nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here um and then for the nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here um and then for the nothing
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+carry right Biometrics wins because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry right Biometrics wins because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry right Biometrics wins because you
+just carry all the stuff with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just carry all the stuff with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just carry all the stuff with you
+automatically okay so then what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically okay so then what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically okay so then what about
+deployability so for deployability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployability so for deployability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployability so for deployability
+this is actually not uh a big win uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually not uh a big win uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually not uh a big win uh for
+Biometrics right so it is not server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics right so it is not server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics right so it is not server
+compatible it is not browser compatible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible it is not browser compatible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible it is not browser compatible
+because browsers don't have some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because browsers don't have some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because browsers don't have some you
+know native API for taking an iris SK or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know native API for taking an iris SK or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know native API for taking an iris SK or
+things like that and in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and in terms of
+accessibility um the authors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility um the authors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility um the authors
+say this is a quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is a quasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is a quasi
+yes and I think they say quasa yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and I think they say quasa yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and I think they say quasa yes
+because they say that because um by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they say that because um by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they say that because um by
+metrics or error prone to enter this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics or error prone to enter this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics or error prone to enter this
+kind of makes it difficult even for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of makes it difficult even for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of makes it difficult even for um
+sort of regularly abled people to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of regularly abled people to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of regularly abled people to use
+and then if you have some physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you have some physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you have some physical
+impediment it makes it even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impediment it makes it even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impediment it makes it even more
+difficult to use some of these schemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to use some of these schemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to use some of these schemes
+right so okay so that's that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay so that's that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay so that's that's a little
+sad so Biometrics don't quite seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad so Biometrics don't quite seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad so Biometrics don't quite seem
+Deployable so what about on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deployable so what about on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deployable so what about on uh
+security so are they resilient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security so are they resilient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security so are they resilient
+to uh physical observation sir here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh physical observation sir here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh physical observation sir here we
+will say yes in the sense that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say yes in the sense that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say yes in the sense that if
+someone observes you using an iris scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone observes you using an iris scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone observes you using an iris scan
+for example or someone observes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example or someone observes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example or someone observes you
+using a a fingerprint reader presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a a fingerprint reader presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a a fingerprint reader presumably
+that does not then give them the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not then give them the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not then give them the ability
+to to um impersonate you maybe like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to um impersonate you maybe like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to um impersonate you maybe like
+voice recognition is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice recognition is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice recognition is a little bit
+different but we'll just say will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but we'll just say will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but we'll just say will be
+charitable and we'll say yes here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charitable and we'll say yes here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charitable and we'll say yes here but
+isn't that very weird because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that very weird because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that very weird because they're
+actually weaker than that you don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually weaker than that you don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually weaker than that you don't even
+need to be observed while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be observed while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be observed while you
+authenticate you can just be observed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate you can just be observed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate you can just be observed in
+real life like if I take a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life like if I take a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life like if I take a very good
+high resolution picture of your ey or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resolution picture of your ey or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resolution picture of your ey or I
+look at your milk glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your milk glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your milk glass
+I can get your fingerprint that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get your fingerprint that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get your fingerprint that's that's
+right that's right never leave a milk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right never leave a milk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right never leave a milk
+glass around this guy yeah so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass around this guy yeah so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass around this guy yeah so that's
+actually a very valid point and so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very valid point and so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very valid point and so with
+like a lot of these ratings this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of these ratings this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of these ratings this is why
+I think the authors go to such pains to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the authors go to such pains to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the authors go to such pains to
+say look we don't want to assign weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look we don't want to assign weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look we don't want to assign weights
+to these things and they say we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these things and they say we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these things and they say we have
+this methodology whereby it's like if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this methodology whereby it's like if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this methodology whereby it's like if we
+were doing this like you'd come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing this like you'd come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing this like you'd come up with
+the rating then I would sort of cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rating then I would sort of cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rating then I would sort of cross
+validate it does it make sense with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate it does it make sense with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate it does it make sense with me
+and so on and so forth but you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth but you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth but you're right
+that there's a lot of wiggle room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a lot of wiggle room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a lot of wiggle room and
+stuff like this this is one reason why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like this this is one reason why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like this this is one reason why I
+think some of these quasi ratings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think some of these quasi ratings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think some of these quasi ratings are
+even more funny than they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more funny than they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more funny than they should
+normally be because intrinsically we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally be because intrinsically we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally be because intrinsically we're
+sitting around we're sort of debating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting around we're sort of debating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting around we're sort of debating
+like what does it mean to physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what does it mean to physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what does it mean to physically
+observe someone for example so yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe someone for example so yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe someone for example so yeah you
+got to take all this stuff with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to take all this stuff with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to take all this stuff with the
+grain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain of
+salt uh all right so resistant to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt uh all right so resistant to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt uh all right so resistant to a
+Target impersonation uh so here they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target impersonation uh so here they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target impersonation uh so here they say
+no and this is actually for the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and this is actually for the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and this is actually for the reasons
+that you were just discussing right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were just discussing right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were just discussing right so
+they say that if if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say that if if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say that if if I want to
+particularly impersonate you I will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly impersonate you I will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly impersonate you I will go
+find your milk glass I will take off her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find your milk glass I will take off her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find your milk glass I will take off her
+Fingerprints of tape and then take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fingerprints of tape and then take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fingerprints of tape and then take it
+back to the crime lab and then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the crime lab and then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the crime lab and then do
+whatever criminals do uh so they say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever criminals do uh so they say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever criminals do uh so they say no
+here for uh Target impersonation uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for uh Target impersonation uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for uh Target impersonation uh now
+with respect to um the guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to um the guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to um the guessing
+metrics so this is about interesting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics so this is about interesting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics so this is about interesting so
+they say that Biometrics are resilient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say that Biometrics are resilient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say that Biometrics are resilient
+to throttle guessing but they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throttle guessing but they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throttle guessing but they are not
+resistant to unthrottled guessing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant to unthrottled guessing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant to unthrottled guessing the
+reason they say this is because let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason they say this is because let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason they say this is because let's
+look at this one first so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this one first so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this one first so if the
+attacker basically is not uh is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker basically is not uh is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker basically is not uh is not
+thwarted by these anti- hammering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thwarted by these anti- hammering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thwarted by these anti- hammering
+defenses and can just sort of issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defenses and can just sort of issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defenses and can just sort of issue
+guesses as quickly as he or she wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses as quickly as he or she wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses as quickly as he or she wants
+then remember that the entropy space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then remember that the entropy space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then remember that the entropy space for
+these Biometrics is actually not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Biometrics is actually not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Biometrics is actually not that
+large right so if you have someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large right so if you have someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large right so if you have someone who
+can do unthrottled guessing we say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do unthrottled guessing we say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do unthrottled guessing we say no
+Biometrics are actually fairly weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics are actually fairly weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics are actually fairly weak
+right however the authors say that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right however the authors say that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right however the authors say that they
+are resistant to throttled guessing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are resistant to throttled guessing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are resistant to throttled guessing and
+the reason for that is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for that is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for that is because
+Biometrics even though they have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics even though they have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics even though they have sort of
+an intrinsically small entropy space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intrinsically small entropy space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intrinsically small entropy space
+they're actually more randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually more randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually more randomly
+distributed Within that entropy space if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed Within that entropy space if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed Within that entropy space if
+that makes sense right and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense right and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense right and that's
+different than passwords right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than passwords right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than passwords right because
+passwords both have a small entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords both have a small entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords both have a small entropy
+space but they're also clustered within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but they're also clustered within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but they're also clustered within
+some region of the entropy space which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some region of the entropy space which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some region of the entropy space which
+makes things even worse so does that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things even worse so does that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things even worse so does that all
+make sense yeah okay and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense yeah okay and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense yeah okay and then um
+resilient to internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient to internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient to internal
+observation uh here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation uh here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation uh here they
+say uh no and that's because if someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh no and that's because if someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh no and that's because if someone
+manages for example to corrupt your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages for example to corrupt your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages for example to corrupt your
+fingerprint reader or whatever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint reader or whatever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint reader or whatever and
+somehow gets access to your fingerprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow gets access to your fingerprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow gets access to your fingerprint
+token that is essentially a static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token that is essentially a static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token that is essentially a static
+secret right which can be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret right which can be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret right which can be sort of
+replayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arbitrarily uh resistance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily uh resistance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily uh resistance to
+fishing here they say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing here they say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing here they say uh
+no no trusted third party so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no trusted third party so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no trusted third party so that's
+that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+yes and then this one's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and then this one's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and then this one's actually
+interesting so the resilience to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so the resilience to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so the resilience to other
+to leaks from other servers here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leaks from other servers here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leaks from other servers here they
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+know and this is very similar to why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and this is very similar to why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and this is very similar to why
+passwords are not resilient to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords are not resilient to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords are not resilient to this
+because once again your Biometrics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once again your Biometrics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once again your Biometrics are
+are a static token right so if I use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a static token right so if I use my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a static token right so if I use my
+Iris scan to authenticate to amazon.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iris scan to authenticate to amazon.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iris scan to authenticate to amazon.com
+and then amazon.com leaks that Iris scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then amazon.com leaks that Iris scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then amazon.com leaks that Iris scan
+data then someone can now impersonate me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data then someone can now impersonate me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data then someone can now impersonate me
+at you know Facebook or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you know Facebook or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you know Facebook or something like
+that some other service that uses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some other service that uses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some other service that uses that
+data um all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um all right
+so what does this mean we have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this mean we have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this mean we have these two
+columns filled with Nos and yeses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns filled with Nos and yeses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns filled with Nos and yeses and
+quasa yeses and stuff like like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasa yeses and stuff like like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasa yeses and stuff like like that so
+one way you could interpret this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way you could interpret this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way you could interpret this this is
+just one way right is we could say all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one way right is we could say all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one way right is we could say all
+right what if we were to sum up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what if we were to sum up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what if we were to sum up all
+these values here okay so let's say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values here okay so let's say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values here okay so let's say for
+each yes we actually gave a scheme let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each yes we actually gave a scheme let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each yes we actually gave a scheme let's
+say one point let's say for each no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one point let's say for each no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one point let's say for each no we
+gave it zero points and then let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it zero points and then let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it zero points and then let's say
+for each quasi we give it 0. five points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each quasi we give it 0. five points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each quasi we give it 0. five points
+okay just to be clear this is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just to be clear this is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just to be clear this is totally
+not totally arbitrary it is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not totally arbitrary it is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not totally arbitrary it is almost
+totally arbitrary right but this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally arbitrary right but this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally arbitrary right but this is sort
+of part of the interesting exercise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part of the interesting exercise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part of the interesting exercise of
+trying to understand what this paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand what this paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand what this paper is
+to tell us right so let's say that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell us right so let's say that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell us right so let's say that we
+have that scheme right yes equals 1 no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that scheme right yes equals 1 no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that scheme right yes equals 1 no
+equals z and then quasi s is .5 so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and then quasi s is .5 so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and then quasi s is .5 so what
+are the scores end up looking like so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the scores end up looking like so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the scores end up looking like so we
+end up seeing that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up seeing that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up seeing that uh
+passwords get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords get an
+eight and we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and we see that
+Biometrics get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics get a
+6.5 okay so I mean we now have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.5 okay so I mean we now have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.5 okay so I mean we now have two
+numbers so what what does this mean well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so what what does this mean well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so what what does this mean well
+I think in these numbers is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in these numbers is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in these numbers is very
+interesting I I feel like I've invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I I feel like I've invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I I feel like I've invented
+a new type of number which is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new type of number which is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new type of number which is like a
+qualitative number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative number
+right so what does this mean well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does this mean well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does this mean well as the
+authors go to pains to express you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors go to pains to express you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors go to pains to express you know
+they actually don't want to assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually don't want to assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually don't want to assign
+weights they don't actually want to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights they don't actually want to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights they don't actually want to sort
+of do this comparison but the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do this comparison but the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do this comparison but the reason why
+I think this is useful at least is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is useful at least is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is useful at least is
+because you can at least see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can at least see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can at least see that it's
+not like Biometrics blow passwords away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like Biometrics blow passwords away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like Biometrics blow passwords away
+right it's not like they're just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not like they're just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not like they're just sort of
+like just so much better that obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just so much better that obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just so much better that obviously
+we should move towards Biometrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should move towards Biometrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should move towards Biometrics
+instead of using passwords right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using passwords right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using passwords right and
+that's really the point of that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the point of that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the point of that big
+table that the authors give in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that the authors give in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that the authors give in the paper
+right that's in fact why they don't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's in fact why they don't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's in fact why they don't give
+numbers they just want to say if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers they just want to say if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers they just want to say if you
+blur your eyes and you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blur your eyes and you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blur your eyes and you look at this
+table you'll see that like passwords are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table you'll see that like passwords are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table you'll see that like passwords are
+good in some things and other things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in some things and other things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in some things and other things are
+good in better things and you know so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in better things and you know so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in better things and you know so on
+and so forth so ultimately what it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth so ultimately what it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth so ultimately what it comes
+down to is in your particular security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to is in your particular security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to is in your particular security
+situation you know which one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation you know which one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation you know which one of these
+factors do you care about the most and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors do you care about the most and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors do you care about the most and
+which ones are you willing to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones are you willing to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones are you willing to sort of
+sacrifice right so once again this score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice right so once again this score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice right so once again this score
+you shouldn't take this too literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't take this too literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't take this too literally
+but this is just saying well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is just saying well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is just saying well you know
+both of these things have strengths both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these things have strengths both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these things have strengths both
+of these things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things have
+weaknesses all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so basically we went to this exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we went to this exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we went to this exercise
+and we figured out that it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we figured out that it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we figured out that it's very
+difficult to say that you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to say that you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to say that you know one
+authentication scheme is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication scheme is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication scheme is totally
+dominant over another authentication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant over another authentication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant over another authentication
+scheme so you might think all right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme so you might think all right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme so you might think all right well
+maybe we can sort of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can sort of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can sort of have
+um the best of these sort of ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the best of these sort of ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the best of these sort of ambiguous
+Worlds by somehow combining multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Worlds by somehow combining multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Worlds by somehow combining multiple
+authentication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication
+schemes and that is what is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes and that is what is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes and that is what is done
+in systems that use uh multiactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+authentication and so the idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication and so the idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication and so the idea here is
+that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to
+use defense in depth so the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use defense in depth so the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use defense in depth so the basic idea
+is that you want to require users to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you want to require users to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you want to require users to
+authenticate themselves with two or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate themselves with two or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate themselves with two or more
+um different authentication mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different authentication mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different authentication mechanisms
+right and the key is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the key is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the key is that um
+the the each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the each one of these
+mechanisms should use different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modalities and by different modalities I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities and by different modalities I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities and by different modalities I
+mean they should leverage different sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they should leverage different sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they should leverage different sort
+of uh ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh ways of
+authenticating so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticating so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticating so for
+example uh one of those mechanisms might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh one of those mechanisms might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh one of those mechanisms might
+leverage um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage um
+something that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is you know for example uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+password uh another modality might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password uh another modality might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password uh another modality might
+leverage uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage uh
+something uh that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possess and so an example of this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possess and so an example of this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possess and so an example of this might
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+uh you know a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know a cell
+phone maybe a smart card something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone maybe a smart card something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone maybe a smart card something like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then maybe another modality will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe another modality will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe another modality will
+leverage uh something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage uh something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage uh something that you
+are and so this is for example What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and so this is for example What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and so this is for example What's
+Done by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+biometric and so the idea behind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biometric and so the idea behind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biometric and so the idea behind this
+multiactor authentication is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiactor authentication is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiactor authentication is that um
+when you use schemes like this an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use schemes like this an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use schemes like this an
+attacker has to sort of steal or subvert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker has to sort of steal or subvert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker has to sort of steal or subvert
+multiple things to be able to success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple things to be able to success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple things to be able to success
+um impersonate you so for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um impersonate you so for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um impersonate you so for example the
+attacker might be able to guess your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker might be able to guess your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker might be able to guess your
+password but maybe the attacker can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password but maybe the attacker can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password but maybe the attacker can't
+steal your cell phone for instance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal your cell phone for instance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal your cell phone for instance and
+so there's a couple different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a couple different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a couple different uh
+examples of this maybe the most uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this maybe the most uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this maybe the most uh
+common one is a Google's two Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common one is a Google's two Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common one is a Google's two Factor
+authentication for things like Gmail for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication for things like Gmail for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication for things like Gmail for
+example so you have a password but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so you have a password but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so you have a password but then
+when Google the text that you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Google the text that you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Google the text that you're using
+let's say Gmail from a machine it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say Gmail from a machine it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say Gmail from a machine it
+doesn't know about it's going to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know about it's going to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know about it's going to send
+you a text message and have some little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a text message and have some little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a text message and have some little
+code in there right and then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in there right and then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in there right and then you have to
+type in that code as well and Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in that code as well and Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in that code as well and Google
+says okay well presumably you weren't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay well presumably you weren't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay well presumably you weren't so
+clueless that you know you got your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clueless that you know you got your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clueless that you know you got your
+password stolen and someone stole your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password stolen and someone stole your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password stolen and someone stole your
+cell phone if that happen to you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone if that happen to you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone if that happen to you you
+deserve to get hacked so uh Google's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve to get hacked so uh Google's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve to get hacked so uh Google's a
+good example this AWS actually has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example this AWS actually has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example this AWS actually has this
+too Amazon web services so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too Amazon web services so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too Amazon web services so you can
+actually use two Factor authentication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use two Factor authentication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use two Factor authentication
+to control your VMS or things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control your VMS or things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control your VMS or things like that
+and they have an option to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have an option to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have an option to use a
+smartphone app for the second thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartphone app for the second thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartphone app for the second thing in
+addition to the password they also allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the password they also allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the password they also allow
+you to use like a custom uh security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to use like a custom uh security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to use like a custom uh security
+dongle that will that's dedicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dongle that will that's dedicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dongle that will that's dedicated
+Hardware that just allows you to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware that just allows you to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware that just allows you to sort of
+do this two-factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this two-factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this two-factor
+authentication so this all seems very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication so this all seems very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication so this all seems very
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+uh one sort of sad thing though is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one sort of sad thing though is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one sort of sad thing though is that
+um is I didn't put an S on how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is I didn't put an S on how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is I didn't put an S on how do you
+spell possessed this is embarrassing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spell possessed this is embarrassing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spell possessed this is embarrassing
+let's just move on from there uh so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just move on from there uh so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just move on from there uh so uh
+so one thing that is a little bit sad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing that is a little bit sad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing that is a little bit sad
+about this stuff is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this stuff is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this stuff is that they're
+actually empirical studies that show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually empirical studies that show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually empirical studies that show
+that if you give users a second means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you give users a second means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you give users a second means of
+authentication besides passwords then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication besides passwords then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication besides passwords then
+they will typically pick weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will typically pick weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will typically pick weaker
+passwords right because they then get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords right because they then get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords right because they then get
+more confidence that they now have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more confidence that they now have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more confidence that they now have these
+two things so why not I just make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things so why not I just make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things so why not I just make my
+password you know Mr Rogers and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password you know Mr Rogers and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password you know Mr Rogers and then
+just be done with it so there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be done with it so there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be done with it so there's uh
+interesting sort of models that security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting sort of models that security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting sort of models that security
+researchers have about how people sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers have about how people sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers have about how people sort
+of evaluate risk so it's interesting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evaluate risk so it's interesting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evaluate risk so it's interesting so
+the more protections you give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more protections you give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more protections you give them
+sometimes the the weaker they will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the the weaker they will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the the weaker they will use
+other protections I always thought like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other protections I always thought like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other protections I always thought like
+that with like the ATM idea that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with like the ATM idea that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with like the ATM idea that you
+have a credit card and they're like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a credit card and they're like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a credit card and they're like so
+that means your PIN can be four numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means your PIN can be four numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means your PIN can be four numbers
+which is totally not guessable by anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is totally not guessable by anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is totally not guessable by anyone
+right yeah I mean credit cards are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah I mean credit cards are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah I mean credit cards are very
+interesting because yeah they allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because yeah they allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because yeah they allow you
+to have these uh four-digit pin but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have these uh four-digit pin but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have these uh four-digit pin but then
+like behind the scenes they have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like behind the scenes they have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like behind the scenes they have these
+enormous like fraud prevention sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous like fraud prevention sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous like fraud prevention sort of
+setups that are actually extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setups that are actually extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setups that are actually extremely
+interesting like the machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting like the machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting like the machine learning
+they do and stuff like that you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do and stuff like that you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do and stuff like that you know I
+mean I don't know if you've ever been in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I don't know if you've ever been in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I don't know if you've ever been in
+a situation where like you go overseas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where like you go overseas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where like you go overseas
+for example and you try to use your card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example and you try to use your card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example and you try to use your card
+like sometimes at first I thought I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sometimes at first I thought I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sometimes at first I thought I was
+getting like I thought it was like Liam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting like I thought it was like Liam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting like I thought it was like Liam
+Nelson on the other end like someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nelson on the other end like someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nelson on the other end like someone
+will call me it's like are you using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call me it's like are you using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call me it's like are you using
+your ATM card I'm like yes yes I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ATM card I'm like yes yes I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ATM card I'm like yes yes I am
+using my ATM card what's going on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using my ATM card what's going on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using my ATM card what's going on and
+it's like the bank right and so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the bank right and so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the bank right and so like
+that's a very easy thing for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very easy thing for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very easy thing for them to
+detect right you're actually using your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect right you're actually using your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect right you're actually using your
+ATM card internationally but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATM card internationally but sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATM card internationally but sometimes
+like I've actually had that happen to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I've actually had that happen to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I've actually had that happen to me
+where I went to a website like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I went to a website like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I went to a website like an
+e-commerce site that I hadn't been to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-commerce site that I hadn't been to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-commerce site that I hadn't been to
+before and for whatever reason they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and for whatever reason they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and for whatever reason they
+thought it was outside my profile right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was outside my profile right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was outside my profile right
+so maybe I whatever I usually buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I whatever I usually buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I whatever I usually buy
+science fiction books and then all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction books and then all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction books and then all a
+sudden I buy My Little Pony book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden I buy My Little Pony book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden I buy My Little Pony book and
+then they know they'll call me they send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they know they'll call me they send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they know they'll call me they send
+me an email and they're like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an email and they're like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an email and they're like if you
+don't get back to us in 30 30 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get back to us in 30 30 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get back to us in 30 30 minutes
+we're going to put a lock on your card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put a lock on your card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put a lock on your card
+and so I think the reason that credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think the reason that credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think the reason that credit
+card companies do that is because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card companies do that is because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card companies do that is because they
+really feel this tension between wanting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really feel this tension between wanting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really feel this tension between wanting
+people to use credit cards because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to use credit cards because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to use credit cards because
+that's how they make money right versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they make money right versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they make money right versus
+not wanting criminals to use the credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wanting criminals to use the credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wanting criminals to use the credit
+cards that's how they lose money so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards that's how they lose money so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards that's how they lose money so they
+sort of have decided to um sort of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have decided to um sort of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have decided to um sort of air
+on the side of putting a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side of putting a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side of putting a lot of uh
+Security on the backend infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security on the backend infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security on the backend infrastructure
+doing the machine learning and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the machine learning and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the machine learning and stuff
+like that to sort of analyze fraud likee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that to sort of analyze fraud likee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that to sort of analyze fraud likee
+patterns any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns any other
+questions okay so uh so yeah so so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so uh so yeah so so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so uh so yeah so so in
+the homework um the homework question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework um the homework question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework um the homework question
+basically asks you think about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically asks you think about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically asks you think about you know
+what are some of the potential factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of the potential factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of the potential factors
+you might want to consider when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to consider when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to consider when you're
+thinking about authentication schemes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about authentication schemes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about authentication schemes in
+a bunch of different scenarios and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different scenarios and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different scenarios and I
+mean at a high level there's no sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean at a high level there's no sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean at a high level there's no sort of
+right or wrong answer to that to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or wrong answer to that to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or wrong answer to that to to the
+homework question it's very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework question it's very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework question it's very much like
+this discussion here right you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion here right you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion here right you sort of
+look at a bunch of things that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a bunch of things that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a bunch of things that you could
+be concerned about and then you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be concerned about and then you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be concerned about and then you decide
+okay well in this scenario I care more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well in this scenario I care more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well in this scenario I care more
+about this in this scenario I care more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in this scenario I care more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in this scenario I care more
+about this so for example one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so for example one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so for example one of the
+questions was about logging into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions was about logging into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions was about logging into a
+public Athena machine what might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public Athena machine what might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public Athena machine what might you
+want to care about there well maybe one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to care about there well maybe one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to care about there well maybe one
+thing that you might care about but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you might care about but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you might care about but that
+might be difficult to uh protect against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be difficult to uh protect against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be difficult to uh protect against
+is um sort of resistance to internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um sort of resistance to internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um sort of resistance to internal
+observation right because maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation right because maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation right because maybe there's
+a lot of malware possibly on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of malware possibly on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of malware possibly on those
+machines I mean who knows you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines I mean who knows you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines I mean who knows you know what
+these undergrads are doing right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these undergrads are doing right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these undergrads are doing right so uh
+so maybe it's difficult to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe it's difficult to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe it's difficult to protect
+against that maybe you have to punt on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that maybe you have to punt on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that maybe you have to punt on
+that um you know another thing you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know another thing you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know another thing you might
+think about is with respect to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is with respect to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is with respect to that
+maybe that means that Biometrics isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that means that Biometrics isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that means that Biometrics isn't a
+great idea so a lot of times Biometrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea so a lot of times Biometrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea so a lot of times Biometrics
+um you really want to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you really want to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you really want to have that
+biometric reader be something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biometric reader be something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biometric reader be something that you
+trust right because once again it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust right because once again it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust right because once again it's very
+difficult to replace your iris scan it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to replace your iris scan it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to replace your iris scan it's
+very difficult to replace your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to replace your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to replace your
+fingerprints so you know if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprints so you know if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprints so you know if you think
+that you're in a situation where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're in a situation where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're in a situation where you
+can't guarantee this property then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't guarantee this property then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't guarantee this property then maybe
+Biometrics is a bad idea because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics is a bad idea because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biometrics is a bad idea because the
+penalty for losing someone's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty for losing someone's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty for losing someone's you know
+fingerprint data is actually pretty bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint data is actually pretty bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint data is actually pretty bad
+now that person will always be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that person will always be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that person will always be on the
+you know no fly list because their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know no fly list because their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know no fly list because their
+fingerprints are always considered to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprints are always considered to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprints are always considered to be
+terrible um so you know getting back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible um so you know getting back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible um so you know getting back to
+sort of the ATM example so what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the ATM example so what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the ATM example so what kinds of
+things might you care about there well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things might you care about there well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things might you care about there well
+there it's a little bit of a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's a little bit of a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's a little bit of a different
+threat model I think so to the banks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat model I think so to the banks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat model I think so to the banks you
+know ATM security actually matters a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ATM security actually matters a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ATM security actually matters a lot
+so for example one thing they want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example one thing they want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example one thing they want is
+resistance to physical observation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to physical observation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to physical observation so
+this is the idea if I see you somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the idea if I see you somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the idea if I see you somehow
+interacting with the ATM machine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with the ATM machine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with the ATM machine I
+shouldn't be able to use that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be able to use that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be able to use that and then
+somehow impersonate you all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow impersonate you all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow impersonate you all right and
+they also want this resiliency to theft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also want this resiliency to theft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also want this resiliency to theft
+too the idea like if I lose my card then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too the idea like if I lose my card then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too the idea like if I lose my card then
+uh it shouldn't be the case that someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it shouldn't be the case that someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it shouldn't be the case that someone
+can just take my card and then use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just take my card and then use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just take my card and then use it to
+buy things on my behalf and that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy things on my behalf and that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy things on my behalf and that gets
+back to our previous discussion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our previous discussion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our previous discussion the
+credit card companies have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card companies have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card companies have you know
+decided to say we're going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to say we're going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to say we're going to actually
+Implement a lot of the heavyweight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement a lot of the heavyweight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement a lot of the heavyweight
+security stuff on our side in exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security stuff on our side in exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security stuff on our side in exchange
+for making it easier for you to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for making it easier for you to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for making it easier for you to spend
+money and then forget to pay your fees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and then forget to pay your fees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and then forget to pay your fees
+and then we get more money that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we get more money that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we get more money that way
+right um but they do definitely care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but they do definitely care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but they do definitely care
+about those things um one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those things um one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those things um one thing you
+might think about once again going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think about once again going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think about once again going back
+to Biometrics is does the Bank Trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Biometrics is does the Bank Trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Biometrics is does the Bank Trust
+ATMs like does it actually trust those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATMs like does it actually trust those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATMs like does it actually trust those
+physical terminals so on the one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical terminals so on the one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical terminals so on the one hand
+you might think yes because presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think yes because presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think yes because presumably
+the banks either built them or or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the banks either built them or or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the banks either built them or or they
+trust who built them but on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust who built them but on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust who built them but on the other
+hand it's like once those things get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's like once those things get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's like once those things get out
+in the wild like only Zeus knows what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wild like only Zeus knows what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wild like only Zeus knows what's
+going on right and in fact it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on right and in fact it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on right and in fact it's a pretty
+popular scam in a lot of countries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular scam in a lot of countries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular scam in a lot of countries to
+have sort of like fake ATMs or to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of like fake ATMs or to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of like fake ATMs or to have
+sort of like shell ATMs you know you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like shell ATMs you know you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like shell ATMs you know you go
+into a country you go to the ATM you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a country you go to the ATM you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a country you go to the ATM you put
+your card in there and either does like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your card in there and either does like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your card in there and either does like
+a relay attack or actually doesn't ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relay attack or actually doesn't ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relay attack or actually doesn't ever
+talk to the bank back in at all it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to the bank back in at all it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to the bank back in at all it just
+has a reader which steals your pen right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a reader which steals your pen right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a reader which steals your pen right
+so maybe in fact the banks don't trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe in fact the banks don't trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe in fact the banks don't trust
+those in Terminals and if that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in Terminals and if that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in Terminals and if that's the
+case once again maybe Biometrics are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case once again maybe Biometrics are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case once again maybe Biometrics are not
+a good idea even though you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea even though you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea even though you think that
+that seems kind of like a good idea I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems kind of like a good idea I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems kind of like a good idea I
+can only withdraw money if you know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only withdraw money if you know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only withdraw money if you know my
+bio signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio signature
+matches and another interesting thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches and another interesting thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches and another interesting thing to
+think about is maybe there should be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is maybe there should be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is maybe there should be in
+the ATM case sort of two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ATM case sort of two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ATM case sort of two different
+levels of Security based on whether I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of Security based on whether I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of Security based on whether I
+want to just read the state of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just read the state of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just read the state of my
+account or whether I want to maybe write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account or whether I want to maybe write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account or whether I want to maybe write
+and by write I mean like actually spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by write I mean like actually spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by write I mean like actually spend
+some money right so maybe it makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money right so maybe it makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money right so maybe it makes sense
+like if I just want to check how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I just want to check how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I just want to check how much
+money I have maybe just a password or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I have maybe just a password or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I have maybe just a password or
+just a pin is good enough for that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a pin is good enough for that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a pin is good enough for that but
+then maybe if I want to actually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe if I want to actually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe if I want to actually like
+withdraw some money maybe we use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw some money maybe we use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw some money maybe we use some
+two-factor authentication scheme maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-factor authentication scheme maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-factor authentication scheme maybe
+something get sent to my phone or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something get sent to my phone or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something get sent to my phone or maybe
+something like that like I know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that like I know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that like I know like
+once again in sort of the overseas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again in sort of the overseas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again in sort of the overseas
+scenario if you're somewhere where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario if you're somewhere where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario if you're somewhere where you
+don't necessarily um trust that terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily um trust that terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily um trust that terminal
+it can be nice to have that two-factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be nice to have that two-factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be nice to have that two-factor
+authentication protecting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication protecting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication protecting your
+transactions right because maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions right because maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions right because maybe you
+don't care if the criminal reads that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care if the criminal reads that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care if the criminal reads that
+you have some you know X number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some you know X number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some you know X number of
+dollars in the account but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in the account but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in the account but you don't
+want them to actually change that either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to actually change that either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to actually change that either
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way all right so what's interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all right so what's interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all right so what's interesting is
+that you know you get to the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you get to the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you get to the end of this
+paper and you know in a sense it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and you know in a sense it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and you know in a sense it's kind
+of like uh like watching Inception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like uh like watching Inception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like uh like watching Inception
+you're kind of like I feel both happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of like I feel both happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of like I feel both happy
+and sad like that was a weird ending you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sad like that was a weird ending you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sad like that was a weird ending you
+know because on the one hand it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because on the one hand it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because on the one hand it says
+well here's this nice framework for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's this nice framework for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's this nice framework for
+evaluating stuff right as it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating stuff right as it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating stuff right as it turns out
+these schemes like they don't nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these schemes like they don't nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these schemes like they don't nicely
+cluster right in terms of like here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster right in terms of like here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster right in terms of like here is
+everything that is better and then here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that is better and then here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that is better and then here
+is everything that is worse and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everything that is worse and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everything that is worse and so the
+conclusion I think of the paper is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion I think of the paper is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion I think of the paper is that
+well this authentication scheme that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this authentication scheme that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this authentication scheme that you
+should use is actually highly dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use is actually highly dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use is actually highly dependent
+on your particular situation and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your particular situation and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your particular situation and so I
+think one great example of that is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one great example of that is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one great example of that is this
+thing they don't mention this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they don't mention this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they don't mention this in the
+short version of the paper but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short version of the paper but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short version of the paper but they
+mention this um in the longer version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this um in the longer version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this um in the longer version of
+the tech report it's this thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tech report it's this thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tech report it's this thing called
+the cap reader right and the reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cap reader right and the reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cap reader right and the reason I
+thought this was interesting is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this was interesting is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this was interesting is because
+if you look in the short version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in the short version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in the short version of the
+report it says there was only one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report it says there was only one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report it says there was only one thing
+that got like you know total dominance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got like you know total dominance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got like you know total dominance
+on the security questions right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the security questions right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the security questions right that
+just went all the way through it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went all the way through it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went all the way through it's like
+yes yes yes it's the cap reader we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes yes it's the cap reader we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes yes it's the cap reader we don't
+talk about it in this short paper I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it in this short paper I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it in this short paper I was
+like H so I went over uh you know I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like H so I went over uh you know I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like H so I went over uh you know I read
+the longer version so what is the cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer version so what is the cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer version so what is the cap
+reader so basically it's a way to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader so basically it's a way to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader so basically it's a way to um
+basically protect online credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically protect online credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically protect online credit card
+transactions and it looks like a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and it looks like a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and it looks like a little
+handheld calculator basically and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld calculator basically and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld calculator basically and so you
+take this cap reader and let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this cap reader and let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this cap reader and let's say you
+want to go pay for something online you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go pay for something online you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go pay for something online you
+take your card you put it in there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your card you put it in there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your card you put it in there right
+and then you enter your PIN into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you enter your PIN into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you enter your PIN into that
+cap reader now not that because that cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap reader now not that because that cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap reader now not that because that cap
+reader comes from MasterCard abstractly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader comes from MasterCard abstractly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader comes from MasterCard abstractly
+speaking uh and because it can't be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking uh and because it can't be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking uh and because it can't be you
+know updated with you know uh stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know updated with you know uh stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know updated with you know uh stuff that
+the user installs MasterCard trusts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user installs MasterCard trusts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user installs MasterCard trusts that
+cap reader to not have malware right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap reader to not have malware right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap reader to not have malware right so
+that avoids the problem with key loggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that avoids the problem with key loggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that avoids the problem with key loggers
+and stuff like that so you put your card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that so you put your card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that so you put your card
+in there you enter the PIN to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there you enter the PIN to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there you enter the PIN to this
+trusted terminal then it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted terminal then it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted terminal then it's basically
+going to Output some eight-digit code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Output some eight-digit code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Output some eight-digit code
+and that's the code that you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the code that you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the code that you actually
+use to you know tell the web service hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to you know tell the web service hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to you know tell the web service hey
+I am who I say I am with respect to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am who I say I am with respect to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am who I say I am with respect to this
+particular card here so that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular card here so that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular card here so that's sort of
+the physical setup of how you use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical setup of how you use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical setup of how you use it
+okay so what do the paper what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do the paper what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do the paper what does that
+longer version of the paper say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer version of the paper say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer version of the paper say about
+the cap reader so they say it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cap reader so they say it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cap reader so they say it's pretty
+easy to learn because you just stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to learn because you just stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to learn because you just stick
+your card in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your card in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your card in there
+in your pen kind of like you would do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your pen kind of like you would do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your pen kind of like you would do it
+in ATM that all works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ATM that all works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ATM that all works
+fine for infrequent errors they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine for infrequent errors they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine for infrequent errors they say
+quasis for the same reason that they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasis for the same reason that they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasis for the same reason that they say
+quas for passwords because entering your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quas for passwords because entering your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quas for passwords because entering your
+pen sometimes you might make a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen sometimes you might make a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen sometimes you might make a mistake
+or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like
+that it is not scalable for users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is not scalable for users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is not scalable for users
+because you basically have to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you basically have to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you basically have to have a
+separate credit card a separate pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate credit card a separate pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate credit card a separate pin
+maybe even a separate cap reader for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even a separate cap reader for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even a separate cap reader for
+each site that you go to um so it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each site that you go to um so it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each site that you go to um so it says
+no for scalability um easy recovery is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no for scalability um easy recovery is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no for scalability um easy recovery is
+no right right how do you get the Lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right right how do you get the Lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right right how do you get the Lost
+how do you replace a lost cap reader how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you replace a lost cap reader how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you replace a lost cap reader how
+do you get a new card that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get a new card that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get a new card that's kind of a
+pain and it also fails um nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain and it also fails um nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain and it also fails um nothing to
+carry because you got to carry your card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry because you got to carry your card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry because you got to carry your card
+in the cap reader so this is not server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cap reader so this is not server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cap reader so this is not server
+compatible because the site has to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible because the site has to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible because the site has to know
+how to use this special cap reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use this special cap reader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use this special cap reader
+protocol before it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol before it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol before it can
+proceed it is browser compatible though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed it is browser compatible though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed it is browser compatible though
+because you're just using standard you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're just using standard you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're just using standard you
+know HTML CSS and JavaScript interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know HTML CSS and JavaScript interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know HTML CSS and JavaScript interact
+with the back end and the authors say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the back end and the authors say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the back end and the authors say no
+it's not accessible because blind people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not accessible because blind people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not accessible because blind people
+can't easily read that 8-digit code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't easily read that 8-digit code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't easily read that 8-digit code
+that's put out by the cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's put out by the cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's put out by the cap
+reader so what happens next so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader so what happens next so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader so what happens next so for the
+security questions though this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security questions though this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security questions though this thing
+just dominates right so for every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dominates right so for every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dominates right so for every single
+one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of
+these it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these it's a
+yes right so in particular these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right so in particular these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right so in particular these
+eight-digit uh codes that are output by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight-digit uh codes that are output by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight-digit uh codes that are output by
+the cap reader they're onetime codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cap reader they're onetime codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cap reader they're onetime codes
+right so every time you have a online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so every time you have a online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so every time you have a online
+transaction it'll spit out this unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction it'll spit out this unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction it'll spit out this unique
+thing that it will never be that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that it will never be that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that it will never be that will
+never be used again right so what's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be used again right so what's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be used again right so what's nice
+about that is that that means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that is that that means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that is that that means for
+example that um it's resistant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that um it's resistant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that um it's resistant to
+physical observation because if I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical observation because if I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical observation because if I see
+you generate a particular eight-digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generate a particular eight-digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generate a particular eight-digit
+code I can I can't use that again right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code I can I can't use that again right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code I can I can't use that again right
+it's not a static token like a password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a static token like a password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a static token like a password
+right um similarly um it's resistant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um similarly um it's resistant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um similarly um it's resistant to
+throttled and unthrottled guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throttled and unthrottled guesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throttled and unthrottled guesses
+because these things just get thrown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these things just get thrown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these things just get thrown
+away right so even if I leak one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away right so even if I leak one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away right so even if I leak one of
+these things to you you can't then use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things to you you can't then use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things to you you can't then use
+it to impersonate me um you know why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to impersonate me um you know why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to impersonate me um you know why is
+it resistant to leaks of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it resistant to leaks of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it resistant to leaks of that
+eight-digit code from other services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight-digit code from other services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight-digit code from other services
+it's a one-time thing once again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a one-time thing once again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a one-time thing once again so
+anyways so so the cap reader just runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways so so the cap reader just runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways so so the cap reader just runs
+the table in all these security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table in all these security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table in all these security
+properties and yet people don't use cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and yet people don't use cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and yet people don't use cap
+readers in practice right they're not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers in practice right they're not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers in practice right they're not a
+super popular thing and so why does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super popular thing and so why does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super popular thing and so why does that
+happen well once again uh and in fact if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well once again uh and in fact if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well once again uh and in fact if
+we one thing I forgot so if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we one thing I forgot so if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we one thing I forgot so if we're
+looking at my uh little sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at my uh little sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at my uh little sort of
+qualitative number score right so cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative number score right so cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative number score right so cap
+readers get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers get a
+10.5 right and so this seems great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.5 right and so this seems great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.5 right and so this seems great
+particularly because it runs the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly because it runs the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly because it runs the table
+and all these things here but once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these things here but once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these things here but once again
+why don't we use these things well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we use these things well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we use these things well
+because in most people's lives there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in most people's lives there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in most people's lives there's
+there's a bad trade-off here between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bad trade-off here between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bad trade-off here between the
+security and then the usability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and then the usability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and then the usability and
+deployability people don't want to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployability people don't want to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployability people don't want to carry
+on cap readers people don't want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cap readers people don't want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cap readers people don't want to go
+through this whole you know protocol of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this whole you know protocol of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this whole you know protocol of
+I got to put the thing in here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to put the thing in here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to put the thing in here and then
+get this digit and then sort of put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this digit and then sort of put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this digit and then sort of put this
+digit into the website and so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit into the website and so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit into the website and so what this
+means is that in practice deployability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that in practice deployability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that in practice deployability
+and usability are often times more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usability are often times more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usability are often times more
+important than security right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than security right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than security right because
+developers don't want to go to the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers don't want to go to the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers don't want to go to the cost
+of integrating these new mechanisms into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integrating these new mechanisms into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integrating these new mechanisms into
+their services users don't want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their services users don't want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their services users don't want to have
+to learn how to use these things and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn how to use these things and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn how to use these things and if
+users are given any freedom whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users are given any freedom whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users are given any freedom whatsoever
+to choose the security of their scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose the security of their scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose the security of their scheme
+they will often pick small passwords or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will often pick small passwords or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will often pick small passwords or
+weak pins or things like that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak pins or things like that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak pins or things like that and so
+there are some situations where things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some situations where things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some situations where things
+like cap readers or smart cards or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cap readers or smart cards or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cap readers or smart cards or
+things like that make sense so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that make sense so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that make sense so for
+example in corporations for example like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in corporations for example like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in corporations for example like
+a lot of tech companies require you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of tech companies require you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of tech companies require you to
+have a smart card to get into buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a smart card to get into buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a smart card to get into buildings
+or things like that also like if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things like that also like if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things like that also like if you're
+in the military then you basically get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the military then you basically get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the military then you basically get
+told what to do right so if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told what to do right so if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told what to do right so if you're in
+the military it might make sense to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the military it might make sense to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the military it might make sense to have
+one of these Hardware based schemes even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these Hardware based schemes even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these Hardware based schemes even
+some of these sort of um paper print out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these sort of um paper print out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these sort of um paper print out
+type schemes like the military codebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type schemes like the military codebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type schemes like the military codebook
+type schemes but in most cases those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type schemes but in most cases those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type schemes but in most cases those
+things are going to be rejected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to be rejected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to be rejected by
+regular users so the take on point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular users so the take on point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular users so the take on point is
+that you know when you're considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know when you're considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know when you're considering
+these security schemes you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these security schemes you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these security schemes you can't just
+consider sort of the the raw security of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider sort of the the raw security of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider sort of the the raw security of
+them you also have to consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you also have to consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you also have to consider the
+usability and deployability story all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability and deployability story all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability and deployability story all
+right that's it see you guys next Monday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MjbuarJ7SE0.txt b/MjbuarJ7SE0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8df0d5062dfe5249fe6b8511744b53478614032
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MjbuarJ7SE0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7923 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right everyone let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right everyone let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right everyone let's get
+started all right good afternoon on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started all right good afternoon on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started all right good afternoon on this
+rainy rainy sad afternoon so I'm glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy rainy sad afternoon so I'm glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy rainy sad afternoon so I'm glad
+we're inside though okay so lecture four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're inside though okay so lecture four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're inside though okay so lecture four
+of 6 triple1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 6 triple1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 6 triple1 and
+600 quick quick recap of what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 quick quick recap of what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 quick quick recap of what we did
+last time so last time we did a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time so last time we did a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time so last time we did a little
+bit more string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more string
+manipulations and then we saw how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations and then we saw how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations and then we saw how you
+can use for Loops over strings directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use for Loops over strings directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use for Loops over strings directly
+right so instead of having four Loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so instead of having four Loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so instead of having four Loops
+that iterate over uh range so 0 1 2 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that iterate over uh range so 0 1 2 3 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that iterate over uh range so 0 1 2 3 4
+and so on you saw that it was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on you saw that it was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on you saw that it was more
+powerful to sometimes use for Loops that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful to sometimes use for Loops that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful to sometimes use for Loops that
+iterate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate over
+um over string objects directly so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over string objects directly so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over string objects directly so that
+was the first half of the lecture in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first half of the lecture in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first half of the lecture in the
+second half we started looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half we started looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half we started looking at
+different ways that you can Implement uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you can Implement uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you can Implement uh
+um the different different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the different different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the different different
+implementations to the same problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations to the same problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations to the same problem so
+we saw the problem of finding the cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the problem of finding the cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the problem of finding the cube
+root and we saw some uh implementations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and we saw some uh implementations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and we saw some uh implementations
+we saw the guess and check method and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the guess and check method and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the guess and check method and
+the approximation method and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approximation method and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approximation method and then we
+looked at what I thought was the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at what I thought was the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at what I thought was the most
+powerful method which was the bisection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful method which was the bisection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful method which was the bisection
+method and this one if you remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and this one if you remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and this one if you remember I
+played a game with someone in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played a game with someone in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played a game with someone in the
+audience where I got uh where I guessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience where I got uh where I guessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience where I got uh where I guessed
+a number between zero and 100 and we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number between zero and 100 and we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number between zero and 100 and we saw
+that I was able to guess that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was able to guess that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was able to guess that number
+really really quickly right using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really quickly right using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really quickly right using the
+bisection method and that's the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisection method and that's the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisection method and that's the one that
+that's the method that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the method that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the method that you're going to
+implement that you are currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that you are currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that you are currently
+implementing in your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing in your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing in your problem
+set okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set okay so
+today uh so that that that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh so that that that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh so that that that sort
+of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+um that sort of finishes introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that sort of finishes introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that sort of finishes introduction to
+some of the more basic mechanisms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the more basic mechanisms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the more basic mechanisms in
+Python and today we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python and today we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python and today we're going to talk
+about how to structure your programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to structure your programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to structure your programs
+such that you write nice coherent code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you write nice coherent code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you write nice coherent code
+reusable code by hiding some away some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusable code by hiding some away some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusable code by hiding some away some
+of the details in your code okay and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the details in your code okay and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the details in your code okay and to
+do that we're going to look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we're going to look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we're going to look at these
+things called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things called
+functions all right so just stepping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions all right so just stepping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions all right so just stepping
+back and sort of getting a highlevel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and sort of getting a highlevel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and sort of getting a highlevel
+view of how we write the code so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of how we write the code so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of how we write the code so far
+okay so so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so far
+the way uh the way that you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way uh the way that you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way uh the way that you've been
+writing code for your programs is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing code for your programs is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing code for your programs is you
+know you open a file you type some code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you open a file you type some code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you open a file you type some code
+to solve a particular problem given like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve a particular problem given like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve a particular problem given like
+in your problem sets um each file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your problem sets um each file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your problem sets um each file
+contains some piece of code you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains some piece of code you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains some piece of code you know you
+have sequences of instructions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sequences of instructions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sequences of instructions that
+contain maybe you know assignments Loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain maybe you know assignments Loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain maybe you know assignments Loops
+conditionals and so on and so on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals and so on and so on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals and so on and so on but
+really you have one file that contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you have one file that contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you have one file that contains
+each code and you write everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each code and you write everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each code and you write everything in
+that in that particular file right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that particular file right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that particular file right but
+this is okay for smaller for smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is okay for smaller for smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is okay for smaller for smaller
+problems that we've been seeing so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we've been seeing so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we've been seeing so far
+but when you're starting to write large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you're starting to write large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you're starting to write large
+pieces of code it's going to get really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of code it's going to get really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of code it's going to get really
+messy really quickly okay so think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy really quickly okay so think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy really quickly okay so think about
+if you're you know you want to use a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're you know you want to use a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're you know you want to use a for
+Loop in one part of your code and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop in one part of your code and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop in one part of your code and you
+find it useful to use that same for Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it useful to use that same for Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it useful to use that same for Loop
+in another part of your code some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another part of your code some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another part of your code some point
+in the future as you're you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future as you're you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future as you're you know
+debugging your code you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging your code you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging your code you might want to
+change your original for Loop you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your original for Loop you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your original for Loop you have
+to figure out all the other places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out all the other places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out all the other places where
+you've used that type of for Loop for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've used that type of for Loop for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've used that type of for Loop for
+example so as you're scaling your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so as you're scaling your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so as you're scaling your uh
+your code you you'll find it harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code you you'll find it harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code you you'll find it harder to
+keep track of of these details okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of of these details okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of of these details okay so
+this is where functions will come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where functions will come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where functions will come into
+play in today's lecture um will help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in today's lecture um will help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in today's lecture um will help you
+in okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay
+so if you want to be considered a good a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to be considered a good a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to be considered a good a
+good programmer and good programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good programmer and good programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good programmer and good programming
+style would be to not necessarily add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style would be to not necessarily add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style would be to not necessarily add
+lots and lots of lines of code but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of lines of code but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of lines of code but
+really to add more functionality to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to add more functionality to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to add more functionality to your
+programs okay so how many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs okay so how many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs okay so how many different
+things how many different features can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things how many different features can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things how many different features can
+your program do rather than how long can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program do rather than how long can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program do rather than how long can
+your code be right and that'll help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code be right and that'll help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code be right and that'll help you
+later on look at your code if you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on look at your code if you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on look at your code if you need
+it for a future class and it'll help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a future class and it'll help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a future class and it'll help
+others if they want to look at your code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others if they want to look at your code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others if they want to look at your code
+later on if they find it useful okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on if they find it useful okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on if they find it useful okay so
+today we're introducing this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're introducing this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're introducing this idea of
+functions and functions are mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and functions are mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and functions are mechanisms
+to achieve decomposition and abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve decomposition and abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve decomposition and abstraction
+okay so these are two key words here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are two key words here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are two key words here
+that are going to pop up in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to pop up in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to pop up in today's
+lecture and also in in future lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and also in in future lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and also in in future lectures
+so before I introduce decomposition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before I introduce decomposition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before I introduce decomposition and
+abstraction in the context of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction in the context of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction in the context of fun
+functions let's first take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions let's first take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions let's first take a look at
+just sort of a real life example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of a real life example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of a real life example so
+let's take a projector right I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a projector right I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a projector right I'm using
+one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right
+now quick show of hands okay if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now quick show of hands okay if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now quick show of hands okay if I give
+you all of the electronic components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all of the electronic components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all of the electronic components
+that are part of a projector right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are part of a projector right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are part of a projector right
+resistors a fan a light bulb a lens the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors a fan a light bulb a lens the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors a fan a light bulb a lens the
+casing you know all of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casing you know all of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casing you know all of the different
+parts in it who here would be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts in it who here would be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts in it who here would be able to
+build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+projector do I see a hand no oh oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector do I see a hand no oh oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector do I see a hand no oh oh yeah
+nice you can also lie I won't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice you can also lie I won't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice you can also lie I won't know the
+difference but if you can do that I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but if you can do that I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but if you can do that I'd be
+very impressed all right so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very impressed all right so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very impressed all right so you can't
+really put together a projector right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really put together a projector right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really put together a projector right
+another show of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another show of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another show of
+hands if I gave you a projector that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands if I gave you a projector that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands if I gave you a projector that's
+fully assembled okay and I gave you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully assembled okay and I gave you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully assembled okay and I gave you a
+computer for example who'd be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer for example who'd be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer for example who'd be able to
+maybe figure out within let's say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe figure out within let's say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe figure out within let's say an
+hour how to how to make them work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour how to how to make them work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour how to how to make them work
+together good fair fair bit of fair bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together good fair fair bit of fair bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together good fair fair bit of fair bit
+of the class that's perfect that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class that's perfect that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class that's perfect that's
+exactly the answers I was trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the answers I was trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the answers I was trying to get
+at here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so none of us really know how projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so none of us really know how projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so none of us really know how projector
+works right the internals but a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works right the internals but a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works right the internals but a lot more
+of us know how to work a projector right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us know how to work a projector right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us know how to work a projector right
+just given maybe a set of basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given maybe a set of basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given maybe a set of basic
+instructions or just intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions or just intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions or just intuitively
+speaking okay so you see the projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking okay so you see the projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking okay so you see the projector
+as sort of a black box right you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of a black box right you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of a black box right you don't
+need to know how it works in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how it works in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how it works in order to
+use it right you know maybe what inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it right you know maybe what inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it right you know maybe what inputs
+it might take what's it supposed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might take what's it supposed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might take what's it supposed to do
+at a high level right take the whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a high level right take the whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a high level right take the whatever
+is on my screen and put it up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on my screen and put it up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on my screen and put it up on the
+on the large screen there just magnify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the large screen there just magnify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the large screen there just magnify
+it but you don't know how it does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you don't know how it does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you don't know how it does it
+right how the components work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how the components work together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how the components work together
+so that's the idea of abstraction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the idea of abstraction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the idea of abstraction right
+you don't need to know how the projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to know how the projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to know how the projector
+Works in order to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works in order to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works in order to use
+it okay that's abstraction the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay that's abstraction the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay that's abstraction the other
+half of that was decomposition okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that was decomposition okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that was decomposition okay so
+let's say that now given a projector I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that now given a projector I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that now given a projector I
+want to project a very very large image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to project a very very large image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to project a very very large image
+down on a very large uh stage for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on a very large uh stage for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on a very large uh stage for
+example this is from one of the Olympics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is from one of the Olympics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is from one of the Olympics
+right it's a stage of like 10 football
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a stage of like 10 football
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a stage of like 10 football
+fields something like that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields something like that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields something like that something
+massive right you could build one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive right you could build one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive right you could build one
+projector that's able to project a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector that's able to project a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector that's able to project a very
+large image but that would be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large image but that would be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large image but that would be really
+expensive and you'd have to build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and you'd have to build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and you'd have to build this
+one projector that used for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one projector that used for this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one projector that used for this one
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+right so instead what you could do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so instead what you could do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so instead what you could do is
+you could take a bunch of smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could take a bunch of smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could take a bunch of smaller
+projectors right and feed different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors right and feed different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors right and feed different
+inputs to each one of them and as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs to each one of them and as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs to each one of them and as you're
+feeding different inputs each one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding different inputs each one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding different inputs each one's
+going to show a different output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show a different output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show a different output and
+then you're going to be able to have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to be able to have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to be able to have all
+of these different projectors working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different projectors working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different projectors working
+together to solve this larger problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to solve this larger problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to solve this larger problem
+of projecting this really cool image on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of projecting this really cool image on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of projecting this really cool image on
+a very large stage right so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very large stage right so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very large stage right so that's the
+idea of decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of decomposition
+okay you take the same the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you take the same the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you take the same the same
+projector feed it different inputs it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector feed it different inputs it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector feed it different inputs it
+does the exact same thing behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the exact same thing behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the exact same thing behind the
+scenes but it'll produce a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes but it'll produce a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes but it'll produce a different
+output for each one of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output for each one of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output for each one of these different
+inputs right so these different devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs right so these different devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs right so these different devices
+are going to work together to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to work together to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to work together to achieve
+the same common goal that's the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same common goal that's the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same common goal that's the idea of
+the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of
+decomposition so this these were I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition so this these were I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition so this these were I
+applied to the problem of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to the problem of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to the problem of you know
+projecting large image or or a projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting large image or or a projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting large image or or a projector
+in general but we can apply these exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general but we can apply these exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general but we can apply these exact
+same Concepts to programming okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Concepts to programming okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Concepts to programming okay so
+decomposition is really just the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition is really just the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition is really just the problem
+of creating structure in your code okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creating structure in your code okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creating structure in your code okay
+in the projector example we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the projector example we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the projector example we have
+separate devices working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate devices working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate devices working
+together in programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in programming
+to achieve decomposition you're dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve decomposition you're dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve decomposition you're dividing
+your code into smaller modules these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code into smaller modules these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code into smaller modules these are
+going to be self-contained and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be self-contained and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be self-contained and you can
+think of them as sort of little mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them as sort of little mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them as sort of little mini
+programs right you feed in some input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs right you feed in some input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs right you feed in some input to
+them they do a little task and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they do a little task and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they do a little task and then they
+give you something back you know they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you something back you know they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you something back you know they go
+off and do their thing and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and do their thing and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and do their thing and then they
+give back a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give back a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give back a
+result okay these modules can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result okay these modules can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result okay these modules can be used to
+break up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up your
+code and the important thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and the important thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and the important thing is that
+they're reusable so you write a module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're reusable so you write a module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're reusable so you write a module
+once a little piece of code that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a little piece of code that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a little piece of code that does
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+once you debug it once and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you debug it once and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you debug it once and then you can
+reuse it many many times in your code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse it many many times in your code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse it many many times in your code
+with different inputs okay benefit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different inputs okay benefit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different inputs okay benefit of
+this is it keeps your code organized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it keeps your code organized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it keeps your code organized and
+it keeps your code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it keeps your code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it keeps your code
+coherent okay so functions are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent okay so functions are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent okay so functions are going to
+be used to achieve decomposition and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to achieve decomposition and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to achieve decomposition and to
+create structure in our code we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create structure in our code we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create structure in our code we're going
+to see functions today in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see functions today in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see functions today in this lecture
+and in a few weeks you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a few weeks you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a few weeks you're going to
+actually see when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see when we talk about
+object-oriented programming how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object-oriented programming how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object-oriented programming how you can
+achieve decomposition with classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve decomposition with classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve decomposition with classes
+and with classes you can create your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with classes you can create your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with classes you can create your own
+object types like inss and floats you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object types like inss and floats you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object types like inss and floats you
+can create your own object types for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create your own object types for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create your own object types for
+whatever you want but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want but that's
+later okay so decomposition is creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay so decomposition is creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay so decomposition is creating
+structure new code and abstraction is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure new code and abstraction is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure new code and abstraction is is
+the idea of suppressing details so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of suppressing details so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of suppressing details so in
+the projector example remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projector example remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projector example remember
+abstraction was you didn't need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction was you didn't need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction was you didn't need to know
+exactly how the projector worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how the projector worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how the projector worked in
+order to use it and it's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to use it and it's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to use it and it's going to be the
+same idea in programming so once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea in programming so once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea in programming so once you
+write a piece of code that does a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a piece of code that does a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a piece of code that does a little
+task you don't need to re write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task you don't need to re write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task you don't need to re write that
+piece of code many times you've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of code many times you've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of code many times you've written
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+once and you write this thing called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and you write this thing called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and you write this thing called a
+function specification for it or a doc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function specification for it or a doc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function specification for it or a doc
+string and this is a piece of text that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and this is a piece of text that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and this is a piece of text that
+tells anyone else who'd want to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells anyone else who'd want to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells anyone else who'd want to use it
+in the future you know other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future you know other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future you know other people
+maybe yourself it tells them how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yourself it tells them how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yourself it tells them how to use
+this function what inputs does it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function what inputs does it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function what inputs does it take
+what's the type of the inputs what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the type of the inputs what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the type of the inputs what is
+the function supposed to do and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function supposed to do and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function supposed to do and what is
+the output that you're going to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output that you're going to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output that you're going to get out
+of it right so they don't need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it right so they don't need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it right so they don't need to know
+exactly how you implemented the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how you implemented the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how you implemented the function
+they just need to know inputs what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just need to know inputs what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just need to know inputs what it
+does what's the output those three three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what's the output those three three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what's the output those three three
+things okay so these functions are then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so these functions are then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so these functions are then
+reusable chunks of code and we'll see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusable chunks of code and we'll see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusable chunks of code and we'll see in
+a few examples today's lecture how um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few examples today's lecture how um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few examples today's lecture how um
+how to write some and how to call call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to write some and how to call call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to write some and how to call call
+functions and as we're going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and as we're going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and as we're going through
+today's code I want you to sort of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's code I want you to sort of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's code I want you to sort of think
+about functions in with two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about functions in with two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about functions in with two two
+different hats on okay the first hat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hats on okay the first hat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hats on okay the first hat is
+from someone who's writing the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someone who's writing the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someone who's writing the function
+right so in the projector example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in the projector example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in the projector example
+someone had to build the first projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone had to build the first projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone had to build the first projector
+right right someone had to know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right someone had to know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right someone had to know how to
+put all these uh components together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all these uh components together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all these uh components together so
+that's going to be you writing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be you writing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be you writing a
+function right so you need to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right so you need to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right so you need to know how
+to make the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the function
+work and then the other hat is you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and then the other hat is you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and then the other hat is you as
+someone as a programmer who's just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone as a programmer who's just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone as a programmer who's just using
+the function right you're assuming it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function right you're assuming it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function right you're assuming it's
+already been implemented correctly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been implemented correctly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been implemented correctly and
+now you're just using it to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're just using it to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're just using it to to do
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so these are some of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are some of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are some of the function
+characteristics and we'll see an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and we'll see an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and we'll see an example
+on the next slide so function is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the next slide so function is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the next slide so function is going
+to have a name you have to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a name you have to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a name you have to call it
+something it's going to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's going to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's going to have some
+parameters these are the inputs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters these are the inputs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters these are the inputs to the
+function you can have zero inputs or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can have zero inputs or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can have zero inputs or as
+many as you'd like function should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many as you'd like function should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many as you'd like function should have
+a dock string this is how you achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dock string this is how you achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dock string this is how you achieve
+abstraction so it's optional but highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction so it's optional but highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction so it's optional but highly
+recommended and this is how you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended and this is how you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended and this is how you tell
+other people how to use your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people how to use your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people how to use your
+function function has a body which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function function has a body which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function function has a body which is
+the meat and potatoes of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meat and potatoes of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meat and potatoes of the function
+right what it does and a function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what it does and a function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what it does and a function is
+going to return something it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return something it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return something it's it
+computes its thing and then it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes its thing and then it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes its thing and then it gives
+back spits back some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back spits back some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back spits back some
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+okay here's an example of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's an example of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's an example of a function
+definition and a function call okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and a function call okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and a function call okay
+function definition is up here you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function definition is up here you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function definition is up here you know
+what I'll just draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll just draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll just draw it
+here this is the function definition up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the function definition up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the function definition up
+here and this is the function call down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is the function call down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is the function call down
+here so remember someone has to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so remember someone has to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so remember someone has to write
+the function you know that that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function you know that that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function you know that that does
+something to begin with so this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to begin with so this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to begin with so this is how
+you write the function the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write the function the first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write the function the first is
+whoops the first is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops the first is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops the first is going to
+be this DF keyword and DF stands for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this DF keyword and DF stands for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this DF keyword and DF stands for it
+tells python I'm going to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells python I'm going to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells python I'm going to define a
+function next is the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function next is the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function next is the name of the
+function in this case I'm calling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in this case I'm calling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in this case I'm calling the
+function isore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function isore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function isore
+even and the function name should really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and the function name should really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and the function name should really
+be something descriptive whereas someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something descriptive whereas someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something descriptive whereas someone
+who's just using this function or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's just using this function or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's just using this function or
+looking at it can pretty much tell what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it can pretty much tell what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it can pretty much tell what
+it's supposed to do without lot without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to do without lot without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to do without lot without
+going a lot further than that than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going a lot further than that than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going a lot further than that than just
+looking at the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the name
+okay and then in parentheses you give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then in parentheses you give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then in parentheses you give it
+any parameters also known as arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any parameters also known as arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any parameters also known as arguments
+and these parameters are the inputs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these parameters are the inputs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these parameters are the inputs to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+function and then you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+colon okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon okay so this
+is the first line of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first line of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first line of the function
+definition and after this everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and after this everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and after this everything
+that's going to be part of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be part of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be part of the function
+is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+indented the next part is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indented the next part is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indented the next part is going to be
+the dock string or the specification and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dock string or the specification and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dock string or the specification and
+this is how we achieve abstraction using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions specification or the doc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions specification or the doc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions specification or the doc
+string starts with triple quotes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string starts with triple quotes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string starts with triple quotes and
+ends with triple quotes and you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends with triple quotes and you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends with triple quotes and you can sort
+of think about this as a multi-line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think about this as a multi-line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think about this as a multi-line
+comment it's just going to be text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment it's just going to be text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment it's just going to be text
+that's going to be visible to whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be visible to whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be visible to whoever
+uses the function and it should tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the function and it should tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the function and it should tell
+them the F the following things what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the F the following things what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the F the following things what are
+the inputs to the function what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs to the function what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs to the function what is the
+function supposed to do generally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function supposed to do generally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function supposed to do generally and
+what is the function going to give back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the function going to give back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the function going to give back
+to whoever called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whoever called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whoever called
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay the next part is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the next part is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the next part is going to be the
+body of the function we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of the function we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of the function we'll talk about
+what's inside it in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's inside it in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's inside it in the next
+slide and that's it that's all for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and that's it that's all for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and that's it that's all for the
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+definition defa blah blah blah indented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition defa blah blah blah indented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition defa blah blah blah indented
+everything inside the function okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything inside the function okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything inside the function okay so
+this is you writing the function um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you writing the function um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you writing the function um
+definition once the function definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition once the function definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition once the function definition
+is written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written
+you can call the function and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can call the function and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can call the function and that's
+this part down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part down
+here and here when you call a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here when you call a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here when you call a function
+you just say its name and then you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just say its name and then you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just say its name and then you give
+it parameters and you give it as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it parameters and you give it as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it parameters and you give it as many
+parameters as the function is expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters as the function is expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters as the function is expecting
+in this case only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what's inside the function body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's inside the function body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's inside the function body
+you can put anything inside the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put anything inside the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put anything inside the function
+body remember think of a function as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body remember think of a function as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body remember think of a function as
+sort of a small procedure a little mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a small procedure a little mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a small procedure a little mini
+program that does something so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that does something so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that does something so you can
+do anything inside the function that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything inside the function that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything inside the function that you
+can do in in a regular program print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do in in a regular program print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do in in a regular program print
+things do mathematical operations and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do mathematical operations and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do mathematical operations and so
+on the last line is the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the last line is the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the last line is the most important
+part of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the function
+though and it's this return statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though and it's this return statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though and it's this return statement
+that's what we call it so it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call it so it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call it so it's a it's a
+line of code that starts with return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of code that starts with return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of code that starts with return
+which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a
+keyword and then it's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyword and then it's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyword and then it's going to be some
+value okay notice this is an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay notice this is an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay notice this is an expression
+here i%c 2 is equal equal Z is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i%c 2 is equal equal Z is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i%c 2 is equal equal Z is an
+expression that's going to evaluate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that's going to evaluate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that's going to evaluate to
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value okay and as long as there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay and as long as there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay and as long as there this
+part is something that evaluates some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is something that evaluates some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is something that evaluates some
+value it could be anything you want okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it could be anything you want okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it could be anything you want okay
+and this line here return something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this line here return something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this line here return something
+tells python okay after you finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells python okay after you finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells python okay after you finished
+executing everything inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing everything inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing everything inside the
+function what value should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what value should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what value should I
+return and whoever called the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and whoever called the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and whoever called the function
+is going to get back that value and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get back that value and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get back that value and the
+function call it s will be replaced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call it s will be replaced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call it s will be replaced by
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+value okay so let's look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example I'm going to introduce the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'm going to introduce the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'm going to introduce the idea
+of scope now okay and scope just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scope now okay and scope just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scope now okay and scope just means
+is another word for environment okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another word for environment okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another word for environment okay so
+if if I told you that you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I told you that you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I told you that you can think of
+functions as little mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions as little mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions as little mini
+programs the scope of a function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs the scope of a function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs the scope of a function is
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+be a completely separate environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a completely separate environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a completely separate environment
+than the environment of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the environment of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the environment of the main
+program so as soon as you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so as soon as you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so as soon as you make a
+function call behind the scenes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call behind the scenes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call behind the scenes what
+python says is okay I'm in the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python says is okay I'm in the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python says is okay I'm in the main
+program but I see a function call I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but I see a function call I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but I see a function call I'm
+going to step out of this main program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to step out of this main program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to step out of this main program
+I'm going to go off into this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go off into this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go off into this new
+environment I'm going to create entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment I'm going to create entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment I'm going to create entirely
+new set of variables that just exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new set of variables that just exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new set of variables that just exists
+within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this
+environment I'm going to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment I'm going to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment I'm going to do some
+computations when I see the return I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations when I see the return I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations when I see the return I'm
+going to take this one return value I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take this one return value I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take this one return value I'm
+going to exit that environment and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to exit that environment and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to exit that environment and then
+I'm going to come back to the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to come back to the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to come back to the main
+program okay so as you're entering from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program okay so as you're entering from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program okay so as you're entering from
+one scope to another you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one scope to another you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one scope to another you're sort of
+passing these values back and forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing these values back and forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing these values back and forth so
+when you're entering a scope you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're entering a scope you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're entering a scope you're
+passing a variable back into you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing a variable back into you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing a variable back into you're
+passing a variable into the function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing a variable into the function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing a variable into the function and
+when the function's finished you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the function's finished you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the function's finished you're
+passing a value back to whoever called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing a value back to whoever called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing a value back to whoever called
+it okay so once again this top part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so once again this top part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so once again this top part is
+the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function
+definition and any arguments for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and any arguments for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and any arguments for the
+function definition are called formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function definition are called formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function definition are called formal
+parameters and they're called formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and they're called formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and they're called formal
+parameters because notice they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters because notice they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters because notice they don't
+actually have a value yet right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a value yet right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a value yet right in the
+function definition you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function definition you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function definition you're sort of
+writing the function assuming that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the function assuming that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the function assuming that in
+this case X is going to have some value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case X is going to have some value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case X is going to have some value
+but you don't know what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know what it is
+yet you only know what value X takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet you only know what value X takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet you only know what value X takes
+when you make a function call down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so this is your function definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is your function definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is your function definition
+and then later on in your M Pro main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later on in your M Pro main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later on in your M Pro main
+program you might Define some V variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you might Define some V variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you might Define some V variable
+X is equal to three and then you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to three and then you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to three and then you make a
+function call F ofx here is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call F ofx here is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call F ofx here is your
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+call and it says okay I'm calling f with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and it says okay I'm calling f with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and it says okay I'm calling f with
+the value three because X takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value three because X takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value three because X takes the
+value three and then I'm going to map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value three and then I'm going to map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value three and then I'm going to map
+three into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function the values that are passed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the values that are passed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the values that are passed into
+the function call are called actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function call are called actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function call are called actual
+parameters because they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters because they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters because they're going to
+actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a
+value okay so let's step through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay so let's step through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay so let's step through this
+program this little small program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program this little small program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program this little small program and
+see what exactly happens behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what exactly happens behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what exactly happens behind the
+scenes in the scope and if you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes in the scope and if you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes in the scope and if you're just
+starting to program I think it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to program I think it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to program I think it would be
+highly valuable if you take a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly valuable if you take a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly valuable if you take a piece of
+paper as you're doing some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper as you're doing some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper as you're doing some of these
+exercises and you write down something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises and you write down something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises and you write down something
+similar to what I'm going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what I'm going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what I'm going to go through
+here I think it'll help a lot and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think it'll help a lot and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think it'll help a lot and you'll
+be able to see exactly you know step by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see exactly you know step by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see exactly you know step by
+step what variables take what values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step what variables take what values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step what variables take what values and
+which scope you're in okay so here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which scope you're in okay so here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which scope you're in okay so here we go
+when the program first starts we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the program first starts we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the program first starts we're
+creating This Global scope okay it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating This Global scope okay it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating This Global scope okay it's the
+main program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main program
+scope in the main program scope the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope in the main program scope the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope in the main program scope the
+first thing that Python's going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that Python's going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that Python's going to see
+is this part here DF F ofx and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this part here DF F ofx and then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this part here DF F ofx and then some
+some stuff inside okay this tells python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff inside okay this tells python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff inside okay this tells python
+I have a function named X but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a function named X but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a function named X but I don't
+care what's inside the code yet I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what's inside the code yet I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what's inside the code yet I don't
+care what's inside the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what's inside the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what's inside the function
+definition yet because I haven't called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition yet because I haven't called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition yet because I haven't called
+the function yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function yet
+right so to python it's just some code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so to python it's just some code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so to python it's just some code
+just sitting in the global scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting in the global scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting in the global scope
+okay so whenever you see DF you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so whenever you see DF you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so whenever you see DF you're just
+putting some code in there then you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting some code in there then you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting some code in there then you go
+on to the next line X is equal to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the next line X is equal to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the next line X is equal to three
+so in the global scope you now have also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the global scope you now have also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the global scope you now have also
+a variable X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable X is
+three and then the next line Z is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then the next line Z is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then the next line Z is equal
+to F ofx is a function call as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F ofx is a function call as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F ofx is a function call as soon as
+you hit a function call you create a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit a function call you create a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit a function call you create a new
+scope a new environment okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope a new environment okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope a new environment okay so we're
+temporary L leaving the global scope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary L leaving the global scope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary L leaving the global scope and
+sort of you know portaling into a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know portaling into a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know portaling into a new
+scope where we're going to try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope where we're going to try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope where we're going to try to figure
+out what this function is going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what this function is going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what this function is going to do
+and what it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it's going to
+return so the first thing you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return so the first thing you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return so the first thing you do is you
+map the parameters so X here I'm calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map the parameters so X here I'm calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map the parameters so X here I'm calling
+f ofx with three so the first thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx with three so the first thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx with three so the first thing I'm
+doing is I'm mapping every one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is I'm mapping every one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is I'm mapping every one of the
+parameters in the definition to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in the definition to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in the definition to their
+values so the first thing I'm doing is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so the first thing I'm doing is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so the first thing I'm doing is X
+gets the value three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay next line here is x equal x + 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next line here is x equal x + 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next line here is x equal x + 1 so
+we're still inside the function called f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still inside the function called f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still inside the function called f
+so X gets the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four we're printing this and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four we're printing this and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four we're printing this and then we're
+returning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning
+X so in the scope of f x is equal to 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so in the scope of f x is equal to 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so in the scope of f x is equal to 4
+so we're returning that value back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're returning that value back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're returning that value back to
+whoever called it which was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever called it which was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever called it which was this
+function call within the global scope so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call within the global scope so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call within the global scope so
+this part right here F ofx which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part right here F ofx which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part right here F ofx which was the
+function call gets replaced with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call gets replaced with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call gets replaced with
+four so inside the main program Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so inside the main program Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so inside the main program Z is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+4 okay and that's how we pass parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 okay and that's how we pass parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 okay and that's how we pass parameters
+into the function and we got a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the function and we got a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the function and we got a parameter
+back from the function as soon as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the function as soon as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the function as soon as the
+function returns something the scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function returns something the scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function returns something the scope
+that you were in for the function gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were in for the function gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were in for the function gets
+erased you forget about every variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased you forget about every variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased you forget about every variable
+that was created in there delete that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was created in there delete that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was created in there delete that
+scope and you're back to wherever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and you're back to wherever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and you're back to wherever you
+started calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started calling
+it one warning though so what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one warning though so what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one warning though so what happens if
+there's no return statement I said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no return statement I said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no return statement I said that
+every function has to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every function has to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every function has to return
+something if you don't explicitly put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if you don't explicitly put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if you don't explicitly put a
+return statement python is going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return statement python is going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return statement python is going to add
+one for you you don't have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for you you don't have to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for you you don't have to do this
+and it's going to actually have return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to actually have return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to actually have return
+none n o n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none n o n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none n o n
+e and none is the special special type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and none is the special special type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and none is the special special type
+uh none is a the value for a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh none is a the value for a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh none is a the value for a special
+type called nun type and it represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type called nun type and it represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type called nun type and it represents
+the absence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of a
+value okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay
+that not a string not not a none is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not a string not not a none is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not a string not not a none is not
+a string not none is not a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string not none is not a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string not none is not a string
+exactly it's a special special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+type okay so before we go on I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type okay so before we go on I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type okay so before we go on I wanted to
+go through a small exercise and spider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through a small exercise and spider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through a small exercise and spider
+just to just to show you the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to just to show you the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to just to show you the difference
+that none and uh and printing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that none and uh and printing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that none and uh and printing and
+returning makes so here are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning makes so here are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning makes so here are two
+functions that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that I
+wrote one is is even with return that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote one is is even with return that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote one is is even with return that's
+its name so it's pretty descriptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its name so it's pretty descriptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its name so it's pretty descriptive
+it's pretty much the same code we saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much the same code we saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much the same code we saw in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+slides it just has this extra little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides it just has this extra little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides it just has this extra little
+print thing it gets the remainder when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print thing it gets the remainder when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print thing it gets the remainder when
+uh I is Divi uh divided by two and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I is Divi uh divided by two and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I is Divi uh divided by two and it
+returns whether the remainder is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns whether the remainder is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns whether the remainder is equal
+to zero so it'll either return a true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero so it'll either return a true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero so it'll either return a true or
+a false a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Boolean okay so my function call is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean okay so my function call is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean okay so my function call is
+this I'm saying is even with return with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm saying is even with return with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm saying is even with return with
+the uh value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh value
+three when I make this function call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three when I make this function call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three when I make this function call
+this three three gets mapped into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this three three gets mapped into here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this three three gets mapped into here
+this variable here so I is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable here so I is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable here so I is equal to
+3 I'm going to print with return and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 I'm going to print with return and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 I'm going to print with return and
+then I'm going to say remainder is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to say remainder is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to say remainder is equal
+to 3% 2 which comes out to Value one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3% 2 which comes out to Value one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3% 2 which comes out to Value one
+because there's a remainder one and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a remainder one and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a remainder one and I'm
+going to return whether one is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return whether one is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return whether one is equal to
+zero which is false okay so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which is false okay so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which is false okay so this this
+line here returns false but am I doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here returns false but am I doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here returns false but am I doing
+anything with a false not really it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with a false not really it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with a false not really it's
+just sort of sitting in the code here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of sitting in the code here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of sitting in the code here
+okay so this gets evalu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this gets evalu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this gets evalu
+valed to um false I'm not printing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valed to um false I'm not printing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valed to um false I'm not printing it
+I'm not doing any operations with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not doing any operations with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not doing any operations with it
+it's just sitting there so it won't show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just sitting there so it won't show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just sitting there so it won't show
+up anywhere if I want the result to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up anywhere if I want the result to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up anywhere if I want the result to show
+up somewhere then I have to print it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up somewhere then I have to print it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up somewhere then I have to print it so
+that's what this next Line's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this next Line's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this next Line's
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+okay so that one should be straight uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that one should be straight uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that one should be straight uh
+straightforward is even with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward is even with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward is even with that
+returns a little bit trickier but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a little bit trickier but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a little bit trickier but not
+too bad I have print without return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too bad I have print without return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too bad I have print without return
+inside here and then I'm going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here and then I'm going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here and then I'm going to get a
+remainder um is equal to i% 2 and notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder um is equal to i% 2 and notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder um is equal to i% 2 and notice
+that I'm not have I don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm not have I don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm not have I don't have any
+return so implicitly Python's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return so implicitly Python's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return so implicitly Python's going to
+add a return none for me like that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a return none for me like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a return none for me like that you
+don't have to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to add
+it so when I make the function call here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so when I make the function call here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so when I make the function call here
+it's going to do the same thing except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to do the same thing except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to do the same thing except
+the return in this case is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return in this case is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return in this case is not going to
+be a Boolean it's going to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a Boolean it's going to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a Boolean it's going to be this
+special none right so this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special none right so this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special none right so this is going to
+get evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+To None again I'm not printing it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To None again I'm not printing it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To None again I'm not printing it out
+it's just sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just sitting there
+if I were to print out the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to print out the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to print out the result of
+that you'd be printing out this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd be printing out this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd be printing out this value
+none which if I run it you'll see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none which if I run it you'll see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none which if I run it you'll see here
+it just prints it out right there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just prints it out right there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just prints it out right there okay
+so as you're doing your next pet it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you're doing your next pet it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you're doing your next pet it's
+it's about functions and you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about functions and you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about functions and you're seeing
+these nuns popping out in some places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nuns popping out in some places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nuns popping out in some places
+check to make sure that you've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check to make sure that you've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check to make sure that you've actually
+returned something as opposed to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned something as opposed to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned something as opposed to just
+printed something inside the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed something inside the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed something inside the function
+right like we did here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so that's the difference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's the difference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's the difference and
+the last thing I want to mention about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing I want to mention about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing I want to mention about
+this is even function is um is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is even function is um is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is even function is um is how
+useful it can be so notice so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful it can be so notice so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful it can be so notice so this is
+the function um as in the slides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function um as in the slides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function um as in the slides and
+once you write the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you write the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you write the function
+once you can use it many many times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you can use it many many times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you can use it many many times in
+your code so here I have uh I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code so here I have uh I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code so here I have uh I'm using
+the function is even to print the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is even to print the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is even to print the
+numbers between 0 and 19 including and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers between 0 and 19 including and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers between 0 and 19 including and
+whether the number is even or odd so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the number is even or odd so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the number is even or odd so
+notice this piece of code here once I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this piece of code here once I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this piece of code here once I've
+written this function is even looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this function is even looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this function is even looks
+really really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really nice
+right I have four all the numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have four all the numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have four all the numbers in
+this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range
+if the number I is even right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the number I is even right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the number I is even right this is
+going to return a true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return a true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return a true or
+false for all the numbers 0 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false for all the numbers 0 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false for all the numbers 0 1 2 3
+4 if it's true then I'm going to print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 if it's true then I'm going to print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 if it's true then I'm going to print
+out even and otherwise I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out even and otherwise I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out even and otherwise I'm going to
+print out odd so if I run this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out odd so if I run this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out odd so if I run this it's
+going to do this zero even one odd two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this zero even one odd two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this zero even one odd two
+even and so so on so notice using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and so so on so notice using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and so so on so notice using
+functions makes my code really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions makes my code really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions makes my code really nice
+looking right if I wasn't using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking right if I wasn't using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking right if I wasn't using
+functions I'd have to put these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I'd have to put these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I'd have to put these two
+lines somewhere inside here right and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines somewhere inside here right and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines somewhere inside here right and it
+would look a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Messier so I've said this maybe once or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Messier so I've said this maybe once or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Messier so I've said this maybe once or
+twice before in Python everything is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice before in Python everything is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice before in Python everything is an
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+okay might not have meant anything back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay might not have meant anything back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay might not have meant anything back
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+but I think you're going to see what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think you're going to see what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think you're going to see what I
+mean using this particular example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean using this particular example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean using this particular example okay
+so if if in Python everything's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if in Python everything's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if in Python everything's an
+object integers are objects flots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object integers are objects flots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object integers are objects flots are
+objects even functions are objects okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects even functions are objects okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects even functions are objects okay
+so as you can pass objects as parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you can pass objects as parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you can pass objects as parameters
+back and forth as function you know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth as function you know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth as function you know as
+function parameters you can also pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function parameters you can also pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function parameters you can also pass
+other functions as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other functions as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other functions as as
+parameters let's see what this means so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters let's see what this means so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters let's see what this means so
+we have three function definitions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three function definitions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three function definitions here
+Funk a funk B and Funk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Funk a funk B and Funk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Funk a funk B and Funk
+C and then I have three lines of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and then I have three lines of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and then I have three lines of code
+here in my main program so I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in my main program so I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in my main program so I have one
+call to Funk a one call to Funk B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to Funk a one call to Funk B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to Funk a one call to Funk B and
+one call to Funk C let's Trace through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one call to Funk C let's Trace through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one call to Funk C let's Trace through
+just like in the previous example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in the previous example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in the previous example and
+see what exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what exactly
+happens first thing I create is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens first thing I create is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens first thing I create is my
+Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global
+scope and I have three function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and I have three function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and I have three function
+definitions again I don't care what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions again I don't care what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions again I don't care what's in
+the code yet because I haven't called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code yet because I haven't called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code yet because I haven't called
+the functions yet okay python just knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions yet okay python just knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions yet okay python just knows
+there's these functions would these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these functions would these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these functions would these
+names that contain some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names that contain some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names that contain some
+code after these definitions I come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code after these definitions I come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code after these definitions I come to
+this line here print Funk a as soon as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line here print Funk a as soon as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line here print Funk a as soon as I
+make a function call I'm going to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a function call I'm going to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a function call I'm going to create
+a new scope and I'm going to hop into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new scope and I'm going to hop into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new scope and I'm going to hop into
+there okay inside Funk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay inside Funk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay inside Funk
+a I'm going to go and look at what Funk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm going to go and look at what Funk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm going to go and look at what Funk
+a does it doesn't take any parameters it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a does it doesn't take any parameters it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a does it doesn't take any parameters it
+just prints out this this this message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just prints out this this this message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just prints out this this this message
+here and then it it leaves it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it it leaves it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it it leaves it's
+done there's no return so we return none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done there's no return so we return none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done there's no return so we return none
+so Funk a returns none to whoever called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Funk a returns none to whoever called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Funk a returns none to whoever called
+it which was that line there so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which was that line there so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which was that line there so that is
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+none next line this one right here print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none next line this one right here print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none next line this one right here print
+five plus some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five plus some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five plus some function
+call again I'm going to hop into Funk B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call again I'm going to hop into Funk B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call again I'm going to hop into Funk B
+scope and see what to do there so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and see what to do there so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and see what to do there so first
+I'm going to map my parameters so two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to map my parameters so two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to map my parameters so two
+whoops two gets mapped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops two gets mapped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops two gets mapped to
+y so inside Funk B's scope Y is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so inside Funk B's scope Y is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so inside Funk B's scope Y is going to
+get the value two that's the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the value two that's the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the value two that's the very first
+thing I'm doing mapping all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm doing mapping all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm doing mapping all the
+parameters then I'm going to print this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters then I'm going to print this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters then I'm going to print this
+thing here and then I'm going to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here and then I'm going to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here and then I'm going to return
+y so inside Funk b y has the value two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so inside Funk b y has the value two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so inside Funk b y has the value two
+and I'm returning two back to whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm returning two back to whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm returning two back to whoever
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+me okay so this is the value two and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay so this is the value two and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay so this is the value two and I'm
+going to print 5 plus 2 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seven last one this is a tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven last one this is a tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven last one this is a tricky
+that popped up if you think you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that popped up if you think you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that popped up if you think you've got
+it try that exercise but otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it try that exercise but otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it try that exercise but otherwise
+follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow
+along print funky Funk a okay so I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along print funky Funk a okay so I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along print funky Funk a okay so I see
+that I am going to enter Funk C's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am going to enter Funk C's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am going to enter Funk C's
+scope so I'm going to look at funy do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope so I'm going to look at funy do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope so I'm going to look at funy do
+what funy does first thing I do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what funy does first thing I do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what funy does first thing I do is I'm
+mapping all the parameters don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping all the parameters don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping all the parameters don't even
+worry about the fact that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the fact that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the fact that this is a
+function right now just pretend it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right now just pretend it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right now just pretend it's you
+know X or something so you say funk a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know X or something so you say funk a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know X or something so you say funk a a
+is going to get mapped to the variable Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get mapped to the variable Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get mapped to the variable Z
+inside funy so Z is funy just mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside funy so Z is funy just mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside funy so Z is funy just mapping
+parameters from actual to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters from actual to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters from actual to
+formal then what do we do inside Funk C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal then what do we do inside Funk C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal then what do we do inside Funk C
+we print out inside Funk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and then we
+return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z this is the cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z this is the cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z this is the cool
+part inside Funk c z is Funk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part inside Funk c z is Funk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part inside Funk c z is Funk a
+so if you replace Z with funk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you replace Z with funk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you replace Z with funk
+a this here becomes return Funk a open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this here becomes return Funk a open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this here becomes return Funk a open
+close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close
+parenthesis look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis look
+familiar we did that function call right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar we did that function call right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar we did that function call right
+there right so that's just another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so that's just another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so that's just another
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+call so with that being another function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so with that being another function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so with that being another function
+call you're going to create another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call you're going to create another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call you're going to create another
+scope and you're going to pop into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and you're going to pop into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and you're going to pop into that
+one so we're one two I guess two Scopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we're one two I guess two Scopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we're one two I guess two Scopes
+deep we're trying to figure out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep we're trying to figure out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep we're trying to figure out where
+we're going so Funk A's scope is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going so Funk A's scope is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going so Funk A's scope is going
+to be up here so what does Funk a do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be up here so what does Funk a do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be up here so what does Funk a do it
+just prints out this and it returns none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just prints out this and it returns none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just prints out this and it returns none
+so we're going to return none to whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to return none to whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to return none to whoever
+called us which was Funk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called us which was Funk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called us which was Funk
+C so this line here becomes return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+none and so this line here is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none and so this line here is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none and so this line here is going to
+return none to whoever called it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return none to whoever called it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return none to whoever called it which
+was this line down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this line down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this line down
+here oops I didn't mean to cross it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oops I didn't mean to cross it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oops I didn't mean to cross it out
+so that line here is going to print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that line here is going to print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that line here is going to print
+none so it's if you just go step by step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none so it's if you just go step by step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none so it's if you just go step by step
+it shouldn't be too bad to try to map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shouldn't be too bad to try to map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shouldn't be too bad to try to map
+what happens with with variable names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with with variable names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with with variable names
+and and foral parameters and actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and foral parameters and actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and foral parameters and actual
+parameters okay that's why I highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters okay that's why I highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters okay that's why I highly
+recommend pieces of paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend pieces of paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend pieces of paper and
+pens one last thing I want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pens one last thing I want to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pens one last thing I want to mention
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+scope before we do another example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope before we do another example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope before we do another example so
+there are three sort of situations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three sort of situations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three sort of situations you
+might find yourself in the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find yourself in the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find yourself in the first one is
+probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most
+typical and this is when you define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical and this is when you define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical and this is when you define a
+function and it's using a variable named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it's using a variable named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it's using a variable named
+X in this case that's also defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in this case that's also defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in this case that's also defined
+outside of the function and that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the function and that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the function and that doesn't
+matter because of the idea of Scopes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter because of the idea of Scopes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter because of the idea of Scopes so
+inside the global scope you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the global scope you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the global scope you can have
+variables X when you're inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X when you're inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X when you're inside a
+different scope you can have whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scope you can have whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scope you can have whatever
+variables variable names you want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables variable names you want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables variable names you want and
+when you're inside that scope Python's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're inside that scope Python's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're inside that scope Python's
+going to use those variable names so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use those variable names so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use those variable names so
+they don't interfere with each other at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't interfere with each other at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't interfere with each other at
+all so in this example I've defined a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so in this example I've defined a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so in this example I've defined a
+variable X is equal to one and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X is equal to one and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X is equal to one and then I
+increment it and that doesn't interfere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment it and that doesn't interfere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment it and that doesn't interfere
+with the fact that we have a variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that we have a variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that we have a variable X
+outside this one's a little bit trickier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside this one's a little bit trickier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside this one's a little bit trickier
+I Define this uh this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G and all G does is access a variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and all G does is access a variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and all G does is access a variable X
+but notice inside G I've never actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice inside G I've never actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice inside G I've never actually
+declared or or initialized a variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declared or or initialized a variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declared or or initialized a variable X
+right in this F I said X is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in this F I said X is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in this F I said X is equal to 1
+but in here I'm just sort of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in here I'm just sort of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in here I'm just sort of using
+X so this does not give you an error in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so this does not give you an error in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so this does not give you an error in
+fact it's okay for you to do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's okay for you to do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's okay for you to do this in
+python python says okay I'm in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python python says okay I'm in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python python says okay I'm in this
+scope but I don't have a variable named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope but I don't have a variable named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope but I don't have a variable named
+X so let me just go into the scope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so let me just go into the scope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so let me just go into the scope of
+whoever called me so I'm going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever called me so I'm going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever called me so I'm going to just
+temporarily hop out of this scope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily hop out of this scope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily hop out of this scope and
+see is there a variable X outside of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is there a variable X outside of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is there a variable X outside of of
+me and it'll find this variable X here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and it'll find this variable X here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and it'll find this variable X here
+and it's going to print out its values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to print out its values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to print out its values
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this last example here is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this last example here is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this last example here is actually
+not allowed in Python similar to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed in Python similar to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed in Python similar to this
+one except that I'm trying to increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one except that I'm trying to increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one except that I'm trying to increment
+a value of x but then I'm also trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value of x but then I'm also trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value of x but then I'm also trying to
+reassign it to the same value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassign it to the same value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassign it to the same value of
+x the problem with that is I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the problem with that is I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the problem with that is I never
+actually initialized X inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually initialized X inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually initialized X inside
+H so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so if I
+said if inside H I said X is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if inside H I said X is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if inside H I said X is equal to 1
+and then I did X Plus equal to 1 then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I did X Plus equal to 1 then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I did X Plus equal to 1 then it
+would be this example here F of Y but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this example here F of Y but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this example here F of Y but I
+didn't do that I just tried to access X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do that I just tried to access X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do that I just tried to access X
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+incremented increment it and then try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremented increment it and then try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremented increment it and then try to
+reassign it and that actually that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassign it and that actually that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassign it and that actually that's
+actually not allowed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not allowed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not allowed in
+Python there's a way around it using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python there's a way around it using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python there's a way around it using
+Global variables okay but it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global variables okay but it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global variables okay but it's actually
+frowned upon to use Global variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frowned upon to use Global variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frowned upon to use Global variables
+though Global variables are part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though Global variables are part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though Global variables are part of the
+readings for for this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings for for this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings for for this lecture
+and the reason why it's not a great idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why it's not a great idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why it's not a great idea
+to use Global variables is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use Global variables is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use Global variables is because
+Global variables sort of give you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global variables sort of give you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global variables sort of give you this
+this loophole around um Scopes so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this loophole around um Scopes so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this loophole around um Scopes so it
+allows you to write code that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to write code that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to write code that could
+become very messy okay so Global using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very messy okay so Global using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very messy okay so Global using
+Global variables you can be inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global variables you can be inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global variables you can be inside a
+function and then modify a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then modify a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then modify a variable
+that's defined outside of of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's defined outside of of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's defined outside of of your
+function and that sort of defeats the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and that sort of defeats the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and that sort of defeats the
+purpose of of functions and using them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of of functions and using them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of of functions and using them
+and writing these coherent modules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writing these coherent modules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writing these coherent modules that
+that are separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that said it might it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that said it might it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that said it might it will
+sometimes be useful to use Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes be useful to use Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes be useful to use Global
+variables as you'll see in uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as you'll see in uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as you'll see in uh in a
+couple lectures from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+Okay cool so let's go on to the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool so let's go on to the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool so let's go on to the last
+scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope
+example okay this slide is here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay this slide is here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay this slide is here and
+notice I've bolded underlined and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I've bolded underlined and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I've bolded underlined and
+italicized the python tutor because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+italicized the python tutor because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+italicized the python tutor because I
+find it extremely helpful so the python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it extremely helpful so the python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it extremely helpful so the python
+tutor as I've mentioned in one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor as I've mentioned in one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor as I've mentioned in one of the
+assignments is it was actually developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments is it was actually developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments is it was actually developed
+by a grad student here or post grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a grad student here or post grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a grad student here or post grad
+studentstock here and it allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studentstock here and it allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studentstock here and it allows you to
+go through python paste paste the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through python paste paste the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through python paste paste the code
+go through it step by step like with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through it step by step like with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through it step by step like with
+each iteration it'll show you exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each iteration it'll show you exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each iteration it'll show you exactly
+what values each variable has what scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what values each variable has what scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what values each variable has what scope
+you're in when Scopes get created when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in when Scopes get created when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in when Scopes get created when
+Scopes get destroyed variables within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scopes get destroyed variables within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scopes get destroyed variables within
+each scope so pretty much every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each scope so pretty much every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each scope so pretty much every single
+detail you need to sort of understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail you need to sort of understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail you need to sort of understand
+functions you know as we're starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you know as we're starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you know as we're starting to
+you can see we've had a couple questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see we've had a couple questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see we've had a couple questions
+and these were great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these were great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these were great
+questions so if you're still trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so if you're still trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so if you're still trying to
+understand what's going on I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on I would
+highly suggest you take a piece of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly suggest you take a piece of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly suggest you take a piece of code
+and just run it in the python tutor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just run it in the python tutor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just run it in the python tutor and
+you should be able to see exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to see exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to see exactly what
+happens in sort of a similar way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in sort of a similar way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in sort of a similar way that
+I've drawn my my diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn my my diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn my my diagrams
+okay in all of the in all of the codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in all of the in all of the codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in all of the in all of the codes
+for the this particular lecture I've put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the this particular lecture I've put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the this particular lecture I've put
+links to the python tutor for each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links to the python tutor for each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links to the python tutor for each one
+of those exercises so you can just copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those exercises so you can just copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those exercises so you can just copy
+and paste those and it'll automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paste those and it'll automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paste those and it'll automatically
+populate it with that particular example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populate it with that particular example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populate it with that particular example
+so you just have to click step step step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just have to click step step step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just have to click step step step
+okay so having made my plug for python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so having made my plug for python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so having made my plug for python
+tutor let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor let's go
+on okay so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so here's an
+example it's going to show a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's going to show a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's going to show a couple
+things one is um what Happ you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is um what Happ you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is um what Happ you know
+print versus return and also this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print versus return and also this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print versus return and also this idea
+of you can Nest functions okay so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you can Nest functions okay so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you can Nest functions okay so just
+like you could have nested Loops nested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you could have nested Loops nested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you could have nested Loops nested
+conditions you can also Nest functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you can also Nest functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you can also Nest functions
+within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within
+functions so let's draw some diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so let's draw some diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so let's draw some diagrams
+just like before of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like before of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like before of the
+Scopes first thing we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scopes first thing we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scopes first thing we're going to do is
+when we have a program we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have a program we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have a program we're going to
+create the global scope and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the global scope and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the global scope and we're going
+to add every variable that we have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add every variable that we have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add every variable that we have and
+then when we reach a function call we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when we reach a function call we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when we reach a function call we're
+going to do something about that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do something about that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do something about that okay so
+the first thing in the global scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing in the global scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing in the global scope
+is this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this function
+definition again in my Global scope I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition again in my Global scope I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition again in my Global scope I
+just G as some code because I have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just G as some code because I have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just G as some code because I have not
+called it yet okay I only go inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it yet okay I only go inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it yet okay I only go inside a
+function when I make a function call so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function when I make a function call so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function when I make a function call so
+G contains some code so we're done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G contains some code so we're done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G contains some code so we're done with
+75% of that of that code next line is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% of that of that code next line is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% of that of that code next line is X
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+3 so I'm making X be a variable inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so I'm making X be a variable inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so I'm making X be a variable inside
+my Global scope with value three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Global scope with value three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Global scope with value three and
+then I have this Z is equal to G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have this Z is equal to G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have this Z is equal to G of
+X this is a function call when I see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this is a function call when I see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this is a function call when I see a
+function call I'm going to create a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call I'm going to create a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call I'm going to create a new
+scope so here is the scope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope so here is the scope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope so here is the scope of
+G with the scope of G I'm mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G with the scope of G I'm mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G with the scope of G I'm mapping
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+variables to uh actual actual parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to uh actual actual parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to uh actual actual parameters
+to formal parameters so the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formal parameters so the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formal parameters so the first thing
+I'm doing is I'm saying inside G what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing is I'm saying inside G what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing is I'm saying inside G what is
+the value of of actual parameter x and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of of actual parameter x and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of of actual parameter x and x
+is going to be the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the value
+three because I've called G of X with X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three because I've called G of X with X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three because I've called G of X with X
+is equal to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay next what I see inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next what I see inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next what I see inside this
+function so this is the inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is the inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is the inside of the
+function is this bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is this bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is this bit
+here it's another function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's another function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's another function
+definition again since I'm just defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition again since I'm just defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition again since I'm just defining
+the function and I'm not calling it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function and I'm not calling it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function and I'm not calling it all
+python sees is H is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python sees is H is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python sees is H is some
+code okay I haven't called the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code okay I haven't called the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code okay I haven't called the function
+H yet because I'm just defining it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H yet because I'm just defining it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H yet because I'm just defining it here
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+DF Okay so so that finishes this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF Okay so so that finishes this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF Okay so so that finishes this this
+part here the next line is x equal to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part here the next line is x equal to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part here the next line is x equal to x
++
+
+ align:start position:0%
++
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++
+1 so inside the scope of G I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so inside the scope of G I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so inside the scope of G I'm
+incrementing X to be four then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementing X to be four then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementing X to be four then I'm
+printing out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing out this
+line and then I've reached here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and then I've reached here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and then I've reached here
+H this is actually a function call and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H this is actually a function call and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H this is actually a function call and
+I'm calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm calling
+H as soon as I make a function call I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H as soon as I make a function call I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H as soon as I make a function call I'm
+creating another scope so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating another scope so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating another scope so I'm
+temporarily going out of the scope of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily going out of the scope of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily going out of the scope of G
+and going into the scope of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going into the scope of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going into the scope of H
+so python knows that H contains some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so python knows that H contains some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so python knows that H contains some
+code and now I can go inside H and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and now I can go inside H and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and now I can go inside H and do
+whatever I need to do so the first so H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I need to do so the first so H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I need to do so the first so H
+doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any
+parameters so I don't need to populate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so I don't need to populate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so I don't need to populate
+anything like that in there X does def H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that in there X does def H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that in there X does def H
+does Define a variable called X which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Define a variable called X which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Define a variable called X which is
+ABC it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC it's a
+string and then that's all H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and then that's all H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and then that's all H
+does what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+return none I heard murmuring but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return none I heard murmuring but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return none I heard murmuring but I
+think none was the was what you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think none was the was what you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think none was the was what you guys are
+saying so since there's no return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so since there's no return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so since there's no return
+statement H is going to return none okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement H is going to return none okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement H is going to return none okay
+so H returns none back to whoever called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so H returns none back to whoever called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so H returns none back to whoever called
+it which was this code inside G so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which was this code inside G so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which was this code inside G so that
+gets replaced with none the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets replaced with none the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets replaced with none the thing that
+I've H this circled red H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've H this circled red H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've H this circled red H
+here as soon as H returns we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as soon as H returns we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as soon as H returns we're going to
+get rid of that scope all the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that scope all the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that scope all the variables
+created within it and we're done with h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created within it and we're done with h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created within it and we're done with h
+so now we're back into G and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're back into G and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're back into G and we just
+finished executing this and this got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished executing this and this got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished executing this and this got
+replaced with none okay we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced with none okay we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced with none okay we're not
+printing it out right so this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing it out right so this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing it out right so this doesn't
+show up anywhere it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up anywhere it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up anywhere it's just
+there so we're finished with that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we're finished with that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we're finished with that line
+and the next line is return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so X inside G is four so four gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so X inside G is four so four gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so X inside G is four so four gets
+returned back to whoever called it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned back to whoever called it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned back to whoever called it which
+was in the global scope here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the global scope here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the global scope here so this
+gets replaced with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so once we've returned X we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we've returned X we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we've returned X we've
+completely exited out of that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely exited out of that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely exited out of that uh the
+scope of G and we've come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of G and we've come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of G and we've come back to
+whoever called us which was Global scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever called us which was Global scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever called us which was Global scope
+and we've replaced Z is equal to G of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've replaced Z is equal to G of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've replaced Z is equal to G of X
+and that completely got replac with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that completely got replac with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that completely got replac with four
+the return value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return value
+okay so that's sort of showing nested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's sort of showing nested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's sort of showing nested
+nested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested
+functions all right just circling back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions all right just circling back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions all right just circling back
+to decomposition abstraction this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decomposition abstraction this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decomposition abstraction this is the
+last slide you can see in in in if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last slide you can see in in in if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last slide you can see in in in if you
+look at the code um associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the code um associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the code um associated with
+today's lecture there's some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture there's some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture there's some other
+examples where you can see just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where you can see just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where you can see just how
+powerful it is to use functions and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful it is to use functions and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful it is to use functions and you
+can write really clean and simple code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write really clean and simple code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write really clean and simple code
+if you define your own functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you define your own functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you define your own functions and
+then just use them later right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just use them later right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just use them later right and the
+beauty of defining your own functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of defining your own functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of defining your own functions
+that you can use multiple times later is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use multiple times later is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use multiple times later is
+you only have to debug the function once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have to debug the function once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have to debug the function once
+right I know debugging is not your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I know debugging is not your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I know debugging is not your
+favorite thing but you only have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite thing but you only have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite thing but you only have to
+debug this one thing once and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug this one thing once and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug this one thing once and then you
+can know that it's right and it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can know that it's right and it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can know that it's right and it works
+well and you can just use it multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and you can just use it multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and you can just use it multiple
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+all right thanks everyone
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NBOL5X13UFY.txt b/NBOL5X13UFY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fccf3a2672a6a54d553a9c6801effaf4e04b7f4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NBOL5X13UFY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2608 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've seen previously that if a rope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen previously that if a rope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen previously that if a rope is
+under tension and we approximate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under tension and we approximate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under tension and we approximate the
+Rope is massless that the tension is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rope is massless that the tension is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rope is massless that the tension is
+then uniform everywhere along the Rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uniform everywhere along the Rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uniform everywhere along the Rope
+even if the Rope is accelerated however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the Rope is accelerated however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the Rope is accelerated however
+if the Rope has nonzero mass then its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Rope has nonzero mass then its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Rope has nonzero mass then its
+tension will vary along its length we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension will vary along its length we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension will vary along its length we
+can see that um and by looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that um and by looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that um and by looking at this
+example of imagine we have a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of imagine we have a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of imagine we have a massive
+rope of length l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suspended from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ceiling now it's easy to see that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling now it's easy to see that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling now it's easy to see that at the
+top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rope a little a little element of rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rope a little a little element of rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rope a little a little element of rope
+right at the top has to support the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the top has to support the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the top has to support the
+entire weight of the entire rope so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire weight of the entire rope so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire weight of the entire rope so if I
+were to examine just a little piece at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to examine just a little piece at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to examine just a little piece at
+the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here the weight of the entire rope would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the weight of the entire rope would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the weight of the entire rope would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+acting downwards and for the Rope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting downwards and for the Rope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting downwards and for the Rope to
+remain stationary there has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain stationary there has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain stationary there has to be a
+tension upwards I'll call this t top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension upwards I'll call this t top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension upwards I'll call this t top
+because this is at the top of the rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is at the top of the rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is at the top of the rope
+and so we see immediately from that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we see immediately from that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we see immediately from that that
+at the top of the Rope the tension is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top of the Rope the tension is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top of the Rope the tension is
+just equal to mg where m is the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to mg where m is the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to mg where m is the mass of
+the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire
+rope similarly if we ask what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope similarly if we ask what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope similarly if we ask what the
+tension is at the bottom of the Rope an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension is at the bottom of the Rope an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension is at the bottom of the Rope an
+element right at the bottom of the Rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element right at the bottom of the Rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element right at the bottom of the Rope
+isn't supporting any weight because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't supporting any weight because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't supporting any weight because
+there's no weight below it and so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no weight below it and so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no weight below it and so at the
+bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tension
+is zero because there's no weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero because there's no weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero because there's no weight
+pulling on the bottom of the Rope so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling on the bottom of the Rope so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling on the bottom of the Rope so the
+tension is going to vary from mg at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension is going to vary from mg at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension is going to vary from mg at the
+top down to zero at the bottom and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top down to zero at the bottom and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top down to zero at the bottom and if we
+want it to work out at some distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to work out at some distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to work out at some distance
+from the ceiling let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ceiling let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ceiling let's call it
+X at some position X say here what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X at some position X say here what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X at some position X say here what the
+tension is at that point one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension is at that point one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension is at that point one way of
+figuring that out would just be imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring that out would just be imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring that out would just be imagine
+we cut the rope at this point and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cut the rope at this point and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cut the rope at this point and then
+asked what what tension force would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked what what tension force would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked what what tension force would be
+necessary to support this bottom part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to support this bottom part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to support this bottom part of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rope this length is l- X so the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rope this length is l- X so the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rope this length is l- X so the mass of
+that fraction of the Rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fraction of the Rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fraction of the Rope
+is l - x over L and the mass of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is l - x over L and the mass of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is l - x over L and the mass of that
+fraction of the Rope is that fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the Rope is that fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the Rope is that fraction
+time M and so the tens at this point T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time M and so the tens at this point T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time M and so the tens at this point T
+at X is equal to the weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X is equal to the weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X is equal to the weight of the
+length of row below that point so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of row below that point so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of row below that point so that's
+this mass time G and I can rewrite that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mass time G and I can rewrite that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mass time G and I can rewrite that
+as 1 - x over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 1 - x over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 1 - x over
+L * mg okay and this gives me mg if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L * mg okay and this gives me mg if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L * mg okay and this gives me mg if I
+put in x equals 0 and it gives me zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in x equals 0 and it gives me zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in x equals 0 and it gives me zero
+if I put in x equals l so that's one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put in x equals l so that's one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put in x equals l so that's one way
+of figuring this out um I'd like to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of figuring this out um I'd like to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of figuring this out um I'd like to use
+the same example though to uh introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same example though to uh introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same example though to uh introduce
+another more elegant way of analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another more elegant way of analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another more elegant way of analyzing
+what the tension is as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the tension is as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the tension is as a function of
+position on this rope and the advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position on this rope and the advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position on this rope and the advantage
+so this is going to be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be a little bit more
+complicated but it's a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but it's a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but it's a much more
+powerful method and it's one that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful method and it's one that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful method and it's one that we can
+generally use for any continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally use for any continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally use for any continuous
+distribution of mass as opposed to uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of mass as opposed to uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of mass as opposed to uh a
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+Mass so let's consider the same example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass so let's consider the same example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass so let's consider the same example
+again of a hanging massive rope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again of a hanging massive rope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again of a hanging massive rope of
+length L and mass m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the length L and the mass m and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the length L and the mass m and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the length L and the mass m and
+the approach we're going to use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approach we're going to use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approach we're going to use is
+called differential analysis it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called differential analysis it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called differential analysis it's a
+technique from calculus and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique from calculus and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique from calculus and it's
+applicable to any continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to any continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to any continuous
+distribution of mass what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of mass what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of mass what we're going to
+do is Imagine our continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is Imagine our continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is Imagine our continuous
+distribution of mass is made up of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of mass is made up of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of mass is made up of a
+whole bunch of little pieces little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of little pieces little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of little pieces little
+elements examine fals Ma on a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements examine fals Ma on a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements examine fals Ma on a single
+element and then generalize to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and then generalize to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and then generalize to the
+entire uh to the entire Mass so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh to the entire Mass so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh to the entire Mass so let's do
+that here what we'll do is we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here what we'll do is we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here what we'll do is we'll
+examine a piece at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine a piece at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine a piece at some
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+X so I'm measuring X from the top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I'm measuring X from the top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I'm measuring X from the top and
+let's say I Define a little element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here which is at a position X and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is at a position X and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is at a position X and which
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+an extent Delta X so this thickness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extent Delta X so this thickness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extent Delta X so this thickness is
+Delta X and we'll call the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and we'll call the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and we'll call the mass of
+that little piece that little element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little piece that little element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little piece that little element
+Delta M now one thing I want to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta M now one thing I want to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta M now one thing I want to point
+out to begin with is that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to begin with is that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to begin with is that we want to
+pick an element that's somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick an element that's somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick an element that's somewhere in the
+middle of the distribution not at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the distribution not at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the distribution not at one
+end of the other the end points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the other the end points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the other the end points are
+special cases so we want to pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cases so we want to pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cases so we want to pick a
+general case so choose some X somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case so choose some X somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case so choose some X somewhere
+in the middle of our distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of our distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of our distribution and
+which has a finite extent that extent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a finite extent that extent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a finite extent that extent is
+Delta X in this case we'll assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X in this case we'll assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X in this case we'll assume that
+that piece Delta X has a mass Delta M so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece Delta X has a mass Delta M so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece Delta X has a mass Delta M so
+let's blow that up here and analyze it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's blow that up here and analyze it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's blow that up here and analyze it
+so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's
+my element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my element
+uh and it's going to have let's analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's going to have let's analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's going to have let's analyze
+what the forces acting on it are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the forces acting on it are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the forces acting on it are so
+there's gravity acting downwards which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gravity acting downwards which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gravity acting downwards which
+will be Delta M *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be Delta M *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be Delta M *
+G there is a tension acting upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G there is a tension acting upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G there is a tension acting upwards
+exerted by the Rope above it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted by the Rope above it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted by the Rope above it
+this is I'll write that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I'll write that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I'll write that as
+T of X because it's at the location X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of X because it's at the location X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of X because it's at the location X
+there's also a tension exerted in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a tension exerted in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a tension exerted in the
+downward Direction by the remainder of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward Direction by the remainder of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward Direction by the remainder of
+the row below the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element and I'll call that t of X Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and I'll call that t of X Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and I'll call that t of X Plus
+Delta X we expect the tension to vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X we expect the tension to vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X we expect the tension to vary
+along the rope and because this element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the rope and because this element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the rope and because this element
+does have a finite extent the tension at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have a finite extent the tension at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have a finite extent the tension at
+the bottom is going to be slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom is going to be slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom is going to be slightly
+different than the tension at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the tension at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the tension at the top
+okay so T of X upwards T of X Plus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so T of X upwards T of X Plus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so T of X upwards T of X Plus Delta
+X downwards and then the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X downwards and then the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X downwards and then the weight
+downwards all right so let's now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards all right so let's now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards all right so let's now that's
+our free body diagram let's write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our free body diagram let's write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our free body diagram let's write down
+Newton's Second Law FAL ma for that mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's Second Law FAL ma for that mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's Second Law FAL ma for that mass
+element so in the uh positive direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so in the uh positive direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so in the uh positive direction
+which is downward we have t of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is downward we have t of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is downward we have t of
+X Plus Delta X Plus Delta mg and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus Delta X Plus Delta mg and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus Delta X Plus Delta mg and then in
+the upward or minus direction we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upward or minus direction we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upward or minus direction we have
+minus t of X so those are the combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t of X so those are the combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t of X so those are the combined
+forces now this rope is suspended it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces now this rope is suspended it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces now this rope is suspended it's
+not moving and so Mass on acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving and so Mass on acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving and so Mass on acceleration
+is just zero and I'm going to rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just zero and I'm going to rearrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just zero and I'm going to rearrange
+that I can write that as T of x + Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can write that as T of x + Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can write that as T of x + Delta
+x minus t of X is equal to minus Delta M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus t of X is equal to minus Delta M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus t of X is equal to minus Delta M
+*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+G and by the way let me remind you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and by the way let me remind you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and by the way let me remind you if
+this were a massless rope then Delta n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were a massless rope then Delta n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were a massless rope then Delta n
+would be zero and so the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero and so the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero and so the right hand side
+would be zero and the tension would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero and the tension would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero and the tension would be
+uniform we'd have the same tension above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform we'd have the same tension above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform we'd have the same tension above
+and below but because the Rope does have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and below but because the Rope does have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and below but because the Rope does have
+mass and in particular this element has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and in particular this element has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and in particular this element has
+a ma nonzero Mass Delta M there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ma nonzero Mass Delta M there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ma nonzero Mass Delta M there's a
+difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the
+tensions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensions okay
+now our Delta M can be represented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our Delta M can be represented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our Delta M can be represented in
+terms of what this length is notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what this length is notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what this length is notice that
+that mass Delta m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mass Delta m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mass Delta m
+so note that Delta m is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so note that Delta m is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so note that Delta m is just the
+fraction of the total mass that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the total mass that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the total mass that's in
+that particular Mass element well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular Mass element well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular Mass element well the
+fraction of the total rope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the total rope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the total rope is
+just the length of this element Delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the length of this element Delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the length of this element Delta x
+divided by the length of the entire rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the length of the entire rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the length of the entire rope
+which is L so that's the fraction and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is L so that's the fraction and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is L so that's the fraction and I
+multiply that by the total mass so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by the total mass so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by the total mass so that
+is my mass Delta m in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my mass Delta m in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my mass Delta m in terms of the
+length so now I can rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so now I can rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so now I can rewrite
+this equation as T of x + Delta x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation as T of x + Delta x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation as T of x + Delta x minus
+t of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of
+X is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta
+x m/ l *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x m/ l *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x m/ l *
+G now I'm going to rearrange this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G now I'm going to rearrange this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G now I'm going to rearrange this by
+dividing both sides by Delta X I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing both sides by Delta X I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing both sides by Delta X I'll do
+that over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have t of X Plus Delta x minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have t of X Plus Delta x minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have t of X Plus Delta x minus t
+ofx / Delta X is equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx / Delta X is equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx / Delta X is equal to minus
+mg over L this tells us how the tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg over L this tells us how the tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg over L this tells us how the tension
+is varying over this small but finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is varying over this small but finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is varying over this small but finite
+sized Mass element Delta X now I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized Mass element Delta X now I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized Mass element Delta X now I'd like
+to exam what happens if I go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exam what happens if I go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exam what happens if I go to the
+limit of a small Mass element where so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of a small Mass element where so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of a small Mass element where so
+the limit as Delta X goes to zero or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as Delta X goes to zero or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as Delta X goes to zero or in
+other words the limit of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the limit of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the limit of an
+infinitesimally small Mass element so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimally small Mass element so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimally small Mass element so
+I'm going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take the
+limit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation as Delta X approaches zero now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as Delta X approaches zero now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as Delta X approaches zero now
+the left hand side of this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side of this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side of this equation
+should look familiar it's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look familiar it's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look familiar it's just an
+expression for the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the derivative of the
+tension t as a function of position so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension t as a function of position so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension t as a function of position so I
+can write that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write that as
+DT DX and that's equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT DX and that's equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT DX and that's equal to minus
+mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg
+L this is an example of a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L this is an example of a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L this is an example of a differential
+equation or an equation that involves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or an equation that involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or an equation that involves a
+derivative this particular differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative this particular differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative this particular differential
+equation can be solved very simply by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation can be solved very simply by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation can be solved very simply by a
+technique called the separation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called the separation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called the separation of
+variables where I just take each part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables where I just take each part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables where I just take each part of
+the integral the DT and the DX and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral the DT and the DX and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral the DT and the DX and put
+it on different sides of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on different sides of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on different sides of the equation
+and then integrate both sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then integrate both sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then integrate both sides of the
+equation to find the solution so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to find the solution so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to find the solution so in this
+case I'll multiply both sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'll multiply both sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'll multiply both sides of the
+equation by DX so I get DT on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by DX so I get DT on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by DX so I get DT on the left
+hand side is equal to minus mg over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is equal to minus mg over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is equal to minus mg over
+L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+DX and now I want to integrate both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and now I want to integrate both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and now I want to integrate both
+sides so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so I'll
+integrate this side and remember mg over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this side and remember mg over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this side and remember mg over
+L is a constant so I can keep it outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is a constant so I can keep it outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is a constant so I can keep it outside
+the integral and I'll integrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral and I'll integrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral and I'll integrate this
+side I'm going to do a definite integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I'm going to do a definite integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I'm going to do a definite integral
+over the continuous distribution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the continuous distribution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the continuous distribution that
+I'm studying so on the right hand hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm studying so on the right hand hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm studying so on the right hand hands
+on I'm going to start at xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I'm going to start at xal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I'm going to start at xal
+0 and go to my position of Interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and go to my position of Interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and go to my position of Interest
+which is X and to avoid confusion I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is X and to avoid confusion I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is X and to avoid confusion I'm
+going to call the integration variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call the integration variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call the integration variable
+DX Prime this is a dummy variable so X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX Prime this is a dummy variable so X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX Prime this is a dummy variable so X
+Prime here represents all the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime here represents all the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime here represents all the values of
+position ranging from my first endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position ranging from my first endpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position ranging from my first endpoint
+zero up to my other endpoint X okay so X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero up to my other endpoint X okay so X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero up to my other endpoint X okay so X
+here represents a particular position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here represents a particular position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here represents a particular position
+whereas DX Prime is a placeholder for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas DX Prime is a placeholder for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas DX Prime is a placeholder for
+all the positions between the two end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the positions between the two end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the positions between the two end
+points in my infinite sum which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in my infinite sum which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in my infinite sum which is an
+integral okay so that's on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay so that's on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay so that's on the right
+hand side on the left hand side I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side on the left hand side I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side on the left hand side I'm
+integrating the tension t with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the tension t with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the tension t with respect
+to the tension T my limits need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tension T my limits need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tension T my limits need to
+correspond to the limits on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the limits on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the limits on the right
+hand side integral okay so on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side integral okay so on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side integral okay so on the right
+hand side my lower limit is at x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side my lower limit is at x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side my lower limit is at x equals
+z so on the left hand side I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so on the left hand side I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so on the left hand side I want to
+have my lower limit be the tension at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my lower limit be the tension at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my lower limit be the tension at
+that position x equals z so that's T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that position x equals z so that's T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that position x equals z so that's T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the upper limit of the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the upper limit of the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the upper limit of the integral
+is the tension at the upper limit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the tension at the upper limit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the tension at the upper limit of the
+position integral so that's T of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position integral so that's T of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position integral so that's T of X and
+again to avoid confusion I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to avoid confusion I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to avoid confusion I'm actually
+going to call the integration variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call the integration variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call the integration variable
+DT Prime this is a dummy variable it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT Prime this is a dummy variable it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT Prime this is a dummy variable it's a
+placeholder for all the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholder for all the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholder for all the values of
+tension from the tension at xal 0 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension from the tension at xal 0 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension from the tension at xal 0 to the
+tension at my position of Interest X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension at my position of Interest X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension at my position of Interest X
+okay so this integral now tells me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this integral now tells me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this integral now tells me how
+the tension is varying in a continuous f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tension is varying in a continuous f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tension is varying in a continuous f
+along this continuous Mass distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this continuous Mass distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this continuous Mass distribution
+so now I can evaluate both integrals on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can evaluate both integrals on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can evaluate both integrals on
+this side I have the integral of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side I have the integral of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side I have the integral of a
+constant with respect to the tension and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant with respect to the tension and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant with respect to the tension and
+so that's just going to give me T of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just going to give me T of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just going to give me T of x
+minus t of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t of
+zero and that's equal to minus mg over L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that's equal to minus mg over L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that's equal to minus mg over L
+the integral of DX Prime from 0 to X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of DX Prime from 0 to X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of DX Prime from 0 to X is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+X okay so this tells me how the tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so this tells me how the tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so this tells me how the tension
+changes from the end point to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes from the end point to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes from the end point to some
+arbitrary position X if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary position X if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary position X if I want to
+actually solve for T ofx I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve for T ofx I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve for T ofx I need to
+specify what the tension is at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify what the tension is at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify what the tension is at the end
+point but we know what the tension is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but we know what the tension is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but we know what the tension is at
+the end point we we found that earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end point we we found that earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end point we we found that earlier
+we saw from the simple argument that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw from the simple argument that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw from the simple argument that at
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+point the tension here is just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the tension here is just equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the tension here is just equal to
+the weight of the entire length of rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of the entire length of rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of the entire length of rope
+below that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point so we know that T at xal 0 is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we know that T at xal 0 is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we know that T at xal 0 is just
+equal to mg and therefore the tension at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to mg and therefore the tension at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to mg and therefore the tension at
+position X is just if I bring to of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position X is just if I bring to of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position X is just if I bring to of zero
+to this side is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this side is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this side is just
+mg minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg minus
+mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg
+X over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over
+L and so I can just write that as as mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and so I can just write that as as mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and so I can just write that as as mg
+* 1 - x / l so that tells me what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1 - x / l so that tells me what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1 - x / l so that tells me what the
+tension is as a function of position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension is as a function of position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension is as a function of position
+note again that if I put in x equals z i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note again that if I put in x equals z i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note again that if I put in x equals z i
+just get mg if I put in xal L I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get mg if I put in xal L I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get mg if I put in xal L I get the
+tension is zero and for any point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension is zero and for any point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension is zero and for any point in
+between we see that the tension varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between we see that the tension varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between we see that the tension varies
+smoothly between mg and zero this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly between mg and zero this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly between mg and zero this is
+exactly the same result we found earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same result we found earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same result we found earlier
+by just cutting the Rope at X and asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just cutting the Rope at X and asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just cutting the Rope at X and asking
+how do we balance the weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we balance the weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we balance the weight of the
+remaining rope below that point but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining rope below that point but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining rope below that point but the
+advantage of this technique which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this technique which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this technique which is a
+little bit more complicated is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complicated is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complicated is that it's
+a very powerful technique applicable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very powerful technique applicable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very powerful technique applicable to
+any continuous distribution of mass so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any continuous distribution of mass so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any continuous distribution of mass so
+in this specific problem if instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this specific problem if instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this specific problem if instead of
+the uniform density rope that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uniform density rope that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uniform density rope that we had
+here imagine we had a clumpy rope where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here imagine we had a clumpy rope where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here imagine we had a clumpy rope where
+the the the mass of the Rope wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the mass of the Rope wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the mass of the Rope wasn't
+distributed smoothly but was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed smoothly but was you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed smoothly but was you know
+there were clumps that were little parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were clumps that were little parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were clumps that were little parts
+of the rope that were heavier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rope that were heavier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rope that were heavier than
+others and so the density of the Rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and so the density of the Rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and so the density of the Rope
+varied with position along the rope in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied with position along the rope in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied with position along the rope in
+that case we would represent that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case we would represent that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case we would represent that when
+we were writing what our Mass element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were writing what our Mass element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were writing what our Mass element
+Delta m is Delta M instead of just being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta m is Delta M instead of just being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta m is Delta M instead of just being
+Delta X over L * m where here Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X over L * m where here Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X over L * m where here Delta X
+over L is the uniform density of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L is the uniform density of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L is the uniform density of the
+Rope we would have to put in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rope we would have to put in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rope we would have to put in some
+position dependent density so Delta M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position dependent density so Delta M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position dependent density so Delta M
+would depend upon position um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would depend upon position um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would depend upon position um and then
+when I did this integral instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did this integral instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did this integral instead of a
+constant out front with my integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant out front with my integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant out front with my integral of
+DX Prime I would have some that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX Prime I would have some that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX Prime I would have some that was a
+function of X and I'd get a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and I'd get a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and I'd get a different
+value for the integral but the technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for the integral but the technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for the integral but the technique
+would still work so this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still work so this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still work so this differential
+analysis technique is applicable to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis technique is applicable to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis technique is applicable to any
+system where we have a continuous Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where we have a continuous Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where we have a continuous Mass
+distribution and we're going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and we're going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and we're going to actually
+use this technique over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this technique over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this technique over and over again
+in this course we'll see it a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course we'll see it a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course we'll see it a number of
+times this is just the first instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this is just the first instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this is just the first instance
+we're using it we wanted to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using it we wanted to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using it we wanted to introduce
+you carefully to the approach
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NInNhFm046w.txt b/NInNhFm046w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d3ca942f8ee84a05bac7187e2e97c15db1201a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NInNhFm046w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,795 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we introduce the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we introduce the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we introduce the concept
+of a confidence interval the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a confidence interval the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a confidence interval the starting
+point is that an estimate the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that an estimate the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that an estimate the value of
+an estimator does not tell the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimator does not tell the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimator does not tell the whole
+story one option is to also provide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story one option is to also provide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story one option is to also provide the
+standard error of the estimator but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard error of the estimator but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard error of the estimator but a
+more common practice is to report a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common practice is to report a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common practice is to report a
+confidence interval what is that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval what is that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval what is that we will
+introduce the notion of a confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the notion of a confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the notion of a confidence
+interval through a story you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval through a story you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval through a story you're working
+for a polling company you carry out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a polling company you carry out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a polling company you carry out a
+poll and then you go and report to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poll and then you go and report to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poll and then you go and report to your
+boss that my estimate is this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss that my estimate is this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss that my estimate is this particular
+number and then your boss says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and then your boss says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and then your boss says I
+appreciate the five-digit accuracy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate the five-digit accuracy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate the five-digit accuracy but
+are your conclusions that accurate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your conclusions that accurate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your conclusions that accurate you
+go back to your desk you do some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to your desk you do some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to your desk you do some more
+calculations and then you tell your boss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and then you tell your boss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and then you tell your boss
+here is a 95% confidence interval your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a 95% confidence interval your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a 95% confidence interval your
+boss tells you that looks great but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss tells you that looks great but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss tells you that looks great but what
+does that exactly mean you go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that exactly mean you go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that exactly mean you go back to
+your textbook you pull out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your textbook you pull out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your textbook you pull out the
+definition and you reply as follows well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and you reply as follows well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and you reply as follows well
+a 95% confidence interval so here I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 95% confidence interval so here I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 95% confidence interval so here I am
+letting alpha to be 5% a 95% confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting alpha to be 5% a 95% confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting alpha to be 5% a 95% confidence
+interval is an interval that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is an interval that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is an interval that has the
+following property that the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following property that the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following property that the unknown
+value of the parameter that were trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the parameter that were trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the parameter that were trying
+to estimate falls inside this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate falls inside this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate falls inside this interval
+with probability at least 95% and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability at least 95% and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability at least 95% and if you
+wish I could also let alpha be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish I could also let alpha be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish I could also let alpha be equal to
+1% in which case I could give you a 99%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% in which case I could give you a 99%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% in which case I could give you a 99%
+confidence interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval
+your boss replies no that sounds good a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your boss replies no that sounds good a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your boss replies no that sounds good a
+95% interval sounds fine and your boss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% interval sounds fine and your boss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% interval sounds fine and your boss
+goes out to the press holds a press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out to the press holds a press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out to the press holds a press
+conference and reports that the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference and reports that the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference and reports that the true
+value of the parameter lies inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the parameter lies inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the parameter lies inside this
+range inside the reported confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range inside the reported confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range inside the reported confidence
+interval with probability at least 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval with probability at least 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval with probability at least 95%
+does the statement make sense actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the statement make sense actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the statement make sense actually
+no this statement is the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this statement is the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this statement is the most common
+misconception of what the confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconception of what the confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconception of what the confidence
+interval is to see why this statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is to see why this statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is to see why this statement
+does not make sense look at it carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not make sense look at it carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not make sense look at it carefully
+we're talking about the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about the probability of
+something but that something does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but that something does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but that something does not
+involve anything random 0.3 and point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve anything random 0.3 and point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve anything random 0.3 and point
+fifty two are just numbers and theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty two are just numbers and theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty two are just numbers and theta is
+also a number which we do not know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a number which we do not know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a number which we do not know what
+it is but it is not random it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but it is not random it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but it is not random it is a
+constant so this statement is incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this statement is incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this statement is incorrect
+on a purely syntactic basis I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a purely syntactic basis I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a purely syntactic basis I mean the
+true parameter theta either is inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true parameter theta either is inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true parameter theta either is inside
+this interval or it is not but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval or it is not but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval or it is not but there is
+nothing random here and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing random here and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing random here and so this
+statement does not make sense instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement does not make sense instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement does not make sense instead
+let us look carefully at this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us look carefully at this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us look carefully at this definition
+this statement does make sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement does make sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement does make sense because
+it involves random variables the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves random variables the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves random variables the lower
+and the upper end of the confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the upper end of the confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the upper end of the confidence
+interval are quantities that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval are quantities that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval are quantities that are
+determined by the data and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the data and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the data and therefore
+they're random so we do have random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're random so we do have random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're random so we do have random
+variables in here and so it makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in here and so it makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in here and so it makes sense
+to talk about probabilities to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about probabilities to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about probabilities to really
+understand what's going on think as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on think as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on think as
+follows we're dealing with a pole that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows we're dealing with a pole that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows we're dealing with a pole that
+is trying to estimate some unknown value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to estimate some unknown value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to estimate some unknown value
+theta you carry out the pole and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta you carry out the pole and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta you carry out the pole and you
+come up with a confidence interval based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a confidence interval based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a confidence interval based
+on the data you might be lucky and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data you might be lucky and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data you might be lucky and your
+confidence interval happens to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval happens to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval happens to capture
+the true parameter you carry the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true parameter you carry the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true parameter you carry the pole
+one more time maybe on another day you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more time maybe on another day you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more time maybe on another day you
+come up with another confidence interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with another confidence interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with another confidence interval
+and you're again lucky and it captures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're again lucky and it captures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're again lucky and it captures
+the true parameter you carry it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true parameter you carry it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true parameter you carry it on
+another day and you come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another day and you come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another day and you come up with a
+confidence interval and maybe the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval and maybe the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval and maybe the data
+that you got were kind of skewed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you got were kind of skewed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you got were kind of skewed you
+were unlucky and your confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were unlucky and your confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were unlucky and your confidence
+interval does not capture the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval does not capture the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval does not capture the true
+parameter having a 95% confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter having a 95% confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter having a 95% confidence
+interval means that 95% of the time 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval means that 95% of the time 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval means that 95% of the time 95%
+of the poles that you carry out will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the poles that you carry out will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the poles that you carry out will
+capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+the true parameter so the world 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true parameter so the world 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true parameter so the world 95%
+really talks about your method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talks about your method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talks about your method of
+constructing confidence intervals it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing confidence intervals it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing confidence intervals it's a
+method that 95% of the time will capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that 95% of the time will capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that 95% of the time will capture
+the true parameter it is not a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true parameter it is not a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true parameter it is not a statement
+about the actual numbers that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the actual numbers that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the actual numbers that you are
+reporting on one specific pole so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting on one specific pole so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting on one specific pole so it is
+important to keep this in mind and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to keep this in mind and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to keep this in mind and to
+always interpret confidence intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always interpret confidence intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always interpret confidence intervals
+the correct way so how does one come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct way so how does one come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct way so how does one come up
+with confidence intervals the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with confidence intervals the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with confidence intervals the most
+common method is based on normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common method is based on normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common method is based on normal
+approximations as we will be seeing next
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NVTHQwQ9IqA.txt b/NVTHQwQ9IqA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d7742331f738c5ccb642908810648b5cf5d2995
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NVTHQwQ9IqA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1831 @@
+The following content is
+provided by MIT Open Courseware
+
+under a Creative Commons
+license.
+
+Additional information about
+our license and MIT Open
+
+Courseware in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+A very simply little
+demonstration.
+
+And I would like you to take a
+look at the two materials that
+
+are in the two vials I have
+here.
+
+One of these that I am taping
+is a beige-colored solid,
+
+and it is iron dichloride,
+ferrous chloride.
+
+And then over here,
+I have an organic molecule that
+
+is colorless,
+just white.
+
+And what I am going to do is
+first make a solution of the
+
+ferrous chloride in water.
+
+I am just using a very small
+amount.
+
+And what you will see is that
+the FeCl two dissolves
+
+up pretty nicely in water,
+and it gives a solution that
+
+has very little color to it.
+You might be able to see that
+
+it looks maybe pale yellow.
+Can you see that?
+
+Okay.
+To that solution of ferrous
+
+chloride in water,
+I am now going to add this
+
+organic molecule.
+I will draw the molecule for
+
+you before we finish today.
+And I am just going to add a
+
+small amount of this colorless
+organic molecule --
+
+-- to get a very nice intense
+red color in the aqueous
+
+solution.
+And the person I am going to be
+
+talking about today is the one
+who really figured out what is
+
+going on in a reaction like
+that.
+
+And this was a great mystery
+for a long period of time,
+
+until Alfred Werner came along.
+
+I would encourage you while you
+are at home, perhaps,
+
+or visiting friends over this
+coming weekend,
+
+to go onto the Internet and go
+to the Nobel Prize website,
+
+where you can read a very nice
+short bibliography of Alfred
+
+Werner, because he won the Nobel
+Prize in 1913.
+
+And he won this prize based on
+a theory that he developed
+
+stemming from observations he
+made regarding reactions of
+
+metal salts with various
+substances.
+
+And I am going to point out
+initially, here,
+
+that he studied the reaction of
+cobalt three chloride.
+
+I just used iron dichloride.
+This is cobalt trichloride
+
+reacting with six equivalents of
+ammonia.
+
+And he observed that if to
+aqueous solution of cobalt
+
+trichloride was added six
+equivalence of NH three,
+
+ammonia, followed by silver
+nitrate, that that resulted in
+
+no AgCl precipitate.
+And that is rather astounding.
+
+Sorry.
+We will get to "no,"
+
+but this one is "all."
+How does he do this experiment?
+
+He just puts these things in
+solution, adds silver nitrate,
+
+and either there is or is not a
+precipitative silver chloride,
+
+which is very insoluble.
+And that precipitate can be
+
+collected by filtration,
+dried, and then weighed.
+
+And then, in comparison with
+the mass of the added
+
+substances, you would know how
+much of the chloride that was
+
+put into the reaction actually
+came out as insoluble silver
+
+chloride precipitate.
+And he did a series of
+
+experiments.
+And so, if he uses cobalt
+
+trichloride and less ammonia,
+namely five equivalents of
+
+ammonia, then he finds that that
+leads instead to two-thirds of
+
+the possible AgCl precipitate.
+And continuing down.
+
+If he uses now only four
+equivalence of ammonia,
+
+then the addition of silver
+nitrate provides one-third of
+
+the possible of the total
+precipitated chloride.
+
+And then, finally,
+if he drops down the number of
+
+equivalents of ammonia to three,
+then we get none,
+
+zero of the AgCl precipitating.
+And a further observation,
+
+to add to these four
+observations,
+
+was that in no case,
+here, did the solution give a
+
+reaction with hydrogen chloride.
+What is the significance of
+
+that?
+Hydrogen chloride,
+
+of course, is a strong Bronsted
+acid.
+
+And, if you have a base in
+solution, it should react with
+
+that Bronsted acid.
+And what are we adding here?
+
+We are adding ammonia.
+And ammonia is a base,
+
+isn't it?
+But when you do the experiment
+
+like this and then test for any
+reactivity with hydrogen
+
+chloride, there is no reactivity
+with hydrogen chloride.
+
+So what is going on?
+And, secondly,
+
+normally, this reaction with
+silver nitrate is used to
+
+quantitatively precipitate
+chloride from solution.
+
+So it is a quantitative
+analytical test for chloride in
+
+solution.
+And the less ammonia we add,
+
+the less silver chloride we are
+getting as a precipitate.
+
+How are these facts related?
+Well, Alfred Werner put it all
+
+together, and he correctly
+formulated these complexes.
+
+Let me write this as follows.
+
+In that first instance,
+when we have added six
+
+ammonias, Werner decided that
+the reason that ammonia is not
+
+in solution in a form that is
+reactive with hydrogen chloride
+
+is because the ammonia is
+coordinated to the metal.
+
+And so he wrote the formula
+this way.
+
+Cobalt NH three six times.
+And this species
+
+is a trication.
+And to balance those three
+
+positive charges,
+we find that there must be
+
+three chloride ions outside of
+what we are going to call the
+
+inner coordination sphere of the
+cobalt complex.
+
+Now, there were lots of
+different preparations that had
+
+been reported in the literature
+back at this time of materials
+
+that seem to be composed of
+metal ions and mixtures of
+
+chloride or ammonia or other
+types of molecules.
+
+And this kind of a formulation
+of them was completely unique.
+
+And I really think that in the
+history of chemistry,
+
+you can compare Alfred Werner's
+leap, his development of the
+
+coordination theory as very much
+analogous to Kekule's
+
+description of planar benzene
+with all equivalent C-C bond
+
+distances.
+This is really a tremendous
+
+leap in our thinking about
+molecules.
+
+And then, in the case where he
+is adding five equivalents of
+
+ammonia, those five equivalents
+all go onto the cobalt,
+
+and so does one chloride ion.
+So he writes it that way.
+
+And that chloride ion is
+balancing one of the three
+
+positive charges on the cobalt
+plus three ion.
+
+So this overall,
+now, has a two plus charge,
+
+and there are two chlorides
+external to balance the charge
+
+on that.
+And then in case three,
+
+we have added four NH three
+per cobalt to solution.
+
+Four of them go on the metal
+and two chlorides remain and
+
+interact with the metal in a way
+that we will discuss shortly.
+
+And that system now has two of
+the plus three charges on cobalt
+
+three balanced by chlorides that
+are in the inner coordination
+
+sphere.
+And only a single chloride,
+
+now, is needed externally to
+balance that charge to give
+
+overall a neutral system.
+And then, finally,
+
+when only three equivalents of
+ammonia are added to solution,
+
+those three equivalents per
+cobalt bind to the metal.
+
+And all three of the original
+chlorides can be included in the
+
+primary coordination sphere,
+balancing the three positive
+
+charges on the cobalt three ion
+and giving overall a neutral
+
+coordination complex.
+This is coordination theory.
+
+And the dominance of organic
+chemistry at that point in time
+
+was very great.
+Most of the people who were
+
+thinking about these unusual
+substances were thinking that
+
+they might have structures
+analogous to those that organic
+
+molecules have.
+And typical hydrocarbon
+
+molecules like n-pentane or
+n-hexane have sequential joined
+
+CH two groups,
+repeating CH two groups
+
+in a line.
+And so the type of formula that
+
+you were seeing people write for
+these molecules at that point in
+
+time was, for example,
+a cobalt.
+
+And then NH three,
+NH three, NH three,
+
+NH three, somehow all stuck
+
+together in a way that does not
+seem very intuitive to us today
+
+because we know so much more
+now, partly due to the
+
+accomplishments of Alfred
+Werner.
+
+This systematic set of
+observations,
+
+the use of silver chloride's
+insolubility as a means of
+
+precipitating it out so that you
+could distinguish between
+
+external chloride from chloride
+that is actually in the
+
+coordination complex.
+And let me define coordination
+
+complex.
+
+The coordination complex is a
+metal ion.
+
+Plus its ligands.
+
+So there is another word that
+you need to learn in this
+
+context.
+Here, I would like to define
+
+the term ligand as an atom,
+or a molecule,
+
+or an ion, that can bind
+directly to a metal like cobalt
+
+in its primary coordination
+sphere.
+
+And that means that they are
+directly connected to the metal.
+
+And the amazing thing here and
+what was so different from
+
+organic chemistry at this time
+was the idea that a single metal
+
+ion can have a fairly large
+number of ligands.
+
+In this particular case,
+Werner analyzed his experiments
+
+with the assumption of
+coordination number being equal
+
+to six.
+
+So here, it is six.
+But coordination number is a
+
+variable that depends on the
+metal itself and depends on the
+
+specific choice of the ligands.
+Some molecules are known in
+
+which there are very low
+coordination numbers.
+
+A coordination number can be as
+small as two or one in some very
+
+special instances for insoluble
+molecules.
+
+And for very large metal ions,
+sometimes the coordination
+
+number can be as great as about
+12.
+
+So 12 atoms or ions or
+molecules directly connected to
+
+a central metal atom.
+And ligands don't have to be as
+
+simple as chloride or ammonia.
+Ligands can have some pretty
+
+interesting architectures.
+And you can even dream up new
+
+ligands with which to decorate a
+metal ion and with which to
+
+imbue it with special properties
+for purposes like catalysis.
+
+We will be talking soon about
+metaloenzymes.
+
+These are proteins as ligands
+to metal complexes.
+
+And very many important enzymes
+are metaloenzymes that have
+
+these elements from the 3D part
+of the periodic table bonded.
+
+Here is what we call the
+d-block, --
+
+-- or transition elements.
+
+And, in the case of the 3D
+series, you will know that we
+
+have metals like titanium,
+vanadium, chromium,
+
+manganese, iron,
+cobalt, nickel.
+
+These are called transition
+elements because oftentimes in
+
+ions stemming from these
+elements, as you go from left to
+
+right across the periodic table,
+you are adding more electrons
+
+to an incompletely filled
+d-shell.
+
+And at the end today,
+we are going to talk a little
+
+bit about the bonding properties
+of transition elements.
+
+And that will hearken back to
+what I said with my discussion
+
+of carbon monoxide and why it is
+a poison.
+
+And it is the interaction,
+actually, with certain
+
+d-orbitals on the iron in
+hemoglobin that makes CO a toxic
+
+substance.
+And so how does this work?
+
+How do ligands coordinate two
+metals?
+
+Well, one simple way is if you
+have a ligand like ammonia that
+
+is a base, it can also be a
+nucleophile, and the metal can
+
+be the corresponding
+electrophile.
+
+I can draw that to represent a
+lone pair of electrons on the
+
+nitrogen.
+Now that we have studied
+
+molecular orbital theory,
+you will know that I can also
+
+call this the highest occupied
+molecular orbital of the NH
+
+three molecule.
+And it is the one responsible
+
+for the basicity of the ammonia
+molecule and the one responsible
+
+for its ability to serve as a
+ligand in coordination
+
+complexes, like these.
+And you might also suspect that
+
+we might have some contributions
+to this highest occupied
+
+molecular orbital from hydrogen
+1s linear combinations.
+
+I will just draw that in to
+make it a little bit more
+
+accurate.
+And so, you can think of this
+
+as a big fat lone pair that will
+coordinate to Lewis acids.
+
+And the metal ion is a Lewis
+acid.
+
+But it is a very interesting
+Lewis acid because,
+
+unlike the BH three
+molecule that has a single empty
+
+orbital, this metal seems to be
+able to act as a Lewis acid six
+
+times and coordinate six bases
+to it in forming this
+
+coordination complex.
+And if we go ahead and
+
+crystallize molecules of this
+sort and use X-ray diffraction
+
+studies to determine the bond
+angles and bond distances in
+
+systems like this,
+what we would find is that
+
+these nitrogens are located at
+the vertices of a nice,
+
+regular octahedron.
+So, in the case of our first
+
+one, we can draw it out this
+way.
+
+This first one is what would
+result if, to that aqueous
+
+solution of cobalt trichloride,
+we were to add six equivalents
+
+of ammonia.
+This is Werner's first system.
+
+It is a molecule oriented like
+this.
+
+That lone pair that comes from
+the highest occupied molecular
+
+orbital of ammonia is directed
+right at the metal from each of
+
+the six ammonia ligands.
+And this system does have a
+
+three plus charge that is
+balanced by three chloride ions
+
+in solution.
+This locating of six nitrogens
+
+in an array in space that
+approximates a regular
+
+octahedron is what makes the
+octahedron such a central aspect
+
+of the theory of transition
+element chemistry.
+
+And, if you are going to design
+molecules that do include these
+
+transition metal ions,
+--
+
+-- whether you are going to do
+it for their color,
+
+like the red color there of the
+iron complex that we made a few
+
+moments ago, or whether you are
+going to do it to take advantage
+
+of the properties associated
+with unpaired electrons like
+
+magnetism, for example,
+you would begin any such
+
+approach with the octahedron as
+your starting point.
+
+Let's go ahead and consider
+some of the other examples
+
+provided to us by Alfred Werner.
+
+If instead of six,
+we are adding only five NH
+
+three molecules for
+every cobalt,
+
+then what happens --
+
+-- is indeed we do get an
+octahedron, but one of the
+
+chlorides is not ionized.
+It is bound directly to the
+
+metal, and it is serving as a
+ligand.
+
+And this species,
+therefore, has a two plus
+
+charge.
+The cobalt ion is still
+
+considered here to be in the
+plus three oxidation state.
+
+And this system is balanced by
+two chloride ions that are
+
+floating around externally in
+solution and that are not in the
+
+primary coordination sphere.
+These atoms here that are part
+
+of ammonia molecules that are
+bonded directly to the metal are
+
+in the inner coordination
+sphere.
+
+That is, the inner or primary
+coordination sphere.
+
+What do you think happens if
+you take a metal salt and
+
+dissolve it in water?
+I did that a moment ago with
+
+ferrous chloride.
+I dissolved it in water.
+
+Water is a very polar solvent.
+It promotes the formation of
+
+ions in solution because of its
+great polarity.
+
+It is good at solvating ions,
+water is, as a medium.
+
+If I take FeCl two
+and add it to water,
+
+as I did a moment ago,
+and it ionizes,
+
+what is happening to the iron?
+
+The iron is going to take up
+water molecules into its inner
+
+coordination sphere.
+When you dissolve FeCl two
+
+in solution,
+which might often be written
+
+quite simply as FeCl 
+two aqueous,
+
+what you really have in
+solution is the system in which
+
+six water molecules are bonded
+to that iron.
+
+And, because I used FeCl two,
+this system had a two
+
+plus charged balanced by two of
+the chloride ions that
+
+dissociate from the iron and
+ionize and go out into solution
+
+to be solvated separately from
+the cation by water.
+
+That initial weakly-colored
+solution contained iron in this
+
+form, hexaaquairon two.
+
+And I will tell you a little
+bit about what made the color
+
+change in a moment.
+
+But first I would like to
+discuss an issue that arises in
+
+the Werner system.
+And this is the problem of
+
+isomerism.
+
+Werner found that you could
+make different cobalt complexes
+
+that would have the same
+chemical formula,
+
+but, for example,
+one would be red and one would
+
+be green, or one would be
+yellow, for example,
+
+even though they have the same
+chemical formula.
+
+And that was because,
+as he correctly reasoned,
+
+they were forming isomers.
+
+And this comes into play,
+for example,
+
+when you add only four
+equivalents of ammonia to
+
+solution.
+And here is why.
+
+If I put the first chloride up
+on top, as I have done here,
+
+there are two choices of where
+to put the second one that are
+
+not the same.
+I can either put a chloride
+
+here, such that we have a bond
+angle of 90 degrees between the
+
+two chlorides.
+And I will draw in our
+
+remaining ammonia molecules that
+are coordinating to the cobalt.
+
+This is an isomer that we would
+call "cis." Cis denotes a
+
+proximal arrangement of the two
+chlorides with a 90 degree bond
+
+angle between them.
+And then the alternative here
+
+would be to put the other
+chloride 180 degrees away from
+
+the first one.
+And that gives us what we call
+
+the trans iosomer.
+
+And note that both of these
+would have a single plus charge.
+
+Trans means across.
+So the two chloride ligands are
+
+located in a mutually trans
+disposition here.
+
+Isomerism is very important.
+I will discuss a couple other
+
+types of isomerism that you can
+get and that Werner contributed
+
+to our understanding of very
+greatly.
+
+And let me do that by
+completing consideration of
+
+this.
+You might ask yourself in the
+
+case where we added only three
+ammonias to the solution is
+
+there a possibility for the
+formation of isomers?
+
+And the answer again would be
+yes, we can have two
+
+possibilities.
+And this is for a neutral
+
+system that contains three
+ammonias and three chloride
+
+ligands.
+And let's say I put the first
+
+one here, the second one here,
+the third one here.
+
+That is one of our possible
+isomers of this neutral
+
+coordination complex.
+And then the other possibility,
+
+the only other possibility is
+with one there,
+
+one there, --
+-- and then the third one here.
+
+And so you can try to draw
+different structures.
+
+And you will see that these are
+the only two possible structures
+
+that you can draw for a
+combination of three ammonia
+
+ligands and three chloride
+ligands surround a central
+
+cobalt three plus ion
+in an octahedral
+
+array.
+
+And these have names,
+too.
+
+This one is the so-called fac
+isomer.
+
+And that fac is an abbreviation
+of the word facial,
+
+because if you remember that
+the octahedron is composed of a
+
+set of eight equilateral
+triangles, then the polyhedron
+
+that we call the octahedron has
+both vertices and faces.
+
+And these chlorides,
+in this particular case,
+
+can be seen to define one of
+the eight faces of the
+
+octahedron.
+And so that is the facial
+
+isomer.
+And then, the other type of
+
+isomer for this type of
+structure is called mer.
+
+And that is an abbreviation of
+the word meridional,
+
+which would be like the
+meridians of longitude that you
+
+see on the globe.
+They start at the top and run
+
+down through the equator and all
+the way down to the South Pole.
+
+That is your meridional isomer.
+These isomers,
+
+here, are called geometric
+isomers.
+
+There are different types of
+isomerism.
+
+Because the complexes that
+differ only with regard to the
+
+spatial arrangement of the
+ligands, but not with respect to
+
+the formula of the system,
+these would be types of isomers
+
+known as geometric.
+We have the possibility of CIS,
+
+TRANS, FAC, MER geometric
+isomers for molecules that have
+
+the same formula.
+And then, there is a further
+
+type of isomerism.
+And here, again,
+
+the contributions of Alfred
+Werner were exceedingly
+
+important, because it was
+thought that this next type of
+
+isomerism was restricted to
+organic molecules.
+
+And this is stereoisomerism.
+
+Stereoisomerism is a little
+more subtle than geometric
+
+isomerism.
+And it is a little more subtle
+
+because two molecules that are
+stereoisomers of each other are
+
+related in the same way that
+your left hand and your right
+
+hand are related.
+They are non-superimposable
+
+mirror images.
+If you can find a way to
+
+separate molecules that are
+chiral, then you can have a
+
+sample that can do interesting
+things, like rotate the plane of
+
+polarized light.
+This happens when you have
+
+chiral molecules.
+And if a molecule is chiral,
+
+that is to say it is
+non-superimposable on its mirror
+
+image.
+
+And in order to see whether a
+molecule is or is not
+
+superimposable on its mirror
+image, you really need to get
+
+good at visualizing things in
+three-dimensions and at rotating
+
+molecules around in your mind.
+You can also do it on the
+
+computer.
+And doing it on the computer
+
+will help you prepare for doing
+it on the exam,
+
+where you have to do it in your
+mind.
+
+But if you like architecture,
+and you like visualizing things
+
+in three-dimensions,
+you should know that that is a
+
+lot of what we do in chemistry.
+You should think about these
+
+molecules, these 3D structures,
+in ways that allow you to test
+
+for a property like
+stereoisomerism.
+
+And I mentioned that it was
+thought that stereoisomerism was
+
+a property associated with
+organic molecules.
+
+And organic molecules were
+compounds of carbon that were
+
+thought to be associated very
+fundamentally with life and
+
+living things.
+And so the fact that Werner in
+
+one of his most amazing
+accomplishments was ultimately
+
+able to synthesize a
+coordination complex that
+
+contained no carbon at all but
+exhibited stereoisomerism just
+
+shattered that theory and really
+helped to bring science onto a
+
+much more firm footing.
+And that parallelism between
+
+organic and inorganic chemistry,
+I think, has stemmed from this
+
+aspect of its history.
+And so let's look at an example
+
+of a molecule that is chiral --
+
+-- that could be made from
+cobalt.
+
+And if you imagine carrying out
+a reaction like we were talking
+
+about up above but not even
+giving it enough ammonia to
+
+displace all the water molecules
+then you could have an
+
+intermediate like this.
+
+And in this type of species
+what I've got are two water
+
+molecules, two ammonia
+molecules, two chlorides.
+
+And so if this is cobalt three,
+we would have a single positive
+
+charge on that ion.
+And what I can represent here
+
+by a dashed line would be a
+mirror plane.
+
+That is our mirror.
+And we are going to reflect
+
+this molecule through that
+mirror plane to see what its
+
+mirror image would look like.
+And then, if you can rotate it
+
+around in your mind,
+we can determine whether it is
+
+or is not superimposable on that
+mirror image.
+
+I am generating the mirror
+image by reflecting this water
+
+to this position.
+This ammonia back here reflects
+
+over to here.
+The top ammonia reflects still
+
+into the top position.
+This water behind the board
+
+reflects behind the board.
+And over here,
+
+this chloride coming out in
+front of the board reflects over
+
+to here.
+And we have one more chloride,
+
+down on the bottom.
+That molecule is now our mirror
+
+image.
+And let's go ahead and rotate
+
+it, like this.
+Because it is a little hard,
+
+I am going to highlight the
+position of the two ammonia
+
+ligands.
+And to see if this mirror image
+
+is superimposable on the
+structure we started with,
+
+I am going to rotate this
+around so that we can put the
+
+two ammonia ligands coincident
+with the two shown here
+
+underlined in green on the left.
+We are going to do a rotation.
+
+And I need to rotate this.
+I am going to rotate here,
+
+around the cobalt-chlorine bond
+access.
+
+And I am actually going to go
+in the negative direction to
+
+generate the following
+structure.
+
+This puts this ammonia up top,
+and it will put this one down
+
+below.
+We have NH three and NH three
+
+here.
+Let me underline them.
+
+So those are in positions,
+coincident.
+
+And this rotation also will
+carry that chloride from the
+
+bottom up here,
+into what I may call an
+
+equatorial position.
+And it puts a water molecule
+
+down.
+And that rotation about this
+
+cobalt chlorine bond left the
+cobalt and chlorine on that bond
+
+axis unrotated.
+And then in the back,
+
+we have this OH two molecule.
+
+And what you can see is,
+if you now bring this over,
+
+what we have,
+in fact, is a situation where
+
+we are not currently
+superimposable with that choice.
+
+I generated the mirror image.
+I have rotated it by 90 degrees
+
+around the cobalt-chlorine bond
+axis to bring these two ammonias
+
+coincident with these two.
+So you can see that,
+
+whereas we have a water
+molecule on the bottom here,
+
+we have a chloride over here.
+So that is not superimposable.
+
+But we can do one more rotation
+to check the other possibility,
+
+and that rotation will be a
+rotation by 180 degrees around
+
+an axis, here,
+that bisects the
+
+nitrogen-cobalt-nitrogen bond
+angle of 90 degrees.
+
+We will rotate 180 degrees
+around that axis,
+
+and that will bring our
+ammonias, again,
+
+into a position so as to be
+coincident.
+
+And rotating around that axis
+brings a water around front here
+
+and puts a chloride in back,
+rotating around there,
+
+and it swaps this chloride with
+that water molecule.
+
+So we now have chloride down
+and OH two over here.
+
+And so if we take this,
+we identify our ammonia
+
+positions by green underlining,
+they're coincident,
+
+here.
+And now where we have a
+
+chloride coming out,
+we have a water coming out,
+
+so our mirror image is not
+superimposable on the structure
+
+that we generated it from
+through the process of
+
+reflection through that mirror
+plane.
+
+And so, what we can say is that
+this molecule and this one
+
+constitute a pair of
+stereoisomers.
+
+And because this condition was
+satisfied that the mirror image
+
+was not superimposable on the
+structure we generated it from,
+
+the molecule is chiral.
+And you will see that I have
+
+chosen a molecule that contains
+no carbon, and yet it is chiral
+
+and it has stereoisomers.
+And that was thought impossible
+
+prior to the time of Werner.
+
+Let me show you another example
+of a molecule that is chiral.
+
+And I am going to use this
+example, also,
+
+to illustrate another important
+feature that ligands can have.
+
+And that is that they can have
+more than one atom that can bond
+
+to the metal at the same time.
+
+I am drawing a cobalt ion three
+plus complex that
+
+has six nitrogens directly
+bonded to the cobalt.
+
+But now, look what I am going
+to do.
+
+I am going to put some organic
+material in here and link these
+
+nitrogens by a CH two CH two
+unit,
+
+a CH2-CH2 chain here.
+So it is CH2-CH2.
+
+These carbons that I am
+representing as vertices here
+
+each have two additional
+hydrogens that I am not showing.
+
+And that is typical organic
+shorthand.
+
+And I am going to suggest that
+this molecule would be generated
+
+by adding three of these ligands
+to the metal center.
+
+And for each nitrogen,
+if you consider it as being
+
+derived from ammonia,
+one of the hydrogens of the
+
+ammonia is replaced with a
+nitrogen-carbon bond.
+
+And we have used this organic
+moiety here to tether two
+
+nitrogens together.
+This is a very popular and
+
+ancient ligand in coordination
+chemistry.
+
+And, by drawing in simplistic
+form the two lone pairs on the
+
+two nitrogens,
+you can see that this set of
+
+four atoms is able to organize
+itself so as to simultaneously
+
+point two lone pairs at the same
+metal center.
+
+That is permitted by this
+bridge.
+
+This particular ligand is
+called ethylenediamine.
+
+And it is called en for short,
+ethylenediamine.
+
+And it is an example of a
+bidentate ligand.
+
+And that means that it has two
+teeth with which to bite down on
+
+the metal center.
+It is a double Lewis base.
+
+And when it binds to the metal
+center, we call that the process
+
+of chelation.
+When a bidentate or a
+
+multidentate,
+which would be maybe a
+
+tridentate or a tetradentate
+ligand, binds to a metal through
+
+multiple points,
+we call that a ligand chelate.
+
+And we call the process one of
+chelation that forms these ring
+
+structures with the metal as
+part of the ring produced
+
+through multipoint binding of
+the ligand to the metal center.
+
+And you are going to see that
+it is possible to have all kinds
+
+of different architectures for
+ligands in proteins or in
+
+synthetic systems.
+And the reason that I carried
+
+out over here earlier is one in
+which I added three equivalents
+
+of a bidentate ligand to this
+solution of iron two plus.
+
+And, when that occurred,
+
+this bidentate ligand displaced
+the water molecules from the
+
+inner coordination sphere of the
+metal.
+
+And the bidentate ligand that I
+used was this one.
+
+This is a very common chelating
+ligand, a planar aromatic
+
+ligand.
+And you can see that,
+
+like ethylenediamine,
+its architecture promotes the
+
+pointing of a pair of electrons
+toward the same point in space.
+
+So that this ligand can bind
+itself to a metal center through
+
+two nitrogen lone pairs
+simultaneously.
+
+And it is the interaction of
+the d-electrons on the iron
+
+center with the unsaturated pi
+system of this organic ligand
+
+that produces the red color in
+ways that we are going to
+
+explore in more detail in one of
+our next lectures.
+
+But, before we do that,
+we are going to need to
+
+understand something about
+d-orbitals.
+
+And, as you have learned,
+when you are forming molecular
+
+orbitals in systems that consist
+of either s or p orbitals,
+
+you needed to know something
+about the nodal properties of
+
+those atomic orbitals in order
+to build proper molecular
+
+orbitals.
+And that will certainly be the
+
+case for these more interesting
+elements that have d orbitals.
+
+Not just s and p valance
+orbitals, but also a set of
+
+d-orbitals.
+And I call those the 3d
+
+elements because their principle
+quantum number for those
+
+elements is three.
+And what we need to now know is
+
+what do these orbitals have,
+as far as nodal properties,
+
+depending on the other quantum
+numbers?
+
+And I will draw a set of
+coordinate axes,
+
+here, on which to map these
+orbitals.
+
+It should be pretty
+straightforward for you to keep
+
+straight the nodal properties of
+the d orbitals of which there is
+
+a set of five.
+We had one s orbital for a
+
+given valance shell,
+and we had a set of three p
+
+orbitals, and there is a set of
+five d orbitals for the d-block
+
+elements.
+And they can have different
+
+values for the quantum number m.
+One is zero.
+
+One is plus one.
+One is plus two.
+
+And m can be minus one,
+and m can equal minus two.
+
+And this quantum number
+determines the angular nodal
+
+properties of the d orbital in
+question.
+
+Here, let's draw a fairly
+simple one.
+
+Let's say that we have x,
+y, and z.
+
+Then what we might have is a d
+orbital that looks like this.
+
+d orbitals often have four
+lobes.
+
+In fact, you will see that we
+represent four of the d orbitals
+
+this way and not the fifth.
+And let me use this pink to
+
+represent the negative phase.
+And so this orbital here is
+
+(d)xz.
+And that means that it has
+
+nodes.
+You have two planes that are
+
+nodes for a (d)xz orbital.
+And one of these is the
+
+x,y-plane.
+And then the other one is the
+
+y,z-plane.
+Those are planes when you go
+
+from one side through one of
+those planes to the other side.
+
+The wave function changes sign.
+And, just like each p orbital
+
+has a single nodal plane,
+each d orbital has two.
+
+And this is (d)xz.
+And we can also have one that
+
+we call d x squared minus y
+squared.
+
+And that one lies right along
+the coordinate axes like this,
+
+with the four lobes being
+skewered by the x-axis and the
+
+y-axis.
+And we have negative phase
+
+located along y for the d x
+squared minus y squared.
+
+And you can see that the nodal
+
+surfaces here both contain z.
+The nodes contain the z-axis
+
+and bisect the x and y
+coordinate axes.
+
+There is one plane up here that
+contains the z-axis and one over
+
+there located at 90 degrees to
+the first one.
+
+Those are the nodal planes for
+d x squared minus y squared.
+
+In addition to that (d)xz
+
+orbital, I have a (d)yz orbital,
+which is located with its lobes
+
+lying between the y and z
+coordinate axes.
+
+And it will have phasing as
+indicated here in pink.
+
+That is (d)yz.
+And it looks exactly like
+
+(d)xz.
+And it is just rotated by 90
+
+degrees around the z-axis
+relative to (d)xz.
+
+And then, finally,
+we have one that looks just
+
+like d x squared minus 
+y squared.
+
+And this one is (d)xy.
+And, like d x squared minus y
+
+squared, the (d)xy orbital lies
+in the x,y-plane.
+
+And its lobes point between the
+axes, as shown here with that
+
+phasing.
+And then, finally --
+
+And we will return to this
+point next week.
+
+Our m equals zero orbital is
+our d z squared **d(z^2)**.
+
+And d z squared lies along and
+is skewered by the z-axis.
+
+It looks like a p orbital,
+except the sign is the same on
+
+top and on bottom.
+And then it has this beautiful
+
+torus here that is in the
+x,y-plane like that,
+
+so that its nodal surfaces are
+actually conical rather than
+
+planes.
+That is our set of five d
+
+orbitals with which we are going
+to do a lot more to understand
+
+the chemistry and coordination
+complexes.
+
+Have a great break,
+and please don't forget to read
+
+about Alfred Werner.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ncszdp4YQDY.txt b/Ncszdp4YQDY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9433f0b3e5746ae0cfe95e4d2eb653566e3ffdbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ncszdp4YQDY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7867 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh last in the last lecture I spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh last in the last lecture I spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh last in the last lecture I spent
+quite a while trying to convey uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a while trying to convey uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a while trying to convey uh a
+sense of how the structure of DNA was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how the structure of DNA was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how the structure of DNA was uh
+discovered um I the data that led the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered um I the data that led the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered um I the data that led the
+crystalographic data that led to it as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalographic data that led to it as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalographic data that led to it as I
+said was collected by Roslin Franklin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was collected by Roslin Franklin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was collected by Roslin Franklin
+and I saw there there's some confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I saw there there's some confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I saw there there's some confusion
+about this picture that I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this picture that I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this picture that I showed you
+next this is not a photograph of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this is not a photograph of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this is not a photograph of a
+double helix this is what happened when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double helix this is what happened when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double helix this is what happened when
+she bounced electron um x-ray off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she bounced electron um x-ray off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she bounced electron um x-ray off the
+crystal of DNA this is the defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal of DNA this is the defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal of DNA this is the defraction
+pattern that she saw and then one works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that she saw and then one works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that she saw and then one works
+backwards from that trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards from that trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards from that trying to figure out
+what kind of structure it was that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of structure it was that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of structure it was that would
+have caused that defraction pattern you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have caused that defraction pattern you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have caused that defraction pattern you
+have to be a pretty good ex uh x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a pretty good ex uh x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a pretty good ex uh x-ray
+crystallographer to draw any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographer to draw any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographer to draw any kind of
+inferences from that and there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences from that and there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences from that and there were
+people including Francis Crick who saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people including Francis Crick who saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people including Francis Crick who saw
+the implications of it right away but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implications of it right away but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implications of it right away but
+the point was she she collected the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point was she she collected the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point was she she collected the data
+and then uh the two people that I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh the two people that I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh the two people that I told
+you about then who whose names you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about then who whose names you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about then who whose names you know
+so well Jim Watson and Francis Crick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well Jim Watson and Francis Crick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well Jim Watson and Francis Crick
+were the two individuals that uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the two individuals that uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the two individuals that uh then
+solved the uh came up with the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the uh came up with the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the uh came up with the model
+that explained the the defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explained the the defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explained the the defraction
+pattern and therefore we learned the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and therefore we learned the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and therefore we learned the the
+structure of DNA as a double stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of DNA as a double stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of DNA as a double stranded
+Helix I also tried to make the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Helix I also tried to make the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Helix I also tried to make the case that
+it wasn't two Geniuses who sat down in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't two Geniuses who sat down in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't two Geniuses who sat down in a
+room took a look at this and popped up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room took a look at this and popped up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room took a look at this and popped up
+with the model it was a story of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the model it was a story of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the model it was a story of real
+people with Misadventures and mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with Misadventures and mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with Misadventures and mistakes
+and recovery from mistakes and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recovery from mistakes and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recovery from mistakes and so on
+getting it it was also uh a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it it was also uh a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it it was also uh a very small
+group and I'm going to take just a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and I'm going to take just a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and I'm going to take just a very
+small minute it's the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small minute it's the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small minute it's the beginning of the
+uh class because there's I have uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class because there's I have uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class because there's I have uh a
+colleague Vernon Ingram who's sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague Vernon Ingram who's sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague Vernon Ingram who's sitting
+down here in the front who was in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here in the front who was in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here in the front who was in a
+member of this very small group of with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of this very small group of with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of this very small group of with
+with uh Jim Watson and Francis Crick so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh Jim Watson and Francis Crick so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh Jim Watson and Francis Crick so
+he was there well where all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was there well where all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was there well where all this
+happened and almost nobody in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and almost nobody in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and almost nobody in the world
+has had a chance in in your generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has had a chance in in your generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has had a chance in in your generation
+has heard a chance to hear directly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has heard a chance to hear directly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has heard a chance to hear directly from
+somebody who was there when it happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who was there when it happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who was there when it happened
+so I ask Vernon if he'd come and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I ask Vernon if he'd come and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I ask Vernon if he'd come and just
+talk to you for uh little bit just what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you for uh little bit just what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you for uh little bit just what
+it was like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there put these onto your sweater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there put these onto your sweater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there put these onto your sweater
+anywhere I gu this I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere I gu this I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere I gu this I'll
+put pinch it on but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you want come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want come
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eventually well thanks Graham um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually well thanks Graham um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually well thanks Graham um you
+seem to be at a very exciting stage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be at a very exciting stage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be at a very exciting stage in
+7014 the structure of the secret of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7014 the structure of the secret of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7014 the structure of the secret of life
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+less and it's interesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and it's interesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and it's interesting that
+immediately uh when Watson and Crick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately uh when Watson and Crick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately uh when Watson and Crick
+um put together a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um put together a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um put together a
+model of the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of the DNA
+molecule that fit the X-ray data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that fit the X-ray data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that fit the X-ray data that
+was the point how do you know a model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the point how do you know a model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the point how do you know a model is
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+because there are certain distances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are certain distances in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are certain distances in
+the model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and
+those have to correlate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those have to correlate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those have to correlate
+exactly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly with the
+distances of the X-ray spots in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances of the X-ray spots in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances of the X-ray spots in the
+defraction pattern that you saw that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern that you saw that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern that you saw that's
+how you know that a model that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you know that a model that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you know that a model that you've
+built to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built to certain
+specifications corresponds to what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications corresponds to what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications corresponds to what the
+molecule itself in the crystal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule itself in the crystal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule itself in the crystal that
+you're examining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're examining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're examining
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+uh is composed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is composed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is composed
+of it was by sheer accident that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it was by sheer accident that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it was by sheer accident that I
+happened to be working as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be working as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be working as a
+biochemist in uh the MRC medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemist in uh the MRC medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemist in uh the MRC medical
+research Council Lab at the Cavendish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research Council Lab at the Cavendish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research Council Lab at the Cavendish
+laboratory where Watson and Crick um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory where Watson and Crick um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory where Watson and Crick um
+were working she accident it was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working she accident it was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working she accident it was a very
+crowd at lab as Graham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd at lab as Graham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd at lab as Graham
+said and that's something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and that's something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and that's something that you
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+remember when you're choosing a lab to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when you're choosing a lab to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when you're choosing a lab to
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+in always go to a lab that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in always go to a lab that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in always go to a lab that's
+overcrowded never go to a lab where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcrowded never go to a lab where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcrowded never go to a lab where
+there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+because a really successful lab attracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a really successful lab attracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a really successful lab attracts
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+many co-workers visitors that it rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many co-workers visitors that it rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many co-workers visitors that it rapidly
+gets overcrowded and that was the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets overcrowded and that was the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets overcrowded and that was the case
+in this uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh in this
+laboratory the director was Max perutz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory the director was Max perutz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory the director was Max perutz
+co-director John kendrew doing x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-director John kendrew doing x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-director John kendrew doing x-ray
+crystallography of uh proteins for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography of uh proteins for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography of uh proteins for
+almost the first time and solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the first time and solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the first time and solving the
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+structure uh Francis criek was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh Francis criek was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh Francis criek was a
+graduate student of U Max perutz doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student of U Max perutz doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student of U Max perutz doing
+his PhD work and the first thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his PhD work and the first thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his PhD work and the first thing I
+remember about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember about
+Francis was when I went there as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francis was when I went there as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francis was when I went there as a
+biochemist to work with Max PRS when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemist to work with Max PRS when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemist to work with Max PRS when I
+went there there was this tall gangling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went there there was this tall gangling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went there there was this tall gangling
+guy constantly circulating between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy constantly circulating between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy constantly circulating between the
+top floor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top floor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top floor of the
+building his office in the middle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building his office in the middle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building his office in the middle and
+the X-ray machines at the bottom he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X-ray machines at the bottom he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X-ray machines at the bottom he was
+constantly going up and down and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly going up and down and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly going up and down and in
+those days the buildings didn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those days the buildings didn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those days the buildings didn't have any
+elevators or lifts as the English call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevators or lifts as the English call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevators or lifts as the English call
+them so he was in excellent physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so he was in excellent physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so he was in excellent physical
+shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+uh very crowded a very modest lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very crowded a very modest lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very crowded a very modest lab and
+what's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's usually
+forgotten is a key member of that group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten is a key member of that group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten is a key member of that group
+an engineer Tony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engineer Tony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engineer Tony
+broad key person because he invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad key person because he invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad key person because he invented
+what was then the world's best and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was then the world's best and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was then the world's best and most
+efficient x-ray machine a rotating anode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient x-ray machine a rotating anode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient x-ray machine a rotating anode
+x-ray machine and a because to the X-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray machine and a because to the X-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray machine and a because to the X-ray
+crystallographers in that group this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographers in that group this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographers in that group this
+machine was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine was
+available because of that they were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available because of that they were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available because of that they were the
+preeminent x-ray structure group in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preeminent x-ray structure group in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preeminent x-ray structure group in the
+world my job was as a bio chemist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world my job was as a bio chemist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world my job was as a bio chemist
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+biochemist uh putting a heavy atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemist uh putting a heavy atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemist uh putting a heavy atom
+Mercury very heavy atom into max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mercury very heavy atom into max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mercury very heavy atom into max
+perutz's hemoglobin crystals in specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perutz's hemoglobin crystals in specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perutz's hemoglobin crystals in specific
+places that has a predictable effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that has a predictable effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that has a predictable effect on
+the X-ray pattern and that enables the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X-ray pattern and that enables the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X-ray pattern and that enables the
+FIA diagram to be uh constructed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FIA diagram to be uh constructed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FIA diagram to be uh constructed with
+real phase values for the X-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real phase values for the X-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real phase values for the X-ray
+diffractions uh um for the physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffractions uh um for the physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffractions uh um for the physicists
+among you here are there any physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among you here are there any physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among you here are there any physicists
+here yeah thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah thought
+so um that was the big step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um that was the big step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um that was the big step
+forward and that was also a big step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and that was also a big step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and that was also a big step in
+uh figuring out um the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh figuring out um the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh figuring out um the structure of the
+DNA uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA uh
+samples semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples semi
+crystals that uh Professor walker uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals that uh Professor walker uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals that uh Professor walker uh
+just refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just refer
+to all dependent on the engineer Tony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all dependent on the engineer Tony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all dependent on the engineer Tony
+broad who's never mentioned in any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad who's never mentioned in any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad who's never mentioned in any of
+these histories but without him this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these histories but without him this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these histories but without him this
+would not have happened so it was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not have happened so it was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not have happened so it was an
+exciting place to work in very exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting place to work in very exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting place to work in very exciting
+we were all young in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were all young in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were all young in those
+days and living the lives of young men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and living the lives of young men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and living the lives of young men
+and young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and young
+women with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women with all the
+complications that arise when you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications that arise when you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications that arise when you put a
+whole bunch of very energetic young men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of very energetic young men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of very energetic young men
+very energetic young women together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very energetic young women together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very energetic young women together and
+by that I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that I mean the
+interpersonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpersonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpersonal
+relationships which when you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships which when you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships which when you're in a
+crowded very active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowded very active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowded very active
+situation um can sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation um can sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation um can sometimes
+interfere and we're always very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere and we're always very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere and we're always very
+entertaining I can tell you that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining I can tell you that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining I can tell you that I could
+tell you give you a chapter and verse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you give you a chapter and verse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you give you a chapter and verse
+but it isn't really so very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it isn't really so very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it isn't really so very different
+from people your age now right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people your age now right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people your age now right I mean
+that I'm not saying it interferes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm not saying it interferes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm not saying it interferes with
+you sometimes it might it's an exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sometimes it might it's an exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sometimes it might it's an exciting
+lab an exciting time to be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab an exciting time to be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab an exciting time to be there
+because we were not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we were not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we were not the only
+group uh trying to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group uh trying to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group uh trying to figure out the
+structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of
+DNA a huge competitor was lonus Pauling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA a huge competitor was lonus Pauling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA a huge competitor was lonus Pauling
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+Caltech who had beaten that same group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caltech who had beaten that same group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caltech who had beaten that same group
+once before quite recently over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once before quite recently over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once before quite recently over the
+alpha Helix the component of the crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha Helix the component of the crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha Helix the component of the crucial
+component of protein structure he got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of protein structure he got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of protein structure he got
+the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer
+first 1.5 angstrom reflection the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 1.5 angstrom reflection the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 1.5 angstrom reflection the alpha
+Helix but and our group Max perut and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Helix but and our group Max perut and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Helix but and our group Max perut and
+our group had been wrong so the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our group had been wrong so the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our group had been wrong so the group
+was smart hting under that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was smart hting under that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was smart hting under that kind of
+defeat if you like and competition uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeat if you like and competition uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeat if you like and competition uh is
+a wonderful SP spur as long as you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful SP spur as long as you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful SP spur as long as you don't
+let it get out of hand well needless to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it get out of hand well needless to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it get out of hand well needless to
+say we didn't but uh the the competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we didn't but uh the the competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we didn't but uh the the competition
+with the with the um uh polling lab was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with the um uh polling lab was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with the um uh polling lab was
+certainly so severe that we awaited the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly so severe that we awaited the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly so severe that we awaited the
+next letter you see in those days new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next letter you see in those days new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next letter you see in those days new
+scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+information arrived not by Publications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information arrived not by Publications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information arrived not by Publications
+that took much too long but by personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that took much too long but by personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that took much too long but by personal
+letter and in fact the NIH has put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter and in fact the NIH has put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter and in fact the NIH has put
+together all these various letters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all these various letters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all these various letters in
+the Francis criek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Francis criek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Francis criek
+collection and when you have time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and when you have time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and when you have time you
+should look at those they're quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look at those they're quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look at those they're quite
+interesting because they tell you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because they tell you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because they tell you in a
+way a scientific paper does not tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a scientific paper does not tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a scientific paper does not tell
+you what I feel about my experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what I feel about my experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what I feel about my experimental
+result what she feels about her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result what she feels about her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result what she feels about her
+experimental results what it means to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental results what it means to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental results what it means to me
+as a person to her as a person to him as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a person to her as a person to him as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a person to her as a person to him as
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+person so we were constantly watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so we were constantly watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so we were constantly watching
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+mail and discussing the news as it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail and discussing the news as it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail and discussing the news as it came
+in mostly over a beer at the P next door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mostly over a beer at the P next door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mostly over a beer at the P next door
+it was very conveniently located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very conveniently located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very conveniently located
+but being a small group crowded Together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but being a small group crowded Together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but being a small group crowded Together
+made communication within our group very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made communication within our group very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made communication within our group very
+easy indeed and we had fights I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy indeed and we had fights I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy indeed and we had fights I don't
+mean physical fights we had fights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean physical fights we had fights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean physical fights we had fights
+scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+fights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fights and
+um as a biochemist I was able to settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a biochemist I was able to settle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a biochemist I was able to settle
+a crucial fight among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crucial fight among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crucial fight among the
+crystallographers cricket Watson who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographers cricket Watson who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographers cricket Watson who
+were building the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were building the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were building the model
+because quite frankly they didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because quite frankly they didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because quite frankly they didn't do
+Know Much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Know Much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Know Much
+Chemistry and we're trying to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chemistry and we're trying to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chemistry and we're trying to build a
+model with a wrong confirmation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with a wrong confirmation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with a wrong confirmation of the
+peptide bond they didn't realize that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide bond they didn't realize that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide bond they didn't realize that a
+peptide bond has two possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide bond has two possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide bond has two possible
+confirmations and they had at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmations and they had at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmations and they had at one point
+a terrible time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a terrible time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a terrible time
+um uh trying to fit everything together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh trying to fit everything together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh trying to fit everything together
+because they were using the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were using the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were using the wrong
+confirmation talking about la la Tim uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation talking about la la Tim uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation talking about la la Tim uh
+for those of you who are organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who are organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who are organic
+chemists that mean something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists that mean something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists that mean something
+confirmation and once they got the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation and once they got the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation and once they got the right
+confirmation then the model clicked into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation then the model clicked into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation then the model clicked into
+place so we all helped that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so we all helped that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so we all helped that's what I'm
+trying to say we all helped with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say we all helped with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say we all helped with one
+great aim in mind it was clear and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great aim in mind it was clear and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great aim in mind it was clear and you
+know from what Professor Walker said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from what Professor Walker said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from what Professor Walker said
+that the DNA structure in its structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the DNA structure in its structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the DNA structure in its structure
+held the clue to crucial physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held the clue to crucial physiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held the clue to crucial physiological
+behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of
+DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA
+and um KCK and Watson said this in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um KCK and Watson said this in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um KCK and Watson said this in their
+first paper the structure itself because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first paper the structure itself because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first paper the structure itself because
+of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its
+complimentarity gives you an immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentarity gives you an immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentarity gives you an immediate
+clue as to how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue as to how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue as to how it
+replicates and replication of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates and replication of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates and replication of DNA
+structure from generation to generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure from generation to generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure from generation to generation
+ation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation is
+um of course the crucial thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course the crucial thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course the crucial thing about
+DNA the copying the precise copying from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA the copying the precise copying from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA the copying the precise copying from
+generation to generation and that fell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation to generation and that fell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation to generation and that fell
+out of the X-ray structure that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the X-ray structure that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the X-ray structure that's why
+the X-ray structure was so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X-ray structure was so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X-ray structure was so very
+important because it gave you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because it gave you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because it gave you an
+immediate understanding of uh the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate understanding of uh the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate understanding of uh the role
+of DNA in Modern Biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA in Modern Biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA in Modern Biology
+so that's what we did and eventually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we did and eventually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we did and eventually um
+the people in the group the group got so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people in the group the group got so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people in the group the group got so
+overcrowded they built a huge lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcrowded they built a huge lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcrowded they built a huge lab and
+that's very beautiful like any new lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very beautiful like any new lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very beautiful like any new lab
+is but the thing I remember most of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but the thing I remember most of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but the thing I remember most of all
+was the atmosphere in that place so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the atmosphere in that place so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the atmosphere in that place so
+remember when you go and choose a lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when you go and choose a lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when you go and choose a lab
+choose one that's overcrowded it'll pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one that's overcrowded it'll pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one that's overcrowded it'll pay
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so much that was really wonderful thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much that was really wonderful thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much that was really wonderful thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know if some of you realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if some of you realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if some of you realize
+quite how rare that was this discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite how rare that was this discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite how rare that was this discovery
+of the structure of DNA as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the structure of DNA as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the structure of DNA as I said
+probably one of the big discoveries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the big discoveries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the big discoveries of
+mankind because as Vernon said so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mankind because as Vernon said so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mankind because as Vernon said so much
+it was you could see so many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was you could see so many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was you could see so many of the
+secrets of life as soon as you saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets of life as soon as you saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets of life as soon as you saw that
+structure very few people have ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure very few people have ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure very few people have ever
+heard from someone who was there at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard from someone who was there at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard from someone who was there at the
+time maybe you'll forget a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe you'll forget a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe you'll forget a bunch of
+stuff down the line I hope you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff down the line I hope you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff down the line I hope you'll
+remember you heard somebody was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you heard somebody was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you heard somebody was there
+when won and Crick were there and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when won and Crick were there and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when won and Crick were there and maybe
+his extra piece of advice about choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his extra piece of advice about choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his extra piece of advice about choosing
+a lab um just say one thing quickly some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lab um just say one thing quickly some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lab um just say one thing quickly some
+of you I think understood what I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you I think understood what I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you I think understood what I've been
+trying to do I spent quite a bit of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do I spent quite a bit of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do I spent quite a bit of time
+talking about science being done by real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about science being done by real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about science being done by real
+people real uh doing real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people real uh doing real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people real uh doing real
+experiments uh thanks for your comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments uh thanks for your comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments uh thanks for your comments
+a few of you have gone out of your way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of you have gone out of your way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of you have gone out of your way
+to say that this was a total waste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that this was a total waste of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that this was a total waste of
+time and you didn't understand why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you didn't understand why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you didn't understand why I
+didn't teach you something instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't teach you something instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't teach you something instead of
+doing something on the test well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something on the test well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something on the test well I'm
+making up the test and if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making up the test and if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making up the test and if you don't
+think there'll be something on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there'll be something on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there'll be something on
+scientific process on the the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific process on the the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific process on the the second
+exam you'll be surprised so uh I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam you'll be surprised so uh I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam you'll be surprised so uh I'm I'm
+spending a lot of time on this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a lot of time on this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a lot of time on this and the
+reason is because you're MIT students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because you're MIT students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because you're MIT students
+you know you can go many places in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can go many places in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can go many places in the
+country many high school biology courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country many high school biology courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country many high school biology courses
+and you can memorize all the someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can memorize all the someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can memorize all the someone
+will tell you to memorize everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you to memorize everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you to memorize everything
+that's in the book and you'll get tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the book and you'll get tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the book and you'll get tested
+whether you can memorize it if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can memorize it if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can memorize it if you guys
+are at MIT because you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at MIT because you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at MIT because you have the
+potential to be leaders in whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to be leaders in whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to be leaders in whatever you
+do I've made the transition from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I've made the transition from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I've made the transition from being
+an undergrad sort of trying to memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an undergrad sort of trying to memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an undergrad sort of trying to memorize
+stuff in a textbook to working on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in a textbook to working on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in a textbook to working on a
+Cutting Edge I've made some reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cutting Edge I've made some reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cutting Edge I've made some reasonably
+significant discoveries in science as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant discoveries in science as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant discoveries in science as
+have my other colleagues in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my other colleagues in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my other colleagues in the
+department some of them making greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department some of them making greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department some of them making greater
+than I but nevertheless if you're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I but nevertheless if you're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I but nevertheless if you're on
+that Cutting Edge then you're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Cutting Edge then you're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Cutting Edge then you're dealing
+with all the stuff I'm trying to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the stuff I'm trying to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the stuff I'm trying to tell
+you about in in in this thing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about in in in this thing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about in in in this thing you're
+working as part of a groups there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working as part of a groups there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working as part of a groups there's
+competition there's interpersonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition there's interpersonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition there's interpersonal
+relationship you make mistakes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you make mistakes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you make mistakes you
+recover from them you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover from them you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover from them you're making
+inferences your testing models it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences your testing models it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences your testing models it's a
+very complex very real very Dynamic very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex very real very Dynamic very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex very real very Dynamic very
+human uh interaction I hope you cut a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human uh interaction I hope you cut a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human uh interaction I hope you cut a
+little bit of a whiff of that from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a whiff of that from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a whiff of that from uh
+from uh from Vernon and I wouldn't be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from Vernon and I wouldn't be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from Vernon and I wouldn't be I
+I'm quite capable of reproducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm quite capable of reproducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm quite capable of reproducing
+diagrams from a textbook without trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams from a textbook without trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams from a textbook without trying
+to give you a deeper understanding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a deeper understanding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a deeper understanding and
+that's what I'm trying to do here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm trying to do here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm trying to do here and I
+hope uh if it hasn't made sense to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope uh if it hasn't made sense to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope uh if it hasn't made sense to you
+by the end there at least a few more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end there at least a few more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end there at least a few more of
+you will will get it and those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will will get it and those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will will get it and those of you
+who I think saw what I was doing um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who I think saw what I was doing um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who I think saw what I was doing um I
+appreciate your your uh your telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate your your uh your telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate your your uh your telling me
+that in the in the things these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the in the things these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the in the things these are
+Anonymous so I don't know but you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anonymous so I don't know but you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anonymous so I don't know but you know a
+couple of you are certainly trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of you are certainly trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of you are certainly trying to
+make it clear that you didn't think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it clear that you didn't think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it clear that you didn't think it
+was um uh was worth your time coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um uh was worth your time coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um uh was worth your time coming to
+lecture I'm trying to tell you why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm trying to tell you why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm trying to tell you why I'm
+trying to do it I'm trying to te Teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do it I'm trying to te Teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do it I'm trying to te Teach
+You in a deeper way that's what I'm this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You in a deeper way that's what I'm this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You in a deeper way that's what I'm this
+is a required course it's important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a required course it's important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a required course it's important for
+your life I hope some of you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life I hope some of you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life I hope some of you will see
+that or if you don't see it now you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or if you don't see it now you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or if you don't see it now you'll
+see it later in your career okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it later in your career okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it later in your career okay now
+we're going to talk about uh DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about uh DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about uh DNA
+replication I'm going to start to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication I'm going to start to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication I'm going to start to drive
+into some of the details that maybe are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some of the details that maybe are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some of the details that maybe are
+more of the kind of things you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the kind of things you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the kind of things you're
+expecting just want to make one quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting just want to make one quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting just want to make one quick
+Point here I've talked about cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here I've talked about cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here I've talked about cell
+division we saw this how cells come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division we saw this how cells come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division we saw this how cells come from
+other cells go on to make more cells I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cells go on to make more cells I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cells go on to make more cells I
+showed you this little movie you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you this little movie you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you this little movie you've seen
+a few times of of a yeast cell dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few times of of a yeast cell dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few times of of a yeast cell dividing
+but all cells divide here's a cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all cells divide here's a cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all cells divide here's a cancer
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dividing if you go a cancer it's a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing if you go a cancer it's a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing if you go a cancer it's a cell
+that's forgotten how to stop dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's forgotten how to stop dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's forgotten how to stop dividing
+and it's growing to make a tumor there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's growing to make a tumor there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's growing to make a tumor there's
+a cancer cell dividing looks not unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cancer cell dividing looks not unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cancer cell dividing looks not unlike
+a yeast and very molecular level very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeast and very molecular level very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeast and very molecular level very
+very similar but there's another point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar but there's another point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar but there's another point I
+told you the how the structure of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you the how the structure of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you the how the structure of DNA
+with the complementary strands with G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the complementary strands with G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the complementary strands with G
+pairing with c and a pairing with t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairing with c and a pairing with t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairing with c and a pairing with t
+immediately gave rise to an insight as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately gave rise to an insight as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately gave rise to an insight as
+to how the the genetic material could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how the the genetic material could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how the the genetic material could be
+replicated and you guys know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated and you guys know that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated and you guys know that it's
+held together by hydrogen bonds between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held together by hydrogen bonds between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held together by hydrogen bonds between
+the base pairs which are about 12/ 12th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base pairs which are about 12/ 12th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base pairs which are about 12/ 12th
+the strength of the calent bonds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of the calent bonds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of the calent bonds so
+you're able to peel the strands apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to peel the strands apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to peel the strands apart
+without breaking the bonds the covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without breaking the bonds the covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without breaking the bonds the covalent
+bonds and then by pairing a with T and G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and then by pairing a with T and G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and then by pairing a with T and G
+with c and doing that on both strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with c and doing that on both strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with c and doing that on both strands
+then you can end up with two identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can end up with two identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can end up with two identical
+copies and so if you do two identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies and so if you do two identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies and so if you do two identical
+copies they do it again you get eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies they do it again you get eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies they do it again you get eight
+one of the things we've we've realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we've we've realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we've we've realized
+over the last few last two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last few last two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last few last two or three
+years in looking through the exams is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in looking through the exams is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in looking through the exams is
+somehow at least some of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow at least some of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow at least some of the class
+didn't connect the business about cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't connect the business about cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't connect the business about cells
+coming from other cells and DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from other cells and DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from other cells and DNA
+duplicating to give daugh DNA and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicating to give daugh DNA and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicating to give daugh DNA and I'm
+just trying to hammer home the point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to hammer home the point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to hammer home the point the
+these are related every time a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are related every time a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are related every time a cell
+divides it has to duplicate its genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides it has to duplicate its genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides it has to duplicate its genetic
+information that's why I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's why I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's why I'm going to be
+telling you about DNA replication here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about DNA replication here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about DNA replication here's
+a picture of that same cancer cell but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of that same cancer cell but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of that same cancer cell but
+watch over here this is the DNA and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch over here this is the DNA and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch over here this is the DNA and see
+it's doubled and see how the the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doubled and see how the the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doubled and see how the the DNA
+which is in chromosomes has pulled apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in chromosomes has pulled apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in chromosomes has pulled apart
+so that at the end you now have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that at the end you now have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that at the end you now have two
+cells and you've got identical copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and you've got identical copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and you've got identical copies of
+of DNA so if you're studying cancer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA so if you're studying cancer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA so if you're studying cancer for
+example there's this this sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's this this sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's this this sort of thing
+is relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relevant to
+you okay so um the issue of how oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so um the issue of how oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so um the issue of how oh
+before I do that sorry just a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I do that sorry just a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I do that sorry just a couple of
+things about DNA replication before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about DNA replication before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about DNA replication before I
+dive into this so we all started as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into this so we all started as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into this so we all started as a
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+cell uh I've got a lot more obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell uh I've got a lot more obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell uh I've got a lot more obviously
+because I'm made up of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm made up of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm made up of a lot of
+cells if I took all the DNA in my body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells if I took all the DNA in my body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells if I took all the DNA in my body
+and I lined up all the molecules in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I lined up all the molecules in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I lined up all the molecules in
+it you guys any got any idea how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you guys any got any idea how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you guys any got any idea how long
+that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would
+be who thinks it would reach let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be who thinks it would reach let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be who thinks it would reach let's say
+across the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the room
+okay choss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay choss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay choss
+campus choss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cambridge round round the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge round round the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge round round the
+world to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to the
+Moon anybody left for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sun I've got 10 of the 14 cells there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun I've got 10 of the 14 cells there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun I've got 10 of the 14 cells there's
+about meter or two in each cell 10 to 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about meter or two in each cell 10 to 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about meter or two in each cell 10 to 20
+billion miles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion miles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion miles of
+DNA in each of our bodies human DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA in each of our bodies human DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA in each of our bodies human DNA
+they would go back and forth to the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would go back and forth to the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would go back and forth to the sun
+multiple times so that much DNA had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times so that much DNA had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times so that much DNA had to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+replicated in order for the fertilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated in order for the fertilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated in order for the fertilized
+EG we all started it as to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EG we all started it as to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EG we all started it as to become
+you another thing the accuracy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another thing the accuracy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another thing the accuracy of
+replication is about 10 Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10th most people including myself don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th most people including myself don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th most people including myself don't
+have a very good feel for exponents so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very good feel for exponents so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very good feel for exponents so
+that's one mistake in 10 billion can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one mistake in 10 billion can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one mistake in 10 billion can we
+you know could be one mistake in 10 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know could be one mistake in 10 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know could be one mistake in 10 of
+the 99th what does one mistake in 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 99th what does one mistake in 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 99th what does one mistake in 10
+billion mean so it is uh let's relate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion mean so it is uh let's relate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion mean so it is uh let's relate it
+to something we know if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something we know if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something we know if I was
+typing let's say eight-letter words 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing let's say eight-letter words 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing let's say eight-letter words 60
+words a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words a
+minute 24 hours a day 7 days a week and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute 24 hours a day 7 days a week and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute 24 hours a day 7 days a week and
+I was as good as DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was as good as DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was as good as DNA
+replication how often would I make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication how often would I make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication how often would I make a
+mistake so you can each think of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake so you can each think of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake so you can each think of how
+long you think that is but if I was good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you think that is but if I was good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you think that is but if I was good
+at that on on average I would make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that on on average I would make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that on on average I would make a
+mistake once every 38
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake once every 38
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake once every 38
+years so I'm about to tell you about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so I'm about to tell you about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so I'm about to tell you about a
+process that's absolutely astonishing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that's absolutely astonishing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that's absolutely astonishing in
+terms of how you know how fast and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how you know how fast and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how you know how fast and how
+much you can do and with an accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you can do and with an accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you can do and with an accuracy
+that goes beyond what we're used to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes beyond what we're used to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes beyond what we're used to in
+our our ordinary ordinary life so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our ordinary ordinary life so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our ordinary ordinary life so how
+does it do this it has to be more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it do this it has to be more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it do this it has to be more than
+just pulling the the strands apart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pulling the the strands apart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pulling the the strands apart and
+there's been some confusion as to why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been some confusion as to why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been some confusion as to why
+I'm emphasizing five Prime and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm emphasizing five Prime and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm emphasizing five Prime and three
+prime well each of these subunits each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime well each of these subunits each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime well each of these subunits each
+nucleotide this is a thre Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide this is a thre Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide this is a thre Prime
+hydroxy this is the five Prime position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy this is the five Prime position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy this is the five Prime position
+if we were joining together subunits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were joining together subunits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were joining together subunits
+that had a hook and an eye it would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a hook and an eye it would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a hook and an eye it would make
+a difference because it's not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference because it's not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference because it's not the same
+on both ends if we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both ends if we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both ends if we're going to start
+hooking together it's it's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooking together it's it's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooking together it's it's exactly the
+same thing when we get to a biochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing when we get to a biochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing when we get to a biochemical
+level hydroxy the five Prime n is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level hydroxy the five Prime n is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level hydroxy the five Prime n is not
+the same as hydroxy at the three prime n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as hydroxy at the three prime n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as hydroxy at the three prime n
+because the it's an asymmetric um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the it's an asymmetric um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the it's an asymmetric um the
+whole thing is is asymmetric so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the enzymes that copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzymes that copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzymes that copy
+DNA are known as as DNA U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA are known as as DNA U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA are known as as DNA U
+polymerases and it was very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerases and it was very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerases and it was very difficult
+challenge to uh figure out how they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge to uh figure out how they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge to uh figure out how they um
+how how they operated but Arthur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how they operated but Arthur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how they operated but Arthur
+cornberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornberg
+was the P first person to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the P first person to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the P first person to solve this
+problem he was an EXT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem he was an EXT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem he was an EXT
+extraordinarily gifted biochemist he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily gifted biochemist he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily gifted biochemist he's
+still at uh he's still at uh Stanford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still at uh he's still at uh Stanford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still at uh he's still at uh Stanford
+and what he found was I'm if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he found was I'm if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he found was I'm if we have a
+five Prime end this would then be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five Prime end this would then be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five Prime end this would then be the
+three prime end and there's a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime end and there's a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime end and there's a three
+prime hydroxy which is this one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime hydroxy which is this one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime hydroxy which is this one right
+here and this was paired say with a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this was paired say with a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this was paired say with a c
+and an a paired with a uh a t and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an a paired with a uh a t and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an a paired with a uh a t and let's
+say a g paired with a a c here and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a g paired with a a c here and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a g paired with a a c here and let's
+say the next template base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the next template base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the next template base
+was uh let's make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh let's make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh let's make it a
+t what Arthur cornberg was able to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t what Arthur cornberg was able to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t what Arthur cornberg was able to find
+was an enzyme activity that catalyzed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an enzyme activity that catalyzed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an enzyme activity that catalyzed a
+template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template
+dependent replication of DNA that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent replication of DNA that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent replication of DNA that was
+critical because he had to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical because he had to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical because he had to find
+somewhere if he broke the cells open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere if he broke the cells open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere if he broke the cells open
+somewhere in that Gish of of uh enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in that Gish of of uh enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in that Gish of of uh enzymes
+and and things from inside a cell there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and things from inside a cell there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and things from inside a cell there
+had to be something that was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be something that was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be something that was able to
+copy DNA so in order to do that he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy DNA so in order to do that he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy DNA so in order to do that he had
+to work out an assay and he also had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out an assay and he also had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out an assay and he also had to
+have some kind of guess as to what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of guess as to what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of guess as to what the
+the cell would be using in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell would be using in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell would be using in order to
+carry out the synthesis well one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out the synthesis well one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out the synthesis well one thing
+was sort of obvious was a was a DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of obvious was a was a DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of obvious was a was a DNA
+template because that was being copied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template because that was being copied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template because that was being copied
+but the other part was you had to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other part was you had to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other part was you had to have
+energy to form a Cove valent Bond so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to form a Cove valent Bond so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to form a Cove valent Bond so
+somehow there had to be something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow there had to be something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow there had to be something that
+was sort of activated with the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of activated with the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of activated with the energy
+built into the molecule so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into the molecule so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into the molecule so that
+thermodynamically the whole thing would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically the whole thing would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically the whole thing would
+slide down hill when you made a when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide down hill when you made a when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide down hill when you made a when you
+made a bond and he knew that the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a bond and he knew that the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a bond and he knew that the cell
+had triphosphates just the same type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had triphosphates just the same type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had triphosphates just the same type
+that we talked about with when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about with when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about with when we talked
+about ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be a deoxy ribo uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triphosphate and he was able to uh make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphate and he was able to uh make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphate and he was able to uh make
+a guess because he had to try things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guess because he had to try things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guess because he had to try things
+until he found something was work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until he found something was work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until he found something was work that
+would work that this was what's used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work that this was what's used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work that this was what's used in
+DNA synthesis so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA synthesis so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA synthesis so this
+hydroxy ultimately attacks this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy ultimately attacks this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy ultimately attacks this uh
+phosphate here and these two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate here and these two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate here and these two other
+phosphates then come off as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates then come off as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates then come off as a as a
+leaving group so if we thought of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving group so if we thought of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving group so if we thought of it as
+a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+p like this with two more P here these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p like this with two more P here these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p like this with two more P here these
+two come off and you get a a new Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two come off and you get a a new Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two come off and you get a a new Bond
+formed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed to
+the to the phosphate and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the phosphate and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the phosphate and so what
+cornberg then was able to find by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornberg then was able to find by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornberg then was able to find by using
+a DNA template that had this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structure
+and p p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p a like this that he was now able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p a like this that he was now able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p a like this that he was now able to
+get an A added here this new this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an A added here this new this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an A added here this new this
+hydroxy here became the new uh hydroxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy here became the new uh hydroxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy here became the new uh hydroxy
+and so the the the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the the direction of
+synthesis this strand is the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis this strand is the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis this strand is the other way
+so the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the direction of
+synthesis of a DNA polymerize polymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of a DNA polymerize polymerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of a DNA polymerize polymerase
+it's polymerizing in the five Prime to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's polymerizing in the five Prime to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's polymerizing in the five Prime to
+two three prime Direction This was again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three prime Direction This was again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three prime Direction This was again
+an amazing Discovery because it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing Discovery because it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing Discovery because it was the
+first time that anyone had found an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time that anyone had found an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time that anyone had found an
+enzyme that could copy copy DNA Arthur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that could copy copy DNA Arthur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that could copy copy DNA Arthur
+cornberg got a Nobel Prize for it but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornberg got a Nobel Prize for it but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornberg got a Nobel Prize for it but at
+this point um actually genetics came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point um actually genetics came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point um actually genetics came in
+because there was a scientist John Karn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was a scientist John Karn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was a scientist John Karn
+who was at that point down in Cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was at that point down in Cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was at that point down in Cold
+Spring Harbor they told you the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spring Harbor they told you the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spring Harbor they told you the other
+day and uh John didn't think that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and uh John didn't think that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and uh John didn't think that in
+spite of the fact that uh Arthur had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spite of the fact that uh Arthur had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spite of the fact that uh Arthur had
+found a DN a DNA plase that had all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a DN a DNA plase that had all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a DN a DNA plase that had all the
+properties that you'd expect for copying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that you'd expect for copying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that you'd expect for copying
+uh DNA he didn't think that was the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh DNA he didn't think that was the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh DNA he didn't think that was the one
+that copied the DNA necessary for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that copied the DNA necessary for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that copied the DNA necessary for
+cellular replication so he reasoned if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular replication so he reasoned if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular replication so he reasoned if
+he was right he'd be able to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was right he'd be able to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was right he'd be able to find a
+mutation that would eliminate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation that would eliminate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation that would eliminate the
+activity of that enzyme in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of that enzyme in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of that enzyme in the cell
+would still live and so they did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still live and so they did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still live and so they did a
+screening and they was a lot of work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening and they was a lot of work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening and they was a lot of work but
+they eventually found a mutant of ecoli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they eventually found a mutant of ecoli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they eventually found a mutant of ecoli
+that lacked this DNA polymerase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lacked this DNA polymerase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lacked this DNA polymerase that
+Arthur cornberg discovered and the Stell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arthur cornberg discovered and the Stell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arthur cornberg discovered and the Stell
+was still alive was still replicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still alive was still replicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still alive was still replicating
+its DNA so it told both John and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its DNA so it told both John and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its DNA so it told both John and then
+Arthur there must be another enzyme in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arthur there must be another enzyme in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arthur there must be another enzyme in
+the cell and so Arthur went back and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and so Arthur went back and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and so Arthur went back and now
+working in a mutant that was missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in a mutant that was missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in a mutant that was missing
+this first plase he discovered he found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first plase he discovered he found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first plase he discovered he found
+the one that really replicates the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that really replicates the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that really replicates the DNA
+the first one's important too it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one's important too it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one's important too it's
+needed for DNA repair I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed for DNA repair I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed for DNA repair I'm going to talk
+to you about that in next lecture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you about that in next lecture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you about that in next lecture but
+it's not absolutely crucial for life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not absolutely crucial for life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not absolutely crucial for life and
+there's an interplay of genetics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an interplay of genetics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an interplay of genetics and
+biochemistry and you'll see I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry and you'll see I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry and you'll see I'm just
+sort of foreshadowing what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of foreshadowing what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of foreshadowing what we're going
+to get to when we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to when we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to when we talk about the
+genetics uh of this and I know a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics uh of this and I know a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics uh of this and I know a couple
+of you clearly were frustrated about me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you clearly were frustrated about me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you clearly were frustrated about me
+showing you pictures of the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you pictures of the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you pictures of the people who
+did this but nevertheless since this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this but nevertheless since this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this but nevertheless since this was
+such a historic event a couple of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a historic event a couple of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a historic event a couple of years
+ago uh at Cold Spring Harbor this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago uh at Cold Spring Harbor this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago uh at Cold Spring Harbor this you
+see the the Helix model down there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the Helix model down there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the Helix model down there there
+was Jim Watson opening the Symposium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Jim Watson opening the Symposium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Jim Watson opening the Symposium
+when I got up to talk I said well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I got up to talk I said well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I got up to talk I said well I'm
+going to take I told my students I'd let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take I told my students I'd let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take I told my students I'd let
+them know what it was like when it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them know what it was like when it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them know what it was like when it was
+there so I took out a camera and I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I took out a camera and I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I took out a camera and I took
+a picture of the audience and so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of the audience and so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of the audience and so there
+are a bunch of Nobel laurates and types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of Nobel laurates and types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of Nobel laurates and types
+here who are sitting there smiling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here who are sitting there smiling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here who are sitting there smiling for
+you guys in in the class and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys in in the class and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys in in the class and there was
+Arthur cornberg giving his talk now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arthur cornberg giving his talk now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arthur cornberg giving his talk now
+um these DNA U polymerases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these DNA U polymerases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these DNA U polymerases are
+incredible protein machines the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible protein machines the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible protein machines the crystal
+structures of a DNA plase operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of a DNA plase operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of a DNA plase operating
+plases operating their template have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plases operating their template have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plases operating their template have
+been solved and you can solve depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been solved and you can solve depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been solved and you can solve depending
+on how many diffractions you can get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how many diffractions you can get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how many diffractions you can get you
+can get a model that's more or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a model that's more or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a model that's more or more
+detailed and there have been some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed and there have been some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed and there have been some very
+high resolution models of DNA plases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resolution models of DNA plases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resolution models of DNA plases
+this blue and white stuff is the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blue and white stuff is the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blue and white stuff is the surface
+of the protein and this is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the protein and this is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the protein and this is sort of the
+temp plate and the and the the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp plate and the and the the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp plate and the and the the various
+parts I'm just uh to give you an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts I'm just uh to give you an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts I'm just uh to give you an idea
+here these tracings of the of the shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these tracings of the of the shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these tracings of the of the shapes
+of the the electron density and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the electron density and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the electron density and you can
+see how the crystallographers have fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how the crystallographers have fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how the crystallographers have fit
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+nucleotides uh into these uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides uh into these uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides uh into these uh in the
+right in the right in the crystal into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the right in the crystal into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the right in the crystal into
+these electron densities and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electron densities and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electron densities and here
+putting it together a bit is in the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it together a bit is in the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it together a bit is in the blue
+is the secondary structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the secondary structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the secondary structure of the
+protein and and the templates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and and the templates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and and the templates and
+whatnot and I don't expect you to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot and I don't expect you to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot and I don't expect you to see
+very much in that but the point I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much in that but the point I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much in that but the point I want
+to tell you I want to sort of just set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you I want to sort of just set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you I want to sort of just set
+you up to show you this little movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up to show you this little movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up to show you this little movie
+because this is an DNA polymerase is are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is an DNA polymerase is are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is an DNA polymerase is are
+incredible machines they copy at about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible machines they copy at about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible machines they copy at about a
+thousand nucleotides a second and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand nucleotides a second and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand nucleotides a second and their
+accuracy is is really amazing and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy is is really amazing and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy is is really amazing and I'll
+tell you all the tricks to the accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you all the tricks to the accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you all the tricks to the accuracy
+in the next lecture but I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture but I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture but I want to show
+you this little movie because it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this little movie because it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this little movie because it this is
+a a little s sort of a simulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a little s sort of a simulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a little s sort of a simulation of
+what must happen every time a nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what must happen every time a nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what must happen every time a nucleotide
+is added now the yellow here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is added now the yellow here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is added now the yellow here is the
+we'll see this over and over again so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see this over and over again so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see this over and over again so uh
+I'll take it in pieces the yellow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take it in pieces the yellow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take it in pieces the yellow and
+the orange are the are the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orange are the are the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orange are the are the secondary
+structures that's an alpha Helix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that's an alpha Helix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that's an alpha Helix and
+certainly one thing you can see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly one thing you can see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly one thing you can see is
+happening as I'm sure as we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening as I'm sure as we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening as I'm sure as we're looking
+at this is this the parts of the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this is this the parts of the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this is this the parts of the protein
+are moving during this you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving during this you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving during this you can see this
+Alpha Helix is sort of swinging up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Helix is sort of swinging up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Helix is sort of swinging up and
+Swinging back down now what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swinging back down now what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swinging back down now what's what's
+over here is the over on this over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is the over on this over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is the over on this over here
+is the template base that's the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the template base that's the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the template base that's the base
+that's correspond to the T that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correspond to the T that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correspond to the T that I was
+just showing you here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showing you here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showing you here this is the
+incoming nucleotide there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming nucleotide there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming nucleotide there is the
+triphosphate coming down here and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphate coming down here and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphate coming down here and in
+fact you just see those two phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you just see those two phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you just see those two phosphates
+going so what's happening here here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so what's happening here here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so what's happening here here this
+is going to be the end of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the end of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the end of the the
+growing chain it's going to attack right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing chain it's going to attack right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing chain it's going to attack right
+there join the phosphate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there join the phosphate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there join the phosphate and the
+pyrophosphate will leave and when the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate will leave and when the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate will leave and when the if
+you'll take a look when you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll take a look when you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll take a look when you see this
+movement of this this Helix from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of this this Helix from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of this this Helix from the
+beginning state to up to here you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning state to up to here you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning state to up to here you'll see
+what happen s is it's squeezing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happen s is it's squeezing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happen s is it's squeezing the
+template base and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template base and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template base and
+the uh incoming nucleotide together what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh incoming nucleotide together what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh incoming nucleotide together what
+it's really doing is testing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really doing is testing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really doing is testing for the
+correct shape remember the shape of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct shape remember the shape of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct shape remember the shape of an
+at based pair and a GC based pair is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at based pair and a GC based pair is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at based pair and a GC based pair is the
+same and if those of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and if those of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and if those of you who are
+confused about guanine and the keto enol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about guanine and the keto enol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about guanine and the keto enol
+thing try to draw hydrogen bonds with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing try to draw hydrogen bonds with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing try to draw hydrogen bonds with
+the enol form of of guanine and see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enol form of of guanine and see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enol form of of guanine and see how
+and see how you do I think you'll you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how you do I think you'll you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how you do I think you'll you'll
+begin to understand understand of it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to understand understand of it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to understand understand of it so
+this is one of the so at the heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the so at the heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the so at the heart of
+life is something that can copy DNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is something that can copy DNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is something that can copy DNA and
+there are these exquisitely beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these exquisitely beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these exquisitely beautiful
+machines uh the replicative machine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines uh the replicative machine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines uh the replicative machine in
+in ecoli has 18 proteins and the ones in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ecoli has 18 proteins and the ones in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ecoli has 18 proteins and the ones in
+our bodies are even more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bodies are even more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bodies are even more sophisticated
+with even more with more parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with even more with more parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with even more with more parts
+um okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay but
+to to replicate a DNA molecule there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to replicate a DNA molecule there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to replicate a DNA molecule there's
+another problem that comes up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem that comes up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem that comes up because
+DNA polymerases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+copy see grow let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see grow
+chains in a five Prime three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains in a five Prime three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains in a five Prime three prime
+Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+need a three prime hydroxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Terminus so they won't work if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminus so they won't work if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminus so they won't work if you just
+gave it a single strand of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it a single strand of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it a single strand of of
+DNA no DNA polymerase can handle that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA no DNA polymerase can handle that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA no DNA polymerase can handle that it
+has to have something like this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have something like this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have something like this where
+there's a template strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's what's known as the primer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's what's known as the primer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's what's known as the primer
+strand so there has to be something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand so there has to be something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand so there has to be something that
+has the three prime hydroxy and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the three prime hydroxy and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the three prime hydroxy and there
+has to be something that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be something that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be something that's going to
+provide the template that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the template that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the template that's going to be
+copied so if we pull strands apart like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied so if we pull strands apart like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied so if we pull strands apart like
+this with five Prime to three prime then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with five Prime to three prime then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with five Prime to three prime then
+this will be five Prime to 3 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be five Prime to 3 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be five Prime to 3 Prime
+running in the opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in the opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in the opposite direction
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have uh template like this this is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh template like this this is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh template like this this is okay
+because the Strand here can be copied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Strand here can be copied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Strand here can be copied
+five Prime to three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five Prime to three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five Prime to three prime
+the this is the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is the New
+Strand being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strand being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strand being
+synthesized by the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized by the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized by the DNA
+polymerase but what about the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase but what about the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase but what about the other
+strand the replication fork is moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand the replication fork is moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand the replication fork is moving in
+this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction
+but if the so here is the 3 to 5 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the so here is the 3 to 5 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the so here is the 3 to 5 Prime
+Direction here so if the DNA polymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction here so if the DNA polymerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction here so if the DNA polymerase
+is going to be copying this strand it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be copying this strand it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be copying this strand it's
+going to be moving backwards to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be moving backwards to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be moving backwards to the
+direction of the replication fork now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the replication fork now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the replication fork now I
+guess Evolution nature could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess Evolution nature could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess Evolution nature could have
+selected for two types of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected for two types of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected for two types of DNA
+polymerases one that copies 5 Prime to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerases one that copies 5 Prime to 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerases one that copies 5 Prime to 3
+Prime and one that copies in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and one that copies in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and one that copies in the in the
+opposite direction but it didn't and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction but it didn't and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction but it didn't and
+there are a number of theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of theoretical
+reasons that we could discuss in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that we could discuss in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that we could discuss in more
+advanced course perhaps for why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced course perhaps for why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced course perhaps for why that's
+true but in fact what it does is it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but in fact what it does is it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but in fact what it does is it uses
+the same plase so as these things peel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same plase so as these things peel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same plase so as these things peel
+apart the plase works in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart the plase works in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart the plase works in the other
+direction but there's another problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but there's another problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but there's another problem
+there's no if I just peel it apart like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no if I just peel it apart like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no if I just peel it apart like
+this there's no three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's no three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's no three prime
+hydroxy so it took people quite a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy so it took people quite a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy so it took people quite a few
+years to figure out the strategy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to figure out the strategy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to figure out the strategy that's
+used in nature nature has a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in nature nature has a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in nature nature has a special
+enzyme that makes a little piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RNA it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a an RNA primer what it does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+provides a three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a three prime
+hydroxy and once you have the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy and once you have the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy and once you have the three
+prime hydroxy at the end of a little RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime hydroxy at the end of a little RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime hydroxy at the end of a little RNA
+chain then the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polymerase can be made five Prime to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase can be made five Prime to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase can be made five Prime to
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+prime so as the as you peel open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime so as the as you peel open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime so as the as you peel open the
+replication fork then you little pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication fork then you little pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication fork then you little pieces
+of of RNA are used to make the a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of RNA are used to make the a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of RNA are used to make the a new
+strand of DNA and it goes this way now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand of DNA and it goes this way now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand of DNA and it goes this way now
+that obviously doesn't give you a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that obviously doesn't give you a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that obviously doesn't give you a new
+intact DNA strand and the part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact DNA strand and the part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact DNA strand and the part of the
+clue to this uh working out what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue to this uh working out what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue to this uh working out what was
+going on at DNA replication was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on at DNA replication was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on at DNA replication was the
+recognition that newly synthesized DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition that newly synthesized DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition that newly synthesized DNA
+was made as little pieces and then later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made as little pieces and then later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made as little pieces and then later
+it got joined into longer longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pieces and the person who discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and the person who discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and the person who discovered
+this was okazaki so these fragments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was okazaki so these fragments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was okazaki so these fragments of
+DNA that are synthesized initially are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA that are synthesized initially are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA that are synthesized initially are
+called okazaki fragments after the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called okazaki fragments after the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called okazaki fragments after the the
+person who discovered this it was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who discovered this it was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who discovered this it was it was
+rather puzzling because little when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather puzzling because little when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather puzzling because little when you
+tried to look at the synthesis of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to look at the synthesis of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to look at the synthesis of DNA
+you're looking at a long molecule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a long molecule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a long molecule and
+you found some of the newly synthesized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you found some of the newly synthesized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you found some of the newly synthesized
+material was in short pieces and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material was in short pieces and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material was in short pieces and as you
+watched over time it got uh it got um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched over time it got uh it got um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched over time it got uh it got um
+longer so the the cell I think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer so the the cell I think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer so the the cell I think you can
+sort of see from first principles what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see from first principles what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see from first principles what
+has to happen here then that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to happen here then that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to happen here then that in order to
+come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make this strand is pretty easy to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this strand is pretty easy to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this strand is pretty easy to do
+but what the cells have to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what the cells have to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what the cells have to do now is
+they put these little RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+primers and then they remove the RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by an enzyme that's capable of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an enzyme that's capable of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an enzyme that's capable of of
+degrading the DNA or clipping it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrading the DNA or clipping it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrading the DNA or clipping it at the
+junction and that then leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the cell in this sort of situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell in this sort of situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell in this sort of situation where
+they're are little tiny gaps in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're are little tiny gaps in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're are little tiny gaps in between
+these pieces of DNA but at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces of DNA but at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces of DNA but at the end of
+each one of these is a three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these is a three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these is a three prime
+hydroxy so another polymerase or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy so another polymerase or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy so another polymerase or some
+one one or another polymerase in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one or another polymerase in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one or another polymerase in the
+cell can fill those little pieces of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell can fill those little pieces of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell can fill those little pieces of uh
+of DNA out and then there's one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA out and then there's one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA out and then there's one little
+Nick that needs to be need to needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick that needs to be need to needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick that needs to be need to needs to
+be sealed and so what you finally end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sealed and so what you finally end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sealed and so what you finally end up
+with is a a thre Prime hydroxy here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is a a thre Prime hydroxy here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is a a thre Prime hydroxy here a
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+phosphate that's at the other end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate that's at the other end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate that's at the other end and
+then these are joined together this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these are joined together this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these are joined together this is
+one nucleotide here and the other here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nucleotide here and the other here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nucleotide here and the other here
+these are then joined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are then joined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are then joined
+together to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to give the
+ordinary phosphodiester bond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+links the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nucleotides together like that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides together like that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides together like that and the
+enzyme that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that it's an enzyme called DNA ligase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's an enzyme called DNA ligase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's an enzyme called DNA ligase
+you can almost think about it as as DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can almost think about it as as DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can almost think about it as as DNA
+Scotch tape it will take a little Nick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scotch tape it will take a little Nick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scotch tape it will take a little Nick
+in DNA we've got a phos at and hydroxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in DNA we've got a phos at and hydroxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in DNA we've got a phos at and hydroxy
+and it'll it'll join them join them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll it'll join them join them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll it'll join them join them
+together so this process of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so this process of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so this process of of
+replication which can go at about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication which can go at about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication which can go at about a
+thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+nucleotides uh a second with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides uh a second with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides uh a second with this
+amazing degree of of accuracy uses two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing degree of of accuracy uses two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing degree of of accuracy uses two
+different DNA plases both of which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different DNA plases both of which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different DNA plases both of which can
+chem biochemically can only go in One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chem biochemically can only go in One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chem biochemically can only go in One
+Direction but you can see they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction but you can see they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction but you can see they have to
+be somehow oriented in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be somehow oriented in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be somehow oriented in um
+so that one of them is able to move in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one of them is able to move in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one of them is able to move in
+this direction and the other one is able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction and the other one is able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction and the other one is able
+to move in that direction the Strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move in that direction the Strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move in that direction the Strand
+um the the key part in this sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the key part in this sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the key part in this sort of the
+course is to try and understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is to try and understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is to try and understand this
+five to three prime and to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to three prime and to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to three prime and to get this
+basic idea that nature had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea that nature had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea that nature had to do
+something it was fairly easy to copy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it was fairly easy to copy one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it was fairly easy to copy one
+strand because that was sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand because that was sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand because that was sort of the
+direction of the ply movement was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the ply movement was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the ply movement was the
+same as the replication fork movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the replication fork movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the replication fork movement
+but the other strand had to have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other strand had to have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other strand had to have been
+much more of a problem uh and so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more of a problem uh and so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more of a problem uh and so when
+you get down to a biochemical level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get down to a biochemical level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get down to a biochemical level
+though it's very conceptually easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's very conceptually easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's very conceptually easy to
+say oh you've got complimentary strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh you've got complimentary strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh you've got complimentary strands
+so we just take it apart we make a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just take it apart we make a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just take it apart we make a the
+take the photograph and negative and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the photograph and negative and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the photograph and negative and we
+make the opposite one and now we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the opposite one and now we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the opposite one and now we've got
+two copies when we get down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two copies when we get down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two copies when we get down to the
+biochemical details uh there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical details uh there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical details uh there is this
+major biochemical issue of whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major biochemical issue of whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major biochemical issue of whether the
+the plase uh can go in the three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plase uh can go in the three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plase uh can go in the three prime
+or the five Prime Direction and nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the five Prime Direction and nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the five Prime Direction and nature
+has chosen to do it all or has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has chosen to do it all or has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has chosen to do it all or has been
+selected to do it all somehow in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected to do it all somehow in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected to do it all somehow in with
+the pay going in one One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pay going in one One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pay going in one One
+Direction now there are many uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction now there are many uh many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction now there are many uh many
+other aspects to this uh to DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects to this uh to DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects to this uh to DNA
+replication and one of the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication and one of the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication and one of the one of the
+tricks that I find Most Fascinating is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks that I find Most Fascinating is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks that I find Most Fascinating is
+that these polymerases once they get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these polymerases once they get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these polymerases once they get on
+DNA they stay on and that's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA they stay on and that's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA they stay on and that's part of the
+secret because it takes about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret because it takes about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret because it takes about a
+millisecond to add a nucleotide but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond to add a nucleotide but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond to add a nucleotide but if
+it comes off the DNA and has to get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes off the DNA and has to get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes off the DNA and has to get back
+on then uh it takes about a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on then uh it takes about a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on then uh it takes about a minute
+minute so the whole trick to being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so the whole trick to being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so the whole trick to being a
+very very fast DNA polymerase is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fast DNA polymerase is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fast DNA polymerase is to
+somehow hang on to the DNA so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow hang on to the DNA so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow hang on to the DNA so what
+biochemists did was they purified uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemists did was they purified uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemists did was they purified uh the
+actual enzymatic activity that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual enzymatic activity that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual enzymatic activity that could
+carry out this process and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out this process and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out this process and then they
+started to look for other protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to look for other protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to look for other protein
+factors that would help the process to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that would help the process to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that would help the process to
+work better and they discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work better and they discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work better and they discovered
+something called a processivity factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a processivity factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a processivity factor
+which made the plas stay on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which made the plas stay on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which made the plas stay on the on the
+DNA and people wondered for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and people wondered for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and people wondered for a lot of
+years how that works and why did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years how that works and why did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years how that works and why did this
+system work so well and finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system work so well and finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system work so well and finally the
+crystal structure of a of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure of a of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure of a of the
+processivity factor was discovered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processivity factor was discovered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processivity factor was discovered and
+if I go back to this this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go back to this this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go back to this this sort of
+diagram where this is the the piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram where this is the the piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram where this is the the piece of
+DNA that's copied what what it turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA that's copied what what it turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA that's copied what what it turned
+out was that the processivity factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out was that the processivity factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out was that the processivity factor is
+basically a donut that kind of gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a donut that kind of gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a donut that kind of gets
+clamped around the DNA like that so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamped around the DNA like that so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamped around the DNA like that so it's
+it's like sort of taking a a watch with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like sort of taking a a watch with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like sort of taking a a watch with
+a place where you can pry it apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place where you can pry it apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place where you can pry it apart
+opening it up putting it around the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening it up putting it around the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening it up putting it around the DNA
+like this and then the pimas more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and then the pimas more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and then the pimas more or
+less since it's now to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less since it's now to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less since it's now to this is
+topologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topologically
+linked the DNA it's like a a washer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked the DNA it's like a a washer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked the DNA it's like a a washer
+sliding on a wire this DNA polymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding on a wire this DNA polymerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding on a wire this DNA polymerase
+hangs onto that and it doesn't come off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangs onto that and it doesn't come off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangs onto that and it doesn't come off
+and the I think there's a little picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the I think there's a little picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the I think there's a little picture
+of the here's a little movie there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the here's a little movie there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the here's a little movie there's the
+DNA going through and this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA going through and this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA going through and this is one of
+these uh one of these clamps it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh one of these clamps it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh one of these clamps it's the
+virtually the same structure in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually the same structure in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually the same structure in a
+bacterium and inside of us but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium and inside of us but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium and inside of us but in fact
+the amino acids are almost all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acids are almost all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acids are almost all all
+different but the the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but the the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but the the underlying
+structure of the protein is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the protein is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the protein is almost
+identical and there's there are little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and there's there are little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and there's there are little
+special machines that will kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special machines that will kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special machines that will kind of
+called clamp loaders that pry open these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called clamp loaders that pry open these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called clamp loaders that pry open these
+clamps clamp them around DNA and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamps clamp them around DNA and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamps clamp them around DNA and that's
+part of the secret to how these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the secret to how these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the secret to how these uh
+plases are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plases are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plases are able to
+be uh polymerized DNA so fast the there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh polymerized DNA so fast the there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh polymerized DNA so fast the there
+are a lot of other pieces of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of other pieces of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of other pieces of this
+Machinery if you go on you'll hear more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery if you go on you'll hear more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery if you go on you'll hear more
+of it I just want to give you one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it I just want to give you one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it I just want to give you one of the
+most recent insights I mean this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recent insights I mean this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recent insights I mean this has
+been studied in this as you might guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studied in this as you might guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studied in this as you might guess
+since DNA replication is at the heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since DNA replication is at the heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since DNA replication is at the heart of
+life it's been studied very very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life it's been studied very very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life it's been studied very very hard
+ever since the uh discovery of DNA Helix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever since the uh discovery of DNA Helix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever since the uh discovery of DNA Helix
+my colleague Alan Gman um made quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my colleague Alan Gman um made quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my colleague Alan Gman um made quite a
+discovery uh just probably three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery uh just probably three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery uh just probably three or four
+years ago uh he was he took that green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago uh he was he took that green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago uh he was he took that green
+fluorescent protein that we've seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein that we've seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein that we've seen a
+few times and he actually joined the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times and he actually joined the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times and he actually joined the uh
+the gene encoding green floresent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene encoding green floresent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene encoding green floresent
+protein to the back end of a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein to the back end of a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein to the back end of a piece of
+the DNA plase so wherever the DNA plase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA plase so wherever the DNA plase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA plase so wherever the DNA plase
+went now there was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went now there was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went now there was a little
+fluorescent molecule and he looked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent molecule and he looked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent molecule and he looked to
+see where it was in the cell and I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where it was in the cell and I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where it was in the cell and I like
+many other people had for years taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other people had for years taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other people had for years taught
+this is why you know I have respect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why you know I have respect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why you know I have respect for
+the fact that I'm just teaching you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that I'm just teaching you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that I'm just teaching you the
+current model uh for much of my career I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current model uh for much of my career I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current model uh for much of my career I
+taught so DNA ply is sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught so DNA ply is sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught so DNA ply is sort of like a
+train going down the the tracks th000 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train going down the the tracks th000 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train going down the the tracks th000 m
+m skills per second and we're doing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m skills per second and we're doing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m skills per second and we're doing all
+this stuff with the leading and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff with the leading and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff with the leading and the the
+with the uh two strands um actually let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh two strands um actually let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh two strands um actually let
+me just put those words up while I'm up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just put those words up while I'm up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just put those words up while I'm up
+there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this
+one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is
+called The Strand that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Strand that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Strand that's
+easy easy to replicate is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy easy to replicate is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy easy to replicate is called the
+leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Strand and this one you have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strand and this one you have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strand and this one you have to do the
+primer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer
+whatnot is called the lagging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strand in any case um so what I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand in any case um so what I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand in any case um so what I had
+taught was the ply was was like a A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught was the ply was was like a A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught was the ply was was like a A
+train running on tracks you could even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train running on tracks you could even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train running on tracks you could even
+calculate how fast it would move what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how fast it would move what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how fast it would move what
+Allan to his amazement I imagine found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allan to his amazement I imagine found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allan to his amazement I imagine found
+was when you looked to see where the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when you looked to see where the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when you looked to see where the DNA
+plase was it wasn't spread out all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plase was it wasn't spread out all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plase was it wasn't spread out all over
+the cell as if you thought it was a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell as if you thought it was a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell as if you thought it was a a
+thing running on tracks in fact it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing running on tracks in fact it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing running on tracks in fact it was
+in the center of the cell and then Laden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of the cell and then Laden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of the cell and then Laden
+cell division split into two spots that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division split into two spots that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division split into two spots that
+went to the midpoints of what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the midpoints of what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the midpoints of what would be
+the daughter cells and so what he ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the daughter cells and so what he ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the daughter cells and so what he ended
+up realizing from that was that instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up realizing from that was that instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up realizing from that was that instead
+it was more as if the plase was a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was more as if the plase was a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was more as if the plase was a a
+factory and it pulled the DNA through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory and it pulled the DNA through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory and it pulled the DNA through it
+rather than it traveling down the down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than it traveling down the down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than it traveling down the down
+the tracks of the of the DNA and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tracks of the of the DNA and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tracks of the of the DNA and that
+has that was a very surprising discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that was a very surprising discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that was a very surprising discovery
+that went against all the dogma and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went against all the dogma and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went against all the dogma and all
+the pictures in the textbook and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures in the textbook and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures in the textbook and it was
+a discovery made in MIT that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discovery made in MIT that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discovery made in MIT that was
+published in I think it was 2001
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in I think it was 2001
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in I think it was 2001
+something like that a very recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that a very recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that a very recent
+discovery things keep changing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery things keep changing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery things keep changing it's
+again why I keep emphasizing I can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again why I keep emphasizing I can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again why I keep emphasizing I can I
+can't teach you a fact in biology I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't teach you a fact in biology I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't teach you a fact in biology I can
+teach you the best understanding we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you the best understanding we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you the best understanding we have
+that's that's that explains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that explains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that explains the
+experiments to date but somebody may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to date but somebody may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to date but somebody may
+make a discovery tomorrow that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a discovery tomorrow that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a discovery tomorrow that means
+we'll have to change your understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to change your understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to change your understanding
+okay so good luck on the exam I'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so good luck on the exam I'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so good luck on the exam I'll see
+you on on Monday okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Nd2SBfrsaw4.txt b/Nd2SBfrsaw4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..34a2aa7f6b6ca57990e573660e21c1c373c1a1c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Nd2SBfrsaw4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu yeah so let me just give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu yeah so let me just give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu yeah so let me just give a
+so uh uh Greg was not here yesterday uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh Greg was not here yesterday uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh Greg was not here yesterday uh
+he was away and so this is where he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was away and so this is where he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was away and so this is where he's
+largely done on his own again uh he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely done on his own again uh he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely done on his own again uh he's
+done a molecular Dynamic simulator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a molecular Dynamic simulator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a molecular Dynamic simulator so
+he's going to tell us a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to tell us a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to tell us a little bit about
+that and then after that we'll do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then after that we'll do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then after that we'll do a
+course evaluations uh hand out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course evaluations uh hand out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course evaluations uh hand out some
+awards have some cake and then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awards have some cake and then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awards have some cake and then after
+that some pizza and then play some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some pizza and then play some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some pizza and then play some
+PlayStation 3s um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PlayStation 3s um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PlayStation 3s um all
+your okay so I'll talk about the me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your okay so I'll talk about the me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your okay so I'll talk about the me
+General molecular Dynamics uh algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General molecular Dynamics uh algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General molecular Dynamics uh algorithm
+and then paralyzation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then paralyzation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then paralyzation
+approaches okay so molecular Dynamics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches okay so molecular Dynamics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches okay so molecular Dynamics is
+based on a potential energy function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a potential energy function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a potential energy function
+which includes two terms uh bonded terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which includes two terms uh bonded terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which includes two terms uh bonded terms
+and non-bonded terms and bonded terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and non-bonded terms and bonded terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and non-bonded terms and bonded terms
+are split up into uh three subterms um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are split up into uh three subterms um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are split up into uh three subterms um
+and the the bond so don't confuse bonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the bond so don't confuse bonded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the bond so don't confuse bonded
+with actually uh don't don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with actually uh don't don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with actually uh don't don't think that
+these are non-bonded these are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are non-bonded these are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are non-bonded these are actually
+all sort of group that is bonded I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of group that is bonded I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of group that is bonded I know
+it's a little bit confusing but um right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit confusing but um right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit confusing but um right
+now I'm dealing just with the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm dealing just with the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm dealing just with the sort of
+bonded terms and what that means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded terms and what that means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded terms and what that means is that
+it deals with atoms that are connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it deals with atoms that are connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it deals with atoms that are connected
+together coal so for example the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together coal so for example the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together coal so for example the the
+bonds term uh reflects some energy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds term uh reflects some energy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds term uh reflects some energy um
+due to a displacement of between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to a displacement of between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to a displacement of between two
+atoms which um are a certain distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms which um are a certain distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms which um are a certain distance
+apart there's an equilibrium distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart there's an equilibrium distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart there's an equilibrium distance
+that they like to stay with at and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they like to stay with at and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they like to stay with at and if
+they vary from that distance there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they vary from that distance there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they vary from that distance there a
+potential uh the potential increases uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh the potential increases uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh the potential increases uh
+as the squared of that separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the squared of that separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the squared of that separation
+distance uh the angles term uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh the angles term uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh the angles term uh
+represents basically um the deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents basically um the deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents basically um the deviation
+from an equilibrium angle between three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an equilibrium angle between three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an equilibrium angle between three
+atoms so if you imagine these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so if you imagine these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so if you imagine these three
+nodes as three atoms uh if this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes as three atoms uh if this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes as three atoms uh if this angle
+varies away from a certain equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies away from a certain equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies away from a certain equilibrium
+uh Theta or angle then the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Theta or angle then the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Theta or angle then the uh the
+potential energy is also a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy is also a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy is also a quadratic
+term uh which uh tends to bring the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh which uh tends to bring the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh which uh tends to bring the uh
+the three atoms to have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three atoms to have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three atoms to have a certain
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+angle um and then finally the dihedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle um and then finally the dihedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle um and then finally the dihedral
+and improper term it's probably one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and improper term it's probably one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and improper term it's probably one of
+the more complicated ones the improper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more complicated ones the improper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more complicated ones the improper
+term basically uh deals with uh four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term basically uh deals with uh four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term basically uh deals with uh four
+atoms so if you imagine this is one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so if you imagine this is one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so if you imagine this is one two
+three and four uh these three atoms if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four uh these three atoms if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four uh these three atoms if
+you put two planes through them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put two planes through them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put two planes through them the
+angle that those two planes make to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle that those two planes make to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle that those two planes make to each
+other um is given a certain equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um is given a certain equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um is given a certain equilibrium
+angle again and uh this is also oh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle again and uh this is also oh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle again and uh this is also oh this
+this should also be a quadratic term but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should also be a quadratic term but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should also be a quadratic term but
+the energy also varies quadratically as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy also varies quadratically as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy also varies quadratically as
+that angle is deviated from and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angle is deviated from and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angle is deviated from and an
+actual dihedral is the rotation along uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual dihedral is the rotation along uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual dihedral is the rotation along uh
+a bond between the two Central atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond between the two Central atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond between the two Central atoms and
+this this energy term has actually a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this energy term has actually a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this energy term has actually a a
+cosign form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosign form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosign form so
+um so as you rotate along this Bond say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so as you rotate along this Bond say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so as you rotate along this Bond say
+for example uh the energy will vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh the energy will vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh the energy will vary
+sinusoidally um and there there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidally um and there there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidally um and there there will be
+a restoring potential that will tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a restoring potential that will tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a restoring potential that will tend to
+make it you know either align uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it you know either align uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it you know either align uh or
+sometimes it will make the atom stagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it will make the atom stagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it will make the atom stagger
+so these are all very all of the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all very all of the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all very all of the these
+parameters are very sort of molecule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are very sort of molecule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are very sort of molecule and
+atom dependent and all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom dependent and all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom dependent and all of these
+parameters are available or have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are available or have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are available or have been
+built over many years uh by different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built over many years uh by different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built over many years uh by different
+methods like abona calculations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods like abona calculations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods like abona calculations or
+experimental calculations but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental calculations but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental calculations but basically
+if you plug those parameters in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plug those parameters in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plug those parameters in for
+example here K represents uh the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here K represents uh the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here K represents uh the the uh
+the spring constant right because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring constant right because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring constant right because these
+are basically just like spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically just like spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically just like spring
+constraints more or less or in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints more or less or in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints more or less or in this case
+we'll tell you how far up the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll tell you how far up the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll tell you how far up the potential
+will like what this value will be at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will like what this value will be at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will like what this value will be at the
+maximum um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum um
+and and we for example in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we for example in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we for example in this case
+we'll specify how many of these how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll specify how many of these how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll specify how many of these how many
+fluctuations you have in the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations you have in the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations you have in the energy
+function um and uh the other parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um and uh the other parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um and uh the other parameters
+are usually the Theta the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are usually the Theta the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are usually the Theta the equilibrium
+Theta or the equilibrium uh or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta or the equilibrium uh or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta or the equilibrium uh or the
+equilibrium Bond length or uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium Bond length or uh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium Bond length or uh so this is
+kind of what you can expect for it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what you can expect for it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what you can expect for it to
+look like as um as molecules will tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like as um as molecules will tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like as um as molecules will tend
+to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+move okay the non-bonded terms include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move okay the non-bonded terms include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move okay the non-bonded terms include
+Vander walls terms and electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vander walls terms and electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vander walls terms and electrostatic
+terms so Vander wal's forces occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so Vander wal's forces occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so Vander wal's forces occur
+between any two atoms um and if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between any two atoms um and if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between any two atoms um and if they're
+far if they're far far enough apart they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far if they're far far enough apart they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far if they're far far enough apart they
+will attract they will attract to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will attract they will attract to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will attract they will attract to each
+other um according to this formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um according to this formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um according to this formula and
+if they're too close together so at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're too close together so at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're too close together so at at
+the equilibrium distance between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium distance between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium distance between them
+the energy is a minimum but uh as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is a minimum but uh as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is a minimum but uh as as
+they get any closer there will be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get any closer there will be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get any closer there will be a very
+strong repulsive Force which is the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong repulsive Force which is the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong repulsive Force which is the to
+the 12th term and as they get further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12th term and as they get further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12th term and as they get further
+apart there's a an raction uh Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart there's a an raction uh Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart there's a an raction uh Force
+which varies as R to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which varies as R to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which varies as R to the
+6 uh and then the electrostatic uh force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 uh and then the electrostatic uh force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 uh and then the electrostatic uh force
+is just a just a simple cumic form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a just a simple cumic form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a just a simple cumic form so
+you basically take two atoms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically take two atoms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically take two atoms that are
+say oppositely charged uh will attract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oppositely charged uh will attract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oppositely charged uh will attract
+each other if they're positively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other if they're positively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other if they're positively charged
+they will repel each other and it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will repel each other and it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will repel each other and it's just
+uh a matter of multiplying the charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a matter of multiplying the charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a matter of multiplying the charges
+and then dividing by R to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy Okay so to do molecular Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Okay so to do molecular Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Okay so to do molecular Dynamics
+basically you have to take derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have to take derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have to take derivatives
+of all those uh formulas I just showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all those uh formulas I just showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all those uh formulas I just showed
+you and I didn't do that all myself it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I didn't do that all myself it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I didn't do that all myself it
+was pretty hard I just got some code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty hard I just got some code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty hard I just got some code
+from some current existing uh molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some current existing uh molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some current existing uh molecular
+Dynamic simulators uh but basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic simulators uh but basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic simulators uh but basically you
+take the derivative and that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative and that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative and that basically
+equates to the force right the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equates to the force right the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equates to the force right the typical
+Newtonian model uh and um that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian model uh and um that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian model uh and um that gives you
+the force in every atom and then using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force in every atom and then using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force in every atom and then using
+that Force um an integration scheme this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Force um an integration scheme this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Force um an integration scheme this
+is the ver the leap frog verlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ver the leap frog verlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ver the leap frog verlet
+integration scheme just gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration scheme just gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration scheme just gives you the
+velocity at the next time well at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity at the next time well at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity at the next time well at the
+next halftime step and then using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next halftime step and then using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next halftime step and then using that
+velocity at the half time step um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity at the half time step um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity at the half time step um the
+positions of the of each atom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of the of each atom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of the of each atom is
+updated um based on the positions at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated um based on the positions at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated um based on the positions at the
+previous time step and then some and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous time step and then some and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous time step and then some and
+then some value so I will show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some value so I will show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some value so I will show you a
+little bit of what it looks like on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of what it looks like on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of what it looks like on a
+simple molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first so here's a sort of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so here's a sort of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so here's a sort of simple
+molecule and it has just an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and it has just an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and it has just an initial
+configuration that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration that
+is uh just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh just sort of
+random that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random that's
+better and so if I just take the for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and so if I just take the for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and so if I just take the for so
+one technique that is done is first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one technique that is done is first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one technique that is done is first the
+geometry is minimized which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry is minimized which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry is minimized which means that
+you just take small steps in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take small steps in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take small steps in the
+direction of the gradient until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the gradient until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the gradient until you
+reach the energy minimum and if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the energy minimum and if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the energy minimum and if I do
+that I sort of reach the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I sort of reach the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I sort of reach the sort of the
+minimum configuration that this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum configuration that this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum configuration that this molecule
+likes to be in and then if I had some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to be in and then if I had some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to be in and then if I had some uh
+thermal noise which means that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal noise which means that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal noise which means that I just
+set the initial velocities of the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the initial velocities of the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the initial velocities of the atoms
+to some random temp random value based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some random temp random value based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some random temp random value based
+on the temperature then the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the temperature then the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the temperature then the molecule
+starts sort of jiggling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts sort of jiggling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts sort of jiggling
+around and uh the nice thing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and uh the nice thing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and uh the nice thing about the
+veray integration scheme is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veray integration scheme is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veray integration scheme is that it's
+actually just right like the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just right like the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just right like the energy is
+conserved in the system although it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved in the system although it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved in the system although it
+fluctuates a little bit so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuates a little bit so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuates a little bit so a lot of
+integration schemes the energy tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration schemes the energy tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration schemes the energy tends to
+um uh either decrease or increase so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh either decrease or increase so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh either decrease or increase so the
+system explodes but this integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system explodes but this integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system explodes but this integration
+scheme is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable um um one thing that you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable um um one thing that you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable um um one thing that you saw
+there uh is okay so I just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh is okay so I just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh is okay so I just talked about
+briefly about kinetic energy this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about kinetic energy this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about kinetic energy this is
+kind of how the initial velocities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how the initial velocities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how the initial velocities are
+set based on the boltman constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set based on the boltman constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set based on the boltman constant and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+temperature and uh the other thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and uh the other thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and uh the other thing that
+molecular Dynamics usually do is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamics usually do is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamics usually do is called
+Lin Dynamics and in this case some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lin Dynamics and in this case some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lin Dynamics and in this case some
+random uh velocity Vector is added to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random uh velocity Vector is added to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random uh velocity Vector is added to
+the normal velocity which just makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal velocity which just makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal velocity which just makes
+sort of simulates collisions with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of simulates collisions with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of simulates collisions with other
+molecules in the environment so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in the environment so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in the environment so this
+makes the simulation look a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the simulation look a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the simulation look a bit more
+realistic so instead of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic so instead of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic so instead of the molecule
+just sitting there in space uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting there in space uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting there in space uh this
+random uh sort of factor adds uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random uh sort of factor adds uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random uh sort of factor adds uh some
+movement and uh there's also some a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and uh there's also some a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and uh there's also some a
+damping constant which sort of opposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping constant which sort of opposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping constant which sort of opposes
+the velocity uh by some constant so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity uh by some constant so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity uh by some constant so if
+he so if if he didn't add any more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he so if if he didn't add any more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he so if if he didn't add any more uh
+sort of Randomness into the system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Randomness into the system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Randomness into the system the
+system would just eventually go to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system would just eventually go to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system would just eventually go to uh to
+be completely still so so there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be completely still so so there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be completely still so so there would be
+no more movement because this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more movement because this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more movement because this is kind of
+like a damping sort of factor and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a damping sort of factor and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a damping sort of factor and there
+are some properties of the uh of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some properties of the uh of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some properties of the uh of this
+random Vector that sort of makes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Vector that sort of makes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Vector that sort of makes some
+physical sense for example it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical sense for example it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical sense for example it's
+independent of previously picked random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of previously picked random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of previously picked random
+vectors and it also depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and it also depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and it also depends on the
+temperature so that if you keep adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so that if you keep adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so that if you keep adding
+this random uh factor to the simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random uh factor to the simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random uh factor to the simulation
+the temperature will always stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant um another thing to consider is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant um another thing to consider is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant um another thing to consider is
+that these molecules if you try to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these molecules if you try to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these molecules if you try to think
+of them as in a as they are in a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them as in a as they are in a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them as in a as they are in a sort of
+typical biological system is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical biological system is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical biological system is that
+they'll be uh solvated in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be uh solvated in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be uh solvated in water
+so in that case the the cumic term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case the the cumic term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case the the cumic term is
+not actually that simple uh you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually that simple uh you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually that simple uh you have to
+include some sort of dialectric constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include some sort of dialectric constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include some sort of dialectric constant
+so uh for example one that is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh for example one that is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh for example one that is typically
+used and it's pretty simple is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and it's pretty simple is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and it's pretty simple is that the
+the constant is just the distance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant is just the distance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant is just the distance so
+that makes the electrostatic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the electrostatic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the electrostatic energy
+dependent on um 1 / r s rather than 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on um 1 / r s rather than 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on um 1 / r s rather than 1 /
+R so that means that the electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so that means that the electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so that means that the electrostatic
+forces drop off much a lot faster as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces drop off much a lot faster as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces drop off much a lot faster as you
+go as the atoms get further and further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go as the atoms get further and further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go as the atoms get further and further
+apart so for example if um so two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart so for example if um so two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart so for example if um so two
+molecules that are oppositely charged um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that are oppositely charged um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that are oppositely charged um
+if if you just put them in vacuum they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you just put them in vacuum they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you just put them in vacuum they
+will eventually come close together but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will eventually come close together but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will eventually come close together but
+if if you add this term the the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you add this term the the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you add this term the the um the
+electrostatic attraction will be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic attraction will be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic attraction will be much
+weaker so it will simulate them being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker so it will simulate them being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker so it will simulate them being
+solvated in water and they will get they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvated in water and they will get they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvated in water and they will get they
+will come together eventually but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come together eventually but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come together eventually but
+probably a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slower um another thing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower um another thing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower um another thing that is
+typically so so I'll talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically so so I'll talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically so so I'll talk a little bit
+about the non-bonded forces right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the non-bonded forces right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the non-bonded forces right now
+which are again the electrostatic forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are again the electrostatic forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are again the electrostatic forces
+and Vander wal's forces so generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Vander wal's forces so generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Vander wal's forces so generally
+what what has to be done um is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what has to be done um is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what has to be done um is if you
+consider any single atom like say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider any single atom like say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider any single atom like say this
+one over here um well okay so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over here um well okay so first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over here um well okay so first of
+all the bonded forces are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the bonded forces are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the bonded forces are basically
+include just the atoms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include just the atoms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include just the atoms that are
+connected to it and that's it so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to it and that's it so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to it and that's it so it's
+pretty it's usually the fastest step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty it's usually the fastest step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty it's usually the fastest step in
+the computation but uh for non-bonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation but uh for non-bonded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation but uh for non-bonded
+forces you you have to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces you you have to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces you you have to consider
+basically every other atom in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every other atom in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every other atom in the
+system so that and I didn't include all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that and I didn't include all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that and I didn't include all
+the uh atoms here but basically just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh atoms here but basically just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh atoms here but basically just to
+give an idea they could be atoms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an idea they could be atoms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an idea they could be atoms that
+are really far AP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really far AP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really far AP
+part um so generally what's done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part um so generally what's done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part um so generally what's done is
+there is some cut off radius uh outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some cut off radius uh outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some cut off radius uh outside
+of which those forces aren't considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which those forces aren't considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which those forces aren't considered
+and because the forces drop off really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because the forces drop off really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because the forces drop off really
+fast sometimes that's considered to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast sometimes that's considered to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast sometimes that's considered to be
+good enough for a lot of simulations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough for a lot of simulations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough for a lot of simulations so
+that's a consideration to take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a consideration to take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a consideration to take into
+account when do when doing these U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account when do when doing these U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account when do when doing these U
+simulations okay so here's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations okay so here's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations okay so here's the basic
+molecular Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamics
+algorithm uh so first so you specify how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh so first so you specify how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh so first so you specify how
+many steps you want to run it to and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many steps you want to run it to and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many steps you want to run it to and I
+didn't say uh the time the time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say uh the time the time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say uh the time the time step
+each time step uh is uh 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time step uh is uh 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time step uh is uh 1
+ftoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ftoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ftoc
+um so very small um so for uh so usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so very small um so for uh so usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so very small um so for uh so usually
+what happens is you can find the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is you can find the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is you can find the atom
+pairs so that means old and nonbonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so that means old and nonbonded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so that means old and nonbonded
+interactions you have to make a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions you have to make a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions you have to make a list
+basically an N squared list if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an N squared list if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an N squared list if you have
+an atoms you can expect to have about n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atoms you can expect to have about n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atoms you can expect to have about n
+squ atom pairs uh but if you consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ atom pairs uh but if you consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ atom pairs uh but if you consider a
+cut off then what's usually done is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off then what's usually done is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off then what's usually done is um
+only atom only atom pairs with that cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only atom only atom pairs with that cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only atom only atom pairs with that cut
+off within that cut off are considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off within that cut off are considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off within that cut off are considered
+and included into that list and and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and included into that list and and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and included into that list and and that
+computation is pretty expensive so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is pretty expensive so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is pretty expensive so it's
+sometimes only done only a certain every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes only done only a certain every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes only done only a certain every
+say every 10 steps and atoms don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say every 10 steps and atoms don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say every 10 steps and atoms don't
+really move that much so it's usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really move that much so it's usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really move that much so it's usually a
+pretty accurate and if and if you use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty accurate and if and if you use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty accurate and if and if you use a
+cut off of say 15 angstroms and then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off of say 15 angstroms and then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off of say 15 angstroms and then all
+the forces have dropped to almost zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces have dropped to almost zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces have dropped to almost zero
+by 12 angstroms then that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 12 angstroms then that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 12 angstroms then that's pretty
+accurate so this is usually um um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate so this is usually um um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate so this is usually um um an
+optimization it optimizes the simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization it optimizes the simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization it optimizes the simulation
+a little bit uh the next step is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit uh the next step is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit uh the next step is to
+compute the bonded forces so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the bonded forces so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the bonded forces so that
+includes the bonds angles that hedr and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the bonds angles that hedr and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the bonds angles that hedr and
+proper angles and then uh the non then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper angles and then uh the non then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper angles and then uh the non then
+compute the non-bonded forces so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the non-bonded forces so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the non-bonded forces so that
+iterates overall the atom Pairs and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterates overall the atom Pairs and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterates overall the atom Pairs and then
+the integration is done to obtain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration is done to obtain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration is done to obtain the
+new atom positions so here's uh running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new atom positions so here's uh running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new atom positions so here's uh running
+on the PlayStation this is uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the PlayStation this is uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the PlayStation this is uh kind of
+roughly how like this is just running on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly how like this is just running on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly how like this is just running on
+the PPU alone so uh finding the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PPU alone so uh finding the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PPU alone so uh finding the atom
+pairs um if if I don't use a cut off I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs um if if I don't use a cut off I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs um if if I don't use a cut off I
+can just compute the the atom pairs list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just compute the the atom pairs list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just compute the the atom pairs list
+once and then never do it again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and then never do it again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and then never do it again so
+that's why I put here zero uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I put here zero uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I put here zero uh but
+otherwise generally it takes um a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise generally it takes um a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise generally it takes um a lot of
+time to compute the atom pairs because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to compute the atom pairs because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to compute the atom pairs because
+it involves getting the distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves getting the distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves getting the distances
+between every um every two atoms and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between every um every two atoms and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between every um every two atoms and uh
+for this is a system with u this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is a system with u this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is a system with u this is a
+pretty big system um maybe about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big system um maybe about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big system um maybe about a
+thousand atoms so so that's why so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand atoms so so that's why so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand atoms so so that's why so this
+is these times are not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these times are not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these times are not really
+representative of smaller systems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of smaller systems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of smaller systems but
+what is BF uh BF is so that's done using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is BF uh BF is so that's done using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is BF uh BF is so that's done using
+the Brute Force approach so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brute Force approach so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brute Force approach so that means
+that you check every every two atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you check every every two atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you check every every two atoms and
+this is the K this is using a KD tree so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the K this is using a KD tree so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the K this is using a KD tree so
+that breaks space up um uh and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that breaks space up um uh and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that breaks space up um uh and then you
+get a so then the checking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a so then the checking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a so then the checking the
+neighboring atoms is u n log n um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring atoms is u n log n um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring atoms is u n log n um or
+it's actually a constant Factor after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a constant Factor after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a constant Factor after
+you built the tree building the trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you built the tree building the trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you built the tree building the trees
+and log in so using that kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and log in so using that kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and log in so using that kind of an
+algorithm you get much better improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you get much better improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you get much better improve
+much better Improvement so this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better Improvement so this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better Improvement so this this is
+a scaling of um increasing the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scaling of um increasing the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scaling of um increasing the system
+size by two in the number of atoms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size by two in the number of atoms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size by two in the number of atoms so
+say going from 1,000 to 2,000 atoms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say going from 1,000 to 2,000 atoms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say going from 1,000 to 2,000 atoms the
+time to using the brute brute force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to using the brute brute force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to using the brute brute force
+Brute Force approach uh increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brute Force approach uh increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brute Force approach uh increases
+exponentially whereas using a KD tree it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially whereas using a KD tree it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially whereas using a KD tree it
+actually just about doubles so that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just about doubles so that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just about doubles so that kind
+of um you know shows that using a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um you know shows that using a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um you know shows that using a better
+algorithm sometimes for these things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm sometimes for these things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm sometimes for these things is
+probably much better than trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably much better than trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably much better than trying to
+paraly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraly
+it um doing the bonded forces uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um doing the bonded forces uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um doing the bonded forces uh say
+about 50 milliseconds um and with cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 milliseconds um and with cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 milliseconds um and with cut
+off it's the same time because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off it's the same time because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off it's the same time because it
+doesn't really affect the step uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really affect the step uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really affect the step uh but
+then the non Computing the nonb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the non Computing the nonb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the non Computing the nonb
+non-bonded forces is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bonded forces is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bonded forces is actually the
+biggest chunk of time so that takes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest chunk of time so that takes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest chunk of time so that takes uh
+about 1.4 seconds for this system U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.4 seconds for this system U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.4 seconds for this system U and
+then this is considering a million pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is considering a million pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is considering a million pairs
+um with a cut off there's less pairs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a cut off there's less pairs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a cut off there's less pairs to
+consider but the time is still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider but the time is still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider but the time is still the
+dominant time basically so so generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant time basically so so generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant time basically so so generally
+for molecular Dynamic simulations this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for molecular Dynamic simulations this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for molecular Dynamic simulations this
+is the dominant time factor and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dominant time factor and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dominant time factor and that's
+what people really focus on trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people really focus on trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people really focus on trying to
+speed things up and then the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed things up and then the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed things up and then the integration
+is really fast because it just loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really fast because it just loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really fast because it just loops
+over the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the atoms
+once so there is basically three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so there is basically three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so there is basically three
+different paralyzation approaches uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paralyzation approaches uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paralyzation approaches uh
+that I've come across in the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've come across in the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've come across in the literature
+and one of them is you can is referred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them is you can is referred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them is you can is referred
+to as Force decomposition so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as Force decomposition so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as Force decomposition so if you
+think of the force uh a force operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the force uh a force operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the force uh a force operation
+being say a non-bonded force operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being say a non-bonded force operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being say a non-bonded force operation
+where you consider two atoms and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you consider two atoms and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you consider two atoms and you
+compute the force you know due to Vander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the force you know due to Vander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the force you know due to Vander
+woles and electrostatic forces um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woles and electrostatic forces um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woles and electrostatic forces um one
+easy way to split this up amongst say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to split this up amongst say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to split this up amongst say
+six processors is to just just give each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six processors is to just just give each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six processors is to just just give each
+processor uh say uh n ided by six of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor uh say uh n ided by six of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor uh say uh n ided by six of
+these Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Force
+operations um the first operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations um the first operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations um the first operation
+includes so you have to send each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes so you have to send each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes so you have to send each
+processor both the atom position both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor both the atom position both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor both the atom position both
+atom positions and then some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom positions and then some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom positions and then some other
+properties of the atoms like such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the atoms like such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the atoms like such as the
+mass and uh actually not the mass but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and uh actually not the mass but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and uh actually not the mass but
+the charges and the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charges and the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charges and the minimum
+radius um and basically once that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius um and basically once that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius um and basically once that
+computation is done the processor just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is done the processor just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is done the processor just
+has to either store or return the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to either store or return the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to either store or return the force
+on both atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both atom
+and it has to come back to sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to come back to sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to come back to sort of like
+the main processor where all the forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main processor where all the forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main processor where all the forces
+are added up and then the integration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are added up and then the integration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are added up and then the integration is
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so what I just described is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what I just described is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what I just described is sort of
+the approach I took and it's sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approach I took and it's sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approach I took and it's sort of an
+easy approach to sort of think of if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy approach to sort of think of if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy approach to sort of think of if you
+only had if you couldn't store say every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had if you couldn't store say every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had if you couldn't store say every
+atom on every processor because you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom on every processor because you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom on every processor because you just
+have to send each processor uh a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to send each processor uh a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to send each processor uh a certain
+number of these Force computation units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of these Force computation units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of these Force computation units
+and the processor does them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the processor does them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the processor does them and then
+Returns the forces and then can just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Returns the forces and then can just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Returns the forces and then can just add
+up all the forces on every atom and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the forces on every atom and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the forces on every atom and do
+that so basically here's the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so basically here's the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so basically here's the algorithm
+how it works roughly and I'll just um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works roughly and I'll just um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works roughly and I'll just um so
+basically first set up the spus send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically first set up the spus send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically first set up the spus send the
+control box with say the addresses where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control box with say the addresses where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control box with say the addresses where
+all these Force operations will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these Force operations will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these Force operations will be
+stored um the the bonded forces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored um the the bonded forces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored um the the bonded forces are
+computed um on the PPU um just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed um on the PPU um just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed um on the PPU um just for
+Simplicity for now uh and and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity for now uh and and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity for now uh and and then the
+computation for the non-bonded for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation for the non-bonded for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation for the non-bonded for
+basically um all all the the non-bonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um all all the the non-bonded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um all all the the non-bonded
+forces operations remaining are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces operations remaining are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces operations remaining are
+considered and then they're split up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered and then they're split up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered and then they're split up
+into blocks so each spu sent a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into blocks so each spu sent a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into blocks so each spu sent a block
+with say a number of force operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with say a number of force operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with say a number of force operations
+and in this case it was 200 um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case it was 200 um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case it was 200 um so the
+control block is sent to the spu the spu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control block is sent to the spu the spu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control block is sent to the spu the spu
+is told to start processing and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is told to start processing and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is told to start processing and then the
+PPU waits for each spu to finish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPU waits for each spu to finish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPU waits for each spu to finish and
+then once that SP once the spu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once that SP once the spu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once that SP once the spu is
+finished the forces are added to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the forces are added to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the forces are added to uh the
+two atoms that are involved in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atoms that are involved in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atoms that are involved in that
+first computation and then um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first computation and then um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first computation and then um and then
+this Loop is done once all the spus are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Loop is done once all the spus are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Loop is done once all the spus are
+finished and then it goes and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished and then it goes and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished and then it goes and this
+repeats until there's non-bonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats until there's non-bonded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats until there's non-bonded
+operations remaining so for example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations remaining so for example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations remaining so for example here
+um just to illustrate this let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to illustrate this let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to illustrate this let's say
+these are all the non-bonded operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the non-bonded operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the non-bonded operations
+I have to do and I'm going to use two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to do and I'm going to use two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to do and I'm going to use two
+spus and each spu can only store say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spus and each spu can only store say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spus and each spu can only store say
+three Force operations so each block so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Force operations so each block so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Force operations so each block so
+each spu is sent by a block I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each spu is sent by a block I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each spu is sent by a block I mean that
+say these three operations are sent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say these three operations are sent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say these three operations are sent to
+each spu the spu does them um the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each spu the spu does them um the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each spu the spu does them um the next
+block is is sent to the next spu at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block is is sent to the next spu at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block is is sent to the next spu at the
+same time and then that spu also does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time and then that spu also does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time and then that spu also does it
+and this is iteration zero for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is iteration zero for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is iteration zero for example
+and this is done until all of the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is done until all of the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is done until all of the force
+computations are done so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations are done so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations are done so here's the
+timing so you might imagine that um as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing so you might imagine that um as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing so you might imagine that um as I
+said there is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there is a lot
+of um there's a lot of communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um there's a lot of communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um there's a lot of communication
+overhead over here so so actually so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead over here so so actually so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead over here so so actually so
+here's how this performs so on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how this performs so on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how this performs so on the on
+the PPU the whole uh the MD simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PPU the whole uh the MD simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PPU the whole uh the MD simulation
+for per time step runs in 310
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for per time step runs in 310
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for per time step runs in 310
+milliseconds on S one on one spu uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds on S one on one spu uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds on S one on one spu uh the
+time goes up to 630 uh millisecond so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time goes up to 630 uh millisecond so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time goes up to 630 uh millisecond so
+there's a lot of Comm communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of Comm communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of Comm communication
+overhead here on two spus it goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead here on two spus it goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead here on two spus it goes back
+down uh to 390 and as the number of spus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh to 390 and as the number of spus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh to 390 and as the number of spus
+is increased uh it gets lower and lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increased uh it gets lower and lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increased uh it gets lower and lower
+but it doesn't get it's not that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't get it's not that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't get it's not that much
+better than really running it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than really running it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than really running it
+sequentially and the reason is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially and the reason is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially and the reason is that the
+way I implemented it is kind of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I implemented it is kind of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I implemented it is kind of it's
+pretty rough um one of the ation is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty rough um one of the ation is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty rough um one of the ation is that
+I mean one one very obvious optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean one one very obvious optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean one one very obvious optimization
+that should be done is that uh the spu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be done is that uh the spu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be done is that uh the spu
+basically waits for this whole block to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically waits for this whole block to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically waits for this whole block to
+arrive and then starts computation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive and then starts computation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive and then starts computation but
+really what what I should have done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what what I should have done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what what I should have done is
+uh to uh once once one force computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to uh once once one force computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to uh once once one force computation
+arrives you can already do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives you can already do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives you can already do that
+computation and then um instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and then um instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and then um instead of
+waiting for all of them to get to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for all of them to get to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for all of them to get to be
+transferred and then starting to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred and then starting to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred and then starting to do the
+operation so that I think that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so that I think that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so that I think that could
+have been a lot better any double bu no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a lot better any double bu no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a lot better any double bu no
+double bu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so
+um right so this is this is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so this is this is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so this is this is sort of the
+simplest approach uh I mean the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest approach uh I mean the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest approach uh I mean the sort of
+a simple approach to implement on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple approach to implement on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple approach to implement on this
+architecture and it sort of scales well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and it sort of scales well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and it sort of scales well
+as the system grows so if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the system grows so if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the system grows so if you can't
+store every atom for example and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store every atom for example and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store every atom for example and every
+spu um this doesn't it doesn't this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spu um this doesn't it doesn't this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spu um this doesn't it doesn't this
+doesn't really care you can really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really care you can really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really care you can really the
+system can grow as large as you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can grow as large as you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can grow as large as you want
+there's there's some other approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's some other approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's some other approaches
+that are done sort of in the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are done sort of in the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are done sort of in the literature
+I didn't Implement these but um another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't Implement these but um another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't Implement these but um another
+one is called Atomic DEC composition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called Atomic DEC composition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called Atomic DEC composition so
+here if you obiously a number of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you obiously a number of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you obiously a number of atoms
+you send each one of these atoms to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send each one of these atoms to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send each one of these atoms to um
+one spu and then that spu is solely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one spu and then that spu is solely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one spu and then that spu is solely
+responsible for um Computing the forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for um Computing the forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for um Computing the forces
+on it and and also integrating uh to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and and also integrating uh to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and and also integrating uh to get
+the new positions and then all you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new positions and then all you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new positions and then all you have
+to communicate is the atomic positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate is the atomic positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate is the atomic positions
+but this is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a little bit more
+complicated because then you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because then you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because then you also have
+to have you have every spu has to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have you have every spu has to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have you have every spu has to know
+about all of the force computations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of the force computations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of the force computations that
+you want to do so for example in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do so for example in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do so for example in this
+case it's just a non-bonded but all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's just a non-bonded but all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's just a non-bonded but all the
+other Force the the SP also has to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Force the the SP also has to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Force the the SP also has to know
+about so that would be like the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so that would be like the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so that would be like the same
+example that we did in yeah um it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we did in yeah um it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we did in yeah um it would
+be uh the only problem yeah the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh the only problem yeah the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh the only problem yeah the only
+problem with that approach is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that approach is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that approach is that if
+the system was much larger than the spu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was much larger than the spu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was much larger than the spu
+could store then you and you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could store then you and you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could store then you and you couldn't
+store every single atom on the spu then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store every single atom on the spu then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store every single atom on the spu then
+and an operation might refer to atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an operation might refer to atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an operation might refer to atoms
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+not there so so so yeah it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there so so so yeah it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there so so so yeah it would be
+similar to that but it would get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that but it would get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that but it would get more
+complicated in this case as the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated in this case as the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated in this case as the system
+grew because you'd have to keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew because you'd have to keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew because you'd have to keep track of
+where each atom is and then Implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each atom is and then Implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each atom is and then Implement
+communication if you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication if you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication if you don't have a
+certain atom to get that atom position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain atom to get that atom position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain atom to get that atom position
+and use it in the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use it in the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use it in the force
+computation so yeah this this approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so yeah this this approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so yeah this this approach
+um okay I'll I'll talk a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay I'll I'll talk a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay I'll I'll talk a little bit more
+about this this is um you can vpu is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this this is um you can vpu is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this this is um you can vpu is one
+remaining not spu but cross the unit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining not spu but cross the unit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining not spu but cross the unit and
+store the remaining ITP that's true yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the remaining ITP that's true yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the remaining ITP that's true yeah
+uh so you only sort of give a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you only sort of give a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you only sort of give a certain
+number of atoms to every spu and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms to every spu and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms to every spu and then
+yeah uh that's true and then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh that's true and then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh that's true and then you would
+have to sort of store every single force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sort of store every single force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sort of store every single force
+that that atom isn't is is included in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that atom isn't is is included in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that atom isn't is is included in
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theu
+yeah yeah the only like the pro when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah the only like the pro when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah the only like the pro when
+this would become a problem is um it say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would become a problem is um it say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would become a problem is um it say
+the system was much larger than you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was much larger than you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was much larger than you had
+than you had local store then uh say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you had local store then uh say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you had local store then uh say you
+had like a tenth of the system on spus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had like a tenth of the system on spus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had like a tenth of the system on spus
+and then 9/10th of the system on the PPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 9/10th of the system on the PPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 9/10th of the system on the PPU
+it wouldn't be a yeah it it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be a yeah it it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be a yeah it it would be
+hard to sort of think of a scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to sort of think of a scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to sort of think of a scaling
+properly on on um but um so a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly on on um but um so a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly on on um but um so a special
+case of this Atomic decomposition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of this Atomic decomposition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of this Atomic decomposition is
+actually spatial decomposition okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually spatial decomposition okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually spatial decomposition okay I'm
+almost done uh so a special case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost done uh so a special case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost done uh so a special case of
+spatial decomposition where um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial decomposition where um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial decomposition where um what
+makes so what makes this approach sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes so what makes this approach sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes so what makes this approach sort
+of not good it sort of um involves a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not good it sort of um involves a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not good it sort of um involves a lot
+of communication is just this fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of communication is just this fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of communication is just this fact that
+you some of these force computations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of these force computations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of these force computations or
+Force operations that you have could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force operations that you have could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force operations that you have could
+include atoms on different units so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include atoms on different units so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include atoms on different units so if
+you don't split up these atoms sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't split up these atoms sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't split up these atoms sort of
+smartly then you could end up with a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartly then you could end up with a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartly then you could end up with a lot
+of having to communicate a lot while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having to communicate a lot while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having to communicate a lot while
+Computing this forces so special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing this forces so special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing this forces so special
+composition tries to address this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition tries to address this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition tries to address this and
+basically you store um atoms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you store um atoms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you store um atoms that are
+close to each other so say I had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other so say I had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other so say I had this
+system and I wanted to split this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I wanted to split this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I wanted to split this up
+into uh on six spus then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh on six spus then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh on six spus then um
+right I would give each spu say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I would give each spu say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I would give each spu say a
+certain area of space but you could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain area of space but you could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain area of space but you could see
+right away what the problem with this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away what the problem with this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away what the problem with this is
+is that it's not load balance so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's not load balance so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's not load balance so some
+spus could be not could not have too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spus could be not could not have too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spus could be not could not have too
+much work to do and you Al and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work to do and you Al and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work to do and you Al and there's
+still some communication because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still some communication because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still some communication because you
+have to communicate between um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to communicate between um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to communicate between um
+neighboring s spu say in some certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring s spu say in some certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring s spu say in some certain
+cases but the communication is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases but the communication is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases but the communication is still
+probably a lot better than um than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a lot better than um than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a lot better than um than in
+the previous case just for Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous case just for Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous case just for Atomic
+decomposition um so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition um so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition um so here's a
+state-ofthe-art on this uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-ofthe-art on this uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-ofthe-art on this uh on
+paralyzation and D and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyzation and D and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyzation and D and it's it's
+implemented in this uh program called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented in this uh program called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented in this uh program called
+namd and which stands for Not Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namd and which stands for Not Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namd and which stands for Not Another
+Not Another molecular Dynamic simulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not Another molecular Dynamic simulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not Another molecular Dynamic simulator
+uh so this this this um initially named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this this this um initially named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this this this um initially named
+1.0 used a spa used solely a spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.0 used a spa used solely a spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.0 used a spa used solely a spatial
+decomposition and they try to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and they try to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and they try to address
+this load balancing by actually creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this load balancing by actually creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this load balancing by actually creating
+many more patches than you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more patches than you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more patches than you have
+processors and um and then you just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors and um and then you just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors and um and then you just sort
+of split these patches up Lo load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of split these patches up Lo load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of split these patches up Lo load
+balance them amongst the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance them amongst the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance them amongst the different
+processors that didn't really work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors that didn't really work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors that didn't really work so
+named one didn't paralyze very well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named one didn't paralyze very well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named one didn't paralyze very well so
+what added later was um they added this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what added later was um they added this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what added later was um they added this
+idea of patch objects and also compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of patch objects and also compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of patch objects and also compute
+objects so basically a patch object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so basically a patch object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so basically a patch object
+looks uh puts one of these puts a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks uh puts one of these puts a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks uh puts one of these puts a number
+of patches on a processor but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patches on a processor but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patches on a processor but then you
+can also create compute patches which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also create compute patches which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also create compute patches which
+which um include all of these Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um include all of these Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um include all of these Force
+operations and these Force operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and these Force operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and these Force operations
+are also equally distributed amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also equally distributed amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also equally distributed amongst
+processors and then there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors and then there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors and then there's a lot of
+communication between these two and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication between these two and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication between these two and I
+started off with sort of a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off with sort of a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off with sort of a message
+Orient um right message oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orient um right message oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orient um right message oriented
+communication then it moved to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication then it moved to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication then it moved to a
+dependency oriented communication so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency oriented communication so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency oriented communication so so
+that each compute uh object would sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each compute uh object would sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each compute uh object would sort
+of signal which atoms it needs um and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of signal which atoms it needs um and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of signal which atoms it needs um and it
+also sort of optimize things by um by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sort of optimize things by um by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sort of optimize things by um by
+doing communication and force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing communication and force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing communication and force
+computation at the same time so did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation at the same time so did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation at the same time so did that
+really well and actually it it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well and actually it it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well and actually it it has
+really good parallel performance so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good parallel performance so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good parallel performance so here
+on this graph it shows uh the the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this graph it shows uh the the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this graph it shows uh the the number
+of processors times the time per time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processors times the time per time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processors times the time per time
+step and as the number of processors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and as the number of processors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and as the number of processors is
+increased uh you know I mean optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased uh you know I mean optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased uh you know I mean optimal
+parallel performance would be a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel performance would be a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel performance would be a straight
+horizontal line which is pretty close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line which is pretty close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line which is pretty close to
+what they achieve and they also did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they achieve and they also did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they achieve and they also did it
+on many thousands of processors on Blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on many thousands of processors on Blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on many thousands of processors on Blue
+Jean but um as you might expect the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean but um as you might expect the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean but um as you might expect the more
+processors you add the step time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors you add the step time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors you add the step time
+actually still sort of levels off at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still sort of levels off at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still sort of levels off at a
+certain time so um I guess I I'll skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time so um I guess I I'll skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time so um I guess I I'll skip
+the live the sort of live demo I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the live the sort of live demo I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the live the sort of live demo I was
+going to do but I'll just show one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do but I'll just show one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do but I'll just show one more
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+um so here's sort of the kind of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's sort of the kind of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's sort of the kind of systems
+that I was uh looking at uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was uh looking at uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was uh looking at uh this is
+actually simulation that was done on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually simulation that was done on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually simulation that was done on one
+of the ppus and then recorded in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ppus and then recorded in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ppus and then recorded in a
+positions file and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions file and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions file and
+um there's five different molecules here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's five different molecules here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's five different molecules here
+I'll just I'll make them so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just I'll make them so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just I'll make them so here
+generally what happens is first they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally what happens is first they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally what happens is first they're
+just placed randomly then they're un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just placed randomly then they're un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just placed randomly then they're un
+overlapped just very coarsely to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapped just very coarsely to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapped just very coarsely to make
+sure that they don't um you know huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that they don't um you know huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that they don't um you know huge
+forces aren't added into the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces aren't added into the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces aren't added into the system and
+I'll just color each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just color each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just color each one
+differently so here's what what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently so here's what what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently so here's what what happens
+during the simulation and here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the simulation and here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the simulation and here in this
+simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+um every the positions were recorded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every the positions were recorded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every the positions were recorded
+every 20 time steps so that's why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 20 time steps so that's why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 20 time steps so that's why it
+sort of seems to go a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of seems to go a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of seems to go a lot
+faster if I did it on a single molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster if I did it on a single molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster if I did it on a single molecule
+I should have done that first so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have done that first so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have done that first so here's
+what a single molecule of this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a single molecule of this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a single molecule of this looks
+like and this is a protein with eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and this is a protein with eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and this is a protein with eight
+residues uh which is pretty big and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues uh which is pretty big and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues uh which is pretty big and this
+is running in real time on on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is running in real time on on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is running in real time on on my
+computer right now so a small protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer right now so a small protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer right now so a small protein
+like on a small system like this you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on a small system like this you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on a small system like this you uh
+it it runs reasonably fast but as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it runs reasonably fast but as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it runs reasonably fast but as you
+add more and more of these things uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more and more of these things uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more and more of these things uh the
+computations do get pretty expensive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations do get pretty expensive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations do get pretty expensive so
+um priorization really helps well not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um priorization really helps well not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um priorization really helps well not in
+what I implement it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I implement it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I implement it but
+generally generally um as you saw n can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally generally um as you saw n can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally generally um as you saw n can
+do a pretty good job at doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a pretty good job at doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a pretty good job at doing
+it oh okay I didn't minimize the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it oh okay I didn't minimize the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it oh okay I didn't minimize the system
+well enough but yeah that's about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well enough but yeah that's about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well enough but yeah that's about it
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so basically on the on the spus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically on the on the spus you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically on the on the spus you
+managed to get them synchronized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to get them synchronized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to get them synchronized
+properly data in and data out B yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly data in and data out B yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly data in and data out B yeah
+exactly so that's kind of to the extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so that's kind of to the extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so that's kind of to the extent
+that I went and that still took a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I went and that still took a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I went and that still took a long
+time so that's why it's not
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NpTzMWTYbM8.txt b/NpTzMWTYbM8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..09dd98de5899692df90ade39d927197f825b3a1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NpTzMWTYbM8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu um so uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu um so uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu um so uh this is the
+equation that we this invid Burgers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we this invid Burgers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we this invid Burgers
+equation no viscosity is the one we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation no viscosity is the one we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation no viscosity is the one we've
+learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about
+for uh shocks appear fans can appear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh shocks appear fans can appear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh shocks appear fans can appear and
+uh I I want to do more uh today with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I want to do more uh today with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I want to do more uh today with
+Exact Solutions so today is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exact Solutions so today is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exact Solutions so today is a little bit
+more analysis than numerical Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more analysis than numerical Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more analysis than numerical Solutions
+but so while doing something sort of pde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so while doing something sort of pde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so while doing something sort of pde
+rather than numerical PD uh well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than numerical PD uh well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than numerical PD uh well it's
+natural to include Burger's equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural to include Burger's equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural to include Burger's equation the
+with viscosity so that's got the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with viscosity so that's got the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with viscosity so that's got the extra
+term there and if I can I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term there and if I can I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term there and if I can I would like to
+say something about two other important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something about two other important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something about two other important
+equations nonlinear uh one is has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations nonlinear uh one is has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations nonlinear uh one is has a
+third derivative on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third derivative on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third derivative on the right hand side
+so it's a dispersion rather than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a dispersion rather than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a dispersion rather than a
+diffusion and uh that equation is named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and uh that equation is named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and uh that equation is named
+after CAG def kdv it's often called so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after CAG def kdv it's often called so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after CAG def kdv it's often called so
+I'll just put that down K DV is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just put that down K DV is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just put that down K DV is the
+shorthand for that equation and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for that equation and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for that equation and it
+it comes up in uh water waves oneway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes up in uh water waves oneway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes up in uh water waves oneway
+water waves actually along a shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water waves actually along a shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water waves actually along a shallow
+channel uh it was act it was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel uh it was act it was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel uh it was act it was actually
+seen by somebody riding along next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen by somebody riding along next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen by somebody riding along next to
+the wave and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave and the
+wave uh kept its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave uh kept its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave uh kept its
+shape and uh so this equation had a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and uh so this equation had a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and uh so this equation had a has
+had a uh period of uh great Fame in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a uh period of uh great Fame in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a uh period of uh great Fame in some
+way uh it's nonlinear of course but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh it's nonlinear of course but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh it's nonlinear of course but it
+was discovered that there was a way to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discovered that there was a way to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discovered that there was a way to a
+really clever way to solve it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really clever way to solve it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really clever way to solve it actually
+we will solve these equations even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will solve these equations even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will solve these equations even
+though they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they're
+nonlinear that won't be too hard the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear that won't be too hard the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear that won't be too hard the
+clever ideas that went into solving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever ideas that went into solving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever ideas that went into solving that
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+um I can describe a little bit but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can describe a little bit but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can describe a little bit but not
+uh not in full detail and then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not in full detail and then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not in full detail and then and then
+we'll connect also to the Hamilton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll connect also to the Hamilton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll connect also to the Hamilton
+jacobe type equations in which which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe type equations in which which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe type equations in which which are
+very closely related to this in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely related to this in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely related to this in one
+dimension and in fact they'll come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and in fact they'll come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and in fact they'll come into
+it okay so those are the equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so those are the equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so those are the equations and
+then uh next time we'll come a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh next time we'll come a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh next time we'll come a little
+more about finite differences for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about finite differences for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about finite differences for those
+equations and a lot more about the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and a lot more about the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and a lot more about the level
+set method which is more connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set method which is more connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set method which is more connected to
+Hamilton jacobe and and is uh quite uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton jacobe and and is uh quite uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton jacobe and and is uh quite uh
+uh um quite a remarkable idea okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um quite a remarkable idea okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um quite a remarkable idea okay so
+that's for next time this is for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for next time this is for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for next time this is for this
+time so what I have in mind for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so what I have in mind for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so what I have in mind for this
+time is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is to
+begin can we solve our equation starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin can we solve our equation starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin can we solve our equation starting
+from uh Source starting from a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh Source starting from a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh Source starting from a Delta
+function a point source what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a point source what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a point source what what's the
+solution look like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution look like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution look like and
+we I guess I when I thought about it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I guess I when I thought about it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I guess I when I thought about it I
+can see several ways to get at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see several ways to get at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see several ways to get at the
+answer and it's a it's a very worth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and it's a it's a very worth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and it's a it's a very worth it
+example to do uh this from a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to do uh this from a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to do uh this from a point
+source I mean it has a natural interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source I mean it has a natural interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source I mean it has a natural interest
+and then it comes up all in many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it comes up all in many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it comes up all in many other
+ways so uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so uh we
+could so how how are we going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could so how how are we going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could so how how are we going to get the
+answer well I can do it in terms of fans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer well I can do it in terms of fans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer well I can do it in terms of fans
+and shocks if I think if let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shocks if I think if let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shocks if I think if let me just
+proceed informally at first the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed informally at first the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed informally at first the Delta
+function is like a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is like a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is like a step
+up followed by a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up followed by a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up followed by a step
+down well a very big step up and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down well a very big step up and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down well a very big step up and and and
+an immediate step down right so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an immediate step down right so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an immediate step down right so it's the
+extreme case of and and remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case of and and remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case of and and remember that
+the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step
+up the step for the Step Up you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the step for the Step Up you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the step for the Step Up you remember
+the remon problem going from a lower to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remon problem going from a lower to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remon problem going from a lower to
+a higher uh one the that's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher uh one the that's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher uh one the that's the case
+where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the
+characteristics separate leave an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics separate leave an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics separate leave an open
+space that has to be filled in with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that has to be filled in with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that has to be filled in with a
+fan so I would expect the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan so I would expect the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan so I would expect the solution to
+start with a fan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a fan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a fan and
+then I'm I'm I'm imagining that as sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm I'm I'm imagining that as sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm I'm I'm imagining that as sort
+of as the limit of a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as the limit of a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as the limit of a of
+a of a initial function like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of a initial function like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of a initial function like this so
+that step up will start a fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going and then this step down we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and then this step down we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and then this step down we'll
+start a shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going because here I have U is zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going because here I have U is zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going because here I have U is zero and
+here U is something big and that drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here U is something big and that drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here U is something big and that drop
+down means that the characteristics from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down means that the characteristics from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down means that the characteristics from
+here will be will will immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will be will will immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will be will will immediately
+overtake I mean the characteristics from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtake I mean the characteristics from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtake I mean the characteristics from
+from the Zero from starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Zero from starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Zero from starting from
+zero uh have zero speed they just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh have zero speed they just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh have zero speed they just in the
+XT plane they're just going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT plane they're just going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT plane they're just going up
+the characteristics that start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristics that start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristics that start from
+because of this thing are going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this thing are going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this thing are going to the
+right so I'll have a shock so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'll have a shock so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'll have a shock so I'm
+expecting a fan and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting a fan and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting a fan and then a
+shock based on the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock based on the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock based on the previous
+lectures okay and I'm going to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures okay and I'm going to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures okay and I'm going to figure
+out what fan it is and what shock it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what fan it is and what shock it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what fan it is and what shock it is
+and where the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where the shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where the shock
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+now I can what I what I have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can what I what I have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can what I what I have on
+here is an exact formula for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an exact formula for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an exact formula for this
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+you might say why didn't you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say why didn't you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say why didn't you tell me
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+before because uh and and I will plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because uh and and I will plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because uh and and I will plug in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+initial it it comes from the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial it it comes from the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial it it comes from the initial
+function and from a minimization process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and from a minimization process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and from a minimization process
+and it's not obvious that that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not obvious that that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not obvious that that that's a
+funny way to describe a function of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny way to describe a function of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny way to describe a function of x
+and t but of course it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t but of course it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t but of course it does
+x and t appear here Y is the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and t appear here Y is the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and t appear here Y is the parameter
+and I minim in with respect to Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I minim in with respect to Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I minim in with respect to Y and
+that will give us well it better give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give us well it better give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give us well it better give us
+the same answer so I'm taking this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer so I'm taking this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer so I'm taking this as a
+important case which gives us a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important case which gives us a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important case which gives us a chance
+to review all the pieces that came into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to review all the pieces that came into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to review all the pieces that came into
+the all the rules that came into it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the rules that came into it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the rules that came into it we
+we had the rules for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the rules for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the rules for a
+fan which was of the form X overt if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan which was of the form X overt if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan which was of the form X overt if it
+started at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at
+zero we had the we have the rules for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we had the we have the rules for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we had the we have the rules for a
+shock where which was that the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock where which was that the shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock where which was that the shock
+speed should be the jump in F of U which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed should be the jump in F of U which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed should be the jump in F of U which
+is u^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is u^2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is u^2 over
+2 for burgers divided by the jump in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 for burgers divided by the jump in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 for burgers divided by the jump in
+U and so that's a difference of squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and so that's a difference of squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and so that's a difference of squares
+is the difference of first Powers when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the difference of first Powers when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the difference of first Powers when I
+when I do that simple division the it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do that simple division the it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do that simple division the it
+factors out and I get a u left plus a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors out and I get a u left plus a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors out and I get a u left plus a u
+right over two the two coming from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over two the two coming from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over two the two coming from there
+there and the difference going into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the difference going into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the difference going into the
+difference of squares gives me that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of squares gives me that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of squares gives me that okay
+and then the other condition was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other condition was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other condition was the
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+condition that F Prime remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that F Prime remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that F Prime remember this is
+fime of U so that so frime of U which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fime of U so that so frime of U which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fime of U so that so frime of U which is
+here U so U left should be greater the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here U so U left should be greater the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here U so U left should be greater the
+shocks what's the rule on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks what's the rule on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks what's the rule on the the
+entropy condition that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy condition that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy condition that the
+characteristic should run into the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic should run into the shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic should run into the shock
+so coming from the left they they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so coming from the left they they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so coming from the left they they should
+be faster we have some shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line with it's it's increasing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with it's it's increasing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with it's it's increasing with a
+speed s which is D position of the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed s which is D position of the shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed s which is D position of the shock
+dxdt and the coming from the left the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdt and the coming from the left the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdt and the coming from the left the
+shocks should be going faster and run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks should be going faster and run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks should be going faster and run
+into it coming from the right the shocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it coming from the right the shocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it coming from the right the shocks
+the characteristics should be slower so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristics should be slower so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristics should be slower so
+that the shock line catches them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the shock line catches them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the shock line catches them and
+therefore these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore these
+these also run into the shock so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these also run into the shock so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these also run into the shock so this is
+fime at U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fime at U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fime at U
+right and remember here it's just U left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and remember here it's just U left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and remember here it's just U left
+bigger than the shock speed bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the shock speed bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the shock speed bigger than
+U right okay so now I'm going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U right okay so now I'm going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U right okay so now I'm going to go to
+the Delta function itself and which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta function itself and which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta function itself and which will
+be cleaner and neater than this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cleaner and neater than this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cleaner and neater than this uh this
+uh steep uh Square wave okay so I we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh steep uh Square wave okay so I we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh steep uh Square wave okay so I we
+could pick any of those as the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pick any of those as the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pick any of those as the key to
+telling us so I'm this is what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us so I'm this is what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us so I'm this is what I'm
+expecting for a solution here is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting for a solution here is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting for a solution here is zero
+here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+X so I'm expecting that let me I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I'm expecting that let me I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I'm expecting that let me I guess
+I'll graph u u of X at some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll graph u u of X at some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll graph u u of X at some time
+T okay so I'm graphing U at some at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so I'm graphing U at some at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so I'm graphing U at some at some
+later time T okay I'm expecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later time T okay I'm expecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later time T okay I'm expecting the
+solution be U equals z here because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution be U equals z here because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution be U equals z here because it
+starts at zero well I'm really now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at zero well I'm really now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at zero well I'm really now when
+I point to that figure what I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I point to that figure what I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I point to that figure what I really
+mean now is a Delta function so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean now is a Delta function so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean now is a Delta function so this is
+infinitely thin and infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tall so characteristics are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall so characteristics are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall so characteristics are going to
+take off and uh well who can say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off and uh well who can say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off and uh well who can say yeah
+well you might think the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might think the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might think the whole thing
+would break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would break down
+because the Delta function is in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Delta function is in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Delta function is in some
+sense infinite at that point but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense infinite at that point but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense infinite at that point but it
+doesn't you you'll see that a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't you you'll see that a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't you you'll see that a very
+sensible solution emerges here and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible solution emerges here and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible solution emerges here and it's
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+fan so so U is X overt I guess so U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan so so U is X overt I guess so U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan so so U is X overt I guess so U
+starts at zero yeah let me let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at zero yeah let me let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at zero yeah let me let me draw
+what the let me draw U at some at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the let me draw U at some at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the let me draw U at some at some
+later time T it it's linear and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later time T it it's linear and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later time T it it's linear and then
+it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+shock so so this is what I expect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock so so this is what I expect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock so so this is what I expect for
+the answer I expect you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer I expect you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer I expect you to be
+0 x overt up to some point up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 x overt up to some point up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 x overt up to some point up
+to uh the shock up to X is the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the shock up to X is the shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the shock up to X is the shock
+position and then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and then after
+that it's meeting it's it has the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's meeting it's it has the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's meeting it's it has the value
+zero because the the uh the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because the the uh the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because the the uh the initial
+function hasn't changed hasn't got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function hasn't changed hasn't got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function hasn't changed hasn't got the
+message uh uh so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message uh uh so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message uh uh so this was
+after x equal x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after x equal x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after x equal x of
+T okay so I that's what it should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so I that's what it should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so I that's what it should look
+like I'm I'm proceeding here sort of on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm I'm proceeding here sort of on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm I'm proceeding here sort of on
+the basis of what we know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of what we know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of what we know about the
+solutions and may maybe I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and may maybe I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and may maybe I can just
+mention uh the that the text the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention uh the that the text the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention uh the that the text the the the
+problems at the end of the section on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems at the end of the section on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems at the end of the section on
+conservation laws in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation laws in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation laws in the uh
+uh introduction to applied math text uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh introduction to applied math text uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh introduction to applied math text uh
+ask about a few other initial functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about a few other initial functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about a few other initial functions
+for example minus the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function maybe we are maybe you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function maybe we are maybe you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function maybe we are maybe you we
+should think through those questions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think through those questions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think through those questions is
+the solution with minus the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution with minus the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution with minus the Delta
+function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the
+negative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution what do you think
+no the this is a non nonlinear equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the this is a non nonlinear equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the this is a non nonlinear equation
+and that fact shows up right away in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that fact shows up right away in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that fact shows up right away in the
+uh uh in the possibility that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in the possibility that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in the possibility that when you
+change the sign of the initial function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sign of the initial function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sign of the initial function
+you don't just change the sign of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't just change the sign of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't just change the sign of the
+solution and other things I could ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and other things I could ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and other things I could ask
+well suppose I have an initial function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose I have an initial function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose I have an initial function
+u0 of X and I add one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0 of X and I add one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0 of X and I add one to
+it does that add one to the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does that add one to the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does that add one to the solution
+everywhere good that's a question to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere good that's a question to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere good that's a question to
+think about so these are these are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about so these are these are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about so these are these are sort
+of questions that uh uh are not finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions that uh uh are not finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions that uh uh are not finite
+differences but uh but differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences but uh but differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences but uh but differential
+equation okay so how so all I all it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so how so all I all it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so how so all I all it
+remains here is to find the position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains here is to find the position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains here is to find the position of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+shock I guess one way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock I guess one way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock I guess one way to do
+it okay I can think of several ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay I can think of several ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay I can think of several ways to
+do it one way would be to use the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it one way would be to use the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it one way would be to use the fact
+that the total mass is conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total mass is conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total mass is conserved
+so the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the integral of
+U at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U at any
+time the integral of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the integral of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the integral of that
+function from minus infinity to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from minus infinity to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from minus infinity to Infinity
+that's the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the total
+mass has to agree with the initial total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass has to agree with the initial total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass has to agree with the initial total
+mass which is one because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass which is one because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass which is one because the
+initial density distribution was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial density distribution was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial density distribution was that
+Delta function at the origin and that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function at the origin and that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function at the origin and that we
+know integrates to one so so one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know integrates to one so so one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know integrates to one so so one way to
+find this position would be the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this position would be the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this position would be the fact
+that the integral from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integral from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integral from 0
+to the place that the fan ends that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the place that the fan ends that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the place that the fan ends that's a
+capital x of X over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x of X over T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x of X over T
+DX should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX should be
+one one because it was initially one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one because it was initially one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one because it was initially one so
+that gives us Capital x^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us Capital x^2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us Capital x^2 over
+2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over
+2T as one in fact I guess I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T as one in fact I guess I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T as one in fact I guess I'm thinking
+now this this approach occurred to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this this approach occurred to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this this approach occurred to me
+sort of as I was walking to class I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as I was walking to class I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as I was walking to class I'm
+thinking now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking now that's
+unbeatable that tells us where the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbeatable that tells us where the shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbeatable that tells us where the shock
+position is capital x^2 over 2T is 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is capital x^2 over 2T is 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is capital x^2 over 2T is 1 so
+capital x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x
+is square < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2T okay we could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T okay we could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T okay we could take
+that as a guess if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a guess if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a guess if you like
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+verify that it obeys all the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that it obeys all the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that it obeys all the nonlinear
+rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules
+here right now it just obeys the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right now it just obeys the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right now it just obeys the fact
+that the total mass is conserved which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total mass is conserved which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total mass is conserved which
+is like a minimal fact but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a minimal fact but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a minimal fact but of course
+we've built into this solution uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've built into this solution uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've built into this solution uh an
+expectation of fan followed by shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of fan followed by shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of fan followed by shock
+which is now what we really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now what we really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now what we really want to
+verify so I guess what should I check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify so I guess what should I check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify so I guess what should I check
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+uh I maybe should check the shock speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I maybe should check the shock speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I maybe should check the shock speed
+does this solution with that shock give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this solution with that shock give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this solution with that shock give
+me the correct shock speed okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the correct shock speed okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the correct shock speed okay let me
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that what's the shock speed s is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's the shock speed s is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's the shock speed s is the
+speed of the shock so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of the shock so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of the shock so it's the
+derivative of square < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of square < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of square < TK of
+2T and what's that that's > 2 t to the 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T and what's that that's > 2 t to the 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T and what's that that's > 2 t to the 1
+so that's < TK 2 * T2 the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's < TK 2 * T2 the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's < TK 2 * T2 the derivative of
+T2 is 12 T the minus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 is 12 T the minus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 is 12 T the minus a half
+right so it's so it's 1 over < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2T right that's that's the shock speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T right that's that's the shock speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T right that's that's the shock speed
+for this proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this proposed
+solution if we decide that the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if we decide that the shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if we decide that the shock
+should be at that point now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be at that point now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be at that point now what's
+supposed to happen What is is it that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to happen What is is it that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to happen What is is it that I
+want to check I want to check that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to check I want to check that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to check I want to check that the
+jump condition is correct for this shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump condition is correct for this shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump condition is correct for this shock
+that if a shock speed is that is so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if a shock speed is that is so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if a shock speed is that is so the
+question mark is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so that's the that's the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that's the that's the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that's the that's the speed of
+the shock as we're sort of conjecturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shock as we're sort of conjecturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shock as we're sort of conjecturing
+it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be
+located and now the question is whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located and now the question is whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located and now the question is whether
+whether that chock speed agrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that chock speed agrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that chock speed agrees
+with U on the left plus U on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with U on the left plus U on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with U on the left plus U on the right
+over two so what do I have to check I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two so what do I have to check I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two so what do I have to check I
+have to check if if that is what is U on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to check if if that is what is U on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to check if if that is what is U on
+the left of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of the
+shock if if this is my answer well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock if if this is my answer well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock if if this is my answer well the
+left of the shock is the the the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the shock is the the the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the shock is the the the point
+when x equals capital x that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when x equals capital x that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when x equals capital x that's where the
+shock happens so I it's capital X over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock happens so I it's capital X over T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock happens so I it's capital X over T
+< TK of 2T over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK of 2T over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK of 2T over t
+so the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the value of
+U < TK of 2T over T that's the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U < TK of 2T over T that's the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U < TK of 2T over T that's the that's
+where the fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the fan
+is that's that's this height and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's that's this height and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's that's this height and that
+height is zero so it's the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height is zero so it's the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height is zero so it's the average of
+this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so that's the jump condition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that's the jump condition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that's the jump condition so
+this is the jump condition that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the jump condition that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the jump condition that we're
+checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is it
+right I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I hope
+so otherwise we're in Mighty big trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so otherwise we're in Mighty big trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so otherwise we're in Mighty big trouble
+okay yes uh I have the same cancellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes uh I have the same cancellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes uh I have the same cancellation
+of s < TK of two into Two and T the2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s < TK of two into Two and T the2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s < TK of two into Two and T the2
+leaves me with yes I'm left with that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes okay jump condition Satisfied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay jump condition Satisfied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay jump condition Satisfied by
+this conjectured solution uh uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conjectured solution uh uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conjectured solution uh uh what
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+well just having a shock with the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just having a shock with the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just having a shock with the right
+speed doesn't mean I've got the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed doesn't mean I've got the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed doesn't mean I've got the right
+answer doesn't mean I've got the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer doesn't mean I've got the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer doesn't mean I've got the right
+answer can I just UST make that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer can I just UST make that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer can I just UST make that point
+because it's easy to slip by uh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's easy to slip by uh let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's easy to slip by uh let me
+take an extreme case where uh I compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an extreme case where uh I compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an extreme case where uh I compare
+so so I need so this this these comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I need so this this these comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I need so this this these comments
+are going to be say are going to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be say are going to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be say are going to be to
+say that I really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I really need to
+check the the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition because I could have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition because I could have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition because I could have two
+problems one which started with my with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems one which started with my with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems one which started with my with
+you from initial value minus one jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from initial value minus one jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from initial value minus one jumping
+to one so that's a remon problem and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one so that's a remon problem and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one so that's a remon problem and the
+other which starts from one and jumps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other which starts from one and jumps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other which starts from one and jumps to
+minus one and I guess in both cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and I guess in both cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and I guess in both cases
+remember that remember that F of U which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that remember that F of U which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that remember that F of U which
+is U ^2 / 2 is 12 on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U ^2 / 2 is 12 on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U ^2 / 2 is 12 on both
+sides of the of of that line x equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the of of that line x equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the of of that line x equals 0
+of the x equals 0 in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the x equals 0 in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the x equals 0 in other
+words the jump across this in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the jump across this in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the jump across this in other
+words could this solution stay at minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words could this solution stay at minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words could this solution stay at minus1
+and this solution stay at plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this solution stay at plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this solution stay at plus
+one and have a jump between them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and have a jump between them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and have a jump between them and
+same for this this solution could stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for this this solution could stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for this this solution could stay
+at one this could stay at minus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one this could stay at minus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one this could stay at minus one and
+have it jump and now of course in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it jump and now of course in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it jump and now of course in this
+case the jump will be upwards from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the jump will be upwards from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the jump will be upwards from minus
+one to one in this case it'll be a drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one in this case it'll be a drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one in this case it'll be a drop
+from one down to minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one down to minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one down to minus one
+and I guess I think this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay with the entropy condition and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with the entropy condition and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with the entropy condition and this
+one is not okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me say again what I what I'm meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say again what I what I'm meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say again what I what I'm meaning
+the the fact that I I've chosen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fact that I I've chosen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fact that I I've chosen this
+simple example with f of U equal u^2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example with f of U equal u^2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example with f of U equal u^2 so
+that 1^ 2 and minus 1^ 2 give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 1^ 2 and minus 1^ 2 give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 1^ 2 and minus 1^ 2 give me the
+same answer so the jump across this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer so the jump across this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer so the jump across this line
+is zero the speed of the shock is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero the speed of the shock is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero the speed of the shock is zero
+the shock the jump condition is okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shock the jump condition is okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shock the jump condition is okay so
+so I'm saying that the jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition is okay for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but and and it's the right thing to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and and it's the right thing to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and and it's the right thing to to
+have the jump in this one but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the jump in this one but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the jump in this one but this is
+wrong there should be a fan uh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong there should be a fan uh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong there should be a fan uh and I
+guess what I've forgotten how the fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what I've forgotten how the fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what I've forgotten how the fan
+will go will it probably go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go will it probably go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go will it probably go
+uh so instead of we do have one here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so instead of we do have one here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so instead of we do have one here and
+we do have minus one there but it's but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have minus one there but it's but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have minus one there but it's but
+the value of U is connected not by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of U is connected not by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of U is connected not by a
+jump at a at a point but by a fan that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump at a at a point but by a fan that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump at a at a point but by a fan that
+gets us from there to there a fan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us from there to there a fan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us from there to there a fan is
+also known as an expansion wave and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as an expansion wave and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as an expansion wave and uh
+that's the right thing to have for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right thing to have for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right thing to have for that
+problem okay all that is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay all that is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay all that is just to
+say that I do have to check the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I do have to check the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I do have to check the entropy
+condition but I hope it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition but I hope it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition but I hope it's not going to
+be too difficult so my entropy condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too difficult so my entropy condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too difficult so my entropy condition
+remember for this special case fime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember for this special case fime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember for this special case fime is
+just you so I'm really just checking now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you so I'm really just checking now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you so I'm really just checking now
+UL greater than the shock speed greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UL greater than the shock speed greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UL greater than the shock speed greater
+than Ur okay and UL we Ur is zero of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Ur okay and UL we Ur is zero of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Ur okay and UL we Ur is zero of
+course on this side of the shock it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on this side of the shock it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on this side of the shock it's
+zero and you so the shocks can you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and you so the shocks can you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and you so the shocks can you get
+that the so the the we we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the so the the we we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the so the the we we are going to
+be okay on the iny condition the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay on the iny condition the shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay on the iny condition the shock
+speed is greater than zero and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is greater than zero and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is greater than zero and it's
+smaller than UL well how how is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than UL well how how is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than UL well how how is that is
+this quantity the shock speed so well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity the shock speed so well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity the shock speed so well I
+guess when I'm no greater than is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess when I'm no greater than is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess when I'm no greater than is this
+shock speed so so checking that entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock speed so so checking that entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock speed so so checking that entropy
+condition means so I put it up here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition means so I put it up here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition means so I put it up here uh
+UL bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UL bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UL bigger than
+so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was
+the the characteristic speeds the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the characteristic speeds the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the characteristic speeds the wave
+speeds on the left to the shock they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds on the left to the shock they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds on the left to the shock they
+must run into the shock so they must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must run into the shock so they must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must run into the shock so they must be
+going faster than the shock okay so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going faster than the shock okay so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going faster than the shock okay so let
+me just do this comparison UL L at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just do this comparison UL L at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just do this comparison UL L at the
+left of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the
+shock on the left of the shock X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock on the left of the shock X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock on the left of the shock X is
+capital x which we decided was < tk2 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x which we decided was < tk2 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x which we decided was < tk2 T
+so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this
+is this is < tk2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is < tk2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is < tk2
+T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over
+T that's you left right CU that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's you left right CU that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's you left right CU that's the
+shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot
+starts when X is equal to < tk2 T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts when X is equal to < tk2 T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts when X is equal to < tk2 T and
+that's what U equals and you and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what U equals and you and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what U equals and you and the
+shock speed we figured out here is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock speed we figured out here is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock speed we figured out here is one
+over now so the question is is this true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over now so the question is is this true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over now so the question is is this true
+one over < tk2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over < tk2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over < tk2
+T I guess I sure hope that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is and it is of course if I multiply up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and it is of course if I multiply up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and it is of course if I multiply up
+by this I have 2T overt which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this I have 2T overt which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this I have 2T overt which is just
+two is bigger than one yes so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is bigger than one yes so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is bigger than one yes so so the
+answer again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer again is
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+okay fine so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fine so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fine so that
+completes uh like checking that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes uh like checking that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes uh like checking that our
+proposed solution of fan then shock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed solution of fan then shock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed solution of fan then shock is
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but now let me come to this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let me come to this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let me come to this uh
+formula um because it's quite a handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula um because it's quite a handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula um because it's quite a handy
+useful formula and what I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful formula and what I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful formula and what I have here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh F of U divided by or f of x and x- y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh F of U divided by or f of x and x- y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh F of U divided by or f of x and x- y
+/ two that something squar over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ two that something squar over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ two that something squar over two
+divided by T sorry divided by T okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by T sorry divided by T okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by T sorry divided by T okay
+well do I want to what do I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do I want to what do I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do I want to what do I want to say
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+um well first of all if I do plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well first of all if I do plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well first of all if I do plug in the
+Delta function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function for
+U it gives the right answer I could I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U it gives the right answer I could I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U it gives the right answer I could I
+can easily do this minimization what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily do this minimization what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily do this minimization what
+what do I get when I plug in the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get when I plug in the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get when I plug in the Delta
+function for you not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for you not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for you not just
+to start on trying this formula to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start on trying this formula to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start on trying this formula to be
+sure it gives the same answer that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it gives the same answer that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it gives the same answer that we
+just found so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just found so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just found so the
+integral of U of X and zero the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of U of X and zero the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of U of X and zero the the
+integral of U is a step function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of U is a step function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of U is a step function
+so so this will be a step function uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this will be a step function uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this will be a step function uh
+one for y greater than zero and zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for y greater than zero and zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for y greater than zero and zero for
+y less than zero so it's a we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y less than zero so it's a we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y less than zero so it's a we have a
+little the minimization requires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little the minimization requires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little the minimization requires a
+little patience because a step function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little patience because a step function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little patience because a step function
+of Y is coming in here Y is there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y is coming in here Y is there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y is coming in here Y is there and
+you just the only way I would know to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just the only way I would know to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just the only way I would know to do
+that minimum would be to separate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minimum would be to separate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minimum would be to separate the
+different cases and do each one each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cases and do each one each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cases and do each one each one
+would be simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be simple
+okay I don't think we need to take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't think we need to take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't think we need to take our
+time to do that it's going to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do that it's going to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do that it's going to give the
+same answer and the and the minimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer and the and the minimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer and the and the minimization
+is actually carried out in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually carried out in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually carried out in the in the
+applied math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied math
+book but I would like to say where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book but I would like to say where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book but I would like to say where it
+came from where did this formula so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from where did this formula so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from where did this formula so I'll
+go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to this
+formula as a general formula for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+um initi any starting value starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um initi any starting value starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um initi any starting value starting
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+and in some way derive the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some way derive the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some way derive the formula
+figure out where where did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where where did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where where did
+that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come
+from it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it came
+from the burgers equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the burgers equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the burgers equation
+with so now I want to speak about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so now I want to speak about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so now I want to speak about this
+guy the burgers equation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+viscosity it turns out that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity it turns out that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity it turns out that that
+equation and this is like very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this is like very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this is like very important
+it's that equation has a exact solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that equation has a exact solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that equation has a exact solution
+because I can change variables and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can change variables and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can change variables and make
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+linear I can turn it into the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear I can turn it into the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear I can turn it into the heat
+equation so that that was a neat idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so that that was a neat idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so that that was a neat idea
+which two people noticed at almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which two people noticed at almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which two people noticed at almost the
+same time that a very set satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time that a very set satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time that a very set satisfying
+change of variables will turn this we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables will turn this we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables will turn this we'll
+get rid of the nonlinearity and turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the nonlinearity and turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the nonlinearity and turn it
+into the heat equation so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the heat equation so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the heat equation so it's a
+nonlinear change of variables of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear change of variables of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear change of variables of course
+but not that hard to discover once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not that hard to discover once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not that hard to discover once you
+begin to hope that there is one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to hope that there is one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to hope that there is one and then
+if once it's a heat equation we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if once it's a heat equation we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if once it's a heat equation we know the
+solution the linear heat equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the linear heat equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the linear heat equation we
+know how to solve so we solve it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve so we solve it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve so we solve it and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+what let the viscosity new go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what let the viscosity new go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what let the viscosity new go to
+zero watch what this solution is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero watch what this solution is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero watch what this solution is doing
+as new goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as new goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as new goes to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+and it will as of course it'll be smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will as of course it'll be smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will as of course it'll be smooth
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+any positive value of new the viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any positive value of new the viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any positive value of new the viscosity
+keeps things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps things
+smooth the the shock appears in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth the the shock appears in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth the the shock appears in the
+limit and maybe I should say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and maybe I should say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and maybe I should say something
+just physically about waves breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just physically about waves breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just physically about waves breaking
+waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so in if you look at waves on the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in if you look at waves on the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in if you look at waves on the in
+water they're obeying a nonlinear wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water they're obeying a nonlinear wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water they're obeying a nonlinear wave
+equation more complicated than ours but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation more complicated than ours but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation more complicated than ours but
+nevertheless the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless the
+same uh features and a wave forms and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh features and a wave forms and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh features and a wave forms and as
+all water skiers know Surfers know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all water skiers know Surfers know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all water skiers know Surfers know
+Surfers I guess know it best best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surfers I guess know it best best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surfers I guess know it best best
+The Wave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Wave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Wave in
+time begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time begins to
+break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now up to that time the viscosity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now up to that time the viscosity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now up to that time the viscosity is
+actually not so important but as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not so important but as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not so important but as it
+begins to break there's a terrific uxx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to break there's a terrific uxx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to break there's a terrific uxx
+now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+moments before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments before
+breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking
+and and that uxx then that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that uxx then that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that uxx then that term
+produces viscosity I mean there's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces viscosity I mean there's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces viscosity I mean there's a real
+there is viscosity there and suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is viscosity there and suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is viscosity there and suddenly
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+important and so the viscosity will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and so the viscosity will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and so the viscosity will
+prevent even though it's small the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent even though it's small the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent even though it's small the
+viscosity will prevent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity will prevent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity will prevent the
+actual complete break I mean what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual complete break I mean what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual complete break I mean what what
+actually happens in that wave is a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens in that wave is a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens in that wave is a of
+course a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a
+very difficult thing the nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult thing the nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult thing the nonlinearity
+turbulence everything's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence everything's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence everything's happening
+suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly
+not easy but the main point is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not easy but the main point is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not easy but the main point is that uh
+as in many problems um a term that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in many problems um a term that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in many problems um a term that's
+small in the case of smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small in the case of smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small in the case of smooth
+Solutions where uxx is has a normal size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions where uxx is has a normal size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions where uxx is has a normal size
+and and new is very small so that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and new is very small so that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and new is very small so that term
+is is small suddenly uxx has a giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is small suddenly uxx has a giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is small suddenly uxx has a giant
+size and that term is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and that term is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and that term is important
+physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically
+important so burgers invit equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so burgers invit equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so burgers invit equation
+without with new this is the case with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without with new this is the case with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without with new this is the case with
+invit means new equals zero so Burger's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invit means new equals zero so Burger's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invit means new equals zero so Burger's
+equation is dropping that term and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is dropping that term and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is dropping that term and it
+does have a shock as we very well know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have a shock as we very well know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have a shock as we very well know
+okay so uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh how
+do what are the steps that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what are the steps that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what are the steps that these two
+people noticed that take Burger's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people noticed that take Burger's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people noticed that take Burger's
+equation and turn it into the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and turn it into the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and turn it into the heat
+equation okay uh so let me see if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay uh so let me see if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay uh so let me see if I can
+remember the the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the the two
+steps so I'm starting with Burger's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so I'm starting with Burger's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so I'm starting with Burger's
+equation and I want to make it the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I want to make it the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I want to make it the heat
+equation okay so a first step is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so a first step is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so a first step is to
+introduce um the integral of U let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce um the integral of U let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce um the integral of U let me
+call that capital u of X so capital u of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that capital u of X so capital u of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that capital u of X so capital u of
+X will be will be the integral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X will be will be the integral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X will be will be the integral so
+so if I write it this way I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I write it this way I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I write it this way I'm going to
+change U to capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change U to capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change U to capital
+u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+okay so I'm I'm introducing a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm I'm introducing a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm I'm introducing a new
+variable capital u the linearity won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital u the linearity won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital u the linearity won't
+disappear yet but it'll look a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear yet but it'll look a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear yet but it'll look a little
+different so if I took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so if I took this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so if I took this
+equation and I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I look at
+its yeah I well let me just say what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its yeah I well let me just say what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its yeah I well let me just say what's
+the equation going to look like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation going to look like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation going to look like for
+capital u if I write it down then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital u if I write it down then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital u if I write it down then you'll
+see that it's right dudt Plus instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's right dudt Plus instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's right dudt Plus instead of
+d by DX it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d by DX it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d by DX it'll be
+12 du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 du
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 du
+dx^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx^
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+equals new u xx okay I claim that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals new u xx okay I claim that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals new u xx okay I claim that that's
+the that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that that's the
+um that that that's Berger's equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that that's Berger's equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that that's Berger's equation
+written for capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written for capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written for capital
+u do you see that let me take let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u do you see that let me take let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u do you see that let me take let me
+just see well how do I get from there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see well how do I get from there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see well how do I get from there to
+to the equation with the star Burger's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the equation with the star Burger's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the equation with the star Burger's
+equation I think I just take the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I think I just take the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I think I just take the X
+derivative if I take the X derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative if I take the X derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative if I take the X derivative of
+every term I'm taking the X derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every term I'm taking the X derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every term I'm taking the X derivative
+of U so that's little U so I have D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U so that's little U so I have D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U so that's little U so I have D
+little U DT as I want if I'm taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little U DT as I want if I'm taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little U DT as I want if I'm taking the
+X derivative of this term I have little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X derivative of this term I have little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X derivative of this term I have little
+u xx as I want and if I take the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u xx as I want and if I take the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u xx as I want and if I take the X
+derivative of this term it'll it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this term it'll it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this term it'll it'll
+produce that the the the X derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce that the the the X derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce that the the the X derivative of
+the two will come here Dux will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two will come here Dux will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two will come here Dux will be the
+little U the X derivative of that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little U the X derivative of that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little U the X derivative of that will
+be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+ux it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ux it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ux it's it's
+straightforward and so now I've got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and so now I've got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and so now I've got it
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+a in a slightly different but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a slightly different but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a slightly different but still
+nonlinear form still a quadratic and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear form still a quadratic and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear form still a quadratic and now
+I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+introduce now comes the nonlinear change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce now comes the nonlinear change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce now comes the nonlinear change
+of variables I think it's U is minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables I think it's U is minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables I think it's U is minus 2
+new log AR log so that's the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new log AR log so that's the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new log AR log so that's the nonlinear
+part of the new unknown that I finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the new unknown that I finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the new unknown that I finally
+want which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want which is
+W so that's a exponential change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so that's a exponential change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so that's a exponential change of
+variables capital u is matching log W so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables capital u is matching log W so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables capital u is matching log W so
+w is matching e to the minus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is matching e to the minus an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is matching e to the minus an
+exponential of U and I won't go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of U and I won't go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of U and I won't go through
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+steps but when you introduce that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps but when you introduce that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps but when you introduce that in
+this equation it turns into the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation it turns into the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation it turns into the heat
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+okay of course the initial function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of course the initial function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of course the initial function is
+different the initial the initial W is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the initial the initial W is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the initial the initial W is
+different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the
+initial U well in fact we could see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial U well in fact we could see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial U well in fact we could see what
+is at at at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at at at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at at at time
+zero so this was at all times I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this was at all times I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this was at all times I didn't
+write the T explicitly but at Time Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the T explicitly but at Time Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the T explicitly but at Time Zero
+what is w of0 I guess I just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is w of0 I guess I just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is w of0 I guess I just take the
+exponential I I put this over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I I put this over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I I put this over here and
+take its exponential so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its exponential so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its exponential so
+w of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w of X and
+zero will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero will be
+U of X and zero the starting value of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of X and zero the starting value of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of X and zero the starting value of U
+/ minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ minus 2
+new all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new all
+exponential this is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential this is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential this is the sort of
+expression e to the something divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression e to the something divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression e to the something divided by
+with a minus sign divided by two new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus sign divided by two new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus sign divided by two new
+that we're going to meet we meet it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to meet we meet it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to meet we meet it in
+the initial condition and we meet it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial condition and we meet it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial condition and we meet it in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution well actually we now know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well actually we now know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well actually we now know the
+solution if we if we remember what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if we if we remember what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if we if we remember what's the
+solution to the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the heat
+equation so we have the heat equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so we have the heat equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so we have the heat equation
+there's a there's a new there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a new there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a new there's a
+constant in the heat equation so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in the heat equation so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in the heat equation so we just
+have to remember where does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember where does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember where does that
+constant go and that's actually where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant go and that's actually where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant go and that's actually where
+doing and then we have to start it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and then we have to start it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and then we have to start it from
+this initial condition let me just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this initial condition let me just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this initial condition let me just write
+over here the solution to the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation yeah
+okay so this board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this board
+will follow that board and remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will follow that board and remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will follow that board and remember what
+so do you remember the solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you remember the solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you remember the solution of the
+heat equation it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat equation it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat equation it was
+um you remember we know the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you remember we know the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you remember we know the solution
+that starts from uh Delta function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts from uh Delta function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts from uh Delta function that
+fundamental solution is that e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental solution is that e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental solution is that e to the
+minus whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus whatever
+over for over 2T is it yeah so so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over for over 2T is it yeah so so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over for over 2T is it yeah so so what
+is what is w of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is w of x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is w of x and
+t let's see I think there's a so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t let's see I think there's a so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t let's see I think there's a so we have
+the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat
+equation there's a square < TK of 4 Pi T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation there's a square < TK of 4 Pi T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation there's a square < TK of 4 Pi T
+and now it's 4 Pi new T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's 4 Pi new T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's 4 Pi new T
+where where when new was one that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where when new was one that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where when new was one that we
+didn't know that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that but
+now essentially this new I can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now essentially this new I can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now essentially this new I can change
+the time variable to New Times T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time variable to New Times T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time variable to New Times T so
+every everywhere I saw T I'm now will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every everywhere I saw T I'm now will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every everywhere I saw T I'm now will
+see New Times T and then do you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see New Times T and then do you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see New Times T and then do you remember
+what went in here the initial value W of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what went in here the initial value W of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what went in here the initial value W of
+X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+zero times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero times
+the fundamental solution that that bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental solution that that bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental solution that that bell
+curve that that is centered at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that that is centered at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that that is centered at
+X and grow and and so it's e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and grow and and so it's e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and grow and and so it's e to the
+minus do you remember what it looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus do you remember what it looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus do you remember what it looked
+like I think there's an e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think there's an e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think there's an e to the minus
+centered at X so it's x minus t^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at X so it's x minus t^2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at X so it's x minus t^2 over
+was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it
+two and now over 2 T it was and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and now over 2 T it was and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and now over 2 T it was and now
+there's a new t x minus I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new t x minus I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new t x minus I don't know if
+I'm I don't know if yeah I don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I don't know if yeah I don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I don't know if yeah I don't like
+that x minus oh wait a minute I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x minus oh wait a minute I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x minus oh wait a minute I can't
+have X's let me take W of s and z e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X's let me take W of s and z e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X's let me take W of s and z e to
+the x - s^2 so this is the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x - s^2 so this is the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x - s^2 so this is the this is the
+amount this is from minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount this is from minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount this is from minus infinity to
+infinity and that finally is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and that finally is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and that finally is going to
+give me W of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t so I integrate DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's it's actually good to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's actually good to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's actually good to go
+back and see something that we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and see something that we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and see something that we we
+derived before but we haven't thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived before but we haven't thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived before but we haven't thought
+about it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it for a
+while the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the the
+uh this is the fundamental solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the fundamental solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the fundamental solution
+starting at the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at the point
+s this is the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s this is the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s this is the amount
+of uh initial function there is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh initial function there is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh initial function there is at the
+point s and I integrate over all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point s and I integrate over all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point s and I integrate over all those
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts
+of of uh Point sources I integrate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh Point sources I integrate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh Point sources I integrate over
+all the sources all the way from s equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sources all the way from s equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sources all the way from s equal
+minus infinity to infinity and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity and I get
+that answer and now I know what w of S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that answer and now I know what w of S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that answer and now I know what w of S
+zero is that's what I just found this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is that's what I just found this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is that's what I just found this
+is e to the minus as we've just said uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the minus as we've just said uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the minus as we've just said uh
+capital u of X and zero u u Zer I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital u of X and zero u u Zer I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital u of X and zero u u Zer I'll
+call it over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it over two
+new so for this substitute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new so for this substitute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new so for this substitute this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's it's requiring patience but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's requiring patience but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's requiring patience but not
+genius I'd say to to do this now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius I'd say to to do this now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius I'd say to to do this now the
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+is what happens as new goes to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens as new goes to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens as new goes to zero and
+that that's the thing that makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the thing that makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the thing that makes this
+worth presenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth presenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth presenting
+what happens to integrals like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to integrals like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to integrals like
+this I have I have an integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have I have an integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have I have an integral of
+something and and where so something the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and and where so something the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and and where so something the
+exponentials are both negative I I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials are both negative I I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials are both negative I I have
+somehow an integral like this I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow an integral like this I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow an integral like this I have the
+integral of some e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of some e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of some e to the minus
+something I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I'll say
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+new DS you see that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new DS you see that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new DS you see that the the
+B involves the UN not over two well let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B involves the UN not over two well let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B involves the UN not over two well let
+me put a two new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put a two new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put a two new
+there yeah so this is really what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have in this in this formula well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this in this formula well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this in this formula well
+divided by this thing so let me put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by this thing so let me put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by this thing so let me put that
+one over square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outside and and you remember my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and and you remember my question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and and you remember my question
+is what happens as new goes to zero do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens as new goes to zero do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens as new goes to zero do
+and do you have any idea what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you have any idea what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you have any idea what I mean
+it's it's a mess we do not want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a mess we do not want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a mess we do not want to do
+this integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's an exact formula but not one I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an exact formula but not one I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an exact formula but not one I want
+to deal with what I do want is to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with what I do want is to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with what I do want is to know
+what happens as new goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens as new goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens as new goes to
+zero and the main point is that new is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the main point is that new is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the main point is that new is
+showing up in the denominator we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up in the denominator we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up in the denominator we have
+some quantity in the numerator what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some quantity in the numerator what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some quantity in the numerator what is
+that quantity that quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantity that quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantity that quantity is
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+plus is x - s^2 over 2 new T oh over 2T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is x - s^2 over 2 new T oh over 2T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is x - s^2 over 2 new T oh over 2T
+because the new is O over T because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the new is O over T because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the new is O over T because the
+yeah in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in
+fact if we're lucky this B is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if we're lucky this B is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if we're lucky this B is exactly
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+quantity this is exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity this is exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity this is exactly this
+bracket that's I think my B if I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket that's I think my B if I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket that's I think my B if I change
+letter from s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter from s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter from s to
+Y if I'd been like prepared in advance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y if I'd been like prepared in advance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y if I'd been like prepared in advance I
+I wouldn't have introduced Y and S cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't have introduced Y and S cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't have introduced Y and S cuz
+they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're
+both just dummy variables and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both just dummy variables and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both just dummy variables and they
+should have been the same you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been the same you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been the same you see that
+this guy is my is because of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is my is because of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is my is because of you
+remember the change from cap between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the change from cap between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the change from cap between
+little U and capital u capital u is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little U and capital u capital u is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little U and capital u capital u is just
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+integral so that's you not and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so that's you not and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so that's you not and this is
+this x - y squared over two over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x - y squared over two over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x - y squared over two over uh
+2T yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T yes okay
+I'm not sure if I've got a two somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if I've got a two somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if I've got a two somewhere
+lost but we won't uh worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost but we won't uh worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost but we won't uh worry about that
+the main point that I want to make is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main point that I want to make is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main point that I want to make is
+how do you deal with an integral like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you deal with an integral like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you deal with an integral like
+this because that's this is like a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because that's this is like a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because that's this is like a major
+Topic in a more advanced course on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topic in a more advanced course on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topic in a more advanced course on
+applied math a more advanced course on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied math a more advanced course on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied math a more advanced course on
+the the analysis of Applied math not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the analysis of Applied math not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the analysis of Applied math not the
+numerical analysis what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical analysis what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical analysis what
+what control is what's happening as new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what control is what's happening as new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what control is what's happening as new
+goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+zero okay well as new goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay well as new goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay well as new goes to
+zero this thing is getting very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this thing is getting very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this thing is getting very large
+right e to the minus a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right e to the minus a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right e to the minus a very large
+amount so it's as near nothing as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount so it's as near nothing as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount so it's as near nothing as you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+imagine e to the minus a very negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine e to the minus a very negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine e to the minus a very negative
+amount but still the the total is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount but still the the total is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount but still the the total is
+conserved somehow and the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved somehow and the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved somehow and the question is
+what's the main leading term in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the main leading term in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the main leading term in this
+quantity and the answer is what you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and the answer is what you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and the answer is what you look
+at the point where B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point where B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point where B
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+minimum right if B at one point is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum right if B at one point is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum right if B at one point is one
+then we have an e to the minus1 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new and compared to eus 100 over 2 new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and compared to eus 100 over 2 new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and compared to eus 100 over 2 new
+uh the e to the minus one over 2 new is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the e to the minus one over 2 new is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the e to the minus one over 2 new is
+way bigger so that the in the end the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way bigger so that the in the end the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way bigger so that the in the end the
+contribution all comes from the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution all comes from the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution all comes from the point
+where B is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where B is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where B is a
+minimum and that's what this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and that's what this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and that's what this formula
+says we should look for and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we should look for and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we should look for and if you
+figure out what that contribution is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what that contribution is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what that contribution is and
+take into account the fact that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account the fact that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account the fact that we do
+have a 4 Pi new T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 4 Pi new T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 4 Pi new T
+here without this the whole thing would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here without this the whole thing would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here without this the whole thing would
+just be going to zero as new gets goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be going to zero as new gets goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be going to zero as new gets goes
+to zero this is e minus very negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero this is e minus very negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero this is e minus very negative
+stuff at zero but but we we have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff at zero but but we we have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff at zero but but we we have a new
+here so in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in the end
+something uh nonzero emerges but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh nonzero emerges but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh nonzero emerges but it
+emerges totally at this point where B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges totally at this point where B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges totally at this point where B is
+a minimum and that's what uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum and that's what uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum and that's what uh this
+formula has found this is the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula has found this is the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula has found this is the minimum
+value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of
+B okay I won't track down further I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay I won't track down further I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay I won't track down further I just
+uh do I remember the right word uh is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do I remember the right word uh is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do I remember the right word uh is it
+stationary phase did anybody meet these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase did anybody meet these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase did anybody meet these
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+I'm I'm speaking now about something uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm speaking now about something uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm speaking now about something uh
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the in the history of Applied math still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the history of Applied math still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the history of Applied math still
+the those tools that were created over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those tools that were created over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those tools that were created over
+the pre-computer years are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre-computer years are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre-computer years are still
+extremely valuable to understand what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely valuable to understand what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely valuable to understand what's
+going on and and this is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and and this is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and and this is just an
+illustration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration
+okay that's my comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's my comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's my comments
+on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the limiting case of burgers which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limiting case of burgers which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limiting case of burgers which is
+invis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invis
+burgers and we actually use this uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burgers and we actually use this uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burgers and we actually use this uh um
+form of the equation as the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the equation as the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the equation as the first step
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+linearization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+uh as I say it's quite a nice exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as I say it's quite a nice exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as I say it's quite a nice exercise
+now to to to use this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to to to use this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to to to use this formula
+an explicit formula which we last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explicit formula which we last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explicit formula which we last time
+did not suspect right we were tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not suspect right we were tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not suspect right we were tracking
+down we had a we knew the problem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down we had a we knew the problem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down we had a we knew the problem was
+nonlinear and we're tracking down shocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear and we're tracking down shocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear and we're tracking down shocks
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+fans and here's a formula that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans and here's a formula that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans and here's a formula that just
+plain gives us the answer so this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain gives us the answer so this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain gives us the answer so this would
+give this gives us a shock or a fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this gives us a shock or a fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this gives us a shock or a fan
+whichever it this is the right has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever it this is the right has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever it this is the right has the
+right shock speeds if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right shock speeds if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right shock speeds if there's a
+shock and it has the right the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock and it has the right the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock and it has the right the entropy
+condition is satisfied because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is satisfied because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is satisfied because it was
+satisfied all along as new was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied all along as new was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied all along as new was going to
+zero okay so now do I want to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so now do I want to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so now do I want to make some
+final comments on this CT of a def
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final comments on this CT of a def
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final comments on this CT of a def
+freeze kdv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah I don't know that I that I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah I don't know that I that I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah I don't know that I that I I
+mean that would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that would be an
+ideal um numerical example in fact its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal um numerical example in fact its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal um numerical example in fact its
+importance was discovered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance was discovered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance was discovered by
+numerically one could say that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically one could say that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically one could say that this is
+one of the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the biggest
+contributions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions of
+numerical simulation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical simulation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical simulation to
+Pure to the theory of nonlinear pdes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pure to the theory of nonlinear pdes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pure to the theory of nonlinear pdes the
+discovery that and it was just came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery that and it was just came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery that and it was just came out
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+blue the discovery that that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue the discovery that that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue the discovery that that particular
+nonlinear equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equation
+uh was what we might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was what we might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was what we might call
+integrable that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable that there's
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+twists that produce linear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twists that produce linear equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twists that produce linear equations
+whose solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose solution
+give the answer to this nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the answer to this nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the answer to this nonlinear
+equation I just I maybe what I ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I just I maybe what I ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I just I maybe what I ought to
+say is first first to tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is first first to tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is first first to tell you what
+those numerical experiments were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numerical experiments were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numerical experiments were like
+and people just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people just
+like looked at the answers and said can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B okay what were they like so we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay what were they like so we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay what were they like so we could
+find without much work we could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find without much work we could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find without much work we could find
+Solutions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions of the
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+uh of the form of of a traveling wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the form of of a traveling wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the form of of a traveling wave
+form so we could find solutions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so we could find solutions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so we could find solutions that
+look that have the form some function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look that have the form some function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look that have the form some function of
+x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus
+CT if you plug that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have you have have then derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you have have then derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you have have then derivatives
+of f you have an ordinary differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f you have an ordinary differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f you have an ordinary differential
+equation for f and you can actually find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for f and you can actually find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for f and you can actually find
+shapes waves that travel following that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes waves that travel following that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes waves that travel following that
+equation so of course what you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so of course what you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so of course what you can't do
+is put add two of them together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is put add two of them together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is put add two of them together and
+still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a
+solution because the equation's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because the equation's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because the equation's not
+linear so everybody assumed okay people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so everybody assumed okay people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so everybody assumed okay people
+had found these traveling waves before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had found these traveling waves before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had found these traveling waves before
+and the computer will if you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the computer will if you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the computer will if you start with
+the right initial condition the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right initial condition the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right initial condition the computer
+will produce a traveling wave if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will produce a traveling wave if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will produce a traveling wave if you
+start with the right initial condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the right initial condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the right initial condition
+the prod the computer will show two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prod the computer will show two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prod the computer will show two
+traveling waves at different speeds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling waves at different speeds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling waves at different speeds the
+C will be different from one wave to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C will be different from one wave to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C will be different from one wave to the
+other so what will happen as time goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so what will happen as time goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so what will happen as time goes
+forward one wave will catch the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward one wave will catch the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward one wave will catch the other
+one because it's going faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because it's going faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because it's going faster
+so those the shapes of each wave are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those the shapes of each wave are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those the shapes of each wave are
+known there're I think it's one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known there're I think it's one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known there're I think it's one over
+hyperbolic cosine squared or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic cosine squared or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic cosine squared or something
+okay so we have one wave going with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have one wave going with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have one wave going with a
+different C going faster than another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different C going faster than another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different C going faster than another
+wave we're Computing along the one wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave we're Computing along the one wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave we're Computing along the one wave
+the fast wave catches the slow wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fast wave catches the slow wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fast wave catches the slow wave and
+they interact of course they interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they interact of course they interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they interact of course they interact
+because the problem's nonlinear you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the problem's nonlinear you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the problem's nonlinear you
+can't see what's happening at at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see what's happening at at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see what's happening at at the
+time when when the big one catches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when when the big one catches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when when the big one catches the
+small one but you can keep Computing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small one but you can keep Computing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small one but you can keep Computing so
+and what happened was that after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happened was that after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happened was that after this
+jumble the fast wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumble the fast wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumble the fast wave
+emerged with the same shape and the slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged with the same shape and the slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged with the same shape and the slow
+wave emerged behind it with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave emerged behind it with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave emerged behind it with the same
+shape and there was some lag of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and there was some lag of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and there was some lag of course
+some delay moment which had been used up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some delay moment which had been used up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some delay moment which had been used up
+in that in the J jumble as as the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in the J jumble as as the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in the J jumble as as the one
+pass the other but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the other but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the other but they
+emerged looking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged looking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged looking the
+same and uh so that's what led that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and uh so that's what led that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and uh so that's what led that I
+mean that's sort of like a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's sort of like a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's sort of like a linear
+property not exactly because it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property not exactly because it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property not exactly because it wasn't
+you couldn't just add them it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't just add them it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't just add them it wasn't
+perfect but the shapes were perfect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect but the shapes were perfect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect but the shapes were perfect and
+that suggested that this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggested that this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggested that this equation
+might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have
+hidden uh linearity that that nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden uh linearity that that nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden uh linearity that that nobody
+noticed uh and then finally that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed uh and then finally that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed uh and then finally that was
+discovered it was a search people found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered it was a search people found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered it was a search people found
+conservation laws this it's easy to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation laws this it's easy to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation laws this it's easy to show
+that the integral of U is conserved by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integral of U is conserved by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integral of U is conserved by
+this equation that's we've done that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation that's we've done that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation that's we've done that a
+thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+times then other integrals are conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times then other integrals are conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times then other integrals are conserved
+and if you're if you just like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're if you just like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're if you just like to do
+algebra you a a short list of conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra you a a short list of conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra you a a short list of conserved
+quantities integral of U integral of U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities integral of U integral of U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities integral of U integral of U2
+and a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few
+others not just U Cube and u4 of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others not just U Cube and u4 of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others not just U Cube and u4 of course
+were people were creating a list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were people were creating a list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were people were creating a list and
+then somebody saw how to get an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then somebody saw how to get an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then somebody saw how to get an infinite
+number of integrals so that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of integrals so that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of integrals so that was a
+suspicion that the problem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicion that the problem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicion that the problem was
+integrable that that if we could find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable that that if we could find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable that that if we could find an
+infinite list of conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite list of conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite list of conserved
+quantities conserved even under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities conserved even under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities conserved even under this
+nonlinear interaction term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear interaction term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear interaction term that
+somewhere something was linear and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere something was linear and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere something was linear and then
+eventually a change of variables well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually a change of variables well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually a change of variables well
+more than a change of variables a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a change of variables a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a change of variables a total
+twist was found to integrate it and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist was found to integrate it and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist was found to integrate it and get
+an explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explicit
+answer uh that's more than I can do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh that's more than I can do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh that's more than I can do but
+I want to say of course that immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say of course that immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say of course that immediately
+set out a mad search for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set out a mad search for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set out a mad search for other
+nonlinear uh problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear uh problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear uh problems that
+were in this sense completely integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in this sense completely integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in this sense completely integrable
+and now am I going to be able to list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now am I going to be able to list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now am I going to be able to list
+some of the ones that were discovered I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ones that were discovered I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ones that were discovered I
+think I can whoops not on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I can whoops not on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I can whoops not on that
+board so I'll just end with uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so I'll just end with uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so I'll just end with uh the
+completely integrable nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely integrable nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely integrable nonlinear
+equations and I don't know if the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I don't know if the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I don't know if the list
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complete the discovery of new ones is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the discovery of new ones is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the discovery of new ones is is
+like uh a major thing so we have cague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh a major thing so we have cague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh a major thing so we have cague
+defree that was the the first then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defree that was the the first then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defree that was the the first then
+there's a non linear shringer equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a non linear shringer equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a non linear shringer equation
+and the solutions I have to say what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solutions I have to say what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solutions I have to say what the
+solutions are called those those waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are called those those waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are called those those waves
+that I mentioned are which they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mentioned are which they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mentioned are which they're not
+quite that bad are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite that bad are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite that bad are called
+solons solitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solons solitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solons solitary
+waves and it was the interaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and it was the interaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and it was the interaction of
+solons and the fact that they emerged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solons and the fact that they emerged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solons and the fact that they emerged
+looking unchanged that that set off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking unchanged that that set off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking unchanged that that set off this
+horrific effort to figure out what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrific effort to figure out what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrific effort to figure out what was
+going on so I was going going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so I was going going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so I was going going to write
+nonlinear shringer in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear shringer in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear shringer in here and
+uh without saying exactly where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without saying exactly where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without saying exactly where the
+nonlinearity appears but you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity appears but you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity appears but you take
+scher's equation and and then what oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scher's equation and and then what oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scher's equation and and then what oh
+I'm blanking out on other there are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm blanking out on other there are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm blanking out on other there are just
+a couple more famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple more famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple more famous
+ones um I'll I'll put those names into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones um I'll I'll put those names into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones um I'll I'll put those names into
+an email rather than and stumble here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email rather than and stumble here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email rather than and stumble here
+okay so that's a little history with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a little history with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a little history with no
+details of a incredibly special class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of a incredibly special class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of a incredibly special class of
+nonlinear pdes well of course um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear pdes well of course um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear pdes well of course um the
+navi stes equations aren't on that list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navi stes equations aren't on that list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navi stes equations aren't on that list
+and we still don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we still don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we still don't
+know especially in 3D I guess that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know especially in 3D I guess that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know especially in 3D I guess that's one
+of the million dooll clay prizes is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the million dooll clay prizes is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the million dooll clay prizes is to
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+whether um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether um
+the nav Stokes equations have a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nav Stokes equations have a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nav Stokes equations have a solution
+for all time so that that's one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all time so that that's one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all time so that that's one of these
+seven famous prizes of which one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven famous prizes of which one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven famous prizes of which one of the
+seven uh geometry analysis prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven uh geometry analysis prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven uh geometry analysis prize
+apparently the problem has been solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently the problem has been solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently the problem has been solved
+so there are six to go and one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are six to go and one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are six to go and one of them
+is the whether NV Stokes equations have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the whether NV Stokes equations have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the whether NV Stokes equations have
+Solutions actually I'll just take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions actually I'll just take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions actually I'll just take one
+more minute of your time thank you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more minute of your time thank you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more minute of your time thank you um
+people had or somebody had conjectured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had or somebody had conjectured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had or somebody had conjectured
+some some possible Vortex blow up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some possible Vortex blow up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some possible Vortex blow up in
+which maybe that was a case that was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe that was a case that was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe that was a case that was an
+example of non-existence that that we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of non-existence that that we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of non-existence that that we we
+could find a particular initial function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find a particular initial function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find a particular initial function
+that created such a blow up in a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that created such a blow up in a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that created such a blow up in a small
+space that the the ne Stokes equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that the the ne Stokes equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that the the ne Stokes equations
+didn't couldn't be continued but big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't couldn't be continued but big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't couldn't be continued but big
+numerical experiments just reported in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical experiments just reported in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical experiments just reported in
+the last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last week
+uh show that that particular example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh show that that particular example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh show that that particular example
+that somebody thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody thought
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+non-existence after a finite time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-existence after a finite time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-existence after a finite time
+doesn't so so the the it's back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so so the the it's back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so so the the it's back to the
+drawing board really either I don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing board really either I don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing board really either I don't see
+how numerically we're ever going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how numerically we're ever going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how numerically we're ever going to see
+that it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it does
+exist but this numerical experiment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist but this numerical experiment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist but this numerical experiment was
+sufficiently clear to say that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently clear to say that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently clear to say that that
+particular phenomenon that looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular phenomenon that looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular phenomenon that looked
+dangerous uh didn't go wrong okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous uh didn't go wrong okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous uh didn't go wrong okay so
+next time it's a little more about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time it's a little more about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time it's a little more about uh
+numerical Solutions of these equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical Solutions of these equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical Solutions of these equations
+and then about the level set method and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then about the level set method and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then about the level set method and
+then looking ahead uh we have a guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then looking ahead uh we have a guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then looking ahead uh we have a guest
+lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on
+the uh on financial mathematics the PDS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh on financial mathematics the PDS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh on financial mathematics the PDS
+of financial math for everybody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of financial math for everybody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of financial math for everybody who
+wants to go to New York and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to go to New York and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to go to New York and
+make a billion and uh then we'll soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a billion and uh then we'll soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a billion and uh then we'll soon
+then we're we're going to very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're we're going to very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're we're going to very quickly
+be in the second part of the course on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the second part of the course on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the second part of the course on
+um solving large linear systems okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um solving large linear systems okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um solving large linear systems okay
+I'll see you Friday then for level sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see you Friday then for level sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see you Friday then for level sets
+good thanks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+patience hi you have me it's for me of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience hi you have me it's for me of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience hi you have me it's for me of
+course I have
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NwbPgoCW5Ro.txt b/NwbPgoCW5Ro.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab1e28817381bc41357f89342f50984e55cfd377
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NwbPgoCW5Ro.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+for us in practice in the teaching lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us in practice in the teaching lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us in practice in the teaching lab
+uh we try to get the students the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we try to get the students the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we try to get the students the
+information they need at the time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information they need at the time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information they need at the time when
+they're most ready to learn it let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're most ready to learn it let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're most ready to learn it let's
+take one example of of one of the skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one example of of one of the skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one example of of one of the skills
+which takes uh some time to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which takes uh some time to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which takes uh some time to develop
+which is uh analyzing data data analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh analyzing data data analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh analyzing data data analysis
+is hard nobody has good intuition for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard nobody has good intuition for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard nobody has good intuition for it
+um it involves mathematics it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it involves mathematics it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it involves mathematics it involves
+uh somewhat of a Dark Art of of of skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somewhat of a Dark Art of of of skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somewhat of a Dark Art of of of skill
+um so everybody requires practice at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so everybody requires practice at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so everybody requires practice at it
+um uh several years ago our approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh several years ago our approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh several years ago our approach to
+teaching data analysis in junior lab was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching data analysis in junior lab was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching data analysis in junior lab was
+we would have uh a few lectures we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have uh a few lectures we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have uh a few lectures we would
+take the first hour and a half of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the first hour and a half of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the first hour and a half of each
+lab session on the first couple of days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab session on the first couple of days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab session on the first couple of days
+of the semester and just lecture to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester and just lecture to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester and just lecture to the
+students we'd give you know a a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students we'd give you know a a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students we'd give you know a a a a
+Blackboard talk or a PowerPoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard talk or a PowerPoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard talk or a PowerPoint
+presentation and tell them everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and tell them everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and tell them everything
+there is to know uh that would get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is to know uh that would get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is to know uh that would get them
+at least through a semester or two of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least through a semester or two of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least through a semester or two of of
+of Junior lab um now of course nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Junior lab um now of course nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Junior lab um now of course nobody
+would remember any of that by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would remember any of that by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would remember any of that by the time
+it came to actually do data analysis uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came to actually do data analysis uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came to actually do data analysis uh
+sometime in the next few weeks after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime in the next few weeks after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime in the next few weeks after
+that um and given everything we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and given everything we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and given everything we know
+about how people learn that is not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how people learn that is not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how people learn that is not at
+all surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all surprising
+um um so the the way we do this now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um so the the way we do this now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um so the the way we do this now is
+there is uh a little bit of instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is uh a little bit of instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is uh a little bit of instruction
+either by some reading or a video on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either by some reading or a video on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either by some reading or a video on the
+web which is uh mediated through the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web which is uh mediated through the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web which is uh mediated through the uh
+open edex platform on mitx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open edex platform on mitx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open edex platform on mitx
+um they do a little bit of a what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they do a little bit of a what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they do a little bit of a what
+amounts to a reading quiz on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to a reading quiz on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to a reading quiz on
+mitx um uh but that's when we we we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitx um uh but that's when we we we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitx um uh but that's when we we we we
+don't necessarily believe that watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily believe that watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily believe that watching
+someone give a lecture on a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone give a lecture on a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone give a lecture on a computer
+screen is much better than giving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen is much better than giving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen is much better than giving a
+lecture in person not necessarily um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in person not necessarily um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in person not necessarily um so
+the we believe the real learning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we believe the real learning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we believe the real learning is
+going to happen the next day when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen the next day when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen the next day when they
+come to the classroom and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the classroom and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the classroom and we're going to
+do some sort of uh very active exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some sort of uh very active exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some sort of uh very active exercise
+on this very same material which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this very same material which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this very same material which they
+just learned overnight so the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learned overnight so the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learned overnight so the um the
+direct instruction that happens as part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct instruction that happens as part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct instruction that happens as part
+of the preparation we really are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the preparation we really are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the preparation we really are
+treating it as the preparation um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating it as the preparation um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating it as the preparation um it's
+not the main learning the main learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the main learning the main learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the main learning the main learning
+is going to happen with the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen with the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen with the active
+exercise that happens in class but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise that happens in class but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise that happens in class but we
+just need to have some sort of priming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to have some sort of priming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to have some sort of priming
+uh so that when they arrive they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that when they arrive they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that when they arrive they are
+ready to start that learning
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OBloWTHFPZc.txt b/OBloWTHFPZc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8c166afafc3c8069abbe76c0b2b3a56ef3064685
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OBloWTHFPZc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1682 @@
+HAZEL SIVE: Let's move on
+with Biochemistry III.
+
+And we have, as you recall,
+being exploring the
+
+fascinating and complicated
+set of
+
+macromolecules inside a cell--
+
+inside the cell that we're
+using, in a way, analogous to
+
+a factory that is a production
+line for synthesis of various
+
+components that are required for
+function of the cell, for
+
+its replication, and for
+perpetuation of the organism.
+
+Today I want to talk to you
+about some parameters that
+
+surround the chemical reactions
+of biochemistry.
+
+We'll talk briefly about
+thermodynamics and energy
+
+considerations.
+
+And then I want to introduce
+you to a huge and pivotal
+
+class of proteins,
+the enzymes.
+
+And then we'll talk very briefly
+about the currency of
+
+energy in the cell.
+
+Let's start with thermodynamics,
+which we will
+
+define as the rules
+underlying energy
+
+usage in chemical reactions.
+
+Rules underlying energy use.
+
+And really, it's the first law
+of thermodynamics that we're
+
+interested in.
+
+We're interested in the fact
+that energy is neither created
+
+nor destroyed, that it is
+converted from one form to
+
+another and that there is
+conservation of energy.
+
+And the other laws are embedded
+in what we'll talk,
+
+but these are the ones that
+are really important for
+
+biochemistry.
+
+Let's think about a basic
+chemical reaction, some kind
+
+of substrate.
+
+That's a biological term
+which we'll use.
+
+It's equivalent to the term
+"reactant." And I could use R,
+
+but I'm going to use S, because
+that's what we'll use
+
+in biochemistry, in life.
+
+And that gives rise
+to a product.
+
+And chemical reactions can
+go in both directions.
+
+One reaction may predominate
+over the other.
+
+But the reaction
+is reversible.
+
+And the questions that we're
+going to ask is, does a
+
+chemical reaction require
+or release energy?
+
+How fast does the
+reaction go--
+
+which is referred to as the
+rate of the reaction.
+
+And how far, which refers to
+the equilibrium point.
+
+Equilibrium, where equilibrium
+is defined as the place where
+
+the forward rate and the
+back rate are equal.
+
+And at equilibrium, even though
+the forward and the
+
+back rate are equal, it's not
+that you have equal amounts of
+
+substrate and product, you have
+a particular ratio of
+
+substrate to product that is
+characteristic for the
+
+chemical reaction.
+
+So you get a specific substrate
+or reactant to
+
+product ratio.
+
+Let's make this S a little
+larger, to match
+
+the P. There we go.
+
+Good.
+
+The thing that you need to
+know is called Gibbs free
+
+energy and the change in Gibbs
+free energy with a reaction.
+
+So in any chemical reaction,
+there are a couple of kinds of
+
+energy considerations.
+
+The one important for us is G,
+the Gibbs free energy, which
+
+is the usable or, the convention
+is, free energy.
+
+The other term you need
+is H, which is the
+
+total energy, or enthalpy.
+
+Entropy, S, the unusable
+energy.
+
+And you also need T, which is
+the temperature in absolute
+
+degrees Kelvin.
+
+And the reaction that you may
+be familiar with or the
+
+equation you may be familiar
+with is delta G equals delta H
+
+minus T delta S. And the thing
+that's important here is what
+
+this means.
+
+Delta G is the change
+in free energy
+
+with a chemical reaction.
+
+And every chemical reaction has
+a characteristic change in
+
+free energy.
+
+And depending on what that is,
+one can say certain things
+
+about how likely the reaction
+is to proceed.
+
+If delta G is negative for a
+particular chemical reaction,
+
+then as the reaction proceeds,
+energy is released, the
+
+reaction is termed exergonic,
+and it is sometimes
+
+"spontaneous." I'm going
+to put that in quotes.
+
+You'll see why in a moment.
+
+The flip is true if delta
+G is positive.
+
+This means that the reaction
+requires energy in order to
+
+proceed, and it is referred
+to as endergonic.
+
+And if delta G is 0, the
+reaction is at equilibrium.
+
+The notion that's quite useful
+to think about this is balls
+
+rolling up and down hills.
+
+For a reaction that is
+exergonic, a ball rolling down
+
+a hill will decrease its delta
+G. It will release energy as
+
+it rolls down the hill.
+
+And you can actually
+plot this.
+
+And you'll see lots of plots
+like this where, if you plot
+
+energy over the course of the
+reaction, you will see that
+
+the reactants start
+off at a higher
+
+energy than the products.
+
+And as they are rolling
+down the hill,
+
+there is energy released.
+
+And the flip is true for an
+endergonic reaction where
+
+delta G is positive.
+
+You have to put in energy
+to get the product out.
+
+Now--
+
+and this is where it
+gets interesting.
+
+And this is where we get back
+to "spontaneous" in quotes--
+
+chemical reactions can be
+exergonic, but they may not
+
+proceed spontaneously.
+
+If you imagine a ball sitting
+at the top of a hill, if the
+
+ball is sitting right on the
+slope of a hill, and you let
+
+the ball go, it'll go zipping
+down the hill, right?
+
+But if the ball is sitting on
+the top of the hill, but it's
+
+in a little hollow, it's not
+going to go anywhere unless
+
+you give a push.
+
+That's very important.
+
+And that kind of notion is
+embodied in chemical
+
+principles.
+
+So let's write this out.
+
+And then we'll formalize this.
+
+Delta G can be negative, but a
+reaction does not proceed.
+
+And that's because you've got
+to get the reactants out of
+
+that little hollow at
+the top of the hill.
+
+And in order to get the
+reactants out of the little
+
+hollow at the top of the hill,
+you need something called
+
+activation energy.
+
+Activation energy is required.
+
+I'm going to abbreviate
+that AC.
+
+You can abbreviate it
+whatever you like.
+
+And the thing about chemical
+reactions that makes them
+
+proceed in chemistry and makes
+them proceed in biochemistry,
+
+in life, is that you need
+something to overcome that
+
+activation energy.
+
+Back to the ball analogy--
+
+I think of this because
+I have a dog.
+
+His name is Archer.
+
+He's a black Labrador--
+
+in case you're interested--
+
+and he's very fond of balls.
+
+And they sit at the top of
+the hill in my yard.
+
+And there's a whole
+line of them .
+
+And they will sit there forever
+unless Archer either
+
+intelligently or by mistake
+pushes one.
+
+And then it goes rolling down
+the hill, and he can get it.
+
+So you have to do something
+to start the reaction.
+
+You have to give energy.
+
+Where does that energy
+come from?
+
+Well, it comes from somewhere.
+
+And you can decrease that
+activation energy and really
+
+get a reaction to proceed
+quickly by the use of
+
+chemicals called catalysts.
+
+So catalysts decrease activation
+energy and allow a
+
+reaction to proceed.
+
+Catalysts do not change delta G
+of the whole reaction or the
+
+equilibrium point.
+
+So you're not going
+to get more.
+
+You're not going to really
+change the reaction.
+
+You're just going
+to get it to go.
+
+Catalysts do increase the
+rate of reaction.
+
+That's the point.
+
+And they do this, as we'll
+explore, by promoting
+
+something called a transition
+state, which is a high-energy
+
+form of the reactants.
+
+If we go back to our ball
+analogy, if you kick the ball
+
+so that it comes up out of the
+hollow, that kick that you
+
+give the ball, the energy you
+put in there, is going to get
+
+the ball rolling down
+the hill, and the
+
+reaction will proceed.
+
+So catalysts promote a
+transition state, which is a
+
+high-energy form of
+the reactants.
+
+Let's look at a couple of slides
+that I drew for you.
+
+So here is a blank chart.
+
+And I've got delta G on the
+y-axis and the reaction course
+
+on the x-axis.
+
+And here's a reaction curve.
+
+The reaction overall is going
+to have a delta G that's
+
+negative because you see that
+the products are at the bottom
+
+of the hill, relative
+to the reactants.
+
+But there's also this hump that
+they have to get over.
+
+And that is what requires
+activation energy.
+
+In an uncatalyzed reaction or a
+catalyzed reaction, you have
+
+to go through this high-energy
+state.
+
+So here is a catalyzed reaction
+that I put on as
+
+blue, the uncatalyzed as red.
+
+And you can see what happens to
+the little hill that has to
+
+be climbed before the reaction
+can proceed.
+
+The amount of energy you need to
+move that chemical reaction
+
+decreases relative to the
+uncatalyzed reaction.
+
+So you decrease the little
+hollow in which the ball is
+
+sitting, in order to get the
+reaction to proceed.
+
+But at the end, you'll end up
+with exactly the same reaction
+
+as you would have if it
+were not catalyzed.
+
+All right.
+
+What does this have to
+do with biology?
+
+Well, it has everything.
+
+Because there's a class of
+proteins that we'll talk about
+
+for the rest of the lecture that
+are biological catalysts.
+
+And without them, there
+would be no life.
+
+So number two, we'll
+talk about enzymes.
+
+And enzymes are biological
+catalysts.
+
+They are usually protein.
+
+And all of the ones that we'll
+talk about are proteins.
+
+But they can also be RNA.
+
+And a Nobel Prize was given
+some years ago for the
+
+discovery of RNA enzymes
+that are catalysts.
+
+And Dr. Sinha has posted on
+the website a video of the
+
+Nobel lecture of Professor
+Sidney Altman, who got the
+
+Nobel Prize for the discovery
+of RNAs as enzymes.
+
+But we're going to focus
+on proteins.
+
+We're going to rewrite the
+chemical reaction that I have
+
+on that board in a slightly
+different way, which is the
+
+conventional way for thinking
+about enzymes, where we're
+
+going to have an enzyme,
+abbreviated E, plus the
+
+substrate that is
+going to form an
+
+enzyme-substrate complex.
+
+And this is the transition
+state, so called
+
+transition-state complex.
+
+And that, as I'll draw in a
+moment, is going to give rise
+
+to the enzyme plus
+the product.
+
+So let me just draw
+this up there.
+
+And then we'll talk about
+what these mean.
+
+E is enzyme, S is substrate,
+as previously.
+
+This enzyme substrate, ES, is
+the transition-state complex.
+
+And what it is in biological
+terms is some kind of
+
+high-energy state of the
+substrate that is linked to
+
+the enzyme.
+
+So it's a high-energy substrate
+
+linked to the enzyme.
+
+This transition-state complex
+then resolves to release the
+
+enzyme, which can
+be used again.
+
+As in the case of all catalysts,
+they can be reused
+
+to give rise to the enzyme
+and the product.
+
+So why is this interesting?
+
+It's fascinating because --
+
+Actually, let me before I tell
+you why it's so fascinating,
+
+let me show you something.
+
+So I drew this for you.
+
+Here is a representation of an
+enzyme and something I'll
+
+explore on the board in a moment
+called the active site,
+
+where the substrate fits
+into the enzyme.
+
+Here is an enzyme-substrate
+complex, a high-energy
+
+transition-state complex, that
+undergoes reaction, catalysis,
+
+to give rise to the product.
+
+The product is released,
+and you start
+
+the whole thing again.
+
+The thing about biological
+catalysts that are really
+
+different from chemical
+catalysts is their
+
+specificity.
+
+Now, you may have heard of
+platinum as a catalyst.
+
+Platinum is an incredibly
+powerful catalyst that
+
+promotes almost any
+chemical reaction
+
+that involves hydrogen--
+
+but any chemical reaction.
+
+The difference between platinum
+and enzymes is that
+
+enzymes are incredibly specific
+for a particular
+
+chemical reaction.
+
+Let's write that.
+
+Enzymes are highly specific,
+exquisitely specific, for the
+
+particular reaction.
+
+And they maintain this
+specificity by fitting the
+
+substrate into what I've got
+on the screen there, the
+
+active site, which is a
+particular part of the enzyme,
+
+a particular part
+of the protein.
+
+And the deal is that the
+substrate fits into a part of
+
+the protein called
+the active site.
+
+The active site is a very small
+part of the protein.
+
+And it's this interaction with
+the protein and the active
+
+site that promotes the
+transition state.
+
+How does it promote the
+transition state?
+
+Well, you can think physically
+it might change the shape of
+
+the substrate to make
+it higher energy.
+
+You could imagine
+it adds charge.
+
+You could imagine it adds
+particular orientation between
+
+two substrate molecules
+that happen to be
+
+in the active site.
+
+Or it might align the substrate
+in the correct way.
+
+So we can actually say that the
+substrate is promoted to
+
+undergo catalysis
+by controlling--
+
+let's just list these--
+
+orientation of the substrate
+in the access site, adding
+
+strain to the substrate, or
+possibly adding a particular
+
+charge to the substrate.
+
+Let's look through a couple
+of things here.
+
+Okay, this is from your book.
+
+Let's not dwell on that.
+
+Let's go to this one,
+which is not quite--
+
+Ah, it's on that screen.
+
+Good.
+
+This is an example of enzyme
+specificity that you see every
+
+day, probably.
+
+On Diet Coke, it says,
+"warning, fennel
+
+phenylketonurics, contains
+
+phenylalanine." What's the deal?
+
+There is a disorder called
+phenylketonuria where people
+
+are unable to digest the amino
+acid phenylalanine.
+
+This is an essential
+amino acid, but too
+
+much of it is bad.
+
+Normally when you eat
+phenylalanine, you use some of
+
+it to build proteins.
+
+That's good.
+
+But then you convert a bunch
+of it, using this enzyme
+
+called phenylalanine
+hydroxylase, into tyrosine,
+
+which you may remember is
+another amino acid.
+
+And then you use tyrosine.
+
+And tyrosine goes on to do
+a bunch of other things.
+
+If this enzyme is absent, then
+you get a side product whereby
+
+the excess phenylalanine
+makes this stuff called
+
+phenylpyruvic acid.
+
+And that is a neurotoxin.
+
+And it poisons the nervous
+system, and people have very
+
+severe symptoms.
+
+People with phenylketonuria
+generally have a single amino
+
+acid change in an enzyme that
+is more than 1,000 amino
+
+acids, where there's an arginine
+that has being
+
+changed to a tryptophan.
+
+And the single amino
+acid change lies
+
+in the active site.
+
+It stops the phenylalanine from
+binding the active site.
+
+And it leads to this really
+debilitating disorder.
+
+And so that's an everyday
+example of a single tiny
+
+change that reflects
+the specificity of
+
+the particular enzyme.
+
+But here's a puzzle.
+
+This is a space-filling
+model of an enzyme,
+
+taken from your book.
+
+Here's a substrate in red.
+
+And you can see that this
+enzyme has 3D shape.
+
+Each of these bubbles is part
+of one of the amino acids.
+
+That's what a space-filling
+model is.
+
+And the substrate fits into
+this active site.
+
+I think this is called
+hexokinase.
+
+And you can see as the substrate
+enters the active
+
+site, actually the protein
+changes shape.
+
+And it kind of closes up and
+contains the substrate in the
+
+active site.
+
+And catalysis takes place.
+
+But the active site is tiny.
+
+And there's this huge
+rest of the protein.
+
+And you can't get rid of the
+rest of the protein.
+
+The enzyme doesn't function
+if you do.
+
+So there's a fundamental
+question that we need to ask,
+
+which is, what do the rest of
+proteins do, the part outside
+
+the active site?
+
+So let's ask that question.
+
+What does the rest of the
+protein, which is large, do?
+
+And by the rest of the protein,
+I mean "not the
+
+active site," which is the place
+where the transition
+
+state complex is promoted.
+
+What it does is to regulate the
+activity of the enzyme.
+
+So the answer we can give
+is that it regulates, or
+
+controls, activity
+of the enzyme.
+
+What do I mean?
+
+Well, if you go back to this
+notion of the cell as a
+
+factory and enzymes as the
+wheels and the machines that
+
+get things done so that you
+get particular components
+
+synthesized, then you really
+want to make sure that you
+
+have got your production line
+working at the right pace.
+
+If you need more product,
+you need to speed up.
+
+If you need less product,
+you need to slow down.
+
+The enzymes are a place where
+you control how much product
+
+is being made, how much reactant
+is being used, how
+
+much substrate is being used.
+
+So the rest of the protein
+controls the
+
+activity of the enzyme.
+
+And there are a couple of ways
+that this activity is
+
+controlled.
+
+The end result is that all of
+these regulations affect the
+
+active site, even if they
+happen far, far away.
+
+And so you can imagine that if
+you are all lined up in a
+
+line, and the active site was
+right at the front of the line
+
+of you that was the enzyme
+prototype, and I pushed you,
+
+and you all fell down, the
+active site, the very front of
+
+the line, would eventually be
+affected although I'd pushed
+
+the back of the line.
+
+It's a silly example, but it
+gives you a sense of how you
+
+can change one thing and it
+has an effect far away.
+
+And the way that this is done
+is through the use of
+
+inhibitors.
+
+I'll go through some
+slides in a moment.
+
+And there are two kinds
+of inhibitors.
+
+There are reversible inhibitors,
+and there are
+
+irreversible inhibitors.
+
+These inhibitors may be
+competitive inhibitors.
+
+If they are competitive, they
+actually will bind to the
+
+active site as opposed to
+the rest of the protein.
+
+But if they are all of a class
+that is non-competitive, they
+
+will bind to the protein
+elsewhere.
+
+I'll show you a slide
+in a minute.
+
+But let's finish doing
+some board work
+
+here before I do that.
+
+There is also a very important
+and interesting class of
+
+enzyme regulators called
+allosteric regulators.
+
+There are both allosteric
+activators of enzyme function
+
+or inhibitors, things that will
+increase or decrease the
+
+rate of the reaction.
+
+And these allosteric activators
+or inhibitors will
+
+bind to a particular site that's
+not the active site.
+
+It's called an allosteric
+site--
+
+not the active site, but another
+particular place on
+
+the enzyme.
+
+Other things that can change
+enzyme function--
+
+pH, the enzymes that work in
+your stomach to digest your
+
+food work at a pH of 2.
+
+That's the pH in your stomach.
+
+It's very acid.
+
+Those enzymes will not work in
+your small intestine, which is
+
+at a pH of about 6 or 7.
+
+So pH, physiologically, can
+affect how enzymes work.
+
+Temperature affects
+how enzymes work.
+
+And all of these things are
+somehow changing the structure
+
+of the protein.
+
+And changing the structure
+of the protein is
+
+changing its function.
+
+We'll explore this in more
+specifics as the semester goes
+
+by, but this is what you
+need to understand now.
+
+There are also classes of
+molecules called cofactors,
+
+coenzymes, and prosthetic
+groups.
+
+I'll go through one of
+these in a moment.
+
+But all of these things
+have the outcome--
+
+all change the structure of the
+protein so they'll change
+
+enzyme structure.
+
+And with that, they will
+change enzyme function.
+
+So all of these things--
+
+I'm going to put it in a box--
+
+change the structure
+of the protein.
+
+They will change the structure
+of the enzyme,
+
+of the active site.
+
+And they will change
+its function.
+
+And they're very complicated
+to think about.
+
+Let's go through some slides
+that will help us with this.
+
+Here's the notion of a
+competitive inhibitor.
+
+Here's the substrate
+and an active site.
+
+And here's an inhibitor.
+
+And you can see I've drawn it so
+that it kind of looks like
+
+a substrate, but it's got
+some extra stuff.
+
+And so when it binds to the
+active site, it binds
+
+specifically.
+
+But it's not actually a
+substrate, because it's got
+
+this extra chemical moiety
+which does not make it
+
+available for catalysis.
+
+And that stops the enzyme.
+
+That competitive inhibitor may
+or may not be able to come off
+
+the enzyme and allow
+it to work again.
+
+It depends on the inhibitor.
+
+Here's another one, a
+noncompetitive inhibitor that
+
+doesn't look like a substrate
+and binds somewhere else on
+
+the enzyme and, in doing so,
+changes the shape of the
+
+active site.
+
+So the active site now can't
+bind the substrate anymore
+
+because its shape has
+being changed.
+
+Here's the notion of an
+allosteric activator.
+
+Here's the enzyme, and here's
+the enzyme with its substrate.
+
+And here's its allosteric
+site.
+
+And it can't work until an
+allosteric activator, which is
+
+not the substrate--
+
+it's a different molecule--
+
+binds to the allosteric site and
+then makes the active site
+
+the correct shape to fit
+the substrate so that
+
+the enzyme can work.
+
+And you can get a cycle here
+again, so that you get
+
+catalysis, and the whole thing
+can take place again.
+
+I want to show you, to give
+you a sense of the kind of
+
+complexity of what this all
+looks like, a particular
+
+example of an enzyme reaction.
+
+And I'll show you an animation
+that goes with this, to give
+
+you a sense of how these
+things work.
+
+The enzyme I'm going to
+focus on is called
+
+dihydrofolate reductase.
+
+That's an essential enzyme.
+
+It's required for nucleotide
+synthesis, DNA modification.
+
+And the reason you take folate,
+or folic acid, is to
+
+allow dihydrofolate to
+actually work --
+
+dihydrofolate reductase
+to work.
+
+The substrate is
+dihydrofolate.
+
+It's a complicated molecule.
+
+But I've circled the
+important part.
+
+You can see there's a double
+bond here which is going to be
+
+reduced when the enzyme acts.
+
+And here is the reduced form
+or tetrahydrofolate of
+
+dihydrofolate reductase.
+
+You don't need to take
+notes on this.
+
+Just look and listen.
+
+Here is a structure
+of the protein.
+
+You can see the alpha helices
+in brown and the beta sheets
+
+in blue and this kind
+of unstructured
+
+loopy stuff in between.
+
+And here is the substrate
+dihydrofolate binding to its
+
+active site.
+
+Dihydrofolate reductase requires
+a coenzyme, something
+
+called NADPH, which is a very
+important coenzyme.
+
+It's also part of the energy
+production cycle.
+
+And dihydrofolate reductase is
+not only essential for life
+
+but it's a target of the
+anticancer drug methotrexate
+
+and of trimethoprim, which
+is an antibiotic.
+
+This is an animation which
+will show you how
+
+dihydrofolate binds to
+dihydrofolate reductase, how
+
+NADPH comes in, and how NADPH
+donates the hydrogens that
+
+will allow dihydrofolate
+to be reduced.
+
+So let me start the animation,
+and I'll point things out as
+
+you're watching it.
+
+And you'll see it's quick.
+
+Here is the coenzyme
+coming in.
+
+And here is the substrate
+dihydrofolate.
+
+And if you look at it, you'll
+see that the coenzyme is near
+
+the active site.
+
+And as it binds first, donates
+its hydrogens to
+
+dihydrofolate, which then
+becomes tetrahydrofolate, is
+
+released from the enzyme.
+
+There are a number of things
+you can see here.
+
+You can see the enzyme cycle.
+
+You can see this goes
+over and over again.
+
+You can see that the
+enzyme, the protein
+
+structure, is changing.
+
+It's moving as the coenzyme
+is binding, as the
+
+substrate is binding.
+
+You can see that there's a
+chemical reaction going on
+
+here as the NADPH is giving
+its hydrogens to this
+
+dihydrofolate.
+
+And you can get a sense
+of the kind of
+
+animation that is enzymes.
+
+This is an animation.
+
+No one's actually seen an enzyme
+work like this because
+
+it's impossible to take
+real movies like this.
+
+But based on the structure of
+the enzyme and the binding of
+
+NADPH and the substrate to the
+enzyme, these authors have
+
+reconstructed this really
+beautiful movie which gives
+
+you a sense how enzymes
+work in action.
+
+Okay.
+
+I'll post this on
+your website.
+
+And you can watch it.
+
+The last two things I want to
+tell you are that, firstly,
+
+enzymes don't work
+as one-off deals.
+
+They work as part of
+a production line.
+
+And the production line
+is called a pathway.
+
+And like any good production
+line, as I've mentioned
+
+already, there are checks and
+balances to make sure that the
+
+production line is working at
+optimal speed and making what
+
+it needs to make.
+
+So we can talk about pathways
+and feedback.
+
+And let's draw a simple pathway
+on the board to give
+
+you a sense of what I mean.
+
+Let's start off with a substrate
+that's converted
+
+through the action of enzyme
+one to product one.
+
+And then there is also a
+competing pathway where this--
+
+Actually, lets make
+it product one.
+
+Or we can call it
+substrate two.
+
+But let's call it product one,
+and then through the action of
+
+enzyme two, to product one.
+
+And here's a competing pathway
+where the substrate, through
+
+the action of enzyme three makes
+product three, and then
+
+through enzyme four action,
+makes product four.
+
+Okay.
+
+This is a pathway.
+
+It's a bifurcating pathway.
+
+It may be that's if you've got
+this branch, the E3-E4 branch
+
+of the pathway active, you
+actually want to shut off
+
+production of the
+other pathway.
+
+And it may be that if you get
+product four made, you
+
+actually want to shut off
+production of product two.
+
+In that case, you could draw a
+line like this-- you could
+
+make it up, whatever you like.
+
+But for the example I'm giving
+you, I'm telling you that when
+
+you've got lots of product four,
+it's going to shut off
+
+the other branch
+of the pathway.
+
+And this nomenclature
+is as follows.
+
+An arrow means activate.
+
+And what's called a T-bar
+means inhibit.
+
+And these are very standard
+nomenclatures in biology that
+
+you should know.
+
+So this T-bar here is inhibit.
+
+It's also called negative
+feedback.
+
+At the same time, you might
+get positive feedback.
+
+It may be that if you have some
+of product three, you
+
+actually want more
+of product one.
+
+And in that case, product three
+might activate enzyme
+
+one so that you actually
+activate the other branch.
+
+This is a complicated pathway.
+
+There's a lot of competition
+going on here.
+
+But in that case, that
+activation would be positive.
+
+And so for this example,
+my star
+
+would be positive feedback.
+
+And my T-bar, which I'll make
+a pound sign, would be a
+
+negative feedback.
+
+This is a really pivotal
+concept in biology.
+
+It's not just true of enzyme
+pathways, it's true of
+
+multiple chemical reactions.
+
+And you really need
+to understand
+
+this aspect of biology.
+
+The last thing that I want to
+tell you has to do, very
+
+briefly, with where the energy
+comes from that cells use for
+
+chemical reactions.
+
+And what I'm going to tell you
+very briefly, in about two
+
+seconds, is that in the cell,
+there are very controlled
+
+amounts of energy that are
+contained in a nucleotide
+
+called ATP.
+
+ATP is a nucleotide
+triphosphate.
+
+We talked about nucleotides
+before.
+
+The triphosphate is very
+important here.
+
+And this nucleotide triphosphate
+is kind of like
+
+the dollars and cents of energy
+currency in the cell.
+
+If a chemical reaction needs
+energy, the cell
+
+uses ATP to get it.
+
+ATP is hydrolyzed to give rise
+to ADP, adenosine diphosphate,
+
+and PPI, inorganic phosphate,
+plus an increment of energy.
+
+This is an exergonic reaction.
+
+This energy is then used for
+chemical reactions, to build
+
+or to break down various
+molecules.
+
+For this reaction, delta
+G is negative.
+
+That is why there's
+energy released.
+
+And this energy is used for
+two types of reactions--
+
+those that are catabolic, that
+break down molecules, and
+
+those that are anabolic, which
+build up molecules.
+
+We're not going to talk about
+generation of ATP.
+
+That is a separate topic.
+
+And those of you who are go on
+to do biochemistry will talk
+
+about it in great detail.
+
+But I do have some slides on
+here that I will refer to.
+
+Here is --
+
+This is the last thing
+I'll show you.
+
+Please wait for it.
+
+Here is adenosine
+triphosphate.
+
+Here is the high-energy
+bond that is
+
+broken to release energy.
+
+And we'll stop there.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Oc3ERNBhqGo.txt b/Oc3ERNBhqGo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..efa795ac7cf31fd33de83d359958d3ae90bd38dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Oc3ERNBhqGo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4123 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi our lesson today is concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi our lesson today is concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi our lesson today is concerned with
+introducing a new type of integral when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a new type of integral when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a new type of integral when
+we deal with Calculus of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deal with Calculus of several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deal with Calculus of several
+variables and this might at first glance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and this might at first glance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and this might at first glance
+seem to be a rather touchy subject the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be a rather touchy subject the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be a rather touchy subject the
+idea being that up until now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea being that up until now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea being that up until now we've
+talked about multiple integration yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about multiple integration yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about multiple integration yet
+you'll notice that the title of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that the title of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that the title of this
+block of material is just called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of material is just called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of material is just called
+integration and the reason for this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and the reason for this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and the reason for this is
+that when we deal with several variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we deal with several variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we deal with several variables
+there is more than one type of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is more than one type of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is more than one type of of
+integral and what I would like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and what I would like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and what I would like to do is
+to motivate today's lesson in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to motivate today's lesson in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to motivate today's lesson in terms of a
+physical example and then come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical example and then come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical example and then come back and
+talk about in more detail what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in more detail what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in more detail what happened
+and why there is more than one type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why there is more than one type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why there is more than one type of
+integral in the calculus of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in the calculus of several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in the calculus of several
+variables I call today's lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I call today's lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I call today's lesson
+introduction to the Line to Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the Line to Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the Line to Line
+integrals and to visualize how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and to visualize how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and to visualize how this
+topic may be introduced consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic may be introduced consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic may be introduced consider the
+following situation I have a force F say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following situation I have a force F say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following situation I have a force F say
+defined throughout the X y plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined throughout the X y plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined throughout the X y plane
+here I have two fixed points which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have two fixed points which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have two fixed points which I'll
+call p 0 and P1 and I pick a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call p 0 and P1 and I pick a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call p 0 and P1 and I pick a particular
+curve which joins p 0 to P1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which joins p 0 to P1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which joins p 0 to P1 and the
+question that I would like to solve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that I would like to solve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that I would like to solve is
+what is the work done if I move a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the work done if I move a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the work done if I move a
+particle from p 0 to P1 along the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle from p 0 to P1 along the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle from p 0 to P1 along the curve
+C by means of the force F and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C by means of the force F and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C by means of the force F and the reason
+that this is called a line integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is called a line integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is called a line integral is
+that somehow or other you see I am going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow or other you see I am going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow or other you see I am going
+to be dealing with the line or the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be dealing with the line or the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be dealing with the line or the curve
+C Let Me Assume for the sake of argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Let Me Assume for the sake of argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Let Me Assume for the sake of argument
+that I know the equation of C in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know the equation of C in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know the equation of C in
+parametric form let's assume simply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric form let's assume simply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric form let's assume simply that
+c is given by x a some function of T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is given by x a some function of T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is given by x a some function of T and
+Y A some function of T and since I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y A some function of T and since I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y A some function of T and since I'm
+going from p 0 to P1 T is defined on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from p 0 to P1 T is defined on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from p 0 to P1 T is defined on a
+specific closed interval say t goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific closed interval say t goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific closed interval say t goes from
+t0 to T1 or if I want to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 to T1 or if I want to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 to T1 or if I want to write the
+equation of C in Vector form remember in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of C in Vector form remember in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of C in Vector form remember in
+Vector form the I component is X or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector form the I component is X or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector form the I component is X or at
+least in cartisian coordinate Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in cartisian coordinate Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in cartisian coordinate Vector
+form the Y the X the I component is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the Y the X the I component is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the Y the X the I component is X
+the J component is y so I can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J component is y so I can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J component is y so I can write the
+same equation that the curve is R of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation that the curve is R of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation that the curve is R of T
+where R is X of t plus y of TJ as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where R is X of t plus y of TJ as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where R is X of t plus y of TJ as long
+as I'm using cartisian coordinates here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm using cartisian coordinates here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm using cartisian coordinates here
+let me assume that my force is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me assume that my force is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me assume that my force is also
+given specifically in terms of cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given specifically in terms of cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given specifically in terms of cartisian
+coordinates it's m i plus NJ where m&n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates it's m i plus NJ where m&n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates it's m i plus NJ where m&n
+are specific functions of X and Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are specific functions of X and Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are specific functions of X and Y and
+just to review briefly the problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to review briefly the problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to review briefly the problem I
+want to find the work done in moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the work done in moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the work done in moving
+from p 0 to P1 along c under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from p 0 to P1 along c under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from p 0 to P1 along c under the
+influence of f now you see the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of f now you see the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of f now you see the thing is
+we already know how to solve work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already know how to solve work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already know how to solve work
+problems if the distance takes place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems if the distance takes place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems if the distance takes place
+along if the displacement takes place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along if the displacement takes place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along if the displacement takes place
+along a straight line so what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a straight line so what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a straight line so what we do is
+the following we take the curve C and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following we take the curve C and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following we take the curve C and we
+subdivide it into increments we break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivide it into increments we break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivide it into increments we break
+the thing up what we do is is we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing up what we do is is we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing up what we do is is we look at
+the CI increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CI increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CI increment
+and join the two end points of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and join the two end points of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and join the two end points of that
+increment by a straight line a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment by a straight line a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment by a straight line a vector
+which we call Delta R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call Delta R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call Delta R
+subk we pick a point on the curve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk we pick a point on the curve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk we pick a point on the curve in
+this interval and compute the f after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval and compute the f after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval and compute the f after
+all we know the force as a function of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we know the force as a function of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we know the force as a function of X
+and Y but we compute that Force for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y but we compute that Force for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y but we compute that Force for that
+fixed point we then dot that force with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point we then dot that force with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point we then dot that force with
+this displacement and that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this displacement and that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this displacement and that is what
+that's the work that's done if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the work that's done if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the work that's done if the
+particle had moved along the straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle had moved along the straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle had moved along the straight
+line connecting these two points under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line connecting these two points under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line connecting these two points under
+the constant force f of x subk star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant force f of x subk star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant force f of x subk star
+comma y subk star and then what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma y subk star and then what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma y subk star and then what we do is
+to find the approximation we add up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the approximation we add up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the approximation we add up all
+of these forces all of these works over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these forces all of these works over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these forces all of these works over
+the various increments notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various increments notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various increments notice that
+you're doing two things in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing two things in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing two things in these
+increments you're first of all picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increments you're first of all picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increments you're first of all picking
+small enough segments so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough segments so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough segments so that you can
+assume that the straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the straight line
+approximation is a good approximation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is a good approximation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is a good approximation to
+the curve and secondly small enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve and secondly small enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve and secondly small enough
+segments so that you're assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments so that you're assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments so that you're assuming that
+the force at a given point is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force at a given point is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force at a given point is a good
+approximation to the force along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the force along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the force along the
+entire increment at any rate what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire increment at any rate what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire increment at any rate what we
+then do as is we sum these up over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do as is we sum these up over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do as is we sum these up over all
+the increments and by the way notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increments and by the way notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increments and by the way notice
+that even though f is a function of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even though f is a function of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even though f is a function of X
+and Y along the curve C X and Y are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y along the curve C X and Y are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y along the curve C X and Y are
+functions of T and to emphasize this let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of T and to emphasize this let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of T and to emphasize this let
+me rewrite this simply by div dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me rewrite this simply by div dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me rewrite this simply by div dividing
+and multiplying by delta T sub K to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplying by delta T sub K to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplying by delta T sub K to
+indicate that if I now put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that if I now put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that if I now put this
+remaining part of the expression in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining part of the expression in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining part of the expression in
+braces what's in here is really some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braces what's in here is really some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braces what's in here is really some
+function of T alone in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of T alone in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of T alone in other words
+notice that this comes very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this comes very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this comes very close to
+being how we Define the ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being how we Define the ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being how we Define the ordinary
+definite integral when we want to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integral when we want to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integral when we want to add
+things up you see T is a Scala and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up you see T is a Scala and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up you see T is a Scala and that
+the braced expression here is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the braced expression here is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the braced expression here is a function
+of T alone it's a DOT product obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T alone it's a DOT product obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T alone it's a DOT product obtained
+this way at any rate what we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way at any rate what we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way at any rate what we're saying
+now quite simply from a physical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now quite simply from a physical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now quite simply from a physical point
+of view is to find the actual work why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view is to find the actual work why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view is to find the actual work why
+don't we Define the work to Simply Be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we Define the work to Simply Be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we Define the work to Simply Be
+the limit of w subn as the maximum Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of w subn as the maximum Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of w subn as the maximum Delta
+R subk approaches zero which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R subk approaches zero which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R subk approaches zero which is
+equivalent to saying what find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying what find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying what find this
+limit as delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as delta T
+subk the maximum delta T subk approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk the maximum delta T subk approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk the maximum delta T subk approaches
+zero and the point is that this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the point is that this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the point is that this was the
+ordinary definite integral remember how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary definite integral remember how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary definite integral remember how
+we wrote this you replace the sum by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote this you replace the sum by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote this you replace the sum by the
+integral sign we assume that t goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral sign we assume that t goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral sign we assume that t goes from
+some value t0 to T1 those become our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value t0 to T1 those become our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value t0 to T1 those become our
+limits of integration every place we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of integration every place we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of integration every place we see
+the T subk star we replace it simply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T subk star we replace it simply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T subk star we replace it simply by
+T and every place we see the Deltas we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and every place we see the Deltas we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and every place we see the Deltas we
+replace those by d's and we leave off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace those by d's and we leave off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace those by d's and we leave off
+the subscripts so and I can't emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subscripts so and I can't emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subscripts so and I can't emphasize
+this part strongly enough in going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part strongly enough in going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part strongly enough in going from
+here to here we are using nothing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here we are using nothing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here we are using nothing more
+than what happened in part one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what happened in part one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what happened in part one of our
+course namely this is the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course namely this is the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course namely this is the definition of
+the definite integral that we arrive at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definite integral that we arrive at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definite integral that we arrive at
+this expression here and to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here and to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here and to show you
+other ways in which this is written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways in which this is written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways in which this is written
+notice that f is M i+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that f is M i+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that f is M i+
+NJ R is x i + YJ so D rdt is D xdt plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NJ R is x i + YJ so D rdt is D xdt plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NJ R is x i + YJ so D rdt is D xdt plus
+d ydtj and so if we then mechanically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d ydtj and so if we then mechanically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d ydtj and so if we then mechanically
+just took the dot product here notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just took the dot product here notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just took the dot product here notice
+that the integrand would be m dxt plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integrand would be m dxt plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integrand would be m dxt plus n
+dyt * DT the conventional shortcut for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyt * DT the conventional shortcut for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyt * DT the conventional shortcut for
+writing this is to cancel DT from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this is to cancel DT from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this is to cancel DT from
+numerator and denominator and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and denominator and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and denominator and this
+becomes the standard notation uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the standard notation uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the standard notation uh for the
+line integral MDX plus mdy along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral MDX plus mdy along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral MDX plus mdy along the
+curve C where C joins p 0 to P1 and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve C where C joins p 0 to P1 and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve C where C joins p 0 to P1 and as
+I'll mention in a few minutes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll mention in a few minutes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll mention in a few minutes it's
+crucial that we specify both the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial that we specify both the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial that we specify both the curve
+and the points being joined and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the points being joined and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the points being joined and the
+physicist usually abbreviates this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist usually abbreviates this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist usually abbreviates this by
+coming back to the original notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to the original notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to the original notation
+here and when he takes the limit he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and when he takes the limit he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and when he takes the limit he just
+writes this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes this as
+f.d and what I'm saying is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f.d and what I'm saying is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f.d and what I'm saying is that this
+this and this are simply different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this are simply different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this are simply different ways
+of writing this expression here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing this expression here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing this expression here okay so
+this is how this is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how this is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how this is then
+evaluated and I'm going to what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated and I'm going to what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated and I'm going to what I'm
+going to do very shortly is specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do very shortly is specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do very shortly is specifically
+solve uh problems using concrete values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve uh problems using concrete values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve uh problems using concrete values
+for f and p 0 and P1 but for the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f and p 0 and P1 but for the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f and p 0 and P1 but for the time
+being I would like to make a little note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being I would like to make a little note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being I would like to make a little note
+here to have you see what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to have you see what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to have you see what's happening
+and that's the following notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the following notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the following notice that
+double integrals are concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integrals are concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integrals are concerned with
+regions in other words we use double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in other words we use double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in other words we use double
+integrals to find area mass Etc line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals to find area mass Etc line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals to find area mass Etc line
+integrals are concerned with curves or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are concerned with curves or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are concerned with curves or
+boundaries of regions in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of regions in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of regions in other words
+paths that connect two points see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths that connect two points see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths that connect two points see in
+other words somehow or rather the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words somehow or rather the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words somehow or rather the double
+integral is associated with area the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is associated with area the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is associated with area the
+line integral with length and the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral with length and the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral with length and the point
+is that in one dimensional space the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in one dimensional space the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in one dimensional space the two
+concepts coin side in fact we don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts coin side in fact we don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts coin side in fact we don't even
+talk about area in one dimension unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about area in one dimension unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about area in one dimension unless
+by area we meant one dimensional area or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by area we meant one dimensional area or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by area we meant one dimensional area or
+length in other words both arc length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length in other words both arc length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length in other words both arc length
+and area in the typical definition sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and area in the typical definition sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and area in the typical definition sense
+of area the one-dimensional area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of area the one-dimensional area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of area the one-dimensional area
+coincide in onedimensional space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincide in onedimensional space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincide in onedimensional space in
+two-dimensional space they are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space they are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space they are quite
+different in fact in a nutshell to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in fact in a nutshell to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in fact in a nutshell to see
+what's happening essentially double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening essentially double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening essentially double
+integrals are concerned with what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are concerned with what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are concerned with what's
+going on inside a region R whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on inside a region R whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on inside a region R whereas the
+line integral somehow or rather is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral somehow or rather is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral somehow or rather is
+concerned with what's happening As you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with what's happening As you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with what's happening As you
+move along the boundary of the region R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move along the boundary of the region R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move along the boundary of the region R
+and we'll talk about that in more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about that in more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about that in more detail
+later in this lecture and this will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in this lecture and this will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in this lecture and this will also
+be the topic of discussion in our next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the topic of discussion in our next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the topic of discussion in our next
+lecture but for the essentially for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but for the essentially for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but for the essentially for the
+remainder of this lesson let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of this lesson let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of this lesson let's take a
+specific application of our earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific application of our earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific application of our earlier
+physical remarks in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical remarks in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical remarks in the following
+examples let's fix the points p 0 and P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples let's fix the points p 0 and P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples let's fix the points p 0 and P1
+to be the points 0 0 and 1 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the points 0 0 and 1 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the points 0 0 and 1 one
+respectively and let the force m i +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively and let the force m i +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively and let the force m i +
+NJ be specifically y^2 I + x^2 J in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NJ be specifically y^2 I + x^2 J in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NJ be specifically y^2 I + x^2 J in
+other words to compute the force at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words to compute the force at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words to compute the force at any
+point x comma y in the plane the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x comma y in the plane the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x comma y in the plane the I
+component of the force is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the force is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the force is just the
+square of the y coordinate the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the y coordinate the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the y coordinate the J
+component is just a square of the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is just a square of the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is just a square of the x
+coordinate of the point at which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate of the point at which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate of the point at which we're
+Computing the force now what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the force now what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the force now what we're going
+to do in the next three examples is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in the next three examples is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in the next three examples is
+simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+compute the work done along three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the work done along three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the work done along three
+different curves that join the point p 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different curves that join the point p 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different curves that join the point p 0
+to P1 and the work done as a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to P1 and the work done as a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to P1 and the work done as a particle
+moves from p 0 to P1 under the influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves from p 0 to P1 under the influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves from p 0 to P1 under the influence
+of this specific force and as I say just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this specific force and as I say just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this specific force and as I say just
+the curves that join p 0 and P1 will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curves that join p 0 and P1 will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curves that join p 0 and P1 will be
+different in the first example the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the first example the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the first example the curve
+C1 is simply the straight line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 is simply the straight line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 is simply the straight line that
+joins 0 0 to 1 1 in parametric form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joins 0 0 to 1 1 in parametric form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joins 0 0 to 1 1 in parametric form that
+would be x = y = T where T goes from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be x = y = T where T goes from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be x = y = T where T goes from 0
+to 1 noticing that when T is z you see X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 noticing that when T is z you see X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 noticing that when T is z you see X
+and Y are both zero so we're at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y are both zero so we're at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y are both zero so we're at the
+point 0 0 and when T is One X and Y are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 0 0 and when T is One X and Y are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 0 0 and when T is One X and Y are
+both one so we're at the point one comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both one so we're at the point one comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both one so we're at the point one comma
+1 and if we want to write that in Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and if we want to write that in Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and if we want to write that in Vector
+form remembering that the I component is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form remembering that the I component is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form remembering that the I component is
+just X and the J component y since X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just X and the J component y since X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just X and the J component y since X and
+Y are both T the curve has the form Ral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y are both T the curve has the form Ral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y are both T the curve has the form Ral
+TI plus TJ the work done writing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI plus TJ the work done writing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI plus TJ the work done writing it
+symbolically as we would in the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically as we would in the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically as we would in the physical
+notation integral along C1 f dodr means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation integral along C1 f dodr means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation integral along C1 f dodr means
+what it's we dot f with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's we dot f with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's we dot f with the
+rdt and multiply that by DT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rdt and multiply that by DT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rdt and multiply that by DT and
+integrate that from 0 to one that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that from 0 to one that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that from 0 to one that's what
+that infinite sum means notice in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that infinite sum means notice in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that infinite sum means notice in this
+particular case f which is y^2 + x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case f which is y^2 + x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case f which is y^2 + x^2
+since X and Y are both equal to T F is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since X and Y are both equal to T F is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since X and Y are both equal to T F is
+just T ^2 I + t^2 J since R is t i + TJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just T ^2 I + t^2 J since R is t i + TJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just T ^2 I + t^2 J since R is t i + TJ
+Dr DT is just I plus J and consequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr DT is just I plus J and consequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr DT is just I plus J and consequently
+the infinite sum that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinite sum that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinite sum that we want to
+evaluate is just the double integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate is just the double integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate is just the double integral
+from I'm sorry is just the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I'm sorry is just the integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I'm sorry is just the integral from
+0 to 1 see just taking the dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1 see just taking the dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1 see just taking the dot product
+here T ^2 + t^2 is 2 T ^2 integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here T ^2 + t^2 is 2 T ^2 integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here T ^2 + t^2 is 2 T ^2 integral from
+0 to 1 2 t^2 DT and using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1 2 t^2 DT and using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1 2 t^2 DT and using the
+fundamental theorem of integral calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of integral calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of integral calculus
+for a single variable this is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single variable this is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single variable this is simply
+evaluated by this being T Cub from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated by this being T Cub from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated by this being T Cub from 0 to
+1 uh 2/3 T Cub from 0 to 1 this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 uh 2/3 T Cub from 0 to 1 this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 uh 2/3 T Cub from 0 to 1 this is just
+2/3 in other words some you see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 in other words some you see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 in other words some you see what's
+hidden here is the fact that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden here is the fact that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden here is the fact that when we
+write the definite integral see this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the definite integral see this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the definite integral see this was
+a function of two variables in here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of two variables in here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of two variables in here but
+along the curve they have functions just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the curve they have functions just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the curve they have functions just
+of the parameter T this is an ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parameter T this is an ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parameter T this is an ordinary
+integrand which means we can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand which means we can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand which means we can either
+think of it as an infinite sum or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as an infinite sum or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as an infinite sum or the
+anti-derivative evaluated in a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative evaluated in a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative evaluated in a specific
+way don't lose track of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way don't lose track of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way don't lose track of the fact that
+the work is still being defined as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work is still being defined as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work is still being defined as a
+limit but we can compute it quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit but we can compute it quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit but we can compute it quite
+conveniently in terms of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently in terms of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently in terms of the fundamental
+theorem of integral calculus at any rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of integral calculus at any rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of integral calculus at any rate
+the work done then in example one as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work done then in example one as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work done then in example one as we
+move from p 0 to P1 under the force F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from p 0 to P1 under the force F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from p 0 to P1 under the force F
+along this curve C1 is just 2/3 now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this curve C1 is just 2/3 now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this curve C1 is just 2/3 now what
+we're going to do is redo the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is redo the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is redo the same
+problem only now we are going to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem only now we are going to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem only now we are going to choose
+a different path which connects 0 0 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different path which connects 0 0 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different path which connects 0 0 to 1
+one in fact I will choose the parabola y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in fact I will choose the parabola y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in fact I will choose the parabola y
+= x^2 and I'll write it parametrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= x^2 and I'll write it parametrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= x^2 and I'll write it parametrically
+this way I'll add xal t y b t^2 see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way I'll add xal t y b t^2 see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way I'll add xal t y b t^2 see so
+that says y = x^2 and to get to point 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says y = x^2 and to get to point 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says y = x^2 and to get to point 0
+0 t must be 0 to get to 1 1 T must be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 t must be 0 to get to 1 1 T must be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 t must be 0 to get to 1 1 T must be 1
+so again T varies from 0 to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again T varies from 0 to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again T varies from 0 to one
+continuously or again in Vector form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously or again in Vector form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously or again in Vector form the
+equation of the curve C2 is just what ti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the curve C2 is just what ti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the curve C2 is just what ti
++ T ^2 J at any rate the work done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ T ^2 J at any rate the work done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ T ^2 J at any rate the work done by
+definition symbolically is the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition symbolically is the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition symbolically is the line
+integral along C2 f. drr that still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along C2 f. drr that still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along C2 f. drr that still
+means f.d DT DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means f.d DT DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means f.d DT DT
+as T goes from 0 to 1 in this case X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as T goes from 0 to 1 in this case X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as T goes from 0 to 1 in this case X is
+T and Y is t^2 so if we come back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and Y is t^2 so if we come back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and Y is t^2 so if we come back to our
+definition of f and replace X by T and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of f and replace X by T and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of f and replace X by T and Y
+by t^2 we see that our force is T 4 I +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by t^2 we see that our force is T 4 I +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by t^2 we see that our force is T 4 I +
+T ^2 J since R is t i + t^2 J Dr R DT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T ^2 J since R is t i + t^2 J Dr R DT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T ^2 J since R is t i + t^2 J Dr R DT is
+just I + 2tj remember we differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I + 2tj remember we differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I + 2tj remember we differentiate
+vectors component by component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therefore the integrand is simply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the integrand is simply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the integrand is simply this
+dot product which turns out to be what T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product which turns out to be what T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product which turns out to be what T
+to the 4 * 1 + T ^2 * 2 t or t 4 + T 2 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 4 * 1 + T ^2 * 2 t or t 4 + T 2 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 4 * 1 + T ^2 * 2 t or t 4 + T 2 T
+cubed we now again use the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed we now again use the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed we now again use the fundamental
+theorem evaluate this integral by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem evaluate this integral by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem evaluate this integral by the
+anti-derivative in other words this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative in other words this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative in other words this is
+1/5 T 5 plus 12 T 4 evaluated between 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/5 T 5 plus 12 T 4 evaluated between 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/5 T 5 plus 12 T 4 evaluated between 0
+and 1 and that answer is 7/10 in in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 and that answer is 7/10 in in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 and that answer is 7/10 in in fact
+this I guess in a way was a bad problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I guess in a way was a bad problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I guess in a way was a bad problem
+from a physical point of view an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a physical point of view an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a physical point of view an
+excellent problem from a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent problem from a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent problem from a mathematical
+point of view you see certainly from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view you see certainly from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view you see certainly from a
+physical point of view 7/10 looks enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical point of view 7/10 looks enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical point of view 7/10 looks enough
+like 2/3 so the change isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 2/3 so the change isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 2/3 so the change isn't that
+drastic you could almost call that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastic you could almost call that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastic you could almost call that an
+experimental error but since we weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental error but since we weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental error but since we weren't
+doing an experiment here and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an experiment here and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an experiment here and we're
+working with exact numbers the fact does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with exact numbers the fact does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with exact numbers the fact does
+remain that what 2/3 and 710 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain that what 2/3 and 710 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain that what 2/3 and 710 are
+different and if nothing else what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and if nothing else what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and if nothing else what we've
+proven is what that the work done and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven is what that the work done and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven is what that the work done and as
+we move from two fixed points p 0 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move from two fixed points p 0 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move from two fixed points p 0 from
+the fixed Point p 0 to the fixed Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed Point p 0 to the fixed Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed Point p 0 to the fixed Point
+P1 under the influence of a given Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 under the influence of a given Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 under the influence of a given Force
+F actually does depend on the path that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F actually does depend on the path that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F actually does depend on the path that
+we follow you see we use two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we follow you see we use two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we follow you see we use two different
+paths and got two different answers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths and got two different answers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths and got two different answers in
+other words the line integral MDX plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the line integral MDX plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the line integral MDX plus
+ndy along the curve C which joins two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ndy along the curve C which joins two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ndy along the curve C which joins two
+fixed points p 0 and P1 depends on c as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed points p 0 and P1 depends on c as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed points p 0 and P1 depends on c as
+well as on p 0 and P1 and that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as on p 0 and P1 and that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as on p 0 and P1 and that's an
+important point to keep track of we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point to keep track of we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point to keep track of we're
+going to mention this in more detail as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mention this in more detail as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mention this in more detail as
+the course goes along let me at any rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course goes along let me at any rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course goes along let me at any rate
+though let that point remain fixed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though let that point remain fixed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though let that point remain fixed in
+abeyance for a while and we'll go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abeyance for a while and we'll go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abeyance for a while and we'll go on
+with our next example and for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our next example and for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our next example and for the next
+example what I'm going to do is pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what I'm going to do is pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what I'm going to do is pick the
+same path as an example two only in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same path as an example two only in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same path as an example two only in a
+different parametric form you see I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parametric form you see I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parametric form you see I'm
+now going to write see another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to write see another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to write see another way of
+writing the parabola y = x^2 is to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the parabola y = x^2 is to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the parabola y = x^2 is to let
+xal t^2 and Y be T 4 you see in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xal t^2 and Y be T 4 you see in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xal t^2 and Y be T 4 you see in that
+case Y is still equal to x^2 and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Y is still equal to x^2 and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Y is still equal to x^2 and to
+connect 0 0 to 1 1 T still goes from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect 0 0 to 1 1 T still goes from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect 0 0 to 1 1 T still goes from 0
+to 1 so the work done along the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 so the work done along the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 so the work done along the curve
+C3 is given by this particular symbol to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3 is given by this particular symbol to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3 is given by this particular symbol to
+evaluate this remember now X is T ^2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this remember now X is T ^2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this remember now X is T ^2 so
+x^2 will be T 4th Y is T 4th so y^2 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 will be T 4th Y is T 4th so y^2 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 will be T 4th Y is T 4th so y^2 will
+be t to the E remembering that our force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be t to the E remembering that our force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be t to the E remembering that our force
+is y^2 I + x^2 J written in two Tuple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y^2 I + x^2 J written in two Tuple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y^2 I + x^2 J written in two Tuple
+notation our forces t to the E comma T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation our forces t to the E comma T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation our forces t to the E comma T
+4th our drdt vector drdt vector is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th our drdt vector drdt vector is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th our drdt vector drdt vector is what
+it has components 2T and 4 T cubed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has components 2T and 4 T cubed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has components 2T and 4 T cubed and
+we're going to multiply that by DT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to multiply that by DT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to multiply that by DT and
+integrate that from 0 to 1 that's simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that from 0 to 1 that's simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that from 0 to 1 that's simply
+2 T to 9th plus 4 T 7th DT from 0 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 T to 9th plus 4 T 7th DT from 0 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 T to 9th plus 4 T 7th DT from 0 to 1
+that's T to 10th over 5 plus T to 8/ 2 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's T to 10th over 5 plus T to 8/ 2 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's T to 10th over 5 plus T to 8/ 2 a
+value ated between 0 and 1 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value ated between 0 and 1 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value ated between 0 and 1 and that's
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+7/10 which agrees with this result by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7/10 which agrees with this result by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7/10 which agrees with this result by
+the way that's not a proof all I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that's not a proof all I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that's not a proof all I've
+shown is is that two parametric forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown is is that two parametric forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown is is that two parametric forms
+led to the same amount of work but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the same amount of work but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the same amount of work but at
+any rate it does seem to indicate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate it does seem to indicate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate it does seem to indicate that
+when you can compute the work over along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can compute the work over along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can compute the work over along
+the curve C that that work done seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve C that that work done seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve C that that work done seems to
+be independent of the equation for C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be independent of the equation for C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be independent of the equation for C and
+hopefully this should be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully this should be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully this should be the case
+because we would be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we would be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we would be in
+terrible uh trouble I guess is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible uh trouble I guess is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible uh trouble I guess is the best
+word to put this as if it turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word to put this as if it turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word to put this as if it turned out
+that the work done in moving along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the work done in moving along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the work done in moving along a
+specific curve joining two points under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific curve joining two points under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific curve joining two points under
+a specific Force depended on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific Force depended on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific Force depended on the
+equation by which you represented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by which you represented the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by which you represented the
+curve but I simply wanted to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve but I simply wanted to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve but I simply wanted to give you an
+example to show at least that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to show at least that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to show at least that the
+mathematical definition appears to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical definition appears to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical definition appears to be
+consistent in other words along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent in other words along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent in other words along the
+curve C1 we got a different amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve C1 we got a different amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve C1 we got a different amount of
+work done than along the curves C2 or C3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done than along the curves C2 or C3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done than along the curves C2 or C3
+but C2 and C3 were actually what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but C2 and C3 were actually what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but C2 and C3 were actually what the
+same curve given by two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same curve given by two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same curve given by two different
+equations so at any rate the work does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so at any rate the work does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so at any rate the work does
+seem to depend on the curve but it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to depend on the curve but it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to depend on the curve but it seems
+to be independent on of the equation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be independent on of the equation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be independent on of the equation by
+which the curve is represented at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the curve is represented at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the curve is represented at any
+rate I think we're in position now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate I think we're in position now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate I think we're in position now to
+start an overall summary going right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start an overall summary going right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start an overall summary going right
+back to the very Crux of the problem as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the very Crux of the problem as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the very Crux of the problem as
+to why line integrals and multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to why line integrals and multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to why line integrals and multiple
+integrals exist namely in particular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals exist namely in particular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals exist namely in particular in
+in the case of one independent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of one independent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of one independent variable
+the integral from A to B F ofx DX has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from A to B F ofx DX has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from A to B F ofx DX has
+two equivalent interpretations and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equivalent interpretations and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equivalent interpretations and by
+equivalent I mean numerically equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent I mean numerically equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent I mean numerically equivalent
+you get the same answer they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the same answer they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the same answer they are not
+equivalent philosophically and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent philosophically and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent philosophically and you know
+this is one of the reasons I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the reasons I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the reasons I have this
+hangup about trying to spell out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangup about trying to spell out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangup about trying to spell out the
+philosophy for you in many cases you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy for you in many cases you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy for you in many cases you
+will say we're interested more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say we're interested more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say we're interested more in the
+application than in the theory as I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application than in the theory as I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application than in the theory as I may
+have said to you before in fact on many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said to you before in fact on many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said to you before in fact on many
+different occas occasions the part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different occas occasions the part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different occas occasions the part of
+mathematics in most cases is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics in most cases is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics in most cases is actually
+applying the computational recipes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the computational recipes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the computational recipes the
+validity of the recipes is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validity of the recipes is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validity of the recipes is what is
+usually the difficult thing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the difficult thing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the difficult thing and the
+biggest mistakes are not made by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest mistakes are not made by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest mistakes are not made by a
+person using the right formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person using the right formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person using the right formula and
+making an arithmetic mistake is that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an arithmetic mistake is that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an arithmetic mistake is that he
+uses the wrong formula and doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the wrong formula and doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the wrong formula and doesn't make
+an arithmetic mistake so I want this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arithmetic mistake so I want this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arithmetic mistake so I want this to
+be very clear to you why a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very clear to you why a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very clear to you why a certain
+problem exists in two variables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem exists in two variables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem exists in two variables that
+didn't exist in one and the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't exist in one and the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't exist in one and the point is
+what that conceptually there were two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that conceptually there were two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that conceptually there were two
+different ways to interpret the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to interpret the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to interpret the meaning
+of the symbol integral from A to B F ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the symbol integral from A to B F ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the symbol integral from A to B F ofx
+DX numerically they came out to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX numerically they came out to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX numerically they came out to be the
+same but what were the two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but what were the two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but what were the two different
+interpretations one was as the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations one was as the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations one was as the limit of
+a particular infinite sum right that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular infinite sum right that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular infinite sum right that was
+the definite integral notation the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definite integral notation the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definite integral notation the other
+was we could visualize the interval from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we could visualize the interval from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we could visualize the interval from
+A to B as being a curve that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to B as being a curve that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to B as being a curve that could be
+written parametrically say as X is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written parametrically say as X is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written parametrically say as X is some
+function of T where T goes from t 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of T where T goes from t 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of T where T goes from t 0 to
+T1 and we then make the usual change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and we then make the usual change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and we then make the usual change of
+variables the same change of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the same change of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the same change of variables
+that we were talking about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were talking about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were talking about in the
+previous lecture namely every place we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture namely every place we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture namely every place we
+see X we replace it by X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see X we replace it by X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see X we replace it by X of
+T see and then the correction factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T see and then the correction factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T see and then the correction factor is
+DX DT and the new limits are from t0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX DT and the new limits are from t0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX DT and the new limits are from t0 to
+T1 and other words we get what that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and other words we get what that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and other words we get what that the
+integral from A to B F ofx DX is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from A to B F ofx DX is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from A to B F ofx DX is the
+integral from t0 to T1 F of X of T DX DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from t0 to T1 F of X of T DX DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from t0 to T1 F of X of T DX DT
+time DT again observing that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time DT again observing that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time DT again observing that this is a
+Bonafide function of T alone here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonafide function of T alone here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonafide function of T alone here so
+that this is just a change of variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is just a change of variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is just a change of variable
+type thing and what am I saying that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type thing and what am I saying that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type thing and what am I saying that in
+the one-dimensional case the case of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-dimensional case the case of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-dimensional case the case of one
+independent variable these two concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable these two concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable these two concepts
+while different give rise to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while different give rise to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while different give rise to the same
+numerical answer in two space however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical answer in two space however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical answer in two space however
+notice that our first interpretation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that our first interpretation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that our first interpretation as
+an infinite sum translates into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite sum translates into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite sum translates into the
+double or multiple integral I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double or multiple integral I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double or multiple integral I keep
+saying double because we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying double because we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying double because we're dealing with
+two independent variables obviously by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent variables obviously by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent variables obviously by
+now I hope it's clear to you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I hope it's clear to you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I hope it's clear to you that the
+results generalized to n variables but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results generalized to n variables but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results generalized to n variables but
+the idea is what that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is what that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is what that the first
+interpretation of the integral in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the integral in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the integral in terms
+of two independent variables gives rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two independent variables gives rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two independent variables gives rise
+to the multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the multiple
+integral all right in fact I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral all right in fact I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral all right in fact I think I
+have the yeah that's right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the yeah that's right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the yeah that's right and the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+interpretation gives rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation gives rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation gives rise
+to this expression here noticing again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this expression here noticing again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this expression here noticing again
+that if you have a one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a one-dimensional
+vector the dot product is the ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector the dot product is the ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector the dot product is the ordinary
+product in other words F ofx DX is f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in other words F ofx DX is f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in other words F ofx DX is f ofx
+do DX if you want to think of X as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do DX if you want to think of X as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do DX if you want to think of X as being
+a one-dimensional vector but why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-dimensional vector but why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-dimensional vector but why is this
+interpretation notice the change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation notice the change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation notice the change of
+variables again that we think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables again that we think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables again that we think of the
+curve c as being given by the equation R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve c as being given by the equation R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve c as being given by the equation R
+equals Su function of t as T goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Su function of t as T goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Su function of t as T goes from
+t0 to T1 so the substitution is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 to T1 so the substitution is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 to T1 so the substitution is what
+this means the particular definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means the particular definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means the particular definite
+integral in terms of t as T goes from t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in terms of t as T goes from t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in terms of t as T goes from t
+0 to T1 F of r r of T dotted with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to T1 F of r r of T dotted with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to T1 F of r r of T dotted with the
+rdt that again is what that again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rdt that again is what that again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rdt that again is what that again is
+some scal of function of T you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scal of function of T you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scal of function of T you
+see times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see times
+DT that's what that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT that's what that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT that's what that second
+interpretation says and that's of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation says and that's of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation says and that's of course
+what we mean by this particular notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by this particular notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by this particular notation
+okay two entirely different things by at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay two entirely different things by at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay two entirely different things by at
+any rate now getting back to what we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate now getting back to what we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate now getting back to what we saw
+in our examples the line integral c f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our examples the line integral c f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our examples the line integral c f of
+r. drr often depends on C but not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r. drr often depends on C but not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r. drr often depends on C but not on the
+equation which represents C by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which represents C by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which represents C by the way
+we're going to show a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show a very interesting
+thing in the next lecture as to when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the next lecture as to when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the next lecture as to when the
+line integral will depend on C and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral will depend on C and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral will depend on C and when
+it won't but the next lecture actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't but the next lecture actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't but the next lecture actually
+is more General than just answering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more General than just answering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more General than just answering that
+question the next lecture centers around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the next lecture centers around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the next lecture centers around
+this question is there any interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question is there any interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question is there any interesting
+relationship between line integrals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between line integrals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between line integrals and
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+integrals you see in the case of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals you see in the case of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals you see in the case of one
+independent variable there was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable there was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable there was a very
+interesting relationship between line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting relationship between line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting relationship between line
+integrals and so-called double integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and so-called double integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and so-called double integrals
+are integrals of infinite sums namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are integrals of infinite sums namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are integrals of infinite sums namely
+they were exactly the same thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were exactly the same thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were exactly the same thing you
+couldn't tell them apart that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't tell them apart that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't tell them apart that's what we
+meant in our summary when we said we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant in our summary when we said we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant in our summary when we said we had
+two different interpretations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different interpretations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different interpretations of the
+same numerical result now the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same numerical result now the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same numerical result now the question
+is in two independent variables these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in two independent variables these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in two independent variables these
+two concepts are different are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two concepts are different are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two concepts are different are they
+related and if so how and that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and if so how and that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and if so how and that will be
+the lecture of our the the body of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture of our the the body of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture of our the the body of our
+next lecture at any rate then until next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture at any rate then until next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture at any rate then until next
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+and Paul rosenbom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul rosenbom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul rosenbom
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT Cor coures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT Cor coures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT Cor coures
+by making a donation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making a donation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making a donation at
+ocw.mit.edu/donate
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OlEM_etZCVE.txt b/OlEM_etZCVE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ba350a7bdb33c85e9f34bf37163049e59375ee7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OlEM_etZCVE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start with a gender and family and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+his gender and family and that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his gender and family and that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his gender and family and that will be
+basically probably what I have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically probably what I have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically probably what I have time to
+cover today is really the end of Ben's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover today is really the end of Ben's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover today is really the end of Ben's
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's a bit of a hush push mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a bit of a hush push mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a bit of a hush push mixed
+mishmash lecture today but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mishmash lecture today but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mishmash lecture today but this is
+so uh where we left it last time is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh where we left it last time is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh where we left it last time is the
+idea that it's difficult for people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that it's difficult for people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that it's difficult for people to
+learn about health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about health
+uh last time we discussed the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+self-limiting diseases are a problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-limiting diseases are a problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-limiting diseases are a problem and
+therefore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore that
+people also don't understand why a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also don't understand why a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also don't understand why a
+particular drug or compound treats them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular drug or compound treats them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular drug or compound treats them
+or doesn't treat them in the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or doesn't treat them in the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or doesn't treat them in the lecture
+before that we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that we talked about the
+externalities that makes it even harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities that makes it even harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities that makes it even harder
+to understand the impact of any drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the impact of any drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the impact of any drug
+that has externality another which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has externality another which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has externality another which is
+most drugs that have something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most drugs that have something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most drugs that have something to do
+with the infectious diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the infectious diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the infectious diseases
+um and and the consequences of all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and the consequences of all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and the consequences of all that
+is that indeed the Private health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that indeed the Private health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that indeed the Private health care
+as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our
+entreated could be of a very very bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entreated could be of a very very bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entreated could be of a very very bad
+quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+just to give you a sense of how bad it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a sense of how bad it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a sense of how bad it
+is so in India uh Disney death and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so in India uh Disney death and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so in India uh Disney death and a
+group of people did a survey in several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people did a survey in several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people did a survey in several
+States which we are going to use a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States which we are going to use a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States which we are going to use a lot
+of a lot today and they found that 77 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot today and they found that 77 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot today and they found that 77 of
+private providers in the rural areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private providers in the rural areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private providers in the rural areas
+have no medical degree whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no medical degree whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no medical degree whatsoever
+18 of them have some other degree than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 of them have some other degree than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 of them have some other degree than a
+medical degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical degree
+uh I'm sorry 18 percent of so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm sorry 18 percent of so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm sorry 18 percent of so I have a
+medical degree but that's not like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical degree but that's not like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical degree but that's not like your
+regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular
+med school which is mbbs in India the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+med school which is mbbs in India the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+med school which is mbbs in India the
+equivalent of an MD the rest of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of an MD the rest of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of an MD the rest of these
+bums beams booms BHMs which are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bums beams booms BHMs which are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bums beams booms BHMs which are some
+kind of you know alternative medicine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know alternative medicine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know alternative medicine or
+things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the average Village there are 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the average Village there are 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the average Village there are 300
+there are 3.3 providers with no degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 3.3 providers with no degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 3.3 providers with no degree
+less than one with some degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one with some degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one with some degree
+and only 20 you know 20 percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only 20 you know 20 percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only 20 you know 20 percent of the
+village have even one mbbs doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village have even one mbbs doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village have even one mbbs doctors
+they are public providers who are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are public providers who are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are public providers who are more
+qualified and offer free services but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified and offer free services but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified and offer free services but
+they have only 20 percent of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have only 20 percent of the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have only 20 percent of the market
+share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share
+um up to 25 percent in villages where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um up to 25 percent in villages where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um up to 25 percent in villages where
+the Primary Health Center is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Primary Health Center is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Primary Health Center is exactly
+located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another thing is uh these private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing is uh these private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing is uh these private
+doctors that have 80 of the market share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors that have 80 of the market share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors that have 80 of the market share
+uh know very little and to establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh know very little and to establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh know very little and to establish
+that they used vignette which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they used vignette which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they used vignette which will
+describe at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe at the moment
+and they do even less so there is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do even less so there is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do even less so there is what's
+schooled in the medical literature or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schooled in the medical literature or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schooled in the medical literature or no
+do gap which is a the gap between what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do gap which is a the gap between what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do gap which is a the gap between what
+you do and what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do and what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do and what you do
+so how do we know what Dr knew so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we know what Dr knew so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we know what Dr knew so just
+the the way to do this that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way to do this that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way to do this that was
+pioneered by the by jishnu dasan is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneered by the by jishnu dasan is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneered by the by jishnu dasan is a
+group of colleagues is to use vignettes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of colleagues is to use vignettes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of colleagues is to use vignettes
+very similar to what get administered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to what get administered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to what get administered in
+board exams if you have friends who took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board exams if you have friends who took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board exams if you have friends who took
+board exams for medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board exams for medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board exams for medicine
+uh you are presented with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you are presented with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you are presented with some
+information about a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about a patient
+the doctor is told that the patient will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctor is told that the patient will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctor is told that the patient will
+follow instruction and they are given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow instruction and they are given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow instruction and they are given
+the standard tests and then you ask your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard tests and then you ask your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard tests and then you ask your
+suppose as a as a doctor to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose as a as a doctor to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose as a as a doctor to ask
+questions and then you're graded on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and then you're graded on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and then you're graded on
+whether you ask the right questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you ask the right questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you ask the right questions and
+then you give an answer and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you give an answer and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you give an answer and you have
+asked further questions you come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked further questions you come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked further questions you come up with
+a diagnosis at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagnosis at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagnosis at the end
+um so you're also graded of course where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you're also graded of course where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you're also graded of course where
+whether you got to the right diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you got to the right diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you got to the right diagnosis
+so here a woman for example an example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here a woman for example an example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here a woman for example an example a
+woman comes to the clinic with a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman comes to the clinic with a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman comes to the clinic with a child
+who's had diarrhea for the last two days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's had diarrhea for the last two days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's had diarrhea for the last two days
+so the doctor must first ask about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the doctor must first ask about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the doctor must first ask about their
+stool not stock to figure out if she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stool not stock to figure out if she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stool not stock to figure out if she has
+dysentery rather than a virus and check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dysentery rather than a virus and check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dysentery rather than a virus and check
+for sign of dehydration in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sign of dehydration in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sign of dehydration in this
+particular vignette it is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vignette it is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vignette it is not a
+bacterial it is a virus there is no need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial it is a virus there is no need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial it is a virus there is no need
+for antibiotic the right treatment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for antibiotic the right treatment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for antibiotic the right treatment is
+oral rearration solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral rearration solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral rearration solution
+so they use that vignette uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they use that vignette uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they use that vignette uh they
+they've been used so that's hammer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been used so that's hammer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been used so that's hammer and
+Leonard Ken Leonardo Pioneer the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard Ken Leonardo Pioneer the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard Ken Leonardo Pioneer the use of
+The Vineyards and use them as an under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Vineyards and use them as an under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Vineyards and use them as an under
+is a number of settings they have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number of settings they have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number of settings they have an
+overview uh of of their work in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview uh of of their work in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview uh of of their work in their
+Journal of Economics perspective from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal of Economics perspective from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal of Economics perspective from a
+few years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years ago
+so what they do then is to they use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they do then is to they use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they do then is to they use the
+item response Theory to code the answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item response Theory to code the answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item response Theory to code the answers
+to the question to create an index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question to create an index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question to create an index of
+competence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competence
+which solve for the optimal weight uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which solve for the optimal weight uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which solve for the optimal weight uh to
+each question so basically you weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each question so basically you weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each question so basically you weight
+less the question that everybody gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less the question that everybody gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less the question that everybody gets
+right anywhere you get more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anywhere you get more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anywhere you get more the
+questions that are more weighted so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that are more weighted so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that are more weighted so this
+is something that a technique that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that a technique that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that a technique that's
+coming from education for example when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from education for example when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from education for example when
+you take the GRE or GRE or then graded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the GRE or GRE or then graded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the GRE or GRE or then graded
+according to item response Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to item response Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to item response Theory and
+then uh that's what's used to form your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh that's what's used to form your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh that's what's used to form your
+personal ranks and as opposed to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal ranks and as opposed to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal ranks and as opposed to just
+the whole score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole score
+uh so that's what they do here so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's what they do here so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's what they do here so they
+create this index of competence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this index of competence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this index of competence
+uh and so here people are are graded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so here people are are graded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so here people are are graded by
+by competence and you can see that um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by competence and you can see that um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by competence and you can see that um if
+we rank people by by competence then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we rank people by by competence then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we rank people by by competence then we
+can start asking questions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start asking questions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start asking questions uh
+you can ask you can then ask descriptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask you can then ask descriptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask you can then ask descriptive
+question for people ranked by competence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for people ranked by competence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for people ranked by competence
+so it's saying for example that among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's saying for example that among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's saying for example that among
+the most competent doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most competent doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most competent doctors
+um for for the diarrhea question only 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for the diarrhea question only 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for the diarrhea question only 50
+of them asked about the stools whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them asked about the stools whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them asked about the stools whether
+there was blood or markers in the school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was blood or markers in the school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was blood or markers in the school
+which would have helped them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would have helped them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would have helped them to
+determine if there is decent area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine if there is decent area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine if there is decent area and
+among the least competent basically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the least competent basically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the least competent basically in
+another none of them a few percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another none of them a few percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another none of them a few percentage
+Point even ask the question so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point even ask the question so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point even ask the question so that's an
+example in some countries doctors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in some countries doctors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in some countries doctors are
+better so for example in Indonesia they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so for example in Indonesia they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so for example in Indonesia they
+ask so in the and it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask so in the and it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask so in the and it depends on the
+thing so so for the check the fontanelle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so so for the check the fontanelle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so so for the check the fontanelle
+for dehydration in India like no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dehydration in India like no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dehydration in India like no one
+asked that question in Tanzania they ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that question in Tanzania they ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that question in Tanzania they ask
+it more often whether there was fever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more often whether there was fever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more often whether there was fever is
+a question that asked enough the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question that asked enough the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question that asked enough the
+frequency of this tool is a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of this tool is a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of this tool is a question
+that asks more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that asks more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that asks more
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for tuberculosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tuberculosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tuberculosis
+do they ask the right questions fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they ask the right questions fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they ask the right questions fraction
+of the doctor that asked the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the doctor that asked the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the doctor that asked the right
+question in vignette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in vignette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in vignette
+for the good doctors it's very high for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the good doctors it's very high for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the good doctors it's very high for
+the anybody else it's very low it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anybody else it's very low it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anybody else it's very low it's for
+Indonesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia
+and I forgot to ask I forgot to put what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I forgot to ask I forgot to put what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I forgot to ask I forgot to put what
+the question was question a question B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was question a question B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was question a question B
+whether it was asked or not so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was asked or not so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was asked or not so there is
+a lot of variation but the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of variation but the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of variation but the overall
+quality is very low so what they say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality is very low so what they say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality is very low so what they say is
+that the the doctor has to be more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the doctor has to be more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the doctor has to be more than
+median quality not to harm the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median quality not to harm the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median quality not to harm the patient
+with what they are doing so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what they are doing so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what they are doing so if you
+remember the uh the the the oath that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the uh the the the oath that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the uh the the the oath that
+the doctor take at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctor take at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctor take at the beginning of
+their career of Do no harm that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their career of Do no harm that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their career of Do no harm that doesn't
+you know it's really not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's really not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's really not the case
+in India when you compare uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in India when you compare uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in India when you compare uh the the
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+people rank in terms of performance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people rank in terms of performance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people rank in terms of performance the
+the price from the vignette point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price from the vignette point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price from the vignette point of
+view uh the the top qualified doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view uh the the top qualified doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view uh the the top qualified doctors
+are better than the public doctors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are better than the public doctors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are better than the public doctors but
+the public doctors are much better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public doctors are much better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public doctors are much better than
+the quarks the ones who don't have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarks the ones who don't have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarks the ones who don't have a a
+diploma so you would expect people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploma so you would expect people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploma so you would expect people
+should you know come to the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you know come to the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you know come to the public
+doctor when there is one available it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor when there is one available it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor when there is one available it is
+Boost free and they are more competent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boost free and they are more competent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boost free and they are more competent
+but yet they don't and so why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yet they don't and so why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yet they don't and so why is that
+the case and that's related to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case and that's related to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case and that's related to uh
+probably to what they do when they once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably to what they do when they once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably to what they do when they once
+you show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show up
+so how to find out so the first method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how to find out so the first method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how to find out so the first method
+that they did is by is send just leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they did is by is send just leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they did is by is send just leave
+someone in the clinic for some time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in the clinic for some time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in the clinic for some time and
+do direct observation of of patients as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do direct observation of of patients as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do direct observation of of patients as
+they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come
+so it has the issue that people uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has the issue that people uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has the issue that people uh the
+doctors might adjust their behavior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors might adjust their behavior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors might adjust their behavior to
+the fact that they have someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that they have someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that they have someone
+observing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing them
+that doesn't seem to be much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't seem to be much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't seem to be much of a
+problem from uh descriptive data I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from uh descriptive data I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from uh descriptive data I'm
+going to show you in a minute even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you in a minute even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you in a minute even with
+someone present to observe them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone present to observe them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone present to observe them they
+spend about two minutes with the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend about two minutes with the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend about two minutes with the patient
+so if they do even less when they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they do even less when they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they do even less when they don't
+have someone then you know maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have someone then you know maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have someone then you know maybe it's
+even less but even with that they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even less but even with that they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even less but even with that they they
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+even with someone observing them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with someone observing them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with someone observing them that
+don't seem to be is that is that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't seem to be is that is that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't seem to be is that is that their
+best behavior is truly driver indeed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best behavior is truly driver indeed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best behavior is truly driver indeed or
+are they they don't they are not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they they don't they are not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they they don't they are not really
+on their best behavior but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their best behavior but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their best behavior but there is
+another problem with this which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem with this which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem with this which is that
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+have someone sitting there observing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have someone sitting there observing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have someone sitting there observing the
+patient that person doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient that person doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient that person doesn't know
+what the patient has so they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the patient has so they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the patient has so they don't know
+what the right course of action would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the right course of action would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the right course of action would be
+and in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good doctors might attract a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good doctors might attract a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good doctors might attract a different
+mix of patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix of patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix of patient
+so when you're sitting there observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're sitting there observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're sitting there observing
+what is going on you're also sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on you're also sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on you're also sitting
+then observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then observing
+uh an endogenous response to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an endogenous response to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an endogenous response to an
+equilibrium where people have gone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where people have gone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where people have gone to
+that particular patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular patient
+and in ways that are essentially very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in ways that are essentially very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in ways that are essentially very
+very difficult to control for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to control for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to control for
+so to address these issues all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to address these issues all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to address these issues all of these
+issues potential of social desirability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues potential of social desirability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues potential of social desirability
+not knowing what's the right course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing what's the right course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing what's the right course of
+action because you're not a doctor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action because you're not a doctor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action because you're not a doctor you
+don't know the patient and the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the patient and the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the patient and the potential
+endogenous sorting of patients that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous sorting of patients that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous sorting of patients that has
+had to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to deal with
+what that did is that they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that did is that they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that did is that they started
+sending uh a standardized patient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending uh a standardized patient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending uh a standardized patient so
+that's the equivalent of an audit study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equivalent of an audit study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equivalent of an audit study
+uh you've you might have seen this audit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you've you might have seen this audit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you've you might have seen this audit
+study in other fields like for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in other fields like for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in other fields like for example
+uh in to know whether Car Sales might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in to know whether Car Sales might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in to know whether Car Sales might
+discriminate against black people or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate against black people or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate against black people or
+against women you can send a woman or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against women you can send a woman or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against women you can send a woman or a
+black person to the to the car to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black person to the to the car to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black person to the to the car to the
+used car a lot and try to and have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used car a lot and try to and have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used car a lot and try to and have them
+do negotiation and see whether they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do negotiation and see whether they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do negotiation and see whether they you
+know they are given less time they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they are given less time they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they are given less time they are
+given higher prices or so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given higher prices or so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given higher prices or so on and so
+forth so that's the idea of audit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so that's the idea of audit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so that's the idea of audit
+studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+are the studies have been used in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the studies have been used in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the studies have been used in in
+various settings including the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various settings including the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various settings including the labor
+market and so here the idea is to send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and so here the idea is to send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and so here the idea is to send a
+standardized patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized patient
+to who is afflicted by a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to who is afflicted by a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to who is afflicted by a particular
+ailment that the Advent that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ailment that the Advent that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ailment that the Advent that the
+advantage to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage to know
+uh um of course the disadvantage is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um of course the disadvantage is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um of course the disadvantage is that
+they don't actually have that ailment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't actually have that ailment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't actually have that ailment
+but to and goes uh and described his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to and goes uh and described his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to and goes uh and described his
+problems so doctor I woke up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so doctor I woke up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so doctor I woke up this
+morning with crushing chest pain and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning with crushing chest pain and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning with crushing chest pain and I
+was feeling very anxious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was feeling very anxious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was feeling very anxious
+then he answers the question completes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he answers the question completes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he answers the question completes
+the basic exams the provided recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic exams the provided recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic exams the provided recommend
+the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment
+so there are issues with that number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are issues with that number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are issues with that number one
+is you know maybe it's not ethical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know maybe it's not ethical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know maybe it's not ethical to
+send a fake patient so it is generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a fake patient so it is generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a fake patient so it is generally
+done in a context where you're telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in a context where you're telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in a context where you're telling
+them that they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that they might
+they might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be
+you you unrolling your doctors tell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you unrolling your doctors tell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you unrolling your doctors tell them
+that there might be a stand-up patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might be a stand-up patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might be a stand-up patient
+at some point or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point or another
+which increases how you reveal yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which increases how you reveal yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which increases how you reveal yourself
+at the end and you're asking can I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end and you're asking can I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end and you're asking can I use
+the detail from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detail from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detail from that
+the detection rates are actually low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detection rates are actually low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detection rates are actually low
+despite that and and provider Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite that and and provider Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite that and and provider Behavior
+seems to be consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be consistent with the
+with the believing the standardized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the believing the standardized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the believing the standardized
+patient and they don't seem to come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and they don't seem to come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and they don't seem to come to
+the conclusion that the standardized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion that the standardized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion that the standardized
+patient is Faking it I don't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is Faking it I don't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is Faking it I don't know why
+all of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of my
+inverted comma became question marks but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted comma became question marks but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted comma became question marks but
+in fact the more they do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the more they do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the more they do with the
+patient the more they are convinced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient the more they are convinced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient the more they are convinced that
+the standardization is is real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standardization is is real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standardization is is real
+and they do even on compile there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do even on compile there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do even on compile there is one
+case of General application which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of General application which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of General application which is
+child diarrhea obviously you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child diarrhea obviously you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child diarrhea obviously you cannot
+bring a child so if someone comes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a child so if someone comes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a child so if someone comes to the
+doctor and say there is a child in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor and say there is a child in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor and say there is a child in a
+village that is that as they are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village that is that as they are here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village that is that as they are here
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+kind of answers to all the questions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of answers to all the questions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of answers to all the questions are
+given to them so did you check the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to them so did you check the blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to them so did you check the blood
+they can did you test this tool to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can did you test this tool to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can did you test this tool to see
+if there was blood or markers they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was blood or markers they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was blood or markers they can
+give an answer to that and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an answer to that and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an answer to that and so on and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+so the nice thing about this method I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nice thing about this method I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nice thing about this method I
+mean one of the nice things about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean one of the nice things about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean one of the nice things about this
+methods you can combine standardized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods you can combine standardized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods you can combine standardized
+patient vignettes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient vignettes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient vignettes
+so you get direct information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get direct information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get direct information about
+about the nodu Gap so you first send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nodu Gap so you first send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nodu Gap so you first send the
+generalization then you go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization then you go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization then you go back to the
+doctor and say hey by the way uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor and say hey by the way uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor and say hey by the way uh we
+attend some standardization can we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend some standardization can we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend some standardization can we you
+know are you okay to for us to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are you okay to for us to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are you okay to for us to use this
+data and then if they are okay they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then if they are okay they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then if they are okay they are
+they are given a vignette to answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are given a vignette to answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are given a vignette to answer the
+to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer
+uh so here are some info some data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here are some info some data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here are some info some data from
+the direct observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct observation
+um again the doctors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again the doctors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again the doctors are
+classified by third of how much effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified by third of how much effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified by third of how much effort
+they exert between lower fat medium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they exert between lower fat medium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they exert between lower fat medium and
+for high effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high effort
+so in India in Delhi they spend about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in India in Delhi they spend about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in India in Delhi they spend about
+3.8 minutes with the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.8 minutes with the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.8 minutes with the patient
+they ask three questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ask three questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ask three questions
+they give one exam and they give about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give one exam and they give about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give one exam and they give about
+three year 2.6 which we can round up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three year 2.6 which we can round up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three year 2.6 which we can round up to
+three medicine so is it 333 three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three medicine so is it 333 three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three medicine so is it 333 three
+minutes three questions three medicines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes three questions three medicines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes three questions three medicines
+it's easy to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to remember
+uh in Parkway they spend a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Parkway they spend a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Parkway they spend a little bit
+more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time
+uh eight minutes they ask more questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eight minutes they ask more questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eight minutes they ask more questions
+and they give fewer medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they give fewer medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they give fewer medicine
+uh and you can see again that the effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you can see again that the effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you can see again that the effort
+is related to the time that is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the time that is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the time that is being
+that is being spent in Germany people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being spent in Germany people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being spent in Germany people
+spend closer to Paraguay in Belgium they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend closer to Paraguay in Belgium they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend closer to Paraguay in Belgium they
+spend 15 minutes with the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend 15 minutes with the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend 15 minutes with the patient
+um so but the number for India are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so but the number for India are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so but the number for India are
+particularly extreme in term of how low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly extreme in term of how low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly extreme in term of how low
+the effort is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effort is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effort is
+and then uh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh from the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+from the standardized patient we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the standardized patient we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the standardized patient we can
+look at the the type of treatment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the the type of treatment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the the type of treatment that
+is being given so this is a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being given so this is a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being given so this is a standard
+patient so you know what the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient so you know what the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient so you know what the correct
+treatment would be you know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment would be you know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment would be you know what is the
+over treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over treatment
+and you can see that uh in most so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that uh in most so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that uh in most so this
+is value state in state in India and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is value state in state in India and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is value state in state in India and
+then China and Kenya uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then China and Kenya uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then China and Kenya uh
+it is free it's less than half the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is free it's less than half the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is free it's less than half the time
+sometimes much less than half the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes much less than half the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes much less than half the time
+that you get the correct treatment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get the correct treatment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get the correct treatment for
+that the standardized patient gave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the standardized patient gave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the standardized patient gave the
+get the correct treatment for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the correct treatment for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the correct treatment for what
+they're presented with uh even in cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're presented with uh even in cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're presented with uh even in cases
+like for example one of their cases is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example one of their cases is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example one of their cases is
+the woman with preeclampsia that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woman with preeclampsia that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woman with preeclampsia that's a
+pregnant woman who who are certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnant woman who who are certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnant woman who who are certainly
+high blood pressure during pregnancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high blood pressure during pregnancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high blood pressure during pregnancy
+it's a life-threatening condition even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a life-threatening condition even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a life-threatening condition even
+there they don't get the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they don't get the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they don't get the correct
+treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so any guy treatment is the height plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any guy treatment is the height plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any guy treatment is the height plus
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+just the correct is even lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the correct is even lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the correct is even lower
+a lot of people get over treated so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people get over treated so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people get over treated so they
+get medicine that they don't need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get medicine that they don't need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get medicine that they don't need for
+this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case
+in cold treatment is current for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cold treatment is current for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cold treatment is current for example
+one example of our treatment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of our treatment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of our treatment is
+antibiotic so they think all the cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic so they think all the cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic so they think all the cases
+none of these cases except possibly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these cases except possibly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these cases except possibly the
+standardization required antibiotic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardization required antibiotic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardization required antibiotic and
+a lot of 30 cases got it anyways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of 30 cases got it anyways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of 30 cases got it anyways you
+know 69 68 in partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 69 68 in partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 69 68 in partner
+um 55 in Kenya 35 in madhyapadesh got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 55 in Kenya 35 in madhyapadesh got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 55 in Kenya 35 in madhyapadesh got an
+antibiotic that they didn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic that they didn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic that they didn't need
+the use of steroids is less popular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of steroids is less popular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of steroids is less popular in
+particularly outside of India but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly outside of India but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly outside of India but you
+can see that in Bombay they are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that in Bombay they are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that in Bombay they are very
+popular 20 of people who don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular 20 of people who don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular 20 of people who don't need
+steroids the only indication for steroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroids the only indication for steroid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroids the only indication for steroid
+here was the asthma case go back with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was the asthma case go back with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was the asthma case go back with
+steroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroid
+um referral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um referral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um referral is
+from this you know first line doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this you know first line doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this you know first line doctor
+you're hoping that they would refer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hoping that they would refer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hoping that they would refer but
+referral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referral
+another thing that you know from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that you know from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that you know from this
+from combining this vignette to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from combining this vignette to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from combining this vignette to the
+standardized payment is this evidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized payment is this evidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized payment is this evidence of
+this no no do Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no no do Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no no do Gap
+so you can use if you use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can use if you use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can use if you use the same
+vignette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vignette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vignette
+you can compare what they know to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare what they know to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare what they know to do
+because they are doing it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are doing it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are doing it on the
+vignette and what they actually do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vignette and what they actually do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vignette and what they actually do when
+the standardized patient is showing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standardized patient is showing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standardized patient is showing up
+at their doorstep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their doorstep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their doorstep
+and you can see that they always uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that they always uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that they always uh
+there is always an odoo Gap that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is always an odoo Gap that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is always an odoo Gap that these
+are all the steps that that do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the steps that that do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the steps that that do more
+of the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the right thing
+and they are more likely to get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are more likely to get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are more likely to get any
+correct treatment on the vignette then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct treatment on the vignette then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct treatment on the vignette then
+on the standardized patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the standardized patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the standardized patient
+and while the knowledge as we saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while the knowledge as we saw before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while the knowledge as we saw before
+increased with qualification for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased with qualification for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased with qualification for example
+the MD public MD private and trained the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MD public MD private and trained the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MD public MD private and trained the
+public guy no more than the private guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public guy no more than the private guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public guy no more than the private guy
+but what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what did
+to what they know increases a lot with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what they know increases a lot with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what they know increases a lot with
+qualification you can see it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualification you can see it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualification you can see it from
+um in you know private train know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in you know private train know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in you know private train know the
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+uh public train knows a bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh public train knows a bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh public train knows a bit less
+private untrade knows the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but what they do although there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they do although there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they do although there is the
+same usually pattern in this that uShip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same usually pattern in this that uShip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same usually pattern in this that uShip
+pattern is much uh flatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is much uh flatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is much uh flatter
+so people actually the nodu Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people actually the nodu Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people actually the nodu Gap
+increases with qualification the no Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases with qualification the no Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases with qualification the no Gap
+increases with classification but the no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases with classification but the no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases with classification but the no
+do Gap increase with also increases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Gap increase with also increases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Gap increase with also increases and
+in fact in a lot of cases the at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in a lot of cases the at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in a lot of cases the at the end
+of the day the public provider don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day the public provider don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day the public provider don't do
+much better than the private provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than the private provider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than the private provider
+because although they know much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because although they know much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because although they know much more
+they are not they're even further from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not they're even further from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not they're even further from
+their Frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Frontier
+so the nodu Gap is a key uh thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nodu Gap is a key uh thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nodu Gap is a key uh thing to
+keep in mind it's not just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind it's not just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind it's not just about
+training and knowledge it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and knowledge it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and knowledge it's about
+incentive to actually do what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to actually do what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to actually do what is
+appropriate yep what are the vignettes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate yep what are the vignettes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate yep what are the vignettes
+administered so are they administered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administered so are they administered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administered so are they administered
+during the course of the doctor's normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the course of the doctor's normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the course of the doctor's normal
+day because one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day because one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day because one
+one potential explanation we think of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one potential explanation we think of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one potential explanation we think of is
+I know what the right answer is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what the right answer is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what the right answer is in a
+fully kind of like theoretical setup but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully kind of like theoretical setup but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully kind of like theoretical setup but
+I'm dealing with many patients I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm dealing with many patients I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm dealing with many patients I have a
+lot of demands in my time and so I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of demands in my time and so I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of demands in my time and so I might
+just not be able to attend to the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not be able to attend to the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not be able to attend to the thing
+yeah it could be if you spend three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it could be if you spend three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it could be if you spend three
+minutes it's as much time as you have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes it's as much time as you have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes it's as much time as you have so
+that could be that certainly with one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be that certainly with one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be that certainly with one of
+the one of the parameters how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the parameters how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the parameters how much
+effort you're giving to each patient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort you're giving to each patient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort you're giving to each patient and
+to the uh and to uh and to each you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh and to uh and to each you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh and to uh and to each you know
+to to solving the the problem that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to solving the the problem that is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to solving the the problem that is in
+front of you and the other which we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you and the other which we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you and the other which we are
+going to spend a bit more time on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend a bit more time on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend a bit more time on is
+also what are your incentive in some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what are your incentive in some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what are your incentive in some of
+how you're going to get paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you're going to get paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you're going to get paid
+so in particular in a lot of settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular in a lot of settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular in a lot of settings
+you're going to see an over application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see an over application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see an over application
+of various kind of medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of various kind of medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of various kind of medicine
+and a lot of the payment model is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of the payment model is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of the payment model is that
+people are paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are paid
+both for a fee for the visit and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both for a fee for the visit and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both for a fee for the visit and then
+they are selling the medicine at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are selling the medicine at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are selling the medicine at the
+same time so there is also an incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time so there is also an incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time so there is also an incentive
+that way of and that's true of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way of and that's true of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way of and that's true of the
+private doctors and also of the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private doctors and also of the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private doctors and also of the public
+Doctor Who actually aren't paid a fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doctor Who actually aren't paid a fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doctor Who actually aren't paid a fee
+for the visit but can sell medicine on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the visit but can sell medicine on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the visit but can sell medicine on
+the on the side yeah you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the side yeah you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the side yeah you don't
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how they're going to differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're going to differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're going to differentiate
+between qualifications of providers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between qualifications of providers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between qualifications of providers
+yeah so the doctor the patients uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the doctor the patients uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the doctor the patients uh the
+patients tend to know that the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients tend to know that the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients tend to know that the private
+provider are less qualified than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider are less qualified than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider are less qualified than the
+public provider so that's the mystery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public provider so that's the mystery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public provider so that's the mystery of
+why they go anyways and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they go anyways and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they go anyways and one of the
+resolution of that mystery it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of that mystery it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of that mystery it might be
+there which is although the they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which is although the they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which is although the they are
+more qualified and they know more they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more qualified and they know more they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more qualified and they know more they
+actually don't perform better in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't perform better in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't perform better in front
+of create patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of create patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of create patient
+yep just trained me they have like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep just trained me they have like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep just trained me they have like one
+of these several degrees or like I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these several degrees or like I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these several degrees or like I guess
+doing the what is the death like half do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the what is the death like half do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the what is the death like half do
+we know how at VBS doctors do versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how at VBS doctors do versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how at VBS doctors do versus
+what is sort of the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is sort of the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is sort of the max
+that's nvds that's the best or like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nvds that's the best or like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nvds that's the best or like how
+do they do like what is the max sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they do like what is the max sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they do like what is the max sort of
+do correctness uh do do uh uh yeah so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do correctness uh do do uh uh yeah so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do correctness uh do do uh uh yeah so in
+a sense you have it here ranked by so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense you have it here ranked by so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense you have it here ranked by so
+you would want to see um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would want to see um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would want to see um a
+we kind of have it here in the vignette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of have it here in the vignette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of have it here in the vignette
+this is people ranked by performance not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is people ranked by performance not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is people ranked by performance not
+ranked by mbbs but ranked by performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranked by mbbs but ranked by performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranked by mbbs but ranked by performance
+and you can see that for example it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that for example it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that for example it
+depends on the question so you can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the question so you can so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the question so you can so
+they are ranked by how good they are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are ranked by how good they are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are ranked by how good they are and
+so the maximum for asking questions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the maximum for asking questions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the maximum for asking questions in
+the vignette is uh is uh you know 45 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vignette is uh is uh you know 45 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vignette is uh is uh you know 45 for
+blood and Fontanel is very low so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood and Fontanel is very low so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood and Fontanel is very low so you
+what we want is a summary of how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want is a summary of how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want is a summary of how well
+how of the correct treatment by ranking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how of the correct treatment by ranking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how of the correct treatment by ranking
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um by ranking of standardization or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by ranking of standardization or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by ranking of standardization or by
+how good do they get with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good do they get with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good do they get with the
+standardization they have an answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardization they have an answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardization they have an answer to
+this question that's in the paper I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question that's in the paper I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question that's in the paper I
+don't have it on the top of my right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have it on the top of my right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have it on the top of my right but
+that's a good question that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question that's exactly
+what you do with this item response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do with this item response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do with this item response
+theories kind of trying to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories kind of trying to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories kind of trying to make them
+better as rank them by how good they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better as rank them by how good they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better as rank them by how good they are
+and saying how good is the best doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and that's where they have sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's where they have sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's where they have sort of a
+summary of this you need to be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of this you need to be at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of this you need to be at least
+median to not hurt the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+most people choose the private sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people choose the private sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people choose the private sector
+despite that incorrect treatment are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite that incorrect treatment are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite that incorrect treatment are
+caused a patient a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused a patient a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused a patient a lot of money
+70 percent of the cost of a visit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 percent of the cost of a visit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 percent of the cost of a visit in
+this in this study of uh is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this study of uh is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this study of uh is the
+unnecessary treatment the fact that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary treatment the fact that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary treatment the fact that they
+have to buy all these medicines they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to buy all these medicines they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to buy all these medicines they
+don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in udaipur where people are super super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in udaipur where people are super super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in udaipur where people are super super
+poor where we had we had done our health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor where we had we had done our health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor where we had we had done our health
+survey 20 of the visits are to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey 20 of the visits are to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey 20 of the visits are to the
+public sector which is free 28 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public sector which is free 28 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public sector which is free 28 to the
+traditional healer and the rest to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional healer and the rest to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional healer and the rest to the
+to the quarks in madhya Pradesh 89 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the quarks in madhya Pradesh 89 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the quarks in madhya Pradesh 89 of
+visits are to a private doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits are to a private doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits are to a private doctor
+83 percent even if there is a trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+83 percent even if there is a trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+83 percent even if there is a trained
+mbbs uh public doctor right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mbbs uh public doctor right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mbbs uh public doctor right in the
+village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village
+so even with the mbbs triple uh public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even with the mbbs triple uh public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even with the mbbs triple uh public
+doctor which is free in the Village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor which is free in the Village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor which is free in the Village
+People still go to a private doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People still go to a private doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People still go to a private doctor
+including 77 to the unqualified private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including 77 to the unqualified private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including 77 to the unqualified private
+provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider
+and today is a huge uh so so the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today is a huge uh so so the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today is a huge uh so so the idea of
+arrow that the the the the health sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow that the the the the health sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow that the the the the health sector
+should be mostly public because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be mostly public because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be mostly public because it's
+impossible to give quality the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to give quality the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to give quality the first
+half is true it's impossible to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is true it's impossible to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is true it's impossible to give
+quality but the second is not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality but the second is not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality but the second is not true
+because most of the private most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most of the private most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most of the private most of the
+healthcare is delivered by private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare is delivered by private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare is delivered by private
+private people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private people
+so what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so in in madhyapadesh the the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in madhyapadesh the the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in madhyapadesh the the disease
+effort of standardized patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort of standardized patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort of standardized patient
+trying to uh represent the symptoms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh represent the symptoms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh represent the symptoms for
+three diseases those with the angina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three diseases those with the angina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three diseases those with the angina
+thing they like the heart attack the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they like the heart attack the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they like the heart attack the
+asthma and the century in a child who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma and the century in a child who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma and the century in a child who is
+not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there
+then they went to uh they they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they went to uh they they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they went to uh they they have a
+sample of about thousand visits and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of about thousand visits and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of about thousand visits and they
+have people who are Moonlighting public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people who are Moonlighting public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people who are Moonlighting public
+doctors who are Moonlighting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors who are Moonlighting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors who are Moonlighting in the
+private sector so they they can put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector so they they can put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector so they they can put a
+fixed effect for a sample that is Boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed effect for a sample that is Boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed effect for a sample that is Boost
+public and private and see whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and private and see whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and private and see whether they
+differ they perform differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ they perform differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ they perform differently
+and that gives some ideas of some idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives some ideas of some idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives some ideas of some idea
+of how good the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how good the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how good the
+why it happened so it's true in madhya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it happened so it's true in madhya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it happened so it's true in madhya
+Pradesh like uh in the data I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pradesh like uh in the data I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pradesh like uh in the data I showed you
+that the public sector doctors are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the public sector doctors are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the public sector doctors are more
+likely to be uh doctor providers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be uh doctor providers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be uh doctor providers are
+more likely to have an mbbs degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to have an mbbs degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to have an mbbs degree
+this is a doctor of this example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a doctor of this example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a doctor of this example of
+public mbbs provider that's their fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public mbbs provider that's their fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public mbbs provider that's their fixed
+Point samples of course all of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point samples of course all of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point samples of course all of them have
+an mbbs but in the sample as a lot as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an mbbs but in the sample as a lot as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an mbbs but in the sample as a lot as
+large a quarter of the public and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large a quarter of the public and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large a quarter of the public and less
+than 10 percent of the private providers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 percent of the private providers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 percent of the private providers
+have a degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a degree
+uh they know a bit more this is uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they know a bit more this is uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they know a bit more this is uh from
+The Vineyard they know a bit more but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Vineyard they know a bit more but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Vineyard they know a bit more but
+they do even less so this is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do even less so this is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do even less so this is the number
+of times they spent with the doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times they spent with the doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times they spent with the doctor
+uh in the representative sample they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the representative sample they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the representative sample they
+spent the private procedure regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent the private procedure regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent the private procedure regression
+or private provider compared to public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or private provider compared to public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or private provider compared to public
+provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider
+they spend about 1.2 minutes including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spend about 1.2 minutes including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spend about 1.2 minutes including
+case Market District fixed effect 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Market District fixed effect 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Market District fixed effect 1.5
+minutes more with the patient on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes more with the patient on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes more with the patient on the
+basis of a mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of a mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of a mean of
+3.6 in the in the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.6 in the in the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.6 in the in the private
+in the public sorry the complete more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the public sorry the complete more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the public sorry the complete more of
+the the private doctor complete more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the private doctor complete more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the private doctor complete more of
+the checklist items so even though they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the checklist items so even though they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the checklist items so even though they
+know more they actually even though they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more they actually even though they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more they actually even though they
+know less they do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know less they do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know less they do more
+um and so they're IRT score I mean our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so they're IRT score I mean our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so they're IRT score I mean our
+good is their total you know management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is their total you know management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is their total you know management
+of this case in terms of asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this case in terms of asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this case in terms of asking the
+question is higher even though again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is higher even though again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is higher even though again
+they know they are less likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know they are less likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know they are less likely to be
+qualified and they know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified and they know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified and they know more
+that's two in the example is at large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two in the example is at large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two in the example is at large
+and that's two with very similar numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's two with very similar numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's two with very similar numbers
+in fact when you compare among mbbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact when you compare among mbbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact when you compare among mbbs
+doctors who are all in the public sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors who are all in the public sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors who are all in the public sector
+their behavior in private and public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior in private and public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior in private and public
+uh which you know reflects this mix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which you know reflects this mix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which you know reflects this mix of
+incentives time spent and and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives time spent and and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives time spent and and so on
+so that's a big underestimated of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a big underestimated of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a big underestimated of the
+difference in the service that someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the service that someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the service that someone
+can explain because this is conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explain because this is conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explain because this is conditional
+of being of being found and in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being of being found and in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being of being found and in a lot of
+cases the the doctors is not even there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the the doctors is not even there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the the doctors is not even there
+or the public facility is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the public facility is closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the public facility is closed
+as a result they don't treat they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result they don't treat they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result they don't treat they don't
+treat any better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat any better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat any better
+if we compare uh the whether the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we compare uh the whether the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we compare uh the whether the the
+public people give the correct diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public people give the correct diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public people give the correct diagnosis
+or not well the private doctors are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not well the private doctors are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not well the private doctors are more
+likely to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to give a
+a diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagnosis
+and then conditional and diagnosis there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then conditional and diagnosis there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then conditional and diagnosis there
+are no works the Privateer no works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no works the Privateer no works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no works the Privateer no works and
+then there is no difference at all when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is no difference at all when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is no difference at all when
+we compare the when we compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compare the when we compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compare the when we compare the
+behavior of in the in the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of in the in the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of in the in the fixed
+effective example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they even though again this so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they even though again this so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they even though again this so that
+would explain why the people go to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would explain why the people go to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would explain why the people go to them
+there is one difference between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one difference between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one difference between them
+uh which is it's that the private sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is it's that the private sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is it's that the private sector
+tend to offer Medicaid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to offer Medicaid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to offer Medicaid
+uh the private doctors tend to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the private doctors tend to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the private doctors tend to give
+more more medicine about one more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more medicine about one more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more medicine about one more on
+average on a mean of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average on a mean of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average on a mean of three
+although that's not true in the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's not true in the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's not true in the that's
+not true in the Dual practice sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true in the Dual practice sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true in the Dual practice sample
+so they don't do Works they give a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't do Works they give a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't do Works they give a bit
+they don't do better is there other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't do better is there other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't do better is there other
+private guys they don't do worse then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private guys they don't do worse then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private guys they don't do worse then
+they give you a bit more they give a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you a bit more they give a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you a bit more they give a bit
+more medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more medicine
+so that would explain why people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would explain why people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would explain why people might
+continue going to the private sector uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue going to the private sector uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue going to the private sector uh
+despite the fact that the private sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that the private sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that the private sector
+is not very good they are treated better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very good they are treated better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very good they are treated better
+the doctor will spend a few more minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctor will spend a few more minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctor will spend a few more minutes
+with their ask them a bit more question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their ask them a bit more question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their ask them a bit more question
+at the end of the day they don't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day they don't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day they don't they
+don't treat them in a worked way I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't treat them in a worked way I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't treat them in a worked way I mean
+the treatment is bad but it's bad also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment is bad but it's bad also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment is bad but it's bad also
+in the public sector and they give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the public sector and they give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the public sector and they give them
+some more medicine to buy which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more medicine to buy which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more medicine to buy which is a
+waste from our point of view but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste from our point of view but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste from our point of view but it's
+something that there is a demand for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that there is a demand for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that there is a demand for for
+the reason we explained that people feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we explained that people feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we explained that people feel
+good if they can do something against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if they can do something against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if they can do something against
+their uh against their ailment even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh against their ailment even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh against their ailment even if
+the something in question is not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the something in question is not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the something in question is not really
+necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary
+so that's where we are so compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we are so compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we are so compared to
+the arrow situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrow situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrow situation where
+you shouldn't have a private sector you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't have a private sector you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't have a private sector you
+should have public sectors because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have public sectors because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have public sectors because
+that's the only way to get good quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only way to get good quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only way to get good quality
+medicine we have a awful quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine we have a awful quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine we have a awful quality
+mostly delivered by the private sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly delivered by the private sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly delivered by the private sector
+but whatever the public sector deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever the public sector deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever the public sector deliver
+is not much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not much better
+so what what to do in front of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what to do in front of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what to do in front of this
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+so this is a a place where compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a a place where compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a a place where compared to
+education where when I got to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education where when I got to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education where when I got to this point
+on the supply of Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the supply of Education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the supply of Education
+um I I was able to share with you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I was able to share with you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I was able to share with you at
+least an idea of what the main problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least an idea of what the main problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least an idea of what the main problem
+what to do about it I think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do about it I think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do about it I think this is a
+situation where in health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where in health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where in health
+we have we haven't reached this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we haven't reached this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we haven't reached this point
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+uh where many things have been tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where many things have been tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where many things have been tried
+which I'm going to you know briefly show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to you know briefly show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to you know briefly show
+you in each categories but there is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in each categories but there is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in each categories but there is I
+think much less of a consensus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think much less of a consensus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think much less of a consensus that
+anything in particular is a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in particular is a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in particular is a good thing
+or a bad thing or has been successful or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bad thing or has been successful or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bad thing or has been successful or
+not successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not successful
+um so that's you know that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's you know that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's you know that makes it
+exciting for a research topic especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting for a research topic especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting for a research topic especially
+post covered where the health situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post covered where the health situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post covered where the health situation
+is you know even more important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know even more important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know even more important and
+Urgent interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urgent interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urgent interesting
+and therefore it's worth spending some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it's worth spending some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it's worth spending some
+time on it so what can we do so option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on it so what can we do so option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on it so what can we do so option
+one uh which was pushed by uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh which was pushed by uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh which was pushed by uh our
+colleague Larry Summers for some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague Larry Summers for some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague Larry Summers for some time
+although I think he has somewhat moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I think he has somewhat moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I think he has somewhat moved
+on from that is more of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on from that is more of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on from that is more of the same
+universal healthcare Universal worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal healthcare Universal worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal healthcare Universal worldwide
+universal healthcare so basically spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal healthcare so basically spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal healthcare so basically spend
+more budget give make sure that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more budget give make sure that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more budget give make sure that each
+countries have more budget to spend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have more budget to spend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have more budget to spend on
+the public sector that seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public sector that seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public sector that seems like a
+terrible idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible idea
+in the current situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the current situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the current situation where
+absenteeism in public in in public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absenteeism in public in in public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absenteeism in public in in public
+health facilities 50 when even when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health facilities 50 when even when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health facilities 50 when even when you
+can get hold of someone the treatment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get hold of someone the treatment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get hold of someone the treatment is
+what is is there it seems that pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is is there it seems that pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is is there it seems that pulling
+more money into the same system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money into the same system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money into the same system is
+unlikely to be super successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely to be super successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely to be super successful
+I'm not going to spend much time on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to spend much time on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to spend much time on that
+although that's in a sense the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's in a sense the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's in a sense the the
+status quo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status quo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status quo
+proposal in the public in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal in the public in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal in the public in in the
+international world is we just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international world is we just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international world is we just need to
+spend more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend more money
+um in fact India did that they went from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact India did that they went from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact India did that they went from
+spending about two percent of GDP on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending about two percent of GDP on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending about two percent of GDP on
+Health Care on public health care to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Care on public health care to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Care on public health care to
+spending 10 percent of GDP with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending 10 percent of GDP with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending 10 percent of GDP with very
+little to show for it in terms of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little to show for it in terms of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little to show for it in terms of of
+healthcare quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare quality
+so we'll move that aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll move that aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll move that aside
+and then you could try to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you could try to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you could try to make the
+public sector better by improving their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public sector better by improving their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public sector better by improving their
+incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives
+I'll show you two papers showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you two papers showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you two papers showing that
+this you know it seems like difficult we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know it seems like difficult we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know it seems like difficult we
+can try but it's difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try but it's difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try but it's difficult
+uh since this comes to seven one class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since this comes to seven one class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since this comes to seven one class
+of question maybe you can do better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of question maybe you can do better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of question maybe you can do better than
+the papers I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers I'm going to show you
+another class of solution is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class of solution is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class of solution is that you
+could say Well since it's all come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say Well since it's all come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say Well since it's all come from
+the consumers in fact I had a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumers in fact I had a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumers in fact I had a discussion
+with one of you yesterday after um last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of you yesterday after um last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of you yesterday after um last
+week after presenting the bjorkman and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week after presenting the bjorkman and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week after presenting the bjorkman and
+co- paper on the medicine in Uganda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co- paper on the medicine in Uganda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co- paper on the medicine in Uganda is
+the solution seems to be to provide more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution seems to be to provide more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution seems to be to provide more
+information to teach the people you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to teach the people you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to teach the people you know
+what is good drug and bad drug and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is good drug and bad drug and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is good drug and bad drug and what
+the good work should do so basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good work should do so basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good work should do so basically the
+idea is that since a lot of the root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that since a lot of the root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that since a lot of the root of
+the problem comes from the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem comes from the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem comes from the fact that
+it's that people don't understand fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that people don't understand fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that people don't understand fully
+what makes what makes you thick and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes what makes you thick and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes what makes you thick and what
+makes you heal and what to do about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you heal and what to do about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you heal and what to do about it
+basically make try to make them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically make try to make them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically make try to make them more
+sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated
+I'll show you one example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you one example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you one example of that
+and then the third is try to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the third is try to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the third is try to work with
+the private sector however but it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private sector however but it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private sector however but it is it
+is there it is here it is available try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there it is here it is available try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there it is here it is available try
+to make it better in in some sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it better in in some sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it better in in some sense so
+I'll give you example in each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you example in each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you example in each of the
+three categories there are studies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three categories there are studies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three categories there are studies in
+each of the three categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the three categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the three categories
+so incentivize the public sector so ah a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so incentivize the public sector so ah a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so incentivize the public sector so ah a
+visit Rachel glester and me did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit Rachel glester and me did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit Rachel glester and me did the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+attempt there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt there
+on the heel of a successful project I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the heel of a successful project I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the heel of a successful project I
+had done with rimahana of of giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done with rimahana of of giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done with rimahana of of giving
+incentives to teachers to show up more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to teachers to show up more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to teachers to show up more
+regularly to their to their classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly to their to their classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly to their to their classes
+which had been quite effective we gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had been quite effective we gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had been quite effective we gave
+incentive for you know payment for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive for you know payment for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive for you know payment for for
+their presence and it worked people they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their presence and it worked people they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their presence and it worked people they
+came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up
+uh so we tried to do something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we tried to do something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we tried to do something similar
+in the same setting in udaipur for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same setting in udaipur for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same setting in udaipur for
+nurses which were absent and absenteeism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses which were absent and absenteeism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses which were absent and absenteeism
+rate was crazy high at the beginning we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate was crazy high at the beginning we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate was crazy high at the beginning we
+had salveda health center for a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had salveda health center for a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had salveda health center for a year
+once a week and we're absent 70 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a week and we're absent 70 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a week and we're absent 70 percent
+of the time and it was completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time and it was completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time and it was completely
+unpredictable when they were open it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable when they were open it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable when they were open it's
+not that they were open every Monday so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that they were open every Monday so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that they were open every Monday so
+you at least could come it was just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at least could come it was just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at least could come it was just some
+from time to time a nurse stood up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time to time a nurse stood up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time to time a nurse stood up and
+opened the center so we tried and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened the center so we tried and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened the center so we tried and
+changed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed that
+so we did something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we did something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we did something
+which you would characterize an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you would characterize an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you would characterize an
+ambitious which is we we agreed with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious which is we we agreed with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious which is we we agreed with the
+government something in we did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government something in we did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government something in we did in
+collaboration with the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with the government
+the government told everyone in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government told everyone in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government told everyone in the
+place uh treatment and control center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh treatment and control center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh treatment and control center
+you have to be open for sure one day a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be open for sure one day a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be open for sure one day a
+week on Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week on Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week on Monday
+now this is a new rule you cannot go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a new rule you cannot go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a new rule you cannot go to
+the field on that day you have to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field on that day you have to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field on that day you have to be in
+your Center you cannot go to functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Center you cannot go to functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Center you cannot go to functions
+you cannot go to training you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot go to training you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot go to training you have to be
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and then so that's what's common for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so that's what's common for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so that's what's common for the
+treatment and control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and control
+and then uh we uh what we did is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh we uh what we did is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh we uh what we did is that we
+put in place uh a system to uh to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in place uh a system to uh to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in place uh a system to uh to to
+monitor presence this was before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor presence this was before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor presence this was before the
+time of easy fingerprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of easy fingerprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of easy fingerprint
+recognition so we had to make up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition so we had to make up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition so we had to make up some
+system where they had to sign stamp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where they had to sign stamp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where they had to sign stamp and
+sign again something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign again something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign again something
+on the register to measure to measure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the register to measure to measure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the register to measure to measure to
+show that they were in fact present on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that they were in fact present on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that they were in fact present on
+that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day
+and then we send a person to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we send a person to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we send a person to do some
+random checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random checks
+we control the absent boost on Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we control the absent boost on Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we control the absent boost on Monday
+and on other days although the incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on other days although the incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on other days although the incentive
+was only based on on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only based on on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only based on on this
+uh so what we find is that in treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what we find is that in treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what we find is that in treatment
+uh on initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on initially
+uh the absence rate really increased on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the absence rate really increased on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the absence rate really increased on
+Mondays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mondays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mondays
+and not as much in on on other days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not as much in on on other days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not as much in on on other days
+so initially there was uh by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so initially there was uh by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so initially there was uh by the way
+there was this co-op in this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this co-op in this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this co-op in this experiment
+which is we didn't collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we didn't collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we didn't collect
+tree Control Data for some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree Control Data for some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree Control Data for some time
+we started controlling Control Data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started controlling Control Data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started controlling Control Data
+after a few weeks so this is the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a few weeks so this is the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a few weeks so this is the control
+group when we have both the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group when we have both the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group when we have both the control
+group is indeed lower than the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is indeed lower than the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is indeed lower than the treatment
+group particularly on Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then over time the the treatment group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then over time the the treatment group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then over time the the treatment group
+is is less and less and less and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is less and less and less and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is less and less and less and less
+and less there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less there
+in fact the control group is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the control group is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the control group is there
+uh so that at the end of the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that at the end of the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that at the end of the experiment
+about a year into the experiment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a year into the experiment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a year into the experiment the
+control group is doing better on Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group is doing better on Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group is doing better on Monday
+and on other days than the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on other days than the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on other days than the treatment
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+so this is not what I would call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not what I would call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not what I would call the
+successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful
+experiment where we actually managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where we actually managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where we actually managed to
+worsen absenteeism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worsen absenteeism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worsen absenteeism
+in our centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our centers
+compared to the status quo situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the status quo situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the status quo situation
+so what happened so I'll tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happened so I'll tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happened so I'll tell you what
+happened in the control group I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the control group I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the control group I think
+what happened in the control group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in the control group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in the control group is
+that they progressively learn this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they progressively learn this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they progressively learn this idea
+that you have to be open on Monday was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to be open on Monday was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to be open on Monday was
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+uh and uh the message was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh the message was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh the message was kind of
+progressively spreading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively spreading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively spreading
+um so over time the and then the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so over time the and then the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so over time the and then the the
+regular Administration was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular Administration was you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular Administration was you know
+putting some pressure on everyone to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting some pressure on everyone to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting some pressure on everyone to be
+there on Monday they removed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on Monday they removed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on Monday they removed the
+training programs on Monday they told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training programs on Monday they told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training programs on Monday they told
+them that emission days have to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that emission days have to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that emission days have to be on
+other days and Mondays so all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other days and Mondays so all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other days and Mondays so all of that
+sort of makes it made its way and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of makes it made its way and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of makes it made its way and the
+control group improved fine uh but in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group improved fine uh but in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group improved fine uh but in so
+that makes sense for why this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense for why this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense for why this should
+have improved but why did this go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have improved but why did this go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have improved but why did this go down
+meanwhile in the treatment group it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile in the treatment group it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile in the treatment group it
+started quite high and then it went down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started quite high and then it went down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started quite high and then it went down
+even on Mondays in your opinion what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on Mondays in your opinion what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on Mondays in your opinion what
+could have happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so they realized there wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so they realized there wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so they realized there wasn't
+any consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any consequences
+uh and uh how did that happen well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh how did that happen well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh how did that happen well they
+started being present more but they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started being present more but they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started being present more but they were
+still absent quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still absent quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still absent quite a bit
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+um there were three categories you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there were three categories you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there were three categories you were
+is there a present day an absent day or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a present day an absent day or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a present day an absent day or
+an excuse day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an excuse day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an excuse day
+and over time what happens is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over time what happens is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over time what happens is that the
+bosses of these nurses which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bosses of these nurses which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bosses of these nurses which are the
+doctors in the phds converted all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors in the phds converted all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors in the phds converted all of the
+absentee into excused days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absentee into excused days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absentee into excused days
+and I made all sorts of excuses for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I made all sorts of excuses for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I made all sorts of excuses for them
+including that they were training even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including that they were training even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including that they were training even
+though we knew there were no training on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we knew there were no training on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we knew there were no training on
+those days uh so we but still on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those days uh so we but still on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those days uh so we but still on the
+register you had lists of excuses you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register you had lists of excuses you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register you had lists of excuses you
+had to do this you had to do that Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do this you had to do that Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do this you had to do that Etc
+so that in fact when you compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in fact when you compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in fact when you compare the
+official register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official register
+there is no app there's almost at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no app there's almost at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no app there's almost at the
+beginning there is absence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning there is absence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning there is absence
+and then uh and very few exam days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh and very few exam days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh and very few exam days and
+then over time there are no absences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then over time there are no absences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then over time there are no absences and
+there are only exam days so the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only exam days so the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only exam days so the exam
+days increased enormously the absence go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days increased enormously the absence go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days increased enormously the absence go
+down and that's why finally the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and that's why finally the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and that's why finally the the
+treatment is worse than the control so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is worse than the control so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is worse than the control so
+basically they learn progressively that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they learn progressively that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they learn progressively that
+the rule is not enforced anyway so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule is not enforced anyway so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule is not enforced anyway so there
+is no reason to to to bother where and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no reason to to to bother where and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no reason to to to bother where and
+the fact that the rules was very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the rules was very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the rules was very very
+clear which is you have your absence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear which is you have your absence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear which is you have your absence the
+absence if it's not excused is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence if it's not excused is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence if it's not excused is going to
+take away from your from your salary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away from your from your salary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away from your from your salary
+uh make it even obvious that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make it even obvious that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make it even obvious that actually
+the rule is not enforced so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule is not enforced so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule is not enforced so there is a
+rule but it's not unforced so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule but it's not unforced so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule but it's not unforced so we are
+good to go whereas in the control group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to go whereas in the control group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to go whereas in the control group
+there is you know it's the normal thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is you know it's the normal thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is you know it's the normal thing
+in the bureaucracy which is there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bureaucracy which is there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bureaucracy which is there is
+always this big threat of uh punishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always this big threat of uh punishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always this big threat of uh punishment
+that might hold upon you and you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might hold upon you and you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might hold upon you and you have no
+data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to
+to confirm whether that Vector threat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to confirm whether that Vector threat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to confirm whether that Vector threat of
+punishment is going to be carried out or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punishment is going to be carried out or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punishment is going to be carried out or
+not yeah do you know what they do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah do you know what they do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah do you know what they do when
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+show up to the office uh what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up to the office uh what they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up to the office uh what they do
+and they don't show up to the office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't show up to the office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't show up to the office
+here they're home you know the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're home you know the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're home you know the these
+nurses there are well educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses there are well educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses there are well educated
+uh they don't want to live in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they don't want to live in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they don't want to live in the middle
+of the village they have kids that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the village they have kids that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the village they have kids that they
+send to school so they live pretty far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send to school so they live pretty far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send to school so they live pretty far
+from their Center and too sure they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their Center and too sure they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their Center and too sure they need
+to take a bus and all that it's a hazard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a bus and all that it's a hazard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a bus and all that it's a hazard
+so if you cannot show up then why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you cannot show up then why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you cannot show up then why why
+not and then so that's basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and then so that's basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and then so that's basically what
+they are they are home they take care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they are home they take care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they are home they take care of
+their kids Etc that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kids Etc that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kids Etc that's that's
+uh and once we had sent the clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and once we had sent the clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and once we had sent the clear
+message that going to office was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that going to office was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that going to office was not a
+requirement of the job then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement of the job then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement of the job then that's
+that's makes it even more obvious yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the moment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment but
+wouldn't they just realize that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't they just realize that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't they just realize that they've
+been missing Mondays all this whole time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been missing Mondays all this whole time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been missing Mondays all this whole time
+and nothing has happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing has happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing has happened
+well that so but it's not as clear you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that so but it's not as clear you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that so but it's not as clear you
+know there because the the punishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there because the the punishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there because the the punishment
+the normal punishment in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal punishment in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal punishment in the absence of
+daily incentives you might get sacked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily incentives you might get sacked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily incentives you might get sacked at
+some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point
+so there they still have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there they still have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there they still have their
+supervisors that tell them if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisors that tell them if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisors that tell them if you don't
+show up on Monday you might be sacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up on Monday you might be sacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up on Monday you might be sacked
+and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that
+and so that's probably somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's probably somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's probably somewhere in the
+back of their mind whereas here there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of their mind whereas here there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of their mind whereas here there is
+a pretty clear rule which is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty clear rule which is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty clear rule which is if you
+don't show up on Mondays you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show up on Mondays you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show up on Mondays you're going to
+get paid deducted and then you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get paid deducted and then you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get paid deducted and then you can see
+that your pay is never deducted because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your pay is never deducted because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your pay is never deducted because
+the absence is very regular here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence is very regular here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence is very regular here in the
+control group they don't know nobody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group they don't know nobody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group they don't know nobody is
+measuring their absence but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring their absence but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring their absence but they are
+this regular irregular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regular irregular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regular irregular
+visits by supervisor they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits by supervisor they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits by supervisor they don't know
+when the supervisor might show up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the supervisor might show up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the supervisor might show up so
+that's the kind of disadvantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of disadvantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of disadvantage of
+having a clear rule that is not enforced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a clear rule that is not enforced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a clear rule that is not enforced
+make it you know is easier to to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it you know is easier to to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it you know is easier to to you
+understand what the incentives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the incentives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the incentives are
+so I think this is what happened here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this is what happened here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this is what happened here
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but then the next question is like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the next question is like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the next question is like how
+could the government get away who is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could the government get away who is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could the government get away who is not
+implementing their own rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing their own rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing their own rules
+and one of the possible reason is no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the possible reason is no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the possible reason is no one
+cares because everybody has anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares because everybody has anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares because everybody has anywhere
+abundant on the they are not they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant on the they are not they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant on the they are not they're
+giving up on the centers and they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving up on the centers and they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving up on the centers and they're not
+putting it's not something that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it's not something that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it's not something that is very
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+improving the quality of the center is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the quality of the center is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the quality of the center is
+not something that's very high on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something that's very high on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something that's very high on
+everybody everybody's priority and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody everybody's priority and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody everybody's priority and this
+is shown by the fact that you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shown by the fact that you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shown by the fact that you know it
+didn't bring back clients so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't bring back clients so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't bring back clients so at the
+beginning of the experiment when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the experiment when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the experiment when the
+facilities were open more often we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities were open more often we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities were open more often we you
+could see whether more clients came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see whether more clients came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see whether more clients came
+in a given day when we did these visits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given day when we did these visits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given day when we did these visits
+you know you see someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you see someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you see someone
+one person not even all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person not even all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person not even all the time
+70 1.74 clients in treatment facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 1.74 clients in treatment facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 1.74 clients in treatment facility
+when it's open 0.81 clients in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's open 0.81 clients in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's open 0.81 clients in in
+private facilities so people don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private facilities so people don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private facilities so people don't care
+basically they have given up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they have given up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they have given up
+um and that's why we call the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's why we call the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's why we call the paper
+putting a Band-Aid on the corpse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a Band-Aid on the corpse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a Band-Aid on the corpse
+because basically the system you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically the system you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically the system you know
+without any demand for that system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any demand for that system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any demand for that system in
+the first place there is no it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place there is no it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place there is no it doesn't
+really rise up bubble up to the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rise up bubble up to the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rise up bubble up to the level of
+priorities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities
+yeah I'm assuming we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm assuming we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm assuming we know that the
+village is nearby the facilities knew of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village is nearby the facilities knew of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village is nearby the facilities knew of
+this new rule and being able to real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new rule and being able to real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new rule and being able to real
+friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the so the rule was a was put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the so the rule was a was put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the so the rule was a was put on
+the centers but they have to you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centers but they have to you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centers but they have to you have to
+have some minimal minimal level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some minimal minimal level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some minimal minimal level of
+credibility that actually it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibility that actually it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibility that actually it's going to
+be enforced which nobody had any Trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be enforced which nobody had any Trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be enforced which nobody had any Trust
+if you watch on YouTube there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you watch on YouTube there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you watch on YouTube there is
+abhijit's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abhijit's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abhijit's uh
+movie on on the health uh Healthcare in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie on on the health uh Healthcare in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie on on the health uh Healthcare in
+udaipur called the name of the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+udaipur called the name of the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+udaipur called the name of the disease
+and you there is a very funny sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you there is a very funny sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you there is a very funny sequence
+where we interview someone about a girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we interview someone about a girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we interview someone about a girl
+about they interview someone a girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about they interview someone a girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about they interview someone a girl
+about the center and she's like she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the center and she's like she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the center and she's like she
+first gives all sorts of excuses to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first gives all sorts of excuses to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first gives all sorts of excuses to them
+and then friends she said well she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then friends she said well she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then friends she said well she's
+never there anyways like so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never there anyways like so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never there anyways like so there is a
+pretty good understanding that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good understanding that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good understanding that that's
+the statistical and you're right people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistical and you're right people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistical and you're right people
+you know there is a chicken and egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there is a chicken and egg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there is a chicken and egg
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+the nurses are saying there's no point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurses are saying there's no point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurses are saying there's no point
+for me coming nobody comes anywhere it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me coming nobody comes anywhere it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me coming nobody comes anywhere it's
+totally depressing to sit in my drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally depressing to sit in my drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally depressing to sit in my drop
+center with no medicine and no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center with no medicine and no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center with no medicine and no no
+patience and the patient said why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience and the patient said why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience and the patient said why would
+I even go there when I can go to any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I even go there when I can go to any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I even go there when I can go to any of
+10 private guy who is unqualified but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 private guy who is unqualified but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 private guy who is unqualified but
+not so much worse and a test is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much worse and a test is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much worse and a test is
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+so reforming from the top without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reforming from the top without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reforming from the top without
+building a demand seems to be difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a demand seems to be difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a demand seems to be difficult
+so that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that
+so hence there is the other idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hence there is the other idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hence there is the other idea of
+building a demand maybe starting from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a demand maybe starting from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a demand maybe starting from a
+system which is less different in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is less different in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is less different in the
+first place which it is in most country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place which it is in most country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place which it is in most country
+in Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Africa
+the centers are open there is more life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centers are open there is more life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centers are open there is more life
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+so there is a a very nice paper by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a a very nice paper by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a a very nice paper by the
+same Berkman and Swenson of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Berkman and Swenson of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Berkman and Swenson of the of the
+medicine that's actually an earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine that's actually an earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine that's actually an earlier
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+are similar problems the absence rate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are similar problems the absence rate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are similar problems the absence rate in
+the health center is 47 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the health center is 47 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the health center is 47 percent
+I think it's not as bad in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's not as bad in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's not as bad in the sense
+that they are not different and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are not different and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are not different and the
+centers are a bit a bit larger so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers are a bit a bit larger so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers are a bit a bit larger so there
+is kind of always somewhere but a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of always somewhere but a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of always somewhere but a lot of
+them are absent the care is not great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are absent the care is not great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are absent the care is not great
+so instead of using the top down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of using the top down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of using the top down
+approach that we tried they involved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that we tried they involved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that we tried they involved the
+community in monitoring the provider so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in monitoring the provider so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in monitoring the provider so
+this was at the time this has slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was at the time this has slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was at the time this has slightly
+gone out of fashion but about 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone out of fashion but about 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone out of fashion but about 10 years
+ago 15 years ago in the World Bank this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago 15 years ago in the World Bank this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago 15 years ago in the World Bank this
+was everything there was a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was everything there was a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was everything there was a public
+service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service
+a world Bank annual reports on Public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a world Bank annual reports on Public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a world Bank annual reports on Public
+Service delivery which was all about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Service delivery which was all about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Service delivery which was all about you
+know power to the people empowering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know power to the people empowering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know power to the people empowering the
+people Etc Community empowerment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Etc Community empowerment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Etc Community empowerment and
+it's one of the few attempts to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the few attempts to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the few attempts to really
+take this idea seriously to the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this idea seriously to the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this idea seriously to the field
+and test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and test it
+so what I did is that they first went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I did is that they first went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I did is that they first went to
+and collected the household survey with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collected the household survey with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collected the household survey with
+experience with people Health Facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with people Health Facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with people Health Facilities
+then the hired community-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the hired community-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the hired community-based
+organizations to facilitate three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations to facilitate three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations to facilitate three
+meetings a community meeting a meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings a community meeting a meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings a community meeting a meeting
+at the health center and an interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the health center and an interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the health center and an interface
+meeting involving both the nurses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting involving both the nurses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting involving both the nurses and
+the doctor and the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctor and the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctor and the people
+they had to come up with an action plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to come up with an action plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to come up with an action plan
+about how to improve the situation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to improve the situation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to improve the situation and
+how the Community member would come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the Community member would come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the Community member would come and
+do monitoring on the facilities which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do monitoring on the facilities which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do monitoring on the facilities which is
+a bit worrisome from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit worrisome from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit worrisome from
+you know like the Texas law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like the Texas law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like the Texas law of
+Vigilantes coming to the facilities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vigilantes coming to the facilities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vigilantes coming to the facilities to
+monitor them but it's probably not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor them but it's probably not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor them but it's probably not as
+not that Sinister so people you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that Sinister so people you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that Sinister so people you know
+kind of encourage volunteer to come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of encourage volunteer to come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of encourage volunteer to come and
+monitor that the nurses were there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor that the nurses were there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor that the nurses were there and
+so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so
+the results were pretty great uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results were pretty great uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results were pretty great uh this is
+an impressive uh impressive results uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an impressive uh impressive results uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an impressive uh impressive results uh
+absence absenteeism went down from 47 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence absenteeism went down from 47 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence absenteeism went down from 47 to
+34 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 percent
+uh people did come more easier as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people did come more easier as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people did come more easier as a
+result of absenteeism or perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of absenteeism or perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of absenteeism or perhaps
+declining or perhaps because unlike in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining or perhaps because unlike in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining or perhaps because unlike in
+our case there was this public meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case there was this public meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case there was this public meeting
+so everybody knew it was supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody knew it was supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody knew it was supposed to be
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+um they still continue to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they still continue to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they still continue to use the
+traditional healer but on balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional healer but on balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional healer but on balance
+uh which is you know the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is you know the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is you know the key
+litmus test of this intervention being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litmus test of this intervention being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litmus test of this intervention being
+effective the under five uh mortality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective the under five uh mortality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective the under five uh mortality
+rate went from 144 per thousand to 94
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate went from 144 per thousand to 94
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate went from 144 per thousand to 94
+battles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battles
+even more remarkably the same same team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more remarkably the same same team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more remarkably the same same team
+did a follow-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a follow-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a follow-up
+maybe 10 years later in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 10 years later in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 10 years later in the same
+facilities and they're still see impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities and they're still see impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities and they're still see impact
+so I really believe that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I really believe that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I really believe that this
+intervention worked in this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention worked in this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention worked in this set of
+villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages
+that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it is not really a replicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is not really a replicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is not really a replicable
+intervention it is extraordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention it is extraordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention it is extraordinarily
+expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive
+to do to conduct all of this meeting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to conduct all of this meeting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to conduct all of this meeting it
+has to be done just so any attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be done just so any attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be done just so any attempt to
+replicate it in other context has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate it in other context has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate it in other context has not
+worked not because this one was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked not because this one was you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked not because this one was you know
+not uh I don't think this one was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh I don't think this one was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh I don't think this one was a
+fluke but just because this one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluke but just because this one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluke but just because this one was
+practically well done nobody has managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically well done nobody has managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically well done nobody has managed
+to do it as well so there is for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it as well so there is for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it as well so there is for example
+in replication study by a political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in replication study by a political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in replication study by a political
+scientist I think also in Uganda trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist I think also in Uganda trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist I think also in Uganda trying
+to do just the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do just the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do just the same
+and not finding any effect they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not finding any effect they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not finding any effect they have a
+bit of a dispute with them where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a dispute with them where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a dispute with them where they're
+saying they didn't do just the same it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying they didn't do just the same it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying they didn't do just the same it
+wasn't quite as good but the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't quite as good but the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't quite as good but the point is
+that that's just so such an intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's just so such an intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's just so such an intense
+intervention that it's hard to replicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention that it's hard to replicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention that it's hard to replicate
+so what the bjorkman Svenson did is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the bjorkman Svenson did is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the bjorkman Svenson did is that
+they tried a lighter version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tried a lighter version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tried a lighter version of this
+intervention where they give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention where they give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention where they give the
+information to people on the facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to people on the facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to people on the facilities
+but they don't have all of the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't have all of the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't have all of the community
+meeting actually now I have a doubt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting actually now I have a doubt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting actually now I have a doubt
+whether which which element they got rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether which which element they got rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether which which element they got rid
+of whether it was the full survey or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether it was the full survey or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether it was the full survey or the
+community meeting but anyway some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community meeting but anyway some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community meeting but anyway some
+lighter version that they were hopeful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter version that they were hopeful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter version that they were hopeful
+would work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work out
+and then it didn't work they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it didn't work they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it didn't work they have no
+impact on on it at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on on it at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on on it at all
+so their own effort which you know has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their own effort which you know has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their own effort which you know has
+to be commended of realizing that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be commended of realizing that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be commended of realizing that that's
+a super nice proof of concept but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super nice proof of concept but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super nice proof of concept but if you
+want to scale it up it has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to scale it up it has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to scale it up it has to be a
+little bit more manageable the effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more manageable the effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more manageable the effort to
+make this more manageable has not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this more manageable has not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this more manageable has not have
+not worked out so it's a nice proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worked out so it's a nice proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worked out so it's a nice proof of
+context probably not the way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context probably not the way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context probably not the way that you
+would you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know
+it's not ready for prime time interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not ready for prime time interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not ready for prime time interval
+this is what we're going to scale up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're going to scale up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're going to scale up to
+improve the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the situation
+so that's our that's for our performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our that's for our performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our that's for our performing
+the public sector by providing incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public sector by providing incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public sector by providing incentive
+either top down or Community or our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either top down or Community or our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either top down or Community or our
+bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+second class of things you know could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second class of things you know could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second class of things you know could
+you just make the consumer more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just make the consumer more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just make the consumer more
+sophisticated you know teach them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated you know teach them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated you know teach them
+exactly how things work and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how things work and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how things work and see
+um and uh so one example of that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh so one example of that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh so one example of that is a
+paper by Jessica Cohen Pascal and dupa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Jessica Cohen Pascal and dupa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Jessica Cohen Pascal and dupa
+and Simon Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Simon Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Simon Channel
+where they basically create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they basically create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they basically create
+sophistication by introducing a rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication by introducing a rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication by introducing a rapid
+test for rapid diagnosis test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test for rapid diagnosis test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test for rapid diagnosis test for
+malaria that wasn't there before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria that wasn't there before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria that wasn't there before so
+people can understand one of the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can understand one of the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can understand one of the you
+know people this is in in Kenya where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people this is in in Kenya where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people this is in in Kenya where
+there is a routine over treatment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a routine over treatment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a routine over treatment for
+malaria in particular people take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria in particular people take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria in particular people take this
+act the new drug even when they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act the new drug even when they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act the new drug even when they don't
+have malaria so they're trying to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have malaria so they're trying to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have malaria so they're trying to test
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+but the first thing they do as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the first thing they do as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the first thing they do as you know
+just background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just background
+so the SCT is this new artemisin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the SCT is this new artemisin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the SCT is this new artemisin
+combination therapy it's effective to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination therapy it's effective to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination therapy it's effective to
+that all the anti-malaria medicine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the anti-malaria medicine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the anti-malaria medicine is
+not effective in in Kenya anymore and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not effective in in Kenya anymore and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not effective in in Kenya anymore and if
+this one is used too much it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is used too much it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is used too much it's also
+going to become ineffective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become ineffective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become ineffective
+this might all be solved if everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might all be solved if everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might all be solved if everybody
+gets vaccinated against malaria but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets vaccinated against malaria but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets vaccinated against malaria but at
+the time there was no vaccines from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time there was no vaccines from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time there was no vaccines from
+malaria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria
+um so what they did is first replicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what they did is first replicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what they did is first replicating
+this the study on subsidizing treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the study on subsidizing treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the study on subsidizing treatment
+and uh so we I've showed you a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so we I've showed you a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so we I've showed you a graph
+where we subsidize preventive care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we subsidize preventive care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we subsidize preventive care
+showing High elasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing High elasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing High elasticity
+and here are you finding that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are you finding that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are you finding that you know
+when you move from no subsidy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you move from no subsidy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you move from no subsidy
+to uh to a complete subsidy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to a complete subsidy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to a complete subsidy
+there is actually a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is actually a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is actually a um
+people are more likely to to take a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are more likely to to take a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are more likely to to take a city
+when they have some subsidy they're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they have some subsidy they're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they have some subsidy they're more
+likely to take any and they're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to take any and they're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to take any and they're more
+likely to use their voucher but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to use their voucher but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to use their voucher but the the
+impact is much less big you go from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact is much less big you go from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact is much less big you go from a
+full subsidy to uh to 80 subsidy you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full subsidy to uh to 80 subsidy you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full subsidy to uh to 80 subsidy you get
+you know a 15 percentage Point increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a 15 percentage Point increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a 15 percentage Point increase
+in the cup so there isn't there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cup so there isn't there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cup so there isn't there is an
+elasticity it's not as brutal as for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity it's not as brutal as for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity it's not as brutal as for
+preventive care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventive care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventive care
+but and the problem is that it leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and the problem is that it leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and the problem is that it leads to
+the people that it convinced to take we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that it convinced to take we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that it convinced to take we
+have the same issue as what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same issue as what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same issue as what was
+discussed for preventive care so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed for preventive care so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed for preventive care so people
+who get convinced to take the ACT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who get convinced to take the ACT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who get convinced to take the ACT
+anyways uh are the people who don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways uh are the people who don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways uh are the people who don't have
+malaria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria
+so basically people are able to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically people are able to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically people are able to predict
+relatively well whether or not them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively well whether or not them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively well whether or not them
+actually have malaria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have malaria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have malaria
+and the people who think they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the people who think they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the people who think they have
+malaria could sing quite strongly they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria could sing quite strongly they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria could sing quite strongly they
+have Malay attacks the pill regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Malay attacks the pill regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Malay attacks the pill regardless
+of the subsidy but the people who don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the subsidy but the people who don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the subsidy but the people who don't
+uh wait to see so we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wait to see so we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wait to see so we can look at
+this predicted positivity is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this predicted positivity is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this predicted positivity is based on
+what the patient could have could know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the patient could have could know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the patient could have could know
+about them their fever shivering various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them their fever shivering various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them their fever shivering various
+kind of symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of symptoms
+are they predicted to be positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they predicted to be positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they predicted to be positive and
+this is compared to the 92 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is compared to the 92 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is compared to the 92 percent
+subsidy so compared to the 92 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy so compared to the 92 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy so compared to the 92 percent
+subsidy when the subsidy is lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy when the subsidy is lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy when the subsidy is lower
+people are more more likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are more more likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are more more likely to be
+predicted positive for malaria when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted positive for malaria when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted positive for malaria when they
+take the medicine so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the medicine so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the medicine so in other words
+making it near free and quite there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it near free and quite there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it near free and quite there are
+people who think they don't have malaria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who think they don't have malaria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who think they don't have malaria
+to do it anyways to take the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it anyways to take the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it anyways to take the drug
+anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways
+and in fact when you test them so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact when you test them so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact when you test them so what
+they do is that they go to the facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is that they go to the facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is that they go to the facility
+people who come and say can I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who come and say can I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who come and say can I give you a
+test now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test now
+and they also find that the compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also find that the compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also find that the compared to
+the 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20
+compared to the 20 percent uh sorry 92
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the 20 percent uh sorry 92
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the 20 percent uh sorry 92
+percent subsidy compared to nearly full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent subsidy compared to nearly full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent subsidy compared to nearly full
+subsidy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy
+uh people who uh who had to pay more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people who uh who had to pay more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people who uh who had to pay more
+uh are more likely to in fact be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are more likely to in fact be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are more likely to in fact be
+positive for malaria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive for malaria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive for malaria
+so so here you find in the case of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here you find in the case of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here you find in the case of this
+Curative Care you have this effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curative Care you have this effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curative Care you have this effect of
+the extra subsidy drawing in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra subsidy drawing in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra subsidy drawing in a lot of
+people who don't really need it which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who don't really need it which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who don't really need it which we
+didn't find in the case of preventive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find in the case of preventive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find in the case of preventive
+care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care
+so that's point one this is a detour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's point one this is a detour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's point one this is a detour
+because what I want to talk to you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I want to talk to you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I want to talk to you is
+about testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about testing
+so their question is that while we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their question is that while we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their question is that while we are
+in this world where people basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this world where people basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this world where people basically
+over Medicaid for uh for malaria uh only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Medicaid for uh for malaria uh only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Medicaid for uh for malaria uh only
+you know on average only uh 50 of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on average only uh 50 of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on average only uh 50 of people
+56 better people who test for malaria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+56 better people who test for malaria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+56 better people who test for malaria
+and have taken an SCT have malaria that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have taken an SCT have malaria that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have taken an SCT have malaria that
+means 44 of people taking a city when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means 44 of people taking a city when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means 44 of people taking a city when
+they shouldn't when it's not required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shouldn't when it's not required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shouldn't when it's not required
+um so they say well if we tested people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they say well if we tested people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they say well if we tested people
+for malaria then then maybe they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for malaria then then maybe they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for malaria then then maybe they they
+wouldn't need to to to take the medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't need to to to take the medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't need to to to take the medicine
+if they if they didn't have it and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they if they didn't have it and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they if they didn't have it and we
+would have fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have fewer
+so what they offer is uh and the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they offer is uh and the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they offer is uh and the problem
+is that and that's the source of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that and that's the source of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that and that's the source of the
+lack of sophistication here is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of sophistication here is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of sophistication here is not the
+patient's fault it's the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's fault it's the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's fault it's the fact that
+people have no is that the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have no is that the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have no is that the fact that
+there isn't exists no good tests and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't exists no good tests and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't exists no good tests and the
+test that is proposed in the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that is proposed in the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that is proposed in the public
+health center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health center
+as very high error rate of boost type 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as very high error rate of boost type 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as very high error rate of boost type 1
+and type 2 so they are kind of not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and type 2 so they are kind of not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and type 2 so they are kind of not very
+discriminant and therefore and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminant and therefore and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminant and therefore and people
+know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that
+so here what they do is that they buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here what they do is that they buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here what they do is that they buy a
+bunch of Rapid diagnostic tests which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Rapid diagnostic tests which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Rapid diagnostic tests which
+are much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much better
+and can be administered at the pharmacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can be administered at the pharmacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can be administered at the pharmacy
+so it's basically thinking of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically thinking of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically thinking of you know
+getting your coffee test antigenic covet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting your coffee test antigenic covet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting your coffee test antigenic covet
+test you get the response in 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you get the response in 15 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you get the response in 15 minutes
+then only you take the medicine once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then only you take the medicine once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then only you take the medicine once the
+milk medicine will be approved so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milk medicine will be approved so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milk medicine will be approved so here's
+something but for malaria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but for malaria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but for malaria
+and what they find is that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they find is that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they find is that a lot of
+people are perfectly willing to to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are perfectly willing to to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are perfectly willing to to try
+with the uh with the with the test uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh with the with the test uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh with the with the test uh
+uh 20 of people if they have to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 20 of people if they have to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 20 of people if they have to pay for
+it and it goes to you know on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it goes to you know on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it goes to you know on average
+about 50 percent if they if it's uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 percent if they if it's uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 percent if they if it's uh if
+it's subsidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's subsidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's subsidized
+and if they predict if they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they predict if they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they predict if they have a
+higher predicted malaria then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher predicted malaria then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher predicted malaria then they're
+more likely to take the test so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to take the test so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to take the test so people
+seem to be happy to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be happy to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be happy to try
+the problem is that they don't listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that they don't listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that they don't listen to
+the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results
+so if the test is positive everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the test is positive everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the test is positive everyone
+takes the drug so that's good in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the drug so that's good in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the drug so that's good in that
+direction if the test is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if the test is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if the test is positive
+everyone takes the dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone takes the dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone takes the dog
+but if the test is negative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the test is negative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the test is negative the
+compliance is not taking a CT and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance is not taking a CT and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance is not taking a CT and you
+can see that even with the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that even with the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that even with the lowest
+subsidy level 80 percent half the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy level 80 percent half the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy level 80 percent half the people
+uh do not take the medicine half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do not take the medicine half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do not take the medicine half the
+people do despite the fact that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do despite the fact that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do despite the fact that they
+just learn right this second that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learn right this second that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learn right this second that they
+don't have Malai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have Malai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have Malai
+and if you subsidize them then only 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you subsidize them then only 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you subsidize them then only 25
+of them abstain to take the Marine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them abstain to take the Marine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them abstain to take the Marine
+medicine so 75 percent of them take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine so 75 percent of them take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine so 75 percent of them take the
+medicine even though the test just told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine even though the test just told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine even though the test just told
+them that they don't have malaria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that they don't have malaria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that they don't have malaria
+and it's not that detector medicine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not that detector medicine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not that detector medicine and
+hide it it's they take it and take it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide it it's they take it and take it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide it it's they take it and take it so
+what's going on here so that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here so that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here so that's the first
+problem the second problem is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the second problem is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the second problem is that it
+doesn't really help with uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really help with uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really help with uh with
+targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting
+even after the even after the the rdt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after the even after the the rdt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after the even after the the rdt
+the people the extra people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people the extra people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people the extra people who are
+drawn in to take the medicine despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn in to take the medicine despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn in to take the medicine despite
+the fact that they just tested negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that they just tested negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that they just tested negative
+are mostly the people who don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mostly the people who don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mostly the people who don't have
+malaria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria
+so it doesn't really help with your Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't really help with your Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't really help with your Mr
+engaging so what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging so what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging so what happened
+what happened is that even this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened is that even this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened is that even this new
+shiny test is not trusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shiny test is not trusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shiny test is not trusted
+uh because and probably because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because and probably because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because and probably because the
+standard test has a lot of errors and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard test has a lot of errors and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard test has a lot of errors and so
+people don't know if this one is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't know if this one is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't know if this one is really
+much better or it's new and so they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better or it's new and so they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better or it's new and so they were
+happy to do it but they prefer to rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to do it but they prefer to rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to do it but they prefer to rely
+on their intuition anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their intuition anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their intuition anyways
+and this shows how difficult it is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this shows how difficult it is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this shows how difficult it is how
+the mistrust make it difficult to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mistrust make it difficult to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mistrust make it difficult to uh to
+to introduce a new device that will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce a new device that will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce a new device that will help
+people to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to uh to
+to do better and in fact I was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do better and in fact I was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do better and in fact I was talking
+to a graduate student in Michigan a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a graduate student in Michigan a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a graduate student in Michigan a few
+weeks ago who is doing a project on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks ago who is doing a project on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks ago who is doing a project on
+Nigeria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nigeria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nigeria
+where they have made a huge effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they have made a huge effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they have made a huge effort to
+improve the supply chain for malaria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the supply chain for malaria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the supply chain for malaria
+medications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications
+and now they are pretty sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now they are pretty sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now they are pretty sure that the
+malign medication they have everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malign medication they have everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malign medication they have everywhere
+is of good quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of good quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of good quality
+but people do not believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people do not believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people do not believe it
+and they are trying to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are trying to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are trying to figure out how to
+to to increase the trust in the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to increase the trust in the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to increase the trust in the quality
+of the Malay medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Malay medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Malay medicine
+uh in the setting where nobody trusts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the setting where nobody trusts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the setting where nobody trusts it
+in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place
+so that's the difficulty with making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the difficulty with making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the difficulty with making
+as an example of I think partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example of I think partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example of I think partially
+successful attempt but not fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful attempt but not fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful attempt but not fully
+successful attempt of making consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful attempt of making consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful attempt of making consumer
+more sophisticated I'm not saying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated I'm not saying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated I'm not saying this
+means this shows this is not not a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this shows this is not not a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this shows this is not not a path
+but it shows that there is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it shows that there is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it shows that there is a little
+there's more work to be done maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more work to be done maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more work to be done maybe a
+conjunction with a supply chain I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunction with a supply chain I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunction with a supply chain I
+thought maybe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought maybe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought maybe uh
+maybe you need to work at larger scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you need to work at larger scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you need to work at larger scale
+I don't know this remains quite open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know this remains quite open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know this remains quite open
+last one is working with a private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one is working with a private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one is working with a private
+Health provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health provider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health provider
+so this is a a a project that was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a a a project that was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a a a project that was uh
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+which was done by Abhijit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was done by Abhijit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was done by Abhijit
+Islam who was a student here at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islam who was a student here at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islam who was a student here at the time
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+abhiji chowdore who is a doctor in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abhiji chowdore who is a doctor in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abhiji chowdore who is a doctor in a in
+in West Bengal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in West Bengal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in West Bengal
+and what that did is that so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that did is that so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that did is that so it was
+mainly the ability is a very well-known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly the ability is a very well-known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly the ability is a very well-known
+liver specialist but on on the side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver specialist but on on the side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver specialist but on on the side of
+that he has an NGO that provides Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has an NGO that provides Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has an NGO that provides Health
+Care to people in berboom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care to people in berboom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care to people in berboom
+in a hospital there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hospital there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hospital there
+and what these people did they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what these people did they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what these people did they're called
+the liver Foundation is that they set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver Foundation is that they set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver Foundation is that they set up
+together a training program for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a training program for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a training program for their
+health care for the private doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care for the private doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care for the private doctor
+saying look they are going to be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look they are going to be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look they are going to be there
+anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways
+um people trust them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people trust them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people trust them
+people go to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go to them
+and they have a smaller noodle Gap than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a smaller noodle Gap than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a smaller noodle Gap than
+the public doctors can we just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public doctors can we just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public doctors can we just you know
+try to train them both to recognize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to train them both to recognize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to train them both to recognize what
+they cannot deal with and triage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot deal with and triage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot deal with and triage
+and uh and and deal with a number of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and deal with a number of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and deal with a number of the
+medicine this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine this is something that
+the medical profession absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medical profession absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medical profession absolutely
+hate you know the idea that you would in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate you know the idea that you would in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate you know the idea that you would in
+some sense train and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense train and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense train and therefore
+legitimate uh those uh the quacks and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate uh those uh the quacks and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate uh those uh the quacks and so
+to speak is something that is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak is something that is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak is something that is very very
+very popular with the regular medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular with the regular medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular with the regular medical
+profession but I tried anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession but I tried anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession but I tried anyways
+um the main outcomes where quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the main outcomes where quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the main outcomes where quality of
+care as measured by the same three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care as measured by the same three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care as measured by the same three
+standardized patient as I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized patient as I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized patient as I showed you
+from madhya Pradesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from madhya Pradesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from madhya Pradesh
+and what do they find this is the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do they find this is the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do they find this is the result
+as presented in science they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as presented in science they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as presented in science they're
+published in science so we have nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in science so we have nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in science so we have nice
+compact presentation of results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact presentation of results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact presentation of results
+um so first of all on the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so first of all on the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so first of all on the the the
+training was free but it was uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training was free but it was uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training was free but it was uh very
+demanding it was over several weeks Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding it was over several weeks Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding it was over several weeks Etc
+they went to a lot of cases and it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went to a lot of cases and it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went to a lot of cases and it was a
+bit long so people had to take half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit long so people had to take half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit long so people had to take half a
+day of work away so the attendance was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of work away so the attendance was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of work away so the attendance was
+only 56 percent on average at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 56 percent on average at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 56 percent on average at the end of
+the day they got nothing they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day they got nothing they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day they got nothing they didn't
+even get a certificate because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even get a certificate because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even get a certificate because the
+medical profession hate the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical profession hate the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical profession hate the idea of
+certificates so they just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates so they just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates so they just got
+they could tell their patient I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could tell their patient I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could tell their patient I've been
+trained but they didn't have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained but they didn't have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained but they didn't have something
+to to prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to prove it
+and so 56 of people showed up and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so 56 of people showed up and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so 56 of people showed up and on
+average they they do they train better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average they they do they train better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average they they do they train better
+in the treatment group than in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the treatment group than in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the treatment group than in the
+control group bridging about half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group bridging about half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group bridging about half the
+Gap with the with the uh the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap with the with the uh the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap with the with the uh the public
+sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+when the and those who managed to go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the and those who managed to go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the and those who managed to go all
+the way till the end uh improved more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way till the end uh improved more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way till the end uh improved more
+this is not the experimental anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the experimental anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the experimental anymore
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+unfortunately the training had no impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the training had no impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the training had no impact
+on the avoidance of unnecessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the avoidance of unnecessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the avoidance of unnecessary
+antibiotic so what happened is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic so what happened is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic so what happened is that they
+performed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed that
+they identified better what the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they identified better what the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they identified better what the client
+has they were more likely to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has they were more likely to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has they were more likely to provide
+correct treatment but on top of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct treatment but on top of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct treatment but on top of that
+they throw in some antibiotic as well to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they throw in some antibiotic as well to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they throw in some antibiotic as well to
+to round you know 200.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to round you know 200.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to round you know 200.
+so to uh too extra thing to say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to uh too extra thing to say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to uh too extra thing to say what
+happened what is interesting is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened what is interesting is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened what is interesting is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+when you look at what they know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at what they know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at what they know just
+from the vignette they don't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the vignette they don't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the vignette they don't seem to
+know much more in treatment and control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know much more in treatment and control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know much more in treatment and control
+despite the fact that they've just been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that they've just been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that they've just been
+trained but what happened is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained but what happened is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained but what happened is that they
+performed they do more like so they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed they do more like so they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed they do more like so they've
+basically the treatment helps Bridge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the treatment helps Bridge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the treatment helps Bridge the
+noodle Gap they do more of what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noodle Gap they do more of what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noodle Gap they do more of what they
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+uh and the uh so that in the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the uh so that in the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the uh so that in the treatment
+guys complete complete my item in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys complete complete my item in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys complete complete my item in the in
+the in the checklist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the checklist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the checklist
+and what you see here is that uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see here is that uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see here is that uh so this
+is your correct treatment as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your correct treatment as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your correct treatment as a function
+of the number of checklist item you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of checklist item you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of checklist item you
+complete and basically the more item you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete and basically the more item you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete and basically the more item you
+complete in the checklist the more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete in the checklist the more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete in the checklist the more you
+are likely to end up on the core hype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to end up on the core hype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to end up on the core hype
+treatment that's for instance analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment that's for instance analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment that's for instance analyze
+patient and that function didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and that function didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and that function didn't really
+change much in the treatment versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change much in the treatment versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change much in the treatment versus the
+control group so it's not that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group so it's not that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group so it's not that they were
+you know they changed their production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they changed their production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they changed their production
+function it's just that the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's just that the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's just that the treatment
+moved this density to the right so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved this density to the right so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved this density to the right so they
+were a bit they just you know did put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a bit they just you know did put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a bit they just you know did put a
+bit more either effort or just knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more either effort or just knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more either effort or just knowing
+this is what I have to do for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I have to do for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I have to do for this
+particular patient not knowing but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular patient not knowing but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular patient not knowing but like
+actually doing it so basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing it so basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing it so basically the
+treatment reinforced for them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment reinforced for them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment reinforced for them the
+importance of actually doing what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of actually doing what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of actually doing what they
+were supposed to do it didn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were supposed to do it didn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were supposed to do it didn't change
+their propensity to uh to treat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their propensity to uh to treat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their propensity to uh to treat the
+with medication and that is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with medication and that is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with medication and that is almost
+surely because they are paid by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely because they are paid by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely because they are paid by a
+function of the number of medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the number of medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the number of medication
+they give and therefore this would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give and therefore this would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give and therefore this would have
+been a inexpense it would have been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a inexpense it would have been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a inexpense it would have been a
+too expensive proposition to not give to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too expensive proposition to not give to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too expensive proposition to not give to
+not throw in a few expensive proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not throw in a few expensive proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not throw in a few expensive proposition
+so to sum up the private sector provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to sum up the private sector provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to sum up the private sector provide
+does provide low standard of care the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does provide low standard of care the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does provide low standard of care the
+public sector as well uh and on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public sector as well uh and on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public sector as well uh and on top of
+that the public sector provides poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the public sector provides poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the public sector provides poor
+service which is why people prefer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service which is why people prefer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service which is why people prefer the
+private sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector
+shutting down completely the unqualified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutting down completely the unqualified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutting down completely the unqualified
+private sector is the option that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector is the option that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector is the option that in a
+lot of cases that's what the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of cases that's what the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of cases that's what the medical
+profession pushes uh which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession pushes uh which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession pushes uh which is not
+realistic not consistent with the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic not consistent with the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic not consistent with the number
+of doctors you can train in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doctors you can train in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doctors you can train in a particular
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+and not consistent with the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not consistent with the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not consistent with the fact that
+doctors do not want to go in rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors do not want to go in rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors do not want to go in rural
+places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places
+and therefore unless you force them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore unless you force them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore unless you force them to
+go there usually after Medical College
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there usually after Medical College
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there usually after Medical College
+and most developing country you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most developing country you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most developing country you need to
+go for a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for a year
+but you would need to force people to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you would need to force people to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you would need to force people to go
+like for 10 years and nobody is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for 10 years and nobody is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for 10 years and nobody is very
+interested in that regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that regulation
+so what to do then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what to do then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what to do then
+so mostly you know there is lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mostly you know there is lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mostly you know there is lack of
+training in the private sector we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training in the private sector we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training in the private sector we've
+seen that but mostly people don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that but mostly people don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that but mostly people don't even
+do what they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what they know
+and part of the problem is people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the problem is people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the problem is people don't
+necessarily trust them they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily trust them they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily trust them they are
+skeptical of their advice they know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical of their advice they know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical of their advice they know that
+they are not well trained they suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not well trained they suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not well trained they suspect
+them to be corrupt so they stay within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be corrupt so they stay within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be corrupt so they stay within
+their their capacity as much as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their capacity as much as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their capacity as much as possible
+so some certification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some certification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some certification
+and other help in building a reputation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other help in building a reputation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other help in building a reputation
+for being a good guy might help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being a good guy might help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being a good guy might help
+some checklists so I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some checklists so I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some checklists so I don't know if
+you've seen the the there is a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen the the there is a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen the the there is a book
+called checklist or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called checklist or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called checklist or something like that
+which is actually from a from a doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually from a from a doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually from a from a doctor
+the book is not just about doctor but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book is not just about doctor but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book is not just about doctor but it
+started with applying checklist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with applying checklist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with applying checklist in
+hospital so even in the U.S introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital so even in the U.S introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital so even in the U.S introducing
+checklists increases the quality of care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklists increases the quality of care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklists increases the quality of care
+a lot you would think that for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot you would think that for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot you would think that for a lot of
+these cases like a tool to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases like a tool to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases like a tool to build a
+checklist would help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist would help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist would help
+I don't know if people have tried that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if people have tried that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if people have tried that
+uh and then you know not tying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you know not tying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you know not tying the
+revenue model we're selling antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue model we're selling antibiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue model we're selling antibiotic
+would be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good
+and forcing some regulation might might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forcing some regulation might might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forcing some regulation might might
+work well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+for not the regulation saying you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for not the regulation saying you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for not the regulation saying you cannot
+exercise which is not possible but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise which is not possible but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise which is not possible but
+taking you have to get a test and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking you have to get a test and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking you have to get a test and then
+you know on this vignette and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on this vignette and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on this vignette and then you
+can get a certificate which you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a certificate which you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a certificate which you can show
+on your windows so that would increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your windows so that would increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your windows so that would increase
+their training and their regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their training and their regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their training and their regulation
+require them to attend training on basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require them to attend training on basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require them to attend training on basic
+patient safety to limit the damage they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient safety to limit the damage they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient safety to limit the damage they
+can make like for example not sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make like for example not sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make like for example not sharing
+needles sterilization CPR and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needles sterilization CPR and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needles sterilization CPR and the like
+and involve them in in public health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and involve them in in public health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and involve them in in public health
+campaign because they are connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign because they are connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign because they are connected to
+the patient so in fact during the kovid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient so in fact during the kovid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient so in fact during the kovid
+crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis
+uh uh there was an effort uh in in West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh there was an effort uh in in West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh there was an effort uh in in West
+Bengal and maybe in other places as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bengal and maybe in other places as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bengal and maybe in other places as well
+but in West baguley was an effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in West baguley was an effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in West baguley was an effort to
+include the the unqualified local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the the unqualified local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the the unqualified local
+provider as first you know screening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider as first you know screening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider as first you know screening and
+first response to help people deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first response to help people deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first response to help people deal with
+kovid during the during the the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kovid during the during the the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kovid during the during the the you know
+the the various the several waves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the various the several waves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the various the several waves that
+India had you know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India had you know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India had you know whether
+what it did I don't know I haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it did I don't know I haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it did I don't know I haven't seen
+a study yet but that's the that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a study yet but that's the that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a study yet but that's the that is that
+there was actually one important on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was actually one important on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was actually one important on
+these lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines
+so that's what I had to say on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I had to say on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I had to say on the
+supply of healthcare I'm happy to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of healthcare I'm happy to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of healthcare I'm happy to take
+questions and then otherwise I can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and then otherwise I can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and then otherwise I can sort
+of complete move on and complete to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complete move on and complete to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complete move on and complete to
+complete what Ben didn't get to in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete what Ben didn't get to in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete what Ben didn't get to in his
+lecture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so
+yeah could you say a little more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah could you say a little more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah could you say a little more about
+the Medical College thing like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Medical College thing like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Medical College thing like in the
+U.S that's like the Restriction mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S that's like the Restriction mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S that's like the Restriction mode
+doctors or whatever like what is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors or whatever like what is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors or whatever like what is sort of
+the situation in terms of access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation in terms of access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation in terms of access
+medical education yeah so it like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical education yeah so it like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical education yeah so it like in the
+US it's very restrictive in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US it's very restrictive in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US it's very restrictive in in the
+countries I know it's very restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries I know it's very restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries I know it's very restricted
+and very competitive so this is two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very competitive so this is two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very competitive so this is two in
+East Africa there's two Indiana this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East Africa there's two Indiana this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East Africa there's two Indiana this is
+true in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in India
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partly for the same reason which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly for the same reason which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly for the same reason which is the
+doctors are you know have this way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors are you know have this way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors are you know have this way of
+enforcing their own Rarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcing their own Rarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcing their own Rarity
+partly also because there is it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly also because there is it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly also because there is it's hard
+to train doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to train doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to train doctors
+and like you know training teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like you know training teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like you know training teachers
+Primary School teachers that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primary School teachers that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primary School teachers that is
+relatively uh it's actually very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively uh it's actually very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively uh it's actually very hard to
+train doctors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to train doctors you also need doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to train doctors you also need doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to train doctors you also need doctors
+who are willing to train other doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are willing to train other doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are willing to train other doctors
+and taking some time off of the being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking some time off of the being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking some time off of the being a
+being a doctor where you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a doctor where you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a doctor where you know and
+presumably good doctors where they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably good doctors where they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably good doctors where they are
+both needed where they are and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both needed where they are and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both needed where they are and they
+could make a lot of money so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make a lot of money so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make a lot of money so that's
+basically a bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a bind
+so there is this kind of inherent limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is this kind of inherent limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is this kind of inherent limit
+in the not just because of the putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the not just because of the putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the not just because of the putting a
+cap numerous classes that you find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap numerous classes that you find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap numerous classes that you find in
+rich countries finds us the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich countries finds us the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich countries finds us the same thing
+but also because of the technology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also because of the technology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also because of the technology of
+producing doctors who are highly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing doctors who are highly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing doctors who are highly uh
+qualified people who therefore have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified people who therefore have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified people who therefore have a
+lot of other possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other possibilities
+very much like we discussed for the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like we discussed for the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like we discussed for the case
+of secondary school teacher but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of secondary school teacher but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of secondary school teacher but even
+worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+incidentally this is something that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally this is something that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally this is something that it
+has a parallel in the U.S with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a parallel in the U.S with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a parallel in the U.S with the
+training of nurses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training of nurses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training of nurses
+well despite the fact that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well despite the fact that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well despite the fact that there is a
+shortage of nurses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortage of nurses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortage of nurses
+there is a huge excess Supply in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a huge excess Supply in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a huge excess Supply in the
+number of people who would like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who would like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who would like to be
+North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North
+to apply for nursing degrees who can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply for nursing degrees who can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply for nursing degrees who can't
+who can't get to nursing schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can't get to nursing schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can't get to nursing schools
+and one of the reason why they can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the reason why they can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the reason why they can't get
+in nursing school is that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nursing school is that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nursing school is that there is
+nobody to teach them to be a nurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody to teach them to be a nurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody to teach them to be a nurse
+because the nurses who are in exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the nurses who are in exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the nurses who are in exercise
+are required to actually be nurses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are required to actually be nurses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are required to actually be nurses and
+they can make much much more money into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can make much much more money into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can make much much more money into
+it trying to be nurses are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it trying to be nurses are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it trying to be nurses are trying to
+meet each other so you they need a to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet each other so you they need a to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet each other so you they need a to be
+a reform of what it of the teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reform of what it of the teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reform of what it of the teaching
+sectors found nurses in the U.S and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors found nurses in the U.S and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors found nurses in the U.S and I
+think it's a little bit similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a little bit similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a little bit similar
+there is extra problem in India that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is extra problem in India that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is extra problem in India that all
+the nurses that are trained are then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurses that are trained are then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurses that are trained are then
+absorbed in the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed in the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed in the U.S
+by uh because that's it's one sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh because that's it's one sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh because that's it's one sector
+where at least pre-covered I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where at least pre-covered I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where at least pre-covered I don't know
+if they've liberalized but being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they've liberalized but being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they've liberalized but being an
+immigrant immigrating to be a nurse was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrant immigrating to be a nurse was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrant immigrating to be a nurse was
+always very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always very easy
+the U.S that's that puts one more set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U.S that's that puts one more set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U.S that's that puts one more set of
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+supply of qualified nurses in developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of qualified nurses in developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of qualified nurses in developing
+countries and also on the outside option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and also on the outside option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and also on the outside option
+you were asking what do the nurse do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were asking what do the nurse do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were asking what do the nurse do
+well you know if the the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know if the the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know if the the people who are
+managing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing them
+perfectly know that the outside option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly know that the outside option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly know that the outside option
+is leaving and going somewhere else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is leaving and going somewhere else and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is leaving and going somewhere else and
+there is also in this weather that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also in this weather that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also in this weather that's the
+reason why nurses are treated well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why nurses are treated well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why nurses are treated well
+um in India or in Uganda or elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in India or in Uganda or elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in India or in Uganda or elsewhere
+we're using putting too much pressure on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using putting too much pressure on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using putting too much pressure on
+them with actually they would just pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with actually they would just pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with actually they would just pack
+up and go to the US and make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great so that's the end of the health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so that's the end of the health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so that's the end of the health
+lecture I'm saying that to the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm saying that to the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm saying that to the camera
+I'm gonna now move to talk about gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna now move to talk about gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna now move to talk about gender
+and the famine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and I just looked at what uh Ben had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I just looked at what uh Ben had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I just looked at what uh Ben had
+time to cover and I figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to cover and I figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to cover and I figured
+what would make sense is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I made my own slides but uh cover some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made my own slides but uh cover some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made my own slides but uh cover some
+of the papers that that were at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the papers that that were at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the papers that that were at the end
+of his slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his slides
+and and that he didn't have time to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that he didn't have time to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that he didn't have time to to
+get to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to so
+and that's kind of a good that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of a good that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of a good that's a very
+natural segue into talking about talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural segue into talking about talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural segue into talking about talking
+about gender issues which I'm gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about gender issues which I'm gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about gender issues which I'm gonna do
+uh then finish on on Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh you finished uh last time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you finished uh last time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you finished uh last time the
+lecture on talking about because you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on talking about because you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on talking about because you do
+this paper and which is a classic among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper and which is a classic among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper and which is a classic among
+the classic showing that there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic showing that there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic showing that there is no
+efficiency in production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency in production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency in production
+one more thing we could ask is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing we could ask is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing we could ask is that is
+whether there is efficiency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there is efficiency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there is efficiency in
+consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+uh the if if households were able to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the if if households were able to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the if if households were able to to
+ensure each other with full commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure each other with full commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure each other with full commitment
+that is they are able to uh you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is they are able to uh you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is they are able to uh you know if
+we had an efficient household model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had an efficient household model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had an efficient household model
+efficiency requires that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency requires that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency requires that
+conditional on total household demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on total household demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on total household demand
+for eating who gets what and and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for eating who gets what and and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for eating who gets what and and what
+goods are being consumed by whom should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods are being consumed by whom should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods are being consumed by whom should
+be invariant of the actual realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be invariant of the actual realization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be invariant of the actual realization
+because you're you know you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're you know you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're you know you know you're
+here for a long time so if I'm doing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a long time so if I'm doing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a long time so if I'm doing you
+know even if I like uh potatoes and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know even if I like uh potatoes and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know even if I like uh potatoes and you
+like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beef
+uh the consumption of potato and beef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the consumption of potato and beef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the consumption of potato and beef
+should remain relatively constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remain relatively constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remain relatively constant
+because it's not because iron a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not because iron a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not because iron a bit more
+money is this period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is this period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is this period
+next time it's gonna be you and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time it's gonna be you and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time it's gonna be you and we
+should kind of be able to ensure each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should kind of be able to ensure each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should kind of be able to ensure each
+other for this change so the consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other for this change so the consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other for this change so the consumption
+of a particular commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular commodity
+shouldn't depend on a shock that affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't depend on a shock that affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't depend on a shock that affects
+one person versus the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person versus the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person versus the other
+in other words the shocks should affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the shocks should affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the shocks should affect
+the consumption of each individual Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumption of each individual Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumption of each individual Goods
+only to the extent that they affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to the extent that they affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to the extent that they affect
+total consumption so the household might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total consumption so the household might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total consumption so the household might
+not be able to ensure its entire set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to ensure its entire set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to ensure its entire set of
+consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+that in turn is going to be to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in turn is going to be to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in turn is going to be to have
+implication what they consume for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication what they consume for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication what they consume for
+example if they feel very poor at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if they feel very poor at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if they feel very poor at some
+point they might eat mostly potatoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they might eat mostly potatoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they might eat mostly potatoes
+because they don't have money for beef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't have money for beef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't have money for beef
+but that should only Transit from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that should only Transit from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that should only Transit from that
+should not be over and above the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be over and above the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be over and above the impact
+of total consumption on the demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total consumption on the demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total consumption on the demand for
+the bias kind of goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the consumption of the wife should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the consumption of the wife should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the consumption of the wife should
+not drop because of a particular bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not drop because of a particular bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not drop because of a particular bad
+draw and similarly for the husband
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw and similarly for the husband
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw and similarly for the husband
+because they can enjoy each other later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can enjoy each other later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can enjoy each other later
+so of course we'll do you'll do much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course we'll do you'll do much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course we'll do you'll do much
+more of insurance in the spring semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of insurance in the spring semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of insurance in the spring semester
+so it will become clear that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it will become clear that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it will become clear that it is
+correct but the intuition doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but the intuition doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but the intuition doesn't
+require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require
+that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much
+so our household members able to ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our household members able to ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our household members able to ensure
+each other against transitory shock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other against transitory shock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other against transitory shock and
+the answer to that is no so it's first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that is no so it's first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that is no so it's first I
+want to go through an experimental paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go through an experimental paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go through an experimental paper
+to People by John Robinson in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to People by John Robinson in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to People by John Robinson in fact it
+was his job market prepare when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was his job market prepare when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was his job market prepare when he was
+in in Princeton graduate student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Princeton graduate student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Princeton graduate student
+and he was a graduate student paper so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was a graduate student paper so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was a graduate student paper so
+it was not very big but he had 142 might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not very big but he had 142 might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not very big but he had 142 might
+couple and followed them for eight weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple and followed them for eight weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple and followed them for eight weeks
+in Kenya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kenya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kenya
+and each week he met them and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each week he met them and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each week he met them and each
+individual in the couple had a 50 chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual in the couple had a 50 chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual in the couple had a 50 chance
+of receiving a 150 shilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of receiving a 150 shilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of receiving a 150 shilling
+uh equivalent to roughly a one and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equivalent to roughly a one and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equivalent to roughly a one and a
+half days income for uh for men and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half days income for uh for men and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half days income for uh for men and one
+week income for women so something uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week income for women so something uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week income for women so something uh
+you know not uh irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so people receive this their payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people receive this their payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people receive this their payment
+then uh both spouses knew what they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh both spouses knew what they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh both spouses knew what they had
+and then what did what they did is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what did what they did is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what did what they did is that
+he got diary data very similar uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got diary data very similar uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got diary data very similar uh you
+know that that they did for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that they did for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that they did for their
+savings paper with pascaline in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings paper with pascaline in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings paper with pascaline in fact
+same type of people doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type of people doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type of people doing uh
+um you know cycle Rickshaw of a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know cycle Rickshaw of a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know cycle Rickshaw of a woman
+selling on markets and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling on markets and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling on markets and stuff like that
+this type of this type of very regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of this type of very regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of this type of very regular
+work this is Diaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this is Diaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this is Diaries
+and then he collected data on income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he collected data on income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he collected data on income and
+income shocks and labor Supply from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income shocks and labor Supply from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income shocks and labor Supply from each
+member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the shocks have are like textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the shocks have are like textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the shocks have are like textbooks
+shock they are random they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock they are random they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock they are random they are
+transitory because every day there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitory because every day there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitory because every day there is a
+new Lottery and they are reducing critic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Lottery and they are reducing critic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Lottery and they are reducing critic
+uh they should not affect the bargaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they should not affect the bargaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they should not affect the bargaining
+power of each person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of each person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of each person
+they are also public so they should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are also public so they should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are also public so they should not
+be there's no incentive to to lie it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there's no incentive to to lie it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there's no incentive to to lie it is
+not possible anyways there is no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not possible anyways there is no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not possible anyways there is no more
+Hazard there is no labor Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hazard there is no labor Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hazard there is no labor Supply
+so you would expect complete sharing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would expect complete sharing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would expect complete sharing if
+the household was consumption efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the household was consumption efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the household was consumption efficient
+and surprisingly you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and surprisingly you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and surprisingly you don't
+which is people who get more money they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is people who get more money they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is people who get more money they
+they spend more so when men get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spend more so when men get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spend more so when men get more
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+uh also we're not respondents get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also we're not respondents get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also we're not respondents get more
+money this is other men if it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money this is other men if it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money this is other men if it's the
+respondent who get more money they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respondent who get more money they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respondent who get more money they
+consume more on private good and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume more on private good and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume more on private good and nothing
+else really so they consume nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else really so they consume nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else really so they consume nothing else
+really changed so when they have money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really changed so when they have money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really changed so when they have money
+when they get one shilling more they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they get one shilling more they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they get one shilling more they
+spend about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend about
+17.19 Shilling in total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17.19 Shilling in total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17.19 Shilling in total
+and all on private consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all on private consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all on private consumption
+and for women they don't do so much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for women they don't do so much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for women they don't do so much so
+private consumption is like newspaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private consumption is like newspaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private consumption is like newspaper
+snacks bottles sodas that kind of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snacks bottles sodas that kind of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snacks bottles sodas that kind of things
+so women don't do that but they buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so women don't do that but they buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so women don't do that but they buy
+themselves a lot of medical expenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves a lot of medical expenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves a lot of medical expenses
+medical stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical stuff
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I know you might wonder well but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you might wonder well but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you might wonder well but you
+know they just got one shilling what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they just got one shilling what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they just got one shilling what
+happened to the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the rest
+and the rest is saved which makes a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest is saved which makes a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest is saved which makes a lot
+of sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense
+uh but it is not saved by um it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it is not saved by um it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it is not saved by um it's not
+saved by uh in the public way for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved by uh in the public way for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved by uh in the public way for the
+household it's saved in uh so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household it's saved in uh so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household it's saved in uh so you can
+see that it's safe total but it's safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's safe total but it's safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's safe total but it's safe
+mostly in in private um I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in in private um I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in in private um I'm looking for
+the private no it's safe mostly in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private no it's safe mostly in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private no it's safe mostly in in
+private vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private vehicles
+so they don't save in the form of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't save in the form of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't save in the form of uh
+they don't save in the form of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't save in the form of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't save in the form of uh
+um their bank account Etc basically each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their bank account Etc basically each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their bank account Etc basically each
+under their own mattress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under their own mattress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under their own mattress
+so when people uh get the shop men uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when people uh get the shop men uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when people uh get the shop men uh
+spend say about 0.8 of it and the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend say about 0.8 of it and the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend say about 0.8 of it and the rest
+is they spent on themselves women save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they spent on themselves women save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they spent on themselves women save
+less of it the rest is spent a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less of it the rest is spent a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less of it the rest is spent a little
+bit more spread across things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more spread across things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more spread across things
+um in fact they do buy some more food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact they do buy some more food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact they do buy some more food
+they buy medical expenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they buy medical expenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they buy medical expenses
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a little bit on the kids so that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit on the kids so that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit on the kids so that's sort
+of not consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not consistent with the
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+the men spent nothing of when the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the men spent nothing of when the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the men spent nothing of when the money
+get when the spouse get more money they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get when the spouse get more money they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get when the spouse get more money they
+get nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get nothing
+um they don't transfer the money to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they don't transfer the money to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they don't transfer the money to the
+spouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at least women spend Consular a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least women spend Consular a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least women spend Consular a bit of
+their money to the spouse men don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money to the spouse men don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money to the spouse men don't
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and but on the other hand if their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but on the other hand if their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but on the other hand if their
+spouse give them money they receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouse give them money they receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouse give them money they receive
+money they give them lower transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money they give them lower transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money they give them lower transfers
+so women and men behave a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so women and men behave a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so women and men behave a little bit
+differently with women doing more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently with women doing more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently with women doing more of the
+shared things but both of them basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared things but both of them basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared things but both of them basically
+save the majority of the money under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save the majority of the money under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save the majority of the money under
+their own private mattress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own private mattress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own private mattress
+which is uh not what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh not what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh not what would be
+expected uh given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh given the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+household efficient household model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household efficient household model so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household efficient household model so
+we already saw that they were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already saw that they were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already saw that they were not
+efficient in production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient in production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient in production
+they are not efficient in consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not efficient in consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not efficient in consumption
+so this is an experiment that's a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an experiment that's a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an experiment that's a small
+experiment uh Chris Utley and I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh Chris Utley and I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh Chris Utley and I have a
+paper famously famously unpublished I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper famously famously unpublished I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper famously famously unpublished I
+can tell you one day what happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you one day what happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you one day what happened to
+that to that paper and why it's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to that paper and why it's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to that paper and why it's still a
+walking paper maybe one day we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking paper maybe one day we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking paper maybe one day we'll
+publish it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish it
+um it's in Cote d'Ivoire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's in Cote d'Ivoire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's in Cote d'Ivoire
+it's the first paper I wrote after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first paper I wrote after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first paper I wrote after
+graduating well I started with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduating well I started with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduating well I started with a
+completely burnt new people I heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely burnt new people I heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely burnt new people I heard
+after graduating so to tell you it's old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after graduating so to tell you it's old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after graduating so to tell you it's old
+and uh it uses the fact that women and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it uses the fact that women and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it uses the fact that women and
+men tend to grow different cups on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men tend to grow different cups on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men tend to grow different cups on their
+different Farms so you've already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Farms so you've already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Farms so you've already seen
+that the in the usury paper that they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the in the usury paper that they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the in the usury paper that they go
+on different Farms but on top of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different Farms but on top of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different Farms but on top of that
+they hope different cup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hope different cup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hope different cup
+so there are women Club men cup and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are women Club men cup and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are women Club men cup and then
+yams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yams
+so yams are milk crops but they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yams are milk crops but they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yams are milk crops but they have to
+be used for feeding people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used for feeding people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used for feeding people
+Easier by being directly eaten or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Easier by being directly eaten or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Easier by being directly eaten or by
+being sold to buy food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being sold to buy food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being sold to buy food
+and there is a very very strong social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a very very strong social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a very very strong social
+Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm
+in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um in in Cote d'Ivoire we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um in in Cote d'Ivoire we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um in in Cote d'Ivoire we know what
+people produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people produce
+and so you can compute taxes for mail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can compute taxes for mail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can compute taxes for mail
+you don't know what every individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what every individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what every individual
+produce but you know what the households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce but you know what the households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce but you know what the households
+produces and how much money they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces and how much money they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces and how much money they make
+from their different crops so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their different crops so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their different crops so you can
+compute proxies for male income female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute proxies for male income female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute proxies for male income female
+income and young income by aggregating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and young income by aggregating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and young income by aggregating
+crop income across the different crops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop income across the different crops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop income across the different crops
+knowing that probably the way that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that probably the way that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that probably the way that it's
+done in practice is different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so it's we have so this this Cote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's we have so this this Cote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's we have so this this Cote
+d'Ivoire survey is a panel uh in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d'Ivoire survey is a panel uh in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d'Ivoire survey is a panel uh in fact
+it's an overlapping panel it's there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an overlapping panel it's there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an overlapping panel it's there are
+three years of it but people appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years of it but people appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years of it but people appear
+either in year one and two or near two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in year one and two or near two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in year one and two or near two
+and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three
+so for each households we start the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each households we start the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each households we start the two
+so for each household we see them twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each household we see them twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each household we see them twice
+uh we look at the the change in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we look at the the change in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we look at the the change in their
+income from one year to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income from one year to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income from one year to the next
+and then we predict uh so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we predict uh so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we predict uh so this is this
+done in uh in an OLS it's done in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in uh in an OLS it's done in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in uh in an OLS it's done in a
+two-state daily square but imagine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-state daily square but imagine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-state daily square but imagine for
+the sake of pedagogy that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sake of pedagogy that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sake of pedagogy that we use
+predicted income so we so we predict for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted income so we so we predict for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted income so we so we predict for
+each person how much better they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person how much better they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person how much better they are
+doing here two compared to year one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here two compared to year one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here two compared to year one the
+difference in year two income to year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in year two income to year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in year two income to year
+one income for female income male income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one income for female income male income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one income for female income male income
+and yam income and we pray and we run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yam income and we pray and we run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yam income and we pray and we run a
+regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression
+of the change in consumption on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the change in consumption on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the change in consumption on the
+predicted female income middle income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted female income middle income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted female income middle income
+and yaminka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yaminka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yaminka
+so the question is in a paratro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is in a paratro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is in a paratro
+efficient model uh would we expect any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient model uh would we expect any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient model uh would we expect any
+difference between beta gamma and Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between beta gamma and Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between beta gamma and Delta
+potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we look at composite consumption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we look at composite consumption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we look at composite consumption of
+various Goods so we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Goods so we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Goods so we're going to look at
+Food private expenditure public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Food private expenditure public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Food private expenditure public
+expenditure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I would normally wait but it's 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I would normally wait but it's 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I would normally wait but it's 11
+55 so you're saved by the bed you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 so you're saved by the bed you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 so you're saved by the bed you would
+because there might be they might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there might be they might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there might be they might have
+different time paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time paths
+so for example if a lot of the milk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if a lot of the milk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if a lot of the milk
+income is coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is coffee
+and the fact that you get good income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that you get good income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that you get good income
+today is probably a good prediction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is probably a good prediction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is probably a good prediction that
+you'll get again I get good income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get again I get good income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get again I get good income
+tomorrow because uh that means your tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow because uh that means your tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow because uh that means your tree
+uh trees are going are doing well and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trees are going are doing well and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trees are going are doing well and if
+the men the women are producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the men the women are producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the men the women are producing
+vegetables this is perennial this may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables this is perennial this may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables this is perennial this may be
+less information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less information in
+so we know that from the savings group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that from the savings group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that from the savings group
+that people should save transit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people should save transit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people should save transit or
+income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and
+consume permanent income so to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume permanent income so to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume permanent income so to the
+extent that there is different uh income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that there is different uh income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that there is different uh income
+process for these three groups we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for these three groups we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for these three groups we might
+expect different effect on consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect different effect on consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect different effect on consumption
+on total consumption and therefore we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on total consumption and therefore we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on total consumption and therefore we
+might expect different impact on uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect different impact on uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect different impact on uh on
+individual good consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual good consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual good consumption
+so what this suggests is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this suggests is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this suggests is that the
+consumption of any particular good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of any particular good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of any particular good
+should change but only to the extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should change but only to the extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should change but only to the extent
+that total uh the total expenditure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that total uh the total expenditure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that total uh the total expenditure
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+so you want to run the same regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to run the same regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to run the same regression
+with total expenditure as the dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with total expenditure as the dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with total expenditure as the dependent
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+and then calculate this ratio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then calculate this ratio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then calculate this ratio and
+basically this should be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this should be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this should be equal
+it's kind of uh uh and I'm sure there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of uh uh and I'm sure there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of uh uh and I'm sure there is
+a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much
+should we now decide to publish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we now decide to publish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we now decide to publish this
+paper instead we would do GMM or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper instead we would do GMM or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper instead we would do GMM or some
+fancy things like that which would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy things like that which would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy things like that which would come
+to that which is basically saying well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that which is basically saying well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that which is basically saying well
+you know if female income as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if female income as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if female income as a
+coefficient on total consumption that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient on total consumption that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient on total consumption that is
+larger than male income then it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than male income then it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than male income then it should
+also have a consumption of a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a consumption of a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a consumption of a larger
+effect on everything else but that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on everything else but that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on everything else but that's it
+so all this ratio should be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all this ratio should be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all this ratio should be the same
+and they are not is the conclusion they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are not is the conclusion they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are not is the conclusion they
+are not at all so the male income yam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not at all so the male income yam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not at all so the male income yam
+income female income is spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income female income is spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income female income is spending
+entirely different ways and in ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely different ways and in ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely different ways and in ways that
+is sense you know that is consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sense you know that is consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sense you know that is consistent
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+the income are being sent to their the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income are being sent to their the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income are being sent to their the
+various three more income are being kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various three more income are being kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various three more income are being kept
+separate and being sent on various you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and being sent on various you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and being sent on various you
+know on their various purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on their various purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on their various purpose
+I'll just show you one one slider so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just show you one one slider so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just show you one one slider so
+these are all of the coefficients them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all of the coefficients them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all of the coefficients them
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+total expenditure uh female income is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total expenditure uh female income is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total expenditure uh female income is
+slightly more slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more slightly more
+responsibility to female income than to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility to female income than to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility to female income than to
+non-yearman to to yam income that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-yearman to to yam income that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-yearman to to yam income that's just
+what what it is but then if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what it is but then if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what it is but then if you're
+looking at the various goods for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the various goods for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the various goods for example
+the good that are Prestige good so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good that are Prestige good so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good that are Prestige good so these
+are stuff that people buy for themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stuff that people buy for themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stuff that people buy for themselves
+like ceremonial clothing that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ceremonial clothing that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ceremonial clothing that kind of
+things are being spent not at yam income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are being spent not at yam income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are being spent not at yam income
+as no use as no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as no use as no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as no use as no
+impact on that is each individual income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on that is each individual income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on that is each individual income
+female and males both spend a lot of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female and males both spend a lot of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female and males both spend a lot of you
+know have a large probability to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have a large probability to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have a large probability to spend
+out of female income now if if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of female income now if if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of female income now if if you look
+you look at the yam income it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the yam income it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the yam income it's being
+spent on stepper more than anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on stepper more than anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on stepper more than anything else
+which makes you might you might think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes you might you might think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes you might you might think it
+makes sense it's because it's it is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense it's because it's it is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense it's because it's it is they
+just eat the yam they have there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just eat the yam they have there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just eat the yam they have there
+but it is also spent on stuff that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is also spent on stuff that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is also spent on stuff that's not
+a staple but that's common goods and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a staple but that's common goods and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a staple but that's common goods and in
+particular education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular education
+so people spend their yam income on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people spend their yam income on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people spend their yam income on
+education and on stepper they spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and on stepper they spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and on stepper they spend
+their uh their private income on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh their private income on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh their private income on
+Prestige good women spend a lot of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prestige good women spend a lot of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prestige good women spend a lot of their
+income on food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income on food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income on food
+of course they grow vegetables so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they grow vegetables so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they grow vegetables so maybe
+that's related to the farm gate to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related to the farm gate to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related to the farm gate to a
+market difference but they also buy meat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market difference but they also buy meat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market difference but they also buy meat
+they buy processed food and in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they buy processed food and in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they buy processed food and in general
+the purchase food only responds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purchase food only responds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purchase food only responds to the
+female income and not to the male income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female income and not to the male income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female income and not to the male income
+so that's consistent with it is a job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's consistent with it is a job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's consistent with it is a job of
+the woman to put food on the table so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woman to put food on the table so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woman to put food on the table so
+when their income goes up food goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when their income goes up food goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when their income goes up food goes up
+and there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is no
+uh you know the the mail income is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the the mail income is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the the mail income is not
+being channeled to this so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being channeled to this so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being channeled to this so that's
+another example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example uh
+in real life non-experimental real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life non-experimental real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life non-experimental real life
+example of the failure to do a household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the failure to do a household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the failure to do a household
+optimization and therefore it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and therefore it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and therefore it doesn't
+seem to be that it's an efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be that it's an efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be that it's an efficient
+household model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household model
+so where does that leave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where does that leave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where does that leave us
+and that's why I wanted to finish that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why I wanted to finish that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why I wanted to finish that
+today that ifla leaves us to well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that ifla leaves us to well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that ifla leaves us to well
+clearly the efficient household model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the efficient household model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the efficient household model is
+not a very good model of the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very good model of the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very good model of the family
+so a lot of the modern literature on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of the modern literature on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of the modern literature on the
+family or non-gender economics is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family or non-gender economics is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family or non-gender economics is about
+trying to understand what is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand what is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand what is going on
+whether families are in any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether families are in any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether families are in any way
+different than a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than a random
+collection of individuals that just met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of individuals that just met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of individuals that just met
+a minute ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute ago
+and if so in what way and what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if so in what way and what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if so in what way and what are the
+barriers that stand between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers that stand between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers that stand between the
+household and efficiency information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household and efficiency information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household and efficiency information
+social norms and so on and so forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social norms and so on and so forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social norms and so on and so forth so
+that's what I'll do on Monday and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'll do on Monday and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'll do on Monday and with
+an emphasis on a woman labor Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emphasis on a woman labor Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emphasis on a woman labor Supply
+which is a big policy a policy area in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a big policy a policy area in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a big policy a policy area in
+its own right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own right
+thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ot9OjT34gkA.txt b/Ot9OjT34gkA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f7fb49f44577435c549638e6d87eed6b8ee167a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ot9OjT34gkA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you tell someone solve this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tell someone solve this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tell someone solve this equation
+for L equals zero so you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for L equals zero so you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for L equals zero so you have this
+effective potential for the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective potential for the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective potential for the rate
+equations solve it for l equals zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations solve it for l equals zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations solve it for l equals zero and
+you find some energies you solve it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find some energies you solve it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find some energies you solve it for
+l equals 1 and you found some energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals 1 and you found some energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals 1 and you found some energies
+you solve it now for L equal 2 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve it now for L equal 2 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve it now for L equal 2 and you
+found some energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found some energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found some energies
+well we found them all together but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we found them all together but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we found them all together but
+something extraordinary happened there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something extraordinary happened there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something extraordinary happened there
+was no a priori reason the system should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no a priori reason the system should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no a priori reason the system should
+have been so simple it might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been so simple it might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been so simple it might have
+happened that this states would have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened that this states would have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened that this states would have not
+been aligned with the previous states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nothing we've explained in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing we've explained in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing we've explained in this course
+predicts that this would have happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts that this would have happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts that this would have happened
+this perfect alignment with extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perfect alignment with extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perfect alignment with extreme
+amount of degeneracy because you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of degeneracy because you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of degeneracy because you have an
+L equal to multiplied here that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L equal to multiplied here that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L equal to multiplied here that means
+five states so there is the generous e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five states so there is the generous e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five states so there is the generous e
+but that's implicit in angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's implicit in angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's implicit in angular momentum
+it has an explanation but why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an explanation but why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an explanation but why would
+there be a degeneracy between L equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be a degeneracy between L equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be a degeneracy between L equals 1
+solutions and hell equal 2 solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+total mystery actually and this led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total mystery actually and this led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total mystery actually and this led to
+the all kinds of interesting discoveries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all kinds of interesting discoveries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all kinds of interesting discoveries
+that have to do with the room the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to do with the room the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to do with the room the lens
+vector which is some conserved vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector which is some conserved vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector which is some conserved vector in
+planetary orbit in planetary orbits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planetary orbit in planetary orbits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planetary orbit in planetary orbits in
+Newton's theory an elliptical orbit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's theory an elliptical orbit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's theory an elliptical orbit is
+the general solution nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution nevertheless
+elliptical orbits do not precess so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptical orbits do not precess so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptical orbits do not precess so you
+have an ellipse it goes like that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an ellipse it goes like that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an ellipse it goes like that it's
+not going around and rotating the lips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going around and rotating the lips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going around and rotating the lips
+at the same time the precession of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time the precession of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time the precession of an
+ellipse is not allowed by Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse is not allowed by Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse is not allowed by Newton's
+theory is allowed by Einstein's gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is allowed by Einstein's gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is allowed by Einstein's gravity
+theory and what in fact the precession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and what in fact the precession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and what in fact the precession
+of mercury was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mercury was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mercury was
+measured but there is no procession in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured but there is no procession in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured but there is no procession in
+Newton's theory and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's theory and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's theory and there's no
+procession in hydrogen atom in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procession in hydrogen atom in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procession in hydrogen atom in a sense
+as you will see and that explains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you will see and that explains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you will see and that explains
+actually in a rather interesting way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in a rather interesting way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in a rather interesting way but
+I'm not saying how yet why there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying how yet why there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying how yet why there is this
+extra degeneracy in fact if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra degeneracy in fact if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra degeneracy in fact if you had
+solved the problem of an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the problem of an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the problem of an infinite
+spherical well you will solve that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical well you will solve that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical well you will solve that in
+805 infinite spherical well suppose as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+805 infinite spherical well suppose as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+805 infinite spherical well suppose as
+infinite square well infinite spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite square well infinite spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite square well infinite spherical
+well inside a sphere of radius a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well inside a sphere of radius a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well inside a sphere of radius a the
+potential is zero outside the sphere of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is zero outside the sphere of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is zero outside the sphere of
+radius a the potential is infinite that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius a the potential is infinite that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius a the potential is infinite that
+potential that looks so symmetric the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that looks so symmetric the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that looks so symmetric the L
+equals zero states are like this the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero states are like this the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero states are like this the L
+equal one states are like that the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one states are like that the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one states are like that the L
+equal two states are like that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal two states are like that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal two states are like that there's
+never any coincidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never any coincidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never any coincidence
+so this coincidence between the L equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this coincidence between the L equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this coincidence between the L equal
+0 or L equal 1 L equal 2 is very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 or L equal 1 L equal 2 is very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 or L equal 1 L equal 2 is very special
+it just doesn't happen often it's a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just doesn't happen often it's a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just doesn't happen often it's a sign
+of an extra symmetry this could only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an extra symmetry this could only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an extra symmetry this could only be
+explained because the hydrogen atom has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained because the hydrogen atom has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained because the hydrogen atom has
+an extra symmetry you're not aware of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra symmetry you're not aware of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra symmetry you're not aware of so
+that's why this room the lens vector has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this room the lens vector has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this room the lens vector has
+to do with that extra symmetry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with that extra symmetry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with that extra symmetry and
+explains this effect and we'll get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains this effect and we'll get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains this effect and we'll get some
+intuition about it today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about it today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about it today
+a few more remarks to get your intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few more remarks to get your intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few more remarks to get your intuition
+working on the hydrogen atom Z equal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the hydrogen atom Z equal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the hydrogen atom Z equal 1
+we write the wave function this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write the wave function this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write the wave function this is the
+most famous wave function PI 0 cubed e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous wave function PI 0 cubed e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous wave function PI 0 cubed e
+to the minus R over a 0 and this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus R over a 0 and this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus R over a 0 and this is for
+Z equals 1 and equal 1 l equals 0 M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equals 1 and equal 1 l equals 0 M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equals 1 and equal 1 l equals 0 M
+equals 0 the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 the complete
+on state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's interesting to note and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting to note and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting to note and try to
+think okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay
+suppose they gave you the Z equal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose they gave you the Z equal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose they gave you the Z equal one
+answer how do you get Z different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer how do you get Z different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer how do you get Z different from
+one can I just do something with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can I just do something with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can I just do something with this
+solution well somehow it's written here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well somehow it's written here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well somehow it's written here
+but I don't give here that Armel ization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't give here that Armel ization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't give here that Armel ization
+because it's impossibly complicated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's impossibly complicated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's impossibly complicated to
+write a general form for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a general form for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a general form for the
+normalization so what transformation how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization so what transformation how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization so what transformation how
+should I think of changing if somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I think of changing if somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I think of changing if somebody
+would have told me this is the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have told me this is the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have told me this is the answer
+for Z equal one how do I get from Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Z equal one how do I get from Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Z equal one how do I get from Z
+different from one and then I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from one and then I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from one and then I think of
+the potential and the potential was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential and the potential was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential and the potential was a
+squared over R that was a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over R that was a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over R that was a potential
+before VFR and it will pass to a V of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before VFR and it will pass to a V of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before VFR and it will pass to a V of R
+that has minus Z e squared over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has minus Z e squared over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has minus Z e squared over R
+because now you have a nucleus with Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you have a nucleus with Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you have a nucleus with Z
+protons interacting with one electron so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons interacting with one electron so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons interacting with one electron so
+that's how it change so naturally what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it change so naturally what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it change so naturally what
+seems to be the change here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be the change here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be the change here and you
+could imagine just solving it without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine just solving it without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine just solving it without
+the Z and then adding the Z is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z and then adding the Z is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z and then adding the Z is that
+everywhere that you have y squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere that you have y squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere that you have y squared
+you should put Z times Z squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should put Z times Z squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should put Z times Z squared and
+then you think of a naught a naught was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you think of a naught a naught was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you think of a naught a naught was
+H squared over m e squared we calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H squared over m e squared we calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H squared over m e squared we calculated
+that some time ago and then if Y squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some time ago and then if Y squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some time ago and then if Y squared
+goes to ze squared this will go to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to ze squared this will go to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to ze squared this will go to 1
+over Z H squared over m e squared so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Z H squared over m e squared so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Z H squared over m e squared so it
+will go to a naught over Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you change a knot to a naught over Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you change a knot to a naught over Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you change a knot to a naught over Z
+and these are the two changes one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the two changes one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the two changes one is
+implicit on the other but many times you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit on the other but many times you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit on the other but many times you
+write the formula in a mix way look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the formula in a mix way look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the formula in a mix way look at
+that energy if you would have looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy if you would have looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy if you would have looked at
+this without the Z and you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without the Z and you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without the Z and you would have
+said all a squared is replaced by ze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said all a squared is replaced by ze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said all a squared is replaced by ze
+squared you would have put that single Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared you would have put that single Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared you would have put that single Z
+but there's a squared Z squared here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a squared Z squared here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a squared Z squared here and
+it comes because 1z is here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes because 1z is here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes because 1z is here and the
+other Z is in a knot because a knot also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Z is in a knot because a knot also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Z is in a knot because a knot also
+has the e squared so you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the e squared so you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the e squared so you have to be
+aware that we write these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that we write these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that we write these things and
+this is intuitively a very nice way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is intuitively a very nice way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is intuitively a very nice way to
+write the energy because it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the energy because it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the energy because it has the
+right unit electric charge squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right unit electric charge squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right unit electric charge squared
+divided by distance but you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by distance but you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by distance but you could have
+written everything with H bars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written everything with H bars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written everything with H bars and
+things like that in which case the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that in which case the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that in which case the Z
+squared might have been less surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared might have been less surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared might have been less surprising
+we see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see here
+however the Z is appearing in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the Z is appearing in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the Z is appearing in the right
+place because of the a zero so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would write e to the minus Z are over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would write e to the minus Z are over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would write e to the minus Z are over a
+zero and can I get the normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and can I get the normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and can I get the normalization
+even right at this moment yes ah let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even right at this moment yes ah let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even right at this moment yes ah let's
+do the same change here PI a zero cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same change here PI a zero cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same change here PI a zero cubed
+Z cubed and this must be right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z cubed and this must be right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z cubed and this must be right because
+in fact if this wave function was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if this wave function was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if this wave function was
+normalizable not normal it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable not normal it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable not normal it was
+normalized but you do the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized but you do the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized but you do the integral
+somehow the a not did not matter must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the a not did not matter must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the a not did not matter must
+not matter you check size squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not matter you check size squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not matter you check size squared
+integrated over volume is equal to 1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over volume is equal to 1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over volume is equal to 1 the
+anal must be can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal must be can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal must be can
+Selene here and therefore if it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Selene here and therefore if it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Selene here and therefore if it works
+for a knot it must work for a naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a knot it must work for a naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a knot it must work for a naught
+over Z and that must be the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Z and that must be the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Z and that must be the wave
+function so that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that's fine
+that's one thing you could ask another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing you could ask another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing you could ask another
+thing that you could ask is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you could ask is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you could ask is at least
+intuitively why did we get this factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively why did we get this factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively why did we get this factor
+here why did we get this exponential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's also not mysterious at all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also not mysterious at all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also not mysterious at all this
+comes from the differential equation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the differential equation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the differential equation it
+comes up rather immediately from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up rather immediately from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up rather immediately from the
+differential equation you have a minus H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation you have a minus H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation you have a minus H
+squared over 2m this second you the R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m this second you the R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m this second you the R
+squared plus some sort of number you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus some sort of number you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus some sort of number you
+don't care how much you over R squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care how much you over R squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care how much you over R squared
+in the effective potential minus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the effective potential minus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the effective potential minus some
+number over R times u is equal to e u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number over R times u is equal to e u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number over R times u is equal to e u
+this was your radial differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was your radial differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was your radial differential
+equation and as R goes to infinity as R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and as R goes to infinity as R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and as R goes to infinity as R
+goes to infinity you get minus H squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity you get minus H squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity you get minus H squared
+over 2m be second you the R squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2m be second you the R squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2m be second you the R squared is
+equal to e you roughly that's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e you roughly that's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e you roughly that's the key
+terms and from here V second you be R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and from here V second you be R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and from here V second you be R
+squared is equal to minus 2m e over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to minus 2m e over H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to minus 2m e over H
+squared you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that gives you an exponential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you an exponential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you an exponential and
+exponential must be of the right value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential must be of the right value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential must be of the right value
+which we can calculate easily from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can calculate easily from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can calculate easily from the
+expression for the energy so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the energy so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the energy so the
+expression for the energy gives you a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the energy gives you a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the energy gives you a n
+equal minus Z squared over 2a not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus Z squared over 2a not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus Z squared over 2a not a
+squared times 1 over N squared and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times 1 over N squared and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times 1 over N squared and I can
+change this thing into minus Z squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we call it what's the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it what's the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it what's the value of the
+fine-structure constant I can replace a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-structure constant I can replace a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-structure constant I can replace a
+squared from a not to get the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared from a not to get the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared from a not to get the following
+thing over to a naught times H squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over to a naught times H squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over to a naught times H squared
+over m a naught times 1 over N squared a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+little bit of manipulation so at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of manipulation so at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of manipulation so at the end
+minus 2m e n over h squared which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2m e n over h squared which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2m e n over h squared which is
+what I need from the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need from the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need from the differential
+equation I must multiply 4 by minus 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I must multiply 4 by minus 2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I must multiply 4 by minus 2m
+over H squared you see that - the 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H squared you see that - the 2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H squared you see that - the 2m
+over H squared they will disappear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H squared they will disappear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H squared they will disappear so
+you get here Z squared over N squared a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get here Z squared over N squared a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get here Z squared over N squared a
+naught squared ok a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught squared ok a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught squared ok a little bit of
+manipulation so what did we try are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation so what did we try are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation so what did we try are we
+trying to get want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get want to understand
+immediately where this came from and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately where this came from and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately where this came from and we
+see it ok can come from the asymptotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it ok can come from the asymptotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it ok can come from the asymptotic
+form of the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the differential equation
+for a solution so I calculate the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a solution so I calculate the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a solution so I calculate the value
+of the right hand side is this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the right hand side is this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the right hand side is this and
+therefore this differential equation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this differential equation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this differential equation now
+looks like the UD r squared equals R Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the UD r squared equals R Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the UD r squared equals R Z
+squared over N squared a naught squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over N squared a naught squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over N squared a naught squared
+u and indeed from here the solutions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and indeed from here the solutions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and indeed from here the solutions are
+Exponential's of the square root of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exponential's of the square root of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exponential's of the square root of this
+which is Z over M a not R and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Z over M a not R and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Z over M a not R and that's a
+quicker derivation of a feature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker derivation of a feature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker derivation of a feature of the
+wave function it's almost like you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function it's almost like you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function it's almost like you want
+to look at this wave function and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this wave function and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this wave function and you
+want to see I understand where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see I understand where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see I understand where
+everything comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything comes from
+and I don't have to solve pages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't have to solve pages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't have to solve pages and
+pages of differential equations to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of differential equations to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of differential equations to see
+why I need this why I need that much I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I need this why I need that much I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I need this why I need that much I
+know I need this from R equals 0 I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I need this from R equals 0 I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I need this from R equals 0 I know
+this degree I need it from the node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this degree I need it from the node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this degree I need it from the node
+theorem everything sort of has a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem everything sort of has a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem everything sort of has a reason
+for being there and we should understand
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/P3eLer1edx8.txt b/P3eLer1edx8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57daf199e23e67a97069dc72d7bb712afcf37b8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/P3eLer1edx8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2293 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+PROFESSOR: We concluded the
+last lecture with the
+
+statement of the sampling
+theorem.
+
+And just as a quick reminder,
+the sampling theorem said that
+
+if we have a continuous-time
+signal and we have equally
+
+spaced samples of that signal,
+sampled at a sampling period,
+
+which I indicate is capital
+T and if x of t is
+
+band-limited-- in other words,
+the Fourier transform is zero
+
+outside some band where omega
+sub m is the highest
+
+frequency-- then under the
+condition that the sampling
+
+frequency, which is 2 pi divided
+by the period, is
+
+greater than twice the
+highest frequency.
+
+The original signal is uniquely
+recoverable from the
+
+set of samples.
+
+And the sampling theorem
+essentially was derived by
+
+observing or using the notion
+that sampling could be done by
+
+multiplication or modulation
+with an impulse train.
+
+And the sampling theorem
+developed by examining the
+
+consequence of the modulation
+property in the context of the
+
+Fourier transform.
+
+In particular, if we have
+our signal x of t and if
+
+multiplied by an impulse train
+to give us a sampled signal--
+
+another impulse train whose
+values or areas are samples of
+
+the original time function, as
+I indicate here-- then in
+
+fact, if we examine this
+equation or equivalently,
+
+bringing x of t inside this sum,
+if we examine either of
+
+these equations in the frequency
+domain, the Fourier
+
+transform of x of p of t is the
+convolution of the Fourier
+
+transform of the original
+signal and the Fourier
+
+transform of the
+impulse train.
+
+Now the impulse train is
+a periodic signal.
+
+It's Fourier transform.
+
+Therefore, as we talked about
+with Fourier transforms is
+
+itself an impulse train.
+
+And when we do this convolution,
+then using the
+
+fact that the Fourier transform,
+the impulse train
+
+is an impulse train.
+
+The result of this convolution,
+then tells us
+
+that the Fourier transform of
+the sample signal or the
+
+impulse train, which represents
+the samples, is a
+
+sum of frequency-shifted
+replications of the Fourier
+
+transform of the original
+signal.
+
+So mathematically, that's
+the relationship.
+
+It essentially says that after
+sampling or modulation with an
+
+impulse train, the resulting
+spectrum is the original
+
+spectrum added to itself,
+shifted by integer multiples
+
+of the sampling frequency.
+
+Well, let's see that
+as we did last
+
+time in terms of pictures.
+
+And again, to remind you of the
+basic picture involved, if
+
+we have an original signal with
+a spectrum as I indicated
+
+here-- where it's band-limited
+with the highest frequency
+
+omega sub m-- and if the time
+function is sampled so that in
+
+the frequency domain we convolve
+this spectrum with
+
+the spectrum shown below, which
+is the spectrum of the
+
+impulse train, the convolution
+of these two is then the
+
+Fourier transform or spectrum
+of the sample time function.
+
+And so that's what we
+end up with here.
+
+And then as you recall, to
+recover the original time
+
+function from this-- as long as
+these individual triangles
+
+don't overlap--to recover it
+just simply involves passing
+
+the impulse train through a
+low-pass filter, in effect
+
+extracting just one of
+these replications of
+
+the original spectrum.
+
+So the overall system then for
+doing the sampling and then
+
+the reconstruction of the
+original signal from the
+
+samples, consists of multiplying
+the original time
+
+function by an impulse train.
+
+And that gives us then
+the sampled signal.
+
+The Fourier transform I show
+here of the original signal
+
+and after modulation with the
+impulse train, the resulting
+
+spectrum that we have is that
+replicated around integer
+
+multiples of the sampling
+frequency.
+
+And then finally, to recover
+the original signal or to
+
+generate a reconstructed signal,
+we then multiply this
+
+in the frequency domain by the
+frequency response of an ideal
+
+low-pass filter.
+
+And what that accomplishes for
+us then is recovering the
+
+original signal.
+
+Now in this picture, an
+important point that I raised
+
+last time, relates to the
+fact that in doing the
+
+reconstruction--well we've
+assumed-- is that in
+
+replicating these individual
+versions of the original
+
+signal, those replications
+don't overlap and so by
+
+passing this through a low-pass
+filter in fact, we
+
+can recover the original
+signal.
+
+Well, what that requires is that
+this frequency, omega sub
+
+m, be less than this
+frequency.
+
+And this frequency is omega
+sub s minus omega sub m.
+
+And so what we require is that
+the frequency omega sub m be
+
+less than omega sub s
+minus omega sub m.
+
+Or equivalently, what we require
+is that the sampling
+
+frequency be greater than twice
+the highest frequency in
+
+the original signal.
+
+Now, if in fact that condition
+is violated, then we end up
+
+with a very important effect.
+
+And that effect is referred
+to as aliasing.
+
+In particular, if we look back
+at our original example--we
+
+are here-- we were able to
+recover our original spectrum
+
+by low-pass filtering.
+
+If in fact the sampling
+frequency is not high enough
+
+to avoid aliasing, then what
+happens in that case is that
+
+the individual replications of
+the Fourier transform of the
+
+original signal overlap and what
+we end up with is some
+
+distortion.
+
+As you can see, if we try to
+pass this through a low-pass
+
+filter to recover the original
+signal, in fact we won't
+
+recover the original signal
+since these individual
+
+replications have overlapped.
+
+And this is the case where omega
+sub s minus omega sub m
+
+is less than omega sub s.
+
+In other words, the sampling
+frequency is not greater in
+
+this case than twice the
+highest frequency.
+
+So what happens here then is
+that in effect, higher
+
+frequencies get folded down
+into lower frequencies.
+
+What would come out of the
+low-pass filter is the
+
+reflection of some higher
+frequencies into lower
+
+frequencies.
+
+As I suggested a minute
+ago, that effect is
+
+referred to as aliasing.
+
+And in order to both understand
+that term better
+
+and to understand in fact the
+effect better, it's useful to
+
+examine this a little more
+closely for the specific
+
+example of a sinusoidal
+signal.
+
+So let's concentrate on that.
+
+And what we want to look at is
+the effect of aliasing when
+
+our input signal is a
+sinusoidal signal.
+
+Now to do that, what I want
+to show shortly is a
+
+computer-generated movie
+that we've made.
+
+And let's first walk through a
+few frames of it to give you--
+
+first of all, to set up our
+notation and to suggest what
+
+it is that we're trying
+to demonstrate.
+
+Well, what we have is
+an input signal-- is
+
+a sinusoidal signal.
+
+And the spectrum or Fourier
+transform of that is an
+
+impulse in the frequency
+domain at the
+
+frequency of the sinusoid.
+
+We then have samples of that and
+when we sample that-- and
+
+for this particular example,
+it's sampled at 10 kilohertz--
+
+this spectrum is then replicated
+at multiples of the
+
+sampling frequency.
+
+And I haven't shown negative
+frequencies here, but the
+
+contribution due to the negative
+frequency is at 10
+
+kilohertz minus the
+input sinusoid.
+
+We then carry out a
+reconstruction with an ideal
+
+low-pass filter.
+
+And the ideal low-pass filter
+is set at half the sampling
+
+frequency or 5 kilohertz.
+
+So what we have then is the
+input signal x of t and the
+
+impulse train x of p of t.
+
+And then the reconstructed
+signal is the output from the
+
+low-pass filter which I
+denote as x of r of t.
+
+Now as the input frequency x of
+t increases, this impulse
+
+moves up in frequency,
+but this impulse
+
+moves down in frequency.
+
+And so let's just look at a
+few frames as the input
+
+frequency increases.
+
+So we have here a case where the
+input frequency has moved
+
+up close to 5 kilohertz.
+
+As we continue further, these
+two impulses will cross and
+
+what we'll end up with, as
+I indicated, is aliasing.
+
+So here now is a case where
+we have aliasing.
+
+The replication of the negative
+frequency has crossed
+
+into the passband of the filter
+and the reconstructed
+
+sinusoid will now be the
+frequency associated with this
+
+impulse rather than the
+frequency associated with the
+
+original sinusoid.
+
+And to dramatize that even
+further, here is the example
+
+where now the input frequency
+has moved up close to 10
+
+kilohertz, but what comes out
+of the low-pass filter is a
+
+much lower frequency.
+
+And in fact, you can see that
+here is the reconstructed
+
+sinusoid, whereas here we
+have the input sinusoid.
+
+Well, now what I'm going to want
+to do is demonstrate this
+
+as I indicated with a
+computer-generated movie.
+
+And what we'll see is the effect
+of reconstructing from
+
+the samples using a low-pass
+filter for an input which
+
+changes in frequency and with a
+
+sampling rate of 10 kilohertz.
+
+And what we'll see in the first
+part of this movie is
+
+the input x of t and the
+reconstructed signal x of r of
+
+t without explicitly showing
+the samples.
+
+And then, at a later point,
+we'll also show this and
+
+indicate that in fact the
+samples of those two are
+
+equal, even though they
+themselves are not.
+
+So at the top, we'll have the
+input sinusoid without showing
+
+the samples.
+
+And its Fourier transform is
+an impulse in the frequency
+
+domain as we've indicated.
+
+And if we sample it, that
+impulse then gets replicated.
+
+And so its samples, in
+particular, will have a
+
+Fourier transform not only with
+an impulse at the input
+
+sinusoidal frequency,
+but also at 10
+
+kilohertz minus that frequency.
+
+Now for the reconstruction, we
+passed the samples through an
+
+ideal low-pass filter.
+
+I picked the cutoff frequency of
+the low-pass filter at half
+
+the sampling frequency,
+namely 5 kilohertz.
+
+And here, what we see is that
+the output reconstructed
+
+signal in fact matches in
+frequency the input signal.
+
+Now as we change the input
+frequency, the reconstructed
+
+sinusoid is identical until we
+get to an input frequency,
+
+which exceeds half the
+sampling frequency.
+
+At that point we have aliasing
+and while the input frequency
+
+is increasing, the output
+frequency in fact is
+
+decreasing because that's what's
+inside the passband of
+
+the filter.
+
+Now let's sweep it back.
+
+And as the input frequency
+decreases, the output
+
+frequency increases until
+there's no aliasing and now
+
+the output reconstructed signal
+is equal to the input.
+
+So we've sampled a signal and
+then reconstructed the signal
+
+from the samples.
+
+And keep in mind, that given a
+set of samples, there are lots
+
+of continuous curves
+that we can thread
+
+through the set of samples.
+
+The one that we picked, of
+course, is the one consistent
+
+with the assumption about
+the signal bandwidth.
+
+In particular, we've
+reconstructed the signal whose
+
+spectrum falls within the
+passband of the filter.
+
+Now what I'd like to show is
+the same reconstruction and
+
+input as I showed before, but
+now let's look at the samples
+
+and what we'll see is that when
+there's aliasing, even
+
+though the output-- the
+reconstructed signal-- is not
+
+identical to the input.
+
+In fact it's consistent with
+the input samples that is
+
+sampling the reconstructed
+signal.
+
+It gives a set of samples
+identical to the samples of
+
+the input and it's just that the
+interpolation in between
+
+those samples is an
+interpolation consistent with
+
+the assumed bandwidth of
+the input based on
+
+the sampling theorem.
+
+So let's now look at that with
+the samples also shown along
+
+with the sinusoid.
+
+So at the top, we have the input
+sinusoid together with
+
+its samples.
+
+The bottom trace is the Fourier
+transform of the
+
+sampled waveform.
+
+The middle trace is the
+reconstructed sinusoid
+
+together with its samples.
+
+And notice, of course, that the
+samples of the input or
+
+reconstructed signal
+are identical.
+
+And also the input sinusoidal
+frequency and the output
+
+sinusoidal frequency
+are identical.
+
+And we now increase the
+frequency at the input.
+
+The reconstructed sinusoid
+tracks the input in frequency
+
+and, of course, the samples
+of the two are identical.
+
+The interpolation in between
+the samples is identical
+
+because of the fact that the
+input frequency is still less
+
+than half the sampling
+frequency.
+
+And so, as long as the input is
+frequency is less than half
+
+the sampling frequency, not
+only will the samples be
+
+identical, but also the
+reconstructed continuous
+
+waveform will match the
+input waveform.
+
+Now when we get to half the
+sampling frequency, we're just
+
+on the verge of aliasing.
+
+This isn't aliasing quite yet,
+but any increase in the input
+
+frequency will now generate
+aliasing.
+
+We now have aliasing, the output
+frequency is lower than
+
+the input frequency,
+but notice that
+
+the samples are identical.
+
+Now the low-pass filter is
+interpolating in between those
+
+samples with a sinusoid that
+falls within the passband of
+
+the low-pass filter, which no
+longer matches the frequency
+
+of the input sinusoid.
+
+But the important point is
+that even when we have
+
+aliasing, the samples of the
+reconstructed waveform are
+
+identical to the samples of
+the original waveform.
+
+And notice that as the input
+frequency increases, in fact
+
+the interpolated output, the
+reconstructed output has
+
+decreased in frequency.
+
+Now as the input frequency
+begins to get closer to 10
+
+kilohertz-- in fact your eye
+tends to also interpolate
+
+between the samples with a
+frequency that is lower than
+
+the input frequency.
+
+And that's particularly
+evident here.
+
+Notice that the input samples
+in fact look like they would
+
+be associated with a much lower
+frequency sinusoid, than
+
+in fact was the sinusoid
+that generated them.
+
+The lower-frequency sinusoid
+in fact corresponds to the
+
+reconstructed one.
+
+Now as we sweep back down, the
+aliasing eventually disappears
+
+and the output sinusoid
+tracks the
+
+input sinusoid in frequency.
+
+So we've seen the effect of
+aliasing for sinusoidal
+
+signals in terms of waveforms.
+
+Now let's hear how it sounds.
+
+Now what we have for this
+demonstration is an oscillator
+
+and a sampler.
+
+And the output of the sampler
+goes into a low-pass filter.
+
+So the input from the oscillator
+goes into the
+
+sampler and the output of
+the sampler goes into
+
+the low-pass filter.
+
+The sampler frequency
+is 10 kilohertz.
+
+And so the low-pass filter has
+a cutoff frequency as I
+
+indicate here, of 5 kilohertz.
+
+And what we'll listen to is the
+reconstructed output as
+
+the oscillator input
+frequency varies.
+
+And recall that what should
+happen is that when the
+
+oscillator input frequency gets
+past half the sampling
+
+frequency, we should
+hear aliasing.
+
+So we'll start the oscillator
+at 2 kilohertz.
+
+[OSCILLATOR SOUND
+IN BACKGROUND]
+
+PROFESSOR: And keep in mind that
+what you see on the dial
+
+is the input frequency,
+what you hear
+
+is the output frequency.
+
+As long as the input frequency
+is less than half the sampling
+
+frequency-- in other words, 5
+kilohertz -- the reconstructed
+
+signal sounds identical
+to the input.
+
+Now at 5 kilohertz, we're
+right on the verge of
+
+aliasing, and when we increase
+the input frequency past 5
+
+kilohertz, the reconstructed
+frequency
+
+in fact will decrease.
+
+So as we move, for example, from
+5 kilohertz up to let's
+
+say, 6 kilohertz.
+
+6 kilohertz in fact gets
+aliased down to, what?
+
+It gets aliased down
+to 4 kilohertz.
+
+So 6 kilohertz at the input is
+4 kilohertz at the output.
+
+Now, if we move up even further,
+7 kilohertz at the
+
+input gets aliased down to 3
+kilohertz at the output.
+
+So that, then is an audio
+demonstration of aliasing.
+
+So to summarize, if we sample a
+signal and then reconstruct
+
+from the samples using a
+low-pass filter, as long as
+
+the sampling frequency is
+greater than twice the highest
+
+frequency in the signal we
+reconstruct exactly.
+
+If on the other hand, the
+sampling frequency is too low,
+
+less than twice the highest
+
+frequency, then we get aliasing.
+
+In other words, higher
+frequencies get folded or
+
+reflected down into lower
+frequencies as they come
+
+through the low-pass filter.
+
+Now, one of the common
+applications of the whole
+
+concept of sampling is the use
+of sampling to convert a
+
+continuous-time signal into a
+discrete-time signal to carry
+
+out what's often referred to as
+discrete-time processing of
+
+continuous-time signals.
+
+And this in fact is something
+that we'll be talking about in
+
+a fair amount of detail,
+beginning
+
+with the next lecture.
+
+But let me indicate that for
+that kind of processing,
+
+essentially what happens, is
+that we begin with the
+
+continuous-time signal and
+convert it to a discrete-time
+
+signal, carry out the
+discrete-time processing, and
+
+then convert back to
+continuous-time.
+
+And the conversion from a
+continuous-time signal to a
+
+discrete-time signal in fact,
+is done by exploiting
+
+sampling, specifically by
+sampling the continuous-time
+
+signal with an impulse train
+and then converting the
+
+impulse train into a sequence
+in a matter that I'll talk
+
+about in more detail
+next time.
+
+Now in doing that-- of course,
+as you can imagine-- it's
+
+important since we want an
+accurate representation of the
+
+original continuous-time signal,
+to choose the sampling
+
+frequency, to very carefully
+avoid aliasing.
+
+And so in fact, in that context
+and in many other
+
+contexts, aliasing is something
+that we're very
+
+eager to avoid.
+
+However, it's also important
+to understand that aliasing
+
+isn't all bad.
+
+And there are some very specific
+contexts in which
+
+aliasing is very useful and
+very heavily exploited.
+
+One example of a very useful
+context of aliasing is when
+
+you want to look at things that
+happen at frequencies
+
+that you can't look at, for
+one reason or another.
+
+And sampling and aliasing is
+used to map those into lower
+
+frequencies.
+
+One very common example of
+that is the use of the
+
+stroboscope which was invented
+by Dr. Harold Edgerton at MIT.
+
+And sometime earlier, in fact
+we had the opportunity to
+
+visit Dr. Edgerton's laboratory
+at MIT and see some
+
+examples of this.
+
+So I'd like to-- as a conclusion
+to this lecture--
+
+take you on a visit to the
+strobe lab at MIT.
+
+In the lecture-- in discussing
+aliasing-- we've stressed the
+
+fact that in most situations,
+it's something that
+
+we'd like to avoid.
+
+However, right now we're at MIT,
+in Strobe Alley as it's
+
+called, on the way to visit
+the laboratory of my MIT
+
+colleague, Professor Harold
+Edgerton, where in fact
+
+aliasing is an everyday
+occurrence.
+
+Basically, the idea is the
+following-- that if in fact
+
+you want to make measurements
+at frequencies that, for one
+
+reason or another, you can't
+measure, then sampling and,
+
+consequently, aliasing can
+be used to bring those
+
+frequencies down into
+a frequency range
+
+that you can measure.
+
+Well, Professor Edgerton alias
+Doc Edgerton invented the
+
+stroboscope for exactly
+that reason.
+
+And, kind of, the idea
+is the following.
+
+The eye, essentially, is a
+low-pass filter and so there
+
+are things that happen at
+frequencies above which your
+
+eye can track.
+
+And by sampling with light
+pulses, sampling in time, what
+
+in effect you're able to do is
+sample in such a way that
+
+higher frequencies get aliased
+down to lower frequencies so
+
+that, in fact, your eye
+can track them.
+
+So let's take a look inside
+the lab and in fact see an
+
+illustration of this strobe
+and some of its effects.
+
+Let me introduce you to my MIT
+colleague, Doc Edgerton.
+
+Also by the way, this is a great
+place for kids of all
+
+ages and so my daughter,
+Justine, insisted on coming
+
+along to also help out.
+
+Doc, maybe we could begin with
+you just saying a little bit
+
+about what the strobe is and
+what some of the history is?
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Sure, it's
+a very simple application
+
+of intermittent light.
+
+And this is a xenon lamp that
+flashes in a controlled rate
+
+depending on this knob which
+Justine's going to turn.
+
+And we're going to look at
+a motor that's driving an
+
+unbalanced weight to set
+up some [INAUDIBLE]
+
+oscillations in the spring.
+
+I'll turn on the motor.
+
+I'll turn on the strobe.
+
+[STROBOSCOPE SOUND
+IN BACKGROUND]
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Just
+get the right range.
+
+All right, Justine, turn that
+now, until it stops.
+
+See that, Justine, the frequency
+is that the light,
+
+which corresponds to the
+frequency of the motor.
+
+And it's a little less or a
+little more, when you lean to
+
+go forward to backwards.
+
+PROFESSOR: Doc, maybe
+we could turn this
+
+strobe off for minute.
+
+And let me point out, by the
+way, the fact that when we're
+
+looking at this without the
+strobe on, what we're seeing
+
+essentially are frequencies
+that our eye can't track.
+
+So we can't see the motor
+turning and we can't really
+
+see other than with a blur.
+
+We can't see the movement
+of the spring.
+
+And so I guess, your point is
+that when we put the strobe
+
+on, we're essentially
+sampling this.
+
+And now we brought this down to
+a frequency that our eye is
+
+able to track.
+
+In fact, I guess if we turn the
+incandescent light off,
+
+what we'll be able to really
+bring out are the alias
+
+frequencies.
+
+So now, what we're looking
+at in fact are the alias
+
+frequencies.
+
+The spring, of course, is moving
+a lot faster than we
+
+see it, isn't that right?
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON:
+Yes, it's going
+
+approximately 30 times a second.
+
+The motor is going far from
+30 times a second.
+
+I will speed this up while I hit
+the next mode, where I get
+
+a figure 8 out of this thing.
+
+You want to see that now?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, great.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON:
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+[MACHINE NOISE GETS LOUDER]
+
+PROFESSOR: So what we'll be
+seeing now is essentially a
+
+second harmonic, is it?
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Yes, that's
+the second harmonic.
+
+PROFESSOR: Justine, you think
+you could make that spring
+
+dance around a little bit by
+changing the strobe frequency?
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Yeah, you
+need to go around that way.
+
+You go around this way.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hey, that's
+really neat.
+
+Let's turn the lights
+back on if we can.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Tomorrow
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+it's periodic, it has
+to be periodic.
+
+PROFESSOR: And what's
+interesting now, if we look at
+
+this in a-- let's see, can you
+flip this strobe off again?
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Sure.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Notice,
+Justine, when we look at the
+
+spring now, all that we
+can see is a blur.
+
+And you really can't see--
+because your eye can't track
+
+it, you can't see
+things happening
+
+spatially in frequency.
+
+You said, by the way, that
+this was originally
+
+demonstrated at the
+World's Fair.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: This
+particular instrument was made
+
+the World's Fair in Chicago--
+not the last one, but the one
+
+before that.
+
+PROFESSOR: Wow.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: It was
+a--you see it all scratched up
+
+because it's a--
+the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+use this thing is to
+break the springs.
+
+Because of the uses, you try to
+find the parts that fail.
+
+PROFESSOR: I see.
+
+You put them under stress
+and fatigue and--
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: If I run
+this for half an hour and so,
+
+the spring will break.
+
+And they work on automobiles,
+they run them
+
+until something vibrates.
+
+Then they find out what
+the part is and what
+
+frequency it is.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well let's--by the
+way, I bet you run this for a
+
+lot more than half an
+hour in this state.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Oh, yeah,
+we've broken many, many
+
+springs in this thing--
+and it's continuous.
+
+We experiment, try
+new things on it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Maybe we could look
+at a couple of other things.
+
+How about the fan?
+
+Maybe--
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Sure, I'll
+plug this fan and this is
+
+a classic experiment
+for the strobe.
+
+[MACHINE NOISE STOPS]
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON:
+That's a good idea.
+
+Get that thing off.
+
+Makes too much noise.
+
+PROFESSOR: Guess, we move
+that over here.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: This is
+just an ordinary electric fan,
+
+but it has a mark on one
+blade, so that you can
+
+identify it.
+
+We'll plug it in, get
+it up to speed.
+
+PROFESSOR: This looks like a fan
+that was also demonstrated
+
+in the World's Fair,
+a few years ago.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Yeah,
+could've been.
+
+There was a movie Quicker'n
+a Wink had this
+
+thing in there and--
+
+PROFESSOR: With this very fan?
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON:
+Well, one like it.
+
+It was loaned to MGM.
+
+And Pete Smith, he said he
+wanted me to throw out a
+
+custard pie into it.
+
+I said, no, I'm a serious
+scientist.
+
+So he says, let's compromise
+on the egg.
+
+So we dropped an egg into it and
+you would see a high-speed
+
+movie of the egg dropping.
+
+No, not with the strobe, but
+with this [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: That was with the
+high-speed photography.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: High-speed
+movies, yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: So again, I guess,
+without the strobe, when we
+
+look at it, what we're looking
+at are frequencies that are
+
+much higher than the
+eye can follow.
+
+And now, with the strobe on,
+you can see both the alias
+
+frequency and you can also see
+the original frequency because
+
+we had the incandescent
+light on.
+
+Let's turn down the background
+light again.
+
+And then, really all that we're
+able to see are the
+
+aliasing frequencies.
+
+And I guess when we see more
+than one mark, that means that
+
+we're actually running it at--
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Four times
+the speed of the fan.
+
+PROFESSOR: --four times the
+speed the fan, yeah.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: You see
+a little variation in the--
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, yeah.
+
+Right.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: It's
+because the blades aren't
+
+exactly the same.
+
+PROFESSOR: Actually, this
+gives me a chance to
+
+illustrate another important
+point related to the lecture.
+
+Let's see, can we bring it down
+to a frequency so that we
+
+only get one mark?
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Sure.
+
+You may miss this because
+it's too lowered to just
+
+one blade there now.
+
+PROFESSOR: So the way we have
+it now, we've essentially
+
+aliased the fan's speed down
+so that it's just a little
+
+higher than DC.
+
+And now, I'm right at DC.
+
+And now, if I go down just a
+little further, in fact it
+
+looks like the fan is
+turning backwards.
+
+And if you think of this in the
+context of aliasing, it's
+
+like the two impulses in
+the frequency domain
+
+have crossed over.
+
+And what you get in effect, if
+you analyze it mathematically,
+
+is you get a phase reversal.
+
+And it wasn't until I first
+understood about aliasing, by
+
+the way, Doc, that I understood
+why when I went to
+
+Western movies, every once in
+a while you'd see the wagon
+
+wheels turning backwards.
+
+Then there's the wagon wheels
+of the Western movie going
+
+backwards, I guess.
+
+And, Justine, why don't
+you see if you can--
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Too
+much flicker there.
+
+Why don't you bring it up
+so you get two marks.
+
+PROFESSOR: See if you can bring
+the frequency up so that
+
+you get two marks.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: You
+turn that, Justine.
+
+Grab right ahold of that and
+give it a big twist.
+
+You went past it.
+
+They're not regular there now.
+
+Here we are.
+
+Now hold it right there.
+
+Put your finger on there,
+hold the dial.
+
+It's flashing twice per
+revolution now, Al.
+
+PROFESSOR: I guess another thing
+that this demonstrates
+
+is something that I've heard a
+long time ago, which is that
+
+you should never use a power saw
+with a fluorescent light
+
+because the fluorescent light
+gives you a little bit of a
+
+strobe effect and you could
+actually convince yourself
+
+that that's standing still and
+make the mistake of trying to
+
+put your finger between
+the blades.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: You want to
+stick your finger in there?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, I don't think
+I want to try it.
+
+How about you, Justine?
+
+What do you think?
+
+Is that standing still
+or is that moving?
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: She
+knows it's going.
+
+We won't let her get
+close to that fan.
+
+PROFESSOR: Actually if we turn
+the lights back on again, what
+
+that will let us see once again
+is that we can see both
+
+the alias frequencies when we
+do that and we can also see
+
+the higher frequencies because
+of the incandescent lighting.
+
+Maybe what we can do now
+is take a look at
+
+some other fun things.
+
+And one I guess I'm curious
+about is the disk that you
+
+have over there.
+
+Doc, maybe you can tell
+us what we have here?
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Sure, Al.
+
+This is a disk to show how you
+can get motion pictures out of
+
+a series of still pictures.
+
+This circle is repeated
+12 times.
+
+The white dot goes from the
+outer part of it on this side
+
+to the inner part
+on the other.
+
+If I flash one time per
+revolution on this, you'll see
+
+it exactly as it is.
+
+But if I skip one picture each
+time, then you get the
+
+relative motion of this ball.
+
+Well, the object is to show the
+ball rotating either this
+
+way or that way depending on
+whether the strobe was going
+
+faster or slower
+than the other.
+
+This way motion pictures were
+developed hundred years ago,
+
+long before photography.
+
+They drew pictures of
+people in different
+
+poses, animated pictures.
+
+Like to see it run?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, great.
+
+It's actually, the title, kind
+of, is "Aliasing Can Be Fun."
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON:
+That's right.
+
+Let me get it up to speed.
+
+On the way up, you get a lot
+of different, sort of,
+
+patterns as it goes through.
+
+When it eventually reaches its
+speed, which is about 1,100
+
+per minute, you'll
+see it stop.
+
+PROFESSOR: And the background
+blur, basically at the high
+
+frequencies that the eye can't
+follow and then, kind of,
+
+superimposed on that again, we
+can see the frequencies that
+
+are aliased down.
+
+And that's what the
+eye can follow.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Right now,
+we have one flash per
+
+revolution, so you can see the
+part of the disk that's
+
+illuminated with the strobe
+exactly as if it
+
+was standing still.
+
+Now if I increase the frequency,
+so they skip one
+
+circle, then you get
+the illusion
+
+that, that dot is moving.
+
+PROFESSOR: In fact, let's really
+enhance the revolution,
+
+let's turn the incandescent
+lights off again.
+
+And now, now what we see
+really are the alias
+
+frequencies.
+
+What do you think
+of this Justine?
+
+JUSTINE: Neat.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: It
+looks like magic.
+
+I still have great joy in
+watching this thing, though
+
+it's so simple.
+
+PROFESSOR: Now, while we're
+watching this, something also
+
+I might point out for the
+lecture--for the course-- is
+
+that actually there really are
+two sampling frequencies that
+
+we're seeing.
+
+One is the strobe, which is the
+
+strobe that you're running.
+
+The other is the inherent frame
+rate for the TV, that's
+
+running at 30 frames a second.
+
+And that's one of the reasons,
+by the way, that people
+
+watching this on the video
+course are in fact seeing a
+
+flicker or a beating or
+modulation between the two
+
+unsynchronized frame rates.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: I'll run
+the frequencies of the strobe
+
+up, so we get two of
+them in there.
+
+You keep watching,
+we had all these
+
+other interesting patterns.
+
+There's two now.
+
+And I'll make the two bounce
+on each other.
+
+You get all these patterns
+for free.
+
+You design a disk to show one
+thing and then when you run
+
+it, you find all the
+other patterns.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think it would be
+a terrific homework problem
+
+for the video course, to have
+them all sit down and analyze
+
+all the frequencies that
+they're seeing and what
+
+they're being aliased to.
+
+What do you think of that?
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON:
+That's a good idea.
+
+As a teacher, I love
+to give quizzes.
+
+Find out whether the students
+are listening.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think that'll chase
+a few people away from
+
+the course, that's
+what I like--
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: No, it
+attracts them because you get
+
+involved in these optical
+things, there's no limit on
+
+what you can do.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's bring the
+incandescent lights back up
+
+again, just to remind everybody
+that in back of all
+
+these are some frequencies that
+are a lot higher than the
+
+ones that we begin to get the
+
+impression that we're watching.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: It's just
+a motor running at constant
+
+speed with a pattern on it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Doc, I have to say
+that there aren't many people
+
+I know that have as much fun
+in their work as you do.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Well,
+I'm a lucky man.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, what I'd like
+to do now, maybe, is take a
+
+look at one last experiment,
+if you could.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Sure.
+
+PROFESSOR: And what I'd like to
+do is go take a look at, I
+
+guess, what sometimes is called
+the--well, not the
+
+water drop experiment-- what's
+the name of the--
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: You mean
+the Double Piddler Hydraulic
+
+Happening Machine?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's the one
+I was thinking of.
+
+Let's take a look over there.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Come
+on, Justine, let's go
+
+and turn on the water.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, Doc, this is
+the--what did you call it
+
+DPHHM for Double Piddler
+Hydraulic Happening Machine?
+
+Got it.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: It looks
+like a continuous
+
+stream, but it's not.
+
+It's a pump over there.
+
+It's pumping 60 pulses
+a second.
+
+The water is coming
+out in spurts.
+
+PROFESSOR: So actually, again
+it's the 60 pulses a second
+
+your eye can't follow.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Your eye's
+no good at 60 a second.
+
+PROFESSOR: Basically
+looks like a blur.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: It is a
+blur, a nice juicy blur.
+
+Now we put the strobe on.
+
+PROFESSOR: So again, I guess
+we have this essentially
+
+aliased down.
+
+And again with the incandescent
+light, you can
+
+see both the high frequency
+and the alias frequency.
+
+And let's see, I guess that's
+what the frequency close to DC
+
+and we can adjust it so
+that it's stopped.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: All right,
+make the water go up.
+
+PROFESSOR: And then we can
+actually make it go up.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Of course,
+nobody believes that.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, in fact, let me
+just again, to stress this
+
+point to the class.
+
+The idea here of the phase
+reversal-- of course, you can
+
+see it in the time domain-- you
+just think about when the
+
+flashes of light come.
+
+But if you think of these
+impulses that we have in the
+
+frequency domain and we're
+aliasing as we change the
+
+sampling frequency, what happens
+is that these impulses
+
+cross over and what that means
+is that we get a phase
+
+reversal depending on which
+phases are associated with
+
+which side of DC so that's
+kind of the idea
+
+of the phase reversal.
+
+Let's turn the--
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Well, we
+tried to have Justine put her
+
+finger in between
+those two drops.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, let's turn the
+
+incandescent light off first.
+
+And--
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Take
+one finger out now.
+
+Put it right in between
+those two drops.
+
+PROFESSOR: Justine,you think
+you can do that?
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Better
+get on the other side.
+
+Use your other hand, so
+they can see with it.
+
+You can--
+
+PROFESSOR: Think you can get
+your finger in there?
+
+PROFESSOR: Whoop, there's water
+there all the time.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well I
+don't know, Doc.
+
+It seems to me if we-- can't
+we just adjust this so that
+
+the dots just go through
+each other?
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Sure.
+
+PROFESSOR: Now if the dots can
+do it, Justine, how come you
+
+can't get your finger
+in there?
+
+JUSTINE: I don't know.
+
+PROFESSOR: Why don't you
+try that once more?
+
+I guess not.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: No,
+that's one thing you
+
+can't do with it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well let's bring the
+lights back up and again,
+
+just to stress the point, here
+we are at DC, here we are at a
+
+frequency that's just a little
+above DC, and we can go back
+
+down to DC and we can actually
+get a phase reversal.
+
+And I guess, if we do this long
+enough, we can empty out
+
+the whole ocean and
+put it back in
+
+wherever it comes from.
+
+Isn't that right?
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: And we
+caution the students when they
+
+run this, not to run
+it too long--
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: We've
+got the bucket here.
+
+PROFESSOR: You have
+to be careful--
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: --and
+it's been a while since
+
+somebody believes me.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, I don't know
+about them, but I guess I
+
+believe you, Doc.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: I'll put
+a little more pressure on so
+
+we get little more interesting
+patterns.
+
+Little patterns or surface
+tension that's pulling in
+
+things together.
+
+We have these machines, they're
+all over the place.
+
+They're a lot of fun.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, Doc, this
+is really terrific.
+
+I think that this whole idea of
+using aliasing and strobes
+
+and the kinds of things
+that you do with
+
+them are just fantastic.
+
+And we really appreciate the
+chance to come in here and see
+
+the demonstration.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Well,
+that's the whole game.
+
+We've [? been happy to use ?]
+
+them for years and probably will
+for many years to come.
+
+PROFESSOR: So as I emphasized
+at the beginning, in lots of
+
+situations aliasing can, in
+fact, be very useful.
+
+Also what this demonstrates is
+that particularly when you
+
+have a colleague, like Doc
+Edgerton, aliasing and for
+
+that matter science, in
+general, can be an
+
+awful lot of fun.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON: Thanks
+for coming in.
+
+PROFESSOR: Thanks a lot, Doc.
+
+DR. HAROLD EDGERTON:
+See you again.
+
+PROFESSOR: And thank
+you, Justine.
+
+JUSTINE: You're welcome.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, I have to say
+that visit was an awful lot of
+
+fun for me and for Justine and
+in fact, for the whole camera
+
+crew that was there.
+
+And hopefully, all of you at
+some point will also have a
+
+chance to visit at
+Strobe Alley.
+
+Well, hopefully what we've gone
+through today gives you a
+
+good feeling for the concepts
+of sampling and aliasing and
+
+both, why it might be useful
+and why we might
+
+want to avoid it.
+
+In the next lecture, we'll
+continue on the
+
+discussion of sampling.
+
+And in particular, what I'll
+be talking about is the
+
+interpretation of the
+reconstruction process not in
+
+the frequency domain, but in a
+time domain and interpretation
+
+specifically associated with the
+concept of interpolating
+
+between the samples.
+
+We'll then proceed from there
+to a discussion as I've
+
+alluded to in several lectures
+of what I've referred to as
+
+discrete-time processing of
+continuous-time signals, very
+
+heavily exploiting the
+concept and issues
+
+associated with sampling.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/P4RVO9aIIVA.txt b/P4RVO9aIIVA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1aec08920345847540a2f50dcd8db62417605b1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/P4RVO9aIIVA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why don't we get started? Nice to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why don't we get started? Nice to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why don't we get started? Nice to see
+you all. So, the thing I asked you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all. So, the thing I asked you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all. So, the thing I asked you to do
+um in your learning journals for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in your learning journals for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in your learning journals for today
+um was to do a little reflection on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was to do a little reflection on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was to do a little reflection on your
+personal edtech history. Um so what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal edtech history. Um so what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal edtech history. Um so what are
+tools,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools,
+experiences, platforms, systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences, platforms, systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences, platforms, systems that
+either had some like very positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either had some like very positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either had some like very positive
+effect on your learning trajectory? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on your learning trajectory? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on your learning trajectory? You
+like discovered a love of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like discovered a love of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like discovered a love of something
+because you did that or were terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you did that or were terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you did that or were terrible
+and disastrous. They ruined your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disastrous. They ruined your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disastrous. They ruined your
+learning experience. They made you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experience. They made you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experience. They made you feel
+bad. They inhibited your learning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. They inhibited your learning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. They inhibited your learning in
+some way or they were just interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way or they were just interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way or they were just interesting
+or engaging or or useless or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or engaging or or useless or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or engaging or or useless or some other
+way distinctive. Um, go ahead and now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way distinctive. Um, go ahead and now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way distinctive. Um, go ahead and now if
+you didn't do that assignment, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't do that assignment, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't do that assignment, you can
+probably still make up an answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably still make up an answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably still make up an answer to that
+question. So, you'll be okay for today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. So, you'll be okay for today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. So, you'll be okay for today.
+Um, um, but turn to the the person or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, um, but turn to the the person or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, um, but turn to the the person or
+two next to you, get in small groups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two next to you, get in small groups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two next to you, get in small groups and
+just share a little bit with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just share a little bit with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just share a little bit with each other
+about this little like snippet of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this little like snippet of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this little like snippet of your
+personal edtech history and we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal edtech history and we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal edtech history and we'll do
+that for five minutes or so and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for five minutes or so and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for five minutes or so and then
+share out. Does that make sense? Ready?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share out. Does that make sense? Ready?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share out. Does that make sense? Ready?
+Go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Did um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did um
+did did anybody happen to be in a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did did anybody happen to be in a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did did anybody happen to be in a group
+where multiple people in the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where multiple people in the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where multiple people in the group
+mention the same thing? Were they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention the same thing? Were they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention the same thing? Were they all
+different? What were the most similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different? What were the most similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different? What were the most similar
+ones? Anybody? Uh there was a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones? Anybody? Uh there was a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones? Anybody? Uh there was a computer
+literacy class like similarity. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy class like similarity. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy class like similarity. Okay,
+good. So there's like a class which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. So there's like a class which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. So there's like a class which is
+called like computer literacy, digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called like computer literacy, digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called like computer literacy, digital
+literacy, and it's kind of like a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy, and it's kind of like a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy, and it's kind of like a pretty
+like here's how to use PowerPoint.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here's how to use PowerPoint.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here's how to use PowerPoint.
+Here's how to type. Here's how to um do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's how to type. Here's how to um do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's how to type. Here's how to um do
+like pretty simple things with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pretty simple things with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pretty simple things with
+computers. Good. Yeah, that's a feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers. Good. Yeah, that's a feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers. Good. Yeah, that's a feature
+of of a lot of different kinds of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a lot of different kinds of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a lot of different kinds of uh
+school systems. And was it successful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school systems. And was it successful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school systems. And was it successful in
+your environments or was it a drag?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your environments or was it a drag?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your environments or was it a drag?
+truck.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck.
+Yeah. Yeah. Good. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Good. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Good. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.
+Yeah. You know, um there there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. You know, um there there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. You know, um there there can be
+there can be a bias of like, oh man, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be a bias of like, oh man, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be a bias of like, oh man, we
+got to like put technology in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to like put technology in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to like put technology in the
+schools because the kids are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools because the kids are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools because the kids are going to be
+really fired up about the technology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fired up about the technology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fired up about the technology in
+the school. No, actually like if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school. No, actually like if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school. No, actually like if you do
+boring things with technology, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring things with technology, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring things with technology, they're
+just as bored as sometimes even more so.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as bored as sometimes even more so.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as bored as sometimes even more so.
+Um anybody have things that were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um anybody have things that were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um anybody have things that were like
+really positive experiences for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really positive experiences for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really positive experiences for them
+that somebody that you or somebody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody that you or somebody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody that you or somebody in
+your group talked about things you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your group talked about things you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your group talked about things you're
+like, "Yeah, that was that was great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "Yeah, that was that was great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "Yeah, that was that was great.
+That really made school better?" Well, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That really made school better?" Well, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That really made school better?" Well, I
+mean, I I talked about like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, I I talked about like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, I I talked about like the
+Smartboard and just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smartboard and just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smartboard and just like the
+implementation of it and like every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of it and like every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of it and like every
+classroom I feel like especially as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom I feel like especially as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom I feel like especially as like
+our generation was growing up. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our generation was growing up. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our generation was growing up. Um, and
+like I don't know like I made like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know like I made like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know like I made like a
+little like side story about how like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little like side story about how like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little like side story about how like
+that's the first time I felt like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first time I felt like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first time I felt like the
+students became the teacher because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students became the teacher because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students became the teacher because the
+old ladies at our schools like didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old ladies at our schools like didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old ladies at our schools like didn't
+know how to like recalibrate it or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to like recalibrate it or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to like recalibrate it or like
+turn it all on. So, it was always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it all on. So, it was always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it all on. So, it was always the
+students like coming up and showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students like coming up and showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students like coming up and showing the
+teacher how to use it. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher how to use it. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher how to use it. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.
+Good. The sort of inversion of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. The sort of inversion of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. The sort of inversion of of
+expertise. How many how many of you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise. How many how many of you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise. How many how many of you were
+in schools where smartboards just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in schools where smartboards just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in schools where smartboards just kind
+of appeared in the middle of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of appeared in the middle of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of appeared in the middle of your
+educational trajectory? Yeah, you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational trajectory? Yeah, you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational trajectory? Yeah, you all
+are like in this sweet spot. How how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like in this sweet spot. How how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like in this sweet spot. How how
+many of you would would say that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you would would say that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you would would say that they
+were anybody at schools where you felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were anybody at schools where you felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were anybody at schools where you felt
+like they were very effective where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they were very effective where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they were very effective where they
+substantially improved learning? How you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially improved learning? How you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially improved learning? How you
+thought yours good? How many of you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought yours good? How many of you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought yours good? How many of you were
+at schools where like this is like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at schools where like this is like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at schools where like this is like no
+one is using these things? They could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is using these things? They could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is using these things? They could
+have just bought chalkboards or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just bought chalkboards or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just bought chalkboards or
+whiteboards or things like that. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteboards or things like that. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteboards or things like that. Yeah.
+So overwhelming majority of that. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So overwhelming majority of that. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So overwhelming majority of that. Yeah.
+Smartboards are like a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smartboards are like a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smartboards are like a totally
+fascinating case study. um a a vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating case study. um a a vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating case study. um a a vast
+amount of money was spent on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money was spent on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money was spent on these
+tools. Um uh that that seemed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools. Um uh that that seemed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools. Um uh that that seemed to have
+essentially no positive impact at all on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially no positive impact at all on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially no positive impact at all on
+learning. In lots of places, they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. In lots of places, they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. In lots of places, they really
+weren't used as like interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't used as like interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't used as like interactive
+whiteboards. They were just like, oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteboards. They were just like, oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteboards. They were just like, oh,
+like a a whiteboard. You know, we Khalil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a whiteboard. You know, we Khalil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a whiteboard. You know, we Khalil
+and I were joking that uh um that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I were joking that uh um that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I were joking that uh um that they
+actually didn't work very well in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually didn't work very well in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually didn't work very well in his
+school in particular because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school in particular because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school in particular because they
+require like slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require like slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require like slightly different
+lighting. Um like like you need to dim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting. Um like like you need to dim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting. Um like like you need to dim
+the lights a little bit to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights a little bit to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights a little bit to be able to
+see them. But the, you know, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them. But the, you know, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them. But the, you know, the
+classrooms they were built were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms they were built were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms they were built were not
+built for dimmable lights. They were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built for dimmable lights. They were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built for dimmable lights. They were
+built for lights that would be shined on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built for lights that would be shined on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built for lights that would be shined on
+whiteboards or chalkboards. Um, and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteboards or chalkboards. Um, and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteboards or chalkboards. Um, and so
+like the rest of the there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the rest of the there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the rest of the there's a whole
+bunch of the rest of the infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of the rest of the infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of the rest of the infrastructure
+that didn't make Smartboards work. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't make Smartboards work. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't make Smartboards work. Like
+maybe your classroom didn't work. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe your classroom didn't work. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe your classroom didn't work. Maybe
+there was no training for your teacher.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no training for your teacher.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no training for your teacher.
+Maybe there were no curricular materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe there were no curricular materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe there were no curricular materials
+that were available to integrate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were available to integrate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were available to integrate with
+the Smartboard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Smartboard.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Smartboard.
+Um, and yet, you know, like like how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and yet, you know, like like how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and yet, you know, like like how is
+it the case that that we could be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the case that that we could be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the case that that we could be in a
+room full of people all across country,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room full of people all across country,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room full of people all across country,
+all across the world, you all raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all across the world, you all raise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all across the world, you all raise your
+hand or like we all bought smartboards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand or like we all bought smartboards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand or like we all bought smartboards
+and they all didn't work. Um, like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all didn't work. Um, like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all didn't work. Um, like why
+like why didn't the first people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why didn't the first people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why didn't the first people who
+bought smartboards be like team this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought smartboards be like team this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought smartboards be like team this is
+not a good idea? Like spend your money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good idea? Like spend your money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good idea? Like spend your money
+on something else. You know, every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on something else. You know, every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on something else. You know, every
+dollar we spend on education technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar we spend on education technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar we spend on education technology
+has an opportunity cost. Um, every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an opportunity cost. Um, every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an opportunity cost. Um, every time
+you spend a dollar in a school, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spend a dollar in a school, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spend a dollar in a school, you're
+trying to make people's learning better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make people's learning better.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make people's learning better.
+Um, and there there are very few dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and there there are very few dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and there there are very few dollars
+that we spend that make learning worse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we spend that make learning worse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we spend that make learning worse.
+Does anybody feel like the smartboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does anybody feel like the smartboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does anybody feel like the smartboard
+like actively like made you dumber or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actively like made you dumber or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actively like made you dumber or
+learn slower or something like that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn slower or something like that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn slower or something like that?
+Probably not. Like probably your smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably not. Like probably your smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably not. Like probably your smart
+like it's probably the case that no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's probably the case that no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's probably the case that no one
+none of you were harmed by smartboards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of you were harmed by smartboards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of you were harmed by smartboards.
+I think that's pretty unlikely. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's pretty unlikely. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's pretty unlikely. Um, but
+every dollar your school your school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every dollar your school your school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every dollar your school your school
+spent on smartboards could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on smartboards could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on smartboards could have been
+spent on some other technology, on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on some other technology, on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on some other technology, on some
+other curriculum material, on art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other curriculum material, on art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other curriculum material, on art
+supplies, on professional development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies, on professional development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies, on professional development
+for teachers, on a zillion other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for teachers, on a zillion other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for teachers, on a zillion other things
+which could have improved your learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could have improved your learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could have improved your learning
+experience, um, and not just been like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience, um, and not just been like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience, um, and not just been like a
+very expensive version of a whiteboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive version of a whiteboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive version of a whiteboard
+or something like that. Um so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that. Um so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that. Um so there's a
+lot in that discussion of smartboards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in that discussion of smartboards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in that discussion of smartboards
+that I think is helpful for us to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think is helpful for us to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think is helpful for us to think
+about um how you know not just not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um how you know not just not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um how you know not just not just
+of the efficacy of any particular techn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the efficacy of any particular techn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the efficacy of any particular techn
+you know it's the efficacy of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's the efficacy of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's the efficacy of any
+particular technology how particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular technology how particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular technology how particular
+technology um is situated in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology um is situated in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology um is situated in different
+kind of places at least one example from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of places at least one example from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of places at least one example from
+Dana who's like no these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dana who's like no these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dana who's like no these things are
+great you know like we bought them our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great you know like we bought them our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great you know like we bought them our
+teachers got trained with them students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers got trained with them students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers got trained with them students
+were able to help use them like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to help use them like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to help use them like it
+worked in that one context even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in that one context even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in that one context even if
+almost universally it didn't work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost universally it didn't work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost universally it didn't work in
+these other contexts so those are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other contexts so those are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other contexts so those are all
+things we're going to have to unpack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're going to have to unpack and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're going to have to unpack and
+figure out and then we're also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out and then we're also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out and then we're also going to
+sort of answer this question like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of answer this question like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of answer this question like if
+there's this thing which like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this thing which like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this thing which like
+overwhelmingly doesn't work um why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly doesn't work um why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly doesn't work um why did
+schools spend so much money on it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools spend so much money on it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools spend so much money on it like
+what would what were the incentives what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would what were the incentives what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would what were the incentives what
+was the logic who was spending this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the logic who was spending this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the logic who was spending this
+money um all these kinds of things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money um all these kinds of things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money um all these kinds of things are
+questions we can keep asking um anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we can keep asking um anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we can keep asking um anybody
+have like really like disastrous stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like really like disastrous stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like really like disastrous stories
+though that's kind of like a benol like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that's kind of like a benol like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that's kind of like a benol like
+weird that thing didn't work but anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird that thing didn't work but anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird that thing didn't work but anybody
+have a like man this was terrible kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a like man this was terrible kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a like man this was terrible kind
+of experience with technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh to our smartboard. Uh in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh to our smartboard. Uh in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh to our smartboard. Uh in one
+case, students were able to install like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, students were able to install like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, students were able to install like
+so they can customize the brushes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can customize the brushes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can customize the brushes and
+the student just chose like kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student just chose like kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student just chose like kind of an
+awful picture of a teacher to put as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful picture of a teacher to put as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful picture of a teacher to put as a
+brush and they used as a kind of a prank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brush and they used as a kind of a prank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brush and they used as a kind of a prank
+on them which is you know technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them which is you know technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them which is you know technology
+allows you to do more creative pranks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do more creative pranks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do more creative pranks.
+Good. Yeah. Yeah. So, so expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Yeah. Yeah. So, so expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Yeah. Yeah. So, so expand
+expanding our way of humiliating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding our way of humiliating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding our way of humiliating
+faculty. That could be one good. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty. That could be one good. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty. That could be one good. In
+seventh grade, my school decided to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh grade, my school decided to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh grade, my school decided to give
+everyone a Chromebook. But in seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone a Chromebook. But in seventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone a Chromebook. But in seventh
+grade, I feel like everyone is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade, I feel like everyone is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade, I feel like everyone is not
+really mature. So, in class, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mature. So, in class, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mature. So, in class, like
+everyone would find a different game. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone would find a different game. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone would find a different game. It
+was like the snake IO game or like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like the snake IO game or like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like the snake IO game or like the
+paint IO and the entire class would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint IO and the entire class would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint IO and the entire class would be
+on the game like while the teacher was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the game like while the teacher was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the game like while the teacher was
+teaching. So, then they would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching. So, then they would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching. So, then they would have to
+block different websites. But like a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block different websites. But like a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block different websites. But like a new
+website would appear every week. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website would appear every week. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website would appear every week. So,
+they just had to keep blocking more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just had to keep blocking more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just had to keep blocking more and
+more. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. But yeah, block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. But yeah, block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. But yeah, block
+like blocking websites is a good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like blocking websites is a good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like blocking websites is a good way to
+teach young people how to use VPNs. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach young people how to use VPNs. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach young people how to use VPNs. Like
+if you were like I want to teach young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were like I want to teach young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were like I want to teach young
+people how to use VPNs and like blocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people how to use VPNs and like blocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people how to use VPNs and like blocking
+websites is pretty good. But but in ter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites is pretty good. But but in ter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites is pretty good. But but in ter
+I I wrote an oped once years and years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I wrote an oped once years and years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I wrote an oped once years and years
+ago. Um I pro like just after I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago. Um I pro like just after I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago. Um I pro like just after I was
+teaching probably 2006 or seven or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching probably 2006 or seven or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching probably 2006 or seven or
+something like that. Um where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Um where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Um where I
+described them as kneeh high fences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described them as kneeh high fences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described them as kneeh high fences
+around the internet that that adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the internet that that adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the internet that that adults
+trip over and and young people just jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip over and and young people just jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip over and and young people just jump
+over. Um uh um good. Yeah. So here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over. Um uh um good. Yeah. So here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over. Um uh um good. Yeah. So here so
+here's this tool which actually now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this tool which actually now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this tool which actually now is
+like Chromebooks are pretty ubiquitous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Chromebooks are pretty ubiquitous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Chromebooks are pretty ubiquitous
+in schools. Um there are plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in schools. Um there are plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in schools. Um there are plenty of
+places where there's push back against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where there's push back against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where there's push back against
+the these kinds of technology for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these kinds of technology for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these kinds of technology for like
+people telling just the story that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people telling just the story that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people telling just the story that you
+described like like you know our devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described like like you know our devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described like like you know our devices
+are canonically designed to capture our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are canonically designed to capture our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are canonically designed to capture our
+attention as much as possible and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention as much as possible and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention as much as possible and to
+particularly like capture our attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly like capture our attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly like capture our attention
+in ways that have us look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that have us look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that have us look at
+advertisements like you know for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisements like you know for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisements like you know for people
+who are designing phones and computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are designing phones and computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are designing phones and computers
+and websites and things like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and websites and things like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and websites and things like that that
+is like a central focus like how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a central focus like how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a central focus like how do we
+get you looking at this thing as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you looking at this thing as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you looking at this thing as much as
+possible and in particular like how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and in particular like how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and in particular like how do
+we then get advertisements to slide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then get advertisements to slide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then get advertisements to slide in
+front of these things so that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of these things so that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of these things so that people
+will pay you to look at us. that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pay you to look at us. that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pay you to look at us. that is not
+a set of characteristics that are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of characteristics that are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of characteristics that are good
+for a learning environment. Um, but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a learning environment. Um, but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a learning environment. Um, but on
+the other hand, we could I'm sure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand, we could I'm sure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand, we could I'm sure and
+some of you may have mentioned them, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may have mentioned them, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may have mentioned them, but
+we we can go to schools where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can go to schools where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can go to schools where
+Chromebooks are implemented and the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chromebooks are implemented and the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chromebooks are implemented and the kids
+are not playing snake IO all day because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not playing snake IO all day because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not playing snake IO all day because
+they're doing like interesting learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing like interesting learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing like interesting learning
+activities that are well supervised that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that are well supervised that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that are well supervised that
+would not be possible without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be possible without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be possible without the
+Chromebook, without the apps, without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chromebook, without the apps, without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chromebook, without the apps, without
+the access to the internet and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the access to the internet and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the access to the internet and things
+like that. So we could also think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. So we could also think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. So we could also think about
+like what happened in your school um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what happened in your school um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what happened in your school um
+that had this kind of purchase and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had this kind of purchase and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had this kind of purchase and then
+there there was clearly not the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there was clearly not the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there was clearly not the rest of
+the infrastructure in place to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure in place to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure in place to have that
+purchase be meaningful whereas the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase be meaningful whereas the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase be meaningful whereas the exact
+same purpose in other places was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same purpose in other places was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same purpose in other places was
+supported by professional learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported by professional learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported by professional learning and
+curriculum and like all the other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum and like all the other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum and like all the other things
+that might have potentially made that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have potentially made that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have potentially made that a
+valuable learning experience.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable learning experience.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable learning experience.
+Um, so I was talking to her and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I was talking to her and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I was talking to her and I think
+we had a bit of a different experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a bit of a different experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a bit of a different experience
+from most of the people in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from most of the people in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from most of the people in the class
+because we didn't do like our basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't do like our basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't do like our basic
+learning in the US. So it's from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in the US. So it's from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in the US. So it's from
+Ethiopia, I'm from Brazil. I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethiopia, I'm from Brazil. I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethiopia, I'm from Brazil. I think we
+use technology to a much lesser expense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use technology to a much lesser expense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use technology to a much lesser expense
+extent than here. Um, so I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent than here. Um, so I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent than here. Um, so I remember
+there was like one significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was like one significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was like one significant
+experience for me in terms of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience for me in terms of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience for me in terms of using
+technology growing up which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology growing up which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology growing up which is going to
+media lab to do English classes. Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media lab to do English classes. Mhm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media lab to do English classes. Mhm.
+Um, and I think it comes to your point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I think it comes to your point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I think it comes to your point
+of like having a purpose to having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like having a purpose to having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like having a purpose to having
+technology and that was very clear like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and that was very clear like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and that was very clear like
+you can't really do listening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really do listening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really do listening and
+speaking exercises unless you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking exercises unless you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking exercises unless you know you
+actually have something to listen to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have something to listen to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have something to listen to and
+something to repeat and like each person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to repeat and like each person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to repeat and like each person
+would have time with their booth where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have time with their booth where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have time with their booth where
+they could practice by themselves. Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could practice by themselves. Mhm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could practice by themselves. Mhm.
+So I think the fact that it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think the fact that it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think the fact that it was very
+purposeful um and that it changed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposeful um and that it changed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposeful um and that it changed from
+the day to day because I think also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day to day because I think also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day to day because I think also
+there's an aspect of like we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an aspect of like we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an aspect of like we're going to
+computer lab we're doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer lab we're doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer lab we're doing something
+different floors and it was a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different floors and it was a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different floors and it was a different
+scene with like different lighting like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene with like different lighting like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene with like different lighting like
+the fact that it's different made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's different made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's different made it
+much more interesting and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more interesting and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more interesting and when
+technology gets to this very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology gets to this very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology gets to this very common
+place you don't even you take it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you don't even you take it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you don't even you take it for
+granted like you don't really value all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted like you don't really value all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted like you don't really value all
+that it can bring so yeah we discuss a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can bring so yeah we discuss a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can bring so yeah we discuss a
+little I mean those kind of language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little I mean those kind of language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little I mean those kind of language
+classes are a great example of this. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes are a great example of this. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes are a great example of this. I
+know you probably all have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you probably all have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you probably all have taken
+language classes where like the teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language classes where like the teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language classes where like the teacher
+goes around and you like each say hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes around and you like each say hello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes around and you like each say hello
+to the teacher in the foreign language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the teacher in the foreign language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the teacher in the foreign language
+and it takes like 10 minutes to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes like 10 minutes to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes like 10 minutes to let
+everyone say hello. Once you all went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone say hello. Once you all went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone say hello. Once you all went to
+your individual booths and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your individual booths and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your individual booths and you could
+imagine designing technology where every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine designing technology where every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine designing technology where every
+person simultaneously says hello and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person simultaneously says hello and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person simultaneously says hello and
+some algorithm evaluates whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some algorithm evaluates whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some algorithm evaluates whether or not
+you say hello correctly and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say hello correctly and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say hello correctly and then you
+know it says something back to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it says something back to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it says something back to you and
+other kinds of things. You're like wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things. You're like wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things. You're like wow
+wow we each are getting our own teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow we each are getting our own teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow we each are getting our own teacher
+um that maybe isn't as good as the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that maybe isn't as good as the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that maybe isn't as good as the human
+teacher but all of us get one at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher but all of us get one at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher but all of us get one at the
+same time. That's pretty cool. I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time. That's pretty cool. I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time. That's pretty cool. I would
+say like adding I think to what you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like adding I think to what you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like adding I think to what you said
+with purpose it's also like you went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with purpose it's also like you went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with purpose it's also like you went
+there to do the like English practice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to do the like English practice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to do the like English practice it
+wasn't used for any extraneous reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't used for any extraneous reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't used for any extraneous reasons
+something like with like Chromebooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like with like Chromebooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like with like Chromebooks
+like I have a younger sister who's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I have a younger sister who's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I have a younger sister who's in
+high school right now and all her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school right now and all her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school right now and all her
+homework has to be submitted on like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework has to be submitted on like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework has to be submitted on like
+canvas or something and then she also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas or something and then she also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas or something and then she also
+just loves like watching YouTube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just loves like watching YouTube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just loves like watching YouTube and
+stuff and then my mom's problem is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and then my mom's problem is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and then my mom's problem is like
+I can't remove her technology or limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't remove her technology or limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't remove her technology or limit
+her technology because that limits her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her technology because that limits her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her technology because that limits her
+school work so what do you like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school work so what do you like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school work so what do you like you
+can't control her like what she's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't control her like what she's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't control her like what she's doing
+on the Not only that but the vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Not only that but the vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Not only that but the vast
+majority of our how we learn to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of our how we learn to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of our how we learn to be
+parents is by observing our own parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents is by observing our own parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents is by observing our own parents
+um and this gener you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this gener you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this gener you know you know
+parents of roughly my age younger um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents of roughly my age younger um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents of roughly my age younger um
+certainly the next generation coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the next generation coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the next generation coming
+along um we can't turn to our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along um we can't turn to our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along um we can't turn to our own
+childhood examples to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood examples to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood examples to figure out how to
+navigate something like this um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate something like this um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate something like this um it's
+very difficult to come up with like good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to come up with like good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to come up with like good
+parenting strategies from first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenting strategies from first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenting strategies from first
+principles you're like a professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles you're like a professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles you're like a professional
+parent or professional caregiver getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent or professional caregiver getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent or professional caregiver getting
+training or other things like that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training or other things like that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training or other things like that like
+what are you supposed to do? Um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you supposed to do? Um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you supposed to do? Um and uh
+no it's a I I think a lot of school you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's a I I think a lot of school you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's a I I think a lot of school you
+know schoolwide infrastructure has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know schoolwide infrastructure has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know schoolwide infrastructure has a
+bunch of unintended consequences. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of unintended consequences. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of unintended consequences. Um the
+idea that like at night we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that like at night we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that like at night we're going to
+lock kids into their devices you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock kids into their devices you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock kids into their devices you know
+like that you know it and and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you know it and and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you know it and and it can
+also different differ by kids. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also different differ by kids. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also different differ by kids. So for
+kids who have like really good executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids who have like really good executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids who have like really good executive
+function who can be like I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function who can be like I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function who can be like I'm going to do
+all my homework and then watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my homework and then watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my homework and then watch the
+YouTube videos like maybe there's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube videos like maybe there's cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube videos like maybe there's cool
+different things that we could do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that we could do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that we could do with
+the computers but for kids who are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computers but for kids who are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computers but for kids who are like
+you know yeah it's weird like do do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yeah it's weird like do do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yeah it's weird like do do
+homework on the machine which always has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework on the machine which always has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework on the machine which always has
+YouTube on it like literally you're one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube on it like literally you're one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube on it like literally you're one
+click away from really fun things all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click away from really fun things all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click away from really fun things all
+the time but like you know do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time but like you know do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time but like you know do your
+quadratic equations really um it's nuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic equations really um it's nuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic equations really um it's nuts
+right like like there must be millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like like there must be millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like like there must be millions
+of kids who cannot like are not good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kids who cannot like are not good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kids who cannot like are not good at
+that. Yeah, I think kind of to add on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Yeah, I think kind of to add on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Yeah, I think kind of to add on
+that fact, so I also went to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fact, so I also went to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fact, so I also went to an
+international school in Ethiopia and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international school in Ethiopia and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international school in Ethiopia and uh
+it was a really interesting experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a really interesting experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a really interesting experience
+of how rules around technology would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how rules around technology would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how rules around technology would
+change almost like on a weekly basis at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change almost like on a weekly basis at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change almost like on a weekly basis at
+some point. It was like at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point. It was like at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point. It was like at some point
+like you can't use any social media and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can't use any social media and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can't use any social media and
+then like phones were banned and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like phones were banned and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like phones were banned and then
+they're like, "Oh, like if you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like, "Oh, like if you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like, "Oh, like if you need to
+call your parents though, you can't call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call your parents though, you can't call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call your parents though, you can't call
+them." And then it was like limited time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them." And then it was like limited time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them." And then it was like limited time
+and then like VPNs came and then it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then like VPNs came and then it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then like VPNs came and then it was
+like it's always so interesting of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's always so interesting of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's always so interesting of how
+like teachers and faculty would always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like teachers and faculty would always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like teachers and faculty would always
+try to make like new rules and each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make like new rules and each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make like new rules and each time
+like they would have to get broken or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they would have to get broken or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they would have to get broken or
+like something would have to change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something would have to change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something would have to change and
+I think it was always like almost like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was always like almost like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was always like almost like a
+comedy show of how much like it changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy show of how much like it changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy show of how much like it changed
+throughout the time. Um uh when when uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the time. Um uh when when uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the time. Um uh when when uh
+internet filters were first widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet filters were first widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet filters were first widely
+introduced in schools, one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in schools, one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in schools, one of the
+problems came up is the vice president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems came up is the vice president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems came up is the vice president
+at the time was a guy named Dick Cheney.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time was a guy named Dick Cheney.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time was a guy named Dick Cheney.
+Um, and uh, and there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and uh, and there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and uh, and there are a lot of
+searches that were filtering out Dick.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches that were filtering out Dick.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches that were filtering out Dick.
+Um, but you need to figure out about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but you need to figure out about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but you need to figure out about
+Dick Cheney. Um, so then, you know, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dick Cheney. Um, so then, you know, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dick Cheney. Um, so then, you know, like
+like someone sets a rule, the rule isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like someone sets a rule, the rule isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like someone sets a rule, the rule isn't
+right for the context. Um, GPT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for the context. Um, GPT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for the context. Um, GPT is
+another set of things right now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of things right now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of things right now that
+people are doing with tons of rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing with tons of rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing with tons of rules
+about these. These are good things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these. These are good things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these. These are good things.
+We're going to keep talking about them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to keep talking about them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to keep talking about them.
+I'll take a break here so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take a break here so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take a break here so that we can
+move on to some other things. You all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to some other things. You all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to some other things. You all
+have valuable case study experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have valuable case study experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have valuable case study experiences
+from your time in schools that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your time in schools that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your time in schools that we can
+bring into our conversations together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring into our conversations together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring into our conversations together to
+think about what um uh you know how new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what um uh you know how new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what um uh you know how new
+technologies operate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies operate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies operate.
+To do a good job of making sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To do a good job of making sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To do a good job of making sense of
+technologies um we need to understand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies um we need to understand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies um we need to understand a
+little bit about how people learn. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how people learn. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how people learn. So
+we're going to spend two classes looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to spend two classes looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to spend two classes looking
+at two um pretty well-established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two um pretty well-established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two um pretty well-established
+contemporary philosophies, pedagogies,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary philosophies, pedagogies,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary philosophies, pedagogies,
+sciences about learning. Um, today you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences about learning. Um, today you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences about learning. Um, today you
+read a bunch about cognitive load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a bunch about cognitive load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a bunch about cognitive load
+theory. Um, I'm going to ask you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. Um, I'm going to ask you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. Um, I'm going to ask you to do
+another exercise actually in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another exercise actually in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another exercise actually in the same
+groups that you were in would probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that you were in would probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that you were in would probably
+be fine for this one. Um, I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fine for this one. Um, I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fine for this one. Um, I want you to
+draw a visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a visual
+representation of what the authors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of what the authors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of what the authors of
+the cognitive learning of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cognitive learning of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cognitive learning of of the
+cognitive learning theory articles you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive learning theory articles you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive learning theory articles you
+read and other things call human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and other things call human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and other things call human
+cognitive architecture. um like what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive architecture. um like what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive architecture. um like what are
+the key sort of components of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key sort of components of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key sort of components of the brain
+of thinking um of memory in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking um of memory in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking um of memory in order to
+have learning happen. Um another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learning happen. Um another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learning happen. Um another thing
+that you could draw in this visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could draw in this visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could draw in this visual
+representation is based on this human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation is based on this human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation is based on this human
+cognitive architecture um there follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive architecture um there follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive architecture um there follows
+a series of instructional principles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of instructional principles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of instructional principles.
+There follows a series of like better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There follows a series of like better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There follows a series of like better
+and worse ways to teach people. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worse ways to teach people. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worse ways to teach people. Um, and
+so you could also try to illustrate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could also try to illustrate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could also try to illustrate how
+this human cognitive architecture um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this human cognitive architecture um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this human cognitive architecture um,
+uh, leads to different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, leads to different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, leads to different kinds of
+instructional principles. So groups can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional principles. So groups can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional principles. So groups can
+either, um, go and take a chunk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either, um, go and take a chunk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either, um, go and take a chunk of
+whiteboard and use some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteboard and use some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteboard and use some of those
+whiteboard markers or part of why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteboard markers or part of why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteboard markers or part of why I'm
+doing this is just I really like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is just I really like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is just I really like this
+paper, but it kind of got folded. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper, but it kind of got folded. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper, but it kind of got folded. Um, so
+I just want to get rid of it. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to get rid of it. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to get rid of it. Um, but
+you can take one of these and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take one of these and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take one of these and sort of
+huddle around on one of the tables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huddle around on one of the tables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huddle around on one of the tables and
+and draw. So if you're if you're a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and draw. So if you're if you're a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and draw. So if you're if you're a paper
+person, you can draw on these and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person, you can draw on these and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person, you can draw on these and then
+stick them up there in a few minutes. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick them up there in a few minutes. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick them up there in a few minutes. If
+you're a whiteboard person, um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a whiteboard person, um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a whiteboard person, um you can
+do that. We still have all these markers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. We still have all these markers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. We still have all these markers
+here. Um I haven't given you um totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um I haven't given you um totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um I haven't given you um totally
+clear instructions in part because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear instructions in part because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear instructions in part because what
+I want you to do is to um figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to do is to um figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to do is to um figure out how
+to think through some of this uh on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through some of this uh on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through some of this uh on your
+own a bit. But get in your groups, talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own a bit. But get in your groups, talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own a bit. But get in your groups, talk
+with each other about what you think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other about what you think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other about what you think are
+sort of the key components of cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the key components of cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the key components of cognitive
+load theory and the human cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load theory and the human cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load theory and the human cognitive
+architecture that sort of leads to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture that sort of leads to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture that sort of leads to um
+cognitive load theory. And don't go more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load theory. And don't go more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load theory. And don't go more
+than like 2 minutes before starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like 2 minutes before starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like 2 minutes before starting to
+put pen to paper. um it, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put pen to paper. um it, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put pen to paper. um it, you know,
+you're not going to be graded on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be graded on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be graded on whether
+or not you're right, but let's see if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not you're right, but let's see if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not you're right, but let's see if we
+can get a couple of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a couple of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a couple of different
+representations of uh of what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of uh of what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of uh of what these
+folks are talking about, how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks are talking about, how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks are talking about, how people
+learn, and based on how people learn,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn, and based on how people learn,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn, and based on how people learn,
+how should we instruct them? Does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should we instruct them? Does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should we instruct them? Does that
+give me enough to start messing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me enough to start messing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me enough to start messing around
+for a little bit? Ready, go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. What you've seen a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. What you've seen a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. What you've seen a couple of
+these now. What are some like what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these now. What are some like what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these now. What are some like what are
+the main building blocks of this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main building blocks of this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main building blocks of this model
+of a brain? What is the key features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a brain? What is the key features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a brain? What is the key features of
+human cognitive architecture?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cognitive architecture?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cognitive architecture?
+I feel like almost everyone had like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like almost everyone had like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like almost everyone had like
+working memory and long-term memory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory and long-term memory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory and long-term memory.
+Okay, two big pieces here that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, two big pieces here that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, two big pieces here that are
+important. Working memory and long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. Working memory and long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. Working memory and long-term
+memory. What are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory. What are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory. What are some of the
+characteristics of long-term memory?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's cool. There are different schemas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's cool. There are different schemas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's cool. There are different schemas
+stored inside of long-term memory. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored inside of long-term memory. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored inside of long-term memory. Okay.
+So, we we store stuff in blocks. We want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we we store stuff in blocks. We want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we we store stuff in blocks. We want
+to talk some more about what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk some more about what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk some more about what these
+schemas are. That seems important. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemas are. That seems important. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemas are. That seems important. It's
+kind of limitless. It's limitless. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of limitless. It's limitless. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of limitless. It's limitless. That
+is bonkers. No one has discovered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bonkers. No one has discovered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bonkers. No one has discovered the
+boundaries of the amount of stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of the amount of stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of the amount of stuff you
+can store in the human brain. You like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can store in the human brain. You like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can store in the human brain. You like
+you have a finite amount of space. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a finite amount of space. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a finite amount of space. Like
+you have a finite number of ounces. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a finite number of ounces. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a finite number of ounces. You
+have a finite number of neurons. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a finite number of neurons. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a finite number of neurons. There's
+a lot of them, but a finite number. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them, but a finite number. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them, but a finite number. And
+as far as we can tell, there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as we can tell, there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as we can tell, there are no
+known limits to how much stuff you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known limits to how much stuff you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known limits to how much stuff you can
+store inside your brain. That's amazing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store inside your brain. That's amazing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store inside your brain. That's amazing.
+That is an amazing feature of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is an amazing feature of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is an amazing feature of your
+brain. Um, anything else that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain. Um, anything else that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain. Um, anything else that seems
+important about long-term memory? All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important about long-term memory? All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important about long-term memory? All
+the stuff can be there. How cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's also unconscious.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's also unconscious.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's also unconscious.
+You you yeah you you cannot think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You you yeah you you cannot think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You you yeah you you cannot think about
+all those things at the same time. It is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things at the same time. It is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things at the same time. It is
+it is unconscious. Um how long does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is unconscious. Um how long does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is unconscious. Um how long does
+stuff stay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there? It falls out, right? You forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there? It falls out, right? You forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there? It falls out, right? You forget
+stuff. Like if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. Like if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. Like if you're interested in
+learning, the fact that you forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning, the fact that you forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning, the fact that you forget
+things is really important. Um so stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is really important. Um so stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is really important. Um so stuff
+goes into longterm memory. It leaks out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into longterm memory. It leaks out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into longterm memory. It leaks out
+into long-term memory. Some of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into long-term memory. Some of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into long-term memory. Some of the very
+earliest experiments in psychology done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest experiments in psychology done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest experiments in psychology done
+by a guy named Ebing House um were about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a guy named Ebing House um were about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a guy named Ebing House um were about
+the forgetting curve. Um it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forgetting curve. Um it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forgetting curve. Um it was
+psychology experiments that were mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology experiments that were mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology experiments that were mostly
+as I understand he mostly did by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I understand he mostly did by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I understand he mostly did by
+himself. He basically like tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself. He basically like tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself. He basically like tried to
+remember stuff and then tested himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember stuff and then tested himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember stuff and then tested himself
+and then saw how often he forgot things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then saw how often he forgot things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then saw how often he forgot things
+and noticed that there were sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and noticed that there were sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and noticed that there were sort of
+mathematical properties to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical properties to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical properties to the
+forgetting curve and things like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting curve and things like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting curve and things like that.
+All right. Long-term memory um it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Long-term memory um it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Long-term memory um it's uh
+it's functionally limitless. Um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's functionally limitless. Um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's functionally limitless. Um it's
+unconscious so we can't directly access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious so we can't directly access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious so we can't directly access
+it. um we can put things of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. um we can put things of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. um we can put things of different
+levels of complexity in there. Um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of complexity in there. Um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of complexity in there. Um what
+schemas do is allow us to sort of uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemas do is allow us to sort of uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemas do is allow us to sort of uh um
+aggregate information elements into more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate information elements into more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate information elements into more
+and more complex kind of things. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more complex kind of things. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more complex kind of things. What
+are some of the key features of working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the key features of working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the key features of working
+memory?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Very limited. Very limited. But how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very limited. Very limited. But how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very limited. Very limited. But how many
+things can you hold in your working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can you hold in your working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can you hold in your working
+memory in any given time, give or take?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in any given time, give or take?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in any given time, give or take?
+Maybe this article didn't emphasize it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe this article didn't emphasize it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe this article didn't emphasize it.
+Most people know this. It's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Most people know this. It's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Most people know this. It's kind of like
+a fact that that is out there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fact that that is out there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fact that that is out there in the
+world. Like seven. Yeah. Uh for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Like seven. Yeah. Uh for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Like seven. Yeah. Uh for a long
+time people thought it was seven. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time people thought it was seven. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time people thought it was seven. A
+better guess seems to be even less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better guess seems to be even less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better guess seems to be even less than
+that. Three to five. Um but somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Three to five. Um but somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Three to five. Um but somewhere in
+the very you know so here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very you know so here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very you know so here's another
+beautiful thing about like you all come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful thing about like you all come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful thing about like you all come
+from all different parts of the world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all different parts of the world.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all different parts of the world.
+You can look around this room and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can look around this room and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can look around this room and you
+can see that you're different in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that you're different in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that you're different in all
+kinds of ways. You have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ways. You have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ways. You have different
+genders. You have different skin color,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genders. You have different skin color,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genders. You have different skin color,
+different hair color, different eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hair color, different eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hair color, different eye
+color. All kind. All of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color. All kind. All of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color. All kind. All of you have
+essentially the exact same working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the exact same working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the exact same working
+memory. All of you can hold three to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory. All of you can hold three to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory. All of you can hold three to
+five things in your head. Um it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five things in your head. Um it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five things in your head. Um it doesn't
+seem to decline as you age. Like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to decline as you age. Like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to decline as you age. Like there's
+other problems with aging, things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems with aging, things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems with aging, things like
+that, but people of all different ages,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but people of all different ages,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but people of all different ages,
+everyone, every human you will ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone, every human you will ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone, every human you will ever
+meet, the eight billion people on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet, the eight billion people on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet, the eight billion people on this
+planet, they can all hold three to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet, they can all hold three to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet, they can all hold three to five
+things in their working memory at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in their working memory at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in their working memory at any
+given time. It is like a beautiful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time. It is like a beautiful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time. It is like a beautiful thing
+that unites all people on Earth is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unites all people on Earth is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unites all people on Earth is this
+common feature of cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common feature of cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common feature of cognitive
+architecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture.
+Um, how do you how do you how do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, how do you how do you how do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, how do you how do you how do you get
+or like like what are the what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like like what are the what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like like what are the what are the
+things in working memory? How do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in working memory? How do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in working memory? How do you get
+them or access them or do something with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or access them or do something with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or access them or do something with
+them?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them?
+I was going to say like as much as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to say like as much as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to say like as much as we
+can only hold like three to five things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only hold like three to five things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only hold like three to five things
+like those things you can say like are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those things you can say like are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those things you can say like are
+like schemas and like they can be super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like schemas and like they can be super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like schemas and like they can be super
+complex and that's how you're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and that's how you're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and that's how you're able to
+like solve really hard problems. So as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like solve really hard problems. So as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like solve really hard problems. So as
+much as like like the example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as like like the example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as like like the example of the
+restaurant like you have like the chairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant like you have like the chairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant like you have like the chairs
+and the tables that's like the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tables that's like the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tables that's like the basic
+things and like the food that you eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and like the food that you eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and like the food that you eat
+and the workers like all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the workers like all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the workers like all these things
+make up a restaurant which are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up a restaurant which are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up a restaurant which are like
+super confusing but your working memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super confusing but your working memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super confusing but your working memory
+just knows it as this like really large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just knows it as this like really large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just knows it as this like really large
+like one object and so in your working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one object and so in your working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one object and so in your working
+memory's mind that's only one thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory's mind that's only one thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory's mind that's only one thing but
+it's really a compilation of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a compilation of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a compilation of like
+hundreds of things. Yeah. Good. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of things. Yeah. Good. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of things. Yeah. Good. So we
+could organize sub things into larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could organize sub things into larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could organize sub things into larger
+things in schema. The reason why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in schema. The reason why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in schema. The reason why we're
+using imprecise words I would say is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using imprecise words I would say is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using imprecise words I would say is in
+part like you know this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part like you know this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part like you know this is not the
+revealed you know word of the creator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed you know word of the creator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed you know word of the creator
+about your brain this is like the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your brain this is like the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your brain this is like the best
+models we can come up with and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we can come up with and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we can come up with and our
+models aren't perfect like what exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models aren't perfect like what exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models aren't perfect like what exactly
+is a thing in working memory I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thing in working memory I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thing in working memory I think
+it's a little bit sketchy how much our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit sketchy how much our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit sketchy how much our
+understanding of that is however even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of that is however even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of that is however even
+with sketchy models like we can still do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sketchy models like we can still do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sketchy models like we can still do
+useful things on let's do a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful things on let's do a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful things on let's do a quick
+working memory exercise do any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory exercise do any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory exercise do any of you
+speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak
+Sanskrit oh wait I can't do I can't show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanskrit oh wait I can't do I can't show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanskrit oh wait I can't do I can't show
+you this just yet well here's Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this just yet well here's Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this just yet well here's Uh,
+actually, I'll do these first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, I'll do these first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, I'll do these first and then
+I'll show you this next thing. Um, grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you this next thing. Um, grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you this next thing. Um, grab
+a piece of paper and a pen. You can, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of paper and a pen. You can, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of paper and a pen. You can, if
+you don't have a piece of paper and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a piece of paper and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a piece of paper and a
+pen, you can um pass that around. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen, you can um pass that around. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen, you can um pass that around. Um,
+here are two that I really like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, this one I think illustrates really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this one I think illustrates really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this one I think illustrates really
+nicely the idea that the working memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely the idea that the working memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely the idea that the working memory
+is the bottleneck. If you are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bottleneck. If you are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bottleneck. If you are an
+educator, one of the main things you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator, one of the main things you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator, one of the main things you're
+working against is people's limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working against is people's limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working against is people's limited
+working memory. If people had huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory. If people had huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory. If people had huge
+working memories, you could like tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memories, you could like tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memories, you could like tell
+them all kinds of complex things. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all kinds of complex things. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all kinds of complex things. You
+could be like, "Let me just explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be like, "Let me just explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be like, "Let me just explain
+everything and they would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and they would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and they would be
+like,"Great, now it's all in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like,"Great, now it's all in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like,"Great, now it's all in my
+long-term memory." Um, but you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memory." Um, but you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memory." Um, but you actually
+can't do that. People can only attend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that. People can only attend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that. People can only attend to
+a small number of things at any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small number of things at any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small number of things at any given
+time. And for noviceses, those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And for noviceses, those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And for noviceses, those things
+that they attend to are necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they attend to are necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they attend to are necessarily
+going to be simpler than for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be simpler than for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be simpler than for more
+complex people. So, so for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex people. So, so for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex people. So, so for the for the
+people in cognitive load theory, um, as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in cognitive load theory, um, as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in cognitive load theory, um, as
+they think about instructional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think about instructional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think about instructional
+environments, the the bottleneck of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments, the the bottleneck of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments, the the bottleneck of
+those instructional environments is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those instructional environments is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those instructional environments is the
+limits of your working memory. Anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of your working memory. Anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of your working memory. Anybody
+anybody read the Sweller article?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody read the Sweller article?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody read the Sweller article?
+Anybody remember how um uh how cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody remember how um uh how cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody remember how um uh how cognitive
+load theory got started to begin with?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load theory got started to begin with?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load theory got started to begin with?
+What was the sort of canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What was the sort of canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What was the sort of canonical
+experiment that got that got John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that got that got John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that got that got John
+Sweller kicked off onto cognitive load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweller kicked off onto cognitive load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweller kicked off onto cognitive load
+theory? You like making a students do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory? You like making a students do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory? You like making a students do
+like some kind of weird math like adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some kind of weird math like adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some kind of weird math like adding
+and subtracting and multiplying multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtracting and multiplying multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtracting and multiplying multiple
+things. Yeah. Yeah. So, you solve a math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Yeah. Yeah. So, you solve a math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Yeah. Yeah. So, you solve a math
+problem. You're given number A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. You're given number A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. You're given number A and
+number B. And there's only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number B. And there's only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number B. And there's only two
+operations you can do. It's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you can do. It's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you can do. It's something
+like you can multiply by three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can multiply by three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can multiply by three or
+subtract 69. Those numbers aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract 69. Those numbers aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract 69. Those numbers aren't
+exactly right. But those are the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right. But those are the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right. But those are the only
+two operations you can do. And somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two operations you can do. And somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two operations you can do. And somehow
+you have to get from number the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get from number the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get from number the first
+number he gives you to the second number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number he gives you to the second number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number he gives you to the second number
+he gives you. People do multiple forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gives you. People do multiple forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gives you. People do multiple forms
+of this problem. It turns out that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this problem. It turns out that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this problem. It turns out that in
+every every solution is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every solution is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every solution is always
+alternating between these two things. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating between these two things. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating between these two things. Um
+add 69 multiply by 3 add 69 multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add 69 multiply by 3 add 69 multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add 69 multiply by 3 add 69 multiply by
+3 add 69 multiply by three. Nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 add 69 multiply by three. Nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 add 69 multiply by three. Nobody
+notices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notices
+this. None of the people in maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. None of the people in maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. None of the people in maybe not
+none very few people in the experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none very few people in the experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none very few people in the experiments
+notice this pattern. This is deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this pattern. This is deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this pattern. This is deeply
+troubling for John Sweller because John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubling for John Sweller because John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubling for John Sweller because John
+Sweller is in a moment in math education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweller is in a moment in math education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweller is in a moment in math education
+where people are like really big on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are like really big on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are like really big on
+problem solving, really big on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving, really big on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving, really big on
+discovery, really big on intuition. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery, really big on intuition. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery, really big on intuition. And
+he's like, "My guys, people are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like, "My guys, people are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like, "My guys, people are not
+induced inducing the key principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced inducing the key principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced inducing the key principle
+that's here. Like they're doing a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's here. Like they're doing a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's here. Like they're doing a kind
+of mathematical operation, but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematical operation, but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematical operation, but they're
+not figuring out the important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not figuring out the important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not figuring out the important thing
+here." Like think about how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here." Like think about how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here." Like think about how much
+consequences that has for math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences that has for math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences that has for math
+instruction. it's, you know, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction. it's, you know, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction. it's, you know, they're
+solving the problems correctly without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the problems correctly without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the problems correctly without
+understanding some key feature about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding some key feature about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding some key feature about how
+you solve them correctly. That's bad for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve them correctly. That's bad for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve them correctly. That's bad for
+mathematics instruction. Um, and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics instruction. Um, and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics instruction. Um, and then he
+comes up with this theory like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up with this theory like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up with this theory like why
+weren't they able to do that? Um, and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't they able to do that? Um, and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't they able to do that? Um, and he
+he describes it as um that people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he describes it as um that people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he describes it as um that people do
+this thing he calls means and analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing he calls means and analysis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing he calls means and analysis.
+They're constantly looking where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're constantly looking where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're constantly looking where they
+are and thinking about what would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and thinking about what would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and thinking about what would get
+them to the next step. Um, if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the next step. Um, if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the next step. Um, if you're
+constantly thinking about where you are,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly thinking about where you are,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly thinking about where you are,
+where you want to be, and what might the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to be, and what might the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to be, and what might the
+next step is, those are like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step is, those are like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step is, those are like three
+things to block up your working memory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to block up your working memory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to block up your working memory.
+And so now you don't have a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now you don't have a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now you don't have a whole lot of
+working memory left. And it turn you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory left. And it turn you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory left. And it turn you
+know his theory was that people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know his theory was that people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know his theory was that people like
+essentially filled up their working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially filled up their working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially filled up their working
+memory. Their working memory was like at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory. Their working memory was like at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory. Their working memory was like at
+capacity. It had overwhel there was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity. It had overwhel there was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity. It had overwhel there was too
+much cognitive load too much cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much cognitive load too much cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much cognitive load too much cognitive
+load on the working memory. And so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load on the working memory. And so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load on the working memory. And so they
+couldn't figure out this underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't figure out this underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't figure out this underlying
+principle. Um and so swellers, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle. Um and so swellers, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle. Um and so swellers, you know,
+and then he just gets fascinated for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he just gets fascinated for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he just gets fascinated for the
+rest of his life about thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of his life about thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of his life about thinking about
+what is the human cognitive architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the human cognitive architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the human cognitive architecture
+like where is the cognitive load, where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where is the cognitive load, where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where is the cognitive load, where
+are we overburdened, where are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we overburdened, where are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we overburdened, where are their
+bottlenecks, and what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottlenecks, and what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottlenecks, and what would be
+instructional designs that would help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional designs that would help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional designs that would help us
+relieve those bottlenecks, work around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relieve those bottlenecks, work around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relieve those bottlenecks, work around
+those bottlenecks. Um in particular,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bottlenecks. Um in particular,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bottlenecks. Um in particular,
+really skeptical of this idea, um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really skeptical of this idea, um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really skeptical of this idea, um that
+you just like give a bunch of novices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just like give a bunch of novices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just like give a bunch of novices
+stuff and they can kind of figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and they can kind of figure it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and they can kind of figure it out
+on their own. um you know with enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their own. um you know with enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their own. um you know with enough
+time, enough exploration, things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, enough exploration, things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, enough exploration, things like
+that. Um so that's a bottleneck here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um so that's a bottleneck here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um so that's a bottleneck here
+that I really like. And I really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I really like. And I really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I really like. And I really like
+this picture that has this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture that has this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture that has this sort of
+infinite long-term memory. I mean, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite long-term memory. I mean, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite long-term memory. I mean, in
+theory, it should just go up forever,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory, it should just go up forever,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory, it should just go up forever,
+but it's big enough that works. Um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's big enough that works. Um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's big enough that works. Um a
+nice thing about this one um on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing about this one um on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing about this one um on the side
+is it notes that the where does where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it notes that the where does where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it notes that the where does where
+does stuff get into working memory? Kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does stuff get into working memory? Kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does stuff get into working memory? Kind
+of from two places. You can pull it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of from two places. You can pull it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of from two places. You can pull it out
+of long-term memory. You can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of long-term memory. You can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of long-term memory. You can remember
+stuff and then you can put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and then you can put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and then you can put it
+temporarily in long-term memory. Or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily in long-term memory. Or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily in long-term memory. Or you
+can attend to it. You can see things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can attend to it. You can see things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can attend to it. You can see things in
+your environment. You can watch stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your environment. You can watch stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your environment. You can watch stuff.
+You can read things. You can listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can read things. You can listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can read things. You can listen to
+people and talk to people. As I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and talk to people. As I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and talk to people. As I'm
+explaining things to you now, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining things to you now, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining things to you now, you're
+taking these constructs and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these constructs and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these constructs and to the
+extent that you're listening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that you're listening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that you're listening and
+attending to them, you're putting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending to them, you're putting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending to them, you're putting them
+in your working memory. Um, if we mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your working memory. Um, if we mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your working memory. Um, if we mess
+around with them enough, if we get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with them enough, if we get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with them enough, if we get you
+to apply them, think about them, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply them, think about them, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply them, think about them, if you
+write them down, some other stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them down, some other stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them down, some other stuff like
+that, it will eventually get stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, it will eventually get stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, it will eventually get stored in
+your long-term memory. Um, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your long-term memory. Um, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your long-term memory. Um, and then
+there's this nice piece here that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this nice piece here that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this nice piece here that like
+stuff sort of not only goes from working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff sort of not only goes from working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff sort of not only goes from working
+memory to long-term memory, but things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory to long-term memory, but things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory to long-term memory, but things
+kind of fall out um and get forgotten.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fall out um and get forgotten.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fall out um and get forgotten.
+And yeah, you know, I I think pairing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And yeah, you know, I I think pairing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And yeah, you know, I I think pairing
+these words together, um, when stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these words together, um, when stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these words together, um, when stuff in
+working memory gets stored in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory gets stored in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory gets stored in your
+long-term memory, they call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memory, they call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memory, they call that
+learning. When stuff, um, in long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. When stuff, um, in long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. When stuff, um, in long-term
+memory gets put into your working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory gets put into your working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory gets put into your working
+memory, when you become conscious of it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory, when you become conscious of it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory, when you become conscious of it,
+we call that remembering. That's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that remembering. That's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that remembering. That's kind of
+nice way of sort of summarizing that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way of sort of summarizing that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way of sort of summarizing that.
+Um, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, there
+are one of uh, in this model, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one of uh, in this model, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one of uh, in this model, um,
+everything that you learn essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you learn essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you learn essentially is
+kind of a fact that you remember. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a fact that you remember. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a fact that you remember. Um
+there's a great quote by Daniel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great quote by Daniel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great quote by Daniel
+Willingham who's a psychologist that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Willingham who's a psychologist that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Willingham who's a psychologist that
+memory is the residue of thought. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is the residue of thought. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is the residue of thought. Um
+when you think about stuff that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about stuff that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about stuff that you
+remember and and in this model people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and and in this model people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and and in this model people
+tend to think of the things you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to think of the things you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to think of the things you remember
+as discrete facts. Um you can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as discrete facts. Um you can probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as discrete facts. Um you can probably
+think about and the accumulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about and the accumulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about and the accumulation of
+those discrete facts is what leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those discrete facts is what leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those discrete facts is what leads to
+expertise that understanding um is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise that understanding um is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise that understanding um is in a
+sense uh the accumulation of lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh the accumulation of lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh the accumulation of lots of
+these facts. there probably some domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these facts. there probably some domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these facts. there probably some domains
+that you could think about um where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could think about um where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could think about um where that
+model feels really good and makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model feels really good and makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model feels really good and makes sense
+like oh man you're like man that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh man you're like man that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh man you're like man that person
+is a really good economist because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really good economist because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really good economist because they
+just like know a ton of stuff about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like know a ton of stuff about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like know a ton of stuff about
+economies and they know a ton of facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies and they know a ton of facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies and they know a ton of facts
+about economics and they remember lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about economics and they remember lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about economics and they remember lots
+of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different
+calculations that you know like would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations that you know like would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations that you know like would
+you say that Maya Angelo was a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say that Maya Angelo was a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say that Maya Angelo was a great
+poet because she had way more facts than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poet because she had way more facts than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poet because she had way more facts than
+other poets do that seems like a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other poets do that seems like a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other poets do that seems like a sort of
+unsatisfying description of how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfying description of how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfying description of how people
+become great poets but something to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become great poets but something to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become great poets but something to sort
+of wrestle with and think about a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wrestle with and think about a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wrestle with and think about a little
+bit okay you have your piece paper with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit okay you have your piece paper with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit okay you have your piece paper with
+you. Um, I'm going to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Um, I'm going to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Um, I'm going to show you a
+phrase and I want you I want you to copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase and I want you I want you to copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase and I want you I want you to copy
+down I'm going to show it to you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I'm going to show it to you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I'm going to show it to you for
+about 10 seconds. So, hold your pens up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 seconds. So, hold your pens up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 seconds. So, hold your pens up
+in the air. You're going to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air. You're going to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air. You're going to look at this
+thing for 10 seconds and then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for 10 seconds and then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for 10 seconds and then I'm going
+to take it off the screen and I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it off the screen and I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it off the screen and I want you
+to copy it down. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to copy it down. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to copy it down. Okay,
+ready? I want you to copy this down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready? I want you to copy this down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready? I want you to copy this down.
+Look at it. Memorize it. Look at it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Look at it. Memorize it. Look at it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Look at it. Memorize it. Look at it.
+Five. Four. Three. Just this row. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Five. Four. Three. Just this row. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Five. Four. Three. Just this row. You
+don't have to do that one. Just this row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do that one. Just this row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do that one. Just this row
+in the middle. Two. one. All right, copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle. Two. one. All right, copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle. Two. one. All right, copy
+down as much of that as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can. All right. And three, two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can. All right. And three, two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can. All right. And three, two,
+one. Everybody, everybody hold up what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Everybody, everybody hold up what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Everybody, everybody hold up what
+you did. Show it to each other. How'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did. Show it to each other. How'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did. Show it to each other. How'd
+you do? Oh, man. These are these are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do? Oh, man. These are these are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do? Oh, man. These are these are a
+little bit disappointing. All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit disappointing. All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit disappointing. All right,
+let's do let's do a second one. Let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do let's do a second one. Let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do let's do a second one. Let's do
+a second one. Let's see if you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second one. Let's see if you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second one. Let's see if you can do
+any better than this. All right, I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any better than this. All right, I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any better than this. All right, I'll
+help you. You might feel better about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you. You might feel better about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you. You might feel better about
+this one. I'm going to give you a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one. I'm going to give you a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one. I'm going to give you a set of
+writing now that has roughly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing now that has roughly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing now that has roughly the same
+number of marks in it. It's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of marks in it. It's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of marks in it. It's not the
+exact same number of marks. But one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same number of marks. But one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same number of marks. But one,
+like one of the things we could do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of the things we could do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of the things we could do to
+calculate how difficult this is, is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how difficult this is, is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how difficult this is, is to
+just like count the number of marks on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like count the number of marks on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like count the number of marks on
+the screen. I'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen. I'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen. I'm going to give you
+another thing like this with roughly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing like this with roughly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing like this with roughly the
+same number of marks. Let's see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of marks. Let's see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of marks. Let's see if you
+can do any better. Uh, I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do any better. Uh, I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do any better. Uh, I want you to
+look at this and then get ready to copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this and then get ready to copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this and then get ready to copy
+it down. This English phrase in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down. This English phrase in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down. This English phrase in the
+middle. Ready? Five, four, three, two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. Ready? Five, four, three, two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. Ready? Five, four, three, two,
+one. Okay, copy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down. Oh, you're finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Oh, you're finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Oh, you're finished
+already. You're really good at that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already. You're really good at that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already. You're really good at that.
+Nice. Good. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nice. Good. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nice. Good. Um,
+uh, why why were you so much better at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, why why were you so much better at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, why why were you so much better at
+this one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one?
+Yeah. Yeah. Th you have those squiggles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Th you have those squiggles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Th you have those squiggles
+are organized into schema. When you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are organized into schema. When you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are organized into schema. When you were
+very very young, you observed these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very young, you observed these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very young, you observed these
+English letters. Actually, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English letters. Actually, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English letters. Actually, if you
+learned English in the middle of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned English in the middle of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned English in the middle of your
+life, whenever you started learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life, whenever you started learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life, whenever you started learning
+English, um like just now, you observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English, um like just now, you observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English, um like just now, you observed
+these Sanskrit letters. You know, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Sanskrit letters. You know, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Sanskrit letters. You know, for
+those of you who are native English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are native English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are native English
+speakers, you can't remember the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers, you can't remember the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers, you can't remember the time
+probably in which like there would be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in which like there would be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in which like there would be no
+distinguish distinction between English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish distinction between English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish distinction between English
+letters and Sanskrit letters. So, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and Sanskrit letters. So, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and Sanskrit letters. So, when
+you were copying down Sanskrit, none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were copying down Sanskrit, none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were copying down Sanskrit, none of
+this has any meaning to you. So you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has any meaning to you. So you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has any meaning to you. So you're
+like literally memorizing the order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like literally memorizing the order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like literally memorizing the order in
+which these lines appear. Um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these lines appear. Um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these lines appear. Um which is
+really hard because there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard because there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard because there are lots of
+those lines. There's about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines. There's about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines. There's about the same
+number of lines. I haven't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines. I haven't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines. I haven't actually
+measured this but it's take take for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured this but it's take take for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured this but it's take take for
+grant it's close. Um but um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grant it's close. Um but um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grant it's close. Um but um you know
+that that two combinations of line is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that two combinations of line is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that two combinations of line is an
+L. And you know that an L and E and a T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L. And you know that an L and E and a T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L. And you know that an L and E and a T
+is a word let. That has some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a word let. That has some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a word let. That has some kind of
+meaning and you can actually like let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and you can actually like let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and you can actually like let
+the entire world be happy. Even sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire world be happy. Even sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire world be happy. Even sort of
+bundle that into kind of a phrase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle that into kind of a phrase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle that into kind of a phrase that
+you can memorize in your head. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can memorize in your head. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can memorize in your head. And so
+copying down that number of things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying down that number of things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying down that number of things is
+trivial because this is organized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial because this is organized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial because this is organized in
+your head in a in like a tightly bundled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head in a in like a tightly bundled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head in a in like a tightly bundled
+schema in a way that you have no schema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schema in a way that you have no schema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schema in a way that you have no schema
+for understanding these kinds of things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understanding these kinds of things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understanding these kinds of things.
+Probably like the first thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably like the first thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably like the first thing you
+started putting in your schema was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started putting in your schema was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started putting in your schema was like
+well there's a line that goes across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a line that goes across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a line that goes across
+there and then a bunch of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then a bunch of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then a bunch of things that
+drop down after that. I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop down after that. I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop down after that. I don't know
+anything about sanscript so does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about sanscript so does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about sanscript so does that
+give you is that an illustration of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you is that an illustration of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you is that an illustration of like
+how schema operates in your mind? um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how schema operates in your mind? um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how schema operates in your mind? um
+this completely overwhelms your working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this completely overwhelms your working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this completely overwhelms your working
+memory efforts because you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory efforts because you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory efforts because you have to
+recall the orientation of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the orientation of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the orientation of each
+individual line to be able to copy it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual line to be able to copy it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual line to be able to copy it.
+Um this does not at all do that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this does not at all do that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this does not at all do that um
+because you've already bundled those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've already bundled those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've already bundled those
+lines into schema. Um another famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines into schema. Um another famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines into schema. Um another famous
+example which I think is written about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which I think is written about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which I think is written about
+um is that chess masters um when chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that chess masters um when chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that chess masters um when chess
+masters look at a chessboard they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masters look at a chessboard they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masters look at a chessboard they can
+they like all the pieces they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like all the pieces they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like all the pieces they can
+remember easily all of the pieces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember easily all of the pieces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember easily all of the pieces in
+their arrangements because if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their arrangements because if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their arrangements because if you know
+nothing about chess like me you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about chess like me you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about chess like me you have to
+be like okay the pawn is in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like okay the pawn is in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like okay the pawn is in the second
+row black square um and the king is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row black square um and the king is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row black square um and the king is in
+the first row white square and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row white square and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row white square and the
+bishop kind of moved over here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bishop kind of moved over here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bishop kind of moved over here but
+that's not what chess masters are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what chess masters are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what chess masters are doing
+chess masters are going like, oh, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess masters are going like, oh, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess masters are going like, oh, that's
+the, you know, the the Turkish Armada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the, you know, the the Turkish Armada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the, you know, the the Turkish Armada
+gambit or something like that. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambit or something like that. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambit or something like that. And
+they've sort of bundled all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've sort of bundled all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've sort of bundled all of those
+positions together into one thing. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions together into one thing. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions together into one thing. So,
+even though we can only attend to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we can only attend to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we can only attend to three
+to five things at any given time, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five things at any given time, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five things at any given time, um,
+those three to five things can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three to five things can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three to five things can be
+enormously complex. Um, and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously complex. Um, and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously complex. Um, and that's what
+lets us think about complex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us think about complex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us think about complex and
+difficult things. Okay, that piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult things. Okay, that piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult things. Okay, that piece of
+schema makes sense for you? Um, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schema makes sense for you? Um, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schema makes sense for you? Um, all
+right. So, these are these are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, these are these are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, these are these are some
+pretty good fundamental models of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good fundamental models of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good fundamental models of human
+cognitive architecture kinds of things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive architecture kinds of things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive architecture kinds of things.
+Anybody want to ask any questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody want to ask any questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody want to ask any questions or
+make any observations about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any observations about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any observations about some of
+these key elements, how our brains work?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these key elements, how our brains work?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these key elements, how our brains work?
+I some research to that. Uh there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I some research to that. Uh there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I some research to that. Uh there's like
+a weird alphabet that's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weird alphabet that's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weird alphabet that's just like
+alternative to like writing in Latin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative to like writing in Latin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative to like writing in Latin and
+English. So it just like went toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English. So it just like went toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English. So it just like went toward
+mapping between English or Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping between English or Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping between English or Latin
+characters to that alphabet. And as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters to that alphabet. And as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters to that alphabet. And as a
+fun thing, I just wanted to learn it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun thing, I just wanted to learn it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun thing, I just wanted to learn it. So
+I did all of that like remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did all of that like remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did all of that like remember the
+mapping and even though like hey if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping and even though like hey if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping and even though like hey if you
+show me just like a glimpse of it, yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show me just like a glimpse of it, yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show me just like a glimpse of it, yes I
+can tell you. So it's not like a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you. So it's not like a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you. So it's not like a process
+of how long will it take me to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how long will it take me to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how long will it take me to remember
+but it was very hard to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was very hard to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was very hard to actually
+transcribe things fast from one thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribe things fast from one thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribe things fast from one thing to
+what I know it is but also as I did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I know it is but also as I did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I know it is but also as I did that
+more I started to like I started kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more I started to like I started kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more I started to like I started kind of
+like to remember how I learned English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to remember how I learned English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to remember how I learned English
+as well with some of like the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well with some of like the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well with some of like the for
+example at the end like that says ing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at the end like that says ing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at the end like that says ing I
+started kind of internalizing that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started kind of internalizing that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started kind of internalizing that. So
+whenever I saw like that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I saw like that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I saw like that kind of
+structure of whatever shape these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of whatever shape these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of whatever shape these
+characters and kind of oh yeah I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and kind of oh yeah I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and kind of oh yeah I know
+that's I don't have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I don't have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I don't have to think
+individually about each character. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually about each character. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually about each character. I
+started to like chunk them more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to like chunk them more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to like chunk them more and more
+into specific components that made like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into specific components that made like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into specific components that made like
+transcribing things much easier. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribing things much easier. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribing things much easier. Yeah.
+Yeah. I ing is a great example of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I ing is a great example of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I ing is a great example of what
+it probably requires uh you know five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably requires uh you know five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably requires uh you know five
+different line strokes or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different line strokes or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different line strokes or something like
+that. Line dot one ng something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Line dot one ng something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Line dot one ng something like
+that. And then eventually you bundle it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And then eventually you bundle it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And then eventually you bundle it
+as an ing and just memorize those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an ing and just memorize those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an ing and just memorize those
+characters together. And then eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters together. And then eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters together. And then eventually
+you realize it's a gerand and it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize it's a gerand and it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize it's a gerand and it has a
+particular kind of modification to verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of modification to verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of modification to verbs
+and things like that. And you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that. And you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that. And you're not
+even thinking about it now when you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even thinking about it now when you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even thinking about it now when you look
+at the word jumping. Um but you went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the word jumping. Um but you went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the word jumping. Um but you went
+through a process of sort of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a process of sort of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a process of sort of learning
+all of those kinds of things. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those kinds of things. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those kinds of things. Okay,
+good. Um so based on these models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Um so based on these models of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Um so based on these models of
+human cognitive architecture, what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cognitive architecture, what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cognitive architecture, what are
+some of the key kind of instructional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the key kind of instructional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the key kind of instructional
+consequences that come out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences that come out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences that come out of this
+model?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If you overload the working memory,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you overload the working memory,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you overload the working memory,
+students can't store the necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can't store the necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can't store the necessary
+information in the long-term memory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the long-term memory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the long-term memory.
+Good. Um, so what what teachers should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Um, so what what teachers should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Um, so what what teachers should
+be thinking about in some in this model,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking about in some in this model,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking about in some in this model,
+what teachers been think about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what teachers been think about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what teachers been think about all the
+time is like how much cognitive load,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is like how much cognitive load,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is like how much cognitive load,
+how much stuff is in people is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much stuff is in people is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much stuff is in people is like
+being like could potentially be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like could potentially be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like could potentially be
+overwhelming people's working memory. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming people's working memory. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming people's working memory. Um
+what are some ways to conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some ways to conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some ways to conduct
+instruction that respects this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction that respects this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction that respects this
+bottleneck of working memory? What are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck of working memory? What are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck of working memory? What are
+some what are some effective strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some what are some effective strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some what are some effective strategies
+for dealing with that? Uh guided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dealing with that? Uh guided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dealing with that? Uh guided
+practice is one of them that I saw where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice is one of them that I saw where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice is one of them that I saw where
+it's like a completion exercise. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a completion exercise. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a completion exercise. uh
+because then it's not completely novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then it's not completely novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then it's not completely novel
+to you and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and you have
+more you you can basically abstract more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you you can basically abstract more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you you can basically abstract more
+ideas into schemas that are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas into schemas that are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas into schemas that are kind of
+bigger and then execute them much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and then execute them much faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and then execute them much faster
+instead of just focusing on the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just focusing on the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just focusing on the smaller
+aspects of that problem. Good. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of that problem. Good. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of that problem. Good. So, so
+guided one version of guided practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guided one version of guided practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guided one version of guided practice
+you know probably one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know probably one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know probably one of the most
+well-known phenomenon in education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known phenomenon in education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known phenomenon in education
+psychology is called the worked example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology is called the worked example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology is called the worked example
+effect. Um, and the idea is if you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect. Um, and the idea is if you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect. Um, and the idea is if you show
+people how to solve a problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people how to solve a problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people how to solve a problem for
+noviceses, that is a more effective way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noviceses, that is a more effective way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noviceses, that is a more effective way
+to learn it than have them just try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn it than have them just try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn it than have them just try to
+solve the problem. Um, that a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem. Um, that a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem. Um, that a pretty
+typical instructional sequence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical instructional sequence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical instructional sequence that
+works pretty well is first you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works pretty well is first you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works pretty well is first you do a
+worked example. You say, "This is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked example. You say, "This is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked example. You say, "This is how
+you solve this kind of problem." Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve this kind of problem." Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve this kind of problem." Then
+you would take parts of a problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would take parts of a problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would take parts of a problem and
+have students just do those parts. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have students just do those parts. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have students just do those parts. That
+might be a kind of guided practice kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a kind of guided practice kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a kind of guided practice kind
+of thing like okay you know you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing like okay you know you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing like okay you know you just
+factored this polomial and it took you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored this polomial and it took you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored this polomial and it took you
+four steps um here and the first thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four steps um here and the first thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four steps um here and the first thing I
+did is I just showed you the those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is I just showed you the those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is I just showed you the those four
+steps. The next thing I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps. The next thing I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps. The next thing I'm going to do is
+I'm going to show you three of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you three of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you three of those
+steps and have you do one of them. Um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and have you do one of them. Um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and have you do one of them. Um I
+just showed you a canonical way to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you a canonical way to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you a canonical way to write
+an introduction paragraph. Um here is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an introduction paragraph. Um here is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an introduction paragraph. Um here is an
+introduction paragraph that's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction paragraph that's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction paragraph that's three
+quarters written. It doesn't really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters written. It doesn't really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters written. It doesn't really have
+a good hook. Um write a sentence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good hook. Um write a sentence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good hook. Um write a sentence that
+would fit in this paragraph. That would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fit in this paragraph. That would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fit in this paragraph. That would
+be a hook that engaged the reader. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a hook that engaged the reader. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a hook that engaged the reader. You
+don't have to do everything else that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do everything else that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do everything else that an
+introduction has to do. you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction has to do. you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction has to do. you don't have
+to introduce the topic because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce the topic because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce the topic because we've
+already done that, you don't have to lay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done that, you don't have to lay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done that, you don't have to lay
+out an argument, you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an argument, you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an argument, you don't have to
+establish your expertise, just do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish your expertise, just do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish your expertise, just do this
+one thing. Um, and then you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing. Um, and then you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing. Um, and then you can imagine
+like, all right, instead of, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, all right, instead of, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, all right, instead of, you know,
+if it's a four-step process, then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a four-step process, then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a four-step process, then you'll
+do two of the steps, then you'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two of the steps, then you'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two of the steps, then you'll do
+three of the steps, then eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of the steps, then eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of the steps, then eventually
+you'll do all of the steps. Um, and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll do all of the steps. Um, and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll do all of the steps. Um, and you
+might alternate which of those step, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might alternate which of those step, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might alternate which of those step, you
+know, do a bunch of one step, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, do a bunch of one step, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, do a bunch of one step, you know,
+missing problems where the one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing problems where the one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing problems where the one step
+that's missing is sort of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's missing is sort of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's missing is sort of different
+phases in there. Um, but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases in there. Um, but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases in there. Um, but we're going to
+sort of decrease the scaffing. The idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of decrease the scaffing. The idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of decrease the scaffing. The idea
+is um is that you can get people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um is that you can get people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um is that you can get people in
+their working memory just to attend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their working memory just to attend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their working memory just to attend to
+that particular thing they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular thing they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular thing they're trying to
+solve um to store that thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve um to store that thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve um to store that thing in the
+long-term memory and as they have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memory and as they have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memory and as they have that
+more in their long-term memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in their long-term memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in their long-term memory and
+access it as they start seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access it as they start seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access it as they start seeing the
+relationship between different steps um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between different steps um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between different steps um
+as they start you know their schema for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they start you know their schema for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they start you know their schema for
+an introduction is not like wait what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an introduction is not like wait what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an introduction is not like wait what
+it's the hook and then the thesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the hook and then the thesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the hook and then the thesis and
+then my expertise is that you bund you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my expertise is that you bund you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my expertise is that you bund you
+start like recognizing those things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start like recognizing those things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start like recognizing those things as
+an introduction and that you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an introduction and that you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an introduction and that you know sort
+of takes up less space within their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of takes up less space within their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of takes up less space within their
+working memory. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory. Um
+uh so they call this the completion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so they call this the completion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so they call this the completion
+problem effects. Replace conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem effects. Replace conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem effects. Replace conventional
+problems with completion problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with completion problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with completion problems
+providing a partial solution that must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a partial solution that must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a partial solution that must
+be completed by the learners. Um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be completed by the learners. Um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be completed by the learners. Um this
+list came out of sweller 1998. Um all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list came out of sweller 1998. Um all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list came out of sweller 1998. Um all of
+these things get constantly tested and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things get constantly tested and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things get constantly tested and
+improved. Um so one thing that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved. Um so one thing that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved. Um so one thing that people
+realized um is an effect which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized um is an effect which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized um is an effect which I think
+is not on this list called the expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not on this list called the expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not on this list called the expert
+reversal effect but I think it shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal effect but I think it shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal effect but I think it shows up
+in some of the readings that you did um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of the readings that you did um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of the readings that you did um
+which is that for noviceses the worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that for noviceses the worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that for noviceses the worked
+example effect seems to generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example effect seems to generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example effect seems to generally
+speaking hold true for experts in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking hold true for experts in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking hold true for experts in a
+domain open-ended problem solving does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain open-ended problem solving does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain open-ended problem solving does
+seem to work better um than um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to work better um than um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to work better um than um just
+going through worked examples. So once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through worked examples. So once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through worked examples. So once
+people get good enough at a thing, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get good enough at a thing, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get good enough at a thing, um
+it's a good idea to let them solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good idea to let them solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good idea to let them solve
+open-ended problems presumably because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-ended problems presumably because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-ended problems presumably because
+their working memory is not overwhelmed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their working memory is not overwhelmed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their working memory is not overwhelmed.
+They're not overwhelmed by cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're not overwhelmed by cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're not overwhelmed by cognitive
+load, figuring out what they're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load, figuring out what they're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load, figuring out what they're supposed
+to do next. And so it's a chance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do next. And so it's a chance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do next. And so it's a chance for
+them to refine their abilities to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to refine their abilities to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to refine their abilities to apply
+things in different domains to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in different domains to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in different domains to get
+better at particular portions of things,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at particular portions of things,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at particular portions of things,
+stuff like that. Um now, what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that. Um now, what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that. Um now, what is a
+novice and what is an expert? Like that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novice and what is an expert? Like that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novice and what is an expert? Like that,
+you know, that is different in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, that is different in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, that is different in every
+domain and you'd have to, you know, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and you'd have to, you know, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and you'd have to, you know, it
+would have to be it'll be different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be it'll be different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be it'll be different in
+nuclear engineering than it is in poetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear engineering than it is in poetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear engineering than it is in poetry
+or whatever else it is. But like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever else it is. But like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever else it is. But like
+generally speaking, these are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking, these are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking, these are things
+that sort of seem to hold.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of seem to hold.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of seem to hold.
+Um, how do these cognitive load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, how do these cognitive load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, how do these cognitive load
+theorists conduct their research? How do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists conduct their research? How do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists conduct their research? How do
+you how do you, if you're a cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how do you, if you're a cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how do you, if you're a cognitive
+load theorist, how do you establish that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load theorist, how do you establish that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load theorist, how do you establish that
+an effect like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effect like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effect like this is
+true? What kind of research methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true? What kind of research methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true? What kind of research methods
+would you use?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you use?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you use?
+Well, you could do one where you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you could do one where you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you could do one where you just
+like directly ask the person so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like directly ask the person so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like directly ask the person so they
+like have their own just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like have their own just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like have their own just like
+understanding of like what they're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of like what they're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of like what they're able
+to handle or like you could like set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to handle or like you could like set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to handle or like you could like set up
+the problem so that you can just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem so that you can just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem so that you can just see
+directly from like the work that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from like the work that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from like the work that they're
+able to do like how well they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do like how well they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do like how well they're like
+cognitive load is being held. Good. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load is being held. Good. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load is being held. Good. So,
+one question that cognitive load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question that cognitive load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question that cognitive load
+theorists will be interested in is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists will be interested in is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists will be interested in is like
+when when do you feel overburdened by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when do you feel overburdened by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when do you feel overburdened by
+cognitive load? Um, it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load? Um, it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load? Um, it's kind of
+interesting that people are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that people are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that people are actually
+quite lousy at selfassessing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite lousy at selfassessing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite lousy at selfassessing their
+learning in all kinds of ways. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in all kinds of ways. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in all kinds of ways. Um,
+there's a classic study, I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a classic study, I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a classic study, I don't think
+we'll read about it, um, where, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll read about it, um, where, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll read about it, um, where, um,
+people assess their baseball knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people assess their baseball knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people assess their baseball knowledge
+and then take a test about baseball. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take a test about baseball. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take a test about baseball. Um,
+and the results are like the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the results are like the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the results are like the most
+perfectly spread scatter plot you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly spread scatter plot you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly spread scatter plot you've
+ever seen. There's basically like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen. There's basically like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen. There's basically like no
+relationship at all between your self-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship at all between your self-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship at all between your self-
+assessment of your knowledge and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment of your knowledge and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment of your knowledge and your
+actual knowledge of things. Um, so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual knowledge of things. Um, so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual knowledge of things. Um, so this
+is one of the this is one of the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the this is one of the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the this is one of the real
+challenges in cognitive load theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges in cognitive load theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges in cognitive load theory is
+that we're not really aware of our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not really aware of our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not really aware of our own
+cognitive load. We're not really aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load. We're not really aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load. We're not really aware
+when we're encountering desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're encountering desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're encountering desirable
+difficulty, which is like giving us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty, which is like giving us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty, which is like giving us a
+good amount of challenge um versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good amount of challenge um versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good amount of challenge um versus
+undesirable, you know, where our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undesirable, you know, where our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undesirable, you know, where our
+cognitive load is, you know, our working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load is, you know, our working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load is, you know, our working
+memory is overwhelmed and and we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is overwhelmed and and we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is overwhelmed and and we can't
+build things. So people have tried to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build things. So people have tried to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build things. So people have tried to do
+work along those lines. Um, what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work along those lines. Um, what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work along those lines. Um, what are
+some other ways of assessing whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other ways of assessing whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other ways of assessing whether or
+not an instructional effect is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an instructional effect is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an instructional effect is better
+than another instructional effect?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than another instructional effect?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than another instructional effect?
+I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+Um in one of the papers it talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um in one of the papers it talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um in one of the papers it talked about
+like physiologically measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like physiologically measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like physiologically measuring the
+cognitive load just by like using heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load just by like using heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load just by like using heart
+rate and things like that. Skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and things like that. Skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and things like that. Skin
+conductance other kinds of things. Also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance other kinds of things. Also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance other kinds of things. Also
+said that this like very unreliable as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that this like very unreliable as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that this like very unreliable as
+like a measure of the cognitive load as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a measure of the cognitive load as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a measure of the cognitive load as
+well. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Knowing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Knowing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Knowing when
+knowing when knowing when people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing when knowing when people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing when knowing when people are
+working memory is over. It's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory is over. It's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory is over. It's kind of
+funny, right? This is like the heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny, right? This is like the heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny, right? This is like the heart of
+the theory. Like how do we tell when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory. Like how do we tell when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory. Like how do we tell when
+your working me working memory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your working me working memory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your working me working memory is
+overwhelmed? And it's like pretty hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmed? And it's like pretty hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmed? And it's like pretty hard
+actually to tell. um you know we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to tell. um you know we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to tell. um you know we don't
+we don't have a great grasp of like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have a great grasp of like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have a great grasp of like how
+many you know there's some kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many you know there's some kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many you know there's some kinds of
+exercise we do which especially like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise we do which especially like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise we do which especially like
+really simple problem solving kind or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple problem solving kind or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple problem solving kind or
+puzzle kinds of things where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle kinds of things where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle kinds of things where you can
+like really tightly control how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really tightly control how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really tightly control how many
+elements are in working memory but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are in working memory but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are in working memory but if
+you're like actually trying to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like actually trying to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like actually trying to teach
+something someone in the real world like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something someone in the real world like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something someone in the real world like
+the Kreb cycle or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kreb cycle or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kreb cycle or something like that
+like you know how many things are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know how many things are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know how many things are in
+working memory every time is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory every time is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory every time is a lot
+harder to sort of check. So a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to sort of check. So a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to sort of check. So a pretty
+common set of methods that they'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common set of methods that they'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common set of methods that they'll use
+are experimental designs in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are experimental designs in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are experimental designs in which you
+have one group be a control group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one group be a control group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one group be a control group and
+then you have another group be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have another group be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have another group be an
+experimental group. Um you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental group. Um you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental group. Um you measure
+people's skill at some in both groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's skill at some in both groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's skill at some in both groups
+you measure people's skill in some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure people's skill in some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure people's skill in some kind
+of baseline. Um, so you say, um, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of baseline. Um, so you say, um, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of baseline. Um, so you say, um, you
+know, we're gonna we're gonna design,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we're gonna we're gonna design,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we're gonna we're gonna design,
+you know, we're going to go into a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, we're going to go into a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, we're going to go into a a
+math a school where they typically use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math a school where they typically use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math a school where they typically use a
+lot of open-ended problem solving, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of open-ended problem solving, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of open-ended problem solving, and
+we're going to instead have the teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to instead have the teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to instead have the teacher
+just do stuff using worked examples. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do stuff using worked examples. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do stuff using worked examples. Um,
+and we're going to see whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to see whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to see whether the
+worked example condition is better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked example condition is better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked example condition is better than
+the business as usual condition. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business as usual condition. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business as usual condition. And in
+fact, to make sure that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, to make sure that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, to make sure that there's no
+difference between the kids who get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the kids who get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the kids who get the
+regular condition, the business as usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular condition, the business as usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular condition, the business as usual
+condition, the kids who get the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition, the kids who get the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition, the kids who get the work
+example condition, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example condition, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example condition, we're going to
+randomly assign the teachers. We'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly assign the teachers. We'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly assign the teachers. We'll go
+we'll get 20 or 30 or 40 or 50 teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get 20 or 30 or 40 or 50 teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get 20 or 30 or 40 or 50 teachers
+sign up for the study. Half of them will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up for the study. Half of them will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up for the study. Half of them will
+do the old thing, half of them will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the old thing, half of them will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the old thing, half of them will do
+the new thing. We'll measure all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new thing. We'll measure all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new thing. We'll measure all the
+kids skill at baseline and then we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids skill at baseline and then we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids skill at baseline and then we will
+measure the skill um from uh the groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the skill um from uh the groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the skill um from uh the groups
+afterwards. Oh, you know if if this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards. Oh, you know if if this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards. Oh, you know if if this kind
+of model works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of model works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of model works
+um you know like the two groups at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know like the two groups at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know like the two groups at
+baseline in any group there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline in any group there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline in any group there's going to
+be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+distrib polinomials or you know add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distrib polinomials or you know add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distrib polinomials or you know add
+single digits or um conjugate Spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single digits or um conjugate Spanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single digits or um conjugate Spanish
+verbs or whatever it is but in any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs or whatever it is but in any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs or whatever it is but in any given
+classroom like you know there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom like you know there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom like you know there should be
+a distribution of skill right some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distribution of skill right some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distribution of skill right some
+people are having a hard time with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are having a hard time with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are having a hard time with it
+most people are doing fine and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people are doing fine and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people are doing fine and some
+people are doing really good um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing really good um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing really good um at
+baseline these two groups should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline these two groups should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline these two groups should be
+identical right because we randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical right because we randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical right because we randomly
+assign your teachers to two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign your teachers to two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign your teachers to two different
+groups and random assignment is magical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and random assignment is magical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and random assignment is magical
+um and people you know like every once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and people you know like every once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and people you know like every once
+in a while it doesn't work but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a while it doesn't work but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a while it doesn't work but for the
+most part like the two groups should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part like the two groups should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part like the two groups should be
+the same. What should happen afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same. What should happen afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same. What should happen afterwards
+um is that now here's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that now here's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that now here's something that
+makes learning research really hard. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes learning research really hard. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes learning research really hard. Um
+what kind of learning will like learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of learning will like learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of learning will like learning
+will happen in both conditions, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen in both conditions, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen in both conditions, right?
+Almost everything we do makes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Almost everything we do makes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Almost everything we do makes people
+learn somewhat like it there are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn somewhat like it there are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn somewhat like it there are very
+few things that we do that we're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things that we do that we're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things that we do that we're like
+boy that was completely ineffective.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy that was completely ineffective.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy that was completely ineffective.
+Like even if we're not using the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like even if we're not using the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like even if we're not using the most
+optimal techniques students still learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal techniques students still learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal techniques students still learn
+stuff. So in the control condition,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. So in the control condition,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. So in the control condition,
+let's call orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call orange
+control, there's still at time two going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control, there's still at time two going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control, there's still at time two going
+to be improvement. T1, T2, you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be improvement. T1, T2, you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be improvement. T1, T2, you're going
+to see the sort of distribution move.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the sort of distribution move.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the sort of distribution move.
+What we want to see though is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we want to see though is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we want to see though is something
+like this, like, oh, we learned more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, like, oh, we learned more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, like, oh, we learned more in
+the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental
+condition when we went from T1 to T2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition when we went from T1 to T2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition when we went from T1 to T2.
+Um, and in particular, we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and in particular, we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and in particular, we're interested
+in like the way cognitive load theorists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like the way cognitive load theorists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like the way cognitive load theorists
+do this, they're particularly interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this, they're particularly interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this, they're particularly interested
+in averages. like in general are kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in averages. like in general are kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in averages. like in general are kids
+more or less better off having do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less better off having do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less better off having do this
+like this has 10 teachers each of whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this has 10 teachers each of whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this has 10 teachers each of whom
+has 20 kids has 200 kids this has 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 20 kids has 200 kids this has 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 20 kids has 200 kids this has 200
+kids is one group o you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids is one group o you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids is one group o you know sort of
+better than the other um sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the other um sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the other um sometimes you
+can do some of this stuff some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do some of this stuff some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do some of this stuff some of this
+stuff happens in the field some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff happens in the field some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff happens in the field some of this
+stuff happens in laboratory kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff happens in laboratory kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff happens in laboratory kinds of
+experiments um one uh let's see if um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments um one uh let's see if um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments um one uh let's see if um uh
+so this is a modality effect which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a modality effect which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a modality effect which is
+kind of cool um replace a written expl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool um replace a written expl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool um replace a written expl
+explanatory text and another source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanatory text and another source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanatory text and another source of
+visual information such as a diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual information such as a diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual information such as a diagram
+with a spoken explanatory text and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a spoken explanatory text and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a spoken explanatory text and a
+visual source of information. It turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual source of information. It turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual source of information. It turns
+out again we don't to I would say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again we don't to I would say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again we don't to I would say we
+don't totally understand this um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't totally understand this um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't totally understand this um that
+your working memory seems to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your working memory seems to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your working memory seems to handle
+visual and auditory inputs differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual and auditory inputs differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual and auditory inputs differently
+and so you have a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have a little bit more
+working memory to work with if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory to work with if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory to work with if you're
+hearing stuff and looking at stuff than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing stuff and looking at stuff than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing stuff and looking at stuff than
+if you're reading stuff and looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're reading stuff and looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're reading stuff and looking at
+stuff. Why? Nobody knows. Evolution, who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. Why? Nobody knows. Evolution, who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. Why? Nobody knows. Evolution, who
+knows? But it's kind of cool, right? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows? But it's kind of cool, right? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows? But it's kind of cool, right? Um
+so how might you study something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how might you study something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how might you study something like
+that? um you take a textbook um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? um you take a textbook um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? um you take a textbook um and you
+bring a bunch of students into the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a bunch of students into the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a bunch of students into the lab
+um and you have them do some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you have them do some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you have them do some kind of
+textbook learning exercise. You you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook learning exercise. You you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook learning exercise. You you
+measure them beforehand, you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure them beforehand, you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure them beforehand, you measure
+them afterwards. For some random half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them afterwards. For some random half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them afterwards. For some random half of
+the students who are walking into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students who are walking into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students who are walking into your
+lab, they probably are taking like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab, they probably are taking like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab, they probably are taking like a
+freshman psych class and they have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman psych class and they have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman psych class and they have to do
+this for, you know, extra credit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for, you know, extra credit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for, you know, extra credit or
+something like that. Um and you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Um and you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Um and you give
+them the like auditory enhanced version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the like auditory enhanced version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the like auditory enhanced version
+of this. And if the people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this. And if the people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this. And if the people in the
+auditory-enhanced condition in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory-enhanced condition in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory-enhanced condition in the
+modality effect condition do better um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modality effect condition do better um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modality effect condition do better um
+then you've sort of like you didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've sort of like you didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've sort of like you didn't have
+to go all the way into the field. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go all the way into the field. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go all the way into the field. You
+didn't have to like recruit a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to like recruit a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to like recruit a bunch of
+teachers in real classrooms and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers in real classrooms and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers in real classrooms and things
+like that. You can sort study little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. You can sort study little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. You can sort study little
+bits of this in the lab. But again, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of this in the lab. But again, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of this in the lab. But again, the
+thing that these folks are particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that these folks are particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that these folks are particularly
+interested in is um changes in average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is um changes in average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is um changes in average
+effects. Um we sort of like these models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects. Um we sort of like these models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects. Um we sort of like these models
+tend to assume that we're teaching stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to assume that we're teaching stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to assume that we're teaching stuff
+that everyone should learn. um it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone should learn. um it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone should learn. um it would
+be good if all the kids in my math class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good if all the kids in my math class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good if all the kids in my math class
+learn to factor polomials and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to factor polomials and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to factor polomials and we want
+strategies that on average have more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that on average have more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that on average have more of
+those kids learn more about factoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kids learn more about factoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kids learn more about factoring
+polinomials and other things. I'm sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomials and other things. I'm sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomials and other things. I'm sort
+of emphasizing this point because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of emphasizing this point because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of emphasizing this point because a
+bunch of stuff that you're going to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of stuff that you're going to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of stuff that you're going to read
+for next class doesn't necessarily make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for next class doesn't necessarily make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for next class doesn't necessarily make
+those assumptions. It's still about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those assumptions. It's still about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those assumptions. It's still about
+learning um but um thinks about doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning um but um thinks about doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning um but um thinks about doing
+research differently and thinks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research differently and thinks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research differently and thinks about
+goals differently.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals differently.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals differently.
+Um okay, here are uh oh good. We just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay, here are uh oh good. We just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay, here are uh oh good. We just
+did question number three here of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did question number three here of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did question number three here of things
+that I wanted to talk with you about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wanted to talk with you about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wanted to talk with you about.
+Um, number one, we emphasize what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, number one, we emphasize what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, number one, we emphasize what what
+for cognitive load theorists, what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cognitive load theorists, what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cognitive load theorists, what is
+the bottleneck that they're most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottleneck that they're most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottleneck that they're most
+concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned
+with? Working memory. There's a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with? Working memory. There's a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with? Working memory. There's a limited
+number of stuff that you can operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of stuff that you can operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of stuff that you can operate
+with in working memory. So, you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in working memory. So, you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in working memory. So, you got to
+think about, especially for noviceses,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about, especially for noviceses,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about, especially for noviceses,
+how do you reduce the complexity of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you reduce the complexity of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you reduce the complexity of a
+learning environment?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning environment?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning environment?
+Um what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what what are what what are the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what are what what are the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what are what what are the what
+are the goals of cognitive learn load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the goals of cognitive learn load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the goals of cognitive learn load
+theory? What are like the end states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory? What are like the end states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory? What are like the end states of
+proficiency?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficiency?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficiency?
+Um for cognitive load the thirst, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um for cognitive load the thirst, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um for cognitive load the thirst, what
+does it mean to be good at stuff?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Would it be to have built up a bank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Would it be to have built up a bank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Would it be to have built up a bank of
+schemas and be able to retrieve them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemas and be able to retrieve them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemas and be able to retrieve them at
+any time? and uh use them to work more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time? and uh use them to work more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time? and uh use them to work more
+quickly through a problem. It could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly through a problem. It could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly through a problem. It could it
+could be more quickly. So definitely I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be more quickly. So definitely I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be more quickly. So definitely I I
+think the first part I would say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the first part I would say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the first part I would say you're
+spot on about that you have memorized a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot on about that you have memorized a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot on about that you have memorized a
+bunch of stuff. The stuff that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of stuff. The stuff that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of stuff. The stuff that you've
+memorized is organized into schemas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized is organized into schemas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized is organized into schemas of
+varying degrees of complexity. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying degrees of complexity. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying degrees of complexity. There's
+some things that don't organize well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that don't organize well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that don't organize well
+into schemas but you know but we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into schemas but you know but we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into schemas but you know but we just
+memorize them anyway. Um, famous things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize them anyway. Um, famous things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize them anyway. Um, famous things
+that don't fit super well into more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't fit super well into more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't fit super well into more
+complex schemas are, um, a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex schemas are, um, a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex schemas are, um, a bunch of
+Asian languages have characters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian languages have characters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian languages have characters that
+don't like have a lot of logic across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like have a lot of logic across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like have a lot of logic across
+them. Like you just have to memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Like you just have to memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Like you just have to memorize
+these things and there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and there are a lot of
+them. Um, and that like like schemas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Um, and that like like schemas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Um, and that like like schemas
+will only get you so far. Um, but an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only get you so far. Um, but an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only get you so far. Um, but an
+important thing about there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing about there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing about there's no
+relation I think about it this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation I think about it this way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation I think about it this way.
+There's no relationship between sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no relationship between sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no relationship between sort of
+proficiency and the learning process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficiency and the learning process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficiency and the learning process
+like like what do cognitive load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like what do cognitive load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like what do cognitive load
+theorists think a really good surgeon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists think a really good surgeon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists think a really good surgeon is
+like a really good surgeon is both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a really good surgeon is both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a really good surgeon is both
+proficient at certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficient at certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficient at certain kinds of
+well-established techniques but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-established techniques but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-established techniques but also
+flexible intuitive like you you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible intuitive like you you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible intuitive like you you know a
+patient has cancer and you cut them open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient has cancer and you cut them open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient has cancer and you cut them open
+and it's some kind of you know like set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's some kind of you know like set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's some kind of you know like set
+of physical problems they've never seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physical problems they've never seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physical problems they've never seen
+before you know they don't want doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know they don't want doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know they don't want doctors
+who are like oh I must memorize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are like oh I must memorize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are like oh I must memorize the
+procedure and just do what I'm told they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and just do what I'm told they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and just do what I'm told they
+want doctors who are flexible they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want doctors who are flexible they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want doctors who are flexible they want
+poets and playwrs who are creative. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poets and playwrs who are creative. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poets and playwrs who are creative. Um
+they want, you know, teachers who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want, you know, teachers who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want, you know, teachers who are
+engaging and effective. Like their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging and effective. Like their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging and effective. Like their
+vision of proficiency is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of proficiency is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of proficiency is the same as
+almost anybody else who studies teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost anybody else who studies teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost anybody else who studies teaching
+and learning. Um just because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learning. Um just because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learning. Um just because they have
+methods that are sort of like it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that are sort of like it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that are sort of like it doesn't
+mean that they want people the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that they want people the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that they want people the rest of
+their lives trying to reduce the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives trying to reduce the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives trying to reduce the amount
+of working load, you know, load on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of working load, you know, load on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of working load, you know, load on their
+working memory. They want people who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory. They want people who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory. They want people who who
+can do all of the things that we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do all of the things that we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do all of the things that we think
+experts should be able to do. But they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts should be able to do. But they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts should be able to do. But they
+say the way you get expertise is not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the way you get expertise is not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the way you get expertise is not to
+take a surgeon and be like just get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a surgeon and be like just get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a surgeon and be like just get in
+there and start cutting people up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and start cutting people up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and start cutting people up and
+like see what happens. Like you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like see what happens. Like you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like see what happens. Like you want to
+train them through a particular series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train them through a particular series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train them through a particular series
+of processes that has them um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processes that has them um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processes that has them um you know
+memorize a particular series of facts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize a particular series of facts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize a particular series of facts.
+Those facts can be assembled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those facts can be assembled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those facts can be assembled in
+knowledge or techniques or other kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge or techniques or other kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge or techniques or other kinds
+of things and then flexibly deploy those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and then flexibly deploy those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and then flexibly deploy those
+things they memorized um to do good work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they memorized um to do good work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they memorized um to do good work
+in the world. Um, so, so don't don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world. Um, so, so don't don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world. Um, so, so don't don't
+confuse the way that cognitive load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse the way that cognitive load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse the way that cognitive load
+theorists want people to learn. Um, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists want people to learn. Um, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists want people to learn. Um, you
+know, which which can be like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, which which can be like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, which which can be like like
+pretty structured, have this devolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty structured, have this devolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty structured, have this devolving
+scaffolding. That doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolding. That doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolding. That doesn't mean that
+that's what expertise looks like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what expertise looks like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what expertise looks like when
+you get to the end of that process. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to the end of that process. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to the end of that process. We
+might teach people to be really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might teach people to be really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might teach people to be really good
+computer programmers through a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programmers through a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programmers through a set of
+worked examples, but doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked examples, but doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked examples, but doesn't mean that
+we want computer programmers who just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want computer programmers who just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want computer programmers who just
+like copy things that they've seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like copy things that they've seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like copy things that they've seen in
+the world. We want those computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world. We want those computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world. We want those computer
+programmers to be flexible, creative,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers to be flexible, creative,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers to be flexible, creative,
+novel, inventive, all those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel, inventive, all those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel, inventive, all those kinds of
+good things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things.
+Um, you read two other pieces that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you read two other pieces that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you read two other pieces that I
+didn't uh talk as much about, but does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't uh talk as much about, but does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't uh talk as much about, but does
+um we talked a little bit about sweller,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we talked a little bit about sweller,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we talked a little bit about sweller,
+the story of a research program. um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story of a research program. um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story of a research program. um that
+this research comes out of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this research comes out of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this research comes out of a particular
+historical context um which is people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical context um which is people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical context um which is people in
+math pretty fired up about problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math pretty fired up about problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math pretty fired up about problem
+solving and this guy John Sweller being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving and this guy John Sweller being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving and this guy John Sweller being
+like I think there are some real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think there are some real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think there are some real
+problems with open-ended problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with open-ended problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with open-ended problem
+solving. I think it doesn't do what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving. I think it doesn't do what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving. I think it doesn't do what we
+want it to do and there might be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to do and there might be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to do and there might be better
+approaches to try.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to try.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to try.
+Um what what what did you take away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um what what what did you take away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um what what what did you take away from
+the Michael Pashan article? So, Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Michael Pashan article? So, Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Michael Pashan article? So, Michael
+Bashan's a teacher in New York City. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bashan's a teacher in New York City. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bashan's a teacher in New York City. Um,
+just teaches math to a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just teaches math to a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just teaches math to a bunch of
+different grades and he's trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different grades and he's trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different grades and he's trying to make
+sense of all this research. What did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of all this research. What did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of all this research. What did you
+take away from the things he was trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away from the things he was trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away from the things he was trying
+to make sense of?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the title of his piece is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the title of his piece is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the title of his piece is not a
+theory of everything. What what did what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of everything. What what did what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of everything. What what did what
+did that allude to?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that allude to?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that allude to?
+I could give like a read response and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could give like a read response and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could give like a read response and
+say applying cognitive fluency theory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say applying cognitive fluency theory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say applying cognitive fluency theory to
+cognitive learn theory and just like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive learn theory and just like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive learn theory and just like you
+know restricting it to where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know restricting it to where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know restricting it to where it is
+putting the boundaries making sure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the boundaries making sure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the boundaries making sure we
+understand what it is and what it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it is and what it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it is and what it's not
+to make sure that when we're discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that when we're discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that when we're discussing
+it we're not stepping beyond it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we're not stepping beyond it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we're not stepping beyond it and
+starting like confusing things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting like confusing things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting like confusing things together
+and not know what we're talking about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not know what we're talking about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not know what we're talking about.
+Good. So some of it is him saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. So some of it is him saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. So some of it is him saying like
+all right like what like what exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right like what like what exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right like what like what exactly
+are these terms and how are they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these terms and how are they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these terms and how are they used
+how they mean over time? Um when Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they mean over time? Um when Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they mean over time? Um when Michael
+Pashan says not a theory of everything,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pashan says not a theory of everything,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pashan says not a theory of everything,
+what are some of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of the things that
+prominently it is not a theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it motivation? Yeah. Why why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it motivation? Yeah. Why why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it motivation? Yeah. Why why do you
+think so Michael Michael teaches math in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so Michael Michael teaches math in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so Michael Michael teaches math in
+in a school in New York? Why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a school in New York? Why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a school in New York? Why do you
+think motivation would be something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think motivation would be something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think motivation would be something that
+would be of pretty keen interest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Michael? I think that could like affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael? I think that could like affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael? I think that could like affect
+how likely people are to remember their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how likely people are to remember their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how likely people are to remember their
+content, right? They're like if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content, right? They're like if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content, right? They're like if you're
+really interested, really motivated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested, really motivated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested, really motivated that
+could affect. Yeah. Yeah. I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could affect. Yeah. Yeah. I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could affect. Yeah. Yeah. I think I
+think you have a subtext of Michael's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have a subtext of Michael's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have a subtext of Michael's
+argument which like my guy, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument which like my guy, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument which like my guy, you know,
+like your clogged working memory is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your clogged working memory is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your clogged working memory is not
+the problem I have. My problem is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I have. My problem is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I have. My problem is my
+kids don't care. Like like if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids don't care. Like like if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids don't care. Like like if you're not
+actually interested and engaged and want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interested and engaged and want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interested and engaged and want
+to learn these things, who cares if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn these things, who cares if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn these things, who cares if
+you're stuck, you know, like it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stuck, you know, like it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stuck, you know, like it's not a
+problem to be putting seven or nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to be putting seven or nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to be putting seven or nine
+things in their working memory. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in their working memory. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in their working memory. The
+problem is they will put zero things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is they will put zero things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is they will put zero things in
+their working memory. um you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their working memory. um you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their working memory. um you know the
+the the the pro the the problem is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the pro the the problem is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the pro the the problem is not
+the bottleneck that appears here. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottleneck that appears here. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottleneck that appears here. The
+problem is you can't get them to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is you can't get them to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is you can't get them to do
+this. You can't get them to attend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. You can't get them to attend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. You can't get them to attend to
+anything. Um I think there's part you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. Um I think there's part you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. Um I think there's part you
+know and and and for him as a teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and and and for him as a teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and and and for him as a teacher
+motivation is just a central pro like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation is just a central pro like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation is just a central pro like a
+central problem of what he does every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central problem of what he does every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central problem of what he does every
+day. How am I going to convince these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day. How am I going to convince these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day. How am I going to convince these
+fourth graders in front of me that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth graders in front of me that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth graders in front of me that it's
+worth learning these this math? Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth learning these this math? Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth learning these this math? Um, and
+that I think part, you know, reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think part, you know, reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think part, you know, reading
+between the lines, I think that's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the lines, I think that's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the lines, I think that's part
+of what feels really important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what feels really important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what feels really important to
+Michael. Um, and John Sweller says this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael. Um, and John Sweller says this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael. Um, and John Sweller says this
+theory doesn't do that. Um, this theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory doesn't do that. Um, this theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory doesn't do that. Um, this theory
+doesn't attend to issues of motivation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't attend to issues of motivation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't attend to issues of motivation.
+Uh, you know, now the good thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, you know, now the good thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, you know, now the good thing about
+doing that, um, and I think Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that, um, and I think Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that, um, and I think Michael
+comes to this conclusion in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to this conclusion in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to this conclusion in some
+respects is like, yeah, it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects is like, yeah, it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects is like, yeah, it's probably
+not a good idea for every theory to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good idea for every theory to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good idea for every theory to try
+to do everything. you know, it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do everything. you know, it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do everything. you know, it it
+doesn't diminish the contributions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't diminish the contributions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't diminish the contributions of
+cognitive load theory to say it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load theory to say it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load theory to say it doesn't
+attend to motivation, but it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend to motivation, but it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend to motivation, but it probably
+should draw our attention to the fact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should draw our attention to the fact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should draw our attention to the fact um
+that working memory is not like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that working memory is not like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that working memory is not like the
+single bottleneck that exists in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bottleneck that exists in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bottleneck that exists in all
+learning environments everywhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning environments everywhere.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning environments everywhere.
+They're all kinds of other bottlenecks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're all kinds of other bottlenecks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're all kinds of other bottlenecks
+that might be around. Again, some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be around. Again, some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be around. Again, some of the
+stuff that we're going to read about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we're going to read about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we're going to read about
+next week thinks of motivation as a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week thinks of motivation as a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week thinks of motivation as a very
+central issue um as maybe like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central issue um as maybe like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central issue um as maybe like the
+central issue to teaching and learning,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central issue to teaching and learning,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central issue to teaching and learning,
+which doesn't mean that this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't mean that this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't mean that this other
+theory is better. Um but that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is better. Um but that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is better. Um but that the the
+theories that we have are just models.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories that we have are just models.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories that we have are just models.
+They help us sort of make sense. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They help us sort of make sense. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They help us sort of make sense. You
+know, nobody actually understands how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, nobody actually understands how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, nobody actually understands how
+the brain works. Nobody actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain works. Nobody actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain works. Nobody actually
+understands how people learn. Um that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands how people learn. Um that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands how people learn. Um that is
+sort of beyond our but there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of beyond our but there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of beyond our but there's a lot
+that we can know about it and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can know about it and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can know about it and we can
+build these models which help us make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build these models which help us make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build these models which help us make
+good predictions. Um but they don't help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good predictions. Um but they don't help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good predictions. Um but they don't help
+us predict kind of everything. Um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us predict kind of everything. Um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us predict kind of everything. Um uh the
+other thing that I think Michael's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that I think Michael's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that I think Michael's
+article is really good for highlighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article is really good for highlighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article is really good for highlighting
+is that these theories change. Um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these theories change. Um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these theories change. Um how
+many of you read in the original article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you read in the original article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you read in the original article
+about this thing called gerine load?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing called gerine load?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing called gerine load?
+Yeah, that researchers in cognitive lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that researchers in cognitive lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that researchers in cognitive lo
+theory have basically given up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory have basically given up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory have basically given up on
+germaine load. Like it was an idea they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germaine load. Like it was an idea they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germaine load. Like it was an idea they
+had for a while. They were working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had for a while. They were working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had for a while. They were working on
+it. They thought it would predict some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. They thought it would predict some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. They thought it would predict some
+stuff. They thought it would explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. They thought it would explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. They thought it would explain
+some stuff and after a while like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff and after a while like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff and after a while like I
+don't think this germaine load idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think this germaine load idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think this germaine load idea is
+all that useful and people have more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that useful and people have more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that useful and people have more or
+less given up on it. So these theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less given up on it. So these theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less given up on it. So these theories
+are sort of constantly changing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of constantly changing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of constantly changing and
+evolving too. You know the version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving too. You know the version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving too. You know the version of
+cognitive load theory um that I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load theory um that I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load theory um that I might
+teach in this class 20 years from now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach in this class 20 years from now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach in this class 20 years from now is
+not going to be the exact same as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be the exact same as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be the exact same as I
+would have you know in the 1980s when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have you know in the 1980s when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have you know in the 1980s when
+John Sweller was just sort of putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Sweller was just sort of putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Sweller was just sort of putting
+these things together. some you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together. some you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together. some you know
+some parts of it have sort of stood the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parts of it have sort of stood the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parts of it have sort of stood the
+test of time I would say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of time I would say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of time I would say you know
+particularly this idea you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly this idea you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly this idea you know the the
+idea of extraneous load seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of extraneous load seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of extraneous load seems to be
+enormously helpful um if you put too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously helpful um if you put too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously helpful um if you put too
+much stuff in front of noviceses they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stuff in front of noviceses they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stuff in front of noviceses they
+won't attend to the right things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't attend to the right things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't attend to the right things and
+they won't remember the things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't remember the things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't remember the things you
+really want them to remember or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want them to remember or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want them to remember or they
+won't you know they won't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't you know they won't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't you know they won't be able to
+attend to what you want them to do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend to what you want them to do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend to what you want them to do but
+if you reduce some of that extraneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you reduce some of that extraneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you reduce some of that extraneous
+load and there are a bunch of like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load and there are a bunch of like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load and there are a bunch of like very
+specific strategies that we can use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific strategies that we can use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific strategies that we can use to
+reduce that extraneous load you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that extraneous load you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that extraneous load you know
+some of which are you know very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which are you know very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which are you know very very
+fine grained um if there are multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine grained um if there are multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine grained um if there are multiple
+sources of information frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of information frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of information frequently
+pictures and accompanying text um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and accompanying text um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and accompanying text um like
+don't put the picture over here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put the picture over here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put the picture over here and the
+text over here put them in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text over here put them in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text over here put them in the same
+place and people will learn better um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and people will learn better um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and people will learn better um
+that's great that's you know um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great that's you know um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great that's you know um like
+think think about how many people today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think think about how many people today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think think about how many people today
+in the United about 57 million kids in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United about 57 million kids in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United about 57 million kids in
+K12 schools tens of million people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K12 schools tens of million people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K12 schools tens of million people in
+higher education like if all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education like if all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education like if all their
+textbooks got a little bit better by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks got a little bit better by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks got a little bit better by
+adhering to this principle like everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhering to this principle like everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhering to this principle like everyone
+would learn you know a tiny tiny bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would learn you know a tiny tiny bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would learn you know a tiny tiny bit
+more but you know amvertised over 57
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more but you know amvertised over 57
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more but you know amvertised over 57
+million kids going to school for 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million kids going to school for 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million kids going to school for 13
+years that could be a lot of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that could be a lot of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that could be a lot of learning
+Um, that's pretty cool. Uh, all right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, that's pretty cool. Uh, all right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, that's pretty cool. Uh, all right.
+220. What are the last things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+220. What are the last things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+220. What are the last things that I
+want to leave you with? Um, you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave you with? Um, you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave you with? Um, you now
+have, um, 50% of the ideas that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, um, 50% of the ideas that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, um, 50% of the ideas that you will
+need to do assignment number one. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do assignment number one. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do assignment number one. Um, so
+again, assignment number one, which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, assignment number one, which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, assignment number one, which you
+should go to the syllabus and read, is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go to the syllabus and read, is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go to the syllabus and read, is
+you're going to pick an educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to pick an educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to pick an educational
+technology. You're going to explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. You're going to explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. You're going to explain it
+that if that educational technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if that educational technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if that educational technology is
+more inspired by instructionists, by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more inspired by instructionists, by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more inspired by instructionists, by
+people who are really fired up about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are really fired up about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are really fired up about um
+direct teaching of things, the cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct teaching of things, the cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct teaching of things, the cognitive
+load theorists or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load theorists or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load theorists or
+instructionists, you know, the worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructionists, you know, the worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructionists, you know, the worked
+example effect is an instructionist kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example effect is an instructionist kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example effect is an instructionist kind
+of idea. There are lots of education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of idea. There are lots of education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of idea. There are lots of education
+technologies which are instructionist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies which are instructionist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies which are instructionist in
+nature. You're like, how are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. You're like, how are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. You're like, how are we going to
+tell people how to do this thing so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people how to do this thing so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people how to do this thing so they
+do it better? Um there are other um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it better? Um there are other um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it better? Um there are other um
+pedagogies, educa um education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogies, educa um education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogies, educa um education
+technologies which are much more focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies which are much more focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies which are much more focused
+on experience, much more focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on experience, much more focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on experience, much more focused on
+apprenticeship um how do we get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticeship um how do we get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticeship um how do we get into the
+world and muck about and do things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and muck about and do things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and muck about and do things and
+that is what you will read about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what you will read about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what you will read about for
+Monday um which is you know sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday um which is you know sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday um which is you know sort of like
+like and both of these ideas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and both of these ideas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and both of these ideas are
+ancient. I mean I think I mentioned you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient. I mean I think I mentioned you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient. I mean I think I mentioned you
+before this quote from Plutarch um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this quote from Plutarch um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this quote from Plutarch um that
+uh education is not the filling of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh education is not the filling of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh education is not the filling of a
+pale but the lighting of a fire. Um, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pale but the lighting of a fire. Um, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pale but the lighting of a fire. Um, you
+know, the cognitive load theories are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the cognitive load theories are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the cognitive load theories are
+like, "No, pale filling is awesome. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "No, pale filling is awesome. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "No, pale filling is awesome. This
+is like super effective. We can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like super effective. We can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like super effective. We can measure
+how much stuff goes into the pale. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much stuff goes into the pale. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much stuff goes into the pale. We
+can measure how much stuff leaks out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure how much stuff leaks out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure how much stuff leaks out of
+the pale. We can measure like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pale. We can measure like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pale. We can measure like the
+optimal flow rate into the pale. Pale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal flow rate into the pale. Pale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal flow rate into the pale. Pale
+filling is cool." Um, we're now going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling is cool." Um, we're now going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling is cool." Um, we're now going to
+find the sort of contemporary versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the sort of contemporary versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the sort of contemporary versions
+of the flame kindlers. People are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the flame kindlers. People are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the flame kindlers. People are trying
+to really get their minds around like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really get their minds around like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really get their minds around like
+how do you get people to learn and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get people to learn and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get people to learn and kind
+of naturalistic apprenticeship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of naturalistic apprenticeship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of naturalistic apprenticeship
+reactions. So, you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions. So, you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions. So, you're going to have to
+find a technology. You have to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a technology. You have to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a technology. You have to explain
+whether it's more instructionist or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's more instructionist or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's more instructionist or
+constructionist, more inspired by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructionist, more inspired by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructionist, more inspired by
+cognitive load theory or situated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load theory or situated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load theory or situated
+learning. Describe how the features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. Describe how the features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. Describe how the features of
+that technology reflect these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technology reflect these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technology reflect these
+pedagogical values. That's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical values. That's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical values. That's like the
+first couple pages of the assignment. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first couple pages of the assignment. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first couple pages of the assignment. Um
+you have something like 1,200 words, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something like 1,200 words, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something like 1,200 words, but
+you can include pictures, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can include pictures, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can include pictures, you can
+annotate things, you be like, "Look,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotate things, you be like, "Look,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotate things, you be like, "Look,
+this is like a little screenshot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a little screenshot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a little screenshot of the
+thing and like here's, you know, where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and like here's, you know, where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and like here's, you know, where
+instructionism is written all over it."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructionism is written all over it."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructionism is written all over it."
+Then in the last part of the paper, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then in the last part of the paper, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then in the last part of the paper, you
+have to take this same technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take this same technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take this same technology and
+imagine that it was redesigned or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that it was redesigned or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that it was redesigned or
+designed originally by people from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed originally by people from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed originally by people from the
+opposite pedagogical perspective. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite pedagogical perspective. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite pedagogical perspective. So you
+might go and find a technology be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go and find a technology be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go and find a technology be like
+man this is like straight cognitive load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man this is like straight cognitive load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man this is like straight cognitive load
+theory. What if this same technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. What if this same technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. What if this same technology
+with the same kind of goals was designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same kind of goals was designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same kind of goals was designed
+by situated learning constructionist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by situated learning constructionist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by situated learning constructionist
+kind of people that is a t so you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of people that is a t so you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of people that is a t so you can be
+thinking um as you're doing all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking um as you're doing all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking um as you're doing all of these
+kinds of readings um what are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of readings um what are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of readings um what are some of
+the key principles that I could use? How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key principles that I could use? How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key principles that I could use? How
+would I apply these key principles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I apply these key principles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I apply these key principles to
+education technologies? which education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education technologies? which education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education technologies? which education
+technology am I most interested in? How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology am I most interested in? How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology am I most interested in? How
+am I going to learn about the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I going to learn about the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I going to learn about the other
+pedagogical philosophy so I can apply in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical philosophy so I can apply in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical philosophy so I can apply in
+the same way? Um that should give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way? Um that should give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way? Um that should give you
+some stuff to work with. Okay. Um 2:25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff to work with. Okay. Um 2:25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff to work with. Okay. Um 2:25
+we'll meet on Monday. You'll read stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll meet on Monday. You'll read stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll meet on Monday. You'll read stuff
+about situated learning. We'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about situated learning. We'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about situated learning. We'll do
+similar kinds of exercises to make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kinds of exercises to make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kinds of exercises to make sense
+of it. Um if you uh have questions, come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. Um if you uh have questions, come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. Um if you uh have questions, come
+swing by, take your books with them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swing by, take your books with them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swing by, take your books with them,
+write your names in them so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your names in them so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your names in them so that you
+don't get them confused with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get them confused with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get them confused with other
+people's. And uh you can expect another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's. And uh you can expect another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's. And uh you can expect another
+email from me hopefully in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email from me hopefully in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email from me hopefully in the next
+couple days. I remember almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple days. I remember almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple days. I remember almost every
+week. I don't promise it comes out. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week. I don't promise it comes out. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week. I don't promise it comes out. It's
+like a courtesy service, but it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a courtesy service, but it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a courtesy service, but it's like a
+little summary of what you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little summary of what you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little summary of what you need to do
+for next week. Okay, I'll stick around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for next week. Okay, I'll stick around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for next week. Okay, I'll stick around
+if anybody needs anything. Otherwise,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anybody needs anything. Otherwise,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anybody needs anything. Otherwise,
+um, have a wonderful weekend and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, have a wonderful weekend and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, have a wonderful weekend and I'll
+see you on Monday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/POBjtg7oDFg.txt b/POBjtg7oDFg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a084dd6195780c4d9a329e2d26fed6cce0af832
--- /dev/null
+++ b/POBjtg7oDFg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu Earl introduced to you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu Earl introduced to you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu Earl introduced to you the
+concept of lean and made the assertion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of lean and made the assertion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of lean and made the assertion
+that lean isn't so much a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lean isn't so much a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lean isn't so much a collection of
+tools as a way of thinking about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools as a way of thinking about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools as a way of thinking about things
+so what we're going to do now actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do now actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do now actually
+in two parts one before lunch one after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two parts one before lunch one after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two parts one before lunch one after
+uh is introduce you to the basics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is introduce you to the basics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is introduce you to the basics of
+that way of thinking um so that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way of thinking um so that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way of thinking um so that's why we
+call this module lean thinking what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this module lean thinking what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this module lean thinking what
+we're going to do first is talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do first is talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do first is talk about
+processes and if lean thinking has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and if lean thinking has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and if lean thinking has one
+really important component like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important component like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important component like the the
+if you walk away from here with one idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you walk away from here with one idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you walk away from here with one idea
+in your head it's to think about work as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your head it's to think about work as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your head it's to think about work as
+a process which can be improved so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process which can be improved so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process which can be improved so we're
+going to we're going to spend a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're going to spend a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're going to spend a little
+bit of time thinking about what is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time thinking about what is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time thinking about what is what
+is a process how can we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a process how can we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a process how can we think about
+processes how can we map processes how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes how can we map processes how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes how can we map processes how
+can we create visual representations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we create visual representations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we create visual representations of
+them and how we can think about value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and how we can think about value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and how we can think about value in
+that context we're going to uh look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that context we're going to uh look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that context we're going to uh look at
+the fundamental lean principles of wac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental lean principles of wac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental lean principles of wac
+and Jones which are essentially how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jones which are essentially how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jones which are essentially how can
+we think about um improving the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about um improving the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about um improving the process
+in a kind of an organized way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of an organized way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of an organized way
+and then we're going to walk through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to walk through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to walk through a
+set of tools which over the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of tools which over the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of tools which over the course of
+the next couple days we will we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next couple days we will we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next couple days we will we will
+dive deeper into uh for now we will with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive deeper into uh for now we will with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive deeper into uh for now we will with
+the exception of mapping which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exception of mapping which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exception of mapping which we're
+actually going to do in some detail uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to do in some detail uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to do in some detail uh
+we'll walk through the tools relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll walk through the tools relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll walk through the tools relatively
+quickly uh just to sort of give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh just to sort of give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh just to sort of give you an
+introduction to them again those will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to them again those will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to them again those will be
+reinforced as the as the uh course goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced as the as the uh course goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced as the as the uh course goes
+on so what what do we what do we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so what what do we what do we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so what what do we what do we mean by
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+process simply put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process simply put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process simply put
+it's a series it's an action or series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a series it's an action or series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a series it's an action or series
+of actions that transforms something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actions that transforms something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actions that transforms something we
+have an input some kind of process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an input some kind of process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an input some kind of process that
+transforms it into an output if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms it into an output if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms it into an output if we want
+to expand the definition a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand the definition a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand the definition a little bit
+more we can also think about where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we can also think about where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we can also think about where the
+inputs come from uh a manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs come from uh a manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs come from uh a manufacturing
+derived terminology is suppliers that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived terminology is suppliers that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived terminology is suppliers that's
+actually kind of dangerous because in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of dangerous because in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of dangerous because in a
+service thing that may actually be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service thing that may actually be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service thing that may actually be the
+customer that has a request or it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer that has a request or it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer that has a request or it may be
+somebody else it may NE not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else it may NE not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else it may NE not necessarily
+be a supply in the sort of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a supply in the sort of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a supply in the sort of material
+sense but there is a a place where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but there is a a place where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but there is a a place where the
+inputs come from a set of defined inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs come from a set of defined inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs come from a set of defined inputs
+set of defined Transformations and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of defined Transformations and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of defined Transformations and the
+outputs go go to a customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs go go to a customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs go go to a customer
+so let's talk about a customer a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about a customer a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about a customer a little
+bit what happens to the outputs of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit what happens to the outputs of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit what happens to the outputs of a
+process they go to a customer uh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process they go to a customer uh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process they go to a customer uh again
+just like supplier the terminology we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like supplier the terminology we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like supplier the terminology we
+got to be careful not to get too hung up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be careful not to get too hung up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be careful not to get too hung up
+on customer may be customer in the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on customer may be customer in the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on customer may be customer in the sort
+of retail sent somebody who buys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of retail sent somebody who buys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of retail sent somebody who buys
+something or it may it may be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or it may it may be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or it may it may be um
+somebody else who gets value out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else who gets value out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else who gets value out of the
+process so external customers are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so external customers are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so external customers are really
+that retail customer the customers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that retail customer the customers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that retail customer the customers the
+people who pay for the process to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who pay for the process to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who pay for the process to take
+place they may or may not be the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place they may or may not be the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place they may or may not be the end
+user there are plenty of examples in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user there are plenty of examples in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user there are plenty of examples in the
+Aerospace business for the engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace business for the engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace business for the engineering
+side of the room uh of customers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the room uh of customers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the room uh of customers for
+example government acquisition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example government acquisition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example government acquisition the
+people who buy things are not the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who buy things are not the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who buy things are not the people
+who use them so there's there's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who use them so there's there's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who use them so there's there's even
+there a distinction between uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a distinction between uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a distinction between uh the
+purchasing customer and the end user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing customer and the end user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing customer and the end user
+customer in addition in many complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer in addition in many complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer in addition in many complex
+processes uh you may actually be working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes uh you may actually be working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes uh you may actually be working
+for an internal customer so a given step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an internal customer so a given step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an internal customer so a given step
+in a more complicated process may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more complicated process may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more complicated process may
+actually be working for somebody inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be working for somebody inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be working for somebody inside
+the organization classic case of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization classic case of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization classic case of that
+for engineer in Aerospace is engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for engineer in Aerospace is engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for engineer in Aerospace is engineering
+operations sometimes you do engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations sometimes you do engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations sometimes you do engineering
+for outside customers most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for outside customers most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for outside customers most of the time
+time you do it for customers within your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you do it for customers within your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you do it for customers within your
+organization in the health care side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization in the health care side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization in the health care side
+there's an awful lot of service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an awful lot of service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an awful lot of service
+provision which are not directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision which are not directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision which are not directly
+affecting the patient um but that uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting the patient um but that uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting the patient um but that uh but
+that are necessary say to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are necessary say to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are necessary say to keep the
+hospital going so thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital going so thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital going so thinking about
+customers with a little bit of nuance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers with a little bit of nuance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers with a little bit of nuance is
+necessary the other thing that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary the other thing that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary the other thing that we can
+that we want to make sure we don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to make sure we don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to make sure we don't get
+too caught up in the words uh is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too caught up in the words uh is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too caught up in the words uh is is the
+fact that our customers also often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that our customers also often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that our customers also often
+provide some of the inputs to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide some of the inputs to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide some of the inputs to our
+process so actually in a classic retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so actually in a classic retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so actually in a classic retail
+transaction the customer has a need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction the customer has a need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction the customer has a need
+which is an input to our process um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an input to our process um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an input to our process um as
+well as being the the the ones who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as being the the the ones who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as being the the the ones who
+receive the output of the process so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the output of the process so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the output of the process so how
+do we visualize a process very general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we visualize a process very general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we visualize a process very general
+question uh a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh a good
+method is process mapping is to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is process mapping is to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is process mapping is to try to
+get our brains wrapped around what goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our brains wrapped around what goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our brains wrapped around what goes
+on inside our work process uh through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on inside our work process uh through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on inside our work process uh through a
+simple map um there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple map um there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple map um there's a couple of
+examples here this one is close to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here this one is close to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here this one is close to my
+heart this is a an aerospace engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart this is a an aerospace engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart this is a an aerospace engineering
+drawing release process this is a before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing release process this is a before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing release process this is a before
+lean uh it's actually from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean uh it's actually from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean uh it's actually from an
+engineering point of view a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering point of view a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering point of view a simple
+process but when you map it out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but when you map it out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but when you map it out in the
+sort of Legacy state it doesn't look so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Legacy state it doesn't look so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Legacy state it doesn't look so
+simple in fact it looks very confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple in fact it looks very confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple in fact it looks very confusing
+and this is near and dear to my heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is near and dear to my heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is near and dear to my heart
+because I spent 10 years working in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I spent 10 years working in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I spent 10 years working in that
+box you can't read it that's stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box you can't read it that's stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box you can't read it that's stress
+analysis and notice that's the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and notice that's the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and notice that's the one that
+all the lines come in and out of right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the lines come in and out of right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the lines come in and out of right
+so the task actually turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the task actually turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the task actually turned out to be
+very simple there but the interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple there but the interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple there but the interactions
+with the rest of the process were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rest of the process were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rest of the process were very
+confusing in the in the sort of Old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing in the in the sort of Old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing in the in the sort of Old
+prean State um here interestingly is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prean State um here interestingly is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prean State um here interestingly is a
+before picture and Earl can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before picture and Earl can probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before picture and Earl can probably
+comment on this a little more for a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on this a little more for a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on this a little more for a a
+heart attack treatment um this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart attack treatment um this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart attack treatment um this one
+doesn't look too bad compared to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look too bad compared to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look too bad compared to that
+one it's sort of more or less linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's sort of more or less linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's sort of more or less linear
+there seems to be some sort of steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there seems to be some sort of steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there seems to be some sort of steps
+probably involving different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably involving different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably involving different people
+working on the patient but apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the patient but apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the patient but apparently
+that was prean so apparently that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was prean so apparently that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was prean so apparently that
+process could be improved the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process could be improved the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process could be improved the problem
+with that process was it took too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that process was it took too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that process was it took too long
+ah okay too many steps so it's organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay too many steps so it's organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay too many steps so it's organized
+here we can see a pretty clear path but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can see a pretty clear path but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can see a pretty clear path but
+lots and lots of steps so took too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of steps so took too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of steps so took too long
+okay that's that's that's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that's that's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that's that's easy to
+understand this one um yeah more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this one um yeah more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this one um yeah more more
+complex set of problems with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex set of problems with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex set of problems with that
+process in any case the point here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in any case the point here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in any case the point here is
+not to is not to go too deep on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to is not to go too deep on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to is not to go too deep on the
+individual processes but to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual processes but to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual processes but to get the
+point across that in order to improve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point across that in order to improve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point across that in order to improve a
+process you have to understand it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you have to understand it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you have to understand it and
+that one good way to understand it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one good way to understand it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one good way to understand it is
+visually and Maps help us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually and Maps help us with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually and Maps help us with
+that so here's an example it's not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here's an example it's not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here's an example it's not even
+a very good example but it's a it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good example but it's a it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good example but it's a it's an
+intuitive example most people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive example most people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive example most people would
+understand it um I want a hot dog or my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it um I want a hot dog or my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it um I want a hot dog or my
+kids want a hot dog that's usually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids want a hot dog that's usually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids want a hot dog that's usually what
+happens on the weekends Dad can we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on the weekends Dad can we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on the weekends Dad can we have
+a hot dog so my customer my kids order a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hot dog so my customer my kids order a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hot dog so my customer my kids order a
+hot dog so they're providing input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot dog so they're providing input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot dog so they're providing input to
+the process as well as being the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process as well as being the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process as well as being the output
+customer they're kind of in a loop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer they're kind of in a loop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer they're kind of in a loop there
+so then the question is do I have hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the question is do I have hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the question is do I have hot
+dogs so I go look in the pantry why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs so I go look in the pantry why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs so I go look in the pantry why the
+hot dogs are in the pantry I've still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot dogs are in the pantry I've still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot dogs are in the pantry I've still
+not figured out they should probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not figured out they should probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not figured out they should probably be
+in the refrigerator apparently this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the refrigerator apparently this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the refrigerator apparently this is
+not a perfected process but that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a perfected process but that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a perfected process but that's okay
+um and if there's if there is uh hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if there's if there is uh hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if there's if there is uh hot
+dogs in the pantry I'm all set if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs in the pantry I'm all set if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs in the pantry I'm all set if
+there's not I have to go to the store so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not I have to go to the store so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not I have to go to the store so
+there's a little bit of a decision here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of a decision here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of a decision here
+here's another supplier uh which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another supplier uh which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another supplier uh which is the
+store um um okay if I have everything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store um um okay if I have everything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store um um okay if I have everything I
+need I put the hot dog I cook the hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I put the hot dog I cook the hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I put the hot dog I cook the hot
+dog I put it in the bun I give it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog I put it in the bun I give it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog I put it in the bun I give it to the
+kids we're all set there's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids we're all set there's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids we're all set there's a little bit
+of an extra sort of tail end Loop here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an extra sort of tail end Loop here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an extra sort of tail end Loop here
+which is I got to clean up and if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I got to clean up and if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I got to clean up and if I'm
+smart about it I'll actually save myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart about it I'll actually save myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart about it I'll actually save myself
+some front end work by putting um by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some front end work by putting um by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some front end work by putting um by
+putting hot dogs on the shopping list if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting hot dogs on the shopping list if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting hot dogs on the shopping list if
+I use them all up not the greatest not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use them all up not the greatest not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use them all up not the greatest not
+the greatest process map but it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest process map but it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest process map but it's one
+everyone can understand right um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can understand right um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can understand right um you
+could probably do better and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably do better and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably do better and we're going
+to give you an opportunity to do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an opportunity to do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an opportunity to do uh
+exactly that we're going to do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that we're going to do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that we're going to do a little
+bit more complicated process it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated process it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated process it's not
+just kids ordering from me but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kids ordering from me but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kids ordering from me but it's not
+that much more complicated and it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much more complicated and it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much more complicated and it does
+in fact involve fixing hot dogs in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact involve fixing hot dogs in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact involve fixing hot dogs in your
+blue folder you have um it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue folder you have um it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue folder you have um it's a little
+story about Sasha and Andy's hot dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about Sasha and Andy's hot dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about Sasha and Andy's hot dog
+stand and the stuff in the front give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand and the stuff in the front give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand and the stuff in the front give
+you an introduction to um Sasha and Andy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an introduction to um Sasha and Andy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an introduction to um Sasha and Andy
+who have a hot dog stand um and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have a hot dog stand um and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have a hot dog stand um and they're
+doing fine but they find that they are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing fine but they find that they are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing fine but they find that they are a
+little bit swamped they have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit swamped they have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit swamped they have more
+customers than they can deal with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers than they can deal with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers than they can deal with and
+they want to improve their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to improve their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to improve their
+process so we're going to help them do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so we're going to help them do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so we're going to help them do
+that and so we're going to help them do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so we're going to help them do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so we're going to help them do
+that with this with a direct uh exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with this with a direct uh exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with this with a direct uh exercise
+here read the sheet here for you their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here read the sheet here for you their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here read the sheet here for you their
+process is actually already been broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is actually already been broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is actually already been broken
+down if you were doing this with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down if you were doing this with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down if you were doing this with your
+own process from from start you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own process from from start you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own process from from start you'd have
+to do the little exercise of figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the little exercise of figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the little exercise of figuring
+out okay what are the steps what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay what are the steps what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay what are the steps what are the
+inputs and outputs to the steps don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and outputs to the steps don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and outputs to the steps don't
+even worry about the data yet just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worry about the data yet just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worry about the data yet just the
+First Column that's the steps that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Column that's the steps that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Column that's the steps that they
+take that's been done for you and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that's been done for you and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that's been done for you and we're
+going to map this so give you a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to map this so give you a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to map this so give you a second
+to to look at that think about the steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to look at that think about the steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to look at that think about the steps
+they inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they inputs and
+outputs and then we're going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs and then we're going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs and then we're going to uh
+create a map using the Post-it notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a map using the Post-it notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a map using the Post-it notes
+which are out on the table with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are out on the table with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are out on the table with the
+Sharpies um for each of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharpies um for each of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharpies um for each of the process
+elements make a poit and this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements make a poit and this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements make a poit and this is not
+supposed to be complicated the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be complicated the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be complicated the first one
+is let's see take order right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's see take order right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's see take order right so let's
+make it easy take take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order um who takes the order Sasha takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order um who takes the order Sasha takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order um who takes the order Sasha takes
+the order we could add that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order we could add that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order we could add that information
+or we could use color um perhaps this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could use color um perhaps this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could use color um perhaps this
+color implies Sasha um and we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color implies Sasha um and we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color implies Sasha um and we'll put
+that on our thing and we're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on our thing and we're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on our thing and we're using a
+sticky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticky
+why we GNA move it around right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we GNA move it around right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we GNA move it around right because
+a priority we're not really sure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a priority we're not really sure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a priority we're not really sure how
+these things should be arranged to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things should be arranged to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things should be arranged to make
+the most sense let's think about inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most sense let's think about inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most sense let's think about inputs
+in outputs who gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in outputs who gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in outputs who gives the
+input ceromer customer okay so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input ceromer customer okay so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input ceromer customer okay so there's
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+one so you might want to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you might want to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you might want to do something
+like that and you get the picture all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and you get the picture all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and you get the picture all
+right we're not going to do the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're not going to do the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're not going to do the whole
+thing for you you're going to do it get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for you you're going to do it get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for you you're going to do it get
+the stickies arrange them on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stickies arrange them on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stickies arrange them on the board
+don't start drawing lines yet because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't start drawing lines yet because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't start drawing lines yet because
+that would kind of ruin the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would kind of ruin the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would kind of ruin the point of
+having the stickies there um when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the stickies there um when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the stickies there um when you
+think you have everything puzzled out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have everything puzzled out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have everything puzzled out um
+there might be some other details that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some other details that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some other details that
+are necess Neary um one of them is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are necess Neary um one of them is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are necess Neary um one of them is that
+there might be um waiting or inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be um waiting or inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be um waiting or inventory
+there may be places where the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be places where the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be places where the process
+waights and the traditional symbol for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waights and the traditional symbol for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waights and the traditional symbol for
+that is a triangle we don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a triangle we don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a triangle we don't have any
+triangle shaped stickies so we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle shaped stickies so we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle shaped stickies so we are going
+to use something like this perhaps there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use something like this perhaps there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use something like this perhaps there
+is a line of customers so there's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a line of customers so there's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a line of customers so there's kind
+of an inventory waiting box in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an inventory waiting box in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an inventory waiting box in front of
+them I don't know I'm making this up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I don't know I'm making this up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I don't know I'm making this up as
+I go along and perhaps a decision has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go along and perhaps a decision has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go along and perhaps a decision has to
+be made at that point you know do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made at that point you know do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made at that point you know do we
+take the order or tell them no I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the order or tell them no I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the order or tell them no I'm sorry
+we don't sell that um decisions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't sell that um decisions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't sell that um decisions are
+diamonds you can do a Diamond by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds you can do a Diamond by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds you can do a Diamond by just
+putting a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a square
+sideways when all of that is done then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways when all of that is done then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways when all of that is done then
+it's time to draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time to draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time to draw the
+lines um you can actually even make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines um you can actually even make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines um you can actually even make that
+temporary and use stickies with arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary and use stickies with arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary and use stickies with arrows
+on them or use string I've I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them or use string I've I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them or use string I've I've
+participated in exercises where you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participated in exercises where you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participated in exercises where you do
+that that's getting a little bit too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's getting a little bit too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's getting a little bit too
+clever it gets a bit messy best thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever it gets a bit messy best thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever it gets a bit messy best thing to
+do is arrange everything on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is arrange everything on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is arrange everything on the board
+with the stickies when you think you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the stickies when you think you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the stickies when you think you got
+everything lined up then draw lines to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything lined up then draw lines to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything lined up then draw lines to
+show how the process is Flowing um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how the process is Flowing um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how the process is Flowing um this
+is a u speed exercise you only have 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a u speed exercise you only have 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a u speed exercise you only have 10
+minutes uh so get with your groups here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes uh so get with your groups here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes uh so get with your groups here
+are the basic mapping symbols Triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the basic mapping symbols Triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the basic mapping symbols Triangle
+Square uh rectangle Diamond don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square uh rectangle Diamond don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square uh rectangle Diamond don't worry
+about issues yet we're going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about issues yet we're going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about issues yet we're going to get to
+that map out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process says is
+inom you go back and you repeat four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inom you go back and you repeat four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inom you go back and you repeat four
+which is this one comes back down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this one comes back down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this one comes back down here
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then what so time's up we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what so time's up we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what so time's up we've
+we've I think everybody's got something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've I think everybody's got something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've I think everybody's got something
+that that approximates a map here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that approximates a map here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that approximates a map here and
+don't worry you'll get you'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry you'll get you'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry you'll get you'll get a
+chance to play with it more uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to play with it more uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to play with it more uh in the
+near future um so let's see what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near future um so let's see what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near future um so let's see what we have
+let's have the folks in the back who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have the folks in the back who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have the folks in the back who
+have a map that looks kind of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a map that looks kind of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a map that looks kind of different
+uh let us let us know what what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let us let us know what what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let us let us know what what they
+have so we have the gender colors as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so we have the gender colors as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so we have the gender colors as
+well and it starts at the upper left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and it starts at the upper left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and it starts at the upper left and
+goes down here which we don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down here which we don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down here which we don't actually
+have the processed lines but essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the processed lines but essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the processed lines but essentially
+the times next to each potit refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times next to each potit refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times next to each potit refer to
+how long that is suggested to take and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long that is suggested to take and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long that is suggested to take and
+then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we
+have this Loop iterative process here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this Loop iterative process here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this Loop iterative process here
+where Andy will need to prepare the hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Andy will need to prepare the hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Andy will need to prepare the hot
+dog and potentially multiple hot dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog and potentially multiple hot dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog and potentially multiple hot dogs
+coming up here s checking the order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up here s checking the order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up here s checking the order and
+completing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing that
+process as well as ending with 10 minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process as well as ending with 10 minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process as well as ending with 10 minute
+per hour maintenance okay so and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per hour maintenance okay so and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per hour maintenance okay so and you've
+got sort of a different physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got sort of a different physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got sort of a different physical
+arrangement it comes down and then back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement it comes down and then back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement it comes down and then back
+up again which is sort of enforced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again which is sort of enforced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again which is sort of enforced by
+the geometry of that board so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry of that board so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry of that board so that's
+fine um and uh and I guess because maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine um and uh and I guess because maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine um and uh and I guess because maybe
+you didn't have time to finish with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have time to finish with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have time to finish with the
+lines it's a little bit less clear kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it's a little bit less clear kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it's a little bit less clear kind
+of what the rework is it looks a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the rework is it looks a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the rework is it looks a little
+more linear um that that's fine uh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more linear um that that's fine uh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more linear um that that's fine uh and I
+don't think we're going to go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we're going to go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we're going to go through it
+looks like everybody else also did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like everybody else also did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like everybody else also did a
+nice job the point though is not to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice job the point though is not to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice job the point though is not to go
+through each individual one and give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each individual one and give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each individual one and give you
+a grade the point actually is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grade the point actually is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grade the point actually is that I
+think all of these maps are successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all of these maps are successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all of these maps are successful
+in visually representing the process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in visually representing the process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in visually representing the process and
+some of its difficulties the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of its difficulties the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of its difficulties the fact that
+it is fairly long that it has reworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is fairly long that it has reworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is fairly long that it has reworks
+and decisions that it has weights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decisions that it has weights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decisions that it has weights and
+times um those are all captured and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um those are all captured and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um those are all captured and
+there's no real right answer because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real right answer because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real right answer because um
+that's the point of our next slide um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point of our next slide um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point of our next slide um
+you know it's it's a 2d visualization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's a 2d visualization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's a 2d visualization
+it's it's something that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's something that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's something that is actually
+taking place in 3D space plus there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place in 3D space plus there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place in 3D space plus there's
+time issues uh there's there's issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time issues uh there's there's issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time issues uh there's there's issues of
+these part these processes that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these part these processes that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these part these processes that are not
+on the main Loop you can't basically get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the main Loop you can't basically get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the main Loop you can't basically get
+everything into a two-dimensional map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything into a two-dimensional map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything into a two-dimensional map
+you do the best you can you use it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the best you can you use it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the best you can you use it as a
+way of communicating um the process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of communicating um the process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of communicating um the process so
+capturing and communicating the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing and communicating the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing and communicating the key
+features of the process is what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of the process is what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of the process is what you want
+to do um one thing that you do have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do um one thing that you do have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do um one thing that you do have to
+be careful of and this this uh exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful of and this this uh exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful of and this this uh exercise
+is actually fairly carefully designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually fairly carefully designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually fairly carefully designed
+this way you have to capture I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way you have to capture I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way you have to capture I actually
+shouldn't say that avoid unneeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say that avoid unneeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say that avoid unneeded
+details you have to capture the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details you have to capture the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details you have to capture the right
+level of detail if we just said make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of detail if we just said make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of detail if we just said make the
+hot dog we'd miss all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot dog we'd miss all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot dog we'd miss all of this
+interesting stuff right on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stuff right on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stuff right on the other
+hand if we went through and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if we went through and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if we went through and you know
+some people did and that's okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people did and that's okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people did and that's okay because
+I didn't tell you not to went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't tell you not to went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't tell you not to went through
+the individual like okay take the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual like okay take the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual like okay take the order
+chat with the customer take the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat with the customer take the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat with the customer take the money
+right at some level of detail we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at some level of detail we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at some level of detail we might
+actually want to to we might want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to to we might want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to to we might want to do
+that at the level of detail of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the level of detail of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the level of detail of this
+whole process if we get into those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole process if we get into those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole process if we get into those
+individual things it gets too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual things it gets too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual things it gets too
+complicated right so most most folks did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right so most most folks did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right so most most folks did
+um capture that level of detail about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um capture that level of detail about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um capture that level of detail about
+right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um
+but uh yeah so we've I think we've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh yeah so we've I think we've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh yeah so we've I think we've all
+succeeded in doing the key thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in doing the key thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in doing the key thing which
+is capturing the features of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is capturing the features of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is capturing the features of the process
+uh okay we're going to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay we're going to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay we're going to come back to
+these but for now um that's it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but for now um that's it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but for now um that's it for
+processes like I said if there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes like I said if there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes like I said if there's one
+thing you take away from here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you take away from here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you take away from here it's
+thinking about work as processes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about work as processes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about work as processes because
+once you un once you think of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you un once you think of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you un once you think of something
+as a process you can uh understand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a process you can uh understand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a process you can uh understand and
+improve it often fairly intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it often fairly intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it often fairly intuitively
+often it's it it really is application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it's it it really is application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it's it it really is application
+of common sense to the process to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of common sense to the process to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of common sense to the process to make
+it better okay so a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better okay so a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better okay so a little bit of a
+transition now we're going to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition now we're going to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition now we're going to get into
+the um the five lean thinking fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the five lean thinking fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the five lean thinking fun
+fundamentals uh Earl introduced you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals uh Earl introduced you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals uh Earl introduced you a
+little earlier to the origins of lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little earlier to the origins of lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little earlier to the origins of lean
+how it came out of a study of Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it came out of a study of Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it came out of a study of Japanese
+practices um by Jim wac and his team and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices um by Jim wac and his team and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices um by Jim wac and his team and
+wack and Jones wrote a book in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wack and Jones wrote a book in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wack and Jones wrote a book in
+1995 where they basically took the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 where they basically took the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 where they basically took the base
+the ideas the concepts of the Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas the concepts of the Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas the concepts of the Japanese
+system um and captured them not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um and captured them not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um and captured them not so
+much uh as a system but as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh as a system but as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh as a system but as a way of
+transforming forming existing processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming forming existing processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming forming existing processes
+into better ones they said let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into better ones they said let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into better ones they said let's take
+these principles and figure out how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these principles and figure out how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these principles and figure out how they
+can be used to take existing processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to take existing processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to take existing processes
+which are maybe not so great uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are maybe not so great uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are maybe not so great uh and
+transform them into better ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform them into better ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform them into better ones and
+that's kind of the essence of lean as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the essence of lean as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the essence of lean as
+practiced in North America and Europe at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practiced in North America and Europe at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practiced in North America and Europe at
+least uh and here they are here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least uh and here they are here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least uh and here they are here are the
+uh fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fundamental
+principles first of all specify value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles first of all specify value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles first of all specify value
+understand what we want to accomplish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what we want to accomplish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what we want to accomplish
+because if we don't do that we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we don't do that we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we don't do that we can't
+really think clearly about any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think clearly about any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think clearly about any of the
+other steps so what is the value of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other steps so what is the value of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other steps so what is the value of our
+hot dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot dog
+stand what is the value of a hot dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand what is the value of a hot dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand what is the value of a hot dog
+stand hot dogs right hot dogs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand hot dogs right hot dogs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand hot dogs right hot dogs for
+customers warm safe no diseases or bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers warm safe no diseases or bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers warm safe no diseases or bugs
+you know you can think of a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can think of a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can think of a couple of
+the quality issues you can think of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality issues you can think of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality issues you can think of some
+some Nuance to it but basically we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Nuance to it but basically we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Nuance to it but basically we want
+to make hot dogs identify the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make hot dogs identify the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make hot dogs identify the value
+stream we've sort of done that uh if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream we've sort of done that uh if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream we've sort of done that uh if we
+think about the uh process uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the uh process uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the uh process uh and and
+take a process map but a rather specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a process map but a rather specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a process map but a rather specific
+kind of process map which is a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of process map which is a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of process map which is a process
+map that follows the value added product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map that follows the value added product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map that follows the value added product
+through the process and then think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the process and then think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the process and then think about
+how value is added to that product as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how value is added to that product as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how value is added to that product as it
+moves through the process that's a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves through the process that's a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves through the process that's a value
+stream map we're pretty close on this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream map we're pretty close on this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream map we're pretty close on this we
+figured out the value is the hot dog and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out the value is the hot dog and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out the value is the hot dog and
+we're following the hot dog pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're following the hot dog pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're following the hot dog pretty much
+we're following a hot dog order uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're following a hot dog order uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're following a hot dog order uh
+through through there so all of ours are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through there so all of ours are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through there so all of ours are
+approaching value stream not all process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching value stream not all process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching value stream not all process
+maps are we could have followed Sasha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps are we could have followed Sasha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps are we could have followed Sasha
+around right what does that person do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right what does that person do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right what does that person do
+that's not a value stream map that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a value stream map that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a value stream map that's
+it's a process map it's following that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a process map it's following that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a process map it's following that
+person's work process but value stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's work process but value stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's work process but value stream
+map follows the product the value added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map follows the product the value added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map follows the product the value added
+product make value flow saw a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product make value flow saw a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product make value flow saw a couple
+Maps earlier there was that engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps earlier there was that engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps earlier there was that engineering
+map didn't look like a lot of flow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map didn't look like a lot of flow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map didn't look like a lot of flow in
+that map the lines were all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that map the lines were all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that map the lines were all over the
+place right um the heart attack map was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place right um the heart attack map was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place right um the heart attack map was
+better at least there was some coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at least there was some coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at least there was some coherent
+you know patient comes in to patient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know patient comes in to patient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know patient comes in to patient is
+resolved in some way so there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved in some way so there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved in some way so there was a
+potential there for flow at least but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential there for flow at least but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential there for flow at least but
+Earl was saying that in the Old State it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earl was saying that in the Old State it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earl was saying that in the Old State it
+wasn't really being achieved because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't really being achieved because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't really being achieved because
+there is too many steps it was too slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is too many steps it was too slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is too many steps it was too slow
+so what we would like to do is have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we would like to do is have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we would like to do is have
+value flow through the value stream um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value flow through the value stream um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value flow through the value stream um
+as continuously as possible not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as continuously as possible not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as continuously as possible not
+necessarily as fast as possible although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily as fast as possible although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily as fast as possible although
+speed usually processes are too slow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed usually processes are too slow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed usually processes are too slow so
+it's it's reasonable to say we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's reasonable to say we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's reasonable to say we would
+like it to flow quickly through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it to flow quickly through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it to flow quickly through the
+process then we get a little bit more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process then we get a little bit more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process then we get a little bit more uh
+sophisticated and by the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated and by the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated and by the end of the
+class we'll get to to what this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we'll get to to what this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we'll get to to what this concept
+means it may not be intuitive right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it may not be intuitive right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it may not be intuitive right away
+um if we have a system that flows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we have a system that flows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we have a system that flows and
+creates value for the customer there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates value for the customer there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates value for the customer there's
+the potential that we can allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential that we can allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential that we can allow the
+customers to pull value from that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers to pull value from that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers to pull value from that system
+that's a like lean that's a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a like lean that's a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a like lean that's a slightly
+fraught word what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraught word what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraught word what does that mean
+especially when we're pulling on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when we're pulling on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when we're pulling on
+something that flows or pulling on water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that flows or pulling on water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that flows or pulling on water
+I don't know the metaphors get kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know the metaphors get kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know the metaphors get kind of
+messed up but the idea here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up but the idea here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up but the idea here is that
+essentially this if the system flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this if the system flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this if the system flows
+continuously and creates value from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously and creates value from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously and creates value from the
+customer's point of view when they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer's point of view when they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer's point of view when they want
+something they get it they can come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they get it they can come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they get it they can come up
+to the hot dog stand say I want a hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hot dog stand say I want a hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hot dog stand say I want a hot
+dog the hot dog comes they're happy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog the hot dog comes they're happy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog the hot dog comes they're happy um
+and that this um and that this act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this um and that this act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this um and that this act of
+satisfying the customer actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying the customer actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying the customer actually
+controls the process all the way back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the process all the way back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the process all the way back to
+the to the lowest levels the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the lowest levels the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the lowest levels the customer
+gets their hot dog we essentially have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets their hot dog we essentially have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets their hot dog we essentially have a
+process that doesn't require a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that doesn't require a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that doesn't require a whole lot
+of decision- making that isn't complic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decision- making that isn't complic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decision- making that isn't complic
+at that flows that uh creates the hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that flows that uh creates the hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that flows that uh creates the hot
+dogs that orders the Buns that cleans up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs that orders the Buns that cleans up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs that orders the Buns that cleans up
+the grill whatever that the whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grill whatever that the whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grill whatever that the whole system
+is set up so that the customer desire um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set up so that the customer desire um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set up so that the customer desire um
+activates the system to uh to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates the system to uh to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates the system to uh to satisfy
+that desire in a way that's continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that desire in a way that's continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that desire in a way that's continuous
+and easy uh and creates value with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easy uh and creates value with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easy uh and creates value with the
+minimum of waste um and finally pursuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of waste um and finally pursuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of waste um and finally pursuing
+Perfection if we can do all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfection if we can do all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfection if we can do all of this
+we're not done because we can always do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not done because we can always do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not done because we can always do
+better Earl mentioned the the F-18 how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better Earl mentioned the the F-18 how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better Earl mentioned the the F-18 how
+how they identified them as a lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they identified them as a lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they identified them as a lean
+Enterprise and the first thing they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise and the first thing they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise and the first thing they said
+is that's not true we have so much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's not true we have so much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's not true we have so much more
+to do right attitude they knew that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do right attitude they knew that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do right attitude they knew that they
+weren't perfect an external Observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't perfect an external Observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't perfect an external Observer
+said you're pretty good but they knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you're pretty good but they knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you're pretty good but they knew
+that they weren't perfect they were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they weren't perfect they were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they weren't perfect they were in
+fact Pursuit pursuing Perfection uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact Pursuit pursuing Perfection uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact Pursuit pursuing Perfection uh so
+this is a continuous process all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a continuous process all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a continuous process all right
+so we're going to spend the rest of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to spend the rest of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to spend the rest of both
+this unit and then after lunch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unit and then after lunch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unit and then after lunch the
+second unit essentially walking through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second unit essentially walking through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second unit essentially walking through
+these Concepts going a little deeper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Concepts going a little deeper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Concepts going a little deeper and
+also giving you some tools on each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also giving you some tools on each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also giving you some tools on each one
+of these levels first thing we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these levels first thing we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these levels first thing we're going
+to talk about is value um this one is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about is value um this one is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about is value um this one is uh
+Frau it's fairly easy to Define value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frau it's fairly easy to Define value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frau it's fairly easy to Define value
+well not always you have to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not always you have to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not always you have to be a little
+bit careful but it's fairly easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit careful but it's fairly easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit careful but it's fairly easy to
+define the value of the output of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the value of the output of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the value of the output of a
+process okay we want hot dogs that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay we want hot dogs that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay we want hot dogs that's our
+value uh when we start looking in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value uh when we start looking in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value uh when we start looking in more
+detail what's the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail what's the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail what's the value of the
+individual process steps is cooking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual process steps is cooking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual process steps is cooking the
+hot dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot dog
+valuable I hope so assuming you want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable I hope so assuming you want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable I hope so assuming you want it
+cooked um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooked um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooked um but
+is cleaning the grill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cleaning the grill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cleaning the grill
+valuable maybe right we have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable maybe right we have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable maybe right we have to think
+about that a little harder and in a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that a little harder and in a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that a little harder and in a real
+workplace this can get very difficult um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace this can get very difficult um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace this can get very difficult um
+especially if uh you start attaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if uh you start attaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if uh you start attaching
+sort of personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of personal
+um self-worth issues you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um self-worth issues you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um self-worth issues you know if you're
+told you are nonv value added what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you are nonv value added what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you are nonv value added what does
+that do to your morale right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do to your morale right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do to your morale right
+um and it's it's not just a morale issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's it's not just a morale issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's it's not just a morale issue
+it's also a motivation issue when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a motivation issue when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a motivation issue when we
+when we first started uh applying lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we first started uh applying lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we first started uh applying lean
+to um to to product development uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to to product development uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to to product development uh
+activities um we got things up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities um we got things up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities um we got things up and
+completely up and down the scale you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely up and down the scale you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely up and down the scale you
+know from people arguing that their work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from people arguing that their work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from people arguing that their work
+was valuable because they knew it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was valuable because they knew it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was valuable because they knew it was
+Without Really any context to what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Without Really any context to what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Without Really any context to what it
+did for the customer all the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for the customer all the way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for the customer all the way to the
+other side where we had some lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side where we had some lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side where we had some lean
+experts come in and say well well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts come in and say well well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts come in and say well well
+analysis isn't valuable because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis isn't valuable because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis isn't valuable because it
+doesn't add anything directly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't add anything directly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't add anything directly to the
+customer which as an analyst I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer which as an analyst I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer which as an analyst I sort of
+had problems with it took me a while to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had problems with it took me a while to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had problems with it took me a while to
+figure out exactly what the problem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out exactly what the problem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out exactly what the problem was
+was with that but um you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was with that but um you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was with that but um you know people
+that were too too eager to essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were too too eager to essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were too too eager to essentially
+say uh say that activities and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh say that activities and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh say that activities and by
+implication people were nonv value add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication people were nonv value add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication people were nonv value add
+the point is that you have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that you have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that you have to think
+about it so there's some sort of guides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so there's some sort of guides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so there's some sort of guides
+on here uh we can think about value as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here uh we can think about value as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here uh we can think about value as
+uh you know like hooking the hot dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know like hooking the hot dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know like hooking the hot dog
+things that directly transform material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that directly transform material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that directly transform material
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+information in the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the direction of the
+customer of the customer's desire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer of the customer's desire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer of the customer's desire and
+done correctly no mistakes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done correctly no mistakes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done correctly no mistakes that's
+unambiguously valuable um the other end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguously valuable um the other end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguously valuable um the other end
+is kind of easy to think about too pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of easy to think about too pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of easy to think about too pure
+waste consumes resources but creates no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste consumes resources but creates no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste consumes resources but creates no
+value SO waiting inventory stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value SO waiting inventory stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value SO waiting inventory stuff that's
+just sitting around mistakes rework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting around mistakes rework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting around mistakes rework
+reworking things in a a creative sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reworking things in a a creative sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reworking things in a a creative sense
+can be good but if it's because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be good but if it's because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be good but if it's because you're
+fixing a mistake no value there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing a mistake no value there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing a mistake no value there um
+things like that um and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that um and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that um and then in the
+middle there may be things that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle there may be things that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle there may be things that we know
+don't really add value but we simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really add value but we simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really add value but we simply
+have to do there may be set up and tear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do there may be set up and tear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do there may be set up and tear
+down issues with our current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down issues with our current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down issues with our current
+Technologies there may be the necessity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies there may be the necessity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies there may be the necessity
+to do project coordination we may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do project coordination we may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do project coordination we may have
+to satisfy regulations or laws um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy regulations or laws um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy regulations or laws um so
+there may be things that we that we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be things that we that we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be things that we that we got
+to do all right like I said at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do all right like I said at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do all right like I said at the the
+individual task level that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual task level that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual task level that's not
+necessarily an easy thing and here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily an easy thing and here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily an easy thing and here's a
+great example um there's inspection ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great example um there's inspection ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great example um there's inspection ad
+value a couple of little sort of brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value a couple of little sort of brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value a couple of little sort of brain
+teasers here inspect those everybody got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teasers here inspect those everybody got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teasers here inspect those everybody got
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+maybe yeah this one's funny one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah this one's funny one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah this one's funny one of my
+colleagues in the back we have a markup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues in the back we have a markup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues in the back we have a markup
+copy of our slides because we always we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of our slides because we always we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of our slides because we always we
+we are always doing continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are always doing continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are always doing continuous
+Improvement she found one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement she found one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement she found one of these
+double word things see the two these she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double word things see the two these she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double word things see the two these she
+found a double word wasn't even a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a double word wasn't even a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a double word wasn't even a line
+jumper they were right next to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumper they were right next to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumper they were right next to each
+other um on a slide we've been using for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um on a slide we've been using for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um on a slide we've been using for
+five years so people are not very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years so people are not very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years so people are not very good
+at this people are not very good uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this people are not very good uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this people are not very good uh at
+inspecting in quality um so you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspecting in quality um so you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspecting in quality um so you know is
+it value added or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it value added or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it value added or
+not and you could have a lively argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and you could have a lively argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and you could have a lively argument
+about we're not now actually anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we're not now actually anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we're not now actually anybody
+have any ideas what's your what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any ideas what's your what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any ideas what's your what's your
+gut feeling about inspection value added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gut feeling about inspection value added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gut feeling about inspection value added
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+not it depends on where it is process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it depends on where it is process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it depends on where it is process
+depends on where it is in the process a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on where it is in the process a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on where it is in the process a
+very good a very good answer actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good a very good answer actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good a very good answer actually
+nice General answer but but a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice General answer but but a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice General answer but but a very good
+answer yeah people aren't very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yeah people aren't very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yeah people aren't very good at
+inspecting and inspecting in quality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspecting and inspecting in quality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspecting and inspecting in quality is
+actually known not to work um on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually known not to work um on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually known not to work um on the
+other hand you might have to do that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand you might have to do that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand you might have to do that if
+something is super safety critical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is super safety critical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is super safety critical and
+it's just really hard to do right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just really hard to do right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just really hard to do right the
+first time you might have to inspect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you might have to inspect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you might have to inspect it
+also continuous inspection of the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also continuous inspection of the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also continuous inspection of the work
+process is known to be quite valuable um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is known to be quite valuable um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is known to be quite valuable um
+inspecting in quality at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspecting in quality at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspecting in quality at the end of
+something that should go right the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that should go right the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that should go right the first
+time probably not and unfortunately a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time probably not and unfortunately a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time probably not and unfortunately a
+lot of sort of traditional especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of sort of traditional especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of sort of traditional especially
+manufacturing type processes lean on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing type processes lean on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing type processes lean on
+that a little too heavily so context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little too heavily so context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little too heavily so context
+dependent an interesting an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent an interesting an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent an interesting an interesting
+case where you have to be careful that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you have to be careful that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you have to be careful that
+you don't assume something either way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't assume something either way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't assume something either way
+right inspection is nonv Val no no super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right inspection is nonv Val no no super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right inspection is nonv Val no no super
+safety critical we got to do it I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety critical we got to do it I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety critical we got to do it I don't
+want to fly in an airplane that hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fly in an airplane that hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fly in an airplane that hasn't
+been inspected um but inspecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been inspected um but inspecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been inspected um but inspecting
+something that's coming off a line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's coming off a line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's coming off a line that
+you're making a million of given the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a million of given the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a million of given the you
+know inspection doesn't work very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know inspection doesn't work very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know inspection doesn't work very well
+as a quality method not so good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a quality method not so good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a quality method not so good so
+that's value uh we're going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's value uh we're going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's value uh we're going to do a
+little exercise in that before the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little exercise in that before the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little exercise in that before the day
+is over before this class is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over before this class is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over before this class is over
+identifying value stream what is value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying value stream what is value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying value stream what is value
+stream it's the end to end activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream it's the end to end activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream it's the end to end activities
+that take place to deliver value said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take place to deliver value said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take place to deliver value said
+this already against that first slide um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already against that first slide um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already against that first slide um
+starting with the raw material or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with the raw material or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with the raw material or the
+initial information ending with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial information ending with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial information ending with the
+customer or user from the beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer or user from the beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer or user from the beginning to
+the end the material the product flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end the material the product flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end the material the product flows
+there's often a backwards flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's often a backwards flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's often a backwards flow of
+information right customer needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information right customer needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information right customer needs
+schedules inventory information Etc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules inventory information Etc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules inventory information Etc so
+there's the main flow of the value from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the main flow of the value from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the main flow of the value from
+raw material or raw information to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw material or raw information to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw material or raw information to to
+something the customer wants often a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the customer wants often a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the customer wants often a
+backwards flow uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards flow uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards flow uh of
+information what moves in a value stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information what moves in a value stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information what moves in a value stream
+manufacturing it's easy stuff um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing it's easy stuff um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing it's easy stuff um in
+design and services less easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and services less easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and services less easy
+some some kind of information flows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some kind of information flows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some kind of information flows you
+know I call up the helpline I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I call up the helpline I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I call up the helpline I have a
+question I want an answer that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I want an answer that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I want an answer that's all
+information it's all kind of it's It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it's all kind of it's It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it's all kind of it's It's
+not physical it makes it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not physical it makes it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not physical it makes it a little bit
+harder to track a little bit harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to track a little bit harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to track a little bit harder to
+think about but there is a flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about but there is a flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about but there is a flow of
+information that is satisfying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that is satisfying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that is satisfying the
+customer um in human surfaces medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer um in human surfaces medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer um in human surfaces medical
+for example it may be people it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example it may be people it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example it may be people it may be
+the actual customer flowing through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual customer flowing through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual customer flowing through the
+system um and that could be in medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um and that could be in medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um and that could be in medicine
+it could also be great lean company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could also be great lean company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could also be great lean company
+Disneyland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disneyland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disneyland
+they process people and make them happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they process people and make them happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they process people and make them happy
+right but they think of it very much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but they think of it very much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but they think of it very much as
+a process so there's a flow of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process so there's a flow of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process so there's a flow of people
+coming in sad and grumpy and going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in sad and grumpy and going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in sad and grumpy and going out
+sad grumpy and hot and poor um at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad grumpy and hot and poor um at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad grumpy and hot and poor um at least
+at least in my uh no I I joke they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in my uh no I I joke they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in my uh no I I joke they have
+a good time and and the process is set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good time and and the process is set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good time and and the process is set
+up so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so they
+do so thinking about value streams the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so thinking about value streams the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so thinking about value streams the
+definition of the value stream is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the value stream is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the value stream is the
+set of activities that adds value to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of activities that adds value to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of activities that adds value to the
+work product to satisfy the customer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work product to satisfy the customer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work product to satisfy the customer so
+the first order analysis of the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first order analysis of the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first order analysis of the value
+stream is to look for things that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream is to look for things that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream is to look for things that don't
+do that look for Waste this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that look for Waste this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that look for Waste this is called
+waste hunting and it's actually a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste hunting and it's actually a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste hunting and it's actually a lot of
+fun because it's easy most processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun because it's easy most processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun because it's easy most processes
+once you sort of Define them it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you sort of Define them it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you sort of Define them it's very
+easy to find wasteful steps maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to find wasteful steps maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to find wasteful steps maybe a
+little harder to get rid of them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder to get rid of them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder to get rid of them but
+it's really easy to find them and waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really easy to find them and waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really easy to find them and waste
+comes in a couple different flavors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in a couple different flavors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in a couple different flavors
+we're actually going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to be talking
+mostly about muda about just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly about muda about just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly about muda about just looking at
+stuff that doesn't add value so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that doesn't add value so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that doesn't add value so you know
+cleaning the grill or waiting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning the grill or waiting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning the grill or waiting or
+throwing away the unused hot dogs at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing away the unused hot dogs at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing away the unused hot dogs at the
+end of the day or you know stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day or you know stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day or you know stuff that
+just is clearly not valuable something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is clearly not valuable something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is clearly not valuable something
+to keep in the back of your mind though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in the back of your mind though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in the back of your mind though
+and we'll come back to this later uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to this later uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to this later uh
+especially the healthc care folks we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the healthc care folks we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the healthc care folks we're
+going to be we're going to get a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be we're going to get a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be we're going to get a good
+dose of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose of this
+tomorrow um are issues that can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow um are issues that can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow um are issues that can cause
+muda um and there's some Japanese words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muda um and there's some Japanese words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muda um and there's some Japanese words
+associated with this that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this that that that
+don't have good translations so we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have good translations so we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have good translations so we like
+to use the Japanese Murray overburden or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the Japanese Murray overburden or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the Japanese Murray overburden or
+unreasonableness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonableness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonableness
+um essentially if there's somebody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um essentially if there's somebody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um essentially if there's somebody in
+the process that too much is being asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process that too much is being asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process that too much is being asked
+of telling them to work harder doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of telling them to work harder doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of telling them to work harder doesn't
+doesn't do very much good this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do very much good this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do very much good this can be
+people it could be machines right we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people it could be machines right we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people it could be machines right we got
+to run this machine 247 how how good is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run this machine 247 how how good is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run this machine 247 how how good is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+process how long is it going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process how long is it going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process how long is it going to work
+it's going to work until machine breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to work until machine breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to work until machine breaks
+and then it's not going to work at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's not going to work at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's not going to work at all
+anymore right so being unreasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore right so being unreasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore right so being unreasonable
+overburdening things uh tends to spawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overburdening things uh tends to spawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overburdening things uh tends to spawn
+uh mudo waste um even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mudo waste um even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mudo waste um even more
+Dynamic is is Mora unevenness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic is is Mora unevenness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic is is Mora unevenness
+instability again not not very good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability again not not very good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability again not not very good uh
+there there aren't particularly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there aren't particularly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there aren't particularly good
+translations but the idea here is if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations but the idea here is if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations but the idea here is if the
+process is uneven if it's irregular or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is uneven if it's irregular or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is uneven if it's irregular or
+fluctuating it can't flow again our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating it can't flow again our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating it can't flow again our our
+metaphor there our sort of uh fluid flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor there our sort of uh fluid flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor there our sort of uh fluid flow
+metaphor if the stream is turbulent if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor if the stream is turbulent if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor if the stream is turbulent if
+it has back flows if it has back Waters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has back flows if it has back Waters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has back flows if it has back Waters
+where it's not flowing it has Fast Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not flowing it has Fast Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not flowing it has Fast Parts
+where it is Flowing if it's uneven it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is Flowing if it's uneven it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is Flowing if it's uneven it's
+not going to be an efficient process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be an efficient process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be an efficient process and
+and so these These are also kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these These are also kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these These are also kinds of
+wastes that one should one should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wastes that one should one should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wastes that one should one should look
+for and often uh these are the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and often uh these are the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and often uh these are the root
+causes of the muda of the obvious waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes of the muda of the obvious waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes of the muda of the obvious waste
+here are seven or eight mudas these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are seven or eight mudas these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are seven or eight mudas these are
+sort of classic right out of right out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of classic right out of right out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of classic right out of right out
+of Toyota and wac there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Toyota and wac there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Toyota and wac there are lots of
+lists like this in fact most Fields if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists like this in fact most Fields if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists like this in fact most Fields if
+you're in healthc care engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in healthc care engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in healthc care engineering
+whatever you look up uh the latest book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you look up uh the latest book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you look up uh the latest book
+they'll have a list like this it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have a list like this it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have a list like this it won't
+be the same because everybody likes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same because everybody likes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same because everybody likes to
+make up lists for their own um for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up lists for their own um for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up lists for their own um for their
+own field that's fine actually these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own field that's fine actually these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own field that's fine actually these
+actually are kind of fundamental you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are kind of fundamental you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are kind of fundamental you can
+translate these into almost any field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate these into almost any field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate these into almost any field
+but if you want to make up your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to make up your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to make up your own
+that's good too the whole point is to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good too the whole point is to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good too the whole point is to is
+to categorize categorize waste makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to categorize categorize waste makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to categorize categorize waste makes it
+easier to spot so things like um waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to spot so things like um waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to spot so things like um waiting
+that's pretty fundamental stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty fundamental stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty fundamental stuff that's
+not moving people that aren't working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving people that aren't working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving people that aren't working
+it's a waste um move moving stuff around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a waste um move moving stuff around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a waste um move moving stuff around
+moving employees or moving the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving employees or moving the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving employees or moving the material
+or information this is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or information this is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or information this is essentially
+movement of the value added stuff this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of the value added stuff this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of the value added stuff this
+is movement of the resources the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is movement of the resources the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is movement of the resources the
+employees and the stuff necessary to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees and the stuff necessary to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees and the stuff necessary to do
+the work either of those is a waste if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work either of those is a waste if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work either of those is a waste if
+your if your stuff is moving around it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your if your stuff is moving around it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your if your stuff is moving around it's
+not being worked on and that cost cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being worked on and that cost cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being worked on and that cost cost
+money or something it costs people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or something it costs people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or something it costs people's
+time it costs money to move around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it costs money to move around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it costs money to move around
+inventory stuff that's sitting it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory stuff that's sitting it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory stuff that's sitting it's kind
+of the converse of waiting right people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the converse of waiting right people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the converse of waiting right people
+are waiting stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are waiting stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are waiting stuff is
+waiting producing too much it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting producing too much it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting producing too much it's
+efficient to produce large batches of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient to produce large batches of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient to produce large batches of
+things that's still true even in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's still true even in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's still true even in our
+lean World however if you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean World however if you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean World however if you don't need
+them it's a waste it's tempting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's a waste it's tempting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's a waste it's tempting in
+Earl's analogy to buy what's on sale but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earl's analogy to buy what's on sale but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earl's analogy to buy what's on sale but
+if it goes bad that's a that's a waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it goes bad that's a that's a waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it goes bad that's a that's a waste
+having too much defects always bad doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having too much defects always bad doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having too much defects always bad doing
+more work than you need to to affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work than you need to to affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work than you need to to affect the
+transformation Engineers are great at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation Engineers are great at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation Engineers are great at
+that um you know there's some question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know there's some question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know there's some question
+about whether our health care System
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether our health care System
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether our health care System
+overprocess these things that's a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overprocess these things that's a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overprocess these things that's a that's
+a controversy but all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a controversy but all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a controversy but all of these things
+don't add value um and so you can uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't add value um and so you can uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't add value um and so you can uh uh
+and they're fairly easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're fairly easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're fairly easy to
+spot unused employee cre creativity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot unused employee cre creativity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot unused employee cre creativity is
+often added as the eighth waste um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often added as the eighth waste um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often added as the eighth waste um
+essentially it's missed opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's missed opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's missed opportunities
+right it may just missed work but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it may just missed work but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it may just missed work but that
+you know if they're just not working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if they're just not working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if they're just not working
+that's waiting but if they're working at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's waiting but if they're working at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's waiting but if they're working at
+a sort of mental level that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of mental level that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of mental level that's that's
+beneath them if you're losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath them if you're losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath them if you're losing
+opportunities to take advantage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to take advantage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to take advantage of the
+employees creativity and capability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees creativity and capability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees creativity and capability that
+too is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too is a
+waste here's a really simple example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste here's a really simple example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste here's a really simple example of
+unnecessary movement from the health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary movement from the health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary movement from the health
+care world this is called a spaghetti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care world this is called a spaghetti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care world this is called a spaghetti
+chart it's a it's actually a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart it's a it's actually a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart it's a it's actually a kind of
+process chart it's not a value stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process chart it's not a value stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process chart it's not a value stream
+map it's completely different you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map it's completely different you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map it's completely different you uh
+have a physical layout that's a Hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a physical layout that's a Hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a physical layout that's a Hospital
+floor and you trace something it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and you trace something it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and you trace something it could
+be the patient it could be the nurse it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the patient it could be the nurse it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the patient it could be the nurse it
+could this case it's the nurse doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this case it's the nurse doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this case it's the nurse doing
+their work and this nurse is all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work and this nurse is all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work and this nurse is all over
+the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place
+right and just because things are badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and just because things are badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and just because things are badly
+arranged to get the work done she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged to get the work done she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged to get the work done she
+actually ends up walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ends up walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ends up walking
+1250 ft to do something trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1250 ft to do something trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1250 ft to do something trivial
+hopefully the patient is going from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the patient is going from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the patient is going from the
+elevator to the room but the nurse to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator to the room but the nurse to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator to the room but the nurse to
+get the patient checked in has to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the patient checked in has to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the patient checked in has to run
+all over the place to do their job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place to do their job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place to do their job
+so that's a it's a great visual way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a it's a great visual way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a it's a great visual way of
+finding waste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding waste of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding waste of
+movement and here's some tools at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and here's some tools at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and here's some tools at this
+value stream level to help um one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream level to help um one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream level to help um one of
+them is called kitting this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is called kitting this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is called kitting this is kind of
+the active version of 5S um if we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active version of 5S um if we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active version of 5S um if we need
+to move materials to the place of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move materials to the place of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move materials to the place of work
+why don't we move them laid out the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we move them laid out the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we move them laid out the way
+they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be
+used all right so here's a Aerospace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used all right so here's a Aerospace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used all right so here's a Aerospace
+example we had a beautiful picture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we had a beautiful picture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we had a beautiful picture that
+we didn't have copyright for so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have copyright for so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have copyright for so now we
+have a bad diagram but um if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bad diagram but um if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bad diagram but um if you have a
+complicated mechanical assembly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated mechanical assembly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated mechanical assembly that
+uses lots of tubes and wires why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses lots of tubes and wires why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses lots of tubes and wires why not
+just deliver all the tubes and wires you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just deliver all the tubes and wires you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just deliver all the tubes and wires you
+need in a box where they're laid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in a box where they're laid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in a box where they're laid out
+nice and easy for the workers to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and easy for the workers to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and easy for the workers to get
+them likewise for a medical procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them likewise for a medical procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them likewise for a medical procedure
+having everything laid out nice and neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having everything laid out nice and neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having everything laid out nice and neat
+um is uh is is a good practice not new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is uh is is a good practice not new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is uh is is a good practice not new
+right I mean a good o doctor is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean a good o doctor is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean a good o doctor is going to
+have a tray that looks like that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tray that looks like that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tray that looks like that right
+but why isn't that standard practice why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why isn't that standard practice why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why isn't that standard practice why
+isn't that just done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that just done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that just done
+everywhere mistake proof proofing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere mistake proof proofing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere mistake proof proofing
+mistakes in a process are waste uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes in a process are waste uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes in a process are waste uh and
+relying on people to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on people to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on people to fix
+mistakes is dicey people are good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes is dicey people are good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes is dicey people are good at
+some things but not so good at others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things but not so good at others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things but not so good at others
+and one of the things they're not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things they're not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things they're not so
+good is getting things right on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is getting things right on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is getting things right on a
+really uh consistent basis over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh consistent basis over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh consistent basis over over
+many many repeats so why not make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many repeats so why not make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many repeats so why not make the
+process itself mistake proof this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process itself mistake proof this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process itself mistake proof this is a
+great example makes me feel much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great example makes me feel much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great example makes me feel much better
+about being in a hospital uh this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being in a hospital uh this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being in a hospital uh this is um
+oxygen this is vacuum and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen this is vacuum and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen this is vacuum and this is
+oxygen now some things you want to hook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen now some things you want to hook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen now some things you want to hook
+up to vacuum and some things you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to vacuum and some things you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to vacuum and some things you want to
+hook up to oxygen and those look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook up to oxygen and those look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook up to oxygen and those look the
+same and in fact the business end is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and in fact the business end is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and in fact the business end is the
+same the coupler is the same um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the coupler is the same um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the coupler is the same um
+obviously hooking the Breather up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously hooking the Breather up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously hooking the Breather up to
+vacuum or the the sort of waste disposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum or the the sort of waste disposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum or the the sort of waste disposal
+thing up to pure oxygen that will light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing up to pure oxygen that will light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing up to pure oxygen that will light
+it on fire um not a good idea so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on fire um not a good idea so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on fire um not a good idea so there's
+a little stud so that when you hook the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little stud so that when you hook the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little stud so that when you hook the
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+up it won't go into the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it won't go into the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it won't go into the wrong
+one um very simple very effective that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um very simple very effective that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um very simple very effective that
+that basic idea applies across an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basic idea applies across an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basic idea applies across an
+amazing number of of fields make it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing number of of fields make it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing number of of fields make it so
+you can't hook it up wrong um there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't hook it up wrong um there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't hook it up wrong um there's a
+possibly apocryphal story about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly apocryphal story about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly apocryphal story about
+airplanes um there's a lot of airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes um there's a lot of airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes um there's a lot of airplanes
+these days are fly by wire most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days are fly by wire most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days are fly by wire most of the
+controls go through electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls go through electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls go through electronic
+components they use the same couplers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components they use the same couplers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components they use the same couplers um
+because it's cheaper that way so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's cheaper that way so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's cheaper that way so it's
+perfectly possible to hook up the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly possible to hook up the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly possible to hook up the right
+hand controls to the left wing and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand controls to the left wing and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand controls to the left wing and vice
+versa that's an oops right no it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa that's an oops right no it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa that's an oops right no it's not
+possible anymore that's that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible anymore that's that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible anymore that's that is
+something that has been mistake proofed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has been mistake proofed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has been mistake proofed
+fortunately long ago mistake mistak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately long ago mistake mistak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately long ago mistake mistak
+proofing the process um checklists this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofing the process um checklists this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofing the process um checklists this
+is a this is a no-brainer but um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a this is a no-brainer but um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a this is a no-brainer but um there's
+a great book out in the medical care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great book out in the medical care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great book out in the medical care
+field called checklist Revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field called checklist Revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field called checklist Revolution
+because it's revolutionary to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's revolutionary to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's revolutionary to use
+checklist this as a patient scares the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist this as a patient scares the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist this as a patient scares the
+heck out of me because in the Aerospace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck out of me because in the Aerospace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck out of me because in the Aerospace
+field um commercial airliners are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field um commercial airliners are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field um commercial airliners are
+astonishingly safe they are probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishingly safe they are probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishingly safe they are probably the
+safest complicated thing any you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safest complicated thing any you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safest complicated thing any you know
+civilization has ever come up with I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization has ever come up with I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization has ever come up with I'm
+sure they are in fact um and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they are in fact um and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they are in fact um and one of the
+reasons uh is that they are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons uh is that they are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons uh is that they are completely
+anal retentive of about checklists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal retentive of about checklists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal retentive of about checklists
+maintenance people do it the pilots do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance people do it the pilots do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance people do it the pilots do
+it everybody operates off of lists so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it everybody operates off of lists so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it everybody operates off of lists so
+you're not relying on fallible human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not relying on fallible human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not relying on fallible human
+memory to you know make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory to you know make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory to you know make sure that the
+flaps work before you take off um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaps work before you take off um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaps work before you take off um
+there's actually a famous accident where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a famous accident where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a famous accident where
+they didn't bother to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't bother to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't bother to do the
+checklist and the flaps were not working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist and the flaps were not working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist and the flaps were not working
+and they took off and that didn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they took off and that didn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they took off and that didn't work
+out so well so very simple way of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so well so very simple way of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so well so very simple way of making
+sure that complex processes are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that complex processes are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that complex processes are actually
+executed correctly by fallible people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed correctly by fallible people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed correctly by fallible people
+okay we're going to do a quick exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to do a quick exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to do a quick exercise
+in waste walking I have handed out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in waste walking I have handed out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in waste walking I have handed out some
+dots and we're going to look at our map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and we're going to look at our map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and we're going to look at our map
+and decide if each one of the steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decide if each one of the steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decide if each one of the steps and
+decisions uh don't bother with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions uh don't bother with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions uh don't bother with the
+weights cuz we're pretty sure those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights cuz we're pretty sure those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights cuz we're pretty sure those are
+nonv value added but the steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonv value added but the steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonv value added but the steps and
+decisions for sure are they value added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions for sure are they value added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions for sure are they value added
+green do something for the customer are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green do something for the customer are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green do something for the customer are
+they necessary waste we got to do them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they necessary waste we got to do them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they necessary waste we got to do them
+but they don't really help the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't really help the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't really help the customer
+um but maybe you know the health board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but maybe you know the health board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but maybe you know the health board
+or whatever would be unhappy if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever would be unhappy if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever would be unhappy if we
+didn't do them or are they pure waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do them or are they pure waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do them or are they pure waste
+are they something we should try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they something we should try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they something we should try to get
+rid of and there's no right answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of and there's no right answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of and there's no right answer and
+we're only going to take about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to take about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to take about five
+minutes um but we want you to as a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes um but we want you to as a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes um but we want you to as a group
+think about these issues against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these issues against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these issues against the
+against the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the uh
+process map that you've already done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process map that you've already done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process map that you've already done
+there here is your guide of waste if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here is your guide of waste if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here is your guide of waste if
+that's helpful you can to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's helpful you can to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's helpful you can to your
+discussion take about five minutes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion take about five minutes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion take about five minutes um
+and that will actually conclude our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will actually conclude our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will actually conclude our
+exercise but don't go away we'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise but don't go away we'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise but don't go away we'll have a
+couple words before we let you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple words before we let you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple words before we let you go to
+lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody's had a chance to at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's had a chance to at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's had a chance to at least
+argue about this a lot of times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue about this a lot of times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue about this a lot of times the
+value isn't so much in the answer it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value isn't so much in the answer it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value isn't so much in the answer it's
+in the it's in the debating you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the it's in the debating you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the it's in the debating you know
+trying to find out maybe you never do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find out maybe you never do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find out maybe you never do
+decide whether it's valuable or not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether it's valuable or not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether it's valuable or not but
+but you do understand the issues um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do understand the issues um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do understand the issues um so
+let's have one group that hadn't uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have one group that hadn't uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have one group that hadn't uh that
+hadn't done it before maybe maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't done it before maybe maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't done it before maybe maybe you
+folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks
+um tell tell us tell us your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tell tell us tell us your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tell tell us tell us your your
+conclusions against your map there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions against your map there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions against your map there so
+you're on camera do a good job here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on camera do a good job here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on camera do a good job here of
+explaining to us the value and non-value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining to us the value and non-value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining to us the value and non-value
+added that you guys found for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added that you guys found for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added that you guys found for for the
+processes um then Ching customer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes um then Ching customer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes um then Ching customer we
+figured that well it's not essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured that well it's not essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured that well it's not essential
+people expect it to happen if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people expect it to happen if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people expect it to happen if you don't
+doesn't happen people be unhappy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen people be unhappy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen people be unhappy um
+taking order on the board and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking order on the board and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking order on the board and getting
+the order we thoughts yellow waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order we thoughts yellow waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order we thoughts yellow waiting
+obviously was was not value added then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously was was not value added then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously was was not value added then
+decision when you add dogs again it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision when you add dogs again it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision when you add dogs again it
+doesn't add value to the customer but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't add value to the customer but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't add value to the customer but if
+needs to be done needs to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be done needs to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be done needs to be done
+filling the order all the way here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling the order all the way here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling the order all the way here was
+quite straightforward that add value um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite straightforward that add value um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite straightforward that add value um
+and then after that checking the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after that checking the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after that checking the order
+is one of those I guess it doesn't add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of those I guess it doesn't add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of those I guess it doesn't add
+value to me as the customer but if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to me as the customer but if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to me as the customer but if it's
+not done I get a wrong order I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done I get a wrong order I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done I get a wrong order I'll be
+very unhappy adding bage adds value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unhappy adding bage adds value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unhappy adding bage adds value
+calling customer stand ideally customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling customer stand ideally customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling customer stand ideally customer
+would have just been there so waste time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have just been there so waste time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have just been there so waste time
+asking customer come up and delivering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking customer come up and delivering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking customer come up and delivering
+order obviously adds value the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order obviously adds value the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order obviously adds value the rest of
+the general things like setting up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general things like setting up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general things like setting up the
+work area cleaning the service content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work area cleaning the service content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work area cleaning the service content
+stuff like that are these all regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that are these all regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that are these all regular
+requirements at necessary evos okay see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements at necessary evos okay see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements at necessary evos okay see
+if we get any um compare and contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we get any um compare and contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we get any um compare and contrast
+with say this group you guys didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with say this group you guys didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with say this group you guys didn't
+brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief
+before you got what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you got what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you got what
+what what do you guys have here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you guys have here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you guys have here so we
+have taking the order and collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taking the order and collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taking the order and collecting
+money it's all very important tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it's all very important tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it's all very important tracking
+the order is something that's doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order is something that's doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order is something that's doesn't
+really add value to it or putting it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really add value to it or putting it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really add value to it or putting it on
+the board then of course getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board then of course getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board then of course getting the
+order making it cooking the hot dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order making it cooking the hot dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order making it cooking the hot dog
+that's all important checking if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all important checking if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all important checking if the
+order is complete doesn't really add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is complete doesn't really add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is complete doesn't really add
+value but you need to do that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but you need to do that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but you need to do that so that
+you know they give it to the customer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they give it to the customer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they give it to the customer uh
+of course you have to give them their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you have to give them their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you have to give them their
+beverage they call the customer actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beverage they call the customer actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beverage they call the customer actually
+know that they get their order and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they get their order and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they get their order and then
+setting up and cleaning the back area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up and cleaning the back area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up and cleaning the back area
+where you're working that's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're working that's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're working that's not really
+value added to the customer because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value added to the customer because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value added to the customer because
+they're not interacting with that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not interacting with that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not interacting with that space
+um but the place where they put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the place where they put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the place where they put on the
+cond is important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cond is important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cond is important because
+that's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part
+there okay so that's good so we we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so that's good so we we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so that's good so we we see
+some of the possibilities here the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the possibilities here the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the possibilities here the thing
+that I noticed uh that actually is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I noticed uh that actually is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I noticed uh that actually is is
+often one of the more controversial ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often one of the more controversial ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often one of the more controversial ones
+that you had different you guys called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had different you guys called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had different you guys called
+it customer relations and gave it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it customer relations and gave it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it customer relations and gave it a
+green right and um and those folks said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green right and um and those folks said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green right and um and those folks said
+chat with customer and gave it a yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat with customer and gave it a yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat with customer and gave it a yellow
+so and some people give it a red right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and some people give it a red right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and some people give it a red right
+there's a red over there as a yellow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a red over there as a yellow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a red over there as a yellow to
+Red over there right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red over there right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red over there right right
+so you know there's some judgment calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there's some judgment calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there's some judgment calls
+in there um and if this was a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there um and if this was a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there um and if this was a real
+exercise what what what we would need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise what what what we would need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise what what what we would need to
+to make that call before we told Sasha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that call before we told Sasha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that call before we told Sasha
+no sit down you know don't stop talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sit down you know don't stop talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sit down you know don't stop talking
+to the customers no talking um before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the customers no talking um before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the customers no talking um before we
+made that call what would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need ask ask the customer what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need ask ask the customer what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need ask ask the customer what they
+value okay ask the customer oh I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay ask the customer oh I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay ask the customer oh I was
+going to say you could kind of do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say you could kind of do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say you could kind of do the
+analysis and see like you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and see like you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and see like you know your
+profit over time CH see the chat ver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit over time CH see the chat ver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit over time CH see the chat ver
+okay we we get some data yeah we decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we we get some data yeah we decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we we get some data yeah we decide
+what our mission or our mission is as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our mission or our mission is as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our mission or our mission is as a
+company there we go yeah Link in yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company there we go yeah Link in yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company there we go yeah Link in yeah
+are we all about customer service or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we all about customer service or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we all about customer service or are
+we just about hot dogs and nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just about hot dogs and nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just about hot dogs and nothing else
+are we the hot dog Nazis that are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we the hot dog Nazis that are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we the hot dog Nazis that are just
+not nice to people but have great hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not nice to people but have great hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not nice to people but have great hot
+dogs um yeah we there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs um yeah we there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs um yeah we there's a bunch of
+there's a bunch of different factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of different factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of different factors
+that aren't on this piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't on this piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't on this piece of paper
+that's the key thing right if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key thing right if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key thing right if we're
+sitting in our classroom here we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in our classroom here we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in our classroom here we we
+can't know these things we have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't know these things we have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't know these things we have to go
+here's another Japanese word we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another Japanese word we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another Japanese word we have to
+go to the Gamba which is the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the Gamba which is the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the Gamba which is the actual
+place that's the literal translation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that's the literal translation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that's the literal translation of
+gimba the actual place where the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gimba the actual place where the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gimba the actual place where the work
+happens um so and this is another sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens um so and this is another sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens um so and this is another sort
+of basic idea in lean we have to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basic idea in lean we have to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basic idea in lean we have to go to
+the place where the work happens um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where the work happens um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where the work happens um
+sadly we can't go visit SAS and Andy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadly we can't go visit SAS and Andy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadly we can't go visit SAS and Andy
+because they're imaginary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're imaginary uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're imaginary uh
+unfortunately we also can't visit uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we also can't visit uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we also can't visit uh our
+our Shoe Factory uh because of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Shoe Factory uh because of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Shoe Factory uh because of of
+schedule and and budget constraints this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and and budget constraints this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and and budget constraints this
+year but after we come back from lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year but after we come back from lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year but after we come back from lunch
+Earl will be taking us through a video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earl will be taking us through a video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earl will be taking us through a video
+factory tour so we can see real work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory tour so we can see real work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory tour so we can see real work in
+in action
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PQspf3q12mo.txt b/PQspf3q12mo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06191c6958cd9e8da5586509a5b7259909153916
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PQspf3q12mo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10576 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay it's 09 we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay it's 09 we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay it's 09 we're going to
+get started uh as a reminder my name's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started uh as a reminder my name's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started uh as a reminder my name's
+Al hegerty and uh we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al hegerty and uh we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al hegerty and uh we're going to try to
+get you oriented here and we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you oriented here and we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you oriented here and we call this
+the start of your your lean journey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start of your your lean journey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start of your your lean journey and
+uh there we go so um by the time we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there we go so um by the time we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there we go so um by the time we get
+done um uh you're going to be able to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um uh you're going to be able to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um uh you're going to be able to uh
+differentiate between lean and and six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate between lean and and six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate between lean and and six
+Sigman I know that one of the attendees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigman I know that one of the attendees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigman I know that one of the attendees
+today mentioned that that's why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today mentioned that that's why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today mentioned that that's why they
+came um we're going to talk about the 5S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came um we're going to talk about the 5S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came um we're going to talk about the 5S
+tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool
+um that's a uh a derivative of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a uh a derivative of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a uh a derivative of of the
+original Japanese uh lean uh Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Japanese uh lean uh Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Japanese uh lean uh Concepts
+and we're going to be able to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be able to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be able to define the
+difference between lean and a lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between lean and a lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between lean and a lean
+Enterprise and stakeholders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise and stakeholders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise and stakeholders and
+recognize why lean Six Sigma principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize why lean Six Sigma principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize why lean Six Sigma principles
+are being Implement in Aerospace because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being Implement in Aerospace because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being Implement in Aerospace because
+it's a uh it's turned out to be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a uh it's turned out to be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a uh it's turned out to be a very
+very very valuable tool and uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very valuable tool and uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very valuable tool and uh and the
+fact that today is day one of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that today is day one of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that today is day one of a a
+journey uh it's not something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey uh it's not something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey uh it's not something that you
+you um just just do once and finish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um just just do once and finish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um just just do once and finish and
+I was uh reviewing some of the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was uh reviewing some of the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was uh reviewing some of the latest
+changes and my wife said Gee you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and my wife said Gee you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and my wife said Gee you've done
+this a lot of times what are you doing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a lot of times what are you doing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a lot of times what are you doing I
+said we're on version six and she said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we're on version six and she said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we're on version six and she said
+what you changed it six times and I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you changed it six times and I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you changed it six times and I said
+this is continuous Improvement so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is continuous Improvement so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is continuous Improvement so we're
+going to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a ex excerpt from the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a ex excerpt from the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a ex excerpt from the machine
+that changed the world and um sometime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changed the world and um sometime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changed the world and um sometime
+if you get a chance get that book and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get a chance get that book and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get a chance get that book and um
+uh wack and Jones uh XM Professor he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wack and Jones uh XM Professor he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wack and Jones uh XM Professor he's
+still alive and he's still uh kicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still alive and he's still uh kicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still alive and he's still uh kicking
+and U very very interesting guy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U very very interesting guy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U very very interesting guy uh
+developed a whole bunch of data but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a whole bunch of data but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a whole bunch of data but it
+started with the automobile industry uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with the automobile industry uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with the automobile industry uh
+the book The Machine that changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book The Machine that changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book The Machine that changed the
+world is about the automobile industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is about the automobile industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is about the automobile industry
+and you know in the late 1800s cars were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know in the late 1800s cars were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know in the late 1800s cars were
+brand new and they were assembled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new and they were assembled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new and they were assembled by
+hand and then Henry Ford revolutionized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and then Henry Ford revolutionized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and then Henry Ford revolutionized
+the production of cars and and the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of cars and and the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of cars and and the big
+thing that he came up with was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that he came up with was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that he came up with was
+interchangeable parts because before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable parts because before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable parts because before
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we handmade parts and he came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we handmade parts and he came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we handmade parts and he came up with
+the concept that if we could make all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept that if we could make all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept that if we could make all
+the parts the same we could put them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts the same we could put them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts the same we could put them in
+an assembly line and that started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assembly line and that started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assembly line and that started the
+mass production well Along Came Toyota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass production well Along Came Toyota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass production well Along Came Toyota
+after World War II and Toyota made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after World War II and Toyota made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after World War II and Toyota made this
+huge Improvement in how we build cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge Improvement in how we build cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge Improvement in how we build cars
+part of it was the concept of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it was the concept of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it was the concept of uh
+statistical process control in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical process control in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical process control in in in
+terms of how they um how they literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how they um how they literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how they um how they literally
+made the parts but they invented and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the parts but they invented and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the parts but they invented and
+what the the whole concept of lean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the whole concept of lean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the whole concept of lean and
+as you may know uh uh last year 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you may know uh uh last year 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you may know uh uh last year 2007
+which was you know just finished uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was you know just finished uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was you know just finished uh the
+Toyota production now exceeded uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota production now exceeded uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota production now exceeded uh
+General Motors production for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Motors production for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Motors production for the first
+time and from market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and from market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and from market
+capitalization numbers of shares times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalization numbers of shares times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalization numbers of shares times
+the value of the stock they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the stock they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the stock they're the
+largest automobile manufacturer and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest automobile manufacturer and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest automobile manufacturer and as
+you know we've gone through a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've gone through a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've gone through a lot of
+problems with Chrysler was part of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with Chrysler was part of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with Chrysler was part of uh
+the D labenz until this recently when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D labenz until this recently when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D labenz until this recently when
+Siberia just bought them back but um our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siberia just bought them back but um our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siberia just bought them back but um our
+our automobile industry is in trouble um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our automobile industry is in trouble um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our automobile industry is in trouble um
+I just read the other day that General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just read the other day that General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just read the other day that General
+Motors lost 36 billion last year part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motors lost 36 billion last year part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motors lost 36 billion last year part of
+that was buying back the rights of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was buying back the rights of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was buying back the rights of the
+the the displaced workers when they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the displaced workers when they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the displaced workers when they you
+know the severance pay in that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the severance pay in that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the severance pay in that kind of
+stuff and their health care and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and their health care and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and their health care and and so
+forth but you can see the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but you can see the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but you can see the difference
+between if you look at this the auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between if you look at this the auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between if you look at this the auto
+production in the US these guys and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production in the US these guys and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production in the US these guys and with
+the ups and downs and every time you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ups and downs and every time you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ups and downs and every time you do
+one of these we know we get these giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these we know we get these giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these we know we get these giant
+layoffs the nice smooth Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layoffs the nice smooth Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layoffs the nice smooth Japanese
+production is as a function of lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production is as a function of lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production is as a function of lean
+they've continued to improve and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've continued to improve and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've continued to improve and they
+have a stable Workforce the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stable Workforce the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stable Workforce the products
+continue to be better and better and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be better and better and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be better and better and you
+know um I do a lot of jogging and if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um I do a lot of jogging and if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um I do a lot of jogging and if if
+you jog along the road and all that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you jog along the road and all that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you jog along the road and all that you
+take a look at the old cars the old cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the old cars the old cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the old cars the old cars
+that come down the road there are Hondas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come down the road there are Hondas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come down the road there are Hondas
+and and Toyotas and and uh you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Toyotas and and uh you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Toyotas and and uh you know the
+the Japanese automobiles the old Chevys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Japanese automobiles the old Chevys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Japanese automobiles the old Chevys
+and the old Fords I mean you see some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the old Fords I mean you see some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the old Fords I mean you see some of
+them but they don't last as long and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but they don't last as long and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but they don't last as long and and
+a good reason is the fact is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good reason is the fact is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good reason is the fact is that these
+cars I mean you I I I tell industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars I mean you I I I tell industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars I mean you I I I tell industry
+groups I mean you ask any college kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups I mean you ask any college kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups I mean you ask any college kid
+about uh you know driving a car for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh you know driving a car for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh you know driving a car for
+200,000 miles and they'll they'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200,000 miles and they'll they'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200,000 miles and they'll they'll say
+yeah I got a Corolla I got a Camry I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I got a Corolla I got a Camry I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I got a Corolla I got a Camry I got
+a you know I've got a Honda and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know I've got a Honda and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know I've got a Honda and and
+there's a reason for it because the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reason for it because the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reason for it because the fact
+is that they they have all the bells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they they have all the bells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they they have all the bells and
+whistles and all the bells and whistles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistles and all the bells and whistles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistles and all the bells and whistles
+keep working so we just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep working so we just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep working so we just talked about
+that in the post World War II period um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the post World War II period um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the post World War II period um
+the General MacArthur wanted to rebuild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the General MacArthur wanted to rebuild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the General MacArthur wanted to rebuild
+the industry as part of his he was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry as part of his he was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry as part of his he was the
+Supreme Allied Commander and um in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Allied Commander and um in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Allied Commander and um in in
+Japan and he tried to get the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan and he tried to get the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan and he tried to get the industry
+going and he brought uh Deming from MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and he brought uh Deming from MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and he brought uh Deming from MIT
+basically to u to help get the a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to u to help get the a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to u to help get the a bunch
+of experts and he in instituted u a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experts and he in instituted u a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experts and he in instituted u a lot
+of the statistical process control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the statistical process control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the statistical process control and
+the Japanese took it you know took it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Japanese took it you know took it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Japanese took it you know took it
+for Grant not for granted they said they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Grant not for granted they said they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Grant not for granted they said they
+did it with a fashion whereas in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it with a fashion whereas in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it with a fashion whereas in the US
+we didn't and uh and therefore their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't and uh and therefore their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't and uh and therefore their
+cars and and their products have worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and and their products have worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and and their products have worked
+significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly
+better so if you take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so if you take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so if you take a look at the
+early craft uh concept that was used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early craft uh concept that was used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early craft uh concept that was used in
+the industrial revolution in past just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industrial revolution in past just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industrial revolution in past just
+think of a jeweler a watch maker each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a jeweler a watch maker each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a jeweler a watch maker each
+one of those little parts are made by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those little parts are made by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those little parts are made by
+hand filed by hand put together and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand filed by hand put together and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand filed by hand put together and uh
+if you wanted to become a jeweler you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to become a jeweler you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to become a jeweler you
+became a an apprentice and then you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a an apprentice and then you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a an apprentice and then you you
+became a journeyman and then you became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a journeyman and then you became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a journeyman and then you became
+a master Craftsman and that was how in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a master Craftsman and that was how in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a master Craftsman and that was how in
+fact you made the kinds of parts and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you made the kinds of parts and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you made the kinds of parts and if
+in fact you could think of a better way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you could think of a better way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you could think of a better way
+of doing it the master Craftsman would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing it the master Craftsman would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing it the master Craftsman would
+do it but it was not spread anywhere I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but it was not spread anywhere I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but it was not spread anywhere I
+mean maybe he would teach his Apprentice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean maybe he would teach his Apprentice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean maybe he would teach his Apprentice
+or so forth but mass production which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so forth but mass production which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so forth but mass production which we
+just talked about Henry Ford that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked about Henry Ford that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked about Henry Ford that kind
+of concept if we were going to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of concept if we were going to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of concept if we were going to build
+years ago if I was going to build 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago if I was going to build 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago if I was going to build 12
+Apaches we put 14 Parts in the line 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apaches we put 14 Parts in the line 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apaches we put 14 Parts in the line 14
+14 sets of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 sets of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 sets of everything
+why 14 if we're going to build 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why 14 if we're going to build 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why 14 if we're going to build 12
+because we're going to scrap them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to scrap them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to scrap them you
+know we don't do that anymore but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't do that anymore but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't do that anymore but that
+was typical what we would do and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was typical what we would do and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was typical what we would do and that
+that's pure waste and the concept was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pure waste and the concept was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pure waste and the concept was
+you know mass production reduce the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mass production reduce the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mass production reduce the cost
+you know get the efficiency up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know get the efficiency up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know get the efficiency up and
+there's no question that this was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no question that this was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no question that this was a lot
+more productive than that the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more productive than that the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more productive than that the master
+build it one at a time kind of a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it one at a time kind of a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it one at a time kind of a thing
+of a craft person but here's an a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a craft person but here's an a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a craft person but here's an a big
+big difference inspection was a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference inspection was a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference inspection was a second
+stage AG we would build it and inspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage AG we would build it and inspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage AG we would build it and inspect
+it build a part and inspect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it build a part and inspect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it build a part and inspect it
+today in lean thinking we build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in lean thinking we build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in lean thinking we build the
+quality process into the production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality process into the production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality process into the production of
+the part and we're going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part and we're going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part and we're going to show you
+later on that inspection does not catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on that inspection does not catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on that inspection does not catch
+all the errors does not catch all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the errors does not catch all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the errors does not catch all the
+errors in fact I guess the Poke chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in fact I guess the Poke chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in fact I guess the Poke chips
+that we just saw before was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just saw before was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just saw before was a good
+demonstration of that and um and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of that and um and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of that and um and another
+significant Improvement is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant Improvement is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant Improvement is that the
+master you know the master Carpenter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master you know the master Carpenter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master you know the master Carpenter the
+master Furniture Builder the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master Furniture Builder the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master Furniture Builder the master
+brick layer any any Innovation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick layer any any Innovation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick layer any any Innovation was
+driven by the guy that was doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the guy that was doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the guy that was doing the
+work here we had industrial engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work here we had industrial engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work here we had industrial engineers
+and Manufacturing Engineers expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Manufacturing Engineers expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Manufacturing Engineers expert
+periodic improvements to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic improvements to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic improvements to the
+process under the lean concept we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process under the lean concept we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process under the lean concept we want
+every worker to contribute every worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every worker to contribute every worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every worker to contribute every worker
+to contribute in terms of being there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contribute in terms of being there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contribute in terms of being there's
+no question that the real experts in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no question that the real experts in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no question that the real experts in the
+job are the people that do it every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job are the people that do it every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job are the people that do it every day
+and trying to glean that information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to glean that information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to glean that information is
+part of the value of lean thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the value of lean thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the value of lean thinking and
+the biggest thing is really the focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest thing is really the focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest thing is really the focus on
+the customer see here the craft the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer see here the craft the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer see here the craft the
+jeweler was focused on the task of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeweler was focused on the task of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeweler was focused on the task of
+building that watch the the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that watch the the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that watch the the mass
+production you know focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production you know focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production you know focused on
+automobiles well we still want to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles well we still want to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles well we still want to build
+automobiles but the focus was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles but the focus was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles but the focus was on the
+product here on the lean thinking we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product here on the lean thinking we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product here on the lean thinking we're
+trying to deliver value to the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deliver value to the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deliver value to the customer
+we'll talk more about that uh later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about that uh later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about that uh later on
+but trying to deliver value want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trying to deliver value want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trying to deliver value want to
+deliver a mock one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver a mock one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver a mock one
+1.6 super Cruise High payload vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.6 super Cruise High payload vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.6 super Cruise High payload vertical
+or short takeoff and vertical Landing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or short takeoff and vertical Landing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or short takeoff and vertical Landing
+aircraft called an F-35 to the warf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft called an F-35 to the warf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft called an F-35 to the warf
+Fighter the that's the value and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fighter the that's the value and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fighter the that's the value and we want
+to be able to do it for $35 million a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do it for $35 million a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do it for $35 million a
+piece that is the value to the Air Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that is the value to the Air Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that is the value to the Air Force
+which is the macro customer the pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the macro customer the pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the macro customer the pilot
+the mechanic or the detail customers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanic or the detail customers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanic or the detail customers um
+of how we think so big big difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we think so big big difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we think so big big difference in
+the way we approach the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we approach the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we approach the the the
+concept now we talked about Six Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept now we talked about Six Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept now we talked about Six Sigma
+Six Sigma was developed by Motorola in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Six Sigma was developed by Motorola in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Six Sigma was developed by Motorola in
+the 80s now not too many people wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 80s now not too many people wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 80s now not too many people wear
+Pages anymore but when I was a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pages anymore but when I was a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pages anymore but when I was a young
+engineer that it was sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer that it was sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer that it was sort of like a
+status symbol to have a pager I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status symbol to have a pager I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status symbol to have a pager I never
+got one of the darn things but uh um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one of the darn things but uh um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one of the darn things but uh um but
+pagers were a big deal and Motorola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pagers were a big deal and Motorola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pagers were a big deal and Motorola
+pioneered that business and they had 80%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneered that business and they had 80%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneered that business and they had 80%
+market share until once again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share until once again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share until once again the
+Japanese and the Koreans came along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese and the Koreans came along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese and the Koreans came along and
+they added a whole bunch of features to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they added a whole bunch of features to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they added a whole bunch of features to
+those things where they could tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things where they could tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things where they could tell you
+you know when the buzzer went off they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when the buzzer went off they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when the buzzer went off they
+could tell you you know who it was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell you you know who it was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell you you know who it was and
+you know where they were coming from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where they were coming from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where they were coming from and
+what time it was and a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what time it was and a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what time it was and a whole bunch of
+features and they delivered it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and they delivered it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and they delivered it to the
+United States cheaper and all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States cheaper and all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States cheaper and all of a
+sudden Motorola's business went in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden Motorola's business went in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden Motorola's business went in the
+tank and they they tried to analyze what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank and they they tried to analyze what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank and they they tried to analyze what
+was going on and they decided that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on and they decided that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on and they decided that um
+they did a parto analysis we'll teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did a parto analysis we'll teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did a parto analysis we'll teach
+you about parto charts here but they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about parto charts here but they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about parto charts here but they did
+basically made a ranking of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically made a ranking of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically made a ranking of what the
+issues were and one of the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues were and one of the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues were and one of the biggest
+issues was the fact is that the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues was the fact is that the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues was the fact is that the that
+they had to scrap and rework a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to scrap and rework a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to scrap and rework a bunch of
+these pages and their quality was not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pages and their quality was not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pages and their quality was not as
+good as the Japanese and they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as the Japanese and they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as the Japanese and they didn't
+last as long the pagers didn't last as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last as long the pagers didn't last as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last as long the pagers didn't last as
+long for Quality reasons and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long for Quality reasons and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long for Quality reasons and so they
+said how can we fix this and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said how can we fix this and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said how can we fix this and basically
+started to apply the Deming statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to apply the Deming statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to apply the Deming statistical
+process control to the various design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process control to the various design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process control to the various design
+processes manufacturing processes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes manufacturing processes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes manufacturing processes and so
+forth to improve their quality and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth to improve their quality and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth to improve their quality and they
+regain their market share regain their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regain their market share regain their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regain their market share regain their
+Market market share uh on on the pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market market share uh on on the pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market market share uh on on the pages
+so anyway Motorola in the 80s in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway Motorola in the 80s in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway Motorola in the 80s in fact I
+live in Scottsdale Arizona now and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in Scottsdale Arizona now and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in Scottsdale Arizona now and the
+Motorola facility was the one there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motorola facility was the one there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motorola facility was the one there that
+that did that but it was improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did that but it was improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did that but it was improving
+quality by eliminating defects and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality by eliminating defects and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality by eliminating defects and the
+concept is reduce variation we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is reduce variation we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is reduce variation we're going
+to talk a lot about that we're all but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a lot about that we're all but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a lot about that we're all but
+on the lean we're trying to we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lean we're trying to we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lean we're trying to we're trying
+to remove waste and waste is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove waste and waste is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove waste and waste is not the
+fact that people come to work every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that people come to work every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that people come to work every day
+to to you know to waste things it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to you know to waste things it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to you know to waste things it turns
+out that waste is the fact is if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that waste is the fact is if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that waste is the fact is if this is
+the the perfect way of doing it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the perfect way of doing it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the perfect way of doing it and
+we're doing it now the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing it now the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing it now the difference
+between what we're doing now and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what we're doing now and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what we're doing now and how
+good it could be is a definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+waste the Six Sigma is focused on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste the Six Sigma is focused on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste the Six Sigma is focused on those
+issues of variation that in fact uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of variation that in fact uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of variation that in fact uh are
+causing the problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing the problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing the problem we
+focus on the flow and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the flow and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the flow and you're going to
+hear the term pull versus push and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the term pull versus push and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the term pull versus push and so
+forth as we go through this uh and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth as we go through this uh and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth as we go through this uh and we're
+trying to get R rid of the waste to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get R rid of the waste to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get R rid of the waste to
+improve the business performance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the business performance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the business performance and
+it's a lot of small improvements many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of small improvements many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of small improvements many of
+them coming from the workers who do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them coming from the workers who do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them coming from the workers who do the
+job every day and um I had to work in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job every day and um I had to work in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job every day and um I had to work in a
+uh Boeing sent me to Japan and I worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Boeing sent me to Japan and I worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Boeing sent me to Japan and I worked
+in a Japanese Factory for a week and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Japanese Factory for a week and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Japanese Factory for a week and
+after two days of training had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after two days of training had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after two days of training had to
+improve the productivity of a Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the productivity of a Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the productivity of a Japanese
+worker who was making large industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker who was making large industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker who was making large industrial
+air conditioners and that guy guy was 55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air conditioners and that guy guy was 55
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air conditioners and that guy guy was 55
+years old and he was moving so fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old and he was moving so fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old and he was moving so fast and
+my job was to improve his productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job was to improve his productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job was to improve his productivity
+by 30% and I thought to myself there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 30% and I thought to myself there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 30% and I thought to myself there is
+no worker in the United States that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no worker in the United States that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no worker in the United States that's
+working as hard as fast as this guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working as hard as fast as this guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working as hard as fast as this guy and
+he was doing all these jobs and I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was doing all these jobs and I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was doing all these jobs and I had to
+figure out that literally it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that literally it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that literally it was a
+repetitive job and um and try to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive job and um and try to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive job and um and try to improve
+and you know it but it's was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it but it's was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it but it's was a
+combination I did it but it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination I did it but it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination I did it but it was a
+combination of a whole bunch of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of a whole bunch of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of a whole bunch of small
+things and that's what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and that's what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and that's what we're trying to
+do so we're going to learn a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so we're going to learn a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so we're going to learn a lot about
+variation the fact that variation causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation the fact that variation causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation the fact that variation causes
+problem and in fact we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and in fact we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and in fact we're going to talk
+about flow and how to get the waste out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about flow and how to get the waste out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about flow and how to get the waste out
+of the out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process yes sir simple question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process yes sir simple question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process yes sir simple question what
+does the name six come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the name six come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the name six come from
+statistics yeah um the I think that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics yeah um the I think that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics yeah um the I think that yeah
+there's a chart we're going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a chart we're going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a chart we're going to show you
+later on uh day after tomorrow that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on uh day after tomorrow that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on uh day after tomorrow that'll
+actually explain that but basically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually explain that but basically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually explain that but basically in
+the in statistics Sigma in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in statistics Sigma in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in statistics Sigma in terms of
+variation so you know one Sigma is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so you know one Sigma is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so you know one Sigma is like
+30% of the part two two Sigma is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% of the part two two Sigma is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% of the part two two Sigma is like
+66% three sigma you know so forth Six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66% three sigma you know so forth Six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66% three sigma you know so forth Six
+Sigma is like 99.999 99% perfect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is like 99.999 99% perfect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is like 99.999 99% perfect you
+know kind of stuff standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of stuff standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of stuff standard deviation
+standard deviation in in statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation in in statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation in in statistics
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh we I just came from Boeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we I just came from Boeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we I just came from Boeing
+helicopters I was on there for a um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters I was on there for a um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters I was on there for a um for
+a week last week helping them on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week last week helping them on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week last week helping them on the
+root end fatigue problem on the Apache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root end fatigue problem on the Apache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root end fatigue problem on the Apache
+attack helicopter Advanced composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack helicopter Advanced composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack helicopter Advanced composite
+rotorblade program and there's a root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotorblade program and there's a root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotorblade program and there's a root
+end problem and the but and I was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end problem and the but and I was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end problem and the but and I was there
+to fix it but we literally take six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix it but we literally take six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix it but we literally take six
+specimens has nothing to do with Six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens has nothing to do with Six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens has nothing to do with Six
+Sigma per se but six specimens and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma per se but six specimens and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma per se but six specimens and then
+uh run out the fatigue test and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh run out the fatigue test and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh run out the fatigue test and
+determine uh what the high confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine uh what the high confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine uh what the high confidence
+99.999% stress level is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.999% stress level is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.999% stress level is that we can
+guarantee the life of the part and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee the life of the part and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee the life of the part and so
+it's used a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used a lot
+uh uh we talked about the fact that lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh we talked about the fact that lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh we talked about the fact that lean
+optimizes flow and eliminate waste Six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizes flow and eliminate waste Six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizes flow and eliminate waste Six
+Sigma stresses quality through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma stresses quality through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma stresses quality through the
+elimination of variation and uh certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination of variation and uh certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination of variation and uh certain
+companies have put all their focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies have put all their focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies have put all their focus on
+Six Sigma and other companies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Six Sigma and other companies have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Six Sigma and other companies have
+adopted lean and over the last 10 or 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted lean and over the last 10 or 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted lean and over the last 10 or 15
+years we've seen a convergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years we've seen a convergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years we've seen a convergence of
+companies that that use both and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that that use both and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that that use both and the
+idea being is that if the basic quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea being is that if the basic quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea being is that if the basic quality
+problem is something that we can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is something that we can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is something that we can apply
+Six Sigma methods it might it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Six Sigma methods it might it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Six Sigma methods it might it makes
+sense but quite often in the big in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but quite often in the big in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but quite often in the big in the
+big picture the flow is all mixed up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big picture the flow is all mixed up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big picture the flow is all mixed up and
+and therefore concentrating and limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore concentrating and limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore concentrating and limiting
+the waste in the flow so there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waste in the flow so there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waste in the flow so there's a lot
+of companies that in fact instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of companies that in fact instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of companies that in fact instead of
+having a Six Sigma General Electric for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a Six Sigma General Electric for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a Six Sigma General Electric for
+example uh and instead of a pure lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh and instead of a pure lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh and instead of a pure lean
+have in fact merged those two and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in fact merged those two and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in fact merged those two and so you
+can see here Rockwell Collins calls it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here Rockwell Collins calls it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here Rockwell Collins calls it
+lean Electronics uh Texon Six Sigma Air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean Electronics uh Texon Six Sigma Air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean Electronics uh Texon Six Sigma Air
+Force U new new system is uh afso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force U new new system is uh afso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force U new new system is uh afso
+um 21 boing now calls it lean plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 21 boing now calls it lean plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 21 boing now calls it lean plus and
+that's a that's a change just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a change just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a change just in the
+last two years uh so uh all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two years uh so uh all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two years uh so uh all of these
+things have merged together so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have merged together so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have merged together so we're
+going to talk about the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the fundamental
+concepts uh that under underscore both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts uh that under underscore both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts uh that under underscore both
+of those we were talking about someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those we were talking about someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those we were talking about someone
+mentioned early in the Icebreaker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned early in the Icebreaker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned early in the Icebreaker and
+why they were going to come here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they were going to come here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they were going to come here they
+wanted to learn the terms there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to learn the terms there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to learn the terms there's a
+bunch of terms that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of terms that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of terms that we're going to
+expose you to um over the next three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose you to um over the next three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose you to um over the next three
+days and uh uh these these terms are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and uh uh these these terms are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and uh uh these these terms are the
+the language of lean and uh and we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of lean and uh and we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of lean and uh and we'll go
+through those and um uh believe it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those and um uh believe it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those and um uh believe it or
+not when you take your value test at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not when you take your value test at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not when you take your value test at the
+end you'll be a lot more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you'll be a lot more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you'll be a lot more uh
+knowledgeable and uh to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledgeable and uh to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledgeable and uh to be able to
+explain really what those are so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain really what those are so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain really what those are so that's
+good and uh I won't go through those at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and uh I won't go through those at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and uh I won't go through those at
+this point so we talked about the 5S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point so we talked about the 5S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point so we talked about the 5S
+there are literally five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are literally five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are literally five
+terms and uh in Japanese that began with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and uh in Japanese that began with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and uh in Japanese that began with
+the The Sword and I can't pronounce them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The Sword and I can't pronounce them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The Sword and I can't pronounce them
+but um uh they have been translated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um uh they have been translated into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um uh they have been translated into
+English to mean sort straighten scrub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English to mean sort straighten scrub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English to mean sort straighten scrub
+standardized and sustain and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized and sustain and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized and sustain and I'm not
+sure you can see this but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you can see this but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you can see this but this is a
+typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical
+Factory um sorting area receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory um sorting area receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory um sorting area receiving
+receiving inspection where the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving inspection where the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving inspection where the parts
+come in and they get sorted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and they get sorted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and they get sorted and
+inspected and uh this is before and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspected and uh this is before and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspected and uh this is before and if
+you can see that right now there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that right now there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that right now there's a
+place for everything and everything's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for everything and everything's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for everything and everything's in
+its place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its place and
+that's has a huge uh uh impact on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's has a huge uh uh impact on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's has a huge uh uh impact on the
+ability to get the job done efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to get the job done efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to get the job done efficiently
+let me just relate that to your father's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just relate that to your father's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just relate that to your father's
+toolbox your father's toolbox on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolbox your father's toolbox on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolbox your father's toolbox on his
+workbench or the plumber that you see or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workbench or the plumber that you see or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workbench or the plumber that you see or
+the mechanic on your car and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanic on your car and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanic on your car and you know
+they're in a toolbox I know that ratchet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in a toolbox I know that ratchet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in a toolbox I know that ratchet
+wrench is in here somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrench is in here somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrench is in here somewhere
+what our job is to do to as the converse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our job is to do to as the converse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our job is to do to as the converse
+of that in terms of sorting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that in terms of sorting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that in terms of sorting and
+straining is to be able to say I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straining is to be able to say I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straining is to be able to say I want
+our mechanic on the line to have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mechanic on the line to have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mechanic on the line to have all the
+tools so that he can be like a surgeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools so that he can be like a surgeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools so that he can be like a surgeon
+he can be a surgeon scalpel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can be a surgeon scalpel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can be a surgeon scalpel
+right and it's all right there and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's all right there and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's all right there and and
+and he knows exactly where it is and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he knows exactly where it is and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he knows exactly where it is and we
+want to give him the parts and the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give him the parts and the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give him the parts and the paper
+and the tools okay the parts that I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tools okay the parts that I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tools okay the parts that I need
+right here um the tools that I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here um the tools that I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here um the tools that I need to
+do the job and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the job and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the job and
+instructions um uh so that he knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions um uh so that he knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions um uh so that he knows what
+to do next if it's in fact he's building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do next if it's in fact he's building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do next if it's in fact he's building
+multiple products so it Ma we want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple products so it Ma we want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple products so it Ma we want to be
+more efficient and we'll find out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient and we'll find out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient and we'll find out that
+that actually straightening out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually straightening out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually straightening out and
+sorting out is a is a big uh big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting out is a is a big uh big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting out is a is a big uh big
+Improvement so we're going to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement so we're going to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement so we're going to do an
+exercise um everybody go into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise um everybody go into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise um everybody go into your
+notebook into your orange notebook and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook into your orange notebook and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook into your orange notebook and
+there's a piece of paper that says 5S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a piece of paper that says 5S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a piece of paper that says 5S
+exercise 5S exercise looks like this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise 5S exercise looks like this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise 5S exercise looks like this now
+what we're going to do is uh we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is uh we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is uh we're going
+to do a 5S exercise and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a 5S exercise and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a 5S exercise and we're going to
+measure our Improvement we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure our Improvement we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure our Improvement we're going to
+put metrics on this and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put metrics on this and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put metrics on this and we're going to
+in fact put you in shifts of 30 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact put you in shifts of 30 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact put you in shifts of 30 seconds
+and what we good job to do in on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we good job to do in on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we good job to do in on the
+when I tell you to turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I tell you to turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I tell you to turn the
+page I'll time you you've got 30 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page I'll time you you've got 30 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page I'll time you you've got 30 seconds
+and what we want you to do you'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want you to do you'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want you to do you'll see a
+bunch of numbers don't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of numbers don't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of numbers don't look
+bunch of numbers and what we want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of numbers and what we want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of numbers and what we want you to
+do is to find number one cross it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to find number one cross it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to find number one cross it out
+then find number two cross it out number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then find number two cross it out number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then find number two cross it out number
+three up to 49 you have to do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three up to 49 you have to do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three up to 49 you have to do it in
+order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 find the
+number cross it out find the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number cross it out find the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number cross it out find the number
+cross it out and then stop when I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross it out and then stop when I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross it out and then stop when I tell
+you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to
+stop Ready Set Go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay n i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay n i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay n i
+okay three so round one the highest was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay three so round one the highest was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay three so round one the highest was
+11 the average you know the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 the average you know the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 the average you know the average
+might have been five or six something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been five or six something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been five or six something
+like that so I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say okay that's cool okay so now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay that's cool okay so now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay that's cool okay so now what
+we're doing is that we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is that we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is that we're talking about
+5s's the second s is we're going to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5s's the second s is we're going to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5s's the second s is we're going to sort
+these we're going to sort these and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we're going to sort these and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we're going to sort these and what
+we've done is that that we've removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done is that that we've removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done is that that we've removed
+some waste out of the system and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some waste out of the system and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some waste out of the system and we've
+removed the numbers between 50 and 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed the numbers between 50 and 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed the numbers between 50 and 90
+and for our product we don't need those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for our product we don't need those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for our product we don't need those
+so what you're going to do is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're going to do is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're going to do is the same
+thing we're going to go in order you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're going to go in order you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're going to go in order you
+know find the one that cross it out find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know find the one that cross it out find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know find the one that cross it out find
+the two cross it out find the three okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two cross it out find the three okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two cross it out find the three okay
+and on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on your
+mark get set go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stop okay it's a killer right how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop okay it's a killer right how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop okay it's a killer right how
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+11 13 19 19 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 13 19 19 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 13 19 19 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 15 highest number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 15 highest number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 15 highest number
+was 22 and the average is about 11 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 22 and the average is about 11 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 22 and the average is about 11 you
+know roughly round two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know roughly round two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know roughly round two
+okay we made we we've had a productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we made we we've had a productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we made we we've had a productivity
+enhancement we've gone from like 11 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement we've gone from like 11 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement we've gone from like 11 up
+to 22 now we're going to do what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 22 now we're going to do what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 22 now we're going to do what we call
+set in order or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in order or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in order or
+straighten and we've just think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straighten and we've just think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straighten and we've just think about a
+factory we' installed a rack system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory we' installed a rack system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory we' installed a rack system to
+help locate the numbers and the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help locate the numbers and the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help locate the numbers and the numbers
+go the numbers go from the bottom to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the numbers go from the bottom to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the numbers go from the bottom to the
+top and from left to right okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and from left to right okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and from left to right okay that
+sort of makes sense right bottom to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of makes sense right bottom to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of makes sense right bottom to the
+top left to right and um that'll help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top left to right and um that'll help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top left to right and um that'll help
+you so start over on the left and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so start over on the left and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so start over on the left and then
+go up and then go to the to the the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and then go to the to the the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and then go to the to the the to
+the right side and we'll talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side and we'll talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side and we'll talk about it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+standby on your mark get set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go good okay so round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three 39 was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 39 was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 39 was our
+top now the average is you know certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top now the average is you know certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top now the average is you know certain
+you know like approximately 30 good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like approximately 30 good okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like approximately 30 good okay
+now you see that straightening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see that straightening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see that straightening
+straightening paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightening paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightening paid
+off the third s is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the third s is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the third s is what we call
+scrubbing it's tough to scrub a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrubbing it's tough to scrub a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrubbing it's tough to scrub a piece of
+paper you know what I mean so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you know what I mean so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you know what I mean so but
+basically cleaning the factory clean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically cleaning the factory clean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically cleaning the factory clean if
+you think of an Electronics Factory if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of an Electronics Factory if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of an Electronics Factory if
+you had a dirty Electronics Factory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a dirty Electronics Factory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a dirty Electronics Factory and
+you somebody put a chip down you'd ruin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you somebody put a chip down you'd ruin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you somebody put a chip down you'd ruin
+the chip I mean that's a that's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chip I mean that's a that's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chip I mean that's a that's a simple
+example but there's lots of processes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but there's lots of processes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but there's lots of processes we
+make comp I just said I was in a root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make comp I just said I was in a root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make comp I just said I was in a root
+end factory making making R blades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end factory making making R blades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end factory making making R blades
+composits have to be absolutely clean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composits have to be absolutely clean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composits have to be absolutely clean so
+having a factory that is clean helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a factory that is clean helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a factory that is clean helps
+product so but we can't I can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so but we can't I can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so but we can't I can't do
+something on that one so we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on that one so we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on that one so we're just
+going to skip that next one okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip that next one okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip that next one okay the
+next one is what we call standardize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one is what we call standardize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one is what we call standardize and
+we've created a system of ordering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've created a system of ordering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've created a system of ordering the
+numbers from the lowest to the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers from the lowest to the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers from the lowest to the highest
+from the left to the right and top to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left to the right and top to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left to the right and top to
+bottom we put one number in each box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom we put one number in each box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom we put one number in each box
+okay make it easy to get our tools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay make it easy to get our tools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay make it easy to get our tools and
+um we know where our plans are so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we know where our plans are so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we know where our plans are so this
+is a this is you know we now know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a this is you know we now know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a this is you know we now know where
+the screwdriver is we now know where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screwdriver is we now know where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screwdriver is we now know where the
+wrenches and that kind of stuff okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrenches and that kind of stuff okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrenches and that kind of stuff okay uh
+standby ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standby ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standby ready
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go okay 49 4 whoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay 49 4 whoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay 49 4 whoa
+499 you can see on round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four you know we basically did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you know we basically did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you know we basically did it
+everybody we significantly improved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody we significantly improved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody we significantly improved the
+average uh why don't you just uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh why don't you just uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh why don't you just uh uh
+review that you roughly looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review that you roughly looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review that you roughly looking at the
+the range and uh and and the eyeball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range and uh and and the eyeball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range and uh and and the eyeball
+mean um you know we started out real low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean um you know we started out real low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean um you know we started out real low
+kind of consistent consistently bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of consistent consistently bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of consistent consistently bad
+right as we as we went through sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as we as we went through sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as we as we went through sort of
+intermediate steps notice the variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate steps notice the variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate steps notice the variation
+actually got bigger right some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got bigger right some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got bigger right some people
+took to the improvements quickly other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took to the improvements quickly other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took to the improvements quickly other
+people didn't there was actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't there was actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't there was actually more
+variation fact that this last step we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation fact that this last step we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation fact that this last step we
+had a weird bodal distribution I heard a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a weird bodal distribution I heard a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a weird bodal distribution I heard a
+lot of 30s and a lot of teens right some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of 30s and a lot of teens right some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of 30s and a lot of teens right some
+people got that system some didn't but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got that system some didn't but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got that system some didn't but
+the really good system with some odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really good system with some odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really good system with some odd
+exceptions um brought both got our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions um brought both got our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions um brought both got our
+performance way up and very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance way up and very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance way up and very important
+got our variation down there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got our variation down there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got our variation down there's actually
+just a couple of outliers here almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a couple of outliers here almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a couple of outliers here almost
+everybody was on uh on track now B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was on uh on track now B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was on uh on track now B
+basically let me let me translate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically let me let me translate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically let me let me translate that
+to an aircraft example years ago I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an aircraft example years ago I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an aircraft example years ago I mean
+I I started this business like in 1962
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I started this business like in 1962
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I started this business like in 1962
+they would give a worker a job ticket a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would give a worker a job ticket a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would give a worker a job ticket a
+job ticket and said you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job ticket and said you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job ticket and said you know the the
+supervisor get together at you know 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisor get together at you know 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisor get together at you know 7
+o'cl in the morning and say okay you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'cl in the morning and say okay you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'cl in the morning and say okay you're
+going to bring you're going to build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bring you're going to build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bring you're going to build the
+horizontal stabilizer today you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal stabilizer today you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal stabilizer today you've done
+that before we know how to do it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before we know how to do it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before we know how to do it uh
+here's the job ticket clock in on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the job ticket clock in on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the job ticket clock in on the
+job you'd go clock in on the job and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job you'd go clock in on the job and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job you'd go clock in on the job and it
+would tell you that in fact you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell you that in fact you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell you that in fact you had to
+go to the blue blint crib and you'd pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the blue blint crib and you'd pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the blue blint crib and you'd pull
+out the blueprints for that and you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the blueprints for that and you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the blueprints for that and you'd
+spread them out and then it would tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread them out and then it would tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread them out and then it would tell
+you that you had a a part kit and you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you had a a part kit and you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you had a a part kit and you'd
+go to the parts control and you'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the parts control and you'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the parts control and you'd get
+that kit and then it says oh I need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kit and then it says oh I need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kit and then it says oh I need this
+tool and you'd go to the tool crib and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool and you'd go to the tool crib and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool and you'd go to the tool crib and
+get the tools and now you know we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the tools and now you know we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the tools and now you know we start
+at 7 o'clock it's about 7:30 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 7 o'clock it's about 7:30 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 7 o'clock it's about 7:30 and you
+know you've been trying to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've been trying to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've been trying to get your
+stuff together today we don't do it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff together today we don't do it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff together today we don't do it that
+way today you get your parts and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way today you get your parts and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way today you get your parts and your
+instructions in fact we F18 aach and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions in fact we F18 aach and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions in fact we F18 aach and
+those kind of things are paperless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of things are paperless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of things are paperless
+paperless you have a computer that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperless you have a computer that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperless you have a computer that right
+now and tells you a Illustrated way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and tells you a Illustrated way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and tells you a Illustrated way of
+getting the job done and it's right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the job done and it's right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the job done and it's right in
+front of you and the parts are are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you and the parts are are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you and the parts are are right
+there the tools are delivered with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the tools are delivered with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the tools are delivered with the
+job or they're at your desk all the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job or they're at your desk all the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job or they're at your desk all the at
+at your workplace all the time and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your workplace all the time and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your workplace all the time and you
+can see you can see from 5 to 6 to 49
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see you can see from 5 to 6 to 49
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see you can see from 5 to 6 to 49
+how this is important in terms of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is important in terms of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is important in terms of being
+able to sort straighten standardize okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to sort straighten standardize okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to sort straighten standardize okay
+so now you know what 5S is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you know what 5S is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you know what 5S is
+now the the fifths is sustain and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the fifths is sustain and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the fifths is sustain and what
+that really means is that clean Factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really means is that clean Factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really means is that clean Factory
+we saw the fact is that at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the fact is that at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the fact is that at the end of
+the day you want to be able to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day you want to be able to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day you want to be able to put the
+tools back in the in the rack where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools back in the in the rack where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools back in the in the rack where you
+found them so that you know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found them so that you know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found them so that you know exactly
+tomorrow morning when we start exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow morning when we start exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow morning when we start exactly
+where they are we want to continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are we want to continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are we want to continue to
+have a clean Factory so that if we drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a clean Factory so that if we drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a clean Factory so that if we drop
+a chip or something like that we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chip or something like that we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chip or something like that we're not
+we're not ruining anything so that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not ruining anything so that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not ruining anything so that it's
+tough you know this is like clean your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough you know this is like clean your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough you know this is like clean your
+bedroom yes mother right I've cleaned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedroom yes mother right I've cleaned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedroom yes mother right I've cleaned it
+I want it clean next week too right keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want it clean next week too right keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want it clean next week too right keep
+it clean and we're going to in and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it clean and we're going to in and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it clean and we're going to in and as
+they say here it's hard to achieve I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say here it's hard to achieve I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say here it's hard to achieve I
+used to do a walk through and created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to do a walk through and created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to do a walk through and created
+the golden broom award the golden broom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golden broom award the golden broom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golden broom award the golden broom
+and we literally had a hardware store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we literally had a hardware store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we literally had a hardware store
+broom that we sprayed with gold paint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broom that we sprayed with gold paint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broom that we sprayed with gold paint
+and we'd walk the factory to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd walk the factory to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd walk the factory to make sure
+that you know the the folks that had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the the folks that had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the the folks that had the
+cleaner shop the sheet metal shop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner shop the sheet metal shop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner shop the sheet metal shop the
+Machine Shop you know we wanted to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machine Shop you know we wanted to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machine Shop you know we wanted to to
+keep it clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Aerospace has you know is the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace has you know is the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace has you know is the largest
+exporter in the United States when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exporter in the United States when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exporter in the United States when we
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+um uh the the balance of payments the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the the balance of payments the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the the balance of payments the
+the Aerospace industry always leads in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Aerospace industry always leads in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Aerospace industry always leads in
+terms of number of exports it's a flag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of number of exports it's a flag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of number of exports it's a flag
+shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop
+industry obviously you know today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry obviously you know today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry obviously you know today
+everything is air shipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is air shipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is air shipped
+um you know you've got FedEx and UPS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you've got FedEx and UPS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you've got FedEx and UPS and
+UPS has a very large Fleet it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UPS has a very large Fleet it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UPS has a very large Fleet it's not just
+Brown trucks they've got a large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown trucks they've got a large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown trucks they've got a large number
+of cargo Travelers but we get products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cargo Travelers but we get products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cargo Travelers but we get products
+used to be only high value products now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be only high value products now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be only high value products now
+we get a lot of things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a lot of things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a lot of things um
+Sushi is flown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sushi is flown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sushi is flown in
+daily fresh iced tuna flown in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily fresh iced tuna flown in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily fresh iced tuna flown in from
+Taiwan every day it's hard to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan every day it's hard to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan every day it's hard to believe
+flies right into San Francisco so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies right into San Francisco so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies right into San Francisco so we
+move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+people and goods you know with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and goods you know with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and goods you know with our
+global positioning system and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global positioning system and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global positioning system and so forth
+um we and our satellites we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we and our satellites we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we and our satellites we've got
+wonderful uh information now that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful uh information now that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful uh information now that we
+never had you know from our satellites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had you know from our satellites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had you know from our satellites
+obviously National Security and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously National Security and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously National Security and the
+concept of you know hopefully going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of you know hopefully going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of you know hopefully going back
+to the moon and Mars and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the moon and Mars and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the moon and Mars and you know the
+Innovation that that technology provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation that that technology provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation that that technology provides
+um is made Aerospace an exciting place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is made Aerospace an exciting place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is made Aerospace an exciting place
+to work but some terrific work that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work but some terrific work that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work but some terrific work that was
+done here at MIT in terms of studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here at MIT in terms of studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here at MIT in terms of studying
+the evolution of products and Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of products and Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of products and Innovation
+uh this is in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is in in
+uh in green color I guess that's soda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in green color I guess that's soda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in green color I guess that's soda
+green the number of major uh typewriter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green the number of major uh typewriter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green the number of major uh typewriter
+companies in the world and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in the world and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in the world and you can see
+it goes up and down like that and and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes up and down like that and and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes up and down like that and and at
+the Peak at the peak there were like 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Peak at the peak there were like 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Peak at the peak there were like 75
+companies making typewriters now my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies making typewriters now my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies making typewriters now my
+mother mother was a secretary and uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother mother was a secretary and uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother mother was a secretary and uh um
+she used to her favorite typewriter was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she used to her favorite typewriter was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she used to her favorite typewriter was
+a Smith Corona well Smith was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Smith Corona well Smith was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Smith Corona well Smith was a
+typewriter company and Corona was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typewriter company and Corona was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typewriter company and Corona was a
+typewriter company and they merged and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typewriter company and they merged and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typewriter company and they merged and
+they made good typewriters ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made good typewriters ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made good typewriters ultimately
+Remington made typewriters and then IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remington made typewriters and then IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remington made typewriters and then IBM
+made typewriters and when I was a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made typewriters and when I was a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made typewriters and when I was a young
+engineer a and some of you may have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer a and some of you may have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer a and some of you may have seen
+these but you can't even find them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but you can't even find them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but you can't even find them
+anymore typewriter that had a ball on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore typewriter that had a ball on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore typewriter that had a ball on
+them IBM selectric and instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them IBM selectric and instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them IBM selectric and instead of having
+keys went like this the little ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys went like this the little ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys went like this the little ball
+would just flip to the right position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just flip to the right position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just flip to the right position
+and type and the really good typists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and type and the really good typists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and type and the really good typists
+could type much faster on those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could type much faster on those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could type much faster on those things
+and it was a status symbol for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a status symbol for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a status symbol for the
+secretaries if you get a IBM selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretaries if you get a IBM selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretaries if you get a IBM selected
+typewriter but what happened is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typewriter but what happened is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typewriter but what happened is that the
+Advent of the computer later on I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advent of the computer later on I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advent of the computer later on I mean
+you can't even find typewriters today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't even find typewriters today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't even find typewriters today I
+mean you know they're in museums what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know they're in museums what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know they're in museums what
+the research has indicated was is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research has indicated was is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research has indicated was is that
+when a invention happened a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a invention happened a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a invention happened a whole bunch
+of people jump into the industry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people jump into the industry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people jump into the industry and
+then as the product stabilizes where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as the product stabilizes where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as the product stabilizes where
+Innovation they've gotten about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation they've gotten about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation they've gotten about all the
+the gadgets into it that make it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gadgets into it that make it better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gadgets into it that make it better
+the process not the product Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process not the product Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process not the product Innovation
+but the process Innovation who can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the process Innovation who can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the process Innovation who can make
+the typewriter more efficiently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typewriter more efficiently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typewriter more efficiently and
+deliver it to the customer at lower cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver it to the customer at lower cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver it to the customer at lower cost
+and there's some consolidation Smith and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some consolidation Smith and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some consolidation Smith and
+Corona get together and become a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corona get together and become a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corona get together and become a one
+company and they in fact the numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and they in fact the numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and they in fact the numbers of
+companies reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies reduced
+automobile industry I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile industry I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile industry I mean I
+can and Earl and all that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and Earl and all that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and Earl and all that we can
+remember Hudson automobiles when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Hudson automobiles when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Hudson automobiles when we were
+kids Hudson automobiles and stud Baker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids Hudson automobiles and stud Baker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids Hudson automobiles and stud Baker
+and Nash you could folks probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Nash you could folks probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Nash you could folks probably have
+never you know you might have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never you know you might have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never you know you might have heard of
+them but these companies the stud Baker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but these companies the stud Baker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but these companies the stud Baker
+company started in the world and making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company started in the world and making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company started in the world and making
+conastoga wagons to go out west and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conastoga wagons to go out west and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conastoga wagons to go out west and then
+they wind up making early Automobiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wind up making early Automobiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wind up making early Automobiles
+and in the late 40s after World War II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the late 40s after World War II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the late 40s after World War II
+they had a very unique company the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a very unique company the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a very unique company the
+automobile industry has gone down from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile industry has gone down from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile industry has gone down from
+car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+enclosed steel body cars look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed steel body cars look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed steel body cars look at all
+this there were you know a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there were you know a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there were you know a whole bunch
+of companies in that industry and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of companies in that industry and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of companies in that industry and now we
+have three in the United States and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three in the United States and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three in the United States and then
+you know a couple years ago Chrysler was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a couple years ago Chrysler was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a couple years ago Chrysler was
+not really a US company it was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a US company it was you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a US company it was you know
+Doma Benz so the same product phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doma Benz so the same product phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doma Benz so the same product phenomenon
+happened in in automobiles and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in in automobiles and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in in automobiles and here we
+are here there's a chart that I sent um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here there's a chart that I sent um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here there's a chart that I sent um
+uh Analisa the other day we had 50 54
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Analisa the other day we had 50 54
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Analisa the other day we had 50 54
+four aerospace companies and uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four aerospace companies and uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four aerospace companies and uh you know
+in like 1940 and that has Consolidated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like 1940 and that has Consolidated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like 1940 and that has Consolidated
+down to where you've got in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to where you've got in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to where you've got in the
+commercial airplanes you got Boeing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial airplanes you got Boeing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial airplanes you got Boeing and
+Airbus then you got some big uh uh embri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airbus then you got some big uh uh embri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airbus then you got some big uh uh embri
+a and Cessna and so the folks that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and Cessna and so the folks that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and Cessna and so the folks that make
+business Jets but the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business Jets but the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business Jets but the number of
+companies is really dramatically reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies is really dramatically reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies is really dramatically reduced
+and the same phenomenon would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same phenomenon would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same phenomenon would have been
+predicted down here except during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted down here except during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted down here except during the
+Cal War it was important to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cal War it was important to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cal War it was important to keep
+companies alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies alive
+and keeping a hot what we call a warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keeping a hot what we call a warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keeping a hot what we call a warm
+base or a hot base in order to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base or a hot base in order to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base or a hot base in order to be able
+to produce them but the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce them but the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce them but the question
+is as happened here and here as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as happened here and here as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as happened here and here as the
+efficiency uh improved only those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency uh improved only those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency uh improved only those
+companies that had a better business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that had a better business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that had a better business
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+really uh stayed in the business and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh stayed in the business and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh stayed in the business and so
+the question is you know are we in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is you know are we in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is you know are we in
+trouble in our space we hope not but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble in our space we hope not but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble in our space we hope not but the
+point is the very fact that we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the very fact that we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the very fact that we're doing
+lean lean Six Sigma and transforming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean lean Six Sigma and transforming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean lean Six Sigma and transforming
+ourselves into very very efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves into very very efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves into very very efficient
+companies you know hopefully that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies you know hopefully that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies you know hopefully that will
+in fact sustain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact sustain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact sustain the
+industry so that's something to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry so that's something to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry so that's something to keep in
+mind because you know we used to say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind because you know we used to say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind because you know we used to say in
+the in Pentagon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in Pentagon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in Pentagon
+budgeting only you know only the healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting only you know only the healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting only you know only the healthy
+Tigers survive the weak ones get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tigers survive the weak ones get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tigers survive the weak ones get
+eliminated and and so the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated and and so the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated and and so the name of the
+game is to keep going so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is to keep going so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is to keep going so the question is
+the industry that came of age in a cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry that came of age in a cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry that came of age in a cold
+water cannot survive with an obsolete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water cannot survive with an obsolete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water cannot survive with an obsolete
+business strategy and so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business strategy and so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business strategy and so we're going to
+talk about that strategy now for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that strategy now for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that strategy now for many
+many years starting with World War II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years starting with World War II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years starting with World War II
+the name of the game was high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the game was high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the game was high
+priority um develop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority um develop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority um develop the
+aircraft this is even Prem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft this is even Prem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft this is even Prem
+missiles uh and the way we got the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missiles uh and the way we got the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missiles uh and the way we got the price
+was what was the cost the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what was the cost the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what was the cost the government
+would audit the cost and then you'd put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would audit the cost and then you'd put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would audit the cost and then you'd put
+10 or 15% profit on top of that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 15% profit on top of that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 15% profit on top of that and that
+determined what the price was over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined what the price was over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined what the price was over the
+last 10 or 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 10 or 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 10 or 15 years
+years the customer has gotten a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the customer has gotten a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the customer has gotten a lot
+smarter and has said you know look this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter and has said you know look this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter and has said you know look this
+is what we're willing to pay and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're willing to pay and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're willing to pay and this is
+what we think is reasonable profit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we think is reasonable profit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we think is reasonable profit you
+know same as this 10 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know same as this 10 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know same as this 10 or
+15% and if we're going to buy it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% and if we're going to buy it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% and if we're going to buy it from
+you you better get your cost down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you better get your cost down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you better get your cost down
+otherwise you know a you don't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you know a you don't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you know a you don't get the
+business or B you don't make any money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business or B you don't make any money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business or B you don't make any money
+so the customer determines the price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the customer determines the price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the customer determines the price and
+we have we in Industry have to lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we in Industry have to lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we in Industry have to lower the
+cost to achieve the profit so when we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to achieve the profit so when we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to achieve the profit so when we go
+through a design process our design has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a design process our design has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a design process our design has
+to come up with the fact is that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with the fact is that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with the fact is that we've
+got to meet the range you guys are Aro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to meet the range you guys are Aro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to meet the range you guys are Aro
+Engineers range and payload and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers range and payload and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers range and payload and
+reliability and maintainability and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability and maintainability and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability and maintainability and so
+forth all of those specs but one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth all of those specs but one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth all of those specs but one of the
+key specifications we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key specifications we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key specifications we're going to talk
+more about this when we talk about cons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this when we talk about cons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this when we talk about cons
+one of the key specifications now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the key specifications now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the key specifications now is
+achieving the cost so we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving the cost so we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving the cost so we talk about
+design the cost design the cost and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the cost design the cost and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the cost design the cost and we
+keep iterating the design until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep iterating the design until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep iterating the design until we
+achieve that cost and those companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve that cost and those companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve that cost and those companies
+that don't iterate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't iterate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't iterate the
+design um to achieve the cost at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um to achieve the cost at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um to achieve the cost at the
+beginning um wind up not making money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning um wind up not making money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning um wind up not making money
+not making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not making
+money so big issue so we use lean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so big issue so we use lean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so big issue so we use lean to
+help us achieve and to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us achieve and to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us achieve and to make sure that
+we're efficient in all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're efficient in all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're efficient in all of our
+processes so here's some basic data now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so here's some basic data now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so here's some basic data now
+this is the return uh on invested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the return uh on invested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the return uh on invested
+Capital uh and in here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital uh and in here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital uh and in here this is the
+average of the capital goods companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the capital goods companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the capital goods companies
+these are the big companies um uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the big companies um uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the big companies um uh in the
+United States uh that manufacture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States uh that manufacture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States uh that manufacture
+they're not these are not service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not these are not service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not these are not service
+Industries these are Big Capital make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries these are Big Capital make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries these are Big Capital make
+big equipment and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big equipment and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big equipment and you can see that
+basically almost 8% margin net margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically almost 8% margin net margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically almost 8% margin net margin
+and you can see over here that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see over here that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see over here that the
+return on the invested capital is uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on the invested capital is uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on the invested capital is uh you
+know like 11 or 12% and you hear some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like 11 or 12% and you hear some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like 11 or 12% and you hear some of
+the aerospace companies in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aerospace companies in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aerospace companies in fact it's
+interesting as we've taught this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as we've taught this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as we've taught this course
+how many of these companies were down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of these companies were down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of these companies were down
+here Boeing and locki and so forth we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Boeing and locki and so forth we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Boeing and locki and so forth we
+were all down here a few about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all down here a few about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all down here a few about five
+years ago and we've in fact become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and we've in fact become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and we've in fact become more
+efficient now this is okay this is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient now this is okay this is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient now this is okay this is two
+2007 so they actually it's funny to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 so they actually it's funny to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 so they actually it's funny to
+watch those things were becoming more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch those things were becoming more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch those things were becoming more
+and more and Rockwell used to be down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more and Rockwell used to be down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more and Rockwell used to be down
+here and they're they've gone way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and they're they've gone way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and they're they've gone way up
+here and they I actually uh Clay Jones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and they I actually uh Clay Jones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and they I actually uh Clay Jones
+is the CEO I met him uh back in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the CEO I met him uh back in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the CEO I met him uh back in like
+2002 and he came to see McDonald Douglas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 and he came to see McDonald Douglas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 and he came to see McDonald Douglas
+and uh because we were doing lean and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh because we were doing lean and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh because we were doing lean and he
+wanted to learn how to do it and he went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to learn how to do it and he went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to learn how to do it and he went
+back and now they have lean electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and now they have lean electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and now they have lean electronics
+and uh and they've done very very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and they've done very very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and they've done very very well
+done very well so the point of the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done very well so the point of the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done very well so the point of the story
+is that the Aerospace industry has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the Aerospace industry has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the Aerospace industry has been
+moving up into the uh into what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving up into the uh into what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving up into the uh into what we call
+the green zone so we have red red yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green zone so we have red red yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green zone so we have red red yellow
+green and a lot of the military charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and a lot of the military charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and a lot of the military charts
+and a lot of Industry charts now is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of Industry charts now is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of Industry charts now is a
+way of communicating red yellow green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of communicating red yellow green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of communicating red yellow green
+just like a stoplight chart uh not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a stoplight chart uh not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a stoplight chart uh not so
+hot you know caution great and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot you know caution great and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot you know caution great and the
+Aerospace industry as it's become lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace industry as it's become lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace industry as it's become lean
+is moving in that direction and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving in that direction and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving in that direction and it's
+very it's a gratifying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phenomenon we typically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon we typically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon we typically have
+underperformed capital goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underperformed capital goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underperformed capital goods
+manufacturers but lean is driving us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers but lean is driving us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers but lean is driving us in
+the to the right hand corner which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the right hand corner which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the right hand corner which is
+which is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're talking about Enterprises and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about Enterprises and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about Enterprises and
+that's a key word in lean and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a key word in lean and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a key word in lean and there's
+lots of different kinds of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different kinds of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different kinds of uh
+Enterprises uh programs Joint Strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises uh programs Joint Strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises uh programs Joint Strike
+Fighter the Boeing 787 Dreamliner um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fighter the Boeing 787 Dreamliner um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fighter the Boeing 787 Dreamliner um
+global positioning system uh then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global positioning system uh then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global positioning system uh then you
+have a multi-program uh Enterprise for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a multi-program uh Enterprise for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a multi-program uh Enterprise for
+example Ron I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Ron I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Ron I have
+rathon Marine Electronics on my big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rathon Marine Electronics on my big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rathon Marine Electronics on my big
+sailboat and we'll show you that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sailboat and we'll show you that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sailboat and we'll show you that later
+on the United Technologies is Sikorski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the United Technologies is Sikorski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the United Technologies is Sikorski
+pratton Whitney Carrier air conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pratton Whitney Carrier air conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pratton Whitney Carrier air conditioning
+the Otis Elevator company you know lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Otis Elevator company you know lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Otis Elevator company you know lots
+of products lots of programs and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of products lots of programs and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of products lots of programs and then
+we've got the national and international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the national and international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the national and international
+Enterprises the Aerospace Enterprise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises the Aerospace Enterprise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises the Aerospace Enterprise you
+know our whole Aerospace industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our whole Aerospace industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our whole Aerospace industry
+Military and Commercial the European you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Military and Commercial the European you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Military and Commercial the European you
+know Airbus and and the other companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Airbus and and the other companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Airbus and and the other companies
+Eads so we can have Enterprises that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eads so we can have Enterprises that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eads so we can have Enterprises that are
+uh overlap each other intersect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh overlap each other intersect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh overlap each other intersect and
+we'll show you how they can in fact be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connected so what is an Enterprise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected so what is an Enterprise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected so what is an Enterprise and
+it says one or more organizations will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says one or more organizations will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says one or more organizations will
+have related activities a unified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have related activities a unified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have related activities a unified
+operation and a common business purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and a common business purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and a common business purpose
+so here we are here with the end user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we are here with the end user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we are here with the end user
+and lean we focus on the end user and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lean we focus on the end user and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lean we focus on the end user and
+remember just a new New Concept of uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember just a new New Concept of uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember just a new New Concept of uh is
+the end user the airline that buys a 787
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end user the airline that buys a 787
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end user the airline that buys a 787
+or or is it the pilot and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or is it the pilot and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or is it the pilot and the
+maintenance mechanic because those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance mechanic because those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance mechanic because those are
+the real end users and we want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real end users and we want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real end users and we want to make
+it easier for the pilots and easier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easier for the pilots and easier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easier for the pilots and easier for
+the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the
+maintainers and then engineering's job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintainers and then engineering's job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintainers and then engineering's job
+is to conceive a product design that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to conceive a product design that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to conceive a product design that
+achieves the value that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves the value that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves the value that we want to
+deliver to the end user and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver to the end user and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver to the end user and then
+manufacturing operations and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing operations and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing operations and our
+supplier Network add the value to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier Network add the value to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier Network add the value to create
+the product and it's there a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product and it's there a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product and it's there a bunch of
+supporting organizations finance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting organizations finance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting organizations finance that
+keeps the books the human resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps the books the human resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps the books the human resources
+people that Acquire The personnel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that Acquire The personnel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that Acquire The personnel and
+provide the benefits and so forth and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the benefits and so forth and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the benefits and so forth and do
+the training legal obviously and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training legal obviously and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training legal obviously and then
+product support in a military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product support in a military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product support in a military
+environment one third roughly onethird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment one third roughly onethird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment one third roughly onethird
+of the total life cycle cost is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total life cycle cost is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total life cycle cost is the
+acquisition how much do we pay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition how much do we pay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition how much do we pay for the
+development and the the production but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and the the production but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and the the production but
+2third are the operations and support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2third are the operations and support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2third are the operations and support
+cost and it turns out that if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and it turns out that if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and it turns out that if you put
+the product out in the field and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product out in the field and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product out in the field and we've
+got a good customer here the maintenance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a good customer here the maintenance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a good customer here the maintenance
+cost the training cost think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost the training cost think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost the training cost think about
+training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training
+Pilots 50 years ago it cost $100,000 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pilots 50 years ago it cost $100,000 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pilots 50 years ago it cost $100,000 to
+train a pilot today it's in the millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train a pilot today it's in the millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train a pilot today it's in the millions
+but the amount of um uh money for spare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the amount of um uh money for spare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the amount of um uh money for spare
+parts and uh repair and overhaul so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and uh repair and overhaul so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and uh repair and overhaul so
+2third of the life cycle cost in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2third of the life cycle cost in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2third of the life cycle cost in the
+product support area so all of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product support area so all of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product support area so all of these are
+part of a of an Enterprise and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a of an Enterprise and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a of an Enterprise and you can
+see the intersections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the intersections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the intersections
+of the product development guys send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product development guys send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product development guys send
+specs to the suppliers to build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specs to the suppliers to build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specs to the suppliers to build the
+parts they also send specs down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts they also send specs down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts they also send specs down to
+manufacturing with the blueprints to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing with the blueprints to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing with the blueprints to do
+it and so forth so you can see those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so forth so you can see those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so forth so you can see those
+those intersections there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those intersections there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those intersections there
+so if you basically have a headquarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you basically have a headquarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you basically have a headquarters
+this could be the headquarters of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be the headquarters of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be the headquarters of uh
+what used to be McDonald Douglas in St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what used to be McDonald Douglas in St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what used to be McDonald Douglas in St
+Louis and then we've got a factory there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louis and then we've got a factory there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louis and then we've got a factory there
+and it turns out that we in fact have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that we in fact have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that we in fact have
+suppliers and we in fact go out to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers and we in fact go out to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers and we in fact go out to our
+second and third tier suppliers what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and third tier suppliers what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and third tier suppliers what's a
+second and third tier supplier we buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and third tier supplier we buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and third tier supplier we buy
+titanium from outfits like RMI we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium from outfits like RMI we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium from outfits like RMI we're
+buying titanium from Russia today they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying titanium from Russia today they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying titanium from Russia today they
+make they have a huge source of titanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make they have a huge source of titanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make they have a huge source of titanium
+we get Alcoa obviously aluminum and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get Alcoa obviously aluminum and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get Alcoa obviously aluminum and uh
+so those are you know first tier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are you know first tier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are you know first tier
+suppliers but we also then go down below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers but we also then go down below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers but we also then go down below
+that to our machine shops that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to our machine shops that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to our machine shops that um
+Hicksville machine shop on Long Island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hicksville machine shop on Long Island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hicksville machine shop on Long Island
+makes big machine parts for us and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes big machine parts for us and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes big machine parts for us and we
+have to make sure that that whole supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure that that whole supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure that that whole supply
+chain is in fact synchronized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is in fact synchronized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is in fact synchronized and
+working Boeing is having trouble right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working Boeing is having trouble right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working Boeing is having trouble right
+now in the 787 because of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the 787 because of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the 787 because of the fact that
+the supply chain was a major it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply chain was a major it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply chain was a major it was a
+major new innovation the way they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major new innovation the way they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major new innovation the way they were
+going to in fact um build airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to in fact um build airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to in fact um build airplane
+because they gave design responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they gave design responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they gave design responsibility
+to Major subcontractors who flow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Major subcontractors who flow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Major subcontractors who flow that
+down to sublevels and uh some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to sublevels and uh some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to sublevels and uh some of those
+parts didn't flow up uh on on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts didn't flow up uh on on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts didn't flow up uh on on the same
+very very aggressive schedule that um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very aggressive schedule that um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very aggressive schedule that um uh
+that they put in place for the 787 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they put in place for the 787 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they put in place for the 787 so
+supply chain is a key part of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain is a key part of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain is a key part of it and
+they're all part of the the lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all part of the the lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all part of the the lean
+Enterprise so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise so here's a
+multi-program business unit um you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-program business unit um you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-program business unit um you've
+got the end user okay let's say that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the end user okay let's say that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the end user okay let's say that uh
+an airline but the end user is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airline but the end user is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airline but the end user is you know
+like a pilot and a and a mechanic and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pilot and a and a mechanic and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pilot and a and a mechanic and um
+the you've got employees on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you've got employees on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you've got employees on the
+F-18 Boeing was the Prime northr grman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F-18 Boeing was the Prime northr grman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F-18 Boeing was the Prime northr grman
+made the F section on That Joint Strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the F section on That Joint Strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the F section on That Joint Strike
+Fighter the F35 locki is prime North R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fighter the F35 locki is prime North R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fighter the F35 locki is prime North R
+Grumman is making the app section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grumman is making the app section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grumman is making the app section
+British Aerospace is making the Ford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Aerospace is making the Ford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Aerospace is making the Ford
+cockpit so those are Partners you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit so those are Partners you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit so those are Partners you've got
+detail suppliers that make actuators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail suppliers that make actuators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail suppliers that make actuators and
+that make uh alternators and that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make uh alternators and that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make uh alternators and that kind
+of stuff you've got the unions uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff you've got the unions uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff you've got the unions uh the
+Imam in which is The Machinist Union in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imam in which is The Machinist Union in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imam in which is The Machinist Union in
+uh St Louis the uh United Auto space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh St Louis the uh United Auto space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh St Louis the uh United Auto space
+workers in in uh Boeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers in in uh Boeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers in in uh Boeing
+Philadelphia society and Congress are sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia society and Congress are sh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia society and Congress are sh
+stakeholders in this thing because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders in this thing because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders in this thing because the
+fact is that you know Congress is paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is that you know Congress is paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is that you know Congress is paying
+for it and Society is depending on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it and Society is depending on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it and Society is depending on these
+products a for transportation and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products a for transportation and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products a for transportation and for
+defense and so forth corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense and so forth corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense and so forth corporate
+leadership shareholders so all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership shareholders so all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership shareholders so all of these
+are stakeholders because they've got a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stakeholders because they've got a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stakeholders because they've got a a
+piece of the action um if we shut down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the action um if we shut down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the action um if we shut down a
+plant if we shut down a plant we shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant if we shut down a plant we shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant if we shut down a plant we shut
+down a plant in Columbus Ohio and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a plant in Columbus Ohio and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a plant in Columbus Ohio and you
+know there's a whole bunch of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a whole bunch of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a whole bunch of people
+that aren't working there anymore and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't working there anymore and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't working there anymore and uh
+it's there's a there's a responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there's a there's a responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there's a there's a responsibility
+to the shareholders to get value but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the shareholders to get value but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the shareholders to get value but on
+the other hand part of the stakeholders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand part of the stakeholders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand part of the stakeholders
+in terms of society is for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of society is for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of society is for example the
+communities that we serve and so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities that we serve and so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities that we serve and so all
+corporations today most of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations today most of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations today most of the big
+corporations try to be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations try to be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations try to be good
+Community um neighbors and in fact try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community um neighbors and in fact try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community um neighbors and in fact try
+to do things that that don't hurt but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things that that don't hurt but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things that that don't hurt but I
+mean I was in I was on a Consulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I was in I was on a Consulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I was in I was on a Consulting
+contract last February in Detroit when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract last February in Detroit when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract last February in Detroit when
+um Ford said they're going to cut 30,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Ford said they're going to cut 30,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Ford said they're going to cut 30,000
+people whoa boy talk about you know sad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people whoa boy talk about you know sad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people whoa boy talk about you know sad
+people so here are the what we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so here are the what we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so here are the what we're trying
+to do is have value for all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is have value for all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is have value for all of the
+stakeholders obviously the value we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders obviously the value we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders obviously the value we want
+the best value delivered to the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best value delivered to the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best value delivered to the customer
+we've promised performance we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've promised performance we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've promised performance we've
+promised price we've promised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised price we've promised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised price we've promised
+reliability to the end users our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability to the end users our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability to the end users our
+employees we're saying to you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees we're saying to you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees we're saying to you you know
+make good products we'll sell a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make good products we'll sell a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make good products we'll sell a lot
+you'll have jobs you know for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have jobs you know for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have jobs you know for your
+families the unions it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families the unions it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families the unions it's the same
+situation the shareholders return on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation the shareholders return on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation the shareholders return on
+investment you buy a share of stock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment you buy a share of stock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment you buy a share of stock and
+you want to get dividends and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get dividends and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get dividends and you want
+to see the stock price go up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the stock price go up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the stock price go up the
+partners northri bman and locked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners northri bman and locked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners northri bman and locked you
+know working together the suppliers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know working together the suppliers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know working together the suppliers and
+this is Eaton that makes stuff and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Eaton that makes stuff and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Eaton that makes stuff and it's
+Park of Materia that makes actuators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Park of Materia that makes actuators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Park of Materia that makes actuators and
+uh um honey well that does flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um honey well that does flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um honey well that does flight
+controls and then Society we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls and then Society we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls and then Society we're trying
+to in fact have the benefits of fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in fact have the benefits of fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in fact have the benefits of fly
+being able to fly and uh you know go see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to fly and uh you know go see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to fly and uh you know go see
+your grandkids kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your grandkids kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your grandkids kind of
+thing so what is a Leen Enterprise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so what is a Leen Enterprise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so what is a Leen Enterprise and
+uh good definition and in fact he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good definition and in fact he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good definition and in fact he just
+came back in the room but Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back in the room but Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back in the room but Professor
+merman Professor merman pulled together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merman Professor merman pulled together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merman Professor merman pulled together
+a bunch of professors here from MI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of professors here from MI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of professors here from MI
+t uh about five or six years ago and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh about five or six years ago and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh about five or six years ago and
+wrote this book The Lean Enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this book The Lean Enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this book The Lean Enterprise
+Value insights from mit's lean Aerospace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value insights from mit's lean Aerospace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value insights from mit's lean Aerospace
+initiative and it says a lean Enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative and it says a lean Enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative and it says a lean Enterprise
+an integrated entity that efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integrated entity that efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integrated entity that efficiently
+creates value for the multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates value for the multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates value for the multiple
+stakeholders by employing lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders by employing lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders by employing lean
+principles and practices and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and practices and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and practices and you
+remember these you know are all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these you know are all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these you know are all of the
+elements that it takes to create you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that it takes to create you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that it takes to create you
+know an Enterprise and what we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an Enterprise and what we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an Enterprise and what we're trying
+to do is to create value you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to create value you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to create value you know for
+all people in the in the total supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all people in the in the total supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all people in the in the total supply
+chain uh and uh in the Enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let me take it the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me take it the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me take it the other way around
+uh we have a army officer here the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a army officer here the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a army officer here the um
+Air Force spent 20 years developing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Air Force spent 20 years developing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Air Force spent 20 years developing the
+F22 it was called the advanced tactical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F22 it was called the advanced tactical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F22 it was called the advanced tactical
+Fighter the Air Force wanted that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fighter the Air Force wanted that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fighter the Air Force wanted that for
+$35 million a piece took 20 years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$35 million a piece took 20 years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$35 million a piece took 20 years to
+develop and can add inflation on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop and can add inflation on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop and can add inflation on that
+and you know whatever but the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know whatever but the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know whatever but the point is
+today's F22 cost like $180 million $180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's F22 cost like $180 million $180
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's F22 cost like $180 million $180
+million the Air Force wanted to buy 750
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million the Air Force wanted to buy 750
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million the Air Force wanted to buy 750
+of them 750 of them and what happened is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them 750 of them and what happened is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them 750 of them and what happened is
+is that Congress said you know we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that Congress said you know we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that Congress said you know we can't
+afford $180 million aircraft and buy 750
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford $180 million aircraft and buy 750
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford $180 million aircraft and buy 750
+of them and what happened is over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and what happened is over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and what happened is over time
+now the Air Force can only buy 183 183
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the Air Force can only buy 183 183
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the Air Force can only buy 183 183
+and they run at 750 now there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they run at 750 now there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they run at 750 now there's a lot of
+pressure right now to to try to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure right now to to try to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure right now to to try to keep the
+line going and whether that happens or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line going and whether that happens or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line going and whether that happens or
+not but I mean the chances are will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but I mean the chances are will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but I mean the chances are will
+never get to what the customer wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get to what the customer wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get to what the customer wanted
+and the issue here was the fact is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the issue here was the fact is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the issue here was the fact is that
+the value that the customer wanted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that the customer wanted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that the customer wanted the
+End
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End
+customer was not delivered because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer was not delivered because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer was not delivered because the
+in from a strategic and tactical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from a strategic and tactical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from a strategic and tactical
+standpoint having greater numbers gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint having greater numbers gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint having greater numbers gives
+you an advantage problem is we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an advantage problem is we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an advantage problem is we're not
+going to be able to get that Advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to get that Advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to get that Advantage
+because we're we're buying less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're we're buying less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're we're buying less
+so delivering value is is a big deal my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so delivering value is is a big deal my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so delivering value is is a big deal my
+favorite example and I'll probably talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite example and I'll probably talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite example and I'll probably talk
+about it tomorrow is that if I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it tomorrow is that if I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it tomorrow is that if I told you
+that I have a wonderful Ford Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have a wonderful Ford Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have a wonderful Ford Focus
+outside on the curb and if you sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside on the curb and if you sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside on the curb and if you sign
+right here it only cost you $60,000 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here it only cost you $60,000 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here it only cost you $60,000 for
+the Ford Focus and you say Al I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ford Focus and you say Al I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ford Focus and you say Al I don't
+think I want that right the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I want that right the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I want that right the point is
+that intuitively we know what value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intuitively we know what value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intuitively we know what value is
+and $60,000 for Ford Focus is doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and $60,000 for Ford Focus is doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and $60,000 for Ford Focus is doesn't
+intuitively compute and so um the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively compute and so um the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively compute and so um the name
+of the game is the market people tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game is the market people tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game is the market people tell us
+what is it that that the customers want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that that the customers want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that that the customers want
+and it could be a mock 1.6 $35 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it could be a mock 1.6 $35 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it could be a mock 1.6 $35 million
+Joint Strike Fighter kind of a thing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint Strike Fighter kind of a thing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint Strike Fighter kind of a thing or
+it can be you know a $220 million you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be you know a $220 million you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be you know a $220 million you
+know large 747 or it can be um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know large 747 or it can be um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know large 747 or it can be um you know
+a laptop computer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laptop computer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laptop computer for
+$900 but we all know intuitively what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$900 but we all know intuitively what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$900 but we all know intuitively what
+the features and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features and the
+attributes that we're looking for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that we're looking for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that we're looking for and
+what we sort of want to pay and if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we sort of want to pay and if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we sort of want to pay and if in
+fact we can conceive the design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we can conceive the design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we can conceive the design and
+iterate the design and get the waste out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate the design and get the waste out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate the design and get the waste out
+of it so that we can deliver that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it so that we can deliver that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it so that we can deliver that value
+to the customer we'll be able to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the customer we'll be able to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the customer we'll be able to sell
+them and the Enterprise will Thrive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the Enterprise will Thrive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the Enterprise will Thrive and
+all those stakeholders all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those stakeholders all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those stakeholders all those
+stakeholders have a piece of the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders have a piece of the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders have a piece of the action
+and we've got happy employees and happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got happy employees and happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got happy employees and happy
+communities and happy shareholders so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and happy shareholders so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and happy shareholders so we
+talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked
+about business acquisition the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about business acquisition the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about business acquisition the market
+research engineering defin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research engineering defin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research engineering defin the
+requirements iterating the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements iterating the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements iterating the product
+design and and comeing coming up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and and comeing coming up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and and comeing coming up with
+robust processes to make repeatably to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust processes to make repeatably to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust processes to make repeatably to
+get the variation out of them high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the variation out of them high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the variation out of them high
+quality managing the supply chain down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality managing the supply chain down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality managing the supply chain down
+through the second and third tiers and F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the second and third tiers and F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the second and third tiers and F
+efficiently producing these and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently producing these and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently producing these and then
+obviously we have to deliver them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we have to deliver them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we have to deliver them to the
+customers and then support them for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and then support them for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and then support them for the
+life cycle and so those are those big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle and so those are those big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle and so those are those big
+life cycle processes but then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle processes but then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle processes but then there's a
+bunch of supporting infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of supporting infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of supporting infrastructure
+Finance Information Technology human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance Information Technology human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance Information Technology human
+resources and so forth and lean applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and so forth and lean applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and so forth and lean applies
+to these two these every one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these two these every one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these two these every one of these
+processes um can be more efficient I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes um can be more efficient I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes um can be more efficient I
+used to do lean lectures at Boeing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to do lean lectures at Boeing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to do lean lectures at Boeing and
+uh in addition to my job as vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in addition to my job as vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in addition to my job as vice
+president of engineering and I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of engineering and I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of engineering and I had a
+contracts contracts Administration P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts contracts Administration P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts contracts Administration P
+person who was actually a lawyer and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who was actually a lawyer and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who was actually a lawyer and all
+of a sudden he says Al I got it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden he says Al I got it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden he says Al I got it you know
+I can see why we want to be able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see why we want to be able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see why we want to be able to get
+on contract sooner because we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on contract sooner because we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on contract sooner because we have a
+whole bunch of people you know trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of people you know trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of people you know trying to
+trying to wait for the contract goahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to wait for the contract goahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to wait for the contract goahead
+and uh these guys are still fooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh these guys are still fooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh these guys are still fooling
+around trying to get the terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around trying to get the terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around trying to get the terms and
+conditions you know and so they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you know and so they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you know and so they were
+trying to get the contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get the contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get the contract
+Administration folks even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leaner so that's the the book and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaner so that's the the book and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaner so that's the the book and I
+hardly recommend that you get it uh Jim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly recommend that you get it uh Jim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly recommend that you get it uh Jim
+wac and Dan Jones and Dan brose and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wac and Dan Jones and Dan brose and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wac and Dan Jones and Dan brose and uh
+uh the story of lean production how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the story of lean production how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the story of lean production how
+Japan's secret weapon in the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan's secret weapon in the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan's secret weapon in the global
+order Wars uh will revolutionize Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Wars uh will revolutionize Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Wars uh will revolutionize Western
+industry and it is spread from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and it is spread from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and it is spread from the
+automobile industry uh in Japan to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile industry uh in Japan to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile industry uh in Japan to the
+Aerospace industry and now hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace industry and now hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace industry and now hopefully
+Detroit's going to get the message but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detroit's going to get the message but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detroit's going to get the message but a
+three star general in the Air Force said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three star general in the Air Force said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three star general in the Air Force said
+can the concepts and principles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the concepts and principles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the concepts and principles and
+practice of the Toyota production system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of the Toyota production system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of the Toyota production system
+be applied to the military aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be applied to the military aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be applied to the military aircraft
+industry and they gave that they gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and they gave that they gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and they gave that they gave a
+contract a study contract MIT and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract a study contract MIT and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract a study contract MIT and in the
+early 90s the answer was a resounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 90s the answer was a resounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 90s the answer was a resounding
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if we focus lean on Enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we focus lean on Enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we focus lean on Enterprise
+valuation and creation and Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation and creation and Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation and creation and Professor
+merman for more than 10 years LED this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merman for more than 10 years LED this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merman for more than 10 years LED this
+whole effort and uh uh was very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole effort and uh uh was very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole effort and uh uh was very very
+successful in developing a body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in developing a body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in developing a body of
+knowledge a body of knowledge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge a body of knowledge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge a body of knowledge that
+really works uh all the major aerospace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really works uh all the major aerospace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really works uh all the major aerospace
+companies are using it it does produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are using it it does produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are using it it does produce
+value in fact now we're trying to spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in fact now we're trying to spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in fact now we're trying to spread
+it to the healthcare industry and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the healthcare industry and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the healthcare industry and other
+other organizations and uh uh but lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organizations and uh uh but lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organizations and uh uh but lean
+does pay off and in fact the Air Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does pay off and in fact the Air Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does pay off and in fact the Air Force
+said you've got this great body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you've got this great body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you've got this great body of
+knowledge and we now know that it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and we now know that it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and we now know that it does
+work how do we spread that and diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work how do we spread that and diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work how do we spread that and diffuse
+it so that it's being taught in colleges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that it's being taught in colleges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that it's being taught in colleges
+and the lean Academy of which this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lean Academy of which this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lean Academy of which this is a
+piece uh was created about 5 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece uh was created about 5 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece uh was created about 5 years ago
+to disseminate this whole body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disseminate this whole body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disseminate this whole body of
+knowledge by conducting courses like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge by conducting courses like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge by conducting courses like
+you're in right now so here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in right now so here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in right now so here's some
+examples This was um G Dynamics uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples This was um G Dynamics uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples This was um G Dynamics uh and
+then locki on the atlas program you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then locki on the atlas program you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then locki on the atlas program you can
+actually see that on the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see that on the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see that on the initial
+development it used to take 48 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development it used to take 48 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development it used to take 48 and a
+half months and they actually got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half months and they actually got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half months and they actually got it
+down to 36 months and then 27 months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to 36 months and then 27 months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to 36 months and then 27 months
+ultimately got it down to like 18 months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately got it down to like 18 months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately got it down to like 18 months
+going through a series of of uh major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through a series of of uh major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through a series of of uh major
+changes and uh uh and going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and uh uh and going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and uh uh and going through the
+lean processes to to in fact uh achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean processes to to in fact uh achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean processes to to in fact uh achieve
+what they want the F-18 Super Hornet uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want the F-18 Super Hornet uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want the F-18 Super Hornet uh
+huge change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge change in
+requirements more payload three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements more payload three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements more payload three times
+greater ordinance bring back when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater ordinance bring back when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater ordinance bring back when they
+land on the carriers 40% increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land on the carriers 40% increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land on the carriers 40% increase in
+unrefueled range five times more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrefueled range five times more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrefueled range five times more
+survivable designed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivable designed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivable designed for
+growth big change in reduced support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth big change in reduced support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth big change in reduced support
+costs and uh multi-emission and they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and uh multi-emission and they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and uh multi-emission and they did
+it within budget uh did it on schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it within budget uh did it on schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it within budget uh did it on schedule
+actually ahead of schedule th000 pounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ahead of schedule th000 pounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ahead of schedule th000 pounds
+underweight uh and there's a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underweight uh and there's a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underweight uh and there's a high
+correlation between those program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between those program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between those program
+management practices and our lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management practices and our lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management practices and our lean
+Enterprise and that's all the way from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise and that's all the way from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise and that's all the way from
+trying to do all of these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do all of these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do all of these various
+missions as you can can see here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions as you can can see here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions as you can can see here it's
+one of the big success stories of U uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the big success stories of U uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the big success stories of U uh
+of industry and uh Rockwell Electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of industry and uh Rockwell Electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of industry and uh Rockwell Electronics
+we mentioned Klay Jones before 25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned Klay Jones before 25%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned Klay Jones before 25%
+Improvement in productivity 46%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement in productivity 46%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement in productivity 46%
+reduction inventory cycle time reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction inventory cycle time reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction inventory cycle time reduction
+big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal
+75% and you know it also works in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% and you know it also works in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% and you know it also works in the
+office on on technical manuals on paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office on on technical manuals on paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office on on technical manuals on paper
+processing accounting publishing cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing accounting publishing cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing accounting publishing cycle
+time 72% reduction work and process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 72% reduction work and process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 72% reduction work and process
+reduction 70% 38% productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction 70% 38% productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction 70% 38% productivity
+Improvement so it it does apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement so it it does apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement so it it does apply
+everywhere and we're going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and we're going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and we're going to give you
+some exercises that the talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some exercises that the talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some exercises that the talk about it
+conbine is a Japanese word and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conbine is a Japanese word and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conbine is a Japanese word and it's a
+lean Tool uh that we use a lot we use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean Tool uh that we use a lot we use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean Tool uh that we use a lot we use it
+in the office in terms of processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the office in terms of processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the office in terms of processing
+engineering drawings and and uh um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering drawings and and uh um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering drawings and and uh um we
+use it um in out in the factory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it um in out in the factory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it um in out in the factory and
+there's several ways of making it apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's several ways of making it apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's several ways of making it apply
+to the movement of material and parts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the movement of material and parts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the movement of material and parts in
+the factory or information information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factory or information information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factory or information information
+like in drawings and and parts cards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in drawings and and parts cards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in drawings and and parts cards and
+so forth and um sometimes it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and um sometimes it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and um sometimes it's actually
+done with a card and we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with a card and we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with a card and we're going to go
+through some conbine exercises here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some conbine exercises here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some conbine exercises here but
+basically what it says is that remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what it says is that remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what it says is that remember
+I told you originally if we were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you originally if we were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you originally if we were going
+to build 12 Apaches that I put 14 Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build 12 Apaches that I put 14 Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build 12 Apaches that I put 14 Parts
+out there and uh you'd give all 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and uh you'd give all 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and uh you'd give all 14
+forgings to a machinist and say Here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgings to a machinist and say Here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgings to a machinist and say Here's a
+job card do do it now we give him one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job card do do it now we give him one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job card do do it now we give him one
+and we in fact when he finishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we in fact when he finishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we in fact when he finishes
+Machining that he looks over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machining that he looks over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machining that he looks over here and
+there's a card that says he can go get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a card that says he can go get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a card that says he can go get
+his next piece and then he puts a card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his next piece and then he puts a card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his next piece and then he puts a card
+in and we move it we do single piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and we move it we do single piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and we move it we do single piece
+flow because if you makes a mistake on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow because if you makes a mistake on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow because if you makes a mistake on
+12 forgings and machining them we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 forgings and machining them we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 forgings and machining them we've got
+12 rework parts or 12 scrap parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 rework parts or 12 scrap parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 rework parts or 12 scrap parts
+so empty part one way of doing it is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so empty part one way of doing it is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so empty part one way of doing it is an
+empty partsman so in fact um he sees an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty partsman so in fact um he sees an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty partsman so in fact um he sees an
+empty one the parts guy fills it up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty one the parts guy fills it up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty one the parts guy fills it up an
+open space on the production floor we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open space on the production floor we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open space on the production floor we
+paint yellow yellow boxes on the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint yellow yellow boxes on the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint yellow yellow boxes on the floor
+and so if there's a if the part is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if there's a if the part is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if there's a if the part is there
+I grab that part when it's empty the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I grab that part when it's empty the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I grab that part when it's empty the
+production control guy says o give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production control guy says o give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production control guy says o give them
+another part so that's another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part so that's another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part so that's another way to
+doing it it reduces inventory it reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it it reduces inventory it reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it it reduces inventory it reduces
+scrap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrap and
+rework and we do the same thing with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rework and we do the same thing with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rework and we do the same thing with uh
+engineering you can have racks on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering you can have racks on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering you can have racks on the
+wall for them to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall for them to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall for them to do that
+so it took 30 years for Toyota to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it took 30 years for Toyota to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it took 30 years for Toyota to
+develop all aspects of this system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop all aspects of this system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop all aspects of this system and
+uh you can see that they did their early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see that they did their early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see that they did their early
+uh experiments with Karen bon in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh experiments with Karen bon in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh experiments with Karen bon in the
+50s took them 10 years they put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s took them 10 years they put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s took them 10 years they put it
+companywide and then they they drove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companywide and then they they drove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companywide and then they they drove it
+all the way down to their first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down to their first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down to their first and
+second third tier suppliers and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second third tier suppliers and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second third tier suppliers and they're
+continuing to develop what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to develop what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to develop what we call the
+Toyota production system Boeing now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota production system Boeing now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota production system Boeing now for
+example calls that the BPS the Boeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example calls that the BPS the Boeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example calls that the BPS the Boeing
+production system which is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production system which is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production system which is basically the
+the Toyota production system and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Toyota production system and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Toyota production system and they're
+very very proud of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very proud of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very proud of that
+so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how
+much how long do you think it might take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much how long do you think it might take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much how long do you think it might take
+a large Aerospace company to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large Aerospace company to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large Aerospace company to implement
+lean thinking across their Enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean thinking across their Enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean thinking across their Enterprise
+starting with the knowledge now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with the knowledge now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with the knowledge now
+available so in your in your folders you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so in your in your folders you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so in your in your folders you
+got some some cards colored cards I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some some cards colored cards I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some some cards colored cards I
+think they're 3x5 cards they're colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cards okay how long do you think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards okay how long do you think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards okay how long do you think it
+would take there's a blue card for 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take there's a blue card for 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take there's a blue card for 20
+years a red card for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years a red card for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years a red card for
+10 uh green for five and yellow how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 uh green for five and yellow how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 uh green for five and yellow how long
+do you think it would take a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think it would take a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think it would take a large
+Aerospace company to implement lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace company to implement lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace company to implement lean
+across their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across their
+Enterprise just hold up the card uh blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise just hold up the card uh blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise just hold up the card uh blue
+card okay okay you can hold them up well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card okay okay you can hold them up well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card okay okay you can hold them up well
+I see a bunch of red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see a bunch of red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see a bunch of red
+cards yeah red and blue you're right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards yeah red and blue you're right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards yeah red and blue you're right it
+takes a long time it it takes I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a long time it it takes I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a long time it it takes I I
+mentioned to you that I was I in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you that I was I in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you that I was I in
+addition to being Vice engineering I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to being Vice engineering I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to being Vice engineering I was
+the head of lean for uh blowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head of lean for uh blowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head of lean for uh blowing
+integrated defense systems and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated defense systems and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated defense systems and when you
+think about the Apache and the c17 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the Apache and the c17 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the Apache and the c17 and
+the F-15 and the F18 and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F-15 and the F18 and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F-15 and the F18 and you know the
+shinook and the Apache and I had all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinook and the Apache and I had all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinook and the Apache and I had all of
+those it takes a long time to get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those it takes a long time to get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those it takes a long time to get all
+the organizations up to speed and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organizations up to speed and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organizations up to speed and to
+drive hold these principles down and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive hold these principles down and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive hold these principles down and uh
+it it it's just a it's a lot of work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it's just a it's a lot of work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it's just a it's a lot of work and
+it's it's a continuous Journey so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a continuous Journey so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a continuous Journey so uh
+welcome you've taken step one and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome you've taken step one and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome you've taken step one and uh
+uh the takeaways on this is that Six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the takeaways on this is that Six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the takeaways on this is that Six
+Sigma started with the Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma started with the Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma started with the Japanese
+automobile industry and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile industry and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile industry and then the
+electronics Industries and now into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics Industries and now into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics Industries and now into the
+Aerospace Industries and I mentioned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace Industries and I mentioned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace Industries and I mentioned to
+you now that the hospitals and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now that the hospitals and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now that the hospitals and the
+healthcare people are interested in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare people are interested in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare people are interested in and
+if you watch your next time you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you watch your next time you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you watch your next time you go to
+the hospital or where your mom and dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospital or where your mom and dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospital or where your mom and dad
+go to the hospital and all that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the hospital and all that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the hospital and all that and you
+see the bill for an operation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the bill for an operation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the bill for an operation or
+something like that you know how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you know how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you know how how
+very very expensive it is uh my daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very expensive it is uh my daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very expensive it is uh my daughter
+daughter my sister just had both knees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter my sister just had both knees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter my sister just had both knees
+replaced $70,000 you mean that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced $70,000 you mean that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced $70,000 you mean that and
+Medicare paid for that and uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicare paid for that and uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicare paid for that and uh because
+she was having trouble walking but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was having trouble walking but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was having trouble walking but I
+mean $70,000 is you know a lifetime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean $70,000 is you know a lifetime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean $70,000 is you know a lifetime of
+trying to but our medical business could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to but our medical business could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to but our medical business could
+stand some lean thinking an Enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand some lean thinking an Enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand some lean thinking an Enterprise
+is a core okay and extended boundary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a core okay and extended boundary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a core okay and extended boundary and
+the the extended boundary the employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the extended boundary the employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the extended boundary the employees
+and the and the suppliers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the suppliers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the suppliers and the
+communities and the stockholders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and the stockholders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and the stockholders and
+certainly you know today is step one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly you know today is step one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly you know today is step one of
+learning this and you can continue to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning this and you can continue to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning this and you can continue to uh
+to bring it back and and uh keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring it back and and uh keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring it back and and uh keep
+thinking about it in almost anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it in almost anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it in almost anything you
+do so um just just on a on a card on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so um just just on a on a card on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so um just just on a on a card on one
+of those white cards just write down for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those white cards just write down for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those white cards just write down for
+example for your your particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for your your particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for your your particular
+Department I guess we're a little late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department I guess we're a little late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department I guess we're a little late
+here but uh but anyway write down just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but uh but anyway write down just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but uh but anyway write down just
+quickly who are the stakeholders if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly who are the stakeholders if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly who are the stakeholders if
+you've had an internship in Industry had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had an internship in Industry had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had an internship in Industry had
+an internship and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an internship and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an internship and
+Industry just write down you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry just write down you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry just write down you don't have
+to put your name on it write down who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put your name on it write down who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put your name on it write down who
+the stakeholders were for that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakeholders were for that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakeholders were for that function
+if you were an engineering design who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were an engineering design who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were an engineering design who
+was the the stakeholders put it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Pj2fkkZ6Gto.txt b/Pj2fkkZ6Gto.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13948346cfe315f53b862a47128878c7d254a989
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Pj2fkkZ6Gto.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2676 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+As everyone finishes getting
+settled in, why don't you take
+
+10 more seconds on the clicker
+question here, and let's see
+
+how you did on that this, this
+is very similar to the clicker
+
+question that we
+had on Friday.
+
+OK, so let's get started here.
+
+It looks like we are
+doing a lot better.
+
+We now have 77% getting the
+correct answer, we only had
+
+about 30-something percent
+on Friday for a
+
+very similar question.
+
+So if you're not in this 77%,
+let's quickly go over why, in
+
+fact, this is the correct
+answer, 0 .
+
+9 times 10 to the negative
+18 joules.
+
+So I'm using the same kind of
+tricky language that we'd used
+
+before, not to trick you, but so
+that you're not tricked in
+
+the future.
+
+So if we're talking about the
+fourth excited state, and we
+
+talk instead about principle
+quantum numbers, what
+
+principle quantum number
+corresponds to the fourth
+
+excited state of a
+hydrogen atom.
+
+STUDENT: Five.
+
+PROFESSOR: Five.
+
+OK.
+
+So, hopefully that cleared up
+for some of you why you got
+
+the wrong answer.
+
+So we know that we're in the n
+equals 5 state, so we can find
+
+what the binding
+energy is here.
+
+The ionization energy, of
+course, is just the negative
+
+of the binding energy.
+
+We know that binding energy is
+always negative, we know that
+
+ionization energy is
+always positive.
+
+So hopefully, putting all those
+things together, if you
+
+looked at this question again
+we'd get 100% on it, that our
+
+only option here is 0 .
+
+9, and that it's not the
+negative, it's the positive
+
+version, because we're talking
+about how much energy we have
+
+to put into the system in order
+to eject an electron.
+
+All right.
+
+And today we're going to mostly
+be talking about wave
+
+functions of electrons, but
+before we get to that, I
+
+wanted to review one last
+thing that's back on to
+
+Friday's topic, which was
+when we were solving the
+
+Schrodinger equation, or in
+fact, using the solution to
+
+the Schrodinger equation for the
+energy, the binding energy
+
+between an electron
+and a nucleus.
+
+And when we talked about that,
+what we found was that we
+
+could actually validate our
+predicted binding energies by
+
+looking at the emission spectra
+of the hydrogen atom,
+
+which is what we did as the
+demo, or we could think about
+
+the absorption spectra
+as well.
+
+And what we predict as an energy
+difference between two
+
+levels, we know should
+correspond to the energy of
+
+light that's either emitted, if
+we're giving off a photon,
+
+or that's absorbed if we're
+going to take on a photon and
+
+jump from a lower to a
+higher energy level.
+
+So we came up with two formulas,
+which are similar to
+
+the two that I'm showing here.
+
+The formula tells us the
+frequency of the light that's
+
+emitted or absorbed based on the
+energy difference between
+
+the two levels that we're
+going between, that the
+
+electron is transitioning
+between.
+
+You'll notice that there's a
+little bit of a difference in
+
+these equations here from the
+ones from the other day, which
+
+is that you have this z squared
+value in there.
+
+So these are both called Rydberg
+formulas for figuring
+
+out the frequency of light
+emitted or absorbed, and
+
+before we were looking at the
+Rydberg formula specifically
+
+for the hydrogen atom, and now
+that we have this z squared
+
+term in the formula here,
+we're now talking about
+
+absolutely any one
+electron atom.
+
+And it should make sense where
+we got this from, because we
+
+know that the binding energy,
+if we're talking about a
+
+hydrogen atom, what is the
+binding energy equal to?
+
+Negative Rydberg over what?
+
+Yes.
+
+So, it's negative Rydberg
+constant over n squared.
+
+But if we're talking more
+generally about any one
+
+electron atom, now we have a
+more general equation for the
+
+binding energy, which has this z
+squared term out in front of
+
+it, right, so it's negative z
+squared times the Rydberg
+
+constant all over n squared.
+
+So, essentially when we're
+talking about these equations
+
+up here, all we're doing is
+talking about the regular
+
+Rydberg formulas, but instead we
+could go back and re-derive
+
+the equation for any one
+electron atom, which would
+
+just mean that we put that z
+squared term in the front.
+
+So when you solve certain types
+of problems, such as
+
+problems later on in the second
+half of your p-set, if
+
+you need to talk about the
+frequency of light emitted or
+
+absorbed for a one electron
+atom, such as lithium plus 2,
+
+for example, then you would
+need to plug in z, and
+
+remember the z value for lithium
+would just be 3.
+
+The z value for hydrogen, of
+course, is 1, and that's why
+
+this term falls out of that
+equation when we're talking
+
+specifically about the
+hydrogen atom.
+
+So, just to finish our review
+of what we talked about on
+
+Friday, when we're thinking
+about transitions between two
+
+different states, and we're
+talking about a situation
+
+where the final state, the n
+final, is greater than n
+
+initial, in this case, are we
+talking about absorption or
+
+are we talking about emission?
+
+Hearing a little bit
+of a mix here.
+
+In fact, we're talking about
+absorption when n final is
+
+greater than n initial.
+
+We start at this lower energy
+state and go up -- that means
+
+we need to absorb a photon,
+we have to take in energy.
+
+Specifically, we have to take in
+this exact amount of energy
+
+in order to bump the electron up
+to the higher energy level.
+
+So that means that when instead
+we start high and go
+
+low, we're dealing with emission
+where we have excess
+
+energy that the electron's
+giving off, and that energy is
+
+going to be equal the energy of
+the photon that is released
+
+and, of course, through our
+equations we know how to get
+
+from energy to frequency or to
+wavelength of the photon that
+
+we're talking about.
+
+All right.
+
+So that's all I'm going to say
+today in terms of solving the
+
+energy part of the Schrodinger
+equation, so what we're really
+
+going to focus on is the other
+part of the Schrodinger
+
+equation today, which
+is solving for psi.
+
+So we're going to for psi, and
+before that, we're going to
+
+figure out that instead of just
+that one quantum number
+
+n, we're going to have a few
+other quantum numbers that
+
+fall out of solving the
+Schrodinger equation
+
+for what psi is.
+
+We're also going to talk more
+about what psi actually means.
+
+When we first introduced the
+Schrodinger equation, what I
+
+told you was think of psi as
+being some representation of
+
+what an electron is.
+
+We'll get more specific here,
+more specific even than just
+
+saying you can think of
+it as an orbital.
+
+We'll really think about
+what psi means.
+
+And in doing that, we'll also
+talk about the shapes of h
+
+atom wave functions,
+specifically the shapes of
+
+orbitals, and then something
+called radial probability
+
+distribution, which will make
+sense when we get to it.
+
+But, as I said before that, we
+have some more quantum numbers
+
+to take care of, because it
+turns out that when you solve
+
+the Schrodinger equation for
+psi, these other quantum
+
+numbers have to be
+the defined.
+
+When we talked about binding
+energy, we just had one
+
+quantum number that
+came out of it.
+
+And that quantum number was
+n, which was our principle
+
+quantum number, and we know that
+n could be equal to any
+
+integer value, so, 1, 2, 3, all
+the way up to infinity.
+
+And this quantization that comes
+out of having n is what
+
+gives us the quantization of
+different energy levels.
+
+That's why we can't have a
+continuum of energy, we
+
+actually have those
+quantized points.
+
+So, it turns out that n is not
+the only quantum number needed
+
+to describe a wave function,
+however.
+
+There's two more that you
+can see come out of it.
+
+And the first is l, and l is our
+angular momentum quantum
+
+number, and it's called that
+because it actually dictates
+
+the angular momentum that our
+electron has in our atom.
+
+And when we talk about l it is
+a quantum number, so because
+
+it's a quantum number, we know
+that it can only have discreet
+
+values, it can't just be any
+value we want, it's very
+
+specific values.
+
+And unlike n, l can start all
+the way down at 0, and it
+
+increases by integer value,
+so we go 1, 2, 3,
+
+and all the way up.
+
+But also unlike n, l cannot have
+just any value, we can't
+
+go into infinity.
+
+L is limited such that
+the highest value of
+
+l is n minus 1.
+
+We can't get any higher
+than that.
+
+So, it would be a good question
+to ask why are we
+
+limited -- clearly there's this
+relationship between l
+
+and n, and we can't get any
+higher than n equals one.
+
+We can actually think about why
+that is, and the reason is
+
+because l is our angular
+momentum.
+
+It describes the angular
+momentum of the electron.
+
+So another way to think about
+that is just the rotational
+
+kinetic energy of
+our electron.
+
+And we know that n describes the
+total energy, that total
+
+binding energy of the electron,
+so the total energy
+
+is going to be equal
+to potential energy
+
+plus kinetic energy.
+
+So if we say that l is just
+talking about our kinetic
+
+energy part, our rotational
+kinetic energy, and we know
+
+that electrons have potential
+energy, then it makes sense
+
+that l, in fact, can never
+go higher than n.
+
+And, in fact, it can't even
+reach n, because then we would
+
+have no potential energy at all
+in our electron, which is
+
+not correct.
+
+So, that's the second
+quantum number.
+
+And the third one is called
+m, it's also m sub l.
+
+This is what we call the
+magnetic quantum number, and
+
+we won't deal with the fact of
+its being the magnetic quantum
+
+number here -- that kind of
+tells us the shape of the
+
+orbital or the way that the
+electron will behave in a
+
+magnetic field, but what's
+more relevant to thinking
+
+about the limits of this number
+is that it's also the z
+
+component of the angular
+momentum.
+
+So since it's a component of
+the angular momentum, that
+
+means that it's never going to
+be able to go higher than l
+
+is, so it makes sense that, for
+example, it could start at
+
+0 and then go all
+the way up to l.
+
+But since it is a component it
+can have a direction, too, so
+
+can go up between negative
+l and positive l.
+
+So the allowed values for m sub
+l are going to be negative
+
+l, all the way up to 0, and
+then up to positive l.
+
+So, if we think of just an
+example, we could say that 4 l
+
+equals 2, what would be our
+lowest value of m sub l?
+
+Yup.
+
+So m sub l could equal
+negative 2,
+
+negative 1, 0, 1 or 2.
+
+So we could have five different
+values of m sub l.
+
+So, those are our three
+quantum numbers.
+
+So if, in fact, we want to
+describe a wave function, we
+
+know that we need to describe
+it in terms of all three
+
+quantum numbers, and also as
+a function of our three
+
+positional factors, which are
+r, the radius, plus the two
+
+angles, theta and phi.
+
+So, we have now a complete
+description of a wave function
+
+that we can talk about.
+
+So, we can think about what is
+it that we would call the
+
+ground state wave function.
+
+We knew from Friday, when we
+talked about energy, that
+
+ground state was that n equals
+1 value, that was the lowest
+
+energy, that was the most
+stable place for
+
+the electron to be.
+
+But now we need to talk
+about l and m as well.
+
+So now when we talk about a
+ground state in terms of wave
+
+function, we need to talk about
+the wave function of 1,
+
+0, 0, and again, as a function
+of r, theta and phi.
+
+So this is our complete
+description of the ground
+
+state wave function.
+
+So, a lot of you talked about
+different types of orbitals in
+
+high school, I'm sure, or in
+previous courses, and it might
+
+be less common that you actually
+talked about a wave
+
+function that was labeled
+like this.
+
+We're used to labelling orbitals
+as an s, or a p, or a
+
+d, for example, but it turns
+out that these correlate to
+
+those letters that we're
+more used to seeing.
+
+Does anyone know what the 1, 0,
+0 orbital is also called?
+
+Yeah.
+
+And specfically it's the
+1 s, so not just the
+
+s, but the 1 s orbital.
+
+So, using the terminology of
+chemists, which is a good
+
+thing to do, because in this
+course we are all chemists, we
+
+want to make sure that we're
+not using just the physical
+
+description of the numbers, but
+that we can correlate it
+
+to what we understand as
+orbitals, and instead of 1, 0,
+
+0, we call this the
+1 s orbital.
+
+The reason that we do this is
+because this is another way to
+
+completely describe it.
+
+The n designates the shell, so
+that's what this number is
+
+here, we're in the
+first shell.
+
+The l is what we call
+the sub shell.
+
+And instead of having
+a 0 there, what we
+
+have here is an s.
+
+So, if we look at what the other
+sub shells are called,
+
+essentially we're
+just converting
+
+the number to a letter.
+
+L equals 0 is s, what
+is l equals 1?
+
+Um-hmm, it's the p.
+
+What about 2? d, and 3?
+
+Yup, so 3 is f.
+
+So these names, they don't
+really make any sense if we're
+
+looking at them why they're
+called past s p and f, and it
+
+turns out that it comes from
+spectroscopy terms that are
+
+pre-quantum mechanics where,
+for example, this is called
+
+the sharp line, I think the
+principle, the diffuse, and
+
+the fundamental.
+
+It doesn't even make sense
+now, they're not used in
+
+spectroscopy anymore, but this
+is where the names originally
+
+came from and they did stick.
+
+So, we being chemists, we'll
+call that 1 s instead of 1, 0.
+
+In addition to having another
+name to denote l, we also have
+
+another name for the
+m designation here.
+
+So, for example, when l is equal
+to 0, we're going to
+
+find that we have to call
+-- we have to specify
+
+what m is as well.
+
+All right.
+
+So, when we have, for example,
+l equal to 1, what kind of
+
+orbital is this?
+
+The p orbital.
+
+And for example, we could
+also in this case, have
+
+m is equal to 0.
+
+If m is equal to 0, in this case
+we would call it the p z
+
+orbital, so we would have
+the subscript z here.
+
+Similarly, if m is equal to
+either plus 1 or minus 1, we
+
+would in turn call it the p y
+orbital, or the p x orbital.
+
+So you should know that any time
+m is equal to zero when
+
+we are talking about p orbitals,
+that it's the p z.
+
+The p y and the p x are
+actually a bit more
+
+complicated, they're linear
+combinations of the m plus 1,
+
+and the m minus 1 orbital, where
+1 is the positive linear
+
+combination, and 1 is the
+negative linear combination.
+
+You're not responsible for that,
+you're not responsible
+
+for correlating plus 1
+to y, minus 1 to x.
+
+Just know that you have plus or
+minus 1, for our class, you
+
+can call it either x or y,
+either is fine, because it's a
+
+little bit more complicated than
+just the 1:1 translation
+
+between, for example, m equals
+0 and having a p z orbital.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's look at some of these
+wave functions and make sure
+
+that we know how to name all of
+them in terms of orbitals
+
+and not just in terms
+of their numbers.
+
+Once we can do that we can go on
+and say okay, what actually
+
+is a wave function, but first
+we need to know how to
+
+describe which ones were
+talking about.
+
+So we saw that our lowest,
+our ground state wave
+
+function is 1, 0, 0.
+
+We can call that psi 1,
+0, 0 is how we write
+
+it as a wave function.
+
+We said that's the
+1 s orbital.
+
+We also know how to figure out
+the energy of this orbital,
+
+and we know how to figure out
+the energy using this formula
+
+here, which was the binding
+energy, which is negative r h,
+
+and instead of n, we can plug
+it in because n equals 1, so
+
+over 1 squared, and the
+actual energy is here.
+
+So, our next level up that we
+can go is going to be the n
+
+equals 2 energy level, but we
+also have an l and an m value,
+
+so our lowest l is going
+to be a 0 there.
+
+So we'll call that psi 2,
+0, 0 wave function.
+
+What will we call that
+in terms of orbitals?
+
+Yup, so that's the
+2 s orbital.
+
+So something I actually wanted
+to point out that I forgot to
+
+here is you'll notice that
+there's no subscript to the s.
+
+We said we have a subscript to
+the p, for example, that
+
+describes what m is equal to.
+
+The reason that we have no
+subscript to the s, is because
+
+the only possibility for m when
+you have an s orbital is
+
+that m has to be equal to 0.
+
+So we just assume it, you don't
+actually have to write
+
+it because there is, in fact,
+only one possibility.
+
+We can also figure out the
+energy of this orbital here,
+
+and the energy is equal to
+the Rydberg constant.
+
+The negative of the Rydberg
+constant now
+
+divided by 2 squared.
+
+So we can go on and do this for
+any orbital or any state
+
+function that we
+would like to.
+
+So, for example, if we talk
+about the 2, 1, 1 state label,
+
+that's just psi 2, 1, 1.
+
+What, in this case, would
+be our orbital?
+
+2 p what?
+
+OK, good, I heard mixed answers,
+which is correct.
+
+So you can either write 2 p x
+or 2 p y, whichever one you
+
+want is fine.
+
+And again, you'll notice that
+our energy is absolutely the
+
+same for an electron in
+that 2 p x orbital
+
+and in the 2 s orbital.
+
+So that's true for a hydrogen
+atom, it doesn't matter if
+
+you're in a p or an s orbital,
+their energies are the same.
+
+Then we can also talk about the
+2, 1, 0 state function,
+
+which would be psi 2, 1, 0.
+
+What is this orbital?
+
+Yup.
+
+And there's only one correct
+answer here,
+
+which is to 2 p z.
+
+Is the energy going to be the
+same or different as up here?
+
+It's going to be the
+same energy.
+
+Again, the reason for that is
+because the energy only
+
+depends on the n value
+here, it doesn't
+
+depend on l or on m.
+
+So finally, if we talk about our
+last example of when n is
+
+going to be equal 2, we can
+have 2, 1 for l and
+
+then minus 1 for m.
+
+We can re-write this as
+psi 2 1 negative 1.
+
+And then our orbital is going
+to be just the opposite of
+
+whatever we said
+it was up here.
+
+So if you said 2 p x the first
+time, say 2 p y this time.
+
+And again, our energy is going
+to be the same where we again
+
+only depend on the n value.
+
+All right.
+
+So hopefully we're pretty
+comfortable naming any type of
+
+wave function using the
+chemist terminology.
+
+Let's switch to a clicker
+question and just confirm that
+
+that is, in fact, true.
+
+So what's the corresponding
+orbital if we talk about this
+
+state, 5, 1, 0?
+
+And you can go ahead and give
+10 seconds on that.
+
+OK.
+
+All right, 77%.
+
+So, that's OK, you don't have to
+memorize things as I speak,
+
+you just need to go back and
+look at this and make sure you
+
+understand how to name it and
+that you'll be able to, for
+
+example, by next class, get
+a similar clicker question
+
+correct, and good job to the
+77% that did get it.
+
+So I think we're safe
+to move on here.
+
+And I just want to point out
+that now we have these three
+
+quantum numbers.
+
+The reason there are three
+quantum numbers is we're
+
+describing an orbital in three
+dimensions, so it makes sense
+
+that we would need to describe
+in terms of three different
+
+quantum numbers.
+
+And the complete description, as
+I said, is from n l and m.
+
+And when you talk about n for an
+orbital, it's talking about
+
+the shell -- that shell is kind
+of what you picture when
+
+you think of a classical picture
+of an atom where you
+
+have 1 energy level, the next
+one is further out, the next
+
+one's further away.
+
+That's kind of your shell
+that we're discussing.
+
+L is the sub shell here, and
+then we have m, which is
+
+finally the complete description
+of the orbital.
+
+And what you can see is that for
+any n that has an l equals
+
+0, you can see here how there's
+only one possibility
+
+for and orbital description, and
+that's why we don't need
+
+to include the m when we're
+talking about and s orbital.
+
+The other thing that we know,
+which is what we were just
+
+discussing when we were going
+through the table is how this
+
+all relates to energy.
+
+And I want to really highlight
+here we're talking about for a
+
+hydrogen atom -- orbitals
+with the same n value
+
+have the same energy.
+
+Some of you might be saying in
+your heads, wait a second, I
+
+happen to know, I happen to
+remember from high school,
+
+that p orbitals have different
+energies then,
+
+for example, s orbitals.
+
+And that is not true for one
+electron atoms. We're going to
+
+get to more complicated atoms
+eventually where we're going
+
+to have more than one electron
+in it, but when we're talking
+
+about a single electron atom,
+we know that the binding
+
+energy is equal to the negative
+of the Rydberg
+
+constant over n squared, so
+it's only depends on n.
+
+So, for example, if we're
+talking about the n equals 2
+
+state, all of these four orbital
+descriptions are going
+
+to have the same energy.
+
+And we can generalize to figure
+out, based on any
+
+principle quantum number n, how
+many orbitals we have of
+
+the same energy, and what we can
+say is that for any shell
+
+n, there are n squared
+degenerate orbitals.
+
+And the word degenerate simply
+means same energy, so you have
+
+n squared orbitals that are of
+equal energy when they're
+
+degenerate.
+
+So, let's look at where this
+comes from with an energy
+
+level diagram here.
+
+So what you can see is again,
+we've got this ground state.
+
+So if we go to the ground state,
+what you see is we're
+
+at that lowest energy level,
+and we only have one
+
+possibility for an orbital,
+because when n equals 1,
+
+that's all we can do.
+
+So that's the 1 s orbital --
+we have n squared or 1
+
+degenerate orbitals.
+
+When we talk about the n equals
+2 state, we now have 2
+
+squared or 4 degenerate same
+energy orbitals, and those are
+
+the 2 s orbital.
+
+And then we also have the l
+being equal to 1 orbital, so
+
+those are going to be the
+2 p x, the 2 p z,
+
+and the 2 p y orbital.
+
+All four of these orbitals have
+the same energy, they're
+
+degenerate.
+
+And as we go up the next energy
+level, which is based
+
+on n equals 3 principle quantum
+number, well now we
+
+have again the s, so we have the
+3 s orbital, we're going
+
+to have three 3 p orbitals,
+right, so we'll have 3 p x, 3
+
+p z, and 3 p y, and now we're
+actually also going to have
+
+five different possible
+l equals 2 orbitals.
+
+Does anyone remember
+the l equals 2?
+
+Yes, everyone remembers.
+
+Good.
+
+So we have five possible
+d orbitals.
+
+We'll call these here the 3 d x
+y, as the subscript, the 3 d
+
+y z, the 3 d z squared, the 3
+d x z, and the 3 d x squared
+
+minus y squared.
+
+So, what do you need
+to know here?
+
+What you need to know is
+that when m equals
+
+0, it's 3 d z squared.
+
+That's it.
+
+Again, these other p -- or the
+d x y, d y z, those are going
+
+to be those more complicated
+linear combinations, you don't
+
+need to worry about them.
+
+Eventually you will, at least,
+need to know the labels and
+
+know a little bit
+more about them.
+
+And in the second half of this
+course, Professor Drennen's
+
+going to talk to us about
+transition metals in depth,
+
+and that's when we'll really
+delve into d orbitals.
+
+For right now, you can kind of
+put the d orbitals in the back
+
+of your head.
+
+You need to know how to think
+about them in the same way we
+
+think about s and p orbitals,
+but for example, you don't yet
+
+need to know what all of the
+names are except for this 3 d
+
+z squared here.
+
+So we'll wait on that until
+we start talking more
+
+specifically about atoms where
+the d orbital becomes very
+
+significant.
+
+So, what we can see is
+this degeneracy.
+
+So what we know now is we can
+start thinking about the next
+
+step because we can fully
+describe the energy of
+
+orbitals, and we can fully
+describe a complete orbital in
+
+terms of its three quantum
+numbers, and its three
+
+positional variables,
+r, theta, and phi.
+
+So next we can think about okay,
+what is actually a wave
+
+function, and for example,
+what might the shape of
+
+different wave functions be.
+
+So essentially, what we're
+asking for here is the
+
+physical interpretation of psi,
+of the value of psi for
+
+an electron.
+
+And it turns out that the answer
+to can we have this
+
+physical interpretation of
+thinking about what psi means,
+
+the answer is really
+no, that we can't.
+
+There's no classical way to
+think about what a wave
+
+function is.
+
+There's no classical analogy
+that explains oh, this is what
+
+you can kind of picture when you
+picture a wave function.
+
+And that's somewhat inconvenient
+because we're
+
+working with wave functions, but
+it's a reality that comes
+
+out of quantum mechanics often,
+which is that we're
+
+describing a world that is so
+much different from the world
+
+that we observe on a day-to-day
+basis, that we're
+
+not always going to
+be able to make
+
+those one-to-one analogies.
+
+But luckily we don't have to
+worry about how we're going to
+
+picture all this, now that I
+said that, because even though
+
+there's no physical
+interpretation for what a wave
+
+function is, there is a physical
+interpretation for
+
+what a wave function
+squared means.
+
+So when we talk about a wave
+function squared, we're taking
+
+the square of the wave function,
+any one that we
+
+specify between n, l and m, at
+any position that we specify
+
+based on r, theta, and phi.
+
+And if we go ahead and square
+that, then what we get is a
+
+probability density, and
+specifically it's the
+
+probability of finding an
+electron in a certain small
+
+defined volume away
+from the nucleus.
+
+So it's a probability density.
+
+The important point here is it's
+not just a probability,
+
+it's a density, so we know
+that it's a probability
+
+divided by volume.
+
+And the person we have to thank
+for actually giving us
+
+this more concrete way to
+think about what a wave
+
+function squared is
+is Max Born here.
+
+And actually after the
+Schrodinger equation first was
+
+put forth, people had a lot of
+discussions about how is it
+
+that we can actually interpret
+what this wave function means,
+
+and a lot of ideas were put
+forth, and none of them worked
+
+out to match up with
+observations until Max Born
+
+here came up with the idea that
+we just square the wave
+
+function, and that's the
+probability density of finding
+
+an electron in a certain
+defined volume.
+
+And it's very helpful because
+it gives us a way
+
+to think about it.
+
+We can't actually go ahead and
+derive this equation of the
+
+wave function squared, because
+no one ever derived it, it's
+
+just an interpretation, but it's
+an interpretation that
+
+works essentially perfectly.
+
+Ever since this was first
+proposed, there has never been
+
+any observations that do not
+coincide with the idea, that
+
+did not match the fact that
+the probability density is
+
+equal to the wave function
+squared.
+
+So, also about Max Born, just to
+give you a little bit of a
+
+trivial pursuit type knowledge,
+he not only gave us
+
+this relationship between wave
+function squared, he also gave
+
+us Olivia Newton-John.
+
+This is her grandfather, I don't
+know if you can see from
+
+the eyes, I feel like there's
+a little bit of
+
+a resemblance there.
+
+So, I don't know what she grew
+up hearing about when she went
+
+to her grandparents' house, but
+it might have been wave
+
+function squared.
+
+So, a little tidbit of knowledge
+for you that's
+
+somewhat trivial.
+
+Then back to the non-trivial
+knowledge that is not trivial
+
+at all, in fact, is OK, how
+do we think about this
+
+probability density now
+that we have a little
+
+bit more of an idea.
+
+We know that it's a density,
+it's not an actual
+
+probability.
+
+So, one way we could look at
+it is by looking at this
+
+density dot diagram, where the
+density of the dots correlates
+
+to the probability density.
+
+So, what you see is near the
+nucleus, the density is the
+
+strongest, the dots are
+closest together.
+
+As you get far away from the
+nucleus, the dots get farther
+
+and farther apart, meaning the
+probability density at those
+
+volumes far away from the
+nucleus is going to be quite
+
+low, eventually going to almost
+zero, although it turns
+
+out that it never goes to
+exactly zero, so if we're
+
+talking about any orbital or
+any atom, it never actually
+
+ends, it never goes to zerio.
+
+But it turns out the
+probability is only
+
+significant within
+one angstrom.
+
+So you can either say that
+electrons are very, very tiny
+
+or that they're never ending,
+and both are pretty accurate
+
+ways to think about
+what an atom is.
+
+So, that's probability density,
+but in terms of
+
+thinking about it in terms of
+actual solutions to the wave
+
+function, let's take a little
+bit of a step back here.
+
+I have yet to show you the
+solution to a wave function
+
+for the hydrogen atom, so let
+me do that here, and then
+
+we'll build back up to
+probability densities, and it
+
+turns out that if we're
+talking about any wave
+
+function, we can actually
+break it up into two
+
+components, which are called the
+radial wave function and
+
+angular wave function.
+
+So, essentially we're just
+breaking it up into two parts
+
+that can be separated, and the
+part that is only dealing with
+
+the radius, so it's only a
+function of the radius of the
+
+electron from the nucleus.
+
+And we abbreviate that by
+calling it r, which is
+
+specified by two quantum
+numbers, and an l as a
+
+function of little r, radius.
+
+And we have the angular wave
+function, which is specified
+
+by l and m, and it's a function
+of the two angles
+
+when we're describing the
+position of the electron, so
+
+theta and phi.
+
+So, let's look at what this
+actually is for what we're
+
+showing here is the
+1 s hydrogen atom.
+
+If you look in your book there's
+a whole table of
+
+different solutions to the
+Schrodinger equation for
+
+several different
+wave functions.
+
+So this is the 1 s, you can
+look it up if you're
+
+interested for the 2 s, or 3 s,
+or 5 s, or whatever you're
+
+curious about.
+
+But what I'm going to show you
+here is the 1 s solution.
+
+So you can see there's this
+radial part here, and you have
+
+the angular part, you can
+combine the two parts to get
+
+the total wave function.
+
+And what you can see is we have
+this new constant that we
+
+haven't seen before.
+
+So what do you see in
+there that is new?
+
+Yeah.
+
+This a sub nought.
+
+That's a new constant for
+us in this course.
+
+This is what's called the Bohr
+radius, and we'll explain --
+
+hopefully we'll get to it today
+where this Bohr radius
+
+name comes from, but for now
+what you need to know is just
+
+that it's a constant, just treat
+it like a constant, and
+
+it turns out to be
+equal to 52 .
+
+9 pekameters or about
+1/2 an angstrom.
+
+The more important thing that
+I want you to notice when
+
+you're looking at this wave
+equation for a 1 s h atom, is
+
+the fact that if you look at the
+angular component of the
+
+wave function, you'll notice
+that it's a constant.
+
+It doesn't depend on theta,
+it doesn't depend on phi.
+
+No matter where you specify your
+electron is in terms of
+
+those two angles, it doesn't
+matter the angular part of
+
+your wave function is going
+to be the same.
+
+So, what does that
+mean for us?
+
+Well, essentially what that
+tells is that these s orbitals
+
+are spherically symmetrical.
+
+That should make sense, right,
+because they're only
+
+dependent on r.
+
+How far you are away from the
+nucleus in terms of a radius,
+
+they don't depend at all on
+those two angles, they're
+
+independent of theta and they're
+independent of phi.
+
+So, what I'm showing in this
+picture here is just an
+
+electron cloud that
+you can see.
+
+Think of it as a probability
+density plot.
+
+And what here is just a graph of
+the 1 s wave function going
+
+across some radius defined this
+way, and you can see that
+
+the probability -- well, this
+is the wave function, so we
+
+would have to square it and
+think about the probability.
+
+So this squared at the origin
+is going to be a very high
+
+probability, and it decays off
+as you get farther and farther
+
+away from the nucleus or from
+the center, and that's
+
+independent of the angle.
+
+So, let's look at these
+probability plots of different
+
+s orbitals here, and up top
+here, we have the probability
+
+density plot and what you can
+see is what I just said, a
+
+very high probability density
+in the nucleus,
+
+decays as you go out.
+
+And what is plotted below is the
+actual wave function, so
+
+you can see it starts very high
+and then the decays down.
+
+More interesting is to look
+at the 2 s wave function.
+
+So, if we look at the bottom
+here and the actual plot of
+
+the wave function, we see it
+starts high, very positive,
+
+and it goes down and it
+eventually hits zero, and goes
+
+through zero and then becomes
+negative and then never quite
+
+hits zero again, although
+it approaches zero.
+
+So, at this place where it hits
+zero, that means that the
+
+square of the wave function is
+also going to be zero, right.
+
+So we can see if we look at the
+probability density plot,
+
+we can see there's a place where
+the probability density
+
+of finding an electron anywhere
+there is actually
+
+going to be zero.
+
+So we can think of a third case
+where we have the 3 s
+
+orbital, and in the 3 s orbital
+we see something
+
+similar, we start high, we go
+through zero, where there will
+
+now be zero probability density,
+as we can see in the
+
+in the density plot graph.
+
+Then we go negative and we go
+through zero again, which
+
+correlates to the second area of
+zero, that shows up also in
+
+our probability density plot,
+and then we're positive again
+
+and approach zero as we
+go to infinity for r.
+
+So, what this means is that
+when we're looking at an
+
+actual wave function, we're
+treating it as a wave, right,
+
+so waves can have both
+magnitude, but they can also
+
+have a direction,
+so they can be
+
+either positive or negative.
+
+So, for example, if we were
+looking at the actual wave
+
+function, we would say that
+these parts here have a
+
+positive amplitude,
+and in here we
+
+have a negative amplitude.
+
+And when we're looking at the
+probability density graphs, it
+
+doesn't make a difference, it's
+okay, It has no meaning
+
+for our actual plot there,
+because we're squaring it, so
+
+it doesn't matter whether it's
+negative or positive, all that
+
+matters is the magnitude.
+
+But when we're thinking about
+actual wave behavior of
+
+electrons, it's just important
+to keep in the back of our
+
+head that some areas have
+positive amplitude and some
+
+have negative.
+
+So we'll talk about this more
+we get into p orbitals and
+
+bonding is where it's going
+to become an issue.
+
+So I just want to kind of
+introduce that idea here.
+
+Because if we think about wave
+behavior of electrons and
+
+we're forming bonds, then what
+we have to do is have
+
+constructive interference of 2
+different electrons, right, to
+
+form a bond, we want to and
+together those probabilities.
+
+So we want to have constructive
+interference to
+
+form a bond, whereas if we had
+destructive interference, we
+
+would not be forming a bond.
+
+So that's where you have to
+think about whether it's
+
+positive or negative.
+
+You don't have to think about
+it right now, but you might
+
+have heard in high school
+talking about p orbitals, the
+
+phase, sometimes you mark a p
+orbital as being a plus sign
+
+or negative sign.
+
+Did any of you do that in
+high school at all?
+
+A little bit, yeah.
+
+So, that's having to do with
+the actual wave function.
+
+So, that'll become more relevant
+later, bonding
+
+actually, a couple lectures
+down the road.
+
+But I just want to introduce it
+here while we do, in fact,
+
+have the wave function
+plots up here.
+
+But a real key in looking at
+these plots is where we, in
+
+fact, did go through
+zer and have this
+
+zero probability density.
+
+We call that a node, and a node,
+more specifically, is
+
+any value of either r, the
+radius, or the two angles for
+
+which the wave function, and
+that also means the wave
+
+function squared or the
+probability density, is going
+
+to be equal to zero.
+
+So, we can see in our
+1 s orbital, how
+
+many nodes do we have?
+
+There's no nodes, yeah.
+
+It looks like we hit zero, but
+we actually don't -- remember
+
+that we never go all the way
+to zero, so there's these
+
+little points if we were to look
+really carefully at an
+
+accurate probability density
+plot, it would never
+
+actually hit zero.
+
+And then, for example, how many
+nodes do we have in the 3
+
+s orbital? two.
+
+That's correct.
+
+So we have two nodes
+in the 3 s orbital.
+
+We can actually specify where
+those nodes are, which is
+
+written on your notes.
+
+For the 2 s orbital, at 2 a
+nought, so it's just 2 times
+
+that constant a nought, which
+is the Bohr radius.
+
+And for the 3 s, we
+have one at 1 .
+
+9 a nought, and one at 7 .
+
+1 a nought.
+
+We can also specify what kind
+of node we're talking about.
+
+We'll introduce in the next
+course angular nodes, but
+
+today we're just going to be
+talking about radial nodes,
+
+and a radial node is a value
+for r at which psi, and
+
+therefore, also the probability
+psi squared is
+
+going to be equal to zero.
+
+So, when we're talking about an
+s orbital, since there is
+
+no angular dependence, and it
+only depends on r, every
+
+single one of our nodes is
+actually going to specifically
+
+be a radial node, right,
+because these are, for
+
+example, this 2 a nought is a
+value of r, a value of the
+
+radius, no matter which way you
+go around at which there's
+
+going to be a node at which
+there is zero probability
+
+density of finding an
+electron there.
+
+So, it's very easy to calculate,
+however, the number
+
+of radial nodes, and this works
+not just for s orbitals,
+
+but also for p orbitals, or d
+orbitals, or whatever kind of
+
+work of orbitals you
+want to discuss.
+
+And that's just to take the
+principle quantum number and
+
+subtract it by 1, and then also
+subtract from that your l
+
+quantum number.
+
+So what you can do for a 1 s
+is just take 1 minus 1 and
+
+then l is equal to 0, so you
+have zero radial nodes.
+
+And that matches up
+with what we saw.
+
+If we try this for the 2 s,
+we have 2 minus 1 minus 0.
+
+So what we should expect to see
+is one radial node, and
+
+that is what we see here in the
+probability density plot.
+
+And then if we think about 3 s,
+we want to start with 3, we
+
+subtract 1, again l is equal to
+0, so minus 0 and we have
+
+two radial nodes.
+
+So, this should be pretty
+straight forward, let's see if
+
+we can get close to a 100% on
+this one, which is how many
+
+radial nodes does a
+4 p orbital have?
+
+And let's give 10 seconds
+on that, make
+
+you think fast here.
+
+OK, so most people were
+correct, or well, the
+
+majority, at least,
+were correct.
+
+And seeing that it's a 4 p has
+two nodes -- let's just write
+
+this out since not everyone
+did get it correct.
+
+So, if we're talking about a 4 p
+orbital, and our equation is
+
+n minus 1 minus l, the principle
+quantum number is 4,
+
+1 is 1 -- what is l
+for a p orbital?
+
+STUDENT: 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: 1.
+
+So, I tricked you a little, I
+guess I didn't put an s up
+
+there and that's what we had
+been talking about, so that
+
+was probably the issue.
+
+But what we find is that we
+have two radial nodes.
+
+All right.
+
+So we can switch back
+to our notes here.
+
+So, doing those probability
+density dot graphs, we can get
+
+an idea of the shape of those
+orbitals, we know that they're
+
+spherically symmetrical.
+
+We're not going to talk about p
+orbitals today, we're going
+
+to talk about p orbitals
+exclusively on Friday, and as
+
+I said, d orbitals you'll get
+to with Professor Drennen.
+
+But we can also think when
+we're talking about wave
+
+function squared, what we're
+really talking about is the
+
+probability density, right, the
+
+probability in some volume.
+
+But there's also a way to get
+rid of the volume part and
+
+actually talk about the
+probability of finding an
+
+electron at some certain area
+within the atom, and this is
+
+what we do using radial
+probability
+
+distribution graphs.
+
+And what that is the probability
+of finding an
+
+electron in some shell where we
+define the thickness as d
+
+r, some distance, r,
+from the nucleus.
+
+So, think about what
+we're saying here.
+
+We're saying the probability of
+finding an electron at some
+
+distance from the nucleus in
+some very thin shell that we
+
+describe by d r.
+
+So if you think of a shell, you
+can actually just think of
+
+an egg shell, that's probably
+the easiest way to think of
+
+it, where the yolk, if you
+really maybe make it a lot
+
+smaller might be the nucleus.
+
+And let's also make our egg
+perfectly symmetric and
+
+perfectly round.
+
+But still, when we're talking
+about the radial probability
+
+distribution, what we actually
+want to think about is what's
+
+the probability of finding the
+electron in that shell?
+
+Think of it as that
+egg shell part.
+
+So, we can do that by using this
+equation, which is for s
+
+orbitals where the radial
+probability distribution is
+
+going to be equal to 4 pi
+r squared times the wave
+
+function squared, d r.
+
+That should make sense to us,
+because when we talk about a
+
+wave function, we're talking
+about a probability divided by
+
+a volume, because we're
+talking about
+
+a probability density.
+
+So if we actually go ahead and
+multiply it by the volume of
+
+our shell, then we end up just
+with probability, which is
+
+kind of a nicer term to be
+thinking about here.
+
+So, of course, if we're talking
+about a perfectly
+
+spherical shell at some
+distance, thickness, d r, we
+
+talk about it as 4 pi r squared
+d r, so we just
+
+multiply that by the probability
+density.
+
+We can graph out what this is
+where we're graphing the
+
+radial probability density as
+a function of the radius.
+
+And what you see is that at
+zero, you start at zero.
+
+And so, the radial probability
+density at the nucleus is
+
+going to be zero, even though
+we know the probability
+
+density at the nucleus is very
+high, that's actually where is
+
+the highest. The reason in
+our radial probability
+
+distributions we start -- the
+reason, if you look at the
+
+zero point on the radius that
+we start at zero is because
+
+we're multiplying the
+probability density by some
+
+volume, and when we're not
+anywhere from the nucleus,
+
+that volume is defined
+as zero.
+
+So, it's a little bit artificial
+that we're seeing
+
+that zero point there.
+
+So, actually I want you to go
+ahead in your notes and circle
+
+that zero point and write "not
+a node." This is not a node
+
+because a node is where
+we actually have
+
+no probability density.
+
+So this, where we start at zero
+is not a node, is the
+
+first thing to point out.
+
+And as we get further and
+further from the radius, the
+
+volume we're multiplying it by
+actually gets bigger and
+
+bigger, because you can see how
+the volume of that little
+
+thin shell is going to get
+larger and larger as you get
+
+further away.
+
+So there's some distance where
+the probability of actually
+
+finding an electron there is
+going to be your maximum
+
+probability.
+
+And that's what we label
+as r sub m p, or your
+
+most probable radius.
+
+This is the point at which your
+probability is highest
+
+for finding an electron.
+
+This is equal to a sub nought
+for a hydrogen atom, and we
+
+remember that that's just our
+Bohr radius, which is 0 .
+
+5 2 9 angstroms. And basically,
+what that means is
+
+you can actually find an
+electron anywhere going away
+
+from the nucleus, but you're
+most likely to find that you
+
+have the highest probability at
+a distance of a sub nought,
+
+or the Bohr radius.
+
+So, I said I'd tell you a little
+bit more about where
+
+this Bohr radius came from, and
+it came from a model of
+
+the atom that pre-dated quantum
+mechanics, and Neils
+
+Bohr is who came up with the
+idea of the Bohr radius, and
+
+here is hanging out with
+Einstein, so he had some
+
+pretty good company
+that he kept.
+
+And what you need to remember
+when we're thinking about this
+
+model of the atom is that in
+1911 it had already been
+
+discovered that we have an
+electron, and we have a
+
+nucleus, and there needs to be
+some way that those two hang
+
+together, but it was not for
+another 15 years that we
+
+actually had the Schrodinger
+equation that allowed us to
+
+understand the interaction fully
+between the electron and
+
+the nucleus.
+
+So all that Bohr, for example,
+had to go on at this point was
+
+a more classical picture of the
+atom, as you can see on
+
+the left side of the screen
+there, which is the idea that
+
+the electrons actually somehow
+just orbiting the nucleus.
+
+And even though he could figure
+out that this wasn't
+
+possible, he still used this as
+a starting point, and what
+
+he did know was that these
+energy levels that were within
+
+hydrogen atom were quantized.
+and he knew this the same way
+
+that we saw it in the last
+class, which is when we viewed
+
+the difference spectra coming
+out from the hydrogen, and we
+
+also did it for neon, but we saw
+in the hydrogen atom that
+
+it was very discreet energy
+levels that we could observe.
+
+He knew the same thing
+that had been
+
+observed by that point.
+
+So, what he did was kind of
+impose a quantum mechanical
+
+model, not a full one, just
+the idea that those energy
+
+levels were quantized on to the
+classical picture of an
+
+atom that has a discreet
+orbit.
+
+And what he came out with when
+he did some calculations is
+
+that there's the radius that he
+could calculate was equal
+
+to this number a sub nought,
+which is what we call the Bohr
+
+radius, and it turns out that
+the Bohr radius happens to be
+
+the radius most probable
+for a hydrogen atom.
+
+And the reason we won't talk any
+more about this Bohr model
+
+is because, of course,
+it's not correct.
+
+So we're not going to spend
+too much time on it here.
+
+But we can see, for example, one
+reason or one way in which
+
+is not correct.
+
+Because what it tells is that we
+can figure out exactly what
+
+the radius of an electron
+and a nucleus are
+
+in a hydrogen atom.
+
+That's a deterministic way of
+doing things, that's what you
+
+get from classical mechanics.
+
+But the reality that we know
+from our quantum mechanical
+
+model, is that we can't know
+exactly what the radius is,
+
+all we can say is what the
+probability is of the radius
+
+being at certain different
+points. so, that's a more
+
+complete quantum mechanical
+picture of
+
+what is going on here.
+
+So if we superimpose our
+radial probability
+
+distribution onto the Bohr
+radius, we see it's much more
+
+complicated than just having
+a discreet radius.
+
+We can actually have any radius,
+but some radii just
+
+have much, much smaller
+probabilities of actually
+
+being significant or not.
+
+So, I think we're a little bit
+out of time today, but we'll
+
+start next class with thinking
+about drawing radial
+
+probability distributions
+of more than
+
+just the 1 s orbital.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PsfyE1-s9Rs.txt b/PsfyE1-s9Rs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e3202c62609a69e3e875b8480f34e31aa0e82dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PsfyE1-s9Rs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3526 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, in that
+case, let's get going.
+
+Today's lecture will be
+mainly on the blackboard.
+
+I have a few slides
+I want to show.
+
+And what we want to talk about
+is the inflationary universe
+
+model.
+
+So I'll start by describing
+the mechanism of inflation,
+
+how it happens.
+
+Inflation is based
+on the physics
+
+of scalar fields and gravity.
+
+As I think we've said, in
+present day particle theory,
+
+and by present day I mean
+not yet string theory,
+
+all particles are
+described as fields,
+
+quantum excitations
+of the field.
+
+The analogy that most people
+are at least qualitatively
+
+familiar with, is
+the photon, which
+
+is a quantum excitation of
+the electromagnetic field.
+
+But in fact, to describe
+a relativistic theory
+
+of interacting
+particles, the only way
+
+we really know for
+any kind of particle
+
+is to introduce a field
+and describe the particle
+
+as a quantized
+excitation of the field.
+
+So when we talk
+about a scalar field,
+
+that's the quantum
+representation
+
+of some kind of a
+scale or particle.
+
+And scalar in this
+case, means spinless,
+
+same in all directions.
+
+A scalar field then,
+is just a number
+
+defined at each point in space.
+
+The only scalar field that we've
+actually seen in nature so far,
+
+is the Higgs field.
+
+And indeed, inflation
+is very much
+
+modeled on the Higgs field.
+
+Although the field
+that drives inflation,
+
+which is by definition,
+called the inflation,
+
+is probably not the Higgs
+field of the standard model.
+
+Although recently, actually,
+in the past few years,
+
+people have written a
+number of papers proposing
+
+that maybe the Higgs field
+of the standard model
+
+could, in fact, be the
+field that drives inflation.
+
+So we don't know.
+
+It's an open question.
+
+But in any case, the
+field drives inflation
+
+is some kind of
+cousin, at least,
+
+of the Higgs field
+of the standard model
+
+and that has many of
+the same properties.
+
+In particular, the
+properties of a scalar field
+
+are pretty much summarized by
+its potential energy function.
+
+Energy density is a function
+of the value of the field.
+
+And there are two kinds of
+potential energy functions
+
+that I like to talk about.
+
+One is the kind of that is used
+in New inflationary models.
+
+And potential energy
+versus field value.
+
+And it has a plateau with a peak
+at someplace, which is usually
+
+assumed to be phi equals zero
+and a potential energy function
+
+which may or may not be
+symmetric about phi equals zero
+
+but I'll assume it is,
+just for simplicity.
+
+And the second type, which
+I'd like to talk about,
+
+mainly for comparison--
+This is really
+
+the one that will
+be interesting.
+
+But one could also imagine
+a potential energy function
+
+which really has a local
+minimum someplace, which
+
+is not the global minimum.
+
+And I'll draw it with
+the local minimum
+
+at the origin and the
+global minima, two of them
+
+degenerate, elsewhere.
+
+And this, again, is a
+graph of mi versus phi.
+
+And the reason I'm
+drawing this is partly
+
+for historical interest.
+
+This was what was used in the
+original inflationary model.
+
+It is my original paper.
+
+It does not work.
+
+But we'll want to talk
+about why it does not work.
+
+In both cases we're
+interested in a state, which
+
+can be called a false vacuum,
+which is a state where
+
+the scalar field is just
+sitting at phi equals zero.
+
+In the case of the second
+of these potentials,
+
+phi equals zero being
+a local minimum,
+
+is classically
+completely stable.
+
+If one had a scalar field
+in some region of space
+
+just sitting in that
+minimum, there'd
+
+be no place where energy could
+come from that would drive it
+
+out of that minimum
+over the barrier.
+
+In the second case, the
+field is classically stable.
+
+But it's still possible for it
+to quantum mechanically tunnel
+
+through the barrier.
+
+And that process has been
+calculated and understood.
+
+Originally by Sidney
+Coleman and collaborators.
+
+And an important feature
+of that tunneling
+
+is that does not
+happen globally.
+
+You might think that there
+would be some probability that
+
+suddenly everywhere
+in the universe
+
+the scalar field would
+tunnel over the barrier
+
+and go down to the other side.
+
+The probability of
+that is zero, as you
+
+might realize if you
+thought about a bit more.
+
+There's just no
+way that the scalar
+
+field that far
+over there is going
+
+to know the tunnel at the
+same time as the scalar field
+
+far over there.
+
+So the timely happens
+locally and it really
+
+happens in a very
+small region, which
+
+then tunnels over the
+barrier and the scalar field
+
+start rolling down on the other
+side in this small region.
+
+And then that region grows.
+
+The scalar field, as it
+rolls over the barrier,
+
+pulls the scalar field nearby.
+
+And the region
+grows with a speed
+
+that rapidly approaches
+the speed of light.
+
+In the New
+inflationary potential,
+
+where we have actually
+a local maximum here,
+
+the situation is
+classically meta stable,
+
+in the sense that the smallest
+possible fluctuation can start
+
+the field rolling down the hill.
+
+And in particular,
+quantum fluctuations
+
+will, if nothing
+else, start the field
+
+rolling down the hill in
+some finite amount of time.
+
+We're interested
+in the case where
+
+the amount of time it takes
+for quantum fluctuations
+
+to push the field off the hill
+is relatively long compared
+
+to time scales involved
+in the early universe.
+
+And the key time scale
+involved in the early universe
+
+is the Hubble time.
+
+And the Hubble time is just
+driven by the energy density.
+
+So one can calculate
+the Hubble time.
+
+And one is interested
+in the case
+
+for building
+inflationary models,
+
+where the top of the hill is
+smooth enough, gentle enough,
+
+has a small enough
+second derivative
+
+so that the amount of time it
+will take for the scalar field
+
+to roll off the hill
+is long compared
+
+to the Hubble time
+of the universe.
+
+So in both cases,
+for short times,
+
+the scalar field is just
+stuck at the origin.
+
+And that's what's
+important, as far as
+
+what we want to talk about next.
+
+So the characteristic
+of this state
+
+called the false vacuum is
+that the scalar field is
+
+pinned at a high energy state.
+
+Scalar field is pinned
+at a high energy density.
+
+And by pinned, I mean in advance
+you just can't change quickly.
+
+In general, particle
+physicists use the word vacuum
+
+to mean the state of lowest
+possible energy density.
+
+When we call this
+a false vacuum,
+
+we're really using the word
+false in the sense of the word
+
+temporary.
+
+These states are
+temporary vacuums,
+
+in that for some period of time,
+which is long by early universe
+
+standards, the energy
+density can't get any lower.
+
+So it's acting like a vacuum.
+
+Now what are the
+consequences of that?
+
+The important
+consequence of that
+
+is that the pressure has
+to be large in negative
+
+and in fact, equal to the
+negative of the energy density.
+
+And there are two ways we can
+convince ourselves of that.
+
+The first is that if we remember
+the cosmological equation
+
+that we derived somewhere in the
+middle of course for row dot.
+
+We learned that row dot is
+equal to minus 3 a dot over a
+
+where a is the scale
+factor times row
+
+plus the pressure
+over c squared.
+
+Now what we're saying here, is
+that as the universe expands,
+
+the scalar field is just stuck
+at this false vacuum value.
+
+The energy density is stuck at
+the energy density associated
+
+with that value of the
+field, the potential energy
+
+density of the field itself.
+
+And therefore, row dot will be
+zero as the universe expands.
+
+And if row dot is
+zero, we can just
+
+read off from this equation
+what the pressure has to be.
+
+Row dot equals zero implies
+that the pressure is just
+
+equal to minus the energy
+density times c squared,
+
+which is another way of
+saying it's minus-- Excuse me,
+
+the mass density
+times c squared,
+
+which is another way of saying
+it's minus the energy density.
+
+I'm using u for energy density
+and row for mass density.
+
+And they just differ by
+a factor of c squared.
+
+So this is the straightforward
+equation method
+
+of seeing the answer here.
+
+But if you want to explain this
+to your roommates or somebody
+
+who is not taking
+this class, there's
+
+also a simple argument based
+on a thought experiment, which
+
+I think is worth
+keeping in mind.
+
+And we've used this
+argument before, actually,
+
+in similar contexts.
+
+If we imagine a piston chamber
+in our thought experiment.
+
+And in our piston
+chamber, we're going
+
+to put false vacuum
+on the inside.
+
+And the false vacuum will
+have an energy density,
+
+I'll call it u sub f.
+
+And on the outside.
+
+we're going to have
+a zero energy vacuum.
+
+Now we've learned
+that since 1998, we've
+
+known that our vacuum is
+not a zero energy vacuum.
+
+We seem to be seeing a non-zero
+vacuum energy in our universe.
+
+However, even if that's
+true, the vacuum energy
+
+of our universe is
+incredibly small
+
+compared to the false
+vacuum energy density
+
+that we're talking about in
+terms of the early universe.
+
+So you could still very
+well approximate it as zero
+
+and not worry about it.
+
+So that's what
+we'll be doing here.
+
+So we'll think of
+the outside as being
+
+either a fictitious vacuum,
+which by definition, has zero
+
+energy density and
+we can talk about it
+
+even if it doesn't exist.
+
+Or we could think of it
+as being the real vacuum
+
+in our universe, which has
+an energy density which
+
+is approximately
+zero on this scale.
+
+Now what we want to
+do is just imagine
+
+pulling out that piston.
+
+So we have now created
+an extra region
+
+on the interior of
+the piston chamber.
+
+And we're going to be
+assuming that we've somehow
+
+rigged the walls of the chamber
+so that the false vacuum will
+
+be stretched as we
+pull out the piston.
+
+The piston is attached to
+the false vacuum in some way.
+
+So this entire area inside
+region is now false vacuum.
+
+And therefore, the volume
+of the false vacuum region
+
+has enlarged.
+
+And if we call the
+extra region here
+
+delta v, the volume
+of that region,
+
+we now have a situation where
+the energy has increased
+
+by the energy density of the
+false vacuum times delta v
+
+by changing the
+volume of the chamber.
+
+Now, energy has to be conserved.
+
+So this energy has to be
+equal to the work that
+
+was done by whatever force
+pulled out on this piston.
+
+We won't need to specify who
+was pulling on the piston,
+
+but the work done when
+one pulls out on a piston
+
+is just equal to
+minus p times delta v,
+
+the work done by the person
+pulling on the piston.
+
+So the normal case, the
+pressure would be positive,
+
+the piston would be
+pushing out on the person
+
+holding the piston and the
+interior would be doing work
+
+on the person pulling out.
+
+And it would be positive if
+the pressure were positive.
+
+The work done on
+the person, but this
+
+is supposed to be the
+work done on the gas.
+
+And that's minus
+p times delta v.
+
+So if energy is conserved,
+the work done on the gas
+
+has to be equal to the
+change in energy of the gas.
+
+And the change in energy
+of the gas is that.
+
+So conservation
+of energy implies
+
+that delta e equals delta
+w or use of f times delta v
+
+equals minus p times delta
+v, which of course implies
+
+that p is equal to minus
+use of f, as we said before.
+
+So the point is that if the
+energy inside the piston
+
+is going to increase, the
+person pulling out on the piston
+
+had better be doing work, had
+better be doing positive work.
+
+And if the pressure
+inside were positive,
+
+the person pulling
+out on the piston
+
+would be doing negative work.
+
+The piston would
+be pushing on him.
+
+So for it to make sense
+here, with the energy
+
+in the piston increasing,
+the person pulling out
+
+has to really be pulling
+against a suction.
+
+He has to do work to pull out.
+
+And a suction means
+a negative pressure,
+
+if we have zero
+pressure outside.
+
+Pressure inside
+has to be negative.
+
+So we could reach this
+conclusion either of two ways
+
+and we get the same conclusion.
+
+The pressure is just equal
+to minus the energy density.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm a little
+confused about why
+
+the energy's increasing inside.
+
+Because why couldn't
+you just say
+
+the energy density decreases
+with the increased volume?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK the question
+is why couldn't you
+
+just say that the
+energy density would
+
+decrease with the
+increased volume.
+
+That certainly is
+what will happen
+
+if you have normal gas inside.
+
+What makes this particular
+false vacuum odd
+
+is the origin of this
+energy density, which
+
+is the potential energy
+density of the field.
+
+So if we were talking
+about the situation,
+
+for example, which
+is the clearest cut,
+
+the only way the energy
+density here could go down
+
+is if the scalar field
+goes up over the barrier
+
+and then comes down over here.
+
+And there's no way to drive
+it there, except to wait
+
+for a quantum fluctuation,
+which is a very slow process.
+
+And similarly, here
+there's no barrier.
+
+So it can't just roll down.
+
+But that takes a
+certain amount of time.
+
+And we're assuming that all the
+things we're talking about here
+
+are happening on
+a time that's fast
+
+compared to the amount of time
+it takes for the scalar field
+
+to roll.
+
+So what makes this peculiar
+false vacuum special is that it
+
+cannot lower its
+energy density quickly.
+
+And that's what the word
+false vacuum implies.
+
+And there are states like that.
+
+And then those
+states necessarily
+
+have a negative
+pressure, or pressure
+
+that's equal to good accuracy
+to minus the energy density.
+
+Or I say to good accuracy only
+because the energy density
+
+could change a
+little bit slowly,
+
+at least for the top case.
+
+But it's limited how
+much it can change.
+
+OK, now what are
+the consequences
+
+of this cosmologically?
+
+Well we've also learned that
+we could write the second order
+
+Friedman equation, which is the
+equation really tells us what
+
+the force of gravity is doing.
+
+A double dot is equal minus
+4 pi over 3 g times row
+
+plus 3 p over c squared.
+
+Now for the false vacuum,
+p is equal to minus row
+
+c squared minus
+the energy density.
+
+And that means that this term is
+negative and three times as big
+
+as that term.
+
+So for the false
+vacuum, this quantity,
+
+which we normally think
+of as being positive,
+
+becomes negative.
+
+I should write factor of a here.
+
+And that means that
+instead of gravity slowing
+
+down the expansion the
+universe for a false vacuum,
+
+the expansion is accelerated.
+
+And that's also what
+we're seeing today
+
+with the vacuum
+energy, which behaves
+
+the same way as
+this false vacuum
+
+and produces gravitational
+repulsion in exactly
+
+the same way.
+
+So false vacuum implies
+gravitational repulsion.
+
+OK, this basically is the
+mechanism of inflation.
+
+So we're sort of finished
+with this chapter.
+
+Are any questions
+before I go on about how
+
+this gravitational
+repulsion arises?
+
+Michael.
+
+AUDIENCE: So, for the top vacuum
+that you've drawn up there,
+
+where there's no barrier,
+you just roll slowly,
+
+are we assuming that it
+takes a long time for it
+
+to begin to roll or
+after it's started
+
+rolling that it also takes
+a very long time to reach
+
+the bottom.
+
+PROFESSOR: I guess I'd
+say both, Begin to roll
+
+is not that well defined.
+
+Because it may have it
+an infinitesimal velocity
+
+from the time you
+start discussing it.
+
+And then that
+infinitesimal velocity
+
+gets bigger and bigger.
+
+But I think what we're saying is
+that the whole process, however
+
+you divide it up, it's going
+to take a long time compared
+
+to the time it takes for
+the exponential expansion
+
+to set in.
+
+OK.
+
+So now, I'd like to
+take this physics
+
+and just put a
+scenario around it.
+
+And we'll call the new
+inflationary scenario
+
+because that's what it is.
+
+Maybe now I should
+mention a little bit more
+
+about the history here.
+
+When I wrote my
+original paper, I
+
+was assuming a
+potential of something
+
+like this, because it seemed
+generic and created inflation
+
+and I was able to understand
+that inflation would solve
+
+a number of cosmological
+problems, which
+
+are the problems that
+we've talked about.
+
+And we'll come back
+to talk about how
+
+inflation solves them.
+
+But
+
+But, one still has
+to end inflation.
+
+In this model,
+inflation would end only
+
+by the tunneling
+of the scalar field
+
+through the barrier,
+which as I said,
+
+happens in small
+regions which then grow.
+
+Those regions are spherical
+so they're called bubbles.
+
+And the whole process really is
+very much the way water boils.
+
+When you boil water, it forms
+very small bundles initially
+
+and the bundles grow and then
+start colliding with each other
+
+and making a big frothy mess.
+
+And it turns out that that's
+exactly what would happen
+
+in the early universe
+if you had this model.
+
+When I first started
+thinking about it,
+
+I hoped that these bundles
+could collide with each other
+
+while they're still
+small and merge
+
+into a uniform, hot region of
+the new phase, a phase where
+
+the scalar field is
+not there, but there.
+
+But that turned
+out to be the case.
+
+It turned out that the bubble
+formation process produced
+
+horrible inhomogeneities
+that there did not
+
+seem to be anyway to cure.
+
+And that then was
+the downfall of
+
+the original inflationary model.
+
+But a few years later, Andrei
+Linde in the Soviet Union,
+
+and independently, Albrecht
+and Steinhardt in the US,
+
+proposed what came to be called
+the new inflationary model,
+
+which started with a
+different assumption
+
+about what the underlying
+potential energy
+
+function for the
+scalar field was.
+
+Instead of assuming
+something like this,
+
+which might be called
+generic in some sense,
+
+they instead assumed
+something that's
+
+a little bit more special,
+a potential energy
+
+function with a
+very flat plateau
+
+somewhere, which, well, we
+normally put in the middle.
+
+And this has the advantage,
+that the inflation ends, not
+
+by bubbled nucleation by
+tunneling, but instead,
+
+by just small fluctuations
+building up and pushing
+
+the scalar field down the hill.
+
+And what makes it
+work, basically
+
+is that those small fluctuations
+have some spatial correlations
+
+built into them.
+
+So over some small region, which
+I will calla coherence region,
+
+the fluctuations are
+essentially uniform.
+
+And the other
+important feature is
+
+that once the scalar
+field starts to roll,
+
+it still has some nearly
+flat hill to roll on.
+
+So a significant
+amount of inflation
+
+happens after this homogeneous
+coherence region forms.
+
+So the initial coherence
+region can be microscopic,
+
+but it is then stretched
+by the inflation that
+
+continues as the
+scalar field rolls down
+
+the hill towards the bottom.
+
+So that process of stretching
+the coherence region
+
+after it has already formed is
+what makes this model workable,
+
+while this model was not.
+
+So that's the basic story of
+how new inflation succeeded
+
+in allowing inflation
+to end gracefully,
+
+is the phrase that was used.
+
+The problems associated
+with this model
+
+came to be called the
+graceful exit problem.
+
+And this is the first solution
+to the graceful exit problem.
+
+They're now other solutions.
+
+But they're very
+similar actually.
+
+So I'll just write
+here that's it's
+
+a modification of the
+original inflationary model
+
+to solve this graceful
+exit problem problem.
+
+Now I should say a little bit
+about how inflation starts.
+
+But I can only say a
+little bit about it
+
+because the bottom line
+really is we don't know.
+
+We still don't have any real
+theory of initial conditions
+
+for cosmology, whether
+it's inflationary cosmology
+
+or any kind of cosmology.
+
+The nice feature of
+inflation is that it
+
+allows a significantly broader
+set of initial conditions
+
+than is required, for example,
+in the standard cosmological
+
+model, where, as we discussed,
+the needed initial conditions
+
+are very precisely specified.
+
+I might say a few things though,
+about ideas people have had.
+
+One idea, which I think
+sounds very reasonable,
+
+is due to Andrei Linde.
+
+And it's a vague
+idea, so it really
+
+needs to be more precise
+before it could really
+
+be considered a theory.
+
+But this is just the idea
+that the universe started out
+
+with some kind of chaotic
+random initial conditions.
+
+And then the hope is simply that
+inflation will start somewhere.
+
+That somewhere in the initial
+chaotic distribution there'll
+
+be a place where the
+scalar field will
+
+have the right properties,
+the right configuration
+
+to initiate inflation.
+
+There are also
+models by Vilenkin,
+
+Alex Vilenkin of Tufts, and
+independently, Andrei Linde,
+
+who by the way, is at Stanford.
+
+They both worked on
+models where the universe
+
+could begin by a quantum
+tunneling process,
+
+starting from
+absolutely nothing.
+
+I wrote here absolutely
+nothing and that's
+
+more nothing than nothing.
+
+You might think of nothing
+as just empty space.
+
+But from the point of view
+of general relativity,
+
+as you already know
+enough to understand,
+
+empty space is not
+really nothing.
+
+Empty space is really
+a dynamical system.
+
+Empty space can bend and
+twist and stretch and do
+
+all kinds of complicated things.
+
+It's really no different,
+in some basic sense,
+
+from a big piece of rubber.
+
+So nothingness
+really is intended
+
+to mean a state where there's
+not only no matter present,
+
+but also no space and
+no time, really nothing.
+
+One way to think
+of it, perhaps, is
+
+as a closed universe, the
+limit as the size of the closed
+
+universe goes to zero so
+that there's nothing left.
+
+None of these
+theories are precise.
+
+We don't really know how to
+precisely formulate them.
+
+In this tunneling
+from nothing, one
+
+is talking about tunneling
+in the context where
+
+the structure of space itself
+changes during the tunneling
+
+process.
+
+So it's tunneling in the
+context of general relativity.
+
+And we don't really have
+a successful quantum
+
+theory of general relativity.
+
+So these ideas are very
+speculative and quite vague.
+
+But they do indicate
+some possibilities
+
+for how the universe
+might have started.
+
+An idea closely related to
+this tunneling from nothing
+
+is the Hartle and Hawking--
+This is Jim Hartle, of UC Santa
+
+Barbara, who's also the
+author of a general relativity
+
+textbook now.
+
+And Stephen Hawking,
+who you must
+
+know from Cambridge University.
+
+They proposed something
+called the wave
+
+function of the universe.
+
+From their point of view,
+it's self contradictory
+
+to talk about the
+universe having an origin
+
+because before the origin of
+the universe, space and time
+
+we're not even defined.
+
+And therefore, you could not
+think of there being a time
+
+before the universe was created.
+
+And therefore universe
+didn't actually get created.
+
+It just is and has some
+earliest possible time.
+
+And that's what this wave
+function of the universe
+
+formalism reflects.
+
+But otherwise, it's
+pretty similar, really,
+
+to the idea of
+tunneling from nothing.
+
+The idea is that the universe
+had some kind of a quantum
+
+origin, which determined the
+initial state of the universe.
+
+In any case, for the purpose
+of inflation, what we really
+
+need to assume, and this could
+be an assumption which follows
+
+from any of these
+theories, we need
+
+to assume that the
+early universe contained
+
+at least a patch, and
+we don't know exactly
+
+know how big the patch
+has to be, but greater
+
+than or about equal to the
+inverse Hubble constant times
+
+the speed of light,
+the Hubble length.
+
+And this initial patch
+also has to be expanding,
+
+or else it would just collapse.
+
+It really has to
+be expanding faster
+
+than a certain threshold.
+
+But I won't try to put that
+all into the one sentence.
+
+Oh, I didn't say
+patch of what yet.
+
+Whoops.
+
+That's where the average
+value of phi is about zero.
+
+And by average, I mean averaging
+over rapid fluctuations,
+
+if there are any.
+
+And if one has this, no
+matter where one got it from,
+
+inflation will begin.
+
+And once inflation
+begins, it doesn't
+
+matter much how it begins.
+
+To see what happens next, it's
+easiest to at least pretend,
+
+that to a good
+approximation, you
+
+can treat a small
+region of this patch
+
+as if it were
+homogeneous and behaving
+
+like a Robertson-Walker universe
+of the type we know about.
+
+Then we can write the first
+order Friedman equation,
+
+which is a little
+bit more informative
+
+than the second order one.
+
+I'm going to leave out
+the curvature term.
+
+We'll argue later that the
+curvature term becomes small
+
+quickly.
+
+But for our first
+pass, we'll just
+
+assume that the universe
+is described by something
+
+as simple as the
+Friedman Robertson-Walker
+
+equation for a flat universe.
+
+For row, we're just
+going to put row sub f.
+
+We'll assume that
+our space is just
+
+dominated by this false
+vacuum energy density.
+
+And this can easily be solved.
+
+It just says that the
+first derivative divided
+
+by the function
+itself is a constant.
+
+Just take the square
+root of this equation.
+
+And that is an equation
+which just immediately get
+
+solved and gives
+you an exponential.
+
+So you find that for late
+times, you just get a of t
+
+behaving as a constant times
+an exponential of time where
+
+the exponential time constant,
+which I'm calling chi.
+
+Chi is just the square
+root of this coefficient.
+
+The square root of 8 pi
+g over 3 times row sub f.
+
+So clearly this is the
+solution to that equation.
+
+And for late times, it is the
+solution that will dominate.
+
+Actually it is
+the only solution,
+
+the way I've already
+simplified this.
+
+But if we started with the
+full system of equations,
+
+there'd be other solutions with
+different initial conditions.
+
+But this is always
+what you would
+
+be led to, for late times.
+
+The exponential
+expansion would dominate.
+
+So that's what
+innovation basically is.
+
+It's a period of
+exponential expansion.
+
+There are a few
+features of inflation,
+
+which helps to understand
+why it is so robust.
+
+That is, why no
+matter how it starts,
+
+it leads to the same result.
+
+So one feature of inflation
+I'd like to mention
+
+is the cosmological no-hair.
+
+Some people call it a
+theorum and some people
+
+call it a conjecture.
+
+I think the more precise
+statement about this theorem
+
+is that you can prove it as
+a theorem perturbatively.
+
+That is, if all initial
+deviations are small,
+
+you can really
+prove it, but people
+
+think it's true, even
+beyond perturbation theory.
+
+And in that case
+it's a conjecture.
+
+But it's basically the statement
+that if one has a system with p
+
+equals minus row c squared
+and row is greater than zero,
+
+if that describes the
+matter, then essentially
+
+any metric that you
+start with will evolve
+
+into this exponentially
+expanding flat metric.
+
+Any system will evolve
+to locally resemble
+
+a flat exponentially
+expanding space time.
+
+And the word locally there
+is needed to make it true.
+
+If, for example, you start
+with a closed universe, as just
+
+a simple example, which has
+this kind of matter filling it.
+
+It will start to
+grow exponentially.
+
+It will always stay
+a closed universe.
+
+It will never become
+literally flat.
+
+But as it gets bigger and
+bigger, any piece of it
+
+will look flatter and flatter.
+
+And it will keep getting bigger
+and bigger exponentially fast
+
+forever.
+
+So it will rapidly
+approach a space
+
+which looks like an
+exponentially expanding
+
+flat space.
+
+Now this exponentially
+expanding flat space time
+
+has a name, which is
+de Sitter space, named
+
+after a Dutch astronomer.
+
+It was discovered
+early on in the history
+
+of general relativity.
+
+1917, I think, was the date
+that de Sitter wrote his paper
+
+about de Sitter space.
+
+It has some very
+interesting properties,
+
+which De Sitter do not
+notice all of them.
+
+In spite of the fact
+that I'm describing it
+
+as a flat exponentially
+expanding space time,
+
+that's not the only
+possible description.
+
+It turns out that
+the same space time,
+
+by changing what you
+call equal time services,
+
+can be described as
+either an open or closed
+
+Robertson-Walker universe,
+completely homogeneous
+
+in both cases.
+
+So it's very weird.
+
+But the easy way to think
+of it for most purposes,
+
+is as this flat exponentially
+expanding picture.
+
+OK Next thing I want to point
+out about de Sitter spaces is
+
+that they have what are
+called event horizons.
+
+Now early in the course
+we talked about horizons
+
+and didn't really try
+to quantify the name.
+
+The horizons that we
+used to talk about
+
+are technically called
+particle horizons.
+
+Those are horizons
+that have to do
+
+with the past history
+of the universe
+
+and are related to the fact
+that since the universe has
+
+only a finite past history,
+or as a cosmological model
+
+at least, there's a finite
+distance that light could
+
+have traveled up
+until this time.
+
+And we cannot have any way of
+seeing anything that's further
+
+away than that maximum distance
+that light could have traveled.
+
+That's the particle horizon.
+
+These event horizons
+are different.
+
+They're related really, to
+the future of the universe,
+
+rather than the past.
+
+It's a statement that,
+because of the fact
+
+that these universes are
+exponentially expanding,
+
+if two events that happen
+at a particular time
+
+are separated from each other
+by more than a certain distance,
+
+then the light
+from one will never
+
+reach the future
+evolution of the other.
+
+And one can see that by
+looking at the total coordinate
+
+distance that light could
+travel between any two times.
+
+So I going to let
+delta r of t1 t2
+
+be equal to the
+coordinate distance
+
+that light travels
+from t1 to t2.
+
+And I'm going to
+assume that a of t
+
+is given by exactly
+this formula.
+
+And I'll write out
+const because I
+
+don't want to write
+it too many times.
+
+I could give it a one variable
+symbol if I wanted to.
+
+This delta r of t1 t2
+is just the integration
+
+of the coordinate
+velocity of light
+
+from t1 to t2 of c
+divided by a of t dt.
+
+The coordinate velocity of light
+is just c divided by a of t.
+
+We've seen that formula before.
+
+And this can easily be done
+by putting in what a of t is.
+
+And we get c over
+the constant that
+
+appeared in that
+formula, whatever
+
+it is, times chi, the
+exponential expansion
+
+rate, times e to the minus chi t
+1 minus e to the minus chi t 2.
+
+And now, the question we
+want to ask ourselves is,
+
+suppose we let this
+light ray travel
+
+for an arbitrarily long
+amount of time, which
+
+means taking t2 to infinity.
+
+And the important feature
+of this expression
+
+is that as t2 goes to
+infinity, the expression
+
+approaches a finite value.
+
+The second term just disappears.
+
+And you're left
+with the first term.
+
+So no matter how long
+you wait, anything
+
+that started out with a
+coordinate separation larger
+
+than that value, that
+asymptotic value,
+
+will just never be
+reached by the light pulse
+
+that you've sent.
+
+And that's what this
+event horizon is.
+
+And it's easy to
+see what it actually
+
+amounts to numerically.
+
+If you want to know how far
+away the object has to be now,
+
+in physical terms, so that its
+coordinate distance is larger
+
+than the maximum we get
+here, we know how to do that.
+
+The maximum value can be
+written as just the limit as t2
+
+goes to infinity
+of delta of r1 r2.
+
+And we have the expression
+for it right here.
+
+It's just the first
+piece of this answer.
+
+And this is the
+coordinate distance.
+
+If we want to know the present
+physical distance of something
+
+which is at that
+coordinate distance,
+
+we would just multiply it
+by the present scale factor.
+
+And present here means, t1
+and t2 are the arguments here,
+
+and we just want to multiply
+by a of t1 to get the physical
+
+distance of an object
+which is at this boundary,
+
+the boundary of what we'll be
+able to receive a light ray
+
+from and what we won't.
+
+So this is the event horizon
+distance, physical distance,
+
+and it's just equal to
+c times chi inverse.
+
+When you multiply
+by a of t1, you
+
+cancel the constant
+of the denominator
+
+and you cancel the
+e minus chi t1.
+
+And you're just left
+with c times chi inverse.
+
+Which is the Hubble length.
+
+It's the inverse
+Hubble constant times
+
+the speed of light, which
+is the Hubble length.
+
+So anything that is further away
+one Hubble length, from us now,
+
+if that object emits a light
+ray, we will never receive it.
+
+And that's called
+the event horizon.
+
+Now the reason this is
+important is nothing travels
+
+faster than light.
+
+And that means that
+in a de Sitter space,
+
+everything is limited in
+how far it can ever get.
+
+And an important
+implication of that
+
+is that if, in our full space,
+which may not be entirely
+
+de Sitter space, if we
+have a de Sitter region,
+
+but junk outside that,
+which we don't understand,
+
+don't know how to predict,
+could be anything,
+
+we would still know, even
+without knowing what's outside,
+
+that whatever's
+outside can never
+
+penetrate into the
+de Sitter region
+
+by more than one event horizon,
+by more than one Hubble length.
+
+So the interior of
+the de Sitter region
+
+is protected from
+anything on the outside.
+
+And that is a rigorous
+theorem of general relativity,
+
+this protection.
+
+And that means that once you
+have a sizable region of de
+
+Sitter space, no matter
+what's going on outside,
+
+it's never going to disappear.
+
+It will always be protected
+by this event horizon.
+
+I should give you
+now a few sample
+
+numbers associated
+with this scenario.
+
+And here I have to say
+that we don't really
+
+know very accurately what are
+the right numbers to give here.
+
+So I think the word sample
+numbers was well chosen there.
+
+What we don't know is what
+energy scale inflation actually
+
+happened at in the
+history of universe.
+
+Turns out that the
+consequences are pretty much
+
+identical for most questions,
+or all the questions
+
+that they have been able so far
+to investigate observationally,
+
+regardless of what energy
+scale inflation happened.
+
+Inflation was
+originally invented
+
+in the context of
+Grand Unified Theories.
+
+And I think that's still
+a very plausible context
+
+in which inflation
+might have happened.
+
+And the sample
+numbers I'll give you
+
+will be numbers associated
+with Grand Unified Theories.
+
+And what starts the whole
+story is the energy scale
+
+of Grand Unified Theories,
+which is about 10
+
+to the 16 GeV billion
+electron volts.
+
+And this number is arrived at by
+measuring, at accessible energy
+
+with accelerators,
+the interaction
+
+strengths of the three
+fundamental interactions
+
+of the standard model
+of particle physics.
+
+The standard model
+of particle physics
+
+is based on three different
+gauge groups, su 3, su 2
+
+and u1.
+
+Each one of those
+gauge groups has
+
+associated with it an
+interaction strength.
+
+And they can be measured.
+
+And that's where we
+start this discussion.
+
+Then once you measure them
+at accessible energies, which
+
+is like 100 GeV, or
+something like that,
+
+then you can
+theoretically extrapolate
+
+to much higher energies.
+
+And what is found is
+that to good accuracy,
+
+the three actually
+meet at one point.
+
+And that is the
+underlying basis, really,
+
+of Grand Unified Theories.
+
+That's what allows the
+possibility that all three
+
+interactions are really just a
+manifestation of one underlying
+
+interaction, where the one
+underlying interaction is made
+
+to look like three
+interactions at lower energies
+
+through this process
+called spontaneous symmetry
+
+breaking, which was talked about
+a little bit in a lecture I
+
+gave the time before
+last, I think, in,
+
+probably in Scott's lecture.
+
+Now this meeting
+of the three lines
+
+is decent in the context
+of what is literally
+
+the standard model
+of particle physics.
+
+But if one modifies the standard
+model of particle physics
+
+by incorporating supersymmetry,
+a symmetry between fermions
+
+and bosons, and that involves
+adding a lot of extra particles
+
+because none of the
+particles that we know of
+
+make up a fermion boson pair.
+
+So in a supersymmetric model
+for every known particle,
+
+you introduce a new
+unknown particle.
+
+Which would be it's
+supersymmetric partner.
+
+In that minimal
+supersymmetric extension
+
+of the standard model,
+the meeting of the lines
+
+works much better.
+
+So it's a piece of evidence
+in favor of supersymmetry.
+
+In any case, where
+the lines meet
+
+to good approximation in either
+one of these two discussions,
+
+whether it's supersymmetric or
+not, is it about 10 to 16 GeV.
+
+So that becomes the
+fundamental math scale
+
+of the end unified theories.
+
+Hold on a second.
+
+That' what I'm looking for.
+
+Now once one has
+this mass scale,
+
+one can figure out an
+appropriate mass density.
+
+And that's what we're
+really interested in,
+
+what would be an
+appropriate mass
+
+density for a false vacuum
+in a grand unified theory.
+
+And one can develop
+that, and we really
+
+don't know how to do any better.
+
+Because as I've told
+you, we don't know really
+
+know how to calculate
+vacuum energies anyway.
+
+But as a dimensional
+analysis answer,
+
+we can get the answer because
+it is really uniquely determined
+
+by dimensional
+analysis up to factors.
+
+If one wants to make an
+energy density out of E gut
+
+plus constants of
+physics, the only way
+
+to do that is to take E
+gut to the fourth power
+
+and divide it by h bar
+cubed c to the fifth.
+
+And you can convince
+yourself at home
+
+that that gives you
+an energy density.
+
+And you could even evaluate it
+numerically, by mass density,
+
+excuse me.
+
+And this is about
+equal to 2.3 times 10
+
+to the 81 grams per
+centimeter cubed.
+
+So it's a fantastically
+high mass density,
+
+10 to the 81 grams
+per centimeter cubed.
+
+And if one puts this
+into the formula for chi,
+
+the exponential
+expansion rate, chi
+
+turns out to be about 2.8 times
+10 to the minus 38 seconds.
+
+And c times chi inverse,
+the Hubble length,
+
+it turns out to be about 8 times
+10 to the minus 28 centimeters.
+
+So all these numbers, off
+scale by human standards.
+
+And that's just a
+feature of the fact
+
+the Grand Unified Theories are
+off scale by human standards.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Do I
+have this backwards?
+
+No, this is incredibly small.
+
+This is 10 to the minus 28.
+
+AUDIENCE: So then
+it's chi [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm sorry.
+
+Hold on.
+
+Yeah, no this--
+
+AUDIENCE: Chi should
+be [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Chi
+inverse is a time.
+
+C times the time is a distance.
+
+So I think that's right.
+
+AUDIENCE: So is chi inverse
+10 to the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, if we're in
+cgs units, Chi inverse by itself
+
+would differ by a
+factor of 10 to the 10.
+
+So it would be 10
+to the minus 38, Hm.
+
+Hold on.
+
+This must be chi inverse.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: There is
+an inconsistency here.
+
+You are right.
+
+Yes, that's chi inverse.
+
+This is time.
+
+And then this just
+multiplies by c.
+
+OK so the way this
+scenario would work is,
+
+we would start with the early
+universe with some patch
+
+or order of magnitude this size.
+
+Which I might point out
+is 14 orders of magnitude
+
+smaller than the size of
+a single proton, which
+
+would be about 10 to the
+minus 13 centimeters.
+
+So 15 orders of
+magnitude, maybe.
+
+And then we would
+need enough inflation,
+
+so that at the end of
+inflation, the patch should
+
+be on the order of maybe one
+to 10 centimaters or more
+
+It has to be at least about this
+big, but could be much bigger.
+
+There's no problem with
+the being much bigger.
+
+Much bigger would just
+mean there's more inflation
+
+than you minimally needed.
+
+There's no problem with
+having too much inflation.
+
+And then it's a
+matter of checking
+
+and a calculation, which
+I'll tell you the answer of.
+
+If we want to go from some
+size of the end of inflation
+
+to the present universe--
+And that's really what
+
+we're interested in, ultimately,
+getting the present universe.
+
+--there'd be a further
+coasting expansion
+
+from the end of
+inflation until now,
+
+which can just be calculated
+by using the idea that a times
+
+temperature, scale factor times
+temperature, is a constant.
+
+So the increase in
+the scale factor
+
+is proportional to decrease
+in the temperature.
+
+And the reheat temperature
+of this model--
+
+Maybe I didn't describe
+reheating exactly,
+
+I'll describe it
+quickly in words.
+
+At the end of inflation,
+the scalar field
+
+is destabilized by
+these fluctuations
+
+and rolls down the hill, then
+oscillates about the bottom.
+
+And when it oscillates
+about the bottom,
+
+we need to take into account the
+fact that this field interacts
+
+with other fields.
+
+And it then gives its energy
+to the other fields, basically
+
+the standard model
+fields ultimately,
+
+heating them up, producing
+the hot soup of particles
+
+that we think of as the starting
+point for the conventional Big
+
+Bang Theory.
+
+So this reheating
+process at the end
+
+of inflation as
+the inflaton field
+
+oscillates about its minimum,
+reproduces the starting point
+
+of the conventional
+Big Bang Theory.
+
+And it produces a
+temperature which
+
+is comparable to the
+temperature that you started at,
+
+which is the temperature
+scale of the theory.
+
+So if it's Grand
+Unified Theory scales,
+
+we would reheat to a temperature
+of order 10 to the 16 GeV.
+
+And then, to ask what will
+be the expansion factor
+
+between then and now, it would
+be 10 to the 16 GeV times
+
+the Boltzmann constant
+times 2.7 Kelvin.
+
+This is the ratio of
+the temperature then
+
+to the temperature now,
+both expressed as energies.
+
+And then we might
+want to multiply this
+
+by 10 centimeters, if we say
+that at the end of inflation,
+
+the universe was 10
+centimeters across.
+
+Size at end of inflation.
+
+This, I worked out at
+home, is about 450 times 10
+
+to the 9th light years.
+
+And we would want
+something like 40 times 10
+
+to the 9th light years to
+explain the present universe.
+
+So this is about
+10 times too big.
+
+And that's OK.
+
+It means that we could
+get by with one centimeter
+
+and 10 centimeters is
+being a bit generous.
+
+So inflations would start
+with this tiny patch.
+
+At the end of
+inflation the patch
+
+would have grown
+to one or maybe 10
+
+or perhaps more,
+centimeters in length.
+
+And then by coasting
+up to today it
+
+becomes something that's
+larger than the region
+
+that we now observe.
+
+And that's basically
+how the scenario works.
+
+Any questions about those
+numbers or the general pattern
+
+of what we're
+talking about here?
+
+OK.
+
+What I want to talk about
+next, and this will pretty much
+
+be where we'll stop,
+although a few other things
+
+we might mention
+if we have time,
+
+I want to talk about
+how it solves the three
+
+cosmological problems
+that we have discussed
+
+of the conventional
+Big Bang model.
+
+And the explanations are
+actually quite simple.
+
+So we can go through
+them pretty quickly.
+
+First we had the horizons
+slash homogeneity problem.
+
+Remember that was caused, or
+could be stated as, the problem
+
+that the early universe
+expanded so fast
+
+that the different
+pieces of it did not
+
+have time to talk to each other.
+
+And, in particular, when the
+cosmic microwave background was
+
+released, points at opposite
+sides of the universe
+
+were separated from each other
+by about maybe 50 horizon
+
+distances, we calculated.
+
+And that means there's no way
+they could have communicated
+
+with each other, and
+therefore no way we
+
+could explain how
+they turned out
+
+to have the same temperature
+at the same time.
+
+In this case, what
+we've done is,
+
+we've inserted into the
+history of the universe
+
+an extra phase of evolution,
+the inflationary phase.
+
+And if we go back
+to the beginning
+
+of the inflationary
+phase, we see
+
+that that problem
+is just not there.
+
+And if it's not there,
+it doesn't develop later.
+
+At the beginning of
+the inflationary phase,
+
+by assumption, the region that
+we're starting to talk about
+
+was about horizon
+length in size.
+
+And if we had enough inflation
+to produce 10 centimeters out
+
+of that, that was 10
+times more than we needed,
+
+it would mean that the entire
+observed universe would
+
+be coming from a region
+that would be only
+
+about a tenth of the size
+of this Hubble length.
+
+So that would therefore
+be well inside the horizon
+
+at that time.
+
+And that means that if you
+allow a little bit of leeway
+
+with these numbers by having a
+little bit of extra inflation,
+
+there can be plenty of time
+for the entire region that's
+
+going to become our
+personally observed region,
+
+to come to a uniform temperature
+by the ordinary processes
+
+of thermal equilibrium.
+
+Because they're much less than
+the horizon distance apart.
+
+And then once the uniformity is
+established, before inflation,
+
+when the region that
+we're talking about
+
+is incredibly tiny, inflation
+takes over and stretches
+
+that tiny region
+so that today, it's
+
+large enough to encompass
+everything that we see.
+
+And therefore
+everything that we see
+
+had a causally
+connected past and had
+
+time at the early stages to come
+to uniform temperature, which
+
+is then preserved as
+the whole thing expands.
+
+So that gives a very
+simple explanation
+
+for the homogeneity problem.
+
+Basically before inflation
+the region was tiny.
+
+Second on our list was
+the flatness problem.
+
+And the basis of that
+problem was the calculation
+
+that we did about how omega
+minus 1 evolves in time.
+
+And we discovered
+that omega minus 1
+
+always grows in magnitude
+during conventional evolution
+
+of the universe.
+
+And that therefore, for omega
+minus 1 to be small today,
+
+it would have to be amazingly
+small in the early universe,
+
+as small as 10 to the minus
+18 at one second after the Big
+
+Bang to be consistent with
+present measurements of omega
+
+minus 1.
+
+The key element there was
+this unstable equilibrium
+
+and the fact omega L minus
+1 always grew with time.
+
+And that depended on
+the Friedman equations.
+
+During inflation, the
+Friedman equations
+
+in some schematic sense
+were the same equations,
+
+but the rows that go
+into it are different.
+
+So the equations
+basically are different.
+
+And if we look at the key
+equation, the first order
+
+Friedman equation,
+H squared equals
+
+8 pi over 3 G row minus
+Kc squared over a squared.
+
+This was the
+equation that we used
+
+to derive this flatness problem.
+
+We could see
+immediately, if we now
+
+think about it, during
+the inflationary process,
+
+things are completely reversed.
+
+Omega is driven towards
+1, and exponentially fast.
+
+And the way I see that is to
+just ask what is this equation
+
+do during inflation.
+
+And during inflation,
+we just replace row
+
+by this constant
+value row sub f,
+
+the energy density of the
+false vacuum is fixed.
+
+And that means that during
+inflation, this term is fixed.
+
+This term is falling off
+like 1 over a squared.
+
+And a is growing
+exponentially with time.
+
+So that means that
+this term is decreasing
+
+relative to that term
+by a huge factor,
+
+by the square of the
+expansion factor.
+
+So in our sample
+numbers over there,
+
+we were talking about an
+overall expansion from 10
+
+to the minus 27
+centimeters to 10.
+
+That's expansion by a
+factor of 10 to the 28.
+
+In that case, during
+inflation, this term
+
+decreases by a factor
+of 10 to the 56
+
+while this term
+remains constant.
+
+And that means that
+by the end inflation,
+
+this is completely
+negligible and this equation
+
+without this extra term means
+you have a flat universe.
+
+So during inflation,
+the universe
+
+is driven towards flatness,
+like one over a squared, which
+
+is 1 over the square of this
+exponential expansion factor,
+
+so very, very rapidly.
+
+And finally, the third of the
+problems that we talked about
+
+was the monopole problem.
+
+We argued, originally
+Kibble argued,
+
+that you'd expect approximately
+one of these monopoles
+
+to form per horizon volume,
+just because the monopoles are
+
+basically twists in
+the scalar fields.
+
+And there's no way the scalar
+fields can organize themselves
+
+on distances larger than
+the horizon distance.
+
+So you'd expect
+something on order
+
+of-- It's a crude argument.
+
+--but something on
+the order of 1 not
+
+in the scalar field
+per horizon volume.
+
+And that led to far too
+many magnetic monopoles,
+
+fantastically too many.
+
+And the formation of one
+monopole per horizon volume
+
+is hard to avoid.
+
+I don't know of any
+way of avoiding it.
+
+But what gets us out
+of the problem here,
+
+is that we can easily arrange
+in our inflationary model
+
+for the bulk of the
+inflation to happen
+
+after the monopoles form.
+
+And that means
+the monopoles will
+
+be diluted by the
+exponential expansion that
+
+will occur after
+the monopoles form.
+
+The rest of the
+matter is not diluted,
+
+because when
+inflation takes place
+
+it's at a constant
+energy density
+
+so the amount of other
+stuff that will be produced
+
+is not diminished by
+this extra expansion.
+
+But the monopolies,
+which will produce first,
+
+will be thinned out
+by the expansion.
+
+So the basic idea here
+is that the volume goes
+
+by a factor of the order,
+using our sample numbers,
+
+it's linearly growth by
+a factor of 10 to the 28.
+
+Volumes go like cubes
+of linear distances.
+
+So 10 to the 28 cubed is
+10 to the 84, I think.
+
+Probably right.
+
+And that means that we
+can dilute these monopoles
+
+by a fantastic factor and make
+everything work, if we just
+
+arrange for the
+monopoles to be produced
+
+before the exponential
+expansion sets in.
+
+OK.
+
+Finally, and I think
+this is probably
+
+the last thing we
+will talk about,
+
+another problem that we
+could have talked about
+
+and we'll talk about
+the solution of it
+
+now, even though we never really
+talked about as a problem,
+
+is the small scale
+nonuniformities
+
+of the universe.
+
+And if we look out
+around the universe
+
+we don't see a uniform
+mass distribution,
+
+we see stars and stars collected
+in galaxies and galaxies
+
+collected in clusters
+and clusters collected
+
+in super clusters, a very
+complicated array of structure
+
+in matter.
+
+Those are all nonuniformities.
+
+And we think we understand how
+they evolve from early times
+
+because we also see in the
+cosmic microwave background
+
+radiation, small fluctuations,
+which we can now actually
+
+measure to very high
+degree of accuracy.
+
+Those small fluctuations
+provide the seeds
+
+for the structure in the
+universe that happens later
+
+because of the fact that the
+universe is gravitationally
+
+unstable.
+
+So at very early times
+what we're seeing directly
+
+in the CMB, these
+nonuniformities
+
+were only at the level
+of one part in 100,000.
+
+But nonetheless,
+in regions where
+
+there was slightly
+more mass density,
+
+that pulls in
+slightly more matter,
+
+producing still stronger
+gravitational field
+
+pulling in more matter and that
+amplifies the fluctuations.
+
+And that affect, we believe,
+is enough to account
+
+for all the structure that
+we see in the universe
+
+as originating from these tiny
+ripples on the cosmic microwave
+
+background.
+
+But that still
+leaves the question
+
+of where do these tiny
+ripples come from.
+
+And in conventional
+cosmology, one really
+
+had no idea where
+they come from.
+
+One knew they had to be there
+even before they were seen
+
+because we had to account for
+the structure in the universe
+
+and how it evolved.
+
+When they finally were seen,
+it was seen just right.
+
+Everything fit together.
+
+In inflationary cosmology,
+the exponential expansion
+
+tends to smooth everything out.
+
+And for a while, those
+of us working on it
+
+were very worried that inflation
+would produce a perfectly
+
+smooth universe and we'd
+have no way of accounting
+
+for the small fluctuations
+that were needed to explain
+
+the existence of
+stars and galaxies.
+
+But then it was realized
+that quantum theory
+
+can come to our rescue.
+
+Classically, inflation
+would smooth everything out
+
+and produce a uniform
+mass density everywhere.
+
+But quantum
+mechanically, because
+
+quantum mechanical theories are
+fundamentally probabilistic,
+
+the classical prediction
+of a uniform density
+
+turns into a quantum mechanical
+prediction of an almost uniform
+
+density, but with some
+places being slightly higher
+
+than that uniform density, other
+places being slightly lower.
+
+And qualitatively,
+that's exactly what
+
+we see in the cosmic microwave
+background radiation.
+
+And furthermore, we can
+do it quantitatively.
+
+One can actually
+calculate the effects
+
+of these quantum fluctuations.
+
+And that's what I
+want to show you now.
+
+The actual data on that,
+which is just gorgeous.
+
+Shown here is the
+Planck seven year data.
+
+Shown here is the
+Planck seven year data,
+
+where what's being
+plotted is the amplitude
+
+of the fluctuations versus
+the angular wave length.
+
+One is seeing these as
+a pattern on the sky.
+
+So the wavelength you see as
+an angle, not as a distance.
+
+And long wave lengths
+are at the left.
+
+Short waive lengths
+are at the right.
+
+It's really done as
+a multiple expansion,
+
+if you know what that means.
+
+And those numbers are
+showing on the top.
+
+And the data points are
+shown as these black bars
+
+with their appropriate errors.
+
+And the red line is the
+theoretical prediction
+
+due to inflation, putting
+in the amount of dark matter
+
+that we need to fit
+the data that we also
+
+measure from the supernovae.
+
+And it's absolutely gorgeous.
+
+So I have a little
+Eureka guy to show you
+
+how happy I was when
+I saw this graph.
+
+And with the help
+of Max Tegmark,
+
+we've also put on
+this graph what
+
+other theories of
+cosmology would give.
+
+So if we had an
+open universe, where
+
+omega was just 0.2 or 0.3,
+as many people believed
+
+before 1998, we would have
+gotten this yellow line.
+
+If we had inflation
+without dark energy,
+
+making omega equal what out of
+matter, out of ordinary matter,
+
+we would get this
+greenish line, which
+
+also doesn't fit
+the data at all.
+
+And there's also something
+called cosmic strings
+
+that we haven't talked about.
+
+It was for a time, thought
+to be a possible source
+
+of the fluctuations
+in the universe.
+
+But once this data came in, that
+became completely ruled out.
+
+Now this is not quite
+the latest data.
+
+The latest data come from
+the Planck satellite.
+
+And it was released last March.
+
+And I don't have that
+plotted on the same scale,
+
+but this is the latest
+data which, as you see,
+
+fits even more gorgeously
+than the data from WMAP.
+
+The more accurately
+it gets measured,
+
+the better it fits the
+theoretical expectations.
+
+Now I should mention for
+truth in advertising,
+
+that this data is to some
+extent fit to the model.
+
+It's actually a
+six parameter fit.
+
+But of those six parameters,
+I don't have time
+
+to talk about them in
+detail, but four of them
+
+are pretty much determined
+by other features.
+
+Two of them are just
+fit to the data.
+
+And one of them
+is something that
+
+changes the shape a little bit.
+
+It's the opacity of
+the space between us
+
+and the surface of
+last scattering.
+
+An important parameter that's
+fit that you should know about,
+
+is the height of the curve.
+
+The height of the curve
+can, in principle,
+
+be predicted by
+inflation if you knew
+
+the full details of
+this potential energy
+
+function that I've erased
+for the scalar field.
+
+But we don't.
+
+We just have some
+qualitative idea
+
+about what it might look like.
+
+So the height of the
+curve is fit to the data.
+
+But nonetheless, the location of
+all these peaks and everything
+
+really just come out of the
+theory and it's just gorgeous.
+
+And it works wonderfully.
+
+So the bottom line
+is I think inflation
+
+does look like a very good
+explanation for the very
+
+early universe.
+
+It's kind of bizarre since
+it talks about times like 10
+
+to the minus 35 seconds
+after the Big Bang which
+
+seemed like a totally incredible
+extrapolation from physics
+
+that we know.
+
+But nonetheless,
+marvelously, it produces
+
+data that agrees fantastically
+with what astronomers are now
+
+measuring.
+
+So we'll stop there.
+
+I want to thank you all
+for being in the class.
+
+It's really been a
+fun class to teach.
+
+I have very much enjoyed
+all of your questions
+
+and enjoyed getting
+to know you and hope
+
+to continue to see you around.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PtYI9lppyXc.txt b/PtYI9lppyXc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..45b8f47ae10fbd7c18a7554bbf5b86a217231202
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PtYI9lppyXc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,467 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we hope you will join our four module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope you will join our four module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope you will join our four module
+dinner series that we have produced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner series that we have produced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner series that we have produced in
+conjunction with MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunction with MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunction with MIT open courseware
+with graduate students in the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with graduate students in the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with graduate students in the MIT
+Department of urban studies and planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of urban studies and planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of urban studies and planning
+who are eager to explore the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are eager to explore the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are eager to explore the concept of
+facilitative leadership in the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitative leadership in the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitative leadership in the public
+sector we believe that leadership in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector we believe that leadership in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector we believe that leadership in the
+public sector requires special cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public sector requires special cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public sector requires special cap
+abilities and a certain mental attitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities and a certain mental attitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities and a certain mental attitude
+and we explore and discuss lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we explore and discuss lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we explore and discuss lots of
+different versions of those elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions of those elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions of those elements
+over the four modules in the series this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the four modules in the series this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the four modules in the series this
+has particularly been organized for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has particularly been organized for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has particularly been organized for
+graduate students in the department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students in the department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students in the department of
+urban studies and planning because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban studies and planning because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban studies and planning because they
+want to know about leadership in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know about leadership in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know about leadership in the
+public sector and there are very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public sector and there are very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public sector and there are very few
+courses at MIT in any field that talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses at MIT in any field that talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses at MIT in any field that talk
+about leadership in the public sector we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about leadership in the public sector we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about leadership in the public sector we
+think it requires special skills and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it requires special skills and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it requires special skills and
+micr skills so we've organized four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micr skills so we've organized four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micr skills so we've organized four
+dinner conversations and you'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner conversations and you'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner conversations and you'll get to
+look over our shoulder as I present some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look over our shoulder as I present some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look over our shoulder as I present some
+key Concepts and raise some fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key Concepts and raise some fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key Concepts and raise some fundamental
+questions in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in the first
+module and the goal of that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module and the goal of that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module and the goal of that first
+modable is to get students to think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modable is to get students to think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modable is to get students to think in
+terms of their own personal theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their own personal theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their own personal theories of
+practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+the second module will look at applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second module will look at applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second module will look at applying
+those Concepts in several hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Concepts in several hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Concepts in several hypothetical
+situations in the kinds of public sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in the kinds of public sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in the kinds of public sector
+settings that uh the participating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings that uh the participating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings that uh the participating
+students who you will meet will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who you will meet will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who you will meet will be
+working in when they graduate the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in when they graduate the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in when they graduate the third
+module includes what we call a roleplay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module includes what we call a roleplay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module includes what we call a roleplay
+simulation in which students attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation in which students attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation in which students attempt to
+interact with several people with regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with several people with regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with several people with regard
+to the ways in which development should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ways in which development should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ways in which development should
+happen in a particular City and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in a particular City and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in a particular City and in the
+context and the conflict uh that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and the conflict uh that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and the conflict uh that they're
+participating in uh they have to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in uh they have to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in uh they have to use a
+set of micro skills or at least try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of micro skills or at least try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of micro skills or at least try to
+and we'll talk about the micro skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about the micro skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about the micro skills
+that are Central to facilitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are Central to facilitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are Central to facilitative
+leadership and finally the fourth module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership and finally the fourth module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership and finally the fourth module
+really asks each of the 30 student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really asks each of the 30 student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really asks each of the 30 student
+participants to make a personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants to make a personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants to make a personal
+assessment of where they think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment of where they think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment of where they think they
+stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand
+relative to what it takes to Be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to what it takes to Be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to what it takes to Be an
+Effective facilitative leader you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Effective facilitative leader you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Effective facilitative leader you're
+welcome to watch one or all four of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to watch one or all four of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to watch one or all four of the
+modules and I would be delighted to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules and I would be delighted to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules and I would be delighted to hear
+from anyone who's watch them I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anyone who's watch them I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anyone who's watch them I would
+love to get a conversation going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to get a conversation going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to get a conversation going
+globally on facilitative leadership in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally on facilitative leadership in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally on facilitative leadership in
+the public sector
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QDzTeo6n0Q8.txt b/QDzTeo6n0Q8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d402ececb7296f43b27367f436d69449a44d44c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QDzTeo6n0Q8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+In this class, we'll cover
+these examples and many more.
+
+Each week will be composed of
+two lectures, a recitation,
+
+and homework assignments.
+
+Each lecture is focused on a
+different real-world example.
+
+We will teach analytics methods
+in the statistical software
+
+R. In the recitations,
+we will present
+
+another example of the
+methodology and more practice
+
+in R. In a homework
+assignment, we'll
+
+provide additional
+problems and datasets.
+
+Midway through
+the class, we will
+
+run an analytics competition.
+
+We'll challenge you
+to build a model
+
+and get the best
+accuracy possible.
+
+At the end of the
+class, we'll test you
+
+on all of the methods used.
+
+The questions will be
+real-world problems.
+
+Let me comment on the
+overall goal of the class.
+
+This class aims to make you
+comfortable using analytics
+
+in your career and your life.
+
+You will know how to
+work with real data,
+
+and will have learned many
+different methodologies,
+
+and how to use them using
+R. In the end of the day,
+
+we want to convince you
+that analytics provides
+
+an edge to your
+career and your life.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QkMB_0jOvVA.txt b/QkMB_0jOvVA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11a6408590a1b8a69e157d52a8d746d7e165aa08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QkMB_0jOvVA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6499 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today since the notes for this didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today since the notes for this didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today since the notes for this didn't
+exist until last night I made copies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist until last night I made copies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist until last night I made copies for
+you I will do a little more revisions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I will do a little more revisions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I will do a little more revisions on
+what appears on the web but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what appears on the web but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what appears on the web but this is a
+really interesting and important topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting and important topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting and important topic
+and so I think it's important that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think it's important that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think it's important that I
+give a little bit of extra guidance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a little bit of extra guidance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a little bit of extra guidance so
+we're going to talk about what's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about what's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about what's in a
+spectrum but in a very special sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum but in a very special sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum but in a very special sense
+we're going to be talking about wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about wave
+packet dynamics and how to how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet dynamics and how to how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet dynamics and how to how do we
+understand what to expect in wave packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what to expect in wave packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what to expect in wave packet
+dynamics and how we how do we approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and how we how do we approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and how we how do we approach
+it and so let's let's begin talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so let's let's begin talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so let's let's begin talking
+about this so you already know from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so you already know from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so you already know from my
+lectures earlier if you have a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures earlier if you have a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures earlier if you have a time
+independent Hamiltonian how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Hamiltonian how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Hamiltonian how do you
+create a wave packet I want in Simon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a wave packet I want in Simon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a wave packet I want in Simon
+after this exam performance I want some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this exam performance I want some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this exam performance I want some
+insights yeah so you you use a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights yeah so you you use a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights yeah so you you use a short
+pulse and you create some kind of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse and you create some kind of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse and you create some kind of linear
+combination or usually if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination or usually if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination or usually if you're not
+making eigenstates that's a complication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making eigenstates that's a complication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making eigenstates that's a complication
+and why would you want to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why would you want to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why would you want to do that and
+the reason you do it is because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason you do it is because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason you do it is because these
+wave packets are going to move and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packets are going to move and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packets are going to move and
+particles move your instincts are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles move your instincts are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles move your instincts are about
+particles moving and their rules for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles moving and their rules for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles moving and their rules for the
+particles moving which are mostly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles moving which are mostly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles moving which are mostly what
+you have in your head but there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in your head but there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in your head but there are some
+special stuff that has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special stuff that has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special stuff that has to do with
+quantum mechanics and so I like to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and so I like to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and so I like to build
+from the bottom and so I want you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bottom and so I want you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bottom and so I want you to be
+able to understand wave packets moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand wave packets moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand wave packets moving
+on a diatomic surface and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a diatomic surface and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a diatomic surface and then we'll
+make a step into slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a step into slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a step into slightly more
+complicated situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we have a diatomic we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have a diatomic we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have a diatomic we have a
+potential curve and we have an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential curve and we have an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential curve and we have an initial
+state and that initial state in V equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and that initial state in V equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and that initial state in V equals
+zero gives us access to a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero gives us access to a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero gives us access to a range of
+vibrational levels in the upper state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels in the upper state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels in the upper state
+and if we have a short pulse we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we have a short pulse we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we have a short pulse we can
+create some kind of a wave packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create some kind of a wave packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create some kind of a wave packet
+involving a linear combination of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving a linear combination of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving a linear combination of these
+vibrational levels so suppose you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels so suppose you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels so suppose you had a
+polyatomic 3n minus 6 vibrational modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what would you do to go from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would you do to go from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would you do to go from a
+diatomic molecule to a polyatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecule to a polyatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecule to a polyatomic
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+initially you want to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially you want to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially you want to do something
+simple that doesn't involve anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple that doesn't involve anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple that doesn't involve anything
+that that's especially new so what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's especially new so what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's especially new so what would
+you say about dynamics on a polyatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say about dynamics on a polyatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say about dynamics on a polyatomic
+surface where there's 3n minus 6 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface where there's 3n minus 6 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface where there's 3n minus 6 as
+opposed to one vibrational modes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to one vibrational modes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to one vibrational modes what
+kind of a wave packet would you do would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a wave packet would you do would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a wave packet would you do would
+you create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we had Frank on and bright moats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had Frank on and bright moats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had Frank on and bright moats and
+Frank kind of dark modes so you're it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank kind of dark modes so you're it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank kind of dark modes so you're it
+sounds like you're right on the verge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like you're right on the verge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like you're right on the verge of
+saying something profound so say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying something profound so say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying something profound so say it
+you're just yeah you're gonna have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just yeah you're gonna have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just yeah you're gonna have more
+coordinates so you will create a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so you will create a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so you will create a wave
+packet on the Frank Frank on in bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet on the Frank Frank on in bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet on the Frank Frank on in bright
+boats and those if there's more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boats and those if there's more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boats and those if there's more than one
+for any kind of bright mode the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any kind of bright mode the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any kind of bright mode the wave
+packet will do just like what we do on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet will do just like what we do on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet will do just like what we do on a
+diatomic molecule except you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecule except you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecule except you might have
+two different frequencies okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different frequencies okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different frequencies okay well
+there's additional complications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's additional complications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's additional complications and
+that is even on a diatomic molecule we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is even on a diatomic molecule we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is even on a diatomic molecule we
+don't have harmonic motion so the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have harmonic motion so the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have harmonic motion so the wave
+packet because of diagonal anharmonicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet because of diagonal anharmonicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet because of diagonal anharmonicity
+will D face but the center of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will D face but the center of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will D face but the center of the wave
+packet will continue to move at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet will continue to move at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet will continue to move at the
+average of the vibrational frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the vibrational frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the vibrational frequencies
+for all these modes you know that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all these modes you know that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all these modes you know that and so
+in a polyatomic molecule maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a polyatomic molecule maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a polyatomic molecule maybe there's
+two maybe there's three Frank count and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two maybe there's three Frank count and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two maybe there's three Frank count and
+bright modes and the wave packet will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright modes and the wave packet will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright modes and the wave packet will
+have several different components on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several different components on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several different components on the
+different Frank kind of bright modes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Frank kind of bright modes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Frank kind of bright modes and
+they'll be diagonal and armineh cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be diagonal and armineh cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be diagonal and armineh cities
+and they will be face and possibly do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will be face and possibly do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will be face and possibly do
+interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things
+so now polyatomic molecules can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now polyatomic molecules can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now polyatomic molecules can do
+something else because there are in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else because there are in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else because there are in fact
+three and minus six vibrational modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and minus six vibrational modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and minus six vibrational modes
+and there's an harmonic couplings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's an harmonic couplings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's an harmonic couplings
+between the modes so if you created some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the modes so if you created some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the modes so if you created some
+wave packet or set of wave packets in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packet or set of wave packets in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packet or set of wave packets in a
+polyatomic molecule there will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecule there will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecule there will be an
+harmonic interactions between modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what you will have is the appearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you will have is the appearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you will have is the appearance
+of wave packets in the franc kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wave packets in the franc kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wave packets in the franc kind of
+dark modes with their own frequencies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark modes with their own frequencies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark modes with their own frequencies so
+this is starting to get interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is starting to get interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is starting to get interesting
+because you know you you hit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you you hit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you you hit this
+molecule and it starts revealing its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and it starts revealing its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and it starts revealing its
+secrets where you had for any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets where you had for any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets where you had for any kind of
+dark modes not good to talk to you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark modes not good to talk to you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark modes not good to talk to you but
+now because of the an harmonic couplings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because of the an harmonic couplings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because of the an harmonic couplings
+they do and then with a diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do and then with a diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do and then with a diatomic
+molecule if I have an excited state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule if I have an excited state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule if I have an excited state and
+it might be crossed by a repulsive state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be crossed by a repulsive state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be crossed by a repulsive state
+or crossed by another bound state but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or crossed by another bound state but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or crossed by another bound state but if
+you have a wave packet operating on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a wave packet operating on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a wave packet operating on this
+bound state it's going to be crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound state it's going to be crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound state it's going to be crossing
+through this region what's so special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this region what's so special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this region what's so special
+about where curves cross you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where curves cross you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where curves cross you know this
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you're on the in this state and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're on the in this state and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're on the in this state and at
+this point you have this much momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you're on this curve at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're on this curve at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're on this curve at that
+point you have the same so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you have the same so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you have the same so you have to
+rapidly oscillating things with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly oscillating things with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly oscillating things with the same
+spatial oscillation frequency and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial oscillation frequency and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial oscillation frequency and so
+there's a possibility that the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a possibility that the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a possibility that the wave
+packet can leak from this curve from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet can leak from this curve from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet can leak from this curve from the
+bound curve to the repulsive curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound curve to the repulsive curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound curve to the repulsive curve and
+there are all sorts of things of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all sorts of things of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all sorts of things of that
+nature I'm going to talk about all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature I'm going to talk about all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature I'm going to talk about all of
+that today and one of the things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today and one of the things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today and one of the things the
+reason I made these notes is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I made these notes is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I made these notes is because
+I've always wanted to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've always wanted to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've always wanted to say something
+about Atlanta landau-zener model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Atlanta landau-zener model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Atlanta landau-zener model for
+crossing between different potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing between different potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing between different potential
+curves and we talked a little bit before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and we talked a little bit before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and we talked a little bit before
+about you know driving too fast in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know driving too fast in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know driving too fast in a
+curvy road and do you stay on it or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvy road and do you stay on it or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvy road and do you stay on it or do
+you hit the tree and that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit the tree and that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit the tree and that's basically
+this this picture of you have two curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this picture of you have two curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this picture of you have two curves
+that can cross and or they could do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the adiabatic representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the adiabatic representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the adiabatic representation
+which is amenable to quantum chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is amenable to quantum chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is amenable to quantum chemical
+calculations and this crossing curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and this crossing curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and this crossing curve is
+the diabetic representation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diabetic representation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diabetic representation which
+chemists like because the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists like because the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists like because the electronic
+wave functions don't change as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions don't change as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions don't change as a
+function of inter nuclear distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of inter nuclear distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of inter nuclear distance and
+so the issue is when you have crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the issue is when you have crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the issue is when you have crossing
+curves or avoided crossing curves how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves or avoided crossing curves how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves or avoided crossing curves how do
+you understand what the wave packet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand what the wave packet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand what the wave packet is
+going to do at those points and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do at those points and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do at those points and that's
+the point of this lecture and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this lecture and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this lecture and there are
+two experiments done by Ovid's Wales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two experiments done by Ovid's Wales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two experiments done by Ovid's Wales
+Research Group which illustrate many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research Group which illustrate many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research Group which illustrate many of
+the effects of wave packets and avoided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of wave packets and avoided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of wave packets and avoided
+crossings and so the question is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossings and so the question is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossings and so the question is how do
+observe this kind of evolution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this kind of evolution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this kind of evolution of the
+wave packet what kind of experiments do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packet what kind of experiments do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packet what kind of experiments do
+we do we're certainly if we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do we're certainly if we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do we're certainly if we're talking
+about motion we're probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about motion we're probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about motion we're probably not
+interested in frequency domain although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in frequency domain although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in frequency domain although
+you can get a lot of information from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a lot of information from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a lot of information from
+the frequency domain that enables you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain that enables you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain that enables you to
+understand what you might see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what you might see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what you might see in the
+time domain and one of the one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time domain and one of the one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time domain and one of the one thing
+about frequency domain experiments when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about frequency domain experiments when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about frequency domain experiments when
+you have a molecule which has three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a molecule which has three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a molecule which has three and
+minus six vibrational modes like benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus six vibrational modes like benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus six vibrational modes like benzene
+has 30 the vibrational density of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 30 the vibrational density of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 30 the vibrational density of states
+increases rapidly with excitation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases rapidly with excitation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases rapidly with excitation energy
+so rapidly that above the region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rapidly that above the region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rapidly that above the region of the
+fundamentals the highest frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals the highest frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals the highest frequency
+fundamentals there are no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals there are no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals there are no longer
+resolvable vibrational levels the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolvable vibrational levels the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolvable vibrational levels the
+density of states is on the order of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states is on the order of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states is on the order of a
+billion per wave number and you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion per wave number and you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion per wave number and you know you
+you're going to be asking different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be asking different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be asking different
+kinds of experimental questions to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of experimental questions to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of experimental questions to say
+do I understand what's going on in even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I understand what's going on in even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I understand what's going on in even
+a molecule as small from your point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule as small from your point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule as small from your point of
+view as benzene big for my point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view as benzene big for my point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view as benzene big for my point of view
+okay so we're interested in mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why do things happen what makes them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do things happen what makes them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do things happen what makes them
+happen and what how do we construct an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and what how do we construct an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and what how do we construct an
+experiment that reveals mechanism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that reveals mechanism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that reveals mechanism and
+how do we interpret those sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we interpret those sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we interpret those sorts of
+experiments and the zewail experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and the zewail experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and the zewail experiments
+are beautiful examples of revealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are beautiful examples of revealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are beautiful examples of revealing
+mechanism which is more complicated well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism which is more complicated well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism which is more complicated well
+more revealing than what you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more revealing than what you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more revealing than what you might
+expect for example suppose you excite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect for example suppose you excite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect for example suppose you excite a
+molecule and it breaks well how did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and it breaks well how did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and it breaks well how did it
+break did it just break or was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break did it just break or was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break did it just break or was there
+some motion preceding the breaking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some motion preceding the breaking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some motion preceding the breaking that
+where the molecule arranged itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the molecule arranged itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the molecule arranged itself
+to receive this photon and do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to receive this photon and do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to receive this photon and do something
+with it and and it makes fragments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and and it makes fragments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and and it makes fragments and
+what are the fragments what state are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the fragments what state are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the fragments what state are
+the fragments in there are all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fragments in there are all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fragments in there are all sorts of
+stuff there and that's mechanism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there and that's mechanism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there and that's mechanism and
+it's not just the breaking of a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the breaking of a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the breaking of a molecule
+and getting from the width of a spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting from the width of a spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting from the width of a spectral
+feature how fast that breaking occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature how fast that breaking occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature how fast that breaking occurred
+there's things that happen in that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's things that happen in that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's things that happen in that time
+okay so we need to talk about diabetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we need to talk about diabetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we need to talk about diabetic
+versus adiabatic and so if you did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus adiabatic and so if you did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus adiabatic and so if you did a
+quantum chemical calculation and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chemical calculation and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chemical calculation and you can
+because you you still have access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you still have access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you still have access to the
+webs of the Athena guster or is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webs of the Athena guster or is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webs of the Athena guster or is it is
+here the membership expired okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the membership expired okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the membership expired okay well
+you do a calculation using the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a calculation using the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a calculation using the computer
+programs and they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nuclei and that's just because you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and that's just because you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and that's just because you want
+to reduce the complexity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the complexity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the complexity of the
+calculation it's an impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation it's an impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation it's an impossible
+calculation anyway to do exactly and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation anyway to do exactly and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation anyway to do exactly and if
+we say let's keep the heavy particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say let's keep the heavy particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say let's keep the heavy particles
+from moving around and we just solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from moving around and we just solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from moving around and we just solve the
+electronic Schrodinger equation well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic Schrodinger equation well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic Schrodinger equation well
+then we get what we call an adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get what we call an adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get what we call an adiabatic
+potential energy surface or one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy surface or one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy surface or one from
+each electronic state and well if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each electronic state and well if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each electronic state and well if we
+clamp the nuclei molecules don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp the nuclei molecules don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp the nuclei molecules don't have
+the nuclei clamp we have two unclamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei clamp we have two unclamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei clamp we have two unclamp
+them and the effect of unclamping leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the effect of unclamping leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the effect of unclamping leads
+to some perturbation term h1 and so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some perturbation term h1 and so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some perturbation term h1 and so when
+we solve the nuclei sort of we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve the nuclei sort of we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve the nuclei sort of we don't
+have vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have vibration
+we don't have rotations and and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have rotations and and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have rotations and and so one
+of the things we don't know about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we don't know about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we don't know about is
+partial derivatives with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives with respect to
+nuclear coordinates which we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear coordinates which we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear coordinates which we have the
+nuclear kinetic energy which is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear kinetic energy which is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear kinetic energy which is is the
+second derivative and when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative and when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative and when you have a
+second derivative you can apply one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative you can apply one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative you can apply one
+derivative to the nuclear part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to the nuclear part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to the nuclear part of the
+wave function and one derivative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function and one derivative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function and one derivative to the
+electronic part or you can apply both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic part or you can apply both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic part or you can apply both
+and so the electronic wave function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the electronic wave function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the electronic wave function you
+get is so you get a wave function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is so you get a wave function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is so you get a wave function which
+is an explicit function of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an explicit function of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an explicit function of the electron
+positions and parametrically dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and parametrically dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and parametrically dependent
+on nuclear internuclear distances or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on nuclear internuclear distances or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on nuclear internuclear distances or
+nuclear geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear geometry
+well that's there and this nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's there and this nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's there and this nuclear
+kinetic energy term which is present is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy term which is present is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy term which is present is
+going to operate on these guys and lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to operate on these guys and lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to operate on these guys and lead
+to trouble or maybe not depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trouble or maybe not depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trouble or maybe not depending on
+what what the potential curves look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the potential curves look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the potential curves look like
+and what the the problem is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the the problem is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the the problem is but
+certainly this this nuclear kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly this this nuclear kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly this this nuclear kinetic
+energy can operate on these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy can operate on these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy can operate on these functions
+and give something that we have to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give something that we have to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give something that we have to at
+least consider so this this guy has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least consider so this this guy has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least consider so this this guy has
+secrets embedded in it that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets embedded in it that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets embedded in it that we're going
+to have to look at and they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to look at and they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to look at and they're going to
+be surprises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's think about diatomics because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about diatomics because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about diatomics because
+with diatomics most of the things you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with diatomics most of the things you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with diatomics most of the things you're
+going to encounter in polyatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to encounter in polyatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to encounter in polyatomic
+molecules have examples that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules have examples that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules have examples that you can
+understand really clearly so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand really clearly so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand really clearly so suppose
+there are two electronic states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two electronic states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two electronic states that
+cross or do something and we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross or do something and we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross or do something and we can we can
+have a picture like this so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a picture like this so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a picture like this so the
+calculation you do will give you these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you do will give you these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you do will give you these
+avoided crossing potential curves why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoided crossing potential curves why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoided crossing potential curves why do
+they avoid each other if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they avoid each other if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they avoid each other if you have two
+states of the same symmetry they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the same symmetry they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the same symmetry they can
+perturb each other the Hamiltonian the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb each other the Hamiltonian the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb each other the Hamiltonian the
+Hamiltonian is totally symmetric any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is totally symmetric any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is totally symmetric any
+kind of term in the Hamiltonian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of term in the Hamiltonian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of term in the Hamiltonian is
+totally symmetric can't cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally symmetric can't cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally symmetric can't cause
+interactions between states of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between states of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between states of the same
+symmetry now many of these terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry now many of these terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry now many of these terms of the
+same symmetry totally symmetric terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same symmetry totally symmetric terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same symmetry totally symmetric terms in
+the Hamiltonian are excluded when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian are excluded when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian are excluded when we do
+a calculation because we can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calculation because we can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calculation because we can you know
+one is spin R but there are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is spin R but there are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is spin R but there are things that
+could affect the the the the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could affect the the the the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could affect the the the the states
+belong to these two potential curves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to these two potential curves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to these two potential curves and
+so there are going to be interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are going to be interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are going to be interactions
+between states of the same symmetry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between states of the same symmetry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between states of the same symmetry and
+this is the place so you have these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the place so you have these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the place so you have these the
+of initial calculation you get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of initial calculation you get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of initial calculation you get these
+curves and you can see that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and you can see that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and you can see that there is
+some coordinate at which the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coordinate at which the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coordinate at which the difference
+between potential curves is a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between potential curves is a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between potential curves is a minimum
+nature tips its hand these avoided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature tips its hand these avoided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature tips its hand these avoided
+crossings are really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossings are really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossings are really important
+tells you the quantum chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you the quantum chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you the quantum chemical
+calculations tell you two things they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations tell you two things they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations tell you two things they
+tell you the internuclear distance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the internuclear distance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the internuclear distance at
+which the crossing occurs and the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the crossing occurs and the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the crossing occurs and the V
+let's call let's call this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call let's call this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call let's call this one
+let's have several names for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have several names for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have several names for these
+curves okay I have two so we can call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves okay I have two so we can call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves okay I have two so we can call
+this 2 1 1 2 plus plus minus minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 2 1 1 2 plus plus minus minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 2 1 1 2 plus plus minus minus I
+have two sets of labels so let us say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two sets of labels so let us say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two sets of labels so let us say
+that the two and one described the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the two and one described the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the two and one described the
+electronic character of this date the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic character of this date the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic character of this date the
+kind of thing that the chemists care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that the chemists care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that the chemists care
+about and plus and minus says upper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and plus and minus says upper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and plus and minus says upper and
+lower and that's what you get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and that's what you get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and that's what you get from
+quantum chemistry and so the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chemistry and so the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chemistry and so the quantum
+chemistry gives you the place at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry gives you the place at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry gives you the place at which
+these two curves have this minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two curves have this minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two curves have this minimum
+separation and they have the plus at RC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation and they have the plus at RC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation and they have the plus at RC
+minus v- @ RC is equal to 2h 1/2 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus v- @ RC is equal to 2h 1/2 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus v- @ RC is equal to 2h 1/2 you
+know from perturbation Theory that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from perturbation Theory that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from perturbation Theory that if
+you have two levels which are degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two levels which are degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two levels which are degenerate
+and they're interacting by some coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're interacting by some coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're interacting by some coupling
+term the separation will end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the separation will end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the separation will end up being
+twice the matrix element so innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the matrix element so innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the matrix element so innate
+nature gives you this and this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature gives you this and this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature gives you this and this from
+which you can construct the crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can construct the crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can construct the crossing
+curves the curves that chemists like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves the curves that chemists like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves the curves that chemists like so
+even though quantum chemistry doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though quantum chemistry doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though quantum chemistry doesn't
+know about diabetic curves it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about diabetic curves it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about diabetic curves it tells you
+how you could construct them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now there's two limiting cases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now there's two limiting cases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now there's two limiting cases we
+can have a very weak interaction and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a very weak interaction and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a very weak interaction and so
+the curves get really close together but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curves get really close together but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curves get really close together but
+we can have a very strong interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have a very strong interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have a very strong interaction
+and get something like this so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get something like this so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get something like this so these are
+the two limits and it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two limits and it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two limits and it turns out that the
+way you would handle these two limits is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you would handle these two limits is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you would handle these two limits is
+experimentally and theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally and theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally and theoretically
+profoundly different why this term the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly different why this term the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly different why this term the
+nuclear kinetic energy term does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear kinetic energy term does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear kinetic energy term does
+terrible things here because when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible things here because when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible things here because when it
+operates on the electronic wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates on the electronic wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates on the electronic wave function
+it says the electronic wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says the electronic wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says the electronic wave function is
+changing rapidly in this region and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing rapidly in this region and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing rapidly in this region and so
+if we're going to try to set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to try to set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to try to set up a
+Hamiltonian that describes the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian that describes the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian that describes the energy
+levels of these two states because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of these two states because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of these two states because of
+this term there will be enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term there will be enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term there will be enormous
+couplings between the vibrational levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings between the vibrational levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings between the vibrational levels
+of the two states and as a result h0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two states and as a result h0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two states and as a result h0 the
+thing that ignores those coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that ignores those coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that ignores those coupling
+effects will bear almost no resemblance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects will bear almost no resemblance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects will bear almost no resemblance
+to the observed energy level structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the observed energy level structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the observed energy level structure
+but to get from these kinds of curves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to get from these kinds of curves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to get from these kinds of curves to
+the observed energy levels is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observed energy levels is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observed energy levels is a lot of
+work and it's work that people who use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pre-written computer programs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-written computer programs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-written computer programs are
+ill-prepared to do the spectrum will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-prepared to do the spectrum will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-prepared to do the spectrum will not
+be predicted in any way by this unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be predicted in any way by this unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be predicted in any way by this unless
+you do met a huge matrix of interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do met a huge matrix of interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do met a huge matrix of interactions
+between vibrational levels of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between vibrational levels of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between vibrational levels of the
+different lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lecture
+Kollek states and when you have a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kollek states and when you have a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kollek states and when you have a matrix
+element which is large compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element which is large compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element which is large compared to the
+differences between levels you can't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between levels you can't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between levels you can't use
+perturbation theory you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory you have to
+diagonalize a matrix and usually when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize a matrix and usually when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize a matrix and usually when
+you diagonalize a matrix the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you diagonalize a matrix the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you diagonalize a matrix the the
+eigenvalues are a bit of a surprise over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are a bit of a surprise over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are a bit of a surprise over
+here the electronic wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the electronic wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the electronic wave function
+doesn't change very rapidly and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change very rapidly and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change very rapidly and so we
+have no problem of the interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no problem of the interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no problem of the interactions
+among the vibrational levels of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the vibrational levels of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the vibrational levels of these
+two states and so the adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states and so the adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states and so the adiabatic
+representation provides a good zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation provides a good zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation provides a good zero
+order picture of the energy levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order picture of the energy levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order picture of the energy levels and
+there's a little bit of stuff that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of stuff that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of stuff that you
+can add to to improve the fit so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add to to improve the fit so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add to to improve the fit so when
+you have what's called a weakly avoided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have what's called a weakly avoided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have what's called a weakly avoided
+crossing it tells you that the adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing it tells you that the adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing it tells you that the adiabatic
+representation is the wrong one and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation is the wrong one and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation is the wrong one and when
+you have a strongly avoided crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a strongly avoided crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a strongly avoided crossing
+well it's the right one because all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's the right one because all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's the right one because all of
+the effects of this repulsion between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of this repulsion between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of this repulsion between
+the two states are included in your zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two states are included in your zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two states are included in your zero
+order Hamiltonian whereas here none are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Hamiltonian whereas here none are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Hamiltonian whereas here none are
+and you say well I could just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say well I could just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say well I could just go
+cruising through this region and I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruising through this region and I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruising through this region and I go
+fast through it and I don't notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast through it and I don't notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast through it and I don't notice the
+the bad effects we'll see okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now if we had diabetic a diabetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if we had diabetic a diabetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if we had diabetic a diabetic
+representation like this well diabetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation like this well diabetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation like this well diabetic
+curves can cross in fact that's a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves can cross in fact that's a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves can cross in fact that's a point
+we want them to cross because we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want them to cross because we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want them to cross because we'd like
+to keep track of electronic character 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep track of electronic character 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep track of electronic character 1
+an electronic character 2 and so as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronic character 2 and so as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronic character 2 and so as I'm
+just going to use this okay but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to use this okay but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to use this okay but the the
+really annoying thing is when we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really annoying thing is when we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really annoying thing is when we did a
+ab initio calculation we clamped the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab initio calculation we clamped the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab initio calculation we clamped the
+nuclei we said there are certain terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei we said there are certain terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei we said there are certain terms
+in the exact Hamiltonian we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exact Hamiltonian we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exact Hamiltonian we're going to
+push aside and come and consider later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push aside and come and consider later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push aside and come and consider later
+but for the diabetic picture well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the diabetic picture well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the diabetic picture well it's
+clearly there's some term in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly there's some term in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly there's some term in the
+electronic Hamiltonian that we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic Hamiltonian that we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic Hamiltonian that we'd like to
+turn off but there isn't one it's all or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off but there isn't one it's all or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off but there isn't one it's all or
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+there is nothing you can identify in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is nothing you can identify in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is nothing you can identify in the
+electronic Hamiltonian that enables the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic Hamiltonian that enables the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic Hamiltonian that enables the
+two curves to cross so it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two curves to cross so it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two curves to cross so it's not that
+it's a bad idea it's just there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bad idea it's just there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bad idea it's just there's no
+simple way of dealing with this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of dealing with this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of dealing with this now
+sometimes we have the Hamiltonian and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we have the Hamiltonian and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we have the Hamiltonian and we
+have say the spin-orbit hamiltonian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have say the spin-orbit hamiltonian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have say the spin-orbit hamiltonian and
+this is something we could turn off but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something we could turn off but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something we could turn off but
+that's that's sort of gilding the lily I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's sort of gilding the lily I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's sort of gilding the lily I
+will spin orbit a fiction aficionado so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will spin orbit a fiction aficionado so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will spin orbit a fiction aficionado so
+I I can deal with this but there is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can deal with this but there is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can deal with this but there is if
+we don't say there are specific named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't say there are specific named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't say there are specific named
+small terms in the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small terms in the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small terms in the electronic
+Hamiltonian there is no way we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian there is no way we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian there is no way we can get
+the diabetic limit directly you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diabetic limit directly you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diabetic limit directly you have to
+use a trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's draw a picture now which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's draw a picture now which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's draw a picture now which
+illustrates the trick and we're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates the trick and we're almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates the trick and we're almost
+ready to start talking about soils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to start talking about soils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to start talking about soils
+experiment so here I'm gonna draw okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so here I'm gonna draw okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so here I'm gonna draw okay
+so the adiabatic curves are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the adiabatic curves are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the adiabatic curves are the ones
+that don't cross and the dashed lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't cross and the dashed lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't cross and the dashed lines
+are the diabetic curves and we know our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the diabetic curves and we know our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the diabetic curves and we know our
+C and H one two or at least we know H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and H one two or at least we know H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and H one two or at least we know H
+one two at that inner clear distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two at that inner clear distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two at that inner clear distance and
+it's a reasonable thing to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a reasonable thing to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a reasonable thing to say well
+let's let it not change with inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let it not change with inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let it not change with inter
+nuclear distance and let's make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear distance and let's make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear distance and let's make some
+other approximation we can say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other approximation we can say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other approximation we can say the
+diabetic curves are linear in the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic curves are linear in the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic curves are linear in the region
+of the curve crossing we can always you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curve crossing we can always you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curve crossing we can always you
+know especially you know when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know especially you know when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know especially you know when the
+adiabatic picture is bad the curse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic picture is bad the curse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic picture is bad the curse
+crossing is very very compressed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing is very very compressed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing is very very compressed and
+it's not a big step to say okay over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a big step to say okay over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a big step to say okay over
+this relatively small range of inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relatively small range of inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relatively small range of inter
+clear distance and energy we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear distance and energy we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear distance and energy we're going to
+approximate the diabetic curves is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the diabetic curves is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the diabetic curves is
+linear and so we know the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and so we know the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and so we know the exact
+Hamiltonian whatever it is can be gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian whatever it is can be gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian whatever it is can be gotten
+from okay so here we have what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay so here we have what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay so here we have what's
+available from quantum chemistry these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available from quantum chemistry these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available from quantum chemistry these
+are the potential curves for the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the potential curves for the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the potential curves for the upper
+and lower adiabatic states and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower adiabatic states and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower adiabatic states and here we
+have a potential curve for state one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a potential curve for state one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a potential curve for state one and
+a potential curve for state two and H 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential curve for state two and H 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential curve for state two and H 1
+2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and
+a unitary transformation of this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unitary transformation of this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unitary transformation of this matrix
+has to be equal that matrix well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be equal that matrix well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be equal that matrix well we
+don't know these but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know these but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know these but we're going to
+reduce them to one number the slope at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce them to one number the slope at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce them to one number the slope at
+the crossing and so we have one number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crossing and so we have one number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crossing and so we have one number
+here one number here and all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one number here and all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one number here and all of a sudden
+we have enough to iteratively determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have enough to iteratively determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have enough to iteratively determine
+the difference between the slopes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the slopes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the slopes by
+fitting to the observed adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting to the observed adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting to the observed adiabatic
+potentials and this is basically how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and this is basically how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and this is basically how
+it's done now people who do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done now people who do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done now people who do these
+calculations for a living have a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations for a living have a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations for a living have a much
+encrusted picture of how they do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrusted picture of how they do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrusted picture of how they do this
+but this is basically what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is basically what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is basically what's going on
+because people do want the diabetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people do want the diabetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people do want the diabetic
+picture and a lot of insight is gained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and a lot of insight is gained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and a lot of insight is gained
+from the diabetic picture okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the diabetic picture okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the diabetic picture okay so if
+we're going to be approaching a spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be approaching a spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be approaching a spectrum
+where we have energy levels or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have energy levels or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have energy levels or an
+experiment where we learn something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where we learn something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where we learn something
+about the dynamics we're going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the dynamics we're going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the dynamics we're going to want
+to think about this problem with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this problem with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this problem with two
+limits weakly avoided and strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits weakly avoided and strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits weakly avoided and strongly
+avoided and completely different methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoided and completely different methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoided and completely different methods
+for dealing with both spectroscopic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dealing with both spectroscopic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dealing with both spectroscopic and
+dynamical information are appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical information are appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical information are appropriate
+for the two limits okay this is a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the two limits okay this is a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the two limits okay this is a model
+for saying okay what is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for saying okay what is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for saying okay what is the probability
+of going from one curve to the other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going from one curve to the other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going from one curve to the other and
+so we have a formula which you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a formula which you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a formula which you could
+derive I don't recommend it because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive I don't recommend it because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive I don't recommend it because you
+know that derivation ZAR things you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that derivation ZAR things you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that derivation ZAR things you do
+when you need it and then you forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you need it and then you forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you need it and then you forget
+them and so but I do want to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so but I do want to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so but I do want to give you a
+sense of what's in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what's in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what's in it
+so we're going from one adiabatic state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going from one adiabatic state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going from one adiabatic state
+to another and the probability is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another and the probability is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another and the probability is 1
+minus e to the minus 2 pi gamma the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e to the minus 2 pi gamma the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e to the minus 2 pi gamma the
+important parameter is gamma right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important parameter is gamma right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important parameter is gamma right
+everything in this okay and so P 1/2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in this okay and so P 1/2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in this okay and so P 1/2 is
+small when gamma is well we want this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small when gamma is well we want this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small when gamma is well we want this to
+be 1 so when gamma is small and p12 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 so when gamma is small and p12 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 so when gamma is small and p12 is
+large now I just want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large now I just want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large now I just want to make sure that
+I haven't yeah yeah when gamma is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't yeah yeah when gamma is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't yeah yeah when gamma is large
+now what's gamma gamma is expressed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's gamma gamma is expressed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's gamma gamma is expressed and
+this is what you would derive if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you would derive if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you would derive if you
+were going to do they do this for real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to do they do this for real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to do they do this for real
+life because you would never accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life because you would never accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life because you would never accept
+somebody else's speculation you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's speculation you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's speculation you do
+derive it yourself so V 1/2 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive it yourself so V 1/2 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive it yourself so V 1/2 squared
+that's the matrix element that's half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the matrix element that's half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the matrix element that's half
+the gap between the diabetic curves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gap between the diabetic curves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gap between the diabetic curves and
+it's over h-bar velocity s1 minus s2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's over h-bar velocity s1 minus s2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's over h-bar velocity s1 minus s2
+this is the difference in slopes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the difference in slopes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the difference in slopes of the
+diabetic curves at the crossing point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic curves at the crossing point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic curves at the crossing point
+this is the velocity of the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the velocity of the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the velocity of the particle
+going through the crossing point and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the crossing point and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the crossing point and you
+can of course get the velocity from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can of course get the velocity from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can of course get the velocity from the
+momentum divided by the mass and so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum divided by the mass and so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum divided by the mass and so all
+of this stuff is is there and so gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this stuff is is there and so gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this stuff is is there and so gamma
+is small when V is large and when s1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small when V is large and when s1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small when V is large and when s1 is
+approximately equal as to well if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal as to well if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal as to well if the
+slopes are nearly equal that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes are nearly equal that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes are nearly equal that's a
+strongly avoided crossing right and V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly avoided crossing right and V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly avoided crossing right and V is
+large well if you're going through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large well if you're going through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large well if you're going through a
+bending the rodents too fast well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending the rodents too fast well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending the rodents too fast well then
+you're not good you're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not good you're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not good you're good
+yes you're not gonna be able to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you're not gonna be able to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you're not gonna be able to make the
+curve so anyway these are the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so anyway these are the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so anyway these are the this is
+the physical basis behind landau-zener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical basis behind landau-zener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical basis behind landau-zener
+and it contains the connections to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it contains the connections to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it contains the connections to this
+stuff you have from your picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you have from your picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you have from your picture of the
+hamiltonian of the potentials and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian of the potentials and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian of the potentials and this
+is basically how you organize as a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically how you organize as a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically how you organize as a well
+type experiment which I've got to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type experiment which I've got to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type experiment which I've got to talk
+about now you have those notes already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now you have those notes already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now you have those notes already
+on the whale electronically so I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the whale electronically so I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the whale electronically so I didn't
+make copies of them for you so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make copies of them for you so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make copies of them for you so you're
+going to have to accept what I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to accept what I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to accept what I'm doing
+without looking at notes for this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without looking at notes for this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without looking at notes for this part
+unless you have them already printed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have them already printed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have them already printed up
+so the whale had the 1999 Nobel Prize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whale had the 1999 Nobel Prize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whale had the 1999 Nobel Prize in
+Chemistry and it was really special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chemistry and it was really special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chemistry and it was really special
+because usually these things are divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually these things are divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually these things are divided
+three ways he got the whole damn thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ways he got the whole damn thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ways he got the whole damn thing
+and and this was because he offered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this was because he offered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this was because he offered
+something that we really want we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we really want we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we really want we want to
+have an idea of what is the mechanism by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an idea of what is the mechanism by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an idea of what is the mechanism by
+which dynamical processes occur in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which dynamical processes occur in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which dynamical processes occur in other
+words we're not just getting a rate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we're not just getting a rate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we're not just getting a rate but
+we're getting what are the nuclei doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting what are the nuclei doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting what are the nuclei doing
+and how does the motion of the nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does the motion of the nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does the motion of the nuclei
+affect the rate of the process that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the rate of the process that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the rate of the process that's
+that's quite likely and you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite likely and you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite likely and you know I'm
+very poor with logic you let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor with logic you let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor with logic you let's see what
+I so let's I want you to decide for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so let's I want you to decide for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so let's I want you to decide for
+yourself okay and let me just okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is an example of a pump probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example of a pump probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example of a pump probe
+experiment so the pump pulse at T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so the pump pulse at T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so the pump pulse at T equals
+zero starts things and the probe pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero starts things and the probe pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero starts things and the probe pulse
+at T equals tau ask the question as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T equals tau ask the question as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T equals tau ask the question as the
+wave packet gotten to what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packet gotten to what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packet gotten to what's called the
+Oh C are the optical optically coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region in other words you create a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in other words you create a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in other words you create a wave
+packet and you have a probe which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and you have a probe which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and you have a probe which can
+tell you the time at which the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the time at which the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the time at which the wave
+packet passes through where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet passes through where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet passes through where you're
+probing it and this is really neat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing it and this is really neat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing it and this is really neat and
+it is I think the essence of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is I think the essence of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is I think the essence of how the
+whale created a really simple experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whale created a really simple experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whale created a really simple experiment
+using the crude technology that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the crude technology that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the crude technology that was
+available at the time to ask the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available at the time to ask the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available at the time to ask the kind of
+question you needed to ask now I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you needed to ask now I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you needed to ask now I didn't
+like this whale experiment but it first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this whale experiment but it first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this whale experiment but it first
+came out and because well because I'm as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out and because well because I'm as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out and because well because I'm as
+frequency domain spectroscopy and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain spectroscopy and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain spectroscopy and I
+don't really care about dynamics except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care about dynamics except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care about dynamics except
+how its encoded in the frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how its encoded in the frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how its encoded in the frequency domain
+spectrum so this is a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum so this is a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum so this is a completely
+different but I you know anyway so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but I you know anyway so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but I you know anyway so now I
+want to describe the essence of what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to describe the essence of what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to describe the essence of what he
+did and how why it worked and what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and how why it worked and what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and how why it worked and what it
+reveals all right and so I want to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals all right and so I want to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals all right and so I want to pick
+a blackboard which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there are two experiments that he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two experiments that he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two experiments that he did
+one was dissociation of ICN and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was dissociation of ICN and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was dissociation of ICN and the
+other was dissociation of sodium iodide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other was dissociation of sodium iodide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other was dissociation of sodium iodide
+now one thing to notice is we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one thing to notice is we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one thing to notice is we've got a
+big heavy atom in here so that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big heavy atom in here so that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big heavy atom in here so that means the
+vibrational frequencies are low that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational frequencies are low that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational frequencies are low that
+means that with a not too short pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that with a not too short pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that with a not too short pulse
+you could create a card superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could create a card superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could create a card superposition
+when you think about what you would need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about what you would need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about what you would need
+to create a coherent superposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a coherent superposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a coherent superposition of
+vibrational levels different by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels different by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels different by the
+canonical thousand wave numbers of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical thousand wave numbers of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical thousand wave numbers of a
+vibration you you realize that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration you you realize that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration you you realize that that
+experiment was only doable fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was only doable fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was only doable fairly
+recently when you have you know film on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently when you have you know film on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently when you have you know film on
+the order of a few femtoseconds time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of a few femtoseconds time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of a few femtoseconds time
+resolution what Zale did it's a whale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution what Zale did it's a whale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution what Zale did it's a whale
+didn't he had maybe a hundred times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't he had maybe a hundred times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't he had maybe a hundred times a
+second there may be only a picosecond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there may be only a picosecond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there may be only a picosecond
+and so you had to have a heavy atom for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you had to have a heavy atom for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you had to have a heavy atom for
+ICN the the the beautiful thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICN the the the beautiful thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICN the the the beautiful thing about
+ICN is there see on here CN is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICN is there see on here CN is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICN is there see on here CN is a
+diatomic molecule that has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecule that has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecule that has a very
+convenient spectrum and and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient spectrum and and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient spectrum and and so we're
+asking the question how does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the question how does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the question how does the
+presence of the iodine affect the CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of the iodine affect the CN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of the iodine affect the CN
+spectrum because the CN is going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum because the CN is going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum because the CN is going to give
+us the signal in this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's you know it's really neat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's you know it's really neat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's you know it's really neat this
+is a tri atomic molecule but we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tri atomic molecule but we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tri atomic molecule but we always
+use one dimensional pictures to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one dimensional pictures to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one dimensional pictures to describe
+everything that's going on and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's going on and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's going on and you can
+do that when the one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that when the one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that when the one-dimensional
+pictures are each applicable in separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures are each applicable in separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures are each applicable in separate
+times or it's separate aspects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or it's separate aspects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or it's separate aspects of the
+experiment but it's another beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but it's another beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but it's another beautiful
+example if zoo L had been attempting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if zoo L had been attempting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if zoo L had been attempting to
+describe the full three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the full three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the full three-dimensional
+potential the pictures wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the pictures wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the pictures wouldn't have
+done anything for anybody because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done anything for anybody because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done anything for anybody because you
+would have to work too hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to work too hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to work too hard to
+understand what the pictures are telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the pictures are telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the pictures are telling
+you okay so we now have a repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so we now have a repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so we now have a repulsive
+curve and we have another repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and we have another repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and we have another repulsive
+curve okay anyway so we have V equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay anyway so we have V equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay anyway so we have V equals
+zero and so we're exciting a wave packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so we're exciting a wave packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so we're exciting a wave packet
+and because we have a few vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we have a few vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we have a few vibrational
+levels that are accessible with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that are accessible with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that are accessible with the
+franck-condon principle from V equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franck-condon principle from V equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franck-condon principle from V equals
+zero and within the necessary Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and within the necessary Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and within the necessary Fourier
+transform of the pulse duration you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the pulse duration you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the pulse duration you get
+away packet starting here okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away packet starting here okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away packet starting here okay so this
+wave packet is going to be totally go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packet is going to be totally go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packet is going to be totally go
+long at this energy I'm sorry it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long at this energy I'm sorry it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long at this energy I'm sorry it's going
+to be it's going to be moving on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it's going to be moving on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it's going to be moving on this
+potential but it has a definite energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential but it has a definite energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential but it has a definite energy
+but okay and then you can probe it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay and then you can probe it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay and then you can probe it this
+way or this way or this way and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or this way or this way and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or this way or this way and the
+important thing is that these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that these three
+places at which you probe correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places at which you probe correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places at which you probe correspond to
+different excitation energies it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different excitation energies it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different excitation energies it's
+saying that as the iodine atom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that as the iodine atom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that as the iodine atom is
+leaving these RC transitions between C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving these RC transitions between C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving these RC transitions between C
+this and in here the iodine atom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and in here the iodine atom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and in here the iodine atom is
+close to the CN it is affecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the CN it is affecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the CN it is affecting the
+bonding in the CN over here it's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding in the CN over here it's gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding in the CN over here it's gone
+and the CN is free and what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the CN is free and what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the CN is free and what's happening
+is the transition frequency changes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the transition frequency changes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the transition frequency changes with
+time and so if if he has the pro pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so if if he has the pro pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so if if he has the pro pulse
+here well then when the wave packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well then when the wave packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well then when the wave packet
+reaches this point you get a a response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches this point you get a a response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches this point you get a a response
+before the way fact it gets there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the way fact it gets there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the way fact it gets there
+there's no excitation so the OCR is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no excitation so the OCR is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no excitation so the OCR is to
+find the optically coupled region it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the optically coupled region it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the optically coupled region it's
+defined by the frequency the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the frequency the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the frequency the center
+frequency of the probe pulse so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the probe pulse so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the probe pulse so if we
+then look at okay now what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look at okay now what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look at okay now what's happening
+here when you excite to this state you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when you excite to this state you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when you excite to this state you
+have CN electronically excited when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have CN electronically excited when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have CN electronically excited when you
+look at this limit you have CN not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this limit you have CN not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this limit you have CN not
+electronically excited the CN a so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically excited the CN a so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically excited the CN a so if I
+X don't let Sigma plus transition is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X don't let Sigma plus transition is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X don't let Sigma plus transition is one
+of the most studied things in diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most studied things in diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most studied things in diatomic
+molecules and so it's known and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and so it's known and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and so it's known and like
+most well like all transitions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most well like all transitions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most well like all transitions the
+intrinsic radiative lifetime is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic radiative lifetime is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic radiative lifetime is on the
+order of ten nanoseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we excite to this state we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we excite to this state we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we excite to this state we're
+going to get a photon out but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a photon out but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a photon out but the
+lifetime of that photon is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of that photon is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of that photon is 10
+nanoseconds are we going to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoseconds are we going to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoseconds are we going to measure
+dynamics this is the beauty of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics this is the beauty of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics this is the beauty of the
+experiment right here he catches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment right here he catches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment right here he catches the
+wave packet at a particular position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packet at a particular position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packet at a particular position and
+he puts it in the bank and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he puts it in the bank and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he puts it in the bank and then
+eventually the cin forces we don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the cin forces we don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the cin forces we don't care
+anything about waited for us is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about waited for us is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about waited for us is there
+what frequency it fluoresce is that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what frequency it fluoresce is that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what frequency it fluoresce is that all
+we cared about is it it when it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cared about is it it when it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cared about is it it when it if
+you're looking at if the wave packet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at if the wave packet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at if the wave packet is
+in the optically coupled region it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the optically coupled region it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the optically coupled region it gets
+excited to this surface and then when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to this surface and then when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to this surface and then when it
+chooses to say I got excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses to say I got excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses to say I got excited
+here is my photon then you can create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is my photon then you can create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is my photon then you can create a
+a plot of so versus time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you you you so you you see nothing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you so you you see nothing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you so you you see nothing and
+you get you know something at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you know something at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you know something at the
+optically coupled region and you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically coupled region and you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically coupled region and you do a
+sequence of experiments where you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of experiments where you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of experiments where you very
+where the wave packet where the optic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the wave packet where the optic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the wave packet where the optic
+optically coupled region is centered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically coupled region is centered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically coupled region is centered by
+adjusting the center frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting the center frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting the center frequency of the
+probe laser so so I should really say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe laser so so I should really say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe laser so so I should really say
+okay here is the intensity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is the intensity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is the intensity of the
+fluorescence and here is the one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence and here is the one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence and here is the one over
+the wavelength of the probe so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength of the probe so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength of the probe so this is
+related to the energy of the probe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the energy of the probe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the energy of the probe and
+so you do a series of experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do a series of experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do a series of experiments and
+you discover that the wave packet it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover that the wave packet it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover that the wave packet it at
+reaches this and then you move that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches this and then you move that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches this and then you move that and
+you get another and so you get all again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get another and so you get all again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get another and so you get all again
+a picture and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do I want to say about this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I want to say about this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I want to say about this so
+it basically is telling you that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically is telling you that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically is telling you that when
+the molecule breaks the frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule breaks the frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule breaks the frequency of the
+CN excitation is changing as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN excitation is changing as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN excitation is changing as a function
+of the distance of the iodine atom from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distance of the iodine atom from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distance of the iodine atom from
+the CN and so that's mechanism now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CN and so that's mechanism now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CN and so that's mechanism now it's
+really a very crude mechanism but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a very crude mechanism but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a very crude mechanism but
+because it's reduced to you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's reduced to you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's reduced to you know one
+question that's affected function of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's affected function of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's affected function of one
+geometry but it's you know nobody's ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry but it's you know nobody's ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry but it's you know nobody's ever
+be able to say they observe this motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to say they observe this motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to say they observe this motion
+of the wave packet in real time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave packet in real time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave packet in real time
+and here's where people really annoyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's where people really annoyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's where people really annoyed
+well because he's saying he's looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because he's saying he's looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because he's saying he's looking at
+real motion in real time and it ain't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real motion in real time and it ain't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real motion in real time and it ain't
+real he's probing one time at a time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real he's probing one time at a time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real he's probing one time at a time and
+but you know it's still its mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know it's still its mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know it's still its mechanism
+it's more than just looking at when does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more than just looking at when does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more than just looking at when does
+something break what's the lifetime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something break what's the lifetime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something break what's the lifetime of
+something it's there's there's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's there's there's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's there's there's more than
+one thing going on now I really like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing going on now I really like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing going on now I really like the
+next experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next experiment
+and the next experiment involves sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next experiment involves sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next experiment involves sodium
+iodide now if I were to ask you what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide now if I were to ask you what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide now if I were to ask you what is
+the nature of sodium iodide at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of sodium iodide at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of sodium iodide at
+equilibrium you'd say it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium you'd say it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium you'd say it's probably
+ionic but because iodine is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic but because iodine is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic but because iodine is at the
+bottom as opposed to the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom as opposed to the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom as opposed to the top of the
+periodic potential it's maybe a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic potential it's maybe a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic potential it's maybe a little
+bit covalent so here's the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit covalent so here's the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit covalent so here's the ground state
+potential and I just have to make sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and I just have to make sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and I just have to make sure I
+and what I'm trying to do and here is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm trying to do and here is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm trying to do and here is an
+excited state potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what I've drawn is crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I've drawn is crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I've drawn is crossing
+curves those are the diabetic curves now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves those are the diabetic curves now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves those are the diabetic curves now
+I've connected I should do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've connected I should do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've connected I should do it with
+dotted lines those are the 80-pound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted lines those are the 80-pound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted lines those are the 80-pound
+curves and so the question is suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and so the question is suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and so the question is suppose we
+create a way packet on this potential so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a way packet on this potential so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a way packet on this potential so
+it's it's created here and this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's created here and this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's created here and this wave
+packet feels a a force that way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet feels a a force that way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet feels a a force that way because
+it's the grading of the potential it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the grading of the potential it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the grading of the potential it's a
+particle it's in a potential that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it's in a potential that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it's in a potential that's
+going go this way and then something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going go this way and then something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going go this way and then something
+happens when it goes through this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when it goes through this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when it goes through this curve
+configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+well what's going to happen is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's going to happen is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's going to happen is the
+particle I should just say this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle I should just say this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle I should just say this is the
+ionic this is a covalent so this is na
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic this is a covalent so this is na
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic this is a covalent so this is na
+plus plus I minus and this is ne plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus I minus and this is ne plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus I minus and this is ne plus I
+when you dissociate a neutral molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you dissociate a neutral molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you dissociate a neutral molecule
+you always get neutral atoms so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always get neutral atoms so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always get neutral atoms so there is
+a higher energy limit where you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher energy limit where you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher energy limit where you can get
+ions and so the maliki even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and so the maliki even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and so the maliki even if you
+create this wave packet here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this wave packet here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this wave packet here which is
+below the threshold for making ions it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the threshold for making ions it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the threshold for making ions it
+only can leave by this path so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only can leave by this path so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only can leave by this path so what
+happens is the way back here go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is the way back here go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is the way back here go back and
+forth back and forth and back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth back and forth and back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth back and forth and back and forth
+and each time it crosses through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each time it crosses through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each time it crosses through this
+region it has to decide am i iack or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region it has to decide am i iack or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region it has to decide am i iack or
+covalent and if i'm covalent i can leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if I my onic I'm stuck I go to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I my onic I'm stuck I go to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I my onic I'm stuck I go to go
+back and try again and again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is where landau-zener comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where landau-zener comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where landau-zener comes in
+and because what's happening is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because what's happening is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because what's happening is the
+molecule is addressing this ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is addressing this ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is addressing this ionic
+covalent curve crossing and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent curve crossing and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent curve crossing and it's
+deciding each time it goes through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding each time it goes through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding each time it goes through and
+like what is the probability of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is the probability of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is the probability of being
+able to get out okay and but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get out okay and but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get out okay and but then
+there's something else and that is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something else and that is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something else and that is well
+what are we what are we probing so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we what are we probing so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we what are we probing so we we
+probe to an excited state and so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe to an excited state and so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe to an excited state and so and
+this is where the figures even for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the figures even for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the figures even for this
+reduced representation are confusing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced representation are confusing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced representation are confusing but
+basically you're probing by exciting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're probing by exciting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're probing by exciting the
+sodium atom to an excited state which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium atom to an excited state which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium atom to an excited state which
+puts it in the bank and it flores's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it in the bank and it flores's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it in the bank and it flores's when
+it chooses to which is in ten nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it chooses to which is in ten nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it chooses to which is in ten nine
+seconds because sodium radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds because sodium radiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds because sodium radiative
+lifetime really is about 10 nanosecond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime really is about 10 nanosecond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime really is about 10 nanosecond
+and so how to describe this if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have a choice of being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a choice of being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a choice of being able to
+excite at the free sodium transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite at the free sodium transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite at the free sodium transition
+frequency and then what you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and then what you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and then what you're only
+seeing is these little packets of sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is these little packets of sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is these little packets of sodium
+that make it out or you can excite at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make it out or you can excite at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make it out or you can excite at a
+this is coming out wrong but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is coming out wrong but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is coming out wrong but if you
+excite to the red of that you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite to the red of that you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite to the red of that you can only
+you you will only see the the the sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you will only see the the the sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you will only see the the the sodium
+atoms while they're still close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms while they're still close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms while they're still close to the
+iodine and so there are two sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine and so there are two sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine and so there are two sorts of
+signals you get one is you get a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals you get one is you get a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals you get one is you get a series
+of pulses separated by the round-trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pulses separated by the round-trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pulses separated by the round-trip
+time twice them the round-trip time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time twice them the round-trip time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time twice them the round-trip time is
+the period and so the period is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period and so the period is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period and so the period is related
+to the vibrational frequency and so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the vibrational frequency and so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the vibrational frequency and so each
+time this packet goes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this packet goes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this packet goes through the
+optically coupled region I'm sorry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically coupled region I'm sorry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically coupled region I'm sorry a
+couple would go through the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple would go through the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple would go through the curve
+crossing region you get a little puff of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing region you get a little puff of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing region you get a little puff of
+sodium if you're exciting so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium if you're exciting so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium if you're exciting so that you
+can see the sodium only the free sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the sodium only the free sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the sodium only the free sodium
+well then you see instead of this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then you see instead of this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then you see instead of this you
+see a signal so you get little steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a signal so you get little steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a signal so you get little steps
+each wave packets that makes it out dies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each wave packets that makes it out dies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each wave packets that makes it out dies
+at the turning point and oh I'm Way over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the turning point and oh I'm Way over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the turning point and oh I'm Way over
+time but this is really the so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but this is really the so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but this is really the so there's
+two pictures there's this sampling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pictures there's this sampling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pictures there's this sampling of
+the way back at each time it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back at each time it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back at each time it goes
+through and there is the delivery of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and there is the delivery of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and there is the delivery of the
+goods and again the signal is a slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and again the signal is a slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and again the signal is a slow
+signal but the the pump probe delay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal but the the pump probe delay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal but the the pump probe delay is
+femtosecond time resolution and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtosecond time resolution and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtosecond time resolution and so it
+can reveal this wave packet propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reveal this wave packet propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reveal this wave packet propagation
+so that that's all I have to say on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's all I have to say on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's all I have to say on this
+subject I think it's really beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject I think it's really beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject I think it's really beautiful
+I like it more and more the more I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like it more and more the more I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like it more and more the more I
+understand it and the next lecture will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it and the next lecture will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it and the next lecture will
+will be on why gas is condensed
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QnE_fuUCrg0.txt b/QnE_fuUCrg0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..87490a8bd1b9e05de2569bdee839da11b59321ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QnE_fuUCrg0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8946 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu today we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today we're going to talk
+about uh building an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh building an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh building an effective
+hamiltonian uh that enables us to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian uh that enables us to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian uh that enables us to fit
+Spectra and let's start out with the an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra and let's start out with the an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra and let's start out with the an
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+question the effective hamiltonian or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the effective hamiltonian or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the effective hamiltonian or
+the I'm sorry the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm sorry the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm sorry the exact
+hamiltonian is an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is an infinite
+Matrix if we choose to use linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix if we choose to use linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix if we choose to use linear
+algebra why is it infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many basis
+functions do we have for a diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecule did I hear a a murmur number an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule did I hear a a murmur number an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule did I hear a a murmur number an
+infinite number why are they why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number why are they why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number why are they why are
+there an infinite number of basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an infinite number of basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an infinite number of basis
+functions uh or yes yeah because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions uh or yes yeah because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions uh or yes yeah because there's
+an infinite number of solutions to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite number of solutions to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite number of solutions to the
+well yeah you're just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah you're just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah you're just sort
+of so we have an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so we have an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so we have an infinite number of
+electronic States and each one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic States and each one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic States and each one of them
+has an infinite number of vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an infinite number of vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an infinite number of vibrational
+levels when you include the Continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels when you include the Continuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels when you include the Continuum
+and you have to and so um if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to and so um if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to and so um if we want to
+describe the energy levels that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the energy levels that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the energy levels that we would
+observe in a spectrum we at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe in a spectrum we at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe in a spectrum we at
+least uh start out thinking in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least uh start out thinking in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least uh start out thinking in terms of
+an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective
+uh an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an infinite
+Matrix and this is a terribly disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and this is a terribly disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and this is a terribly disturbing
+sort of thing because we know we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing because we know we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing because we know we're not
+going to do anything useful with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do anything useful with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do anything useful with an
+infinite Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite Matrix
+so instead we ask well how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead we ask well how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead we ask well how do we
+describe the little bit of all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the little bit of all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the little bit of all possible
+Spectra that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra that we're going to be
+interested in so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in so you know
+you you it's it's it's tempting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you it's it's it's tempting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you it's it's it's tempting to
+forget that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the the spectral region that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the spectral region that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the spectral region that we're
+interested in we being sort of a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in we being sort of a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in we being sort of a generic
+we whoever you are you you go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we whoever you are you you go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we whoever you are you you go into the
+lab and you say okay I'm going to record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and you say okay I'm going to record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and you say okay I'm going to record
+some Spectra and you might be a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Spectra and you might be a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Spectra and you might be a an
+electronic spectroscopist and so you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic spectroscopist and so you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic spectroscopist and so you are
+concerned with the region uh uh from say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with the region uh uh from say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with the region uh uh from say
+20,000 wave numbers to 50,000 wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000 wave numbers to 50,000 wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000 wave numbers to 50,000 wave
+numbers just because that's where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers just because that's where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers just because that's where your
+experiment works or you might be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment works or you might be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment works or you might be an
+infrared spectroscopist who's interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared spectroscopist who's interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared spectroscopist who's interested
+in say one micron to 20 Micron uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say one micron to 20 Micron uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say one micron to 20 Micron uh
+spectral region uh because that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral region uh because that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral region uh because that's where
+your spectrometer works or you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spectrometer works or you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spectrometer works or you might be
+a gamma ray spectroscopist who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gamma ray spectroscopist who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gamma ray spectroscopist who's
+interested in nuclear structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in nuclear structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in nuclear structure and
+there's all sorts of spectroscopist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of spectroscopist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of spectroscopist and
+they all look at molecules and they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all look at molecules and they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all look at molecules and they all
+think they're doing the same thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're doing the same thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're doing the same thing but
+they're not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not and
+so the first thing you want is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing you want is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing you want is something
+that will describe the little tiny piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will describe the little tiny piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will describe the little tiny piece
+of spectrum that you're interested in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spectrum that you're interested in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spectrum that you're interested in to
+the accuracy at which you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurements that's the thing you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that's the thing you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that's the thing you if
+you're an experimentalist that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an experimentalist that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an experimentalist that's what
+you most care about now it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you most care about now it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you most care about now it would be
+useful if that representation of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful if that representation of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful if that representation of your
+spectrum can be shown uh can be related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum can be shown uh can be related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum can be shown uh can be related
+in some way to something that someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way to something that someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way to something that someone
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate and
+so there's two goals and they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two goals and they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two goals and they're not
+necessarily the same one is let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the same one is let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the same one is let us
+describe the Spectrum to measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the Spectrum to measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the Spectrum to measurement
+accuracy with the minimum number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy with the minimum number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy with the minimum number of
+parameters and we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and we would like to
+know how those parameters relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how those parameters relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how those parameters relate to
+something that someone might calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that someone might calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that someone might calculate
+if they were demented enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were demented enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were demented enough to
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but those are two different things two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those are two different things two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those are two different things two
+different things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things but
+any any generation of a fit model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any generation of a fit model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any generation of a fit model that
+will describe the Spectrum should keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will describe the Spectrum should keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will describe the Spectrum should keep
+in mind that somebody might actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that somebody might actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that somebody might actually
+want to know what those parameters mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what those parameters mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what those parameters mean
+and so they might want to calculate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they might want to calculate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they might want to calculate them
+now the kind of Spectra we are that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the kind of Spectra we are that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the kind of Spectra we are that we
+do we being almost everybody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we being almost everybody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we being almost everybody in the
+room uh uh is typically measured at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room uh uh is typically measured at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room uh uh is typically measured at an
+accuracy of about 300 of a wave number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of about 300 of a wave number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of about 300 of a wave number
+or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one
+gigahertz now that is much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigahertz now that is much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigahertz now that is much higher
+accuracy than Quantum chemist could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy than Quantum chemist could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy than Quantum chemist could
+calculate could uh use to calculate any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate could uh use to calculate any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate could uh use to calculate any
+of the properties that we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the properties that we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the properties that we're interested
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+so uh there's not an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there's not an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there's not an issue
+of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expecting the quantum chemist to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting the quantum chemist to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting the quantum chemist to
+calculate what we measure but we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what we measure but we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what we measure but we would
+like them to be able to get close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like them to be able to get close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like them to be able to get close to
+that we would like them to know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would like them to know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would like them to know what it
+is that we've actually measured so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we've actually measured so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we've actually measured so that
+they can get as close as they can with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get as close as they can with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get as close as they can with
+the computers and techniques they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+so I'm going to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to describe
+the procedure by which we derive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedure by which we derive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedure by which we derive a
+finite Dimension effective hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite Dimension effective hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite Dimension effective hamiltonian
+that we use to fit a spectrum and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to fit a spectrum and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to fit a spectrum and we can
+fit the Spectrum with the minimum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the Spectrum with the minimum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the Spectrum with the minimum number
+of parameters the parameters have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters the parameters have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters the parameters have some
+physical content we know what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical content we know what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical content we know what they
+mean and if we could get a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and if we could get a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and if we could get a quantum
+chemist to listen to us we could tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist to listen to us we could tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist to listen to us we could tell
+them what they mean but usually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what they mean but usually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what they mean but usually they
+listen to only the words I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to only the words I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to only the words I have
+calculated the rotational I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the rotational I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the rotational I have
+measured the rotation Conant they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured the rotation Conant they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured the rotation Conant they say
+okay I can do that but what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can do that but what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can do that but what they
+calculate is not what we measure even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate is not what we measure even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate is not what we measure even
+though they call something the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they call something the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they call something the same
+thing we call they use the same words to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we call they use the same words to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we call they use the same words to
+describe different stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe different stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe different stuff
+so we're going to uh try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to uh try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to uh try to understand
+why uh uh the same words are used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh uh the same words are used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh uh the same words are used for
+two different things and and how to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different things and and how to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different things and and how to uh
+make a connection okay so the the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a connection okay so the the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a connection okay so the the last
+time we had start we had been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we had start we had been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we had start we had been talking
+about well not the the previous uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well not the the previous uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well not the the previous uh the
+next last time isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States and sometimes they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and sometimes they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and sometimes they were
+groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+so this was to introduce you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was to introduce you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was to introduce you to the
+hamiltonian for something that we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian for something that we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian for something that we call a
+a multiplet state to s plus1 1 Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiplet state to s plus1 1 Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiplet state to s plus1 1 Lambda
+Omega and sometimes there were groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and sometimes there were groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and sometimes there were groups of
+states that were natural groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that were natural groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that were natural groups of
+States not just pedagogical groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States not just pedagogical groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States not just pedagogical groups of
+states for example we had a double Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states for example we had a double Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states for example we had a double Pi
+State and a double Sigma State and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and a double Sigma State and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and a double Sigma State and they
+could have been generated by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been generated by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been generated by one
+electron with an angular momentum of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron with an angular momentum of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron with an angular momentum of one
+and I neglected to say the magic words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I neglected to say the magic words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I neglected to say the magic words
+pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+precession if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precession if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precession if you have
+uh an elect one electron in a p orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an elect one electron in a p orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an elect one electron in a p orbital
+and that p orbital is weakly interfered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that p orbital is weakly interfered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that p orbital is weakly interfered
+with by the liand then it splits into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with by the liand then it splits into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with by the liand then it splits into a
+pi and sigma and when that happens we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and sigma and when that happens we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and sigma and when that happens we
+think we can evaluate Matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we can evaluate Matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we can evaluate Matrix elements
+that involve uh uh l+ and L minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve uh uh l+ and L minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve uh uh l+ and L minus
+operators and so that's why we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and so that's why we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and so that's why we call it
+pure precession because we put in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure precession because we put in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure precession because we put in some
+stuff that we're really not entitled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we're really not entitled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we're really not entitled to
+but this is also appropriate to redberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is also appropriate to redberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is also appropriate to redberg
+states that you might have a p complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that you might have a p complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that you might have a p complex
+or a d complex and the relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a d complex and the relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a d complex and the relationships
+between the perturbation parameters the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the perturbation parameters the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the perturbation parameters the
+the interactions between what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interactions between what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interactions between what would
+normally be isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally be isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally be isolated
+States we we say there's certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States we we say there's certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States we we say there's certain
+relationships and those relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and those relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and those relationships
+are called the pure precession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called the pure precession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called the pure precession
+relationships and then we dealt with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perturbations and here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations and here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations and here we have
+a state or a group of states that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state or a group of states that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state or a group of states that we
+know and love and understand and it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and love and understand and it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and love and understand and it gets
+hit by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit by
+some uh evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh evil
+perturber and from the pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturber and from the pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturber and from the pattern of
+interactions we can learn the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions we can learn the symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions we can learn the symmetry
+of the perturber and a lot about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the perturber and a lot about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the perturber and a lot about the
+perturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbing
+state okay so this is really setting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay so this is really setting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay so this is really setting the
+stage for okay what it doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage for okay what it doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage for okay what it doesn't have to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+only a local perturber it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a local perturber it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a local perturber it doesn't have
+to be a state that's outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a state that's outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a state that's outside of the
+family of states that we are interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of states that we are interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of states that we are interested
+in it can be you know an intruder but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it can be you know an intruder but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it can be you know an intruder but
+the Intruder doesn't actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Intruder doesn't actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Intruder doesn't actually have to
+enter the house it can just mess around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the house it can just mess around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the house it can just mess around
+with the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+programs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs so
+uh we're generalizing now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're generalizing now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're generalizing now on
+perturbations and we're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations and we're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations and we're going to say
+okay all states all electronic States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all states all electronic States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all states all electronic States
+all vibrational States can in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vibrational States can in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vibrational States can in principle
+interact with this small group of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with this small group of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with this small group of states
+that we're getting our PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're getting our PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're getting our PhD
+on and so we want to build a model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so we want to build a model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so we want to build a model that
+will deal with this Infinity of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will deal with this Infinity of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will deal with this Infinity of other
+states without having to do an infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states without having to do an infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states without having to do an infinity
+of work because we're smart molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work because we're smart molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work because we're smart molecules
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+stupid okay and so uh the procedure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid okay and so uh the procedure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid okay and so uh the procedure for
+doing this is called the vleck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is called the vleck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is called the vleck
+transformation and it's basically second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and it's basically second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and it's basically second
+order perturbation Theory done odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order perturbation Theory done odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order perturbation Theory done odd
+infinum I can't use yeah I won't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinum I can't use yeah I won't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinum I can't use yeah I won't even
+okay so uh so what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh so what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh so what we're going to do is
+we're going to uh look at several kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh look at several kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh look at several kinds
+of Corrections one is we we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Corrections one is we we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Corrections one is we we think of
+rotational constants which come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constants which come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constants which come from the
+rotational operator where there's a 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational operator where there's a 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational operator where there's a 1 /
+R 2 in the denominator that's an exp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 2 in the denominator that's an exp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 2 in the denominator that's an exp
+licitly our dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+and we get from uh doing second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get from uh doing second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get from uh doing second order
+perturbation theory on operators of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory on operators of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory on operators of this
+form we get uh centrifugal Distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we get uh centrifugal Distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we get uh centrifugal Distortion
+constants instead of centrifugal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants instead of centrifugal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants instead of centrifugal
+Distortion operators we get constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion operators we get constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion operators we get constants
+that are V dependent and we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are V dependent and we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are V dependent and we get this
+from uh the form of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh the form of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh the form of this
+operator we have operators we have well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we have operators we have well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we have operators we have well
+we have spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have spin orbit
+constants which are implicitly ependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants which are implicitly ependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants which are implicitly ependent
+this is explicitly this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is explicitly this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is explicitly this is
+implicitly it's an electronic property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly it's an electronic property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly it's an electronic property
+any electronic property is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any electronic property is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any electronic property is a function of
+internuclear distance so it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internuclear distance so it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internuclear distance so it's uh
+implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly
+ependent and from allowing there to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ependent and from allowing there to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ependent and from allowing there to be
+an implicit AR dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an implicit AR dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an implicit AR dependent
+one is able to determine uh parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is able to determine uh parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is able to determine uh parameters
+that correspond to the centrifugal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspond to the centrifugal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspond to the centrifugal
+Distortion of a one also can from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion of a one also can from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion of a one also can from this
+sort of analysis before we do second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of analysis before we do second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of analysis before we do second
+order perturbation Theory we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order perturbation Theory we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order perturbation Theory we can
+determine B of V the vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine B of V the vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine B of V the vibration
+dependence of the rotational constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the rotational constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the rotational constant
+and a of V the vibration dependence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a of V the vibration dependence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a of V the vibration dependence of
+the spin orbit constant but this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin orbit constant but this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin orbit constant but this is the
+next step that you didn't know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step that you didn't know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step that you didn't know how to do
+and so that's what we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what we're going to be
+talking about and then there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and then there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and then there's going to
+be things called Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doubling uh and Lambda doubling comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling uh and Lambda doubling comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling uh and Lambda doubling comes
+from Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States so all non Sigma States interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so all non Sigma States interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so all non Sigma States interact
+with Sigma States and as a result the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Sigma States and as a result the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Sigma States and as a result the
+parody or the EF uh doubling of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody or the EF uh doubling of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody or the EF uh doubling of all
+states with Lambda not equal to Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with Lambda not equal to Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with Lambda not equal to Z is
+lifted a little bit and it's always due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifted a little bit and it's always due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifted a little bit and it's always due
+to Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States and so we're going to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and so we're going to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and so we're going to understand
+centrical Distortion centrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrical Distortion centrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrical Distortion centrical
+Distortion of constants like the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion of constants like the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion of constants like the spin
+orbit constant and Lambda doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit constant and Lambda doubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit constant and Lambda doubling
+constants uh by doing this van black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformation and for my example I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and for my example I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and for my example I'm
+going to describe exclusively douet pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to describe exclusively douet pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to describe exclusively douet pi
+and double it Sigma States because again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and double it Sigma States because again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and double it Sigma States because again
+that's the minimum complexity that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the minimum complexity that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the minimum complexity that I can
+use to illustrate all of the stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to illustrate all of the stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to illustrate all of the stuff and
+then you of course are charged with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you of course are charged with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you of course are charged with the
+responsibility of of doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility of of doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility of of doing something
+terrible uh but you know outsmarted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible uh but you know outsmarted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible uh but you know outsmarted
+myself because sex Delta States will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself because sex Delta States will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself because sex Delta States will
+have unbelievably small and unbelievably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unbelievably small and unbelievably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unbelievably small and unbelievably
+complicated Lambda doublings and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated Lambda doublings and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated Lambda doublings and I just
+don't have the heart to ask you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the heart to ask you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the heart to ask you to do
+that so but we'll we'll see I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so but we'll we'll see I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so but we'll we'll see I'm going to
+come up with something okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with something okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with something okay
+so we're going to have a procedure which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have a procedure which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have a procedure which
+is basically second order perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically second order perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically second order perturbation
+Theory and what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and what we're going to do is
+we're going to write our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write our
+hamiltonian in terms uh uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian in terms uh uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian in terms uh uh of the
+original constants that we uh that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original constants that we uh that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original constants that we uh that we
+understand and some new ones which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and some new ones which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and some new ones which are
+functions of v and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of v and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of v and J
+and uh uh these functions of so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh these functions of so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh these functions of so this
+we're going to derive these functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to derive these functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to derive these functions of
+v and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and
+J and they are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and they are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and they are going to be
+multiplying uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some Matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this looks like matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this looks like matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this looks like matrix
+multiplication it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication it
+is but it's also second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but it's also second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but it's also second order
+perturbation Theory so we have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory so we have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory so we have a a
+product of two Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two Matrix
+elements and an energy denominator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and an energy denominator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and an energy denominator and
+so all of the new things are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of the new things are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of the new things are going to be
+some explicit calcul explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some explicit calcul explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some explicit calcul explicitly
+calculated function of v andj and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated function of v andj and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated function of v andj and
+something here which we're going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here which we're going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here which we're going to call
+say P or Q or o or Lambda or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say P or Q or o or Lambda or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say P or Q or o or Lambda or
+Gamma or a D or D so this thing will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamma or a D or D so this thing will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamma or a D or D so this thing will be
+the second order parameter that enables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second order parameter that enables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second order parameter that enables
+us to define a hamiltonian that fits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to define a hamiltonian that fits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to define a hamiltonian that fits the
+Spectra to as high an accuracy as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra to as high an accuracy as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra to as high an accuracy as we
+care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care
+about and so we might have to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and so we might have to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and so we might have to generate
+more than just a first cut of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just a first cut of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just a first cut of these
+sorts of parameters but usually what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of parameters but usually what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of parameters but usually what I'm
+going to describe will be sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to describe will be sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to describe will be sufficient
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's start out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start out by
+writing the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the effective
+hamiltonian not the effective Hamilton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian not the effective Hamilton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian not the effective Hamilton
+the hamiltonian for our dou PI three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian for our dou PI three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian for our dou PI three
+Hales 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you've done we've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before and this s just means plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and this s just means plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and this s just means plus or
+minus and since we can have Sigma states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and since we can have Sigma states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and since we can have Sigma states
+of both Sigma plus and sigma minus forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both Sigma plus and sigma minus forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both Sigma plus and sigma minus forms
+even though the sigma minus ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the sigma minus ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the sigma minus ones are
+relatively rare compared to the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively rare compared to the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively rare compared to the sigma
+plus I mean they're not you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I mean they're not you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I mean they're not you're going to
+encounter them the ground state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter them the ground state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter them the ground state of
+oxygen for example is a triplet Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen for example is a triplet Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen for example is a triplet Sigma
+minus state so it's not as as rare as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus state so it's not as as rare as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus state so it's not as as rare as
+you might like but anyway we we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might like but anyway we we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might like but anyway we we just
+need to include uh that for generality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to include uh that for generality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to include uh that for generality
+okay so if we had a world in which there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we had a world in which there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we had a world in which there
+was only a doublet Pi State and a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only a doublet Pi State and a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only a doublet Pi State and a double
+Sigma State then this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma State then this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma State then this would be the
+effect of hamiltonian that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of hamiltonian that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of hamiltonian that I'm going to
+write down and you you you already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down and you you you already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down and you you you already have
+seen something like this so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen something like this so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen something like this so we have the
+energy for the vibrational level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for the vibrational level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for the vibrational level of the
+pi State and then we have a I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi State and then we have a I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi State and then we have a I'm going to
+stop putting pies on thing a over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop putting pies on thing a over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop putting pies on thing a over two
+because this is double pi 3es and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is double pi 3es and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is double pi 3es and the
+spin ofb it is a LZ s z and L is one LZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin ofb it is a LZ s z and L is one LZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin ofb it is a LZ s z and L is one LZ
+gives you Lambda of one and s z gives uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you Lambda of one and s z gives uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you Lambda of one and s z gives uh
+Sigma of a half and so we get plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma of a half and so we get plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma of a half and so we get plus a
+half a and minus a half a and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a and minus a half a and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a and minus a half a and then we
+have B I have to put a pi on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have B I have to put a pi on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have B I have to put a pi on it
+here uh y^ 2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh y^ 2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh y^ 2 -
+2 so sorry about that well what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so sorry about that well what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so sorry about that well what am I
+going to do going to move that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over you won't catch Sylvia s ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over you won't catch Sylvia s ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over you won't catch Sylvia s ever
+making a mistake on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a mistake on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a mistake on a
+Blackboard but I make mistakes on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard but I make mistakes on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard but I make mistakes on a
+Blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard
+yes yes yes see I make mistakes even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes yes see I make mistakes even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes yes see I make mistakes even
+when I'm making mistakes all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm making mistakes all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm making mistakes all right so
+uh the diagonal element here is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the diagonal element here is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the diagonal element here is going to
+be e v Pi minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be e v Pi minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be e v Pi minus
+a/2 plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a/2 plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a/2 plus b
+pi and we have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and we have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and we have just
+y^2 so already there's something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 so already there's something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 so already there's something a
+little bit alarming that somebody had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit alarming that somebody had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit alarming that somebody had to
+be clever in figuring out what goes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clever in figuring out what goes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clever in figuring out what goes here
+and it's not the same it's not BJJ + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not the same it's not BJJ + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not the same it's not BJJ + 1
+or it's not b and n+ one it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's not b and n+ one it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's not b and n+ one it's something
+different from the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the different
+omegas and uh and then for the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegas and uh and then for the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegas and uh and then for the sigma
+State we have e v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State we have e v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State we have e v
+Sigma plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma plus b
+Sigma V Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry y^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry y^
+2 minus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus or
+plus - one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus - one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus - one to the
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+y Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Okay so
+this complexity comes from the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complexity comes from the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complexity comes from the fact that
+we went to the parody basis or the EF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went to the parody basis or the EF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went to the parody basis or the EF
+basis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in we get whenever we we have states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we get whenever we we have states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we get whenever we we have states
+that go on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go on both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go on both sides
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where where the the a simple latter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where the the a simple latter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where the the a simple latter
+operator can take you from a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator can take you from a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator can take you from a positive
+value of the projection quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the projection quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the projection quantum number
+to the negative value we get this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the negative value we get this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the negative value we get this kind
+of stuff because we take the sum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff because we take the sum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff because we take the sum and
+difference of positive and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of positive and negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of positive and negative
+projection quantum numbers and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection quantum numbers and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection quantum numbers and if
+there's a term in the hamiltonian that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a term in the hamiltonian that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a term in the hamiltonian that
+can cross zero then you always get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cross zero then you always get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cross zero then you always get this
+sort of thing but it never happens here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing but it never happens here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing but it never happens here
+because you can't cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't cross
+zero uh without changing two things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh without changing two things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh without changing two things okay
+so now we have the off diagonal elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have the off diagonal elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have the off diagonal elements
+and in here we just have minus b v I *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in here we just have minus b v I *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in here we just have minus b v I *
+y^ 2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1un and again you know we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1un and again you know we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1un and again you know we have three
+different functions of the uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functions of the uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functions of the uh uh the
+rotational constant appears in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constant appears in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constant appears in three
+different places with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places with three
+different uh coefficients remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh coefficients remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh coefficients remember
+Y is J + a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is J + a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is J + a
+half and it's just convenient to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and it's just convenient to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and it's just convenient to not
+have to write j+ half all the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write j+ half all the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write j+ half all the time and
+then we have an off Matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have an off Matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have an off Matrix element
+between pi 3es and double Sigma and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between pi 3es and double Sigma and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between pi 3es and double Sigma and so
+that has to be a change in Omega of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be a change in Omega of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be a change in Omega of one
+and so it has to be entirely uh J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it has to be entirely uh J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it has to be entirely uh J
+dependent so we have and we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent so we have and we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent so we have and we have the
+term that can do that is the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that can do that is the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that can do that is the rotational
+hamiltonian and so we have this beta to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and so we have this beta to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and so we have this beta to
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+suggest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest uh
+rotation and so we have V Pi V Sigma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and so we have V Pi V Sigma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and so we have V Pi V Sigma and
+then it's 1 minus I'm sorry it's y^ 2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's 1 minus I'm sorry it's y^ 2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's 1 minus I'm sorry it's y^ 2 -
+1 square Ro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 square Ro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 square Ro
+TK okay and in this location we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK okay and in this location we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK okay and in this location we're going
+to have uh because it's pi2 we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh because it's pi2 we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh because it's pi2 we're going
+to have and we're going to go to douet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have and we're going to go to douet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have and we're going to go to douet
+sigma2 or D Sigma minus a half there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma2 or D Sigma minus a half there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma2 or D Sigma minus a half there's
+going to be a b type ter term for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a b type ter term for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a b type ter term for the
+the change in Omega and an A type term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in Omega and an A type term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in Omega and an A type term
+for the not changing Omega and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the not changing Omega and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the not changing Omega and so what
+we get here is alpha s because it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get here is alpha s because it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get here is alpha s because it could
+be a sigma Plus or a sigma minus State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a sigma Plus or a sigma minus State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a sigma Plus or a sigma minus State
+plus beta s now I've omitted the V Pi V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta s now I've omitted the V Pi V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta s now I've omitted the V Pi V
+Sigma these things are some operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma these things are some operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma these things are some operator
+times a vibrational overlap integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a vibrational overlap integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a vibrational overlap integral
+involving that but you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving that but you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving that but you don't need to
+bother with that garbage okay one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother with that garbage okay one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother with that garbage okay one that
+was just my pH D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thesis okay so this is the Matrix we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis okay so this is the Matrix we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis okay so this is the Matrix we're
+going to be using it's the double Pi dou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using it's the double Pi dou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using it's the double Pi dou
+Sigma or the pure precession hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma or the pure precession hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma or the pure precession hamiltonian
+well it isn't pure precession because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it isn't pure precession because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it isn't pure precession because I
+haven't simplified these it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't simplified these it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't simplified these it's just a
+double Pi double Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Pi double Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Pi double Sigma
+okay and we're going to use this a lot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're going to use this a lot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're going to use this a lot I
+didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+include uh spin rotation just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include uh spin rotation just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include uh spin rotation just because
+it's small and because it would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's small and because it would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's small and because it would just
+make things too tedious I didn't include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things too tedious I didn't include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things too tedious I didn't include
+spin spin because it's zero for doublet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin spin because it's zero for doublet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin spin because it's zero for doublet
+States because doublet States one spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States because doublet States one spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States because doublet States one spin
+you can't have spin spin because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have spin spin because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have spin spin because there
+only one okay so now this is the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one okay so now this is the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one okay so now this is the world
+we have the world that's divided up it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the world that's divided up it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the world that's divided up it's
+an infinite Matrix and we have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite Matrix and we have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite Matrix and we have a little
+block that's interesting and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that's interesting and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that's interesting and we have a
+very large block that's not interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large block that's not interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large block that's not interesting
+and so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's
+just indicate that this little block has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just indicate that this little block has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just indicate that this little block has
+indices M and the big block has indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices M and the big block has indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices M and the big block has indices
+n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and
+so uh we don't care about this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we don't care about this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we don't care about this because
+we're not doing any experiments on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not doing any experiments on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not doing any experiments on the
+states in this block we're all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in this block we're all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in this block we're all of our
+experiments are in this block the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are in this block the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are in this block the big
+problem is they are connected by stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is they are connected by stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is they are connected by stuff
+in here it's not zero and so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here it's not zero and so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here it's not zero and so we have to
+figure out a way to fold the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way to fold the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way to fold the effects of
+of these states into this block block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these states into this block block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these states into this block block
+and all of the stuff that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the stuff that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the stuff that we're going to
+be folding lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so you already know in a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you already know in a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you already know in a simple
+one-dimensional world how uh to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional world how uh to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional world how uh to deal
+with States far away and that's second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with States far away and that's second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with States far away and that's second
+order perturbation Theory so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order perturbation Theory so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order perturbation Theory so you know
+you're going to have things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have things like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have things like this
+you're going to have a a correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a a correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a a correction
+to the vibrational level you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the vibrational level you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the vibrational level you've done
+this you did some homeworks you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you did some homeworks you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you did some homeworks you're going
+to have Corrections that will have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have Corrections that will have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have Corrections that will have the
+form uh H Prime v v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh H Prime v v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh H Prime v v
+Prime squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime squared
+e0 V minus v0 V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 V minus v0 V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 V minus v0 V
+Prime so there are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so there are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so there are going to be
+correction terms in a one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction terms in a one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction terms in a one-dimensional
+problem which will just be from second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which will just be from second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which will just be from second
+order perturbation Theory Matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order perturbation Theory Matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order perturbation Theory Matrix element
+squared over energy difference zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over energy difference zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over energy difference zero
+order energy difference and the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order energy difference and the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order energy difference and the problem
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this
+block uh is not just a bunch of diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block uh is not just a bunch of diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block uh is not just a bunch of diagonal
+elements they're off diagonal elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements they're off diagonal elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements they're off diagonal elements
+and we have to know how to correct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to know how to correct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to know how to correct the
+off diagonal elements as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal elements as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal elements as well as the
+diagonal elements now there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements now there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements now there's an
+elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate
+procedure uh that enables us us to fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure uh that enables us us to fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure uh that enables us us to fold
+all of the effects of an infinite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the effects of an infinite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the effects of an infinite number
+of outof block States into here and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outof block States into here and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outof block States into here and it's
+basically the same thing as this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same thing as this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same thing as this with a
+tiny little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little
+generalization and I think that the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization and I think that the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization and I think that the best
+way to understand this is rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to understand this is rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to understand this is rather than
+looking at the derivation just say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the derivation just say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the derivation just say yeah
+I can sort of understand why it ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can sort of understand why it ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can sort of understand why it ought to
+come out that way and then learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out that way and then learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out that way and then learn how to
+derive the terms that implement the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the terms that implement the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the terms that implement the the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+correction and so that's what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction and so that's what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction and so that's what I'm going
+to do and if you don't like it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and if you don't like it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and if you don't like it you can
+look in my book you can you can look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in my book you can you can look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in my book you can you can look in
+analise's paper uh and Sam's paper uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analise's paper uh and Sam's paper uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analise's paper uh and Sam's paper uh
+and uh uh but okay so what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh but okay so what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh but okay so what we want to do
+is What's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vanle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformation van was a professor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation van was a professor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation van was a professor at
+heart who knew all the train schedules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart who knew all the train schedules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart who knew all the train schedules
+in the world but he also was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world but he also was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world but he also was a very
+smart man in addition to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart man in addition to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart man in addition to being
+fascinated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated by
+trains and and Japanese print block I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains and and Japanese print block I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains and and Japanese print block I
+didn't know about that but I knew about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know about that but I knew about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know about that but I knew about
+the trains because you just generally go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trains because you just generally go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trains because you just generally go
+to talk to him and he'd find the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to him and he'd find the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to him and he'd find the most
+ingenious way for you to get from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingenious way for you to get from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingenious way for you to get from here
+to there and no no train uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there and no no train uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there and no no train uh in
+Boston no from here to somewhere outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston no from here to somewhere outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston no from here to somewhere outside
+of well probably inside Boston too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well probably inside Boston too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well probably inside Boston too but
+nothing is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+top so another thing is that benle gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so another thing is that benle gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so another thing is that benle gave
+his last lecture a few years after I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his last lecture a few years after I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his last lecture a few years after I was
+a graduate student and I could have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graduate student and I could have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graduate student and I could have gone
+to it but I'm stupid but you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it but I'm stupid but you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it but I'm stupid but you're going to
+my last lectures of this class so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my last lectures of this class so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my last lectures of this class so you're
+you I don't know I don't mean to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I don't know I don't mean to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I don't know I don't mean to compare
+myself to van vck or anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself to van vck or anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself to van vck or anything like that
+but okay so the van vck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay so the van vck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay so the van vck
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was uh and we'll put a VV on it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh and we'll put a VV on it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh and we'll put a VV on it for the
+time being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time being
+and it's basically telling you what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's basically telling you what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's basically telling you what to
+do about the block that you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about the block that you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about the block that you care about
+which is the M block and you don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the M block and you don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the M block and you don't care
+about the N block or you could use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the N block or you could use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the N block or you could use some
+other symbol for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other symbol for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other symbol for
+distinguishing uh the two blocks and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing uh the two blocks and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing uh the two blocks and uh
+um and so what do you do well you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so what do you do well you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so what do you do well you have
+the zero order energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order energy
+levels and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and uh
+uh why don't I Be Clever why don't I be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why don't I Be Clever why don't I be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why don't I Be Clever why don't I be
+cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M okay so that's the same thing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay so that's the same thing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay so that's the same thing as a
+chroner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chroner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chroner
+Delta and it just said okay here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and it just said okay here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and it just said okay here's a
+constant and here's two uh a bra and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and here's two uh a bra and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and here's two uh a bra and a
+cat and if you want to take anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat and if you want to take anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat and if you want to take anything
+other than the mm Matrix element of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the mm Matrix element of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the mm Matrix element of that
+you get zero it's a it's an elegant way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get zero it's a it's an elegant way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get zero it's a it's an elegant way
+because this way you can write a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this way you can write a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this way you can write a matrix
+as an equation and I think it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an equation and I think it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an equation and I think it's called
+second quantization and it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second quantization and it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second quantization and it's kind of a
+neat thing uh okay so then the next term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat thing uh okay so then the next term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat thing uh okay so then the next term
+will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term to the first for the fir in the fir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to the first for the fir in the fir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to the first for the fir in the fir
+first power of this sorting parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first power of this sorting parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first power of this sorting parameter
+and you didn't know how to do that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you didn't know how to do that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you didn't know how to do that from
+perturbation Theory and so we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory and so we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory and so we have uh
+uh a matrix element H Prime m m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a matrix element H Prime m m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a matrix element H Prime m m
+Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that looks like
+that so this is a number and this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is a number and this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is a number and this just
+tells you where it goes in The Matrix or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you where it goes in The Matrix or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you where it goes in The Matrix or
+if you want to write this out as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to write this out as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to write this out as an
+equation okay and then the Lambda squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay and then the Lambda squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay and then the Lambda squar
+term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I don't I don't okay I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't I don't okay I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't I don't okay I'm going to do
+it I'm going to do it up here I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm going to do it up here I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm going to do it up here I don't
+want to waste a lot of space because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to waste a lot of space because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to waste a lot of space because I
+want to leave a lot of stuff okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave a lot of stuff okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave a lot of stuff okay the
+Lambda Square term and this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Square term and this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Square term and this is what you
+have to take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take on
+Faith but it looks it will look so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faith but it looks it will look so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faith but it looks it will look so much
+like what you expect from second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what you expect from second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what you expect from second order
+peration theory that I doubt that anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peration theory that I doubt that anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peration theory that I doubt that anyone
+will have a serious guilt at not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a serious guilt at not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a serious guilt at not
+deriving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving
+it okay so we have a Lambda squar over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so we have a Lambda squar over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so we have a Lambda squar over
+two and a sum Over States in the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a sum Over States in the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a sum Over States in the N
+block and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'll put out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+front so this is which Matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front so this is which Matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front so this is which Matrix element
+it's going to be and uh uh then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be and uh uh then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be and uh uh then we have
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+MN H Prime n m Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over e0 m e0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over e0 m e0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over e0 m e0
+n and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term same
+numerator same co-actor over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay so what we're doing is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so what we're doing is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so what we're doing is we have
+a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum
+now uh over all of the remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh over all of the remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh over all of the remote
+States and since we have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and since we have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and since we have two different
+initial states that are close together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial states that are close together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial states that are close together
+we write an expression which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write an expression which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write an expression which is
+symmetric in those two different states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric in those two different states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric in those two different states
+now the important thing is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the important thing is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the important thing is that these
+two terms are nearly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms are nearly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms are nearly the
+same because this is a very large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because this is a very large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because this is a very large number
+compared to em minus em
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to em minus em
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to em minus em
+Prime so what you do is you say okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so what you do is you say okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so what you do is you say okay I'm
+going to combine these two terms and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to combine these two terms and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to combine these two terms and so
+we'll get twice we'll get rid of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get twice we'll get rid of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get twice we'll get rid of this
+two here we're going to combine these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here we're going to combine these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here we're going to combine these
+and we're going to rewrite things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to rewrite things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to rewrite things and
+I'm going to commit the worst crime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to commit the worst crime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to commit the worst crime of
+all which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all which is to
+just erase something rather than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just erase something rather than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just erase something rather than uh
+write it again because I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it again because I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it again because I don't have
+room certain people would never make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room certain people would never make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room certain people would never make
+that terrible crime so we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that terrible crime so we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that terrible crime so we have uh
+e0 M plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 M plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 M plus
+e0 M Prime over two the average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 M Prime over two the average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 M Prime over two the average of the
+two it's basically this you know either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's basically this you know either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's basically this you know either
+one minus E N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus E N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus E N
+Z so we lost the two because we took two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so we lost the two because we took two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so we lost the two because we took two
+terms which are nearly the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which are nearly the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which are nearly the same and
+formally we just choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally we just choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally we just choose
+uh and it's it's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's it's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's it's a very good
+approximation and this is what you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and this is what you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and this is what you need
+to now generate all of the corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now generate all of the corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now generate all of the corrections
+to that you need to write an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that you need to write an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that you need to write an effective
+hamiltonian so you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a oh I see I wrote I started down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a oh I see I wrote I started down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a oh I see I wrote I started down here
+and I continued up here so uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I continued up here so uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I continued up here so uh you have
+the uh diagonal term the first order off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh diagonal term the first order off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh diagonal term the first order off
+diagonal term within the M Block which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal term within the M Block which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal term within the M Block which
+you already knew about that was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already knew about that was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already knew about that was already
+there and then you have the off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then you have the off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then you have the off diagonal
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+M well actually it it's General you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M well actually it it's General you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M well actually it it's General you
+could have off diagonal or diagonal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have off diagonal or diagonal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have off diagonal or diagonal and
+this is the general form okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the general form okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the general form okay so that's
+what we're going to want to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to want to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to want to deal with
+and uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have several kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have several kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have several kinds of
+terms in the hamiltonian the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in the hamiltonian the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in the hamiltonian the hamiltonian
+has not been too terribly defaced it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not been too terribly defaced it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not been too terribly defaced it's
+been kind of it's pretty bu the face we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been kind of it's pretty bu the face we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been kind of it's pretty bu the face we
+have uh rotational terms and spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh rotational terms and spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh rotational terms and spin orbit
+terms and off diagonal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and off diagonal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and off diagonal in
+rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation
+so what we're going to discover is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're
+calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating
+uh Matrix elements of the perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Matrix elements of the perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Matrix elements of the perturbation
+parameter we're going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we're going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we're going to have the
+rotational part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational part
+squared and that's going to give rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and that's going to give rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and that's going to give rise to
+uh two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two kinds of
+terms uh EF dependent terms and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms uh EF dependent terms and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms uh EF dependent terms and that
+gives Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives Lambda
+doubling and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling and and
+EF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EF
+independent and that gives rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and that gives rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and that gives rise to
+D centrifugal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D centrifugal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D centrifugal
+Distortion and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion and we
+have uh spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh spin orbit
+squared and that will give rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and that will give rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and that will give rise
+to EF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to EF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to EF
+dependent and the lamb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and the lamb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and the lamb
+doubling and E if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling and E if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling and E if
+independent that'll give rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent that'll give rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent that'll give rise
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Lambda and uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and uh a
+d those sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d those sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d those sorts of
+things and the parameter that we get I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the parameter that we get I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the parameter that we get I
+should also the Lambda doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also the Lambda doubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also the Lambda doubling
+parameter we get from spin orbit squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we get from spin orbit squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we get from spin orbit squared
+is called little o and the L the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called little o and the L the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called little o and the L the
+parameter we get from rotation squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we get from rotation squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we get from rotation squared
+is called little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called little
+q and then we have cross CS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ro and again we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ro and again we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ro and again we'll have
+EF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EF
+dependent and EF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and EF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and EF
+independent and the EF dependent again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and the EF dependent again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and the EF dependent again
+Lambda doubling and the cross term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda doubling and the cross term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda doubling and the cross term is
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+p and uh the EF independent is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and uh the EF independent is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and uh the EF independent is going to
+be gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be gamma
+as well as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as uh
+correction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry a etc here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry a etc here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry a etc here okay
+so you know that you know basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know that you know basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know that you know basically the
+Hamilton is spin orbit plus rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton is spin orbit plus rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton is spin orbit plus rotation
+rotation squared that gives rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation squared that gives rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation squared that gives rise to
+certain things spin orbit squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things spin orbit squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things spin orbit squared and
+cross terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross terms
+cross terms are really nice because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross terms are really nice because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross terms are really nice because they
+have signs in them and these things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have signs in them and these things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have signs in them and these things have
+signs suppressed and so they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs suppressed and so they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs suppressed and so they actually
+reveal things about electronic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal things about electronic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal things about electronic structure
+that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these
+can't okay so now what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't okay so now what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't okay so now what you
+do is you uh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good is you develop a diagrammatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is you develop a diagrammatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is you develop a diagrammatic
+method for keeping track of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for keeping track of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for keeping track of all the
+terms and and it's not a very elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and and it's not a very elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and and it's not a very elegant
+diagrammatic method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrammatic method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrammatic method
+uh and I call them railroad diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I call them railroad diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I call them railroad diagrams
+just because we we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because we we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because we we we
+start and we have a starting point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and we have a starting point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and we have a starting point and
+an ending point and we have many tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ending point and we have many tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ending point and we have many tracks
+to get from one to the other and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from one to the other and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from one to the other and so what
+we do is we say Okay each diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we say Okay each diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we say Okay each diagram
+describes one Matrix element one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes one Matrix element one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes one Matrix element one
+location in the M Block Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in the M Block Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in the M Block Matrix
+and so let us uh be specific let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let us uh be specific let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let us uh be specific let's
+consider double PI 12 V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider double PI 12 V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider double PI 12 V
+pi and double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and double
+PI 12 V Pi we have you know this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI 12 V Pi we have you know this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI 12 V Pi we have you know this this
+hamiltoni has uh six locations in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltoni has uh six locations in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltoni has uh six locations in it
+that we're going to have to work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to have to work through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to have to work through
+the Matrix elements for so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix elements for so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix elements for so let's start
+with one of them and so what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of them and so what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of them and so what you do is
+you you say okay these are the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you say okay these are the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you say okay these are the initial
+and final States and now what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final States and now what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final States and now what I want to
+do is list in the middle all the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is list in the middle all the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is list in the middle all the states
+to which we could conceivably get by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which we could conceivably get by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which we could conceivably get by the
+terms we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms we have
+available and so first of all you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and so first of all you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and so first of all you know
+there is no term in the hamiltonan that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no term in the hamiltonan that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no term in the hamiltonan that
+can change anything by more than one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change anything by more than one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change anything by more than one so
+you can't change Lambda by more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't change Lambda by more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't change Lambda by more than one
+you can't change Omega by more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't change Omega by more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't change Omega by more than one
+you can't change spin or Sigma and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't change spin or Sigma and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't change spin or Sigma and so
+and we're going to work basic we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to work basic we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to work basic we're
+going to consider mostly just the douet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consider mostly just the douet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consider mostly just the douet
+pi and douet sigma space so if we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and douet sigma space so if we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and douet sigma space so if we start
+here we could we could get to double Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we could we could get to double Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we could we could get to double Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hales and we could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales and we could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales and we could get
+to all vibrational levels of double Pi 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all vibrational levels of double Pi 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all vibrational levels of double Pi 3
+haves and so this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haves and so this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haves and so this is one of the
+intermediate destinations in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate destinations in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate destinations in this
+path um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can see I'm already doing let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see I'm already doing let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see I'm already doing let me let
+me do it in the same way as it appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do it in the same way as it appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do it in the same way as it appears
+in the notes so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes so that's
+one another destination would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this another destination would be double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this another destination would be double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this another destination would be double
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S V Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S V Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S V Sigma
+Prime and then there're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then there're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then there're all
+other states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but all other states are really not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all other states are really not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all other states are really not very
+interesting because most of the effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because most of the effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because most of the effects
+that we need are generated by just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need are generated by just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need are generated by just the
+double pi and double Sigma but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double pi and double Sigma but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double pi and double Sigma but you can
+extend the techniques to other states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the techniques to other states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the techniques to other states
+and in particular what other states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular what other states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular what other states
+could there be well the highest you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could there be well the highest you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could there be well the highest you
+could go would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go would be
+Delta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and
+quartet so you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartet so you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartet so you could have
+doublet Pi Sigma and Delta quartet Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublet Pi Sigma and Delta quartet Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublet Pi Sigma and Delta quartet Pi
+Sigma and Delta uh but a lot of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and Delta uh but a lot of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and Delta uh but a lot of that is
+really simple okay so then you've drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple okay so then you've drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple okay so then you've drawn
+now the uh the intermediate stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and I've drawing relatively long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I've drawing relatively long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I've drawing relatively long
+lines here because what you do here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines here because what you do here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines here because what you do here is
+you write down what is the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down what is the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down what is the Matrix
+element between this and this you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element between this and this you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element between this and this you write
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+here and here and here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here and here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here and here and
+here and then you multiply the the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then you multiply the the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then you multiply the the two
+steps and you put an appropriate energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and you put an appropriate energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and you put an appropriate energy
+denominator and that's done you're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and that's done you're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and that's done you're done
+you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got
+it and so it's a it's a tedious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so it's a it's a tedious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so it's a it's a tedious
+procedure but for diatomic molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure but for diatomic molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure but for diatomic molecules
+it's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too
+bad but it's not recommended for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad but it's not recommended for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad but it's not recommended for
+polyatomic vibrations when there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic vibrations when there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic vibrations when there's more
+than a couple of vibrational modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a couple of vibrational modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a couple of vibrational modes
+because you can get lost and uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can get lost and uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can get lost and uh uh the
+the number of possible paths is is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of possible paths is is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of possible paths is is not
+diagramm on a single piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagramm on a single piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagramm on a single piece of
+paper unless you're pretty clever and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper unless you're pretty clever and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper unless you're pretty clever and so
+this is an introduction to what is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an introduction to what is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an introduction to what is used
+for polyatomic vibrations which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for polyatomic vibrations which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for polyatomic vibrations which is
+usually called the contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called the contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called the contact
+transformation and that just means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and that just means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and that just means that
+Mr contact and Mr van vleck never spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr contact and Mr van vleck never spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr contact and Mr van vleck never spoke
+to each other and so they both thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other and so they both thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other and so they both thought
+that they invented something but Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they invented something but Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they invented something but Mr
+contact wasn't really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact wasn't really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact wasn't really a
+person he was an Amat and neelen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person he was an Amat and neelen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person he was an Amat and neelen and
+there's another person and so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another person and so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another person and so there was
+a uh a procedure developed for Di for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a procedure developed for Di for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a procedure developed for Di for
+molecule polyatomic molecules which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule polyatomic molecules which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule polyatomic molecules which is
+essentially the same as the vle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same as the vle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same as the vle
+transformation but it was used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation but it was used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation but it was used in
+slightly different ways and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different ways and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different ways and it was
+always called the contact transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always called the contact transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always called the contact transformation
+but it's basically the same thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's basically the same thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's basically the same thing but
+you would very rarely use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would very rarely use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would very rarely use these
+diagrams because there's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams because there's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams because there's so many
+possibilities okay so we have a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities okay so we have a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities okay so we have a matrix
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+here you can write the Matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can write the Matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can write the Matrix elements
+here and then you can combine them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then you can combine them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then you can combine them and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so I'm going to skip I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to skip I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to skip I'm not going to
+write them in but you have to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them in but you have to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them in but you have to be really
+careful because well for here when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because well for here when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because well for here when
+you're going between the same initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going between the same initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going between the same initial
+and final State there's no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final State there's no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final State there's no problem
+because what's here is here so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's here is here so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's here is here so you're
+just squaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just squaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just squaring
+things but if you were going say double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but if you were going say double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but if you were going say double
+Pi 1/2 to double Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi 1/2 to double Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi 1/2 to double Pi
+3s then you never have the same thing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s then you never have the same thing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s then you never have the same thing on
+the left and the right and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and the right and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and the right and you have to
+be careful to take all paths including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful to take all paths including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful to take all paths including
+the same path but in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same path but in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same path but in the opposite
+direction and so you can end up if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and so you can end up if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and so you can end up if
+you're not careful you can miss a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not careful you can miss a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not careful you can miss a term
+and you'll but it's only for the off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll but it's only for the off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll but it's only for the off
+diagonal okay so we do this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal okay so we do this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal okay so we do this and the
+second order correction to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order correction to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order correction to the
+hamiltonian in the douet pi 1/2 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+block e f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block e f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block e f
+that just comes we have a sum over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just comes we have a sum over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just comes we have a sum over the
+remote Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote Pi
+States and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and then
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+uh we we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we we get
+from uh from this we get a a b^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y4 okay from this we get a B ^2 y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y4 okay from this we get a B ^2 y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y4 okay from this we get a B ^2 y^2
+minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when we do that we see that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we do that we see that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we do that we see that we have a
+b v v Prime and we have a y4 from one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b v v Prime and we have a y4 from one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b v v Prime and we have a y4 from one of
+the terms and a y^2 - 1 from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms and a y^2 - 1 from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms and a y^2 - 1 from the
+other okay and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay and we
+have a minus a over 2^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 so that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be and then we have a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and then we have a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and then we have a cross
+term uh we have a cross term between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh we have a cross term between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh we have a cross term between the
+A over2 and the B pi and so that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A over2 and the B pi and so that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A over2 and the B pi and so that's going
+to be an a the two gets canceled because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an a the two gets canceled because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an a the two gets canceled because
+there's two of them AB y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we normally don't bother specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we normally don't bother specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we normally don't bother specify
+well we do specify Pi but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we do specify Pi but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we do specify Pi but we don't
+specify Omega because usually the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify Omega because usually the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify Omega because usually the state
+that's far away is uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's far away is uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's far away is uh uh
+um far away compared to the spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um far away compared to the spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um far away compared to the spin orbit
+splitting the vibrational interval or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting the vibrational interval or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting the vibrational interval or
+the vibration electronic interval is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibration electronic interval is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibration electronic interval is
+usually large compared to spin orbit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually large compared to spin orbit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually large compared to spin orbit so
+let's just leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay but sometimes the spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay but sometimes the spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay but sometimes the spin orbit
+is large compared to the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large compared to the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large compared to the vibrational
+invert then you have to be a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+careful okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful okay
+so that's one of the terms one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one of the terms one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one of the terms one of the
+six terms that you need to derive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six terms that you need to derive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six terms that you need to derive for
+the effective hamiltonian that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective hamiltonian that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective hamiltonian that's been
+corrected for all remote Pi States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected for all remote Pi States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected for all remote Pi States and
+all remote Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all remote Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all remote Sigma
+states and so I do that but then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and so I do that but then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and so I do that but then what
+you see is there's terms here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+whoops uh a b squ a b v v Prime squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops uh a b squ a b v v Prime squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops uh a b squ a b v v Prime squared
+over an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over an energy
+denominator and so we're going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and so we're going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and so we're going to call
+that the sum over all of them we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum over all of them we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum over all of them we're
+going to call that minus the centrifugal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call that minus the centrifugal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call that minus the centrifugal
+Distortion constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so we're going to have now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we're going to have now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we're going to have now this
+term is going to have uh minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is going to have uh minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is going to have uh minus the
+centri centrifugal Distortion constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centri centrifugal Distortion constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centri centrifugal Distortion constant
+times this function of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers and this one a s VV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and this one a s VV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and this one a s VV
+Prime uh that uh is is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh that uh is is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh that uh is is going to be
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what that's going to do is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what that's going to do is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what that's going to do is that's
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+to it's really going to have a uh V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's really going to have a uh V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's really going to have a uh V
+dependence a z v and so this will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence a z v and so this will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence a z v and so this will give
+you the V dependence of the spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the V dependence of the spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the V dependence of the spin orbit
+constant we call this and this cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we call this and this cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we call this and this cross
+term is is going to well it has the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is is going to well it has the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is is going to well it has the form
+of the Lambda doubling constant which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Lambda doubling constant which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Lambda doubling constant which is
+a an a * B and so it's going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an a * B and so it's going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an a * B and so it's going to look
+like a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term and uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and uh so we
+Define all of these things a d a z b o p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define all of these things a d a z b o p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define all of these things a d a z b o p
+q uh and uh we could Define gamma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q uh and uh we could Define gamma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q uh and uh we could Define gamma and
+Lambda if there were a Lambda uh but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda if there were a Lambda uh but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda if there were a Lambda uh but so
+they're all defined in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so we're we're not done yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we're we're not done yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we're we're not done yet
+although Mr clock says we are almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although Mr clock says we are almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although Mr clock says we are almost
+done uh so we set up this full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh so we set up this full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh so we set up this full
+Matrix and uh you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and uh you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and uh you can do
+that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh then you do some work on it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you do some work on it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you do some work on it to
+organize it and so on page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize it and so on page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize it and so on page
+six after the non-lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six after the non-lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six after the non-lecture
+stuff there is just the centrifugal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there is just the centrifugal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there is just the centrifugal
+Distortion uh I'm just the uh the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion uh I'm just the uh the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion uh I'm just the uh the second
+order constants and so the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order constants and so the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order constants and so the important
+thing to see is that in the double Pi 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to see is that in the double Pi 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to see is that in the double Pi 3
+haves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pi so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so let's just
+just look at the diagonal locations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the diagonal locations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the diagonal locations we
+have minus D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus D
+Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um notice we we call this quantity minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um notice we we call this quantity minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um notice we we call this quantity minus
+D that's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D that's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D that's positive
+this is the let's say this is the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the let's say this is the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the let's say this is the ground
+state then this is a higher state so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state then this is a higher state so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state then this is a higher state so the
+denominator is negative so if we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is negative so if we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is negative so if we call
+this thing minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing minus
+d uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d uh
+then when we put minus D over here it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when we put minus D over here it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when we put minus D over here it it
+makes uh it makes an overall negative if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes uh it makes an overall negative if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes uh it makes an overall negative if
+we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call
+this this is negative if this is minus D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is negative if this is minus D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is negative if this is minus D
+then D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then D is
+positive then we go over here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then we go over here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then we go over here and we
+have a positive D and it has the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a positive D and it has the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a positive D and it has the effect
+of making the rotational constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making the rotational constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making the rotational constant
+smaller and so that's what that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and so that's what that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and so that's what that's all
+about and so we have y to 4 - 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and so we have y to 4 - 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and so we have y to 4 - 3
+y^2 + 3 and in this location we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 + 3 and in this location we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 + 3 and in this location we have
+minus D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D
+Pi y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi y
+4 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 +
+y^2 - 1 and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+location we have minus D Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time y
+4th minus or plus 2 y cubed +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th minus or plus 2 y cubed +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th minus or plus 2 y cubed +
+y^2 so the first thing to point out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 so the first thing to point out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 so the first thing to point out is
+this doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't look
+like treating the centrifugal Distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like treating the centrifugal Distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like treating the centrifugal Distortion
+by saying oh well every place we have B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying oh well every place we have B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying oh well every place we have B
+we replace B by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we replace B by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we replace B by
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the standard textbook prescription is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the standard textbook prescription is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the standard textbook prescription is
+we replace B by B minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we replace B by B minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we replace B by B minus
+D JJ +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 and if you were to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you would get the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer I mean the expectation is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I mean the expectation is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I mean the expectation is you
+know the distal Distortion is B minus D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the distal Distortion is B minus D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the distal Distortion is B minus D
+* JJ + 1 the quantity squ because B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* JJ + 1 the quantity squ because B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* JJ + 1 the quantity squ because B
+is B the rotational energy is BJJ + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is B the rotational energy is BJJ + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is B the rotational energy is BJJ + 1
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+close it is you know each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close it is you know each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close it is you know each one of these
+has y to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has y to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has y to the
+4th but it's not the same and this plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th but it's not the same and this plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th but it's not the same and this plus
+or minus actually uh when you uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus actually uh when you uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus actually uh when you uh do
+something clever that goes away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something clever that goes away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something clever that goes away and
+gives rise to something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to something that's
+unsurprising but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsurprising but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsurprising but anyway
+so what it does what this this vanle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it does what this this vanle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it does what this this vanle
+transformation gives you the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation gives you the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation gives you the correct
+quantum number dependence of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number dependence of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number dependence of all the
+terms and it's not what you naively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and it's not what you naively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and it's not what you naively
+expect and that means it's going to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and that means it's going to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and that means it's going to fit
+better if you have something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if you have something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if you have something that's
+physically wrong but makes sense well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically wrong but makes sense well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically wrong but makes sense well
+you're going to need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need more
+parameters but if there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters but if there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters but if there's something
+that's physically right and makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's physically right and makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's physically right and makes you
+say oh I wish I wish understood why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh I wish I wish understood why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh I wish I wish understood why
+these things well you do understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things well you do understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things well you do understand
+now then you don't need as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then you don't need as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then you don't need as many
+parameters to represent the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to represent the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to represent the the
+measurements to measurement accuracy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements to measurement accuracy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements to measurement accuracy and
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+good and an knows what I call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and an knows what I call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and an knows what I call that
+parametrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrically
+parsimonious I know that too I know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious I know that too I know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious I know that too I know but
+you okay so uh I think I should stop I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so uh I think I should stop I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so uh I think I should stop I I
+just want to tell you that I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to tell you that I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to tell you that I'm not going
+to follow the the path for the next next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow the the path for the next next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow the the path for the next next
+two lectures that have been advertised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lectures that have been advertised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lectures that have been advertised
+next time I'm going to come back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time I'm going to come back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time I'm going to come back to the
+V the the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V the the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V the the vector
+model and harvest some useful stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and harvest some useful stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and harvest some useful stuff
+because I said some things but I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I said some things but I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I said some things but I didn't
+do it properly and I'm also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it properly and I'm also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it properly and I'm also going to
+talk about 3j coefficients and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about 3j coefficients and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about 3j coefficients and talk
+about angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about angular momentum
+Transformations and pattern forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations and pattern forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations and pattern forming
+quantum numbers I need to say more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers I need to say more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers I need to say more on
+that subject so Wednesday I'll do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that subject so Wednesday I'll do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that subject so Wednesday I'll do more
+on that subject these are this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that subject these are this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that subject these are this
+completely new lecture I'm writing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely new lecture I'm writing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely new lecture I'm writing it
+for you and you know there's nothing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and you know there's nothing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and you know there's nothing I
+can do from 1994 that I can use I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do from 1994 that I can use I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do from 1994 that I can use I have
+to do this and it's hard and tired and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this and it's hard and tired and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this and it's hard and tired and
+old band but I'm going to do it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old band but I'm going to do it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old band but I'm going to do it and then
+on Thursday I'm going to do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Thursday I'm going to do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Thursday I'm going to do for
+rkr and so rather than splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rkr and so rather than splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rkr and so rather than splitting
+polyatomic rotation into Thursday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic rotation into Thursday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic rotation into Thursday and
+Monday I'm going to bring in rkr with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday I'm going to bring in rkr with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday I'm going to bring in rkr with
+saving it for a rainy day and let's hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving it for a rainy day and let's hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving it for a rainy day and let's hope
+it's not raining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not raining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not raining
+but we'll use it on Thursday morning sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll use it on Thursday morning sir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll use it on Thursday morning sir
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so maybe this is philosophical question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe this is philosophical question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe this is philosophical question
+but uh why is it always better to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh why is it always better to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh why is it always better to be
+parametrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrically
+parsimonious that is to say don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious that is to say don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious that is to say don't we
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+want actual physical physicality well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want actual physical physicality well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want actual physical physicality well
+but we can't have it because physicality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can't have it because physicality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can't have it because physicality
+would involve a full-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would involve a full-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would involve a full-dimensional
+matrix and uh uh we never would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and uh uh we never would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and uh uh we never would have
+enough information in a find Spectrum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough information in a find Spectrum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough information in a find Spectrum to
+determine all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine all the
+parameters so uh if you can't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so uh if you can't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so uh if you can't have the
+full truth and nothing but the truth you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full truth and nothing but the truth you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full truth and nothing but the truth you
+back down to something which is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down to something which is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down to something which is as
+Compact and I mean you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compact and I mean you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compact and I mean you're going to have
+a uh a relatively small data set small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a relatively small data set small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a relatively small data set small
+you always want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always want
+more and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and uh and
+so you you would would like to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you would would like to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you would would like to make sure
+that every scrap of data and often you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every scrap of data and often you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every scrap of data and often you
+have state you you you don't have a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have state you you you don't have a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have state you you you don't have a a a
+contiguous block of states you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguous block of states you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguous block of states you have some
+outliers that just happen to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outliers that just happen to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outliers that just happen to you know
+come into your possession and you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into your possession and you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into your possession and you'd like
+to be able to use all of that and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to use all of that and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to use all of that and to
+extrapolate well and so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate well and so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate well and so if you have a
+bad model it's going to require more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad model it's going to require more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad model it's going to require more
+parameters to fit it and probably more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to fit it and probably more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to fit it and probably more
+parameters than your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters than your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters than your data
+justify and if you don't do that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify and if you don't do that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify and if you don't do that then
+it's going to not extrapolate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to not extrapolate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to not extrapolate or
+interpolate and so you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolate and so you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolate and so you really want to
+have built in as much truth as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have built in as much truth as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have built in as much truth as you can
+because then you get the most bang for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you get the most bang for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you get the most bang for
+the buck with your your data okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buck with your your data okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buck with your your data okay let me
+ask a related question yeah so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a related question yeah so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a related question yeah so because
+we're we're have this uh Creed that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're have this uh Creed that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're have this uh Creed that we
+fit to measurement accuracy yes imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit to measurement accuracy yes imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit to measurement accuracy yes imagine
+that I take the the same Spectrum you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I take the the same Spectrum you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I take the the same Spectrum you
+know once a decade with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know once a decade with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know once a decade with you know
+improving technology and all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving technology and all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving technology and all sorts of
+things so I get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so I get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so I get you
+know maybe an ordered maggot I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe an ordered maggot I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe an ordered maggot I don't
+really that's too much but you get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that's too much but you get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that's too much but you get more
+and more accurate spectate each each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more accurate spectate each each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more accurate spectate each each
+time does the model that one has to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time does the model that one has to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time does the model that one has to use
+to reproduce measurement accuracy sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reproduce measurement accuracy sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reproduce measurement accuracy sort
+of scale smoothly as I like increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scale smoothly as I like increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scale smoothly as I like increase
+measurement accuracy that oh I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement accuracy that oh I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement accuracy that oh I need
+another parameter now you know or or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another parameter now you know or or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another parameter now you know or or is
+there some massive there is a r there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some massive there is a r there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some massive there is a r there is
+a rational procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rational procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rational procedure
+and you you don't have to throw out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you don't have to throw out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you don't have to throw out the
+baby with the bath water never heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby with the bath water never heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby with the bath water never heard
+that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+before so yeah if your data is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so yeah if your data is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so yeah if your data is more
+extensive and more accurate you do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive and more accurate you do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive and more accurate you do have
+to include more terms in the vanelc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include more terms in the vanelc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include more terms in the vanelc
+transformation you might have to go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation you might have to go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation you might have to go to a
+higher order but the terms you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order but the terms you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order but the terms you've
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+fitted they don't I mean their values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitted they don't I mean their values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitted they don't I mean their values
+might change a little but their their uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change a little but their their uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change a little but their their uh
+structure in The Matrix is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in The Matrix is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in The Matrix is not
+changed and so uh so is is that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and so uh so is is that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and so uh so is is that really
+true yeah how do you know that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah how do you know that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah how do you know that that's
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+true well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that that that would be great if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that that would be great if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that that would be great if it
+was really true but I guess I I I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really true but I guess I I I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really true but I guess I I I want
+to know how one knows that that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how one knows that that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how one knows that that's true
+well we basically have order sorting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we basically have order sorting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we basically have order sorting and
+so uh now order sorting is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh now order sorting is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh now order sorting is uh
+a dangerous thing because it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dangerous thing because it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dangerous thing because it gives you
+the sense that you're on secure ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that you're on secure ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that you're on secure ground
+and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+because the energy denominators can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the energy denominators can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the energy denominators can be
+large or small and the things you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or small and the things you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or small and the things you're
+sorting are in the numerator and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting are in the numerator and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting are in the numerator and so you
+have to watch yourself but there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to watch yourself but there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to watch yourself but there is a
+procedure for saying okay these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure for saying okay these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure for saying okay these are the
+terms that you need to consider next and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that you need to consider next and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that you need to consider next and
+then uh order sort I mean then a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh order sort I mean then a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh order sort I mean then a little
+bit of looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of looking at the
+denominators says okay we have to cons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators says okay we have to cons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators says okay we have to cons
+we have to include a few terms of higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to include a few terms of higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to include a few terms of higher
+order that shouldn't have been there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that shouldn't have been there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that shouldn't have been there
+just because there's a subset of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because there's a subset of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because there's a subset of energy
+denominators that are anomalously small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators that are anomalously small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators that are anomalously small
+so you your your order sorting leads you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you your your order sorting leads you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you your your order sorting leads you
+to know where you have to patch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where you have to patch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where you have to patch the
+model it's not a random patch it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it's not a random patch it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it's not a random patch it's a
+very much directed patch and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much directed patch and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much directed patch and then you
+know that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you're
+uh preserving the physical nature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh preserving the physical nature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh preserving the physical nature the
+the uh dick Z like to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh dick Z like to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh dick Z like to talk about
+separating the mechanical from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the mechanical from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the mechanical from the
+magnetic properties of the parameters I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic properties of the parameters I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic properties of the parameters I
+always I like that at the beginning but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always I like that at the beginning but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always I like that at the beginning but
+I don't really know what's mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't really know what's mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't really know what's mechanical
+and what's magnetic you know really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's magnetic you know really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's magnetic you know really you
+have microscopic parameters that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have microscopic parameters that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have microscopic parameters that that uh
+and then you have these second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have these second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have these second order
+things and these second order things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and these second order things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and these second order things
+there's a lot of them but usually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of them but usually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of them but usually you
+can keep them pretty pure and so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep them pretty pure and so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep them pretty pure and so I I
+don't know whether I answered your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether I answered your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether I answered your
+question Ting answer okay always give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question Ting answer okay always give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question Ting answer okay always give a
+long-winded answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-winded answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-winded answer
+for yeah
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/R6AtInDjsrM.txt b/R6AtInDjsrM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08018eb8b3848602abdf94a64de6e34258b65c55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R6AtInDjsrM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1433 @@
+Good morning class,  nice to see you again.   
+
+I trust you had a relaxing weekend and a Happy Halloween,   
+
+whatever a Happy Halloween is.  You recall that last time we were  
+
+talking about the process of cell transformation,   
+
+and recall, what I said was that transformation represents the  
+
+conversion of a normal cell into a cancer cell.   
+
+In fact, there are a variety of traits of a cell which suggest it's  
+
+a cancer cell,  it changes its shape,   
+
+it can get along with [foralized?  growth factors.  Normal cells  
+
+require tethering to the bottom of a Petri dish in order to grow.   
+
+Cancer cells, you can put them into a semi-solid medium,   
+
+like agar, and cancer cells will often grow like this,   
+
+as colonies in suspension,  without direct tethering, without  
+
+direct adhesion to a solid,  underlying substrate.   
+
+And that, that's a trait of cancer cells, the phenotype of cancer cells,   
+
+is sometimes called,  anchorage independence.   
+
+But ultimately, the best litmus test, whether a cell is truly  
+
+transformed, is tumoraganisity,  i.e. the ability of a cell, when  
+
+plucked out of a Petri-dish like this, and implanted into a host  
+
+mouse, to actually grow into a tumor.   
+
+So there are various gradations of becoming transformed,   
+
+but tumoraganisity is the ultimate arbiter of whether or not a cell is  
+
+truly transformed.  Now, you'll recall from our  
+
+conversation last time that if you put a transformed cell,   
+
+a mixed a mono-layer of normal cells,  that the transformed cell will  
+
+overgrow the mono-layer,  it will have lost contact inhibition,   
+
+and that when viewed from above,  such a Petri-dish yields a thick  
+
+clump of cells,  which is called a focus,   
+
+plural, foci.  And I will tell you that beginning  
+
+in the late 1960's,  one began to use a variety of  
+
+different techniques,  with which to transform cancer cells  
+
+into normal cells.  One of the techniques one used was  
+
+to apply chemical carcinogens to cells, and keep in mind that we're  
+
+reserving the word,  carcinogen, for a chemical or a  
+
+physical agent that causes cancer.  Ultraviolet radiation is a  
+
+carcinogen, as are x-rays,  and there are many chemical  
+
+carcinogens, such as those in tobacco smoke.   
+
+And certain experiments in the early 1970's began to reveal that one  
+
+could get foci of transformed cells,  by applying chemical carcinogen to  
+
+the cell in-vitro,  and when I say in-vitro,   
+
+I mean growing here, in the Petri dish.  And, in fact,   
+
+one could begin to use a whole variety of different types of  
+
+carcinogens, chemical carcinogens,  and what seemed to be shared in  
+
+common between all these carcinogens was that they were all mutagenic.   
+
+By mutagenic, I clearly mean the ability to inflict damage on the  
+
+genome of the cells that were being exposed to these various compounds.   
+
+In fact, one could draw an interesting correlation because many  
+
+of these mutagenic compounds had,  also by chance, been tested in  
+
+laboratory animals for their carcinogenicity.   
+
+And so plots were derived in the mid-1970's, between the mutagenic  
+
+potential of a compound,  and the carcinogenic potential of a  
+
+compound.  And when I say a carcinogen,   
+
+how carcinogenic is a compound,  I mean, how many milligrams of this  
+
+compound does it take to make a tumor?  And so,   
+
+what one could do,  is plot over a log-log scale,   
+
+how many milligrams of a given compound was required,   
+
+or micrograms, to make a tumor in a rat or a mouse.   
+
+And, at the same time,  how mutagenic were these compounds,   
+
+i.e. how potent were they in their ability to inflict damage  
+
+on the genome?  Because it turns out,   
+
+that if this log-log scale is by orders of magnitude,   
+
+powers of ten, compounds range over at least five or six orders of  
+
+magnitude in their potency in inflicting mutations,   
+
+and similarly, in their potency in inducing tumors in mice and rats.   
+
+And what one found was the following, that there was a log-log  
+
+relationship that was roughly linear,  but there was violations to this.   
+
+Some compounds were extraordinarily mutagenic, they could create  
+
+mutations in very low doses,  and at the same time could create  
+
+tumors, they were carcinogenic in very low doses.   
+
+Other compounds required an enormous amount of material in order to  
+
+induce mutations on the abscissa,  and an enormous amount of material  
+
+in order to induce tumors on the ordinate.  And this log-log  
+
+relationship over five orders of magnitude, suggested the following  
+
+obvious idea, that carcinogens are mutagenic, and to the extent that  
+
+carcinogens are able to induce cancer, they do so through their  
+
+ability to inflict mutational damage on the cells within certain  
+
+target tissues.  And this, therefore,   
+
+obviously suggested the notion that within cancer cells,   
+
+as we said last time,  there are mutant genes,   
+
+and that these mutant genes are moreover instrumental in conferring  
+
+the transformed phenotype on the cells that carry these mutant genes.   
+
+In the, in the late 1960's and early 1970's, a man named Howard  
+
+Temin, began to use a virus called Rous sarcoma virus,   
+
+which had first been discovered in 1909 by a man named Peyton Rous.   
+
+Rous was then a professor at the Rockefeller Institute,   
+
+later the Rockefeller University,  in New York.  A Long Island chicken  
+
+farmer brought in a prized hen of his who had been growing a big  
+
+muscle tumor, or sarcoma,  in her breast muscle, and asked Rous,   
+
+the famous chicken doctor,  if he could cure this chicken,   
+
+and Rous said, thank you, cut off the hen's head,   
+
+extracted the tumor,  and ground up the tumor,   
+
+and after having homogenized the tumor, passed the homogenate  
+
+through a filter.  And this filter would trap all  
+
+cellular material,  but it would allow non-cellular  
+
+material, or material that was smaller than the size of a cell,   
+
+to pass right through.  And so,  therefore, Rous took the material  
+
+that passed through the filter,  which you can call the filtrate,   
+
+and he injected the filtrate, which passed through the filter,   
+
+into a young chick.  And what he observed thereafter was that chick  
+
+soon came down with sarcoma after a period of some months,   
+
+and when he ground up the tumor in that chick, and once again injected  
+
+into another chick, he once again got a tumor.   
+
+The fact that the agent,  which was inducing the cancer,   
+
+and could be transmitted from one animal to another,   
+
+from one chicken to the other,  was filterable, suggested it was  
+
+extremely small,  and at the time one had already  
+
+begun to appreciate the fact that there were sub-cellular infectious  
+
+agents, which we now call viruses.  And Peyton Rous made this very  
+
+important discovery in 1909,  1910, and in 1965 he was awarded a  
+
+Nobel Prize for this.  It's a rather long wait,   
+
+wouldn't you say?  So he only had to wait 55 years,   
+
+anyhow, he died a happy man,  we can only presume.  Now, what's  
+
+interesting about this is the life cycle of Rous Sarcoma virus.   
+
+As we will discuss in greater detail later, viruses are  
+
+sub-cellular particles,  they don't have their own energy  
+
+metabolism, and they parasitize on the macromolecular machinery of the  
+
+cell that they infect.  And therefore, what we can imagine  
+
+here is the following scenario,  which actually happens to be true.   
+
+A virus particle,  which is vastly smaller than a cell,   
+
+enters the cell, the virus particle carries into the cell its own genome,   
+
+and this genome,  in this case of Rous Sarcoma virus,   
+
+is single-stranded RNA, and this genome, which is carried into the  
+
+cell, carries the information for making more virus particles.   
+
+And what happens is, in the case of Rous Sarcoma virus,   
+
+as Temin later speculated in a speculation that caused him ridicule  
+
+and ostracism for many years,  that the single-stranded RNA of Rous  
+
+Sarcoma virus,  once it gets into the cell,   
+
+is reverse-transcribe, i.e. copied into DNA molecules.   
+
+So now we have double-stranded DNA,  a double-stranded DNA copy of the  
+
+viral genome, and this double-stranded DNA molecule,   
+
+which came to be called a pro-virus,  then became integrated into the host  
+
+chromosomal DNA.  So here's the host-chromosome.   
+
+And now, the pro-virus, which I'll depict here in the middle,   
+
+in white, became physically inserted as a double-stranded DNA molecule,   
+
+it was slipped right into the genome.  We now realize that any,   
+
+any of tens, of hundreds,  of millions of different sites in  
+
+the genome of the host cell.  And this pro-virus, once  
+
+established or integrated into the genome, could thereafter,   
+
+function essentially like a cellular gene, i.e. from a  
+
+molecular-biological perspective,  it was indistinguishable from a  
+
+cellular gene,  it was double-stranded DNA,   
+
+it had a promoter it carried in a promoter with it,   
+
+and it had a polyadenylation signal,  and therefore, this pro-virus  
+
+thereafter, could use,  or parasitize, the host-cell RNA  
+
+polymerase 2, to make viral messenger RNA,   
+
+on the one hand,  and progeny-genomic RNA.   
+
+Now when I say genomic,  I'm not talking about the host-cell  
+
+genome, I'm talking about the viral genome.  How big is the virus?   
+
+Well, it's about nine or ten kilo-bases in length,   
+
+so it's genome, obviously,  is vastly smaller than the 3.   
+
+mega- bases that constitute the haploid human genome.   
+
+The viral mRNA, once transcribed in the nucleus, and exported to the  
+
+cytoplasm, could make viral proteins,  and the viral proteins could then be  
+
+used to encapsidate,  and when I use the word encapsidate,   
+
+keep in mind, I never use a simple word when a polysyllabic  
+
+one is possible.  So when I, when the viral proteins  
+
+encapsidate the viral-RNA,  you get a virus particle like this,   
+
+which has virus proteins on the outside, almost on the outside,   
+
+viral RNA in the middle,  single-stranded RNA,   
+
+and this single-stranded RNA comes from the transcription of the  
+
+pro-virus that has now been integrated into the genome.   
+
+Integration is an important concept here, i.e. it becomes  
+
+covalently linked.  And this suggests to us that the  
+
+virus actually encodes several specialized proteins.   
+
+One set of specialized proteins is required for the  
+
+reverse-transcription,  and in fact, the virus actually  
+
+carries with it,  into the cell, not only its RNA,   
+
+but also, reverse transcriptase.  So if you isolate the virus particle,   
+
+it has, in addition to this coat, it has within it already reversed  
+
+transcriptase,  molecules, so that the moment that  
+
+this virion, a virion is a virus-particle.   
+
+The moment that this virion,  or virus-particle, penetrates into  
+
+the cytoplasm of the cell,  there is then, immediately,   
+
+an abundant supply of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates,   
+
+the process of reverse-transcription can begin, the double-stranded DNA  
+
+can be produced,  exported to the cytoplasm,   
+
+where a second viral protein is responsible for integrating the  
+
+resulting double-stranded reverse transcript into the  
+
+host-cell genome.  Again, that's a highly specialized  
+
+function.  The forward transcription,  we just talked about  
+
+reverse-transcription,  but the forward-transcription to  
+
+make progeny RNA,  obviously can rely on the host cell  
+
+polymerase, the virus doesn't need to make that.  The viral mRNA can be  
+
+translated by host cell ribosomes in the cytoplasm,   
+
+the virus doesn't need to make that.  Some of the viral aren't, the new  
+
+viral RNA, is genomic RNA,  which as I say, becomes encapsidated  
+
+to make progeny virus particles.  And a cell, which is infected in  
+
+this way, can suffer two fates.  It could be, as is in the case with  
+
+many viruses like this,  that the viruses, that the cell is  
+
+not actually killed by this infection, i.e.   
+
+that the cell can tolerate an infectious, an infection like this,   
+
+and therefore, if you look at such a cell, for days and weeks later,   
+
+it will be producing virus particles,  which are being released from the  
+
+cell, continuously,  continually released from the cell,   
+
+and are able then, to pass and infect yet other cells.   
+
+The alternative to this is what is called a cytopathic effect,   
+
+and the truth of the matter is,  many kinds of viruses, when they go  
+
+and infect a cell,  and they produce their progeny,   
+
+they end up killing the cell that they've infected.   
+
+So, for example, when we get infected by a cold virus,   
+
+which has a different metabolism than this one,   
+
+by the way, then the cells that are infected and produce progeny-virus  
+
+particles are rather quickly killed,  as a consequence of the infection,   
+
+which is why we have damage to our nasal mucosa.   
+
+But in this case,  in the case of Temin's virus,   
+
+actually RSV, Rous Sarcoma Virus,  that isn't the case.  And therefore,   
+
+in fact, one has RSV particles that are continually being released from  
+
+the cell.  If one looks under the electron microscope,   
+
+at the surface of a virus-infected cell, one sees structures like this.   
+
+Where here is in the green is the lipid by-layer,   
+
+the plasma membrane of the cell.  And here, in the middle,   
+
+is a viral-protein capsid,  a protein capsid like this,   
+
+encoded by the virus, and carried in the capsid is actually,   
+
+are actually, the viral-RNA molecules, and the  
+
+reverse-transcriptase molecule.  And in saying that, what I mean to  
+
+suggest to you,  is that actually the viral particle,   
+
+the virion, is slightly more complicated than I represented  
+
+it to be.  As the virus, as progeny particles  
+
+are made, they are pushed out through the plasma membrane of the  
+
+infected cell,  on which occasion,   
+
+they become enveloped with a layer of plasma membrane.   
+
+And this layer of plasma membrane is actually stolen as a patch from  
+
+the plasma membrane of the infected cell.  So in truth,   
+
+actually, a virus particle like RSV,  has some membrane around it, it has  
+
+a protein-capsid encoded by the viral mRNA, and in the middle it has  
+
+RNA and reverse transcriptase molecules.   
+
+Note, by the way,  that most viruses actually,   
+
+everything that the virus carries,  the virus has encoded in it's own  
+
+genome, in this case,  the virus has stolen, has absconded,   
+
+with a patch of plasma membrane from the infected cell.   
+
+Now what Temin observered,  several other people before him had  
+
+done so, was that when he infected a mono-layer of chicken cells with  
+
+Rous Sarcoma virus,  he was able to in fact,   
+
+observe the appearance of foci of transformed cells.   
+
+And he observed that these foci of transformed cells actually released  
+
+Rous Sarcoma Virus.  So, the infection by Rous Sarcoma  
+
+Virus, had led to the production of progeny virus particles,   
+
+which we kind of expect of a virus.  Keep in mind that if a virus can't  
+
+produce progeny,  it's out of business.   
+
+Or, to put it another way,  the only thing a virus is really  
+
+interested in,  is making more copies of itself.   
+
+So, the cells in these foci of transformants were transformed,   
+
+but they were also releasing progeny virus particles.   
+
+And if you took these virus particles, and he could isolate them  
+
+away from any contaminating cell,  the way Peyton Rous did, just by  
+
+filtering them,  or the filter will trap all of the  
+
+cells, and allow the much tinier virus particles to pass through,   
+
+then he could take these virus particles and infect another plate  
+
+of cells, and once again,  he would get foci of transformants.   
+
+And therefore, this virus was actually bipotential, it  
+
+could do two things.  It could replicate,   
+
+here I've been talking about the life cycle or the replication-cycle  
+
+of the virus, on the one hand,  and on the other hand, it could  
+
+transform cells.  And subsequent work demonstrated  
+
+that actually,  the replicated functions of Rous  
+
+Sarcoma Virus,  on the one hand,   
+
+and the transforming functions of Rous Sarcoma Virus,   
+
+on the other hand, were encoded in separable genes.   
+
+For example, Howard Temin was able to demonstrate,   
+
+and others later,  that one could get mutants of RSV  
+
+that had lost the ability to transform cells,   
+
+but could still replicate perfectly well.   
+
+And there were yet other mutants that had lost the ability to  
+
+replicate, but could transform perfectly well.   
+
+And so there were two classes of specialized genes,   
+
+one involved in replication,  the other in transformation.  In  
+
+1975 and 1976,  the laboratories of Harold Varmus  
+
+and Mike Bishop,  at University of California,   
+
+San Francisco, or UCSF, as it's called in the trade,   
+
+began to exam the origin of the viral transforming gene.   
+
+Now the viral transforming gene,  because it was assumed there was  
+
+only one of them,  the genome is so small,   
+
+it only has about ten kilo-basis,  and only enough room for three, or  
+
+four, or five,  genes in it, not a hundred or a  
+
+thousand, the viral transforming gene came to be called SRC,   
+
+S-R-C.  And what they observed was the following,   
+
+they made a radio-labeled probe,  which was specific for the SRC gene.   
+
+ And they could use the radio-labeled  
+
+probe to anneal to two kinds of viruses, wild-type Rous Sarcoma  
+
+Virus, and a deletion mutant,  I'll use the Greek -delta, a version  
+
+of Rous Sarcoma Virus,  which was lacking, which apparently  
+
+through process of genetic deletion,  was lacking the ability to transform  
+
+cells.  And that loss of ability to transform cells was ostensibly due  
+
+to the lesion of it's genome of the SRC gene.   
+
+And what they observed is that the SRC, the radio-labeled SRC probe,   
+
+as one would've hoped, was able to anneal to this wild-type genome,   
+
+but it couldn't anneal to the deletion mutant of RSV,   
+
+which had lost the SRC gene through a process of genetic deletion.   
+
+So, so far, so good.  By the way,  the fact that the SRC gene could  
+
+transform cells,  led to it's being called,   
+
+an oncogene.  The term "oncos" in Greek means, a tumor or a lump,   
+
+an oncogene therefore, was a cancer-causing gene.   
+
+And therefore,  Rous Sarcoma Virus possessed at  
+
+least one cancer-causing gene,  or oncogene.  Now the mind-blowing  
+
+result that happened shortly thereafter, was the following.   
+
+People in the Varmus-Bishop lab began to look for the origins of the  
+
+SRC oncogene of Rous Sarcoma Virus.  It turns out that the vast majority  
+
+of genes that have been in virus,  that are present in viral genomes,   
+
+have been in viral genomes, as far as we know, for the last  
+
+billion years.  i.e. we have every reason to think  
+
+that the evolutionary origins of viruses can be traced into the  
+
+distant past.  It could even be the case, some people think,   
+
+some perfectly sane people think,  that this whole retro-virus life  
+
+cycle that I just told you about,  recapitulates one of the earliest  
+
+stages of cellular evolution on the planet.  People believe now,   
+
+with ever-increasing conviction,  and keep in mind, class, people who  
+
+are convinced of something are usually wrong, in a loud voice.   
+
+But people believe with ever-increasing conviction,   
+
+that the first cells on earth actually had RNA genomes,   
+
+rather than DNA genomes, and that the invention of double-stranded DNA  
+
+genomes in cellular life forms,  came later.  And if it did, then the  
+
+conversion from an RNA to a DNA state is reflected in the modern  
+
+life cycle of Rous Sarcoma Virus,  and similar viruses, which as you  
+
+may know, have come to be called retroviruses, simply because they  
+
+transcribe their nucleic acid backwards.   
+
+So, Varmus and Bishop were interested in the origins of the SRC  
+
+oncogene that was carried by Rous Sarcoma Virus.   
+
+I say, well it probably,  the Rous Sarcoma Virus, had  
+
+antecedents, which existed thousands and millions of years ago,   
+
+and carried the SRC oncogene.  But the fact of the matter is,   
+
+the SRC, the Rous Sarcoma Virus,  had only been isolated once in the  
+
+20th century, when this very trusting, and caring,   
+
+Long Island chicken farmer came in to Peyton Rous,   
+
+hoping that Rous would cure his chicken, rather than cutting the  
+
+chicken's head off.  So what happened,   
+
+then, was the following.  They used this radiolabeled probe  
+
+to look at the DNA of infected,  RSV-infected chicken cells, and  
+
+uninfected chicken cells.  So they probed the DNA of the  
+
+infected chicken cells,  with this radiolabeled probe,   
+
+and they probed the DNA with uninfected chicken cell,   
+
+of uninfected chicken cells,  once again with this radiolabeled  
+
+probe.  And what they,   
+
+what they expected to find was the following, it's obvious,   
+
+in uninfected chicken cells you don't find any SRC,   
+
+and in infected chicken cells,  you do find SRC, because the SRC  
+
+gene has been brought into the infected cells by the infecting  
+
+viral genome.  Stands to reason,  right?  Shouldn't be any in the  
+
+uninfected cells,  after the cell's infected,   
+
+now they have a SRC, at least one copy, they may have multiple copies  
+
+of the SRC oncogene,  because I haven't really dictated  
+
+how many pro-viruses should be integrated into the genome  
+
+of an infected cell.  And what they found was puzzling,   
+
+and eventually mind-blowing.  Because they found that in the DNA  
+
+of uninfected chicken cells,  they could find a SRC gene, and  
+
+these uninfected chicken cells had never experienced Rous Sarcoma Virus  
+
+in any form, whatsoever.  And as a consequence, they began to  
+
+develop a theory,  a model, which turned out,   
+
+actually, to be right on, and the model was as follows,   
+
+that there was a retrovirus,  like Rous Sarcoma Virus, that was  
+
+the precursor of RSV,  and this retrovirus had replication  
+
+genes, but it lacked a transforming oncogene.   
+
+This retrovirus went into a chicken cell, and when it emerged from the  
+
+chicken cell, it carried not only the replication genes,   
+
+but now the SRC oncogene.  It had acquired a new gene,   
+
+which it could then use to subsequently transform other cells  
+
+that it had infected.  And this, itself, turned out to be  
+
+absolutely right.  This SRC gene was of cellular  
+
+origin, and in fact,  homologs of the SRC gene,   
+
+were present in all vertebrates,  in all chordates, in all metazoan,   
+
+there's even a distant homolog of the SRC gene that's present in  
+
+sponge cells, which are obviously rather primitive.   
+
+So this SRC gene is not a recent invention, it's been sitting around  
+
+in the eukaryotic genome,  at least in the genome of metazoan  
+
+and its precursors,  for a very long time.   
+
+It was kidnapped, picked up by the Rous Sarcoma Virus,   
+
+and subsequently exploited by the virus to transform cells that it  
+
+happened to infect.  And this acquisition and activation  
+
+of a gene was obviously a rare event,  because RSV, as I've just told you,   
+
+was only picked up once, was only generated once.   
+
+It didn't exist in nature,  and Rous Sarcoma Virus was never  
+
+seen to, go from one chicken flock to the other, like most infectious  
+
+agents.  The ecology of Rous Sarcoma Virus is not so much of interest to  
+
+us, what is of greatest interest to us in our discussion today,   
+
+is the following notion that,  within the normal genome of a  
+
+chicken cell, there exists a normal gene which came to be called a  
+
+proto-oncogene, a precursor of the,   
+
+A proto-oncogene which resides in normal chicken DNA,   
+
+and the fact that the proto-oncogene is highly conserved,   
+
+evolutionary, dictates to us that this proto-oncogene,   
+
+this SRC proto-oncogene,  must mediate essential functions,   
+
+otherwise it wouldn't long ago been lost.  In fact,   
+
+just to repeat myself,  virtually identical copies of the  
+
+SRC oncogene, proto-oncogene,  excuse me, lie, can be found in the  
+
+genomes of all vertebrates.  So, a proto-oncogene is a normal  
+
+cellular, growth-regulating gene,  which, on this occasion, became  
+
+activated, and subverted,  and converted into an active  
+
+transforming gene,  i.e. an oncogene.  So the term  
+
+-proto in this case,  implies a normal gene,   
+
+which has the potential,  under certain circumstances,   
+
+to become an active oncogene.  In the years that followed,   
+
+it's been almost 30 years now,  more than 30 proto-oncogenes have  
+
+been discovered,  by looking at retroviruses like RSV.   
+
+SRC is not the only proto-oncogene that lies in our genome,   
+
+and therefore, we begin to appreciate on the basis of this,   
+
+that our genome carries a whole repertoire of these  
+
+growth-regulating genes that,  when a retrovirus happens to swoop  
+
+in, can be activated into active oncogenes, they can be converted  
+
+into active oncogenes,  and thereafter, they can induce  
+
+cancer.  And this obviously leads to the  
+
+suggestion that the seeds of human cancer don't lie,   
+
+necessarily, on the outside of cells because most kinds of human cancers  
+
+are not caused by infecting viruses.  That was a puzzle that was already  
+
+apparent in the late-1970's.  If Rous Sarcoma Virus, or similar  
+
+viruses, could not be invoked to explain many kinds of viruses,   
+
+how could one get cancer?  And this work suggested an obvious solution.   
+
+Let's imagine that there are a repertoire of a dozen,   
+
+or two-dozen, or three-dozen,  proto-oncogenes that reside in our  
+
+normal genome,  their purpose there is not to create  
+
+cancer, their purpose is to regulate normal cell proliferation.   
+
+These genes, being genes, are subject to damage,   
+
+to mutation, and therefore we can imagine that in cases of human  
+
+cancer, where there are no viruses involved, there can be genetic  
+
+alteration of the DNA sequences of a proto-oncogene that converted  
+
+into an oncogene.  i.e chemical changes to the DNA,   
+
+mutagenic changes to the DNA, can mimic the conversion of a  
+
+proto-oncogene to an oncogene,  without any virus.  There are other  
+
+ways by which you can skin this cat.  And one experiment to demonstrate  
+
+that is the following.  Did we talk at the end of last time  
+
+about the guy who got a bladder carcinoma after 40 years of smoking?   
+
+I'm glad we did. Good.  So, let's say this person gets a,   
+
+has a bladder carcinoma, and he got the bladder carcinoma,   
+
+and it was called an EG bladder carcinoma, and he got it for reasons  
+
+we described last time,  and I can't imagine you have any  
+
+illusions about whether smoking is good or bad for you,   
+
+after last time.  But anyhow,  so, EG bladder carcinoma, pig DNA  
+
+from the tumor,  so we make tumor DNA.   
+
+And now, and by the way,  we presume correctly that viruses  
+
+have nothing to do with this particular cancer,   
+
+with the development of this cancer,  and by the way, the development of a  
+
+disease is another wonderful polysyllabic Greek word,   
+
+pathogenesis.  Pathogenesis means the study of how  
+
+a disease is caused,  what generates the disease.   
+
+So the pathogenesis of bladder carcinoma has nothing whatsoever to  
+
+do with any viruses.  Maybe it had to do with the fact  
+
+that cigarette smoke mutated genes,  mutated, proto-oncogenes in the DNA  
+
+of Mr. Jones, that happens to have been his name,   
+
+or his pseudonym,  who knows, Mr. Jones' bladder cells.   
+
+ So one takes tumor DNA here,   
+
+and one uses the procedure of transfection, where you take the DNA,   
+
+make a DNA, and you put it into normal cells, by a gene transfer,   
+
+or a transfection procedure.  So,  this is transfection,   
+
+or gene transfer, these are equally applicable names,   
+
+and what was found on this occasion was, that one got foci of  
+
+transformed cells.  And these foci, for all practical  
+
+purposes, looked just like the foci that Howard Temin had gotten years  
+
+earlier, by infecting monolayers of chicken cells, with Rous  
+
+Sarcoma Virus.  And therefore,   
+
+that suggested very strongly,  that the DNA of the bladder  
+
+carcinoma, carried within it,  an oncogene that was capable of  
+
+transforming these recipient cells,  into which the DNA had been  
+
+introduced by the transfection procedure.  It remained,   
+
+of course, to actually find that.  I'll mention to you in passing,   
+
+that one does a control experiment here.   
+
+If you take normal DNA,  you do the exact same experiment you  
+
+never get foci.  So that means, it's not as if all  
+
+human DNA carries oncogenes in it.  The normal DNA doesn't give you  
+
+foci, the DNA from the bladder carcinoma does give you foci.   
+
+And so, about 20 years ago, one actually looked at the normal DNA  
+
+and the tumor DNA,  and one came up with the following,   
+
+that the bladder carcinoma oncogene,  was about, let's say, 6KB long,   
+
+there was a corresponding,  normal proto-oncogene.   
+
+It was also 6 kilobasis long.  This was a normal DNA, this was  
+
+extracted by cloning,  gene cloning, from the genome of the  
+
+bladder carcinoma.  And having extracted it,   
+
+one then began to look at how different these two genes were from  
+
+one another.  This transformed cells,  this did not transform cells.   
+
+If one did restriction enzyme mapping, one found the identical  
+
+array of restriction enzyme sites.  So it was clear that even though  
+
+these two genes,  we can call the normal one a  
+
+proto-oncogene,  these two genes were structurally  
+
+identical, they couldn't be absolutely identical,   
+
+because biologically, they were behaving very differently.   
+
+And so, when the sequence analyses were done, it was discovered that  
+
+the difference between the normal proto-oncogene and the oncogene,   
+
+was a single point mutation, a single-base pair change.   
+
+And that single-base pair change created a potent oncogene.   
+
+And that single-based pair change,  one could show in comparable tumors,   
+
+was a somatic mutation.  Remember,  we said somatic mutations are  
+
+mutations that strike the genomes of cells in our soma,   
+
+rather than the germ line.  That somatic mutation had almost  
+
+surely had struck one of the epithelial cells lining the bladder  
+
+of Mr. Jones' urinary bladder.  How did this work?   
+
+Well, let's go back to our discussion of growth factor  
+
+receptors, you recall we talked about them last time.   
+
+Let's say, here's a growth factor receptor at the cell surface,   
+
+the growth factor receptor sends signals into the cell,   
+
+and such a sequence of signals,  where you go from a to b, to c to d,   
+
+is sometimes called a signaling pathway, sometimes it's called a  
+
+signaling cascade,  It's a molecular bucket brigade  
+
+where a passes signals to b,  passes signals to c, to do, and so  
+
+fourth, and they cross-communicate with one another to process this  
+
+incoming signal from the growth factor activated receptor.   
+
+Now it turned out that the protein product of this,   
+
+of a normal proto-oncogene,  and the bladder carcinoma oncogene,   
+
+sat right down here, in the signaling cascade,   
+
+downstream in the signaling cascade of the growth factor receptor.   
+
+And the protein product was a very interesting protein,   
+
+it was a protein, which came to be called RAS, in fact,   
+
+the original proto-oncogene had previously been associated with a  
+
+retrovirus.  But in this case,  it was clear that the activation of  
+
+the proto-oncogene to the oncogene had nothing to do whatever,   
+
+with the intervention, by a retrovirus, or by the acquisition of  
+
+a retrovirus, by a normal proto-oncogene.   
+
+So RAS has the normal,  the following normal lifestyle.   
+
+RAS normally exists in a quiet state, an inactive state,   
+
+so here's RAS, and while it's in the quiet state it binds GDP,   
+
+guanosine diphosphate, GDP.  What happens, then, is that RAS on  
+
+occasion, gets an incoming signal from some upstream activator,   
+
+and you can imagine what the upstream activator is from here.   
+
+Keep in mind, I'm only focusing now on, let's say,   
+
+component c of this signaling cascade, so an upstream activator  
+
+comes in, and impinges on RAS.  And in so doing, it wants to switch  
+
+RAS from a quiet to an activated state.  So what happens,   
+
+when RAS gets a signal from,  an upstream signal from here,   
+
+RAS will shed its GDP, and will instead, allow a GTP  
+
+to jump aboard.  So now a GTP can jump aboard,   
+
+and now RAS is in its active state up here.  And while it's in its  
+
+active state, it can emit growth stimulatory signals into the cell,   
+
+like that.  I'm not showing you exactly what it looks like,   
+
+but it can emit signals.  And this is, by the way,   
+
+called a signal transducing protein,  a protein that tranduces signals  
+
+receives signals from higher up in the cascade, and passes them on  
+
+lower into the cascade.  So it's transducing these signals,   
+
+and so RAS is put, here I should've capitalized RAS here,   
+
+so RAS is now in its active state.    
+
+It's received upstream signals,  it's shed its GDP, its bound GDP,   
+
+and while it's there, RAS passes signals on further downstream in the  
+
+pathway.  So, if want to relate it to the signaling cascade,   
+
+and we imagine that RAS is component c of this cascade,   
+
+it receives signals from b,  and then RAS passes signals onto d,   
+
+it's sitting in-between them, it's an intermediary,   
+
+it's a member of this molecular bucket-brigade.   
+
+Now what happens is that RAS is in this active state for only a period  
+
+of usually milliseconds,  and after it's in a period of this  
+
+active stage, and it's emitting growth stimulatory signals,   
+
+downstream, for a period of milliseconds, RAS does something  
+
+very interesting.  It hydrolyzes the GTP,   
+
+and when it hydrolyzes the GTP into GDP, obviously an inorganic  
+
+phosphate comes out,  RAS switches itself off,   
+
+i.e. RAS has an intrinsic GTPase activity, GTPase means  
+
+it can cleave GTP.  So it's as if there was a switch  
+
+here, and I could turn it on,  well I'm not going to mess with it  
+
+since I still haven't figured out how the switches work,   
+
+but it's as if there was a light switch here that I could switch on,   
+
+and the lights would be on for a short period of time,   
+
+and then the switch would automatically shut itself off.   
+
+A negative-feedback control to ensure that the period of activation  
+
+of the RAS protein is only a period of milliseconds,   
+
+and that the pulse of downstream signals that are released is finite,   
+
+circumscribed, limited, it's only a quantum of signals that  
+
+are released.  After which occasion,   
+
+RAS hydrolyzes it's GTP and shuts itself off.  It's a nice system,   
+
+and it actually works because, as I've told you before,   
+
+we go through ten of the sixteenth cell divisions,   
+
+with RAS proteins in our cells,  and rarely, if we lead virtuous  
+
+lives and listen to everything I've said in the last lecture,   
+
+do we ever get cancer.  So,  what happens when the RAS encoding  
+
+gene becomes mutated in cancer?  That's another one of those  
+
+questions that I'm really glad I asked, because what happens is that  
+
+the ability of the GTPase activity to function, is knocked out.   
+
+The GTPase can no longer operate,  and therefore, the ability of RAS to  
+
+shut itself off,  by cleaving GTP down to GDP,   
+
+is now compromised, and as a consequence, RAS is trapped for  
+
+extended periods of time,  for minutes and hours, and maybe  
+
+even days, in this excited signal-emitting configuration,   
+
+on which occasion, it sends out a continuous flood of signals.   
+
+In fact, we now know that the point-mutation,   
+
+which happens in the gene here,  and is seen, by the way, in about  
+
+20% of human cancers that have virtually identical point-mutations,   
+
+those, that point mutation is in the GTPase domain of the RAS protein,   
+
+that is normally responsible for cleaving GTP into GDP.   
+
+So now we can begin to get a very concrete and specific understanding,   
+
+an insight, into the mechanism by which a point mutation,   
+
+a somatic mutation, can have a dramatic effect on the ability of a  
+
+cell to grow.  Note, by the way,   
+
+that if RAS is sending signals constitutively down here,   
+
+and you may recall that the word constitutive means,   
+
+at a constant and unrelenting fashion.  So the ability of RAS,   
+
+which I depicted as residing right in here in the signaling cascade,   
+
+to send out signals unrelentingly down like this,   
+
+means that the signals up here are no longer so important.   
+
+RAS might require a brief stimulus to get into this activated state,   
+
+but then it can sit around for hours and days, pushing the cell to  
+
+proliferate.  And the subsequent exposure of a cell carrying a RAS  
+
+oncogene is now gratuitous,  it's unnecessary, because this  
+
+downstream signal emitter has gone wild, and is firing and pushing the  
+
+cell to grow unrelentingly.  Interestingly, that signal is very  
+
+critically important in pushing cells to move through the G1 phase  
+
+of their growth and division cycle.   
+
+In other words,  it's during that phase of the  
+
+division cycle,  that RAS is actually able to send  
+
+it's signals that perturb cell cycling, and push the cell to move  
+
+from G1 up to the restriction point,  and then into the remaining part of  
+
+the cell cycle.  So now we see how somatic mutations,   
+
+and we now know about dozens of such genes, can convert proto-oncogenes  
+
+to oncogenes, without the intervention of any retrovirus.   
+
+There are yet another class of genes,  which are called,   
+
+tumor suppressor genes,  and these tumor suppressor genes  
+
+operate in exactly the opposite way as proto-oncogenes and oncogenes.   
+
+The proto-oncogenes and oncogenes,  from what I've told you, you can  
+
+imagine are functioning analogously to accelerator pedals on a car,   
+
+they push the cell to proliferate and, when you have a cancer,   
+
+the accelerator pedal gets stuck to the floor.  In other words,   
+
+it's no longer well regulated.  The tumor suppressor genes work in  
+
+an opposite fashion,  as a breaking system to slow down  
+
+cell proliferation.  And, as such, tumor suppressor  
+
+genes operate to counteract,  and counterbalance, and limit,   
+
+the growth stimulatory signals that are coming from the RAS gene,   
+
+and other growth promoting genes.  So there's two sides to the coin,   
+
+indeed as you can imagine from circuit theory,   
+
+any positive signal must be counter balanced by a negative signal,   
+
+so that you end up having some kind of physical balance that is  
+
+compatible with normal,  biological function.   
+
+So these tumor suppressor genes are normally functioning as break,   
+
+break linings of a cell, if you will,  and that also describes how they  
+
+become involved in cancer.  The mutation that struck the RAS  
+
+gene caused a hyper-activation of the proto-oncogene.   
+
+The proto-oncogene was hyper-activated,   
+
+and now it began sending out an unrelenting stream of growth-stimulatory  
+
+signals.  As you can imagine,   
+
+as it is intuitively obvious,  in the case of tumor suppressor  
+
+genes, when they became involved in cancer, what kind of mutations  
+
+affect them?  Inactivating mutations.  So there's a very interesting gene,   
+
+it's called the retinoblastoma gene,  and the retinoblastoma gene,   
+
+the retinoblastoma is a rare eye-tumor of children,   
+
+it happens about 1/20,000 kids,  and the retinoblastoma gene, if you  
+
+look at the retinoblastoma gene in the genomes of tumor cells,   
+
+these are the eye cells that form the precursors,   
+
+the rods and the cones,  and other neuronal cells lining the  
+
+retina.  Here's the normal retinoblastoma  
+
+gene, and it's 190 kilo basis long.  So it's a pretty nice size gene,   
+
+it's not the biggest,  it's not the smallest.   
+
+If you look at many retinoblastoma tumors, what you find is that there  
+
+are major portions of the gene that have been just deleted.   
+
+Here I'll show you one deletion,  here's another deletion, here's a  
+
+third deletion,  sometimes the whole gene is deleted,   
+
+and cut out.  Obviously such deletions are not  
+
+enhancing the function of the retinoblastoma gene,   
+
+obviously they're wiping it out.  And therefore, we can begin to  
+
+imagine that the way that the tumor suppressor genes are recruited into  
+
+the process of forming cancer is through their elimination,   
+
+rather than through their hyper activation.  In fact,   
+
+as you might also imagine,  a cell, which has the following  
+
+genotype, RB+,  RB-, actually grows normally.   
+
+Why?  Because one of the two alleles has been inactivated,   
+
+the minus, but the other allele is still, is still active,   
+
+and still functional, and still able to create an adequately functional  
+
+break lining.  Only when a cell becomes RB- like  
+
+this, homozygous minus,  does it begin to grow uncontrollably,   
+
+because now it lacks all ability to manufacture the normally required  
+
+break lining.  And this begins,  as well, to explain certain kinds of  
+
+hereditary cancers,  because in certain individuals,   
+
+they inherit a defective allele of the RGB, and therefore,   
+
+at the moment of conception,  they have the following genotype.   
+
+Well, you'll say that's all,  that's fine, because each of their  
+
+cells has a wild-type copy of their RB gene, and a mutant,   
+
+defective copy.  And the wild-type copy, as you will correctly say,   
+
+suffices to template, to orchestrate,  to program, normal cell behavior.   
+
+Why do they then get retinoblastomas?   
+
+Because the surviving wild-type gene, or the gene copy,   
+
+the wild-type allele, can be lost with a certain,   
+
+finite probability per cell generation, through chromosomal  
+
+mistakes, accidents, or through crossing-over.   
+
+And so roughly,  one in ten to the sixth cells,   
+
+one has an event, a genetic accident,  which causes the accidental loss of  
+
+the surviving RB allele,  leaving, RB wild-type allele,   
+
+leading now to a genotype that looks like this, homozygous mutant,   
+
+or homozygous inactive, and now a rare cell in which that has happened,   
+
+now begins to proliferate uncontrollably because of the  
+
+absence of the RB break lining,  which is normally required to  
+
+control cell proliferation.  By the way, I'll tell you in passing,   
+
+without describing the gory details,  that the RB protein works at the end,   
+
+at the restriction point.  We talked about the restriction  
+
+point last time,  you remember?  The RB protein  
+
+actually prevents the cell from advancing through the restriction  
+
+point gate, unless it becomes inactivated, and then the cell can  
+
+sail through into the rest of the cell cycle.   
+
+In cells that lack the RB protein,  the guardian of the restriction  
+
+point gate is no longer there,  and therefore the gate is held open,   
+
+and cells can sail all the way through G1, in an unimpeded fashion,   
+
+without the RB protein standing at the restriction point gate and  
+
+saying, advance no further,  unless and until, certain conditions  
+
+have been satisfied.  And so we can begin to understand  
+
+that the tumor suppressor gene,  the RB gene, is able to act as a  
+
+quality control,  to ensure that cells don't  
+
+inadvertently,  inappropriately,   
+
+pass through the restriction point gate into the rest of the cell cycle.   
+
+And by now, there are 40 or 50 different kinds of tumor suppressor  
+
+genes that are found to be inactivated through various  
+
+mechanisms, in human cancers.  This was only the progenitor,   
+
+the harbinger, of those.  How many tumors does a child who's born like,   
+
+this get in his eyes, or her eyes?    
+
+Well, it might get two or three or four, in both eyes,   
+
+but that reflects the fact that there maybe a million or two million  
+
+cells in each of the retina,  which are susceptible to this loss  
+
+of the surviving wild-type gene copy.  Having heard all that,   
+
+you will ask me, well why don't they get tumors all over the body,   
+
+since it is the fact that the RB protein regulates the restriction  
+
+point gate in all cells throughout the body?   
+
+So therefore, why isn't the child who's born constitutionally,   
+
+whose genetic makeup is this,  why isn't a child like this  
+
+sensitive to developing tumors all over his or her body?   
+
+In fact, children who are born genetically with this genotype,   
+
+get retinoblastoma's with high probability early in life,   
+
+and as teenagers, they often come down with osteosarcomas,   
+
+which are tumors of the bones.  But otherwise, they don't get many  
+
+kinds of cancer,  and the answer to your question is,   
+
+I haven't the vaguest idea.  No one knows why loss of this  
+
+critical gene that plays a key role in the biology,   
+
+in the metabolism,  of all cells throughout the body,   
+
+can be lost to yield cancer in the eye and in the bone,   
+
+whereas when the same gene,  which must be lost elsewhere in  
+
+other tissues in the body are lost,  tumors do not arise.  And on that  
+
+puzzling note,  I wish you a pleasant day,   
+
+another happy Halloween, and see you on, oh yes, tomorrow is election day.   
+
+Don't forget to vote.  And remember what the mayor of  
+
+Boston once said, vote early and often.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/R6EzJKevAE8.txt b/R6EzJKevAE8.txt
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/R6EzJKevAE8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+And now we've reached the end of 6.004.
+
+Looking back, there are two ways of thinking
+about the material we've discussed, the skills
+
+we've practiced, and the designs we've completed.
+
+Starting at devices, we've worked our way
+up the design hierarchy, each level serving
+
+as building blocks for the next.
+
+Along the way we thought about design tradeoffs,
+choosing the alternatives that would make
+
+our systems reliable, efficient and easy to
+understand and hence easy to maintain.
+
+In the other view of 6.004, we created and
+then used a hierarchy of engineering abstractions
+
+that are reasonably independent of the technologies
+they encapsulate.
+
+Even though technologies change at a rapid
+pace, these abstractions embody principles
+
+that are timeless.
+
+For example, the symbolic logic described
+by George Boole in 1847 is still used to reason
+
+about the operation of digital circuits you
+and I design today.
+
+The power of engineering abstractions is that
+they allow us to reason about the behavior
+
+of a system based on the behavior of the components
+without having to understand the implementation
+
+details of each component.
+
+The advantage of viewing components as "black
+boxes" implementing some specified function
+
+is that the implementation can change as long
+as the same specification is satisfied.
+
+In my lifetime, the size of a 2-input NAND
+gate has shrunk by 10 orders of magnitude,
+
+yet a 50-year-old logic design would still
+work as intended if implemented in today's
+
+technologies.
+
+Imagine trying to build a circuit that added
+two binary numbers if you had to reason about
+
+the electrical properties of doped silicon
+and conducting metals.
+
+Using abstractions lets us limit the design
+complexity at each level, shortening design
+
+time and making it easier to verify that the
+specifications have been met.
+
+And once we've created a useful repertoire
+of building blocks, we can use them again
+
+and again to assemble many different systems.
+
+Our goal in 6.004 is to demystify how computers
+work, starting with MOSFETs and working our
+
+way up to operating systems.
+
+We hope you've understood the engineering
+abstractions we've introduced and had a chance
+
+to practice using them when completing the
+design problems offered in the labs.
+
+We also hope that you'll also understand their
+limitations and have the confidence to create
+
+new abstractions when tackling new engineering
+tasks.
+
+Good engineers use abstractions, but great
+engineers create them.
+
+principles used at each level of the design
+hierarchy.
+
+If a particular topic struck you as especially
+interesting, we hope you'll seek out a more
+
+advanced course that will let you dig deeper
+into that engineering discipline.
+
+Hundreds of thousands of engineers have worked
+to create the digital systems that are the
+
+engines of today's information society.
+
+As you can imagine, there's no end of interesting
+engineering to explore and master - so roll
+
+up your sleeves and come join in the fun!
+
+What will be the engineering challenges of
+tomorrow?
+
+Here are a few thoughts about how the future
+of computing may be very different than the
+
+present.
+
+The systems we build today have a well-defined
+notion of state:
+
+the exact digital values stored in their memories,
+produced by their logic components, and traveling
+
+along their interconnect.
+
+But computation based on the principles of
+quantum mechanics may allow us to solve what
+
+are now intractable problems using states
+described not as collections of 1's and 0's,
+
+but as interrelated probabilities that describe
+the superposition of many states.
+
+We've built our systems using voltages to
+encode information and voltage-controlled
+
+switches to perform computation, using silicon-based
+electrical devices.
+
+But the chemistry of life has been carrying
+out detailed manufacturing operations for
+
+millennia using information encoded as sequences
+of amino acids.
+
+Some of the information encoded in our DNA
+has been around for millions of years, a truly
+
+long-lived information system!
+
+Today biologists are starting to build computational
+components from biological materials.
+
+Maybe in 50 years instead of plugging in your
+laptop, you'll have to feed it :)
+
+Instead of using truth tables and logic functions,
+some computations are best performed neural
+
+networks that operate by forming appropriately
+weighted combinations of analog inputs,
+
+where the weights are learned by the system
+as it is trained using example inputs that
+
+should produce known outputs.
+
+Artificial neural nets are thought to model
+the operation of the synapses and neurons
+
+in our brains.
+
+As we learn more about how the brain operates,
+we may get many new insights into how to implement
+
+systems that are good at recognition and reasoning.
+
+Again using living organisms as useful models,
+programming may be replaced by learning, where
+
+stimulus and feedback are used to evolve system
+behavior.
+
+In other words, systems will use adaptation
+mechanisms to evolve the desired functionality
+
+rather than have it explicitly programmed.
+
+This all seems the stuff of science fiction,
+but I suspect our parents feel the same way
+
+about having conversations with Siri about
+tomorrow's weather.
+
+Thanks for joining us here in 6.004.
+
+We've enjoyed presenting the material and
+challenging you with design tasks to exercise
+
+your new skills and understanding.
+
+There are interesting times ahead in the world
+of digital systems and we can certainly use
+
+your help in inventing the future!
+
+We'd welcome any feedback you have about the
+course so please feel free leave comments
+
+in the forum.
+
+Good bye for now... and good luck in your
+future studies.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RPSt0o3yRhI.txt b/RPSt0o3yRhI.txt
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/RPSt0o3yRhI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7368 @@
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+ocw.mit.edu okay so toolkits to help
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+ align:start position:0%
+them do
+so you know when I talk to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know when I talk to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know when I talk to you about
+lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead
+users that's users naturally innovating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users that's users naturally innovating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users that's users naturally innovating
+on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their
+own and when you go and hunt for users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own and when you go and hunt for users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own and when you go and hunt for users
+via the lead user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the lead user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the lead user
+method it's almost like hunting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method it's almost like hunting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method it's almost like hunting and
+Gathering you know going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering you know going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering you know going through the
+forest the users grew on on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest the users grew on on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest the users grew on on their own
+they developed the Innovations on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they developed the Innovations on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they developed the Innovations on their
+own you had nothing to do with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own you had nothing to do with it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own you had nothing to do with it and
+you discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover
+them but there's also farming right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but there's also farming right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but there's also farming right you
+know eventually people who were hunter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know eventually people who were hunter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know eventually people who were hunter
+gatherers said well maybe instead I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gatherers said well maybe instead I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gatherers said well maybe instead I'll
+sort of grow things right here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of grow things right here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of grow things right here and so
+toolkits is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkits is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkits is that
+analog basically with toolkits for user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog basically with toolkits for user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog basically with toolkits for user
+Innovation what you do is you say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation what you do is you say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation what you do is you say I
+think I'm going to help my user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm going to help my user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm going to help my user
+innovator and I'm going to help him in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovator and I'm going to help him in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovator and I'm going to help him in a
+way that in turn links him closely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that in turn links him closely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that in turn links him closely to
+the products I can for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products I can for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products I can for example
+produce so that's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce so that's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce so that's what we're going to
+talk about today and uh I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today and uh I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today and uh I'm going to
+give you an example of a toolkit how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example of a toolkit how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example of a toolkit how
+many of you have seen Fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have seen Fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have seen Fold
+It video of Fold It fold it is very cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It video of Fold It fold it is very cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It video of Fold It fold it is very cool
+and uh that's an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's an example of a
+toolkit and also I'm going to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit and also I'm going to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit and also I'm going to ask you
+towards the end of the session to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the session to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the session to think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+whether you could design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you could design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you could design a
+toolkit for the company that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit for the company that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit for the company that you were
+with or might be with but something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with or might be with but something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with or might be with but something that
+you know well just to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know well just to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know well just to think about the
+possibility again to embed it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility again to embed it in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility again to embed it in your
+minds so what's the issue with toolkits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds so what's the issue with toolkits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds so what's the issue with toolkits
+anyway well the issue that a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway well the issue that a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway well the issue that a company
+often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+faces is that you know what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces is that you know what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces is that you know what we
+internally cannot afford to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally cannot afford to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally cannot afford to develop
+Innovations for our users even if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations for our users even if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations for our users even if they
+ask us if their demand isn't sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask us if their demand isn't sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask us if their demand isn't sufficient
+or sufficiently well understood we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sufficiently well understood we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sufficiently well understood we
+simply cannot do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply cannot do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply cannot do it for
+them and so what you typically see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so what you typically see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so what you typically see is
+companies saying well if you want x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies saying well if you want x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies saying well if you want x
+amount or more we can develop a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount or more we can develop a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount or more we can develop a special
+for you but if you want less than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you but if you want less than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you but if you want less than that
+we we can't help you at all you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can't help you at all you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can't help you at all you know
+just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+well in line with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in line with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in line with that
+pattern what you find is that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern what you find is that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern what you find is that some
+fields are strongly affected by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields are strongly affected by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields are strongly affected by this
+relative to others and a field that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to others and a field that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to others and a field that was
+very strongly affected by this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strongly affected by this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strongly affected by this was
+semiconductors basically a semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors basically a semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors basically a semiconductor
+is a powerful thing a custom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a powerful thing a custom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a powerful thing a custom
+semiconductor is wonderful for all sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor is wonderful for all sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor is wonderful for all sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+applications but they big tooling costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications but they big tooling costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications but they big tooling costs
+on this thing there costs to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this thing there costs to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this thing there costs to actually
+get ready to make a custom semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ready to make a custom semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ready to make a custom semiconductor
+their cost to design the custom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cost to design the custom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cost to design the custom
+semiconductor there issues with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor there issues with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor there issues with respect
+to understanding exactly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understanding exactly what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understanding exactly what the
+customer wants so what happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer wants so what happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer wants so what happens is that
+some companies like Intel can afford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some companies like Intel can afford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some companies like Intel can afford to
+make what's called Full custom chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make what's called Full custom chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make what's called Full custom chips
+when they make their icus these are full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they make their icus these are full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they make their icus these are full
+custom chips designed from scratch they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom chips designed from scratch they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom chips designed from scratch they
+can afford to do that because many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to do that because many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to do that because many many
+people want them but if you come to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want them but if you come to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want them but if you come to them
+and say you know what I'm I'm building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say you know what I'm I'm building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say you know what I'm I'm building a
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+toy and I'm going to build maybe 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy and I'm going to build maybe 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy and I'm going to build maybe 10,000
+of these toys and I I want the voice box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these toys and I I want the voice box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these toys and I I want the voice box
+of a robotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a robotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a robotic
+dog you know they'll say in the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog you know they'll say in the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog you know they'll say in the full
+customy you know it's like what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customy you know it's like what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customy you know it's like what you know
+we we can't do that you know we we no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can't do that you know we we no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can't do that you know we we no
+way and and then if they did do it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and and then if they did do it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and and then if they did do it they
+know damn well that what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know damn well that what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know damn well that what would happen
+next is that you'd be saying great you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is that you'd be saying great you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is that you'd be saying great you
+delivered my chip but it doesn't go woof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered my chip but it doesn't go woof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered my chip but it doesn't go woof
+woof the way I wanted it to and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woof the way I wanted it to and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woof the way I wanted it to and you say
+well darn it for 10,000 units now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well darn it for 10,000 units now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well darn it for 10,000 units now I'm
+going to go from woof woof to some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go from woof woof to some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go from woof woof to some more
+somber sounding woof woof I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somber sounding woof woof I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somber sounding woof woof I mean the
+whole thing is just useless it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing is just useless it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing is just useless it's too
+costly and so what happened in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly and so what happened in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly and so what happened in many
+fields today and in semiconductors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields today and in semiconductors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields today and in semiconductors in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+was these companies making what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was these companies making what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was these companies making what are
+called Full custom chips told people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Full custom chips told people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Full custom chips told people who
+wanted something that was not wanted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted something that was not wanted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted something that was not wanted in
+great demand to go away they said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great demand to go away they said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great demand to go away they said you
+know can't help you go away so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can't help you go away so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can't help you go away so basically
+what they could do is they could serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they could do is they could serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they could do is they could serve
+the few customers at the top who wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few customers at the top who wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few customers at the top who wanted
+something that was really in high volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was really in high volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was really in high volume
+the rest of them go away they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of them go away they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of them go away they didn't
+know where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where they
+went and it could could be some source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and it could could be some source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and it could could be some source
+of of comp competition for them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of comp competition for them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of comp competition for them or
+whatever but they just just in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but they just just in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but they just just in their
+business model they couldn't handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model they couldn't handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model they couldn't handle
+it and there was a company then called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and there was a company then called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and there was a company then called
+LSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LSI
+logic that figured out how to fill this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic that figured out how to fill this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic that figured out how to fill this
+Gap and what LSI logic did was they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap and what LSI logic did was they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap and what LSI logic did was they said
+look when you design a full custom chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look when you design a full custom chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look when you design a full custom chip
+what you've got in your company is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've got in your company is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've got in your company is
+design tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design tools
+what would happen if we made these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if we made these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if we made these
+design tools in a userfriendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design tools in a userfriendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design tools in a userfriendly
+way so the customer could do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so the customer could do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so the customer could do it for
+himself and the existing manufacturers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself and the existing manufacturers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself and the existing manufacturers
+like Fujitsu and TI said you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Fujitsu and TI said you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Fujitsu and TI said you've got to
+be out of your mind the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be out of your mind the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be out of your mind the the the the
+tools are the are the crown jewels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools are the are the crown jewels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools are the are the crown jewels of
+this business we would never want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business we would never want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business we would never want to
+give those away that's terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give those away that's terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give those away that's terrible
+idea but LSI had nothing to lose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but LSI had nothing to lose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but LSI had nothing to lose and
+there were some tools around and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some tools around and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some tools around and so they
+put them together and I will fill in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them together and I will fill in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them together and I will fill in for
+a minute there was an easier way to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute there was an easier way to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute there was an easier way to make
+something called Gator rays which allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called Gator rays which allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called Gator rays which allow
+them to do this that was devised by me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do this that was devised by me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do this that was devised by me
+and Conway but I'll get to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Conway but I'll get to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Conway but I'll get to that in a
+minute anyway they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute anyway they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute anyway they put
+together a design tool kit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a design tool kit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a design tool kit for
+users and the idea was great now what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users and the idea was great now what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users and the idea was great now what we
+can do is if a customer comes to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is if a customer comes to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is if a customer comes to us
+really wants one can't afford 10 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wants one can't afford 10 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wants one can't afford 10 million
+or to pay us the huge tooling costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to pay us the huge tooling costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to pay us the huge tooling costs
+involved we'll give them the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved we'll give them the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved we'll give them the tools
+they'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll do
+it and it's a great business for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's a great business for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's a great business for us
+because they have to go through our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have to go through our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have to go through our
+Foundry to make the design so in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundry to make the design so in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundry to make the design so in a sense
+we're Outsourcing the design to them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're Outsourcing the design to them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're Outsourcing the design to them but
+they still have to go through our cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still have to go through our cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still have to go through our cash
+register it's very much similar to when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register it's very much similar to when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register it's very much similar to when
+they first came up with supermarkets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they first came up with supermarkets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they first came up with supermarkets
+prior to supermarkets you know the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to supermarkets you know the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to supermarkets you know the stack
+sta in the store would go and pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sta in the store would go and pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sta in the store would go and pick up
+from your list each of these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your list each of these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your list each of these things and
+they put it in a basket and they'd bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put it in a basket and they'd bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put it in a basket and they'd bring
+it to you at the front counter and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you at the front counter and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you at the front counter and then
+they figured out well darn you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured out well darn you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured out well darn you know what
+you have to go through our front door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go through our front door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go through our front door
+why don't we use your labor to pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we use your labor to pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we use your labor to pick the
+stuff out of the shelves and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff out of the shelves and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff out of the shelves and then what
+we'll do is we'll charge you as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do is we'll charge you as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do is we'll charge you as you go
+out the door so they introduced this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the door so they introduced this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the door so they introduced this and
+it became a huge success I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became a huge success I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became a huge success I mean
+basically what happened was that um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what happened was that um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what happened was that um they
+were able to all of a sudden tap into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to all of a sudden tap into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to all of a sudden tap into a
+whole bunch of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+customers and the customers at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and the customers at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and the customers at the top
+of the pile who were the ones that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pile who were the ones that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pile who were the ones that were
+loved so much or at least serviced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved so much or at least serviced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved so much or at least serviced by
+the existing full Custom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existing full Custom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existing full Custom
+Companies those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys they abandoned the full Custom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys they abandoned the full Custom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys they abandoned the full Custom
+Companies they said well wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Companies they said well wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Companies they said well wait a minute
+you know we want to design our own too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we want to design our own too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we want to design our own too
+we don't want you guys holding our hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want you guys holding our hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want you guys holding our hand
+and getting it wrong we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting it wrong we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting it wrong we're going to
+design our own so that's really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design our own so that's really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design our own so that's really what
+made them pay attention I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made them pay attention I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made them pay attention I mean the
+marketers in those companies were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketers in those companies were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketers in those companies were saying
+what you don't want me to hold your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you don't want me to hold your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you don't want me to hold your hand
+and they said no we don't want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said no we don't want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said no we don't want you to
+hold our hand we want to just get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold our hand we want to just get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold our hand we want to just get the
+heck out there get some tools and build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck out there get some tools and build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck out there get some tools and build
+what we want for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want for
+ourselves so basically then a whole new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves so basically then a whole new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves so basically then a whole new
+market had been opened up by a toolkit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market had been opened up by a toolkit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market had been opened up by a toolkit
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+toolkit basic basically was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit basic basically was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit basic basically was something
+that said you know what we'll help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said you know what we'll help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said you know what we'll help you
+design it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it for
+yourself now here's the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself now here's the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself now here's the general
+principle of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of a
+toolkit the basic idea in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit the basic idea in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit the basic idea in terms of
+ordinary sort of market research find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary sort of market research find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary sort of market research find
+the need and fillet kind of activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need and fillet kind of activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need and fillet kind of activities
+that you've all been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've all been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've all been
+taught is that you have a need and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught is that you have a need and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught is that you have a need and we
+make something for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something for you
+but if there are a lot of people smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if there are a lot of people smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if there are a lot of people smaller
+markets that each have a different need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets that each have a different need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets that each have a different need
+this gets costly because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets costly because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets costly because you
+each each time somebody has a need you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each time somebody has a need you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each time somebody has a need you
+have to understand what they want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand what they want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand what they want and
+make it you know you have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it you know you have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it you know you have to understand
+the voice box for the robotic dog you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voice box for the robotic dog you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voice box for the robotic dog you
+have to understand how that works so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand how that works so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand how that works so
+that you can make a responsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can make a responsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can make a responsive
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+so what LSI noticed and what many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what LSI noticed and what many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what LSI noticed and what many people
+have since noticed like for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have since noticed like for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have since noticed like for instance
+Travelocity is my gosh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Travelocity is my gosh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Travelocity is my gosh you know
+what all the customers want the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all the customers want the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all the customers want the same
+information from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from
+me in the form of a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in the form of a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in the form of a design
+tool I can have them design their own so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool I can have them design their own so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool I can have them design their own so
+as an example just think about Trav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example just think about Trav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example just think about Trav
+velocity travel velocity it used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity travel velocity it used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity travel velocity it used to be
+maybe you don't even know this but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you don't even know this but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you don't even know this but it
+used to be that you had a travel agent I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be that you had a travel agent I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be that you had a travel agent I
+don't know if you ever had had a travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you ever had had a travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you ever had had a travel
+agent but you call up a travel agent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent but you call up a travel agent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent but you call up a travel agent in
+the old days and you say you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old days and you say you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old days and you say you know um
+gosh I got to to go to De Mo and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gosh I got to to go to De Mo and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gosh I got to to go to De Mo and then I
+got to go to Paris and then oh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go to Paris and then oh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go to Paris and then oh I think
+I'll visit uncle Oscar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll visit uncle Oscar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll visit uncle Oscar in
+Portugal and the poor travel agent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portugal and the poor travel agent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portugal and the poor travel agent is
+listening to all this yach right about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to all this yach right about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to all this yach right about
+Uncle Oscar and uh well you know do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uncle Oscar and uh well you know do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uncle Oscar and uh well you know do you
+want to stay for a long time with Uncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stay for a long time with Uncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stay for a long time with Uncle
+Oscar sort of trying to pull out all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oscar sort of trying to pull out all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oscar sort of trying to pull out all the
+information so that the producer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so that the producer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so that the producer the
+travel agent can design the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel agent can design the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel agent can design the
+trip but what is the travel agent doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip but what is the travel agent doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip but what is the travel agent doing
+the travel agent has access to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the travel agent has access to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the travel agent has access to some
+hotels to trips to plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotels to trips to plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotels to trips to plane
+flights right to the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights right to the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights right to the cost of
+them give that information to the users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them give that information to the users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them give that information to the users
+which is what Travelocity does in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what Travelocity does in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what Travelocity does in some
+userfriendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+userfriendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+userfriendly
+way and all of a sudden you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and all of a sudden you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and all of a sudden you don't have
+to know about Uncle Oscar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about Uncle Oscar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about Uncle Oscar
+anymore in other words all the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore in other words all the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore in other words all the specific
+F that the company needed about the need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F that the company needed about the need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F that the company needed about the need
+to compile a trip is no longer needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compile a trip is no longer needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compile a trip is no longer needed
+under this toolkit mode so that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this toolkit mode so that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this toolkit mode so that if you
+can do it it gets really much cheaper if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it it gets really much cheaper if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it it gets really much cheaper if
+you have a market where everybody wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a market where everybody wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a market where everybody wants
+basically the same sort of basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same sort of basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same sort of basic
+principles from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles from
+you then you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then you can do
+it okay and so that's what we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and so that's what we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and so that's what we're talking
+about here the idea is is users innovate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here the idea is is users innovate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here the idea is is users innovate
+on their own they'll innovate better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their own they'll innovate better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their own they'll innovate better
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+toolkits in a way that you can fabricate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkits in a way that you can fabricate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkits in a way that you can fabricate
+something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for
+them if you give them the design rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if you give them the design rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if you give them the design rules
+and the information they need to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the information they need to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the information they need to do it
+in a way where they don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way where they don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way where they don't have to be
+specialist in a userfriendly way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialist in a userfriendly way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialist in a userfriendly way right
+so you have possibly when you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have possibly when you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have possibly when you've been
+enormously impatient leaned over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously impatient leaned over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously impatient leaned over the
+counter and looked at what the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter and looked at what the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter and looked at what the American
+Airlines or whatever person is doing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines or whatever person is doing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines or whatever person is doing on
+their computer have you ever seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their computer have you ever seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their computer have you ever seen that
+screen just masses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen just masses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen just masses of
+numbers not userfriendly but if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers not userfriendly but if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers not userfriendly but if you look
+at Trav velocity or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Trav velocity or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Trav velocity or something like that
+all of a sudden that same information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden that same information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden that same information
+has been converted into a userfriendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been converted into a userfriendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been converted into a userfriendly
+form okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this process has been progressively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this process has been progressively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this process has been progressively
+repeated in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated in many
+Industries and so now now you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries and so now now you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries and so now now you wouldn't
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+recognize the change that has occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the change that has occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the change that has occurred
+over the last 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 20
+years basically it's amazing so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years basically it's amazing so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years basically it's amazing so first
+there were these full custom chips then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were these full custom chips then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were these full custom chips then
+there were user designed chips that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were user designed chips that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were user designed chips that
+manufacturers produced and those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers produced and those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers produced and those were
+called like as6 application specific uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called like as6 application specific uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called like as6 application specific uh
+what is it IC integrated circuits uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it IC integrated circuits uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it IC integrated circuits uh and
+now their eoms basically something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now their eoms basically something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now their eoms basically something where
+you can program it yourself in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can program it yourself in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can program it yourself in the field
+it's gotten cheaper and cheaper and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gotten cheaper and cheaper and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gotten cheaper and cheaper and now
+you see things on the web like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this designing your own chips the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this designing your own chips the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this designing your own chips the
+Silicon variety that's something you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon variety that's something you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon variety that's something you do
+with Millions if not billions of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Millions if not billions of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Millions if not billions of dollars
+of equipment and large Fab plants well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equipment and large Fab plants well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equipment and large Fab plants well
+isn't it actually no you can design your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it actually no you can design your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it actually no you can design your
+own chips at home with a PC using no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own chips at home with a PC using no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own chips at home with a PC using no
+more than 50 bucks worth of equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 50 bucks worth of equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 50 bucks worth of equipment
+and I'm going to tell you how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to tell you how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to tell you how to do it
+just think what a huge transition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think what a huge transition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think what a huge transition that
+is just enormous it converts something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just enormous it converts something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just enormous it converts something
+which was a technology that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a technology that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a technology that was
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+inaccessible to users because it was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible to users because it was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible to users because it was so
+specialized into something that any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized into something that any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized into something that any one
+of us can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us can
+do tremendously empowering and as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do tremendously empowering and as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do tremendously empowering and as long
+as that company can still sell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that company can still sell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that company can still sell you the
+eom the specialized chip or whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eom the specialized chip or whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eom the specialized chip or whatever the
+company benefits too they get to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company benefits too they get to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company benefits too they get to sell
+more chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more chips
+okay now so again why Asic customization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so again why Asic customization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so again why Asic customization
+is cheaper with toolkits because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cheaper with toolkits because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cheaper with toolkits because there
+are many users and you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many users and you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many users and you don't have to
+understand their information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand their information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand their information
+anymore okay so now let's go to how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore okay so now let's go to how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore okay so now let's go to how do
+you design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+toolkit there are two major tasks and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit there are two major tasks and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit there are two major tasks and in
+the end what I'm going to ask you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end what I'm going to ask you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end what I'm going to ask you to do
+is think about whether you can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is think about whether you can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is think about whether you can figure
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+out in the case of your own company or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the case of your own company or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the case of your own company or
+some example remember again I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some example remember again I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some example remember again I always
+keep telling you that unless you play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep telling you that unless you play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep telling you that unless you play
+with it yourselves you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it yourselves you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it yourselves you're not going to
+sort of have a good handle on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have a good handle on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have a good handle on it and
+good feel for it so I'm going to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good feel for it so I'm going to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good feel for it so I'm going to ask you
+now there are two tasks the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are two tasks the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are two tasks the first one is
+to separate out development tasks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separate out development tasks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separate out development tasks that
+are need information intensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are need information intensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are need information intensive and
+assign only those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign only those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign only those to
+users okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the next one is to develop the tools but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one is to develop the tools but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one is to develop the tools but
+let's take the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first that's a gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that's a gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that's a gate
+array now a gate array is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array now a gate array is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array now a gate array is
+something that's really a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's really a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's really a tremendous
+architectural change in how you design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural change in how you design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural change in how you design
+semiconductors and I will give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors and I will give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors and I will give you a
+much more user friendly example in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more user friendly example in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more user friendly example in a
+minute in terms of pizzas but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute in terms of pizzas but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute in terms of pizzas but let's
+stick with gatoray for the moment say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with gatoray for the moment say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with gatoray for the moment say no
+let's get to the pizza godamn It Anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get to the pizza godamn It Anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get to the pizza godamn It Anyway
+let's stick with the gatoray for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stick with the gatoray for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stick with the gatoray for the
+moment so there's a lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so there's a lot of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so there's a lot of information
+in designing a chip this would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in designing a chip this would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in designing a chip this would be a
+daunting task for any user right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daunting task for any user right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daunting task for any user right that
+would be really hard you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really hard you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really hard you know you have
+to know what a chip is you have to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what a chip is you have to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what a chip is you have to sort
+of know something about designing Gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know something about designing Gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know something about designing Gates
+and solid state and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solid state and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solid state and so on and so forth
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+mess two people me and way figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess two people me and way figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess two people me and way figured out
+that if you created a chip that had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you created a chip that had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you created a chip that had it
+on it these digital logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it these digital logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it these digital logic
+elements these are logic gates ands ores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements these are logic gates ands ores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements these are logic gates ands ores
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+on nand Gates you can use them in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on nand Gates you can use them in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on nand Gates you can use them in any
+way that's where all the semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's where all the semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's where all the semiconductor
+expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise
+resides that's where you need solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resides that's where you need solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resides that's where you need solid
+state physics folks to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state physics folks to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state physics folks to figure out how to
+make them small how to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them small how to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them small how to make them
+fast and what Meen Conway showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and what Meen Conway showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and what Meen Conway showed
+basically is that you can design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is that you can design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is that you can design
+anything based on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything based on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything based on those
+Gates that has to do with digital logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates that has to do with digital logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates that has to do with digital logic
+you can design a dishwasher controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can design a dishwasher controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can design a dishwasher controller
+you can design artificial life you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can design artificial life you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can design artificial life you know
+anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in
+between so what's happened here well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so what's happened here well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so what's happened here well if
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+case where's the need specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where's the need specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where's the need specific
+information the need specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the need specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the need specific
+information the information that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the information that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the information that the
+customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer
+has is simply how to interconnect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has is simply how to interconnect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has is simply how to interconnect
+those that what determines whether these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that what determines whether these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that what determines whether these
+Gat arays are the voice box for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gat arays are the voice box for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gat arays are the voice box for a
+robotic dog or artificial life it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic dog or artificial life it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic dog or artificial life it's the
+interconnections you do not have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections you do not have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections you do not have to know
+anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+semiconductors at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors at
+all and if you think think about it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and if you think think about it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and if you think think about it too
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+analogy to what I told you about Trav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to what I told you about Trav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to what I told you about Trav
+velocity the same thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity the same thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity the same thing is
+true in Trav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in Trav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in Trav
+velocity you don't have to know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity you don't have to know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity you don't have to know how to
+fly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly a
+plane you don't have to know if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane you don't have to know if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane you don't have to know if it's
+made out of metal or chocolate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of metal or chocolate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of metal or chocolate you
+simply have to know what it costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply have to know what it costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply have to know what it costs and
+whether you can sit down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can sit down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can sit down
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so these tools then neatly separated out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these tools then neatly separated out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these tools then neatly separated out
+and made a small task out of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made a small task out of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made a small task out of the things
+that the user would have to do and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the user would have to do and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the user would have to do and so
+that is what LSI logic gave users tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what LSI logic gave users tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what LSI logic gave users tools
+to do they didn't give them tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do they didn't give them tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do they didn't give them tools to
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+semiconductors they gave them tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors they gave them tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors they gave them tools to
+interconnect logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect logic
+elements and that turned out to be easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and that turned out to be easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and that turned out to be easy
+to do in a language that the engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in a language that the engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in a language that the engineers
+understood which was Boolean algebra so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood which was Boolean algebra so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood which was Boolean algebra so
+you just did it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now therefore the first thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now therefore the first thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now therefore the first thing that you
+have to think about in effect is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about in effect is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about in effect is how do
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simplify the tools so that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the tools so that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the tools so that a
+user can do it how do you simplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user can do it how do you simplify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user can do it how do you simplify the
+overall task I'm going to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall task I'm going to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall task I'm going to show you a
+video right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now and it's amazing video in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and it's amazing video in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and it's amazing video in that
+regard because it's a about it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard because it's a about it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard because it's a about it's called
+folded and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded and it's
+about people who are figuring out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people who are figuring out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people who are figuring out how
+proteins can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins can
+fold and the toolkit has been designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold and the toolkit has been designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold and the toolkit has been designed
+by scientists who want to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by scientists who want to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by scientists who want to understand the
+functioning of proteins in the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning of proteins in the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning of proteins in the body
+which is determined by how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is determined by how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is determined by how they
+fold and the computers can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold and the computers can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold and the computers can't really
+figure out minimum energy folding people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out minimum energy folding people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out minimum energy folding people
+are pretty good at that but a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty good at that but a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty good at that but a lot of
+people don't know anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't know anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't know anything about
+proteins so what they did was they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins so what they did was they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins so what they did was they
+designed a toolkit and a game called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed a toolkit and a game called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed a toolkit and a game called
+fold it that gives the users just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold it that gives the users just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold it that gives the users just the
+information they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information they
+need without any knowledge of chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need without any knowledge of chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need without any knowledge of chemistry
+or anything else to do this task okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything else to do this task okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything else to do this task okay
+and it's very cool so the reason I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very cool so the reason I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very cool so the reason I'm
+showing you this is that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you this is that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you this is that it is
+possible in most cases to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in most cases to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in most cases to design
+something where you give the user just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you give the user just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you give the user just
+the simple task the user needs to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple task the user needs to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple task the user needs to do
+okay it's very cool watch this this is 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minutes it's amazing both in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes it's amazing both in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes it's amazing both in terms of
+engaging people I mean one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging people I mean one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging people I mean one of the things
+that uh uh you know I mean one has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh you know I mean one has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh you know I mean one has to
+learn about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about is
+gamification where what you're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamification where what you're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamification where what you're doing is
+you're making it more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making it more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making it more and more
+interesting to do something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to do something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to do something and
+therefore drawing in people into real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore drawing in people into real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore drawing in people into real
+word tasks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word tasks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word tasks that are
+useful um but specifically here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful um but specifically here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful um but specifically here the
+point that we need is that that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that we need is that that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that we need is that that is a
+complicated thing which has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing which has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing which has been
+made into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made into a
+toolkit that users who know nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit that users who know nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit that users who know nothing
+about protein chemistry can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about protein chemistry can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about protein chemistry can
+use and so when you get to your issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and so when you get to your issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and so when you get to your issue
+just like this one here ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this one here ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this one here ended up
+designing a product in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a product in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a product in such a way that
+the user could do what the user had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user could do what the user had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user could do what the user had to
+do to solve the user's own problem what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to solve the user's own problem what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to solve the user's own problem what
+I'm going to ask you to think about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ask you to think about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ask you to think about is
+again how to sort of take out the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again how to sort of take out the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again how to sort of take out the things
+that are user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contentree and not trouble the user with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contentree and not trouble the user with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contentree and not trouble the user with
+them and give them only the stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and give them only the stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and give them only the stuff that
+has a user content okay so now let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here the next thing is what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the next thing is what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the next thing is what does the
+user have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user have to
+do okay what is a toolkit what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay what is a toolkit what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay what is a toolkit what what
+should the content be to help the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the content be to help the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the content be to help the user
+do what the user needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what the user needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what the user needs to
+do and basically what's going on here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and basically what's going on here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and basically what's going on here is
+that you need something to carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need something to carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need something to carry out
+trial and error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial and error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial and error
+design you need to be able to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design you need to be able to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design you need to be able to try
+something and see if it's right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and see if it's right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and see if it's right and
+change it if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it if it's
+not in the case you just saw of fold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the case you just saw of fold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the case you just saw of fold it
+what was happening was you were trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was happening was you were trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was happening was you were trying
+things out and it was showing you by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out and it was showing you by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out and it was showing you by
+whether something stayed red or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether something stayed red or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether something stayed red or whether
+the energy dropped and so on whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy dropped and so on whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy dropped and so on whether you
+were right or not or sort of right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were right or not or sort of right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were right or not or sort of right or
+getting on the path towards right now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting on the path towards right now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting on the path towards right now it
+turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that
+every problem solving task has this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every problem solving task has this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every problem solving task has this sort
+of structure to it that is you design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structure to it that is you design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structure to it that is you design
+something you build it you test out your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you build it you test out your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you build it you test out your
+solution you analyze Your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you analyze Your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you analyze Your
+solution and then you go back around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and then you go back around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and then you go back around
+again if the solution is not what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if the solution is not what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if the solution is not what you
+hoped it would be the way this is termed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped it would be the way this is termed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped it would be the way this is termed
+in the literature is kind of confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature is kind of confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature is kind of confusing
+it's termed trial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's termed trial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's termed trial and
+error what trial and error means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error what trial and error means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error what trial and error means is that
+you design something that contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you design something that contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you design something that contains
+everything that you think needs to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you think needs to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you think needs to be in
+there you think it's the solution you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you think it's the solution you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you think it's the solution you do
+your best and then you build it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your best and then you build it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your best and then you build it and you
+run it and the error in your that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it and the error in your that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it and the error in your that you
+discover by your analysis is the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover by your analysis is the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover by your analysis is the part
+that you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you didn't
+expect right it can be a positive error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect right it can be a positive error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect right it can be a positive error
+wow that works even better than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow that works even better than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow that works even better than I
+thought can be a negative error it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought can be a negative error it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought can be a negative error it's a
+part you did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you did not
+expect so now just to get a sense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this you can do it in your head or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can do it in your head or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can do it in your head or you
+can do it with elaborate laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it with elaborate laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it with elaborate laboratory
+equipment so for example if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment so for example if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment so for example if you're
+trying to do a semiconductor you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do a semiconductor you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do a semiconductor you'll
+design it in CAD and you'll make it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it in CAD and you'll make it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it in CAD and you'll make it and
+you'll test did and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll test did and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll test did and so on and so forth
+trial and error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial and error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial and error
+learning but you do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning but you do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning but you do the same thing
+whenever you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you think about
+things that are problems so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are problems so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are problems so here's a
+question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for
+you and just watch your own thinking as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and just watch your own thinking as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and just watch your own thinking as
+you think about what to do and see if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what to do and see if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what to do and see if it
+doesn't follow this pattern okay I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't follow this pattern okay I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't follow this pattern okay I want
+you to think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think of a
+way to have a sit down dinner for 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to have a sit down dinner for 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to have a sit down dinner for 50
+people in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apartment now notice what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment now notice what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment now notice what's going
+through your hand right it's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your hand right it's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your hand right it's like you
+imagine something right well I imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine something right well I imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine something right well I imagine
+50 people crowded into my apartment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 people crowded into my apartment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 people crowded into my apartment
+maybe they won't fit okay so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they won't fit okay so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they won't fit okay so what's
+going on there is you're saying I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there is you're saying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there is you're saying I
+imagine 50 people just sitting down no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine 50 people just sitting down no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine 50 people just sitting down no
+no room you know that's your analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no room you know that's your analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no room you know that's your analysis
+and so you go back around and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you go back around and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you go back around and you say
+well what can I do so who's got two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what can I do so who's got two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what can I do so who's got two or
+three Cycles they can explain to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Cycles they can explain to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Cycles they can explain to us
+who's got an example of two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's got an example of two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's got an example of two or three
+cycles that you went through in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles that you went through in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles that you went through in this
+problem yeah um I live in a studio on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yeah um I live in a studio on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yeah um I live in a studio on
+campus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and
+so room so then I cyle to use another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so room so then I cyle to use another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so room so then I cyle to use another
+room okay so you you live on a studio on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room okay so you you live on a studio on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room okay so you you live on a studio on
+campus and you couldn't have 50 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and you couldn't have 50 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and you couldn't have 50 people
+in there um now notice I didn't say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there um now notice I didn't say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there um now notice I didn't say that
+they had to be there all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to be there all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to be there all at
+once right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once right
+I okay this gets harder they can sit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay this gets harder they can sit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay this gets harder they can sit on
+the floor right but you're cycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor right but you're cycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor right but you're cycling
+through okay so that's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through okay so that's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through okay so that's the idea
+now if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you think
+about the case of Trav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the case of Trav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the case of Trav
+velocity that's a toolkit because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity that's a toolkit because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity that's a toolkit because what
+you can do is you say I want to go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is you say I want to go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is you say I want to go on
+this trip and you try it out and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trip and you try it out and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trip and you try it out and you say
+no that's too long you know it shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's too long you know it shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's too long you know it shows you
+the length it shows you the price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length it shows you the price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length it shows you the price and
+you say no that won't work I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say no that won't work I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say no that won't work I'm going to
+try again what if I go through Munich or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try again what if I go through Munich or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try again what if I go through Munich or
+whatever and you try it again right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and you try it again right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and you try it again right it's
+giving you the information now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the information now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the information now if you
+think about the Dell website where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the Dell website where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the Dell website where it's
+construct your own computer that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct your own computer that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct your own computer that's not a
+toolkit how many of you ever used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit how many of you ever used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit how many of you ever used the
+Dell website have you to quote design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell website have you to quote design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell website have you to quote design
+your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own
+computer what it does is it says to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer what it does is it says to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer what it does is it says to you
+how much RAM do you want for example it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much RAM do you want for example it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much RAM do you want for example it
+asks you a series of questions how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks you a series of questions how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks you a series of questions how much
+RAM do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM do you want
+and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't
+know right you don't know how much RAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right you don't know how much RAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right you don't know how much RAM
+the programs you're using take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the programs you're using take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the programs you're using take
+up so their default that they hope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so their default that they hope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so their default that they hope for
+is uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh a
+lot right then they say well how big a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot right then they say well how big a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot right then they say well how big a
+disc do you want you say uh you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc do you want you say uh you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc do you want you say uh you don't
+know how much stuff is there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much stuff is there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much stuff is there uh
+humongous right and you go on in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humongous right and you go on in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humongous right and you go on in this
+fashion but you have no way to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion but you have no way to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion but you have no way to test
+whether your decisions or choices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether your decisions or choices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether your decisions or choices are
+the right ones and reboot before you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right ones and reboot before you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right ones and reboot before you buy
+it right they deliver it to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right they deliver it to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right they deliver it to you and
+you're sort of stuck with it if they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of stuck with it if they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of stuck with it if they had
+turned it into a toolkit for trial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned it into a toolkit for trial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned it into a toolkit for trial and
+error learning what they would have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error learning what they would have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error learning what they would have done
+was say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was say
+okay you say you want this much RAM you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you say you want this much RAM you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you say you want this much RAM you
+say you want this size of a of of a disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you want this size of a of of a disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you want this size of a of of a disc
+let's a computer at Dell to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's a computer at Dell to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's a computer at Dell to run
+exactly that way now upload some tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that way now upload some tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that way now upload some tasks
+and run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and run
+them and then now go for the next size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then now go for the next size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then now go for the next size
+of RAM and let's run it again oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RAM and let's run it again oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RAM and let's run it again oh you
+saved 10 seconds is that worth it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved 10 seconds is that worth it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved 10 seconds is that worth it to you
+you're getting some way some tools just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting some way some tools just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting some way some tools just
+like in the case of foldit where you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the case of foldit where you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the case of foldit where you had
+red areas you're getting tools to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red areas you're getting tools to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red areas you're getting tools to let
+you understand whether what you did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand whether what you did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand whether what you did was
+on the right path for you or not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right path for you or not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right path for you or not so
+that's the idea of a toolkit it has in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea of a toolkit it has in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea of a toolkit it has in
+it that kind of of of design create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that kind of of of design create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that kind of of of design create a
+prototype take a prototype for a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype take a prototype for a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype take a prototype for a test
+drive compare expected and actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive compare expected and actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive compare expected and actual
+results and iterate if you don't so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and iterate if you don't so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and iterate if you don't so this
+is if you don't if you're not satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you don't if you're not satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you don't if you're not satisfied
+with the results so this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the results so this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the results so this is something
+you have to think about when you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think about when you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think about when you give
+users a toolkit you're giving them tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users a toolkit you're giving them tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users a toolkit you're giving them tools
+to actually try stuff and see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually try stuff and see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually try stuff and see what the
+answer is now the next step that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is now the next step that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is now the next step that people
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+is they say well you know the trouble is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they say well you know the trouble is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they say well you know the trouble is
+that the user is an idiot EG the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the user is an idiot EG the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the user is an idiot EG the user
+does not understand our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+language so what you have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so what you have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so what you have to understand
+and think about is not to teach your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about is not to teach your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about is not to teach your
+language to the customer so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language to the customer so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language to the customer so that they
+can use your toolkit but rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use your toolkit but rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use your toolkit but rather
+understand the language the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the language the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the language the customer
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+uses so this is an example my daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses so this is an example my daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses so this is an example my daughter
+when she was eight uh she's now 20 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she was eight uh she's now 20 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she was eight uh she's now 20 but
+when she was eight she contributed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she was eight she contributed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she was eight she contributed this
+with great pride and I've kept it ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with great pride and I've kept it ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with great pride and I've kept it ever
+since uh this is the Barbie hair styler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh this is the Barbie hair styler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh this is the Barbie hair styler
+okay and uh uh my daughter's name is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh my daughter's name is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh my daughter's name is not
+Jess but anyway that's that's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jess but anyway that's that's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jess but anyway that's that's the uh
+that's that's whatever uh my daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's whatever uh my daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's whatever uh my daughter
+doesn't look like that either but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like that either but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like that either but anyway
+so the idea of that toolkit is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea of that toolkit is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea of that toolkit is that you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+over here what you have is a virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here what you have is a virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here what you have is a virtual
+comb and a virtual brush and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comb and a virtual brush and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comb and a virtual brush and you can
+change the colors so all the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the colors so all the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the colors so all the variables
+that are in a hairstyle are under your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in a hairstyle are under your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in a hairstyle are under your
+control and the tools are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and the tools are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and the tools are things that
+you're familiar with like a comb and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with like a comb and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with like a comb and a
+brush and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brush and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brush and
+scissors and so then what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors and so then what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors and so then what you do is you
+put your face into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your face into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your face into that
+thing and then you can design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then you can design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then you can design a
+hairstyle now why is that useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairstyle now why is that useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairstyle now why is that useful and
+that is now in some professional uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is now in some professional uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is now in some professional uh
+salons too that's useful because in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salons too that's useful because in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salons too that's useful because in this
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+producers being told the need by users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers being told the need by users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers being told the need by users
+doesn't work very well okay so I go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work very well okay so I go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work very well okay so I go up
+to a hair if I had here I would go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a hair if I had here I would go up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a hair if I had here I would go up to
+a hair stylist or you would go up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hair stylist or you would go up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hair stylist or you would go up to a
+hair stylist and you would say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair stylist and you would say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair stylist and you would say something
+very useful you'd say something precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful you'd say something precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful you'd say something precise
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+like I want a haircut that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I want a haircut that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I want a haircut that's
+businesslike yet casual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the designer would say oh right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the designer would say oh right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the designer would say oh right I
+know exactly what you mean and he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what you mean and he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what you mean and he would
+go cut cut cut snip snip snip and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go cut cut cut snip snip snip and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go cut cut cut snip snip snip and of
+course what happens is your hair is wet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what happens is your hair is wet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what happens is your hair is wet
+during this process so you can't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this process so you can't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this process so you can't even
+see what's going on and at the end of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's going on and at the end of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's going on and at the end of it
+he says VOA Madame or sir and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says VOA Madame or sir and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says VOA Madame or sir and you say
+something like you have ruined my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you have ruined my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you have ruined my
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+right now what's the issue there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what's the issue there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what's the issue there the
+issue is that you were not given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is that you were not given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is that you were not given the
+opportunity to do trial and error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to do trial and error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to do trial and error
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+and if you asked The hairir Stylist well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you asked The hairir Stylist well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you asked The hairir Stylist well
+couldn't you do that he'd say no the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't you do that he'd say no the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't you do that he'd say no the
+customer does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer does not
+understand layer cutting and all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand layer cutting and all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand layer cutting and all these
+things that I know how could I possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I know how could I possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I know how could I possibly
+you know have the customer design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know have the customer design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know have the customer design a
+haircut but what you do instead is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haircut but what you do instead is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haircut but what you do instead is you
+say but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but
+wait what is the customer's language the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait what is the customer's language the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait what is the customer's language the
+customer's language is looking in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer's language is looking in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer's language is looking in a
+mirror and deciding whether they like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and deciding whether they like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and deciding whether they like it
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+not and responding in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and responding in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and responding in some way
+lengthening shortening it doing whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengthening shortening it doing whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengthening shortening it doing whatever
+they're doing right so their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing right so their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing right so their
+language is something that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is something that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is something that they're
+perfectly able to do you know they style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly able to do you know they style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly able to do you know they style
+it they know what a comb and a brush and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they know what a comb and a brush and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they know what a comb and a brush and
+a scissors are they they look they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scissors are they they look they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scissors are they they look they
+change their minds they go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forth and what you can then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and what you can then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and what you can then do
+is once that styling has been done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is once that styling has been done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is once that styling has been done and
+the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer
+satisfied you can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied you can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied you can have the
+program turn it into structions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program turn it into structions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program turn it into structions
+instructions like layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions like layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions like layer
+cutting you don't have to do it right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting you don't have to do it right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting you don't have to do it right so
+You' said to the customer never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You' said to the customer never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You' said to the customer never
+mind the stuff you don't know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind the stuff you don't know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind the stuff you don't know we're
+going to build a toolkit that allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build a toolkit that allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build a toolkit that allows you
+to use your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use your own
+language now here's a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language now here's a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language now here's a slightly more
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+example this is a user toolkit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is a user toolkit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is a user toolkit in the
+case of flavors and this is an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one the story there and the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the story there and the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the story there and the problem is
+that there are many customers just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are many customers just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are many customers just like
+for Trav velocity but it has always been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Trav velocity but it has always been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Trav velocity but it has always been
+a highly technical field okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a highly technical field okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a highly technical field okay so the
+design of of of flavors is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of of of flavors is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of of of flavors is something
+that flavorists study years to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flavorists study years to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flavorists study years to do
+they're chemists and at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're chemists and at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're chemists and at the same time
+they have a one ful sense of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a one ful sense of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a one ful sense of of the
+ability to combine flavors and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to combine flavors and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to combine flavors and so on and
+so forth and they sort of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and they sort of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and they sort of do
+that and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they have
+customers who have in their mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers who have in their mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers who have in their mind
+something they want quite specific a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they want quite specific a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they want quite specific a
+taste but they can't explain it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste but they can't explain it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste but they can't explain it to the
+designer so they come in and they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer so they come in and they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer so they come in and they say
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+like I want something that tastes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I want something that tastes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I want something that tastes like
+the peach I ate an elzas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+or I want something with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gusto and so what the chemists do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gusto and so what the chemists do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gusto and so what the chemists do is
+they turn to each other and say uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they turn to each other and say uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they turn to each other and say uh do
+you suppose that's butyric acid I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suppose that's butyric acid I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suppose that's butyric acid I mean
+you know what what what what is Gusto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what what what is Gusto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what what what is Gusto
+right very difficult so what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right very difficult so what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right very difficult so what you want to
+do is something like Trav velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is something like Trav velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is something like Trav velocity
+namely you want to transfer in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely you want to transfer in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely you want to transfer in a
+userfriendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+userfriendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+userfriendly
+fashion to the customer a way to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion to the customer a way to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion to the customer a way to design
+his own flavors but you can't teach him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own flavors but you can't teach him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own flavors but you can't teach him
+about the chemistry that's hopeless and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the chemistry that's hopeless and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the chemistry that's hopeless and
+any way you don't want to because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way you don't want to because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way you don't want to because you
+want to keep that proprietary so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep that proprietary so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep that proprietary so what do
+you do this is what they did this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this is what they did this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this is what they did this is now
+particularly a strawberry and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly a strawberry and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly a strawberry and these are
+the notes of a strawberry a strawberry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes of a strawberry a strawberry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes of a strawberry a strawberry
+has flavor notes now normally when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has flavor notes now normally when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has flavor notes now normally when you
+were designing this inside the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were designing this inside the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were designing this inside the firm
+these flavor notes would be under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these flavor notes would be under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these flavor notes would be under
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+names but what they did this is if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names but what they did this is if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names but what they did this is if a
+company that is the biggest in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that is the biggest in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that is the biggest in the
+flavor business is they did a survey of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor business is they did a survey of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor business is they did a survey of
+their customers and they said taste this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their customers and they said taste this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their customers and they said taste this
+and tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell me what
+it's what term it is to you and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what term it is to you and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what term it is to you and so they
+would taste it and they would say fruity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would taste it and they would say fruity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would taste it and they would say fruity
+or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like
+that and then what you do is you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then what you do is you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then what you do is you take
+those notes this is now a fighter chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those notes this is now a fighter chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those notes this is now a fighter chart
+where that red thing is something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that red thing is something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that red thing is something where
+you can increase the amount of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can increase the amount of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can increase the amount of each
+flavor note by pulling the red thing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor note by pulling the red thing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor note by pulling the red thing out
+the more you pull it the more intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you pull it the more intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you pull it the more intense
+that particular note is and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular note is and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular note is and what they
+then did is they said okay so we'll name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then did is they said okay so we'll name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then did is they said okay so we'll name
+it your way and you just pull those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it your way and you just pull those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it your way and you just pull those
+things out and we will fabricate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out and we will fabricate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out and we will fabricate the
+flavor and you taste it okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor and you taste it okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor and you taste it okay so the
+customer is just like when he's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer is just like when he's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer is just like when he's doing
+travel it and saying I think I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel it and saying I think I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel it and saying I think I'll go
+through Munich no I think I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Munich no I think I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Munich no I think I'll go
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+Milan What's Happening Here is I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milan What's Happening Here is I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milan What's Happening Here is I think I
+want something with a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something with a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something with a little bit more
+fruity taste no I don't now that I taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruity taste no I don't now that I taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruity taste no I don't now that I taste
+it I want a little more of the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I want a little more of the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I want a little more of the green
+taste or whatever it might be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste or whatever it might be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste or whatever it might be okay
+converted now those people have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted now those people have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted now those people have to do
+nothing and know nothing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and know nothing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and know nothing about
+chemistry and it's a marvelous toolkit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and it's a marvelous toolkit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and it's a marvelous toolkit
+from the point of view of the producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of the producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of the producer
+because they get to keep Secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they get to keep Secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they get to keep Secret
+the actual chemicals that are used right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual chemicals that are used right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual chemicals that are used right
+so it's just simply user design IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just simply user design IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just simply user design IP
+protected and so on now what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected and so on now what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected and so on now what's going on
+underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the
+toolkit what's going on just like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit what's going on just like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit what's going on just like in the
+case of Tri velocity is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of Tri velocity is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of Tri velocity is a lot of
+stuff stuff that the user doesn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff stuff that the user doesn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff stuff that the user doesn't need
+to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know
+about so for example one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so for example one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so for example one of the
+dimensions on some of these flavors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions on some of these flavors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions on some of these flavors is
+Jammy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jammy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jammy
+which is a I guess I'm assuming it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a I guess I'm assuming it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a I guess I'm assuming it
+tastes like jam I'm not sure but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tastes like jam I'm not sure but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tastes like jam I'm not sure but anyway
+jamess so the user has a lever there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamess so the user has a lever there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamess so the user has a lever there
+right remember this thing here one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember this thing here one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember this thing here one of
+these notes now would be jaming and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notes now would be jaming and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notes now would be jaming and the
+user simply pulls it out and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user simply pulls it out and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user simply pulls it out and you'll
+notice that over here there's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that over here there's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that over here there's the other
+thing the user wants to know which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the user wants to know which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the user wants to know which is
+how much does it cost so it's Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much does it cost so it's Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much does it cost so it's Computing
+the cost underneath as well so that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost underneath as well so that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost underneath as well so that now
+I get it tastes good good and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get it tastes good good and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get it tastes good good and I can
+afford this you know it's it's uh like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford this you know it's it's uh like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford this you know it's it's uh like a
+$100 a pound or whatever it might be or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 a pound or whatever it might be or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 a pound or whatever it might be or
+an ounce or whatever it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ounce or whatever it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ounce or whatever it might
+be but what's going on underneath well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but what's going on underneath well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but what's going on underneath well
+what's going underneath is not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going underneath is not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going underneath is not that
+you're just adding more and more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just adding more and more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just adding more and more of a
+particular chemical to make a flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular chemical to make a flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular chemical to make a flavor
+note what's happening is that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note what's happening is that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note what's happening is that if you're
+a skilled flavorist flavorist what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a skilled flavorist flavorist what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a skilled flavorist flavorist what you
+know is that the degree of jamess as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that the degree of jamess as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that the degree of jamess as it
+goes up there's an area here a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up there's an area here a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up there's an area here a range of
+flavor system a and it only works over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor system a and it only works over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor system a and it only works over
+here and then it's if you keep cranking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it's if you keep cranking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it's if you keep cranking
+up the Jamin it starts to taste burnt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the Jamin it starts to taste burnt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the Jamin it starts to taste burnt
+something else happens and so you switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else happens and so you switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else happens and so you switch
+over to flavor system B and maybe to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to flavor system B and maybe to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to flavor system B and maybe to
+flavor system C and flavor system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor system C and flavor system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor system C and flavor system
+D all of that is invisible to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D all of that is invisible to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D all of that is invisible to the
+user but it's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user but it's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user but it's going on
+underneath so that you're pulling on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath so that you're pulling on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath so that you're pulling on
+this note here and what's happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this note here and what's happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this note here and what's happening is
+suddenly it switches from A to B and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly it switches from A to B and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly it switches from A to B and B
+is more expensive suddenly the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more expensive suddenly the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more expensive suddenly the formula
+cost jumps up that's all you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost jumps up that's all you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost jumps up that's all you have to
+know it's giving you the stuff you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's giving you the stuff you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's giving you the stuff you need
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+know it's simplifying what is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's simplifying what is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's simplifying what is actually
+great complexity in these things yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great complexity in these things yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great complexity in these things yes
+what something that's friendly to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what something that's friendly to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what something that's friendly to some
+of users is also not friendly some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of users is also not friendly some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of users is also not friendly some other
+us especially the large grp large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us especially the large grp large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us especially the large grp large
+populations should some kind of on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations should some kind of on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations should some kind of on the
+Fly approach on they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fly approach on they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fly approach on they
+are what will happen yeah so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what will happen yeah so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what will happen yeah so you're
+asking what if you don't what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what if you don't what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what if you don't what if
+different users have different languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different users have different languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different users have different languages
+or it's unfriendly to some and friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's unfriendly to some and friendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's unfriendly to some and friendly
+to others so what happens is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to others so what happens is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to others so what happens is that the
+users are always giving you feedback on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users are always giving you feedback on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users are always giving you feedback on
+the toolkit so you can't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toolkit so you can't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toolkit so you can't necessarily
+predict all that so what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict all that so what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict all that so what you do is you
+choose an area where the customer really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose an area where the customer really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose an area where the customer really
+cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares
+so that he'll go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that he'll go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that he'll go through the
+difficulties of a nent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties of a nent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties of a nent
+toolkit and then what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit and then what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit and then what you do is you
+improve it with suggestions and you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it with suggestions and you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it with suggestions and you sort
+of expand out to other customer groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expand out to other customer groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expand out to other customer groups
+and so on it's a work in progress It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on it's a work in progress It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on it's a work in progress It's
+iterative okay but that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative okay but that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative okay but that's a very good
+question now we're going to get up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now we're going to get up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now we're going to get up
+to how you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how you can do it
+okay so here's what I propose that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's what I propose that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's what I propose that you
+do I want you to think now what have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want you to think now what have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want you to think now what have I
+told you I've told you you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you I've told you you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you I've told you you have to do
+you want to separate out all the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to separate out all the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to separate out all the stuff
+you can separate out that doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can separate out that doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can separate out that doesn't have
+anything to do with the user right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with the user right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with the user right you
+want to just pull out those tasks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just pull out those tasks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just pull out those tasks that
+have to do with the user's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with the user's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with the user's
+need then you want to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need then you want to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need then you want to give the
+user the tools to do that in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user the tools to do that in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user the tools to do that in their
+language so what I want you to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so what I want you to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so what I want you to do is
+think about that and I'll give you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that and I'll give you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that and I'll give you one
+more example okay we're in a room here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more example okay we're in a room here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more example okay we're in a room here
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+and in this room you and I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this room you and I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this room you and I know the
+functional face of this room much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional face of this room much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional face of this room much better
+than does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than does the
+architect we live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect we live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect we live in
+it right so we're in this room and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so we're in this room and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so we're in this room and you
+might say to yourself ah I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say to yourself ah I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say to yourself ah I'd like
+something a little different here I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little different here I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little different here I I
+let's just say I'd like the ceiling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say I'd like the ceiling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say I'd like the ceiling a
+little higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little higher
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+technology of Structural Engineering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of Structural Engineering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of Structural Engineering is
+cut and dried just for building this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut and dried just for building this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut and dried just for building this
+size totally cut and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size totally cut and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size totally cut and
+dried so you could just like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dried so you could just like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dried so you could just like in the
+flavor story you could just take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor story you could just take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor story you could just take an
+image of this room push up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of this room push up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of this room push up the
+ceiling and all the computations would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling and all the computations would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling and all the computations would
+go on in the background and it say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on in the background and it say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on in the background and it say okay
+so we have to put in bigger beams or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to put in bigger beams or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to put in bigger beams or
+whatever it might be and the cost will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it might be and the cost will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it might be and the cost will
+be such and such such and such and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be such and such such and such and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be such and such such and such and the
+consequences will be that and that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences will be that and that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences will be that and that and
+you don't have to know Structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to know Structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to know Structural
+Engineering right so most anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering right so most anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering right so most anything you
+think about when you think about it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when you think about it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when you think about it from
+the functional point of view the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional point of view the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional point of view the user
+already has a language that's how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already has a language that's how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already has a language that's how they
+deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with
+it so that's what you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that's what you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that's what you want to think
+about okay so identify a type of product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay so identify a type of product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay so identify a type of product
+where you know it pretty well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know it pretty well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know it pretty well you can
+say where the demand for customization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say where the demand for customization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say where the demand for customization
+is strong that's where this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strong that's where this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strong that's where this would be
+helpful and then think about the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful and then think about the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful and then think about the tools
+your firm already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your firm already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your firm already
+has right so the firm already has Tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has right so the firm already has Tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has right so the firm already has Tools
+in there when when I come in and ask my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there when when I come in and ask my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there when when I come in and ask my
+engineers in a company to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers in a company to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers in a company to design
+something they turn to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they turn to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they turn to their
+tools right they say okay I've got a CAD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools right they say okay I've got a CAD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools right they say okay I've got a CAD
+program for this I've got that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program for this I've got that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program for this I've got that and that
+and that and that fine maybe you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and that fine maybe you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and that fine maybe you can
+convert those so that they are user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert those so that they are user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert those so that they are user
+friendly how would you adapt the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly how would you adapt the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly how would you adapt the basic
+product type to separate out need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product type to separate out need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product type to separate out need
+intensive tasks for user customization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive tasks for user customization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive tasks for user customization
+and describe what it might look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and describe what it might look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and describe what it might look like
+okay so that's that's easy for you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's easy for you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's easy for you to do
+in 10 minutes right I have faith in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 10 minutes right I have faith in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 10 minutes right I have faith in you
+just re-engineer your whole industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just re-engineer your whole industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just re-engineer your whole industry
+piece of cake so talk to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of cake so talk to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of cake so talk to each other
+think about it I know you can do it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RfRFUizZqTc.txt b/RfRFUizZqTc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f5456b8216041caf30e15996e60e2236b7cee15a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RfRFUizZqTc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6387 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're talking about channels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about channels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about channels of
+conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is what happens to sensory inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what happens to sensory inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what happens to sensory inputs
+when they come into the nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we talked about the local reflex channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the local reflex channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the local reflex channel
+involving say segmental reflexes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving say segmental reflexes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving say segmental reflexes or
+intersegmental reflexes which i didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersegmental reflexes which i didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersegmental reflexes which i didn't
+put on this list here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on this list here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on this list here
+the concepts of a dermatome and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concepts of a dermatome and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concepts of a dermatome and a
+myotome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where are the local reflex cerebellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the local reflex cerebellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the local reflex cerebellar
+and luminisco channels in the shmu brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and luminisco channels in the shmu brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and luminisco channels in the shmu brain
+well let's do it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get a color you can see here so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a color you can see here so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a color you can see here so here
+comes the sensory looks too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the sensory looks too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the sensory looks too big
+here comes the sensory input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and it's going in and it's contacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going in and it's contacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going in and it's contacting
+all these secondary sensory neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these secondary sensory neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these secondary sensory neurons
+we can color them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the question is where do they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is where do they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is where do they go
+well this would be the example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this would be the example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this would be the example of the
+local reflex okay going through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local reflex okay going through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local reflex okay going through an
+interneuron here to the motor neuron out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interneuron here to the motor neuron out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interneuron here to the motor neuron out
+to the muscles okay that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the muscles okay that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the muscles okay that would be a
+segmental reflex it's all happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmental reflex it's all happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmental reflex it's all happening in
+one segment of the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one segment of the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one segment of the spinal cord
+i don't show there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't show there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't show there
+that pathways can branch they can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pathways can branch they can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pathways can branch they can go to
+other levels the spinal cord we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other levels the spinal cord we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other levels the spinal cord we can get
+intersegmental reflexes too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the cerebellar pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the cerebellar pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the cerebellar pathway
+we'll put it in green here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put it in green here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put it in green here
+here goes the pathway into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here goes the pathway into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here goes the pathway into the
+cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum
+and i said that all sensory systems have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said that all sensory systems have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said that all sensory systems have
+such a pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a pathway
+that we think that maybe olfaction is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think that maybe olfaction is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think that maybe olfaction is an
+exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception
+at least those pathways are less direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least those pathways are less direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least those pathways are less direct
+for olfaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but their visual system inputs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their visual system inputs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their visual system inputs to the
+cerebellum their auditory inputs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum their auditory inputs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum their auditory inputs to the
+cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum
+many somatosensory inputs like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and certainly proprioceptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly proprioceptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly proprioceptive
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+okay what about the luminisco channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well this would be an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this would be an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this would be an example
+of the luminiscal channel something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the luminiscal channel something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the luminiscal channel something that
+goes above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the cord itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cord itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cord itself
+and here's i show in the schmo brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's i show in the schmo brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's i show in the schmo brain
+here some axons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going rostrally into the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going rostrally into the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going rostrally into the brain
+so those are the lemoniscular channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the lemoniscular channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the lemoniscular channels
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it helps to bring colored pencils here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps to bring colored pencils here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps to bring colored pencils here
+i mentioned that once before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned that once before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned that once before
+if you've got a tablet pc of course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got a tablet pc of course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got a tablet pc of course it's
+you can do the same thing i'm doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this just this is where we finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this just this is where we finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this just this is where we finished
+last time we talked about how they map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talked about how they map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talked about how they map
+the dermatomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irritation of single roots causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irritation of single roots causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irritation of single roots causing
+hypersensitive regions in the skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypersensitive regions in the skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypersensitive regions in the skin
+or areas that remain sensible when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or areas that remain sensible when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or areas that remain sensible when
+adjacent roots were have been eliminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's a myotome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just means
+muscles innervated by a single ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles innervated by a single ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles innervated by a single ventral
+root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and pretty much they correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the dermatomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so when we talk about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when we talk about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when we talk about these
+limitable channels we're introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitable channels we're introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitable channels we're introducing
+additional terms i talked about what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional terms i talked about what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional terms i talked about what we
+meant by suprasegmental above the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant by suprasegmental above the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant by suprasegmental above the spinal
+segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now let's look at that pathway again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at that pathway again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at that pathway again and
+you'll hear me mention the reticular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear me mention the reticular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear me mention the reticular
+formation the thalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation the thalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation the thalamus
+and a few other terms if i mention terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few other terms if i mention terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few other terms if i mention terms
+you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+familiar with please stop me and get me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with please stop me and get me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with please stop me and get me
+to define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the pathway which the landiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the pathway which the landiscal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the pathway which the landiscal
+pathways i've shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways i've shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways i've shown here
+are we group them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we group them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we group them together
+call them the old old limniscus the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them the old old limniscus the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them the old old limniscus the old
+ribbon the paleoliniscus okay it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon the paleoliniscus okay it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon the paleoliniscus okay it's just
+another name for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another name for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another name for it
+most common term you'll find among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common term you'll find among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common term you'll find among
+neuroanatomists is to call it the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomists is to call it the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomists is to call it the spinal
+thalamic tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamic tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamic tract
+many tracts in the cns are named just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many tracts in the cns are named just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many tracts in the cns are named just
+for their origin in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their origin in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their origin in their
+termination in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination in this case
+the most distant termination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most distant termination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most distant termination
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so they start in the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they start in the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they start in the spinal cord
+as you see there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see there
+and they end here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they end here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they end here
+in the thalamus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thalamus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thalamus this
+is the thalamus okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it represents the thalamus we should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represents the thalamus we should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represents the thalamus we should say
+it's a fairly large part of the twin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fairly large part of the twin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fairly large part of the twin
+brain or diencephalon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain or diencephalon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain or diencephalon
+but note here that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but note here that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but note here that it's the
+where the longest axons in many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the longest axons in many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the longest axons in many of them
+are not ending there so just because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not ending there so just because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not ending there so just because we
+call it spinal thalamic tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it spinal thalamic tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it spinal thalamic tract
+doesn't mean that all the axons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that all the axons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that all the axons are
+spinal thalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal thalamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal thalamic
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well where are the rest of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where are the rest of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where are the rest of them
+terminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well most of them are terminating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well most of them are terminating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well most of them are terminating in
+what we call the reticular formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the reticular formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the reticular formation
+which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brainstem structures where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstem structures where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstem structures where it's
+difficult to specify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to specify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to specify a
+clearly defined nucleus sensory or motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly defined nucleus sensory or motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly defined nucleus sensory or motor
+nuclei or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei or
+other structures it's a network of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other structures it's a network of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other structures it's a network of cells
+and fibers that form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fibers that form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fibers that form
+a good part of the core of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good part of the core of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good part of the core of the brain
+stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the neurons in the reticular formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurons in the reticular formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurons in the reticular formation
+get many different inputs some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get many different inputs some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get many different inputs some people
+say they get diffuse inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they get diffuse inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they get diffuse inputs
+and yet that particular formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet that particular formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet that particular formation
+controls very specific functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls very specific functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls very specific functions
+that's where we have the circuitry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we have the circuitry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we have the circuitry for
+fixed action patterns for example that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action patterns for example that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action patterns for example that's
+obviously very specific inherited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously very specific inherited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously very specific inherited
+behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here it shows them coming into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it shows them coming into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it shows them coming into the
+hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+into the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the midbrain
+and some of them go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the optic tech they're more superior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optic tech they're more superior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optic tech they're more superior
+colliculus the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus the midbrain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+which gets a lot more than just visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gets a lot more than just visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gets a lot more than just visual
+input although we call it usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input although we call it usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input although we call it usually the
+optic tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic tectum
+because in many species it does get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in many species it does get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in many species it does get
+visual input it's superficial layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual input it's superficial layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual input it's superficial layers
+and it's dominated by the visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's dominated by the visual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's dominated by the visual system
+in many animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's look at a more realistic view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at a more realistic view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at a more realistic view
+of the mammalian nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mammalian nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mammalian nervous system
+remember this was a picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this was a picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this was a picture of the
+embryonic neural tube with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic neural tube with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic neural tube with the
+hemispheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres
+growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing
+let's look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at that
+and i asked you to pretty much learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i asked you to pretty much learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i asked you to pretty much learn
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+learn both the english and the latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn both the english and the latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn both the english and the latin
+names for the basic subdivisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names for the basic subdivisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names for the basic subdivisions and
+you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll
+you'll learn these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn these
+cross sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross sections
+because you'll be seeing them many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here i've put it on its side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here i've put it on its side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here i've put it on its side so
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+it's oriented the way the schmoo brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's oriented the way the schmoo brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's oriented the way the schmoo brain
+is now the cobbled in to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course i've exaggerated the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course i've exaggerated the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course i've exaggerated the relative
+thickness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of the
+spinal cord and brainstem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord and brainstem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord and brainstem here
+but now this is that same pathway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now this is that same pathway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now this is that same pathway the
+spinal thalamic tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so where is it starting here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where is it starting here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where is it starting here what
+is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface the body someplace like skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the body someplace like skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the body someplace like skin
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where is this neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dorsal root ganglion right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal root ganglion right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal root ganglion right
+there's not one of them there's many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not one of them there's many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not one of them there's many of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+okay there's one for every segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's one for every segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's one for every segment
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it's a dorsal root ganglion cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a dorsal root ganglion cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a dorsal root ganglion cell
+also known as what kind of a neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as what kind of a neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as what kind of a neuron
+primary sensory okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory okay
+primary sensory neurons are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory neurons are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory neurons are the
+cells are always outside the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are always outside the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are always outside the central
+nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+and they carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they carry
+their axons and in the central nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their axons and in the central nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their axons and in the central nervous
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here the secondary sensory cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the secondary sensory cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the secondary sensory cells and
+we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see
+that immediately right there at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that immediately right there at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that immediately right there at the
+level of the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the spinal cord
+the secondary sensory cells send their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondary sensory cells send their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondary sensory cells send their
+axon across to the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon across to the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon across to the other side
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+the decussation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where it crosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it crosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it crosses
+when a pathway decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a pathway decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a pathway decision
+it means it just crosses to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means it just crosses to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means it just crosses to the other
+side before it goes where it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side before it goes where it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side before it goes where it's going to
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+input coming in the left side of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input coming in the left side of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input coming in the left side of your
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+is going to be represented on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be represented on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be represented on the
+opposite or right side if it's coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite or right side if it's coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite or right side if it's coming in
+the left side it's going to represent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side it's going to represent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side it's going to represent on
+the right side of your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side of your brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side of your brain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as you see in the pathway here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see in the pathway here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see in the pathway here
+okay and here we we see the connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here we we see the connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here we we see the connections
+in the reticular formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colliculus
+but the longest axons are reaching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the longest axons are reaching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the longest axons are reaching the
+thalamus okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus okay
+i'll put that one in blue there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll put that one in blue there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll put that one in blue there's a
+neuron in the thalamus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many neurons in the thalamus are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many neurons in the thalamus are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many neurons in the thalamus are
+projection neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection neurons
+they project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they project
+up to the into the forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the into the forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the into the forebrain
+and i'm showing one here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm showing one here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm showing one here that's
+characteristic of mammals it goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of mammals it goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of mammals it goes up
+into the neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the neocortex
+okay now the shmu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the shmu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the shmu
+which was remember an ancestral brain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was remember an ancestral brain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was remember an ancestral brain a
+characterization of a more primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization of a more primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization of a more primitive
+ancestral brain that has little or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestral brain that has little or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestral brain that has little or no
+neocortex it also has a spinothalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex it also has a spinothalamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex it also has a spinothalamic
+tract and has a thalamus so where would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract and has a thalamus so where would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract and has a thalamus so where would
+those accidents go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those accidents go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those accidents go
+they go into the corpus triada okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to give you
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+hesitate to give you too much anatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitate to give you too much anatomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitate to give you too much anatomy
+all at once so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at once so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at once so
+we're going to take a little break and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take a little break and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take a little break and
+talk about function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about function
+question first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh big question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh big question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh big question
+everybody always asks some people always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody always asks some people always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody always asks some people always
+ask that question there's never a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask that question there's never a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask that question there's never a
+totally firm answer why do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally firm answer why do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally firm answer why do we have
+decisions in the first place well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions in the first place well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions in the first place well first
+of all not all pathways are decastated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all not all pathways are decastated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all not all pathways are decastated
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and the second answer is we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second answer is we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second answer is we don't really
+know but it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but it happens
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+kahal said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kahal said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kahal said
+that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's
+without decussation you couldn't have as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without decussation you couldn't have as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without decussation you couldn't have as
+coherent a representation of the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent a representation of the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent a representation of the visual
+world in the optic tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i won't go through that whole hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won't go through that whole hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won't go through that whole hypothesis
+right now i do it in in 914
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now i do it in in 914
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now i do it in in 914
+one of the teaching assistants asked me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the teaching assistants asked me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the teaching assistants asked me
+no i was a teaching assistant from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i was a teaching assistant from last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i was a teaching assistant from last
+year and asked me that same question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and asked me that same question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and asked me that same question and
+i gave him an answer i'll pull it up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gave him an answer i'll pull it up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gave him an answer i'll pull it up and
+post it if you want you can see what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post it if you want you can see what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post it if you want you can see what i
+told him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is what we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we're going to talk
+about now it'll probably it'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now it'll probably it'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now it'll probably it'll take
+quite a bit of the remaining time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of the remaining time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of the remaining time
+i want to ask what an animal can do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to ask what an animal can do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to ask what an animal can do if
+he doesn't have a forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't have a forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't have a forebrain
+so those long pathways the luminisco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those long pathways the luminisco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those long pathways the luminisco
+pathways reaching the end brain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways reaching the end brain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways reaching the end brain in
+particular what if he doesn't even have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what if he doesn't even have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what if he doesn't even have
+the in brain there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in brain there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in brain there
+or if he doesn't have any forebrain at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if he doesn't have any forebrain at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if he doesn't have any forebrain at
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+so we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about
+chronic decelerate animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic decelerate animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic decelerate animals
+animals that have been decelerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals that have been decelerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals that have been decelerated
+because they've had their forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've had their forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've had their forebrain
+lopped off in surgery okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lopped off in surgery okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lopped off in surgery okay
+and this has been done in experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has been done in experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has been done in experiments
+with cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cats
+rats and pigeons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we'll talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk a little bit about
+well what happens if you do that but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens if you do that but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens if you do that but you
+leave the entire copus triatum or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the entire copus triatum or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the entire copus triatum or if you
+leave the striatum in the limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the striatum in the limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the striatum in the limbic
+structures okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures okay
+can the animals do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then i'll talk a bit about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll talk a bit about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll talk a bit about some
+complications of these experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications of these experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications of these experiments
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i didn't put all the references in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't put all the references in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't put all the references in here
+i was gonna do that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was gonna do that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was gonna do that i
+forgot to do it before the clasp but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to do it before the clasp but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to do it before the clasp but i
+can add those if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add those if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add those if you want
+later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on
+the bar and mock experiments were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bar and mock experiments were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bar and mock experiments were very
+well known and very influential they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known and very influential they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known and very influential they
+basically took cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically took cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically took cats
+took off their entire forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surgically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgically
+kept them alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+studied their behaviors they recovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied their behaviors they recovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied their behaviors they recovered
+now first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now first of all
+they were blind and anasmic why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why were they blind and osmic they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why were they blind and osmic they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why were they blind and osmic they
+couldn't smell they couldn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but you remove the visual association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you remove the visual association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you remove the visual association
+cortex certainly but that's not why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex certainly but that's not why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex certainly but that's not why you
+can see a lot without the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see a lot without the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see a lot without the visual
+association areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the optic nerve comes in it's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optic nerve comes in it's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optic nerve comes in it's really the
+optic nerve is a tract of the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic nerve is a tract of the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic nerve is a tract of the central
+nervous system because of the redness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system because of the redness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system because of the redness
+part of our brain it's part of the tween
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our brain it's part of the tween
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our brain it's part of the tween
+brain the diencephalon that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the diencephalon that's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the diencephalon that's part of
+the forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forebrain
+because they severed just behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they severed just behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they severed just behind the
+tween brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tween brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tween brain
+there was no way for these first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no way for these first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no way for these first two
+cranial nerves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerves
+the old factory in the optic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old factory in the optic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old factory in the optic to
+influence behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence behavior
+because behavior is controlled by motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because behavior is controlled by motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because behavior is controlled by motor
+neurons and the motor neurons are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and the motor neurons are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and the motor neurons are all
+from the midbrain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the midbrain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the midbrain and
+or caudal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or caudal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or caudal
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so first of all they were blind in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all they were blind in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all they were blind in the
+nasmik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but animals of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but animals of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but animals of course that
+are blind and anasmic can still do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are blind and anasmic can still do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are blind and anasmic can still do a lot
+of things if that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things if that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things if that's all
+the problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems are
+but their problems were much greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their problems were much greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their problems were much greater
+they didn't eat spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't eat spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't eat spontaneously
+in order to keep them alive they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to keep them alive they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to keep them alive they had to
+force feed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if if they put food in their mouth they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if they put food in their mouth they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if they put food in their mouth they
+could elicit chewing and swallowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could elicit chewing and swallowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could elicit chewing and swallowing
+movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+okay so they could keep the animal alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they could keep the animal alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they could keep the animal alive
+that way by force-feeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they didn't groom themselves so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't groom themselves so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't groom themselves so they
+were looking pretty bad they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking pretty bad they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking pretty bad they had to
+brush them take take care of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brush them take take care of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brush them take take care of them
+that's the only cats that won't groom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only cats that won't groom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only cats that won't groom
+themselves are very sick cats these cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are very sick cats these cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are very sick cats these cats
+didn't act like they were sick they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't act like they were sick they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't act like they were sick they just
+didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have
+the ability to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they didn't have any spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have any spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have any spontaneous
+social behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social behavior
+including sexual behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including sexual behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including sexual behavior
+and yet they did have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet they did have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet they did have
+reflexes associated with those stings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes associated with those stings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes associated with those stings
+they could stimulate the genitals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could stimulate the genitals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could stimulate the genitals and
+elicit sexual reflexes but they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicit sexual reflexes but they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicit sexual reflexes but they didn't
+show any spontaneous sexual behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about
+other behaviors well they could stand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they could write themselves they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could write themselves they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could write themselves they could
+sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit
+you push them over they would stand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you push them over they would stand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you push them over they would stand up
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could
+walk they didn't seem to initiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk they didn't seem to initiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk they didn't seem to initiate
+walking but if you nudged them along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking but if you nudged them along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking but if you nudged them along
+they could walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could walk
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+their gait and posture wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their gait and posture wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their gait and posture wasn't
+completely normal they would leave their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely normal they would leave their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely normal they would leave their
+limbs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbs in
+positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but they had more complicated behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they had more complicated behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they had more complicated behavior
+than that if you pinch their tail they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that if you pinch their tail they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that if you pinch their tail they
+would fly into a rage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but they've called it sham rage because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they've called it sham rage because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they've called it sham rage because
+they didn't bite they didn't strike out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't bite they didn't strike out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't bite they didn't strike out
+they didn't show some of the directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't show some of the directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't show some of the directed
+behavior of an angry cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of an angry cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of an angry cat
+okay but it was clearly a rage response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it was clearly a rage response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it was clearly a rage response
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they also showed some autonomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also showed some autonomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also showed some autonomic
+responses they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses they
+they got very cold they would show pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got very cold they would show pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got very cold they would show pilot
+erection that is the hairs would stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erection that is the hairs would stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erection that is the hairs would stand
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thermoregulatory responses weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoregulatory responses weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoregulatory responses weren't
+completely normal the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely normal the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely normal the temperature
+deviations had to be pretty extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations had to be pretty extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations had to be pretty extreme
+unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless
+they left the hypothalamus and intact so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they left the hypothalamus and intact so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they left the hypothalamus and intact so
+some of these studies have been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these studies have been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these studies have been done
+with a similar lesion but they leave an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a similar lesion but they leave an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a similar lesion but they leave an
+island of hypothalamus okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypothalamus has some of its connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus has some of its connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus has some of its connections
+you'll remember through the bloodstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll remember through the bloodstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll remember through the bloodstream
+and that's very important for keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's very important for keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's very important for keeping
+these cerebral animals alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cerebral animals alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cerebral animals alive
+making it much easier to take care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it much easier to take care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it much easier to take care of
+so normally when they do this they leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normally when they do this they leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normally when they do this they leave
+the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothalamus
+intact but they disconnect it from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact but they disconnect it from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact but they disconnect it from its
+descending neural connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way
+bart and max summarized the results they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bart and max summarized the results they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bart and max summarized the results they
+said it was a i don't know if i put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it was a i don't know if i put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it was a i don't know if i put it
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well they said it was a purely reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they said it was a purely reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they said it was a purely reflex
+animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it had the various reflexes that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had the various reflexes that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had the various reflexes that they
+could test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they said it failed to do any act that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said it failed to do any act that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said it failed to do any act that
+required the performance of a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required the performance of a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required the performance of a series of
+reflex improper sequence that was their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex improper sequence that was their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex improper sequence that was their
+characterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization
+because all they saw was these isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all they saw was these isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all they saw was these isolated
+reflex type movement patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they also said maybe they didn't learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also said maybe they didn't learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also said maybe they didn't learn
+that's a more complicated question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a more complicated question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a more complicated question
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+learning can take place at many levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning can take place at many levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning can take place at many levels
+in the nervous system although most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nervous system although most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nervous system although most of
+what we ordinarily call learning does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we ordinarily call learning does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we ordinarily call learning does
+require the forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the forebrain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what about other animals what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about other animals what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about other animals what about
+the rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rat
+and now we get into some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we get into some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we get into some interesting
+questions that i will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that i will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that i will have
+i'll have to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll have to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll have to spend
+the rest of the time here talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the time here talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the time here talking about
+but first let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first let's just
+tell you what rats and pigeons are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what rats and pigeons are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what rats and pigeons are like
+without the forebrain and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the forebrain and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the forebrain and then we'll
+discuss why they're so different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss why they're so different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss why they're so different
+if you do this to a rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do this to a rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do this to a rat
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+it's similar in many respects but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's similar in many respects but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's similar in many respects but there
+was a more rap first of all they recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a more rap first of all they recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a more rap first of all they recover
+more aptly they recover their writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aptly they recover their writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aptly they recover their writing
+recover their locomotion faster than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover their locomotion faster than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover their locomotion faster than the
+cat did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat did
+but they show more eating and drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they show more eating and drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they show more eating and drinking
+responses they didn't seek food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but they showed more of the responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they showed more of the responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they showed more of the responses
+they did groom themselves so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did groom themselves so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did groom themselves so there's
+something wrong then with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong then with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong then with the
+cat uh the summary of the cat behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat uh the summary of the cat behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat uh the summary of the cat behavior
+that said remember the people that study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said remember the people that study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said remember the people that study
+cats said they didn't show any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats said they didn't show any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats said they didn't show any
+complicated sequences of movements but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated sequences of movements but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated sequences of movements but
+the rat can groom himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rat can groom himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rat can groom himself
+even without a forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also his eating and drinking required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also his eating and drinking required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also his eating and drinking required
+more complicated series of movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated series of movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated series of movements
+defensive behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensive behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensive behavior
+you get them upset you pinch their tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get them upset you pinch their tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get them upset you pinch their tail
+and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+they were much they showed more typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were much they showed more typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were much they showed more typical
+rodent defensive behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodent defensive behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodent defensive behavior
+including biting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including biting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including biting
+the cats at gate only if you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cats at gate only if you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cats at gate only if you put the
+food right in their mouth the rat would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food right in their mouth the rat would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food right in their mouth the rat would
+do more than that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the rats even shows some auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rats even shows some auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rats even shows some auditory
+localization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization
+two sounds around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sounds around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sounds around
+well okay so the rats do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so the rats do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so the rats do more
+and we have to ask why well we say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to ask why well we say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to ask why well we say well
+cat is a more advanced animal its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat is a more advanced animal its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat is a more advanced animal its
+behavior depends more on the forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior depends more on the forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior depends more on the forebrain
+and that was what you people usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was what you people usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was what you people usually
+said they said the function had become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they said the function had become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they said the function had become
+encephalized encephalization of function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encephalized encephalization of function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encephalized encephalization of function
+and evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evolution
+and i'll explain to you why that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll explain to you why that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll explain to you why that wasn't
+a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very
+entirely satisfactory explanation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely satisfactory explanation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely satisfactory explanation but
+first a little bit about pigeons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a little bit about pigeons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a little bit about pigeons
+do the same thing to pigeons now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing to pigeons now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing to pigeons now here
+we have to be careful because pigeons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be careful because pigeons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be careful because pigeons
+depend so much on vision if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend so much on vision if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend so much on vision if we want to
+study the behavior we better spare those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the behavior we better spare those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the behavior we better spare those
+optic tracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic tracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic tracts
+but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll
+still eliminate everything else we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still eliminate everything else we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still eliminate everything else we'll
+just leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave the
+the tracks connected to the optic lobes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tracks connected to the optic lobes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tracks connected to the optic lobes
+of the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the midbrain
+these studies were done in the 30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these studies were done in the 30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these studies were done in the 30s
+i read them in german when i was working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i read them in german when i was working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i read them in german when i was working
+on a phd thesis here at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these animals basically had a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these animals basically had a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these animals basically had a basic
+repertoire of what we call the unlearned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repertoire of what we call the unlearned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repertoire of what we call the unlearned
+reactions of pigeons you could take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of pigeons you could take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of pigeons you could take the
+pigeon and throw him into the air and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon and throw him into the air and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon and throw him into the air and he
+would fly he wouldn't initiate flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fly he wouldn't initiate flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fly he wouldn't initiate flying
+but he would fly if you threw him into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he would fly if you threw him into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he would fly if you threw him into
+the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air
+not only that but as he was flying he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that but as he was flying he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that but as he was flying he
+would avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would avoid
+vertical sticks that you put in his way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical sticks that you put in his way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical sticks that you put in his way
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and he would land on horizontal sticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he would also land on the back of a dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would also land on the back of a dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would also land on the back of a dog
+or a cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a cat
+which a pigeon doesn't normally do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a pigeon doesn't normally do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a pigeon doesn't normally do
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they have many more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have many more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have many more complicated
+behavior patterns even some of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior patterns even some of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior patterns even some of which
+depend somewhat on learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the way nada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way nada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way nada
+characterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized
+the forebrain functions more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forebrain functions more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forebrain functions more generally
+he said the animals without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said the animals without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said the animals without the
+forebrain have good stability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain have good stability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain have good stability in
+space the stability of their internal mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the stability of their internal mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the stability of their internal mu
+is pretty good too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty good too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty good too
+at least if you leave the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least if you leave the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least if you leave the hypothalamus
+intact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact
+but it doesn't need its neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't need its neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't need its neural
+connections to the brainstem and spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to the brainstem and spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to the brainstem and spinal
+cord to do that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord to do that yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord to do that yes
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+define stability of the internal milieu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define stability of the internal milieu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define stability of the internal milieu
+okay i mean temperature regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i mean temperature regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i mean temperature regulation
+regulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of
+blood pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood pressure
+heart rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart rate
+i mean uh maintenance of blood glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean uh maintenance of blood glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean uh maintenance of blood glucose
+levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+temperature regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature regulation
+the various things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various things
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important
+to maintain life but that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain life but that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain life but that don't
+they basically involve the vegetative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically involve the vegetative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically involve the vegetative or
+autonomic nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomic nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomic nervous system
+so they have these things but he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have these things but he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have these things but he said
+what they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they don't have
+but none of these animals have very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none of these animals have very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none of these animals have very good
+stability in time behaviors just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability in time behaviors just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability in time behaviors just
+determined by what's happening right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by what's happening right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by what's happening right now
+current inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current inputs
+little or no motivation initiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little or no motivation initiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little or no motivation initiated
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+little or no long-term memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little or no long-term memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little or no long-term memory
+and i think now this characterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think now this characterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think now this characterization
+put in these general terms is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in these general terms is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in these general terms is still
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+but we still have to deal with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we still have to deal with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we still have to deal with these
+species differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can spare the corpus striatum and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can spare the corpus striatum and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can spare the corpus striatum and we
+get more behavior the cats show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more behavior the cats show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more behavior the cats show
+more grooming they show spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more grooming they show spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more grooming they show spontaneous
+eating if the corpus stratum is intact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating if the corpus stratum is intact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating if the corpus stratum is intact
+and they show some mating behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they show some mating behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they show some mating behavior
+they're a little more like the rats with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little more like the rats with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little more like the rats with
+without the corpus period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as i point out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i point out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i point out there
+so why this species difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why this species difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why this species difference
+that's the question i'm getting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question i'm getting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question i'm getting to
+the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is
+one that's confused a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's confused a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's confused a lot of people
+in one word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one word
+diastasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diastasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diastasis
+this has to do with quant a quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to do with quant a quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to do with quant a quantitative
+effect of large lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of large lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of large lesions
+we summarize it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we summarize it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we summarize it by
+saying it's the afferentation depression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's the afferentation depression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's the afferentation depression
+if you remove a lot of excitatory inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remove a lot of excitatory inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remove a lot of excitatory inputs
+from cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cells
+the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells
+can generate action potentials at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate action potentials at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate action potentials at least
+for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's give some examples of that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give some examples of that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give some examples of that we'll
+talk about spinal shock first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about spinal shock first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about spinal shock first of all
+if you sever the say we sever the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sever the say we sever the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sever the say we sever the spinal
+cord in the mid thoracic level and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord in the mid thoracic level and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord in the mid thoracic level and we're
+going to look at reflexes of the legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at reflexes of the legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at reflexes of the legs
+all controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all controlled
+by uh we'll just look at segmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh we'll just look at segmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh we'll just look at segmental
+reflexes of the legs so it's controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes of the legs so it's controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes of the legs so it's controlled
+by the spinal cord caudal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the
+thoracic segments of the cord okay if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoracic segments of the cord okay if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoracic segments of the cord okay if we
+cut descending pathways the animals lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut descending pathways the animals lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut descending pathways the animals lose
+reflexes controlled by the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes controlled by the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes controlled by the spinal cord
+caudal to the transection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why would that be the pathways we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would that be the pathways we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would that be the pathways we know
+are still there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+why would they lose spinal reflexes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would they lose spinal reflexes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would they lose spinal reflexes it's
+called spinal shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called spinal shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called spinal shock
+it does recover over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fact that it's lost is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's lost is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's lost is what we're
+concerned with here and it's lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with here and it's lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with here and it's lost
+for a longer time in the animals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a longer time in the animals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a longer time in the animals with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+greater number of descending connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater number of descending connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater number of descending connections
+it's like the more you remove the longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the more you remove the longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the more you remove the longer
+it's lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lost
+when monaco was the first person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when monaco was the first person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when monaco was the first person to
+define this in a very precise terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this in a very precise terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this in a very precise terms
+and his papers on it are very clear i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his papers on it are very clear i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his papers on it are very clear i
+read a paper of his in german called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a paper of his in german called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a paper of his in german called
+where he discussed corticospinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he discussed corticospinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he discussed corticospinal
+diastasis i found out that neurologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diastasis i found out that neurologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diastasis i found out that neurologists
+in almost all neuroscientists had never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in almost all neuroscientists had never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in almost all neuroscientists had never
+read that muslim don't read german but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that muslim don't read german but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that muslim don't read german but
+for some reason for monaco was forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason for monaco was forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason for monaco was forgotten
+about and they talked about dioceses as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and they talked about dioceses as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and they talked about dioceses as
+if it's some it's almost like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's some it's almost like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's some it's almost like some
+mystery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery
+it isn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't really
+he described for example corticospinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he described for example corticospinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he described for example corticospinal
+diastasis if you remove do large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diastasis if you remove do large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diastasis if you remove do large
+cortical lesions in an animal with a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical lesions in an animal with a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical lesions in an animal with a lot
+of cortex you can lose spinal reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cortex you can lose spinal reflexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cortex you can lose spinal reflexes
+even though those reflexes don't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though those reflexes don't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though those reflexes don't depend
+on the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+especially in the animals with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the animals with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the animals with a lot of
+neocortex there's a lot of excitatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex there's a lot of excitatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex there's a lot of excitatory
+connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+to the spinal cord coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the spinal cord coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the spinal cord coming from the
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+so if you remove them the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remove them the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remove them the cells
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+losing so much excitatory input can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing so much excitatory input can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing so much excitatory input can't
+reach threshold anymore with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach threshold anymore with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach threshold anymore with the
+remaining excitatory inputs but they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining excitatory inputs but they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining excitatory inputs but they do
+after a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while
+and how long it takes to recover depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how long it takes to recover depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how long it takes to recover depends
+on how much input you've removed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how much input you've removed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how much input you've removed okay
+we know of two mechanisms that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know of two mechanisms that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know of two mechanisms that can
+explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+the recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recovery
+one of them is that the remaining inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is that the remaining inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is that the remaining inputs
+axons carrying inputs from other sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons carrying inputs from other sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons carrying inputs from other sources
+will show some sprouting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show some sprouting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show some sprouting
+they'll increase their connections as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll increase their connections as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll increase their connections as
+collateral sprouting we'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral sprouting we'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral sprouting we'll be talking
+about that a few times in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that a few times in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that a few times in the class
+and the other is we call denervation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is we call denervation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is we call denervation
+supersensitivity the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supersensitivity the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supersensitivity the cell
+having lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having lost
+say a lot of inputs that use one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a lot of inputs that use one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a lot of inputs that use one
+neurotransmitter say it's acetylcholine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter say it's acetylcholine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter say it's acetylcholine
+will increase the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will increase the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will increase the number
+of receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of receptors
+for that neurotransmitter so they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that neurotransmitter so they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that neurotransmitter so they'll
+become more responsive to the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more responsive to the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more responsive to the remaining
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and there's good evidence for both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's good evidence for both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's good evidence for both of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+processes in the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in the spinal cord
+okay but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now
+the basis of diasthesis what i've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of diasthesis what i've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of diasthesis what i've shown
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is a little diagram showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll call that cortex up above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call that cortex up above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call that cortex up above
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is to represent cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is to represent cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is to represent cortex
+in two species uh one animal say like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two species uh one animal say like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two species uh one animal say like a
+cat with a lot of cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat with a lot of cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat with a lot of cortex
+another animal like a rat with less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another animal like a rat with less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another animal like a rat with less
+cortex or a pigeon with almost none okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex or a pigeon with almost none okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex or a pigeon with almost none okay
+and this represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we could call it a reflex pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could call it a reflex pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could call it a reflex pathway
+through the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the spinal cord
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and we'll just let all these be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just let all these be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just let all these be
+excitatory connections in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitatory connections in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitatory connections in order to
+simplify things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify things okay
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+these show the connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these show the connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these show the connections
+in two species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two species
+and now we make a lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we make a lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we make a lesion
+we just eliminate the descending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just eliminate the descending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just eliminate the descending
+pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we do that
+we've tremendously reduced the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've tremendously reduced the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've tremendously reduced the number of
+excitatory connections down on the cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitatory connections down on the cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitatory connections down on the cord
+but we remove many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we remove many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we remove many more
+in the animal with the larger larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the animal with the larger larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the animal with the larger larger
+forebrain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we've got our degeneration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've got our degeneration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've got our degeneration
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i changed the color here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i changed the color here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i changed the color here
+because the amount the effect on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the amount the effect on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the amount the effect on these
+neurons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the
+species with the larger cortex is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species with the larger cortex is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species with the larger cortex is going
+to be greater than on these because more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be greater than on these because more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be greater than on these because more
+excitatory connections are gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitatory connections are gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitatory connections are gone
+okay so it's going to take longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's going to take longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's going to take longer
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+this lower structure to recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lower structure to recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lower structure to recover
+due to the collateral sprouting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the collateral sprouting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the collateral sprouting and
+derivations for sensitivity than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivations for sensitivity than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivations for sensitivity than this
+and i can tell you also that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can tell you also that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can tell you also that there are
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+known for more recent studies where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for more recent studies where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for more recent studies where
+diasthesis can be permanent okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diasthesis can be permanent okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diasthesis can be permanent okay and
+when we talk about visual system we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about visual system we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about visual system we'll
+we'll describe some evidence for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll describe some evidence for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll describe some evidence for that
+okay in the case of spinal cord it never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the case of spinal cord it never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the case of spinal cord it never
+seems to be permanent yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a good question but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question but
+we can explain most of the diastesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can explain most of the diastesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can explain most of the diastesis
+effects just in terms of the excitatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects just in terms of the excitatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects just in terms of the excitatory
+connections so that's why i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections so that's why i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections so that's why i don't
+complicate it with inhibitory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate it with inhibitory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate it with inhibitory
+connections inhibitory connections may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections inhibitory connections may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections inhibitory connections may
+be less involved because they're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less involved because they're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less involved because they're always
+made through interneurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made through interneurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made through interneurons
+okay and the interneurons are all intact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the interneurons are all intact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the interneurons are all intact
+here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what did i do here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here's a neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a neuron
+here's descending connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's descending connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's descending connections
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we represent as in our little cartoons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we represent as in our little cartoons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we represent as in our little cartoons
+we represent excitatory connections that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we represent excitatory connections that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we represent excitatory connections that
+if it's inhibitory connection i'll draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's inhibitory connection i'll draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's inhibitory connection i'll draw
+it like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now let's eliminate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's eliminate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's eliminate that
+what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many neurons will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many neurons will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many neurons will
+sprout extra collaterals okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprout extra collaterals okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprout extra collaterals okay
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally
+grow more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow more
+little terminations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little terminations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little terminations
+collateral sprouting can be we sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral sprouting can be we sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral sprouting can be we sometimes
+call it terminal sprouting if it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it terminal sprouting if it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it terminal sprouting if it comes
+right from the terminals themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from the terminals themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from the terminals themselves
+but in many cases it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in many cases it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in many cases it's
+they look more like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look more like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look more like just
+extra in arbors okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and denovation super sensitivity will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and denovation super sensitivity will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and denovation super sensitivity will
+represent here is just increased numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent here is just increased numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent here is just increased numbers
+of receptors oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that could be the normal but now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be the normal but now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be the normal but now we
+increase the numbers of receptors it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the numbers of receptors it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the numbers of receptors it's
+going to respond more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the neurotransmitter if it's got more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the neurotransmitter if it's got more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the neurotransmitter if it's got more
+receptors okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can't say that i'm satisfied with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't say that i'm satisfied with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't say that i'm satisfied with the
+number of studies of those processes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of studies of those processes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of studies of those processes so
+there are many details we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many details we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many details we don't
+understand but i think the evidence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand but i think the evidence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand but i think the evidence is
+pretty good that both of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good that both of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good that both of those things
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+and i'll say one other thing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll say one other thing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll say one other thing about the
+recovery in the spinal cord and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery in the spinal cord and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery in the spinal cord and it's
+very important in the neurology clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in the neurology clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in the neurology clinic
+is that a patient who has lost many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a patient who has lost many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a patient who has lost many
+descending connections due to a spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending connections due to a spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending connections due to a spinal
+lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion
+as these reflexes recover and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these reflexes recover and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these reflexes recover and remember
+he doesn't have higher control over them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't have higher control over them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't have higher control over them
+now but he's got the spinal reflexes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but he's got the spinal reflexes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but he's got the spinal reflexes the
+recovery goes too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery goes too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery goes too far
+in many cases and so the reflexes become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases and so the reflexes become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases and so the reflexes become
+ that is they become overactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ that is they become overactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ that is they become overactive
+and that they have in only fairly recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they have in only fairly recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they have in only fairly recent
+years do they have drugs that can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years do they have drugs that can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years do they have drugs that can reduce
+the sensitivity of reflex to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity of reflex to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity of reflex to reduce the
+spasticity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spasticity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spasticity okay
+okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's
+we'll have to start there next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RnOQjczFcBY.txt b/RnOQjczFcBY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c1b8a6c5d039545426e10a5488eb6489d657057
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RnOQjczFcBY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9584 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay
+so one of the one of the things that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the one of the things that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the one of the things that is
+mysterious about spectroscopy is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious about spectroscopy is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious about spectroscopy is how do
+you assign spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assign spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assign spectrum and
+so I've always felt that it was a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've always felt that it was a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've always felt that it was a useful
+thing to illustrate how you assign what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to illustrate how you assign what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to illustrate how you assign what
+would normally be considered the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally be considered the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally be considered the easiest
+kind of spectrum an atomic spectrum it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of spectrum an atomic spectrum it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of spectrum an atomic spectrum it
+actually turns out to be a little harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turns out to be a little harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turns out to be a little harder
+to assign an atomic spectrum than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assign an atomic spectrum than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assign an atomic spectrum than a
+molecular spectrum because the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular spectrum because the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular spectrum because the critical
+information uh appears only once or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh appears only once or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh appears only once or
+twice in an atomic spectrum and so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice in an atomic spectrum and so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice in an atomic spectrum and so it is
+the perfect sidoku problem where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect sidoku problem where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect sidoku problem where you
+have to put together all of the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put together all of the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put together all of the critical
+clues in the right way there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clues in the right way there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clues in the right way there's only one
+way to do it and it seems uh uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it and it seems uh uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it and it seems uh uh very
+tenuous but once you've gotten to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenuous but once you've gotten to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenuous but once you've gotten to the
+end you know it was right it's rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you know it was right it's rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you know it was right it's rock
+solid um and so what I'm going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid um and so what I'm going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid um and so what I'm going to try to
+do is to give a little bit of a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to give a little bit of a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to give a little bit of a sense of
+how this is done and U in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is done and U in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is done and U in order to do
+that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to
+uh uh ask you questions and use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh ask you questions and use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh ask you questions and use an
+example which isn't in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which isn't in the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which isn't in the notes
+so iron the ground state of iron has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so iron the ground state of iron has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so iron the ground state of iron has a
+configuration uh 4s2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration uh 4s2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration uh 4s2
+3d6 and so this is plenty complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d6 and so this is plenty complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d6 and so this is plenty complicated
+and so I'm going to try to to draw on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm going to try to to draw on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm going to try to to draw on
+examples from the spectrum of iron but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples from the spectrum of iron but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples from the spectrum of iron but
+before we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get
+there uh suppose you had an atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh suppose you had an atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh suppose you had an atomic
+spectrum what would you look for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum what would you look for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum what would you look for what
+would you how would you begin to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you how would you begin to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you how would you begin to figure
+out uh what you've got I mean when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh what you've got I mean when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh what you've got I mean when you
+have a spectrum often you don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a spectrum often you don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a spectrum often you don't even
+know what species it is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what species it is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what species it is because
+frequently when you record a spectrum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently when you record a spectrum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently when you record a spectrum in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+you're doing something very violent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing something very violent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing something very violent to
+the system you're running a discharge or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system you're running a discharge or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system you're running a discharge or
+you an arc or some you know you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an arc or some you know you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an arc or some you know you're doing
+something terrible and so you could very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something terrible and so you could very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something terrible and so you could very
+well be looking at a spectrum of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well be looking at a spectrum of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well be looking at a spectrum of an
+impurity uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity uh maybe
+intentionally and you know one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally and you know one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally and you know one of the
+you almost anything you uh stick into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you almost anything you uh stick into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you almost anything you uh stick into a
+discharge is going to have sodium in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge is going to have sodium in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge is going to have sodium in it
+it's going to have carbon in it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have carbon in it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have carbon in it it's
+going to have oxygen in it and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have oxygen in it and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have oxygen in it and so
+there's going going to be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going going to be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going going to be a lot of
+things that you uh didn't expect if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you uh didn't expect if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you uh didn't expect if you
+were looking for a spectrum of chromium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking for a spectrum of chromium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking for a spectrum of chromium
+or something like that okay so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that okay so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that okay so you don't
+know what the species is let alone what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the species is let alone what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the species is let alone what
+its charge State and uh is and so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its charge State and uh is and so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its charge State and uh is and so how do
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+begin what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do I mean there's no wrong answer yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean there's no wrong answer yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean there's no wrong answer yes I
+mean I would look for kind of the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I would look for kind of the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I would look for kind of the low
+energy transition actually High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transition actually High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transition actually High
+en okay so you can you can you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+en okay so you can you can you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+en okay so you can you can you can do
+both but so lowest energy you mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both but so lowest energy you mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both but so lowest energy you mean you
+would work in absorption or lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work in absorption or lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work in absorption or lowest
+energy you would just look for long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you would just look for long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you would just look for long
+wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength
+emission yeah well I mean I I a theorist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission yeah well I mean I I a theorist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission yeah well I mean I I a theorist
+I sort of went lowest n but I realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of went lowest n but I realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of went lowest n but I realized
+you can't really tell that yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really tell that yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really tell that yeah that's
+true I mean when you you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I mean when you you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I mean when you you know if you
+have a discharge it's a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a discharge it's a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a discharge it's a highly
+non-equilibrium system and and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-equilibrium system and and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-equilibrium system and and you don't
+know just you know you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just you know you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just you know you can you can
+perhaps make it gentle so you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps make it gentle so you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps make it gentle so you don't have
+ions but you can't make it gentle so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions but you can't make it gentle so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions but you can't make it gentle so you
+only have low-lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have low-lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have low-lying
+States now if you're working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States now if you're working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States now if you're working in
+absorption you can keep the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption you can keep the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption you can keep the temperature
+relatively low but you know if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low but you know if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low but you know if you have
+something you want to do an absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to do an absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to do an absorption
+spect of iron it's going to be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spect of iron it's going to be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spect of iron it's going to be pretty
+bloody hot just to get some iron into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloody hot just to get some iron into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloody hot just to get some iron into
+the gas phase and so you don't know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas phase and so you don't know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas phase and so you don't know that
+everything that you're observing is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you're observing is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you're observing is a
+transition from the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the ground
+state but you do want to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but you do want to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but you do want to make some
+hypothesis about what are the relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis about what are the relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis about what are the relatively
+low Ling electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low Ling electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low Ling electronic
+configurations and the States from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and the States from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and the States from those
+low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+configurations because the low-lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations because the low-lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations because the low-lying
+states are almost certainly going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are almost certainly going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are almost certainly going to be
+involved the transitions will terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved the transitions will terminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved the transitions will terminate
+in them or they will originate from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them or they will originate from them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them or they will originate from them
+but the lowl states will play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the lowl states will play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the lowl states will play a
+disproportionate role so that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionate role so that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionate role so that's good
+lowline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+configurations you also said highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations you also said highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations you also said highly
+excited and I think you were probably uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and I think you were probably uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and I think you were probably uh
+nibbling around the concept of ridberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nibbling around the concept of ridberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nibbling around the concept of ridberg
+states or not I don't want to put words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states or not I don't want to put words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states or not I don't want to put words
+into your mouth but if you say yes then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your mouth but if you say yes then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your mouth but if you say yes then
+I'll be happy because I'll then Riff on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be happy because I'll then Riff on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be happy because I'll then Riff on
+that for a minute okay I won't lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a minute okay I won't lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a minute okay I won't lie
+that's not actually what I was going for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not actually what I was going for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not actually what I was going for
+you won't I said I won't lie that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't I said I won't lie that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't I said I won't lie that's not
+what I was looking for actually I was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was looking for actually I was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was looking for actually I was I
+was saying you know the high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying you know the high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying you know the high energy
+transitions might tell you where some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions might tell you where some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions might tell you where some of
+the low-lying states are well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low-lying states are well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low-lying states are well that's
+true because the higher the energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because the higher the energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because the higher the energy the
+harder it is to fit between the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder it is to fit between the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder it is to fit between the uh the
+ionization energy and the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy and the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy and the ground state
+however uh what's the typical ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however uh what's the typical ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however uh what's the typical ionization
+energy for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for an
+atom 20 that's TI that's too high that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom 20 that's TI that's too high that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom 20 that's TI that's too high that's
+inert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert
+gases yeah yeah I mean you you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases yeah yeah I mean you you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases yeah yeah I mean you you know that
+as a theorist that's reasonable but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a theorist that's reasonable but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a theorist that's reasonable but the
+you know the number I mean yes could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the number I mean yes could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the number I mean yes could you
+know you know it's not hydrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know it's not hydrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know it's not hydrogen and
+helium you know a lot about and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium you know a lot about and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium you know a lot about and because
+you you know that's how you learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know that's how you learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know that's how you learn about
+two electron systems and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electron systems and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electron systems and so you know
+what helium is and it just happens that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what helium is and it just happens that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what helium is and it just happens that
+helium is you know really high and so 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium is you know really high and so 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium is you know really high and so 10
+electron volts is sort of on the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts is sort of on the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts is sort of on the high
+Edge uh well that's pretty typical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge uh well that's pretty typical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge uh well that's pretty typical and
+uh five electron volts is sort of a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh five electron volts is sort of a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh five electron volts is sort of a it's
+almost as low as it gets so uh if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as low as it gets so uh if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as low as it gets so uh if you're
+looking for a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a high
+frequency uh transition because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh transition because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh transition because that's
+all it will fit you're going to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it will fit you're going to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it will fit you're going to be in
+the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum
+ultraviolet and so that doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet and so that doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet and so that doesn't get
+transmitted through air so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted through air so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted through air so you need
+special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+apparatus so it's it's a it's a good try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus so it's it's a it's a good try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus so it's it's a it's a good try
+and I you know um it might be better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I you know um it might be better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I you know um it might be better for
+molecules because molecules have a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules because molecules have a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules because molecules have a lower
+ceiling they dissociate at lower energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling they dissociate at lower energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling they dissociate at lower energy
+like uh six or seven electron volts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh six or seven electron volts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh six or seven electron volts and
+and so there's going to be a limit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's going to be a limit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's going to be a limit on
+how uh how high energy you can have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh how high energy you can have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh how high energy you can have and
+that might just work but I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might just work but I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might just work but I don't think
+it it will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it will be very
+helpful redberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States or ridberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States or ridberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States or ridberg
+series are extremely useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series are extremely useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series are extremely useful
+because almost everything has ridberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because almost everything has ridberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because almost everything has ridberg
+series and ridberg Series have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and ridberg Series have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and ridberg Series have the the
+nice characteristic of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converging whoops too fast but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging whoops too fast but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging whoops too fast but the
+levels get closer and closer together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels get closer and closer together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels get closer and closer together
+and you have an infinite number of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have an infinite number of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have an infinite number of them
+before you get to the Limit and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get to the Limit and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get to the Limit and so
+that's a fantastic thing because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fantastic thing because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fantastic thing because it
+tells you what's which way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what's which way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what's which way is
+up and so if you see series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and so if you see series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and so if you see series of
+transitions which which look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions which which look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions which which look like
+they're converging according to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're converging according to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're converging according to a
+ridberg like equation you know uh how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridberg like equation you know uh how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridberg like equation you know uh how to
+uh arrange your level diagram as which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh arrange your level diagram as which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh arrange your level diagram as which
+is the Upper State and which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Upper State and which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Upper State and which is the
+Lower State which turns out to be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lower State which turns out to be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lower State which turns out to be one of
+the hardest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardest
+things because there's nothing there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because there's nothing there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because there's nothing there's
+nothing about a spectrum that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about a spectrum that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about a spectrum that tells you
+assignments nor about what is on top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments nor about what is on top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments nor about what is on top and
+what is on the bottom because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is on the bottom because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is on the bottom because you know
+when you figure out a group of upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you figure out a group of upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you figure out a group of upper
+levels and lower levels there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and lower levels there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and lower levels there's no
+reason why the whole thing couldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why the whole thing couldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why the whole thing couldn't be
+turned upside down but ridberg states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned upside down but ridberg states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned upside down but ridberg states
+are unique in the sense that they tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unique in the sense that they tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unique in the sense that they tell
+you which way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which way is
+up there's another thing that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there's another thing that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there's another thing that tells you
+which way is down if you can figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way is down if you can figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way is down if you can figure out
+something about the lowest lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the lowest lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the lowest lying
+State you know what what will be its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State you know what what will be its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State you know what what will be its
+symmetry or what will be its properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry or what will be its properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry or what will be its properties
+then if you happen to see transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you happen to see transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you happen to see transitions
+involving that State you know which way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving that State you know which way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving that State you know which way
+is down but if you don't see that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is down but if you don't see that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is down but if you don't see that then
+you know you still have to work worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you still have to work worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you still have to work worry
+about this so this is really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so this is really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so this is really an
+intellect it's a puzzle I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellect it's a puzzle I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellect it's a puzzle I don't think
+it's a terribly uh um important puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a terribly uh um important puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a terribly uh um important puzzle
+but it's a beautiful puzzle and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a beautiful puzzle and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a beautiful puzzle and you have
+to solve it in order to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve it in order to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve it in order to get to the
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+problems and so some people just love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and so some people just love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and so some people just love
+assigning Spectre because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning Spectre because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning Spectre because it's a
+wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful
+challenge but the challenge should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge but the challenge should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge but the challenge should have
+a purpose which is to you know this yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a purpose which is to you know this yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a purpose which is to you know this yes
+can you also use the most intense lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you also use the most intense lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you also use the most intense lines
+as a beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a beginning
+Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+yes like the sodium you see these H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes like the sodium you see these H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes like the sodium you see these H
+lines you can sort of already know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines you can sort of already know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines you can sort of already know what
+they are before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are before you
+even okay um intense lines every atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even okay um intense lines every atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even okay um intense lines every atom
+has a few really intense lines both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a few really intense lines both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a few really intense lines both in
+absorption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption and
+emission um in absorption of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission um in absorption of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission um in absorption of course the
+most intense lines will be transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most intense lines will be transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most intense lines will be transitions
+out of the ground state to some favored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the ground state to some favored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the ground state to some favored
+low-lying excited state in a mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-lying excited state in a mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-lying excited state in a mission
+there will be you have you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be you have you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be you have you know you
+deposit energy into the system and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit energy into the system and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit energy into the system and it
+Cascades down and eventually it gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascades down and eventually it gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascades down and eventually it gets to
+a low-lying excited state or a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low-lying excited state or a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low-lying excited state or a bunch of
+low-lying excited States and they all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-lying excited States and they all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-lying excited States and they all uh
+they generally you know you many states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they generally you know you many states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they generally you know you many states
+and it sort of funnels to a few and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sort of funnels to a few and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sort of funnels to a few and then
+there's one transition that takes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one transition that takes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one transition that takes you
+back to the ground state and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the ground state and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the ground state and so that
+there is often uh a small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is often uh a small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is often uh a small number of
+really intense lines whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really intense lines whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really intense lines whether it's
+absorption or emission that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption or emission that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption or emission that can be
+anticipated in advance or have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated in advance or have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated in advance or have been
+figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a book called the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a book called the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a book called the MIT
+wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength
+tables and in here there are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and in here there are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and in here there are in
+wavelength order uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength order uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength order uh
+uh a huge number of atomic lines for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a huge number of atomic lines for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a huge number of atomic lines for
+neutral atoms and ions and so on and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral atoms and ions and so on and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral atoms and ions and so on and and
+it's a finding list so the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a finding list so the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a finding list so the important
+thing though that this table tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing though that this table tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing though that this table tells you
+is that your measurements had better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that your measurements had better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that your measurements had better be
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+precise otherwise you're wasting a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise otherwise you're wasting a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise otherwise you're wasting a lot
+of time because if there are tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time because if there are tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time because if there are tables
+which are you know Sev digigit numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are you know Sev digigit numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are you know Sev digigit numbers
+and there's lots and lots of atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's lots and lots of atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's lots and lots of atoms and
+lots and lots of transitions if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of transitions if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of transitions if you
+didn't make your measurements accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make your measurements accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make your measurements accurately
+this table is useless to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table is useless to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table is useless to
+you and so even if you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and so even if you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and so even if you don't know what
+you are looking for it's a good idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are looking for it's a good idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are looking for it's a good idea to
+make accurate measurements accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make accurate measurements accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make accurate measurements accurate
+absolute measurements well that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute measurements well that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute measurements well that's what
+accurate means as opposed to Rel precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate means as opposed to Rel precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate means as opposed to Rel precise
+okay and there are also these wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there are also these wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there are also these wonderful
+tables of energy levels not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables of energy levels not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables of energy levels not you know
+once you have a spectrum then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have a spectrum then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have a spectrum then you
+convert it to energy levels and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to energy levels and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to energy levels and so you
+can if you think it's you know what Atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can if you think it's you know what Atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can if you think it's you know what Atom
+it is you can look up the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you can look up the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you can look up the energy levels
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Sam's uh comment about sensitive lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam's uh comment about sensitive lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam's uh comment about sensitive lines
+there are these things called grotrian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these things called grotrian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these things called grotrian
+diagrams and basically what they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and basically what they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and basically what they do is
+they show you the the patterns of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they show you the the patterns of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they show you the the patterns of uh
+levels and it it indicates how you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and it it indicates how you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and it it indicates how you know
+population would flow down through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population would flow down through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population would flow down through
+bottleneck and and there would be a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck and and there would be a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck and and there would be a few
+sensitive lines this these are enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive lines this these are enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive lines this these are enormous
+things and what book is that in is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and what book is that in is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and what book is that in is that
+also like no th this is published by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like no th this is published by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like no th this is published by
+elier so that means this book must cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elier so that means this book must cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elier so that means this book must cost
+$200 or $300 because it's a published by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+robbers um and okay is it easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robbers um and okay is it easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robbers um and okay is it easy to
+predict accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict accurately
+which way the energy will flow and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way the energy will flow and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way the energy will flow and what
+transitions are going to be the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions are going to be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions are going to be the most
+yeah if you know what the energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you know what the energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you know what the energy level
+diagram you can it's often uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram you can it's often uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram you can it's often uh
+um it's often possible to to say okay as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's often possible to to say okay as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's often possible to to say okay as
+you come down there's a relatively small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come down there's a relatively small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come down there's a relatively small
+number of paths and so that all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of paths and so that all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of paths and so that all of the
+population gets funneled into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population gets funneled into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population gets funneled into a
+relatively small number of transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small number of transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small number of transitions
+that's that's a fairly uh unreliable way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a fairly uh unreliable way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a fairly uh unreliable way
+of of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of making
+progress okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress okay
+so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one
+thing that is never a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is never a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is never a good
+idea when you have a spectrum molecu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea when you have a spectrum molecu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea when you have a spectrum molecu
+is to attempt to predict it to model it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to attempt to predict it to model it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to attempt to predict it to model it
+by some sort of computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some sort of computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some sort of computer
+model because the models uh uh are never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model because the models uh uh are never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model because the models uh uh are never
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+uh provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh provide
+uniqueness and the way in which you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness and the way in which you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness and the way in which you make
+assignments is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments is
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+discovering coincidences energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering coincidences energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering coincidences energy level
+differences that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that are
+repeated multiple times those are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated multiple times those are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated multiple times those are called
+combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+differences and these combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and these combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and these combination
+differences are much more uh abundant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are much more uh abundant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are much more uh abundant in
+molecular Spectra than in atomic Spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Spectra than in atomic Spectra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Spectra than in atomic Spectra
+so you know what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to try to show you the importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to show you the importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to show you the importance
+of combination differences how you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combination differences how you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combination differences how you find
+them what you what you learn from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what you what you learn from them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what you what you learn from them
+uh and that sort of prepares you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that sort of prepares you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that sort of prepares you for
+dealing with molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with molecular
+Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's begin we think we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's begin we think we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's begin we think we're going to
+have a spectrum of neutral iron what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a spectrum of neutral iron what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a spectrum of neutral iron what
+would we do well we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we do well we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we do well we would
+immediately uh try to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately uh try to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately uh try to figure out what
+would be the low Ling electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the low Ling electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the low Ling electronic
+configurations of iron and I wrote The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations of iron and I wrote The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations of iron and I wrote The
+Well I wrote this configuration which if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well I wrote this configuration which if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well I wrote this configuration which if
+you had been recently in freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had been recently in freshman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had been recently in freshman
+chemistry you would also have written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry you would also have written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry you would also have written
+this as the ground State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the ground State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the ground State
+configuration but isn't it actually 3d6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration but isn't it actually 3d6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration but isn't it actually 3d6
+for to what aren't aren't the D lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for to what aren't aren't the D lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for to what aren't aren't the D lower
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes
+uh there there are various conventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there there are various conventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there there are various conventions
+about the order in which you write these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the order in which you write these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the order in which you write these
+things and Sam is right that if you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and Sam is right that if you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and Sam is right that if you the
+normal convention is you write the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal convention is you write the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal convention is you write the the
+most stable orbitals first and the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable orbitals first and the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable orbitals first and the least
+stable last it's not Always written that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable last it's not Always written that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable last it's not Always written that
+way uh and okay so but that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh and okay so but that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh and okay so but that's an
+important clue so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important clue so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important clue so what do we
+expect uh about the lowline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect uh about the lowline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect uh about the lowline
+configurations of iron well we have uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations of iron well we have uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations of iron well we have uh I
+guess I'll write it the right way then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'll write it the right way then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'll write it the right way then
+3d6 4S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d6 4S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d6 4S
+squared what are some others that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared what are some others that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared what are some others that we
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+374 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else I wouldn't go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um why did I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why did I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why did I do
+this we have a parity selection rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parity is minus one to the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity is minus one to the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity is minus one to the sum of the
+little L's of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little L's of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little L's of I
+and transitions always are between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transitions always are between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transitions always are between
+states of opposite parity so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of opposite parity so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of opposite parity so basically
+what you want to do is write the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do is write the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do is write the two
+lowest configurations of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest configurations of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest configurations of one
+parody and the two lowest configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody and the two lowest configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody and the two lowest configurations
+of another parody and that pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another parody and that pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another parody and that pretty much
+ensures that you've got everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensures that you've got everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensures that you've got everything that
+you need more than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need more than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need more than you
+need okay and these two configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need okay and these two configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need okay and these two configurations
+are even parody configurations because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are even parody configurations because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are even parody configurations because
+you've got nothing but uh even L's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got nothing but uh even L's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got nothing but uh even L's and
+so there's no way the sum of the L's is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no way the sum of the L's is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no way the sum of the L's is
+going to be odd now you could make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be odd now you could make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be odd now you could make a
+state that has an odd total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that has an odd total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that has an odd total
+L but the par for atoms is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L but the par for atoms is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L but the par for atoms is the sum of
+the little lsub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little lsub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little lsub
+eyes Okay so uh one way to have odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes Okay so uh one way to have odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes Okay so uh one way to have odd
+parity is to have a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity is to have a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity is to have a p
+electron and uh so uh we could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and uh so uh we could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and uh so uh we could imagine
+having 3d5 for s4p as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+right 3d5 D5 is always specially stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 3d5 D5 is always specially stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 3d5 D5 is always specially stable
+so that that's good and so we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's good and so we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's good and so we have an
+STP uh or a d2p promotion these it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STP uh or a d2p promotion these it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STP uh or a d2p promotion these it's
+hard to guess which one of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to guess which one of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to guess which one of these is
+going to be lower I'd put my money on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be lower I'd put my money on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be lower I'd put my money on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+one but I don't know for sure okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but I don't know for sure okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but I don't know for sure okay so we
+we have four configurations now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have four configurations now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have four configurations now let's
+look at this one and uh now there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this one and uh now there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this one and uh now there's the
+method of boxes you could figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of boxes you could figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of boxes you could figure out
+what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the
+lowest uh what are all the states from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest uh what are all the states from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest uh what are all the states from
+this configuration and which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this configuration and which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this configuration and which is the
+lowest of them but there's a shortcut if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest of them but there's a shortcut if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest of them but there's a shortcut if
+you just want the lowest you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want the lowest you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want the lowest you know that
+you have to put the the electrons into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put the the electrons into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put the the electrons into
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+orbitals and so we have 2 1 0 - one all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and so we have 2 1 0 - one all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and so we have 2 1 0 - one all
+with the same Spin and so this will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same Spin and so this will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same Spin and so this will make
+a quintet Delta State a quintet D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quintet Delta State a quintet D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quintet Delta State a quintet D
+State 2 + 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State 2 + 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State 2 + 1 -
+1 is two so that's the maximum m subel 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is two so that's the maximum m subel 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is two so that's the maximum m subel 1
+12 plus a half plus a half plus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 plus a half plus a half plus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 plus a half plus a half plus a half
+is two that means s is two and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two that means s is two and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two that means s is two and that's
+quintet so we have a Quinta D State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintet so we have a Quinta D State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintet so we have a Quinta D State
+that's going to be the ground state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the ground state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the ground state of
+that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+configuration why did I say it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration why did I say it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration why did I say it's a
+ground stage because it's got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground stage because it's got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground stage because it's got the
+largest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Spin and it's also constructed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spin and it's also constructed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spin and it's also constructed to have
+the largest possible Spin and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest possible Spin and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest possible Spin and the
+largest possible l so it's really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest possible l so it's really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest possible l so it's really you
+don't have to do boxes in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do boxes in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do boxes in order to
+figure out the ground state and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the ground state and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the ground state and it's
+D6 and so you know immediately that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D6 and so you know immediately that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D6 and so you know immediately that this
+is an inverted dstate from Hun's rules I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an inverted dstate from Hun's rules I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an inverted dstate from Hun's rules I
+told you the Huns rules but most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you the Huns rules but most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you the Huns rules but most of you
+don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember
+them and none of you know well I most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and none of you know well I most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and none of you know well I most of
+you probably don't know where they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably don't know where they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably don't know where they come
+from and I have Pro promised myself I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and I have Pro promised myself I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and I have Pro promised myself I
+won't show you but I hope you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't show you but I hope you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't show you but I hope you'll be
+curious about it okay so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about it okay so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about it okay so if you have a
+more than half field shell the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than half field shell the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than half field shell the spin
+orbit splitting has the opposite sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit splitting has the opposite sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit splitting has the opposite sign
+from usual and so instead of having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from usual and so instead of having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from usual and so instead of having the
+minimum possible J at the bottom you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum possible J at the bottom you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum possible J at the bottom you
+have the maximum possible J at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the maximum possible J at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the maximum possible J at the
+bottom and the maximum possible J is S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and the maximum possible J is S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and the maximum possible J is S
+Plus l so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus l so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus l so
+four so we have a quintet D4 ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so we have a quintet D4 ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so we have a quintet D4 ground
+state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of
+iron I believe that is the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron I believe that is the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron I believe that is the ground state
+uh I'd be very surprised if it weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'd be very surprised if it weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'd be very surprised if it weren't
+and so we begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we begin
+by looking at expecting that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at expecting that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at expecting that there are
+going to be transitions involving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be transitions involving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be transitions involving the
+ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so it's a quintet state so we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a quintet state so we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a quintet state so we expect
+that there will be five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there will be five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there will be five
+components and uh so we have uh quintet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and uh so we have uh quintet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and uh so we have uh quintet
+D4 3 2 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay so there'll be spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so there'll be spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so there'll be spin orbit
+splittings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here here go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so spin orbit is enormously important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so spin orbit is enormously important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so spin orbit is enormously important
+for making sense of atomic Spectra it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for making sense of atomic Spectra it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for making sense of atomic Spectra it's
+not the most important thing but it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the most important thing but it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the most important thing but it's it
+turns out to be the key for arranging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be the key for arranging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be the key for arranging
+things in groupings that you can assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in groupings that you can assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in groupings that you can assign
+and so we have to look at the spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have to look at the spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have to look at the spin orbit
+hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+briefly and there are two ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and there are two ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and there are two ways in which
+we write the spin Orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write the spin Orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write the spin Orbit
+hamiltonian One Way well two there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian One Way well two there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian One Way well two there's
+lots of ways there's two ways I write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways there's two ways I write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways there's two ways I write it
+and there's two ways most Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's two ways most Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's two ways most Atomic
+spectroscopist write it and this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist write it and this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist write it and this does
+not correspond to the way theorists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not correspond to the way theorists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not correspond to the way theorists
+would write it but we have some radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would write it but we have some radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would write it but we have some radial
+integral and we're summing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and we're summing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and we're summing over
+electrons and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and it's
+that's the form of the spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the form of the spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the form of the spin orbit
+operator that I like and this operates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that I like and this operates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that I like and this operates
+on determinantal Wave functions and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on determinantal Wave functions and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on determinantal Wave functions and if I
+had taught you how to evaluate Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had taught you how to evaluate Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had taught you how to evaluate Matrix
+elements of determinantal wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of determinantal wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of determinantal wave functions
+you would be able to immediately look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be able to immediately look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be able to immediately look at
+this the nice thing about this operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the nice thing about this operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the nice thing about this operator
+is it's a one electron operator it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a one electron operator it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a one electron operator it's a
+product of three terms all operating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of three terms all operating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of three terms all operating on
+the same electron these are wonderful it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same electron these are wonderful it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same electron these are wonderful it
+doesn't require any skill and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't require any skill and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't require any skill and so that's
+good for uh determin a way functions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for uh determin a way functions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for uh determin a way functions but
+there is another way of writing it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another way of writing it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another way of writing it and
+that's Zeta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Zeta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Zeta of
+Ls in other words some constant which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ls in other words some constant which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ls in other words some constant which is
+appropriate for the particular LS State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for the particular LS State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for the particular LS State
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L.S now these two look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L.S now these two look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L.S now these two look
+similar but this operator is a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but this operator is a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but this operator is a of a
+especially important form because with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially important form because with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially important form because with
+this operator you can have Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator you can have Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator you can have Matrix
+elements between states of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements between states of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements between states of different
+s but for this operator you can't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s but for this operator you can't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s but for this operator you can't so
+this is a replacement of the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a replacement of the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a replacement of the true
+operator this is also a replacement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator this is also a replacement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator this is also a replacement of
+the true operator but it has all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true operator but it has all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true operator but it has all of the
+sophistication you need for dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication you need for dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication you need for dealing with
+almost every problem this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every problem this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every problem this one is
+convenient and is useful for dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and is useful for dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and is useful for dealing
+with the energy levels of multiplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the energy levels of multiplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the energy levels of multiplet
+States at this stage so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States at this stage so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States at this stage so we're going to
+be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using
+this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this
+correction includes all Ro or not these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction includes all Ro or not these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction includes all Ro or not these
+are both Rel I mean these are both I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both Rel I mean these are both I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both Rel I mean these are both I
+mean spin orbit is a relativistic effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean spin orbit is a relativistic effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean spin orbit is a relativistic effect
+uh these two operators both deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these two operators both deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these two operators both deal with
+the relativistic effects in exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relativistic effects in exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relativistic effects in exactly the
+same way it's just this one has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way it's just this one has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way it's just this one has been
+stripped of almost everything so what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripped of almost everything so what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripped of almost everything so what if
+the the last one L isal zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the last one L isal zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the last one L isal zero then
+there's no spin orbit splitting but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no spin orbit splitting but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no spin orbit splitting but how
+then you account for uh changing compl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you account for uh changing compl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you account for uh changing compl
+the mass of electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so relativistic I mean this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so relativistic I mean this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so relativistic I mean this is not
+all of the relativistic effects it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the relativistic effects it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the relativistic effects it's
+just the spin orbit is a relative there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the spin orbit is a relative there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the spin orbit is a relative there
+there there there there's other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there there there's other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there there there's other things
+that have to do with the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to do with the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to do with the relative
+energies of States but this you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of States but this you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of States but this you know so
+okay all right so we have this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we have this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we have this this is a
+constant for a particular multiplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for a particular multiplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for a particular multiplet
+State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and
+the way in which you assign an atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which you assign an atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which you assign an atomic
+spectrum is you look for groupings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is you look for groupings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is you look for groupings of
+transitions which seem to be uh related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions which seem to be uh related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions which seem to be uh related
+in other words relatively many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words relatively many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words relatively many
+transitions over a small relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions over a small relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions over a small relatively
+small interval separated from the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small interval separated from the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small interval separated from the next
+group of transitions those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of transitions those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of transitions those are
+multiplets and these are transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplets and these are transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplets and these are transitions
+between multiplet states and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between multiplet states and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between multiplet states and that's how
+you begin to make an analysis and spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin to make an analysis and spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin to make an analysis and spin
+orbit is key because it determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit is key because it determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit is key because it determines the
+spacings of multiplets okay so we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacings of multiplets okay so we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacings of multiplets okay so we'd like
+to know how to evaluate Matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to evaluate Matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to evaluate Matrix elements
+of L.S in the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L.S in the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L.S in the basis
+Set uh L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh L
+SJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SJ
+MJ we'd like to know so this is the IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MJ we'd like to know so this is the IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MJ we'd like to know so this is the IG
+value of L squ or it's it's it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of L squ or it's it's it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of L squ or it's it's it's the
+quantum number that tells you the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number that tells you the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number that tells you the I
+value of l s s squ j s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of l s s squ j s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of l s s squ j s and
+JZ okay so it would be nice if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JZ okay so it would be nice if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JZ okay so it would be nice if we could
+put this thing in a form where we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this thing in a form where we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this thing in a form where we just
+know immediately how to write down what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know immediately how to write down what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know immediately how to write down what
+it does to uh a zero order function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does to uh a zero order function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does to uh a zero order function and
+so we know that J is equal to l + s j 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that J is equal to l + s j 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that J is equal to l + s j 2
+is = to l^2 + S 2 + 2 L dos ah there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is = to l^2 + S 2 + 2 L dos ah there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is = to l^2 + S 2 + 2 L dos ah there it
+is L.S just appeared here and J squ l s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is L.S just appeared here and J squ l s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is L.S just appeared here and J squ l s
+and s s j J L and S they're here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s s j J L and S they're here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s s j J L and S they're here so we
+know how to use this form to to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to use this form to to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to use this form to to get the
+Matrix elements of this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements of this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements of this so
+L.S is just 12 j^ 2 - l^ 2 - s^ 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L.S is just 12 j^ 2 - l^ 2 - s^ 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L.S is just 12 j^ 2 - l^ 2 - s^ 2 so
+it's going to be JJ + 1us LL + 1 - SS +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 and so immediately we can know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and so immediately we can know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and so immediately we can know what
+the expectation value of the spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of the spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of the spin orbit
+operator will be for each term in a LS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator will be for each term in a LS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator will be for each term in a LS
+multiplet and please ask questions this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplet and please ask questions this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplet and please ask questions this
+one I expect you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I expect you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I expect you to
+understand okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand okay so I
+don't all right I mean there are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't all right I mean there are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't all right I mean there are things
+I don't want to talk about but this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to talk about but this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to talk about but this I
+really want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want you to
+know okay so we'd like to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay so we'd like to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay so we'd like to calculate the
+uh the first order perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first order perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first order perturbation
+Corrections which are diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections which are diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections which are diagonal matrix
+elements of the perturbation operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the perturbation operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the perturbation operator
+for the various terms in a spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the various terms in a spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the various terms in a spin orbit
+multiple in a so what do we do well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple in a so what do we do well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple in a so what do we do well we
+know that the energies are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the energies are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the energies are going to be
+1/2 time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 time this
+Zeta times JJ +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1us LL +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1us LL +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1us LL +
+1 SS + one the reason these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 SS + one the reason these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 SS + one the reason these are the
+operators these are the igen values or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators these are the igen values or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators these are the igen values or
+the the not the IG values the expect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the not the IG values the expect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the not the IG values the expect the
+what does the operator do to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the operator do to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the operator do to the
+function okay so we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so we're going to have
+this and it's even simpler we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it's even simpler we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it's even simpler we'd like to
+know say we have a uh uh quintet dstate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know say we have a uh uh quintet dstate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know say we have a uh uh quintet dstate
+we'd like to know the energy difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to know the energy difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to know the energy difference
+between quintet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between quintet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between quintet
+D4 and quintet d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D3 well we don't even care what L and S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D3 well we don't even care what L and S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D3 well we don't even care what L and S
+are they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they don't
+change so if I just if I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so if I just if I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so if I just if I want to know
+the energy difference between Quinta D4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy difference between Quinta D4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy difference between Quinta D4
+and Quint at D3 I just write 12 Zeta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Quint at D3 I just write 12 Zeta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Quint at D3 I just write 12 Zeta
+times 4 * 5 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 4 * 5 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 4 * 5 20
+minus 3 * 4 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's 8 over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's 8 over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's 8 over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeta four Zeta four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeta four Zeta four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeta four Zeta four
+is uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is
+J for the uh uh the higher J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J for the uh uh the higher J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J for the uh uh the higher J
+State okay and what you're going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State okay and what you're going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State okay and what you're going to find
+you could do this for yourself what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do this for yourself what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do this for yourself what you
+will find is if you're looking at the 43
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find is if you're looking at the 43
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find is if you're looking at the 43
+interval you'll get get four Zeta if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval you'll get get four Zeta if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval you'll get get four Zeta if
+you're looking at the 32 interval you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the 32 interval you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the 32 interval you'll
+get 3 Zeta if you're looking at the 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 3 Zeta if you're looking at the 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 3 Zeta if you're looking at the 21
+interval you'll get 2 Zeta and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval you'll get 2 Zeta and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval you'll get 2 Zeta and the one
+zero interval you'll get if there is a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero interval you'll get if there is a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero interval you'll get if there is a z
+one zero interval uh and uh yeah it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero interval uh and uh yeah it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero interval uh and uh yeah it is
+there uh you'll get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Zeta okay so we have uh the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeta okay so we have uh the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeta okay so we have uh the expectation
+that the spacings between Spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spacings between Spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spacings between Spin orbit
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+are going to have certain ratios 4: 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have certain ratios 4: 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have certain ratios 4: 3
+3:2 2:
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 they're going to be if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 they're going to be if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 they're going to be if you have
+integer J they're going to be integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer J they're going to be integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer J they're going to be integer
+ratios if you have half integ injs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios if you have half integ injs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios if you have half integ injs
+you'll have half integer ratios and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have half integer ratios and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have half integer ratios and that
+can even tell you whether you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even tell you whether you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even tell you whether you've got the
+ion or the or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion or the or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion or the or the
+neutral so so this is telling you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral so so this is telling you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral so so this is telling you what
+to expect that there's going going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expect that there's going going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expect that there's going going to be
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+splittings which are going to have nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splittings which are going to have nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splittings which are going to have nice
+simple relationships to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple relationships to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple relationships to each
+other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose suppose I uh we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose I uh we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose I uh we're going to look
+at a uh a quintet f to quintet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a uh a quintet f to quintet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a uh a quintet f to quintet
+D multiple yes I thought you said last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D multiple yes I thought you said last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D multiple yes I thought you said last
+time that um in certain kinds of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that um in certain kinds of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that um in certain kinds of in
+certain of Hun's cases that spinor would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain of Hun's cases that spinor would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain of Hun's cases that spinor would
+be diagonal and certain it wouldn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be diagonal and certain it wouldn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be diagonal and certain it wouldn't so
+would this always work or would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this always work or would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this always work or would it
+depend won't work um if you there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend won't work um if you there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend won't work um if you there are
+quintets triplets and singlets and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintets triplets and singlets and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintets triplets and singlets and there
+are off diagonal matrix elements between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are off diagonal matrix elements between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are off diagonal matrix elements between
+the same states with the same value of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same states with the same value of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same states with the same value of J
+but different L ands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but different L ands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but different L ands
+and so the level patterns will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the level patterns will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the level patterns will be
+distorted by off diagonal elements but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted by off diagonal elements but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted by off diagonal elements but
+in multip this will be no uh I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in multip this will be no uh I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in multip this will be no uh I mean
+suppose you had this quintet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D and Suppose there was a triplet D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and Suppose there was a triplet D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and Suppose there was a triplet D
+somewhere not too far away well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere not too far away well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere not too far away well then
+three of these will get pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these will get pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these will get pushed
+down so the intervals will be distorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so the intervals will be distorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so the intervals will be distorted
+so you know there is this mag decoder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there is this mag decoder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there is this mag decoder
+but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's
+imperfect you have to be able to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect you have to be able to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect you have to be able to look
+for near integer ratios and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for near integer ratios and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for near integer ratios and you have to
+be willing to accept small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be willing to accept small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be willing to accept small
+deviations and then you have to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations and then you have to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations and then you have to explain
+why you had these small deviations at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you had these small deviations at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you had these small deviations at
+the end so it's not as trivial as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end so it's not as trivial as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end so it's not as trivial as it
+might seem you know it's sort of second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might seem you know it's sort of second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might seem you know it's sort of second
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+Sudoku but it's you know all right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sudoku but it's you know all right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sudoku but it's you know all right so we
+have some predictions Here and Now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some predictions Here and Now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some predictions Here and Now what
+I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do is
+illustrate well okay I didn't say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate well okay I didn't say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate well okay I didn't say so
+anything about selection rules selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about selection rules selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about selection rules selection
+rules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transitions the transition moment is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions the transition moment is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions the transition moment is a
+one electron operator that means only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron operator that means only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron operator that means only
+one spin orbital can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one spin orbital can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one spin orbital can change
+and from or if you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from or if you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from or if you're looking at
+configurations you can only change one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations you can only change one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations you can only change one
+of the L's by one the photon has a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the L's by one the photon has a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the L's by one the photon has a is
+like an angular momentum L of one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an angular momentum L of one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an angular momentum L of one which
+adds to the L's of the but you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds to the L's of the but you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds to the L's of the but you can only
+CH so we have odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH so we have odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH so we have odd
+parity or transitions change parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity or transitions change parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity or transitions change parity
+Delta L equals uh plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta L equals uh plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta L equals uh plus or minus
+one Delta big S is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Delta big S is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Delta big S is equal to
+Zer Delta Big L is 0 plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer Delta Big L is 0 plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer Delta Big L is 0 plus or minus
+1 Delta J is 0 plus or minus one but 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 Delta J is 0 plus or minus one but 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 Delta J is 0 plus or minus one but 0
+to 0 is forbidden despite what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 is forbidden despite what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 is forbidden despite what is
+incorrectly stated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly stated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly stated in the
+notes if you will notice diagrams you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes if you will notice diagrams you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes if you will notice diagrams you'll
+discover I not only said that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover I not only said that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover I not only said that there are
+some zero to zero transitions but among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some zero to zero transitions but among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some zero to zero transitions but among
+the transitions there are among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transitions there are among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transitions there are among the
+strongest which is absolutely wrong it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest which is absolutely wrong it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest which is absolutely wrong it's
+just amazing what I will write for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just amazing what I will write for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just amazing what I will write for many
+many years without catching it but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years without catching it but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years without catching it but you
+know you get you get older you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you get you get older you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you get you get older you get
+smarter in some ways and Dumber in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter in some ways and Dumber in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter in some ways and Dumber in
+others so this is not okay so uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so this is not okay so uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so this is not okay so uh using
+these rules you can then make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rules you can then make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rules you can then make some
+predictions about what will happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions about what will happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions about what will happen in
+transitions between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions between two
+multiplets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplets and
+so quintet F to quintet D we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quintet F to quintet D we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quintet F to quintet D we're going to
+do two examples because I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two examples because I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two examples because I want to show
+an important fact so quintet F now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important fact so quintet F now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important fact so quintet F now let's
+just say quintet f is inverted just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say quintet f is inverted just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say quintet f is inverted just like
+the quintet D so quintet F will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quintet D so quintet F will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quintet D so quintet F will have a
+lowest possible value of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of it's l minus S one right so uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's l minus S one right so uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's l minus S one right so uh and uh
+uh so we have a level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have a level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have a level
+diagram downstairs which has five levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram downstairs which has five levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram downstairs which has five levels
+and a level diagram upstairs that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a level diagram upstairs that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a level diagram upstairs that has
+five levels and so let's label them 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five levels and so let's label them 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five levels and so let's label them 0 1
+2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 Now The Zeta for f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 Now The Zeta for f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 Now The Zeta for f is
+going to be different from The Zeta for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different from The Zeta for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different from The Zeta for
+for D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for D
+and if you had all gone to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you had all gone to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you had all gone to the one
+electron form and evaluated The Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron form and evaluated The Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron form and evaluated The Matrix
+elements in that basis you'd find how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in that basis you'd find how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in that basis you'd find how
+the many electron Zetas the Zetas for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the many electron Zetas the Zetas for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the many electron Zetas the Zetas for an
+LS state are related to the one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LS state are related to the one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LS state are related to the one electron
+Zetas which exhibit periodicity and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zetas which exhibit periodicity and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zetas which exhibit periodicity and are
+all tabulated in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all tabulated in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all tabulated in my
+book so you could know the The Zeta for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book so you could know the The Zeta for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book so you could know the The Zeta for
+the quintet F and the quintet d uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quintet F and the quintet d uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quintet F and the quintet d uh but
+you don't need to okay so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to okay so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to okay so there are
+these states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states
+I brought an extra color of chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I brought an extra color of chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I brought an extra color of chalk
+because I wanted to illustrate something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wanted to illustrate something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wanted to illustrate something
+okay L is one higher than uh L in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay L is one higher than uh L in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay L is one higher than uh L in the
+upper state is one higher than in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper state is one higher than in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper state is one higher than in the
+Lower State so they're going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lower State so they're going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lower State so they're going to be a
+series of strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of strong
+transitions where J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions where J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions where J
+changes uh in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh in the same
+direction as l so there are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as l so there are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as l so there are going to be
+five relatively strong transitions how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five relatively strong transitions how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five relatively strong transitions how
+do you know those are relatively strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know those are relatively strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know those are relatively strong
+because Delta J has the same sign as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Delta J has the same sign as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Delta J has the same sign as
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+L the electron operates on the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L the electron operates on the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L the electron operates on the spatial
+coordinates and so it doesn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and so it doesn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and so it doesn't do
+anything to the spin the spin is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to the spin the spin is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to the spin the spin is a
+vector that's left oh okay so by S ofor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that's left oh okay so by S ofor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that's left oh okay so by S ofor
+rule that that they'll be really allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that that they'll be really allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that that they'll be really allowed
+yes okay now the you can also have Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay now the you can also have Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay now the you can also have Delta
+J of Zer and Delta J of minus one or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J of Zer and Delta J of minus one or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J of Zer and Delta J of minus one or the
+sign and so let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and so let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and so let me draw
+in the other possible transitions well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other possible transitions well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other possible transitions well
+five can only go to four it can't go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five can only go to four it can't go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five can only go to four it can't go to
+three so that's an orphan but four can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so that's an orphan but four can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so that's an orphan but four can
+go to four as well as three so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to four as well as three so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to four as well as three so let's
+draw next to that oh that doesn't help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw next to that oh that doesn't help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw next to that oh that doesn't help
+very much can you see that one's yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much can you see that one's yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much can you see that one's yellow
+and one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one's
+white not really I like the white chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white not really I like the white chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white not really I like the white chalk
+okay so I'll stick with that so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll stick with that so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll stick with that so there's
+one transition from here there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transition from here there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transition from here there's two
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+here there's going to be three from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's going to be three from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's going to be three from here
+three to four and three to three which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to four and three to three which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to four and three to three which
+we've already got no we haven't and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already got no we haven't and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already got no we haven't and so
+this is the strong one this one is weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the strong one this one is weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the strong one this one is weak
+this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very
+weak and and similarly we can draw them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak and and similarly we can draw them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak and and similarly we can draw them
+is some there'll be three from here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some there'll be three from here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some there'll be three from here and
+let's see how many from here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how many from here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how many from here we
+two from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh I better draw them all in so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I better draw them all in so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I better draw them all in so we have
+uh that guy that's two to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoops and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops and
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+two okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so we have
+one we have one one here two here three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we have one one here two here three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we have one one here two here three
+here three here and there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here three here and there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here three here and there's going to be
+we go one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go one to
+zero one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one to
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to
+two so there's going to be a total of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so there's going to be a total of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so there's going to be a total of uh
+nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components okay and the important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components okay and the important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components okay and the important thing
+is that you'll notice that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you'll notice that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you'll notice that these two
+transitions sample this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions sample this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions sample this
+interval these two transitions sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval these two transitions sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval these two transitions sample
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+interval so you see that certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so you see that certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so you see that certain
+intervals are are appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+twice so you have two transitions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice so you have two transitions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice so you have two transitions you
+see okay here these two come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay here these two come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay here these two come from the
+same level and you get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same level and you get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same level and you get that
+interval okay uh you have this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay uh you have this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay uh you have this and this
+from the J equals three level they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the J equals three level they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the J equals three level they also
+sample that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that
+interval no more the same interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval no more the same interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval no more the same interval
+appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears
+twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+sometimes once for others but when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes once for others but when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes once for others but when they
+appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear
+twice you're Off to the Races whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice you're Off to the Races whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice you're Off to the Races whenever
+you so what you do is You observe all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so what you do is You observe all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so what you do is You observe all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+lines and you take all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and you take all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and you take all the possible
+differences so we have we have uh nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so we have we have uh nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so we have we have uh nine
+transitions in this multiplet why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions in this multiplet why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions in this multiplet why are
+there nine I'm sorry there's one two 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there nine I'm sorry there's one two 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there nine I'm sorry there's one two 3
+three three oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+12 I'm smarted myself so there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 I'm smarted myself so there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 I'm smarted myself so there's there's
+12 numbers 12 eight-digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 numbers 12 eight-digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 numbers 12 eight-digit
+numbers and you take all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and you take all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and you take all the possible
+differences among the 12 eight-digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences among the 12 eight-digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences among the 12 eight-digit
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+how many is that how many are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many is that how many are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many is that how many are
+there 12 choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 12 choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 12 choose
+two it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's probably
+right A lot of them and you look at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right A lot of them and you look at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right A lot of them and you look at them
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh and you look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repetitions and those are telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitions and those are telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitions and those are telling you
+something so the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so the ones that are
+repeated you know those correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated you know those correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated you know those correspond to
+certain spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain spin orbit
+intervals and what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and what you want to
+do is find magic quartets of lines so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is find magic quartets of lines so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is find magic quartets of lines so we
+have an interval here let's call that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an interval here let's call that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an interval here let's call that a
+and that same interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that same interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that same interval
+here and so you see the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so you see the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so you see the interval
+appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing
+twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you see the same interval appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the same interval appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the same interval appearing
+twice this way so this tells you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice this way so this tells you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice this way so this tells you how to
+arrange four levels four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Transitions and and so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and and so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and and so you have a
+repeated difference that will be in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated difference that will be in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated difference that will be in one
+state and a repeated difference which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and a repeated difference which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and a repeated difference which
+will turn out to be in the other state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn out to be in the other state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn out to be in the other state
+you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know
+which okay and but as soon as you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which okay and but as soon as you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which okay and but as soon as you've
+calculated all these differences then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated all these differences then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated all these differences then
+you can pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pick
+out pairs of trans transitions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out pairs of trans transitions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out pairs of trans transitions that
+exhibit the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit the same
+difference and then you can find ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and then you can find ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and then you can find ways of
+grouping them in this magic quartet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping them in this magic quartet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping them in this magic quartet and
+then what you find is that you can link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you find is that you can link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you find is that you can link
+that with another grouping uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with another grouping uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with another grouping uh and you
+get c c d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d and so this is how you begin you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and so this is how you begin you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and so this is how you begin you know
+as soon as you find repeated intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as you find repeated intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as you find repeated intervals
+you start arranging things and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start arranging things and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start arranging things and what you
+do is you always arrange the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you always arrange the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you always arrange the the the
+numbers in columns and rows so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in columns and rows so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in columns and rows so that
+they're monotonically going in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're monotonically going in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're monotonically going in the same
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and now you have a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d and you're going to look for the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and you're going to look for the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and you're going to look for the ratio
+of those and that's going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those and that's going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those and that's going to tell
+you J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because the ratio you know you so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the ratio you know you so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the ratio you know you so you
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you can go from J equals 5 to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can go from J equals 5 to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can go from J equals 5 to zero
+and so uh you have a a five to four you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh you have a a five to four you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh you have a a five to four you
+have a a four to three you have a 3 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a four to three you have a 3 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a four to three you have a 3 to
+two a 2 to one and a one to zero of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two a 2 to one and a one to zero of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two a 2 to one and a one to zero of
+course that one doesn't help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that one doesn't help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that one doesn't help you
+so you're expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're expecting
+ratios uh of uh intervals that are 54s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios uh of uh intervals that are 54s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios uh of uh intervals that are 54s
+4/3 3 haves 1/2 two uh and uh uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 3 haves 1/2 two uh and uh uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 3 haves 1/2 two uh and uh uh if you
+see something close to that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something close to that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something close to that you know
+immediately uh what What's starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately uh what What's starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately uh what What's starting to
+go on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on you
+know uh if you see five Force you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh if you see five Force you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh if you see five Force you know
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+are uh the there's one level that has J5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh the there's one level that has J5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh the there's one level that has J5
+one level that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level that has
+j4 and then if you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j4 and then if you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j4 and then if you see a
+linked uh if you see 4/3 so if you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked uh if you see 4/3 so if you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked uh if you see 4/3 so if you see a
+transition that uh uh is a part of a 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition that uh uh is a part of a 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition that uh uh is a part of a 5
+to four and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four and a
+4:3 then you've started to build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4:3 then you've started to build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4:3 then you've started to build this
+okay so this is what you do it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what you do it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what you do it's it
+looks complicated and you know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks complicated and you know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks complicated and you know but
+it it is amazing how you build up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it is amazing how you build up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it is amazing how you build up these
+these patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patterns
+now there are more things that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are more things that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are more things that happen
+you you collect all of the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you collect all of the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you collect all of the possible
+repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated
+intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh from the number of repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the number of repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the number of repeated
+intervals and from some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and from some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and from some of the
+ratios you start to know what J maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios you start to know what J maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios you start to know what J maximum
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+and way J minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and way J minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and way J minimum
+is and another fact if Delta L is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and another fact if Delta L is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and another fact if Delta L is zero
+in other words if you have States at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if you have States at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if you have States at the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+L you get the maximum number of repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intervals you can't Poss I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals you can't Poss I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals you can't Poss I can't
+possibly lecture to you about how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly lecture to you about how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly lecture to you about how to do
+this without you actually working a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without you actually working a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without you actually working a
+problem and uh but you know this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and uh but you know this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and uh but you know this is how
+it begins you look you just take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it begins you look you just take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it begins you look you just take this
+table of numbers and you calculate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of numbers and you calculate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of numbers and you calculate all
+the differences then you take ratios of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences then you take ratios of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences then you take ratios of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+differences the of the repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences the of the repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences the of the repeated
+differences and you make conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and you make conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and you make conclusions
+about what does that say about J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what does that say about J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what does that say about J and
+then you make conclusions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you make conclusions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you make conclusions about the
+range of J from the you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of J from the you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of J from the you know these
+intervals this is the smallest this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals this is the smallest this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals this is the smallest this is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+biggest and how many of them and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest and how many of them and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest and how many of them and you
+start to know what the multiplicity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to know what the multiplicity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to know what the multiplicity is
+what the maximum J is and uh uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the maximum J is and uh uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the maximum J is and uh uh you
+discover that if L doesn't change you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that if L doesn't change you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that if L doesn't change you
+have more repeated intervals than if L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more repeated intervals than if L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more repeated intervals than if L
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+change and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and uh uh
+so very quickly you're able to build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very quickly you're able to build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very quickly you're able to build up
+a level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a level
+diagram and uh you know the only way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and uh you know the only way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and uh you know the only way I
+could really teach you to do this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really teach you to do this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really teach you to do this is now
+to put a bunch of numbers on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a bunch of numbers on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a bunch of numbers on the board
+and assemble this level diagram and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assemble this level diagram and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assemble this level diagram and what
+I what I recommend is that you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what I recommend is that you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what I recommend is that you look at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh T
+page where is it page five of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page where is it page five of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page where is it page five of the
+notes and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and we have
+here this multiple table for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this multiple table for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this multiple table for
+iron and you notice there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron and you notice there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron and you notice there's
+five uh uh spin components and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five uh uh spin components and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five uh uh spin components and
+five and uh so we have the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and uh so we have the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and uh so we have the energy levels
+the the transition frequencies and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the transition frequencies and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the transition frequencies and the
+highest is on the top and the lowest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest is on the top and the lowest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest is on the top and the lowest is
+on the bottom and there there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom and there there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom and there there's there's
+three magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three magic
+quartets and the uh uh energies are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartets and the uh uh energies are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartets and the uh uh energies are also
+uh increasing this way decreasing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh increasing this way decreasing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh increasing this way decreasing that
+way and uh we have uh and so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and uh we have uh and so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and uh we have uh and so you can see
+that there's a there's a interval of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a there's a interval of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a there's a interval of uh
+104.5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+104.5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+104.5 and
+25.5 so that's a 2:1 ratio and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25.5 so that's a 2:1 ratio and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25.5 so that's a 2:1 ratio and then we
+have 215
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 215
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 215
+294 uh well that's uh um or 29 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+294 uh well that's uh um or 29 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+294 uh well that's uh um or 29 that's
+one and a half and so I told you we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half and so I told you we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half and so I told you we have
+two to one three halves so you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to one three halves so you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to one three halves so you'll see
+immediately from these intervals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately from these intervals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately from these intervals that
+you know they're being approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're being approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're being approximately
+repeated here there'll be defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated here there'll be defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated here there'll be defects
+because of spin orbit distortions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of spin orbit distortions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of spin orbit distortions but
+you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you
+immediately can determine what is J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately can determine what is J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately can determine what is J
+maximum uh you know because they're five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum uh you know because they're five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum uh you know because they're five
+it's it's a quintet State and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a quintet State and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a quintet State and so you can
+determine what L is for both States from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what L is for both States from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what L is for both States from
+this kind of a table and it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of a table and it's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of a table and it's done
+except you don't know up from down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you don't know up from down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you don't know up from down
+because this table could just as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this table could just as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this table could just as well
+you know you you're you don't know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you're you don't know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you're you don't know uh
+whether this state is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this state is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this state is on the
+top or turned upside down on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh if it's the ground state you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it's the ground state you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it's the ground state you
+know that the ground state is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the ground state is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the ground state is going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+uh well I did Drew it wrong the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I did Drew it wrong the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I did Drew it wrong the wrong
+way around the ground state should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around the ground state should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around the ground state should have
+had the maximum J on the bottom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the maximum J on the bottom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the maximum J on the bottom so
+the if you know that you have the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you know that you have the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you know that you have the ground
+state you know that maximum J is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you know that maximum J is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you know that maximum J is going
+to be on the bottom for uh for iron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on the bottom for uh for iron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on the bottom for uh for iron and
+so you don't have the up down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have the up down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have the up down and
+ambiguity you need to know something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity you need to know something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity you need to know something to
+decide whether your level diagram is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether your level diagram is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether your level diagram is
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this how do I do this I got to turn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how do I do this I got to turn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how do I do this I got to turn that
+over and I gotta turn that one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and I gotta turn that one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and I gotta turn that one over
+okay or like that so yes okay I did got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or like that so yes okay I did got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or like that so yes okay I did got
+it uh and one way is to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh and one way is to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh and one way is to know the
+possible signs of the spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible signs of the spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible signs of the spin orbit
+coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling
+constants one way is to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants one way is to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants one way is to know the
+possible values of the spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values of the spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values of the spin orbit
+coupling con constants one way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling con constants one way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling con constants one way is
+somehow to have one of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow to have one of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow to have one of these things
+linked to ridberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to ridberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to ridberg
+series and then you know up from down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and then you know up from down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and then you know up from down so
+there's there's a lot of way but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a lot of way but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a lot of way but this is
+how you begin you have to begin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you begin you have to begin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you begin you have to begin by
+grouping four level four transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping four level four transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping four level four transitions
+together in a quartet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a quartet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a quartet and
+then matching the corners and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then matching the corners and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then matching the corners and and you
+just start to build and that's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just start to build and that's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just start to build and that's always
+the way it works in spectroscopy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it works in spectroscopy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it works in spectroscopy you
+figure out some something that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out some something that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out some something that you can
+identify absolutely and then you spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify absolutely and then you spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify absolutely and then you spread
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+domain building on what you know and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain building on what you know and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain building on what you know and the
+subtle thing is this is an imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle thing is this is an imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle thing is this is an imperfect
+pattern for finder there are distortions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern for finder there are distortions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern for finder there are distortions
+in the patterns usually the distortions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the patterns usually the distortions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the patterns usually the distortions
+don't stop you but sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stop you but sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stop you but sometimes the
+distortions are so serious that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortions are so serious that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortions are so serious that you have
+to model that says okay well I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model that says okay well I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model that says okay well I think
+it's this but I have a spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this but I have a spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this but I have a spin orbit
+interaction that messes up the pattern I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction that messes up the pattern I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction that messes up the pattern I
+have to represent that you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to represent that you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to represent that you can do that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay yes what would it take to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes what would it take to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes what would it take to estimate
+the spin orbit constant from Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin orbit constant from Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin orbit constant from Theory
+would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+require well some theorists won't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require well some theorists won't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require well some theorists won't do it
+and some people some will I mean uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people some will I mean uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people some will I mean uh it's
+not a standard quantity and so if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a standard quantity and so if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a standard quantity and so if people
+are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using
+uh um their uh inherited codes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um their uh inherited codes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um their uh inherited codes and the
+codes don't have spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes don't have spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes don't have spin
+orbit then they'll say don't know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you know how the spin orbit constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know how the spin orbit constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know how the spin orbit constants
+are going to vary that you know spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to vary that you know spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to vary that you know spin
+orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit
+scales as nus 3 l Theus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales as nus 3 l Theus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales as nus 3 l Theus 3
+approximately and so and Z to the four Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately and so and Z to the four Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately and so and Z to the four Z
+effective to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective to the
+four so there are things that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so there are things that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so there are things that you can do
+to make predictions of what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make predictions of what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make predictions of what you would
+expect for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect for a particular
+atom and there are you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and there are you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and there are you know there are
+these big things that happen when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big things that happen when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big things that happen when you go
+from D4 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from D4 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from D4 to
+D6 uh because the sign of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D6 uh because the sign of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D6 uh because the sign of everything
+switches so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches so uh
+but all of the important spinner ofid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of the important spinner ofid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of the important spinner ofid
+coupling constants for atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling constants for atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling constants for atoms are
+tabulated in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated in my
+book okay um can I ask one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book okay um can I ask one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book okay um can I ask one other
+question right now absolutely okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right now absolutely okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right now absolutely okay um
+real Spectra of iron yes um there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Spectra of iron yes um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Spectra of iron yes um there are
+multiple isotopes of iron M that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple isotopes of iron M that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple isotopes of iron M that might
+have small differences and if one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have small differences and if one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have small differences and if one has
+seven digigit numbers you can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven digigit numbers you can probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven digigit numbers you can probably
+see those differences can you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those differences can you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those differences can you use the
+fact that there are multiple Isotopes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there are multiple Isotopes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there are multiple Isotopes to
+help you or is it just a pain well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you or is it just a pain well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you or is it just a pain well
+actually the isotope shifts for atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the isotope shifts for atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the isotope shifts for atoms
+are really small and but what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really small and but what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really small and but what you can do
+is there are there are atoms there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there are there are atoms there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there are there are atoms there are
+isotopes that have large hyperfine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes that have large hyperfine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes that have large hyperfine
+structure and small hyperfine structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and small hyperfine structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and small hyperfine structure
+so what is more likely to happen is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is more likely to happen is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is more likely to happen is you
+have a level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a level
+which has no hyperfine because it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has no hyperfine because it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has no hyperfine because it's even
+even you know even number of neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even you know even number of neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even you know even number of neutrons
+even number of protons or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even number of protons or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even number of protons or uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um and one which is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and one which is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and one which is even
+odd or sometimes you have uh nucle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd or sometimes you have uh nucle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd or sometimes you have uh nucle
+nuclei where the uh the spin uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei where the uh the spin uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei where the uh the spin uh the the
+nuclear spin uh coupling constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear spin uh coupling constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear spin uh coupling constant is
+that I forget the name of it the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I forget the name of it the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I forget the name of it the nuclear
+Magneton or what no it's not I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magneton or what no it's not I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magneton or what no it's not I don't
+remember what it's called but some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it's called but some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it's called but some of
+them are bigger than others and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are bigger than others and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are bigger than others and uh and
+so but what you frequently see is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but what you frequently see is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but what you frequently see is not
+isotope shifts but you have sharp lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope shifts but you have sharp lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope shifts but you have sharp lines
+and broader lines or split lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and broader lines or split lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and broader lines or split lines and
+that will often tell you which species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will often tell you which species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will often tell you which species
+it is but you cannot count on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but you cannot count on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but you cannot count on there
+being resolvable isotope shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being resolvable isotope shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being resolvable isotope shift
+you can have broadenings that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have broadenings that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have broadenings that you know
+you really need very high precision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really need very high precision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really need very high precision and
+that means that you have to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you have to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you have to also
+understand the electronic structure very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the electronic structure very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the electronic structure very
+well because you could get small shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because you could get small shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because you could get small shifts
+from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other
+things all right so part of me follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all right so part of me follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all right so part of me follow
+one quick follow up that when a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quick follow up that when a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quick follow up that when a lot of
+this work was first done maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work was first done maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work was first done maybe you
+couldn't resolve those lines you know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't resolve those lines you know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't resolve those lines you know at
+all well actually the hyperfine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all well actually the hyperfine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all well actually the hyperfine in
+Mercury is pretty big and so there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mercury is pretty big and so there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mercury is pretty big and so there you
+know some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some of the
+uh it's very common when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very common when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very common when you have
+multiple isotopes that you can tell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple isotopes that you can tell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple isotopes that you can tell that
+there's something going on because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something going on because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something going on because there
+will be one that has nuclear Spin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be one that has nuclear Spin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be one that has nuclear Spin and
+maybe it's not very abundant but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not very abundant but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not very abundant but you can
+generally catch it and that usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally catch it and that usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally catch it and that usually
+tells you which one it is okay there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you which one it is okay there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you which one it is okay there's
+another there's two other methods for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another there's two other methods for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another there's two other methods for
+figuring out assignments now I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out assignments now I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out assignments now I know that
+I'm just about out of time time there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just about out of time time there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just about out of time time there's
+the zon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zon
+effect and there's the Stark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effect after all you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect after all you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect after all you have
+J's and J's split into 2 J + one values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J's and J's split into 2 J + one values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J's and J's split into 2 J + one values
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+MJ so if you could split the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MJ so if you could split the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MJ so if you could split the M
+components then you could determine J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components then you could determine J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components then you could determine J
+assignment simply by Counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment simply by Counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment simply by Counting
+and that would be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be really
+neat and the trouble is that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat and the trouble is that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat and the trouble is that you need
+really really big magnetic fields and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really big magnetic fields and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really big magnetic fields and
+even larger St mag electric fields and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even larger St mag electric fields and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even larger St mag electric fields and
+the Stark effect is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stark effect is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stark effect is actually a
+complicating factor for okay the zon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicating factor for okay the zon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicating factor for okay the zon
+effect you'll simply split all the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you'll simply split all the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you'll simply split all the M
+levels and but one of the bad things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and but one of the bad things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and but one of the bad things
+that happens you split the M levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens you split the M levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens you split the M levels
+upstairs and downstairs and often by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs and downstairs and often by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs and downstairs and often by the
+same amounts and so you end up getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amounts and so you end up getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amounts and so you end up getting a
+spectrum which is more complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum which is more complicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum which is more complicated and
+you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't
+count it's just more complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count it's just more complicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count it's just more complicated and
+there are many Blended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many Blended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many Blended
+features but uh you get 1.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features but uh you get 1.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features but uh you get 1.4
+megahertz per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz per
+gaus times the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus times the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus times the uh uh
+uh time Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh time Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh time Lambda
+I'm sorry M sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry M sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry M sub
+L plus 2 M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Subs so the uh you can figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs so the uh you can figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs so the uh you can figure out what
+the zamon splittings would be and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zamon splittings would be and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zamon splittings would be and uh
+uh sometimes the G values are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes the G values are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes the G values are more
+complicated than this but you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than this but you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than this but you know I'm
+just where is the 1.4 mehz per G that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just where is the 1.4 mehz per G that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just where is the 1.4 mehz per G that's
+just the conversion factor of the zon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the conversion factor of the zon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the conversion factor of the zon
+inter the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter the electron
+the the bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the bore
+Magneton uh which is equally useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magneton uh which is equally useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magneton uh which is equally useful for
+electron angular orbital Ang momentum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron angular orbital Ang momentum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron angular orbital Ang momentum or
+Spin and and the the zamon effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spin and and the the zamon effect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spin and and the the zamon effect so
+that that's a fundamental constant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a fundamental constant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a fundamental constant that
+actually physicist sometimes try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually physicist sometimes try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually physicist sometimes try to
+measure really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure really
+accurately um and so then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately um and so then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately um and so then there's the
+issue of how to the various angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of how to the various angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of how to the various angular
+momenta coupled to the external magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta coupled to the external magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta coupled to the external magnetic
+field and in some coupling limits it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and in some coupling limits it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and in some coupling limits it's
+sort of like that now the Stark effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like that now the Stark effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like that now the Stark effect
+is like the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the electric
+dipole transition it's odd parity so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole transition it's odd parity so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole transition it's odd parity so the
+zamon is between you know is a splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zamon is between you know is a splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zamon is between you know is a splitting
+of a particular State without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular State without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular State without
+necessarily off diagonal matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily off diagonal matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily off diagonal matrix elements
+there are off diagonal in L Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are off diagonal in L Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are off diagonal in L Matrix
+elements of the zon hamiltonian but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the zon hamiltonian but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the zon hamiltonian but if
+the states are far apart and the zamon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states are far apart and the zamon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states are far apart and the zamon
+splitting is only a few wave numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting is only a few wave numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting is only a few wave numbers
+that's almost always ignorable but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's almost always ignorable but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's almost always ignorable but the
+starkk effect is always off diagonal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starkk effect is always off diagonal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starkk effect is always off diagonal in
+in spin orbit components and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spin orbit components and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spin orbit components and in fact
+it's off always off diagonal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's off always off diagonal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's off always off diagonal in
+electronic States because you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic States because you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic States because you have to
+change little l so you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change little l so you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change little l so you have to go
+between an even configuration and odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an even configuration and odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an even configuration and odd
+configuration and so the Stark effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and so the Stark effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and so the Stark effect is
+a really really bad way to make a living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really really bad way to make a living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really really bad way to make a living
+and it doesn't lift the degeneracy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't lift the degeneracy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't lift the degeneracy of
+positive M subj and negative m subj and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive M subj and negative m subj and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive M subj and negative m subj and
+so in if you could resolve things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in if you could resolve things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in if you could resolve things you
+would not resolve 2 J + one things you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not resolve 2 J + one things you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not resolve 2 J + one things you'd
+resolve j+1 things but it the splittings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve j+1 things but it the splittings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve j+1 things but it the splittings
+are much smaller but if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much smaller but if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much smaller but if you're doing
+very high resolution spectroscopy as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high resolution spectroscopy as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high resolution spectroscopy as we
+do by doing millimeter wave spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by doing millimeter wave spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by doing millimeter wave spectroscopy
+yeah sure you can resolve the m and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+count okay so um I hope that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count okay so um I hope that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count okay so um I hope that this was
+instructive that uh you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive that uh you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive that uh you know you
+basically build on what you know and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically build on what you know and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically build on what you know and you
+use Simple empirical raos of things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Simple empirical raos of things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Simple empirical raos of things and
+you start to build more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to build more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to build more and
+more uh pieces that are linked together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh pieces that are linked together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh pieces that are linked together
+in a way that you can understand and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that you can understand and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that you can understand and so
+the best way to do this is to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way to do this is to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way to do this is to you know
+to take say the T the numbers from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take say the T the numbers from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take say the T the numbers from this
+table on page five strip them out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table on page five strip them out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table on page five strip them out of the
+table stick them into a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table stick them into a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table stick them into a computer
+computer and calculate all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and calculate all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and calculate all the
+differences and then try to reconstruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and then try to reconstruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and then try to reconstruct
+the table without looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table without looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table without looking at
+it and there's only one way you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and there's only one way you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and there's only one way you will
+find that you know that that there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that you know that that there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that you know that that there will
+be defects in the sense that the ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defects in the sense that the ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defects in the sense that the ratios
+aren't going to be exactly what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to be exactly what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to be exactly what you
+predict but it would be you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict but it would be you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict but it would be you know I
+recommend it and uh uh so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend it and uh uh so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend it and uh uh so we're going to
+start on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on
+molecules uh next time tomorrow morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules uh next time tomorrow morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules uh next time tomorrow morning
+I'm going to talk about the Bor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about the Bor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about the Bor
+born oper approximation and the diabetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born oper approximation and the diabetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born oper approximation and the diabetic
+and adiabetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adiabetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adiabetic
+representations starting to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations starting to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations starting to get into
+good stuff so that's it thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good stuff so that's it thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good stuff so that's it thank
+you does anyone still work on comic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you does anyone still work on comic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you does anyone still work on comic
+Spectra in the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra in the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra in the classical
+sense all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all
+problem maybe a little bit I I think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem maybe a little bit I I think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem maybe a little bit I I think uh
+that um what you would find is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um what you would find is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um what you would find is that if
+there were funding to do it people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were funding to do it people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were funding to do it people would
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+whether we can agree that it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can agree that it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can agree that it's worth
+doing uh you know that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh you know that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh you know that's a that's a
+serious subject of debate uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious subject of debate uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious subject of debate uh there are
+regions of the level diagram that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of the level diagram that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of the level diagram that
+haven't been mapped because they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been mapped because they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been mapped because they you
+have to have several excitations from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have several excitations from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have several excitations from
+the ground state and so uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state and so uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state and so uh there are
+many open shells there's High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many open shells there's High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many open shells there's High
+multiplicity there's complicated stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity there's complicated stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity there's complicated stuff
+that could occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could occur
+do you learn something by dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you learn something by dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you learn something by dealing with
+that well I don't know but there isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well I don't know but there isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well I don't know but there isn't a
+lot of activity in assigning Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of activity in assigning Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of activity in assigning Atomic
+Spectra and uh uh instead people use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra and uh uh instead people use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra and uh uh instead people use
+what you know about Atomic Spectra in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know about Atomic Spectra in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know about Atomic Spectra in
+order to get at more complicated more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get at more complicated more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get at more complicated more
+import fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import fundamental
+things
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RxWfrE3o-9k.txt b/RxWfrE3o-9k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..45b8e7ecf254300032b1f9191344934287b00df1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RxWfrE3o-9k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1251 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was a differential equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a differential equation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a differential equation for the
+energy eigenstates I supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates I supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates I supposed to be
+normalizable functions we looked at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable functions we looked at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable functions we looked at this
+equation and decided we would first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and decided we would first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and decided we would first
+clean out the constant we did that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean out the constant we did that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean out the constant we did that by
+replacing X by a unit free cord new for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing X by a unit free cord new for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing X by a unit free cord new for
+that we needed a constant encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we needed a constant encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we needed a constant encourage
+units of length and that concept is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of length and that concept is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of length and that concept is
+given by this combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this combination of the
+constants of the problem H bar and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants of the problem H bar and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants of the problem H bar and an
+Omega the frequency of the oscillator we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega the frequency of the oscillator we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega the frequency of the oscillator we
+also define the unit free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also define the unit free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also define the unit free energy
+calligraphic e which in terms of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calligraphic e which in terms of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calligraphic e which in terms of which
+that real energies are given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that real energies are given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that real energies are given by
+multiples of H Omega over 2 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of H Omega over 2 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of H Omega over 2 so the
+problem has now become and this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem has now become and this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem has now become and this all
+differential equation turns into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation turns into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation turns into this
+simple differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple differential equation
+simple-looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple-looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple-looking
+let's say properly differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say properly differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say properly differential equation
+for Phi as a function of U which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Phi as a function of U which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Phi as a function of U which is a
+new rescale coordinate and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rescale coordinate and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rescale coordinate and for the
+energy shows up here and for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy shows up here and for some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy shows up here and for some reason
+this equation doesn't have normalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation doesn't have normalizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation doesn't have normalizable
+solutions and unless those energies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and unless those energies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and unless those energies are
+peculiar values that allowed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar values that allowed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar values that allowed a
+normalizable solution to exist we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable solution to exist we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable solution to exist we looked
+at this equation for u going to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this equation for u going to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this equation for u going to infinity
+and realize that e to the plus minus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and realize that e to the plus minus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and realize that e to the plus minus u
+over u squared over two are the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over u squared over two are the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over u squared over two are the possible
+dependences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependences
+so we said without loss of generality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said without loss of generality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said without loss of generality
+that phi could be written as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phi could be written as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phi could be written as some
+function of U to be determined times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of U to be determined times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of U to be determined times
+this exponential and we hope for maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential and we hope for maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential and we hope for maybe a
+function that may be a polynomial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that may be a polynomial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that may be a polynomial so
+that the dependents of infinity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dependents of infinity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dependents of infinity is
+governed by this factor so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed by this factor so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed by this factor so with
+this outside for the function Phi we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this outside for the function Phi we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this outside for the function Phi we
+substitute back into the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute back into the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute back into the differential
+equation now they're known as age so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now they're known as age so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now they're known as age so you
+can take the derivatives and find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the derivatives and find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the derivatives and find this
+differential equation for H a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for H a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for H a
+second-order differential equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order differential equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order differential equation and
+that's the equation may look a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equation may look a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equation may look a little
+more complicated than the equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than the equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than the equation we
+started with but it's much simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with but it's much simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with but it's much simpler
+actually there will be no polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there will be no polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there will be no polynomial
+solution of this equation but there may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of this equation but there may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of this equation but there may
+be a polynomial solution the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a polynomial solution the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a polynomial solution the second
+equation we have to solve this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we have to solve this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we have to solve this equation
+now and the way to do it is to attend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and the way to do it is to attend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and the way to do it is to attend a
+series expansion so over J now one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series expansion so over J now one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series expansion so over J now one way
+to proceed with this is to plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to proceed with this is to plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to proceed with this is to plug this
+expansion into the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion into the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion into the differential equation
+we will get three sons you will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will get three sons you will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will get three sons you will have to
+shift emesis it's kind of a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift emesis it's kind of a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift emesis it's kind of a little
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+actually there is a simpler way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there is a simpler way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there is a simpler way to do
+this in which you think here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in which you think here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in which you think here in the
+following way you have this and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way you have this and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way you have this and you say
+let me look at the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with you to the jury in the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you to the jury in the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you to the jury in the differential
+equation so just look at the terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so just look at the terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so just look at the terms of
+that have a u to the power J so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a u to the power J so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a u to the power J so from
+this second age the use where what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second age the use where what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second age the use where what do we
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+well to get in a term that has a new to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to get in a term that has a new to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to get in a term that has a new to
+the J you must start if you take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J you must start if you take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J you must start if you take two
+derivatives and to end up with you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and to end up with you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and to end up with you to
+the Jade you must have started with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jade you must have started with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jade you must have started with this
+you to the J plus 2 so this gives you J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to the J plus 2 so this gives you J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to the J plus 2 so this gives you J
+plus 2 J plus 1 is a plus from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 J plus 1 is a plus from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 J plus 1 is a plus from the
+serious the term with you to the J from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious the term with you to the J from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious the term with you to the J from
+this second HD u squared is this one how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second HD u squared is this one how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second HD u squared is this one how
+about minus 2 u vh v you well if I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about minus 2 u vh v you well if I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about minus 2 u vh v you well if I start
+with age and differentiate and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with age and differentiate and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with age and differentiate and then
+multiplied by u I'm going to be U to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by u I'm going to be U to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by u I'm going to be U to the
+J starting from u to the day because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J starting from u to the day because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J starting from u to the day because
+when i refresh it I'll get you to the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i refresh it I'll get you to the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i refresh it I'll get you to the J
+minus 1 but the you will bring it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 but the you will bring it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 but the you will bring it back
+so this time I get minus 2 a J or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this time I get minus 2 a J or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this time I get minus 2 a J or minus
+2 1 derivative J and a so it's from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 derivative J and a so it's from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 derivative J and a so it's from this
+- - from the last term - one that's age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+- so these are my three terms that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- so these are my three terms that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- so these are my three terms that we
+get through the differential equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through the differential equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through the differential equation so
+at the end of the day what have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day what have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day what have we
+gotten we've gotten J + 2 J plus 1 a J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten we've gotten J + 2 J plus 1 a J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten we've gotten J + 2 J plus 1 a J
+plus 2 minus 2 J MJ plus e minus 1 MJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 minus 2 J MJ plus e minus 1 MJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 minus 2 J MJ plus e minus 1 MJ
+all multiplied by a little injury and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all multiplied by a little injury and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all multiplied by a little injury and
+that's what we get for you - the J so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we get for you - the J so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we get for you - the J so if
+you wish for the whole differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wish for the whole differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wish for the whole differential
+equation all of the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation all of the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation all of the differential
+equation you get the sum from J equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you get the sum from J equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you get the sum from J equals 0
+to infinity of these things and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of these things and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of these things and that
+should be equal to 0 so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to 0 so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to 0 so this is the
+whole left hand side of the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole left hand side of the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole left hand side of the differential
+equation we calculated what is the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we calculated what is the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we calculated what is the term
+due to the J and well there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the J and well there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the J and well there will be
+terms from you to the 0 of 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms from you to the 0 of 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms from you to the 0 of 2 to the
+infinity so that's the whole thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so that's the whole thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so that's the whole thing and
+we need this differential equation to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need this differential equation to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need this differential equation to be
+solved so this must be 0 and whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved so this must be 0 and whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved so this must be 0 and whenever
+you have a function of you like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a function of you like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a function of you like the
+polynomial well we don't know if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial well we don't know if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial well we don't know if it's a
+polynomial and it starts but if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and it starts but if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and it starts but if you have
+a function of you like this each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of you like this each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of you like this each
+coefficient must be 0 therefore we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient must be 0 therefore we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient must be 0 therefore we have
+the J plus 2 thanks Jay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J plus 2 thanks Jay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J plus 2 thanks Jay
+as a J plus 2 is equal to 2 J plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a J plus 2 is equal to 2 J plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a J plus 2 is equal to 2 J plus 1
+minus e a I set this whole combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e a I set this whole combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e a I set this whole combination
+inside brackets to 0 so this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside brackets to 0 so this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside brackets to 0 so this term is
+equal to the this term and that term on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the this term and that term on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the this term and that term on
+the other side you get a plus 2j a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side you get a plus 2j a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side you get a plus 2j a plus
+1 and minus 1 so basically this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and minus 1 so basically this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and minus 1 so basically this is a
+recursion relation a J plus 2 minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion relation a J plus 2 minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion relation a J plus 2 minus P
+over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is a perfectly nice this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a perfectly nice this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a perfectly nice this is
+what should happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should happen
+for this kind of differential equation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this kind of differential equation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this kind of differential equation a
+second order linear differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order linear differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order linear differential
+equation we get a recursion that jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we get a recursion that jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we get a recursion that jumps
+one step that's very nice and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step that's very nice and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step that's very nice and this
+should fall for J all numbers so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should fall for J all numbers so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should fall for J all numbers so when
+you start solving this there's two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start solving this there's two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start solving this there's two ways
+to solve it you can decide okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve it you can decide okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve it you can decide okay let me
+ask you but we know a zero you give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you but we know a zero you give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you but we know a zero you give it
+give a zero well from this equation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a zero well from this equation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a zero well from this equation from
+a zero you can complete a two then from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero you can complete a two then from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero you can complete a two then from
+e2 e3 e4 and successively so you get a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e2 e3 e4 and successively so you get a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e2 e3 e4 and successively so you get a 2
+a 4 all those and this corresponds to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 4 all those and this corresponds to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 4 all those and this corresponds to an
+even solution of the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even solution of the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even solution of the differential
+equation for H even coefficients even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for H even coefficients even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for H even coefficients even
+solution for H or given this recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for H or given this recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for H or given this recursion
+you can also give anyone give it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also give anyone give it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also give anyone give it and
+then calculate a 5 so you need two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then calculate a 5 so you need two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then calculate a 5 so you need two
+conditions to solve this and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to solve this and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to solve this and those
+conditions are a 0 and a 1 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are a 0 and a 1 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are a 0 and a 1 which is the
+same as specifying the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as specifying the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as specifying the value of the
+function H at 0 to the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function H at 0 to the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function H at 0 to the value of the
+function H at 0 is a 0 and the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function H at 0 is a 0 and the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function H at 0 is a 0 and the value of
+the derivative of the function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the function at
+zero which is one of MU is a 0 plus a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which is one of MU is a 0 plus a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which is one of MU is a 0 plus a 1
+you will trust a 2 squared so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will trust a 2 squared so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will trust a 2 squared so the
+derivative at 0 is each one and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at 0 is each one and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at 0 is each one and that's
+what you must have for solving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you must have for solving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you must have for solving a
+differential equation second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation second order
+differential equation for H you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for H you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for H you need to
+know the value of the function at 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the value of the function at 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the value of the function at 0 and
+the value of the function at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the function at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the function at a
+derivative of the function at 0 as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the function at 0 as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the function at 0 as well
+and then you can start integrating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can start integrating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can start integrating it
+so this first gives you a solution a 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this first gives you a solution a 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this first gives you a solution a 0
+plus a 2 u square plus a 4 u to the 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a 2 u square plus a 4 u to the 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a 2 u square plus a 4 u to the 4th
+and the second is an 81 u plus a 3 u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second is an 81 u plus a 3 u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second is an 81 u plus a 3 u
+cubed so all looks pretty much ok
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/S9uGFKoRGUU.txt b/S9uGFKoRGUU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90985f4dabb768b8e193b837b31976c7cf717299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/S9uGFKoRGUU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm Sanjoy Mahajan.
+
+This course is Teaching
+College-Level Science and
+
+Engineering.
+
+The course is intended for
+graduate students some towards
+
+the end of their PhD who are
+intending to go onto academic
+
+teaching careers.
+
+But all graduate students
+are welcome, and even
+
+undergraduates who have a strong
+interest in teaching.
+
+The goal of the course is to
+give some preparation and
+
+background into the principles
+of teaching, so graduate
+
+students and in fact as
+undergraduates too, all get
+
+the same for their specific
+research area.
+
+For example, in physics, they'll
+learn the principles
+
+of conservation of momentum
+and energy.
+
+But in teaching, everyone is
+basically just thrown to the
+
+wolves and figured, well, if you
+know your subject, you can
+
+teach or given very little
+preparation.
+
+So the idea is to actually
+show that teaching and
+
+thinking about teaching
+is a very serious
+
+intellectual activity.
+
+And there's general ideas and
+principles that can be used to
+
+make teaching much
+more successful.
+
+And therefore, students learn
+much more and enjoy what
+
+they're learning.
+
+Many departments encourage their
+students who they know
+
+are going on to teaching
+careers.
+
+They say, well, you might
+actually find this course
+
+interesting.
+
+It's paired also with another
+new program at MIT, called the
+
+TA certificate program, which
+is a non-credit option where
+
+students do about six or seven
+seminars of an hour and a half
+
+each and do work for
+each seminar.
+
+Here, this is the sort
+of four-credit
+
+cousin of that course.
+
+And it's for students who want
+to do everything in one
+
+semester and want something on
+their transcript as well.
+
+So at the end of each lecture,
+I give out a short sheet that
+
+has three questions on it.
+
+One is what was most confusing
+today or what do you wonder
+
+about most?
+
+What example or teaching
+technique
+
+worked well or not well?
+
+And any other comments?
+
+And so at the end of each
+session, the students have one
+
+or two minutes to
+fill that out.
+
+And at the end of the
+next session, I
+
+answer all the questions.
+
+I was just amazed at the
+thoughtfulness of the
+
+questions and how right on they
+were and how many useful
+
+suggestions I got for when I
+teach the class the next time.
+
+Many students have told me
+they think everyone who
+
+teaches should take it.
+
+And some told me also that
+they wish some of their
+
+professors had taken those
+classes, their professors from
+
+when they were undergraduates.
+
+But on the other hand, if it
+were required, then it
+
+wouldn't be such a lively
+atmosphere as it is now, where
+
+we have students who really are
+fascinated by teaching and
+
+are therefore much more
+motivated to contribute.
+
+But the theme that I got from
+many, many students was, wow,
+
+this has really helped them
+thinking about their teaching
+
+and said oh, finally, this may
+be the only preparation I get
+
+in teaching and I'm really
+glad I had that.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SLPRYIb7RdI.txt b/SLPRYIb7RdI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ec58e6d22fa16854060a06abf5f425a309cc80a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SLPRYIb7RdI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+for our rocket in an external force we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our rocket in an external force we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our rocket in an external force we
+have the rocket equation which we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the rocket equation which we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the rocket equation which we wrote
+as mass of the rocket now remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as mass of the rocket now remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as mass of the rocket now remember this
+is a function of time times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of time times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of time times the
+derivative of the rocket dr/dt and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the rocket dr/dt and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the rocket dr/dt and we
+also have this second term that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have this second term that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have this second term that came
+from the ejecting fuel now from our mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ejecting fuel now from our mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ejecting fuel now from our mass
+conservation equation we can rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation equation we can rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation equation we can rewrite
+this equation as a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation as a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation as a differential
+relationship that the change of mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that the change of mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that the change of mass of
+the fuel in time is equal to minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel in time is equal to minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel in time is equal to minus the
+change of the rocket it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the rocket it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the rocket it doesn't matter
+which side we put the minus sign on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which side we put the minus sign on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which side we put the minus sign on so
+now I want to interpret this equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to interpret this equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to interpret this equation in
+a different way and it will come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way and it will come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way and it will come back to
+what we mean by our system let's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by our system let's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by our system let's first
+off bring this other term over to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off bring this other term over to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off bring this other term over to this
+side so we have plus DM r DT U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so we have plus DM r DT U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so we have plus DM r DT U and
+that's equal to M R DV R DT now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to M R DV R DT now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to M R DV R DT now
+separately let's make this substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately let's make this substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately let's make this substitution
+again and go back to our fuel term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and go back to our fuel term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and go back to our fuel term so
+that's minus DM f dt u equals M R DV r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's minus DM f dt u equals M R DV r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's minus DM f dt u equals M R DV r
+DT now notice that over here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT now notice that over here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT now notice that over here we have
+mass times the acceleration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the acceleration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the acceleration of the
+rocket so if we just rethought our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket so if we just rethought our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket so if we just rethought our
+system as simply the rocket M R then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as simply the rocket M R then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as simply the rocket M R then we
+have two forces acting on the rocket the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two forces acting on the rocket the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two forces acting on the rocket the
+external force might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external force might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external force might be the
+gravitational field but we have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field but we have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field but we have a new
+term here which we're going to refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here which we're going to refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here which we're going to refer to
+as thrust and so our thrust can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as thrust and so our thrust can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as thrust and so our thrust can be
+thought of as an external force simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as an external force simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as an external force simply
+on the rocket as a system and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the rocket as a system and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the rocket as a system and that's
+equal to minus DF DT you now again if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus DF DT you now again if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus DF DT you now again if I
+chose J hat up let's just look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose J hat up let's just look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose J hat up let's just look at this
+in components then our thrust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in components then our thrust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in components then our thrust
+as a vector will write it as a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a vector will write it as a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a vector will write it as a y
+component is equal to minus DM fuel DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is equal to minus DM fuel DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is equal to minus DM fuel DT
+now what is that relative speed well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is that relative speed well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is that relative speed well the
+fuel is being ejected backwards so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel is being ejected backwards so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel is being ejected backwards so
+that's minus mu J hat the external force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's minus mu J hat the external force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's minus mu J hat the external force
+by the way would be minus mg J hat if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way would be minus mg J hat if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way would be minus mg J hat if
+it's near the surface of the earth so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's near the surface of the earth so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's near the surface of the earth so we
+have another minus u J hat and we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another minus u J hat and we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another minus u J hat and we see
+that we have a positive thrust force in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a positive thrust force in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a positive thrust force in
+the vertical direction that is giving us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical direction that is giving us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical direction that is giving us
+an additional force other than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional force other than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional force other than the
+gravitational field and in Cartesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field and in Cartesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field and in Cartesian
+court in our unit vectors here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court in our unit vectors here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court in our unit vectors here we have
+minus mg plus DM fuel DT times U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mg plus DM fuel DT times U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mg plus DM fuel DT times U is
+equal to M R DV Y DT of the rocket and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to M R DV Y DT of the rocket and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to M R DV Y DT of the rocket and
+so this is the rocket equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the rocket equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the rocket equation in
+components
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SMnPZzlgtXU.txt b/SMnPZzlgtXU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a0fc7a1192d961238de6b1f87b629a7041c987c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SMnPZzlgtXU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6947 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+well in the last lecture we introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the last lecture we introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the last lecture we introduced
+the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z
+transform in this lecture I'd like to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in this lecture I'd like to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in this lecture I'd like to go
+back backwards that is I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back backwards that is I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back backwards that is I'd like to
+introduce the inverse Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the inverse Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the inverse Z
+transform and demonstrate some of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and demonstrate some of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and demonstrate some of its
+properties with a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties with a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties with a few
+examples to begin with let me remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples to begin with let me remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples to begin with let me remind you
+of the Z transform relationship as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Z transform relationship as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Z transform relationship as we
+talked about it in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it in the last
+lecture the Z transform X of Z of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture the Z transform X of Z of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture the Z transform X of Z of a
+sequence X of n is given by the sum of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence X of n is given by the sum of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence X of n is given by the sum of X
+of n * Z to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n * Z to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n * Z to the minus
+n the inverse Z transform of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the inverse Z transform of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the inverse Z transform of course is
+the relationship or the set of rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship or the set of rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship or the set of rules
+that allow us to obtain X of n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow us to obtain X of n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow us to obtain X of n the
+original sequence from its Z transform X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original sequence from its Z transform X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original sequence from its Z transform X
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Z there are a variety of methods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z there are a variety of methods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z there are a variety of methods that
+can be used for implementing the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used for implementing the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used for implementing the inverse
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+transform some of them are somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform some of them are somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform some of them are somewhat
+informal methods and others one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal methods and others one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal methods and others one in
+particular which we'll talk about is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular which we'll talk about is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular which we'll talk about is a
+somewhat formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat formal
+method to begin with an informal method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to begin with an informal method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to begin with an informal method
+and a method that in fact most of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a method that in fact most of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a method that in fact most of us
+tend to use the most often is a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to use the most often is a method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to use the most often is a method
+that we could refer to as the inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could refer to as the inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could refer to as the inspection
+method for computing the inverse Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for computing the inverse Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for computing the inverse Z
+transform basically the inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform basically the inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform basically the inspection
+method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+says if we've computed a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if we've computed a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if we've computed a z
+transform then from a sequence then by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform then from a sequence then by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform then from a sequence then by
+looking at that Z transform we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at that Z transform we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at that Z transform we can
+recognize more or less by inspection the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize more or less by inspection the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize more or less by inspection the
+sequence that that Z transform came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that that Z transform came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that that Z transform came from
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+example we have worked several times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have worked several times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have worked several times
+now the computation of the Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the computation of the Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the computation of the Z transform
+of an exponential sequence which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an exponential sequence which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an exponential sequence which is a
+right side ided sequence and gotten as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side ided sequence and gotten as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side ided sequence and gotten as
+the answer or as the Z transform 1/ 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer or as the Z transform 1/ 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer or as the Z transform 1/ 1 -
+a zus one with a region of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zus one with a region of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zus one with a region of convergence
+for the magnitude of Z greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the magnitude of Z greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the magnitude of Z greater than the
+magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+consequently having worked that example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently having worked that example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently having worked that example
+if I now present you with this Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I now present you with this Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I now present you with this Z
+transform and ask you what sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and ask you what sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and ask you what sequence
+generated it one way of doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated it one way of doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated it one way of doing that
+obviously is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously is by
+inspection by recognizing that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection by recognizing that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection by recognizing that this
+sequence generates that Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transform another example that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform another example that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform another example that we've
+worked several times now is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked several times now is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked several times now is the
+exponential sequence which is left-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential sequence which is left-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential sequence which is left-sided
+that is zero for n greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is zero for n greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is zero for n greater than zero
+generating the same ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the same ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the same ratio of
+pols as in the right-sided exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols as in the right-sided exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols as in the right-sided exponential
+but with a region of convergence which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a region of convergence which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a region of convergence which
+is the interior of a circle rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the interior of a circle rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the interior of a circle rather than
+in this case where the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case where the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case where the region of
+convergence is an exterior is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is an exterior is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is an exterior is the
+exterior of a circle and in fact it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior of a circle and in fact it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior of a circle and in fact it was
+this the comparison between these two Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the comparison between these two Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the comparison between these two Z
+transforms that caused us to focus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms that caused us to focus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms that caused us to focus in
+the last lecture on the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture on the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture on the importance of
+the region of convergence so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence so this is one
+method which I emphasize again is uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which I emphasize again is uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which I emphasize again is uh in
+fact one of the most common methods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact one of the most common methods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact one of the most common methods that
+is just simply recognizing the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just simply recognizing the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just simply recognizing the Z
+transform as something that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform as something that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform as something that we've
+computed previously from a sequence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed previously from a sequence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed previously from a sequence and
+obviously also as you work more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously also as you work more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously also as you work more
+examples uh you build up a larger list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh you build up a larger list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh you build up a larger list
+of sequences and Z transforms which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sequences and Z transforms which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sequences and Z transforms which
+pairs which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs which you can
+recognize a second method for computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize a second method for computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize a second method for computing
+the inverse Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse Z
+transform is to recognize is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is to recognize is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is to recognize is based on
+the fact that the Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the Z transform
+relationship is basically a power Series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is basically a power Series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is basically a power Series
+in Z that is if we look back here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Z that is if we look back here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Z that is if we look back here at the
+Z transform expression this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z transform expression this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z transform expression this is
+essentially a power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a power series
+relationship which ex expands X of Z in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship which ex expands X of Z in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship which ex expands X of Z in
+powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of
+Z consequently given a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z consequently given a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z consequently given a z
+transform if we can expand it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform if we can expand it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform if we can expand it in terms
+of of Z then we can pick off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Z then we can pick off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Z then we can pick off the
+coefficients in that expansion as values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in that expansion as values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in that expansion as values
+of the sequence X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sequence X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sequence X of
+n for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n for
+example let's take the sequence sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's take the sequence sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's take the sequence sorry
+the Z transform X of Z which is 1 over 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform X of Z which is 1 over 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform X of Z which is 1 over 1
+- a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- a z
+theus1 or we can rewrite it as Z over Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 or we can rewrite it as Z over Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 or we can rewrite it as Z over Z
+minus a now this of course is a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a now this of course is a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a now this of course is a z
+transform that we in is Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that we in is Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that we in is Z transform
+who's inverse we know how to compute by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's inverse we know how to compute by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's inverse we know how to compute by
+inspection however we can also compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection however we can also compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection however we can also compute
+the inverse Z transform by expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse Z transform by expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse Z transform by expanding
+this expression in a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression in a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression in a power
+series let's divide one by 1 - a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series let's divide one by 1 - a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series let's divide one by 1 - a z
+theus1 and then recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 and then recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 and then recognize the
+coefficients in that expansion as values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in that expansion as values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in that expansion as values
+of the sequence X of n so carrying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sequence X of n so carrying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sequence X of n so carrying that
+out we have 1 divided into one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we have 1 divided into one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we have 1 divided into one is
+1 multiplying back we have 1 - A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 multiplying back we have 1 - A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 multiplying back we have 1 - A
+z-1 subtracting we then have AZ to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-1 subtracting we then have AZ to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-1 subtracting we then have AZ to the
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+one dividing by one we then have a * Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dividing by one we then have a * Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dividing by one we then have a * Z
+theus1 multiplying down again we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 multiplying down again we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 multiplying down again we have a
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+theus1 - a^ 2 zus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 - a^ 2 zus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 - a^ 2 zus 2
+subtracting we have a^2 Z to Theus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting we have a^2 Z to Theus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting we have a^2 Z to Theus 2
+dividing by 1 we have a^ 2 Z to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by 1 we have a^ 2 Z to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by 1 we have a^ 2 Z to the
+minus 2 and if we continue this we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 and if we continue this we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 and if we continue this we'll
+generate terms 1 a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate terms 1 a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate terms 1 a *
+z-1 a 2 * zus 2 a cub *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z-3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-3
+Etc this series will continue with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc this series will continue with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc this series will continue with an
+infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of
+terms and we can recognize then this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and we can recognize then this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and we can recognize then this as
+the expansion of X of Z in the form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion of X of Z in the form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion of X of Z in the form the
+sum of X of n * Z Theus n consequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of X of n * Z Theus n consequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of X of n * Z Theus n consequently
+we can recognize that apparently X of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can recognize that apparently X of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can recognize that apparently X of n
+is 1 at n equals 0 a at Nal 1 A2 at Nal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 at n equals 0 a at Nal 1 A2 at Nal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 at n equals 0 a at Nal 1 A2 at Nal
+2 a cubed at Nal 3 Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a cubed at Nal 3 Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a cubed at Nal 3 Etc
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+course there are lots of ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there are lots of ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there are lots of ways of
+expanding a function like this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding a function like this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding a function like this in a
+power series for example if I simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series for example if I simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series for example if I simply
+reversed the order of these two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed the order of these two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed the order of these two terms
+and carried out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carried out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carried out the
+division this isn't the series I'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division this isn't the series I'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division this isn't the series I'd get
+what I'd get instead is the series which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd get instead is the series which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd get instead is the series which
+is - A8 -1 * Z - A8 - 2 * z^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is - A8 -1 * Z - A8 - 2 * z^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is - A8 -1 * Z - A8 - 2 * z^ 2
+- 8- 3 * ZB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 8- 3 * ZB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 8- 3 * ZB
+Etc in that case if this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc in that case if this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc in that case if this was the
+expansion then what I would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion then what I would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion then what I would have to
+recognize as the sequence corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize as the sequence corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize as the sequence corresponding
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+this is the sequence which is zero at n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sequence which is zero at n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sequence which is zero at n
+equals 0 it has no terms of the form Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 it has no terms of the form Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 it has no terms of the form Z
+to the minus a positive power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus a positive power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus a positive power so
+apparently it's all zero for n greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently it's all zero for n greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently it's all zero for n greater
+than zero and it's - A8 to - 1 at n = -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero and it's - A8 to - 1 at n = -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero and it's - A8 to - 1 at n = -1
+- 8 -2 at n = -2 Etc so in fact for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 8 -2 at n = -2 Etc so in fact for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 8 -2 at n = -2 Etc so in fact for this
+example I could expand this either in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I could expand this either in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I could expand this either in
+this power series or I could expanded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power series or I could expanded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power series or I could expanded in
+this power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power
+series well which power series is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series well which power series is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series well which power series is the
+right power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right power
+series we know in fact that given just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series we know in fact that given just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series we know in fact that given just
+this ratio of pols there are several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio of pols there are several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio of pols there are several
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+for the sequence that it corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sequence that it corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sequence that it corresponds to
+depending on the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the region of
+convergence if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence if I
+associate as the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate as the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate as the region of
+convergence the magnitude of Z greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence the magnitude of Z greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence the magnitude of Z greater
+than the magnitude of a then it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the magnitude of a then it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the magnitude of a then it's this
+power series that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series that
+converges and this power Series diverges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges and this power Series diverges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges and this power Series diverges
+so for that region of convergence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that region of convergence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that region of convergence that
+is with the magnitude of Z greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with the magnitude of Z greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with the magnitude of Z greater than
+the magnitude of a as the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of a as the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of a as the region of
+convergence this is the power series and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence this is the power series and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence this is the power series and
+consequently the answer is a to the n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently the answer is a to the n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently the answer is a to the n *
+U of n which of course is consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of n which of course is consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of n which of course is consistent
+with what we know already or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we know already or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we know already or
+equivalently consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently consistent with the
+inspection method on the other hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection method on the other hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection method on the other hand if
+the region of convergence was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence was the
+magnitude of Z less than the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Z less than the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Z less than the magnitude
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a then it's this power series that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then it's this power series that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then it's this power series that
+converges and consequently ly in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges and consequently ly in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges and consequently ly in that
+case we get a left-sided sequence which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we get a left-sided sequence which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we get a left-sided sequence which
+again is consistent with what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is consistent with what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is consistent with what we know
+either from the inspection method or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either from the inspection method or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either from the inspection method or
+equivalently from the examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently from the examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently from the examples that
+we've worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've worked
+before one obvious drawback to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before one obvious drawback to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before one obvious drawback to the power
+series is the fact that when we generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is the fact that when we generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is the fact that when we generate
+the inverse Z transform this way we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse Z transform this way we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse Z transform this way we get
+the values in the sequence as individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values in the sequence as individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values in the sequence as individual
+terms that is we we generate X of n not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that is we we generate X of n not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that is we we generate X of n not
+in closed form we generate it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in closed form we generate it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in closed form we generate it as a
+sequence for simple sequences of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence for simple sequences of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence for simple sequences of course
+we can recognize a closed form form for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can recognize a closed form form for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can recognize a closed form form for
+that but in more complicated cases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can't all right a third method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't all right a third method for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't all right a third method for
+generating the inverse Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the inverse Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the inverse Z
+transform is basically an extension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is basically an extension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is basically an extension of
+the inspection method which allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inspection method which allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inspection method which allows us to
+take a more complicated Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a more complicated Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a more complicated Z transform
+expression and expand it out in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and expand it out in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and expand it out in terms of
+terms that we can recognize by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that we can recognize by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that we can recognize by
+inspection and this method I'll refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection and this method I'll refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection and this method I'll refer to
+as the method based on the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the method based on the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the method based on the partial
+fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction
+expansion I assume that some of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion I assume that some of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion I assume that some of you are
+familiar with the partial fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the partial fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the partial fraction
+expansion in general for a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in general for a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in general for a rational
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+but in case you're not or in case you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in case you're not or in case you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in case you're not or in case you're
+Rusty on it let me just quickly review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rusty on it let me just quickly review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rusty on it let me just quickly review
+what the partial fraction expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the partial fraction expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the partial fraction expansion
+consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists
+of let's consider a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let's consider a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let's consider a general
+function of a variable I'll take as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a variable I'll take as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a variable I'll take as a
+complex variable X which is a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex variable X which is a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex variable X which is a rational
+function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in
+X it is one polom in the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X it is one polom in the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X it is one polom in the numerator
+divided by a denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by a denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by a denominator
+polinomial and let me remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and let me remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and let me remark
+incidentally that you shouldn't confuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally that you shouldn't confuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally that you shouldn't confuse
+this x with the sequence values X of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x with the sequence values X of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x with the sequence values X of n
+that we've been referring to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been referring to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been referring to this is
+simply some arbitrary complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply some arbitrary complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply some arbitrary complex
+number or complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or complex
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+now I can in general expand a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can in general expand a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can in general expand a rational
+function in terms of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in terms of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in terms of an
+expansion of of a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of of a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of of a form
+which at least under certain simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which at least under certain simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which at least under certain simple
+conditions is a sum of terms of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions is a sum of terms of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions is a sum of terms of the form
+of a constant r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a constant r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a constant r
+subk divided by x - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk divided by x - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk divided by x - x
+subk where the x - x subk are the roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk where the x - x subk are the roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk where the x - x subk are the roots
+of the denominator polom q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the denominator polom q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the denominator polom q
+ofx and these coefficients are referred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx and these coefficients are referred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx and these coefficients are referred
+to as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as the
+residues now to expand this rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues now to expand this rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues now to expand this rational
+function in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form without additional terms I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form without additional terms I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form without additional terms I need to
+apply the Restriction which I'll do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the Restriction which I'll do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the Restriction which I'll do for
+the purposes of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purposes of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purposes of this
+lecture that the order of the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that the order of the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that the order of the numerator
+polinomial is less than the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial is less than the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial is less than the order of the
+denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator
+polinomial and that in addition there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and that in addition there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and that in addition there
+are no multiple order roots of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no multiple order roots of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no multiple order roots of the
+denominator polinomial in other words if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator polinomial in other words if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator polinomial in other words if
+the denominator polinomial is nth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator polinomial is nth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator polinomial is nth order
+then the N roots of the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the N roots of the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the N roots of the denominator
+polinomial are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial are
+distinct in the text there is the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct in the text there is the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct in the text there is the more
+General discussion of the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General discussion of the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General discussion of the partial
+fraction expansion when the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction expansion when the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction expansion when the order of the
+numerator is greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator is greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator is greater than or equal to
+the order of the denominator or if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the denominator or if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the denominator or if there
+are multiple order Roots the essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are multiple order Roots the essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are multiple order Roots the essential
+ideas of of course don't change it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of of course don't change it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of of course don't change it's
+just the mechanics of implementing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the mechanics of implementing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the mechanics of implementing the
+expansion and the form of the expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and the form of the expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and the form of the expansion
+so for this lecture we'll assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this lecture we'll assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this lecture we'll assume that
+the expansion simply has terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion simply has terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion simply has terms of this
+form and this then is referred to as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and this then is referred to as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and this then is referred to as the
+partial fraction expansion of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial fraction expansion of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial fraction expansion of f
+ofx now how do we get the coefficients R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx now how do we get the coefficients R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx now how do we get the coefficients R
+subk in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk in the
+expansion well essentially by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion well essentially by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion well essentially by
+recognizing that if we multiply F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that if we multiply F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that if we multiply F
+ofx by one of the denominator factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx by one of the denominator factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx by one of the denominator factors
+say x - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x - x
+subr and evaluate that product at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr and evaluate that product at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr and evaluate that product at x
+equals x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x
+AAR then relating that to this sum as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAR then relating that to this sum as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAR then relating that to this sum as
+I've indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've indicated
+here when K is equal to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when K is equal to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when K is equal to R
+these two factors cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two factors cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two factors cancel
+out when K is not equal to R then when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when K is not equal to R then when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when K is not equal to R then when I
+substitute xal x sub R in here then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute xal x sub R in here then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute xal x sub R in here then this
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+vanishes so basically then what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes so basically then what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes so basically then what happens
+inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this
+sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is
+that the term inside this sum is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the term inside this sum is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the term inside this sum is equal
+to zero for K not equal to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero for K not equal to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero for K not equal to R
+and it's equal to capital r subr that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's equal to capital r subr that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's equal to capital r subr that is
+the residue at the at the pole x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residue at the at the pole x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residue at the at the pole x equals
+x subr when K is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x subr when K is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x subr when K is equal to
+R so consequently there's only one term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so consequently there's only one term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so consequently there's only one term
+left in this sum which is capital r subr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in this sum which is capital r subr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in this sum which is capital r subr
+and therefore the residues that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the residues that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the residues that is
+capital r subr can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital r subr can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital r subr can be
+obtained by multiplying F ofx by x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by multiplying F ofx by x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by multiplying F ofx by x -
+xar evaluating the result at x equals x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar evaluating the result at x equals x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar evaluating the result at x equals x
+AAR and the resulting number is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAR and the resulting number is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAR and the resulting number is the
+residue of F ofx at the pole xal X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue of F ofx at the pole xal X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue of F ofx at the pole xal X of
+R that's for the case of simple order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R that's for the case of simple order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R that's for the case of simple order
+polls that is first order roots of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polls that is first order roots of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polls that is first order roots of the
+denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator
+polinomial and also for the case when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and also for the case when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and also for the case when
+the order of the numerator polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the numerator polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the numerator polinomial
+is less than or equal to the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the order of
+the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator
+polinomial and just store away for later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and just store away for later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and just store away for later
+because I want to refer back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to refer back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to refer back to this
+point that in particular when there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that in particular when there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that in particular when there are
+multiple order polls the evaluation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple order polls the evaluation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple order polls the evaluation of
+the residue is somewhat more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residue is somewhat more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residue is somewhat more complicated
+in particular it involves Computing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it involves Computing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it involves Computing some
+derivatives Etc and the more the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives Etc and the more the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives Etc and the more the higher
+the multiplicity of the poll the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplicity of the poll the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplicity of the poll the more
+complicated it is and that's a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it is and that's a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it is and that's a point
+that will sneak back at us toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will sneak back at us toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will sneak back at us toward the
+end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the
+lecture now this of course is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture now this of course is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture now this of course is for a
+general rational function let's apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rational function let's apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rational function let's apply
+this now to the inverse Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now to the inverse Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now to the inverse Z
+transform well we know that the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform well we know that the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform well we know that the Z
+transform well let's restrict ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform well let's restrict ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform well let's restrict ourselves
+to the case where the Z transform is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the case where the Z transform is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the case where the Z transform is a
+rational function of Z or Z to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational function of Z or Z to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational function of Z or Z to the minus
+one and consequently we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and consequently we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and consequently we
+can referring back to the general notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can referring back to the general notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can referring back to the general notion
+of the partial fraction expansion either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the partial fraction expansion either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the partial fraction expansion either
+think of the variable Z as what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the variable Z as what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the variable Z as what we were
+calling X over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling X over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling X over
+there in which case we have an expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in which case we have an expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in which case we have an expansion
+of the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Z
+transform in the form of the sum on K of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in the form of the sum on K of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in the form of the sum on K of
+a sub K divided by Z minus little a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub K divided by Z minus little a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub K divided by Z minus little a sub
+K where the little a sub K's are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K where the little a sub K's are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K where the little a sub K's are the
+poles and the capital a subk Are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and the capital a subk Are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and the capital a subk Are the
+residues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alternatively if we interpret zus one as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively if we interpret zus one as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively if we interpret zus one as
+X then we can expand X of Z in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then we can expand X of Z in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then we can expand X of Z in the form
+of some other residues B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some other residues B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some other residues B
+subk divided by Z the minus one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk divided by Z the minus one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk divided by Z the minus one minus
+some coefficient little b subk or we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coefficient little b subk or we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coefficient little b subk or we can
+rewrite that as capital B subk / 1 - A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite that as capital B subk / 1 - A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite that as capital B subk / 1 - A
+subk Z to the minus one so here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk Z to the minus one so here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk Z to the minus one so here we're
+expanding in terms of we're treating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding in terms of we're treating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding in terms of we're treating the
+Z transform as a rational function in Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z transform as a rational function in Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z transform as a rational function in Z
+here we're treating the Z transform as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're treating the Z transform as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're treating the Z transform as a
+rational function in Z to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational function in Z to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational function in Z to the minus
+one and so what does the method consist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so what does the method consist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so what does the method consist
+of well the method consists of expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well the method consists of expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well the method consists of expanding
+X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of
+Z in terms of simple terms like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z in terms of simple terms like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z in terms of simple terms like this and
+then using the inspection method to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using the inspection method to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using the inspection method to to
+recognize what the inverse Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize what the inverse Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize what the inverse Z transform
+is for each of the individual terms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for each of the individual terms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for each of the individual terms to
+get the final sequence then we add those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the final sequence then we add those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the final sequence then we add those
+up that is we've expressed the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that is we've expressed the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that is we've expressed the Z
+transform as a sum of simple factors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform as a sum of simple factors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform as a sum of simple factors so
+the sequence the original sequence we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence the original sequence we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence the original sequence we
+can express as the sum of the inverse Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can express as the sum of the inverse Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can express as the sum of the inverse Z
+transform obtained by the EXP inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform obtained by the EXP inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform obtained by the EXP inspection
+method of each of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of each of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of each of the individual
+factors all right let's just work a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors all right let's just work a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors all right let's just work a
+simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example
+to show you what the mechanics are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you what the mechanics are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you what the mechanics are of
+this and how it works out let's take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and how it works out let's take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and how it works out let's take an
+example where X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where X of
+Z is 1 over 1 - a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is 1 over 1 - a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is 1 over 1 - a half
+z-1 * 1 - a/4 Z the minus one with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-1 * 1 - a/4 Z the minus one with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-1 * 1 - a/4 Z the minus one with a
+region of convergence which I'll take as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence which I'll take as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence which I'll take as
+the magnitude of Z greater than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of Z greater than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of Z greater than a
+half this has two poles of course one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half this has two poles of course one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half this has two poles of course one at
+Z equals a half the other at Z equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equals a half the other at Z equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equals a half the other at Z equals a
+quar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quar
+and the region of convergence is outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the region of convergence is outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the region of convergence is outside
+the outermost pole so what we expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outermost pole so what we expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outermost pole so what we expect to
+get is a right sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is a right sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is a right sided
+sequence and let's work this one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and let's work this one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and let's work this one by
+treating the variable X in our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating the variable X in our previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating the variable X in our previous
+discussion as Z to the minus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion as Z to the minus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion as Z to the minus one and
+obviously it doesn't matter which one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it doesn't matter which one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it doesn't matter which one we
+use although it turns out actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use although it turns out actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use although it turns out actually that
+depending on how you pick it you either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you pick it you either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you pick it you either
+end up with a numerator polinomial whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a numerator polinomial whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a numerator polinomial whose
+order is greater than the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is greater than the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is greater than the denominator
+polinomial whe or the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around okay well so we want then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay well so we want then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay well so we want then to
+expand this Z transform in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this Z transform in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this Z transform in terms
+of a sum of factors and let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sum of factors and let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sum of factors and let's just
+rewrite this to make things a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this to make things a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this to make things a little
+clearer by multiplying denominator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer by multiplying denominator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer by multiplying denominator and
+numerator by two by minus two rather and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator by two by minus two rather and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator by two by minus two rather and
+then also by Min -4 we can simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also by Min -4 we can simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also by Min -4 we can simply
+rewrite this as 8 / z-1 - 2 * z-1 - 4 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as 8 / z-1 - 2 * z-1 - 4 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as 8 / z-1 - 2 * z-1 - 4 so
+that it's it's more in the form of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it's more in the form of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it's more in the form of x
+minus a constant time x minus another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a constant time x minus another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a constant time x minus another
+constant all right well so here then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant all right well so here then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant all right well so here then we
+have the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Z
+transform that we want to expand and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that we want to expand and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that we want to expand and a
+partial fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial fraction
+expansion in terms of of treating Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in terms of of treating Z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in terms of of treating Z to
+theus1 as the complex variable X in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 as the complex variable X in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 as the complex variable X in the
+expansion we have two poles two roots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion we have two poles two roots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion we have two poles two roots of
+the denominator polinomial one at zus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator polinomial one at zus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator polinomial one at zus
+one = 2 the other at Z theus1 equals 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one = 2 the other at Z theus1 equals 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one = 2 the other at Z theus1 equals 4
+so we need to calculate the residues at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to calculate the residues at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to calculate the residues at
+each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those
+roots to calculate the residue at Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots to calculate the residue at Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots to calculate the residue at Z
+theus1 = 2 what are the steps well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 = 2 what are the steps well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 = 2 what are the steps well
+we multiply this by z-1 - 2 that is x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we multiply this by z-1 - 2 that is x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we multiply this by z-1 - 2 that is x -
+2 where X we're interpreting as Z to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 where X we're interpreting as Z to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 where X we're interpreting as Z to the
+minus one and then evaluate the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and then evaluate the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and then evaluate the result
+at Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Z
+theus1 =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 =
+2 well obviously of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 well obviously of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 well obviously of
+course this term cancels out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this term cancels out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this term cancels out that
+term and we want to do that before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and we want to do that before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and we want to do that before we
+substitute z-1 = 2 and then substituting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute z-1 = 2 and then substituting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute z-1 = 2 and then substituting
+zus 1 = 2 we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zus 1 = 2 we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zus 1 = 2 we get
+-2 left over in the denominator divid it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 left over in the denominator divid it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 left over in the denominator divid it
+into 8 and that's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 8 and that's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 8 and that's equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+-4 so the residue then at Z theus1 = 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 so the residue then at Z theus1 = 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 so the residue then at Z theus1 = 2
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+-4 similarly to calculate the do at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 similarly to calculate the do at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 similarly to calculate the do at the
+root z-1 = 4 we multiply by z-1 - 4 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root z-1 = 4 we multiply by z-1 - 4 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root z-1 = 4 we multiply by z-1 - 4 then
+these two terms will cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms will cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms will cancel
+out evaluate the resulting expression at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out evaluate the resulting expression at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out evaluate the resulting expression at
+zus oneals 4 so we have 4 - 2 is 2 into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zus oneals 4 so we have 4 - 2 is 2 into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zus oneals 4 so we have 4 - 2 is 2 into
+8 is 4 and the residue then at Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 is 4 and the residue then at Z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 is 4 and the residue then at Z to
+theus1 equal 4 the residue is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 equal 4 the residue is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 equal 4 the residue is equal to
+four consequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four consequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four consequently
+the partial fraction expansion for X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial fraction expansion for X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial fraction expansion for X of
+Z for this x of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is-4 - 4 over z-1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is-4 - 4 over z-1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is-4 - 4 over z-1 -
+2+ 4 over zus oneus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2+ 4 over zus oneus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2+ 4 over zus oneus
+4 well finally let's just put this back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 well finally let's just put this back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 well finally let's just put this back
+in a form that uh is more the form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a form that uh is more the form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a form that uh is more the form that
+we're used to looking at the Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're used to looking at the Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're used to looking at the Z transform
+in in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in particular
+multiplying this piece numerator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this piece numerator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this piece numerator and
+denominator by minus a half we get 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator by minus a half we get 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator by minus a half we get 2
+over 1 - a half Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 - a half Z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 - a half Z to
+theus1 here multiplying numerator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 here multiplying numerator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 here multiplying numerator and
+denominator by minus a quarter we get -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator by minus a quarter we get -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator by minus a quarter we get -1
+over 1 - a/4 Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 - a/4 Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 - a/4 Z
+theus1 and now we've broken X of Z into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 and now we've broken X of Z into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 and now we've broken X of Z into
+a form that allows us to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form that allows us to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form that allows us to use the
+inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection
+method that is we can recognize from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that is we can recognize from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that is we can recognize from
+this remember that the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remember that the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remember that the region of
+convergence was outside a circle so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence was outside a circle so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence was outside a circle so we
+want to interpret the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to interpret the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to interpret the region of
+convergence to be the same here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence to be the same here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence to be the same here so
+consequently for this piece we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently for this piece we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently for this piece we end up
+with 2 * a half to the n * U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that's an
+n and for the this piece we end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and for the this piece we end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and for the this piece we end up with
+-1 time a qu to the N times U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 time a qu to the N times U of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 time a qu to the N times U of
+n so by breaking X of Z into a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so by breaking X of Z into a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so by breaking X of Z into a sum of
+components simple terms we were then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components simple terms we were then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components simple terms we were then
+able to apply the inspection method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to apply the inspection method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to apply the inspection method to
+each one of those to get the resulting Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those to get the resulting Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those to get the resulting Z
+transform in a closed form expression or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in a closed form expression or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in a closed form expression or
+at least the sum of some closed form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Expressions all right so that then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions all right so that then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions all right so that then is
+basically an extension of the inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an extension of the inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an extension of the inspection
+method when the inspection method by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method when the inspection method by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method when the inspection method by
+itself doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself doesn't
+work it's usually the partial fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it's usually the partial fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it's usually the partial fraction
+expansion method that one uses perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion method that one uses perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion method that one uses perhaps
+also in conjunction with some properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in conjunction with some properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in conjunction with some properties
+of the Z transform form which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Z transform form which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Z transform form which is
+something that we'll be going into more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we'll be going into more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we'll be going into more
+in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next
+lecture now finally there is a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture now finally there is a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture now finally there is a somewhat
+more formal way of evaluating the invers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formal way of evaluating the invers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formal way of evaluating the invers
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+transform and in some cases it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and in some cases it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and in some cases it's
+important to actually use this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to actually use this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to actually use this to
+explicitly evaluate the inverse e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly evaluate the inverse e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly evaluate the inverse e
+transform in other cases it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in other cases it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in other cases it's important
+to make reference to the more formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make reference to the more formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make reference to the more formal
+inverse Z transform relationship to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Z transform relationship to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Z transform relationship to
+discuss properties of the inverse Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss properties of the inverse Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss properties of the inverse Z
+transform so sometimes the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so sometimes the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so sometimes the formal
+inversely transform is computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversely transform is computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversely transform is computationally
+useful in other cases it's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in other cases it's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in other cases it's useful
+improving theorems or developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving theorems or developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving theorems or developing
+Properties or something of the sort well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Properties or something of the sort well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Properties or something of the sort well
+this method the final method and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method the final method and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method the final method and the
+most formal method is the method that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most formal method is the method that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most formal method is the method that I
+refer to here as Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to here as Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to here as Contour
+integration and let me basically hand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and let me basically hand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and let me basically hand it
+to you that is uh rather than go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that is uh rather than go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that is uh rather than go through
+a derivation let me just simply State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivation let me just simply State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivation let me just simply State
+what the inverse Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the inverse Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the inverse Z transform
+relationship is uh in the text there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is uh in the text there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is uh in the text there is
+a derivation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivation of
+this and so for for the purposes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so for for the purposes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so for for the purposes of the
+lecture itself let me just present it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture itself let me just present it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture itself let me just present it
+any objections no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any objections no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any objections no
+so um and then also work through at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and then also work through at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and then also work through at
+least one example to show you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one example to show you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one example to show you what the
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+are it's another nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it's another nice thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it's another nice thing about
+videotape lectures there are never any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+objections okay well here it is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objections okay well here it is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objections okay well here it is this is
+the inverse Z transform and what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse Z transform and what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse Z transform and what does it
+say it says the sequence X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it says the sequence X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it says the sequence X of
+n is 1 over 2 pi J times a con to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is 1 over 2 pi J times a con to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is 1 over 2 pi J times a con to our
+integral which I'll return to in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral which I'll return to in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral which I'll return to in a
+second of X of Z * z n minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of X of Z * z n minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of X of Z * z n minus1
+DZ if you're not used to looking at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ if you're not used to looking at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ if you're not used to looking at an
+inverse Z transform relationship like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Z transform relationship like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Z transform relationship like
+this let me just indicate that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let me just indicate that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let me just indicate that it's
+surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly
+easy uh or or it's surprising how easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh or or it's surprising how easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh or or it's surprising how easy
+it is to verify that in fact this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to verify that in fact this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to verify that in fact this is the
+inverse C transform relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse C transform relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse C transform relationship
+basically using the CI residue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically using the CI residue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically using the CI residue
+theorem but this is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem but this is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem but this is it
+this is of course a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of course a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of course a complex
+function this is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is a complex
+integral and the important thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and the important thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and the important thing to
+straighten out is this Contour C the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straighten out is this Contour C the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straighten out is this Contour C the
+Contour C is a closed Contour in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour C is a closed Contour in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour C is a closed Contour in the Z
+plane which encircles the origin so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane which encircles the origin so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane which encircles the origin so it's
+a closed contour and circles the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed contour and circles the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed contour and circles the origin
+it's like a circle that goes around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a circle that goes around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a circle that goes around the
+origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin
+with another very important condition on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another very important condition on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another very important condition on
+it which is that it lies inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is that it lies inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is that it lies inside the
+region of convergence of X of Z well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence of X of Z well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence of X of Z well
+that's not surprising because the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not surprising because the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not surprising because the region
+of convergence for X of Z is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence for X of Z is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence for X of Z is the only
+place where we're allowed to stick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where we're allowed to stick in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where we're allowed to stick in
+values for Z so obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for Z so obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for Z so obviously
+quote we we're not allowed to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote we we're not allowed to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote we we're not allowed to look at
+values of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of this
+integrand except where X of Z makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand except where X of Z makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand except where X of Z makes
+sense that is except in the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that is except in the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that is except in the region of
+convergence so so obviously then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so so obviously then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so so obviously then we have
+to evaluate this integral considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate this integral considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate this integral considering
+only values of Z inside the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only values of Z inside the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only values of Z inside the region of
+convergence so Contour C is a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so Contour C is a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so Contour C is a closed
+Contour in the Z plane and circles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour in the Z plane and circles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour in the Z plane and circles the
+origin and it lies inside the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and it lies inside the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and it lies inside the region of
+convergence now for X of z a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence now for X of z a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence now for X of z a rational
+function of Z which are the cases we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Z which are the cases we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Z which are the cases we've
+been talking about this entire integrand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about this entire integrand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about this entire integrand
+is a rational function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a rational function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a rational function
+and consequently a contour integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consequently a contour integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consequently a contour integral of
+this type can be simply evaluated using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type can be simply evaluated using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type can be simply evaluated using
+the notion of residues I'll State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of residues I'll State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of residues I'll State and
+hopefully this is a property of Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully this is a property of Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully this is a property of Contour
+complex contour integrals that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex contour integrals that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex contour integrals that you're
+familiar with that the integral of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with that the integral of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with that the integral of a
+rational function of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational function of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational function of that
+type the integral itself is 2 pi times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type the integral itself is 2 pi times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type the integral itself is 2 pi times
+the sum of the residues inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the residues inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the residues inside the
+Contour and that 2 pi J cancels out as 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour and that 2 pi J cancels out as 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour and that 2 pi J cancels out as 1
+over 2 pi J and consequently X of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 pi J and consequently X of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 pi J and consequently X of n is
+simply the sum of the residues of X of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the sum of the residues of X of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the sum of the residues of X of Z
+* Z to the N minus one at the poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* Z to the N minus one at the poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* Z to the N minus one at the poles
+inside the Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the Contour
+C the poles of what the poles not of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C the poles of what the poles not of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C the poles of what the poles not of X
+of Z only but the poles of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z only but the poles of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z only but the poles of the entire
+integral brand that is X of Z multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral brand that is X of Z multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral brand that is X of Z multiplied
+by Z to the N minus one important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Z to the N minus one important point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Z to the N minus one important point
+which it's important to keep in mind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's important to keep in mind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's important to keep in mind the
+integral or the residues that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral or the residues that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral or the residues that we're
+looking at are the residues not just of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at are the residues not just of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at are the residues not just of
+X of Z but X of Z multiplied by Z to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of Z but X of Z multiplied by Z to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of Z but X of Z multiplied by Z to the
+N minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one another statement just tuck it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another statement just tuck it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another statement just tuck it
+away is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away is that this is
+valid for both n greater than z n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for both n greater than z n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for both n greater than z n equal
+to zero and N less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and N less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and N less than
+zero we'll see in a minute that for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we'll see in a minute that for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we'll see in a minute that for n
+greater than zero it might be easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero it might be easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero it might be easier to
+evaluate than for n less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate than for n less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate than for n less than zero
+depending on the example but tuck away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the example but tuck away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the example but tuck away
+the fact that this expression is a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this expression is a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this expression is a valid
+expression no matter whether n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression no matter whether n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression no matter whether n is
+positive or negative or of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative or of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative or of course
+zero all right let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right let's look at the
+mechanics of evaluating the inverse Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of evaluating the inverse Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of evaluating the inverse Z
+transform this way let's return to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform this way let's return to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform this way let's return to the
+example X of Z = 1 over 1 - half zus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example X of Z = 1 over 1 - half zus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example X of Z = 1 over 1 - half zus one
+with a region of convergence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a region of convergence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a region of convergence the
+magnitude of Z greater than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Z greater than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Z greater than a
+half and by the way by now if uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and by the way by now if uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and by the way by now if uh there's
+one thing you should have gotten out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you should have gotten out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you should have gotten out of
+these lectures it certainly should be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures it certainly should be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures it certainly should be to
+be able to recognize what the inverse Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to recognize what the inverse Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to recognize what the inverse Z
+transform of this is it's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this is it's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this is it's an example
+that I guess we've bounced around so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I guess we've bounced around so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I guess we've bounced around so
+many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times
+all right let's um look at this Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's um look at this Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's um look at this Z
+transform first let's just look at X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform first let's just look at X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform first let's just look at X of
+Z in the Z plane here's the Z plane we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z in the Z plane here's the Z plane we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z in the Z plane here's the Z plane we
+have a pole at Z equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pole at Z equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pole at Z equals a
+half and we have a zero at Z equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and we have a zero at Z equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and we have a zero at Z equals z
+here's the unit circle and in green what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the unit circle and in green what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the unit circle and in green what
+I've indicated is the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've indicated is the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've indicated is the region of
+convergence now to do the Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence now to do the Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence now to do the Contour
+integration it's not just X of Z that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration it's not just X of Z that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration it's not just X of Z that
+we're looking at it's X of Z * Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at it's X of Z * Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at it's X of Z * Z
+nus1 equal Z the N over zus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 equal Z the N over zus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 equal Z the N over zus a
+half incidentally what's the Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half incidentally what's the Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half incidentally what's the Contour
+what does the Contour of integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the Contour of integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the Contour of integration
+look like then in the Z plane for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like then in the Z plane for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like then in the Z plane for this
+example it's a closed Contour inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's a closed Contour inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's a closed Contour inside the
+region of convergence and encircling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence and encircling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence and encircling the
+origin so for example for example it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so for example for example it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so for example for example it's a
+contour that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour that looks like
+this and incidentally it is and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and incidentally it is and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and incidentally it is and I don't
+think I've stressed this before it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've stressed this before it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've stressed this before it's a
+counterclockwise Contour so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise Contour so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise Contour so this is the
+Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour
+C it's a counterclockwise Contour as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C it's a counterclockwise Contour as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C it's a counterclockwise Contour as
+I've drawn it I didn't draw a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn it I didn't draw a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn it I didn't draw a very good
+Circle partly because I can't but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle partly because I can't but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle partly because I can't but in
+fact it also emphasizes the fact that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it also emphasizes the fact that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it also emphasizes the fact that it
+doesn't have to be a circle it just has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be a circle it just has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be a circle it just has
+to be closed inside the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be closed inside the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be closed inside the region of
+convergence and circling the origin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence and circling the origin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence and circling the origin and
+a counterclockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a counterclockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a counterclockwise
+Contour all right how many poles of X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour all right how many poles of X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour all right how many poles of X of
+Z * Z the N minus one are there that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z * Z the N minus one are there that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z * Z the N minus one are there that is
+how many places are there that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many places are there that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many places are there that we have
+to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate
+residues well let's look first of all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues well let's look first of all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues well let's look first of all at
+n greater than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n greater than or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n greater than or equal to zero
+there this doesn't introduce any poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this doesn't introduce any poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this doesn't introduce any poles
+this introduces one pole at Z equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this introduces one pole at Z equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this introduces one pole at Z equals a
+half so we only need to evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so we only need to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so we only need to evaluate the
+residue of this at this one pole that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue of this at this one pole that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue of this at this one pole that is
+at Z equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Z equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Z equals a
+half so we want to compute the residue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so we want to compute the residue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so we want to compute the residue
+then of X of Z * Z the N minus one at Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of X of Z * Z the N minus one at Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of X of Z * Z the N minus one at Z
+equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a
+half so that's Z to the N over Z minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so that's Z to the N over Z minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so that's Z to the N over Z minus a
+half multiplied by zus a half evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half multiplied by zus a half evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half multiplied by zus a half evaluated
+at zal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zal a
+half these two cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half these two cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half these two cancel
+out and we end up with simply a half to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we end up with simply a half to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we end up with simply a half to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+end so for n greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so for n greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so for n greater than or equal to
+zero the sequence X of n is just a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the sequence X of n is just a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the sequence X of n is just a half
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+N so that's part of the result now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so that's part of the result now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so that's part of the result now we
+have to get the inverse Z transform for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get the inverse Z transform for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get the inverse Z transform for
+n less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n less than
+zero well for n less than zero again of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well for n less than zero again of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well for n less than zero again of
+course we have one pole at Z equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we have one pole at Z equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we have one pole at Z equal to a
+half but now remember that we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half but now remember that we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half but now remember that we had this
+factor which was Z to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which was Z to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which was Z to the
+n and for n negative that introduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and for n negative that introduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and for n negative that introduces
+poles at the origin and in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles at the origin and in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles at the origin and in fact it
+introduces n poles so for n less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces n poles so for n less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces n poles so for n less than
+zero we have not only this pole but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we have not only this pole but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we have not only this pole but we
+have n poles at Z equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n poles at Z equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n poles at Z equals
+0 that's a problem because now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that's a problem because now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that's a problem because now we're
+going to have to evaluate the residues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to evaluate the residues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to evaluate the residues
+at each of these polles and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each of these polles and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each of these polles and the more
+negative value of n we're trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value of n we're trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value of n we're trying to get
+X of n for the worse it gets because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of n for the worse it gets because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of n for the worse it gets because the
+higher the multiplicity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the multiplicity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the multiplicity of the
+pole all right but look we've seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole all right but look we've seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole all right but look we've seen this
+example before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example before
+we know we know that X of N is a half to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we know that X of N is a half to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we know that X of N is a half to
+the N for n greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N for n greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N for n greater than or equal to
+zero and it's zero for n lessons Z as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it's zero for n lessons Z as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it's zero for n lessons Z as we
+knew that from other times that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that from other times that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that from other times that we've
+worked this example so obviously there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked this example so obviously there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked this example so obviously there
+must be some easy way to get the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be some easy way to get the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be some easy way to get the fact
+that X of n in fact for this example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X of n in fact for this example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X of n in fact for this example is
+zero for n less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for n less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for n less than
+zero all right let's take a look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right let's take a look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right let's take a look at a
+way an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way an easy
+way here we have again the inverse Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way here we have again the inverse Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way here we have again the inverse Z
+transform X of n is 1 2i J * this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform X of n is 1 2i J * this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform X of n is 1 2i J * this
+Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour
+integral and let's simply make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and let's simply make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and let's simply make a
+substitution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution of
+variables let's make the substitution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables let's make the substitution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables let's make the substitution of
+variables Z equal to P to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables Z equal to P to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables Z equal to P to the
+minus1 in which case z to the N minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 in which case z to the N minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 in which case z to the N minus1
+is equal to P the minus n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to P the minus n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to P the minus n +
+1 which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 which means
+incidentally uh that with Z equal to r e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally uh that with Z equal to r e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally uh that with Z equal to r e
+to the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J
+Theta P this new variable is 1 / R * eus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta P this new variable is 1 / R * eus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta P this new variable is 1 / R * eus
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+Theta so now we want to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so now we want to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so now we want to make this
+substitution of variables in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution of variables in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution of variables in this
+Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour
+integral well let's see DZ is minus P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral well let's see DZ is minus P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral well let's see DZ is minus P to
+the minus 2 just differentiating this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 2 just differentiating this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 2 just differentiating this um
+well I'll let you go through the algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll let you go through the algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll let you go through the algebra
+on your own but if you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own but if you take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own but if you take this
+substitution of variables stuff into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution of variables stuff into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution of variables stuff into
+that Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Contour
+integral then the result that we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral then the result that we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral then the result that we end up
+with is that X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is that X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is that X of
+n is equal to minus one over 2i J the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to minus one over 2i J the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to minus one over 2i J the
+minus coming from the fact that DZ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus coming from the fact that DZ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus coming from the fact that DZ is
+minus pus 2 * DP that's that minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pus 2 * DP that's that minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pus 2 * DP that's that minus sign
+X of 1 over P * pus n minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of 1 over P * pus n minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of 1 over P * pus n minus1
+DP and what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP and what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP and what happens to the
+Contour well the Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour well the Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour well the Contour
+previously was let's say re e to the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously was let's say re e to the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously was let's say re e to the J
+Theta let's take it as a circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta let's take it as a circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta let's take it as a circular
+Contour so the Contour now is 1 / r e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour so the Contour now is 1 / r e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour so the Contour now is 1 / r e to
+the minus J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus J
+Theta that means as one consequence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta that means as one consequence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta that means as one consequence that
+our old counterclockwise Contour turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our old counterclockwise Contour turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our old counterclockwise Contour turns
+into a clockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a clockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a clockwise
+Contour so that's what I've indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour so that's what I've indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour so that's what I've indicated
+here but we also have this minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we also have this minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we also have this minus
+sign and we can use that minus sign to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and we can use that minus sign to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and we can use that minus sign to
+change the direction of the Contour so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the direction of the Contour so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the direction of the Contour so
+if we change the Contour back to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we change the Contour back to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we change the Contour back to a
+counterclockwise Contour get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise Contour get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise Contour get rid of the
+minus sign then finally we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign then finally we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign then finally we have the
+expression X of n is 1 over 2i J times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression X of n is 1 over 2i J times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression X of n is 1 over 2i J times
+the Contour integral of capital x of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Contour integral of capital x of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Contour integral of capital x of 1
+over P pus n minus1 DP and what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P pus n minus1 DP and what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P pus n minus1 DP and what is this
+Contour now well if the old Contour C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour now well if the old Contour C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour now well if the old Contour C
+was circular with a radius of r this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was circular with a radius of r this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was circular with a radius of r this
+Contour C Prime is a circle with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour C Prime is a circle with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour C Prime is a circle with a
+radius of 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of 1/
+R well let's just look at what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R well let's just look at what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R well let's just look at what this
+substitution of variable Z to one overp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution of variable Z to one overp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution of variable Z to one overp
+did as a matter of fact here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did as a matter of fact here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did as a matter of fact here I've
+Illustrated the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated the Z
+plane here I've Illustrated the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane here I've Illustrated the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane here I've Illustrated the P
+plane the unit circle in the Z plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane the unit circle in the Z plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane the unit circle in the Z plane
+when I replace Z by 1 over P turn turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I replace Z by 1 over P turn turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I replace Z by 1 over P turn turns
+again into the unit circle in the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again into the unit circle in the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again into the unit circle in the P
+plane because the unit circle is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane because the unit circle is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane because the unit circle is where
+the magnitude of Z is one and if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of Z is one and if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of Z is one and if I take
+the reciprocal of that the magnitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reciprocal of that the magnitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reciprocal of that the magnitude is
+still one the important thing is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still one the important thing is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still one the important thing is what
+happened to this Contour well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to this Contour well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to this Contour well this
+Contour got converted if it was outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour got converted if it was outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour got converted if it was outside
+the unit circle into a new Contour which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle into a new Contour which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle into a new Contour which
+is inside the unit circle and in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inside the unit circle and in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inside the unit circle and in fact in
+general stuff that was in here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general stuff that was in here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general stuff that was in here the
+inside of the unit circle is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the unit circle is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the unit circle is going to
+end up outside the unit circle in the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up outside the unit circle in the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up outside the unit circle in the P
+plane and things that were outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and things that were outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and things that were outside the
+unit circle in the Z plane are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle in the Z plane are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle in the Z plane are going to
+end up inside the unit circle in the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up inside the unit circle in the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up inside the unit circle in the P
+plane this transformation simply takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane this transformation simply takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane this transformation simply takes
+stuff outside the unit circle and folds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff outside the unit circle and folds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff outside the unit circle and folds
+it inside the unit circle takes things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it inside the unit circle takes things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it inside the unit circle takes things
+inside the unit circle and folds them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the unit circle and folds them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the unit circle and folds them
+outside the unit circle and it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the unit circle and it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the unit circle and it's just
+simply a substitution of VAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a substitution of VAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a substitution of VAR
+variables all right now with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables all right now with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables all right now with this
+substitution of variables let's return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution of variables let's return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution of variables let's return
+to the example that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+working we had our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example X of Z is 1 over 1 - half Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example X of Z is 1 over 1 - half Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example X of Z is 1 over 1 - half Z
+Theus one the magnitude of Z greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus one the magnitude of Z greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus one the magnitude of Z greater
+than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a
+half we want to replace Z by 1/ P so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half we want to replace Z by 1/ P so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half we want to replace Z by 1/ P so we
+want X 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want X 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want X 1 over
+p x of 1 over P then simply replacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p x of 1 over P then simply replacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p x of 1 over P then simply replacing
+zus one by P is 1 over 1 minus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zus one by P is 1 over 1 minus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zus one by P is 1 over 1 minus a half
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+P if this was true for the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P if this was true for the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P if this was true for the magnitude of
+Z greater than a half then this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z greater than a half then this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z greater than a half then this is true
+for the magnitude of P less than a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the magnitude of P less than a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the magnitude of P less than a half
+so we get min -2 / P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get min -2 / P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get min -2 / P
+min-2 if we look at this in the P plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-2 if we look at this in the P plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-2 if we look at this in the P plane
+we have then a pole in the P plane the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have then a pole in the P plane the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have then a pole in the P plane the
+pole in the Z plane was at Z equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole in the Z plane was at Z equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole in the Z plane was at Z equals a
+half so the pole in the P plane is at p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so the pole in the P plane is at p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so the pole in the P plane is at p
+=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+=
+2 that's now outside the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 that's now outside the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 that's now outside the unit
+circle the region of convergence now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle the region of convergence now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle the region of convergence now is
+inside the circle of radius 2 and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the circle of radius 2 and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the circle of radius 2 and where
+is the Contour of integration C Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Contour of integration C Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Contour of integration C Prime
+well that now is inside the circle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that now is inside the circle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that now is inside the circle of
+radius 2 for example let's draw it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius 2 for example let's draw it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius 2 for example let's draw it here
+so this is now the Contour C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now the Contour C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now the Contour C
+Prime all right we want finally to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime all right we want finally to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime all right we want finally to
+evaluate the inverse Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the inverse Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the inverse Z
+transform or the inverse P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform or the inverse P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform or the inverse P
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+by looking at the residues of X of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the residues of X of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the residues of X of 1
+over P time pus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P time pus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P time pus n
+minus1 the residues of that at its roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 the residues of that at its roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 the residues of that at its roots
+at its poles that are inside the Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its poles that are inside the Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its poles that are inside the Contour
+of integration C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration C
+Prime well for n less than zero we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime well for n less than zero we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime well for n less than zero we have
+one pole at P equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pole at P equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pole at P equal
+2 and for n negative this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and for n negative this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and for n negative this will
+contribute no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute no
+poles therefore there are no roots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles therefore there are no roots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles therefore there are no roots of
+this inside this contour and conse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inside this contour and conse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inside this contour and conse
+quently the Contour integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quently the Contour integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quently the Contour integral is
+obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+zero so X of n is equal to Zer for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so X of n is equal to Zer for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so X of n is equal to Zer for n
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+zero now for n greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now for n greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now for n greater than or equal to
+zero we have one pole at P equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we have one pole at P equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we have one pole at P equals
+2 but then because of this Factor pus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 but then because of this Factor pus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 but then because of this Factor pus n
+minus one we have n + one poles at P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one we have n + one poles at P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one we have n + one poles at P
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+0 so now it seems like like for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so now it seems like like for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so now it seems like like for n
+greater than or equal to zero we're back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to zero we're back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to zero we're back
+where we started from because now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we started from because now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we started from because now we
+have these multiple order poles at P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these multiple order poles at P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these multiple order poles at P
+equal 0 what do we do about that well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 what do we do about that well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 what do we do about that well we
+don't have to do anything about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do anything about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do anything about it
+because we already considered the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already considered the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already considered the case
+for n greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n greater than or equal to
+zero in that case we didn't run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in that case we didn't run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in that case we didn't run into
+multiple order poles at the origin we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple order poles at the origin we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple order poles at the origin we
+used this substitution of variables Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this substitution of variables Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this substitution of variables Z
+equals 1 over P to basically avoid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 over P to basically avoid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 over P to basically avoid that
+problem and to get the answer for n less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and to get the answer for n less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and to get the answer for n less
+than zero so consequently the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero so consequently the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero so consequently the answer
+that we get which we finally know to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get which we finally know to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get which we finally know to be
+the right answer in fact is that X of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer in fact is that X of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer in fact is that X of n
+is equal to Z for n less than zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Z for n less than zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Z for n less than zero and
+as we worked out before X of n is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we worked out before X of n is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we worked out before X of n is equal
+to a half to the N for n greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a half to the N for n greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a half to the N for n greater than or
+equal to zero or finally X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero or finally X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero or finally X of
+n is equal to a half to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to a half to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to a half to the N
+times U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times U of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times U of
+n all right that's an example we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n all right that's an example we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n all right that's an example we've
+worked out now three times and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out now three times and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out now three times and three
+times we got the same answer so it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we got the same answer so it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we got the same answer so it must
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+right all right well this roughs out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right well this roughs out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right well this roughs out the
+inverse Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Z
+transform several methods for getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform several methods for getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform several methods for getting
+the inverse Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse Z
+transform obviously to become fluent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform obviously to become fluent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform obviously to become fluent
+with the inverse Z transform requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the inverse Z transform requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the inverse Z transform requires
+work working a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work working a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work working a lot of
+examples and uh you know where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and uh you know where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and uh you know where you're
+going to have all those examples to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have all those examples to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have all those examples to work
+that is in the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in the study
+guide and you'll find as I stressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide and you'll find as I stressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide and you'll find as I stressed
+previously that as you work more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously that as you work more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously that as you work more and
+more examples what you find in Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more examples what you find in Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more examples what you find in Computing
+invers transforms is that more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invers transforms is that more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invers transforms is that more and more
+frequently you're able to recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently you're able to recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently you're able to recognize the
+answer well in the next lecture we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer well in the next lecture we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer well in the next lecture we'll
+complete the discussion of the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the discussion of the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the discussion of the Z
+transform in particular will among other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in particular will among other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in particular will among other
+things present some properties of the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things present some properties of the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things present some properties of the Z
+transform which also by the way help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform which also by the way help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform which also by the way help us
+in Computing inversee transforms and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Computing inversee transforms and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Computing inversee transforms and so
+in the next lecture we'll be continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture we'll be continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture we'll be continuing
+this the topic of the Z transform and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the topic of the Z transform and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the topic of the Z transform and in
+fact concluding the topic thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact concluding the topic thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact concluding the topic thank you
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SZOJogbFEvc.txt b/SZOJogbFEvc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7689205ee7e443bb24bc4b409641cc6fa548ad93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SZOJogbFEvc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10347 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's get started uh so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get started uh so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get started uh so this is the
+second part of um instruction scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of um instruction scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of um instruction scheduling
+so what's instruction scheduling why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's instruction scheduling why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's instruction scheduling why we
+are doing this because modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing this because modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing this because modern
+microprocessor are basically not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessor are basically not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessor are basically not
+executing one instruction after another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing one instruction after another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing one instruction after another
+they do lot of other interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do lot of other interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do lot of other interesting things
+one thing they do they have pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing they do they have pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing they do they have pipeline
+stages so what that means is multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages so what that means is multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages so what that means is multiple
+instructions can be active at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions can be active at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions can be active at different
+stages of the pipeline at a given time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages of the pipeline at a given time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages of the pipeline at a given time
+so at a given time there are multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at a given time there are multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at a given time there are multiple
+things running and also different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things running and also different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things running and also different
+instructions might take different amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions might take different amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions might take different amount
+of time in this Pipeline and on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time in this Pipeline and on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time in this Pipeline and on top of
+that we might have multiple execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might have multiple execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might have multiple execution
+pipelines so in every clock cycle you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelines so in every clock cycle you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelines so in every clock cycle you
+can issue multiple instructions so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can issue multiple instructions so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can issue multiple instructions so you
+have parallel execution so the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have parallel execution so the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have parallel execution so the thing is
+if you have two instructions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two instructions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two instructions that
+produce a value and others users if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a value and others users if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a value and others users if the
+value is not available when it's trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is not available when it's trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is not available when it's trying
+to use it Hardware basically installs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it Hardware basically installs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it Hardware basically installs
+the instructions more in more than my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructions more in more than my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructions more in more than my uh
+super scaler so in some machines you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super scaler so in some machines you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super scaler so in some machines you
+can't even schedule it you have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even schedule it you have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even schedule it you have actually
+explicitly insert no up instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly insert no up instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly insert no up instructions
+because the data would be be there so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the data would be be there so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the data would be be there so so
+there will be all this stall so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be all this stall so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be all this stall so what we
+are trying to do is in instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to do is in instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to do is in instruction
+schedule we want to reorder the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule we want to reorder the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule we want to reorder the
+instructions so we can maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions so we can maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions so we can maximize the
+instruction throughput so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction throughput so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction throughput so what that
+means we want to get maximum amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we want to get maximum amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we want to get maximum amount of
+instructions executed both if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions executed both if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions executed both if you have
+parallelism we want to have many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism we want to have many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism we want to have many many
+things happening in parallel all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happening in parallel all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happening in parallel all the
+units has to at least have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units has to at least have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units has to at least have something
+going all the time and we won't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going all the time and we won't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going all the time and we won't really
+minim Min the pipeline stalls we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minim Min the pipeline stalls we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minim Min the pipeline stalls we don't
+want people just waiting doing nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want people just waiting doing nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want people just waiting doing nothing
+in there even after we SCH so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there even after we SCH so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there even after we SCH so this is
+the essence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essence of
+that so uh three things we have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so uh three things we have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so uh three things we have to worry
+about data dependence resource and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about data dependence resource and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about data dependence resource and
+control dependences this little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control dependences this little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control dependences this little bit of
+review so you don't have to so data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review so you don't have to so data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review so you don't have to so data
+dependency between instructions mean two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency between instructions mean two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency between instructions mean two
+variables access the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables access the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables access the
+same data or two accesses access the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same data or two accesses access the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same data or two accesses access the
+same data there are two three kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same data there are two three kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same data there are two three kinds of
+accesses uh uh true dependence which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses uh uh true dependence which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses uh uh true dependence which is
+actually real data basically somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually real data basically somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually real data basically somebody
+writes something and I need and I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes something and I need and I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes something and I need and I had to
+wait from that there are two other types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait from that there are two other types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait from that there are two other types
+of dependences that are just artifacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dependences that are just artifacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dependences that are just artifacts
+because we can keep different variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can keep different variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can keep different variables
+at the same location so it's called Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same location so it's called Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same location so it's called Uh
+uh anti and output dependences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anti and output dependences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anti and output dependences that
+means you are going to rewrite the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you are going to rewrite the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you are going to rewrite the data
+anyways but I am I am supposed to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways but I am I am supposed to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways but I am I am supposed to use it
+so you have to wait till I have finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to wait till I have finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to wait till I have finish
+using before you can reuse that space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using before you can reuse that space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using before you can reuse that space so
+that those things you can actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those things you can actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those things you can actually use
+eliminate by giving you different space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate by giving you different space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate by giving you different space
+you don't have to wait for that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to wait for that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to wait for that space
+you get a different space in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a different space in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a different space in there
+output dependence means two guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output dependence means two guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output dependence means two guys are
+trying to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to write
+and I want to make sure the last guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to make sure the last guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to make sure the last guy is
+the one who finish writes last because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who finish writes last because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who finish writes last because
+it has to survive and here if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to survive and here if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to survive and here if you are
+smart you can say wait a minute there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart you can say wait a minute there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart you can say wait a minute there
+are two guys writing nobody's reading in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two guys writing nobody's reading in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two guys writing nobody's reading in
+the middle why is the first guy actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle why is the first guy actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle why is the first guy actually
+writing if nobody's using it so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing if nobody's using it so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing if nobody's using it so you can
+do lot of things get eliminate some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do lot of things get eliminate some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do lot of things get eliminate some of
+these things in in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in in some
+sense and uh uh the key thing is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and uh uh the key thing is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and uh uh the key thing is we
+can't just arbit reord instruction we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just arbit reord instruction we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just arbit reord instruction we
+have to make sure if we are reorder we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure if we are reorder we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure if we are reorder we
+we basically satisfy these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically satisfy these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically satisfy these
+dependencies and and computer dependenc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies and and computer dependenc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies and and computer dependenc
+is if it registers it's easy same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if it registers it's easy same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if it registers it's easy same
+register dependent memory can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register dependent memory can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register dependent memory can get
+complicated and can get arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and can get arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and can get arbitrary
+complicated we don't we don't touch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated we don't we don't touch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated we don't we don't touch it
+in here but still right now it's active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here but still right now it's active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here but still right now it's active
+research topic if you look at a Java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research topic if you look at a Java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research topic if you look at a Java
+program if you look at two variables how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program if you look at two variables how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program if you look at two variables how
+can you say whether they are not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you say whether they are not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you say whether they are not uh
+refering to the same location it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refering to the same location it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refering to the same location it's it's
+same method or basically same object how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same method or basically same object how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same method or basically same object how
+do you say that that's hard hard issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you say that that's hard hard issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you say that that's hard hard issue
+and there's still a lot of work going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's still a lot of work going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's still a lot of work going on
+in that kind of things it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that kind of things it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that kind of things it's called a
+POTUS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POTUS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POTUS
+analysis and what we do is we represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and what we do is we represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and what we do is we represent
+this dependency is using a dag each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dependency is using a dag each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dependency is using a dag each
+instruction is a node and each Edge says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction is a node and each Edge says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction is a node and each Edge says
+okay the results of that instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the results of that instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the results of that instruction
+needed in the the the uh Sink of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed in the the the uh Sink of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed in the the the uh Sink of the uh
+Edge and we put a number that says okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge and we put a number that says okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge and we put a number that says okay
+in order for the second instruction not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for the second instruction not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for the second instruction not
+stall it has to uh start at least this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall it has to uh start at least this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall it has to uh start at least this
+many cycles after the first one so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cycles after the first one so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cycles after the first one so first
+instruction get issued and in here one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction get issued and in here one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction get issued and in here one
+to four that says after first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four that says after first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four that says after first
+instruction the fourth at least after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction the fourth at least after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction the fourth at least after
+two instructions in the middle so so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two instructions in the middle so so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two instructions in the middle so so it
+won't stall so if you do it earlier it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't stall so if you do it earlier it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't stall so if you do it earlier it
+will going to stall so this is the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will going to stall so this is the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will going to stall so this is the kind
+of representation we have and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representation we have and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representation we have and the other
+type of constraint resource constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of constraint resource constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of constraint resource constraints
+uh things like super scalers you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things like super scalers you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things like super scalers you have
+multiple uh parallel units and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple uh parallel units and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple uh parallel units and and you
+need to make sure that what get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make sure that what get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make sure that what get all
+those units uh are kept busy but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those units uh are kept busy but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those units uh are kept busy but there
+also units are limited so if you assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also units are limited so if you assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also units are limited so if you assume
+there are more than what you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more than what you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more than what you have you
+might not get the right you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not get the right you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not get the right you might not
+get a good schedule and and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a good schedule and and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a good schedule and and I'm going
+fast because I went through last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast because I went through last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast because I went through last time
+too okay so so you should have seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay so so you should have seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay so so you should have seen this
+this is the second time so uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the second time so uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the second time so uh one
+example is assume you have two units one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is assume you have two units one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is assume you have two units one
+say every register register operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say every register register operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say every register register operation
+goes to Unit A any memory operation goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Unit A any memory operation goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Unit A any memory operation goes
+to Unit B okay how do you run that so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Unit B okay how do you run that so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Unit B okay how do you run that so uh
+uh so what happens is each the way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what happens is each the way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what happens is each the way to do
+that is it's almost been packing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it's almost been packing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it's almost been packing so
+assume you have these bins you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you have these bins you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you have these bins you have this
+pipelines each Pipeline and and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelines each Pipeline and and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelines each Pipeline and and and you
+you have some some instructions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some some instructions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some some instructions that
+requirement of the pipeline and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement of the pipeline and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement of the pipeline and you can
+figure out what's the furthest down you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's the furthest down you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's the furthest down you
+can put H and basically keep running so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put H and basically keep running so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put H and basically keep running so
+so if you know how to play tetras this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you know how to play tetras this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you know how to play tetras this
+is exactly you can do so here's this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly you can do so here's this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly you can do so here's this the
+pipeline so Al so ALU operations it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline so Al so ALU operations it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline so Al so ALU operations it
+could be different size it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be different size it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be different size it's like a
+tetras piece depending on assume if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetras piece depending on assume if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetras piece depending on assume if it
+is two cycles it look like piece of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two cycles it look like piece of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two cycles it look like piece of two
+if it in memory pipe plan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it in memory pipe plan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it in memory pipe plan is
+actually like a Tetris piece so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like a Tetris piece so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like a Tetris piece so so
+basically you had to move the tetris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you had to move the tetris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you had to move the tetris
+pieces and and and fix fixes the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and and and fix fixes the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and and and fix fixes the best
+way you can so the way you do it is is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can so the way you do it is is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can so the way you do it is is I
+talked about Le scheduling Le scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about Le scheduling Le scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about Le scheduling Le scheduling
+basically you do a topological sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you do a topological sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you do a topological sort of
+this uh dag so what that means is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh dag so what that means is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh dag so what that means is all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+dependence basically uh uh uh things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence basically uh uh uh things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence basically uh uh uh things
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+dependent uh the are not scheduled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent uh the are not scheduled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent uh the are not scheduled out
+of for in this topological set and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for in this topological set and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for in this topological set and then
+what you have is if there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is if there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is if there's nothing
+dependent if the instruction has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent if the instruction has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent if the instruction has no
+dependency or everything that depend is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency or everything that depend is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency or everything that depend is
+already scheduled it's ready so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already scheduled it's ready so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already scheduled it's ready so that
+means you can schedule it there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you can schedule it there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you can schedule it there's no
+problem with that and then you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that and then you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that and then you keep
+scheduling that and and and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling that and and and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling that and and and basically
+you have to pick things out of the ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pick things out of the ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pick things out of the ready
+list and schedule the key thing is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and schedule the key thing is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and schedule the key thing is when
+you have ready list you have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have ready list you have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have ready list you have multiple
+things the way you pick things out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the way you pick things out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the way you pick things out of
+the ready list can make a big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ready list can make a big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ready list can make a big difference
+if you pick the wrong thing uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pick the wrong thing uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pick the wrong thing uh what
+happens is you can get it at schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you can get it at schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you can get it at schedule
+but later on you don't might not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but later on you don't might not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but later on you don't might not have
+anything to schedule and you might stall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to schedule and you might stall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to schedule and you might stall
+at the end so so so there are lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end so so so there are lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end so so so there are lot of
+kind of heuristics people come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of heuristics people come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of heuristics people come up with
+to pick up from ready list because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick up from ready list because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick up from ready list because if
+you want do optimal solution it's NP NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want do optimal solution it's NP NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want do optimal solution it's NP NP
+complete problem so you can you can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem so you can you can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem so you can you can try
+to do optimal but but you'll never get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do optimal but but you'll never get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do optimal but but you'll never get
+there so basically you do that so uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so basically you do that so uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so basically you do that so uh so
+here's example I have been working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's example I have been working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's example I have been working
+through so I give some uh uh delays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so I give some uh uh delays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so I give some uh uh delays in
+here and and and so the two methods we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and and so the two methods we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and and so the two methods we
+are doing is to pick is look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing is to pick is look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing is to pick is look at the
+distance from the from the leaf node so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the from the leaf node so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the from the leaf node so
+the thing is if you have a path if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is if you have a path if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is if you have a path if you
+have multiple chain that means the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple chain that means the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple chain that means the the
+chain put dependences so the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain put dependences so the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain put dependences so the longest
+chain is probably the one that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is probably the one that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is probably the one that's going
+to really restrict amount of time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really restrict amount of time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really restrict amount of time that
+you uh that process going to take so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh that process going to take so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh that process going to take so you
+look at the chain if you if you're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the chain if you if you're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the chain if you if you're very
+high up on the Chain you better get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high up on the Chain you better get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high up on the Chain you better get that
+done fast so more and more things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done fast so more and more things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done fast so more and more things can
+happen so you you calculate the depth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so you you calculate the depth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so you you calculate the depth in
+that chain that is the D number and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chain that is the D number and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chain that is the D number and if
+you get a tie of the D number to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a tie of the D number to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a tie of the D number to do a
+tie break you figure out the fan out fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie break you figure out the fan out fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie break you figure out the fan out fan
+Out means if I get schedule if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Out means if I get schedule if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Out means if I get schedule if I
+schedule how many more instructions will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule how many more instructions will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule how many more instructions will
+be joining the ready list so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be joining the ready list so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be joining the ready list so that means
+things that has lot more dependen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that has lot more dependen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that has lot more dependen is
+better get scheduled fast and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better get scheduled fast and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better get scheduled fast and those are
+I mean those are intuitive things there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean those are intuitive things there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean those are intuitive things there
+might be lot of other things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be lot of other things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be lot of other things that you
+can think of and as somebody last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of and as somebody last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of and as somebody last time
+said how about memory instructions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said how about memory instructions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said how about memory instructions you
+should schedule them faster because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should schedule them faster because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should schedule them faster because the
+memory reads always lead to use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory reads always lead to use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory reads always lead to use of the
+data yeah that's a good good I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data yeah that's a good good I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data yeah that's a good good I mean
+people can play with these H stics so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can play with these H stics so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can play with these H stics so in
+here at the beginning you have ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the beginning you have ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the beginning you have ready
+list of 1 3 4 and six and then uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of 1 3 4 and six and then uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of 1 3 4 and six and then uh uh
+then now you do the this Tetris game the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now you do the this Tetris game the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now you do the this Tetris game the
+one is basically just one block there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is basically just one block there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is basically just one block there's
+no dependency in you schedule that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no dependency in you schedule that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no dependency in you schedule that in
+there and then minute you schedule one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then minute you schedule one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then minute you schedule one
+now two becomes ready you can add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now two becomes ready you can add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now two becomes ready you can add that
+in there and two also has the highest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and two also has the highest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and two also has the highest uh
+depth in there so you pick up two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth in there so you pick up two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth in there so you pick up two and
+two is depending on one and now two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is depending on one and now two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is depending on one and now two is
+this this piece so you have to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this piece so you have to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this piece so you have to actually
+put it after one because that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it after one because that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it after one because that's a
+dependency so you can actually lay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency so you can actually lay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency so you can actually lay it
+out there uh so it's not really Tetris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there uh so it's not really Tetris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there uh so it's not really Tetris
+you can actually move things inside out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually move things inside out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually move things inside out
+and then you pick up six uh uh six is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you pick up six uh uh six is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you pick up six uh uh six is uh
+uh early operation there's no memory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh early operation there's no memory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh early operation there's no memory so
+you move six there and then that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move six there and then that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move six there and then that this
+point you can put six seven in there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you can put six seven in there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you can put six seven in there so
+you can pick up four the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pick up four the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pick up four the interesting
+thing is four is a memory operation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is four is a memory operation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is four is a memory operation and
+it's not depending on anything now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not depending on anything now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not depending on anything now it
+can actually move in front of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually move in front of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually move in front of two
+because we had this EMP empty space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we had this EMP empty space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we had this EMP empty space in
+there you can can shove it so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can can shove it so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can can shove it so it's
+little bit different from just bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different from just bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different from just bin
+packing because you can you can order it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing because you can you can order it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing because you can you can order it
+anywhere in these things so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in these things so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in these things so you just
+find the earliest space you can show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the earliest space you can show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the earliest space you can show it
+in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+still does Violet dependence and then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still does Violet dependence and then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still does Violet dependence and then do
+that and five you add it to the list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and five you add it to the list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and five you add it to the list and
+then you pick seven seven depends on six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you pick seven seven depends on six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you pick seven seven depends on six
+and two and so you have to seven has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and so you have to seven has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and so you have to seven has to
+go here and then that gets eight and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here and then that gets eight and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here and then that gets eight and N
+into the list three has no dependencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the list three has no dependencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the list three has no dependencies
+it can go anywhere uh five depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go anywhere uh five depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go anywhere uh five depends on
+four and then five goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and then five goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and then five goes
+here and then uh uh eight depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then uh uh eight depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then uh uh eight depends on
+seven so eight goes here and nine depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven so eight goes here and nine depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven so eight goes here and nine depend
+on seven nine goes here and then voila
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on seven nine goes here and then voila
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on seven nine goes here and then voila
+you got your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got your
+so what happens is now this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is now this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is now this is the
+machine can execute in this this order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine can execute in this this order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine can execute in this this order
+so you have to since super scale will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to since super scale will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to since super scale will
+figure it you have to issue instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it you have to issue instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it you have to issue instruction
+probably 1 4 62 uh uh 3 5 7 8 9 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably 1 4 62 uh uh 3 5 7 8 9 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably 1 4 62 uh uh 3 5 7 8 9 or
+something like that order the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that order the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that order the
+instruction in that order do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction in that order do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction in that order do that and
+then you'll get this very tight schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll get this very tight schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll get this very tight schedule
+in there so this is what what you doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there so this is what what you doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there so this is what what you doing
+here H in in scheduling for multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here H in in scheduling for multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here H in in scheduling for multiple
+units so so there could be many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units so so there could be many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units so so there could be many
+different types of resources sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of resources sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of resources sometimes
+this can get arbitr complicated because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can get arbitr complicated because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can get arbitr complicated because
+depending on different resources uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on different resources uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on different resources uh uh
+uh it's not static so in there so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not static so in there so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not static so in there so so
+this cut this scheduling problem can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cut this scheduling problem can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cut this scheduling problem can get
+very complicated but a very simplistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated but a very simplistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated but a very simplistic
+form is of doing is is is what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is of doing is is is what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is of doing is is is what I just
+described so the next thing is control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described so the next thing is control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described so the next thing is control
+dependencies you have to each basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies you have to each basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies you have to each basic
+block right now is doing scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block right now is doing scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block right now is doing scheduling
+basic block but basic blocks are small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic block but basic blocks are small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic block but basic blocks are small
+and what you want to do is try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you want to do is try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you want to do is try to
+schedule across basic blocks so uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule across basic blocks so uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule across basic blocks so uh we
+need to have control dependency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have control dependency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have control dependency
+so there's a technique called tra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a technique called tra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a technique called tra
+scheduling people use which is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling people use which is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling people use which is basically
+instead of the idea is most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the idea is most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the idea is most of the
+control dependences has a branch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control dependences has a branch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control dependences has a branch that
+takes lot more time than other branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes lot more time than other branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes lot more time than other branches
+like for example things like a condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example things like a condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example things like a condition
+probably never happen you want to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably never happen you want to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably never happen you want to deal
+with other branch and you optimize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other branch and you optimize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other branch and you optimize for
+that and you can combine multiple basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you can combine multiple basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you can combine multiple basic
+blocks into the trace and and and deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks into the trace and and and deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks into the trace and and and deal
+with offr stuff uh uh which can be slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with offr stuff uh uh which can be slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with offr stuff uh uh which can be slow
+because it doesn't happen that often and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't happen that often and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't happen that often and
+you basically do clean up code so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically do clean up code so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically do clean up code so if
+assume uh you have a program like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume uh you have a program like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume uh you have a program like that
+and you do some analysis or like either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do some analysis or like either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do some analysis or like either
+static analysis or profile feedback you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static analysis or profile feedback you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static analysis or profile feedback you
+run the program while and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the program while and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the program while and figure out
+where these branches normally go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these branches normally go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these branches normally go and
+figure out okay this is the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out okay this is the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out okay this is the normal
+executed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed
+path I will basically take that rest out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path I will basically take that rest out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path I will basically take that rest out
+of that align that path together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that align that path together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that align that path together and
+then treat it as one gigantic block but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then treat it as one gigantic block but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then treat it as one gigantic block but
+the problem here is still there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem here is still there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem here is still there are
+things going out and coming into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going out and coming into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going out and coming into the
+block and that still makes scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and that still makes scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and that still makes scheduling
+hard because you have to you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard because you have to you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard because you have to you can't just
+avoid them so one technique is to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid them so one technique is to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid them so one technique is to create
+a block that has a single entry multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block that has a single entry multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block that has a single entry multiple
+exit because then Things become much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit because then Things become much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit because then Things become much
+easier because there's no things coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier because there's no things coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier because there's no things coming
+back there's no control coming back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there's no control coming back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there's no control coming back into
+the blocks only thing is you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks only thing is you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks only thing is you're going
+out so the way you can do that is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the way you can do that is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the way you can do that is you
+can replicate the rest all the exits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can replicate the rest all the exits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can replicate the rest all the exits so
+it's the same code replicated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same code replicated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same code replicated in the
+exit so so what happens is in this block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit so so what happens is in this block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit so so what happens is in this block
+there's single entry from the top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's single entry from the top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's single entry from the top and
+there are three exits exit out of a exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three exits exit out of a exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three exits exit out of a exit
+out of e exit out of H that normal exits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of e exit out of H that normal exits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of e exit out of H that normal exits
+and now what is you get a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what is you get a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what is you get a lot more
+freedom them to basically move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom them to basically move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom them to basically move
+instructions all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions all over the
+place okay that's where we end up last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place okay that's where we end up last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place okay that's where we end up last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+Loops so the thing about loops is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops so the thing about loops is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops so the thing about loops is most
+programs 90% of the time or 99% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs 90% of the time or 99% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs 90% of the time or 99% of the
+times are spend in Loops okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times are spend in Loops okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times are spend in Loops okay if you
+think about it something like a Pentium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it something like a Pentium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it something like a Pentium
+running a 3 gz is a such a a need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a 3 gz is a such a a need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a 3 gz is a such a a need for
+instruction such appetite for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction such appetite for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction such appetite for
+instruction so if you have to feed new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction so if you have to feed new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction so if you have to feed new
+instructions one at a time you'll never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions one at a time you'll never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions one at a time you'll never
+be able to you you'll run out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to you you'll run out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to you you'll run out of the
+entire disc in few minutes if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire disc in few minutes if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire disc in few minutes if if you
+think about running at 3 GHz one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about running at 3 GHz one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about running at 3 GHz one
+instruction at a time just calculate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction at a time just calculate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction at a time just calculate how
+how much instruction is needed to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much instruction is needed to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much instruction is needed to kind
+of keep this this piece Fed so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keep this this piece Fed so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keep this this piece Fed so how do
+you deal with that because you can't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deal with that because you can't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deal with that because you can't put
+instructions at that speed the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions at that speed the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions at that speed the only way
+you can deal with that is most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can deal with that is most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can deal with that is most of the
+time it's tring the same instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's tring the same instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's tring the same instructions
+again and again and again in a loop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again and again in a loop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again and again in a loop and
+that's how these machines actually run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how these machines actually run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how these machines actually run
+very fast so because of that performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast so because of that performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast so because of that performance
+in many cases is is in Loops so running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases is is in Loops so running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases is is in Loops so running
+Loops fast is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops fast is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops fast is very important
+and loop bodies are small so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and loop bodies are small so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and loop bodies are small so it's
+optimizing that is not that complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing that is not that complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing that is not that complicated
+because you can find this very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can find this very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can find this very nice
+tight things but it's disproportionately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight things but it's disproportionately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight things but it's disproportionately
+uh execution time is in there and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh execution time is in there and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh execution time is in there and so
+because of that most compilers do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that most compilers do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that most compilers do
+something very different for Loops than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very different for Loops than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very different for Loops than
+it do for rest of it so it's it's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do for rest of it so it's it's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do for rest of it so it's it's try to
+go and actually do something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and actually do something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and actually do something very
+interesting nice for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting nice for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting nice for the
+loops so I want to give you example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops so I want to give you example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops so I want to give you example and
+again a simple machine I will use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a simple machine I will use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a simple machine I will use uh
+assume uh uh one load store unit and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume uh uh one load store unit and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume uh uh one load store unit and one
+arithmetic one one that actually do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic one one that actually do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic one one that actually do the
+uh that only do ALU to Al oper I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that only do ALU to Al oper I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that only do ALU to Al oper I mean
+memory to I mean register register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory to I mean register register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory to I mean register register
+register operation and one actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register operation and one actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register operation and one actually do
+the load store operations uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load store operations uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load store operations uh
+in when you're doing when we used to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when you're doing when we used to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when you're doing when we used to do
+a class in Risk this is a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class in Risk this is a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class in Risk this is a very nice
+distinction because load St is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction because load St is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction because load St is very
+different from register operation they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from register operation they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from register operation they
+have different set of instructions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different set of instructions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different set of instructions in
+EXC just one big jumble so it's it's I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXC just one big jumble so it's it's I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXC just one big jumble so it's it's I'm
+trying to little bit abstract out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to little bit abstract out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to little bit abstract out to
+give you a good handle of that but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a good handle of that but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a good handle of that but as
+you go to architecture there's no nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to architecture there's no nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to architecture there's no nice
+separation saying I have load store unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation saying I have load store unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation saying I have load store unit
+that have separate load store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have separate load store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have separate load store
+instructions was memory unit that Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions was memory unit that Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions was memory unit that Al
+unit that has Al instruction these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit that has Al instruction these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit that has Al instruction these are
+com combined so so it's not that nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com combined so so it's not that nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com combined so so it's not that nice
+but at least to get the concept I I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least to get the concept I I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least to get the concept I I I'll
+do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the
+simplification so here's a simple source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification so here's a simple source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification so here's a simple source
+code and basically multiplying array by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and basically multiplying array by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and basically multiplying array by
+a constant each element so uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant each element so uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant each element so uh some
+assmbly CL is not ex uh uh uh so can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assmbly CL is not ex uh uh uh so can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assmbly CL is not ex uh uh uh so can you
+understand what this ASM code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what this ASM code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what this ASM code
+does so what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so what I did
+was I from RDI so the first move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I from RDI so the first move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I from RDI so the first move
+instruction means add both RDI and Rax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction means add both RDI and Rax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction means add both RDI and Rax
+together use that as address to go uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together use that as address to go uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together use that as address to go uh uh
+uh get the data and move to uh r10 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get the data and move to uh r10 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get the data and move to uh r10 so
+what that means is the base is stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is the base is stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is the base is stored in
+RDI for AI and Rax is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RDI for AI and Rax is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RDI for AI and Rax is basically the
+index basically I keep adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index basically I keep adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index basically I keep adding
+and then I do the multiplication from B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I do the multiplication from B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I do the multiplication from B
+R1 stores B and into it and then I store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 stores B and into it and then I store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 stores B and into it and then I store
+that register back into that location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that register back into that location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that register back into that location
+okay so that's that's those are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's those are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's those are three
+instructions and then obvious uh what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions and then obvious uh what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions and then obvious uh what I
+did was uh here's interesting thing why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was uh here's interesting thing why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was uh here's interesting thing why
+did I did a subtract instead of add so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I did a subtract instead of add so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I did a subtract instead of add so
+I'm actually subtracting RX I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually subtracting RX I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually subtracting RX I'm not
+actually running the loop this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually running the loop this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually running the loop this
+way yeah I'm counting down why um save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way yeah I'm counting down why um save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way yeah I'm counting down why um save
+you instruction at the top cuz there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you instruction at the top cuz there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you instruction at the top cuz there's a
+special cuz I think you're using BG so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cuz I think you're using BG so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cuz I think you're using BG so
+this's a special instruction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this's a special instruction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this's a special instruction that
+just yeah so B because the thing is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yeah so B because the thing is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yeah so B because the thing is if I
+counting up I actually have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting up I actually have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting up I actually have to do a
+comparison again when you read reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison again when you read reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison again when you read reach the
+max if I'm counting down when I hit zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max if I'm counting down when I hit zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max if I'm counting down when I hit zero
+I'm done so I don't have to do compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm done so I don't have to do compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm done so I don't have to do compare
+instruction so I just avoid the compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction so I just avoid the compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction so I just avoid the compare
+instruction by doing countdown so do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction by doing countdown so do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction by doing countdown so do you
+get that so so so here these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that so so so here these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that so so so here these are the
+kind of things you kind of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things you kind of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things you kind of trying to
+play with the to get one instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with the to get one instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with the to get one instruction
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+so here's my uh depend things because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's my uh depend things because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's my uh depend things because
+you have to first do the move uh before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to first do the move uh before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to first do the move uh before
+you do the uh uh multiplication because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the uh uh multiplication because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the uh uh multiplication because
+you have to get this data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get this data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get this data and
+multiplication uh uh uh has to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication uh uh uh has to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication uh uh uh has to finish
+before you actually do the uh move back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you actually do the uh move back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you actually do the uh move back
+in there I have a delay zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there I have a delay zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there I have a delay zero because
+this move needs uh um RX and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this move needs uh um RX and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this move needs uh um RX and this
+upgrades RX so I can't start doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrades RX so I can't start doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrades RX so I can't start doing this
+subtraction before I issue this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction before I issue this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction before I issue this
+instruction so at least they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction so at least they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction so at least they have to
+happen at the same time cuz I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at the same time cuz I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at the same time cuz I'm using
+that I'm updating that one again because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm updating that one again because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm updating that one again because
+otherwise if you do I would have updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise if you do I would have updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise if you do I would have updated
+it before actually used it so so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before actually used it so so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before actually used it so so it has
+at least happen in the same order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least happen in the same order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least happen in the same order so
+that's why I have I put a delay zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I have I put a delay zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I have I put a delay zero in
+here and then after the subtraction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then after the subtraction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then after the subtraction you
+have to finish wait till this finish to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to finish wait till this finish to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to finish wait till this finish to
+actually do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do the
+branch fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch fair
+enough okay so this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay so this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay so this is this is the
+loop so if you run this so uh first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so if you run this so uh first you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so if you run this so uh first you
+do the move it follows by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the move it follows by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the move it follows by the
+multiplication uh uh it's say three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication uh uh it's say three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication uh uh it's say three
+cycles and do the subtraction and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and do the subtraction and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and do the subtraction and then
+when you start subtraction you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start subtraction you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start subtraction you can do
+the next move which followed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next move which followed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next move which followed by the
+branch so this is basically what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch so this is basically what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch so this is basically what you can
+actually best you could as assume you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually best you could as assume you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually best you could as assume you
+can get I'm not dealing with any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get I'm not dealing with any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get I'm not dealing with any kind of
+resources or anything like that I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources or anything like that I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources or anything like that I'm just
+looking at the pipeline stages you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the pipeline stages you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the pipeline stages you have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+do okay is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clear how this goes about doing that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear how this goes about doing that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear how this goes about doing that so
+okay yeah this is uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah this is uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah this is uh uh uh
+good uh it doesn't give you that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh it doesn't give you that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh it doesn't give you that much
+this is basically what the normal ual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically what the normal ual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically what the normal ual
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+do so then I'm going to talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so then I'm going to talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so then I'm going to talk to you
+about two different about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two different about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two different about three
+different techniques that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different techniques that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different techniques that you can do
+around optimizing Loops first thing is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around optimizing Loops first thing is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around optimizing Loops first thing is a
+really simple one just unroll Loop bod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple one just unroll Loop bod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple one just unroll Loop bod
+because what happens is Loop body has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what happens is Loop body has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what happens is Loop body has a
+small basic block by unrolling it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small basic block by unrolling it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small basic block by unrolling it you
+might be able to get a few more basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to get a few more basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to get a few more basic
+blocks one after another uh and also if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks one after another uh and also if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks one after another uh and also if
+you unroll it properly so so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you unroll it properly so so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you unroll it properly so so instead of
+so you don't need to have exit at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't need to have exit at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't need to have exit at the
+end of it because what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of it because what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of it because what you do is you
+make sure you don't get into the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you don't get into the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you don't get into the that
+body and unless you have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+iterations I mean so what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations I mean so what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations I mean so what that means is
+you actually have to have a main body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have to have a main body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have to have a main body
+unroll body and also loop after ends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unroll body and also loop after ends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unroll body and also loop after ends to
+run the so assume you are running uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the so assume you are running uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the so assume you are running uh
+seven iterations and you want to unroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven iterations and you want to unroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven iterations and you want to unroll
+twice so what you want to do is run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice so what you want to do is run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice so what you want to do is run the
+main body two iterations four six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main body two iterations four six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main body two iterations four six and
+the last body to run one more iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last body to run one more iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last body to run one more iteration
+so so so because of that you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so because of that you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so because of that you in the
+middle you don't have to have exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle you don't have to have exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle you don't have to have exit
+conditions or anything like so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions or anything like so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions or anything like so the
+minute you go to the main body you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute you go to the main body you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute you go to the main body you would
+know you running into then to the end so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you running into then to the end so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you running into then to the end so
+you can move a lot of things around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move a lot of things around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move a lot of things around that
+makes it clear how do how you unroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it clear how do how you unroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it clear how do how you unroll
+okay I have piece of codes if it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have piece of codes if it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have piece of codes if it is not
+I can write in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write in the
+board uh and nice thing is it creates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board uh and nice thing is it creates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board uh and nice thing is it creates a
+much larger basic block and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger basic block and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger basic block and you can
+eliminate this bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate this bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate this bound
+check uh the issues of that too if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check uh the issues of that too if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check uh the issues of that too if you
+keep unrolling too much you create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep unrolling too much you create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep unrolling too much you create a
+much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger
+program uh and uh uh other thing is as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh and uh uh other thing is as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh and uh uh other thing is as I
+said I have to I have to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I have to I have to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I have to I have to have two
+different uh bodies in here so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh bodies in here so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh bodies in here so I have to
+assume I'm unrolling 64 times so first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume I'm unrolling 64 times so first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume I'm unrolling 64 times so first I
+will do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do is
+four I equals we'll say I had 0 to n 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I equals we'll say I had 0 to n 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I equals we'll say I had 0 to n 0
+to n here 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n here 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n here 0
+to n IDE by 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n IDE by 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n IDE by 64
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+64 something like that okay I'm writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 something like that okay I'm writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 something like that okay I'm writing
+on a VD syntax but but this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a VD syntax but but this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a VD syntax but but this is basically
+flow and then what I had to do do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and then what I had to do do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and then what I had to do do is
+another loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another loop
+for I = I which is last iteration here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I = I which is last iteration here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I = I which is last iteration here
+to n this is less than 64 because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n this is less than 64 because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n this is less than 64 because this
+will up to the flow it will run and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will up to the flow it will run and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will up to the flow it will run and then
+then you run uh to 64 so problem is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you run uh to 64 so problem is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you run uh to 64 so problem is if
+all only time you most of the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all only time you most of the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all only time you most of the time you
+only have uh say 25 iterations or 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have uh say 25 iterations or 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have uh say 25 iterations or 30
+iterations you are going to do try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations you are going to do try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations you are going to do try to do
+the first Loop nothing will happen not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Loop nothing will happen not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Loop nothing will happen not a
+single iteration and go to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single iteration and go to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single iteration and go to the second
+loop again and again and again so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop again and again and again so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop again and again and again so you'll
+do extra check basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do extra check basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do extra check basically
+so if so this useful at least you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if so this useful at least you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if so this useful at least you have
+64 iterations to run because otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 iterations to run because otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 iterations to run because otherwise
+that body is just never get executed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that body is just never get executed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that body is just never get executed uh
+and also if you do it most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also if you do it most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also if you do it most of the time
+when you're starting a loop there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're starting a loop there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're starting a loop there might
+be some startup cost and and end cost in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some startup cost and and end cost in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some startup cost and and end cost in
+scheduling in there so here's a loop so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling in there so here's a loop so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling in there so here's a loop so
+what I want do is I just unroll it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want do is I just unroll it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want do is I just unroll it one
+more unroll it twice and this is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unroll it twice and this is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unroll it twice and this is what I
+get okay so only thing I did was I cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay so only thing I did was I cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay so only thing I did was I cut
+and pasted the loop body twice and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pasted the loop body twice and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pasted the loop body twice and I
+eliminated the uh uh uh Branch condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated the uh uh uh Branch condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated the uh uh uh Branch condition
+basically and of course I'm guaranteeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically and of course I'm guaranteeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically and of course I'm guaranteeing
+that when you went in there at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you went in there at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you went in there at least
+we'll have two iterations to run so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have two iterations to run so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have two iterations to run so I'm
+guaranteeing that in I'm not showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteeing that in I'm not showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteeing that in I'm not showing
+that in here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in here so
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+here we didn't get that much what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we didn't get that much what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we didn't get that much what we did
+was we eliminated one uh uh this uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we eliminated one uh uh this uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we eliminated one uh uh this uh uh
+uh loop exit test so I'm I went from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh loop exit test so I'm I went from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh loop exit test so I'm I went from
+nine cycles per iterations to eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine cycles per iterations to eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine cycles per iterations to eight
+cycles per iteration big deal but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles per iteration big deal but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles per iteration big deal but what
+this says is by doing that now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says is by doing that now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says is by doing that now we have
+much larger piece of of code if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger piece of of code if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger piece of of code if you can
+do few additional things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do few additional things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do few additional things you can
+actually do much better so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do much better so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do much better so let's look at
+what uh we can do so what happens is lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh we can do so what happens is lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh we can do so what happens is lot
+of times there are these registers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times there are these registers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times there are these registers we
+use to keep Temporaries they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to keep Temporaries they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to keep Temporaries they are
+stopping us from doing anything useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping us from doing anything useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping us from doing anything useful
+because in the middle I'm using for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the middle I'm using for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the middle I'm using for the
+both of them I'm using a register same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them I'm using a register same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them I'm using a register same
+register to keep a temporary value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register to keep a temporary value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register to keep a temporary value and
+now since it's the same register I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since it's the same register I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since it's the same register I can't
+move anything around so so here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move anything around so so here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move anything around so so here what
+happens is r10 is used twice the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is r10 is used twice the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is r10 is used twice the first
+group use r10 you load something into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group use r10 you load something into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group use r10 you load something into
+r10 you multiply and store in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r10 you multiply and store in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r10 you multiply and store in there and
+I use r10 again so you obviously you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use r10 again so you obviously you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use r10 again so you obviously you
+can't move them around because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't move them around because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't move them around because these
+intermix these instructions because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermix these instructions because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermix these instructions because of
+R1 is the same so one thing I can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 is the same so one thing I can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 is the same so one thing I can do is
+basically make it different I I do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically make it different I I do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically make it different I I do I
+move to rcx so I use a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to rcx so I use a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to rcx so I use a different
+register for that okay still by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register for that okay still by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register for that okay still by doing
+that you can't get too many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't get too many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't get too many things
+because still I can't do I still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because still I can't do I still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because still I can't do I still have
+bunch of dependences in here still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of dependences in here still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of dependences in here still the
+dependence haven't changed so one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence haven't changed so one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence haven't changed so one thing
+you can do is trying to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is trying to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is trying to eliminate
+unnecessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary
+dependencies can anybody suggest some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies can anybody suggest some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies can anybody suggest some
+interesting uh uh ways to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh uh ways to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh uh ways to eliminate
+unnecessary dependencies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary dependencies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary dependencies in
+here so let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's look at the
+program okay how can I get rid of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program okay how can I get rid of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program okay how can I get rid of some
+of the dependences don't look for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dependences don't look for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dependences don't look for the
+next page it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next page it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next page it's
+there okay how can I get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay how can I get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay how can I get rid of
+dependences what can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependences what can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependences what can I
+do could you keep to new cers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do could you keep to new cers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do could you keep to new cers and
+subract from each exactly so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subract from each exactly so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subract from each exactly so that's
+that's that's that's the thing that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's the thing that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's the thing that I'm
+going to do uh uh instead of I because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do uh uh instead of I because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do uh uh instead of I because
+my dependence chain is basically this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my dependence chain is basically this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my dependence chain is basically this I
+have I and then I until I do i+ one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I and then I until I do i+ one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I and then I until I do i+ one I
+can't do the i+ 4 I can't do the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do the i+ 4 I can't do the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do the i+ 4 I can't do the next
+one and and I can't do any any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and and I can't do any any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and and I can't do any any other
+computation until I get the i+ 4 done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation until I get the i+ 4 done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation until I get the i+ 4 done so
+I mean that that keeps you two very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that that keeps you two very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that that keeps you two very
+tight together in there and if I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight together in there and if I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight together in there and if I keep
+two different things two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different things two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different things two different
+variables I I much much better in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I I much much better in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I I much much better in there
+what else can I do what other type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else can I do what other type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else can I do what other type of
+things can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's nothing in here though but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing in here though but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing in here though but but
+but any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suggestions I think lot of uh uh things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions I think lot of uh uh things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions I think lot of uh uh things
+you did in the last uh uh segment data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did in the last uh uh segment data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did in the last uh uh segment data
+flow optimizations can apply here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow optimizations can apply here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow optimizations can apply here
+because between iterations you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because between iterations you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because between iterations you might
+have lot of common sub Expressions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lot of common sub Expressions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lot of common sub Expressions that
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+because what happens is each body might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what happens is each body might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what happens is each body might
+do some kind of address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some kind of address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some kind of address
+calculation and and the next time time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and and the next time time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and and the next time time I
+I I actually almost done that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I actually almost done that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I actually almost done that here
+because what I have done is is I got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I have done is is I got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I have done is is I got the
+address calculation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address calculation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address calculation uh
+uh uh basically I'm I'm just adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh basically I'm I'm just adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh basically I'm I'm just adding
+value to the address I'm not doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to the address I'm not doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to the address I'm not doing the
+full address calculation in here so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full address calculation in here so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full address calculation in here so uh
+uh sometimes you might not have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes you might not have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes you might not have done
+things like uh uh code motion and common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like uh uh code motion and common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like uh uh code motion and common
+sub expression elimination because if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub expression elimination because if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub expression elimination because if it
+creates more live ranges you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates more live ranges you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates more live ranges you have to
+keep more values around but now you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep more values around but now you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep more values around but now you are
+merging the loop together you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging the loop together you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging the loop together you might be
+able to do the address calculation once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do the address calculation once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do the address calculation once
+and then bring the operations very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then bring the operations very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then bring the operations very close
+to each other so so you can reduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other so so you can reduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other so so you can reduce a
+live range because if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live range because if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live range because if you have two
+things basically you create lot of live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things basically you create lot of live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things basically you create lot of live
+ranges across because because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges across because because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges across because because you're
+doing address calculation keeping it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing address calculation keeping it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing address calculation keeping it in
+in a regist and and moving it across but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a regist and and moving it across but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a regist and and moving it across but
+now if I can have the ability to orap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I can have the ability to orap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I can have the ability to orap
+the each other I can do the address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the each other I can do the address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the each other I can do the address
+calculation once and use it twice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation once and use it twice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation once and use it twice and
+reduce the light range so there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the light range so there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the light range so there are the
+thing about this is the compilers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this is the compilers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this is the compilers we
+like love to do a optimizations in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like love to do a optimizations in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like love to do a optimizations in this
+nice phases but at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice phases but at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice phases but at the end of the day
+it's a big gigantic mess because okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big gigantic mess because okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big gigantic mess because okay
+some of it's most optimizations are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it's most optimizations are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it's most optimizations are not
+obviously always good it it reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously always good it it reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously always good it it reduces
+something increases other and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something increases other and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something increases other and then it's
+useful if the next time round you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful if the next time round you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful if the next time round you can
+actually go get rid of the other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go get rid of the other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go get rid of the other things
+so that's the exactly so if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the exactly so if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the exactly so if you if you
+do common sub expression elimination if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do common sub expression elimination if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do common sub expression elimination if
+you understand that and two things use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand that and two things use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand that and two things use
+the same expression eliminate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same expression eliminate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same expression eliminate that
+reduce it one then you have to keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it one then you have to keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it one then you have to keep that
+expression value across so if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression value across so if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression value across so if that
+distance is fast you you increase a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is fast you you increase a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is fast you you increase a
+large life range you might have to go do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large life range you might have to go do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large life range you might have to go do
+some register spill because now you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some register spill because now you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some register spill because now you need
+more life ranges but on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more life ranges but on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more life ranges but on the other hand
+the minute you can do that as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minute you can do that as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minute you can do that as well as
+move the instruction next to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the instruction next to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the instruction next to each other
+it might be really good so in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be really good so in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be really good so in reality
+that's why compilers get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why compilers get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why compilers get very
+complicated because even though you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because even though you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because even though you can
+say like all these passes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like all these passes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like all these passes are
+independent lot of times the decision to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent lot of times the decision to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent lot of times the decision to
+do something is a very dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something is a very dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something is a very dependent
+decision and things get complicated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and things get complicated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and things get complicated so
+here you don't have that much thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you don't have that much thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you don't have that much thing so
+so what um what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what um what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what um what I'm going to do is
+exactly what he point out uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what he point out uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what he point out uh uh
+basically uh uh increment U or subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh uh increment U or subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh uh increment U or subtract
+eight out of uh uh that board so I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight out of uh uh that board so I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight out of uh uh that board so I keep
+two different variables now you see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different variables now you see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different variables now you see I
+increased the live range because I added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the live range because I added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the live range because I added
+one more variable in there now instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more variable in there now instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more variable in there now instead
+of keeping one I had to keep two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keeping one I had to keep two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keeping one I had to keep two
+variables I hope luckily here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I hope luckily here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I hope luckily here I have
+enough registers I can do that minute I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough registers I can do that minute I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough registers I can do that minute I
+do that I can go into a much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that I can go into a much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that I can go into a much much
+tighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter
+schedule okay this is basically I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule okay this is basically I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule okay this is basically I mean
+you can go and figure out how I packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go and figure out how I packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go and figure out how I packed
+it but I packed it in a way that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I packed it in a way that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I packed it in a way that that
+that that uh a lot of these things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh a lot of these things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh a lot of these things can
+happen like in a very tight form okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen like in a very tight form okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen like in a very tight form okay
+so so is this um Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so is this um Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so is this um Loop
+now so in order to un this Loop me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so in order to un this Loop me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so in order to un this Loop me that
+it exes at least twice does this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exes at least twice does this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exes at least twice does this also
+mean that it executes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that it executes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that it executes
+number so what happens is if I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so what happens is if I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so what happens is if I am
+actually doing this real I I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing this real I I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing this real I I will
+actually have two Loops I will have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have two Loops I will have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have two Loops I will have the
+loop un twice or four time unroll Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop un twice or four time unroll Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop un twice or four time unroll Loop
+that actually goes only enters when at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually goes only enters when at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually goes only enters when at
+least there's four iterations and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least there's four iterations and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least there's four iterations and there
+will be another original Loop left at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be another original Loop left at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be another original Loop left at
+the bottom to do the last few iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom to do the last few iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom to do the last few iterations
+so I had to do that I didn't show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I had to do that I didn't show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I had to do that I didn't show you
+that code here because I what matters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that code here because I what matters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that code here because I what matters is
+the main Loop because that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main Loop because that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main Loop because that's going to
+run millions of times the other guy will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run millions of times the other guy will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run millions of times the other guy will
+run a few times so I don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a few times so I don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a few times so I don't care about
+that the key thing is to get the one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the key thing is to get the one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the key thing is to get the one the
+way the reason these programs run for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the reason these programs run for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the reason these programs run for a
+long time because there's a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time because there's a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time because there's a loop
+probably run millions and billions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably run millions and billions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably run millions and billions of
+times again and again and again if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times again and again and again if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times again and again and again if you
+get that millions of time running fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that millions of time running fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that millions of time running fast
+you said and the last 10 iterations who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said and the last 10 iterations who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said and the last 10 iterations who
+yes so so that I'm not showing the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so so that I'm not showing the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so so that I'm not showing the full
+full piece of code here I'm just showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full piece of code here I'm just showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full piece of code here I'm just showing
+that that that main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that main
+thing so the next thing I want to get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so the next thing I want to get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so the next thing I want to get at
+is this interesting technique called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this interesting technique called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this interesting technique called
+software pipelining I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software pipelining I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software pipelining I'm not going to
+explain it fully I will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it fully I will give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it fully I will give you the
+kind of the intuition uh to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the intuition uh to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the intuition uh to show you
+what happens so software pipelining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens so software pipelining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens so software pipelining
+says why can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says why can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says why can't
+you all up multiple iterations so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all up multiple iterations so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all up multiple iterations so that
+all the slot because if you look at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the slot because if you look at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the slot because if you look at one
+iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration
+as you saw it was like a very Spar the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you saw it was like a very Spar the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you saw it was like a very Spar the
+lot of slots were empty why can't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of slots were empty why can't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of slots were empty why can't you
+like all have multiple iterations so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all have multiple iterations so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all have multiple iterations so so
+nothing is empty so every cycle many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is empty so every cycle many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is empty so every cycle many
+things are going to happen and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to happen and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to happen and and then
+what happens is when you do that at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is when you do that at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is when you do that at some
+point you can find a steady state window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you can find a steady state window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you can find a steady state window
+that says if you keep repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that basically you can get the enti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically you can get the enti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically you can get the enti
+computation let me actually show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation let me actually show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation let me actually show you the
+example I mean this is much easier so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I mean this is much easier so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I mean this is much easier so
+here's the normal schedule that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the normal schedule that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the normal schedule that we had
+okay so you can't make it any compact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can't make it any compact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can't make it any compact in
+this one so one thing but on the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so one thing but on the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so one thing but on the nice
+thing about this schedule is there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this schedule is there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this schedule is there's no
+dependence between iterations it's so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence between iterations it's so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence between iterations it's so so
+what you can do is you can pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is you can pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is you can pick up
+another copy and figure out where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another copy and figure out where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another copy and figure out where you
+can put that copy so you can put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put that copy so you can put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put that copy so you can put that
+copy a little bit off so I can run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy a little bit off so I can run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy a little bit off so I can run the
+second iteration kind of overlapping I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second iteration kind of overlapping I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second iteration kind of overlapping I
+move two in there and put it in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move two in there and put it in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move two in there and put it in there
+okay and then what I can do is I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what I can do is I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what I can do is I can
+take another pick up another copy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another pick up another copy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another pick up another copy and
+move it to and put it in there okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it to and put it in there okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it to and put it in there okay then
+I can pick another copy move it to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can pick another copy move it to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can pick another copy move it to put
+it then there another copy mve to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then there another copy mve to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then there another copy mve to put in
+there keep doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there keep doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there keep doing
+that okay so now what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so now what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so now what happens is
+multiple things have overlapped with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple things have overlapped with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple things have overlapped with any
+every available space I just moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every available space I just moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every available space I just moved
+another copy and just plopped it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another copy and just plopped it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another copy and just plopped it in
+another copy plopped it in here uh I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another copy plopped it in here uh I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another copy plopped it in here uh I I
+basically have to have two of because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to have two of because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to have two of because uh
+in in in each line I actually had using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in each line I actually had using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in each line I actually had using
+two slots in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slots in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slots in there
+basically and then what okay last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically and then what okay last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically and then what okay last one
+last one so I keep moving that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one so I keep moving that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one so I keep moving that so the
+interesting thing is this is great now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is this is great now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is this is great now
+does that mean you're going to unroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean you're going to unroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean you're going to unroll
+eight times and and of course you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight times and and of course you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight times and and of course you can do
+by unrolling now six times and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by unrolling now six times and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by unrolling now six times and basically
+moving things around but then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving things around but then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving things around but then what
+happens is all the time unroll what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is all the time unroll what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is all the time unroll what
+happens is if if I keep running this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is if if I keep running this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is if if I keep running this
+there'll be a part at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a part at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a part at the beginning
+where there's nothing much happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's nothing much happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's nothing much happen and
+there's a part in the middle almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a part in the middle almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a part in the middle almost
+every iteration every cycle lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every iteration every cycle lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every iteration every cycle lot of
+things happen and then part at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen and then part at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen and then part at the end
+again again you have to tap off of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again again you have to tap off of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again again you have to tap off of the
+toil so so what happens is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toil so so what happens is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toil so so what happens is you have
+nothing much happen lot of work nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing much happen lot of work nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing much happen lot of work nothing
+much happen so you if you keep doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much happen so you if you keep doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much happen so you if you keep doing
+that at least a large chunk of time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least a large chunk of time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least a large chunk of time is
+basically at the beginning and end so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically at the beginning and end so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically at the beginning and end so we
+don't want to do that we want to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do that we want to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do that we want to do the
+beginning once and run the middle many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning once and run the middle many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning once and run the middle many
+many many many times and the end one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many times and the end one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many times and the end one
+instead of doing that so how do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of doing that so how do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of doing that so how do you do
+that so that's for the software pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's for the software pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's for the software pipeline
+the software pipeline does is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software pipeline does is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software pipeline does is if you
+look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this
+block okay so what it does it says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block okay so what it does it says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block okay so what it does it says is
+it's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing
+the these two instruction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these two instruction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these two instruction of
+uh so actually interesting it's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so actually interesting it's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so actually interesting it's doing
+two instruction of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+iteration okay uh uh if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration okay uh uh if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration okay uh uh if you look at this
+what happens is every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is every
+instruction is in here of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction is in here of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction is in here of the
+computation but at a different of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation but at a different of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation but at a different of a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+iteration okay the computation has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration okay the computation has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration okay the computation has two
+moves three Ms two subtractions and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves three Ms two subtractions and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves three Ms two subtractions and uh
+uh and also another uh uh just it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and also another uh uh just it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and also another uh uh just it's not
+it's move and greater so so what it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's move and greater so so what it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's move and greater so so what it has
+is those Ms are here here this three Ms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is those Ms are here here this three Ms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is those Ms are here here this three Ms
+this two these one here and and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two these one here and and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two these one here and and these
+first two moves are here uh so so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two moves are here uh so so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two moves are here uh so so if you
+look at I I I had 1 2 3 4 5 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at I I I had 1 2 3 4 5 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at I I I had 1 2 3 4 5 6
+7 8 9 10 11 I guess 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 8 9 10 11 I guess 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 8 9 10 11 I guess 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
+10 I guess 10 instructions I have my 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 I guess 10 instructions I have my 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 I guess 10 instructions I have my 10
+instructions in there so so you do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions in there so so you do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions in there so so you do all
+the instruction at different iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instruction at different iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instruction at different iterations
+and and it's it's pretty pretty pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's it's pretty pretty pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's it's pretty pretty pretty
+compact because in two cycles you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact because in two cycles you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact because in two cycles you can
+you can do everything and then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do everything and then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do everything and then if you
+keep repeating that so what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep repeating that so what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep repeating that so what happens is
+the the first iteration you do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first iteration you do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first iteration you do some
+instructions and it's at a given time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions and it's at a given time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions and it's at a given time
+the different iteration so in a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different iteration so in a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different iteration so in a steady
+state you're doing lot of work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you're doing lot of work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you're doing lot of work for
+multiple iteration so what you had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple iteration so what you had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple iteration so what you had to do
+is you take this unit in there and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you take this unit in there and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you take this unit in there and so
+what happens is now there are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is now there are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is now there are four
+iterations overlapped the thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations overlapped the thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations overlapped the thing about
+software pipeline you need lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software pipeline you need lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software pipeline you need lot of
+registers because now you created huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers because now you created huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers because now you created huge
+amount of live ranges so that means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of live ranges so that means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of live ranges so that means you
+actually you need uh uh things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you need uh uh things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you need uh uh things like
+value of R11 doesn't change but RX now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of R11 doesn't change but RX now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of R11 doesn't change but RX now
+had keep keep put four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had keep keep put four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had keep keep put four different
+iterations RX so I have to have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations RX so I have to have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations RX so I have to have four
+different values of RX that each get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of RX that each get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of RX that each get
+incremented now instead of four 16 every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremented now instead of four 16 every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremented now instead of four 16 every
+time and I need to keep four registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I need to keep four registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I need to keep four registers
+for R 10 because I'm keeping I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for R 10 because I'm keeping I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for R 10 because I'm keeping I'm
+actually calculating four values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculating four values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculating four values in
+there and and these registers get reused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and these registers get reused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and these registers get reused
+after four blocks so you have there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after four blocks so you have there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after four blocks so you have there's
+lot of complicated complicated ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of complicated complicated ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of complicated complicated ways of
+doing that generating code here for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that generating code here for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that generating code here for this
+one is not that trivial but the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is not that trivial but the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is not that trivial but the idea is
+basically you get to the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you get to the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you get to the steady state
+and you keep running forever in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you keep running forever in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you keep running forever in a very
+tight steady state and then you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight steady state and then you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight steady state and then you do you
+you ramp up steady state and ramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ramp up steady state and ramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ramp up steady state and ramp
+down so so this basically gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so so this basically gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so so this basically gives us a
+close to Optimal use of resources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to Optimal use of resources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to Optimal use of resources and
+and then in here like if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in here like if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in here like if you look at
+what happens in here you get now now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in here you get now now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in here you get now now you
+can get two cycles peration so you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get two cycles peration so you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get two cycles peration so you start
+from nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from nine
+Cycles single Loop you unroll it twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles single Loop you unroll it twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles single Loop you unroll it twice
+get to eight cycles and then actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to eight cycles and then actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to eight cycles and then actually
+did some Transformations get to four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did some Transformations get to four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did some Transformations get to four and
+half cycles and now if you do softare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half cycles and now if you do softare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half cycles and now if you do softare
+PIP plan you basically shout everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PIP plan you basically shout everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PIP plan you basically shout everything
+down to two cycles I think there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to two cycles I think there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to two cycles I think there's a
+problem can you go back um yeah this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can you go back um yeah this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can you go back um yeah this one
+uh if you look at the first iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you look at the first iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you look at the first iteration
+through there's two BG instructions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through there's two BG instructions at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through there's two BG instructions at
+the end but in your section of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end but in your section of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end but in your section of two
+there's only one BG instruction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there I think what happened was yeah I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I think what happened was yeah I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I think what happened was yeah I I
+think there has to be BG in here I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there has to be BG in here I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there has to be BG in here I think
+that's what happened see yeah so so so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happened see yeah so so so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happened see yeah so so so I
+I I I I had to move this block I I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I I had to move this block I I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I I had to move this block I I move
+this block a bit too early so if assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block a bit too early so if assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block a bit too early so if assume
+if I go here move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go here move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go here move this
+block will I get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah good good catch because I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah good good catch because I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah good good catch because I I
+didn't start the I start studies little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't start the I start studies little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't start the I start studies little
+bit too early I didn't wait till the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit too early I didn't wait till the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit too early I didn't wait till the
+real stady State happen now in here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real stady State happen now in here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real stady State happen now in here that
+you actually get the BG in here good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get the BG in here good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get the BG in here good
+good catch so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing about this is you need lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this is you need lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this is you need lot of
+registers so that is why actually uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so that is why actually uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so that is why actually uh uh
+we are not uh we cannot really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not uh we cannot really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not uh we cannot really do
+software pip planing in x86 like itanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software pip planing in x86 like itanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software pip planing in x86 like itanium
+has 128 registers it really set up to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 128 registers it really set up to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 128 registers it really set up to do
+software pip planing because you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software pip planing because you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software pip planing because you you
+every iteration you keep you because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every iteration you keep you because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every iteration you keep you because you
+had to keep copies of values in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and also there are issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and also there are issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and also there are issues of
+dependencies we assume that I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies we assume that I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies we assume that I can just
+show a multiple iterations next to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a multiple iterations next to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a multiple iterations next to each
+other assume How about if next iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other assume How about if next iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other assume How about if next iteration
+uses the data produced in the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the data produced in the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the data produced in the current
+iteration for example right now there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration for example right now there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration for example right now there
+was one IAL I + 4 was each iteration was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one IAL I + 4 was each iteration was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one IAL I + 4 was each iteration was
+dependent of course we got rid of it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent of course we got rid of it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent of course we got rid of it by
+doing IAL I + 16 and having four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing IAL I + 16 and having four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing IAL I + 16 and having four
+different variables but how about if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables but how about if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables but how about if you
+can't do that there could be real things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that there could be real things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that there could be real things
+that the dependence you can't really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dependence you can't really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dependence you can't really do
+that and at that point you have lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and at that point you have lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and at that point you have lot of
+other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things
+happen and also the worst thing is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and also the worst thing is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and also the worst thing is um
+all the loads and stores for multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the loads and stores for multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the loads and stores for multiple
+iterations now happen out of order okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations now happen out of order okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations now happen out of order okay
+that means have you proven that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means have you proven that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means have you proven that they can
+actually do that so if if you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that so if if you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that so if if you don't know
+whether whether I am actually there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether whether I am actually there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether whether I am actually there are
+some dependence you can't actually so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dependence you can't actually so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dependence you can't actually so
+this there are lot of restrict things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there are lot of restrict things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there are lot of restrict things
+that can restrict uh uh this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can restrict uh uh this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can restrict uh uh this from
+happening and there are a lot of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and there are a lot of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and there are a lot of code
+generation issues because thing is Right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation issues because thing is Right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation issues because thing is Right
+Now you kind of doing this round robbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now you kind of doing this round robbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now you kind of doing this round robbing
+things you are in one iteration you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you are in one iteration you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you are in one iteration you are
+using one register value next next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using one register value next next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using one register value next next one
+you have to pass it the next one you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pass it the next one you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pass it the next one you can
+you kind of have to pass them around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of have to pass them around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of have to pass them around and
+you have to kind of pass the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to kind of pass the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to kind of pass the value
+around in some kind of round Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in some kind of round Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in some kind of round Roman
+fashion so in fact some of the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion so in fact some of the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion so in fact some of the modern
+architectures has this concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures has this concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures has this concept of
+rotating registers so what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating registers so what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating registers so what that means is
+the first iteration I use uh R1 R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first iteration I use uh R1 R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first iteration I use uh R1 R2
+R because otherwise you have you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R because otherwise you have you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R because otherwise you have you can't
+name it nicely and the next one next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it nicely and the next one next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it nicely and the next one next
+regist iteration when you see R1 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regist iteration when you see R1 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regist iteration when you see R1 you
+actually got R2 and when you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got R2 and when you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got R2 and when you when you
+actually refer to R2 you get R3 so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually refer to R2 you get R3 so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually refer to R2 you get R3 so you
+actually registered get rotated on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually registered get rotated on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually registered get rotated on you
+and it keeps rotating down that so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it keeps rotating down that so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it keeps rotating down that so at
+that point you can actually have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point you can actually have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point you can actually have very
+tight encoding instead of really having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight encoding instead of really having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight encoding instead of really having
+a very complex unrolled encoding because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very complex unrolled encoding because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very complex unrolled encoding because
+otherwise in order to have rot register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise in order to have rot register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise in order to have rot register
+you actually have to unroll the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have to unroll the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have to unroll the loop
+four times and then have do all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times and then have do all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times and then have do all those
+crazy things so something like itanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy things so something like itanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy things so something like itanium
+if you look at itanium there are it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at itanium there are it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at itanium there are it
+provides a lot of facilities to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a lot of facilities to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a lot of facilities to do
+software pipelining that's how machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software pipelining that's how machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software pipelining that's how machine
+like itanium really gets it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like itanium really gets it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like itanium really gets it
+speed okay so that's kind of right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed okay so that's kind of right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed okay so that's kind of right now
+if you go to a state of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to a state of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to a state of the other
+conference there will be bunch of talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference there will be bunch of talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference there will be bunch of talks
+on software pipelining issues that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on software pipelining issues that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on software pipelining issues that's
+kind of the state of Art in there still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the state of Art in there still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the state of Art in there still
+there a lot of cool stuff going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a lot of cool stuff going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a lot of cool stuff going on in
+that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+next I want to uh uh touch on issue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I want to uh uh touch on issue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I want to uh uh touch on issue and
+then I will just leave it as a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will just leave it as a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will just leave it as a problem
+because there's not really a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's not really a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's not really a good
+solution which is register allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which is register allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which is register allocation
+and instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instruction
+scheduling so you have a choice you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling so you have a choice you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling so you have a choice you want
+to register allocation before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to register allocation before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to register allocation before
+instruction scheduling and and if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction scheduling and and if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction scheduling and and if you do
+register location before instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register location before instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register location before instruction
+scheduling you have to choose you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling you have to choose you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling you have to choose you have
+already chosen registers what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already chosen registers what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already chosen registers what that means
+there's limited number of registers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's limited number of registers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's limited number of registers and
+you can move things around because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move things around because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move things around because
+normally in your inter representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally in your inter representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally in your inter representation
+you have infinite registers so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have infinite registers so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have infinite registers so that
+means if you have two different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you have two different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you have two different things
+in the infinite registers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the infinite registers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the infinite registers in the
+temporary value you can move them around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary value you can move them around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary value you can move them around
+but minute you allocate the uh same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but minute you allocate the uh same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but minute you allocate the uh same
+register to that that thing you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register to that that thing you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register to that that thing you can't
+move them around so you basically rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them around so you basically rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them around so you basically rest
+in thing so here's a good example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thing so here's a good example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thing so here's a good example so
+here's what see what happens so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what see what happens so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what see what happens so what
+happens is I I move some something into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is I I move some something into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is I I move some something into
+Rax and I add RX into RBX and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rax and I add RX into RBX and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rax and I add RX into RBX and then I
+move something else again into RX and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move something else again into RX and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move something else again into RX and I
+add that into rcx so I use I use Rax as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that into rcx so I use I use Rax as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that into rcx so I use I use Rax as
+a temporary twice so if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temporary twice so if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temporary twice so if you look at this
+graph I get a dependence graph like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I get a dependence graph like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I get a dependence graph like this
+the real dependency is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real dependency is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real dependency is basically
+actually 1 to two there's a real true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 1 to two there's a real true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 1 to two there's a real true
+dependence and 3 to four there's a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and 3 to four there's a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and 3 to four there's a true
+dependence because I I I load it and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence because I I I load it and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence because I I I load it and use
+it everything else is a false uh uh anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it everything else is a false uh uh anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it everything else is a false uh uh anti
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dependence okay do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence okay do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence okay do you see
+that okay so so you get a schedule like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so so you get a schedule like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so so you get a schedule like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay not much can happen because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not much can happen because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not much can happen because
+everything has to go sequentially but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has to go sequentially but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has to go sequentially but
+what you realize is all these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you realize is all these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you realize is all these things are
+there because I use the same variable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because I use the same variable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because I use the same variable I
+have a big anti- dependence in me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big anti- dependence in me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big anti- dependence in me how
+about if we just use a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if we just use a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if we just use a different
+register like we did before and suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register like we did before and suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register like we did before and suddenly
+all these dependen is vanished and voila
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these dependen is vanished and voila
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these dependen is vanished and voila
+I get a much much tighter schedule so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a much much tighter schedule so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a much much tighter schedule so in
+some sense scheduling before register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense scheduling before register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense scheduling before register
+location makes sense because I I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location makes sense because I I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location makes sense because I I have
+infinite registers I I haven't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite registers I I haven't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite registers I I haven't even
+given something so every time I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given something so every time I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given something so every time I know
+there's a different value I give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a different value I give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a different value I give a
+different register and great I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different register and great I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different register and great I I don't
+get this anti dependence effect I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this anti dependence effect I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this anti dependence effect I can
+actually do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things so what happens if you do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so what happens if you do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so what happens if you do uh
+register location before I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register location before I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register location before I mean
+instruction schedule before register so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction schedule before register so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction schedule before register so
+you after you instruction schedule you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you after you instruction schedule you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you after you instruction schedule you
+have this beautiful nice tight schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this beautiful nice tight schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this beautiful nice tight schedule
+and you go register locator said oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go register locator said oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go register locator said oops
+you don't have enough registers you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have enough registers you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have enough registers you have
+to Spill and you have all this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Spill and you have all this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Spill and you have all this very
+tight schedule you just have now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight schedule you just have now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight schedule you just have now you
+just inserting this this ugly spill code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just inserting this this ugly spill code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just inserting this this ugly spill code
+in between and and and and so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between and and and and so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between and and and and so you're
+running very tightly and done there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running very tightly and done there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running very tightly and done there's
+five instruction to spill very tightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five instruction to spill very tightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five instruction to spill very tightly
+it's okay so you got rid of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay so you got rid of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay so you got rid of this
+beautifully done thing and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully done thing and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully done thing and and you
+changing the whole schedule for worse so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the whole schedule for worse so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the whole schedule for worse so
+that doesn't will either so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't will either so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't will either so if you look
+at right now there'll be enough papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at right now there'll be enough papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at right now there'll be enough papers
+today that people haven't come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that people haven't come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that people haven't come up with a
+good solution to this because both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good solution to this because both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good solution to this because both of
+them are very hard problems okay solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are very hard problems okay solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are very hard problems okay solving
+I'm going to talk about regation next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about regation next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about regation next
+time solving each problem is there in P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time solving each problem is there in P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time solving each problem is there in P
+complete problems very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problems very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problems very difficult
+formulation soling it by itself is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation soling it by itself is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation soling it by itself is hard
+enough combining both just makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough combining both just makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough combining both just makes it
+completely unwi so nobody has a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unwi so nobody has a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unwi so nobody has a way of
+combin inul so everybody has the ristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combin inul so everybody has the ristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combin inul so everybody has the ristics
+oh yeah if you do that why don't you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah if you do that why don't you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah if you do that why don't you run
+scheduling again and d d d back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling again and d d d back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling again and d d d back and
+forth still I mean there's no good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth still I mean there's no good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth still I mean there's no good good
+good good thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good thing in
+here so the final thing I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the final thing I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the final thing I want to talk
+to you about is Hardware versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you about is Hardware versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you about is Hardware versus
+compiler so you have this beautiful more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler so you have this beautiful more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler so you have this beautiful more
+state-of-the-art Hardware out there out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art Hardware out there out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art Hardware out there out
+there called this amd64 chip it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there called this amd64 chip it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there called this amd64 chip it
+basically does many many interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically does many many interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically does many many interesting
+things it do out of ERS execution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it do out of ERS execution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it do out of ERS execution so
+what that means is if an instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is if an instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is if an instruction
+stalls it will go and trying to go uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalls it will go and trying to go uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalls it will go and trying to go uh
+from the instruction stream and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the instruction stream and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the instruction stream and find
+something that supposed to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that supposed to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that supposed to come
+afterwards and run it before that it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards and run it before that it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards and run it before that it it
+it actually does that in Hardware so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually does that in Hardware so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually does that in Hardware so all
+the things we are doing in scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we are doing in scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we are doing in scheduling
+it's try to do it in hardware and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's try to do it in hardware and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's try to do it in hardware and that's
+a good thing about it because what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good thing about it because what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good thing about it because what it
+does is it can tolerate unpredictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it can tolerate unpredictable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it can tolerate unpredictable
+latency so assume I keep going doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency so assume I keep going doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency so assume I keep going doing
+something and suddenly I I had a cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and suddenly I I had a cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and suddenly I I had a cash
+Miss and suddenly that that entire thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miss and suddenly that that entire thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miss and suddenly that that entire thing
+that dependent on that get just get come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dependent on that get just get come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dependent on that get just get come
+into screeching Hall and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into screeching Hall and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into screeching Hall and instead of
+waiting you can say okay wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting you can say okay wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting you can say okay wait a minute
+are there anything behind it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there anything behind it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there anything behind it that
+actually is not depending on there I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is not depending on there I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is not depending on there I can
+bring forward and run so it does that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring forward and run so it does that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring forward and run so it does that uh
+the bad problem is Hardware scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad problem is Hardware scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad problem is Hardware scheduling
+is since you are doing Hardware you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is since you are doing Hardware you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is since you are doing Hardware you
+can't look Beyond certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't look Beyond certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't look Beyond certain amount of
+instructions you have an instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions you have an instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions you have an instruction
+window few hundred instructions you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window few hundred instructions you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window few hundred instructions you can
+order reorder things around that but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order reorder things around that but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order reorder things around that but if
+you're doing compilers you can look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing compilers you can look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing compilers you can look for
+other iterations you can go you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other iterations you can go you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other iterations you can go you have
+because you have compile time you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have compile time you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have compile time you have
+lot more freedom to do up do movement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more freedom to do up do movement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more freedom to do up do movement so
+so this provides some part some benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this provides some part some benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this provides some part some benefit
+of scheduling but not everything so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scheduling but not everything so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scheduling but not everything so what
+that means is scheduling for uh uh ex6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is scheduling for uh uh ex6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is scheduling for uh uh ex6
+64 is not that important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 is not that important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 is not that important because
+Hardware will actually do a good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware will actually do a good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware will actually do a good enough
+job for you so so it won't probably give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job for you so so it won't probably give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job for you so so it won't probably give
+you that much of a uh uh benefit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that much of a uh uh benefit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that much of a uh uh benefit of
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+that so another thing Hardware does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so another thing Hardware does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so another thing Hardware does is
+register rename so the thing that uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register rename so the thing that uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register rename so the thing that uh uh
+what happens is if there's anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is if there's anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is if there's anti-
+dependency so assume I have register in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency so assume I have register in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency so assume I have register in
+there and and and I am uh I am waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and and I am uh I am waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and and I am uh I am waiting
+to write it I'm waiting to read read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it I'm waiting to read read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it I'm waiting to read read
+that and somebody else want to write to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and somebody else want to write to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and somebody else want to write to
+the same register and right now normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same register and right now normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same register and right now normally
+what happens is Oop There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is Oop There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is Oop There
+interdependence I just have to wait but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdependence I just have to wait but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdependence I just have to wait but
+in in Modern Hardware has difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Modern Hardware has difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Modern Hardware has difference
+between virtual register and physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between virtual register and physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between virtual register and physical
+registers they have much more physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers they have much more physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers they have much more physical
+register they said okay wait a minute I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register they said okay wait a minute I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register they said okay wait a minute I
+know it's the same virtual same register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's the same virtual same register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's the same virtual same register
+that you g same uh uh Expos register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you g same uh uh Expos register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you g same uh uh Expos register
+register that you have uh you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register that you have uh you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register that you have uh you that you
+named is Rax but I can actually give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named is Rax but I can actually give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named is Rax but I can actually give it
+two different registers internally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different registers internally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different registers internally and
+then basically let somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically let somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically let somebody else
+actually load and then and and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually load and then and and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually load and then and and and I
+keep tab of all this uh uh renaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep tab of all this uh uh renaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep tab of all this uh uh renaming
+inside in Hardware so they can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside in Hardware so they can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside in Hardware so they can do that
+but it cannot do this complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it cannot do this complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it cannot do this complex
+transformation like what we did for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation like what we did for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation like what we did for this
+program like saying okay this I = I + 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program like saying okay this I = I + 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program like saying okay this I = I + 4
+and I can actually do I I + 8 and Jal j+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can actually do I I + 8 and Jal j+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can actually do I I + 8 and Jal j+
+8 that type of Transformations it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 that type of Transformations it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 that type of Transformations it can't
+do because it's lot more complicated you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because it's lot more complicated you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because it's lot more complicated you
+need lot more analysis for simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need lot more analysis for simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need lot more analysis for simple
+renaming it might do but hard things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renaming it might do but hard things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renaming it might do but hard things so
+still the compilers important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so the key thing is in super scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the key thing is in super scaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the key thing is in super scaler
+this Hardware compiler scheduling Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Hardware compiler scheduling Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Hardware compiler scheduling Works
+hand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+uh one thing Hardware can do is it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one thing Hardware can do is it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one thing Hardware can do is it can
+easily reduce the burden when it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily reduce the burden when it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily reduce the burden when it's not
+predictable by the compiler so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable by the compiler so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable by the compiler so if you
+have for example if you have memory Lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for example if you have memory Lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for example if you have memory Lo
+uh reference you might not know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reference you might not know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reference you might not know whether
+you get a cash hit or me you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a cash hit or me you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a cash hit or me you probably
+will schedule assuming it's a cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will schedule assuming it's a cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will schedule assuming it's a cash
+but in a case of cash Miss Hardware will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a case of cash Miss Hardware will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a case of cash Miss Hardware will
+help you around in that and compiler can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you around in that and compiler can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you around in that and compiler can
+still in uh enhance performance by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in uh enhance performance by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in uh enhance performance by
+looking at much larger regions and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at much larger regions and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at much larger regions and and
+and priming Hardware in a way that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and priming Hardware in a way that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and priming Hardware in a way that that
+that it it has a lot of things uh it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it has a lot of things uh it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it has a lot of things uh it can
+access and especially when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access and especially when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access and especially when you have
+actually Hardware that doesn't have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Hardware that doesn't have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Hardware that doesn't have this
+kind of super scaler that doesn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of super scaler that doesn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of super scaler that doesn't do
+renaming and stuff like that things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renaming and stuff like that things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renaming and stuff like that things like
+the itanium machines or DSP this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the itanium machines or DSP this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the itanium machines or DSP this
+scheduling become lot more important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling become lot more important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling become lot more important so
+the good news for you guys is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news for you guys is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news for you guys is still
+things like scheduling is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like scheduling is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like scheduling is very important
+for itum the bad news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for itum the bad news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for itum the bad news
+is because Hardware is doing also part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because Hardware is doing also part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because Hardware is doing also part
+of it it's very hard to understand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it's very hard to understand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it's very hard to understand and
+figure out implications of things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out implications of things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out implications of things you
+do okay because the hardware is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay because the hardware is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay because the hardware is
+complicated second thing is Intel is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated second thing is Intel is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated second thing is Intel is not
+and EMD is not even publishing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and EMD is not even publishing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and EMD is not even publishing all the
+algorithms they do okay so inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms they do okay so inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms they do okay so inside this
+blackbox there are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackbox there are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackbox there are things that
+happen Okay so if the blackbox does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay so if the blackbox does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay so if the blackbox does it
+you don't really have to do the compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really have to do the compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really have to do the compiler
+you have to figure out the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to figure out the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to figure out the things that
+blackbox doesn't do and comp get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackbox doesn't do and comp get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackbox doesn't do and comp get the
+compiler to do it for you and so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler to do it for you and so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler to do it for you and so because
+of that if you say I am going to re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that if you say I am going to re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that if you say I am going to re
+rename registers you you spend all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rename registers you you spend all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rename registers you you spend all this
+time rename and you run and say wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time rename and you run and say wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time rename and you run and say wait a
+minute there's no difference because ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute there's no difference because ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute there's no difference because ah
+the hardware is doing that for you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware is doing that for you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware is doing that for you and
+you don't know that so that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know that so that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know that so that's what it
+makes optimizing for this box harder so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes optimizing for this box harder so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes optimizing for this box harder so
+that goes into uh uh the next thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes into uh uh the next thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes into uh uh the next thing I'm
+I was going to talk about so one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to talk about so one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to talk about so one thing
+we were going to do for this uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were going to do for this uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were going to do for this uh next
+project segment is we gave you one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project segment is we gave you one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project segment is we gave you one of
+things to do register location you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to do register location you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to do register location you have
+to register location in the segment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to register location in the segment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to register location in the segment but
+then we we'll open the floor to you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we we'll open the floor to you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we we'll open the floor to you so
+what uh pun is going to do is he's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh pun is going to do is he's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh pun is going to do is he's going
+to supply with two three or4 Loop okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to supply with two three or4 Loop okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to supply with two three or4 Loop okay
+few few nice in Loops that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few few nice in Loops that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few few nice in Loops that will be
+probably something very close to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something very close to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something very close to that
+will happen in the program that we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen in the program that we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen in the program that we go
+for the Derby okay so it's your mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Derby okay so it's your mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Derby okay so it's your mission
+is to figure out how to run those Loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to figure out how to run those Loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to figure out how to run those Loops
+faster okay so instead of saying write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay so instead of saying write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay so instead of saying write
+this 304 optimization you can go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 304 optimization you can go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 304 optimization you can go and
+figure out okay what can you do to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out okay what can you do to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out okay what can you do to get
+that Loops run faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Loops run faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Loops run faster
+okay and and people can go crazy on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and people can go crazy on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and people can go crazy on that
+and and and and I don't restrict only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and I don't restrict only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and I don't restrict only
+thing restrictions I would say is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing restrictions I would say is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing restrictions I would say is you
+better explain why what you did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better explain why what you did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better explain why what you did was
+General so somebody came up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General so somebody came up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General so somebody came up with the
+idea saying wait a minute if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea saying wait a minute if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea saying wait a minute if there's no
+input for some Benchmark I I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input for some Benchmark I I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input for some Benchmark I I'm going to
+go partially evaluate everything and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go partially evaluate everything and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go partially evaluate everything and and
+compile the program down to five print F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile the program down to five print F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile the program down to five print F
+statements that might not be it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements that might not be it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements that might not be it would be
+hard to kind of explain that that going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to kind of explain that that going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to kind of explain that that going
+to be General technique so you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be General technique so you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be General technique so you so
+instead of saying look I found this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying look I found this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying look I found this
+thing and that has a function another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and that has a function another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and that has a function another
+thing somebody says a Rand function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing somebody says a Rand function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing somebody says a Rand function I
+can actually do random function I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do random function I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do random function I found
+this random function I know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random function I know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random function I know what
+happened I actually generated this D so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened I actually generated this D so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened I actually generated this D so
+so so you can you have to be creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you can you have to be creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you can you have to be creative
+trying to explain I mean I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explain I mean I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explain I mean I'll tell you
+some people in the compil community has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people in the compil community has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people in the compil community has
+gone to very creative distances for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to very creative distances for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to very creative distances for
+example because a lot of times at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because a lot of times at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because a lot of times at at
+least in Good Old Days people bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in Good Old Days people bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in Good Old Days people bought
+machines for how fast the machines ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines for how fast the machines ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines for how fast the machines ran
+so there was this you you get a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was this you you get a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was this you you get a new
+architecture and and how fast the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and and how fast the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and and how fast the
+machine ran was very important so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine ran was very important so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine ran was very important so the
+way you measure that is by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you measure that is by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you measure that is by using
+benchmarks say for this bench bench mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarks say for this bench bench mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarks say for this bench bench mark
+site I have a number which is faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site I have a number which is faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site I have a number which is faster
+than your machine so the getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than your machine so the getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than your machine so the getting
+benchmarks fast was very important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarks fast was very important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarks fast was very important so
+this one group realizes this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one group realizes this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one group realizes this one
+Benchmark has this optimization which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benchmark has this optimization which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benchmark has this optimization which
+most of the time you can't do it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time you can't do it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time you can't do it because
+you cannot really prove that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot really prove that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot really prove that it's
+correct but for that Benchmark it worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but for that Benchmark it worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but for that Benchmark it worked
+so they said done I want to do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they said done I want to do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they said done I want to do that for
+that Benchmark only but I can't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Benchmark only but I can't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Benchmark only but I can't do it
+anywhere else so how do you do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere else so how do you do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere else so how do you do that so
+they so somebody wait a minute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they so somebody wait a minute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they so somebody wait a minute that
+Benchmark has the comment that says Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benchmark has the comment that says Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benchmark has the comment that says Jack
+written by Jack dongara said aha I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by Jack dongara said aha I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by Jack dongara said aha I will
+check for that comment and if if the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for that comment and if if the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for that comment and if if the if
+there's a comment appears saying written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a comment appears saying written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a comment appears saying written
+by Jack dongar we'll turn on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Jack dongar we'll turn on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Jack dongar we'll turn on that
+optimization and apply there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and apply there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and apply there so
+everybody start to figure out how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody start to figure out how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody start to figure out how did
+this program run this fast and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program run this fast and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program run this fast and and and
+there's no way you can prove they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way you can prove they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way you can prove they they
+can figure output code and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure output code and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure output code and and and
+figure out okay yeah this running that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out okay yeah this running that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out okay yeah this running that
+thing but how can you prove that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but how can you prove that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but how can you prove that this
+can transformation can be done because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transformation can be done because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transformation can be done because
+it's very hard so they try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard so they try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard so they try to figure out
+did they do something amazing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they do something amazing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they do something amazing and
+someone just just by accident realize if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone just just by accident realize if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone just just by accident realize if
+you actually eliminate that commment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually eliminate that commment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually eliminate that commment
+that optimization didn't happen and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that optimization didn't happen and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that optimization didn't happen and and
+so they realize that so so they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they realize that so so they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they realize that so so they actually
+did something really sneaky and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did something really sneaky and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did something really sneaky and then
+then these days people have lot more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these days people have lot more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these days people have lot more in
+this uh communities that do benchmarking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh communities that do benchmarking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh communities that do benchmarking
+have lot of rules say you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lot of rules say you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lot of rules say you can't do
+things like that uh so so I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that uh so so I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that uh so so I don't want
+that kind of things but actually pun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of things but actually pun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of things but actually pun
+gave some uh uh uh hints what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave some uh uh uh hints what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave some uh uh uh hints what kind of
+things you can do so for example uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do so for example uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do so for example uh one
+thing to follow is a really good use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to follow is a really good use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to follow is a really good use
+somebody else's H so GCC probably has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's H so GCC probably has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's H so GCC probably has a
+really good compiler or Intel compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good compiler or Intel compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good compiler or Intel compiler
+is really good compiler so one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really good compiler so one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really good compiler so one thing you
+can do is okay wait a minute if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is okay wait a minute if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is okay wait a minute if I have a
+loop n if I write it in C and write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop n if I write it in C and write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop n if I write it in C and write it
+in GCC what would they generate they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in GCC what would they generate they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in GCC what would they generate they are
+smart they have they have spent more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart they have they have spent more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart they have they have spent more
+than a week or more than two days you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a week or more than two days you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a week or more than two days you
+guys are trying to do actually trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are trying to do actually trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are trying to do actually trying to
+come up with a code and say okay wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a code and say okay wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a code and say okay wait a
+minute so what does that so some code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so what does that so some code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so what does that so some code
+they generate might be very weird to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they generate might be very weird to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they generate might be very weird to
+treat and you can try to understand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat and you can try to understand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat and you can try to understand and
+say okay how did they get there and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay how did they get there and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay how did they get there and that
+might give you hints for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you hints for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you hints for different
+things what to do so so just go with go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things what to do so so just go with go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things what to do so so just go with go
+with a little bit of exploration and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of exploration and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of exploration and try
+to figure out a few things and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out a few things and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out a few things and and and
+do that and then then we give you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and then then we give you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and then then we give you that
+that freedom in this one so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that freedom in this one so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that freedom in this one so it's
+something you can people spend lifetimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can people spend lifetimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can people spend lifetimes
+doing uh uh these kind of things but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh uh these kind of things but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh uh these kind of things but uh
+see how much you can push within few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how much you can push within few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how much you can push within few
+weeks and what we really like to know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and what we really like to know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and what we really like to know is
+in your submission to explain what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your submission to explain what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your submission to explain what you
+went about how did you selected that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went about how did you selected that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went about how did you selected that
+optimization so you'll give I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization so you'll give I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization so you'll give I mean
+you'll get points for doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get points for doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get points for doing the
+optimization but you'll get also points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization but you'll get also points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization but you'll get also points
+for saying okay this is my process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for saying okay this is my process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for saying okay this is my process of
+selecting this to be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting this to be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting this to be a good
+optimization and the best if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and the best if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and the best if you
+actually figure out and did some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out and did some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out and did some good
+things you actually probably get get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you actually probably get get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you actually probably get get
+good results out in the derby so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good results out in the derby so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good results out in the derby so what
+for Derby what we're going to do is 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Derby what we're going to do is 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Derby what we're going to do is 12
+hours before we will release the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours before we will release the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours before we will release the piece
+of code so there this is a very tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code so there this is a very tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code so there this is a very tricky
+thing beforehand we used to release it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing beforehand we used to release it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing beforehand we used to release it
+at the Derby uh before the Derby get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Derby uh before the Derby get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Derby uh before the Derby get
+started problem that is lot of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started problem that is lot of people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started problem that is lot of people's
+compilers are so finicky they can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilers are so finicky they can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilers are so finicky they can't get
+all the optimizations working and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the optimizations working and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the optimizations working and and
+and half the class basically getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and half the class basically getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and half the class basically getting
+because these compilers are written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these compilers are written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these compilers are written in
+few days and then it doesn't work on new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few days and then it doesn't work on new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few days and then it doesn't work on new
+code so if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so if you really
+3 days before you will be writing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 days before you will be writing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 days before you will be writing a
+compiler that's going to at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler that's going to at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler that's going to at the end of
+the day produ going to be three print of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day produ going to be three print of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day produ going to be three print of
+statements and that will only work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements and that will only work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements and that will only work for
+that program we don't want that either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that program we don't want that either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that program we don't want that either
+so we want to be able to do something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to be able to do something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to be able to do something in
+the midle so we'll release it 12 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midle so we'll release it 12 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midle so we'll release it 12 hours
+in advance so you'll have enough time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance so you'll have enough time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance so you'll have enough time to
+debug your compiler but hopefully not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug your compiler but hopefully not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug your compiler but hopefully not
+enough time to come and do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time to come and do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time to come and do something
+very specific new optimizations for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific new optimizations for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific new optimizations for that
+uh to get that fast so and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to get that fast so and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to get that fast so and also the
+other thing is if you if you win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is if you if you win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is if you if you win the
+Derby you have to explain to pun what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Derby you have to explain to pun what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Derby you have to explain to pun what
+optimization you did you can't say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization you did you can't say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization you did you can't say okay
+I figure it out I know answer and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I figure it out I know answer and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I figure it out I know answer and I just
+I just looked at it and put some print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just looked at it and put some print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just looked at it and put some print
+statements to get the answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements to get the answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements to get the answer that
+doesn't work uh so okay with that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work uh so okay with that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work uh so okay with that uh
+tomorrow we'll cover register allocation
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/StY_01uUFSY.txt b/StY_01uUFSY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..03bf74bdf8c3504b168140aa1f51e1ca07039020
--- /dev/null
+++ b/StY_01uUFSY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a creative
+
+commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+SAL: Hi.
+
+I'm Sal.
+
+Today we're going to solve
+problem number two of test
+
+three of fall 2009.
+
+Now before you attempt the
+problem, there are certain
+
+things that you need to know
+to solve the problem.
+
+One is mechanical properties
+of metal and also the
+
+properties of amorphous metals,
+which are known as
+
+metallic glasses, and
+how to draw crystal
+
+structures given to you.
+
+The problem reads as follows--
+
+for a given alloy composition,
+explain why the yield strength
+
+of the amorphous form, the
+metallic glass, is greater
+
+than that of the crystal form.
+
+Now in order to answer this
+question, you want to start
+
+thinking about the mechanical
+properties that these two raw
+
+materials have. So if I look
+at a metal, I know that the
+
+way a metal deforms before it
+reaches classic deformation--
+
+it deforms the planes sliding
+past one another--
+
+so it's known as slip.
+
+So I know that metals--
+
+they form via slip and slip is
+facilitated by dislocations
+
+and you should know what a
+dislocation is by now, which
+
+is just a line imperfection
+in your crystal.
+
+So slip is facilitated
+by dislocations.
+
+So I know that my metal has
+planes that are arranged
+
+because it's a nice
+crystallographic structure--
+
+and that the slip--
+
+when it undergoes deformation,
+that this is actually assisted
+
+by dislocation.
+
+So having dislocations helps
+to form our metal.
+
+So now I want to start thinking
+about what a metallic
+
+glass has-- so the
+amorphous form.
+
+So if I look at the
+metallic glass--
+
+and all I'm doing here is
+comparing the basic properties
+
+between the two--
+
+so this is going to get
+me metallic glass.
+
+I know that for metallic
+glass, there's
+
+no long range order.
+
+So the fact that there's no long
+range order means that
+
+these metallic glasses don't
+form a perfect crystal array.
+
+And that lack leads to metallic
+glasses having no
+
+dislocations.
+
+So if a metal slip is
+facilitated by dislocations
+
+and if a metallic glass doesn't
+have dislocations,
+
+then I would assume, just by
+comparison between the two,
+
+that the threshold for one of
+the materials to yield would
+
+be due to the fact that--
+
+whether or not I have
+dislocations.
+
+So with this argument, I would
+say that the metallic glass
+
+has a higher yield strength
+than my metal
+
+because of this property.
+
+So that--
+
+if you did that-- if you went
+ahead and wrote all that out
+
+for your answer in part A, you
+should be able to get most of
+
+the points for this problem.
+
+Now part B--
+
+it asks, on each of the
+following separate drawings of
+
+one face of an FCC unit cell--
+
+FCC stands for face
+centered cubic--
+
+indicate one of each
+of the following.
+
+So now we're going to
+move on to part B--
+
+and part B wants--
+
+there's three scenarios.
+
+One--
+
+it wants us to indicate on
+a face of a crystal, a
+
+substitutional impurity--
+
+so substitutional impurity.
+
+So if I look at--
+
+if I draw a face--
+
+here.
+
+I can--
+
+so to find out what the
+definition of a substitutional
+
+impurity is, I know that it's
+not going to be anything that
+
+can be just embedded
+in between atoms--
+
+like an interstitial.
+
+I know that it's going to be
+a substitutional impurity.
+
+So if this is one of the
+faces of your crystal--
+
+and it's FCC, which is face
+centered, from the face-- the
+
+face is centered on the center
+of an atom on your face.
+
+Then I would say that if I
+substitute this out for a
+
+different atom of type B
+compared to these atoms, then
+
+that's a substitutional impurity
+because that atom is
+
+not the same as the other.
+
+It's like having silver and
+gold, for example, in
+
+composition.
+
+And then it also asks
+for the second part.
+
+So that's number one.
+
+For number two, it wants us
+to demonstrate a vacancy.
+
+Now a vacancy is simply an atom
+missing from a normal
+
+lattice site on your
+crystal array.
+
+So if I draw again another face,
+then I can leave that
+
+blank and I can go ahead and I
+can point and I can say that
+
+the vacancy is actually--
+
+sits right here.
+
+So this is my vacancy.
+
+There's no atom that's there.
+
+It moved out of its place.
+
+So that's another defect
+that we put in there.
+
+And for three, it asks, an
+interstitial impurity.
+
+So what's interstitial?
+
+Well, an atom that can fit in
+between two atoms that are
+
+different than the
+one that fits.
+
+So if I draw again an FCC face,
+I notice that there's
+
+certain spots where an atom of
+a different composition can
+
+fit and I can go ahead and
+I can just put a--
+
+that's an atom of different
+composition and that can very
+
+simply be your interstitial.
+
+So that's your interstitial
+impurity.
+
+So knowing the definitions,
+you're able to answer this
+
+problem very simply.
+
+There was no math involved in
+this and all you needed to
+
+know was knowledge of our
+mechanical properties of
+
+metals versus amorphous metals,
+which are known as
+
+metallic glasses.
+
+And knowing that information,
+you're able to answer a
+
+question like this, which is
+pretty simple after you finish
+
+and you think about it.
+
+And if you didn't know
+what FCC was--
+
+which stands for face centered
+cubic, you could have probably
+
+lost a lot of points
+on this problem.
+
+But if you know that, if you
+know how to draw it, then
+
+you're good to go.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tc7g4iF8pHc.txt b/Tc7g4iF8pHc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef6101b8eb4cec5c30b045d0b73077146dc4b51e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tc7g4iF8pHc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,723 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to age 20 special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20 special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20 special
+relativity in this section we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in this section we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in this section we're going
+to further investigate the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to further investigate the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to further investigate the energy
+momentum 4 vector which we introduced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum 4 vector which we introduced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum 4 vector which we introduced in
+the previous sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous sections
+but here we focus on the zeroest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we focus on the zeroest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we focus on the zeroest
+component the first component of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component the first component of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component the first component of this
+vector where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector where we
+find mass m a for particle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find mass m a for particle a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find mass m a for particle a
+times the proper velocity zeroth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the proper velocity zeroth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the proper velocity zeroth
+component is equal to m a times c times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is equal to m a times c times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is equal to m a times c times
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+over one minus u a squared over c square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one minus u a squared over c square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one minus u a squared over c square
+which is the energy of this particle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the energy of this particle a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the energy of this particle a
+over c or in other words the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over c or in other words the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over c or in other words the energy is
+equal to the mass times c square over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the mass times c square over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the mass times c square over
+one square root of one minus u a squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one square root of one minus u a squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one square root of one minus u a squared
+c squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c squared
+so let's discuss or look at let's have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's discuss or look at let's have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's discuss or look at let's have a
+look at this um a little bit more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this um a little bit more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this um a little bit more the
+first question we can ask how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question we can ask how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question we can ask how does this
+now look like for particles which travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look like for particles which travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look like for particles which travel
+with a reasonably low velocity so ua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a reasonably low velocity so ua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a reasonably low velocity so ua
+much smaller than c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than c
+so we can tailor expand this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can tailor expand this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can tailor expand this um
+following this equation here which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following this equation here which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following this equation here which we
+discussed earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed earlier
+um and we find that the energy is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we find that the energy is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we find that the energy is equal
+to mac square that's the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mac square that's the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mac square that's the first term
+which we call rest mass the energy given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call rest mass the energy given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call rest mass the energy given
+adjusts the rest mass by the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusts the rest mass by the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusts the rest mass by the mass of the
+particle times c square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle times c square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle times c square
+plus one half m a c squared times u a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one half m a c squared times u a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one half m a c squared times u a
+squared over c squared the c squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over c squared the c squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over c squared the c squares
+cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel
+and we find what we known as the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find what we known as the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find what we known as the kinetic
+energy one half m v square or in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy one half m v square or in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy one half m v square or in this
+case one half m a u a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one half m a u a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one half m a u a square
+that looks very familiar so the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks very familiar so the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks very familiar so the energy
+of a particle is given by its rest mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particle is given by its rest mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particle is given by its rest mass
+plus its kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right um now investigating this four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um now investigating this four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um now investigating this four
+vector then we can ask you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector then we can ask you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector then we can ask you know what the
+how does the invariant interval look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the invariant interval look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the invariant interval look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+how does this property which is inverant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this property which is inverant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this property which is inverant
+and the laurel's transformation look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the laurel's transformation look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the laurel's transformation look
+like if we multiply the vector with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we multiply the vector with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we multiply the vector with
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+here we find minus e square over c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we find minus e square over c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we find minus e square over c
+square plus the three momentum squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square plus the three momentum squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square plus the three momentum squared
+is equal to minus m0 c square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus m0 c square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus m0 c square
+or in other words we find this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in other words we find this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in other words we find this energy
+momentum energy mass relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum energy mass relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum energy mass relation
+energy momentum mass relation where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy momentum mass relation where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy momentum mass relation where the
+energy is given by the momentum square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is given by the momentum square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is given by the momentum square
+times c square plus the rest mass square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c square plus the rest mass square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c square plus the rest mass square
+times c to the fourth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c to the fourth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c to the fourth power
+okay again we can unroll this now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again we can unroll this now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again we can unroll this now and
+ask you know how does this look for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you know how does this look for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you know how does this look for a
+particle at rest again we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle at rest again we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle at rest again we find the
+energy is equal to m c square no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is equal to m c square no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is equal to m c square no
+surprise that's how we started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise that's how we started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise that's how we started the
+definitions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+in general we can find that the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we can find that the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we can find that the energy
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+a relativistic mass times c square which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relativistic mass times c square which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relativistic mass times c square which
+is equal to the rest mass times gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the rest mass times gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the rest mass times gamma
+times z square and that's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times z square and that's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times z square and that's equal to
+the rest mass times c square plus k the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest mass times c square plus k the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest mass times c square plus k the
+kinetic energy square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy square
+all right so this definition i can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this definition i can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this definition i can tell
+you that this confused me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that this confused me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that this confused me
+as a student quite a bit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a student quite a bit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a student quite a bit this
+understanding that the mass becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that the mass becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that the mass becomes
+heavier for particles really one i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier for particles really one i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier for particles really one i
+didn't quite like i just like to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite like i just like to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite like i just like to think
+about the fact that the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that the kinetic energy
+has a relativistic component to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a relativistic component to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a relativistic component to the
+kinetic energy which is owned by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy which is owned by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy which is owned by the
+particle in addition to the rest mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in addition to the rest mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in addition to the rest mass of
+this particle times the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particle times the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particle times the square
+also interesting to note is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also interesting to note is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also interesting to note is that for
+particles at rest particles which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles at rest particles which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles at rest particles which are
+massless like a photon the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless like a photon the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless like a photon the energy is
+equal to the momentum times c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the momentum times c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the momentum times c
+so if you want to know what the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to know what the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to know what the what the
+energy is of a photon you all you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is of a photon you all you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is of a photon you all you know
+you need to know what the momentum is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know what the momentum is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know what the momentum is of
+the photon multiplied by c
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/U2yAcsj7P_E.txt b/U2yAcsj7P_E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..adc3a59ad98be291628bbbfdab5d31a2ad5ff58b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/U2yAcsj7P_E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back today we are going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back today we are going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back today we are going to talk
+about Forks so I think you guys have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Forks so I think you guys have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Forks so I think you guys have had
+a guest lecture last week right from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guest lecture last week right from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guest lecture last week right from
+allene Temescal who talked about his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allene Temescal who talked about his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allene Temescal who talked about his
+project Katina and one of the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project Katina and one of the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project Katina and one of the really
+interesting things about Katina is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things about Katina is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things about Katina is that
+he's trying to prevent a server from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to prevent a server from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to prevent a server from
+equivocating so he's trying to keep a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivocating so he's trying to keep a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivocating so he's trying to keep a
+server from being able to say one answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server from being able to say one answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server from being able to say one answer
+to some people and another answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some people and another answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some people and another answer to
+another another person that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another person that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another person that's kind of
+the goal of this whole blockchain thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of this whole blockchain thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of this whole blockchain thing
+but there's actually something that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's actually something that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's actually something that that
+really complex that happens when when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complex that happens when when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complex that happens when when we
+start to change what's happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to change what's happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to change what's happening in the
+network and we start to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and we start to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and we start to change the
+software that's happening in the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that's happening in the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that's happening in the network
+and so this lecture is going to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this lecture is going to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this lecture is going to be about
+forks and I want you guys to feel free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks and I want you guys to feel free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks and I want you guys to feel free
+to raise your hands and ask questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise your hands and ask questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise your hands and ask questions
+during class because this stuff is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during class because this stuff is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during class because this stuff is is
+actually kind of non-intuitive sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of non-intuitive sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of non-intuitive sometimes
+so a blockchain right is a chain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a blockchain right is a chain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a blockchain right is a chain of
+blocks which have previous hash pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks which have previous hash pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks which have previous hash pointers
+inside of them so question can a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of them so question can a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of them so question can a block
+point to two previous blocks at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to two previous blocks at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to two previous blocks at the same
+time anybody know the answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time anybody know the answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time anybody know the answer this
+question know exactly that is the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question know exactly that is the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question know exactly that is the whole
+point there is exactly one spot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there is exactly one spot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there is exactly one spot in the
+block header for a previous hash block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block header for a previous hash block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block header for a previous hash block
+and so a block can only point to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a block can only point to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a block can only point to one
+previous block a single block cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous block a single block cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous block a single block cannot
+point to two previous blocks however can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to two previous blocks however can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to two previous blocks however can
+this point happen can two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point happen can two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point happen can two different
+blocks going to the same previous block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks going to the same previous block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks going to the same previous block
+header yes yes and this happens all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header yes yes and this happens all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header yes yes and this happens all the
+time now part of the reason that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now part of the reason that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now part of the reason that this
+happens all the time is because the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all the time is because the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all the time is because the way
+that blocks are found in the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that blocks are found in the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that blocks are found in the Bitcoin
+network is completely probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is completely probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is completely probabilistic
+there are many people who are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many people who are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many people who are trying to
+find the next block at the same time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the next block at the same time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the next block at the same time and
+it's entirely possible that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's entirely possible that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's entirely possible that two
+different miners will get lucky in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different miners will get lucky in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different miners will get lucky in a
+time period that is within the time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period that is within the time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period that is within the time it
+takes for a block to get gossiped around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes for a block to get gossiped around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes for a block to get gossiped around
+the network and so totally two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network and so totally two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network and so totally two people
+can find the same block at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find the same block at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find the same block at the same time
+this is actually what's known as a fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually what's known as a fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually what's known as a fork
+and you can kind of see why we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can kind of see why we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can kind of see why we have a
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+in the chain right here okay um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chain right here okay um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chain right here okay um you know
+what does it really mean when there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it really mean when there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it really mean when there's a
+fork in the chain I just told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork in the chain I just told you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork in the chain I just told you that
+this is something that happens all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that happens all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that happens all the
+time and you know these cryptocurrency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you know these cryptocurrency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you know these cryptocurrency
+networks seem to keep running they seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks seem to keep running they seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks seem to keep running they seem
+to be keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be keep going
+so perhaps it's not as bad as as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so perhaps it's not as bad as as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so perhaps it's not as bad as as it
+seems even though it seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems even though it seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems even though it seems to be
+violating one of the major tenets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating one of the major tenets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating one of the major tenets of
+what a blockchain is well it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a blockchain is well it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a blockchain is well it's kind of
+bad actually because when you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad actually because when you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad actually because when you have these
+two blocks here is there anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two blocks here is there anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two blocks here is there anything that
+makes one the right blockchain over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes one the right blockchain over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes one the right blockchain over the
+other blockchain just sort of like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other blockchain just sort of like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other blockchain just sort of like you
+know if this is one blockchain right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this is one blockchain right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this is one blockchain right
+here and this is another blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is another blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is another blockchain
+right there you know how is one supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there you know how is one supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there you know how is one supposed
+to distinguish between this yeah the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distinguish between this yeah the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distinguish between this yeah the one
+with the most work okay that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the most work okay that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the most work okay that's a great
+sort of way of thinking about it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of way of thinking about it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of way of thinking about it yeah
+what if they have similar amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if they have similar amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if they have similar amounts of
+proof of work than what the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work than what the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work than what the one that's
+accepted by the majority of network how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted by the majority of network how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted by the majority of network how
+do we know which one is accepted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know which one is accepted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know which one is accepted by the
+majority of the network it gets extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the network it gets extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the network it gets extended
+okay great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great
+so that that's a really good way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's a really good way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's a really good way of
+looking at it before we go into what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it before we go into what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it before we go into what
+that means do people understand why if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means do people understand why if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means do people understand why if
+this state were to persist it would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state were to persist it would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state were to persist it would be a
+really bad situation one thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad situation one thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad situation one thing that we
+could have given that there's two blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have given that there's two blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have given that there's two blocks
+what that really means is that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that really means is that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that really means is that we have
+two versions of history we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two versions of history we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two versions of history we have two
+versions of the ledger if these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the ledger if these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the ledger if these two
+things are not the same different coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are not the same different coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are not the same different coins
+might be spent on one side of the fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be spent on one side of the fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be spent on one side of the fork
+versus on the other side of the fork in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus on the other side of the fork in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus on the other side of the fork in
+fact the same coin might be spent to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the same coin might be spent to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the same coin might be spent to two
+different people on either sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people on either sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people on either sides of
+these Forks right and so over here Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Forks right and so over here Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Forks right and so over here Alice
+might be spending her coin to Bob over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be spending her coin to Bob over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be spending her coin to Bob over
+here Alice might be spending that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Alice might be spending that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Alice might be spending that same
+coin and remember coins can only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin and remember coins can only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin and remember coins can only be
+spent once even if Alice has other coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent once even if Alice has other coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent once even if Alice has other coins
+she specifies which coin she's spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she specifies which coin she's spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she specifies which coin she's spending
+Alice might spend that coin over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice might spend that coin over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice might spend that coin over to
+Carol and so Bob sees this he thinks he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol and so Bob sees this he thinks he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol and so Bob sees this he thinks he
+got paid if Carol sees this she thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got paid if Carol sees this she thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got paid if Carol sees this she thinks
+she got paid and we violated one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she got paid and we violated one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she got paid and we violated one of the
+fundamental tenants of the blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental tenants of the blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental tenants of the blockchain
+which is not to double spend coins you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not to double spend coins you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not to double spend coins you
+can't create money out of nowhere if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't create money out of nowhere if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't create money out of nowhere if
+these two things would persist if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things would persist if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things would persist if we
+don't resolve this fork somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't resolve this fork somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't resolve this fork somehow
+then we literally have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we literally have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we literally have two different
+versions of the same currency this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the same currency this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the same currency this is
+kind of as though I took the money in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of as though I took the money in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of as though I took the money in my
+pocket my dollar bill and i xeroxed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket my dollar bill and i xeroxed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket my dollar bill and i xeroxed
+them all and managed to convince some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all and managed to convince some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all and managed to convince some
+people that the xerox was also real this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that the xerox was also real this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that the xerox was also real this
+is the exact same thing is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the exact same thing is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the exact same thing is what's
+happening when when you have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening when when you have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening when when you have these two
+things persist okay so how do we fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things persist okay so how do we fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things persist okay so how do we fix it
+well which which is the right one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well which which is the right one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well which which is the right one right
+and just given what I've shown you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just given what I've shown you right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just given what I've shown you right
+here it is not clear which is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is not clear which is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is not clear which is the right
+one and like I also said this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and like I also said this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and like I also said this happens
+all the time in the Bitcoin network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time in the Bitcoin network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time in the Bitcoin network
+because the Bitcoin network is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Bitcoin network is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Bitcoin network is
+probabilistic so the way that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic so the way that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic so the way that people
+figure out which one is the right one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which one is the right one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which one is the right one is
+they wait they wait and see which side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wait they wait and see which side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wait they wait and see which side
+gets extended and by the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets extended and by the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets extended and by the nature of
+probability one side is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one side is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one side is going to
+eventually win out and get extended more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually win out and get extended more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually win out and get extended more
+often than the other side it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often than the other side it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often than the other side it's very
+unlikely for two forks to randomly sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely for two forks to randomly sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely for two forks to randomly sort
+of probabilistically exist at roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probabilistically exist at roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probabilistically exist at roughly
+the same weight for the same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same weight for the same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same weight for the same amount of
+time for very long now as someone said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for very long now as someone said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for very long now as someone said
+you might look at this how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might look at this how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might look at this how do you
+distinguish between these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between these two things
+there is this common idea that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this common idea that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this common idea that in
+blockchains we take the longest chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains we take the longest chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains we take the longest chain
+longest is a little bit misleading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest is a little bit misleading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest is a little bit misleading
+actually it's not the longest chain it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's not the longest chain it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's not the longest chain it's
+the heaviest work chain so we pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heaviest work chain so we pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heaviest work chain so we pick the
+chain that has the most proof of work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that has the most proof of work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that has the most proof of work on
+it even if that happens to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it even if that happens to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it even if that happens to have a
+smaller number of blocks usually that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number of blocks usually that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number of blocks usually that's
+not the case that's not what happens the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case that's not what happens the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case that's not what happens the
+reason for that does anyone know why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that does anyone know why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that does anyone know why we
+take the heaviest chain instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the heaviest chain instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the heaviest chain instead of the
+longest chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so it's not very easy to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not very easy to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not very easy to do this
+but over time someone could slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over time someone could slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over time someone could slowly
+decrease difficulty level and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease difficulty level and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease difficulty level and then
+create a nice really long chain with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a nice really long chain with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a nice really long chain with
+many low difficulty blocks and then say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many low difficulty blocks and then say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many low difficulty blocks and then say
+hey I've got the longest chain I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I've got the longest chain I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I've got the longest chain I have
+the most number of blocks despite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most number of blocks despite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most number of blocks despite the
+fact that your chain has more proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that your chain has more proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that your chain has more proof of
+work on it you should all take my chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on it you should all take my chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on it you should all take my chain
+and they could do that with less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they could do that with less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they could do that with less than a
+majority of the hash power now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the hash power now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the hash power now this is
+not an easy attack to do but it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an easy attack to do but it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an easy attack to do but it is a
+possible attack and so that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible attack and so that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible attack and so that's why we
+take the heaviest chain which represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the heaviest chain which represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the heaviest chain which represents
+the most hash power in the system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most hash power in the system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most hash power in the system the
+majority of the system so Forks happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the system so Forks happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the system so Forks happen
+all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time
+Forks are normal the way that people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forks are normal the way that people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forks are normal the way that people who
+see Forks decide which side of the fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Forks decide which side of the fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Forks decide which side of the fork
+to use is they check and see which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is they check and see which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is they check and see which one
+has the most proof-of-work the heaviest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the most proof-of-work the heaviest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the most proof-of-work the heaviest
+proof-of-work now one thing that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof-of-work now one thing that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof-of-work now one thing that's kind
+of cool is as you probably learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool is as you probably learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool is as you probably learned about
+two classes ago even SPV nodes even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two classes ago even SPV nodes even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two classes ago even SPV nodes even even
+clients can tell which chain has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients can tell which chain has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients can tell which chain has the
+most proof of work simply by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most proof of work simply by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most proof of work simply by looking at
+the headers the block headers they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headers the block headers they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headers the block headers they can
+see what the difficulty is and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the difficulty is and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the difficulty is and they can
+measure for themselves which side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure for themselves which side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure for themselves which side of the
+chain has the most proof report they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain has the most proof report they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain has the most proof report they
+don't even need all of the chain so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even need all of the chain so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even need all of the chain so this
+is a nice property of light clients is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice property of light clients is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice property of light clients is
+that they can download all of the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can download all of the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can download all of the block
+headers and immediately tell which side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers and immediately tell which side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers and immediately tell which side
+of a fork has the most proof of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a fork has the most proof of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a fork has the most proof of work
+great we call the block that ends up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great we call the block that ends up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great we call the block that ends up so
+what do we do with this block does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do with this block does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do with this block does
+anyone know what actually happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know what actually happens with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know what actually happens with
+this block anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this block is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this block is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this block is basically
+abandoned this block is just left it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned this block is just left it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned this block is just left it
+exists it points into the chain that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists it points into the chain that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists it points into the chain that's
+great in Bitcoin in particular it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great in Bitcoin in particular it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great in Bitcoin in particular it's
+meaningless it doesn't mean anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless it doesn't mean anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless it doesn't mean anything
+every transaction that was in that block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every transaction that was in that block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every transaction that was in that block
+is not considered to have happened so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not considered to have happened so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not considered to have happened so
+those transactions need to be replayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those transactions need to be replayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those transactions need to be replayed
+on the chain that ends up being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the chain that ends up being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the chain that ends up being the
+longest chain and this happens like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest chain and this happens like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest chain and this happens like I
+said all the time we call that block an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said all the time we call that block an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said all the time we call that block an
+orphan because it doesn't have anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orphan because it doesn't have anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orphan because it doesn't have anyone
+it's kind of the wrong way around I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of the wrong way around I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of the wrong way around I mean
+I think of this as a child but whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of this as a child but whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of this as a child but whatever
+this you know block doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know block doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know block doesn't have a
+parent but we call those blocks orphans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent but we call those blocks orphans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent but we call those blocks orphans
+and again remember we pick the side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again remember we pick the side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again remember we pick the side of
+the chain that ends up having the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain that ends up having the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain that ends up having the most
+proof of work now we draw like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work now we draw like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work now we draw like these
+figures in two different ways sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures in two different ways sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures in two different ways sometimes
+we draw the figures like this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we draw the figures like this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we draw the figures like this like
+there's this blockchain that exists out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this blockchain that exists out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this blockchain that exists out
+there that you know is written down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that you know is written down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that you know is written down and
+that everyone is sort of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone is sort of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone is sort of looking at
+there's one blockchain but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one blockchain but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one blockchain but this is a
+logical representation in reality there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical representation in reality there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical representation in reality there
+are many many many different block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many many different block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many many different block
+chains in fact every node in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains in fact every node in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains in fact every node in the system
+has its own version of the blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own version of the blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own version of the blockchain
+and it's what those nodes are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's what those nodes are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's what those nodes are doing
+together that ends up deciding what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that ends up deciding what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that ends up deciding what the
+blockchain actually is so if these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain actually is so if these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain actually is so if these are
+nodes that are running the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that are running the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that are running the Bitcoin
+protocol and when I say nodes what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and when I say nodes what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and when I say nodes what's the
+difference between a minor and a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes no question sections but miners push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes no question sections but miners push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes no question sections but miners push
+great blocks so miners actually create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great blocks so miners actually create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great blocks so miners actually create
+blocks in the system miners have right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks in the system miners have right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks in the system miners have right
+access to the blockchain they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the blockchain they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the blockchain they actually
+produce new blocks there's a people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce new blocks there's a people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce new blocks there's a people
+think a lot about you know about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot about you know about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot about you know about what
+the miners are and what the miners can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miners are and what the miners can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miners are and what the miners can
+do and there's a lot of game theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and there's a lot of game theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and there's a lot of game theory
+thinking about the miners and Oh what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the miners and Oh what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the miners and Oh what if
+happened what if they colluded with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened what if they colluded with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened what if they colluded with the
+hash power does this and sometimes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash power does this and sometimes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash power does this and sometimes we
+forget that nodes in the Bitcoin network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that nodes in the Bitcoin network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that nodes in the Bitcoin network
+are actually incredibly important too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually incredibly important too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually incredibly important too
+because it's the nodes in the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the nodes in the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the nodes in the Bitcoin
+network they're not creating blocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network they're not creating blocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network they're not creating blocks and
+to be clear someone could be a miner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be clear someone could be a miner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be clear someone could be a miner and
+a node at the same time so they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a node at the same time so they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a node at the same time so they're not
+you know they're distinct roles but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're distinct roles but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're distinct roles but they
+the same entity could certainly run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same entity could certainly run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same entity could certainly run a
+node and be a minor but nodes are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and be a minor but nodes are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and be a minor but nodes are doing
+something really important as well which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really important as well which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really important as well which
+is they're reading all of the blocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're reading all of the blocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're reading all of the blocks and
+they're deciding which side of a fork to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're deciding which side of a fork to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're deciding which side of a fork to
+take and which blocks to accept and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and which blocks to accept and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and which blocks to accept and
+which blocks not to accept so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which blocks not to accept so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which blocks not to accept so let's say
+that these are all Bitcoin nodes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are all Bitcoin nodes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are all Bitcoin nodes okay
+and this is what the blockchain looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what the blockchain looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what the blockchain looks
+like right now and we've use this figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right now and we've use this figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right now and we've use this figure
+multiple times every block has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times every block has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times every block has a
+previous hash which acts as a pointer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous hash which acts as a pointer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous hash which acts as a pointer to
+the previous block okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous block okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous block okay
+every block has a set of transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every block has a set of transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every block has a set of transactions
+and every block has a nonce such such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every block has a nonce such such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every block has a nonce such such
+that when you take the hash of the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you take the hash of the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you take the hash of the block
+header you end up with something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header you end up with something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header you end up with something that
+has a sufficient number of leading zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a sufficient number of leading zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a sufficient number of leading zeros
+it has valid proof of work okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has valid proof of work okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has valid proof of work okay
+great so let's say that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so let's say that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so let's say that this is the
+state of the system right now and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the system right now and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the system right now and then
+we see this new block come along so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see this new block come along so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see this new block come along so what
+happens here is that a miner has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here is that a miner has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here is that a miner has
+produced this block and has sent it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced this block and has sent it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced this block and has sent it out
+over the Bitcoin network they've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the Bitcoin network they've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the Bitcoin network they've sort of
+gossipping the block around the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gossipping the block around the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gossipping the block around the Bitcoin
+network and so every one of these nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and so every one of these nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and so every one of these nodes
+hopefully will eventually if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully will eventually if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully will eventually if they're
+well connected will see this block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well connected will see this block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well connected will see this block
+they're gonna see the block at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna see the block at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna see the block at different
+times and they're each gonna make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and they're each gonna make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and they're each gonna make an
+independent decision about the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent decision about the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent decision about the block
+okay so every node is going to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so every node is going to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so every node is going to decide
+when it sees this block what to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it sees this block what to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it sees this block what to do with
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay and there's basically two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's basically two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's basically two things
+that can do with it one it can add it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can do with it one it can add it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can do with it one it can add it to
+its own local version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own local version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own local version
+of the blockchain and number two it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the blockchain and number two it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the blockchain and number two it can
+reject it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject it
+does everyone see why that is so sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everyone see why that is so sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everyone see why that is so sure
+every note is maintaining this local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every note is maintaining this local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every note is maintaining this local
+copy of a blockchain there is no single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of a blockchain there is no single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of a blockchain there is no single
+global copy that everyone is referring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global copy that everyone is referring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global copy that everyone is referring
+to physically there's no single database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physically there's no single database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physically there's no single database
+running the blockchain every node has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the blockchain every node has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the blockchain every node has
+its own local copy of the blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own local copy of the blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own local copy of the blockchain
+every node is making its own local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every node is making its own local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every node is making its own local
+decisions about whether or not a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about whether or not a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about whether or not a block
+is valid and about whether or not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is valid and about whether or not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is valid and about whether or not it's
+going to add that block to its own local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add that block to its own local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add that block to its own local
+copy of its blockchain so the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of its blockchain so the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of its blockchain so the way that
+the node decides this is that it it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node decides this is that it it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node decides this is that it it has
+a set of validation rules so it has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of validation rules so it has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of validation rules so it has its
+own set of rules which are specified by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own set of rules which are specified by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own set of rules which are specified by
+the Bitcoin protocol and it checks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bitcoin protocol and it checks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bitcoin protocol and it checks that
+block against its set of validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block against its set of validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block against its set of validation
+rules so every node every Bitcoin note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so every node every Bitcoin note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so every node every Bitcoin note
+is constantly validating constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constantly validating constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constantly validating constantly
+validating blocks here are just some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validating blocks here are just some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validating blocks here are just some of
+the validation rules and we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the validation rules and we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the validation rules and we've talked
+about a lot of these sort of off and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot of these sort of off and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot of these sort of off and on
+during the class so first of all there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the class so first of all there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the class so first of all there's
+a max block size a block hat and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a max block size a block hat and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a max block size a block hat and the way
+that this works is if at any point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this works is if at any point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this works is if at any point you
+fail one of these validation rules you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail one of these validation rules you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail one of these validation rules you
+reject the block okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject the block okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject the block okay
+so first the block has to be smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first the block has to be smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first the block has to be smaller
+than this variable max block size at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this variable max block size at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this variable max block size at the
+moment max block size is set to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment max block size is set to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment max block size is set to one
+megabyte every single transaction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte every single transaction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte every single transaction in the
+block also has to be valid and what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block also has to be valid and what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block also has to be valid and what does
+that mean well it needs to be formatted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean well it needs to be formatted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean well it needs to be formatted
+a certain way and it also means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain way and it also means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain way and it also means that
+when we concatenate the script pub key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we concatenate the script pub key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we concatenate the script pub key
+and the script sig together and then run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the script sig together and then run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the script sig together and then run
+that through the interpreter to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that through the interpreter to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that through the interpreter to evaluate
+the script on the stack it ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the script on the stack it ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the script on the stack it ends up
+returning true and if at any point any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning true and if at any point any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning true and if at any point any
+transaction and not just any transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and not just any transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and not just any transaction
+any input in any transaction does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any input in any transaction does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any input in any transaction does not
+satisfy this we reject the entire block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this we reject the entire block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this we reject the entire block
+we make sure that another thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make sure that another thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make sure that another thing that
+that each transaction needs to satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each transaction needs to satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each transaction needs to satisfies
+if if it's valid is that the if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if it's valid is that the if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if it's valid is that the if the
+transaction specifies an end lock time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction specifies an end lock time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction specifies an end lock time
+then that end lock time needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that end lock time needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that end lock time needs
+be greater than whatever specified in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than whatever specified in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than whatever specified in
+the transaction that transaction is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transaction that transaction is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transaction that transaction is now
+is now far enough in the future that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now far enough in the future that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now far enough in the future that it
+can be satisfied the block as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be satisfied the block as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be satisfied the block as a whole
+needs to have valid proof of work so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have valid proof of work so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have valid proof of work so it
+needs to have a naught such that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have a naught such that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have a naught such that when
+you have the block header you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the block header you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the block header you end up
+with a hash that has a certain number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a hash that has a certain number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a hash that has a certain number of
+leading zeros and what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading zeros and what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading zeros and what's really
+interesting is a protocol also specifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is a protocol also specifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is a protocol also specifies
+exactly how many leading zeros there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how many leading zeros there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how many leading zeros there
+need to be depending upon how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be depending upon how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be depending upon how many
+leading zeros there have been in blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading zeros there have been in blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading zeros there have been in blocks
+in the past there cannot be any double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past there cannot be any double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past there cannot be any double
+spends so given the version of the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends so given the version of the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends so given the version of the block
+chain that I as a node have this better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that I as a node have this better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that I as a node have this better
+not be double spending any outputs there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be double spending any outputs there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be double spending any outputs there
+are some rules around what the block can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some rules around what the block can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some rules around what the block can
+have is it's timestamp it cannot be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is it's timestamp it cannot be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is it's timestamp it cannot be more
+than if I see a block that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if I see a block that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if I see a block that has a
+timestamp that's more at more than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timestamp that's more at more than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timestamp that's more at more than two
+hours in the future from my own time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours in the future from my own time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours in the future from my own time
+snap I will reject it and if it isn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap I will reject it and if it isn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap I will reject it and if it isn't I
+don't know after some point that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know after some point that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know after some point that's the
+median of the previous blocks timestamps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median of the previous blocks timestamps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median of the previous blocks timestamps
+then I'll also reject it and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll also reject it and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll also reject it and of course
+the block needs to actually point to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block needs to actually point to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block needs to actually point to a
+block that I've seen before and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that I've seen before and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that I've seen before and as a
+note I will keep around blocks which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note I will keep around blocks which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note I will keep around blocks which
+have a previous hash pointer that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a previous hash pointer that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a previous hash pointer that I
+don't know about but I'm not gonna keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about but I'm not gonna keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about but I'm not gonna keep
+them around forever because that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around forever because that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around forever because that's a
+potential dose attack and in order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential dose attack and in order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential dose attack and in order for
+me to actually insert this block into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to actually insert this block into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to actually insert this block into my
+version of a block chain I need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of a block chain I need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of a block chain I need to know
+which block to put it after note also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which block to put it after note also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which block to put it after note also
+note what's not on here is that it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note what's not on here is that it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note what's not on here is that it needs
+to be the only block pointing to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the only block pointing to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the only block pointing to a
+previous block I'll keep around multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous block I'll keep around multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous block I'll keep around multiple
+blocks at the same level until I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks at the same level until I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks at the same level until I have
+some sense of which one's going to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of which one's going to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of which one's going to win
+out because of the probabilistic nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because of the probabilistic nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because of the probabilistic nature
+of maybe this block I'm seeing is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maybe this block I'm seeing is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maybe this block I'm seeing is not
+going to end up being part of the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up being part of the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up being part of the block
+chain maybe it's going to be an orphan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these rules these validation rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these rules these validation rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these rules these validation rules
+are what are called consensus critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are called consensus critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are called consensus critical
+rules in the Bitcoin network and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules in the Bitcoin network and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules in the Bitcoin network and what
+that means is that if you want to tweak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that if you want to tweak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that if you want to tweak
+these rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rules
+if you want to change them then you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to change them then you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to change them then you may
+end up changing which blocks nodes will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up changing which blocks nodes will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up changing which blocks nodes will
+accept and which blocks nodes won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept and which blocks nodes won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept and which blocks nodes won't
+accept now something that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept now something that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept now something that's kind of
+interesting to note here is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to note here is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to note here is that the
+entire script interpreter in Bitcoin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire script interpreter in Bitcoin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire script interpreter in Bitcoin is
+consensus critical yes yes it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus critical yes yes it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus critical yes yes it can
+yes so you can definitely have a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so you can definitely have a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so you can definitely have a block
+so let's that's a great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's that's a great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's that's a great question
+actually so let's say that we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so let's say that we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so let's say that we had a
+block that was half a megabyte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that was half a megabyte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that was half a megabyte
+what would nodes do what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's true what wouldn't what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true what wouldn't what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true what wouldn't what would you
+as a node do if you're running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a node do if you're running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a node do if you're running the
+Bitcoin protocol is it exists right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin protocol is it exists right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin protocol is it exists right
+today and has the following set of rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and has the following set of rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and has the following set of rules
+and I hand you a block that's half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hand you a block that's half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hand you a block that's half a
+megabyte what would you do you would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte what would you do you would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte what would you do you would say
+ok exactly because the rule that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok exactly because the rule that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok exactly because the rule that I
+specified here just says the block has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified here just says the block has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified here just says the block has
+to be less than one megabyte it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less than one megabyte it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less than one megabyte it didn't
+say it has to be greater than anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it has to be greater than anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it has to be greater than anything
+and is half a megabyte less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is half a megabyte less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is half a megabyte less than one
+megabyte yes so you're gonna pass the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte yes so you're gonna pass the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte yes so you're gonna pass the
+checks and you're going to accept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks and you're going to accept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks and you're going to accept the
+block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure so the question is should miners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so the question is should miners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so the question is should miners
+remove transactions from a block or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove transactions from a block or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove transactions from a block or
+perhaps not put transactions in a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not put transactions in a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not put transactions in a block
+because it seems like they could process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems like they could process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems like they could process
+a small block faster than a large block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small block faster than a large block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small block faster than a large block
+right so that is very true miners if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that is very true miners if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that is very true miners if
+they if there are fewer transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they if there are fewer transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they if there are fewer transactions
+they have fewer things to verify so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have fewer things to verify so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have fewer things to verify so they
+can check and see if the block is valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check and see if the block is valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check and see if the block is valid
+faster however the fewer transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster however the fewer transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster however the fewer transactions
+the fewer the transaction fees and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fewer the transaction fees and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fewer the transaction fees and so
+the less the miner will earn from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less the miner will earn from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less the miner will earn from the
+block yes yeah verifying right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block yes yeah verifying right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block yes yeah verifying right so so
+verifying transactions is very it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying transactions is very it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying transactions is very it's not
+as nowhere near as CPU intensive as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as nowhere near as CPU intensive as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as nowhere near as CPU intensive as it
+is to actually produce the proof that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to actually produce the proof that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to actually produce the proof that
+find the nonce and produce the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the nonce and produce the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the nonce and produce the proof of
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+however miners should verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however miners should verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however miners should verify
+transactions before even starting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions before even starting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions before even starting that
+process and so if a miner didn't verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and so if a miner didn't verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and so if a miner didn't verify
+transactions they would get a head start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions they would get a head start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions they would get a head start
+on the proof of work process so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the proof of work process so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the proof of work process so so
+there's that sort of balance and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that sort of balance and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that sort of balance and in fact
+and I think we've talked about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think we've talked about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think we've talked about this in
+this class before there have been times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class before there have been times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class before there have been times
+in history where things have happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in history where things have happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in history where things have happened
+that have shown that miners actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have shown that miners actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have shown that miners actually
+haven't been verifying blocks little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been verifying blocks little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been verifying blocks little
+dozers mine on whatever it's caused some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozers mine on whatever it's caused some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozers mine on whatever it's caused some
+problems and they ended up losing a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and they ended up losing a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and they ended up losing a lot
+of money because they should have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money because they should have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money because they should have been
+verifying blocks great so these rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying blocks great so these rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying blocks great so these rules
+are what are called consensus critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are called consensus critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are called consensus critical
+they are the rules that each node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the rules that each node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the rules that each node
+independently uses to decide whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently uses to decide whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently uses to decide whether or
+not they're going to accept a block yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no I am NOT talking about sPB's when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I am NOT talking about sPB's when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I am NOT talking about sPB's when I
+talk about notes I'm I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about notes I'm I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about notes I'm I'm actually
+talking about full notes so I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about full notes so I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about full notes so I'm talking
+about nodes that are hold that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nodes that are hold that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nodes that are hold that are
+holding onto the entire Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding onto the entire Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding onto the entire Bitcoin
+blockchain that are looking at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain that are looking at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain that are looking at every
+block every transaction okay a minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block every transaction okay a minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block every transaction okay a minor
+yeah they're distinct roles so a minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they're distinct roles so a minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they're distinct roles so a minor
+is running this proof-of-work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is running this proof-of-work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is running this proof-of-work
+algorithm to try to find to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to try to find to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to try to find to produce
+blocks right a full node does not write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks right a full node does not write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks right a full node does not write
+blocks it doesn't create new blocks it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks it doesn't create new blocks it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks it doesn't create new blocks it
+receives blocks and then validates them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives blocks and then validates them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives blocks and then validates them
+and or not and adds them to its local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or not and adds them to its local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or not and adds them to its local
+copy of the blockchain a minor might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the blockchain a minor might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the blockchain a minor might
+also be running a full node yes for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be running a full node yes for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be running a full node yes for the
+reasons we were talking about before I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we were talking about before I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we were talking about before I'm
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's go back to this image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go back to this image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go back to this image
+right here these nodes are all running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here these nodes are all running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here these nodes are all running
+some version of the software they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some version of the software they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some version of the software they see
+this transaction and they say yes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transaction and they say yes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transaction and they say yes this
+looks like a valid transaction to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a valid transaction to me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a valid transaction to me and
+note that they have to eval or sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that they have to eval or sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that they have to eval or sorry
+block they look at this block yes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block they look at this block yes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block they look at this block yes this
+looks like a valid block to me and note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a valid block to me and note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a valid block to me and note
+that they kind of have to evaluate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they kind of have to evaluate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they kind of have to evaluate that
+block with respect to all of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block with respect to all of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block with respect to all of the other
+blocks that it's seen no double spends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that it's seen no double spends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that it's seen no double spends
+all of the scripts eggs and script pub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the scripts eggs and script pub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the scripts eggs and script pub
+keys work out correctly it's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys work out correctly it's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys work out correctly it's the right
+size etc etc and then once it's decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size etc etc and then once it's decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size etc etc and then once it's decided
+that that's all okay each node will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's all okay each node will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's all okay each node will
+independently make the same decision to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently make the same decision to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently make the same decision to
+add that block to its block team so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that block to its block team so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that block to its block team so you
+can see here that like determinism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here that like determinism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here that like determinism is
+actually really important it can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really important it can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really important it can't be
+the case that like there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that like there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that like there's any
+randomness in this process it can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness in this process it can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness in this process it can't be
+the case that looks sort of randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that looks sort of randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that looks sort of randomly
+depending on the time of day one node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the time of day one node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the time of day one node
+will decide this is a valid black one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will decide this is a valid black one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will decide this is a valid black one
+notice it'll decide it's not a valid box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it'll decide it's not a valid box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it'll decide it's not a valid box
+that's like not the greatest situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like not the greatest situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like not the greatest situation
+to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have
+happen we want this to be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen we want this to be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen we want this to be as
+deterministic as possible we want them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic as possible we want them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic as possible we want them
+to all independently arrive at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all independently arrive at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all independently arrive at the same
+decision great so this is how validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision great so this is how validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision great so this is how validation
+works this is what nodes do major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works this is what nodes do major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works this is what nodes do major
+problem though sometimes we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem though sometimes we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem though sometimes we need to
+change the validation rules sometimes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the validation rules sometimes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the validation rules sometimes we
+need to upgrade the software right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to upgrade the software right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to upgrade the software right
+I mean software is not a static thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean software is not a static thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean software is not a static thing
+the software that these nodes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software that these nodes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software that these nodes are
+running you know there's gonna be bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running you know there's gonna be bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running you know there's gonna be bugs
+there might be security vulnerabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be security vulnerabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be security vulnerabilities
+we might want to add new features and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to add new features and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to add new features and so
+we're going to want to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to want to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to want to change the
+validation rules it's pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation rules it's pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation rules it's pretty much
+inevitable and yet given the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable and yet given the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable and yet given the nature of
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+we can't upgrade every single node at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't upgrade every single node at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't upgrade every single node at
+the same time so I think a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time so I think a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time so I think a useful
+analogy here something to think about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy here something to think about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy here something to think about is
+actually browsers so web browsers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually browsers so web browsers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually browsers so web browsers right
+now a lot of people run Chrome but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a lot of people run Chrome but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a lot of people run Chrome but not
+everyone runs chrome and chrome actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone runs chrome and chrome actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone runs chrome and chrome actually
+has auto update where it will push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has auto update where it will push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has auto update where it will push
+changes to your browser Google will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to your browser Google will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to your browser Google will
+automatically upgrade you but the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically upgrade you but the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically upgrade you but the way
+the browsers you used to work is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browsers you used to work is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browsers you used to work is that
+you didn't always have auto update or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't always have auto update or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't always have auto update or it
+would bother you and ask you if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would bother you and ask you if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would bother you and ask you if you were
+ok with auto updating before and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok with auto updating before and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok with auto updating before and people
+would say I don't want to deal with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say I don't want to deal with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say I don't want to deal with this
+right now I'm in the middle of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm in the middle of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm in the middle of something
+I don't to update my browser and have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't to update my browser and have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't to update my browser and have to
+restart the whole thing and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restart the whole thing and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restart the whole thing and so what
+would end up happening is that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would end up happening is that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would end up happening is that you'd
+have significant numbers of people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have significant numbers of people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have significant numbers of people on
+very different versions of browsers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different versions of browsers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different versions of browsers and
+this was kind of a disaster for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was kind of a disaster for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was kind of a disaster for the
+internet because people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet because people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet because people who are
+developing websites could not sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing websites could not sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing websites could not sort of
+they wouldn't have any confidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't have any confidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't have any confidence that
+the majority of their users are like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of their users are like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of their users are like a
+significant majority of their users had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant majority of their users had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant majority of their users had
+upgraded to the new features so they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgraded to the new features so they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgraded to the new features so they had
+to support all these old versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support all these old versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support all these old versions of
+browsers and it was a nightmare so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers and it was a nightmare so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers and it was a nightmare so
+that's what we're dealing with here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're dealing with here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're dealing with here in
+crypto currencies except it's even worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto currencies except it's even worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto currencies except it's even worse
+so you definitely cannot guarantee that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you definitely cannot guarantee that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you definitely cannot guarantee that
+everyone will upgrade their software at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone will upgrade their software at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone will upgrade their software at
+the same time you can't guarantee that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time you can't guarantee that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time you can't guarantee that
+everyone will even upgrade ever and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone will even upgrade ever and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone will even upgrade ever and so
+the designers of the software when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the designers of the software when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the designers of the software when you
+want to create a new version of software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create a new version of software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create a new version of software
+you have to think really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think really really
+carefully about it so let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about it so let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about it so let's say that
+we're in this situation right here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in this situation right here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in this situation right here where
+these three nodes are running the one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three nodes are running the one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three nodes are running the one of
+the software the developers have worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software the developers have worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software the developers have worked
+out v2 v2 has some interesting new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out v2 v2 has some interesting new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out v2 v2 has some interesting new
+features which slightly changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features which slightly changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features which slightly changed the
+validation rules about what a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation rules about what a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation rules about what a node
+running v2 will consider valid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running v2 will consider valid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running v2 will consider valid or
+invalid okay so now when we see this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid okay so now when we see this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid okay so now when we see this new
+block right and we ask the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block right and we ask the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block right and we ask the question is
+this block valid these nodes might make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block valid these nodes might make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block valid these nodes might make
+different decisions in particular maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different decisions in particular maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different decisions in particular maybe
+the old nodes will think it's valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old nodes will think it's valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old nodes will think it's valid
+great passes all the validation rules I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great passes all the validation rules I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great passes all the validation rules I
+will append this block to my blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will append this block to my blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will append this block to my blockchain
+and the new node will not think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the new node will not think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the new node will not think it's
+valid and will say Oh garbage block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid and will say Oh garbage block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid and will say Oh garbage block
+fantastic I will not append this block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic I will not append this block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic I will not append this block
+to my blockchain and what and we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my blockchain and what and we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my blockchain and what and we end up
+with when this happens is we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with when this happens is we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with when this happens is we have two
+different versions of history the nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions of history the nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions of history the nodes
+are running the old version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are running the old version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are running the old version of the
+software think that there are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software think that there are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software think that there are four
+blocks in the blockchain the nodes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks in the blockchain the nodes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks in the blockchain the nodes that
+are running the new version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are running the new version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are running the new version of the
+software have decided that that block is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software have decided that that block is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software have decided that that block is
+invalid and they only have three blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid and they only have three blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid and they only have three blocks
+in the blockchain so what does this mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blockchain so what does this mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blockchain so what does this mean
+first of all is this like the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all is this like the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all is this like the situation
+we saw before where if we just wait for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw before where if we just wait for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw before where if we just wait for
+enough proof of work this will sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough proof of work this will sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough proof of work this will sort
+itself out what do you guys think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself out what do you guys think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself out what do you guys think I'm
+seeing some people shaking their heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing some people shaking their heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing some people shaking their heads
+and yes this situation is different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes this situation is different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes this situation is different than
+the situation we saw before because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation we saw before because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation we saw before because the
+situation we saw before all the nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we saw before all the nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we saw before all the nodes
+still had the same validation rules they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still had the same validation rules they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still had the same validation rules they
+just hadn't seen they just saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hadn't seen they just saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hadn't seen they just saw the
+blocks in different orders or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks in different orders or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks in different orders or you know
+things just you know they got online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just you know they got online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just you know they got online
+later whatever all of that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later whatever all of that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later whatever all of that can be
+resolved by looking at the proof of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved by looking at the proof of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved by looking at the proof of work
+sometimes when this happens sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when this happens sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when this happens sometimes
+when nodes are actually running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when nodes are actually running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when nodes are actually running
+different versions of validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions of validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions of validation
+software things can be resolved by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software things can be resolved by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software things can be resolved by just
+looking at proof of work but quite often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at proof of work but quite often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at proof of work but quite often
+actually they can't and so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they can't and so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they can't and so in this
+situation what might happen is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation what might happen is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation what might happen is on
+another block comes along so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another block comes along so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another block comes along so this is a
+different block than this one right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different block than this one right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different block than this one right and
+this set of nodes might decide that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of nodes might decide that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of nodes might decide that this
+is the next block in the blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the next block in the blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the next block in the blockchain
+whereas the blue nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the blue nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the blue nodes
+we'll never ever ever validate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll never ever ever validate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll never ever ever validate this
+block okay they will never decide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block okay they will never decide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block okay they will never decide that
+this block is valid given the version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block is valid given the version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block is valid given the version of
+the software they are running they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software they are running they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software they are running they will
+never switch to a blockchain that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never switch to a blockchain that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never switch to a blockchain that has
+this block in it even if it has the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block in it even if it has the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block in it even if it has the most
+proof of work so I think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work so I think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work so I think this is a
+really important point and I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important point and I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important point and I think it
+sort of fundamentally gets to why miners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fundamentally gets to why miners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fundamentally gets to why miners
+don't actually have as much power in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually have as much power in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually have as much power in the
+system as one might think that they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as one might think that they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as one might think that they do
+and the reason for that is that the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for that is that the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for that is that the way
+bitcoin is designed is that a node will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin is designed is that a node will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin is designed is that a node will
+never accept a chain with a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never accept a chain with a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never accept a chain with a single
+invalid transaction if according to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid transaction if according to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid transaction if according to its
+set of rules a single transaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of rules a single transaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of rules a single transaction is
+invalid it will completely ignore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid it will completely ignore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid it will completely ignore that
+chain doesn't matter if it has the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain doesn't matter if it has the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain doesn't matter if it has the most
+proof of work okay does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work okay does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work okay does that make sense
+to everyone it's I mean it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everyone it's I mean it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everyone it's I mean it's kind of
+intense it's kind of crazy right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense it's kind of crazy right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense it's kind of crazy right like
+even if it has like mountains upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it has like mountains upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it has like mountains upon
+mountains of proof of work it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains of proof of work it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains of proof of work it will
+completely ignore that chain because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely ignore that chain because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely ignore that chain because
+there's something invalid about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something invalid about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something invalid about it
+so miners can you know mind what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so miners can you know mind what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so miners can you know mind what they
+want but they better mind within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but they better mind within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but they better mind within the
+validation rule set of the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation rule set of the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation rule set of the economic
+majority of the nodes otherwise those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the nodes otherwise those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the nodes otherwise those
+nodes are all gonna ignore whatever they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are all gonna ignore whatever they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are all gonna ignore whatever they
+mine and their money's not gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine and their money's not gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine and their money's not gonna be
+worth anything great so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth anything great so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth anything great so in this
+situation we end up with two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we end up with two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we end up with two different
+block chains and we actually end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block chains and we actually end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block chains and we actually end up with
+something quite your reconcilable unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something quite your reconcilable unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something quite your reconcilable unless
+we change the software again somehow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change the software again somehow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change the software again somehow and
+what we've ended up with it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've ended up with it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've ended up with it that's
+irreconcilable is we now have a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreconcilable is we now have a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreconcilable is we now have a block
+over here and a block over here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and a block over here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and a block over here this
+node will never accept a chain with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node will never accept a chain with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node will never accept a chain with this
+block in it and so we've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block in it and so we've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block in it and so we've got two
+different block chains so when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different block chains so when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different block chains so when this
+happens we call it a fork now the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we call it a fork now the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we call it a fork now the word
+fork can be used to mean many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork can be used to mean many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork can be used to mean many different
+things in software for example you fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in software for example you fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in software for example you fork
+a project on github right when you fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project on github right when you fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project on github right when you fork
+up reject on github you might make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up reject on github you might make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up reject on github you might make
+changes to it this is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to it this is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to it this is a little bit
+different because of the linearity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because of the linearity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because of the linearity of
+history here when a fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history here when a fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history here when a fork
+happens in a cryptocurrency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in a cryptocurrency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in a cryptocurrency in
+particular a sort of a fork that can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a sort of a fork that can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a sort of a fork that can't
+easily be resolved that isn't just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily be resolved that isn't just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily be resolved that isn't just gonna
+you know oh one side is more proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know oh one side is more proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know oh one side is more proof of
+work okay great we're all gonna switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay great we're all gonna switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay great we're all gonna switch
+to that other side when you have a fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that other side when you have a fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that other side when you have a fork
+that can't be resolved that easily then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't be resolved that easily then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't be resolved that easily then
+it's actually a pretty big deal because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a pretty big deal because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a pretty big deal because
+like we were saying earlier we now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we were saying earlier we now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we were saying earlier we now have
+two versions of history two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two versions of history two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two versions of history two different
+versions of money it's like I took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of money it's like I took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of money it's like I took the
+the dollar from my wallet and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dollar from my wallet and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dollar from my wallet and I
+photocopied it and now there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photocopied it and now there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photocopied it and now there's two
+dollars where there was only one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars where there was only one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars where there was only one so
+maybe you like this kind of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you like this kind of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you like this kind of dollars
+maybe you don't like that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you don't like that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you don't like that kind of
+dollars we've basically taken this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars we've basically taken this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars we've basically taken this
+entire network that all sort of agreed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire network that all sort of agreed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire network that all sort of agreed
+on what this form of money was and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what this form of money was and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what this form of money was and we've
+divided it into two so there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided it into two so there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided it into two so there's two
+different kind of forts that people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of forts that people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of forts that people will
+talk about mostly in this industry but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about mostly in this industry but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about mostly in this industry but
+it's forking is actually much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's forking is actually much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's forking is actually much more
+complicated than that there's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that there's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that there's like you
+can't just talk about Forks as in so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just talk about Forks as in so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just talk about Forks as in so the
+two different kinds of Forks are soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different kinds of Forks are soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different kinds of Forks are soft
+Forks and hard Forks and I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forks and hard Forks and I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forks and hard Forks and I'm gonna
+explain what soft work is versus a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what soft work is versus a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what soft work is versus a hard
+fork but actually that delineation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork but actually that delineation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork but actually that delineation it's
+it gets much more nuanced because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets much more nuanced because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets much more nuanced because
+different things happen in a soft work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things happen in a soft work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things happen in a soft work
+force is a hard fork depending upon who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is a hard fork depending upon who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is a hard fork depending upon who
+is decided to adopt the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decided to adopt the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decided to adopt the rules
+okay so soft work so a soft fork is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so soft work so a soft fork is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so soft work so a soft fork is a
+fork which is backwards compatible okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork which is backwards compatible okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork which is backwards compatible okay
+so we have some rule set okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have some rule set okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have some rule set okay
+and under that rule set we produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and under that rule set we produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and under that rule set we produce
+certain a certain okay you apply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain a certain okay you apply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain a certain okay you apply that
+rule set to every single possible one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule set to every single possible one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule set to every single possible one
+megabyte chunk of data and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte chunk of data and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte chunk of data and we're gonna
+end up with some set of what are valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with some set of what are valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with some set of what are valid
+blocks okay a soft fork is when you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks okay a soft fork is when you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks okay a soft fork is when you add
+rules to the rule set such that the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules to the rule set such that the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules to the rule set such that the set
+of valid blocks actually shrinks okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of valid blocks actually shrinks okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of valid blocks actually shrinks okay so
+what does that mean we had a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean we had a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean we had a whole bunch
+of rules before right blocks have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rules before right blocks have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rules before right blocks have to be
+less than one megabyte transactions all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one megabyte transactions all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one megabyte transactions all
+have to be valid it means that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be valid it means that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be valid it means that their
+scripts certify like validate under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts certify like validate under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts certify like validate under the
+certain script interpreter etc no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain script interpreter etc no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain script interpreter etc no
+doubles fence let's take one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles fence let's take one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles fence let's take one of the
+rules that's actually pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that's actually pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that's actually pretty simple
+which is that blocks have to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that blocks have to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that blocks have to be less
+than one megabyte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one megabyte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one megabyte
+let's say that I changed that two blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that I changed that two blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that I changed that two blocks
+have to be less than two megabytes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be less than two megabytes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be less than two megabytes is
+that a soft fork oh wow there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a soft fork oh wow there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a soft fork oh wow there's some
+actual dissent over this right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual dissent over this right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual dissent over this right okay so
+someone who says no why is the answer no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so remember valid blocks before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so remember valid blocks before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so remember valid blocks before
+newly valid blocks fit inside of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newly valid blocks fit inside of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newly valid blocks fit inside of this
+now someone who said yes at the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now someone who said yes at the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now someone who said yes at the software
+quai do you think that's the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so it's actually not a soft fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's actually not a soft fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's actually not a soft fork
+and the reason that it's not a soft fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that it's not a soft fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that it's not a soft fork
+is because a block that is 1.75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because a block that is 1.75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because a block that is 1.75
+megabytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes
+previously the old rule set was invalid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously the old rule set was invalid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously the old rule set was invalid
+right new rule set it's valid but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right new rule set it's valid but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right new rule set it's valid but we
+just said everything that's newly valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said everything that's newly valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said everything that's newly valid
+has to fit inside what was used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to fit inside what was used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to fit inside what was used to be
+valid so a soft fork is restricting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid so a soft fork is restricting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid so a soft fork is restricting the
+set of valid things you can think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of valid things you can think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of valid things you can think of it
+as expanding the set of rules that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as expanding the set of rules that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as expanding the set of rules that that
+we that a block now has to comply with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a feature of this is that if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feature of this is that if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feature of this is that if you don't
+upgrade so v1 is the old rule software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade so v1 is the old rule software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade so v1 is the old rule software
+v2 is the new rule software if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 is the new rule software if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 is the new rule software if you don't
+upgrade you will continue to see the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade you will continue to see the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade you will continue to see the new
+blocks is valid and this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks is valid and this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks is valid and this is actually a
+very nice property because remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice property because remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice property because remember what
+happened over here we had this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened over here we had this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened over here we had this property
+where the people on the blue side we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the people on the blue side we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the people on the blue side we're
+just never ever going to accept one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just never ever going to accept one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just never ever going to accept one of
+these block chains right and and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these block chains right and and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these block chains right and and if it
+were the case that this were a soft fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the case that this were a soft fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the case that this were a soft fork
+the old side would never ever well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old side would never ever well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old side would never ever well if
+this case that this sorry if it were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case that this sorry if it were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case that this sorry if it were the
+case that this weren't a soft work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that this weren't a soft work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that this weren't a soft work the
+old nodes would never accept this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old nodes would never accept this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old nodes would never accept this new
+stuff okay so soft works are really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay so soft works are really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay so soft works are really nice
+because they're backwards compatible old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're backwards compatible old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're backwards compatible old
+nodes will still see the new blocks as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes will still see the new blocks as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes will still see the new blocks as
+valid they won't reject them if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid they won't reject them if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid they won't reject them if that
+chain gets a ton of proof-of-work then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain gets a ton of proof-of-work then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain gets a ton of proof-of-work then
+the old nodes will happily switch over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old nodes will happily switch over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old nodes will happily switch over
+to that chain so what does that mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that chain so what does that mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that chain so what does that mean so
+let's say that the black nodes are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that the black nodes are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that the black nodes are the
+old rules and the blue nodes are the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old rules and the blue nodes are the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old rules and the blue nodes are the new
+or new rules new rule blocks okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or new rules new rule blocks okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or new rules new rule blocks okay and
+again we have to look at this from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have to look at this from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have to look at this from two
+different perspectives there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives there are the
+people creating the box and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people creating the box and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people creating the box and there are
+the people reading the blocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people reading the blocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people reading the blocks and
+sometimes those are the same people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes those are the same people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes those are the same people
+sometimes they're not okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're not okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're not okay so we're
+looking at blocks here so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at blocks here so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at blocks here so these are
+people who are creating the blocks in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are creating the blocks in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are creating the blocks in a
+soft fork the miners who and again both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft fork the miners who and again both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft fork the miners who and again both
+of these sets of people might upgrade or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sets of people might upgrade or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sets of people might upgrade or
+not upgrade okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not upgrade okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not upgrade okay
+so it's so we may have miners who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's so we may have miners who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's so we may have miners who are
+following the old rules and miners who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the old rules and miners who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the old rules and miners who
+were following the new rules then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were following the new rules then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were following the new rules then we
+might have validating nodes or following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have validating nodes or following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have validating nodes or following
+the old rules and validating nodes who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old rules and validating nodes who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old rules and validating nodes who
+were following the new rules and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were following the new rules and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were following the new rules and this is
+not even talking about SPV yet okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even talking about SPV yet okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even talking about SPV yet okay
+we're just talking about miners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just talking about miners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just talking about miners and
+we're talking about nodes so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about nodes so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about nodes so let's say
+some of the miners upgrade to the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the miners upgrade to the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the miners upgrade to the new
+rules but not all of the miners upgrade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules but not all of the miners upgrade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules but not all of the miners upgrade
+to the new rules the miners who didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the new rules the miners who didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the new rules the miners who didn't
+upgrade to the new rules are gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade to the new rules are gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade to the new rules are gonna
+continue producing old rule blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue producing old rule blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue producing old rule blocks
+they're gonna continue producing v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna continue producing v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna continue producing v1
+version blocks but if the majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version blocks but if the majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version blocks but if the majority of
+miners upgrade to the new rules remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners upgrade to the new rules remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners upgrade to the new rules remember
+the new rule the new rule people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new rule the new rule people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new rule the new rule people have
+new rules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rules so
+they have more restrictions on the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have more restrictions on the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have more restrictions on the set
+of blocks that they will accept so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blocks that they will accept so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blocks that they will accept so they
+might not see that block is valid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not see that block is valid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not see that block is valid so
+they're never gonna accept that chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're never gonna accept that chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're never gonna accept that chain
+because it has 'invalid things in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has 'invalid things in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has 'invalid things in it
+once you've upgraded you might no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've upgraded you might no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've upgraded you might no longer
+accept the old chain is valid and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the old chain is valid and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the old chain is valid and so
+what's gonna end up happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna end up happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna end up happening is
+something that looks very much like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks very much like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks very much like the
+orphanage situation that was happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orphanage situation that was happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orphanage situation that was happening
+before where if the majority of the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before where if the majority of the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before where if the majority of the hash
+power switches over here this chain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power switches over here this chain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power switches over here this chain is
+gonna keep growing bigger these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna keep growing bigger these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna keep growing bigger these guys
+might keep trying to produce old-style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might keep trying to produce old-style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might keep trying to produce old-style
+blocks but they just keep getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks but they just keep getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks but they just keep getting
+orphaned off it's actually like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orphaned off it's actually like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orphaned off it's actually like very
+much in their economic interest to hurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in their economic interest to hurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in their economic interest to hurry
+up an upgrade so they're not wasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up an upgrade so they're not wasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up an upgrade so they're not wasting
+hash power on orphan blocks are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash power on orphan blocks are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash power on orphan blocks are there
+questions about softworks yes so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about softworks yes so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about softworks yes so our
+software is also used for changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is also used for changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is also used for changing
+software other than validation yes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software other than validation yes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software other than validation yes but
+when we that's a great question our soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we that's a great question our soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we that's a great question our soft
+forks also used for changing software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks also used for changing software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks also used for changing software
+other than validation so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than validation so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than validation so we can
+certainly upgrade more than just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly upgrade more than just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly upgrade more than just the
+validation parts of the Bitcoin software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation parts of the Bitcoin software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation parts of the Bitcoin software
+if it doesn't change the set of blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't change the set of blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't change the set of blocks
+that would be accepted or not accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be accepted or not accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be accepted or not accepted
+we don't even bother calling it a fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't even bother calling it a fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't even bother calling it a fork
+so let's say that we wanted to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that we wanted to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that we wanted to change
+something about the peer-to-peer network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the peer-to-peer network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the peer-to-peer network
+and or the way that things are stored on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or the way that things are stored on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or the way that things are stored on
+disk or something like that we would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk or something like that we would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk or something like that we would say
+that a change like that if it didn't if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a change like that if it didn't if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a change like that if it didn't if
+it didn't change the set of blocks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't change the set of blocks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't change the set of blocks that
+would have been accepted or not accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been accepted or not accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been accepted or not accepted
+if after the change a set of blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if after the change a set of blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if after the change a set of blocks
+accepted or not accepted is the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted or not accepted is the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted or not accepted is the exact
+same we don't call that a fork a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same we don't call that a fork a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same we don't call that a fork a change
+that induces a fork it's only when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that induces a fork it's only when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that induces a fork it's only when the
+set of blocks are accepted it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of blocks are accepted it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of blocks are accepted it wouldn't
+be accepted are actually changed yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great question how often do updates get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question how often do updates get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question how often do updates get
+pushed on the network so bitcoins at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed on the network so bitcoins at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed on the network so bitcoins at
+version ODOT 16 right now and no doubt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version ODOT 16 right now and no doubt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version ODOT 16 right now and no doubt
+16 came out like a week or two ago and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 came out like a week or two ago and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 came out like a week or two ago and I
+think it's sort of been on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's sort of been on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's sort of been on the order of
+a couple months between different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple months between different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple months between different
+versions of Bitcoin other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of Bitcoin other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of Bitcoin other
+cryptocurrencies release more frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrencies release more frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrencies release more frequently
+some release less frequently some do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some release less frequently some do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some release less frequently some do
+forks very very regularly and wilcott
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks very very regularly and wilcott
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks very very regularly and wilcott
+will tip will speak a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tip will speak a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tip will speak a little bit about
+that but the software is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the software is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the software is pretty much
+constantly getting updated oh yeah so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly getting updated oh yeah so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly getting updated oh yeah so so
+in Bitcoin in particular Bitcoin does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bitcoin in particular Bitcoin does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bitcoin in particular Bitcoin does
+not have an auto update function so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have an auto update function so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have an auto update function so in
+order to run the new version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to run the new version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to run the new version of the
+software you have to decide that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software you have to decide that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software you have to decide that you're
+going to run the new version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run the new version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run the new version of the
+software or there might be a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software or there might be a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software or there might be a way to
+decide to turn auto update on I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to turn auto update on I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to turn auto update on I can't
+remember but the point is is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember but the point is is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember but the point is is that they
+try to leave it in their users hands yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so okay how were versions created it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay how were versions created it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay how were versions created it's
+actually very similar to any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very similar to any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very similar to any other
+software project where the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software project where the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software project where the people who
+work on the software project get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the software project get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the software project get
+together and decide which pull requests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and decide which pull requests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and decide which pull requests
+are going to be part of the new versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be part of the new versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be part of the new versions
+so yes at some point they're just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes at some point they're just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes at some point they're just like
+new version release definitely releases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new version release definitely releases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new version release definitely releases
+updated versions so that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated versions so that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated versions so that's a that's a
+great question I think not every version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question I think not every version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question I think not every version
+has a soft work in it but if there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a soft work in it but if there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a soft work in it but if there is a
+soft work it will definitely be a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft work it will definitely be a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft work it will definitely be a new
+version yes it's not a blue block so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version yes it's not a blue block so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version yes it's not a blue block so so
+so you're going you're you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going you're you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going you're you're talking
+about you're talking about here right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you're talking about here right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you're talking about here right so
+so okay so the nodes are running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so the nodes are running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so the nodes are running
+different software right and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different software right and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different software right and then a
+block comes along that these ideally yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block comes along that these ideally yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block comes along that these ideally yes
+the block would have a version number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block would have a version number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block would have a version number in
+it that specifies which version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that specifies which version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that specifies which version of the
+software it is and this is a very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software it is and this is a very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software it is and this is a very useful
+field in the block header but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in the block header but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in the block header but that
+that's not really you know so what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really you know so what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really you know so what it
+has a different version sorry higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different version sorry higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different version sorry higher
+than like that I don't do it so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like that I don't do it so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like that I don't do it so what do
+you mean I don't do it I mean you ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean I don't do it I mean you ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean I don't do it I mean you ignore
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that would be one way of running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be one way of running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be one way of running the
+network which is if I ever see anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network which is if I ever see anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network which is if I ever see anything
+that indicates that there's newer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indicates that there's newer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indicates that there's newer
+software out there I just realize I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software out there I just realize I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software out there I just realize I'm
+old and then I need to update I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and then I need to update I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and then I need to update I think
+that Bitcoin simply made a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bitcoin simply made a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bitcoin simply made a different
+design decision which was that older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design decision which was that older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design decision which was that older
+nodes should still be able to be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes should still be able to be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes should still be able to be because
+because think about nodes that never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because think about nodes that never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because think about nodes that never
+that just were sort of set it and forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just were sort of set it and forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just were sort of set it and forget
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+they're out there running right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're out there running right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're out there running right I mean
+one tenant that is absolutely true is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one tenant that is absolutely true is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one tenant that is absolutely true is
+that users will not upgrade they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that users will not upgrade they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that users will not upgrade they will
+not all upgrade it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all upgrade it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all upgrade it just
+happen you will have old versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you will have old versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you will have old versions of
+software running and given that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software running and given that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software running and given that you will
+have old versions of software running I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have old versions of software running I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have old versions of software running I
+think it's a question as to whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a question as to whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a question as to whether or
+not those nodes should still be a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not those nodes should still be a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not those nodes should still be a part
+of the network or whether you just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the network or whether you just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the network or whether you just want
+to slice them off because they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slice them off because they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slice them off because they're not
+running the latest version and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the latest version and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the latest version and I think
+in Bitcoin they want those nodes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bitcoin they want those nodes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bitcoin they want those nodes to
+still be a part of the network they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be a part of the network they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be a part of the network they want
+people to be able to make the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to be able to make the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to be able to make the active
+decision not to upgrade Tadgh actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision not to upgrade Tadgh actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision not to upgrade Tadgh actually I
+think is still running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is still running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is still running
+ODOT one three or some older version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ODOT one three or some older version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ODOT one three or some older version of
+Bitcoin still works great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin still works great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin still works great
+you can still validate transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still validate transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still validate transactions
+totally fine okay so so we just talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally fine okay so so we just talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally fine okay so so we just talked
+about soft Forks and I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about soft Forks and I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about soft Forks and I think the
+important thing to remember about soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to remember about soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to remember about soft
+works is that soft works are backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is that soft works are backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is that soft works are backwards
+compatible we also talked about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible we also talked about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible we also talked about an
+example of that is not a hard fork which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that is not a hard fork which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that is not a hard fork which
+is if we decided that we wanted to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we decided that we wanted to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we decided that we wanted to allow
+blocks that were less than two megabytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that were less than two megabytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that were less than two megabytes
+instead of less than one megabyte and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of less than one megabyte and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of less than one megabyte and so
+a 1.75 megabyte a block block appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1.75 megabyte a block block appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1.75 megabyte a block block appears
+that is not a soft work what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not a soft work what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not a soft work what if we
+changed rule to say that instead of only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed rule to say that instead of only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed rule to say that instead of only
+accepting blocks that are less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting blocks that are less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting blocks that are less than one
+megabyte we're only going to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte we're only going to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte we're only going to accept
+blocks that are less than half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that are less than half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that are less than half a
+megabyte is that a soft work or hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte is that a soft work or hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte is that a soft work or hard
+fork that's a soft fork the reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork that's a soft fork the reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork that's a soft fork the reason that
+that's a soft fork is because a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a soft fork is because a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a soft fork is because a block
+that is less than half a megabyte was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is less than half a megabyte was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is less than half a megabyte was
+also still less than one megabyte so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also still less than one megabyte so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also still less than one megabyte so
+it's still valid under the old set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still valid under the old set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still valid under the old set of
+rules okay so if the change made here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules okay so if the change made here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules okay so if the change made here
+was now we want smaller blocks so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was now we want smaller blocks so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was now we want smaller blocks so we're
+only gonna take blocks that are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gonna take blocks that are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gonna take blocks that are less
+than half a megabyte that's fine oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half a megabyte that's fine oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half a megabyte that's fine oh you
+know everyone will still see this chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everyone will still see this chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everyone will still see this chain
+is valid this is still backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is valid this is still backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is valid this is still backwards
+compatible just because your blocks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible just because your blocks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible just because your blocks are
+300 kilobytes now doesn't mean that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 kilobytes now doesn't mean that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 kilobytes now doesn't mean that they
+violate a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so what happens to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what happens to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what happens to all the
+previous stuff in my chain right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous stuff in my chain right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous stuff in my chain right now
+ideally the way that the rules would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally the way that the rules would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally the way that the rules would be
+would be set up the new rules is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be set up the new rules is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be set up the new rules is that
+they would take effect sometime in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would take effect sometime in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would take effect sometime in the
+future so you wouldn't apply those rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so you wouldn't apply those rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so you wouldn't apply those rules
+retro actively to the things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retro actively to the things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retro actively to the things that you
+already have put into the chain because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have put into the chain because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have put into the chain because
+then you just throw away all history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just throw away all history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just throw away all history
+right and that would be kind of a bummer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that would be kind of a bummer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that would be kind of a bummer
+instead you say after this block we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you say after this block we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you say after this block we are
+only going to accept blocks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to accept blocks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to accept blocks that are
+less than half a megabyte great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than half a megabyte great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than half a megabyte great question
+start doing that chain and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing that chain and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing that chain and what
+happens when the majority versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when the majority versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when the majority versus
+minority of different parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority of different parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority of different parts of the
+ecosystem decide to adopt the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem decide to adopt the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem decide to adopt the change
+versus not adopt attention okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus not adopt attention okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus not adopt attention okay but
+first we're going to talk about hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we're going to talk about hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we're going to talk about hard
+forks what is a hard fork a hard fork is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks what is a hard fork a hard fork is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks what is a hard fork a hard fork is
+not backwards compatible and so a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not backwards compatible and so a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not backwards compatible and so a hard
+fork is a fork where if this was the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork is a fork where if this was the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork is a fork where if this was the old
+set of rules under the new set of rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of rules under the new set of rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of rules under the new set of rules
+you actually accept more blocks than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually accept more blocks than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually accept more blocks than you
+would have accepted before okay so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have accepted before okay so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have accepted before okay so just
+to be clear under the new rules you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be clear under the new rules you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be clear under the new rules you
+might produce a block which a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might produce a block which a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might produce a block which a node
+running under the old rules will reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running under the old rules will reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running under the old rules will reject
+this is not backwards compatible because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not backwards compatible because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not backwards compatible because
+any chain that has this new type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any chain that has this new type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any chain that has this new type of
+block in it will not be accepted by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block in it will not be accepted by any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block in it will not be accepted by any
+of the old nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the old nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the old nodes
+full-stop doesn't matter uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-stop doesn't matter uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-stop doesn't matter uh
+proof-of-work at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the thing with hard works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the thing with hard works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the thing with hard works is
+that because they're not backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because they're not backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because they're not backwards
+compatible they're a little crazier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible they're a little crazier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible they're a little crazier and
+a little bit sort of harder to manage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit sort of harder to manage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit sort of harder to manage in
+your network because if you do a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your network because if you do a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your network because if you do a hard
+fork and not everyone upgrades you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork and not everyone upgrades you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork and not everyone upgrades you might
+end up with two chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with two chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with two chains
+possibly forever if we assume that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly forever if we assume that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly forever if we assume that those
+nodes are not going to upgrade and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are not going to upgrade and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are not going to upgrade and let's
+say they're not upgrading because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they're not upgrading because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they're not upgrading because
+there's no one really maintaining them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one really maintaining them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one really maintaining them
+then they're not going to upgrade in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're not going to upgrade in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're not going to upgrade in the
+future and they're not going to upgrade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and they're not going to upgrade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and they're not going to upgrade
+to a change that might fix what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a change that might fix what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a change that might fix what's going
+on here they're just gonna keep doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here they're just gonna keep doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here they're just gonna keep doing
+their old their old time thing then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their old their old time thing then with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their old their old time thing then with
+a hard fork these nodes are never gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fork these nodes are never gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fork these nodes are never gonna
+accept the new blocks it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the new blocks it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the new blocks it doesn't matter
+what the proof of work is on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the proof of work is on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the proof of work is on that
+chamber so hard Forks versus soft works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber so hard Forks versus soft works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber so hard Forks versus soft works
+hard Forks as I keep stressing or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard Forks as I keep stressing or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard Forks as I keep stressing or not
+backwards compatible guess what a fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards compatible guess what a fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards compatible guess what a fork
+can be a hard for you know soft work at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a hard for you know soft work at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a hard for you know soft work at
+the same time yay super confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time yay super confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time yay super confusing
+actually because you can both restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because you can both restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because you can both restrict
+the set of rules and expand the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of rules and expand the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of rules and expand the set of
+rules at the same time basically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules at the same time basically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules at the same time basically it
+means it's a new overlapping but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's a new overlapping but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's a new overlapping but not
+entirely inclusive or not inclusive set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely inclusive or not inclusive set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely inclusive or not inclusive set
+of rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rules
+we're very unfortunate in fact most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very unfortunate in fact most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very unfortunate in fact most
+things shouldn't actually be both to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things shouldn't actually be both to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things shouldn't actually be both to
+avoid some of the things that I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid some of the things that I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid some of the things that I'm gonna
+show you in a minute yes for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in a minute yes for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in a minute yes for all the
+useful purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it for all useful purposes it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for all useful purposes it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for all useful purposes it's not just
+a hard fork um let me see if I can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fork um let me see if I can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fork um let me see if I can the
+reason that it's not just a hard fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is something that requires a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that requires a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that requires a little
+bit more thought it's not just a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more thought it's not just a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more thought it's not just a hard
+fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork
+but I will think about how to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will think about how to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will think about how to explain
+this and perhaps yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is but he's asking isn't that just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but he's asking isn't that just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but he's asking isn't that just a
+hard fork and it's not just a hard fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork and it's not just a hard fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork and it's not just a hard fork
+because I think old nodes will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think old nodes will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think old nodes will do
+something different okay so there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different okay so there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different okay so there's two
+reasons why it might it's not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why it might it's not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why it might it's not just a
+hard fork one is because of reorg so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different things will happen as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things will happen as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things will happen as the
+majority of hash power starts to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of hash power starts to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of hash power starts to accept
+or not accept the change whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not accept the change whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not accept the change whether or not
+old nodes will switch over or not but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old nodes will switch over or not but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old nodes will switch over or not but if
+it's about the heart and a soft work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the heart and a soft work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the heart and a soft work
+they will never switch over but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will never switch over but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will never switch over but I think
+the question is whether whether old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is whether whether old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is whether whether old
+nodes can even still function so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes can even still function so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes can even still function so I think
+you use combination one way to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use combination one way to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use combination one way to use
+combination of hard and soft Forks is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of hard and soft Forks is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of hard and soft Forks is to
+actually stop the old nodes from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stop the old nodes from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stop the old nodes from being
+able to have blocks at all like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have blocks at all like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have blocks at all like you
+design things in such a way that given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design things in such a way that given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design things in such a way that given a
+majority of hash power moves over they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of hash power moves over they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of hash power moves over they
+can even like they're just gonna end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even like they're just gonna end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even like they're just gonna end up
+with nothing but this is a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nothing but this is a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nothing but this is a really good
+question and we should go into more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and we should go into more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and we should go into more
+detail on this and I will try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail on this and I will try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail on this and I will try to figure
+out a way to get that to you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way to get that to you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way to get that to you guys
+okay so who controls Forks yes sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so who controls Forks yes sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so who controls Forks yes sorry
+okay the developers which I didn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the developers which I didn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the developers which I didn't even
+write down as a note here okay do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down as a note here okay do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down as a note here okay do the
+Bitcoin developers control Forks who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin developers control Forks who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin developers control Forks who
+thinks yes okay who thinks no determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks yes okay who thinks no determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks yes okay who thinks no determines
+whether or not a fork is going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a fork is going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a fork is going to go
+through there's a Bitcoin developers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through there's a Bitcoin developers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through there's a Bitcoin developers who
+are actually writing the software right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually writing the software right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually writing the software right
+and who also have a lot of influence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who also have a lot of influence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who also have a lot of influence in
+the system because presumably they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system because presumably they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system because presumably they
+understand it really well if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it really well if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it really well if they're
+writing software right so they can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing software right so they can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing software right so they can write
+some software and decide that they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some software and decide that they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some software and decide that they want
+to do a fork does that mean that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a fork does that mean that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a fork does that mean that the
+fork is going to go through no certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork is going to go through no certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork is going to go through no certainly
+not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right
+everyone can ignore them and there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can ignore them and there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can ignore them and there have
+been situations in the past where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been situations in the past where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been situations in the past where
+everyone ignored them for quite a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone ignored them for quite a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone ignored them for quite a long
+time and argued about it and didn't push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and argued about it and didn't push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and argued about it and didn't push
+a fork through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fork through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fork through
+well miners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well miners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well miners
+the ones who actually create the blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who actually create the blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who actually create the blocks
+right are they the ones who control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are they the ones who control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are they the ones who control
+forks I hear I see a very strong head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks I hear I see a very strong head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks I hear I see a very strong head
+shake no why do you see why do you shake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake no why do you see why do you shake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake no why do you see why do you shake
+it right now very true so as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right now very true so as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right now very true so as we saw
+before there are there are times when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there are there are times when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there are there are times when
+nodes will not accept a chain no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes will not accept a chain no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes will not accept a chain no matter
+how much proof of work it has on it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much proof of work it has on it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much proof of work it has on it I
+think it's a very common like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a very common like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a very common like
+misunderstanding the nodes run their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstanding the nodes run their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstanding the nodes run their own
+validation roles and so if I'm running a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation roles and so if I'm running a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation roles and so if I'm running a
+node I can run whatever validation rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node I can run whatever validation rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node I can run whatever validation rules
+I want and I can decide what chain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want and I can decide what chain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want and I can decide what chain is
+the one that aligns with my interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that aligns with my interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that aligns with my interests
+yes if you are 40 you are accepting new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if you are 40 you are accepting new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if you are 40 you are accepting new
+blocks exactly so there's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks exactly so there's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks exactly so there's certainly
+certainly like incentives in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly like incentives in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly like incentives in many
+different directions if all the miners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions if all the miners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions if all the miners
+decided to go to one side well then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to go to one side well then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to go to one side well then I'm
+a full node with my set of validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full node with my set of validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full node with my set of validation
+rules who has no new blocks great like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules who has no new blocks great like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules who has no new blocks great like
+you know what am I gonna do how am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what am I gonna do how am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what am I gonna do how am I
+gonna make transactions how am I gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make transactions how am I gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make transactions how am I gonna
+spend my money also you know let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend my money also you know let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend my money also you know let's say
+all the miners don't go to one side but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the miners don't go to one side but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the miners don't go to one side but
+you know most of them do and most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know most of them do and most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know most of them do and most of the
+nodes go to the other side then what am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes go to the other side then what am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes go to the other side then what am
+I gonna do who's gonna listen to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gonna do who's gonna listen to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gonna do who's gonna listen to me
+who's gonna trade with me who's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's gonna trade with me who's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's gonna trade with me who's gonna
+who's gonna take the coins on my side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's gonna take the coins on my side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's gonna take the coins on my side of
+the fork so I guess that's just to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fork so I guess that's just to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fork so I guess that's just to say
+that it's complicated it's there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's complicated it's there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's complicated it's there's the
+developers there's the miners there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers there's the miners there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers there's the miners there's
+nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes
+there's the users who determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the users who determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the users who determine the
+economic value of these tokens and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic value of these tokens and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic value of these tokens and which
+side they think is more valuable or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side they think is more valuable or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side they think is more valuable or less
+valuable and we've seen this happen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable and we've seen this happen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable and we've seen this happen with
+lots of cryptocurrencies multiple times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of cryptocurrencies multiple times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of cryptocurrencies multiple times
+and it's kind of exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of exciting
+so bitcoins forked multiple times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bitcoins forked multiple times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bitcoins forked multiple times and
+every time it's forked so far it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it's forked so far it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it's forked so far it has
+created a whole new version of the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a whole new version of the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a whole new version of the coin
+so it's been like a pretty serious hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's been like a pretty serious hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's been like a pretty serious hard
+fork and so now in addition to Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork and so now in addition to Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork and so now in addition to Bitcoin
+is Bitcoin cash Bitcoin gold Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Bitcoin cash Bitcoin gold Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Bitcoin cash Bitcoin gold Bitcoin
+diamonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds
+atheria m-- also has fort in aetherium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atheria m-- also has fort in aetherium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atheria m-- also has fort in aetherium
+x' case they tried to take along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x' case they tried to take along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x' case they tried to take along
+everyone with them and so the hard fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone with them and so the hard fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone with them and so the hard fork
+was supposed to be an upgrade to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to be an upgrade to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to be an upgrade to
+aetherium but some people decided they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium but some people decided they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium but some people decided they
+didn't want to go along with it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to go along with it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to go along with it so
+there's a theorem classic and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a theorem classic and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a theorem classic and there's a
+theorem um both of them have value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's really unclear who controls Forks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really unclear who controls Forks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really unclear who controls Forks
+so now let's talk about hash rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's talk about hash rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's talk about hash rate and
+forks so nodes are pretty like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks so nodes are pretty like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks so nodes are pretty like okay
+nodes what nodes will do is they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes what nodes will do is they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes what nodes will do is they have a
+set of validation rules if a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of validation rules if a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of validation rules if a block
+validates under their set of validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validates under their set of validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validates under their set of validation
+rules they will accept it and they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules they will accept it and they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules they will accept it and they will
+accept if all the blocks validate under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept if all the blocks validate under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept if all the blocks validate under
+their validation rules they will accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their validation rules they will accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their validation rules they will accept
+the chain that those blocks are on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain that those blocks are on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain that those blocks are on and
+if there are two different chains where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are two different chains where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are two different chains where
+all the blocks validate under their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the blocks validate under their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the blocks validate under their
+validation rules they'll take the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation rules they'll take the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation rules they'll take the one
+with a heaviest proof-of-work that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a heaviest proof-of-work that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a heaviest proof-of-work that's
+what nodes do okay so heaviest proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what nodes do okay so heaviest proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what nodes do okay so heaviest proof of
+work is clearly kind of important here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is clearly kind of important here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is clearly kind of important here
+if both sides of a fork validate so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if both sides of a fork validate so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if both sides of a fork validate so if
+both sides of a fork validate and we so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides of a fork validate and we so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides of a fork validate and we so
+we have to think about this from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to think about this from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to think about this from the
+perspective of minor sorry of nodes who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of minor sorry of nodes who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of minor sorry of nodes who
+upgrade to the new software and nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade to the new software and nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade to the new software and nodes
+who don't upgrade to the new software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't upgrade to the new software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't upgrade to the new software
+okay so might be worth it to try to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so might be worth it to try to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so might be worth it to try to kind
+of write this down a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have the old role nodes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the old role nodes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the old role nodes and the
+new rule nodes and let's just talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rule nodes and let's just talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rule nodes and let's just talk about
+one kind of work for now now let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of work for now now let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of work for now now let's say
+less than 50 percent of the miners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 50 percent of the miners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 50 percent of the miners
+upgrade and let's say greater than 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade and let's say greater than 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade and let's say greater than 50
+percent of the miners upgrade okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the miners upgrade okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the miners upgrade okay
+so let's use this chart as we're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's use this chart as we're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's use this chart as we're kind of
+trying to reason about what's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to reason about what's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to reason about what's gonna
+happen in the ecosystem for softworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the ecosystem for softworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the ecosystem for softworks
+and hard Forks okay so what happens if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hard Forks okay so what happens if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hard Forks okay so what happens if a
+soft fork does not obtain more than 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft fork does not obtain more than 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft fork does not obtain more than 50
+percent of the hash rate so we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the hash rate so we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the hash rate so we've got
+the old rules right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old rules right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old rules right
+we've got nodes some nodes have upgraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got nodes some nodes have upgraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got nodes some nodes have upgraded
+some notes haven't upgraded less than 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some notes haven't upgraded less than 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some notes haven't upgraded less than 50
+percent of the miners have upgraded so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the miners have upgraded so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the miners have upgraded so
+the old rule chain is going to be longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old rule chain is going to be longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old rule chain is going to be longer
+because they're gonna continue mining on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're gonna continue mining on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're gonna continue mining on
+the old rules by the way sometimes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old rules by the way sometimes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old rules by the way sometimes they
+don't ignore things with the new rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ignore things with the new rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ignore things with the new rules
+sometimes they do it's very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they do it's very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they do it's very complicated
+but let's just pretend right now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just pretend right now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just pretend right now that
+they are ignoring things with the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are ignoring things with the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are ignoring things with the new
+rules because they haven't upgraded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules because they haven't upgraded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules because they haven't upgraded and
+they don't see that or sorry they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't see that or sorry they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't see that or sorry they would
+see the new rules as valid but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the new rules as valid but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the new rules as valid but the
+majority of the hashing power is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the hashing power is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the hashing power is over
+here so what's going to happen yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't be some worse than your rule are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be some worse than your rule are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be some worse than your rule are
+sub-blocks than the rules but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-blocks than the rules but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-blocks than the rules but the
+majority right so it kind of depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority right so it kind of depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority right so it kind of depends on
+it kind of depends on the soft fork so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of depends on the soft fork so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of depends on the soft fork so
+it depends on what the new rule nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on what the new rule nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on what the new rule nodes
+think of old blocks if they think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of old blocks if they think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of old blocks if they think that
+old blocks are still all valid then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old blocks are still all valid then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old blocks are still all valid then
+they're going to build upon old blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to build upon old blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to build upon old blocks
+just fine because they think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine because they think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine because they think they're
+valid if they think that old blocks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid if they think that old blocks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid if they think that old blocks are
+no longer valid then they're gonna try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer valid then they're gonna try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer valid then they're gonna try
+to do their own chain and but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do their own chain and but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do their own chain and but the
+majority of the hashing power is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the hashing power is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the hashing power is with
+the old side so they're just gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old side so they're just gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old side so they're just gonna get
+reorg out yes so an example of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorg out yes so an example of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorg out yes so an example of this is
+paint a script hash so or an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint a script hash so or an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint a script hash so or an example of
+this is is taking what was an unused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is taking what was an unused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is taking what was an unused
+opcode and now making it meaningful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opcode and now making it meaningful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opcode and now making it meaningful so
+it just so happens that none of the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just so happens that none of the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just so happens that none of the old
+rule nodes ever used the silly unused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule nodes ever used the silly unused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule nodes ever used the silly unused
+opcode because they never used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opcode because they never used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opcode because they never used it
+they never had any invalid uses of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never had any invalid uses of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never had any invalid uses of the
+block code right of the opcode so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block code right of the opcode so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block code right of the opcode so the
+new nodes will still accept old blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new nodes will still accept old blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new nodes will still accept old blocks
+because none of them use this OP code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because none of them use this OP code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because none of them use this OP code
+anyway but if they were to use the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but if they were to use the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but if they were to use the new
+op code they and they use it as a no op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op code they and they use it as a no op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op code they and they use it as a no op
+op code instead of what the new rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op code instead of what the new rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op code instead of what the new rules
+are then it would be an invalid block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are then it would be an invalid block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are then it would be an invalid block
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have to think really carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to think really carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to think really carefully
+about how you are designing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you are designing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you are designing these
+upgrades to your software you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrades to your software you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrades to your software you have to
+think very carefully what will happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think very carefully what will happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think very carefully what will happen to
+the old knows what happens a 50% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old knows what happens a 50% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old knows what happens a 50% of the
+miners update this thing well under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners update this thing well under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners update this thing well under the
+old rules was anyone actually using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old rules was anyone actually using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old rules was anyone actually using this
+thing that we are now maintaining must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we are now maintaining must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we are now maintaining must
+be used in a new way or pane of script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used in a new way or pane of script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used in a new way or pane of script
+hash is a good example of this as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash is a good example of this as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash is a good example of this as well
+PETA script hash technically looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PETA script hash technically looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PETA script hash technically looks like
+you're just paying to a hash so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just paying to a hash so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just paying to a hash so all
+nodes will see it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes will see it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes will see it in
+say okay if you can produce a signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay if you can produce a signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay if you can produce a signature
+that shows that this valid blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows that this valid blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows that this valid blah blah
+blah whatever whatever that's fine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah whatever whatever that's fine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah whatever whatever that's fine but
+nobody ever did that nobody ever did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody ever did that nobody ever did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody ever did that nobody ever did
+that in a way that that was meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a way that that was meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a way that that was meaningful
+under the new rules no one ever used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the new rules no one ever used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the new rules no one ever used it
+so all the old all the old things will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the old all the old things will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the old all the old things will
+still validate simply because no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still validate simply because no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still validate simply because no one
+ever did anything there was under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever did anything there was under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever did anything there was under the
+subset of the new rules sorry this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the new rules sorry this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the new rules sorry this is
+very kind of complicated okay so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kind of complicated okay so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kind of complicated okay so what we
+have here is that if old rule blocks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is that if old rule blocks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is that if old rule blocks are
+still valid the soft work will get reorg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still valid the soft work will get reorg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still valid the soft work will get reorg
+doubt okay so no wait no fork there no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt okay so no wait no fork there no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt okay so no wait no fork there no
+no fork there you're just not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no fork there you're just not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no fork there you're just not really
+going to end up with stuff in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up with stuff in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up with stuff in the
+blockchain if old rule blocks are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain if old rule blocks are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain if old rule blocks are now
+invalid then we're gonna end up with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid then we're gonna end up with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid then we're gonna end up with two
+chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains
+do people see why this is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people see why this is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people see why this is because the
+new rule people are not going to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rule people are not going to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rule people are not going to accept
+in any chain that has an invalid thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any chain that has an invalid thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any chain that has an invalid thing
+in it so there's now going to be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so there's now going to be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so there's now going to be two
+they're not going to reorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to reorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to reorder
+they're gonna continue and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna continue and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna continue and they are
+gonna have their own chain and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have their own chain and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have their own chain and they're
+gonna ignore all of the blocks on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna ignore all of the blocks on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna ignore all of the blocks on the
+other chain which they deemed to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other chain which they deemed to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other chain which they deemed to be the
+invalid chain yes no it's not a case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid chain yes no it's not a case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid chain yes no it's not a case of
+Ikhwan cash it's actually the case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ikhwan cash it's actually the case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ikhwan cash it's actually the case for
+something called a user activated soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a user activated soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a user activated soft
+work which the Bitcoin community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work which the Bitcoin community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work which the Bitcoin community
+threatened to do when the miners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threatened to do when the miners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threatened to do when the miners
+wouldn't do a soft work they wanted them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't do a soft work they wanted them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't do a soft work they wanted them
+to do they said fine you miners won't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do they said fine you miners won't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do they said fine you miners won't do
+the soft work that we want you to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soft work that we want you to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soft work that we want you to do and
+under sea normally people don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under sea normally people don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under sea normally people don't like
+this situation so you don't want this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation so you don't want this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation so you don't want this to
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+so normally soft works are written such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normally soft works are written such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normally soft works are written such
+that if you don't get 95% of the miners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you don't get 95% of the miners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you don't get 95% of the miners
+to sign on the software never activates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign on the software never activates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign on the software never activates
+so that's the way that traditionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the way that traditionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the way that traditionally
+software acts are done in the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software acts are done in the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software acts are done in the Bitcoin
+ecosystem what does that mean it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem what does that mean it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem what does that mean it means
+5.000 1% of the hash power can stop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.000 1% of the hash power can stop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.000 1% of the hash power can stop a
+software from going through so usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software from going through so usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software from going through so usually
+things are written in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are written in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are written in such a way that
+you really want to guarantee this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to guarantee this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to guarantee this to
+chain thing never happens we see hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain thing never happens we see hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain thing never happens we see hash
+power is kind of voting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is kind of voting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is kind of voting
+and if you can get 95% of the hash power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can get 95% of the hash power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can get 95% of the hash power
+to agree with the software then only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agree with the software then only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agree with the software then only
+will the software activate and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the software activate and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the software activate and the way
+that miners do this is they signal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that miners do this is they signal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that miners do this is they signal in
+their block headers that they are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their block headers that they are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their block headers that they are going
+to adopt the soft work and then the soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adopt the soft work and then the soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adopt the soft work and then the soft
+work is usually programmed in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is usually programmed in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is usually programmed in such a way
+that it looks at some sliding window of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it looks at some sliding window of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it looks at some sliding window of
+block headers to determine whether 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block headers to determine whether 95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block headers to determine whether 95
+percent of the hash power is decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the hash power is decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the hash power is decided
+that they're going to go along with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to go along with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to go along with it
+and it only activates once that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it only activates once that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it only activates once that's the
+case so doing protocol upgrades is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so doing protocol upgrades is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so doing protocol upgrades is
+really hard it's like not a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard it's like not a trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard it's like not a trivial
+matter you don't just like push some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you don't just like push some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you don't just like push some
+code so so usually it's the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so so usually it's the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so so usually it's the case that
+you want to wait for a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to wait for a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to wait for a significant
+majority of the mining power to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the mining power to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the mining power to indicate
+support for the soft fork and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support for the soft fork and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support for the soft fork and by the way
+they can indicate support without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can indicate support without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can indicate support without
+actually running the soft work this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually running the soft work this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually running the soft work this
+happens all the time but you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all the time but you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all the time but you want to
+wait for significant support from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for significant support from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for significant support from the
+mining community before actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining community before actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining community before actually
+activating the soft fork what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating the soft fork what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating the soft fork what happened
+recently with with something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently with with something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently with with something called
+segregated witness which we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregated witness which we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregated witness which we'll talk
+about which was a soft work to Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which was a soft work to Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which was a soft work to Bitcoin
+to introduce new functionality that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce new functionality that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce new functionality that the
+miners opposed was the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners opposed was the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners opposed was the community
+actually said forget it we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said forget it we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said forget it we are going to
+start running the new rules we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start running the new rules we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start running the new rules we're going
+to ignore you we don't care what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ignore you we don't care what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ignore you we don't care what the
+majority of the hash power does we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the hash power does we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the hash power does we are
+going to go ahead create this to chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go ahead create this to chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go ahead create this to chain
+situation and follow the chain with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and follow the chain with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and follow the chain with the
+new rules interestingly this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rules interestingly this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rules interestingly this actually
+worked I think it was like 80 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked I think it was like 80 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked I think it was like 80 plus
+percent of the hash power was not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the hash power was not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the hash power was not in
+favor of the soft work and the users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor of the soft work and the users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor of the soft work and the users
+managed to create this kind of they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to create this kind of they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to create this kind of they
+taught where they forced everyone to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught where they forced everyone to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught where they forced everyone to go
+along with what they wanted it's super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with what they wanted it's super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with what they wanted it's super
+interesting yes they had no actual way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting yes they had no actual way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting yes they had no actual way
+to vote it was it was entirely sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vote it was it was entirely sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vote it was it was entirely sort of
+via Twitter but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you threaten a user active song actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you threaten a user active song actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you threaten a user active song actually
+it's all the line is just say they'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all the line is just say they'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all the line is just say they'll do
+it anyway yeah so this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anyway yeah so this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anyway yeah so this is one of the
+major reasons and I think some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major reasons and I think some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major reasons and I think some of the
+strongest evidence that minors have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest evidence that minors have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest evidence that minors have
+nowhere near as much power as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere near as much power as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere near as much power as you
+actually think they do in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think they do in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think they do in these
+ecosystems certainly have power and part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems certainly have power and part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems certainly have power and part
+of the power they have is to do what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the power they have is to do what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the power they have is to do what's
+called an evil soft fork which I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an evil soft fork which I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an evil soft fork which I'm not
+gonna talk about in this class but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about in this class but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about in this class but I
+think we probably should talk about at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we probably should talk about at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we probably should talk about at
+some point in time okay great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point in time okay great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point in time okay great
+so let's see okay if the soft fork is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see okay if the soft fork is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see okay if the soft fork is
+greater than 50% old rule blocks will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 50% old rule blocks will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 50% old rule blocks will
+follow the new rule blocks automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the new rule blocks automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the new rule blocks automatically
+so we get yes soft fork successful we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get yes soft fork successful we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get yes soft fork successful we do
+not have to chains because these will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have to chains because these will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have to chains because these will
+simply be orphaned and abandoned and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply be orphaned and abandoned and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply be orphaned and abandoned and in
+fact there's actually pressure for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's actually pressure for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's actually pressure for the
+minors to move over to the new rules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minors to move over to the new rules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minors to move over to the new rules so
+that their blocks aren't abandoned yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it depends so for the okay so question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends so for the okay so question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends so for the okay so question
+is around difficulty and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around difficulty and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around difficulty and the number of
+leading zero is required in the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading zero is required in the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading zero is required in the proof of
+work that changes all the time there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that changes all the time there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that changes all the time there's a
+formula which determines what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which determines what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which determines what that
+number should be so no it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number should be so no it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number should be so no it doesn't
+require fork but if you want to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require fork but if you want to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require fork but if you want to change
+the formula that would be a fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula that would be a fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula that would be a fork
+requiring more proof of work would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring more proof of work would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring more proof of work would be a
+soft work requiring less proof of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft work requiring less proof of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft work requiring less proof of work
+would be a hard fork okay okay now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a hard fork okay okay now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a hard fork okay okay now let's
+talk about hard forks so what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about hard forks so what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about hard forks so what happens if
+a hard fork doesn't obtain 50 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fork doesn't obtain 50 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fork doesn't obtain 50 percent of
+the hash rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it depends again it depends on if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends again it depends on if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends again it depends on if the
+old rule blocks are still valid so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old rule blocks are still valid so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old rule blocks are still valid so we're
+doing a hard fork we are changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a hard fork we are changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a hard fork we are changing the
+set of valid box if blocks are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of valid box if blocks are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of valid box if blocks are still
+valid under the old rules then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid under the old rules then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid under the old rules then we're
+gonna end up with a situation like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna end up with a situation like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna end up with a situation like this
+if old road blocks are still valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if old road blocks are still valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if old road blocks are still valid
+according to the new rule nodes then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the new rule nodes then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the new rule nodes then the
+numeral nodes will just follow along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeral nodes will just follow along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeral nodes will just follow along
+okay so like basically no fork happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so like basically no fork happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so like basically no fork happening
+here because the new rule nodes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because the new rule nodes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because the new rule nodes are
+gonna produce blocks they're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna produce blocks they're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna produce blocks they're not going
+to have enough of the hash power and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have enough of the hash power and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have enough of the hash power and so
+you know they might they're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they might they're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they might they're not going to
+be considered valid by the other set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be considered valid by the other set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be considered valid by the other set so
+they're there you're they're gonna end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there you're they're gonna end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there you're they're gonna end
+up following along with the old new old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up following along with the old new old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up following along with the old new old
+rule nodes yes not if it's a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule nodes yes not if it's a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule nodes yes not if it's a combination
+hard fork software so maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork software so maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork software so maybe I should
+split this up into whether or not it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this up into whether or not it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this up into whether or not it's a
+combination hard for a soft work or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination hard for a soft work or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination hard for a soft work or not
+okay so what happens if a hard fork does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what happens if a hard fork does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what happens if a hard fork does
+obtain greater than 50% of the hash rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain greater than 50% of the hash rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain greater than 50% of the hash rate
+what's going to happen then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes we're gonna end up with 2 Chainz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we're gonna end up with 2 Chainz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we're gonna end up with 2 Chainz
+this is gonna have chain this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is gonna have chain this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is gonna have chain this is very
+whatever the point is there's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the point is there's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the point is there's gonna be
+an old chain and a new chain the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old chain and a new chain the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old chain and a new chain the old
+nodes are never going to accept the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are never going to accept the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are never going to accept the new
+nodes blocks and we're going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes blocks and we're going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes blocks and we're going to end up
+with two chains forever and this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two chains forever and this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two chains forever and this has
+happened multiple times are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened multiple times are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened multiple times are there
+questions about hard Forks yes or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about hard Forks yes or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about hard Forks yes or the
+ways for a hard fork to make life really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways for a hard fork to make life really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways for a hard fork to make life really
+difficult for the smaller chain that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for the smaller chain that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for the smaller chain that is
+a good question I think it depends so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's like multiple ways to make life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like multiple ways to make life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like multiple ways to make life
+difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+I think what you're asking is not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what you're asking is not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what you're asking is not you
+know what if the hard fork becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what if the hard fork becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what if the hard fork becomes more
+popular and more people decide to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular and more people decide to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular and more people decide to move
+over it and abandon the smaller chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it and abandon the smaller chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it and abandon the smaller chain
+that's one way in which life could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way in which life could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way in which life could be
+more difficult but another way that life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult but another way that life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult but another way that life
+could be more difficult is if the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be more difficult is if the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be more difficult is if the hard
+Forks somehow made the previous chain no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forks somehow made the previous chain no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forks somehow made the previous chain no
+longer a productive chain to be on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a productive chain to be on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a productive chain to be on right
+and I think that the primary way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that the primary way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that the primary way that
+that would happen would not actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would happen would not actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would happen would not actually be
+a hard fork but would be a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fork but would be a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fork but would be a combination
+hard fork software but there is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork software but there is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork software but there is there
+are definitely ways for miners to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are definitely ways for miners to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are definitely ways for miners to play
+with hard Forks and softworks in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hard Forks and softworks in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hard Forks and softworks in such a
+way that see this is actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that see this is actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that see this is actually kind of
+ideal in some ways this is like okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal in some ways this is like okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal in some ways this is like okay we
+disagree on what the rule should be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree on what the rule should be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree on what the rule should be I
+want some new set of rules you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want some new set of rules you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want some new set of rules you don't
+want some new set of rules fine let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want some new set of rules fine let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want some new set of rules fine let's
+just split the ecosystem you guys go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just split the ecosystem you guys go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just split the ecosystem you guys go
+your way we'll go I'll go my way we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your way we'll go I'll go my way we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your way we'll go I'll go my way we'll
+have two different coins life will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different coins life will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different coins life will be
+great right what's kind of not so nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great right what's kind of not so nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great right what's kind of not so nice
+is when one side tries to coerce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when one side tries to coerce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when one side tries to coerce the
+other side to go along which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side to go along which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side to go along which is kind of
+what a greater than 50% soft fork is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a greater than 50% soft fork is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a greater than 50% soft fork is
+you're kind of coercing the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of coercing the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of coercing the other side
+to go along because there they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go along because there they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go along because there they have no
+way of opting out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there are ways that miners can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are ways that miners can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are ways that miners can make
+the side of the chain with less hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side of the chain with less hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side of the chain with less hash
+power basically useless this is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power basically useless this is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power basically useless this is totally
+something miners can do people talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something miners can do people talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something miners can do people talk
+about it occasionally just doesn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it occasionally just doesn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it occasionally just doesn't seem
+like they've figured out that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they've figured out that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they've figured out that they can
+do it or they haven't tried to do it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it or they haven't tried to do it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it or they haven't tried to do it I
+don't know maybe they don't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know maybe they don't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know maybe they don't want to do
+it I'm not sure it would be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm not sure it would be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm not sure it would be pretty
+disruptive to the ecosystem okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive to the ecosystem okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive to the ecosystem okay so
+question we've talked about what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we've talked about what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we've talked about what happens
+here from the perspective of full nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from the perspective of full nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from the perspective of full nodes
+and from the perspective of miners what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the perspective of miners what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the perspective of miners what
+happens from the perspective of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens from the perspective of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens from the perspective of people
+with wallets who might be running SPV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we think depends on what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we think depends on what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we think depends on what you
+know they're connected to so one problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're connected to so one problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're connected to so one problem
+with SBV is that they don't actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with SBV is that they don't actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with SBV is that they don't actually get
+the blocks right so they don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks right so they don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks right so they don't actually
+validate blocks all they validate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate blocks all they validate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate blocks all they validate is
+proof-of-work some changes that make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof-of-work some changes that make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof-of-work some changes that make a
+block invalid might show up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block invalid might show up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block invalid might show up in the
+header but a lot of changes that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header but a lot of changes that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header but a lot of changes that might
+make a block invalid or or new blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a block invalid or or new blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a block invalid or or new blocks
+valid don't show up in the header so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid don't show up in the header so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid don't show up in the header so
+given what we've learned about how SPV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given what we've learned about how SPV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given what we've learned about how SPV
+works what happens when there's a fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works what happens when there's a fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works what happens when there's a fork
+so let's go back and take a look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back and take a look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back and take a look at what
+SPV wallets see right they see the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SPV wallets see right they see the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SPV wallets see right they see the block
+headers you have to download all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers you have to download all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers you have to download all the
+headers which includes the nonce for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers which includes the nonce for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers which includes the nonce for the
+proof-of-work the merkel route for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof-of-work the merkel route for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof-of-work the merkel route for the
+transaction time stamp stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction time stamp stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction time stamp stuff like that
+they also get merkel paths for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also get merkel paths for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also get merkel paths for the
+transactions that they've told the node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that they've told the node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that they've told the node
+that you tick so they've told the node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you tick so they've told the node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you tick so they've told the node
+they're interested in right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interested in right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interested in right so what
+would happen if there were a software or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if there were a software or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if there were a software or
+hard fork what would happen to an SPV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork what would happen to an SPV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork what would happen to an SPV
+client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they don't really have a say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really have a say in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really have a say in the
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+they aren't really participating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they aren't really participating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they aren't really participating in
+validation they're not participating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation they're not participating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation they're not participating in
+mining and they're kind of at the mercy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining and they're kind of at the mercy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining and they're kind of at the mercy
+of whatever node that they are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whatever node that they are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whatever node that they are talking
+to so and in fact if they try to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so and in fact if they try to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so and in fact if they try to talk to
+multiple nodes they might get multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple nodes they might get multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple nodes they might get multiple
+different answers and they don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different answers and they don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different answers and they don't really
+know which answers the right answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which answers the right answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which answers the right answer and
+I mean this could get really tricky and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this could get really tricky and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this could get really tricky and
+complicated now I think probably it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated now I think probably it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated now I think probably it's
+fair to say that the majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair to say that the majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair to say that the majority of the
+Bitcoin ecosystem in terms of users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin ecosystem in terms of users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin ecosystem in terms of users
+actually does not you know like they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does not you know like they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does not you know like they do
+not run their own full nodes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not run their own full nodes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not run their own full nodes they
+interact with the Bitcoin network at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the Bitcoin network at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the Bitcoin network at
+best through SPV and at worst through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best through SPV and at worst through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best through SPV and at worst through a
+trusted third party like coinbase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted third party like coinbase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted third party like coinbase
+so what does the what does the ecosystem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does the what does the ecosystem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does the what does the ecosystem
+have to say or do about whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say or do about whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say or do about whether or not
+Forks are accepted or not accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you don't really have a say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you don't really have a say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you don't really have a say they
+kind of have a say at like a metal level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of have a say at like a metal level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of have a say at like a metal level
+in that like users can pressure coinbase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that like users can pressure coinbase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that like users can pressure coinbase
+to start following Bitcoin cash which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start following Bitcoin cash which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start following Bitcoin cash which is
+a hard fork of Bitcoin they kind of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fork of Bitcoin they kind of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fork of Bitcoin they kind of have
+a say at an economic level in that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a say at an economic level in that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a say at an economic level in that if
+coinbase starts accepting Bitcoin cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase starts accepting Bitcoin cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase starts accepting Bitcoin cash
+then the price of Bitcoin cash will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the price of Bitcoin cash will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the price of Bitcoin cash will go
+up and so that's kind of a big deal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and so that's kind of a big deal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and so that's kind of a big deal but
+in terms of like a protocol level in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like a protocol level in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like a protocol level in
+terms of like accepting or rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like accepting or rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like accepting or rejecting
+transactions they don't really have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions they don't really have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions they don't really have a
+say because they simply cool they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say because they simply cool they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say because they simply cool they can't
+see enough to determine whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see enough to determine whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see enough to determine whether or not
+they're interested in following a fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interested in following a fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interested in following a fork
+or not following a fork in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not following a fork in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not following a fork in fact it's
+even worse than that there were multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worse than that there were multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worse than that there were multiple
+situations where we ended up with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where we ended up with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where we ended up with two
+chains right so an SPV wallet might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains right so an SPV wallet might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains right so an SPV wallet might
+think that they received money on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they received money on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they received money on one
+chain and they didn't receive money on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and they didn't receive money on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and they didn't receive money on
+the other chain so very bad things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other chain so very bad things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other chain so very bad things can
+happen to wallets in two SPV clients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to wallets in two SPV clients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to wallets in two SPV clients
+during a fork and it's incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a fork and it's incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a fork and it's incredibly
+disruptive and people who create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive and people who create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive and people who create
+software on the perhaps behalf of users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software on the perhaps behalf of users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software on the perhaps behalf of users
+so not even running SPV but like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not even running SPV but like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not even running SPV but like the
+coin basis of the world and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin basis of the world and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin basis of the world and the
+exchanges of the world they have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges of the world they have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges of the world they have to do a
+fair amount of work to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount of work to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount of work to make sure that
+they aren't going to lose users money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they aren't going to lose users money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they aren't going to lose users money
+when there's a fork and the exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a fork and the exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a fork and the exchanges
+and the coin basis of the world have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the coin basis of the world have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the coin basis of the world have
+screwed this up in the past there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed this up in the past there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed this up in the past there's been
+money lost there are ways to safely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money lost there are ways to safely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money lost there are ways to safely
+design your fork so that it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design your fork so that it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design your fork so that it's less
+likely that wallets will do the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that wallets will do the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that wallets will do the wrong
+thing but where I think we're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but where I think we're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but where I think we're kind of
+just figuring out how to really do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figuring out how to really do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figuring out how to really do that
+effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this bulletin that tracks like yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bulletin that tracks like yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bulletin that tracks like yeah so
+so this has gotten pretty bad because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has gotten pretty bad because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has gotten pretty bad because
+you know Bitcoin if bitcoins like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Bitcoin if bitcoins like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Bitcoin if bitcoins like really
+gonna undergo a hard-worker software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna undergo a hard-worker software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna undergo a hard-worker software
+everybody's paying attention if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's paying attention if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's paying attention if the
+theorems gonna do it everyone's paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems gonna do it everyone's paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems gonna do it everyone's paying
+attention but there's so many alt coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention but there's so many alt coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention but there's so many alt coins
+out there and yeah there's so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and yeah there's so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and yeah there's so much
+opportunity for people to take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for people to take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for people to take advantage
+of the disarray that happens when fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the disarray that happens when fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the disarray that happens when fork
+happens so I think we're right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so I think we're right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so I think we're right in the
+middle of trying to figure out best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of trying to figure out best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of trying to figure out best
+practices for handling Forks and safely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices for handling Forks and safely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices for handling Forks and safely
+from and and also giving users some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and and also giving users some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and and also giving users some way
+of choosing what side of a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choosing what side of a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choosing what side of a that
+they want because there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want because there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want because there's sort of
+there's a sort of thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of thought that
+eventually there'll be economic pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually there'll be economic pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually there'll be economic pressure
+to like for a long time people thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like for a long time people thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like for a long time people thought
+that if Bitcoin hard forked one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if Bitcoin hard forked one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if Bitcoin hard forked one side
+would win and the other side would go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would win and the other side would go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would win and the other side would go to
+zero and now we've seen that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and now we've seen that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and now we've seen that that is
+absolutely not true in fact when Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely not true in fact when Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely not true in fact when Bitcoin
+hard for sometimes a total market cap of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for sometimes a total market cap of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for sometimes a total market cap of
+one side plus the other side is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side plus the other side is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side plus the other side is bigger
+than the total market cap of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the total market cap of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the total market cap of what
+Bitcoin used to be so money is literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin used to be so money is literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin used to be so money is literally
+created out of nowhere so hard forking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created out of nowhere so hard forking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created out of nowhere so hard forking
+is very lucrative it literally gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very lucrative it literally gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very lucrative it literally gives
+every Bitcoin user more money so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Bitcoin user more money so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Bitcoin user more money so if you
+owned Bitcoin I don't know whether in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned Bitcoin I don't know whether in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned Bitcoin I don't know whether in
+the past like if you owned Bitcoin a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past like if you owned Bitcoin a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past like if you owned Bitcoin a
+year ago you probably have like four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year ago you probably have like four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year ago you probably have like four
+other coins right now I don't know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other coins right now I don't know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other coins right now I don't know you
+should go sell them or or sell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go sell them or or sell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go sell them or or sell the
+Bitcoin and buy the other coins or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and buy the other coins or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and buy the other coins or
+whatever you want to do but the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to do but the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to do but the point is
+you have more money than you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more money than you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more money than you might have
+even known that you had because someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even known that you had because someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even known that you had because someone
+has done these Forks don't even like get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done these Forks don't even like get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done these Forks don't even like get
+started about the tax consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started about the tax consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started about the tax consequences of
+this it's very confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's very confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's very confusing
+like extraordinarily confusing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like extraordinarily confusing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like extraordinarily confusing and
+people are trying to figure out what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are trying to figure out what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are trying to figure out what to
+do because you didn't ask for this fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because you didn't ask for this fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because you didn't ask for this fork
+right like I as a holder Bitcoin didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like I as a holder Bitcoin didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like I as a holder Bitcoin didn't
+decide that I wanted Bitcoin cash to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that I wanted Bitcoin cash to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that I wanted Bitcoin cash to be
+a thing I didn't accept Bitcoin cash but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing I didn't accept Bitcoin cash but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing I didn't accept Bitcoin cash but
+now the same private keys I used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the same private keys I used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the same private keys I used to
+control my Bitcoin also control the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control my Bitcoin also control the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control my Bitcoin also control the same
+amount of Bitcoin cash it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of Bitcoin cash it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of Bitcoin cash it's kind of
+crazy let's talk about Forks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy let's talk about Forks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy let's talk about Forks and
+practice so soft Forks in practice there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so soft Forks in practice there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so soft Forks in practice there
+been lots of software soft works are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been lots of software soft works are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been lots of software soft works are
+very useful soft works are helpful this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful soft works are helpful this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful soft works are helpful this
+is a major way the people upgrade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a major way the people upgrade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a major way the people upgrade
+software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software
+and again the way that they do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the way that they do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the way that they do it is
+they try to make sure 95% or some huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to make sure 95% or some huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to make sure 95% or some huge
+majority the miners are on board and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority the miners are on board and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority the miners are on board and
+that way it's as sort of like as non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it's as sort of like as non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it's as sort of like as non
+disruptive to the ecosystem as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive to the ecosystem as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive to the ecosystem as possible
+so pay to script hatch was a sophomoric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pay to script hatch was a sophomoric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pay to script hatch was a sophomoric
+seg wit the introduction of segments was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seg wit the introduction of segments was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seg wit the introduction of segments was
+a sophomoric an operation check sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sophomoric an operation check sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sophomoric an operation check sequence
+verify was added as a software so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify was added as a software so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify was added as a software so it
+used to be so that's kind of why they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be so that's kind of why they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be so that's kind of why they're
+all these like unused ops out there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these like unused ops out there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these like unused ops out there in
+case we want to use one of them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we want to use one of them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we want to use one of them for
+something new we can do that with a soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new we can do that with a soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new we can do that with a soft
+work okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay
+hard Forks in practice there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard Forks in practice there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard Forks in practice there's lots of
+new bitcoins Bitcoin cash gold diamonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new bitcoins Bitcoin cash gold diamonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new bitcoins Bitcoin cash gold diamonds
+like I said cerium went through and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said cerium went through and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said cerium went through and a
+really interesting hardcourt and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting hardcourt and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting hardcourt and there
+are some cryptocurrencies that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some cryptocurrencies that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some cryptocurrencies that actually
+hard fork quite frequently for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork quite frequently for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork quite frequently for instance
+I learned the Monaro hard Forks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned the Monaro hard Forks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned the Monaro hard Forks about
+every six months vert coin how many hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every six months vert coin how many hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every six months vert coin how many hard
+ports have you guys done three three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports have you guys done three three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports have you guys done three three
+hard Forks right so there are there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard Forks right so there are there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard Forks right so there are there are
+you know despite that the way that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know despite that the way that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know despite that the way that I
+said that hard Forks are very disruptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that hard Forks are very disruptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that hard Forks are very disruptive
+if you can get all the nodes to upgrade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can get all the nodes to upgrade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can get all the nodes to upgrade
+it's not really a big problem right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really a big problem right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really a big problem right so
+for crypto currencies where the nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for crypto currencies where the nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for crypto currencies where the nodes
+are really well connected or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really well connected or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really well connected or they
+auto-update or things like that hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto-update or things like that hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto-update or things like that hard
+Forks are much less disruptive so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forks are much less disruptive so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forks are much less disruptive so let's
+talk about the etherium hard fork for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the etherium hard fork for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the etherium hard fork for a
+moment so this happened a year ago two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so this happened a year ago two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so this happened a year ago two
+years ago a year ago I can't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago a year ago I can't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago a year ago I can't remember
+when this happened two years ago I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this happened two years ago I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this happened two years ago I think
+almost and so what happened was - you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost and so what happened was - you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost and so what happened was - you
+know aetherium we haven't talked a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know aetherium we haven't talked a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know aetherium we haven't talked a lot
+about a theorem so we becoming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a theorem so we becoming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a theorem so we becoming to
+explain the theory I'm in much greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the theory I'm in much greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the theory I'm in much greater
+detail but the point is the theorem had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but the point is the theorem had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but the point is the theorem had
+a smart contract which had a bug in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smart contract which had a bug in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smart contract which had a bug in it
+okay and a lot of users someone hacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and a lot of users someone hacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and a lot of users someone hacked
+the contract and started siphoning off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contract and started siphoning off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contract and started siphoning off
+ether from the contract so the etherium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether from the contract so the etherium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether from the contract so the etherium
+team all got together and decided we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team all got together and decided we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team all got together and decided we're
+gonna rectify this wrong now rectifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna rectify this wrong now rectifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna rectify this wrong now rectifying
+the wrong I mean I already said it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong I mean I already said it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong I mean I already said it's a
+hard fork but why is rectifying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork but why is rectifying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork but why is rectifying this
+wrong a hard fork cannot a soft fork yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong a hard fork cannot a soft fork yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong a hard fork cannot a soft fork yes
+because you want to change history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to change history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to change history
+that's an interesting way of putting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting way of putting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting way of putting it
+yeah and the way that we change history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and the way that we change history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and the way that we change history
+is not by actually going back in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not by actually going back in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not by actually going back in time
+and editing history unless you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and editing history unless you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and editing history unless you are
+Accenture I guess which creates editable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accenture I guess which creates editable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accenture I guess which creates editable
+block chains but the way that we edit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block chains but the way that we edit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block chains but the way that we edit
+history is we add something to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history is we add something to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history is we add something to the
+blockchain which indicates that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain which indicates that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain which indicates that we're
+going to undo or change a rollback or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to undo or change a rollback or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to undo or change a rollback or
+somehow create an operation that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow create an operation that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow create an operation that does
+something that effectively undoes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that effectively undoes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that effectively undoes what
+happened in the past so so the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the past so so the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the past so so the theorem
+developers got together and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers got together and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers got together and they
+originally tried to do this as a soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally tried to do this as a soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally tried to do this as a soft
+fork actually so it could have been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork actually so it could have been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork actually so it could have been a
+soft work and the way that the soft work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft work and the way that the soft work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft work and the way that the soft work
+would have worked is that it just would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have worked is that it just would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have worked is that it just would
+have ignored all of the transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ignored all of the transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ignored all of the transactions
+that that were sort of I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that were sort of I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that were sort of I think that the
+way that it worked was I can't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that it worked was I can't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that it worked was I can't remember
+exactly how it worked it basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how it worked it basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how it worked it basically the
+general idea was ignore all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea was ignore all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea was ignore all of the
+transactions that might spend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that might spend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that might spend the
+hackers money and so effectively give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hackers money and so effectively give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hackers money and so effectively give
+the money or ignore the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money or ignore the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money or ignore the the the
+transaction that's where people gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction that's where people gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction that's where people gave
+money to the hacker what ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to the hacker what ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to the hacker what ultimately
+became the hacker and which is a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the hacker and which is a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the hacker and which is a new
+rule right now you're shrinking the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule right now you're shrinking the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule right now you're shrinking the set
+of acceptable blocks and the problem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acceptable blocks and the problem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acceptable blocks and the problem was
+they realized that if they did this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they realized that if they did this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they realized that if they did this as a
+soft fork then they were inadvertently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft fork then they were inadvertently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft fork then they were inadvertently
+creating an attack vector because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an attack vector because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an attack vector because people
+could now spam the network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could now spam the network and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could now spam the network and
+potentially waste the resources of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially waste the resources of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially waste the resources of the
+miners very challenging did you soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners very challenging did you soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners very challenging did you soft
+farts and heart first correctly so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farts and heart first correctly so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farts and heart first correctly so they
+decided okay you know what we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided okay you know what we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided okay you know what we're just
+gonna do it as a hard fork when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do it as a hard fork when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do it as a hard fork when this
+block comes about block 1 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block comes about block 1 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block comes about block 1 million
+920,000 we are going to simply transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+920,000 we are going to simply transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+920,000 we are going to simply transfer
+around 12 million 12 million ether from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 12 million 12 million ether from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 12 million 12 million ether from
+the hackers account into this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hackers account into this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hackers account into this other
+account this other contract which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account this other contract which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account this other contract which is
+going to give the money back where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give the money back where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give the money back where
+people can reclaim their money so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can reclaim their money so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can reclaim their money so
+literally just hard-coded in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally just hard-coded in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally just hard-coded in this
+transfer 85% of the hash power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer 85% of the hash power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer 85% of the hash power and
+aetherium went along with it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium went along with it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium went along with it so that
+means 15 percent didn't and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means 15 percent didn't and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means 15 percent didn't and that means
+that there are two currencies now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are two currencies now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are two currencies now
+there's a theorem and aetherium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a theorem and aetherium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a theorem and aetherium
+ethic and they persist this day almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethic and they persist this day almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethic and they persist this day almost
+two years later and it's about like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years later and it's about like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years later and it's about like a
+when I looked this morning it was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I looked this morning it was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I looked this morning it was about
+a thirty to one ratio between etherium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thirty to one ratio between etherium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thirty to one ratio between etherium
+and aetherium classic yes exactly so 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aetherium classic yes exactly so 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aetherium classic yes exactly so 300
+classic says we're not messing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic says we're not messing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic says we're not messing with
+people's accounts like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's accounts like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's accounts like that
+no no what happened happened fair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no what happened happened fair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no what happened happened fair and
+square we are not changing history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square we are not changing history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square we are not changing history and
+so when the theorem classic the hacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the theorem classic the hacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the theorem classic the hacker
+has money on a theorem the hacker does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has money on a theorem the hacker does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has money on a theorem the hacker does
+not have money yes so here they decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have money yes so here they decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have money yes so here they decided
+there was a bug in someone smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a bug in someone smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a bug in someone smart
+contract it was exploited we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract it was exploited we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract it was exploited we're gonna
+get people their money back this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people their money back this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people their money back this
+happened again with a different type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened again with a different type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened again with a different type of
+smart contract in a different way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart contract in a different way a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart contract in a different way a
+couple months ago and they decided well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple months ago and they decided well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple months ago and they decided well
+I think they're still I mean it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they're still I mean it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they're still I mean it could
+still they could still decide to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still they could still decide to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still they could still decide to do it
+but they so far they decided not to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they so far they decided not to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they so far they decided not to give
+everyone's money back so there's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's money back so there's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's money back so there's about
+90 million or something dollars worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 million or something dollars worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 million or something dollars worth of
+ether that's locked up in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether that's locked up in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether that's locked up in these
+contracts due to a bug and in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts due to a bug and in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts due to a bug and in the case
+of the Dow they decided let's do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Dow they decided let's do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Dow they decided let's do it in
+the case of this parity bug they decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of this parity bug they decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of this parity bug they decided
+let's not do it and if you talk to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not do it and if you talk to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not do it and if you talk to the
+etherium foundation people they'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etherium foundation people they'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etherium foundation people they'll talk
+about governance and they'll say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about governance and they'll say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about governance and they'll say well
+you know we feel like this made sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we feel like this made sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we feel like this made sense
+for these reasons but this doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these reasons but this doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these reasons but this doesn't make
+sense for these reasons but it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for these reasons but it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for these reasons but it's still
+like oh it's you know it's a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh it's you know it's a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh it's you know it's a set of
+people getting together and deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people getting together and deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people getting together and deciding
+whether or not to give money back yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no it's not the etherion foundation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not the etherion foundation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not the etherion foundation the
+Thurman foundation was not a fan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thurman foundation was not a fan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thurman foundation was not a fan of
+aetherium classic it's a separate group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium classic it's a separate group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium classic it's a separate group
+of people no actually it turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people no actually it turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people no actually it turned out
+interestingly enough and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly enough and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly enough and this was
+something that I saw at a conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I saw at a conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I saw at a conference
+that looked into who are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked into who are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked into who are the
+contributors to all of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributors to all of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributors to all of these different
+Forks when trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forks when trying to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forks when trying to understand
+governance it actually turns out that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance it actually turns out that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance it actually turns out that no
+one from the etherium foundation works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from the etherium foundation works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from the etherium foundation works
+on aetherium classic and no one who used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on aetherium classic and no one who used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on aetherium classic and no one who used
+to work on Bitcoin works on Bitcoin cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on Bitcoin works on Bitcoin cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on Bitcoin works on Bitcoin cash
+gold or diamond so it's all entirely new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold or diamond so it's all entirely new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold or diamond so it's all entirely new
+sets of people yes he's not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of people yes he's not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of people yes he's not actually
+you're talking about Gavin Andresen yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about Gavin Andresen yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about Gavin Andresen yeah
+I don't think he actually makes commits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think he actually makes commits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think he actually makes commits
+to Bitcoin cash yeah so I mean depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Bitcoin cash yeah so I mean depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Bitcoin cash yeah so I mean depends
+on how you define contribute certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you define contribute certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you define contribute certainly
+this is a really interesting example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really interesting example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really interesting example of
+a hard fork in summary just to wrap up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fork in summary just to wrap up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fork in summary just to wrap up
+here Forks are extremely challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Forks are extremely challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Forks are extremely challenging
+upgrading software in decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrading software in decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrading software in decentralized
+cryptocurrency x' is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency x' is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency x' is extremely
+challenging and so the lesson that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and so the lesson that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and so the lesson that I
+want you to take from this is unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to take from this is unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to take from this is unless you
+need what a decentralized cryptocurrency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need what a decentralized cryptocurrency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need what a decentralized cryptocurrency
+has to offer you will probably be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to offer you will probably be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to offer you will probably be better
+off not using a decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off not using a decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off not using a decentralized
+cryptocurrency they are very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency they are very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency they are very hard to
+update they are very hard to upgrade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update they are very hard to upgrade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update they are very hard to upgrade
+there are frequently bugs and so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are frequently bugs and so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are frequently bugs and so I think
+that you know Forks and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know Forks and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know Forks and and the
+challenges around Forks are an excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges around Forks are an excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges around Forks are an excellent
+reason not to do this when you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason not to do this when you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason not to do this when you don't
+have to right and also what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to right and also what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to right and also what's really
+interesting I think is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I think is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I think is that you know
+your traditional consensus systems don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your traditional consensus systems don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your traditional consensus systems don't
+address this problem at all because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address this problem at all because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address this problem at all because your
+traditional distributed consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional distributed consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional distributed consensus
+systems don't have any notion of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems don't have any notion of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems don't have any notion of what
+nodes are going to find valid or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are going to find valid or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are going to find valid or not
+valid or changing the rules or validity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid or changing the rules or validity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid or changing the rules or validity
+and so these problems really only arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these problems really only arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these problems really only arise
+when you start to have these validity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start to have these validity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start to have these validity
+rules that you're that you're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that you're that you're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that you're that you're dealing
+with and you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and you haven't
+that might take one set of rules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might take one set of rules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might take one set of rules and
+might nodes it might take another set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might nodes it might take another set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might nodes it might take another set of
+rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules
+the consensus mechanism here ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consensus mechanism here ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consensus mechanism here ultimately
+becomes irrelevant if you don't agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes irrelevant if you don't agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes irrelevant if you don't agree
+with the validity of the blocks it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the validity of the blocks it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the validity of the blocks it
+doesn't matter that a majority of hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter that a majority of hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter that a majority of hash
+power said that this is the blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power said that this is the blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power said that this is the blockchain
+it doesn't matter if a majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter if a majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter if a majority of
+signers say this is the blockchain if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signers say this is the blockchain if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signers say this is the blockchain if
+you don't agree that the things in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't agree that the things in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't agree that the things in that
+blotching are valid you're gonna ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blotching are valid you're gonna ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blotching are valid you're gonna ignore
+that majority be damned so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that majority be damned so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that majority be damned so it's very
+different than distributed consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than distributed consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than distributed consensus
+okay and so real quick last thing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so real quick last thing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so real quick last thing on
+Wednesday we will have another guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday we will have another guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday we will have another guest
+lecturer her name is Sharon Goldberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturer her name is Sharon Goldberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturer her name is Sharon Goldberg
+she's a professor at Boston University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's a professor at Boston University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's a professor at Boston University
+and she's worked on a lot of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's worked on a lot of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's worked on a lot of really
+interesting things in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things in particular
+something really cool that she's worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really cool that she's worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really cool that she's worked
+on is using the peer-to-peer network to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is using the peer-to-peer network to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is using the peer-to-peer network to
+create attacks in Bitcoin and then very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create attacks in Bitcoin and then very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create attacks in Bitcoin and then very
+recently she nor co-authors released a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently she nor co-authors released a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently she nor co-authors released a
+paper on peer-to-peer network attacks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on peer-to-peer network attacks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on peer-to-peer network attacks in
+the theorem and so she's gonna be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem and so she's gonna be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem and so she's gonna be here
+to talk about the peer-to-peer networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the peer-to-peer networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the peer-to-peer networks
+behind these things and to share some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind these things and to share some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind these things and to share some of
+the research that she's done
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UZb9hZIAvL4.txt b/UZb9hZIAvL4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f52a5762f5d6b07adb9e3de699cd21175b50a36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UZb9hZIAvL4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay
+so so far we've learned how to do double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far we've learned how to do double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far we've learned how to do double
+integrals in terms of XY coordinates or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals in terms of XY coordinates or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals in terms of XY coordinates or
+also how to switch to Polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also how to switch to Polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also how to switch to Polar
+coordinates but more generally there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates but more generally there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates but more generally there's a
+lot of different changes of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different changes of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different changes of variables
+that you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do okay so today we're going to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so today we're going to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so today we're going to see how
+to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables if you want how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables if you want how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables if you want how to do
+substitutions in double integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me start with a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example let's say that we want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say that we want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say that we want to find
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+area of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ellipse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse
+with sem AIS A and B okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means you know an ellipse is just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you know an ellipse is just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you know an ellipse is just like a
+squished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squished
+Circle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a and there's B and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a and there's B and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a and there's B and the
+equation of that ellipse is X a 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of that ellipse is X a 2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of that ellipse is X a 2 plus
+y/ b squar equals 1 well that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y/ b squar equals 1 well that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y/ b squar equals 1 well that's the
+curve and the inside region is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and the inside region is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and the inside region is where
+this is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than
+one okay so it's just like a circle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so it's just like a circle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so it's just like a circle but
+where you have rescaled X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have rescaled X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have rescaled X and Y
+differently so let's say we want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently so let's say we want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently so let's say we want to find
+the area of that I mean maybe you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of that I mean maybe you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of that I mean maybe you know
+what the area is but let's do it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the area is but let's do it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the area is but let's do it as
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+so oh you know if you find that area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh you know if you find that area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh you know if you find that area is
+to easy you can integrate any function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to easy you can integrate any function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to easy you can integrate any function
+of the ellipse if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ellipse if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ellipse if you
+prefer but let's do it just with ARA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer but let's do it just with ARA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer but let's do it just with ARA so
+we know that we want to integrate just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that we want to integrate just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that we want to integrate just
+the area element let's say DX dy over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area element let's say DX dy over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area element let's say DX dy over
+the region inside the ellipse that's x/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region inside the ellipse that's x/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region inside the ellipse that's x/
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+2 + y/ b^ 2 less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + y/ b^ 2 less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + y/ b^ 2 less than
+1 now we can try to set this up in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 now we can try to set this up in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 now we can try to set this up in terms
+of X and Y coordinates you know set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y coordinates you know set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y coordinates you know set up
+the bounds by solving for first for X as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds by solving for first for X as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds by solving for first for X as
+a function of Y if we do it this order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of Y if we do it this order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of Y if we do it this order
+and well do the usual stuff that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well do the usual stuff that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well do the usual stuff that doesn't
+look very pleasant and it's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look very pleasant and it's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look very pleasant and it's certainly
+not the best way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the best way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the best way to do
+it okay if this were a circle we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay if this were a circle we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay if this were a circle we would
+switch to Polar coordinates well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to Polar coordinates well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to Polar coordinates well we
+can't quite do that yet but you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't quite do that yet but you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't quite do that yet but you you know
+an ellipse is just a squished Circle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ellipse is just a squished Circle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ellipse is just a squished Circle so
+maybe we want to actually first rescale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we want to actually first rescale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we want to actually first rescale
+X and Y by A and B to reduce to the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y by A and B to reduce to the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y by A and B to reduce to the case
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+circle so to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so to do
+that what we'd like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set x/ a to be U and Y / B to be V so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set x/ a to be U and Y / B to be V so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set x/ a to be U and Y / B to be V so
+we'll have two new variables u and v and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have two new variables u and v and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have two new variables u and v and
+we'll try to redo our integral in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to redo our integral in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to redo our integral in terms
+of u and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u and v
+so how do we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we do the
+substitution so in terms of u and v the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so in terms of u and v the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so in terms of u and v the
+condition the region that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the region that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the region that we're
+integrating on will become u s + V sare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating on will become u s + V sare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating on will become u s + V sare
+less than 1 which is arguably nicer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1 which is arguably nicer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1 which is arguably nicer than
+the ellipse that's what what why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ellipse that's what what why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ellipse that's what what why we're
+doing it but we need to know what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it but we need to know what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it but we need to know what to do
+with DX and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with DX and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with DX and
+Dy well here the answer is pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy well here the answer is pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy well here the answer is pretty easy
+because we just change X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just change X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just change X and Y
+separately we do two independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately we do two independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately we do two independent
+substitutions Okay so so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions Okay so so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions Okay so so if we
+set you know if we set u equals x a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you know if we set u equals x a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you know if we set u equals x a that
+means du is 1 / a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means du is 1 / a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means du is 1 / a
+DX and here DV is 1 / B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and here DV is 1 / B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and here DV is 1 / B
+Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy
+so we it's very tempting to write and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we it's very tempting to write and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we it's very tempting to write and
+here we actually we can write in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we actually we can write in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we actually we can write in this
+particular case that D DV is 1 / AB DX d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case that D DV is 1 / AB DX d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case that D DV is 1 / AB DX d
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so I get du DV equals 1 / AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so I get du DV equals 1 / AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so I get du DV equals 1 / AB
+DX Dy or equivalently DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX Dy or equivalently DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX Dy or equivalently DX
+Dy is AB *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DV okay so in my double integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV okay so in my double integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV okay so in my double integral
+I'm going to write AB D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DV okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV okay so
+now my double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my double
+integral becomes well the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral becomes well the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral becomes well the double
+integral of a constant in terms of u and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a constant in terms of u and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a constant in terms of u and
+v so I can take the constant out I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v so I can take the constant out I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v so I can take the constant out I will
+get a Time double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a Time double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a Time double
+integral over U + V sare less than 1 du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over U + V sare less than 1 du
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over U + V sare less than 1 du
+DV and that is an integral that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and that is an integral that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and that is an integral that we know
+how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to
+do well because it's the area it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well because it's the area it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well because it's the area it's just
+the area of a unit circle so we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of a unit circle so we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of a unit circle so we can just
+say oh this is AB time the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh this is AB time the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh this is AB time the area of the
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+disk which we know to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk which we know to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk which we know to be
+P or if somehow you had some function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P or if somehow you had some function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P or if somehow you had some function to
+integrate then you could have switched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate then you could have switched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate then you could have switched
+to Polar coordinates you know setting U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Polar coordinates you know setting U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Polar coordinates you know setting U
+equals r cos Theta V equal R sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals r cos Theta V equal R sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals r cos Theta V equal R sin Theta
+and then doing it in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates okay so here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates okay so here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates okay so here the
+substitution worked pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution worked pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution worked pretty
+easily the question is you know if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily the question is you know if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily the question is you know if we do
+a change of variables where the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change of variables where the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change of variables where the relation
+between X and Y and un and V is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X and Y and un and V is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X and Y and un and V is more
+complicated what can we do can we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated what can we do can we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated what can we do can we still
+do this or do we have to be more careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this or do we have to be more careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this or do we have to be more careful
+and actually we have to be more careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually we have to be more careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually we have to be more careful
+so that's what we're going to see next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we're going to see next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we're going to see next
+but any question about this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+okay okay so see if a general problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so see if a general problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so see if a general problem
+when we try to do this is to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we try to do this is to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we try to do this is to figure out
+what is the scale factor what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the scale factor what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the scale factor what's the
+relation between DX Dy and du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DV so we need to find the scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Factor so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find you know DX Dy versus d u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DV so let's do another example that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV so let's do another example that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV so let's do another example that's
+still pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty easy
+but a little bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a little bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a little bit less
+easy okay so let's say that for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy okay so let's say that for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy okay so let's say that for some
+reason we want to set we want to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we want to set we want to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we want to set we want to do the
+change of variables U = 3x - 2 Y and v =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables U = 3x - 2 Y and v =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables U = 3x - 2 Y and v =
+x + y why would we want to do that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + y why would we want to do that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + y why would we want to do that well
+that might be to simplify the integrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be to simplify the integrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be to simplify the integrant
+because we're integrating a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're integrating a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're integrating a function
+that happens to be actually involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens to be actually involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens to be actually involving
+these guys rather than X and Y or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys rather than X and Y or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys rather than X and Y or it
+might be to simplify the bounds because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be to simplify the bounds because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be to simplify the bounds because
+maybe we're integrating over a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're integrating over a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're integrating over a region
+whose equation in XY coordinates is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose equation in XY coordinates is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose equation in XY coordinates is very
+hard to write down but it becomes much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to write down but it becomes much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to write down but it becomes much
+easier in terms of u and v and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier in terms of u and v and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier in terms of u and v and then you
+know the bounds will be much easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the bounds will be much easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the bounds will be much easier to
+set up with u and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up with u and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up with u and
+v anyway so you know whatever the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v anyway so you know whatever the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v anyway so you know whatever the reason
+might be but typically it would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be but typically it would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be but typically it would be to
+simplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrant of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounds well how do we convert the xdy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds well how do we convert the xdy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds well how do we convert the xdy to
+DV so we want to understand what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+between let's call Da the area element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between let's call Da the area element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between let's call Da the area element
+in XY coordinate so da is DX Dy maybe Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in XY coordinate so da is DX Dy maybe Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in XY coordinate so da is DX Dy maybe Dy
+DX depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX depending on the
+order and the area element in UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and the area element in UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and the area element in UV
+coordinates let me call that da Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates let me call that da Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates let me call that da Prime
+just you know to make it look different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know to make it look different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know to make it look different
+so that would just be duv or DV du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would just be duv or DV du
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would just be duv or DV du
+depending on which order I will want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which order I will want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which order I will want to
+set it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+so to find this relation it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to find this relation it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to find this relation it's probably
+best to draw a picture to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to draw a picture to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to draw a picture to see what
+happens you know let's consider a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you know let's consider a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you know let's consider a small
+piece of the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane with area Delta a corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane with area Delta a corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane with area Delta a corresponding to
+just you know a box with sides Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know a box with sides Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know a box with sides Delta
+Y and Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X okay and let's try to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay and let's try to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay and let's try to figure out what
+it will look like in terms of u and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will look like in terms of u and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will look like in terms of u and v
+and then we'll say well when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll say well when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll say well when we
+integrate we really summing the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate we really summing the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate we really summing the value of
+a function over a lot of small boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function over a lot of small boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function over a lot of small boxes
+times their area but the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times their area but the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times their area but the problem is that
+the area of a box in here is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of a box in here is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of a box in here is not the
+same as the area of a box in UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the area of a box in UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the area of a box in UV
+coordinates you know there maybe it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates you know there maybe it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates you know there maybe it will
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like actually you know if you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actually you know if you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actually you know if you see that
+these are linear changes of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are linear changes of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are linear changes of variables
+you know that a rectangle will become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that a rectangle will become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that a rectangle will become a
+parallelogram after the change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram after the change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram after the change of
+variables so the area of a parallelogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so the area of a parallelogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so the area of a parallelogram
+Delta a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta a prime
+well we have to figure out how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have to figure out how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have to figure out how they're
+related so that we can decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related so that we can decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related so that we can decide what
+conversion factor what's the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion factor what's the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion factor what's the exchange
+rate between these two currencies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate between these two currencies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate between these two currencies for
+AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AR
+okay any questions at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions at this
+point no still with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point no still with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point no still with
+me mostly I see a lot of tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me mostly I see a lot of tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me mostly I see a lot of tired
+faces uh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Del uh why is Delta a prime a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del uh why is Delta a prime a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del uh why is Delta a prime a
+parallelogram that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram that's a very good
+question well see here if I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well see here if I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well see here if I look at this
+side of the rectangle say this vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the rectangle say this vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the rectangle say this vertical
+side it means I'm going to increase y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it means I'm going to increase y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it means I'm going to increase y
+keeping X the same if I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping X the same if I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping X the same if I look at the
+formulas for u and v they're linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for u and v they're linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for u and v they're linear
+formulas in terms of X and Y so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas in terms of X and Y so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas in terms of X and Y so if I
+just increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just increase
+y see that U is going to decrease at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y see that U is going to decrease at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y see that U is going to decrease at a
+rate of two V is going to increase at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of two V is going to increase at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of two V is going to increase at
+the rate of one at constant rates and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of one at constant rates and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of one at constant rates and it
+doesn't matter whether I was looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter whether I was looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter whether I was looking at
+this side or at that side so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side or at that side so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side or at that side so basically
+straight lines become straight lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines become straight lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines become straight lines and
+you know if they're parall they stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if they're parall they stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if they're parall they stay
+parallel so if you just look at what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel so if you just look at what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel so if you just look at what the
+transformation from XY to UV does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from XY to UV does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from XY to UV does it
+does this kind of thing actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this kind of thing actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this kind of thing actually this
+transformation here you can express by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation here you can express by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation here you can express by
+your Matrix and remember we've seen what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Matrix and remember we've seen what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Matrix and remember we've seen what
+matrices do to pictures we just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices do to pictures we just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices do to pictures we just you know
+take straight lines to straight lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take straight lines to straight lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take straight lines to straight lines
+they keep the notion of being parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep the notion of being parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep the notion of being parallel
+but of course they mess up lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course they mess up lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course they mess up lengths
+angles and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's see so let's try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see so let's try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see so let's try to figure out
+what is the area of this guy well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the area of this guy well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the area of this guy well in
+fact what I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saying about you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying about you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying about you know this
+transformation being linear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation being linear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation being linear and
+transforming all of the vertical lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming all of the vertical lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming all of the vertical lines
+in the same way all the horizontal lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way all the horizontal lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way all the horizontal lines
+in the same way tells me also I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way tells me also I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way tells me also I should
+have a constant scaling Factor right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant scaling Factor right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant scaling Factor right
+because how much I've scaled my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because how much I've scaled my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because how much I've scaled my my
+rectangle doesn't doesn't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle doesn't doesn't depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle doesn't doesn't depend on
+where my rectangle is if I move my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my rectangle is if I move my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my rectangle is if I move my
+rectangle to somewhere else I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle to somewhere else I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle to somewhere else I have a
+rectangle of the same size same shape it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle of the same size same shape it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle of the same size same shape it
+will become a parram of the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become a parram of the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become a parram of the same size
+same shape somewhere else so in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same shape somewhere else so in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same shape somewhere else so in fact I
+can just take the simplest rectangle I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just take the simplest rectangle I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just take the simplest rectangle I
+can think of and see how its area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of and see how its area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of and see how its area
+changes and if you don't believe me then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and if you don't believe me then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and if you don't believe me then
+you know try with any of rectangle you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know try with any of rectangle you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know try with any of rectangle you
+will see it works exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see it works exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see it works exactly the same
+way okay so I claim that the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay so I claim that the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay so I claim that the area
+scaling Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here in this case doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+depend on the choice of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rectangle and I should say that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle and I should say that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle and I should say that because
+we're actually doing a linear change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually doing a linear change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually doing a linear change of
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know somehow the exchange rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know somehow the exchange rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know somehow the exchange rate
+between UV and XY is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between UV and XY is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between UV and XY is going to be the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+everywhere so let's try to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere so let's try to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere so let's try to see what
+happens to the simplest rectangle I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the simplest rectangle I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the simplest rectangle I can
+think of namely just the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square and you know if you don't trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and you know if you don't trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and you know if you don't trust
+me then you know while I'm doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me then you know while I'm doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me then you know while I'm doing this
+one do it with a different rectangle do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one do it with a different rectangle do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one do it with a different rectangle do
+the same calculation and see that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same calculation and see that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same calculation and see that you
+will get the same conversion ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get the same conversion ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get the same conversion ratio
+so let's say that I take the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square so something that has size that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so something that has size that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so something that has size that
+goes from Z to one both in X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+directions okay and let's try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions okay and let's try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions okay and let's try to figure
+out what it looks like on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what it looks like on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what it looks like on the other side
+so here the area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the area is
+one let's try to draw it in terms of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let's try to draw it in terms of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let's try to draw it in terms of u
+and v coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v coordinates
+okay so here we have xal 0 yal 0 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we have xal 0 yal 0 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we have xal 0 yal 0 well
+that tells us u and v are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero next let's look at this corner well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero next let's look at this corner well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero next let's look at this corner well
+in X Y coordinates this is 1 0 if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X Y coordinates this is 1 0 if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X Y coordinates this is 1 0 if you
+plug x = 1 y = 0 you get U = 3 V equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug x = 1 y = 0 you get U = 3 V equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug x = 1 y = 0 you get U = 3 V equals
+one so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes somewhere here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this edge of a square will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this edge of a square will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this edge of a square will become
+this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line
+here okay next let's look at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay next let's look at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay next let's look at that point
+so that point here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that point here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that point here was
+01 if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 if I
+plug x = 0 y = 1 I will get -2 and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+Edge goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge goes
+here then if you put x = 1 y = 1 you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then if you put x = 1 y = 1 you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then if you put x = 1 y = 1 you'll
+get u = 1 V = two so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get u = 1 V = two so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get u = 1 V = two so I
+want one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and this edges will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this edges will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this edges will go
+to these edges here and you see it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these edges here and you see it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these edges here and you see it does
+look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parallelogram okay so now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram okay so now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram okay so now what's the
+area of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parallelogram well we can get that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram well we can get that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram well we can get that by
+taking the determinant of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the determinant of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the determinant of these two
+vectors so one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so one of them is
+31 and the other one is - 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 and the other one is - 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 and the other one is - 2
+1 that will be 3 + 2 that's five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that will be 3 + 2 that's five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that will be 3 + 2 that's five
+okay this parallelogram is apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this parallelogram is apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this parallelogram is apparently
+five times the size of this Square here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times the size of this Square here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times the size of this Square here
+it looks like it's less because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like it's less because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like it's less because I've
+somehow changed my scale I mean my unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow changed my scale I mean my unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow changed my scale I mean my unit
+length is smaller here than here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is smaller here than here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is smaller here than here
+so but it should be a lot bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but it should be a lot bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but it should be a lot bigger than
+that okay and if you do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and if you do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and if you do the same
+calculations not with you know zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations not with you know zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations not with you know zero and
+one but with X and X Plus Delta X and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but with X and X Plus Delta X and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but with X and X Plus Delta X and so
+on you will still find that the area has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you will still find that the area has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you will still find that the area has
+been multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five so that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for
+any of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rectangle area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle area is
+also multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five so that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five so that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five so that tells us
+that da Prime the area element in UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that da Prime the area element in UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that da Prime the area element in UV
+coordinate is worth five times more that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is worth five times more that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is worth five times more that
+the than the area element in XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the than the area element in XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the than the area element in XY
+coordinat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means the udv is worth five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means the udv is worth five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means the udv is worth five
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+dxdy what's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+funny what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rectangle okay is it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle okay is it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle okay is it okay
+now or did I spot did I misspell other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now or did I spot did I misspell other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now or did I spot did I misspell other
+wordss no okay it's really hard to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wordss no okay it's really hard to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wordss no okay it's really hard to see
+when you that closeup it's much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you that closeup it's much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you that closeup it's much easier
+from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah so we've said our transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so we've said our transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so we've said our transformation
+multiplies areas by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies areas by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies areas by
+five and so D UV is 5 time DX Dy so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and so D UV is 5 time DX Dy so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and so D UV is 5 time DX Dy so if
+I'm integrating some function DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm integrating some function DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm integrating some function DX
+Dy then when I switch to UV coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy then when I switch to UV coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy then when I switch to UV coordinates
+I will have to replace that by 1 D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+UV okay and of course I would also you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV okay and of course I would also you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV okay and of course I would also you
+know here my function would probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here my function would probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here my function would probably
+involve X and y I will replace them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve X and y I will replace them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve X and y I will replace them by
+U's and v's and the bounds well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U's and v's and the bounds well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U's and v's and the bounds well the
+shape of my region in the XY coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of my region in the XY coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of my region in the XY coordinates
+I will have to switch to some shape in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will have to switch to some shape in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will have to switch to some shape in
+the UV coordinate and that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UV coordinate and that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UV coordinate and that's also
+something that might be easy or might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that might be easy or might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that might be easy or might be
+tricky depending on what region we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky depending on what region we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky depending on what region we're
+looking at so usually we'll do changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at so usually we'll do changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at so usually we'll do changes
+of variables to actually simplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables to actually simplify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables to actually simplify the
+region you know so that it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you know so that it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you know so that it becomes
+easier to set up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway so this is kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so this is kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so this is kind of an
+illustration of a general case and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of a general case and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of a general case and why
+is that well here it looks very easy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that well here it looks very easy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that well here it looks very easy you
+know we're just using linear formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're just using linear formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're just using linear formulas
+and somehow the relation between dxdy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow the relation between dxdy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow the relation between dxdy
+and dudv is the same everywhere if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dudv is the same everywhere if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dudv is the same everywhere if you
+take actually more complicated changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take actually more complicated changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take actually more complicated changes
+of variables that's not true because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables that's not true because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables that's not true because
+usually you will expect that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you will expect that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you will expect that you know
+there's some places where the rescaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some places where the rescaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some places where the rescaling
+is maybe enlarging things and some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe enlarging things and some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe enlarging things and some other
+places where things are shrunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where things are shrunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where things are shrunk
+so certainly the exchange rate between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly the exchange rate between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly the exchange rate between
+DV and dxdy will fluctuate from point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and dxdy will fluctuate from point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and dxdy will fluctuate from point to
+point you know it's same as if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you know it's same as if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you know it's same as if you're
+trying to change dollars to Euros it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to change dollars to Euros it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to change dollars to Euros it
+depends on where you do it you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on where you do it you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on where you do it you will get
+a better rate or a worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better rate or a worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better rate or a worse
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you know we have to of course we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we have to of course we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we have to of course we'll
+get a formula where actually the scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a formula where actually the scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a formula where actually the scaling
+Factor will depend on X and Y or on u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor will depend on X and Y or on u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor will depend on X and Y or on u
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+v but if you fix a point then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v but if you fix a point then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v but if you fix a point then we have
+linear approximation and linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation and linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation and linear
+approximation tells us we can do as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation tells us we can do as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation tells us we can do as if
+our function is just a linear function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our function is just a linear function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our function is just a linear function
+of X and Y so then we can do it the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y so then we can do it the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y so then we can do it the same
+way we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we did
+here okay so let's let's try to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so let's let's try to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so let's let's try to think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so in the general case well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in the general case well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in the general case well that
+means you know we'll replace X and Y by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you know we'll replace X and Y by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you know we'll replace X and Y by
+new coordinates u and v and u and v will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new coordinates u and v and u and v will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new coordinates u and v and u and v will
+be some functions of X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so well we'll have an approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well we'll have an approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well we'll have an approximation
+formula which tells us that the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which tells us that the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which tells us that the change
+in U if I change x or y a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in U if I change x or y a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in U if I change x or y a little bit
+will be roughly U subx * change in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be roughly U subx * change in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be roughly U subx * change in X
+Plus U sub y * change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus U sub y * change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus U sub y * change in
+y and the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and the change in
+V will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V will be
+roughly V subx Delta X Plus V suby Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly V subx Delta X Plus V suby Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly V subx Delta X Plus V suby Delta
+y or the have way to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y or the have way to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y or the have way to say
+if you want in Matrix form is Delta U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want in Matrix form is Delta U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want in Matrix form is Delta U
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+V is sry approximately equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is sry approximately equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is sry approximately equal
+to u subx u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u subx u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u subx u
+suby v subx v suby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby v subx v suby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby v subx v suby
+times Delta X and Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if
+we look at that what it tells us in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at that what it tells us in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at that what it tells us in fact
+is that if we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if we take a
+small rectangle in XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so that
+means you know we have a certain point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you know we have a certain point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you know we have a certain point
+XY and then we have a certain width oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and then we have a certain width oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and then we have a certain width oh
+this is going to be too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither
+well so I have my width Delta X I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I have my width Delta X I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I have my width Delta X I have
+my height Delta y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my height Delta y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my height Delta y
+this is going to correspond to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to correspond to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to correspond to a
+small UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parallelogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you know what the shape and the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what the shape and the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what the shape and the size
+of that parallelogram are depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that parallelogram are depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that parallelogram are depend on the
+partial derivatives of u and v so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives of u and v so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives of u and v so in
+particular they depend on at which point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular they depend on at which point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular they depend on at which point
+we are but still at a given point it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are but still at a given point it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are but still at a given point it's a
+bit like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so if we do the same argument as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we do the same argument as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we do the same argument as
+before what we'll see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before what we'll see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before what we'll see is that the
+scaling factor is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling factor is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling factor is actually the
+determinant of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this
+transformation so that's one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so that's one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so that's one thing
+that maybe we didn't emphasize enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe we didn't emphasize enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe we didn't emphasize enough
+when we did matrices at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did matrices at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did matrices at the beginning of
+a semester but when you have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a semester but when you have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a semester but when you have a linear
+transformation between variables the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation between variables the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation between variables the
+determinant of that transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of that transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of that transformation
+represents how it scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents how it scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents how it scales
+areas okay so one way to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas okay so one way to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas okay so one way to think about it
+is just you know to try and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just you know to try and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just you know to try and see what
+happens um you know take take this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens um you know take take this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens um you know take take this side
+this side in X Y coordinates corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side in X Y coordinates corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side in X Y coordinates corresponds
+to Delta X and zero and now if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta X and zero and now if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta X and zero and now if you take
+the image of that you if you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image of that you if you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image of that you if you see what
+happens to Delta U and Delta V that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to Delta U and Delta V that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to Delta U and Delta V that will
+be basically U subx Delta X and V subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be basically U subx Delta X and V subx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be basically U subx Delta X and V subx
+Delta X there's no Delta y for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X there's no Delta y for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X there's no Delta y for the other
+side okay so maybe I should do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually so you know if we move in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so you know if we move in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so you know if we move in the
+XY coordinates by Delta X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY coordinates by Delta X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY coordinates by Delta X and
+zero then Delta U and Delta V will be U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then Delta U and Delta V will be U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then Delta U and Delta V will be U
+subx approximately U subx Delta X and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx approximately U subx Delta X and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx approximately U subx Delta X and V
+subx Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the other hand if you move in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other hand if you move in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other hand if you move in the
+other direction along the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction along the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction along the other side of
+your rectangle Z and Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rectangle Z and Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rectangle Z and Delta
+y then the change in U and the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y then the change in U and the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y then the change in U and the change in
+V will correspond to well how does U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V will correspond to well how does U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V will correspond to well how does U
+change that's U sub y Delta Y and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that's U sub y Delta Y and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that's U sub y Delta Y and V
+changes by V sub y Delta Y and so now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes by V sub y Delta Y and so now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes by V sub y Delta Y and so now if
+you take the determinant of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the determinant of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the determinant of these two
+vectors okay so these are the sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay so these are the sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay so these are the sides of
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+parallelogram up here and if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram up here and if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram up here and if you take
+this sides to get the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sides to get the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sides to get the area of the
+parallelogram you would need to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram you would need to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram you would need to take the
+determinant and the determinant will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and the determinant will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and the determinant will be
+the determinant of this Matrix times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of this Matrix times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of this Matrix times
+Delta x * Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y so the area in UV coordinates will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so the area in UV coordinates will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so the area in UV coordinates will be
+the determinant of the Matrix times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of the Matrix times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of the Matrix times
+Delta X Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I'm trying to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm trying to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm trying to say
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that when you have a general change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you have a general change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you have a general change of
+variables duv versus dxdy is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables duv versus dxdy is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables duv versus dxdy is given by
+the determinant of this Matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of this Matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of this Matrix of
+partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+derivatives it doesn't matter in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives it doesn't matter in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives it doesn't matter in which
+order you write it I mean you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you write it I mean you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you write it I mean you can put
+you know in rows or in columns uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in rows or in columns uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in rows or in columns uh if you
+transpose a matrix that doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a matrix that doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a matrix that doesn't change
+the determinant it's just you know any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant it's just you know any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant it's just you know any
+sensible Matrix that you can write will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible Matrix that you can write will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible Matrix that you can write will
+have the correct determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what we need to know is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we need to know is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we need to know is the following
+thing so we Define something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we Define something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we Define something called the
+Jacobian of a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian of a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian of a change of
+variables and use the letter j or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and use the letter j or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and use the letter j or maybe
+a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notation is partial of UV over partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is partial of UV over partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is partial of UV over partial
+of XY that's a very strange notation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of XY that's a very strange notation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of XY that's a very strange notation I
+mean that doesn't mean that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that doesn't mean that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that doesn't mean that we're
+actually taking the partial der of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually taking the partial der of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually taking the partial der of
+anything okay it's just a notation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay it's just a notation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay it's just a notation to
+remind us that this has to do with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind us that this has to do with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind us that this has to do with a
+ratio between DV and DX Dy and it's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio between DV and DX Dy and it's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio between DV and DX Dy and it's made
+using it's obtained using the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it's obtained using the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it's obtained using the partial
+derivatives of u and v with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of u and v with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of u and v with respect to X
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Y so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so it's the
+determinant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the
+Matrix u subx u sub y v subx v sub y The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix u subx u sub y v subx v sub y The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix u subx u sub y v subx v sub y The
+Matrix that I had up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and what we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know is that du U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that du U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that du U
+DV is equal to the absolute value of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV is equal to the absolute value of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV is equal to the absolute value of J
+DX Dy or if you prefer to see it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX Dy or if you prefer to see it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX Dy or if you prefer to see it in the
+easier to remember version it's absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to remember version it's absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to remember version it's absolute
+value of D of UV over partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of D of UV over partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of D of UV over partial
+XY DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY DX
+Dy okay so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what you need to remember and it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to remember and it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to remember and it says
+that the area in UV coordinates is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the area in UV coordinates is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the area in UV coordinates is worth
+well the ratio to the area in the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the ratio to the area in the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the ratio to the area in the XY
+coordinates is given by this Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates is given by this Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates is given by this Jacobian
+determinant except one small thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant except one small thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant except one small thing it's
+given by actually the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by actually the absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by actually the absolute value of
+this guy okay so what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy okay so what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy okay so what's going on here
+what's going on here is when we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here is when we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here is when we are
+saying the determinant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the determinant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the determinant of the
+transformation tells us how the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation tells us how the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation tells us how the is
+Multiplied there's a small catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multiplied there's a small catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multiplied there's a small catch
+remember determinants are equal to areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember determinants are equal to areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember determinants are equal to areas
+up to sign sometimes determinant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to sign sometimes determinant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to sign sometimes determinant is
+negative because of reversing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative because of reversing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative because of reversing the
+orientation of things but the area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of things but the area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of things but the area is
+still the same area is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the same area is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the same area is always
+positive so the area elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so the area elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so the area elements are
+actually related by the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related by the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related by the absolute value
+of this guy okay so if you find you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this guy okay so if you find you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this guy okay so if you find you know
+minus 10 as your answer then dudv is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 10 as your answer then dudv is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 10 as your answer then dudv is
+still 10 times dxdy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so yeah I mean I didn't put it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah I mean I didn't put it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah I mean I didn't put it all
+together because then you would have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together because then you would have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together because then you would have two
+sets of vertical bars see I mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of vertical bars see I mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of vertical bars see I mean this is
+a vertical bar for absolute value this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vertical bar for absolute value this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vertical bar for absolute value this
+is a vertical bar for determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vertical bar for determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vertical bar for determinant
+they're not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the
+same um that's the one thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um that's the one thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um that's the one thing to
+remember okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually
+let's do a first example of that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a first example of that let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a first example of that let's
+check what we had for Polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates you know last time I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates you know last time I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates you know last time I told
+you well if we have DX Dy we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well if we have DX Dy we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well if we have DX Dy we should
+switch it to RDR D Theta and we had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch it to RDR D Theta and we had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch it to RDR D Theta and we had some
+argument for that by looking at the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for that by looking at the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for that by looking at the area
+of a small piece of you know a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a small piece of you know a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a small piece of you know a small
+circular sector but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular sector but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular sector but um
+you know let's check again using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's check again using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's check again using this
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+method so in polar coordinates I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so in polar coordinates I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so in polar coordinates I'm
+setting x = r cosine Theta y = r sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting x = r cosine Theta y = r sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting x = r cosine Theta y = r sin
+Theta so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so for
+jacoban for this change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacoban for this change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacoban for this change of
+variables so let's say I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so let's say I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so let's say I'm trying to
+find the partial derivatives of X Y with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the partial derivatives of X Y with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the partial derivatives of X Y with
+respect to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R
+Theta well what is okay let me actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta well what is okay let me actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta well what is okay let me actually
+write them here again just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you and so what does that become partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and so what does that become partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and so what does that become partial
+X over partial R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over partial R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over partial R is
+just coine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just coine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just coine
+Theta partial X over partial Theta is R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta partial X over partial Theta is R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta partial X over partial Theta is R
+sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta sorry I guess I'm going to run out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta sorry I guess I'm going to run out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta sorry I guess I'm going to run out
+of space here so let me do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+underneath so we said X subr is cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath so we said X subr is cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath so we said X subr is cosine
+Theta x sub Theta is netive R sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta x sub Theta is netive R sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta x sub Theta is netive R sin Theta
+y sub R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y sub R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y sub R is
+s y sub Theta is R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s y sub Theta is R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s y sub Theta is R
+cosine and now if we compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determinant we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant we'll
+get R cosine Square theta plus r sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get R cosine Square theta plus r sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get R cosine Square theta plus r sin
+Square Theta and that simplifies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square Theta and that simplifies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square Theta and that simplifies to
+R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+so DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DX
+Dy is well absolute value of R Dr D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy is well absolute value of R Dr D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy is well absolute value of R Dr D
+Theta but remember that R is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta but remember that R is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta but remember that R is always
+positive so it's Rd D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+okay so that's another way to justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's another way to justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's another way to justify
+how we did double integrals in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we did double integrals in polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we did double integrals in polar
+coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where yeah
+okay um are we switching from Polar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um are we switching from Polar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um are we switching from Polar to
+XY XY to Polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah so this one seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so this one seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so this one seems to be
+switching well it depends what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching well it depends what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching well it depends what you do
+see so okay actually here's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so okay actually here's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so okay actually here's an important
+thing that I didn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I didn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I didn't quite
+say so I said you know we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so I said you know we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so I said you know we're going to
+switch from XY to UV we can also switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from XY to UV we can also switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from XY to UV we can also switch
+from UV to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from UV to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from UV to
+XY and you know this conversion ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and you know this conversion ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and you know this conversion ratio
+the jacoban works both ways once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jacoban works both ways once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jacoban works both ways once you
+have found you know the ratio between DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found you know the ratio between DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found you know the ratio between DV
+and dxdy then it works one way or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dxdy then it works one way or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dxdy then it works one way or it
+works the other way I mean here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works the other way I mean here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works the other way I mean here of
+course we get the answer in terms of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we get the answer in terms of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we get the answer in terms of R
+so this would let us you know switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would let us you know switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would let us you know switch
+from XY to R Theta but we could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from XY to R Theta but we could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from XY to R Theta but we could also
+switch from R Theta to XY just with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from R Theta to XY just with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from R Theta to XY just with with
+write Dr D theta equals 1 / R DX Dy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Dr D theta equals 1 / R DX Dy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Dr D theta equals 1 / R DX Dy and
+then we'd have of course to replace R by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'd have of course to replace R by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'd have of course to replace R by
+its formula in XY coordinates usually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its formula in XY coordinates usually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its formula in XY coordinates usually we
+don't do that usually we actually start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that usually we actually start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that usually we actually start
+with XY and switch to Polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with XY and switch to Polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with XY and switch to Polar
+but um so in general you know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um so in general you know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um so in general you know when you
+have this formula relating DV with d xdy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this formula relating DV with d xdy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this formula relating DV with d xdy
+you can use it both ways either to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use it both ways either to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use it both ways either to
+switch from the udv to dxdy or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from the udv to dxdy or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from the udv to dxdy or the other
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+around and the thing that I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and the thing that I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and the thing that I'm not
+telling you but but now I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you but but now I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you but but now I should
+probably tell you is you know I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably tell you is you know I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably tell you is you know I could
+Define two jacobians because if I solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define two jacobians because if I solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define two jacobians because if I solve
+for XY in terms of UV instead of UV in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for XY in terms of UV instead of UV in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for XY in terms of UV instead of UV in
+terms of XY then I can compute two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of XY then I can compute two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of XY then I can compute two
+different jacobians I can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different jacobians I can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different jacobians I can compute
+partial UV over partial XY or I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial UV over partial XY or I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial UV over partial XY or I can
+compute partial XY over partial UV if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute partial XY over partial UV if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute partial XY over partial UV if I
+have a formulas both ways well the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a formulas both ways well the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a formulas both ways well the good
+news is these guys are the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news is these guys are the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news is these guys are the inverse of
+each other so you know the two formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so you know the two formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so you know the two formulas
+that you might get are consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remark you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark you know so
+say that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you can
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+both these guys well then actually their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both these guys well then actually their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both these guys well then actually their
+product will just be one so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product will just be one so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product will just be one so you know
+they're the inverse of each other so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the inverse of each other so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the inverse of each other so it
+doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+which one you compute you can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one you compute you can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one you compute you can compute
+whichever one is the easiest to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one is the easiest to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one is the easiest to compute
+no matter of which which one of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter of which which one of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter of which which one of the two
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need and one way to see that is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and one way to see that is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and one way to see that is that in
+fact you know we're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you know we're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you know we're looking at the
+determinant of these matrices that tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of these matrices that tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of these matrices that tell
+us the relation between the variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the relation between the variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the relation between the variables so
+if one of them tells you how Delta U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one of them tells you how Delta U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one of them tells you how Delta U
+Delta V relate to Delta X Delta y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V relate to Delta X Delta y the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V relate to Delta X Delta y the
+other one does the opposite thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one does the opposite thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one does the opposite thing it
+means they're the inverse matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they're the inverse matrices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they're the inverse matrices and
+the determinant of the inverse Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of the inverse Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of the inverse Matrix is
+the inverse of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of a
+determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant
+so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very
+really interchangeable I mean you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interchangeable I mean you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interchangeable I mean you can
+just you know compute whichever one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know compute whichever one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know compute whichever one is
+easiest so here if you wanted you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest so here if you wanted you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest so here if you wanted you know
+Dr D Theta in terms of DX Dy it's easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr D Theta in terms of DX Dy it's easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr D Theta in terms of DX Dy it's easier
+to do this and then move the r over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this and then move the r over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this and then move the r over
+there then to First solve for R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then to First solve for R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then to First solve for R and
+Theta as functions of X and Y and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta as functions of X and Y and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta as functions of X and Y and then
+do the entire thing again but you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the entire thing again but you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the entire thing again but you can do
+it if you want I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works oh yeah we have a useful remark so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works oh yeah we have a useful remark so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works oh yeah we have a useful remark so
+I mentioned it but let me emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned it but let me emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned it but let me emphasize
+again so now the ratio between DV and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so now the ratio between DV and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so now the ratio between DV and
+dxdy it's not it's not a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdy it's not it's not a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdy it's not it's not a constant
+anymore over there it used to be five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore over there it used to be five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore over there it used to be five
+but now it's become c r or anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it's become c r or anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it's become c r or anything in
+general it will be a function but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it will be a function but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it will be a function but
+depends on the variables so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the variables so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the variables so it's not
+true that you can just say oh I'll put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that you can just say oh I'll put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that you can just say oh I'll put a
+constant times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times
+DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes it would still work the same you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it would still work the same you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it would still work the same you
+know you could imagine drawing a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could imagine drawing a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could imagine drawing a picture
+where R and Theta are the cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where R and Theta are the cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where R and Theta are the cartisian
+coordinates and your picture would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and your picture would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and your picture would be
+completely messed up it would be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely messed up it would be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely messed up it would be a very
+strange thing to do to try to draw you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange thing to do to try to draw you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange thing to do to try to draw you
+know I I'm going to do it but don't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I'm going to do it but don't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I'm going to do it but don't take
+notes and that you know you could try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and that you know you could try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and that you know you could try to
+draw a picture like that and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a picture like that and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a picture like that and then you
+know a circle would start looking like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a circle would start looking like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a circle would start looking like
+you know a disc would look like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a disc would look like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a disc would look like that and
+it would be very counterintuitive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be very counterintuitive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be very counterintuitive but
+you could do it and that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do it and that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do it and that would be
+equivalent to what we did with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to what we did with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to what we did with a
+previous change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous change of
+variables so you know in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so you know in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so you know in this case
+certainly you would never draw a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly you would never draw a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly you would never draw a picture
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that but you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let's do a complete example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's do a complete example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's do a complete example
+to see how things fit together you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how things fit together you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how things fit together you know
+how we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything so let's say that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so let's say that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so let's say that we want to
+compute so I have to warn you it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute so I have to warn you it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute so I have to warn you it's going
+to be a very silly example it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a very silly example it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a very silly example it's an
+example where it's much easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where it's much easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where it's much easier to
+compute things without the change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute things without the change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute things without the change of
+variables uh but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know it's good practice in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's good practice in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's good practice in the sense
+that we're going to make it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to make it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to make it so
+complicated that if we can do this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated that if we can do this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated that if we can do this one
+then we can do them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say that we want to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that we want to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that we want to compute
+this and of course it's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and of course it's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and of course it's very easy to
+compute it directly but let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it directly but let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it directly but let's say that
+for some evil reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some evil reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some evil reason
+uh we want to do that by changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to do that by changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to do that by changing
+variables to U equal x and V equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to U equal x and V equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to U equal x and V equals
+XY okay that's a very strange idea but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY okay that's a very strange idea but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY okay that's a very strange idea but
+let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway I mean normally you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I mean normally you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I mean normally you know you
+would only do this kind of substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would only do this kind of substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would only do this kind of substitution
+if either it simplifies a lot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if either it simplifies a lot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if either it simplifies a lot the
+function you're integrating or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you're integrating or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you're integrating or it
+simplifies a lot the region on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies a lot the region on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies a lot the region on which
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+integrating and here nether happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating and here nether happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating and here nether happens
+so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but
+anyway so the first thing we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so the first thing we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so the first thing we have to do
+here is figure out what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is figure out what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is figure out what we're going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+integrating okay so to do that first we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating okay so to do that first we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating okay so to do that first we
+should figure out what DX Dy will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should figure out what DX Dy will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should figure out what DX Dy will become
+in terms of u and v so that's what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of u and v so that's what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of u and v so that's what we've
+just seen using the jacoban okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seen using the jacoban okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seen using the jacoban okay so the
+first thing to do is the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element and for that we use the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and for that we use the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and for that we use the Jacobian
+so well let's see the one that we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well let's see the one that we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well let's see the one that we can do
+easily is partials of u and v with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily is partials of u and v with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily is partials of u and v with
+respect to X and Y I mean the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X and Y I mean the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X and Y I mean the other one
+is not very hard because here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very hard because here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very hard because here you can
+solve easily but the one that's given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve easily but the one that's given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve easily but the one that's given to
+you is partial of u and v with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is partial of u and v with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is partial of u and v with respect
+to X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X and
+Y so partial U partial X is one partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so partial U partial X is one partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so partial U partial X is one partial
+U partial Y is zero partial V partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U partial Y is zero partial V partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U partial Y is zero partial V partial X
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+Y and partial V partial Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and partial V partial Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and partial V partial Y is
+X okay so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that du
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that du
+DV is X DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV is X DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV is X DX
+Dy well it would be absolute value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy well it would be absolute value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy well it would be absolute value of x
+but X is positive in our region so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but X is positive in our region so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but X is positive in our region so at
+least we don't have to worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now that we have that we can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now that we have that we can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now that we have that we can try
+to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrant in terms of u and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v okay so we were integrating X2 y DX d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v okay so we were integrating X2 y DX d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v okay so we were integrating X2 y DX d
+y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so
+let's switch it well let's first switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's switch it well let's first switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's switch it well let's first switch
+the DX Dy that becomes 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+/x d u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x d u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x d u
+DV so that's actually XY d u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV so that's actually XY d u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV so that's actually XY d u
+DV and what is XY in terms of u and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and what is XY in terms of u and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and what is XY in terms of u and v
+well here at least we have a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here at least we have a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here at least we have a little bit
+of luck you know XY is just V so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of luck you know XY is just V so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of luck you know XY is just V so that's
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DV so in fact what we will be Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV so in fact what we will be Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV so in fact what we will be Computing
+is a double integral over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a double integral over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a double integral over some
+mysterious region of v d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DV okay now last but not least we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV okay now last but not least we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV okay now last but not least we'll
+have to find what are the bounds for u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find what are the bounds for u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find what are the bounds for u
+and v in the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v in the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v in the new
+integral so that we know how to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so that we know how to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so that we know how to evaluate
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact well we could do it duv or dvu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact well we could do it duv or dvu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact well we could do it duv or dvu
+we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know
+yet oh amazing went all the way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet oh amazing went all the way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet oh amazing went all the way down
+this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it could be DVD if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easier so let's try to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so let's try to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so let's try to find the
+bounds that's in this case that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds that's in this case that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds that's in this case that's the
+hardest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest
+part okay so let me draw a picture in XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay so let me draw a picture in XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay so let me draw a picture in XY
+coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and try to understand things using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so X and Y go from 0 to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so X and Y go from 0 to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so X and Y go from 0 to one
+the region that we want to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region that we want to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region that we want to integrate
+over was just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over was just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over was just this
+Square let's try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square let's try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square let's try to figure
+out how u and v vary in there so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how u and v vary in there so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how u and v vary in there so let's
+say that we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we are going to
+do let's say we're going to do a DV Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do let's say we're going to do a DV Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do let's say we're going to do a DV Okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we want to understand is how u and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to understand is how u and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to understand is how u and
+v vary in here what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v vary in here what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v vary in here what's going to
+happen so the way we can think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so the way we can think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so the way we can think about it
+is we try to figure out how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we try to figure out how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we try to figure out how we're
+slicing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slicing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slicing our
+region okay so here we're integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay so here we're integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay so here we're integrating
+first over U that means we start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first over U that means we start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first over U that means we start by
+keeping U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping U
+constant no by keeping V constant as U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes okay so U changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as V is
+constant what does it mean that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant what does it mean that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant what does it mean that I'm
+keeping V constant well what is v v is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping V constant well what is v v is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping V constant well what is v v is
+XY so that means I keep XY equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY so that means I keep XY equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY so that means I keep XY equals
+constant what does the curve x yals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant what does the curve x yals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant what does the curve x yals
+constant look like well it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant look like well it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant look like well it's just a
+hyperbola okay yal constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola okay yal constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola okay yal constant
+X so if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so if I look
+at the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values of V that I can take for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of V that I can take for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of V that I can take for each
+value of V if I fix a value of V I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of V if I fix a value of V I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of V if I fix a value of V I will
+be moving on one of these red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be moving on one of these red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be moving on one of these red
+curves okay and U well U is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves okay and U well U is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves okay and U well U is the same
+thing as X so that means youu will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as X so that means youu will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as X so that means youu will
+increase you know here maybe it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase you know here maybe it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase you know here maybe it will be
+0.1 and it will increase to all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 and it will increase to all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 and it will increase to all the way
+to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one
+here okay so we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so we're just
+traveling on each of these slices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now so the question we must answer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the question we must answer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the question we must answer here
+is for a given value of V what up bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for a given value of V what up bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for a given value of V what up bounds
+for you so I'm traveling on my curve v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you so I'm traveling on my curve v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you so I'm traveling on my curve v
+equals constant and trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals constant and trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals constant and trying to figure out
+when do I enter my region when when do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do I enter my region when when do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do I enter my region when when do I
+leave it well I enter it when I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it well I enter it when I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it well I enter it when I go
+through this side so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this side so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this side so the question is
+what's the value of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here well we don't know that very easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well we don't know that very easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well we don't know that very easily
+until we look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we look at these
+formulas so U equals x okay but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so U equals x okay but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so U equals x okay but we don't
+know what x is at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what x is at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what x is at that
+point well U equal x and V equal XY what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point well U equal x and V equal XY what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point well U equal x and V equal XY what
+do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know
+here well we don't know X but we know y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well we don't know X but we know y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well we don't know X but we know y
+certainly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly okay
+so let's forget about trying to find U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's forget about trying to find U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's forget about trying to find U
+and let's say for now we know yals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say for now we know yals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say for now we know yals
+1 well if we set y equals 1 that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 well if we set y equals 1 that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 well if we set y equals 1 that tells
+us that that u and v are both equal to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that that u and v are both equal to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that that u and v are both equal to X
+so in terms of u and v the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of u and v the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of u and v the equation of
+this in u v coordinates is U equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V okay me the other way to do it is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V okay me the other way to do it is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V okay me the other way to do it is say
+that you know you want yals 1 you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you want yals 1 you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you want yals 1 you want
+to know what is y in terms of u and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what is y in terms of u and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what is y in terms of u and v
+well it's easy Y is v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u so let me actually add an extra step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u so let me actually add an extra step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u so let me actually add an extra step
+in case that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case that's
+so we know that Y is V / U equal 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that Y is V / U equal 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that Y is V / U equal 1 so
+that means U equal V is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means U equal V is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means U equal V is my
+equation okay so when I'm here when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so when I'm here when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so when I'm here when I'm
+entering my region the value of U at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering my region the value of U at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering my region the value of U at
+this point is just v u equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V that's the hard part now we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V that's the hard part now we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V that's the hard part now we need to
+figure out you know so we start at U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out you know so we start at U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out you know so we start at U
+equals v u increases increases increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals v u increases increases increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals v u increases increases increases
+where does it exit it exits when we here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does it exit it exits when we here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does it exit it exits when we here
+what's the value of U here one that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the value of U here one that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the value of U here one that one
+is easier right this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easier right this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easier right this side
+here so this side here is xal 1 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this side here is xal 1 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this side here is xal 1 that
+means U equal 1 so we stop at U equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means U equal 1 so we stop at U equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means U equal 1 so we stop at U equals
+1 now we've done the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 now we've done the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 now we've done the inner
+integral what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral what about the
+outer so we have to figure out what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer so we have to figure out what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer so we have to figure out what is
+the first and what is the last value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and what is the last value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and what is the last value of
+V that we'll want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V that we'll want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V that we'll want to
+consider well if you look at all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider well if you look at all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider well if you look at all these
+hyperbolas XY equals constant what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolas XY equals constant what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolas XY equals constant what's the
+smallest value of XY that we'll ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest value of XY that we'll ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest value of XY that we'll ever
+want to look at in here zero okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at in here zero okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at in here zero okay let me
+actually where's my yellow Chu is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no so this one here that's actually V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so this one here that's actually V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so this one here that's actually V
+equal Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z
+so we'll start at V equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start at V equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start at V equal
+Z and what's the last hypera we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and what's the last hypera we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and what's the last hypera we want to
+look at well it's the one that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at well it's the one that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at well it's the one that's right
+there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the
+corner this one here and that's V equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner this one here and that's V equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner this one here and that's V equals
+1 so V goes from Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay and now we can compute this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and now we can compute this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and now we can compute this I
+mean it's not particularly easier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's not particularly easier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's not particularly easier than
+that one but it's not harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one but it's not harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one but it's not harder
+either how else could we have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either how else could we have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either how else could we have gotten
+this bounds because that was quite evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bounds because that was quite evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bounds because that was quite evil
+so I would like to recommend that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would like to recommend that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would like to recommend that you
+give it a try this way you know in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a try this way you know in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a try this way you know in case
+it works well just try to picture what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works well just try to picture what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works well just try to picture what
+are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+slices in terms of u and v and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices in terms of u and v and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices in terms of u and v and how you
+travel on them where you enter where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel on them where you enter where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel on them where you enter where you
+leave staying in the XY picture if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave staying in the XY picture if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave staying in the XY picture if that
+somehow doesn't work well another way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow doesn't work well another way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow doesn't work well another way is
+to draw a picture in the UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+switch to a UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to a UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to a UV
+picture so what do I mean by that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so what do I mean by that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so what do I mean by that well
+we had here a picture in XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had here a picture in XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had here a picture in XY
+coordinates where we had our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates where we had our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates where we had our
+sides and we're going to try to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and we're going to try to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and we're going to try to draw
+what it looks like in terms of u and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like in terms of u and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like in terms of u and v
+so here we say this is xal 1 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we say this is xal 1 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we say this is xal 1 that
+becomes U equals 1 so we'll draw U equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 this side we say it is y = 1 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this side we say it is y = 1 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this side we say it is y = 1 that
+becomes u = v that's what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes u = v that's what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes u = v that's what we've done
+over there okay so U equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V now we have two other sides to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V now we have two other sides to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V now we have two other sides to deal
+with well let's look at this one first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with well let's look at this one first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with well let's look at this one first
+so that was xal Z what happens when x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was xal Z what happens when x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was xal Z what happens when x
+equals z well both u and v are zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z well both u and v are zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z well both u and v are zero so
+this side actually gets squished in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side actually gets squished in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side actually gets squished in the
+change of variables you know it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables you know it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables you know it's a bit
+it's a bit strange but it's a bit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit strange but it's a bit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit strange but it's a bit the
+same thing as you know when you switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as you know when you switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as you know when you switch
+to Polar coordinates at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Polar coordinates at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Polar coordinates at the
+R is zero but Theta can be anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is zero but Theta can be anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is zero but Theta can be anything you
+know sometimes not it's not always one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sometimes not it's not always one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sometimes not it's not always one
+point is one point so anyway this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is one point so anyway this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is one point so anyway this is the
+origin and then the last Side Y equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and then the last Side Y equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and then the last Side Y equals z
+and X varies just becomes V equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X varies just becomes V equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X varies just becomes V equals
+zero so somehow in the change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so somehow in the change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so somehow in the change of
+variables this Square becomes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables this Square becomes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables this Square becomes this
+triangle and now if we want to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and now if we want to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and now if we want to integrate
+du DV it means we're going to slice by V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du DV it means we're going to slice by V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du DV it means we're going to slice by V
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+constant so we're going to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so we're going to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so we're going to integrate
+other slices like this and you see for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other slices like this and you see for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other slices like this and you see for
+each value of v We Go From U equals V to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each value of v We Go From U equals V to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each value of v We Go From U equals V to
+U equals 1 and V goes from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U equals 1 and V goes from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U equals 1 and V goes from zero to
+1 okay so you get the same bounce just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay so you get the same bounce just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay so you get the same bounce just
+by drawing a different picture so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by drawing a different picture so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by drawing a different picture so it's
+up to you to decide whether you prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to you to decide whether you prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to you to decide whether you prefer
+to you know think on this picture or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know think on this picture or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know think on this picture or
+Draw that one instead it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Draw that one instead it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Draw that one instead it depends on
+which problems you're doing
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UZzWXYgQ4YM.txt b/UZzWXYgQ4YM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b88ff2d5c5863e317b62045f39da7d16bdc0834c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UZzWXYgQ4YM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5188 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons License.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: This is how to
+randomize two, and what--.
+
+AUDIENCE: Are there slides?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry.
+
+What we're going to talk about,
+it's just recap in case
+
+we missed anything this morning
+about the different
+
+methods of introducing an
+element of randomization into
+
+your project.
+
+Then I want to talk about the
+unit of randomization, whether
+
+you randomize individuals,
+or schools,
+
+or clinics, or districts.
+
+If you are very lucky and work
+somewhere like Indonesia, Ben
+
+Olken gets to randomize on the
+district level of many
+
+hundreds of thousands of
+people per unit of
+
+randomization, you need a very
+big country to do that.
+
+Multiple treatments, and we'll
+go through an example of how
+
+you can design an evaluation
+with different treatments to
+
+get at some really underlying
+questions, big questions in
+
+the literature or in the
+development field, rather than
+
+just does this program work,
+but much more of the deep
+
+level questions.
+
+Then I want to talk about
+stratification.
+
+And that's something where
+actually the theory has
+
+developed a little bit more, and
+as Cynthia can attest, it
+
+basically saved our project.
+
+In one case, we thought we just
+didn't have enough sample
+
+to do this, but we had
+stratified very carefully.
+
+And thank goodness we actually
+managed to get a result out of
+
+that project.
+
+And it was only because we did
+a good stratification that
+
+that was possible.
+
+So it's definitely worth
+thinking about
+
+how to do it correctly.
+
+And then very briefly just talk
+about the mechanics of
+
+randomization.
+
+But I think that's actually
+best done in the groups.
+
+And we'll also be circulating
+and we'll put up on the
+
+website some exercises.
+
+If you actually literally--
+
+I've learned all about
+randomization, but how do I
+
+literally do it?
+
+And the answer for
+us is normally--
+
+the answer with me is I
+get an RA to do it.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+You can write stata code, but
+you can also do it in Excel.
+
+So this should be a recap of
+what you did this morning, but
+
+I just want to talk about--
+
+I like kind of putting
+things in boxes and
+
+seeing pros and cons.
+
+The different kinds of ways of
+introducing some element of
+
+randomization into your
+project, to be able to
+
+evaluate it: basic lottery, just
+some in, some out, some
+
+get the program, some
+don't; a phase in.
+
+Can someone explain to
+me what a randomized
+
+phase in design is?
+
+Hopefully you did
+it this morning.
+
+Does anyone remember what a
+randomized phase in design is?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that the one
+where everyone gets
+
+it, but over time?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Everyone gets it in the
+end, but you randomize
+
+when they get it.
+
+So some people get it the first
+year, some people get it
+
+the second, and that's a very
+natural way in which projects
+
+expand over time.
+
+And so you introduce your
+element of randomization at
+
+that point and say, well,
+who gets it the
+
+first year is random.
+
+Rotation, randomized rotation.
+
+Did Dean talk about that?
+
+AUDIENCE: The way I remember it
+is it's almost like phase
+
+in, except for the service goes
+away from some people
+
+after a certain point.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, exactly.
+
+So with phase in, you're
+building up over time till
+
+everyone gets it.
+
+With rotation, you get it this
+year, but then you don't get
+
+it the next year.
+
+Encouragement, an encouragement
+design.
+
+OK, yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Basically
+that treatment--
+
+you use the same word.
+
+You're encouraging people to
+apply for a program or to get
+
+the intervention and then
+you're comparing all the
+
+people who have access to the
+program or the intervention
+
+versus people who don't.
+
+PROFESSOR: You're comparing the
+people who were encouraged
+
+to go to the program, where they
+may not all actually get
+
+the program, but the ones who
+were given this extra special
+
+encouragement or information
+about the
+
+program, that's right.
+
+So let's just think about
+when those are useful.
+
+How do you decide
+which of those--
+
+what are the times when you
+might want to use these?
+
+So basic lottery it's very
+natural to do when a program
+
+is oversubscribed.
+
+So when you've got a training
+course, and more people have
+
+applied for the training
+course then
+
+you've got places for.
+
+Again, I'm sure Dean talked
+about the fact that that
+
+doesn't mean you have to accept
+everyone, whether
+
+they're qualified or not.
+
+You can throw out the people who
+aren't qualified and then
+
+just randomize within the people
+who are qualified.
+
+And that's OK when it's
+politically acceptable for
+
+some people to get nothing.
+
+Sometimes that's OK, sometimes
+it isn't OK.
+
+A phase in is a good
+design when you're
+
+expanding over time.
+
+You don't have enough capacity
+to train everyone the first
+
+year, or get all the programs up
+and running the first year,
+
+so you've got to have some phase
+in anyway, so why not
+
+randomize the phase in?
+
+And it's also useful when
+politically you have to give
+
+something to everyone by the
+end of the treatment.
+
+Maybe you are worried
+that people won't
+
+cooperate with you.
+
+Maybe you just feel that unless
+they're going to get
+
+something at the end, maybe
+you feel that it's just
+
+inappropriate not to
+treat everyone you
+
+possibly can by the end.
+
+Whatever your reason, if you
+feel that you have to give
+
+everyone that you're contacting
+something by the
+
+end, then it's a
+good approach.
+
+Rotation, again, is useful
+when you can't
+
+have a complete control.
+
+Just politically,
+it's difficult.
+
+People won't cooperate
+with you.
+
+In the Balsakhi example, they
+were very nervous that the
+
+schools just weren't going to
+let them come in and test the
+
+kids unless they were going to
+get something out of it.
+
+So they had to give them all
+something at some point, but
+
+you didn't have enough
+resources to do
+
+every one by the end.
+
+You only had enough resources
+to do half the people.
+
+So you can do half and
+then switch, and
+
+then the other half.
+
+Now an encouragement design is
+very useful when you can't
+
+deny anyone access
+to the program.
+
+So it's been used and discussed
+in when you're
+
+setting up a business or former
+support centers that
+
+anyone can walk into and use,
+you don't want to say, if
+
+someone walks in your door--
+you're desperately trying to
+
+drum up custom for this--
+
+somebody walks in the door, you
+don't want to say you're
+
+not on our list, go away.
+
+That doesn't make sense
+for your program.
+
+Your program is trying
+to attract people.
+
+But it might make sense to
+spend some extra money to
+
+encourage some particular
+people to come
+
+and visit your center.
+
+So it's very useful when
+everyone is eligible for the
+
+program, but the take
+up isn't very high.
+
+So you've got these centers,
+anybody could walk in, but
+
+most people aren't walking in.
+
+If most people are walking in
+and using the service anyway,
+
+you got a problem.
+
+Those are going to be very hard
+to evaluate, because you
+
+haven't got any margin in
+which to change things.
+
+But if take up is currently
+low, but everyone is
+
+ineligible, then that's
+an opportunity to do
+
+encouragement design.
+
+It's also possible to do when
+you've only got two--
+
+I was talking over lunch about
+trying to evaluate some
+
+agriculture interventions where
+they're setting up two
+
+rice mills in Sierra Leone.
+
+Two is just not enough
+to randomize.
+
+You don't want to randomize
+where you put
+
+the rice mill anyway.
+
+But you can talk about
+encouraging some people or
+
+informing some people that
+there's going to be a new
+
+place where they'll be able to
+sell rice or get extension
+
+services associated with
+the rice mill.
+
+So advantages.
+
+A basic lottery is very
+familiar to people.
+
+It's easy to understand.
+
+It's very intuitive.
+
+You're pulling names
+out of a hat.
+
+You've got an equal chance
+of getting it.
+
+It's very easy to implement,
+and you can
+
+implement it in public.
+
+Sometimes it's useful to be
+able to show people that
+
+you're being fair.
+
+They see their names going into
+the hat, and they see
+
+people pulling them
+out of the hat.
+
+Sometimes that's important and
+useful to be able to do that.
+
+Again, the phase in is
+relatively easy to understand
+
+what's going on.
+
+We're rolling it out, and we're
+giving everyone an equal
+
+chance of having it
+in the first year.
+
+Don't worry, you'll get it later
+on, but you'll have to
+
+wait a little bit.
+
+I understand what I'm
+writing here.
+
+Control comply as expect
+to benefit.
+
+Oh yes, so the control is going
+to comply with you.
+
+They're going to take the
+surveys because they know that
+
+they're going to get something
+in the end.
+
+So they're willing to keep
+talking to you for the three
+
+years because--
+
+So the rotation will give you
+more data points than the
+
+phase in, because the problem
+with the phase in is over
+
+time, you're running
+out controls.
+
+By the end, you don't have
+any controls left.
+
+Whereas the rotation, you have
+some controls the whole time,
+
+because someone phase out.
+
+Encouragement, as I say, you can
+get away with the smaller
+
+sample size.
+
+You can do something even though
+you've only got two
+
+rice mills or two business
+centers in the
+
+whole of the country.
+
+And you can randomize an
+individual level, even when
+
+the program is at a
+much bigger level.
+
+But we'll talk more about the
+unit of randomization.
+
+You'll see what I mean by
+that in a bit more.
+
+So the disadvantages--
+
+I probably should have
+kept going along
+
+one line, but anyway--
+
+so a basic lottery is easy to
+understand and implement.
+
+The disadvantage is that you've
+got a real control, and
+
+the real control doesn't
+have any incentive to
+
+cooperate with you.
+
+And sometimes that's a problem
+and sometimes it isn't.
+
+I mean, a lot of where I work in
+rural Sierra Leone, people
+
+are very happy to
+answer surveys.
+
+They don't have very
+much else to do.
+
+They like the attention.
+
+Oh, can you come and
+survey me too?
+
+But if you're talking about
+urban India, there's lots of
+
+other things they
+should be doing.
+
+They've got to go get
+to their job.
+
+You've got to time the survey
+very carefully, otherwise
+
+they're really not going
+to want to talk to you.
+
+So you've got to worry a bit
+when you have really control
+
+in some areas about differential
+attrition.
+
+We'll talk about attrition
+later on in the week.
+
+But if you have more people
+unwilling to talk to you in
+
+control than you
+have treatment,
+
+you have a real problem.
+
+A phrase in, again,
+it's very--
+
+as they say, the advantage is
+it's very natural to the way
+
+that a lot of organizations
+work.
+
+They often expand over time.
+
+But there's a problem of
+anticipation of the effects.
+
+So if they know they're going
+to get it in two years, that
+
+may change what they're
+doing now.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can I ask a question
+about control groups not being
+
+willing to participate?
+
+Are there examples when an
+incentive has been used in
+
+order to get people to comply
+with the survey?
+
+There's obviously optimal
+ways to design that so
+
+you don't ruin the--
+
+PROFESSOR: So sometimes we give
+small things, like didn't
+
+you use backpacks?
+
+Little backpacks for
+kids in Balsakhi?
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: No, we used
+those to actually get our
+
+surveyors to comply.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: So sometimes people
+give things out.
+
+Normally we don't do that.
+
+Our most recent problem
+with it--
+
+and there's also ethical
+constraints.
+
+So everything we do
+has to go through
+
+human subjects clearance.
+
+And you have to justify if
+you're going to give people an
+
+incentive to comply, and
+is that going to
+
+change how they respond?
+
+The one case we've had problems
+recently which really
+
+screwed us, as Eric can attest
+to because he was doing all
+
+the analysis, was people
+wouldn't comply to get their
+
+hemoglobin checked, which
+required a pin
+
+prick taking blood.
+
+And then the people in the
+treatment were more willing to
+
+give blood than the people in
+the control, and that caused
+
+us a lot of problems.
+
+But I think probably human
+subjects saying, we'll pay you
+
+to take your blood, we've
+had trouble there.
+
+But I think if you're worrying
+about time and things, and
+
+kind of snacks, if it takes a
+long time, and you want people
+
+to come into centers to do
+experiments and games.
+
+Sometimes people use games as
+a way of getting an outcome
+
+measure, and that takes quite
+a lot of time to get them to
+
+play all these different
+games and see how
+
+they're playing them.
+
+And then providing food at the
+testing is kind of a very
+
+natural, and I think nobody's
+going to complain about that.
+
+And it helps make sure
+that people come in.
+
+In the US, it's actually
+very common to pay
+
+people to submit surveys.
+
+So you give them a voucher,
+you'll get a voucher if you
+
+fill in the survey.
+
+I'm not used to doing surveys
+in the US, but I know my
+
+colleagues who do it in the US
+will pay to get people to send
+
+in surveys.
+
+So there's a bit of a cultural
+thing about what's the
+
+appropriate way to do this.
+
+So as I say, with the phase in,
+you have to worry about
+
+anticipation of effects.
+
+And again, this really depends
+on what you're measuring,
+
+whether this is going
+to be a problem.
+
+If you're looking at
+accumulation of capital or
+
+savings, or buying a durable,
+if you know you're going to
+
+get money next year, then it'll
+effect whether you buy
+
+something this year.
+
+Where as if it's going to
+school, you're not going to
+
+wait till next year to go
+to school probably.
+
+So you have to think about
+it in the context
+
+of what you're doing.
+
+The other real problem with
+a phase in is it's very
+
+difficult to get long
+term effects.
+
+Why is it difficult to get
+a long term effect
+
+in a phase in design?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because within a short
+period of time, everyone
+
+has the treatment, and therefore
+it's hard to tell
+
+the difference between control
+and treatment phase.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Because we are looking 10 years
+out, you're looking at
+
+someone who's had it for nine
+years versus 10 years.
+
+Whereas if you want the 10 year
+effective of a project,
+
+you really want somebody to have
+not got it for 10 years
+
+versus to have got
+it for 10 years.
+
+So that can often be the
+complete death knell to using
+
+a phase in.
+
+The one exception to that is if
+you've got a school program
+
+or a kind of age cohort, then
+you phase it in over time.
+
+Some people will just missed
+it because they
+
+will have moved on.
+
+So one of our longest horizon
+projects is actually a phase
+
+in project, which is the
+deworming, because they're
+
+managing to follow up the
+cohorts who had left school by
+
+the time it reached
+their school.
+
+So it's not always impossible,
+but it's something you really
+
+have to think about.
+
+Encouragement design, this
+you'll talk about more in the
+
+analysis session.
+
+You always have to think
+about what's the
+
+question that I'm answering.
+
+And with an encouragement
+design, you're answering the
+
+question, what's the effect of
+the program on people who
+
+respond to the incentive?
+
+Because some people are
+responding to the
+
+incentive to take up.
+
+Some people are already doing
+it without the incentive.
+
+Some people won't do it even
+with the incentive.
+
+When you're measuring the
+impact, you're measuring the
+
+impact on the kind of person who
+responds to the incentive,
+
+who's not your average person.
+
+Now maybe that's exactly
+who you want to be
+
+measuring the effect on.
+
+Because if you're looking at a
+program that might encourage
+
+people to do more, say you're
+looking at savings and you've
+
+got an encouragement to come to
+a meeting of a 401k plan,
+
+and that encourages them to take
+up a 401k plan, that's
+
+kind of exactly the people
+you're interested in, who's a
+
+marginal 401k participant.
+
+In other cases, you're more
+interested in kind of the
+
+average effect of a program.
+
+So again, you have to
+worry about that.
+
+You need a big enough
+inducement to
+
+really change take up.
+
+If you change it a little bit,
+you're not going to have
+
+enough statistical power
+to measure the effect.
+
+We'll talk about statistical
+power tomorrow.
+
+The other thing you have to
+worry about is are you
+
+measuring the effect of taking
+up the program, or are you
+
+measuring the effect of the
+incentive to take it up?
+
+If you do a really big incentive
+to take it up, that
+
+might have a direct effect.
+
+So there's no right answer as
+to which is the best design.
+
+It completely depends on
+what your project is.
+
+And hopefully this is what
+you're learning this week, is
+
+which of these is suitable
+to my particular
+
+problem and my situation.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Could you explain what
+the control group would
+
+be in the encouragement, and
+how would you gather
+
+information about the
+control group?
+
+PROFESSOR: So the control group
+in the encouragement is
+
+the people who weren't given the
+encouragement to attend.
+
+There's an example on our
+website of the 401k plan, and
+
+they're looking at what's
+the impact on--
+
+they wanted to answer, if you
+take up a 401k plan, does it
+
+just shift your saving from one
+kind of asset to another
+
+kind of asset?
+
+Or does it actually totally
+increase your savings?
+
+So they needed some variation.
+
+They weren't going to be able
+to randomly persuade this
+
+company to have a 401k.
+
+Nobody is going to decide
+whether to have a 401k plan in
+
+their company based on
+the toss of the coin.
+
+It's too important
+of a decision.
+
+However, you will find that a
+lot of companies, a lot of
+
+universities--
+
+and this was done within
+a university context--
+
+a lot of the eligible people
+are not signed up.
+
+So they took the list of all
+the people who are eligible
+
+who had not signed up and
+randomly sent letters to some
+
+of them saying--
+
+I think maybe even a monetary
+encouragement--
+
+to come to the meeting, where
+they learned about 401k plan.
+
+More of those people ended up
+signing up for a 401k plan
+
+than the people who had
+not received a letter.
+
+Some of the people who had not
+received a letter did sign up.
+
+But fewer of them signed up
+than the people who had
+
+received an encouragement to
+attend the meeting and sign up
+
+for a 401k plan.
+
+So all you need is
+a difference.
+
+More of the people in the
+treatment group sign up, the
+
+control group are the people
+who are not encouraged.
+
+And there were fewer of
+them who signed up.
+
+As long as there's
+a difference.
+
+In our microfinance example, we
+have in our treatment areas
+
+where microfinance is offered,
+but it's not actually like we
+
+can say, you are taking
+microfinance, you are not.
+
+We can only offer it.
+
+It's available, and then people
+have to sign up for it.
+
+We have some difference-- not
+a huge difference, but some
+
+difference in the percentage
+of people who were offered
+
+microfinance who take it up
+versus those in areas where
+
+they were not offered it.
+
+So all long as there's some
+difference there, you can
+
+statistically tease
+out the effect.
+
+And it's random whether
+you're offered.
+
+It's not random whether
+you take it up.
+
+It's random whether
+you're offered.
+
+And you'll learn in the analysis
+section how you
+
+actually cope with the analysis
+when not everyone
+
+takes it up, but some
+people take it up.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: How was that
+a nontrivial finding?
+
+More people that you market
+a 401k to will sign up?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, no, that's
+not the finding.
+
+The finding is using the fact
+that more people who are
+
+marketed to sign up, you can
+then look at how their savings
+
+behavior changed.
+
+Did they just shift money out of
+their other savings and put
+
+it in the 401, or did it
+actually lead to an increase
+
+in total savings?
+
+And that's kind of the
+fundamental policy question
+
+about 401ks, does giving tax
+preference to savings, does it
+
+increase total savings, or is it
+just move your savings from
+
+one kind of instrument
+to another?
+
+And you look on average at the
+people who were offered, do
+
+they have totally more savings
+versus the people who were not
+
+encouraged to do 401ks?
+
+And then basically you adjust
+for the number of people who
+
+actually took up.
+
+Another question?
+
+AUDIENCE: This subject has been
+brought up a couple times
+
+so far, but I'm still
+confused on.
+
+You say within the
+disadvantages, there's the
+
+problem that you're going to
+measure the impact of those
+
+who respond to the incentive.
+
+And this seems like a major
+disadvantage, that it puts in
+
+a lot of selection bias, because
+whoever is responding
+
+to the incentive.
+
+So what has been brought up so
+far is that you then look at
+
+the intended treatment rather
+than the treatment itself, but
+
+I still don't understand--.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so you're going
+to do intend to treat versus
+
+treatment on the treated
+on Friday.
+
+So the actual mechanics
+of how you do it,
+
+we're putting it off.
+
+You're not meant to be able to
+do it yet, because you have a
+
+whole hour and a half on that.
+
+AUDIENCE: But if you then
+do that, then does
+
+that selection disappear?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+So you said you're worried
+about selection bias, the
+
+people who are going
+to show up.
+
+It's not that we measure the
+outcomes of those who sign up
+
+versus all the control.
+
+We measure, on average, the
+effect of all the people who
+
+are offered the treatment versus
+the average of all the
+
+people who were not offered.
+
+So on average treatment versus
+control where treatment is
+
+being offered, not taking up.
+
+So we have no selection bias.
+
+If we see a change, we assume
+that all that change comes
+
+from the few people who
+actually changed their
+
+behavior as a result
+of the incentive.
+
+So say half the people take up
+and we see a change of 2%.
+
+If all the 2% is coming from
+just half the people changing
+
+their behavior, then we assume
+that the change in behavior
+
+there was 4%.
+
+Because it's coming from half
+the sample, and averaged over
+
+everyone it's 2%, so if it's
+only coming from half, they
+
+must have changed by 4%.
+
+So that's what you
+do, very simply.
+
+It's not a selection bias
+because we're taking the
+
+averages of two completely
+equivalent groups.
+
+But we are taking it
+from the change in
+
+behavior of certain people.
+
+And so what we are measuring is
+how the program changed the
+
+behavior of those
+certain people.
+
+So it's not selection
+bias, it's just
+
+what are you measuring.
+
+Who's changing?
+
+Who are you looking at?
+
+It's just like saying if you
+do the project in the
+
+mountains, you're getting the
+impact of doing the project in
+
+the mountains, whereas it may
+not tell you about what's the
+
+effect of doing it
+on the plains.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's the external
+validity, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, it's
+external validity.
+
+But it really depends
+on the question.
+
+You can't say that's
+right or wrong.
+
+Because if your question is what
+happens to people who are
+
+in the mountains, then that's
+the right answer.
+
+If you want to know what happens
+to people in the
+
+plains, then you have to think
+about does this make sense?
+
+In this case it's changing the
+effect on the marginal person
+
+who responds to incentive.
+
+If that's the very poor who
+respond to the incentive, then
+
+you know the effect of doing the
+program on the very poor.
+
+And maybe that's what
+you want to know.
+
+But as long as you know what
+the question is that you're
+
+answering, I think
+that's important.
+
+Then you can think about
+whether it makes sense,
+
+whether you've got an external
+validity question or whether--
+
+you care about the poor
+anyway, so I'm happy.
+
+So I've taken half an hour
+on one slide, so I should
+
+probably speed up.
+
+So unit and randomization.
+
+We just went over an awful lot
+material in that slide, so
+
+it's quite fundamental.
+
+So I'm glad you asked
+questions about it.
+
+So the unit of randomization is
+are we going to randomize
+
+individuals to get the program,
+or are we going to
+
+randomize communities to get the
+program, or a group level?
+
+It could be a school,
+a community, a
+
+health center, a district.
+
+But it's a clump of people.
+
+So how do we make a decision
+about what unit
+
+to randomize at?
+
+So if we do it at an individual
+level, you get the
+
+program, you don't get the
+program, you get the program,
+
+we can do a really nice,
+detailed evaluation at a
+
+relatively small cost.
+
+That's the benefit.
+
+But it may be politically
+difficult to do that.
+
+To have different treatments
+within one community,
+
+particularly if you're
+thinking--
+
+imagine if you were in
+a school context, and
+
+you've got a class.
+
+And you say, well,
+you get a lunch.
+
+We're providing lunch to
+you, but I'm sorry, you
+
+don't get any lunch.
+
+It's just very hard to do that,
+and often inappropriate
+
+to do that.
+
+And what's more, it often
+doesn't work, because most
+
+kids, when they're given
+something and their neighbor
+
+isn't, they all share
+with their neighbor.
+
+At least most kids in developing
+countries, maybe
+
+not my kids.
+
+And then you've just totally
+screwed up your evaluation.
+
+Because if they're sharing with
+their neighbor, who's the
+
+control, you don't know what the
+effect of having lunch is,
+
+because actually there isn't any
+difference between them.
+
+So that's not going to work.
+
+So sometimes a program can
+only be implemented at a
+
+certain level.
+
+There's just kind of logistical
+things which mean
+
+we're setting up a center
+in a community.
+
+We don't set it up for
+individuals, we set up one in
+
+the community.
+
+So we either do it
+or we don't.
+
+So that often gives you the
+answer right there as to
+
+what's the unit that you
+can randomize at.
+
+Spillovers is exactly what we
+were talking about in terms of
+
+sharing the food.
+
+Sitting next to someone
+who gets the
+
+treatment may impact you.
+
+And if it does, you have to take
+that into account when
+
+you design what unit that
+you're going to do the
+
+evaluation at.
+
+So as they say, encouragement
+is this kind of weird thing
+
+that's halfway between the two,
+in the sense that the
+
+program may be implemented at
+a village or district level,
+
+but you can randomize
+encouragement to take it up at
+
+an individual level.
+
+So sometimes that's a nice
+way out of that.
+
+So multiple treatments is
+sometimes people list as kind
+
+of an alternative method
+of randomization.
+
+But really, you can have any of
+these different approaches
+
+could be done with multiple
+
+treatments or with one treatment.
+
+Now I'm going to take a little
+time to kind of work through a
+
+couple of different examples
+that are all
+
+based around schools.
+
+I don't know why.
+
+My last lecture was all
+based around schools.
+
+I guess you had Dean talking
+about different examples in
+
+the last lecture.
+
+So going back to the Balsakhi
+case and thinking about the
+
+problems that came out,
+and the issues around
+
+the Balsakhi case.
+
+We're going to look at two
+different approaches to
+
+answering some of those
+questions, and sort of discuss
+
+what are the pros and cons
+of the different
+
+ways of doing it.
+
+So the fundamental issues, if
+we think about the needs
+
+assessment around Balsakhi, what
+were the problems in the
+
+needs assessment?
+
+You had very large
+class sizes.
+
+You had children at different
+levels of learning.
+
+You had teachers who
+were often absent.
+
+And you had curricula that were
+inappropriate for many of
+
+the kids, particularly the
+most marginalized kids.
+
+This was urban India, pretty
+similar problems in many
+
+developing countries.
+
+Most places I've worked
+have that problem,
+
+all of those problems.
+
+So what are the different
+interventions that we could do
+
+to address those issues?
+
+We could have more teaches,
+and that would allow us to
+
+split the classes into
+smaller classes.
+
+If we're worrying about children
+being at different
+
+levels of learning, we could
+stream pupils, i.e.
+
+divide the classes such that
+you have people who are of
+
+more similar ability
+in each class.
+
+How do we cope with teachers
+often being absent?
+
+You could make teachers
+more accountable, and
+
+they may show up more.
+
+How do we cope with the
+curricula being often
+
+inappropriate for the most
+marginalized children?
+
+Well, you might want to change
+the curricula and make it more
+
+basic or more focused on where
+the children actually are at.
+
+All too often the curricula
+appear to be set according to
+
+what the kids of the Minister
+of Education, their level
+
+rather than what's the
+appropriate level for kids in
+
+poor schools.
+
+So how did the Balsakhi study
+approach those questions and
+
+try and answer those
+questions?
+
+The Balsakhi was limited
+in the fact that
+
+they had one treatment.
+
+So it's going to be a little
+more complicated to tease out
+
+all of those different
+questions, because this is
+
+going back to the question you
+discussed before, which is
+
+we've got a package
+of interventions.
+
+They had a package which was
+the Balsakhi program.
+
+And they managed to get
+an awful lot of
+
+information out of that.
+
+And then we'll look at an
+alternative that looks at
+
+multiple treatments and is able
+to get at these questions
+
+in a somewhat more
+precise way.
+
+So in the Balsakhi study you've
+got this package, which
+
+is that each school in the
+treatment got a Balsakhi a
+
+tutor in grades three or four.
+
+The lowest achieving children in
+the class were sent to the
+
+Balsakhi for half the day, and
+all the children at the end
+
+were given a test.
+
+So that was the design
+of the project.
+
+Now we're going to go through
+the questions that we want to
+
+try and answer.
+
+The first question is do smaller
+class sizes improve
+
+test scores?
+
+So as you went through in the
+case, even though it was one
+
+project and it was designed--
+
+one study and it was designed
+to test the effectiveness of
+
+the Balsakhi program, they
+actually were able to answer
+
+this question to some extent by
+saying, the kids who were
+
+at a high level at the beginning
+didn't get these
+
+other elements of Balsakhi.
+
+All they got was that the low
+ability kids were moved out of
+
+their class.
+
+So they actually had smaller
+class sizes as a result for
+
+half of the day.
+
+So that gives us a chance
+to look at does
+
+lower class sizes help?
+
+So you just compare the high
+achieving pupils in treatment
+
+and control, some of those in
+the treatment classes had
+
+smaller class sizes
+for half the day;
+
+those without did not.
+
+Now another question that we had
+on our list is does having
+
+an accountable teacher
+get better results?
+
+So we're worried about teaches
+not showing up.
+
+If you make the teacher more
+accountable, do they show up
+
+more often, and do you
+get better results?
+
+Now in this case, the Balsakhi
+is more accountable than the
+
+regular teacher, because the
+Balsakhi is hired by an NGO.
+
+They can be fired if they're
+not doing their job.
+
+But the other teacher is a
+government teacher, and as we
+
+know, government teaches are
+very rarely fired, whether in
+
+developing countries or
+developed countries, whether
+
+they're doing a good
+job or not.
+
+So we could look at the
+treatment effect for low
+
+versus high children.
+
+What do I mean by the
+treatment effect?
+
+What do I mean by that,
+comparing the treatment effect
+
+for low versus higher
+achieving children?
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe the result
+of the test scores.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, so we're going
+to use the test scores.
+
+But the treatment effect is
+whose test scores am I
+
+comparing to get the
+treatment effect
+
+for low scoring children?
+
+AUDIENCE: The one with the
+government teacher versus the
+
+one with Balsakhi teacher?
+
+PROFESSOR: So all the
+low scoring people
+
+are going to be--
+
+if they're in treatment, they'll
+get the Balsakhi.
+
+Right?
+
+Yes, so it's--
+
+I see what you mean.
+
+You're right.
+
+So what we're saying is what's
+the effect of the treatment
+
+for low scoring?
+
+That means compare the test
+score improvement for the low
+
+performing kids in treatment
+with the low performing kids
+
+in control.
+
+That's the treatment effect.
+
+What was the effect
+of the treatment?
+
+Compare treatment and control
+for low scoring kids.
+
+The difference is the
+treatment effect.
+
+So what's the difference between
+treatment and control
+
+for low versus the treatment
+effect for high scoring kids?
+
+So basically all of the kids
+in the treatment group got
+
+smaller class sizes.
+
+Only the initially low scoring
+kids got the Balsakhi, got the
+
+accountable teacher.
+
+So if you look at the high
+scoring kids, you get just the
+
+effect of class size.
+
+If you look at just the low
+scoring kids, you get class
+
+size, lower class size, and
+accountable teacher.
+
+You also get a different
+curriculum.
+
+So you've got three changes.
+
+One of the changes we've taken
+care of, because we've looked
+
+at that on its own.
+
+We've got smaller class sizes on
+its own by looking at just
+
+high scoring kids.
+
+So the two left are changing
+curricula and
+
+changing kind of teacher.
+
+And that's the difference
+between the treatment effect
+
+for low and the treatment effect
+for high scoring kids.
+
+So as I say, you've got two
+things going on for the low
+
+scoring kids.
+
+You've got three things going
+on, but we've controlled for
+
+one of them.
+
+The two things that are
+different about the low
+
+scoring kids is they get a
+different kind of teacher and
+
+they get a different
+kind of curricula.
+
+So it's going to be really hard
+to tease out those two
+
+things from each other.
+
+So does streaming improve
+test scores?
+
+We can look at what happens to
+the high scoring kids, because
+
+they don't have--
+
+we don't have to worry about the
+fact that they're changing
+
+the kind of teacher, because
+they've still got the
+
+government teacher.
+
+All they've got is the low
+scoring kids taken out of
+
+their class.
+
+So we could look at the
+high scoring kids.
+
+Now they found nothing.
+
+And that makes it easier to
+interpret, because if you
+
+don't find anything, and there's
+more streaming, they
+
+haven't got the low scoring
+kids in their class, and
+
+they've got smaller
+class sizes.
+
+So they didn't find anything.
+
+So they said, well, smaller
+class sizes didn't help and
+
+streaming didn't help.
+
+But if they'd found a small
+effect, they wouldn't have
+
+known whether it was
+this or this.
+
+Because lots of things are being
+changed, and they've
+
+only got one treatment.
+
+That's basically what
+I'm trying to say.
+
+They managed to tease out a lot,
+but they can't nail down
+
+everything, because they're
+changing lots of different
+
+things about the classroom, but
+they've only got treatment
+
+versus control.
+
+So if they got a zero and two
+things going on, they can
+
+actually say, well, both
+of them must be zero.
+
+Unless of course, one helped and
+one hurt and they exactly
+
+offset each other.
+
+Again, focusing on basic
+improvements, focusing the
+
+curricula, as we say, for the
+low scoring kids, there was an
+
+improvement, but we don't know
+whether it was because the
+
+teacher was more accountable
+or the curricula changed.
+
+We can maybe look at teacher
+attendance and see did that
+
+change a lot, in which case if
+it didn't, if the Balsakhi
+
+didn't turn up more than the
+regular teacher, then it's
+
+probably the curricula
+that's going up.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it methodologically
+sound to
+
+compare side by side the
+treatment effect for low
+
+achieving students and high
+achieving students, even
+
+though they're starting in
+very different places?
+
+Can you make them comparable
+because they're starting at
+
+such different levels, and it
+might be more difficult to get
+
+from one level than
+from another?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So again, you can't judge where
+low scoring kids improve
+
+by 10%, high scoring kids
+improve by 15%.
+
+Is one really bigger than the
+other, or is it just the way
+
+you measure it?
+
+Is it harder to get high scoring
+kids up or easier?
+
+Then you're in trouble.
+
+But in this case, the high
+scoring kids didn't see any
+
+improvement at all.
+
+So that's kind of easier to
+interpret, whereas the low
+
+scoring kids saw a huge
+amount of improvement.
+
+You could say, well, it's just
+hard to get the high scoring
+
+kids much better.
+
+But when we say high scoring
+kids, we're like they're on
+
+grade level.
+
+They're not massively
+behind grade level.
+
+It's not like they're such
+superstars that there's no
+
+improvement possible.
+
+They were just on grade level.
+
+That's all we mean by high
+scoring in this context.
+
+It wasn't that they were
+desperately falling behind.
+
+But as I say, you don't want to
+compare an improvement of
+
+10 versus an improvement in 15,
+because that depends on
+
+how you scored the test.
+
+So it's hard to interpret.
+
+But in this case, the program
+just didn't help the top.
+
+And in the textbook example that
+I talked about before,
+
+giving textbooks just didn't
+help the average kid.
+
+It only helped the top 20%.
+
+And then I think you
+can say something.
+
+Again, it's pointing you to
+the fact that maybe the
+
+curricula is just so
+over their heads.
+
+If you don't see any movement
+in the bottom 80% from a
+
+program, and you only see
+movement in the top, then you
+
+can say something.
+
+Again, remember though my
+comment that you should say in
+
+advance what it is you're
+looking for.
+
+That you care about this,
+because you don't want to dice
+
+it every percentile.
+
+The 56th percentile, it really
+worked for them.
+
+It didn't work for anybody
+else, but the
+
+56th percentile really--
+
+well, that's not very
+convincing.
+
+But if you've got a story that
+I'm worried about the
+
+curricula being appropriate, and
+it's really the kids who
+
+are falling behind who are going
+to benefit most, and
+
+this is the intervention
+designed for them, then it's
+
+completely appropriate to
+be looking at does this
+
+intervention actually help the
+kids it was designed to help,
+
+which are the low
+achieving kids?
+
+That basic question
+is appropriate.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: This is a
+little off topic.
+
+In our group we were reviewing
+this, we talked about criteria
+
+for determining a low achieving
+student, and that
+
+that was not based on anything
+quantitative necessarily, that
+
+that was sort of a more
+discretionary choice on the
+
+part of the teacher.
+
+But in fact, the thing that
+you used to evaluate the
+
+efficacy of intervention
+at the end was a test.
+
+And it was a pretest.
+
+So I'm just curious about
+the test itself.
+
+Was this a specially designed
+test by you?
+
+Was this something that
+the NGO already had?
+
+Were students familiar with
+this kind of a test?
+
+PROFESSOR: It was a test that
+was designed to pick out
+
+people who were falling
+behind the curricula.
+
+And the idea of the program was
+that we want to pull out
+
+the kids who are really falling
+behind the curricula.
+
+So it was a test designed to
+pick out the people that they
+
+thought would benefit from the
+program, and the things that
+
+they were targeting
+in the program.
+
+You're right that in a sense
+it would've been more
+
+effective to say, we'll
+decide based on the
+
+test which kids go.
+
+This test is designed to figure
+out who's going to
+
+benefit from the program,
+who's the target
+
+group for the program.
+
+We'll tell the teachers these
+are the kids that
+
+you should pull out.
+
+But I guess it was just seen
+that in this context, the
+
+teachers have a lot
+of control.
+
+And it was seen that they needed
+to make that decision.
+
+Now in the end, they could see
+whether the kids that were
+
+pulled out were in fact
+the ones who scored
+
+lowly on the test.
+
+It wasn't a complete match,
+but it was a decent match.
+
+So this wouldn't make any sense
+if there wasn't some
+
+comparison comparative between
+those two, if it wasn't a
+
+pretty good predictor of
+who got the program.
+
+AUDIENCE: Did you develop
+it, or had they
+
+already developed it?
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: Pratham
+had developed it.
+
+PROFESSOR: So it
+was the NGO--.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: Pratham hired
+them on the school curriculum.
+
+So they basically went through
+the textbook of the grades
+
+three and four--
+
+actually on grades two and
+three, and included questions
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: And they did that
+specifically for the purposes
+
+of this study?
+
+Or was this part of their
+program, but it just wasn't
+
+the main criteria
+for the study?
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: They were
+testing people
+
+independent of the study.
+
+But I think in this particular
+instance, this test was
+
+designed at the same
+time as the study.
+
+PROFESSOR: They've since
+actually developed another
+
+tool which we now use in a lot
+of other places, which is a
+
+very, very basic tool for seeing
+basically can you read.
+
+And it's a very nice tool for
+sorting the very bottom.
+
+Because a lot of education tests
+are all aimed at the
+
+top, and they don't sort out
+the bottom half of the
+
+distribution.
+
+And Pratham's developed a very
+nice test, which they now
+
+introduce in--
+
+they do a nationwide testing
+of kids across India.
+
+And they have a very good
+mapping of where a kid's
+
+falling behind.
+
+And it's a test that's really
+designed to get at the bottom.
+
+We now use it when I was doing
+a study in Bangladesh.
+
+And people in the World
+Bank are using
+
+it to do it in Africa.
+
+It's called a dipstick because
+it can be done quite quickly,
+
+but it gives you quite a good,
+accurate indication of where
+
+people are going.
+
+So that was kind
+of complicated.
+
+We're having trouble sorting out
+exactly what was going on
+
+in different--
+
+although we get a very clear
+idea of does the program work,
+
+and we know it works.
+
+If we want to try to get at
+these fundamental ideas, we
+
+got some sense from it,
+but it's a little
+
+hard to get at precisely.
+
+So how can we do a better job
+of really nailing these
+
+fundamental issues that
+we want to get at?
+
+Well, the alternative is that
+the old economics thing if you
+
+want to get four outcomes, you
+got to have four instruments.
+
+So do smaller classes
+improve test scores?
+
+Well what's the obvious
+way to do that?
+
+You just do a treatment
+that adds teachers.
+
+Does accountable teachers
+get better results?
+
+You make the new teachers more
+accountable, and you randomize
+
+whether a kid gets a smaller
+class with an accountable
+
+teacher, or a smaller class
+with the old teacher, you
+
+randomize that.
+
+So you can test the new teachers
+who are accountable
+
+versus the regular teachers
+that were not accountable.
+
+Does streaming improve
+test scores?
+
+Well, you do that separately
+with the different treatment.
+
+In some schools, you divide
+classes into ability
+
+groupings, and in other
+schools, you just
+
+randomly mix them.
+
+And you've got an opportunity
+to do that division because
+
+you've just added some
+more teachers.
+
+But you randomize so some
+schools get the division,
+
+unlike the Balsakhi, where
+all the classes
+
+got divided by ability.
+
+This case sometimes they will
+be and sometimes they won't,
+
+and then we've got more
+variation, and we can pick up
+
+those things more precisely.
+
+Does focusing the basics
+improve results?
+
+Well, you can train some people
+to focus on the basics
+
+and only introduce those
+in some schools.
+
+This is an actual project did
+the first three of these.
+
+If you wanted to do this
+one, you'd have
+
+to add another treatment.
+
+So extra teacher provision in
+Kenya, at least one of those
+
+involved in Balsakhi went off
+and did it again with more
+
+schools and more treatments.
+
+Esther was part of both
+of these projects.
+
+So they started with a target
+population of 330 schools.
+
+Some of them were randomized
+into pure control group, no
+
+extra teacher, exactly as
+they were doing before.
+
+Another bunch much more, and
+you'll realize why, because
+
+I'm about to subdivide this into
+many other things, got an
+
+extra teacher.
+
+And that extra teacher was
+a contract teacher, i.e.
+
+they could be fired if
+they didn't show up.
+
+So then you split it into those
+who are streamed, i.e.
+
+they are grouped by ability when
+they're segregated into
+
+the different classes,
+and those who--
+
+I shouldn't say ability, I
+should say achievement--
+
+versus those who are
+just randomly
+
+divided between classes.
+
+There's no attempt to stream.
+
+Within that you've got
+your extra teachers.
+
+Some of them are contract
+teachers, some of them not.
+
+So you need to randomize which
+classes get the government
+
+teacher and which get the
+contract teacher.
+
+What would happen if you didn't
+insist on that being
+
+randomized?
+
+Well no actually, that's
+fine, because these
+
+classes are the same.
+
+But when I go here, we've got
+some of the classes are
+
+grouped to be the low
+level learning
+
+when they enter school.
+
+In Kenya, this was done by
+whether you knew any English,
+
+because all the teaching is
+in English in school.
+
+So there were some kids who
+were turning up in school
+
+knowing some English and some
+kids turning up who have no
+
+words of English.
+
+So the idea is, that's kind of
+the fundamental thing when you
+
+start school.
+
+You're talking to a bunch of
+people, some of whom know
+
+English and some don't,
+can you adapt your
+
+teaching level to that?
+
+And this allows them to adapt
+their teaching to whether the
+
+kids in the class know
+any English or not.
+
+So some are grouped.
+
+So these are all grouped
+by ability.
+
+You've got the lower level of
+English learning at the
+
+beginning and the higher
+level of English
+
+learning at the beginning.
+
+Now, if I didn't randomize, so
+some of these got government
+
+teachers and--
+
+or contract teachers, and some
+of these got government
+
+teachers versus contact
+teachers.
+
+If I didn't insist
+on randomizing
+
+this, what would happen?
+
+What would I fear would happen,
+and why would that
+
+screw up my ability to do
+the evaluation properly?
+
+If I just sorted they by the
+level of scoring on English at
+
+the beginning, and then said
+OK, you've got contract
+
+teachers, you've got government
+teachers, you
+
+figure out who teaches
+which class.
+
+What would I worry
+about happening?
+
+AUDIENCE: They would assign
+teachers in a systematic way,
+
+and you wouldn't be able to
+determine whether the effects
+
+were due to the tracking,
+or because we
+
+got the better teacher.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+My guess is all the higher level
+classes would be taken
+
+by the government teacher, and
+all the lower classes would be
+
+given to the contract teacher.
+
+And then I wouldn't know whether
+it was streaming works
+
+for high level but not for low
+level or vice versa, or
+
+whether it's something to
+do with the teacher.
+
+I have to take control and say,
+you're only doing this if
+
+I get to decide which class
+is taken by which teacher.
+
+But this way we know that half
+of the lower level kids got
+
+taken by a government teacher,
+half of them
+
+by a contract teacher.
+
+Which classes it was
+was randomized.
+
+Because otherwise I'm going to
+get all the low ones being--
+
+or most of the low ones being
+taken by the contract teacher,
+
+most of the high ones
+being taken by
+
+the government teacher.
+
+And I've got two things going
+on, and only one difference
+
+that I can't sort
+out the effects.
+
+AUDIENCE: If the interest is
+to determine the effect of
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: But I'm not.
+
+What I'm--
+
+lots of clicks involved.
+
+What were my questions
+at the beginning?
+
+Oh dear.
+
+I'm trying to identify things
+to deal with all of these.
+
+And I'm trying to identify a
+bunch of different things.
+
+I'm trying to identify
+what's the effect of
+
+smaller class sizes?
+
+I'm also worrying that children
+in these big classes
+
+are at different levels.
+
+So I also want to answer
+what's the effect
+
+of streaming kids?
+
+So that's our--
+
+I agree.
+
+It's a whole separate
+question.
+
+And I'm describing a design of
+an evaluation that does not
+
+answer one question.
+
+It answers three questions.
+
+This particular one didn't
+answer this one.
+
+So three questions that-- so one
+evaluation with multiple
+
+treatments is designed to answer
+three of, I would argue
+
+three of the most fundamental
+questions in education.
+
+How important a class size?
+
+How important is
+it to deliver--
+
+to have coherent classes that
+are all at the same level so
+
+that you can deliver a
+message that's at the
+
+level of the children?
+
+And how important is it to make
+teachers accountable?
+
+Those are three completely
+different questions.
+
+The Balsakhi was getting some
+answers to these, but they
+
+only changed one thing.
+
+They only had one program, so
+it was hard to tease out.
+
+So we're designing this
+to answer those
+
+three different questions.
+
+So you're right.
+
+If you just want to answer
+what's the effect of adding
+
+teaches, you don't need such
+a complicated design.
+
+But they also wanted to answer
+what's the most effective way
+
+of adding more teachers, or
+alternatively, just what's a
+
+better way of organizing
+a school?
+
+Does this improve the
+way the school works
+
+to do it this way?
+
+And then you see that
+we've got--
+
+that's why we started with
+lots more schools in this
+
+group, because we're dividing
+it more times, and we need
+
+these different.
+
+So how are we going to actually
+look at the results
+
+to be able to answer
+this question?
+
+So the first hypothesis we
+have is providing extra
+
+teachers leads to better
+educational outcomes.
+
+Just smaller class sizes, better
+educational outcomes.
+
+So to answer that question, we
+simply compare all the people
+
+who are in this group with all
+the people who are in control.
+
+That's the comparison when we
+do the analysis, we do that.
+
+Our secondary thing is, is it
+more important to have smaller
+
+class sizes for lower
+performing kids?
+
+Are they the ones who
+benefit most?
+
+And then we can look at
+the low performing
+
+kids in these groups.
+
+This is a subgroup analysis
+saying, is the program effect
+
+different for different
+kinds of kids?
+
+Is this kind of approach most
+important for people who start
+
+at a given level?
+
+So that's relatively simple.
+
+Our second hypothesis is
+students in classes grouped by
+
+ability perform better on
+average than those in mixed
+
+level classes.
+
+So this is exactly the second
+question, which is, I agree, a
+
+completely separate question.
+
+And that, we don't
+look at this one.
+
+Because these have a different
+class size, so you don't want
+
+to throw them in with this
+lot, because then you're
+
+changing two things at once.
+
+You take all of those who have
+smaller class sizes, some who
+
+are mixed ability, and some who
+are split by the level of
+
+attainment when they come in.
+
+And a big question in the
+education literature is, maybe
+
+it's good for high performing
+kids to be separated out, but
+
+maybe that actually hurts
+low performing kids.
+
+So they were able
+to look at that.
+
+Actually they found that both
+low performing at the baseline
+
+and high performing at the
+baseline, both did better
+
+under streaming than under
+mixed classes.
+
+Their argument being that
+those who are in the low
+
+performing group
+were actually--
+
+their teacher could teach to
+their level and they did
+
+better as a result.
+
+Now the other question we have
+is, is it better to--?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just a point
+of interest.
+
+That's a very different
+conclusion than
+
+has been found here.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because the biggest
+educational research study
+
+here found the Coleman
+effect, the benefit
+
+to the poorer kids.
+
+So it's interesting why in a
+developing country it would be
+
+so different.
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't know
+the answer to that.
+
+It was interesting that
+virtually everything they
+
+found was opposite to
+what you find in the
+
+developed country example.
+
+So class size did not
+have an effect.
+
+Well, the class size evidence
+is somewhat mixed.
+
+But a lot of the more recent
+stuff, the randomized class
+
+size ones, I think, have
+found class size--
+
+you probably know the--
+
+Mike, you know the US education
+
+literature better than me.
+
+But my understanding is a lot of
+the recent stuff has found
+
+class size affects in the US.
+
+But now, some people argue it
+only helps if you bring it
+
+down below 20.
+
+And they're bringing
+it from 100 to 50.
+
+And a lot of educationalists
+will say, well, there's no
+
+point, because unless you give
+individual attention, and you
+
+can't give individual
+attention at 50.
+
+You've got to bring
+it way down.
+
+So there's another question
+about these things could be
+
+very different in how
+much you would do.
+
+You can't just say class
+size doesn't matter.
+
+It may matter over some ranges
+and not over other ranges.
+
+But in terms of a practical
+proposal, these countries
+
+aren't going to get
+down to below 20.
+
+So they're arguing about should
+we get it down from 100
+
+to 50, and it doesn't seem
+to have a very big
+
+effect in this context.
+
+What does have an effect is the
+streaming, and also which
+
+teacher you have; whether you
+have an accountable teacher.
+
+So the accountable teacher, the
+contract teachers who have
+
+less experience, almost
+as much training
+
+actually in this context.
+
+In the Balsakhi case, the
+contract teachers had less
+
+training than government
+teachers, still performed
+
+amazingly; were the ones
+who saw the really big
+
+improvements.
+
+But here, the contract teachers
+are basically people
+
+who are trained and waiting to
+become a government teacher,
+
+but haven't--
+
+they've trained lots of
+government teachers, but they
+
+haven't got any places
+for them.
+
+So they're mainly the people
+who are taking up these
+
+contracts did much better,
+much higher test scores.
+
+You see here, we've got three
+different boxes with contract
+
+teachers, and three different
+boxes of government.
+
+And we can pool all of these
+together to make the
+
+comparison.
+
+Why can we do that?
+
+Because some of them have lower
+class sizes and some of
+
+them don't.
+
+But these have higher class
+sizes and these have higher
+
+class sizes.
+
+So the ones with higher class
+sizes are in both treatment
+
+and control, so we're fine.
+
+The average class size in all
+this red box is the same as
+
+the average class size
+in all this red box.
+
+We could pool all of them
+together, which helps a lot on
+
+our sample size, because you
+remember there are only about
+
+55 in each one of these.
+
+AUDIENCE: What exactly
+was the criteria for
+
+the contract teacher?
+
+What's their contract
+based on?
+
+PROFESSOR: So their contract
+is with the local NGO who
+
+hires them.
+
+They have a whole other cross
+cutting thing which I haven't
+
+got into, which is some
+of the communities--
+
+so they were hired by the
+community actually, with
+
+funding from an NGO.
+
+They were responsible
+to the community.
+
+And sometimes the communities
+were given extra training to
+
+help them oversee these
+teachers and
+
+sometimes they weren't.
+
+But they're contracted in the
+sense, if you get a job with
+
+the government, it's for life.
+
+And these guys can be terminated
+at any time.
+
+AUDIENCE: Would they
+be terminated
+
+based on test stores?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+So the main thing that's
+going on here is that
+
+these guys show up.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh I see,
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: It's just like
+they actually--
+
+AUDIENCE: If you didn't show
+up, you would get fired?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So it's not like you've got to
+have an improvement of 10% in
+
+your test scores.
+
+No, it's like maybe if they like
+severely beat the kids
+
+regularly, or got known for
+raping the kids, which is
+
+actually relatively
+common, that might
+
+get them into trouble.
+
+But mainly the issue here is
+that they showed up, because
+
+they knew that if they didn't
+show up on a regular basis,
+
+they'd be fired.
+
+And that seems to be the big
+thing that's going on.
+
+Interestingly, the cross cutting
+thing I talked about,
+
+we're looking at training
+the communities to
+
+oversee these teachers.
+
+Sometimes when you've got the
+contract teacher showing up,
+
+the government teacher
+showed up less.
+
+So sorry, I was saying
+about class size.
+
+We don't have lower class
+size, but we do have
+
+differences in these in terms
+of whether they're split
+
+randomly or streamed.
+
+So there are other differences
+going on between these
+
+different boxes, but they all
+have the same class size.
+
+And on average, they all
+have the same thing.
+
+On average, all the other
+characteristics are similar
+
+between these two groups.
+
+Sometimes the government teacher
+saw there was an extra
+
+teacher, so they showed
+up even less than
+
+in this pure control.
+
+But where you had the community
+trained to oversee
+
+them, that actually
+happened less.
+
+So that was the one benefit of
+giving help to the community
+
+to oversee, because the contract
+teacher said look,
+
+the community's breathing
+down my neck.
+
+I'm meant to be teaching
+this class.
+
+I can't always be teaching
+your class as well.
+
+But I'm just stunned in terms
+of the education literature.
+
+In all the work that we've done,
+this is just the first
+
+order problem.
+
+Just showing up is just
+one of the first
+
+order problems in education.
+
+And in health too.
+
+Health is even worse.
+
+Fewer health workers show up
+than teachers show up in any
+
+country we've ever studied.
+
+So that's not very complicated,
+it's just that
+
+they actually do their job.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: How do you parse out
+what [UNINTELLIGIBLE] the
+
+government teachers sometimes
+show up even less?
+
+So there's no counter-factual--?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, because you've
+got government teachers
+
+here, in the pure control.
+
+They are all government
+teachers.
+
+Now they have a bigger class
+size, but you can compare the
+
+government teachers here with
+the government teachers here.
+
+And indeed, that's what's
+giving you your--
+
+a pure class size effect
+without changing
+
+accountability, you would look
+at this versus this.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you have any
+problems that spill over when
+
+the government teacher doesn't
+turn up, so the contract
+
+teacher has to teach
+both classes?
+
+PROFESSOR: In a sense,
+that's just the
+
+program effect, right?
+
+It's not a spill over to the
+control, because these are all
+
+within the fact that then--
+
+it's not like they're then
+showing up more to some
+
+control over here.
+
+So a spillover is when you have
+an effect on the control.
+
+But these aren't in the
+control, they're
+
+between these two.
+
+But that's the effect of having
+a contract teacher.
+
+When you have a contract
+teacher, you've got to take
+
+into account that it may
+change the effect.
+
+It may change what the
+government teacher does.
+
+So it's not going to be
+effective if it totally
+
+reduces what a government
+teaches does.
+
+AUDIENCE: But wouldn't it limit
+your ability to compare
+
+across your different
+treatments?
+
+Because if you've got--
+
+please go back to
+the last slide--
+
+it influences your class size.
+
+Because if I've got a contract
+teacher who's now having to do
+
+the work of a government teacher
+too, what were two
+
+classrooms have now effectively
+become one, so it
+
+is a spillover in
+that that is now
+
+behaving like your control.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, when you look
+at the class size effect,
+
+you're looking at here,
+between these two.
+
+And what you're saying is, you
+think you've halved class size
+
+by having twice as
+many teachers.
+
+But actually you haven't, but
+you take into account when
+
+you're comparing that.
+
+So you're saying you're
+doubling the number of
+
+teachers, but the class size is
+improving by less than that
+
+slightly, because you've
+got more absenteeism.
+
+But on the other hand, if you're
+looking at the program,
+
+is this a good thing to do?
+
+That's part of what it is.
+
+So in all of these cases, when
+you write it up and you
+
+explain what's going on, you
+don't just show the numbers,
+
+you explain this is
+the mechanism.
+
+And you're measuring all that
+you were talking about before
+
+in terms of the theory of change
+and measuring each step
+
+along the way.
+
+Then why is it we think
+is going on.
+
+And then you can see, as I say,
+if you've got this other
+
+design of looking at which--
+
+another treatment that actually
+managed to keep the
+
+two classes more separate
+than what's--
+
+what do we see in those versus
+the ones that weren't able to
+
+keep the two separate.
+
+It wasn't that they
+never showed up.
+
+It was just that they
+did see that--
+
+and it is important.
+
+What I would call that is
+a kind of unintended
+
+consequences, and that just
+emphasizes the fact that you
+
+really need to be thinking about
+what are some of the
+
+potential unintended
+consequences of what you're
+
+doing, so that you can measure
+them and make sure that you
+
+pick them up.
+
+And then if it doesn't work,
+maybe it's because of that.
+
+And then what can you do to
+offset that, and hopefully
+
+maybe you have another
+treatment that
+
+tries to offset that.
+
+So then you can say, is it more
+effective in those ones
+
+where you've got tracking
+or not?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Are government
+teachers assigned in the same
+
+manner within the community,
+where usually if you're
+
+training, you'd stay in
+the same community?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't understand
+how large
+
+these communities are.
+
+But if you're comparing somebody
+who was drawn from a
+
+community, like a contractor
+was drawn from a community,
+
+and I understand you're mostly
+focusing on absenteeism, not
+
+the ability of the teacher.
+
+But if the teacher is drawn from
+the same community as the
+
+contract teacher, or the
+government teachers are
+
+randomized, is there any way
+you could have some sort of
+
+bias situation there?
+
+Because if you're from the
+same community, maybe you
+
+consistently get--.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let's be really
+careful when we bandy around
+
+the word bias, because bias
+means something specific.
+
+So this is I think what you're
+talking about is, be careful
+
+that you're understanding what
+it is that's generating the
+
+difference between the contract
+teachers and the
+
+government teachers.
+
+I'm saying that it's the fact
+that they're accountable and
+
+they can be fired.
+
+But it may also be
+that they're more
+
+local to the area.
+
+They may live--
+
+or not live, because they all
+live in the area now, but they
+
+are originally from that
+community, and that may make
+
+them more likely to be more
+responsive to the
+
+needs of the community.
+
+So it's not just that they can
+be fired, it's that they know
+
+people in the community, and
+they're more responsive.
+
+So that's potentially part of
+the reason for why this is
+
+different from this.
+
+If again, if you're looking at
+the practical thing of what
+
+somebody would do when they do
+these kind of locally hired
+
+para-teachers, which is this
+isn't just made up for some
+
+academic point.
+
+This is happening around the
+world a lot, because
+
+governments can't afford
+to double the number of
+
+government teachers.
+
+So a lot of what they're doing
+in a lot of places is you have
+
+shiksha mitras in
+India, you have
+
+para-teachers across Africa.
+
+People who are hired, not
+tenured, and often have more
+
+roots in the local community.
+
+AUDIENCE: And they're
+paid less?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+A lot, lot, lot less.
+
+So these guys are paid a lot
+less than these guys.
+
+So you're right.
+
+You're changing a few things
+from this to this, and they're
+
+doing better.
+
+And is it because they're
+paid less?
+
+I doubt it's directly because
+they're paid less.
+
+But this is a relevant package
+is I guess what I'm saying.
+
+This is a relevant package
+that a lot of
+
+countries are exploring.
+
+And you're right, it could be
+some link to a local area,
+
+although a lot of people in
+Kenya, they will be allocated
+
+by the central government, but
+they will request to go to if
+
+not their exact community,
+to their general area.
+
+And interesting, shiksha
+mitras in India are
+
+theoretically controlled by
+the local community, but
+
+actually the money comes from
+the state government at least.
+
+And they don't show up any more
+than regular teachers do.
+
+And they are literally
+from the community.
+
+So it doesn't seem to have
+helped that much in India.
+
+So again, you can just split
+this and look at it, is the
+
+government teacher versus the
+contract teacher better in
+
+different situations or
+other situations?
+
+Are they particularly better for
+low performing kids or for
+
+high performing kids?
+
+And that you can only do though
+if you've got-- if the
+
+55, remember we've got
+55 in each of these.
+
+So when we pooled them, we have
+a lot more statistical
+
+power than if we try and--
+
+where I'm just doing one box
+versus another box, I don't
+
+have a lot of statistical
+power.
+
+So you have to think at the
+beginning exactly how--
+
+do you really want to tease
+out those real detailed
+
+questions, or am I OK with the
+general pooling of government
+
+versus contract teachers?
+
+So that's an example of--
+
+two different examples,
+Balsakhi, where we tried to
+
+answer all these questions with
+changing one treatment.
+
+So the benefits of these
+cross-cutting treatments is
+
+you can explicitly test these
+more specific questions.
+
+You can also explicitly test
+interactions if you do it in a
+
+cross-cutting, as opposed to
+one experiment here that
+
+reduces class size, one
+experiment here that has
+
+contract teachers.
+
+If you do it all in one place,
+you can see, does it work
+
+better if I pile all of them
+on together, or if it works
+
+better with this particular
+subgroup?
+
+And often, you can economize
+on data collection because
+
+you're doing one survey, and
+changing different things.
+
+And as long as you keep a handle
+and keep it straight,
+
+there's a lot of piloting of the
+questionnaire, which you
+
+only have to do once.
+
+And maybe you only have to stick
+one RA and you hope that
+
+they cover 330 schools instead
+of 100, but you only have to
+
+pay one salary.
+
+So the problem is that
+when you've got a
+
+cost-cutting design--
+
+so a cross-cutting is this,
+where we're using all of the--
+
+we're looking at government
+teachers versus contract
+
+teachers across these different
+groups, versus
+
+across these different groups.
+
+The negative is that I'm looking
+at a contract teacher
+
+versus a government teacher.
+
+In the background, some of those
+classes are streamed
+
+versus not streamed.
+
+It should all fall out in the
+wash, because these have
+
+streamed as well.
+
+So to the extent that streaming
+has an effect, it
+
+has an equal effect
+in these two.
+
+And whenever you do an
+evaluation, some of the
+
+schools that you're working
+in will have
+
+some particular approach.
+
+Some of the schools you're
+working in will have a
+
+different approach.
+
+And you're changing across the
+schools, say the balance of
+
+half the schools will be
+Catholic schools, and half the
+
+schools will be government
+schools, and that's fine,
+
+because that's the world.
+
+Some schools are big, some
+schools are small.
+
+But you're introducing your
+own differences in the
+
+background, in the
+average score.
+
+So if in Kenya, no one else
+streamed, no schools streamed,
+
+then you're testing this in an
+environment where over half of
+
+your schools are doing something
+that Kenyan schools
+
+don't normally do.
+
+So you're still getting a valid
+effect of the difference
+
+between contract versus
+government teachers, but
+
+you're testing it in an
+environment which may be a bit
+
+different, because you're
+also doing other things.
+
+So I guess what I'm saying is
+layering it in this way of
+
+lots of different things allows
+you to answer lots of
+
+questions with a
+smaller budget.
+
+But you have to remember that
+in the end, some of these
+
+schools don't look like
+completely typical Kenyan
+
+schools, because they've
+got streaming.
+
+And most Kenyan schools
+don't stream.
+
+So you're testing something in
+a slightly atypical school.
+
+Is that important or is
+it not important?
+
+How important a concern
+is that to you?
+
+It's all about trade offs.
+
+Stratification, 10 minutes
+to do stratification.
+
+The point of stratifying,
+you've done your little
+
+exercise on stratification
+in your cases?
+
+So you should understand
+it all.
+
+That's fine.
+
+The point of it is to give
+yourself extra confidence,
+
+extra chance, a higher chance
+than normal of making sure
+
+that your treatment and
+comparison groups are the same
+
+on anything you can measure.
+
+It's particularly important when
+you have a small sample.
+
+You did your little exercise,
+and so your bars go up and
+
+down, right?
+
+If you have a really big sample,
+it doesn't give you
+
+that much extra power, extra
+benefit, because they're going
+
+to be balanced anyway.
+
+Law of large numbers, if you
+draw enough times, it's going
+
+to be balanced anyway.
+
+What is it?
+
+Sometimes people get really
+stressed out about what am I
+
+stratifying on?
+
+That's not the most important
+thing that you're going to
+
+learn here in what
+you stratify on.
+
+I would encourage you to
+stratify, but if you can't,
+
+again, it doesn't bias you, it
+doesn't give you the wrong
+
+answer, but it just helps
+on the margin.
+
+And sometimes that margin, as
+they say, we've discovered to
+
+our great relief, it saved our
+bacon when you're really on
+
+the edge of not having
+enough sample.
+
+So all it is is dividing your
+sample into different buckets
+
+before you do your
+randomization.
+
+That's all it is.
+
+So it's a very simple concept.
+
+It's not always simple
+to do, but it's
+
+a very simple concept.
+
+Instead of putting everyone into
+one hat and pulling out
+
+of one hat, you divide it into
+different hats and then draw
+
+half of each hat.
+
+That's all we're
+talking about.
+
+So you select treatment and
+control from each of the
+
+subgroups, so you make
+sure that you're
+
+balanced on each shore.
+
+So what happens if you
+don't stratify?
+
+What could go wrong if
+you don't stratify?
+
+What's the danger if
+you don't stratify?
+
+AUDIENCE: You're taking a risk
+that some particular group
+
+don't get into the sample.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So you're taking a risk that
+maybe more of your treatment
+
+ends up being richer
+than your control.
+
+And that was the whole point
+of randomizing, was to make
+
+sure that they were equal.
+
+And if you have a big enough
+sample, you'll be OK, they
+
+will be equal.
+
+But you risk it going wrong.
+
+So if you do your pull, and even
+though you stratified it
+
+for some, or you can't stratify,
+you do your pull,
+
+and just by chance you get
+a really bad draw.
+
+And when you draw it, your
+treatment and comparison look
+
+very different, I would advise
+you to draw it again.
+
+And then phone us, and
+we'll tell you how to
+
+fix it in the analysis.
+
+Because you do have to do
+something funny with you
+
+standard errors, and
+that's fine.
+
+But you're really screwed if,
+just by chance, you do your
+
+pull and you end up with all the
+rich guys in one treatment
+
+and all the poor guys
+in another.
+
+Then you're done.
+
+Then your evaluation isn't
+going to work.
+
+This is statistics, right?
+
+It's on chance, and by chance
+you just might get
+
+a really bad pull.
+
+This is stacking the decks
+to make sure it doesn't.
+
+If you do that and you see that
+it's just screwed, as I
+
+say, I would pull again.
+
+Onto a different thing.
+
+So when should you stratify?
+
+You should stratify on the
+variables that have an
+
+important impact on your
+outcome variable.
+
+If you're trying to improve
+incomes, then it's income at
+
+the beginning.
+
+Or you're trying to improve
+education, and it's test
+
+scores at the beginning,
+those are going
+
+to be critical things.
+
+If it's something totally
+irrelevant, then you don't
+
+need to stratify it.
+
+So the most important thing
+is your outcome.
+
+Stratify on subgroups
+that you're
+
+particularly interested in.
+
+Say you're really interested
+in what's the effect of the
+
+program on the poor, or the
+originally low achieving, or
+
+does this work for the Muslim
+minority, make sure you have
+
+enough Muslims in your treatment
+and control,
+
+otherwise you're not
+going to be able
+
+to answer that question.
+
+As I say, if you got a huge
+sample, you'll find we're
+
+virtually never in that
+situation, but it's
+
+particularly important to do
+it when you have a small
+
+sample set, or where your power
+is weak, and then it can
+
+just-- it's not going to help
+you enormously, but it just
+
+might push you over
+the threshold to
+
+getting enough power.
+
+It starts getting very
+complicated to do if you try
+
+and stratify on everything.
+
+You're both income and gender,
+and you can imagine there may
+
+be some buckets that don't
+have any people in them.
+
+So it starts getting
+very complicated.
+
+It also makes it less
+transparent.
+
+It's very hard to do a
+complicated stratification and
+
+do a public draw.
+
+It's very easy to do a
+simple one, you just
+
+literally have two hats.
+
+Divide it into two hats and then
+you do the draw from the
+
+urban places and do a draw from
+the rural, and everyone
+
+can understand that.
+
+If you're trying to do urban
+and rural and rich and poor
+
+and whatever, then nobody is
+going to understand what
+
+you're doing with all
+these 15 different
+
+hats, and it's a mess.
+
+So usually when we stratify,
+we do it on the computer.
+
+Again, if you do a public draw,
+you can't redraw if it
+
+turns out wrong.
+
+Increasingly we don't
+do public draws.
+
+You can stratify on
+index variables.
+
+You can put lots of things
+into an index and then
+
+stratify on that
+if you want to.
+
+So mechanics, how do
+I actually do this?
+
+This is a comment from earlier
+courses, like we talked all
+
+about it, but how do I
+do a random drawing?
+
+We talk about hats, and you
+could do it in a hat, but we
+
+don't normally do it.
+
+The first and really important
+thing for designing your
+
+evaluation is you can only do
+a random draw from a list.
+
+You have to start with a list.
+
+And sometimes that's actually
+practically quite hard to do,
+
+because you don't have
+a list of all the
+
+people in the community.
+
+You have to go and get a
+list, there's really no
+
+other way to do it.
+
+People will talk about--
+
+and people do this when they do
+a random draw to interview
+
+people for doing a survey, to
+make sure you get a random
+
+sample-- you're surveying a
+random sample of people in the
+
+community, they'll talk about
+go to the center of the
+
+village, walk along the street
+and take every other person.
+
+Not a fan of that, because
+actually when people have done
+
+that for us, it's not a random
+sample, because they never get
+
+to the outlaying.
+
+And as we all know, the people
+who live in the outlaying
+
+parts of the community are very
+different from the people
+
+who live at the center of the
+community, so you really
+
+basically need to get a list.
+
+And that's expensive.
+
+But you either use a census,
+or the list of kids in the
+
+school, or a list
+of schools from
+
+the Ministry of Education.
+
+And that we know can take a lot
+of heartache and time to
+
+persuade them to hand
+over those lists, or
+
+you go and do a census.
+
+Often we've just had to go and
+count people, list people, get
+
+the eligible people, write a
+list, and then draw from that.
+
+So how can you do it?
+
+You could literally pull it
+out of a hat or a bucket.
+
+I keep talking about hats and
+buckets because it's very easy
+
+to visualize what
+you're doing.
+
+It's transparent, but it's
+time consuming and it's
+
+complicated if you have
+large groups, and
+
+it's hard to stratify.
+
+So what do we normally do?
+
+Well, you could use a random
+number generation in a
+
+spreadsheet program,
+and you order the
+
+observations randomly.
+
+Did you do an exercise where
+you actually did this?
+
+OK, so why am I talking
+to you about this?
+
+So I'm just going to
+go through it.
+
+So you can use Excel to do this,
+and it's much better if
+
+you go over it in your groups
+and do it, or you can run a
+
+Stata program.
+
+Did you do a Stata program
+in your groups?
+
+No.
+
+But we can provide
+people with--
+
+so I don't know, how many people
+here have used Stata?
+
+So this is a program, a
+statistical program, that
+
+economists tend to use.
+
+So the people who
+are familiar--
+
+I wouldn't advise you to do it
+this way if you're not used to
+
+using Stata.
+
+But if you're used to using
+Stata, you know about it, but
+
+you just haven't done pulling
+a random sample from Stata,
+
+then we can just show you some
+code examples and you could
+
+build off those.
+
+For people who haven't done
+that, it's really perfectly
+
+possible to do it in Excel, as
+long as you don't get too
+
+complicated in your
+stratification.
+
+We are also, I hope, going to
+be setting up a help desk in
+
+the near future for people who
+have attended this course.
+
+We're always available anyway
+for people who've attended the
+
+course to come and--
+
+I'm doing this, you remember you
+talked about this, and I'm
+
+stuck because it's a bit more
+complicated than I thought I
+
+understood it.
+
+But we're going to actually
+formalize that process, and
+
+that would mean that if you need
+help actually doing it,
+
+you can come to us and
+ask us, can you just
+
+check my Stata code?
+
+Can you check that I'm doing
+this right in Excel?
+
+Because you don't want
+to screw that up.
+
+And we'll have a team of
+graduate students or the kind
+
+of the people who are here TAing
+who will go over that
+
+and make sure that you--
+
+because we would hate for the
+sake of a rusty nail that the
+
+horseshoe falls off and the
+kingdom is lost and stuff.
+
+If for the sake of getting your
+stratification or your
+
+random pull right, it's worth if
+you want someone to have a
+
+double check of that and make
+sure that you're doing it,
+
+that you're happy with it.
+
+Because if you get it wrong,
+then that invalidates all the
+
+rest of your work.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: When you stratify,
+aren't you compromising on the
+
+randomness?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, because within
+groups you are randomizing.
+
+So all you're saying is I
+could randomly pull--
+
+I could take all of this group
+and randomly draw some of you
+
+to come to the dinner tonight,
+and some not to.
+
+Or I could say I want
+to make sure that we
+
+have at least half--
+
+equivalent numbers of
+men and women as
+
+we have in the course.
+
+And then I'd get all the men
+over on one side, and all the
+
+women over the other, and I
+would draw half of the men and
+
+half of the women.
+
+So it's still random.
+
+There's still equal chance of
+getting picked, I'm just
+
+making sure that I get
+proportionate.
+
+So in the microfinance example
+where I said we got extra
+
+powers, we got communities,
+and we linked them up, we
+
+paired them as close as possible
+to each other.
+
+And then within pairs, one was
+treatment and one was control.
+
+So we always knew that there was
+somebody who looked almost
+
+identical to that community
+in the other bucket.
+
+There was always a control that
+was almost identical, and
+
+that meant that we just got
+less variation than
+
+we would have had.
+
+Otherwise, less variation
+gives you
+
+more statistical power.
+
+But everyone had an equal chance
+of being in, we're just
+
+stacking the decks to make
+sure that they were as
+
+comparable as possible.
+
+Because when you draw randomly,
+by chance they could
+
+not be comparable.
+
+But if you literally pair them
+and switch one versus another,
+
+you are sure that there'll be a
+control that looks very much
+
+like the treatment.
+
+And you don't get the chance
+case that you just happened to
+
+get all the rich communities in
+the treatment and all the
+
+poor communities
+in the control.
+
+With the stratifying, you have
+to take that into account when
+
+you do your analysis.
+
+So you just put in a dummy
+variable, those people who are
+
+actually going to run the
+regression at the end, you
+
+need to put in a dummy
+variable for each
+
+strata that you did.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the cost
+of stratification?
+
+PROFESSOR: So that
+is the one cost.
+
+You have to put in a dummy
+in every case.
+
+So as I say, it gets quite
+complicated to do it
+
+when you have lots.
+
+The main--
+
+AUDIENCE: And you cut
+a degree of freedom?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, you lose
+a degree of freedom.
+
+AUDIENCE: You lose power?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So there's been a long esoteric
+debate in the
+
+econometrics, amongst the
+serious econometricians over
+
+the last year about whether you
+can decide not to put the
+
+dummy in the end.
+
+I think the conclusion is that
+you have to decide in advance
+
+whether you're going
+to put your dummy.
+
+So basically, you just have to
+put your dummy variables in.
+
+So you do lose a degree
+of freedom.
+
+The argument was, maybe then
+you could be worse off.
+
+Someone did a whole bunch
+of simulations.
+
+They proved that you could
+potentially be worse off.
+
+Nobody has been able, even in a
+simulation, to come up with
+
+an example whether you were
+actually worse off.
+
+But you lost more power
+than you gained.
+
+But if you remember my advice
+to you was to do it on the
+
+ones that are likely to be
+important, and that is because
+
+potentially there is a
+theoretical possibility you
+
+could over-stratify, because you
+could lose some degrees of
+
+freedom at the end, because you
+have to put in a dummy for
+
+something that didn't actually
+help you reduce variance.
+
+But as I say, even someone who
+is trying to prove this case
+
+did a bunch of simulations and
+couldn't find a single example
+
+where they actually
+ended up with less
+
+power through stratify.
+
+So my gut from this, and
+especially after having done
+
+the microfinance one was
+on the whole, I would--
+
+now the main constraint is you
+normally don't have a lot of
+
+information before you start.
+
+If you've done your baseline
+before you randomize, you have
+
+a ton of information.
+
+Then you can stratify
+on anything
+
+you have in the baseline.
+
+If you randomize before your
+baseline, you probably don't
+
+know very much about
+these communities,
+
+and it's pretty hard.
+
+But if you're randomizing
+after you've done your
+
+baseline, and it entered and
+cleaned, basically in order to
+
+do that, you have to delay
+your implementation for
+
+several months after you've
+done your baseline.
+
+If you want to do you
+implementation immediately
+
+you've done your baseline,
+you're probably not going to
+
+have that many variables
+entered.
+
+And then you just have to
+stratify on what variables you
+
+have entered or cleaned
+or whatever.
+
+So that's usually the
+constraint, that you don't
+
+have much information on
+which to stratify.
+
+That's really what it comes
+down to usually.
+
+OK, I went over a bit,
+but any questions?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: I just have one
+question-- more of a
+
+clarification-- but it goes
+back to the questions--
+
+the different levels of
+questions that you asked.
+
+So were those questions that the
+client came to you with?
+
+Or did the client come to you
+and say, we have a program, we
+
+want to know if it works?
+
+And then as you were talking
+with them, the different
+
+layers came out because
+you realized you're
+
+doing all this stuff?
+
+PROFESSOR: So if you remember
+where I talked about in terms
+
+of when do you do an evaluation,
+I talked about
+
+different possibilities.
+
+And one was you have to program,
+that you want to test
+
+the program, and that was
+the Balsakhi case.
+
+And they had this program, they
+wanted to test it, and
+
+the researchers used the fact
+that the program did some
+
+things, and that some of the
+things affected some kids and
+
+not other kids to tease out some
+interesting questions.
+
+In the extra teacher provision
+case, it was more like where I
+
+said, you want to know
+some questions?
+
+Set up a field site and just go
+experiment the hell out of
+
+it so that you can find out what
+the hell's going on, and
+
+you understand these deep
+parameters that then you could
+
+go off and design.
+
+So the extra teacher program
+was really that.
+
+It was saying there are these
+fundamental questions in
+
+education that we don't
+know the answer to.
+
+And we're going off the
+literature in the US where
+
+they've done lots of
+experiments, but we don't know
+
+if that's relevant to
+these countries.
+
+So those are important questions
+to lots of people
+
+around the world.
+
+Let's find out what
+the answers to--
+
+it wasn't really a very--
+
+it was an NGO program, but it
+was mainly done for these
+
+research purposes, and these
+more general policy purposes.
+
+And it was paid for not by the
+NGO, the evaluation wasn't
+
+paid for by the NGO.
+
+But it was, I think, relevant.
+
+As I say, it is a relevant
+policy package, because the
+
+reason they did it was not just
+of academic interest to
+
+see does class size matter,
+but governments around the
+
+world are worrying about whether
+to hire more teachers,
+
+and should they hire them as
+government teachers or
+
+contract teachers?
+
+There isn't actually much
+discussion in the policy world
+
+about the streaming.
+
+But given our other findings
+about how the curricula is so
+
+over the head of other kids,
+and the tentative findings
+
+from Balsakhi that it really
+looked like focusing--
+
+the lower performing kids seemed
+to do better being
+
+pulled out, that was the
+motivation for saying, well,
+
+actually maybe this is something
+that's relevant in
+
+other cases.
+
+And I think it's more that that
+then raises the question,
+
+and then people are starting to
+think about it, rather than
+
+that streaming really was a
+big question in the policy
+
+context of Kenya at the time.
+
+And the ETP one, I should say,
+that's probably one of our
+
+most complicated.
+
+Don't look at that complicated
+diagram of all the different
+
+things that were being tested
+and multiple treatments.
+
+That's kind of one of the most
+complicated designs we've ever
+
+done, so that's not like we're
+expecting everyone to go out
+
+of here, or go off and do
+something like that.
+
+But it was just kind of the
+extreme of this is the
+
+potential that you could
+potentially get at.
+
+OK, thanks.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/U_VTO_SN280.txt b/U_VTO_SN280.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e828e3bcc891155f10e8db35cf01adf68f93a5a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/U_VTO_SN280.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19619 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh welcome back so if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh welcome back so if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh welcome back so if you remember
+uh last class I was talking about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last class I was talking about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last class I was talking about uh
+search Theory uh and discussed you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search Theory uh and discussed you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search Theory uh and discussed you know
+two main things you know one is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two main things you know one is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two main things you know one is that uh
+search cost can uh complement uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search cost can uh complement uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search cost can uh complement uh
+differentiation and raise prices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and raise prices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and raise prices in
+markets uh and the other is that in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets uh and the other is that in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets uh and the other is that in in
+Bertrand like markets search cost can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bertrand like markets search cost can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bertrand like markets search cost can
+also lead to price dispersion uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also lead to price dispersion uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also lead to price dispersion uh you
+know in most of this class we've had um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in most of this class we've had um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in most of this class we've had um
+pattern of two lectures you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of two lectures you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of two lectures you know one
+where I do the theory and then one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I do the theory and then one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I do the theory and then one where
+I talk about the empirics uh on search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk about the empirics uh on search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk about the empirics uh on search
+it's a big topic we decided to do three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big topic we decided to do three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big topic we decided to do three
+so I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I did
+um uh I did the theory last time today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I did the theory last time today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I did the theory last time today
+I'm going to talk about uh reduced form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about uh reduced form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about uh reduced form
+evidence on empirical evidence on search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence on empirical evidence on search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence on empirical evidence on search
+and then we're going to have a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to have a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to have a third
+lecture on search where tobas is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on search where tobas is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on search where tobas is going
+to talk about the more structural work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the more structural work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the more structural work
+and uh that will come later um so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that will come later um so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that will come later um so anyway
+uh empirical work on search um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh empirical work on search um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh empirical work on search um you know
+why do again why do we do empirical work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do again why do we do empirical work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do again why do we do empirical work
+in IO you know often generally trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in IO you know often generally trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in IO you know often generally trying to
+do two different things or maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two different things or maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two different things or maybe a
+combination of two things one is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of two things one is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of two things one is we're
+trying to get evidence on the theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get evidence on the theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get evidence on the theories
+whether they're applicable whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're applicable whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're applicable whether
+they're you know what might be correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're you know what might be correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're you know what might be correct
+or incorrect or all theories are correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or incorrect or all theories are correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or incorrect or all theories are correct
+but you know like what is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know like what is about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know like what is about the
+theories we might want to modify to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories we might want to modify to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories we might want to modify to have
+a fit application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fit application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fit application
+and the other thing we're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing we're trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing we're trying to do
+is just take the theories and apply them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just take the theories and apply them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just take the theories and apply them
+to sort of particular empirical examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of particular empirical examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of particular empirical examples
+that we care about and estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we care about and estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we care about and estimate
+parameters of Interest know how big or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of Interest know how big or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of Interest know how big or
+small effects are um so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small effects are um so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small effects are um so I'm going to
+talk about four papers today the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about four papers today the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about four papers today the first
+of these is of the you know just gaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is of the you know just gaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is of the you know just gaining
+insights in the theory um literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights in the theory um literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights in the theory um literature
+generally when we're trying to gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally when we're trying to gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally when we're trying to gain
+insights in the theory we're often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights in the theory we're often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights in the theory we're often
+looking at unusual uh situations because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at unusual uh situations because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at unusual uh situations because
+we want to look at markets that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to look at markets that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to look at markets that are
+particularly simple where the theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly simple where the theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly simple where the theory is
+particularly Stark try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly Stark try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly Stark try to understand
+this uh its predictions whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh its predictions whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh its predictions whether they
+apply in particular you know Allen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply in particular you know Allen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply in particular you know Allen in
+his paper is talking about um trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his paper is talking about um trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his paper is talking about um trying to
+understand you know do we see the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know do we see the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know do we see the kinds
+of price dispersion predicted by stylik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of price dispersion predicted by stylik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of price dispersion predicted by stylik
+models of uh of of heterogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of uh of of heterogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of uh of of heterogeneous
+consumer search and you know is it true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer search and you know is it true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer search and you know is it true
+that sort of like you know VI frequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of like you know VI frequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of like you know VI frequent
+violations we see of the quote law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations we see of the quote law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations we see of the quote law of
+One Price are because of consumer search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Price are because of consumer search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Price are because of consumer search
+costs leading to heterogeneity uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs leading to heterogeneity uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs leading to heterogeneity uh and so
+in this paper you know what Allan was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper you know what Allan was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper you know what Allan was
+trying to do is think an application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is think an application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is think an application
+where he could argue that the brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he could argue that the brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he could argue that the brand
+assumptions fit very very well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions fit very very well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions fit very very well and
+examine in a model where betran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine in a model where betran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine in a model where betran
+assumptions fit very very well do we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions fit very very well do we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions fit very very well do we see
+price dispersion and can we provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price dispersion and can we provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price dispersion and can we provide
+evidence that that price dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that that price dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that that price dispersion
+seems to be due to consumer search costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be due to consumer search costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be due to consumer search costs
+um you'll see that you know this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you'll see that you know this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you'll see that you know this is a
+paper written when Allen was a PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper written when Allen was a PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper written when Allen was a PhD
+student at MIT very much it's a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student at MIT very much it's a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student at MIT very much it's a paper
+that has sort of minimal data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has sort of minimal data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has sort of minimal data
+self-collected that anyone could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-collected that anyone could write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-collected that anyone could write
+um so his idea was that we could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so his idea was that we could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so his idea was that we could get
+evid a good example of think about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evid a good example of think about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evid a good example of think about uh
+ber Tran like competition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ber Tran like competition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ber Tran like competition is
+prescription drugs one of the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription drugs one of the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription drugs one of the nice
+things about prescription drugs is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about prescription drugs is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about prescription drugs is that
+you know a bottle of amoxicillin tablets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a bottle of amoxicillin tablets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a bottle of amoxicillin tablets
+bought from Pharmacy a and a bottle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought from Pharmacy a and a bottle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought from Pharmacy a and a bottle of
+amoxicillin tablets bought from Pharmacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amoxicillin tablets bought from Pharmacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amoxicillin tablets bought from Pharmacy
+B should be completely identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B should be completely identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B should be completely identical
+products people should not people should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products people should not people should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products people should not people should
+know that these things are exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that these things are exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that these things are exactly the
+same product that we just buying it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same product that we just buying it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same product that we just buying it from
+different stores so we could think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stores so we could think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stores so we could think of
+people as having betrand like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as having betrand like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as having betrand like
+preferences one of the other nice things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences one of the other nice things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences one of the other nice things
+about prescription drugs is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about prescription drugs is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about prescription drugs is you're
+always struggling in empirical papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always struggling in empirical papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always struggling in empirical papers
+how do I get the number of degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I get the number of degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I get the number of degrees of
+freedom to actually estimate something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to actually estimate something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to actually estimate something
+great thing about prescription drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing about prescription drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing about prescription drugs
+there are hundreds of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are hundreds of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are hundreds of different
+prescription drugs the hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription drugs the hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription drugs the hundreds of
+different prescription drugs give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different prescription drugs give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different prescription drugs give them
+hundreds of different um observations um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of different um observations um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of different um observations um
+so what Allan did for this paper is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Allan did for this paper is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Allan did for this paper is um
+if you think about the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about the you know
+Northeastern United States so we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeastern United States so we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeastern United States so we're in
+Massachusetts which looks something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts which looks something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts which looks something like
+this um we've got Connecticut here Rhode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um we've got Connecticut here Rhode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um we've got Connecticut here Rhode
+Island New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island New York
+State uh Allan noticed that um New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State uh Allan noticed that um New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State uh Allan noticed that um New York
+uh in the late 1990s had a law that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the late 1990s had a law that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the late 1990s had a law that
+pharmacies had to post all of their uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacies had to post all of their uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacies had to post all of their uh
+retail prices for the 200 most popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail prices for the 200 most popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail prices for the 200 most popular
+prescription drugs on a poster that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription drugs on a poster that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription drugs on a poster that was
+in displayed in large format in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in displayed in large format in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in displayed in large format in the
+stores therefore what one could do is go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores therefore what one could do is go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores therefore what one could do is go
+to a pharmacy in New York and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a pharmacy in New York and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a pharmacy in New York and very
+quickly find out what prices they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly find out what prices they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly find out what prices they were
+charging for uh every different drug uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging for uh every different drug uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging for uh every different drug uh
+in the 1990s people did not have phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1990s people did not have phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1990s people did not have phones
+in their pockets with high resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their pockets with high resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their pockets with high resolution
+cameras um so you could not go there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras um so you could not go there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras um so you could not go there and
+just take a picture of the price photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a picture of the price photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a picture of the price photo
+so what Allan did is walk go to New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Allan did is walk go to New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Allan did is walk go to New York
+with a clipboard and just copy down off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a clipboard and just copy down off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a clipboard and just copy down off
+these price posters what prices the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these price posters what prices the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these price posters what prices the
+pharmacies were charging for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacies were charging for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacies were charging for all the
+drugs and in particular he does this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and in particular he does this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and in particular he does this in
+two small towns uh Middletown and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two small towns uh Middletown and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two small towns uh Middletown and
+Newberg New York and these happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newberg New York and these happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newberg New York and these happen to
+located where if you drive from Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located where if you drive from Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located where if you drive from Boston
+uh along the Mass Pike and then get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh along the Mass Pike and then get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh along the Mass Pike and then get on
+84 and then go to New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84 and then go to New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84 and then go to New York
+these are sort of two of the first towns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sort of two of the first towns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sort of two of the first towns
+you come to uh in New York state one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come to uh in New York state one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come to uh in New York state one
+thing that was nice about them is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was nice about them is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was nice about them is he
+wanted to get all the prices in a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get all the prices in a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get all the prices in a market
+um Middletown and Newberg are both sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Middletown and Newberg are both sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Middletown and Newberg are both sort
+of small towns they have 10 or 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of small towns they have 10 or 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of small towns they have 10 or 12
+pharmacies in them and then there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacies in them and then there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacies in them and then there are no
+other pharmacies within like you know 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pharmacies within like you know 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pharmacies within like you know 15
+minute drive or 20 minute drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute drive or 20 minute drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute drive or 20 minute drive
+away and so you could think of anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and so you could think of anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and so you could think of anyone
+who lives in middl toown as shopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lives in middl toown as shopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lives in middl toown as shopping
+having the options be buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the options be buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the options be buying
+prescription drugs all the pharmacies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription drugs all the pharmacies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription drugs all the pharmacies in
+Middletown anyone Newberg they can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middletown anyone Newberg they can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middletown anyone Newberg they can buy
+the things in Newberg okay uh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things in Newberg okay uh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things in Newberg okay uh and I
+think I've said all these things oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've said all these things oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've said all these things oh I
+guess another thing about how the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess another thing about how the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess another thing about how the world
+was different um uh another thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was different um uh another thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was different um uh another thing about
+how the world was different in late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the world was different in late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the world was different in late
+1990s is in the late 1990s most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s is in the late 1990s most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s is in the late 1990s most people
+did not have prescription drug insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not have prescription drug insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not have prescription drug insurance
+and so at the time the prices that thees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so at the time the prices that thees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so at the time the prices that thees
+charged for prescription drug was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged for prescription drug was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged for prescription drug was what
+people customers would be paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people customers would be paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people customers would be paying
+customers would have the sort of same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers would have the sort of same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers would have the sort of same
+incentive to shop for drugs they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to shop for drugs they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to shop for drugs they would
+have for any other product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for any other product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for any other product
+obviously today many more people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously today many more people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously today many more people have
+prescription drug Insurance the prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription drug Insurance the prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription drug Insurance the prices
+of pharmacies would not be what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pharmacies would not be what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pharmacies would not be what they're
+paying but at the time that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying but at the time that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying but at the time that this thing
+had this Advantage um so anyway here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this Advantage um so anyway here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this Advantage um so anyway here's
+an example of the study design so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of the study design so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of the study design so you
+can see that this is not the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this is not the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this is not the actual
+poster but there was a poster that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poster but there was a poster that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poster but there was a poster that was
+very much like this I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like this I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like this I think it was
+roughly 150 drugs but then many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 150 drugs but then many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 150 drugs but then many of them
+had generic as well as branded versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had generic as well as branded versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had generic as well as branded versions
+and so you were getting rough over 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you were getting rough over 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you were getting rough over 200
+prescription drugs uh and so there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription drugs uh and so there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription drugs uh and so there this
+big poster it would list acail 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big poster it would list acail 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big poster it would list acail 10
+milligram tablets acpr 20 milligram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligram tablets acpr 20 milligram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligram tablets acpr 20 milligram
+tablets and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets and so
+on and then it would have the prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then it would have the prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then it would have the prices
+there and so Allan could just go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so Allan could just go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so Allan could just go into
+thees copy down the prices listed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thees copy down the prices listed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thees copy down the prices listed on
+this poster and and get an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this poster and and get an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this poster and and get an example of
+what they cost um and you know different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they cost um and you know different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they cost um and you know different
+drugs have different characteristics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs have different characteristics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs have different characteristics and
+so what he's going to be able to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what he's going to be able to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what he's going to be able to do is
+not only say how much dispersion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only say how much dispersion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only say how much dispersion is
+there within a drug but then how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there within a drug but then how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there within a drug but then how much
+dispersion is there across drugs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion is there across drugs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion is there across drugs uh
+sorry how does the dispersion vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry how does the dispersion vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry how does the dispersion vary
+across drugs with drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across drugs with drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across drugs with drug
+characteristics um one thing that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics um one thing that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics um one thing that's also
+nice about this application is you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice about this application is you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice about this application is you could
+say one reason why drug prices should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one reason why drug prices should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one reason why drug prices should be
+different acrosses is because uh their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different acrosses is because uh their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different acrosses is because uh their
+drugs are bundled with Pharmacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs are bundled with Pharmacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs are bundled with Pharmacy
+amenities some Pharmacy has better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amenities some Pharmacy has better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amenities some Pharmacy has better
+customer service is cleaner night e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer service is cleaner night e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer service is cleaner night e
+quicker to get in and out of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker to get in and out of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker to get in and out of people
+would pay extra to go to that Pharmacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pay extra to go to that Pharmacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pay extra to go to that Pharmacy
+uh but the idea is having 200 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the idea is having 200 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the idea is having 200 different
+two 200 different drugs you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 200 different drugs you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 200 different drugs you can sort of
+put in Pharmacy fixed effects and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in Pharmacy fixed effects and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in Pharmacy fixed effects and say
+you know the pharmacy may be nicer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the pharmacy may be nicer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the pharmacy may be nicer but
+there's not something like a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not something like a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not something like a this
+Pharmacy is a nicer place to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pharmacy is a nicer place to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pharmacy is a nicer place to get
+amoxicillin and that Pharmacy is a nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amoxicillin and that Pharmacy is a nicer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amoxicillin and that Pharmacy is a nicer
+place to get sexin you know Pharmacy fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to get sexin you know Pharmacy fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to get sexin you know Pharmacy fix
+effects Auto account for most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects Auto account for most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects Auto account for most the
+amenities and let them control for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amenities and let them control for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amenities and let them control for
+that okay you know not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay you know not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay you know not much
+sophistication of the analysis so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication of the analysis so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication of the analysis so I
+won't go through how it's really done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go through how it's really done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go through how it's really done
+but let me just sort of talk about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me just sort of talk about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me just sort of talk about some
+of the basic facts so first basic fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the basic facts so first basic fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the basic facts so first basic fact
+there's substantial price dispersion uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's substantial price dispersion uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's substantial price dispersion uh
+the difference between the highest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the highest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the highest and
+lowest price for drug across the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest price for drug across the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest price for drug across the drug
+stores town is $13 for the average drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores town is $13 for the average drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores town is $13 for the average drug
+um some drugs have less price dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some drugs have less price dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some drugs have less price dispersion
+10th percentile range is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th percentile range is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th percentile range is
+$5 uh 95th percentile range is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5 uh 95th percentile range is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5 uh 95th percentile range is
+$25 so substantial price dispersion you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$25 so substantial price dispersion you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$25 so substantial price dispersion you
+know obviously it's not enormous but $13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know obviously it's not enormous but $13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know obviously it's not enormous but $13
+is about what what you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about what what you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about what what you can think of
+um second finding is that the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second finding is that the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second finding is that the price
+dispersion doesn't appear to be due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion doesn't appear to be due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion doesn't appear to be due to
+Pharmacy fixed effects uh he argues this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pharmacy fixed effects uh he argues this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pharmacy fixed effects uh he argues this
+in a couple ways first is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple ways first is just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple ways first is just this
+simple table uh where he puts for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple table uh where he puts for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple table uh where he puts for every
+pharmace in these towns how often is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmace in these towns how often is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmace in these towns how often is
+their price in the bottom third of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their price in the bottom third of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their price in the bottom third of the
+distribution here in Middletown they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here in Middletown they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here in Middletown they're
+10 so um how often is their price one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 so um how often is their price one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 so um how often is their price one of
+the three lowest how often is it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three lowest how often is it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three lowest how often is it in the
+middle how often is in the three highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle how often is in the three highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle how often is in the three highest
+and for many of the pharmacies like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for many of the pharmacies like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for many of the pharmacies like the
+ones I've highlighted eer immediate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I've highlighted eer immediate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I've highlighted eer immediate and
+Kmart there's a substantial number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kmart there's a substantial number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kmart there's a substantial number of
+drugs where they're the low one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs where they're the low one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs where they're the low one of the
+lowest prices a substantial number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest prices a substantial number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest prices a substantial number of
+drugs where they're one of the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs where they're one of the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs where they're one of the highest
+price pharmacies there are a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price pharmacies there are a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price pharmacies there are a couple
+exceptions Right Aid seems to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions Right Aid seems to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions Right Aid seems to be a
+terrible place to buy drugs if you live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible place to buy drugs if you live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible place to buy drugs if you live
+in Middletown it's almost always one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Middletown it's almost always one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Middletown it's almost always one of
+the highest three prices uh also almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest three prices uh also almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest three prices uh also almost
+one of the highest prices in in Newberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the highest prices in in Newberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the highest prices in in Newberg
+um Price Chopper and Walmart seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Price Chopper and Walmart seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Price Chopper and Walmart seem to
+have lower prices than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+others but um if you think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but um if you think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but um if you think about how
+important are the pharmacy fixed effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important are the pharmacy fixed effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important are the pharmacy fixed effects
+he has a simple table where you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a simple table where you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a simple table where you sort of
+uh regress the prices of uh drugs in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh regress the prices of uh drugs in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh regress the prices of uh drugs in a
+pharmacy on drug fixed effects that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacy on drug fixed effects that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacy on drug fixed effects that has
+an R square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an R square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an R square of
+0.907 you include drug and Pharmacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.907 you include drug and Pharmacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.907 you include drug and Pharmacy
+effects as an R square of 938 so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects as an R square of 938 so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects as an R square of 938 so what
+that's saying is you know the pharmacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's saying is you know the pharmacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's saying is you know the pharmacy
+fixed effects or the amenities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed effects or the amenities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed effects or the amenities are
+accounting for about onethird of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for about onethird of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for about onethird of the
+price dispersion which leaves you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price dispersion which leaves you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price dispersion which leaves you know
+two-thirds of the remaining price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds of the remaining price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds of the remaining price
+dispersion so 2third of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion so 2third of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion so 2third of the
+$13 appears to be pure idiosyncratic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$13 appears to be pure idiosyncratic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$13 appears to be pure idiosyncratic uh
+variation across pharmacies not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation across pharmacies not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation across pharmacies not
+correlated with Pharmacy fixed effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with Pharmacy fixed effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with Pharmacy fixed effects
+and then Allan also argues in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Allan also argues in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Allan also argues in the paper
+that even that may be an under estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even that may be an under estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even that may be an under estimate
+of how much of his Pharmacy fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much of his Pharmacy fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much of his Pharmacy fixed
+effects because he looks at the expense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects because he looks at the expense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects because he looks at the expense
+of pharmacies like goes to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pharmacies like goes to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pharmacies like goes to the right
+AIDS uh and goes to the Price Chopper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIDS uh and goes to the Price Chopper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIDS uh and goes to the Price Chopper
+and his his his informal evidence of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his his his informal evidence of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his his his informal evidence of how
+friendly is the pharmacist how clean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly is the pharmacist how clean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly is the pharmacist how clean is
+the place how long is the line he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place how long is the line he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place how long is the line he would
+rather go to the Price Chopper than go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather go to the Price Chopper than go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather go to the Price Chopper than go
+to the Right Aid so in some sense this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Right Aid so in some sense this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Right Aid so in some sense this
+sort of high prices at Right Aid may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of high prices at Right Aid may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of high prices at Right Aid may
+just be part also of the idiosyncratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be part also of the idiosyncratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be part also of the idiosyncratic
+price dispersion not part of the farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price dispersion not part of the farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price dispersion not part of the farm
+not part of the sort of bundling with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not part of the sort of bundling with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not part of the sort of bundling with
+amenities okay um main thing that Allan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amenities okay um main thing that Allan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amenities okay um main thing that Allan
+does to then argue that this price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to then argue that this price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to then argue that this price
+dispersion is related to search costs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion is related to search costs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion is related to search costs is
+to sort of you you want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of you you want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of you you want to think about
+well let's go back to the theory if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's go back to the theory if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's go back to the theory if you
+remember what did I teach about price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what did I teach about price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what did I teach about price
+dispersion if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion if you have a
+market and you have uh you know if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and you have uh you know if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and you have uh you know if we
+have very low search cost and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very low search cost and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very low search cost and this is
+price equals cost um what you would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price equals cost um what you would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price equals cost um what you would see
+is with very low search costs we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with very low search costs we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with very low search costs we get a
+distribution that's fairly tightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's fairly tightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's fairly tightly
+distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+around we get a distribution of prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around we get a distribution of prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around we get a distribution of prices
+that's fairly tightly distributed around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fairly tightly distributed around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fairly tightly distributed around
+costs because if anyone sees a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs because if anyone sees a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs because if anyone sees a high
+price they're going to be tempted to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price they're going to be tempted to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price they're going to be tempted to go
+back and search again that gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and search again that gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and search again that gives us a
+search a cost distribution that's low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search a cost distribution that's low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search a cost distribution that's low
+prices are close to cost and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are close to cost and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are close to cost and then
+not very dispersed because if prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very dispersed because if prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very dispersed because if prices
+were very dispersed anyone seeing a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very dispersed anyone seeing a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very dispersed anyone seeing a high
+price would just go search again and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price would just go search again and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price would just go search again and try
+to get a low price so we get very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a low price so we get very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a low price so we get very little
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+dispersion when we have high search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion when we have high search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion when we have high search
+costs um what you get instead is uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs um what you get instead is uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs um what you get instead is uh more
+dispersed distribution that may look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersed distribution that may look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersed distribution that may look
+something like this where a few firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this where a few firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this where a few firms
+set low prices many more firms set high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set low prices many more firms set high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set low prices many more firms set high
+prices even the consumers who see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices even the consumers who see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices even the consumers who see the
+high prices don't want to search again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high prices don't want to search again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high prices don't want to search again
+so we get two different things we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get two different things we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get two different things we get a
+higher average price and we get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher average price and we get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher average price and we get more
+dispersion whereas here we get a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion whereas here we get a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion whereas here we get a lower
+average price and less dispersion um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average price and less dispersion um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average price and less dispersion um so
+that's what Allen would like to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Allen would like to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Allen would like to say is
+can we observe drugs that have lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we observe drugs that have lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we observe drugs that have lower
+search costs versus higher search costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search costs versus higher search costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search costs versus higher search costs
+and find out do the ones that are have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find out do the ones that are have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find out do the ones that are have
+lower search costs have lower and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower search costs have lower and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower search costs have lower and less
+dispersed prices okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersed prices okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersed prices okay
+um it's hard to think you know well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's hard to think you know well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's hard to think you know well it's
+you can think of reasons why some drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of reasons why some drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of reasons why some drugs
+may have higher or lower search costs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have higher or lower search costs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have higher or lower search costs so
+for instance drugs that treat conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance drugs that treat conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance drugs that treat conditions
+that are acute and very painful or make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are acute and very painful or make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are acute and very painful or make
+it difficult for you to shop could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it difficult for you to shop could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it difficult for you to shop could have
+high search costs you know drugs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high search costs you know drugs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high search costs you know drugs that
+treat sexually transmitted diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat sexually transmitted diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat sexually transmitted diseases
+might have high search costs because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have high search costs because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have high search costs because
+you're embarrassed about the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're embarrassed about the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're embarrassed about the condition
+you don't want to go tell every Pharmacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to go tell every Pharmacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to go tell every Pharmacy
+in the town call them up say know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the town call them up say know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the town call them up say know what
+would your cost be for buying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would your cost be for buying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would your cost be for buying this
+prescription um but what Allan comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription um but what Allan comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription um but what Allan comes up
+with is this idea of frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is this idea of frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is this idea of frequently
+purchased drugs so you have some drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchased drugs so you have some drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchased drugs so you have some drugs
+like antibiotics that you're typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like antibiotics that you're typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like antibiotics that you're typically
+buying and you're going to use once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying and you're going to use once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying and you're going to use once you
+have other drugs like ant like high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other drugs like ant like high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other drugs like ant like high
+blood pressure medications high blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood pressure medications high blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood pressure medications high blood
+pressure medications almost everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure medications almost everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure medications almost everyone
+who's taking them is going to take them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's taking them is going to take them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's taking them is going to take them
+every buy them every month for the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every buy them every month for the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every buy them every month for the rest
+of their lives and so if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their lives and so if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their lives and so if you think about
+shopping for an antibiotic versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping for an antibiotic versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping for an antibiotic versus
+shopping for high blood pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping for high blood pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping for high blood pressure
+medication it pays to shop around for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication it pays to shop around for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication it pays to shop around for
+the high blood pressure medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high blood pressure medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high blood pressure medication
+because you're going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to be able to
+amortize those search costs over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortize those search costs over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortize those search costs over the
+rest of your life whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of your life whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of your life whereas the
+antibiotics you're just going to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics you're just going to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics you're just going to buy
+this thing once you're never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing once you're never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing once you're never going to
+buy it again and the benefit of search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it again and the benefit of search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it again and the benefit of search
+is smaller um so what Allan does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller um so what Allan does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller um so what Allan does is
+think about frequently purchased drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about frequently purchased drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about frequently purchased drugs
+as drugs that have effectively lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as drugs that have effectively lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as drugs that have effectively lower
+search costs uh and examine whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search costs uh and examine whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search costs uh and examine whether the
+range in prices and the level of prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range in prices and the level of prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range in prices and the level of prices
+are lower for drugs that are purchased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lower for drugs that are purchased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lower for drugs that are purchased
+more frequently um the range is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more frequently um the range is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more frequently um the range is what's
+done here so he has four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here so he has four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here so he has four different
+models uh four different measures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models uh four different measures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models uh four different measures of the
+range of prices the absolute the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of prices the absolute the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of prices the absolute the range
+standard deviation residual range after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation residual range after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation residual range after
+you're controlling for some Pharmacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're controlling for some Pharmacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're controlling for some Pharmacy
+fixed effects and other things residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed effects and other things residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed effects and other things residual
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+deviation in all four cases he shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation in all four cases he shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation in all four cases he shows the
+more frequently purchased drugs do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more frequently purchased drugs do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more frequently purchased drugs do have
+less price dispersion than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less price dispersion than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less price dispersion than the
+frequently purchased drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently purchased drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently purchased drugs
+okay he also shows do I have a table for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he also shows do I have a table for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he also shows do I have a table for
+this I do not uh also shows um that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I do not uh also shows um that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I do not uh also shows um that the
+average markups for these drugs relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average markups for these drugs relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average markups for these drugs relative
+to sort of published wholesale prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of published wholesale prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of published wholesale prices
+are lower for the frequently purchased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lower for the frequently purchased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lower for the frequently purchased
+drugs and then a third facts I said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and then a third facts I said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and then a third facts I said we
+expect for idiosyncratic reasons some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect for idiosyncratic reasons some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect for idiosyncratic reasons some
+drugs to have lower or higher search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs to have lower or higher search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs to have lower or higher search
+costs apart from this sort of purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs apart from this sort of purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs apart from this sort of purchase
+frequency and what he shows is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and what he shows is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and what he shows is that
+drugs that have unexpectedly High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs that have unexpectedly High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs that have unexpectedly High
+average markups also have unexpectedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average markups also have unexpectedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average markups also have unexpectedly
+High dispersion suggesting that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High dispersion suggesting that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High dispersion suggesting that there's
+also unobserved variation in search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also unobserved variation in search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also unobserved variation in search
+costs and that unobserved variation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and that unobserved variation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and that unobserved variation in
+search cost is driving some of the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search cost is driving some of the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search cost is driving some of the price
+dispersion in price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion in price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion in price
+levels anyway so I you know I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels anyway so I you know I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels anyway so I you know I I think
+it's a you it's a very nice paper it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a you it's a very nice paper it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a you it's a very nice paper it's
+sort of providing very simple evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of providing very simple evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of providing very simple evidence
+saying that these theories we have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that these theories we have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that these theories we have like
+stals model of price dispersion do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stals model of price dispersion do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stals model of price dispersion do
+appear to be applicable and do appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear to be applicable and do appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear to be applicable and do appear
+that like the price dispersion they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like the price dispersion they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like the price dispersion they
+predict is there and it appears that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict is there and it appears that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict is there and it appears that
+that price dispersion is search cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that price dispersion is search cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that price dispersion is search cost
+related Stango and Zinman are sort of on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related Stango and Zinman are sort of on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related Stango and Zinman are sort of on
+the opposite side of the sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite side of the sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite side of the sort of you
+know second primary second motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know second primary second motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know second primary second motivation
+trying to look at a question that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to look at a question that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to look at a question that we
+really care about and understand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about and understand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about and understand you
+know does price disp do sort of models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know does price disp do sort of models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know does price disp do sort of models
+of price dispers help us understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of price dispers help us understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of price dispers help us understand
+what's going on and how big are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on and how big are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on and how big are the
+magnitudes of price dispersion in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes of price dispersion in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes of price dispersion in this
+application uh particular thing they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application uh particular thing they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application uh particular thing they're
+talking about is credit card debt um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is credit card debt um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is credit card debt um you
+know credit card debt is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know credit card debt is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know credit card debt is something that
+uh you know many people feel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know many people feel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know many people feel is
+unfortunate there are many people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate there are many people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate there are many people in the
+United States who pay much more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States who pay much more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States who pay much more on
+credit card interest and have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card interest and have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card interest and have gotten
+themselves into substantial trouble um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves into substantial trouble um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves into substantial trouble um
+there was sort of a set of papers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was sort of a set of papers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was sort of a set of papers in the
+1990s set off by this this AER paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s set off by this this AER paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s set off by this this AER paper by
+Larry oabel raising what what he called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larry oabel raising what what he called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larry oabel raising what what he called
+the credit card puzzle and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit card puzzle and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit card puzzle and the question
+is why is it the credit card interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why is it the credit card interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why is it the credit card interest
+rates are so high given that there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are so high given that there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are so high given that there are a
+million banks in the United States why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million banks in the United States why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million banks in the United States why
+is it that this competition between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that this competition between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that this competition between this
+huge number of banks does not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number of banks does not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number of banks does not uh
+dissipate profits in the credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipate profits in the credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipate profits in the credit card
+industry and how do we get profits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and how do we get profits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and how do we get profits that
+are so high for the firms the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so high for the firms the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so high for the firms the other
+thing that Asel raised was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that Asel raised was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that Asel raised was sort of
+actually uh non-dispersion intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh non-dispersion intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh non-dispersion intuition
+which is that also reported that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that also reported that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that also reported that not
+only are credit card rates very high but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only are credit card rates very high but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only are credit card rates very high but
+every big Bank charges very high rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every big Bank charges very high rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every big Bank charges very high rates
+on their credit card so there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their credit card so there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their credit card so there's not
+price dispersion he would have thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price dispersion he would have thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price dispersion he would have thought
+you know he sort of say why is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he sort of say why is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he sort of say why is it that
+all these banks are charging very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these banks are charging very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these banks are charging very high
+interest rates why doesn't one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates why doesn't one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates why doesn't one of them
+undercut the others and try to compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut the others and try to compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut the others and try to compete
+with them bring interest rates down uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them bring interest rates down uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them bring interest rates down uh
+ASA also reported that rates were fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASA also reported that rates were fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASA also reported that rates were fairly
+un insensitive to interest rates so his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un insensitive to interest rates so his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un insensitive to interest rates so his
+data covers times when you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data covers times when you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data covers times when you know there
+are times when interest rates uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are times when interest rates uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are times when interest rates uh on
+mortgage loans are 10% times when those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage loans are 10% times when those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage loans are 10% times when those
+rates are 2% when interest rates on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are 2% when interest rates on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are 2% when interest rates on on
+Treasury bills and mortgages are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treasury bills and mortgages are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treasury bills and mortgages are
+changing credit card rates seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing credit card rates seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing credit card rates seem to be
+fairly insensitive and that was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly insensitive and that was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly insensitive and that was another
+puzzle raised is you know why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle raised is you know why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle raised is you know why is it
+these rates are not why is it they're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rates are not why is it they're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rates are not why is it they're so
+fixed and there's so little dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and there's so little dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and there's so little dispersion
+they don't vary over time or across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't vary over time or across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't vary over time or across
+Banks okay um so Stango and Zinman uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks okay um so Stango and Zinman uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks okay um so Stango and Zinman uh
+are actually going to argue that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually going to argue that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually going to argue that that uh
+basic facts that aabel had us think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic facts that aabel had us think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic facts that aabel had us think
+about were wrong um that it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about were wrong um that it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about were wrong um that it's not the
+case it what's it is true that rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it what's it is true that rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it what's it is true that rates
+across Banks tend to be fairly similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across Banks tend to be fairly similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across Banks tend to be fairly similar
+uh but what's not true is that rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but what's not true is that rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but what's not true is that rates
+across individuals are true and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across individuals are true and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across individuals are true and so in
+particular there's this hidden thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there's this hidden thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there's this hidden thing
+that osel was missing which was that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that osel was missing which was that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that osel was missing which was that all
+of these banks have high average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these banks have high average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these banks have high average
+interest rates but all these banks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates but all these banks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates but all these banks are
+also offering many different interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also offering many different interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also offering many different interest
+rates to their different clients some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates to their different clients some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates to their different clients some of
+their clients are paying low interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their clients are paying low interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their clients are paying low interest
+rates some of their clients are paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates some of their clients are paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates some of their clients are paying
+high interest rates and so uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high interest rates and so uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high interest rates and so uh what
+sanguin Zim trying to think about is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanguin Zim trying to think about is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanguin Zim trying to think about is you
+know you know document that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know document that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know document that there's
+substantial price dispersion and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial price dispersion and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial price dispersion and think
+about search cost as a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about search cost as a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about search cost as a potential
+explanation for why it is that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for why it is that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for why it is that we see
+these high interest rates um so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these high interest rates um so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these high interest rates um so anyway
+some basic facts in their paper and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic facts in their paper and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic facts in their paper and I
+should say where does their data come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say where does their data come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say where does their data come
+from so you know this is not the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so you know this is not the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so you know this is not the sort of
+amateur data collection we see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amateur data collection we see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amateur data collection we see in
+Sorenson's paper um this is the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorenson's paper um this is the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorenson's paper um this is the data
+collection where you make connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection where you make connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection where you make connections
+with some firm uh that has access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some firm uh that has access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some firm uh that has access to
+very high quality data so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high quality data so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high quality data so in particular
+there's a company called light spe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a company called light spe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a company called light spe and
+there are a few companies like this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few companies like this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few companies like this what
+light speeded does is it has a panel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light speeded does is it has a panel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light speeded does is it has a panel of
+consumer a panel of consumers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer a panel of consumers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer a panel of consumers who
+basically open their lives to light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically open their lives to light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically open their lives to light
+speed in exchange for some type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed in exchange for some type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed in exchange for some type of
+payment so in particular uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment so in particular uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment so in particular uh there
+4,312 uh customers in their data what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,312 uh customers in their data what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,312 uh customers in their data what
+these customers do is they give light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these customers do is they give light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these customers do is they give light
+speed access to their credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed access to their credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed access to their credit card
+statements so every month Lightspeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements so every month Lightspeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements so every month Lightspeed
+gets their complete credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets their complete credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets their complete credit card
+statement everything they bought um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement everything they bought um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement everything they bought um how
+much what they paid what how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what they paid what how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what they paid what how much
+interest they paid did they pay a late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest they paid did they pay a late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest they paid did they pay a late
+fee is B basically it's like they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee is B basically it's like they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee is B basically it's like they've got
+the credit card statement for 4,312
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit card statement for 4,312
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit card statement for 4,312
+people um they also have information on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um they also have information on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um they also have information on
+the people in their panel so when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people in their panel so when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people in their panel so when people
+join their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join their
+panel they complete a survey that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel they complete a survey that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel they complete a survey that gives
+them a lot of demographic information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a lot of demographic information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a lot of demographic information
+they also know the consumer's credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also know the consumer's credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also know the consumer's credit
+scores they've got this from I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores they've got this from I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores they've got this from I don't
+know Experian or some other credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Experian or some other credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Experian or some other credit
+reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting
+agency uh so they have some measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency uh so they have some measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency uh so they have some measure of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um some measure of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some measure of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some measure of the uh
+creditworthiness that people do think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creditworthiness that people do think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creditworthiness that people do think
+would be a driver of the heterogene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a driver of the heterogene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a driver of the heterogene and
+interest rates being paid um so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates being paid um so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates being paid um so let me
+start from some basic facts um first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from some basic facts um first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from some basic facts um first
+fact is there's tremendous heterogeneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is there's tremendous heterogeneity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is there's tremendous heterogeneity
+in interest rates across um consumers if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in interest rates across um consumers if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in interest rates across um consumers if
+you look at the inter quartile range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the inter quartile range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the inter quartile range
+Just Between the 75th percentile and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just Between the 75th percentile and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just Between the 75th percentile and the
+25th percentile uh it's 800 basis points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25th percentile uh it's 800 basis points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25th percentile uh it's 800 basis points
+or you know eight percentage points per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know eight percentage points per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know eight percentage points per
+year um this is omitting anyone who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year um this is omitting anyone who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year um this is omitting anyone who has
+teaser rates anyone who pays in full so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaser rates anyone who pays in full so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaser rates anyone who pays in full so
+these are people who are paying interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are people who are paying interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are people who are paying interest
+their credit cards every month there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their credit cards every month there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their credit cards every month there's
+just tremendous heterogenity there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tremendous heterogenity there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tremendous heterogenity there
+um of course there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course there's going to be
+heterogen and credit card rates because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogen and credit card rates because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogen and credit card rates because
+some people are bad credit risks some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are bad credit risks some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are bad credit risks some
+people are good credit risks you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are good credit risks you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are good credit risks you would
+think if you were running a credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you were running a credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you were running a credit card
+company you would give lower interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company you would give lower interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company you would give lower interest
+rates people were going to pay you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates people were going to pay you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates people were going to pay you back
+a higher interest rate than people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher interest rate than people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher interest rate than people who
+you think might default um what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think might default um what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think might default um what they
+find is that default risk explains about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that default risk explains about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that default risk explains about
+40% of the interest rate uh variation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% of the interest rate uh variation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% of the interest rate uh variation um
+other factors like offsetting rewards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors like offsetting rewards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors like offsetting rewards
+demographic Graphics explain very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic Graphics explain very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic Graphics explain very very
+little so roughly you know 60% of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little so roughly you know 60% of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little so roughly you know 60% of this
+Gap is due to um what appears to be pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap is due to um what appears to be pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap is due to um what appears to be pure
+idiosyncratic heterogenity people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic heterogenity people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic heterogenity people who
+are similar situated equally likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are similar situated equally likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are similar situated equally likely to
+pay the bank back some are paying much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the bank back some are paying much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the bank back some are paying much
+more than others uh and a third fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than others uh and a third fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than others uh and a third fact
+I'll talk about later is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about later is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about later is that there's
+also substantial within consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also substantial within consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also substantial within consumer
+variation offers receive they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation offers receive they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation offers receive they have a
+separate second data set where they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate second data set where they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate second data set where they have
+people open like they know all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people open like they know all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people open like they know all of the
+credit card mailers that are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card mailers that are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card mailers that are going to
+particular individuals tools uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular individuals tools uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular individuals tools uh people
+in their data I don't know if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their data I don't know if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their data I don't know if this
+applies to you get multiple credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to you get multiple credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to you get multiple credit card
+offers per month they look within one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers per month they look within one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers per month they look within one
+month what credit card offers people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month what credit card offers people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month what credit card offers people get
+and there's substantial variation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's substantial variation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's substantial variation in the
+offers if you open them up okay so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers if you open them up okay so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers if you open them up okay so let
+me just sort of uh some summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just sort of uh some summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just sort of uh some summary
+statistics you know this is a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics you know this is a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics you know this is a case where
+you know I think part of the interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think part of the interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think part of the interest in
+this paper is it just this light speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper is it just this light speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper is it just this light speed
+data gives us this view of what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data gives us this view of what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data gives us this view of what is it
+that consumers are doing and and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consumers are doing and and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consumers are doing and and has
+sort shocking statistics about problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort shocking statistics about problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort shocking statistics about problems
+people have so um they divide the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have so um they divide the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have so um they divide the data
+into the quartiles of the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the quartiles of the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the quartiles of the average
+balance that people have on their credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance that people have on their credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance that people have on their credit
+card you know you were probably told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card you know you were probably told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card you know you were probably told
+that it's sort of good practice to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's sort of good practice to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's sort of good practice to pay
+off your credit card bills every month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off your credit card bills every month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off your credit card bills every month
+and simply not pay any interest uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simply not pay any interest uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simply not pay any interest uh and
+what they find is that the 25th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they find is that the 25th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they find is that the 25th
+percentile balance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile balance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile balance is
+$499 which means you know the fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$499 which means you know the fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$499 which means you know the fraction
+of people in their data who pay off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in their data who pay off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in their data who pay off
+their bill every month is less than 25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their bill every month is less than 25%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their bill every month is less than 25%
+so it's close to 25% but most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's close to 25% but most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's close to 25% but most people
+have a balance on their credit cards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a balance on their credit cards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a balance on their credit cards and
+keep run a balance on their credit cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep run a balance on their credit cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep run a balance on their credit cards
+every month and never pay it off okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every month and never pay it off okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every month and never pay it off okay uh
+what's the upper quartile the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the upper quartile the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the upper quartile the upper
+quartile is people with credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartile is people with credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartile is people with credit card
+balances between 4586 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances between 4586 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances between 4586 and
+$62,000 uh people in this quarti on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$62,000 uh people in this quarti on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$62,000 uh people in this quarti on
+average have a res revolving balance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average have a res revolving balance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average have a res revolving balance of
+$111,000 in their credit cards they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$111,000 in their credit cards they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$111,000 in their credit cards they're
+paying $2,000 in interest and obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying $2,000 in interest and obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying $2,000 in interest and obviously
+you know these are the people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are the people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are the people that
+people really worry about about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people really worry about about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people really worry about about in
+people who are making big Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are making big Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are making big Financial
+mistakes and there there something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes and there there something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes and there there something we
+can do to sort of help people avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do to sort of help people avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do to sort of help people avoid
+getting stuck in the situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting stuck in the situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting stuck in the situation where
+you're spending uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending uh
+$2,000 um a month on interest you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2,000 um a month on interest you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2,000 um a month on interest you may
+also notice that the people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also notice that the people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also notice that the people who were
+spending $2,000 a month on interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending $2,000 a month on interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending $2,000 a month on interest
+what's their income you know a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's their income you know a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's their income you know a quarter
+of them have incomes below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have incomes below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have incomes below
+$45,000 so being income below $445,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$45,000 so being income below $445,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$45,000 so being income below $445,000
+paying 2,000 a month on your credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying 2,000 a month on your credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying 2,000 a month on your credit card
+these are people who've made very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are people who've made very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are people who've made very big
+mistakes you know some of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes you know some of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes you know some of them have
+incomes of above a 100,000 uh but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes of above a 100,000 uh but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes of above a 100,000 uh but it's
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+substantial um also sort of noteworthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial um also sort of noteworthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial um also sort of noteworthy
+is some sense the some of the u-shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some sense the some of the u-shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some sense the some of the u-shaped
+relationships here it's actually people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships here it's actually people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships here it's actually people
+in the bottom quartile and people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom quartile and people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom quartile and people in the
+top quartile who have the best credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top quartile who have the best credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top quartile who have the best credit
+scores and who are charging the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores and who are charging the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores and who are charging the most
+every month some people in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every month some people in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every month some people in the second
+quartile are you know people in second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartile are you know people in second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartile are you know people in second
+quartile are spending less per month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartile are spending less per month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartile are spending less per month
+have lower credit reports lower credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lower credit reports lower credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lower credit reports lower credit
+scores these people are probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores these people are probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores these people are probably
+constrained in how much they can borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained in how much they can borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained in how much they can borrow
+but it's the people at the top actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the people at the top actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the people at the top actually
+have fairly good credit scores and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fairly good credit scores and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fairly good credit scores and the
+you know credit card companies enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know credit card companies enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know credit card companies enjoy
+being able to sort of charge them $2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to sort of charge them $2,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to sort of charge them $2,000
+a month in interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month in interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month in interest
+um okay so this fact I told you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so this fact I told you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so this fact I told you about
+there's tremendous dispersion in credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's tremendous dispersion in credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's tremendous dispersion in credit
+card interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card interest rates
+um you know here's the basic uh raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know here's the basic uh raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know here's the basic uh raw
+information on on what people are paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on on what people are paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on on what people are paying
+and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can
+see it's not based on your revolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's not based on your revolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's not based on your revolving
+balance so people in the lowest quartile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance so people in the lowest quartile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance so people in the lowest quartile
+there people paying between 12 they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there people paying between 12 they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there people paying between 12 they're
+people paying 12% and people paying 26%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people paying 12% and people paying 26%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people paying 12% and people paying 26%
+so this is the 10th percentile this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the 10th percentile this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the 10th percentile this is
+the 90th percentile people in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 90th percentile people in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 90th percentile people in the upper
+quartile people paying 11% people paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartile people paying 11% people paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartile people paying 11% people paying
+26% it seems to be very similar Acro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26% it seems to be very similar Acro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26% it seems to be very similar Acro
+across those four groups in in at for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across those four groups in in at for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across those four groups in in at for
+every sort of level of revolving balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every sort of level of revolving balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every sort of level of revolving balance
+there are people paying very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people paying very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people paying very low
+interest rates uh people paying very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates uh people paying very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates uh people paying very
+very high interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high interest
+rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+um you know as I said you know second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know as I said you know second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know as I said you know second
+fact I have is are people paying very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I have is are people paying very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I have is are people paying very
+different interest rates because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different interest rates because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different interest rates because they
+have very different credit scores uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very different credit scores uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very different credit scores uh
+what we see here is the blue dashed line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see here is the blue dashed line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see here is the blue dashed line
+is the distribution of interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the distribution of interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the distribution of interest rates
+people are pay being paid relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are pay being paid relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are pay being paid relative to
+the average rate so zero is here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average rate so zero is here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average rate so zero is here so
+they're a number of people paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a number of people paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a number of people paying
+interest rates 5% below average there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates 5% below average there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates 5% below average there a
+number of people paying 10% below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people paying 10% below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people paying 10% below
+average also many people paying 0 to 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average also many people paying 0 to 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average also many people paying 0 to 10%
+above average not many people pay more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above average not many people pay more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above average not many people pay more
+than 10 or 12% above average but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 or 12% above average but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 or 12% above average but the
+blue is a distribution of interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue is a distribution of interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue is a distribution of interest rates
+people are being pay are paying relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are being pay are paying relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are being pay are paying relative
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+average the red is what you get if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the red is what you get if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the red is what you get if you
+say okay now I'm going to control for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay now I'm going to control for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay now I'm going to control for
+your credit score and ask once I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your credit score and ask once I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your credit score and ask once I've
+controlled for your credit score what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled for your credit score what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled for your credit score what
+are you paying relative the average for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you paying relative the average for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you paying relative the average for
+someone with your credit score and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone with your credit score and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone with your credit score and other
+attributes and what they find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and what they find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and what they find is that
+you know this explains some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this explains some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this explains some of the
+variation the red distribution is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation the red distribution is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation the red distribution is uh
+more tightly uh distributed than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tightly uh distributed than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tightly uh distributed than the
+blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue
+distribution but you know that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but you know that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but you know that's the
+it's explaining perhaps 40% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's explaining perhaps 40% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's explaining perhaps 40% of the
+variation so this some of this Tales go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so this some of this Tales go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so this some of this Tales go
+away but we still have very substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but we still have very substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but we still have very substantial
+differences in interest rates paid by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in interest rates paid by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in interest rates paid by
+people who appear to be uh similar on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who appear to be uh similar on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who appear to be uh similar on
+all attributes so then the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all attributes so then the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all attributes so then the next thing
+the paper does is try to sort of say can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper does is try to sort of say can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper does is try to sort of say can
+we sort of uh can we tie this to search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of uh can we tie this to search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of uh can we tie this to search
+intensity and we find that people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and we find that people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and we find that people who
+are sear or with lower search cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sear or with lower search cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sear or with lower search cost
+people who are more likely to search are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are more likely to search are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are more likely to search are
+the ones paying uh interest rates down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones paying uh interest rates down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones paying uh interest rates down
+here and the people who are less have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the people who are less have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the people who are less have
+higher search costs end up getting stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher search costs end up getting stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher search costs end up getting stuck
+and paying high interest rates up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paying high interest rates up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paying high interest rates up there
+okay um you know it's not as clean as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um you know it's not as clean as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um you know it's not as clean as
+Allen's paper where Allen has this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allen's paper where Allen has this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allen's paper where Allen has this sort
+of exogenous characteristic of a drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exogenous characteristic of a drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exogenous characteristic of a drug
+that shifts at search costs um but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shifts at search costs um but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shifts at search costs um but what
+they have as a measure of search costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have as a measure of search costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have as a measure of search costs
+is just a self answer to a a survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a self answer to a a survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a self answer to a a survey
+question uh they ask consumers um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh they ask consumers um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh they ask consumers um you
+know so they have not only have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so they have not only have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so they have not only have access
+to the panel data they had the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the panel data they had the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the panel data they had the ability
+to ask questions of consumers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask questions of consumers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask questions of consumers in the
+light speed panel data and they asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light speed panel data and they asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light speed panel data and they asked
+those consumers How likely are you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those consumers How likely are you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those consumers How likely are you to
+look at a credit card offer you get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a credit card offer you get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a credit card offer you get in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+mail and you might think that that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail and you might think that that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail and you might think that that would
+be a measure of search cost people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a measure of search cost people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a measure of search cost people who
+have low search cost people who like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low search cost people who like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low search cost people who like
+opening credit card envelopes and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening credit card envelopes and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening credit card envelopes and look
+thinking about them are people with low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about them are people with low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about them are people with low
+search cost people who dislike opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search cost people who dislike opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search cost people who dislike opening
+their credit card credit card offers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their credit card credit card offers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their credit card credit card offers to
+get in the mail or people with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in the mail or people with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in the mail or people with high
+search costs uh is that going to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search costs uh is that going to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search costs uh is that going to explain
+things when you think about that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when you think about that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when you think about that there's
+this obvious indogen concern you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this obvious indogen concern you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this obvious indogen concern you ask
+people How likely are you to open a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people How likely are you to open a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people How likely are you to open a
+credit card uh offer you get in the mail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card uh offer you get in the mail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card uh offer you get in the mail
+well if you know you have a bad credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you know you have a bad credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you know you have a bad credit
+card and you're paying a high interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and you're paying a high interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and you're paying a high interest
+rate you may be more likely to say yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you may be more likely to say yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you may be more likely to say yes
+I'm going to open up things because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to open up things because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to open up things because
+you're looking for a new credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for a new credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for a new credit card
+whereas if you already have a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you already have a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you already have a really
+good credit card you may say no I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good credit card you may say no I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good credit card you may say no I don't
+open them up and you're not opening them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open them up and you're not opening them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open them up and you're not opening them
+up not because you have high search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up not because you have high search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up not because you have high search
+costs but because you know you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs but because you know you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs but because you know you already
+have a very good deal um so what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very good deal um so what they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very good deal um so what they do
+is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know
+the um first thing they do is they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um first thing they do is they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um first thing they do is they just
+run this OS regression and they regress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this OS regression and they regress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this OS regression and they regress
+the APR that you end up paying on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the APR that you end up paying on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the APR that you end up paying on your
+self-reported search uh intensity and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reported search uh intensity and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reported search uh intensity and we
+get a small negative coefficient saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a small negative coefficient saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a small negative coefficient saying
+people who search more actively are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who search more actively are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who search more actively are
+paying slightly lower rates um but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying slightly lower rates um but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying slightly lower rates um but then
+they sort of it has that endogenity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of it has that endogenity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of it has that endogenity so
+they run this IV regression um the IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run this IV regression um the IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run this IV regression um the IV
+regression says that we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression says that we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression says that we can think about
+gender and marital status as instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender and marital status as instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender and marital status as instruments
+for search intensity because um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for search intensity because um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for search intensity because um the
+offers that you get in the mail should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers that you get in the mail should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers that you get in the mail should
+not differ across gender across marital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not differ across gender across marital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not differ across gender across marital
+status once you control for uh credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status once you control for uh credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status once you control for uh credit
+score and other factors because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score and other factors because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score and other factors because it's
+illegal to discriminate uh against women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal to discriminate uh against women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal to discriminate uh against women
+or against married or unmarried people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or against married or unmarried people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or against married or unmarried people
+um therefore those things should relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um therefore those things should relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um therefore those things should relate
+to your search intensity but be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your search intensity but be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your search intensity but be
+unrelated to the set of raw set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated to the set of raw set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated to the set of raw set of
+offers that you get uh in the mail for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers that you get uh in the mail for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers that you get uh in the mail for
+credit cards when they put that IV in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards when they put that IV in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards when they put that IV in
+now they get a very large negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they get a very large negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they get a very large negative
+coefficient saying people who search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient saying people who search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient saying people who search
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+intensively um are paying lower interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively um are paying lower interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively um are paying lower interest
+rates I mean it's it's a you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates I mean it's it's a you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates I mean it's it's a you know it's a
+very large gap between the OS and the IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large gap between the OS and the IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large gap between the OS and the IV
+estimates and then the sort of standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates and then the sort of standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates and then the sort of standard
+error really blows up relative to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error really blows up relative to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error really blows up relative to this
+so you sort of Wonder you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you sort of Wonder you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you sort of Wonder you
+know you again it it sort of it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you again it it sort of it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you again it it sort of it's it's
+only a slightly significant result why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a slightly significant result why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a slightly significant result why
+is that you know is is the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know is is the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know is is the reverse
+causality really so large that it causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality really so large that it causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality really so large that it causes
+this but anyway that that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but anyway that that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but anyway that that's sort of the
+evidence they provide that it does seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence they provide that it does seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence they provide that it does seem
+to be the dispersion that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the dispersion that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the dispersion that people are
+paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying
+is related to some characteristic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to some characteristic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to some characteristic that
+that does their search intensity so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does their search intensity so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does their search intensity so and
+you also see at the end of this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also see at the end of this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also see at the end of this lecture
+I'm going to come back to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to come back to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to come back to sort of
+another paper that sort of further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another paper that sort of further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another paper that sort of further
+examin this question but I I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examin this question but I I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examin this question but I I think it
+does you know clearly reframe the debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does you know clearly reframe the debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does you know clearly reframe the debate
+relative to what you had thought from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to what you had thought from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to what you had thought from
+oabel and other early papers to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oabel and other early papers to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oabel and other early papers to say that
+you know there is just substantial price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there is just substantial price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there is just substantial price
+dispersion in credit cards Search cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion in credit cards Search cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion in credit cards Search cost
+seem be a part of why it is that it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem be a part of why it is that it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem be a part of why it is that it's so
+hard for firms to sort of compete in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for firms to sort of compete in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for firms to sort of compete in
+this market is if you sort of send out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this market is if you sort of send out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this market is if you sort of send out
+lots of credit card offers and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of credit card offers and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of credit card offers and people
+don't open them people don't consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't open them people don't consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't open them people don't consider
+buying them uh that may make it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying them uh that may make it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying them uh that may make it sort of
+one of the big factors that's obstacles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the big factors that's obstacles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the big factors that's obstacles
+to sort of eliminating the sort of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of eliminating the sort of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of eliminating the sort of high
+markups that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see okay so moving on I was G to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so moving on I was G to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so moving on I was G to spend
+you know much longer talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know much longer talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know much longer talking about a
+paper of mine um you know talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper of mine um you know talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper of mine um you know talk about in
+part because I know it better I you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because I know it better I you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because I know it better I you know
+it's one of my favorite of my papers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of my favorite of my papers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of my favorite of my papers um
+papers mine with Sarah um you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers mine with Sarah um you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers mine with Sarah um you know this
+is a paper where we're you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a paper where we're you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a paper where we're you know we're
+both trying to we are trying to uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both trying to we are trying to uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both trying to we are trying to uh it's
+more talking about the theory paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more talking about the theory paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more talking about the theory paper
+where we are trying to understand uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are trying to understand uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are trying to understand uh
+what causes uh price dispersions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what causes uh price dispersions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what causes uh price dispersions and
+markups um I I see this we saw it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markups um I I see this we saw it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markups um I I see this we saw it at the
+time as sort of a paper that was looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as sort of a paper that was looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as sort of a paper that was looking
+forward um you know the question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward um you know the question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward um you know the question was
+that sort of in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of in the early
+2000s search engines price search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000s search engines price search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000s search engines price search
+engines had recently been invented um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines had recently been invented um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines had recently been invented um
+there were few markets like airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were few markets like airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were few markets like airplane
+flights hotels rental cars where many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights hotels rental cars where many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights hotels rental cars where many
+people use price search engines most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use price search engines most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use price search engines most
+other markets people don't still use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other markets people don't still use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other markets people don't still use
+price search engines uh but you know our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price search engines uh but you know our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price search engines uh but you know our
+question was what's going to happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was what's going to happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was what's going to happen in
+the world if price search engines become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world if price search engines become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world if price search engines become
+much better you know first of all like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better you know first of all like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better you know first of all like
+you know how are the like the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how are the like the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how are the like the airplane
+flights and the hotel and Rental Car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights and the hotel and Rental Car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights and the hotel and Rental Car
+Market's going to adjust when flights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market's going to adjust when flights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market's going to adjust when flights
+get better when search Technologies get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better when search Technologies get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better when search Technologies get
+better and what's going to happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and what's going to happen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and what's going to happen to the
+rest of the economy when search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the economy when search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the economy when search
+Technologies get better I mean I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies get better I mean I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies get better I mean I think
+somehow this still seems topical 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow this still seems topical 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow this still seems topical 20
+years later you know 20 years later when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later you know 20 years later when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later you know 20 years later when
+we see these amazing AI advances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see these amazing AI advances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see these amazing AI advances and
+chat robots and whatever you Wonder am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat robots and whatever you Wonder am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat robots and whatever you Wonder am I
+going be able to sort of are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going be able to sort of are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going be able to sort of are we going to
+get to a point where I can just type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a point where I can just type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a point where I can just type
+into Google what's the best place for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Google what's the best place for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Google what's the best place for me
+to buy a Mox ayin and have a Mox and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy a Mox ayin and have a Mox and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy a Mox ayin and have a Mox and
+have Google say you're living I I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Google say you're living I I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Google say you're living I I can
+see that you live in Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you live in Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you live in Newton
+Massachusetts for you to buy a MOX ayin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts for you to buy a MOX ayin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts for you to buy a MOX ayin
+the best pharmacy to go to is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best pharmacy to go to is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best pharmacy to go to is this one
+in this one that's like on your drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one that's like on your drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one that's like on your drive
+home and it costs this much there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and it costs this much there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and it costs this much there and
+this much somewhere else are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much somewhere else are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much somewhere else are we going to
+get some point where I can sort of say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some point where I can sort of say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some point where I can sort of say I
+want to buy a tennis racket and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to buy a tennis racket and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to buy a tennis racket and then
+Google just tells me you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google just tells me you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google just tells me you know you know
+given what I know about you this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given what I know about you this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given what I know about you this would
+be the best tennis racket for you to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the best tennis racket for you to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the best tennis racket for you to to
+buy and this store has it at this price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and this store has it at this price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and this store has it at this price
+this is where you should buy it and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you should buy it and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you should buy it and just
+get it shipped directly to your house um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it shipped directly to your house um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it shipped directly to your house um
+so you know if who knows whether we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if who knows whether we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if who knows whether we will
+ever get to that point but know question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever get to that point but know question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever get to that point but know question
+I think Still Remains how do we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Still Remains how do we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Still Remains how do we expect
+markets to change when search cost when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets to change when search cost when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets to change when search cost when
+internet Technologies improve search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet Technologies improve search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet Technologies improve search
+costs go down are we going to see sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs go down are we going to see sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs go down are we going to see sort
+of a collapse in price dispersion where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a collapse in price dispersion where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a collapse in price dispersion where
+formerly High dispersed prices become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formerly High dispersed prices become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formerly High dispersed prices become
+very low tyght prices and you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low tyght prices and you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low tyght prices and you know we
+mentioned the paper this potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the paper this potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the paper this potential
+berran Paradox you know real retailers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berran Paradox you know real retailers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berran Paradox you know real retailers
+have substantial fixed costs you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have substantial fixed costs you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have substantial fixed costs you know
+the fixed cost of running a store is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed cost of running a store is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed cost of running a store is
+something like 20% you know so if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 20% you know so if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 20% you know so if you if
+you can't earn 20% markups over your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't earn 20% markups over your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't earn 20% markups over your
+wholesale cost on Goods you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale cost on Goods you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale cost on Goods you're going to
+go out of business Even If you're sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out of business Even If you're sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out of business Even If you're sort
+of Walmart you're super efficient you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Walmart you're super efficient you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Walmart you're super efficient you
+need to have 20% markups of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have 20% markups of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have 20% markups of your
+wholesale cost to sort of cover all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale cost to sort of cover all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale cost to sort of cover all the
+fixed costs of having a physical store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed costs of having a physical store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed costs of having a physical store
+and things like that and so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that and so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that and so the question
+is you know how is retail and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know how is retail and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know how is retail and other
+businesses going to survive when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses going to survive when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses going to survive when the
+internet makes price search more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet makes price search more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet makes price search more
+efficient and I guess you know one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and I guess you know one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and I guess you know one of
+the answers we're going to say in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers we're going to say in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers we're going to say in this
+paper is that you know models of search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is that you know models of search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is that you know models of search
+traditionally thought of consumer search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally thought of consumer search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally thought of consumer search
+as a one-sided problem where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a one-sided problem where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a one-sided problem where these
+consumers have these search costs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers have these search costs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers have these search costs the
+search costs are fixed uh and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search costs are fixed uh and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search costs are fixed uh and and then
+they search and that fixed search cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they search and that fixed search cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they search and that fixed search cost
+ter the markups thing we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter the markups thing we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter the markups thing we're going to
+think about is actually you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is actually you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is actually you know sort of
+two-sided you have sort of the search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided you have sort of the search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided you have sort of the search
+engine is trying to make search more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine is trying to make search more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine is trying to make search more
+efficient the consumers are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient the consumers are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient the consumers are trying to
+make their search more efficient and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make their search more efficient and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make their search more efficient and at
+the same time their sort of uh stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time their sort of uh stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time their sort of uh stores
+are on the other side side trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the other side side trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the other side side trying to
+make search less efficient and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make search less efficient and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make search less efficient and so we can
+think of search cost as not being sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of search cost as not being sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of search cost as not being sort
+of exogenous or not being just a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exogenous or not being just a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exogenous or not being just a result
+of Technology but being a outcome of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Technology but being a outcome of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Technology but being a outcome of a
+two equilibrium of a two-sided game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equilibrium of a two-sided game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equilibrium of a two-sided game
+where some people are trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where some people are trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where some people are trying to make
+search more efficient other people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search more efficient other people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search more efficient other people are
+trying to make Search Le less efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make Search Le less efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make Search Le less efficient
+and the sort of balance between search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sort of balance between search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sort of balance between search
+and what we call obviation ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we call obviation ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we call obviation ends up
+determining price levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining price levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining price levels and
+markets okay so as I said you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets okay so as I said you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets okay so as I said you know this
+is a paper where we're focused on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a paper where we're focused on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a paper where we're focused on this
+theory of how would obfuscation work we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of how would obfuscation work we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of how would obfuscation work we
+go to a particular narrow corner of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a particular narrow corner of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a particular narrow corner of the
+internet where everything is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet where everything is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet where everything is much
+simpler and it makes it much simpler to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler and it makes it much simpler to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler and it makes it much simpler to
+do the analysis than it would if we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the analysis than it would if we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the analysis than it would if we sort
+of look at a more popular product and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of look at a more popular product and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of look at a more popular product and so
+particular we look at um a price search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we look at um a price search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we look at um a price search
+engine called pricewatch.com uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine called pricewatch.com uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine called pricewatch.com uh I think
+it still exists although it's it's long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still exists although it's it's long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still exists although it's it's long
+past its Heyday but in the early 2000s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past its Heyday but in the early 2000s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past its Heyday but in the early 2000s
+pricewatch was this simple database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricewatch was this simple database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricewatch was this simple database
+based search engine that people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based search engine that people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based search engine that people who were
+sort of sophisticated would use to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sophisticated would use to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sophisticated would use to find
+things that they needed so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they needed so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they needed so for instance
+you know if you were to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you were to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you were to go to the
+Computer Guys in in the MIT economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computer Guys in in the MIT economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computer Guys in in the MIT economics
+department and say I have a computer I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and say I have a computer I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and say I have a computer I'm
+getting sort of low memory errors could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting sort of low memory errors could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting sort of low memory errors could
+I just buy some extra memory and plug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just buy some extra memory and plug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just buy some extra memory and plug it
+into the you know plug some extra memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the you know plug some extra memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the you know plug some extra memory
+modules into this part of my circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules into this part of my circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules into this part of my circuit
+board and increase the memory capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and increase the memory capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and increase the memory capacity
+of my computer um people who worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my computer um people who worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my computer um people who worked in
+it offices might use pricewatch.com to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it offices might use pricewatch.com to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it offices might use pricewatch.com to
+find an inexpensive place to buy memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an inexpensive place to buy memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an inexpensive place to buy memory
+that you could add to your computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could add to your computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could add to your computer
+computer what did it look like and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer what did it look like and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer what did it look like and again
+this is you know think 2000 the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know think 2000 the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know think 2000 the world
+was much more Primitive Place the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was much more Primitive Place the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was much more Primitive Place the people
+had lower bandwidth on their on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had lower bandwidth on their on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had lower bandwidth on their on their
+home internet um things just had Simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home internet um things just had Simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home internet um things just had Simple
+Text based design so this was price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Text based design so this was price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Text based design so this was price
+watch very proud that it was established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch very proud that it was established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch very proud that it was established
+in 1995 and you can see the pixelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1995 and you can see the pixelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1995 and you can see the pixelated
+Graphics there um but anyway you'd go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graphics there um but anyway you'd go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graphics there um but anyway you'd go to
+pricewatch.com and it would sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricewatch.com and it would sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricewatch.com and it would sort of say
+these are the things you can buy through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the things you can buy through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the things you can buy through
+our site you can buy computers PCS with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our site you can buy computers PCS with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our site you can buy computers PCS with
+or without an operating system system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or without an operating system system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or without an operating system system
+you can buy CPUs you can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can buy CPUs you can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can buy CPUs you can buy
+motherboards um we're going to be buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motherboards um we're going to be buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motherboards um we're going to be buying
+memory um so RAM memory versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory um so RAM memory versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory um so RAM memory versus
+flashcards we're going be buying Ram so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashcards we're going be buying Ram so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashcards we're going be buying Ram so
+anyway I go to this page I click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I go to this page I click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I go to this page I click on
+Ram uh when I click on RAM it brings up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ram uh when I click on RAM it brings up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ram uh when I click on RAM it brings up
+this page which shows me all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this page which shows me all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this page which shows me all the
+different kinds of ram I can buy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of ram I can buy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of ram I can buy um
+again you need to be somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you need to be somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you need to be somewhat
+sophisticated I have do you need DDR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated I have do you need DDR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated I have do you need DDR
+memory do you need notebook ddr2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory do you need notebook ddr2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory do you need notebook ddr2
+memory these are all the memory modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory these are all the memory modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory these are all the memory modules
+you can buy they're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can buy they're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can buy they're going to have
+various descriptions so the five 52
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various descriptions so the five 52
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various descriptions so the five 52
+megabytes 4 gbt 2 gbes you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes 4 gbt 2 gbes you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes 4 gbt 2 gbes you know that's
+the sort of storage capacity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of storage capacity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of storage capacity of the
+memory module this uh 4, 3500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory module this uh 4, 3500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory module this uh 4, 3500
+3200 those are sort of uh describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3200 those are sort of uh describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3200 those are sort of uh describing the
+speed with which the memory com uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed with which the memory com uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed with which the memory com uh uh
+communicates with the mo motherboard the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicates with the mo motherboard the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicates with the mo motherboard the
+DDR ddr2 those are other aspects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDR ddr2 those are other aspects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDR ddr2 those are other aspects of the
+thing you know basically you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know basically you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know basically you need to
+know what type of memory you you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what type of memory you you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what type of memory you you need
+for your computer like my computer needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your computer like my computer needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your computer like my computer needs
+DDR pc3200 memory it is a choice then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDR pc3200 memory it is a choice then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDR pc3200 memory it is a choice then do
+I buy uh 4 gbt 2 gab 1 gbyte based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I buy uh 4 gbt 2 gab 1 gbyte based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I buy uh 4 gbt 2 gab 1 gbyte based on
+how much I want to spend how much memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much I want to spend how much memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much I want to spend how much memory
+I want to add but it's the site is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to add but it's the site is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to add but it's the site is
+designed for people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for people who are
+sophisticated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated in
+knowing you know what memory do I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing you know what memory do I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing you know what memory do I need
+for my motherboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my motherboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my motherboard
+um this is now getting to actual data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is now getting to actual data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is now getting to actual data so
+at you know this was taken a bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you know this was taken a bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you know this was taken a bit later
+when you can see people buying 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can see people buying 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can see people buying 4
+megabyte and 2 megabyte or gigabyte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte and 2 megabyte or gigabyte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte and 2 megabyte or gigabyte
+modules uh back in 1999 with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules uh back in 1999 with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules uh back in 1999 with people
+would buy is either 128 megabytes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would buy is either 128 megabytes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would buy is either 128 megabytes of
+memory or 256 megabytes of memory so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory or 256 megabytes of memory so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory or 256 megabytes of memory so I
+clicked on one particular type of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked on one particular type of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked on one particular type of memory
+128 megabyte modules that follow the PC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128 megabyte modules that follow the PC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128 megabyte modules that follow the PC
+100 would be the sort of uh you know 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 would be the sort of uh you know 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 would be the sort of uh you know 100
+would be the speed of the which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the speed of the which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the speed of the which it
+communicates with your computer so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicates with your computer so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicates with your computer so you
+know you need pc1 100 memory you want by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you need pc1 100 memory you want by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you need pc1 100 memory you want by
+128 megabytes you click on this link and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128 megabytes you click on this link and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128 megabytes you click on this link and
+it brings up this page this page just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it brings up this page this page just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it brings up this page this page just
+has a set of offers for where you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a set of offers for where you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a set of offers for where you could
+buy the memory from I can buy it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the memory from I can buy it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the memory from I can buy it from
+computer craft Inc from connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer craft Inc from connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer craft Inc from connect
+computers from First Choice memory this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers from First Choice memory this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers from First Choice memory this
+retailer is located in Florida this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer is located in Florida this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer is located in Florida this
+one's in California and so on and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's in California and so on and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's in California and so on and then
+the price of which they'll sell me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of which they'll sell me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of which they'll sell me the
+memory 68 69 70 72 74 74 74 75 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory 68 69 70 72 74 74 74 75 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory 68 69 70 72 74 74 74 75 and then
+how much they'll charge me for shipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much they'll charge me for shipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much they'll charge me for shipping
+you know it's usually uh the time price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's usually uh the time price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's usually uh the time price
+watch had a cap you couldn't charge more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch had a cap you couldn't charge more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch had a cap you couldn't charge more
+than $111 and so many of the firms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than $111 and so many of the firms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than $111 and so many of the firms are
+some number that's sort of slightly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number that's sort of slightly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number that's sort of slightly less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+$11 um again it was a primitive period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$11 um again it was a primitive period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$11 um again it was a primitive period
+where if I wanted to buy the memory I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if I wanted to buy the memory I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if I wanted to buy the memory I
+could then click on computercraft inc's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then click on computercraft inc's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then click on computercraft inc's
+website uh it would take me not to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website uh it would take me not to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website uh it would take me not to it's
+not like this would sort of add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like this would sort of add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like this would sort of add the
+memory to my cart I would click on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory to my cart I would click on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory to my cart I would click on that
+button I would typically get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button I would typically get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button I would typically get to the
+computercraft site and then I'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computercraft site and then I'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computercraft site and then I'd have to
+search around the computer craft site to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search around the computer craft site to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search around the computer craft site to
+find where is their 128 megabyte pc100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find where is their 128 megabyte pc100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find where is their 128 megabyte pc100
+memory can I find it at that price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory can I find it at that price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory can I find it at that price of
+$68 that price watch is telling me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$68 that price watch is telling me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$68 that price watch is telling me that
+they offer at um price watch was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they offer at um price watch was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they offer at um price watch was not
+scraping these numbers the retailers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraping these numbers the retailers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraping these numbers the retailers
+were having to enter these numbers into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were having to enter these numbers into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were having to enter these numbers into
+a database that price watch so the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a database that price watch so the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a database that price watch so the if
+you're one of these retailers you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're one of these retailers you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're one of these retailers you would
+get up in the morning decide what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up in the morning decide what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up in the morning decide what your
+price is upload the new price the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is upload the new price the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is upload the new price the price
+watch change it on your website and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch change it on your website and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch change it on your website and
+that's what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charge um so basic observations on price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge um so basic observations on price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge um so basic observations on price
+watch is you know there was a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch is you know there was a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch is you know there was a tremendous
+amount of competition on price watch um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of competition on price watch um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of competition on price watch um
+prices were very low you know at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices were very low you know at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices were very low you know at this
+time when this memory module cost $68 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when this memory module cost $68 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when this memory module cost $68 if
+I gone to the Best Buy to buy the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gone to the Best Buy to buy the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gone to the Best Buy to buy the same
+thing I might have paid $100 so markups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I might have paid $100 so markups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I might have paid $100 so markups
+were very low on price watch um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very low on price watch um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very low on price watch um but
+there was some dispersion and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some dispersion and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some dispersion and it was
+clearly not at all the frictionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not at all the frictionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not at all the frictionless
+ideal of I click there I just everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal of I click there I just everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal of I click there I just everyone's
+in bertran competition I get exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bertran competition I get exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bertran competition I get exactly
+what I want uh two experiences were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want uh two experiences were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want uh two experiences were
+common when you used it first as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common when you used it first as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common when you used it first as I said
+you didn't go directly to the landing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't go directly to the landing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't go directly to the landing
+page even when you did go directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page even when you did go directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page even when you did go directly to
+the page where you clicked on you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page where you clicked on you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page where you clicked on you would
+find these sort of page that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these sort of page that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these sort of page that would be
+annoying and timec consuming to buy what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying and timec consuming to buy what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying and timec consuming to buy what
+you wanted to buy so this was an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to buy so this was an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to buy so this was an example
+from a bit later where I clicked on a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a bit later where I clicked on a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a bit later where I clicked on a a
+offer from tough shop.com to buy some me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer from tough shop.com to buy some me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer from tough shop.com to buy some me
+memory module That was supposed to cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory module That was supposed to cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory module That was supposed to cost
+$538 I clicked on a link saying buy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$538 I clicked on a link saying buy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$538 I clicked on a link saying buy this
+module for $53 81 and they give me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module for $53 81 and they give me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module for $53 81 and they give me this
+Mo page that tells me and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mo page that tells me and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mo page that tells me and there's
+actually more than this page this page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more than this page this page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more than this page this page
+saying price with all the selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying price with all the selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying price with all the selected
+options is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options is
+$90.30 and so you know like why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$90.30 and so you know like why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$90.30 and so you know like why is it
+that it's $90. 36 well they've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's $90. 36 well they've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's $90. 36 well they've done is
+they've had this page it's got all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've had this page it's got all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've had this page it's got all these
+other things that you can click on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that you can click on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that you can click on to
+add to the cost of your module and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to the cost of your module and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to the cost of your module and some
+of them are just pure annoyances like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are just pure annoyances like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are just pure annoyances like
+they've somehow they pre-checked for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've somehow they pre-checked for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've somehow they pre-checked for me
+bonus buy 10 pack of hand thumb screws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus buy 10 pack of hand thumb screws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus buy 10 pack of hand thumb screws
+for my case so you know if I had hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my case so you know if I had hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my case so you know if I had hand
+thumb screws to open up the the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb screws to open up the the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb screws to open up the the computer
+case in which I wanted to open to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in which I wanted to open to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in which I wanted to open to change
+my memory why I would need new thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my memory why I would need new thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my memory why I would need new thumb
+screws I can't imagine but for 495 I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screws I can't imagine but for 495 I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screws I can't imagine but for 495 I can
+get those 10 thumb screws I just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those 10 thumb screws I just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those 10 thumb screws I just have to
+go through read that and say no I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through read that and say no I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through read that and say no I don't
+want that uncheck that box and it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that uncheck that box and it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that uncheck that box and it takes
+4.95 off the price um others of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.95 off the price um others of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.95 off the price um others of these
+are things that it's less clear that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that it's less clear that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that it's less clear that I
+should uncheck so this is um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uncheck so this is um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uncheck so this is um you know
+take advantage of these special offers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of these special offers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of these special offers
+memory upgrade cast 2.5 upgrade improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory upgrade cast 2.5 upgrade improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory upgrade cast 2.5 upgrade improve
+performance and helps things they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and helps things they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and helps things they're
+charging me 635 from that um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging me 635 from that um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging me 635 from that um this is
+another example six layer stability more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example six layer stability more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example six layer stability more
+layer better design uh not in perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer better design uh not in perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer better design uh not in perfect
+English 837 but then they also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English 837 but then they also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English 837 but then they also have
+these others that are sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these others that are sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these others that are sort of more
+concerning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning
+uh preest standard preest avoid costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh preest standard preest avoid costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh preest standard preest avoid costly
+uh return agreements 697 so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh return agreements 697 so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh return agreements 697 so they're
+telling me is that if I want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me is that if I want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me is that if I want them to
+test the product they're shipping it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the product they're shipping it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the product they're shipping it to
+me uh before they ship it to me and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh before they ship it to me and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh before they ship it to me and make
+sure it works I have to pay $7 to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it works I have to pay $7 to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it works I have to pay $7 to get
+them to test the product they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to test the product they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to test the product they're going
+to sell me and make sure that it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell me and make sure that it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell me and make sure that it works
+and if I don't ask them to test it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I don't ask them to test it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I don't ask them to test it for
+me and make sure that it works they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and make sure that it works they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and make sure that it works they're
+going to charge me to ship it back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to charge me to ship it back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to charge me to ship it back to
+them uh and so you know it may be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh and so you know it may be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh and so you know it may be that
+you look at this offer and realize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this offer and realize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this offer and realize this
+offer is not what I thought this offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer is not what I thought this offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer is not what I thought this offer
+was I should think of this offer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I should think of this offer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I should think of this offer as
+being $7 higher than this offer was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being $7 higher than this offer was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being $7 higher than this offer was um
+and you know in some sense I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know in some sense I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know in some sense I'm going to
+have to just spend a long time reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to just spend a long time reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to just spend a long time reading
+the fine print of tough shops offers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine print of tough shops offers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine print of tough shops offers
+where I trust do I want to buy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I trust do I want to buy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I trust do I want to buy this
+product do I not want to buy this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product do I not want to buy this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product do I not want to buy this and
+it's just going to take me a while to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to take me a while to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to take me a while to
+shop okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop okay
+um second thing that was common was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second thing that was common was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second thing that was common was you
+know offers that were not designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know offers that were not designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know offers that were not designed to
+just delay and annoy you but ones what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just delay and annoy you but ones what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just delay and annoy you but ones what
+was clearly aimed to get you to shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was clearly aimed to get you to shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was clearly aimed to get you to shift
+away from buying something you bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from buying something you bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from buying something you bought
+into something else so if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something else so if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something else so if you remember
+um you know remember back to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know remember back to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know remember back to sort of
+when I talked about competitive price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talked about competitive price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talked about competitive price
+dispersion I talked about add-on pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion I talked about add-on pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion I talked about add-on pricing
+that is if you know if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if you know if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if you know if you have two
+firms selling two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms selling two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms selling two
+products models of price dispersion work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products models of price dispersion work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products models of price dispersion work
+totally well with sorry models of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally well with sorry models of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally well with sorry models of of
+price discrimination work totally well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price discrimination work totally well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price discrimination work totally well
+with differentiated products in multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with differentiated products in multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with differentiated products in multiple
+firms and you can have two firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and you can have two firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and you can have two firms
+competing against each other they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing against each other they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing against each other they
+advertise all their prices they sell low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise all their prices they sell low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise all their prices they sell low
+quality Goods at low prices high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality Goods at low prices high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality Goods at low prices high quality
+Goods at high prices and that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods at high prices and that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods at high prices and that can be
+rational if um the consumers for the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational if um the consumers for the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational if um the consumers for the low
+quality goods are more price sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality goods are more price sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality goods are more price sensitive
+across firms and so you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across firms and so you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across firms and so you have an
+equilibrium where you it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where you it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where you it's like the
+competition on two line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition on two line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition on two line
+model for lowquality goods firms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for lowquality goods firms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for lowquality goods firms are
+very undifferentiated for the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very undifferentiated for the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very undifferentiated for the high
+quality goods are differentiated these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality goods are differentiated these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality goods are differentiated these
+goods are sold at a low markup these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods are sold at a low markup these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods are sold at a low markup these
+goods are sold at a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods are sold at a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods are sold at a high
+markup um and one thing that I said when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup um and one thing that I said when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup um and one thing that I said when
+I when I talk about that is one way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I when I talk about that is one way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I when I talk about that is one way in
+which firms in this model can raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which firms in this model can raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which firms in this model can raise
+prices is you can think of another game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices is you can think of another game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices is you can think of another game
+where you SE advertise your lowquality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you SE advertise your lowquality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you SE advertise your lowquality
+product and then you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and then you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and then you have an
+unadvertised price for a high higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unadvertised price for a high higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unadvertised price for a high higher
+quality product uh in that game where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality product uh in that game where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality product uh in that game where
+you only show people the price for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only show people the price for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only show people the price for a
+high quality product once they show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality product once they show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality product once they show up
+at the store uh I gave this this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the store uh I gave this this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the store uh I gave this this model
+that said markups are going to be even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said markups are going to be even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said markups are going to be even
+higher in equilibrium and the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in equilibrium and the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in equilibrium and the reason is
+that firms are going to sort of charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that firms are going to sort of charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that firms are going to sort of charge
+the EXP poost Monopoly price for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EXP poost Monopoly price for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EXP poost Monopoly price for the
+upgrades uh that caus a you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrades uh that caus a you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrades uh that caus a you know that
+sort of caus a wedge between when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of caus a wedge between when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of caus a wedge between when you
+sort of force the prices of the low and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of force the prices of the low and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of force the prices of the low and
+high quality Goods further apart um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality Goods further apart um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality Goods further apart um
+there's this adverse selection effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this adverse selection effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this adverse selection effect
+where you don't want to get sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't want to get sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't want to get sort of you
+know you don't want to sell the cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't want to sell the cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't want to sell the cheap
+skates who are going to sort of buy your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skates who are going to sort of buy your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skates who are going to sort of buy your
+rental car for 1995 a day and not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental car for 1995 a day and not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental car for 1995 a day and not get
+the insurance and not get the car seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the insurance and not get the car seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the insurance and not get the car seat
+and because there's this sort of adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because there's this sort of adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because there's this sort of adverse
+selection effect where it's the cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection effect where it's the cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection effect where it's the cheap
+skates who don't buy the insurance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skates who don't buy the insurance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skates who don't buy the insurance and
+the rental and the car seats um you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rental and the car seats um you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rental and the car seats um you then
+want to dump the you know you you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to dump the you know you you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to dump the you know you you go
+from sort of wanting to undercut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sort of wanting to undercut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sort of wanting to undercut the
+Rival to get consumers to wanting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rival to get consumers to wanting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rival to get consumers to wanting to
+overcut the Rival to dump the cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcut the Rival to dump the cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcut the Rival to dump the cheap
+skates on them markups for both products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skates on them markups for both products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skates on them markups for both products
+can end up go markups for the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can end up go markups for the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can end up go markups for the sort of
+average markups go up in equilibrium um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average markups go up in equilibrium um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average markups go up in equilibrium um
+we see what looks like sort of an add-on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see what looks like sort of an add-on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see what looks like sort of an add-on
+strategy here so you've clicked on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy here so you've clicked on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy here so you've clicked on this
+product I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product I want to
+buy I clicked on I want to buy OEM 512
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy I clicked on I want to buy OEM 512
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy I clicked on I want to buy OEM 512
+megabyte memory they actually put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte memory they actually put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte memory they actually put the
+check mark in the correct box this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check mark in the correct box this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check mark in the correct box this is
+what I said I wanted to buy but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said I wanted to buy but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said I wanted to buy but then
+they tell me that I can spend $15 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell me that I can spend $15 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell me that I can spend $15 more
+get this product or I can spend $25 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this product or I can spend $25 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this product or I can spend $25 more
+and get this product which I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get this product which I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get this product which I'm going to
+think of as add-ons um what do they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as add-ons um what do they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as add-ons um what do they do
+they tell me a lot about why the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell me a lot about why the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell me a lot about why the better
+products are better um so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are better um so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are better um so for instance
+this one is cast 3 latency this is cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is cast 3 latency this is cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is cast 3 latency this is cast
+2.5 latency this is cast 2.5 latency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.5 latency this is cast 2.5 latency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.5 latency this is cast 2.5 latency
+this one has a four layer board these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has a four layer board these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has a four layer board these
+each have six layer boards um these have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each have six layer boards um these have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each have six layer boards um these have
+uh OEM D Ram downgrade trips chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh OEM D Ram downgrade trips chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh OEM D Ram downgrade trips chips
+whereas these have industry standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas these have industry standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas these have industry standard
+chips whereas these have even better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips whereas these have even better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips whereas these have even better
+brand name chips Samsung Micron or Major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand name chips Samsung Micron or Major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand name chips Samsung Micron or Major
+Brands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brands
+um you know these have a restocking fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know these have a restocking fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know these have a restocking fee
+these have no restocking fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have no restocking fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have no restocking fee
+satisfaction and compatibility fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction and compatibility fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction and compatibility fully
+guaranteed um Fact one thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed um Fact one thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed um Fact one thing that you
+know for fun I sort of clicked on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for fun I sort of clicked on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for fun I sort of clicked on some
+of these things you know this one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things you know this one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things you know this one has
+verified compatibility with your memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified compatibility with your memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified compatibility with your memory
+configurator I I clicked on this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurator I I clicked on this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurator I I clicked on this and
+entered a zillion different computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered a zillion different computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered a zillion different computers
+every consumer said this seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every consumer said this seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every consumer said this seem to be
+button that just says can't verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button that just says can't verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button that just says can't verify
+compatibility so no matter what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility so no matter what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility so no matter what you
+typed in in some sense it would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typed in in some sense it would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typed in in some sense it would just
+sort of say always is not compatible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say always is not compatible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say always is not compatible so
+clearly you know this page is designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly you know this page is designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly you know this page is designed
+to get us to buy this instead of buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get us to buy this instead of buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get us to buy this instead of buy
+that and just telling you all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and just telling you all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and just telling you all the
+reasons you know these words like OEM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons you know these words like OEM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons you know these words like OEM
+downgrade chips I don't know what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downgrade chips I don't know what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downgrade chips I don't know what that
+means but I know it's bad it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means but I know it's bad it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means but I know it's bad it's not
+trying to teach us about the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to teach us about the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to teach us about the products
+it's not trying to tell me why is cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not trying to tell me why is cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not trying to tell me why is cast
+2.5 latency better than cast 3 latency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.5 latency better than cast 3 latency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.5 latency better than cast 3 latency
+or why is a six layer board better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or why is a six layer board better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or why is a six layer board better than
+a four layer board should you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four layer board should you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four layer board should you care about
+that but it does seem like it's trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it does seem like it's trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it does seem like it's trying
+to convince us to buy this product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince us to buy this product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince us to buy this product and
+pay $5 extra instead of buying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product so you know we're going to argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so you know we're going to argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so you know we're going to argue
+in this paper is that you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper is that you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper is that you know if you
+really had berran competition for memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really had berran competition for memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really had berran competition for memory
+modules and they were being sold at cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules and they were being sold at cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules and they were being sold at cost
+the retailers couldn't cover their fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retailers couldn't cover their fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retailers couldn't cover their fixed
+cost Market wouldn't exist the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost Market wouldn't exist the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost Market wouldn't exist the market
+does exist why is that well our thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does exist why is that well our thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does exist why is that well our thought
+is that firms are engaged have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that firms are engaged have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that firms are engaged have you know
+that while price watch has sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while price watch has sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while price watch has sort of
+invested in technology to reduce search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in technology to reduce search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in technology to reduce search
+costs The Firm are sort of fighting back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs The Firm are sort of fighting back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs The Firm are sort of fighting back
+with obus to try to raise search costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with obus to try to raise search costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with obus to try to raise search costs
+and use those higher search costs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use those higher search costs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use those higher search costs to
+keep the uh increased markups we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the uh increased markups we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the uh increased markups we can
+think of two different ways you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of two different ways you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of two different ways you could do
+that you know one is simplest theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know one is simplest theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know one is simplest theory of
+obfuscation is you know we know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obfuscation is you know we know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obfuscation is you know we know that you
+get higher markups and more dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get higher markups and more dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get higher markups and more dispersion
+when s s is higher than when s is lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when s s is higher than when s is lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when s s is higher than when s is lower
+so maybe what firms are doing is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe what firms are doing is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe what firms are doing is just
+making s higher you if I make you spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making s higher you if I make you spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making s higher you if I make you spend
+five minutes clicking reading through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes clicking reading through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes clicking reading through
+unclicking the thumb screws unclicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclicking the thumb screws unclicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclicking the thumb screws unclicking
+other things I spent 5 minutes clicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things I spent 5 minutes clicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things I spent 5 minutes clicking
+through doing all the things where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through doing all the things where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through doing all the things where I
+finally found out the price I'm like do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally found out the price I'm like do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally found out the price I'm like do
+I really want to go back and go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really want to go back and go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really want to go back and go through
+another five minutes with the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another five minutes with the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another five minutes with the next
+website and find out what their real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and find out what their real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and find out what their real
+price is so by just making shopping more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is so by just making shopping more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is so by just making shopping more
+timec consuming I've raised the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timec consuming I've raised the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timec consuming I've raised the S
+raising the S is going to raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising the S is going to raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising the S is going to raise the
+equilibrium price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium price
+distribution and then the second thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then the second thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then the second thought
+would be this could be what I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this could be what I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this could be what I mentioned
+before this add-on pricing situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this add-on pricing situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this add-on pricing situation
+where we know that sort of equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we know that sort of equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we know that sort of equilibrium
+prices add-on pricing are higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices add-on pricing are higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices add-on pricing are higher than
+equilibrium prices when all good prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium prices when all good prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium prices when all good prices
+are advertised maybe what firms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are advertised maybe what firms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are advertised maybe what firms are
+trying to do is shift the equil shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is shift the equil shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is shift the equil shift
+the game change the game from a game in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game change the game from a game in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game change the game from a game in
+which firms advertise all prices to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which firms advertise all prices to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which firms advertise all prices to a
+games in which firms advertise um base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games in which firms advertise um base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games in which firms advertise um base
+goods and then invent add-ons and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and then invent add-ons and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and then invent add-ons and you
+know that model the larger is the add-on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that model the larger is the add-on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that model the larger is the add-on
+as a fraction of the price the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a fraction of the price the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a fraction of the price the higher
+are the equilibrium markups going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the equilibrium markups going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the equilibrium markups going to be
+so firms are in some sense inventing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so firms are in some sense inventing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so firms are in some sense inventing
+add-ons or inventing inferior products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add-ons or inventing inferior products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add-ons or inventing inferior products
+that the add-ons could be even larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the add-ons could be even larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the add-ons could be even larger
+and that can be a way to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be a way to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be a way to raise
+equilibrium prices and you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium prices and you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium prices and you know what
+we're going to try to do in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to do in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to do in this paper
+is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort
+of look at demand and look what demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of look at demand and look what demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of look at demand and look what demand
+looks like and see you know can this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and see you know can this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and see you know can this
+sort of model of add-on pricing explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of model of add-on pricing explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of model of add-on pricing explain
+the equilibrium markups that we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium markups that we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium markups that we end up
+with okay so um paper we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay so um paper we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay so um paper we're going to
+look at four different products um four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at four different products um four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at four different products um four
+different products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different products
+are8 megabyte PC 100 memory modules 128
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are8 megabyte PC 100 memory modules 128
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are8 megabyte PC 100 memory modules 128
+megab pc133 modules and 256 megabyte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megab pc133 modules and 256 megabyte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megab pc133 modules and 256 megabyte
+versions um we're going to treat these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions um we're going to treat these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions um we're going to treat these
+four categories differently and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four categories differently and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four categories differently and just
+basically do it as an opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do it as an opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do it as an opportunity to
+have sort of four separate products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of four separate products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of four separate products
+we'll analyze each one separately and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll analyze each one separately and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll analyze each one separately and
+just get some reinforcement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get some reinforcement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get some reinforcement of the
+conclusions we would get from one U but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions we would get from one U but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions we would get from one U but
+we do spend most of the time I'll Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do spend most of the time I'll Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do spend most of the time I'll Focus
+today on 120 megabyte pc- 100 memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on 120 megabyte pc- 100 memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on 120 megabyte pc- 100 memory
+modules that was the product that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules that was the product that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules that was the product that was
+most popular and stayed alive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most popular and stayed alive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most popular and stayed alive for
+longest over the uh for the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest over the uh for the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest over the uh for the you know
+one-year data collection so what is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-year data collection so what is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-year data collection so what is our
+data collection so you know within each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collection so you know within each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collection so you know within each
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+categories um there's one retailer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories um there's one retailer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories um there's one retailer that
+we have uh we got internal data from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh we got internal data from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh we got internal data from and
+then we have data external data from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have data external data from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have data external data from all
+the other retailers from pricewatch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other retailers from pricewatch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other retailers from pricewatch the
+one retailer that we had the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one retailer that we had the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one retailer that we had the special
+data connection with that retailer sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data connection with that retailer sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data connection with that retailer sold
+three prices three products in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prices three products in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prices three products in each
+category we'll call them the lowquality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category we'll call them the lowquality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category we'll call them the lowquality
+product the medium quality product the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product the medium quality product the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product the medium quality product the
+high quality product you can roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality product you can roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality product you can roughly
+think of the lowquality product as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the lowquality product as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the lowquality product as
+something that looks like this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this the
+medium quality product looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium quality product looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium quality product looks like this
+the high quality product looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high quality product looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high quality product looks like this
+um something to know about them is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something to know about them is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something to know about them is in
+this market um the medium quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this market um the medium quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this market um the medium quality
+products really didn't cost much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products really didn't cost much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products really didn't cost much more
+than the low quality products often like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the low quality products often like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the low quality products often like
+if these cost $60 wholesale these would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these cost $60 wholesale these would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these cost $60 wholesale these would
+cost $61 wholesale uh the retailer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost $61 wholesale uh the retailer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost $61 wholesale uh the retailer we
+got the data from said in fact sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the data from said in fact sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the data from said in fact sometimes
+he would even sell someone the $60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would even sell someone the $60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would even sell someone the $60
+product and then Shi the $61 product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and then Shi the $61 product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and then Shi the $61 product
+just because dealing with the hassles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because dealing with the hassles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because dealing with the hassles
+and the customer you know customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the customer you know customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the customer you know customer
+disappointment when the prod when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointment when the prod when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointment when the prod when they
+got the lowquality product then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the lowquality product then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the lowquality product then they
+broke it was broken they return it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke it was broken they return it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke it was broken they return it it
+wasn't worth his hassles and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't worth his hassles and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't worth his hassles and you
+sometimes sell them a better product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes sell them a better product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes sell them a better product
+than they bought just because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they bought just because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they bought just because these
+really didn't cost much more than these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't cost much more than these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't cost much more than these
+ones um but anyway but he had the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones um but anyway but he had the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones um but anyway but he had the three
+products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+available um the high quality products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available um the high quality products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available um the high quality products
+that had the name brand chips in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had the name brand chips in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had the name brand chips in them
+did cost substantially more um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did cost substantially more um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did cost substantially more um when
+you're thinking about this though note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about this though note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about this though note
+that high quality versus low quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that high quality versus low quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that high quality versus low quality
+it's really a bundle so it's not case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a bundle so it's not case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a bundle so it's not case
+that you can compare my medium quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can compare my medium quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can compare my medium quality
+medium quality product from firm a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium quality product from firm a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium quality product from firm a and
+medium quality product from firm B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium quality product from firm B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium quality product from firm B
+Because quality is this many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because quality is this many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because quality is this many many
+dimensional things what's the restocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional things what's the restocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional things what's the restocking
+fee policy what's the shipping policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee policy what's the shipping policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee policy what's the shipping policy
+what's the how many layers do the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the how many layers do the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the how many layers do the board
+have what's the cast latency you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what's the cast latency you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what's the cast latency you know
+these are uh not something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are uh not something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are uh not something that's
+comparable across retailers so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable across retailers so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable across retailers so we can
+really sort of every different retailer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of every different retailer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of every different retailer
+may have its own low medium and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have its own low medium and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have its own low medium and high
+quality that don't correspond with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality that don't correspond with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality that don't correspond with the
+other ones but so anyway our retailer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones but so anyway our retailer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones but so anyway our retailer
+these sort of three different quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of three different quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of three different quality
+levels that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that were
+consistent um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent um so
+we the sort of price data that we get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the sort of price data that we get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the sort of price data that we get is
+went to the pricewatch.com website and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the pricewatch.com website and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the pricewatch.com website and
+we just rode an early web scraping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just rode an early web scraping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just rode an early web scraping
+program and just basically downloaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and just basically downloaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and just basically downloaded
+the raw HTML files and got the 12 or 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the raw HTML files and got the 12 or 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the raw HTML files and got the 12 or 24
+lowest prices in each category uh we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest prices in each category uh we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest prices in each category uh we did
+that hourly and we did that hourly over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hourly and we did that hourly over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hourly and we did that hourly over
+the course of a year um presumably all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of a year um presumably all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of a year um presumably all
+the prices in that data are for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices in that data are for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices in that data are for
+lowquality products you if the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality products you if the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality products you if the high
+quality products cost $15 more they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality products cost $15 more they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality products cost $15 more they
+would never show up in the lowest 12 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never show up in the lowest 12 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never show up in the lowest 12 or
+24 lowest prices um we have quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 lowest prices um we have quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 lowest prices um we have quantity
+data from one retailer so the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from one retailer so the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from one retailer so the one
+retailer we had contact with owned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer we had contact with owned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer we had contact with owned
+websites A and B for those websites we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites A and B for those websites we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites A and B for those websites we
+have the medium and high quality prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the medium and high quality prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the medium and high quality prices
+available and we have the number of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and we have the number of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and we have the number of uh
+modules of each type that it's sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules of each type that it's sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules of each type that it's sold
+typically we're going to use this at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we're going to use this at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we're going to use this at a
+daily level we're going to aggregate up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily level we're going to aggregate up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily level we're going to aggregate up
+to we have the real-time sales data but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we have the real-time sales data but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we have the real-time sales data but
+we're going to aggregate up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to aggregate up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to aggregate up to the
+realtime sales to the daily sales and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realtime sales to the daily sales and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realtime sales to the daily sales and
+then also in in something that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also in in something that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also in in something that's very
+rare is we have tremendous cost data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare is we have tremendous cost data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare is we have tremendous cost data
+here um so we actually have the raw we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so we actually have the raw we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so we actually have the raw we
+have the all of the invoices that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the all of the invoices that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the all of the invoices that these
+retailer retail from this retailer so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer retail from this retailer so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer retail from this retailer so we
+know every time that it bought modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every time that it bought modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every time that it bought modules
+wholesale what did it buy and and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale what did it buy and and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale what did it buy and and what's
+sort of interesting about this business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interesting about this business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interesting about this business
+is this was basically a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this was basically a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this was basically a negative
+inventory business this is a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory business this is a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory business this is a business
+where prices were falling over time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where prices were falling over time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where prices were falling over time you
+didn't want to hold inventory uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to hold inventory uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to hold inventory uh and so
+what the retailer would do is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the retailer would do is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the retailer would do is basically
+every day it would turn on its computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day it would turn on its computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day it would turn on its computers
+and would start selling memory modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would start selling memory modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would start selling memory modules
+and at the end of the day or like at 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end of the day or like at 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end of the day or like at 2
+3: in the afternoon it would say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3: in the afternoon it would say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3: in the afternoon it would say okay
+I've already sold uh 12 of this module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already sold uh 12 of this module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already sold uh 12 of this module
+and 24 of this one and 36 of this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 24 of this one and 36 of this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 24 of this one and 36 of this one
+and 14 of this one and then it would uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 14 of this one and then it would uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 14 of this one and then it would uh
+buy them wholesale that afternoon drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy them wholesale that afternoon drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy them wholesale that afternoon drive
+a truck up to City of Industry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a truck up to City of Industry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a truck up to City of Industry in
+California go to a Wholesale Distributor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California go to a Wholesale Distributor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California go to a Wholesale Distributor
+and buy the 340 memory modules that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buy the 340 memory modules that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buy the 340 memory modules that had
+sold that day online drive the truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold that day online drive the truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold that day online drive the truck
+back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the
+to the um to the firm's retail office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the um to the firm's retail office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the um to the firm's retail office
+and then you know people the warehouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know people the warehouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know people the warehouse
+workers would then start putting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers would then start putting those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers would then start putting those
+things in boxes and shipping them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in boxes and shipping them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in boxes and shipping them out
+the next day but so basically as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next day but so basically as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next day but so basically as a
+result it was buying things wholesale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result it was buying things wholesale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result it was buying things wholesale
+every day or every two or three days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day or every two or three days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day or every two or three days and
+we have very high frequency cost data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have very high frequency cost data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have very high frequency cost data
+which is rare you know understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is rare you know understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is rare you know understanding
+sort of how the costs the retailer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how the costs the retailer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how the costs the retailer
+varied okay um just first sort of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied okay um just first sort of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied okay um just first sort of some
+basic uh picture of the industry um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh picture of the industry um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh picture of the industry um this
+shows the price of 128 megabyte modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the price of 128 megabyte modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the price of 128 megabyte modules
+over the course of the Year from which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the Year from which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the Year from which
+we collected data so they start out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we collected data so they start out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we collected data so they start out at
+about $80 uh Prices rose to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about $80 uh Prices rose to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about $80 uh Prices rose to about
+$120 and then with technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$120 and then with technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$120 and then with technological
+progress they drop and by the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress they drop and by the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress they drop and by the end of the
+sample those mod same modules that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample those mod same modules that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample those mod same modules that were
+20 at the beginning or like 80 at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 at the beginning or like 80 at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 at the beginning or like 80 at the
+beginning or 25 um this is actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning or 25 um this is actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning or 25 um this is actually an
+interesting event here this is a um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting event here this is a um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting event here this is a um this
+price spike was due to collusion by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price spike was due to collusion by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price spike was due to collusion by the
+me memory manufacturers um so it's was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me memory manufacturers um so it's was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me memory manufacturers um so it's was
+actually a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a you know
+uh uh any trust case or or legal case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh any trust case or or legal case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh any trust case or or legal case
+against these uh companies for price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against these uh companies for price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against these uh companies for price
+fixing and companies were actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing and companies were actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing and companies were actually I
+think found guilty for price fixing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think found guilty for price fixing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think found guilty for price fixing uh
+and they managed to raise prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they managed to raise prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they managed to raise prices
+dramatically but only for a short time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically but only for a short time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically but only for a short time
+before the uh you know before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the uh you know before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the uh you know before the
+clusive agreement uh fell apart um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusive agreement uh fell apart um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusive agreement uh fell apart um and
+actually you know this is sort of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know this is sort of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know this is sort of one of
+the case actually one of the rare times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case actually one of the rare times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case actually one of the rare times
+I made some money on my research where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made some money on my research where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made some money on my research where I
+you know was contacted by a law firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know was contacted by a law firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know was contacted by a law firm
+looking for high frequency data on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for high frequency data on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for high frequency data on these
+memory prices and I just you know got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory prices and I just you know got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory prices and I just you know got
+this sort of phone call out of the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of phone call out of the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of phone call out of the blue
+from someone who sort of said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someone who sort of said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someone who sort of said you know
+we we're representing some company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're representing some company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're representing some company
+that's suing Micron or whomever about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's suing Micron or whomever about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's suing Micron or whomever about
+these things and we wanted to get access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and we wanted to get access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and we wanted to get access
+to your data you know how much how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your data you know how much how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your data you know how much how much
+will you charge for your memory data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you charge for your memory data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you charge for your memory data and
+I was like you know charge for my memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like you know charge for my memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like you know charge for my memory
+data you know I I just give it away to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you know I I just give it away to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you know I I just give it away to
+everybody all the time you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody all the time you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody all the time you know I
+haven't put on my website which at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't put on my website which at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't put on my website which at the
+time but like you know I normally just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but like you know I normally just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but like you know I normally just
+give away for free and there like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give away for free and there like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give away for free and there like you
+know and they're like and like uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and they're like and like uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and they're like and like uh how
+much do I charge uh I don't know $5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do I charge uh I don't know $5,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do I charge uh I don't know $5,000
+and the guy are like yeah sure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the guy are like yeah sure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the guy are like yeah sure okay
+thanks we'll send you the check and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks we'll send you the check and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks we'll send you the check and I
+was like oh I guess May should have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like oh I guess May should have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like oh I guess May should have said
+$50,000 so I don't know but anyway it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50,000 so I don't know but anyway it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50,000 so I don't know but anyway it's
+uh these guys price fixing the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these guys price fixing the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these guys price fixing the price
+fixing scheme fell apart and then memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing scheme fell apart and then memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing scheme fell apart and then memory
+prices continued on that downward Trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices continued on that downward Trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices continued on that downward Trend
+um what what's notable about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what's notable about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what's notable about the
+downward trend for this paper is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward trend for this paper is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward trend for this paper is you
+know this is showing you I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is showing you I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is showing you I think the
+12th the lowest price and the 12th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th the lowest price and the 12th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th the lowest price and the 12th
+lowest price for the memory over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest price for the memory over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest price for the memory over time
+you can see that prices are changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that prices are changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that prices are changing
+dramatically this graph here is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically this graph here is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically this graph here is our
+retailers price and our retailer changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailers price and our retailer changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailers price and our retailer changes
+its price occasionally but as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its price occasionally but as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its price occasionally but as a result
+of changing its price PR occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changing its price PR occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changing its price PR occasionally
+you know every time it changes its price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know every time it changes its price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know every time it changes its price
+it may drop and be the lowest price in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may drop and be the lowest price in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may drop and be the lowest price in
+the market and then by leaving its price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market and then by leaving its price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market and then by leaving its price
+fixed it's drifting you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed it's drifting you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed it's drifting you know you can
+think downward on that price watch list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think downward on that price watch list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think downward on that price watch list
+where I leave my price fixed and I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I leave my price fixed and I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I leave my price fixed and I go
+from having the lowest price to having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having the lowest price to having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having the lowest price to having
+the 10th lowest price I lower it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10th lowest price I lower it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10th lowest price I lower it again
+to have the second lowest price and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the second lowest price and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the second lowest price and then
+my price drifts across and every time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my price drifts across and every time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my price drifts across and every time it
+drifts across as prices are elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifts across as prices are elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifts across as prices are elsewhere
+are falling I end up sort of move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are falling I end up sort of move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are falling I end up sort of move
+getting bumped up and down in that price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting bumped up and down in that price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting bumped up and down in that price
+watch list so you know I may be I I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch list so you know I may be I I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch list so you know I may be I I've
+just set my price and I set my price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just set my price and I set my price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just set my price and I set my price and
+I'm here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm here at
+$69 but then as I stay at 69 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$69 but then as I stay at 69 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$69 but then as I stay at 69 and this
+guy jumps to 68 and this one goes to 67
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy jumps to 68 and this one goes to 67
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy jumps to 68 and this one goes to 67
+and this one goes to 66 I fall down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one goes to 66 I fall down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one goes to 66 I fall down the
+list and then I reset my price and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and then I reset my price and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and then I reset my price and I
+jump back up and and we think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump back up and and we think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump back up and and we think that's
+very nice for identification if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice for identification if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice for identification if we're
+trying to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to estimate
+demand you know you're sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand you know you're sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand you know you're sort of you know
+we're basically replace regressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically replace regressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically replace regressing
+Demand on your price and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Demand on your price and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Demand on your price and we're going to
+think of the price the sort of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the price the sort of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the price the sort of your
+relative price is exogenous variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative price is exogenous variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative price is exogenous variation
+it's not that I'm deciding here to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that I'm deciding here to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that I'm deciding here to be
+the lowest price and I'm deciding here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest price and I'm deciding here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest price and I'm deciding here
+to be the second lowest price I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the second lowest price I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the second lowest price I'm
+deciding here to be the eighth lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding here to be the eighth lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding here to be the eighth lowest
+price and here to be the 10th lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and here to be the 10th lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and here to be the 10th lowest
+price it's basically the firm's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price it's basically the firm's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price it's basically the firm's getting
+buffeted around by the randomness in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffeted around by the randomness in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffeted around by the randomness in
+prices and we're going to think of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and we're going to think of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and we're going to think of that
+with where you are within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with where you are within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with where you are within the
+distribution as being largely random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution as being largely random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution as being largely random
+from the firm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the firm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the firm's
+perspective um okay so uh some summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective um okay so uh some summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective um okay so uh some summary
+statistics um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics um
+so for the 128 megabyte PC modules again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the 128 megabyte PC modules again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the 128 megabyte PC modules again
+we have two we have one year of data but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two we have one year of data but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two we have one year of data but
+then we have two different websites so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have two different websites so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have two different websites so
+um days times websites 365 we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um days times websites 365 we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um days times websites 365 we end up
+with 3680 website day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 3680 website day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 3680 website day
+observations um what are the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations um what are the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations um what are the memory
+modules cost um so the lowquality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules cost um so the lowquality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules cost um so the lowquality
+modules generally cost uh on average $67
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules generally cost uh on average $67
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules generally cost uh on average $67
+across but obviously again remember was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across but obviously again remember was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across but obviously again remember was
+a big change over time medium quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big change over time medium quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big change over time medium quality
+modules are about $25 more um high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules are about $25 more um high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules are about $25 more um high
+quality modules are about $50 more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality modules are about $50 more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality modules are about $50 more so
+very very substantial add-on strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very substantial add-on strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very substantial add-on strategy
+stry here um you know the lowquality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stry here um you know the lowquality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stry here um you know the lowquality
+modules are usually not very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules are usually not very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules are usually not very different
+from the lowest price in the market the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the lowest price in the market the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the lowest price in the market the
+lowest price in the market is 63 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest price in the market is 63 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest price in the market is 63 this
+firm is charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm is charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm is charging
+66 um what do people do when faced with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66 um what do people do when faced with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66 um what do people do when faced with
+these prices well you know given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these prices well you know given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these prices well you know given that
+there are charging an awful lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are charging an awful lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are charging an awful lot of money
+for those add-ons most people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those add-ons most people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those add-ons most people are
+choosing to buy the lowquality product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing to buy the lowquality product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing to buy the lowquality product
+they sell on average 12.8 per website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sell on average 12.8 per website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sell on average 12.8 per website
+per day um medium quality modules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per day um medium quality modules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per day um medium quality modules are
+selling 2.4 high quality mod modules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling 2.4 high quality mod modules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling 2.4 high quality mod modules are
+selling 2.0 so most people buy the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling 2.0 so most people buy the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling 2.0 so most people buy the low
+quality modules but you know number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality modules but you know number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality modules but you know number
+people buy medium and high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people buy medium and high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people buy medium and high quality
+modules you know think some people also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules you know think some people also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules you know think some people also
+asked about like you know is this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked about like you know is this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked about like you know is this just
+some really tiny Market well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really tiny Market well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really tiny Market well you know
+what's going on is this firm has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on is this firm has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on is this firm has a
+website that has hundreds and hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that has hundreds and hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that has hundreds and hundreds
+and hundreds of products so it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hundreds of products so it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hundreds of products so it's sort of
+selling uh you know it's selling 6 17 PC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling uh you know it's selling 6 17 PC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling uh you know it's selling 6 17 PC
+100 128 megabyte modules per per website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 128 megabyte modules per per website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 128 megabyte modules per per website
+per day so it's selling 17 on website a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per day so it's selling 17 on website a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per day so it's selling 17 on website a
+it's selling 17 on website B but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's selling 17 on website B but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's selling 17 on website B but then
+it's selling many 256 megabyte modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's selling many 256 megabyte modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's selling many 256 megabyte modules
+and many pc1 133 modules and many PC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many pc1 133 modules and many PC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many pc1 133 modules and many PC
+whatever modules so the the this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever modules so the the this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever modules so the the this is one
+of many many products but we just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many many products but we just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many many products but we just sort
+of pick out this daily sales data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pick out this daily sales data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pick out this daily sales data
+because this is the sort of one that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the sort of one that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the sort of one that had
+things spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things spot
+consistently okay um you know main thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently okay um you know main thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently okay um you know main thing
+we want to do in the paper is just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do in the paper is just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do in the paper is just sort
+of analyze what is the demand curve uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analyze what is the demand curve uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analyze what is the demand curve uh
+whatever with all all the obfuscation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever with all all the obfuscation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever with all all the obfuscation
+out there competition between the sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there competition between the sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there competition between the sites
+the sort of uh abil attempt of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of uh abil attempt of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of uh abil attempt of this
+website to convince people to to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website to convince people to to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website to convince people to to buy
+upgrades what do what do the demand look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrades what do what do the demand look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrades what do what do the demand look
+like and what are all the cross Price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and what are all the cross Price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and what are all the cross Price
+elasticities look like um we do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities look like um we do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities look like um we do this in
+a very simple thing you know like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple thing you know like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple thing you know like I
+think what we would like to do is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what we would like to do is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what we would like to do is in
+some sense we in some sense we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense we in some sense we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense we in some sense we want to
+just regress you know log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just regress you know log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just regress you know log
+qal Alpha minus alpha 1 log P um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qal Alpha minus alpha 1 log P um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qal Alpha minus alpha 1 log P um and so
+on um you can't run a regression of log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um you can't run a regression of log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um you can't run a regression of log
+Q on log P when The Q's are discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q on log P when The Q's are discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q on log P when The Q's are discrete
+things that are often zero so what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are often zero so what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are often zero so what we do
+instead is in some sense the um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead is in some sense the um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead is in some sense the um you know
+so it's it's you can think of it as log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's you can think of it as log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's you can think of it as log
+Q = X beta plus Epsilon instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q = X beta plus Epsilon instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q = X beta plus Epsilon instead of
+running log qal X beta plus Epsilon we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running log qal X beta plus Epsilon we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running log qal X beta plus Epsilon we
+just exponentiate both sides we have qal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exponentiate both sides we have qal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exponentiate both sides we have qal
+e to X beta time U where U is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to X beta time U where U is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to X beta time U where U is a
+multiplicative shock with expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative shock with expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative shock with expectation of
+U given x equals 1 uh what is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U given x equals 1 uh what is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U given x equals 1 uh what is on the
+right side you know so we're regressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side you know so we're regressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side you know so we're regressing
+log Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log Q
+on the log of a price of lowquality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the log of a price of lowquality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the log of a price of lowquality
+memory the log of a price of the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory the log of a price of the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory the log of a price of the medium
+quality memory the log of price of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality memory the log of price of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality memory the log of price of high
+quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality
+memory other co-variates also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory other co-variates also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory other co-variates also
+particularly what we've included the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly what we've included the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly what we've included the
+control for the sales is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for the sales is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for the sales is what is the
+rank of your lowquality memory on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank of your lowquality memory on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank of your lowquality memory on the
+screen this turns out to be a very um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen this turns out to be a very um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen this turns out to be a very um
+very powerful predictor if you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful predictor if you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful predictor if you're in the
+first spot on that screen you sawell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first spot on that screen you sawell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first spot on that screen you sawell
+much more memory than if you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more memory than if you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more memory than if you're in the
+second or third or fourth shot on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or third or fourth shot on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or third or fourth shot on the
+screen this is some sense how we control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen this is some sense how we control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen this is some sense how we control
+for Rivals prices is you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Rivals prices is you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Rivals prices is you know I'm
+regressing sales at website a of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressing sales at website a of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressing sales at website a of uh
+medium quality memory on the prices at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium quality memory on the prices at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium quality memory on the prices at
+website a for low medium and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website a for low medium and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website a for low medium and high
+quality memory and then I'm controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality memory and then I'm controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality memory and then I'm controlling
+for competitor's prices through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for competitor's prices through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for competitor's prices through these
+two variables what's the lowest price on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables what's the lowest price on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables what's the lowest price on
+the screen how high am I relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen how high am I relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen how high am I relative to
+that and uh what's my rank on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh what's my rank on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh what's my rank on that
+screen so some some sense you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so some some sense you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so some some sense you know you
+might want to include all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to include all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to include all the
+competitors prices that would obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors prices that would obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors prices that would obviously
+be feasible so I include what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be feasible so I include what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be feasible so I include what's your
+rank on the screen as well as my prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank on the screen as well as my prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank on the screen as well as my prices
+here and notice that I'm putting low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and notice that I'm putting low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and notice that I'm putting low
+medium and high quality prices on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and high quality prices on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and high quality prices on the
+right side whether the left side has low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side whether the left side has low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side whether the left side has low
+quality memory as a dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality memory as a dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality memory as a dependent
+variable medium quality memory or high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable medium quality memory or high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable medium quality memory or high
+quality memory is a dependent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality memory is a dependent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality memory is a dependent variable
+and I'm doing that um because you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm doing that um because you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm doing that um because you know I
+people are going to substitute between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to substitute between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to substitute between
+the firm's offerings if if it's charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm's offerings if if it's charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm's offerings if if it's charging
+$25 the upgrade it's going to sell fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$25 the upgrade it's going to sell fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$25 the upgrade it's going to sell fewer
+upgrades and if it's charging 10 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrades and if it's charging 10 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrades and if it's charging 10 for the
+upgrade sell many fewer if it's charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade sell many fewer if it's charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade sell many fewer if it's charging
+$50 for the up upgrade um you know our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50 for the up upgrade um you know our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50 for the up upgrade um you know our
+primary specification is just basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary specification is just basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary specification is just basically
+doing the OS equivalent treating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the OS equivalent treating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the OS equivalent treating the
+prices on the right side as exogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices on the right side as exogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices on the right side as exogenous
+for the reasons I explained earlier just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reasons I explained earlier just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reasons I explained earlier just
+expectation of you given the x is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of you given the x is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of you given the x is equal
+one uh we do also in the paper have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh we do also in the paper have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh we do also in the paper have a
+couple different IV strategies you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different IV strategies you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different IV strategies you know
+one IV strategy is using the costs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one IV strategy is using the costs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one IV strategy is using the costs as
+instrument for prices you know costs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for prices you know costs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for prices you know costs are
+a classic instrument for prices um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic instrument for prices um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic instrument for prices um so
+anyway we use that sort of wholesale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we use that sort of wholesale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we use that sort of wholesale
+cost data to get an IV the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost data to get an IV the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost data to get an IV the other thing
+we do is also sort of use the prices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is also sort of use the prices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is also sort of use the prices for
+other products as instrument I IVs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other products as instrument I IVs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other products as instrument I IVs the
+explanation for that one is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for that one is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for that one is if you
+imagine the firm comes in for the day it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the firm comes in for the day it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the firm comes in for the day it
+sees that two of its uh Warehouse uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees that two of its uh Warehouse uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees that two of its uh Warehouse uh
+employees call in sick which is not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees call in sick which is not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees call in sick which is not at
+all an uncommon thing when you're paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all an uncommon thing when you're paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all an uncommon thing when you're paying
+sort of minimum wage workers uh if two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of minimum wage workers uh if two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of minimum wage workers uh if two
+of your workers are sick what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your workers are sick what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your workers are sick what you do is
+you you know you can't package as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know you can't package as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know you can't package as many
+boxes so you just try to sell fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes so you just try to sell fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes so you just try to sell fewer
+Goods that day by sort of raing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods that day by sort of raing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods that day by sort of raing your
+prices you raise your price and sell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices you raise your price and sell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices you raise your price and sell a
+few items at a high markup rather than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few items at a high markup rather than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few items at a high markup rather than a
+lot of items at a low markup and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of items at a low markup and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of items at a low markup and so I
+can use the sort of pc133 prices as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the sort of pc133 prices as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the sort of pc133 prices as an
+instrument for PC 100 prices because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for PC 100 prices because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for PC 100 prices because if
+your employees are sick you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your employees are sick you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your employees are sick you would
+probably raise both of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably raise both of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably raise both of them and
+obviously the pc133 prices aren't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the pc133 prices aren't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the pc133 prices aren't going
+to reflect demand for PC 100 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reflect demand for PC 100 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reflect demand for PC 100 which is
+bought by separate consumers um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought by separate consumers um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought by separate consumers um but
+anyway I think mostly we're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I think mostly we're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I think mostly we're going to say
+we think this is a case where the within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think this is a case where the within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think this is a case where the within
+the distribution price variation really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution price variation really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution price variation really
+is as good as random and we're mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as good as random and we're mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as good as random and we're mostly
+going to estimate this by by well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to estimate this by by well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to estimate this by by well the
+it's GMM but it's like OS where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's GMM but it's like OS where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's GMM but it's like OS where we're
+just sort of treating those prices as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of treating those prices as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of treating those prices as
+exogenous okay what do we what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous okay what do we what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous okay what do we what are some
+of the findings so first um demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the findings so first um demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the findings so first um demand for
+lowquality memory is very very price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality memory is very very price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality memory is very very price
+sensitive if if your rank changes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive if if your rank changes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive if if your rank changes you
+know from one to two to three every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from one to two to three every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from one to two to three every time
+you drop down on that list you sell many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drop down on that list you sell many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drop down on that list you sell many
+many fewer units um you know I'm we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fewer units um you know I'm we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fewer units um you know I'm we're
+going to sort of report that price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of report that price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of report that price
+elasticities are as high as is 33 so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities are as high as is 33 so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities are as high as is 33 so you
+raise a raise your prices by 1% from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise a raise your prices by 1% from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise a raise your prices by 1% from
+$100 to 101 a third of your demand goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 to 101 a third of your demand goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 to 101 a third of your demand goes
+away you raise your price from 101 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away you raise your price from 101 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away you raise your price from 101 to
+102 another you know a third of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+102 another you know a third of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+102 another you know a third of your
+demand goes away again 102 to 103 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand goes away again 102 to 103 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand goes away again 102 to 103 a
+third of your demand goes away so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of your demand goes away so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of your demand goes away so it's
+just incredibly price sensitive demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just incredibly price sensitive demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just incredibly price sensitive demand
+for these firms caused by this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these firms caused by this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these firms caused by this sort of
+rank effect as I go from one to two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank effect as I go from one to two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank effect as I go from one to two to
+three to four I just keep losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to four I just keep losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to four I just keep losing
+customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers
+um second thing is that interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second thing is that interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second thing is that interesting
+finding is there's a big loss leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding is there's a big loss leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding is there's a big loss leader
+effect here so I'm selling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect here so I'm selling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect here so I'm selling this
+lowquality memory basically at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality memory basically at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality memory basically at
+cost but when I'm by selling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost but when I'm by selling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost but when I'm by selling this
+lowquality memory I get to the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality memory I get to the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality memory I get to the top of
+the list and being at the top moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list and being at the top moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list and being at the top moving
+down the list when I move to the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the list when I move to the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the list when I move to the top of
+the list I not only sell much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list I not only sell much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list I not only sell much more
+lowquality memory I also I'm able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality memory I also I'm able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality memory I also I'm able to
+talk some of those people into buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk some of those people into buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk some of those people into buying
+medium quality memory and some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium quality memory and some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium quality memory and some of those
+people into high quality memory so being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people into high quality memory so being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people into high quality memory so being
+high on the screen I sell more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high on the screen I sell more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high on the screen I sell more of the
+product that makes my price high but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that makes my price high but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that makes my price high but
+holding the price of the medium quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding the price of the medium quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding the price of the medium quality
+memory fixed having a low price for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory fixed having a low price for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory fixed having a low price for
+lowquality memory has this big loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality memory has this big loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality memory has this big loss
+leader effect and I sell much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader effect and I sell much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader effect and I sell much more
+medium quality memory and much more high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium quality memory and much more high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium quality memory and much more high
+quality memory when I'm up at the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality memory when I'm up at the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality memory when I'm up at the top of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+list and you know this is again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and you know this is again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and you know this is again it's
+controlling for the price of my medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling for the price of my medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling for the price of my medium
+quality memory itself so it's holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality memory itself so it's holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality memory itself so it's holding
+that price of medium quality memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that price of medium quality memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that price of medium quality memory
+fixed when I set a low price low quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed when I set a low price low quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed when I set a low price low quality
+memory I just sell much more of medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory I just sell much more of medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory I just sell much more of medium
+quality memory because I'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality memory because I'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality memory because I'm drawing
+people to my site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to my site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to my site
+um you know I mentioned that the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I mentioned that the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I mentioned that the reason
+add-on pricing can raise profits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add-on pricing can raise profits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add-on pricing can raise profits in
+equilibrium a few lectures ago is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium a few lectures ago is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium a few lectures ago is
+because of this adverse selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this adverse selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this adverse selection
+effect when the cheap skates who come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect when the cheap skates who come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect when the cheap skates who come to
+your website to buy the lowquality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your website to buy the lowquality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your website to buy the lowquality
+product won't buy the upgrades you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product won't buy the upgrades you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product won't buy the upgrades you don't
+want those cheap skates buying stuff at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want those cheap skates buying stuff at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want those cheap skates buying stuff at
+a loss uh and so that causes firms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loss uh and so that causes firms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loss uh and so that causes firms to
+have this instead of flipping from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this instead of flipping from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this instead of flipping from
+undercutting to overcutting and raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercutting to overcutting and raises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercutting to overcutting and raises
+equilibrium price levels here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium price levels here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium price levels here we're
+finding evidence of that adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding evidence of that adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding evidence of that adverse
+selection effect so you know increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection effect so you know increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection effect so you know increasing
+this variable by one raises low quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable by one raises low quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable by one raises low quality
+sales by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales by
+129% medium Quality Sales by 77% high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+129% medium Quality Sales by 77% high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+129% medium Quality Sales by 77% high
+quality sales by 51% so while I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality sales by 51% so while I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality sales by 51% so while I'm
+selling more medium and high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling more medium and high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling more medium and high quality
+memory my product mix is getting worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory my product mix is getting worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory my product mix is getting worse
+and worse and worse and a larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worse and worse and a larger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worse and worse and a larger and
+larger fraction of my sales are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger fraction of my sales are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger fraction of my sales are the
+lowquality low profit Goods as I move up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality low profit Goods as I move up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality low profit Goods as I move up
+on the list so this is the adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the list so this is the adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the list so this is the adverse
+selection effect we talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection effect we talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection effect we talked about that
+you know it is clear evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it is clear evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it is clear evidence that
+adverse selection effect exists in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse selection effect exists in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse selection effect exists in this
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+okay um in addition to these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um in addition to these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um in addition to these sort of
+rank effects the own price effects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank effects the own price effects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank effects the own price effects are
+significant as well so when I raise my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant as well so when I raise my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant as well so when I raise my
+price for medium quality memory I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for medium quality memory I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for medium quality memory I do
+sell less medium quality memory when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell less medium quality memory when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell less medium quality memory when I
+raise my price for high quality memory I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise my price for high quality memory I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise my price for high quality memory I
+do sell less you know those a lasties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sell less you know those a lasties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sell less you know those a lasties
+are like five or six so if I raise my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like five or six so if I raise my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like five or six so if I raise my
+medium quality price by $1 I sell 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium quality price by $1 I sell 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium quality price by $1 I sell 5%
+less I raise it by $5 I I sell Sorry by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less I raise it by $5 I I sell Sorry by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less I raise it by $5 I I sell Sorry by
+5% I sell 25% less so this does appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% I sell 25% less so this does appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% I sell 25% less so this does appear
+to be substitution with within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be substitution with within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be substitution with within the
+website where if those upgrades are 1530
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website where if those upgrades are 1530
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website where if those upgrades are 1530
+or those upgrades are 3050 I sell much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or those upgrades are 3050 I sell much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or those upgrades are 3050 I sell much
+fewer when I have higher uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer when I have higher uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer when I have higher uh
+prices um so when we add together these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices um so when we add together these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices um so when we add together these
+two effects the rank effects and the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two effects the rank effects and the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two effects the rank effects and the um
+rank effects and the own price effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank effects and the own price effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank effects and the own price effects
+you know this is giving us the effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is giving us the effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is giving us the effects
+of the different categories but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different categories but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different categories but I'll
+focus on the 120 PC 100 what I get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the 120 PC 100 what I get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the 120 PC 100 what I get is
+this incredibly elastic demand for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incredibly elastic demand for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incredibly elastic demand for the
+lowquality memory and then some W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality memory and then some W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality memory and then some W
+elastic uh cost for the other memory uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic uh cost for the other memory uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic uh cost for the other memory uh
+I get these two sort of notable off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get these two sort of notable off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get these two sort of notable off
+diagonal elements saying that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements saying that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements saying that there's
+that loss leader effect you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that loss leader effect you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that loss leader effect you know the
+other off diagonal elements down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other off diagonal elements down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other off diagonal elements down here
+are positive as you would expect when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are positive as you would expect when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are positive as you would expect when I
+raise my price of medium quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise my price of medium quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise my price of medium quality
+memory I sell a little bit more High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory I sell a little bit more High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory I sell a little bit more High
+lowquality memory because be substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality memory because be substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality memory because be substitute
+away from the medium quality memory I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the medium quality memory I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the medium quality memory I
+sell a little bit more high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell a little bit more high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell a little bit more high quality
+memory but again these are these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory but again these are these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory but again these are these are
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I said that um those are the loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I said that um those are the loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I said that um those are the loss
+leader effects uh I also said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader effects uh I also said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader effects uh I also said
+that and um yeah anyway so we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and um yeah anyway so we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and um yeah anyway so we've got
+this again just summarizing this super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again just summarizing this super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again just summarizing this super
+elastic demand for the low quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic demand for the low quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic demand for the low quality
+memory and S price sensitive but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and S price sensitive but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and S price sensitive but not
+nearly as elastic demand for the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly as elastic demand for the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly as elastic demand for the high
+medium high quality memory you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium high quality memory you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium high quality memory you know
+naively that's going to make you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively that's going to make you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively that's going to make you think
+that these products are going to be sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these products are going to be sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these products are going to be sold
+at higher markups because demand is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at higher markups because demand is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at higher markups because demand is less
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+sensitive okay um question I now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive okay um question I now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive okay um question I now you
+know I think you know sort of paper's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think you know sort of paper's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think you know sort of paper's
+biggest contribution is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest contribution is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest contribution is sort of
+saying you know we know that this add-on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know we know that this add-on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know we know that this add-on
+pricing theory is correct if you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing theory is correct if you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing theory is correct if you sort of
+sell products if you have sort of uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell products if you have sort of uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell products if you have sort of uh get
+people to sort of compete by only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to sort of compete by only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to sort of compete by only
+advertising low quality products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising low quality products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising low quality products and
+then having to selling the add-ons at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having to selling the add-ons at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having to selling the add-ons at at
+high Monopoly prices we're get get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high Monopoly prices we're get get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high Monopoly prices we're get get
+higher equilibrium prices than we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher equilibrium prices than we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher equilibrium prices than we would
+get without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get without
+that question is you know how large is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question is you know how large is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question is you know how large is
+that affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affect
+quantitatively does that affect is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively does that affect is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively does that affect is that
+affect Quant large enough quantitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect Quant large enough quantitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect Quant large enough quantitatively
+to explain what's going on and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain what's going on and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain what's going on and in fact
+how big are the markups here are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big are the markups here are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big are the markups here are they
+explained by this add-on pricing Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained by this add-on pricing Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained by this add-on pricing Theory
+uh to do that you know the paper has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to do that you know the paper has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to do that you know the paper has a
+generalization of what was in the QJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of what was in the QJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of what was in the QJ
+paper noting that a formula for Price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper noting that a formula for Price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper noting that a formula for Price
+cost margins if you remember sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost margins if you remember sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost margins if you remember sort of you
+know what right when standard single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what right when standard single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what right when standard single
+good price uh you know standard single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good price uh you know standard single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good price uh you know standard single
+good um you know Monopoly pricing is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um you know Monopoly pricing is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um you know Monopoly pricing is you
+know price Minus cost over price equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know price Minus cost over price equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know price Minus cost over price equals
+minus one over the elasticity of demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over the elasticity of demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over the elasticity of demand
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh what I note here is that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I note here is that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I note here is that there's a
+generalization of that model of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of that model of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of that model of that
+formula to a situation where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to a situation where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to a situation where you have a
+firm selling both a base good and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm selling both a base good and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm selling both a base good and an
+add-on and what this is is so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add-on and what this is is so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add-on and what this is is so this is a
+generalization of the price cost margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of the price cost margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of the price cost margin
+so this is the price for lowquality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the price for lowquality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the price for lowquality
+memory plus the fra X is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory plus the fra X is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory plus the fra X is going to be the
+fraction who upgrade when you when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction who upgrade when you when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction who upgrade when you when when
+you're competing against another firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're competing against another firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're competing against another firm
+and your price is p1l the other firm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your price is p1l the other firm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your price is p1l the other firm's
+price is p2l so this is price plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is p2l so this is price plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is p2l so this is price plus
+fractional upgrade times the margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional upgrade times the margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional upgrade times the margin
+times the upgrade price you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the upgrade price you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the upgrade price you can think of
+this as what's your equilibrium price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as what's your equilibrium price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as what's your equilibrium price
+per customer taking into account that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per customer taking into account that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per customer taking into account that
+some pay more than they think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pay more than they think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pay more than they think they're
+going to pay when they click on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pay when they click on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pay when they click on that
+link minus the cost of providing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link minus the cost of providing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link minus the cost of providing that
+good which is the cost of low quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good which is the cost of low quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good which is the cost of low quality
+memory plus the fractional upgrade times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory plus the fractional upgrade times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory plus the fractional upgrade times
+the cost of BR the upgrade and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of BR the upgrade and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of BR the upgrade and then
+again this is the price so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the price so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the price so it's just
+price Minus cost over price where in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Minus cost over price where in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Minus cost over price where in
+price I've included the fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price I've included the fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price I've included the fraction
+upgrading times the upgrade price so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrading times the upgrade price so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrading times the upgrade price so
+this is per consumer amount paid what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is per consumer amount paid what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is per consumer amount paid what
+you get is that uh price Minus cost over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is that uh price Minus cost over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is that uh price Minus cost over
+price is -1 over Epsilon Time 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is -1 over Epsilon Time 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is -1 over Epsilon Time 1 plus
+something and I sometimes refer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and I sometimes refer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and I sometimes refer to this
+as the adverse selection multiplier the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the adverse selection multiplier the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the adverse selection multiplier the
+worse is the adverse selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse is the adverse selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse is the adverse selection
+multiplier the higher is your markup Rel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier the higher is your markup Rel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier the higher is your markup Rel
+relative to one uh one over Epsilon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to one uh one over Epsilon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to one uh one over Epsilon the
+key term here is this one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key term here is this one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key term here is this one which is
+What's the upgrade profit times how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the upgrade profit times how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the upgrade profit times how does
+the fraction who choose to up upgrade um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction who choose to up upgrade um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction who choose to up upgrade um
+increase when your price increases so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase when your price increases so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase when your price increases so as
+you get further down on the screen have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get further down on the screen have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get further down on the screen have
+less of an adverse selection how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less of an adverse selection how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less of an adverse selection how much
+more successful are you at selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more successful are you at selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more successful are you at selling
+upgrades and this formula predicts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrades and this formula predicts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrades and this formula predicts that
+as the adverse selection problem gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the adverse selection problem gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the adverse selection problem gets
+worse the DX DP is bigger and the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse the DX DP is bigger and the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse the DX DP is bigger and the P
+upgrade minus CU is bigger you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade minus CU is bigger you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade minus CU is bigger you're going
+to have a larger margin relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a larger margin relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a larger margin relative to the
+minus one over Epsilon which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over Epsilon which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over Epsilon which is sort of
+the naive level you would expect from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the naive level you would expect from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the naive level you would expect from
+the single good intuition anyway so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single good intuition anyway so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single good intuition anyway so the
+paper shows that this is this is true if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper shows that this is this is true if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper shows that this is this is true if
+you sort of Define Epsilon to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of Define Epsilon to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of Define Epsilon to be this
+thing we call the overall elasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we call the overall elasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we call the overall elasticity
+which looks an awful lot like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks an awful lot like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks an awful lot like um
+derivative of low quality Demand with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of low quality Demand with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of low quality Demand with
+respect to low quality price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to low quality price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to low quality price
+um okay so you know what we do is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so you know what we do is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so you know what we do is again
+you know this paper is unusual in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this paper is unusual in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this paper is unusual in that
+we have this cost data so we have the co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this cost data so we have the co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this cost data so we have the co
+the daily cost for each of these modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the daily cost for each of these modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the daily cost for each of these modules
+we also know just from talking to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know just from talking to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know just from talking to the
+proprietor of the firm what does it cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietor of the firm what does it cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietor of the firm what does it cost
+you know it's not it's not rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not it's not rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not it's not rocket
+science what does it cost to hire a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science what does it cost to hire a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science what does it cost to hire a
+minimum wage worker to take the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum wage worker to take the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum wage worker to take the memory
+module off the shelf put it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module off the shelf put it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module off the shelf put it in a
+cardboard box put one piece of tape on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard box put one piece of tape on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard box put one piece of tape on
+it run it through the postage meter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it run it through the postage meter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it run it through the postage meter and
+send it to the customer uh and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it to the customer uh and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it to the customer uh and so the
+firm was able to give us very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm was able to give us very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm was able to give us very good
+estimates for what is the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates for what is the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates for what is the cost of
+sending a memory module of packing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a memory module of packing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a memory module of packing a
+memory module into a cardboard box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory module into a cardboard box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory module into a cardboard box and
+sending it um so we're able to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending it um so we're able to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending it um so we're able to estimate
+markups here and what we find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markups here and what we find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markups here and what we find is that
+you know qualitatively these loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know qualitatively these loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know qualitatively these loss
+leaders the low quality memory it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders the low quality memory it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders the low quality memory it's it's
+being it actually is being sold at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being it actually is being sold at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being it actually is being sold at a
+loss most of the time so here the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss most of the time so here the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss most of the time so here the or
+it's approximately zero markups but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's approximately zero markups but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's approximately zero markups but
+lowquality memories average markup is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality memories average markup is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowquality memories average markup is
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+0.7% medium quality memories got a 177%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.7% medium quality memories got a 177%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.7% medium quality memories got a 177%
+markup high quality memories got a uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup high quality memories got a uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup high quality memories got a uh uh
+27% markup so overall when you add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27% markup so overall when you add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27% markup so overall when you add up
+the 12 units of this two of this two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12 units of this two of this two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12 units of this two of this two of
+this uh the average mark up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh the average mark up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh the average mark up is
+7% how does that compare with what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% how does that compare with what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% how does that compare with what you
+would have expected had this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have expected had this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have expected had this sort of
+add-on strategy not been going on well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add-on strategy not been going on well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add-on strategy not been going on well
+the overall elasticity is 23.9 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall elasticity is 23.9 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall elasticity is 23.9 minus
+23.9 so if you had the sort of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23.9 so if you had the sort of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23.9 so if you had the sort of simple
+price Minus cost over price is one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Minus cost over price is one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Minus cost over price is one over
+Epsilon pricing you'd expect a 4.2%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon pricing you'd expect a 4.2%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon pricing you'd expect a 4.2%
+markup and what we see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup and what we see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup and what we see is
+7.7 can we explain why we're seeing 7.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.7 can we explain why we're seeing 7.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.7 can we explain why we're seeing 7.7
+instead of 4.2 well if I each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 4.2 well if I each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 4.2 well if I each of the
+things in this adverse selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this adverse selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this adverse selection
+multiplier are also things that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier are also things that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier are also things that we're
+estimating our demand system so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating our demand system so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating our demand system so when I
+estimate those I find that my estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate those I find that my estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate those I find that my estimate
+for the adverse selection multiplier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the adverse selection multiplier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the adverse selection multiplier is
+two so you know we estimated this demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so you know we estimated this demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so you know we estimated this demand
+system uh without using any supply side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh without using any supply side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh without using any supply side
+information without imposing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information without imposing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information without imposing that the
+firms were maximizing profits and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms were maximizing profits and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms were maximizing profits and yet
+what we find is that when we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we find is that when we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we find is that when we look at the
+estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated
+parameters that with the estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that with the estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that with the estimated
+parameters the sort of equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the sort of equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the sort of equilibrium
+markup prediction is almost exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup prediction is almost exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup prediction is almost exactly the
+true markup prediction so this is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true markup prediction so this is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true markup prediction so this is saying
+that yeah we estimate the adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah we estimate the adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah we estimate the adverse
+selection multiplier is two and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection multiplier is two and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection multiplier is two and that
+does seem to explain why profits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does seem to explain why profits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does seem to explain why profits are
+margins are 7% instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins are 7% instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins are 7% instead of
+4.2% uh we do this across several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.2% uh we do this across several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.2% uh we do this across several
+different categories it predicts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories it predicts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories it predicts that
+the adverse selection is even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adverse selection is even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adverse selection is even more
+important for PC 133 memory it predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for PC 133 memory it predicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for PC 133 memory it predicts
+that it's about the same for the 256
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's about the same for the 256
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's about the same for the 256
+megabyte memory and in each case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte memory and in each case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte memory and in each case you
+know we find that like the 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we find that like the 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we find that like the 1 over
+Epsilon formula would say you'd get 3.6%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon formula would say you'd get 3.6%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon formula would say you'd get 3.6%
+markup we actually get an 11.5% markup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup we actually get an 11.5% markup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup we actually get an 11.5% markup
+but that's perfectly explained by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's perfectly explained by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's perfectly explained by this
+adverse selection multiplier that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse selection multiplier that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse selection multiplier that says
+yes it should multiply markups by 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it should multiply markups by 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it should multiply markups by 3 and
+a half% so I think the basic takeaway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half% so I think the basic takeaway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half% so I think the basic takeaway
+from this paper is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this paper is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this paper is that you
+know one technique that firms are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one technique that firms are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one technique that firms are using
+for opusc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for opusc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for opusc
+here is well one technique is of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is well one technique is of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is well one technique is of making
+things annoying that's sort of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things annoying that's sort of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things annoying that's sort of going
+into what determines these uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what determines these uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what determines these uh what
+determines the sensitivity to rank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the sensitivity to rank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the sensitivity to rank and
+how quickly people give up second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly people give up second thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly people give up second thing
+that's going into margins is um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going into margins is um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going into margins is um this
+creating this adverse selection effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this adverse selection effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this adverse selection effect
+by offering add-ons and the amount by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by offering add-ons and the amount by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by offering add-ons and the amount by
+which markups go up relative to the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which markups go up relative to the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which markups go up relative to the sort
+of single good model seems to be almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of single good model seems to be almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of single good model seems to be almost
+exactly in line with the adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in line with the adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in line with the adverse
+selection effect so it seems like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection effect so it seems like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection effect so it seems like in
+some sense we don't need anything other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense we don't need anything other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense we don't need anything other
+than the adverse selection effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the adverse selection effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the adverse selection effect and
+the sort of level of search cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of level of search cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of level of search cost to
+explain what's going on here it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what's going on here it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what's going on here it does
+seem like you know this adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like you know this adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like you know this adverse
+selection has an effect it has an effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection has an effect it has an effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection has an effect it has an effect
+as big as we would expect it to be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big as we would expect it to be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big as we would expect it to be and
+and it's not a puzzle why markups in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a puzzle why markups in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a puzzle why markups in
+this margin market end up what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this margin market end up what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this margin market end up what they are
+which is you know markups are quite low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know markups are quite low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know markups are quite low
+but low but not so low that these firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but low but not so low that these firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but low but not so low that these firms
+which are sort of bare bones uh firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are sort of bare bones uh firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are sort of bare bones uh firms
+with no advertising can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+survive uh okay and I think the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive uh okay and I think the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive uh okay and I think the rest of
+these slides just have the same things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides just have the same things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides just have the same things I
+just said so um yeah here is where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said so um yeah here is where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said so um yeah here is where you
+see the lowquality memory has got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the lowquality memory has got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the lowquality memory has got
+negative and the others have positive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and the others have positive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and the others have positive uh
+there's the adverse selection effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the adverse selection effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the adverse selection effect
+there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the
+predictions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions um
+and then this sort of a summary of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this sort of a summary of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this sort of a summary of the
+conclusions that I told you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions that I told you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions that I told you that you
+know observe markups are very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know observe markups are very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know observe markups are very close to
+ones you'd predict from the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you'd predict from the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you'd predict from the demand
+estimates uh adverse selection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates uh adverse selection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates uh adverse selection is
+roughly doubling average markups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly doubling average markups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly doubling average markups and
+markups for low quality products are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markups for low quality products are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markups for low quality products are
+very low okay so um in my final uh 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low okay so um in my final uh 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low okay so um in my final uh 15
+minutes I'm going to go my final paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes I'm going to go my final paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes I'm going to go my final paper
+which is uh glenas and and goat's paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh glenas and and goat's paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh glenas and and goat's paper
+about uh regulatory ening consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh regulatory ening consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh regulatory ening consumer
+search markets case of credit cards you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search markets case of credit cards you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search markets case of credit cards you
+know one thing that I often do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one thing that I often do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one thing that I often do in this
+course is tell students you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is tell students you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is tell students you know that
+it's a mistake to be too ambitious when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mistake to be too ambitious when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mistake to be too ambitious when
+you're trying to sort of come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to sort of come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to sort of come up with
+paper topics or it's you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper topics or it's you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper topics or it's you don't need to
+be sort of so original and creative you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of so original and creative you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of so original and creative you
+know it's a great idea to just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a great idea to just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a great idea to just take
+someone else's paper and improve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else's paper and improve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else's paper and improve it
+because if you take someone who's at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you take someone who's at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you take someone who's at the
+state-of-the-art you improve what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art you improve what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art you improve what
+they're doing you know you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing you know you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing you know you have a
+state-of-the-art paper whereas if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art paper whereas if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art paper whereas if you
+start from scratch you're going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from scratch you're going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from scratch you're going to end
+up you can end up very much behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you can end up very much behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you can end up very much behind the
+frontier um you know normally this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier um you know normally this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier um you know normally this is
+advice for writing theoretical papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice for writing theoretical papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice for writing theoretical papers
+because you sort of take a theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you sort of take a theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you sort of take a theoretical
+paper you can it's just sort of it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you can it's just sort of it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you can it's just sort of it's a
+well-known thing you take a theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known thing you take a theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known thing you take a theoretical
+model you improve on that you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you improve on that you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you improve on that you've got a
+new and better model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and better model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and better model
+um thing I want to point out here is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thing I want to point out here is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thing I want to point out here is one
+can do that in empirical work as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that in empirical work as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that in empirical work as well
+you know like one of my earliest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like one of my earliest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like one of my earliest uh
+published papers was a paper where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published papers was a paper where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published papers was a paper where I
+took um you'll see later in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took um you'll see later in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took um you'll see later in this
+semester where I took a a published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester where I took a a published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester where I took a a published
+empirical paper by Rob Porter I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical paper by Rob Porter I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical paper by Rob Porter I just
+sort of did some uh additional things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of did some uh additional things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of did some uh additional things on
+it that was my one of my first published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that was my one of my first published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that was my one of my first published
+papers uh glenos son and kavasa sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers uh glenos son and kavasa sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers uh glenos son and kavasa sort of
+you know decades later I actually doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know decades later I actually doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know decades later I actually doing
+the same thing here with the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing here with the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing here with the idea that
+they must have read stangle and zman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must have read stangle and zman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must have read stangle and zman's
+paper they thought stanglein zman is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper they thought stanglein zman is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper they thought stanglein zman is a
+very nice paper showing that search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice paper showing that search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice paper showing that search
+costs um seem to be related to markups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs um seem to be related to markups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs um seem to be related to markups
+and what they're trying to do is um say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they're trying to do is um say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they're trying to do is um say
+you know sanguin Zinman said that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sanguin Zinman said that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sanguin Zinman said that sort
+of search costs are related to markups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of search costs are related to markups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of search costs are related to markups
+can we actually turn their paper into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we actually turn their paper into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we actually turn their paper into a
+structural quantitative paper uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural quantitative paper uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural quantitative paper uh where
+we sort of say you know can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of say you know can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of say you know can sort of
+search cross explain the magnitudes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search cross explain the magnitudes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search cross explain the magnitudes of
+everything that they're finding in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that they're finding in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that they're finding in their
+data or how would we sort of say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or how would we sort of say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or how would we sort of say is
+their data really consistent with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their data really consistent with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their data really consistent with a
+search cost explanation versus another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search cost explanation versus another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search cost explanation versus another
+explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation
+uh you know it's it's also I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's it's also I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's it's also I think a
+very nice paper in that it it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice paper in that it it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice paper in that it it's sort of
+doing something we don't do of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something we don't do of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something we don't do of you know
+it's doing something different in IO you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing something different in IO you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing something different in IO you
+know like may people have this view that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like may people have this view that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like may people have this view that
+every IO paper has to have this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every IO paper has to have this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every IO paper has to have this really
+really complicated individual level data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated individual level data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated individual level data
+set and estimate this sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and estimate this sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and estimate this sophisticated
+model observation by observation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model observation by observation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model observation by observation and
+what uh glenos and Gat do in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh glenos and Gat do in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh glenos and Gat do in this paper
+is they're basically doing a macro style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're basically doing a macro style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're basically doing a macro style
+calibration and I think it's a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration and I think it's a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration and I think it's a you know
+it's not what other people would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not what other people would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not what other people would have
+done with this data but I I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with this data but I I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with this data but I I think that
+sort of you it really makes the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you it really makes the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you it really makes the case
+that doing a calibration like this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doing a calibration like this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doing a calibration like this can
+be a very interesting way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very interesting way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very interesting way to think about
+whether a theory really explains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a theory really explains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a theory really explains the
+data or not and do we always need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or not and do we always need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or not and do we always need to do
+the same kind of structural estimations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of structural estimations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of structural estimations
+we do and I think it's sort of it's a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do and I think it's sort of it's a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do and I think it's sort of it's a I
+don't know it's a it's a very elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it's a it's a very elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it's a it's a very elegant
+paper it also makes sort of some nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it also makes sort of some nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it also makes sort of some nice
+technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical
+observations uh and so anyway I'll do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations uh and so anyway I'll do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations uh and so anyway I'll do it
+quickly here because I don't have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly here because I don't have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly here because I don't have much
+time so um let me say you know the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so um let me say you know the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so um let me say you know the basic
+thing is you know what what they show in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is you know what what they show in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is you know what what they show in
+the P you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P you know what
+think back to what sanguin zman showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back to what sanguin zman showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back to what sanguin zman showed
+what sanguin Inman showed is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sanguin Inman showed is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sanguin Inman showed is that
+consumers get very different offers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers get very different offers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers get very different offers uh
+in their in their offer database and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their in their offer database and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their in their offer database and
+that consumers end up paying very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consumers end up paying very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consumers end up paying very
+different amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts
+and you know so we have this sort of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know so we have this sort of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know so we have this sort of two
+data sets we have the sort of offer data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets we have the sort of offer data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets we have the sort of offer data
+set and then we have the sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and then we have the sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and then we have the sort of what
+consumers you know the accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers you know the accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers you know the accepted
+offers what consumers end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers what consumers end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers what consumers end up
+paying and what starting point for Gat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying and what starting point for Gat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying and what starting point for Gat
+is you know think about we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know think about we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know think about we have these
+two separate data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two separate data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two separate data sets
+um the offers are going to lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the offers are going to lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the offers are going to lead to
+accepted offers based on consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted offers based on consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted offers based on consumer
+preferences so if you think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences so if you think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences so if you think about how
+cons what consumer preferences look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons what consumer preferences look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons what consumer preferences look like
+what are their search costs how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are their search costs how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are their search costs how much
+they view these offers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they view these offers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they view these offers is
+differentiated that's going to lead us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated that's going to lead us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated that's going to lead us
+to sort of some mapping that Maps offers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of some mapping that Maps offers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of some mapping that Maps offers
+that they receive into what offers they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they receive into what offers they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they receive into what offers they
+accept and notice that you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept and notice that you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept and notice that you can think
+about two different ways to explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two different ways to explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two different ways to explain the
+mapping you know we know that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping you know we know that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping you know we know that these
+offers are quite dispersed and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers are quite dispersed and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers are quite dispersed and we know
+that these accepted offers are fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these accepted offers are fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these accepted offers are fairly
+dispersed and quite High you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersed and quite High you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersed and quite High you could
+explain this mapping in two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this mapping in two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this mapping in two different
+ways one way would be that consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways one way would be that consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways one way would be that consumers
+have search costs therefore they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have search costs therefore they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have search costs therefore they don't
+open a lot of the envelopes therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open a lot of the envelopes therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open a lot of the envelopes therefore
+they don't all take the lowest offer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't all take the lowest offer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't all take the lowest offer and
+therefore they pay high prices or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they pay high prices or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they pay high prices or they
+pay someone dispersed prices because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay someone dispersed prices because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay someone dispersed prices because
+some of them open the low envelope first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them open the low envelope first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them open the low envelope first
+and pay that one um the other way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pay that one um the other way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pay that one um the other way to
+explain this sort of same fact would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this sort of same fact would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this sort of same fact would be
+with consumers just have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with consumers just have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with consumers just have very
+idiosyncratic preferences they get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic preferences they get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic preferences they get these
+different offers they open all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different offers they open all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different offers they open all of them
+but they care a lot whether their credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they care a lot whether their credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they care a lot whether their credit
+card says Bank of America or Capital One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card says Bank of America or Capital One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card says Bank of America or Capital One
+on it therefore some of them pay much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it therefore some of them pay much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it therefore some of them pay much
+much more than they need to even after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than they need to even after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than they need to even after
+having opened all the envelopes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having opened all the envelopes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having opened all the envelopes because
+they really like that credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really like that credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really like that credit card
+company you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company you know
+what no is that okay we we really can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what no is that okay we we really can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what no is that okay we we really can't
+just from thinking about this mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from thinking about this mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from thinking about this mapping
+tell the offer the differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the offer the differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the offer the differentiation
+explanation apart from the search cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation apart from the search cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation apart from the search cost
+explanation but you know there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation but you know there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation but you know there's also a
+mapping that goes in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping that goes in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping that goes in this direction
+where if you know what consumers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you know what consumers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you know what consumers are
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+accept the firms who are profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the firms who are profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the firms who are profit
+maximizing should be sort of choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing should be sort of choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing should be sort of choosing
+their offers optimally and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their offers optimally and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their offers optimally and if
+consumers had these very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers had these very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers had these very strong
+idiosyncratic preferences and viewed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic preferences and viewed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic preferences and viewed the
+offers as very differentiated then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers as very differentiated then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers as very differentiated then all
+the firms would be sending High offers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firms would be sending High offers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firms would be sending High offers
+whereas if it cons it's the search cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if it cons it's the search cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if it cons it's the search cost
+explanation the search cost explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation the search cost explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation the search cost explanation
+could perhaps better explain why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could perhaps better explain why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could perhaps better explain why
+consumers are setting low offers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are setting low offers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are setting low offers you
+know that sort of intuitive that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that sort of intuitive that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that sort of intuitive that we need
+the search cost to get the firms be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search cost to get the firms be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search cost to get the firms be
+setting these low and heterog these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting these low and heterog these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting these low and heterog these
+heterogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous
+offers but you know GL go are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers but you know GL go are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers but you know GL go are trying to
+sort say quantitatively is this true can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort say quantitatively is this true can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort say quantitatively is this true can
+we say that a model with search costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that a model with search costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that a model with search costs
+can explain the data quantitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explain the data quantitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explain the data quantitatively
+whereas a model with differentiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas a model with differentiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas a model with differentiated
+products cannot okay so what they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products cannot okay so what they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products cannot okay so what they do is
+they sort of write down a model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of write down a model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of write down a model that
+sort of simple enough that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of simple enough that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of simple enough that they can
+estimate what the equilibrium is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what the equilibrium is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what the equilibrium is for a
+set of parameters and then they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of parameters and then they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of parameters and then they sort of
+say we're going to calibrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're going to calibrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're going to calibrate the
+parameters to match some macro moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to match some macro moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to match some macro moments
+in the data and then see if we if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data and then see if we if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data and then see if we if we can
+uh fit the data so any what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fit the data so any what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fit the data so any what does the
+model look like okay so anyway model has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model look like okay so anyway model has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model look like okay so anyway model has
+buyers who have values z z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyers who have values z z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyers who have values z z is
+distributed According to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed According to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed According to some
+distribution M on some interval so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution M on some interval so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution M on some interval so this
+is your value of having a credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your value of having a credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your value of having a credit card
+from any firm whatsoever in their model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any firm whatsoever in their model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any firm whatsoever in their model
+some customers will have Z relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some customers will have Z relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some customers will have Z relatively
+low won't get a credit card or won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low won't get a credit card or won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low won't get a credit card or won't
+take won't buy any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take won't buy any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take won't buy any
+offer um there's some lenders who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer um there's some lenders who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer um there's some lenders who have
+mass L these lenders have heterogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass L these lenders have heterogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass L these lenders have heterogeneous
+costs of supplying funds K distributed G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs of supplying funds K distributed G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs of supplying funds K distributed G
+on K lower bark upper bar um these as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on K lower bark upper bar um these as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on K lower bark upper bar um these as I
+said if you know like these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if you know like these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if you know like these um
+heterogeneous costs are going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous costs are going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous costs are going to be the
+way they generate the price dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they generate the price dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they generate the price dispersion
+in the data you know in the stall model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data you know in the stall model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data you know in the stall model
+you can generate price dispersion by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can generate price dispersion by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can generate price dispersion by um
+generate price dispersion by all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate price dispersion by all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate price dispersion by all the
+firms are exactly identical and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are exactly identical and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are exactly identical and they
+just randomize overprices but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just randomize overprices but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just randomize overprices but you know
+there's an earlier lature on um price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an earlier lature on um price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an earlier lature on um price
+dispersion you know going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion you know going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion you know going back to
+Jennifer Rin gam has one of the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jennifer Rin gam has one of the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jennifer Rin gam has one of the earliest
+models of this uh variety where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of this uh variety where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of this uh variety where you can
+also get price dispersion as a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get price dispersion as a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get price dispersion as a pure
+strategy phenomenon by simply allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy phenomenon by simply allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy phenomenon by simply allowing
+the firms to have asymmetric Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firms to have asymmetric Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firms to have asymmetric Co
+different costs and then where the firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different costs and then where the firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different costs and then where the firms
+with identical costs randomize you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with identical costs randomize you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with identical costs randomize you can
+have sort of a purification of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of a purification of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of a purification of that
+where the firms with low costs at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the firms with low costs at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the firms with low costs at low
+prices firms with high costs at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices firms with high costs at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices firms with high costs at high
+prices so they're going to add this lend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices so they're going to add this lend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices so they're going to add this lend
+lender heterogeneity and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lender heterogeneity and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lender heterogeneity and then
+interesting model here is that rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting model here is that rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting model here is that rather
+than having buyers choose an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than having buyers choose an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than having buyers choose an equilibrium
+how many offers to get um the buyers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many offers to get um the buyers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many offers to get um the buyers are
+going to sort of exert an effort level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of exert an effort level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of exert an effort level
+s and then if you exert effort level s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and then if you exert effort level s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and then if you exert effort level s
+you can think about I'm going to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about I'm going to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about I'm going to spend
+one hour on my computer looking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hour on my computer looking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hour on my computer looking up
+credit cards online and see what offers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards online and see what offers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards online and see what offers
+I can find um they have a sort of Pon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find um they have a sort of Pon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find um they have a sort of Pon
+random number of offers so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number of offers so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number of offers so if
+I spend time s searching I get S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spend time s searching I get S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spend time s searching I get S
+A expect in expectation I get stimes L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A expect in expectation I get stimes L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A expect in expectation I get stimes L
+offers um but I get sort of a Pon random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers um but I get sort of a Pon random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers um but I get sort of a Pon random
+number of offers so I may actually find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of offers so I may actually find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of offers so I may actually find
+zero offers I may find one I may find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero offers I may find one I may find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero offers I may find one I may find
+two I may find three um doing this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I may find three um doing this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I may find three um doing this sort
+of effort has a nice feature that s is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effort has a nice feature that s is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effort has a nice feature that s is a
+continuous variable I can do a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous variable I can do a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous variable I can do a first
+order condition for what's the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order condition for what's the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order condition for what's the optimal
+amount of search effort s to make um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of search effort s to make um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of search effort s to make um you
+might think well yes you made s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think well yes you made s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think well yes you made s
+continuous but now you've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous but now you've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous but now you've got this
+nightmare where instead of people having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare where instead of people having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare where instead of people having
+all having one offer or two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all having one offer or two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all having one offer or two or three
+you've got I'm getting this Pon random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got I'm getting this Pon random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got I'm getting this Pon random
+number of offers how am I going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of offers how am I going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of offers how am I going to do
+that at all uh an observation in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at all uh an observation in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at all uh an observation in this
+paper is that and and you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is that and and you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is that and and you know there
+also been some others recently who've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also been some others recently who've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also been some others recently who've
+done the same thing is that this Pon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the same thing is that this Pon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the same thing is that this Pon
+random number of quotes can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number of quotes can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number of quotes can actually be
+a more tractable model than having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more tractable model than having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more tractable model than having a
+deterministic number of quotes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic number of quotes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic number of quotes and so
+because it's got this feature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got this feature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got this feature that
+effort is continuous giving us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort is continuous giving us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort is continuous giving us a
+continuous A first order condition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous A first order condition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous A first order condition and
+sort of the expected value to search is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the expected value to search is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the expected value to search is
+actually tracked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tracked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tracked
+this can be a very nice framework and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be a very nice framework and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be a very nice framework and I
+think other people are going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think other people are going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think other people are going to want to
+do this in the future and let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in the future and let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in the future and let me say
+also if you remember back to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also if you remember back to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also if you remember back to you know
+intuition for stall to get heterogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for stall to get heterogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for stall to get heterogen and
+accept it offers you know what stall did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it offers you know what stall did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it offers you know what stall did
+is have some people who get very some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is have some people who get very some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is have some people who get very some
+people have negative or low search cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have negative or low search cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have negative or low search cost
+who search every firm some people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who search every firm some people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who search every firm some people have
+high search cost search all the firms um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high search cost search all the firms um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high search cost search all the firms um
+in glenat they don't have Randomness in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in glenat they don't have Randomness in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in glenat they don't have Randomness in
+the search costs but what they have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search costs but what they have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search costs but what they have is
+this Randomness in the value if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Randomness in the value if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Randomness in the value if you have
+a high value for a credit card you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high value for a credit card you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high value for a credit card you're
+going to sort of want to get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of want to get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of want to get a lot of
+quotes because you know you need to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes because you know you need to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes because you know you need to buy
+from at least one if you have a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from at least one if you have a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from at least one if you have a low
+value Z you're going to do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Z you're going to do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Z you're going to do a little
+search effort because you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search effort because you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search effort because you're going to be
+perfectly happy to not buy from anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly happy to not buy from anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly happy to not buy from anyone
+and it's the uh it's the sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the uh it's the sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the uh it's the sort of uh
+heterogen and Z that's going to lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogen and Z that's going to lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogen and Z that's going to lead to
+heterogen and search effort that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogen and search effort that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogen and search effort that's going
+to lead to equilibrium price dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead to equilibrium price dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead to equilibrium price dispersion
+anyway so so going over the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so so going over the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so so going over the model
+quickly you know buyers have this payoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly you know buyers have this payoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly you know buyers have this payoff
+from getting a card which is their Raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from getting a card which is their Raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from getting a card which is their Raw
+value from getting a card minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value from getting a card minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value from getting a card minus the
+disutility of the interest rate minus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disutility of the interest rate minus an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disutility of the interest rate minus an
+Epsilon which is allows for the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon which is allows for the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon which is allows for the sort of
+you know we're going to have the horse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're going to have the horse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're going to have the horse
+race between search cost versus product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race between search cost versus product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race between search cost versus product
+differentiation so they allow for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation so they allow for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation so they allow for
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+differentiation um they write FC for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation um they write FC for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation um they write FC for the
+CDF of a random draw of this plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF of a random draw of this plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF of a random draw of this plus this
+that's obviously something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obviously something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obviously something that's
+determined in equilibrium and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined in equilibrium and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined in equilibrium and then the
+seller's payoff is going to be um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seller's payoff is going to be um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seller's payoff is going to be um the
+probability of uh the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of uh the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of uh the probability that
+someone buys from you if your interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone buys from you if your interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone buys from you if your interest
+rate is R times the payoff you get with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is R times the payoff you get with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is R times the payoff you get with
+your interest rate is R which is R * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interest rate is R which is R * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interest rate is R which is R * 1
+minus row minus K which is the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus row minus K which is the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus row minus K which is the cost of
+capital and I see I've got a misprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and I see I've got a misprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and I see I've got a misprint
+here uh R row would be the default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh R row would be the default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh R row would be the default
+probability here because your pay off is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here because your pay off is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here because your pay off is
+R times the probability the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R times the probability the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R times the probability the customer
+pays you back which is one minus row so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays you back which is one minus row so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays you back which is one minus row so
+row would be the default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row would be the default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row would be the default
+probability um anyway as I said the Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability um anyway as I said the Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability um anyway as I said the Plus
+on search model surprisingly tractable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on search model surprisingly tractable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on search model surprisingly tractable
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+efforts a continuous variable and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts a continuous variable and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts a continuous variable and then
+when you think about what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about what's the
+probability that a consumer accepts an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a consumer accepts an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a consumer accepts an
+offer with total cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer with total cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer with total cost
+C the probability that a consumer accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C the probability that a consumer accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C the probability that a consumer accept
+accepts an offer with total cost to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts an offer with total cost to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts an offer with total cost to them
+of C you're summing over the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C you're summing over the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C you're summing over the number of
+offers they receive n equals 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers they receive n equals 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers they receive n equals 0 to
+Infinity so n is the number of offers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so n is the number of offers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so n is the number of offers
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+receive if they receive uh n other n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive if they receive uh n other n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive if they receive uh n other n
+offers other than yours they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers other than yours they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers other than yours they're going to
+buy your product with probability one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy your product with probability one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy your product with probability one
+minus F of C to the nth power they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus F of C to the nth power they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus F of C to the nth power they only
+buy your product if every other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy your product if every other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy your product if every other uh
+product they get has higher cost to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product they get has higher cost to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product they get has higher cost to them
+where again cost includes the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again cost includes the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again cost includes the financial
+cost and the idiosyncratic preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and the idiosyncratic preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and the idiosyncratic preference
+cost so it's the sum of e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so it's the sum of e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so it's the sum of e to the minus
+out so this is the Plus on probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this is the Plus on probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this is the Plus on probability
+that if they do effort um I guess if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they do effort um I guess if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they do effort um I guess if
+they do effort a subz alpha subz they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do effort a subz alpha subz they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do effort a subz alpha subz they
+get n cost it's e to minus Alpha z alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n cost it's e to minus Alpha z alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n cost it's e to minus Alpha z alpha
+Z to the N Over N factorial if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z to the N Over N factorial if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z to the N Over N factorial if you look
+at this it's this sum and you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this it's this sum and you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this it's this sum and you notice
+it's got eus Alpha Z over n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got eus Alpha Z over n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got eus Alpha Z over n factorial
+Alpha Z to the n 1 - F of C to the N so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Z to the n 1 - F of C to the N so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Z to the n 1 - F of C to the N so
+it's just like this and this go together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like this and this go together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like this and this go together
+and so the probability they buy from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the probability they buy from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the probability they buy from you
+is just e the minus Alpha Z time F of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just e the minus Alpha Z time F of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just e the minus Alpha Z time F of C
+okay um and then when I set a price I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and then when I set a price I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and then when I set a price I'm
+setting an interest rate of I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting an interest rate of I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting an interest rate of I'm not
+setting a a cost C to them I'm setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting a a cost C to them I'm setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting a a cost C to them I'm setting
+an interest rate and then they have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interest rate and then they have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interest rate and then they have an
+Epsilon so there is an integral over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so there is an integral over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so there is an integral over the
+epsilons in term the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons in term the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons in term the probability of
+purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase
+um but anyway we get this sort of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyway we get this sort of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyway we get this sort of nice
+closed form for the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form for the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form for the probability of
+purchase as a function of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase as a function of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase as a function of uh the
+interest rate that I do charge on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that I do charge on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that I do charge on a
+credit card uh and so this sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card uh and so this sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card uh and so this sort of like
+some sense this tractability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense this tractability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense this tractability of the
+model is just a key step that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is just a key step that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is just a key step that makes it
+possible to solve the model given any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to solve the model given any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to solve the model given any
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+parameters um what do they do well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters um what do they do well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters um what do they do well you
+know they make parametric forms for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they make parametric forms for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they make parametric forms for many
+of the The Primitives for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the The Primitives for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the The Primitives for example
+assuming that the buyer's value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the buyer's value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the buyer's value
+distribution is log normal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is log normal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is log normal with
+parameters to be estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to be estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to be estimated
+um I guess this is off a working paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess this is off a working paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess this is off a working paper
+version that had 11 model parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version that had 11 model parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version that had 11 model parameters and
+15 moments I think the published version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 moments I think the published version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 moments I think the published version
+of the paper has you know referees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paper has you know referees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paper has you know referees
+always ask you to do more I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always ask you to do more I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always ask you to do more I think the
+publish paper has 24 model 28 model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish paper has 24 model 28 model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish paper has 24 model 28 model
+parameters and 36 moments to be matched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and 36 moments to be matched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and 36 moments to be matched
+but basically you're sort of setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you're sort of setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you're sort of setting
+model parameters uh you know parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model parameters uh you know parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model parameters uh you know parameters
+of the various distributions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the various distributions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the various distributions that are
+there to match a bunch of moments in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to match a bunch of moments in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to match a bunch of moments in the
+data like what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data like what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data like what's
+the what is the sort of uh 10th percen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is the sort of uh 10th percen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is the sort of uh 10th percen
+the offer accepted offers median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offer accepted offers median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offer accepted offers median
+accepted offer 90% of offer what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted offer 90% of offer what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted offer 90% of offer what
+fraction of consumers are getting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of consumers are getting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of consumers are getting at
+least two offers what's the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two offers what's the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two offers what's the medium
+number of offers conditional on getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of offers conditional on getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of offers conditional on getting
+to so you're trying to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so you're trying to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so you're trying to explain
+simultaneously what are the accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously what are the accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously what are the accepted
+offers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers
+here uh and what are the offers being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and what are the offers being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and what are the offers being
+sent we're not trying to explain them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent we're not trying to explain them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent we're not trying to explain them
+customer by customer we're just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer by customer we're just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer by customer we're just trying
+to sort of say I want a model that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of say I want a model that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of say I want a model that gives
+this amount of distribution that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount of distribution that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount of distribution that's
+observed in the offers and the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed in the offers and the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed in the offers and the amount of
+dis dispersion that's observed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis dispersion that's observed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis dispersion that's observed the
+accepted offers and I I need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted offers and I I need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted offers and I I need to have
+match other parameters that I know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match other parameters that I know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match other parameters that I know from
+the data anyway so what they do is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data anyway so what they do is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data anyway so what they do is they
+sort of estimate these things and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of estimate these things and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of estimate these things and then
+the I won't go through it but the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I won't go through it but the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I won't go through it but the main
+thing they then have is with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they then have is with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they then have is with this
+calibrated model they talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated model they talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated model they talk about a
+counterfactual counterfactual is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual counterfactual is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual counterfactual is what
+would be the effect of capping credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the effect of capping credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the effect of capping credit
+card interest rates so you know many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card interest rates so you know many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card interest rates so you know many
+people pay 35% interest on their credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pay 35% interest on their credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pay 35% interest on their credit
+cards you could ask you know suppose if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards you could ask you know suppose if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards you could ask you know suppose if
+instead of charging everybody 35% on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of charging everybody 35% on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of charging everybody 35% on the
+credit cards you sort of put a law that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards you sort of put a law that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards you sort of put a law that
+says you can't charge more than 27.5% or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you can't charge more than 27.5% or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you can't charge more than 27.5% or
+25% or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% or
+22% you know that's going to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22% you know that's going to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22% you know that's going to have two
+effects one is that some people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects one is that some people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects one is that some people are
+going to pay much less on their credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pay much less on their credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pay much less on their credit
+cards because they're going to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards because they're going to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards because they're going to get an
+offer that has a lower rate in the mail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer that has a lower rate in the mail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer that has a lower rate in the mail
+they're going to buy an offer that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to buy an offer that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to buy an offer that has a
+lower rate some people are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower rate some people are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower rate some people are going to be
+hurt by that because they can't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt by that because they can't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt by that because they can't get a
+credit card because people would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card because people would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card because people would not be
+willing to lend them at the lower 25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to lend them at the lower 25%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to lend them at the lower 25%
+rate they're just going to get no credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate they're just going to get no credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate they're just going to get no credit
+card at all um what they find do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card at all um what they find do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card at all um what they find do I have
+things here is that you know they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here is that you know they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here is that you know they find
+that actually here you know the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually here you know the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually here you know the sort of
+their model predicts that laws cap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their model predicts that laws cap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their model predicts that laws cap and
+credit card interest rate should work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card interest rate should work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card interest rate should work
+well uh what we get is that when you cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh what we get is that when you cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh what we get is that when you cap
+interest rates at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+27.5% um it with these parameters that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27.5% um it with these parameters that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27.5% um it with these parameters that's
+good for consumers you know there sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for consumers you know there sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for consumers you know there sort
+of yes it is true that some consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yes it is true that some consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yes it is true that some consumers
+are locked out of the market but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are locked out of the market but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are locked out of the market but the
+number of consumers who are locked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of consumers who are locked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of consumers who are locked out
+of the market is fairly small and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the market is fairly small and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the market is fairly small and many
+other consumers benefit from the drop of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other consumers benefit from the drop of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other consumers benefit from the drop of
+interest in interest rates they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in interest rates they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in interest rates they do
+notice that you know they do sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that you know they do sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that you know they do sort of
+have results showing that the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have results showing that the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have results showing that the sort of
+these are non monotone effects that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are non monotone effects that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are non monotone effects that the
+the um uh you know lowering the C like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um uh you know lowering the C like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um uh you know lowering the C like
+you know what's best for consumers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's best for consumers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's best for consumers is
+not to have a cap obviously of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to have a cap obviously of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to have a cap obviously of zero
+because then no one would be served and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then no one would be served and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then no one would be served and
+in fact in their data I think they show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in their data I think they show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in their data I think they show
+that consumers are better off with a 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consumers are better off with a 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consumers are better off with a 27
+5% cap than with no cap they're better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% cap than with no cap they're better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% cap than with no cap they're better
+off still with a 25% cap when you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off still with a 25% cap when you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off still with a 25% cap when you go to
+22 and a half consumers start to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 and a half consumers start to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 and a half consumers start to be
+worse off um so anyway I you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off um so anyway I you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off um so anyway I you know I
+think it's a it's a very nice paper you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a it's a very nice paper you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a it's a very nice paper you
+know in two Dimensions you know it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in two Dimensions you know it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in two Dimensions you know it's got
+this sort of uh it's got originality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of uh it's got originality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of uh it's got originality and
+thinking of doing a calibration rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of doing a calibration rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of doing a calibration rather
+than doing what we normally do in IO uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than doing what we normally do in IO uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than doing what we normally do in IO uh
+it really makes the case that this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really makes the case that this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really makes the case that this model
+quantitatively can explain what goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively can explain what goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively can explain what goes on
+and several of the key moments can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and several of the key moments can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and several of the key moments can be
+explained simultaneously by this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained simultaneously by this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained simultaneously by this model
+and then it has this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it has this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it has this sort of
+counterfactual saying that you here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual saying that you here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual saying that you here's a
+policy relevant question we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy relevant question we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy relevant question we care about
+what would happen if you cap interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if you cap interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if you cap interest
+rates and with their model they predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and with their model they predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and with their model they predict
+that sort of you know capping interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of you know capping interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of you know capping interest
+rates at at still high but moderate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates at at still high but moderate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates at at still high but moderate
+rates would be good for consumers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates would be good for consumers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates would be good for consumers okay
+um so that's all I've got for you so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's all I've got for you so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's all I've got for you so I I
+guess um you know what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um you know what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um you know what we're going to do
+we have a bit of a non-standard timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a bit of a non-standard timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a bit of a non-standard timing
+uh in the physical class at MIT uh Jean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the physical class at MIT uh Jean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the physical class at MIT uh Jean
+terroll is going to come give guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terroll is going to come give guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terroll is going to come give guest
+lectures next week so we'll have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures next week so we'll have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures next week so we'll have two
+lectures from Jean uh and then tobas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures from Jean uh and then tobas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures from Jean uh and then tobas
+will come back the week after and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come back the week after and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come back the week after and talk
+about structural work on search I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about structural work on search I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about structural work on search I guess
+in the ocw course for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ocw course for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ocw course for those of you
+watching this there I think we may flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this there I think we may flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this there I think we may flip
+back to the Natural order and have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the Natural order and have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the Natural order and have uh
+you know next lecture will be the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know next lecture will be the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know next lecture will be the sort
+of third lecture on search and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of third lecture on search and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of third lecture on search and then
+we'll have sort of the guest lectures by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have sort of the guest lectures by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have sort of the guest lectures by
+Jean on platform markets for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UdpdZ0diXUg.txt b/UdpdZ0diXUg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fb86a4c6c00b9da6fd70670d9aae64152a7d50e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UdpdZ0diXUg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so uh pretty full day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so uh pretty full day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so uh pretty full day
+again uh I had last time introduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh I had last time introduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh I had last time introduced the
+48 tricks the discrete for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 tricks the discrete for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 tricks the discrete for a
+transform well more strictly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform well more strictly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform well more strictly the
+discrete for a transform is usually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete for a transform is usually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete for a transform is usually this
+one that takes the function values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that takes the function values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that takes the function values and
+produces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the
+coefficients and then I started with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and then I started with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and then I started with the
+coefficients added back the added up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients added back the added up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients added back the added up
+this series to get the function values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series to get the function values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series to get the function values
+so F or F inverse okay so we didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so F or F inverse okay so we didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so F or F inverse okay so we didn't do
+examples yet and and one natural example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples yet and and one natural example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples yet and and one natural example
+is the discrete Delta function uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the discrete Delta function uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the discrete Delta function uh that
+has a one in the zero position that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a one in the zero position that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a one in the zero position that's
+easy to do and then we should do also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do and then we should do also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do and then we should do also a
+shift to see what's the effect if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to see what's the effect if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to see what's the effect if you
+shift the function what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the function what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the function what happens to the
+transform that's an important rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that's an important rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that's an important rule
+important for 4A series and 4A integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for 4A series and 4A integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for 4A series and 4A integrals
+too because often you do that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too because often you do that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too because often you do that you just
+and it's going to be a simple rule if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be a simple rule if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be a simple rule if
+you shift the function the transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shift the function the transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shift the function the transform
+does something nice uh okay and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something nice uh okay and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something nice uh okay and then I
+want to describe a little about the fft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to describe a little about the fft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to describe a little about the fft
+and then start on the next section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then start on the next section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then start on the next section
+convolution so that's fun and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution so that's fun and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution so that's fun and that's a
+big deal okay uh about reviews I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal okay uh about reviews I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal okay uh about reviews I'll be
+here as usual today I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as usual today I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as usual today I think
+maybe the 26th just hours before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the 26th just hours before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the 26th just hours before
+Thanksgiving we can give ourselves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving we can give ourselves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving we can give ourselves a
+holiday uh so not next Wednesday but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday uh so not next Wednesday but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday uh so not next Wednesday but
+then certainly the Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then certainly the Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then certainly the Wednesday
+of the following week uh would be a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the following week uh would be a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the following week uh would be a sort
+of major quiz review um on in the review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of major quiz review um on in the review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of major quiz review um on in the review
+session and in class okay ready to go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and in class okay ready to go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and in class okay ready to go on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+example gives us a chance just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example gives us a chance just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example gives us a chance just to
+remember what the Matrix looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the Matrix looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the Matrix looks like
+because we're just going to If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're just going to If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're just going to If I
+multiply this inverse matrix by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this inverse matrix by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this inverse matrix by that
+Vector it's just going to pick off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector it's just going to pick off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector it's just going to pick off the
+First Column and it'll be totally easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Column and it'll be totally easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Column and it'll be totally easy
+so let's just do it so so if Y is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just do it so so if Y is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just do it so so if Y is this
+one I want to know about F what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I want to know about F what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I want to know about F what are the
+48 coefficients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 coefficients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 coefficients of
+the of the uh Delta function discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the uh Delta function discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the uh Delta function discrete
+Delta okay before I even do it we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta okay before I even do it we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta okay before I even do it we got a
+pretty good idea what to expect because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good idea what to expect because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good idea what to expect because
+we remember what happened to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remember what happened to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remember what happened to the
+ordinary Delta function the in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary Delta function the in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary Delta function the in in in
+continuous time or rather I guess it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time or rather I guess it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time or rather I guess it was
+the periodic Delta function do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic Delta function do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic Delta function do you
+remember the coefficients what were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the coefficients what were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the coefficients what were the
+coefficients for the periodic Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for the periodic Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for the periodic Delta
+function you remember those we take we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you remember those we take we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you remember those we take we
+took the integral from minus pi to Pi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the integral from minus pi to Pi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the integral from minus pi to Pi of
+our function which was Delta of X and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our function which was Delta of X and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our function which was Delta of X and uh
+then we had to remember to divide by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had to remember to divide by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had to remember to divide by 2
+pi and you remember the coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and you remember the coefficients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and you remember the coefficients are
+e to the minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus I
+KX this was this is CK in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX this was this is CK in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX this was this is CK in the in the
+periodic case the 2 pi periodic case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic case the 2 pi periodic case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic case the 2 pi periodic case the
+function is the Delta function and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is the Delta function and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is the Delta function and you
+remember that if we want coefficient K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that if we want coefficient K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that if we want coefficient K
+we multiply by e to the minus ikx that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we multiply by e to the minus ikx that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we multiply by e to the minus ikx that's
+the thing that will pick out the e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that will pick out the e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that will pick out the e to
+the plus ikx term and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus ikx term and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus ikx term and of course
+everybody knows what we get here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows what we get here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows what we get here this
+Delta the spike at x equals z me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta the spike at x equals z me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta the spike at x equals z me it
+means we take the value of that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we take the value of that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we take the value of that function
+at zero which is one so we just get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero which is one so we just get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero which is one so we just get one
+over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2
+pi okay for all the 48 coefficients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi okay for all the 48 coefficients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi okay for all the 48 coefficients of
+the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta
+function the point being that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the point being that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the point being that they're
+all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the
+same that all frequencies are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that all frequencies are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that all frequencies are in the
+Delta function to the same amount I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function to the same amount I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function to the same amount I mean
+that's kind of nice you know that we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of nice you know that we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of nice you know that we we
+created the delta function for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the delta function for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the delta function for other
+reasons but then here in 4A space it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons but then here in 4A space it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons but then here in 4A space it's
+just uh as clean as could be and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh as clean as could be and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh as clean as could be and we'll
+expect something here too you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect something here too you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect something here too you remember
+what F inverse is f inverse is 1/ n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what F inverse is f inverse is 1/ n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what F inverse is f inverse is 1/ n
+instead of 1 over two 2 pi and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 1 over two 2 pi and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 1 over two 2 pi and then the
+entries of f inverse are come from F Bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries of f inverse are come from F Bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries of f inverse are come from F Bar
+the conjugate so it's just one one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate so it's just one one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate so it's just one one one
+minus well I I've made it 4x4 here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus well I I've made it 4x4 here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus well I I've made it 4x4 here this
+is minus uh Omega no it isn't minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus uh Omega no it isn't minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus uh Omega no it isn't minus
+Omega it's uh uh it's Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega it's uh uh it's Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega it's uh uh it's Omega
+bar which is minus I in this case Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar which is minus I in this case Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar which is minus I in this case Omega
+bar is so it's minus I that's Omega bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar is so it's minus I that's Omega bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar is so it's minus I that's Omega bar
+and the next one would be Omega bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next one would be Omega bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next one would be Omega bar
+squar and Cubed and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on all the way up to the 9th power but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all the way up to the 9th power but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all the way up to the 9th power but
+we're multiplying by one Z 0 so none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're multiplying by one Z 0 so none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're multiplying by one Z 0 so none of
+that matters I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters I don't
+even what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer I I I'm doing this discrete 4 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I I I'm doing this discrete 4 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I I I'm doing this discrete 4 a
+transform so I'm multiplying by The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so I'm multiplying by The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so I'm multiplying by The
+Matrix with the with the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix with the with the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix with the with the complex
+conjugate guys but I'm multiplying by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate guys but I'm multiplying by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate guys but I'm multiplying by
+that simple thing so it's just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple thing so it's just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple thing so it's just going to
+pick out the the zeroth column in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick out the the zeroth column in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick out the the zeroth column in other
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+constant all the fora discrete 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant all the fora discrete 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant all the fora discrete 4A
+coefficients of the discret Delta are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the discret Delta are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the discret Delta are
+the same just again and what are they so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same just again and what are they so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same just again and what are they so
+it picks out this column but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it picks out this column but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it picks out this column but of course
+it divides by n so the answer was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it divides by n so the answer was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it divides by n so the answer was one
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+n one one one one just constant with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n one one one one just constant with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n one one one one just constant with the
+one over n where in the dis in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n where in the dis in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n where in the dis in the
+continuous case we had a one over two Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous case we had a one over two Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous case we had a one over two Pi
+no problem okay and of course everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem okay and of course everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem okay and of course everybody
+knows suppose and I now start with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows suppose and I now start with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows suppose and I now start with these
+coefficients and add back to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and add back to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and add back to get the
+function what would I get what would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what would I get what would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what would I get what would I
+just to because just to be sure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to because just to be sure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to because just to be sure that we
+believe that F and F inverse really are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that F and F inverse really are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that F and F inverse really are
+what they are supposed to be if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are supposed to be if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are supposed to be if I take
+this start with these coefficients add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this start with these coefficients add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this start with these coefficients add
+back to put those in here and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to put those in here and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to put those in here and and
+reconstruct so 1 over n one one one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct so 1 over n one one one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct so 1 over n one one one one
+what will I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will I get
+well what what am I supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what what am I supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what what am I supposed to
+get the Delta right I'm supposed to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the Delta right I'm supposed to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the Delta right I'm supposed to get
+back to Y right if I started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Y right if I started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Y right if I started with
+started with that did F inverse to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with that did F inverse to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with that did F inverse to get
+the coefficients that was the discret 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients that was the discret 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients that was the discret 4
+a transform now I add back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transform now I add back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transform now I add back to
+get add the 4A series up again to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get add the 4A series up again to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get add the 4A series up again to come
+back here well I'll certainly get one z0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here well I'll certainly get one z0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here well I'll certainly get one z0
+0 and you see why If I multiply F you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and you see why If I multiply F you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and you see why If I multiply F you
+know that zeroth row of f is 11 one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that zeroth row of f is 11 one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that zeroth row of f is 11 one one
+times 11 one one will give me n the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 11 one one will give me n the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 11 one one will give me n the N
+will cancel I get the one and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cancel I get the one and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cancel I get the one and all the
+other guys add to zeros so sure enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guys add to zeros so sure enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guys add to zeros so sure enough
+it works so there we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works so there we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works so there we've just
+uh I mean we're really just seeing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean we're really just seeing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean we're really just seeing an
+example an important example of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example an important example of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example an important example of the of
+the DFT and the homework then would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DFT and the homework then would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DFT and the homework then would have
+some other examples but I've forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other examples but I've forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other examples but I've forgotten
+whether the homework has this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the homework has this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the homework has this example
+but let's think about it now suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's think about it now suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's think about it now suppose
+I'm suppose that's my function value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm suppose that's my function value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm suppose that's my function value
+instead okay so now I'm starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead okay so now I'm starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead okay so now I'm starting with
+the Delta it's a Delta again again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta it's a Delta again again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta it's a Delta again again it's
+a Delta but it's moved over and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta but it's moved over and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta but it's moved over and I could
+ask I really should ask first what in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask I really should ask first what in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask I really should ask first what in
+the continuous case suppose I yeah I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous case suppose I yeah I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous case suppose I yeah I can
+do it with just a little erasing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it with just a little erasing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it with just a little erasing here
+let me do the continuous case for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do the continuous case for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do the continuous case for the
+Delta that we met first in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta that we met first in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta that we met first in this course
+I'll shift it to a if I shift the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll shift it to a if I shift the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll shift it to a if I shift the Delta
+function to a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to a point
+a well I said we'd met the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well I said we'd met the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well I said we'd met the Delta
+function first in this course at a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function first in this course at a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function first in this course at a good
+but when we did we it wasn't two Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we did we it wasn't two Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we did we it wasn't two Pi
+periodic so we still have in fact uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic so we still have in fact uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic so we still have in fact uh the
+4A integrals next week will will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A integrals next week will will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A integrals next week will will have a
+similar formula the integral will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar formula the integral will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar formula the integral will go
+from minus infinity to infinity and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus infinity to infinity and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus infinity to infinity and then
+we'll have the real Delta not periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have the real Delta not periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have the real Delta not periodic
+here we have people call it a train of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have people call it a train of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have people call it a train of
+Deltas a train of spikes uh sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deltas a train of spikes uh sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deltas a train of spikes uh sort of you
+have one every two Pi anyway that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one every two Pi anyway that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one every two Pi anyway that's
+that's what we've got now you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we've got now you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we've got now you can see
+the answer what what yeah what's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer what what yeah what's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer what what yeah what's this is
+like a perfect practice in in doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a perfect practice in in doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a perfect practice in in doing a
+integral with a Delta uh what's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with a Delta uh what's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with a Delta uh what's the uh
+what's the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal well the spike is at x equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal well the spike is at x equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal well the spike is at x equal to
+a so it picks out this this function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so it picks out this this function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so it picks out this this function at
+x equal a which is e to the minus i k a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so not constant anymore they depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not constant anymore they depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not constant anymore they depend on
+K the one over two Pi is still there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the one over two Pi is still there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the one over two Pi is still there
+it's just so it's but still the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just so it's but still the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just so it's but still the the
+Delta function shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function shifted
+over I mean it didn't change energy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I mean it didn't change energy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I mean it didn't change energy it
+didn't change it just changed phase so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change it just changed phase so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change it just changed phase so
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+speak and we see that this would I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and we see that this would I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and we see that this would I would
+call this like a modulation and the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this like a modulation and the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this like a modulation and the and
+the and the the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the the uh the
+the so it's saying of absolute value one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so it's saying of absolute value one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so it's saying of absolute value one
+still but it's not the number one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still but it's not the number one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still but it's not the number one it's
+going around the circle going around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around the circle going around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around the circle going around the
+unit circle uh so it's so it's a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle uh so it's so it's a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle uh so it's so it's a phase
+Factor right and that's what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor right and that's what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor right and that's what I'm going
+to expect to see here in the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expect to see here in the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expect to see here in the discrete
+case too if I do this multiplication by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case too if I do this multiplication by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case too if I do this multiplication by
+one there it picks out this column right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there it picks out this column right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there it picks out this column right
+that one will pick out this column so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one will pick out this column so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one will pick out this column so
+you see it's maybe I come up here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it's maybe I come up here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it's maybe I come up here now
+shall I just when I pick out that column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I just when I pick out that column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I just when I pick out that column
+the the uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh yeah
+the the answer then well I guess I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the answer then well I guess I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the answer then well I guess I've
+got the column Circle let me there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the column Circle let me there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the column Circle let me there's the
+there it is - i - i^ 2 - I cubed you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is - i - i^ 2 - I cubed you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is - i - i^ 2 - I cubed you see
+it's like K = 01 2 3 just the way here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like K = 01 2 3 just the way here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like K = 01 2 3 just the way here
+we had K well we had a Contin we had all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had K well we had a Contin we had all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had K well we had a Contin we had all
+integers k in that function case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers k in that function case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers k in that function case here
+we've got four integers K = 0 1 2 and 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got four integers K = 0 1 2 and 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got four integers K = 0 1 2 and 3
+but again it's the minus I it's the e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again it's the minus I it's the e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again it's the minus I it's the e to
+the it's the it's the W bar it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's the it's the W bar it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's the it's the W bar it's in
+other words the answer was one W bar W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the answer was one W bar W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the answer was one W bar W
+bar squ W bar cubed just the the powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar squ W bar cubed just the the powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar squ W bar cubed just the the powers
+of W uh with its Factor one over n here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of W uh with its Factor one over n here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of W uh with its Factor one over n here
+we had a modulation in it's it's a same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a modulation in it's it's a same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a modulation in it's it's a same
+picture absolute value is one and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture absolute value is one and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture absolute value is one and and
+what about energy having mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about energy having mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about energy having mentioned
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+uh so that's another key rule so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's another key rule so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's another key rule so what
+the key rules for the 4A series just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key rules for the 4A series just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key rules for the 4A series just
+let's think back what were the key rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think back what were the key rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think back what were the key rules
+first the rule to find the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the rule to find the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the rule to find the coefficients
+good then the rule for the derivative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then the rule for the derivative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then the rule for the derivative so
+let's let me this is so important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let me this is so important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let me this is so important that
+it's you know these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know these are
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+rules let's say for 4A series for 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules let's say for 4A series for 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules let's say for 4A series for 4A
+series let let's just makes this a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series let let's just makes this a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series let let's just makes this a quick
+review what were the important rules the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review what were the important rules the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review what were the important rules the
+important rules were if I had the 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important rules were if I had the 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important rules were if I had the 4
+series of f start with the 4 series of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of f start with the 4 series of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of f start with the 4 series of f
+then the question was what's the 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question was what's the 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question was what's the 4
+series of DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX and now I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and now I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and now I'm saying
+the next important rule is the 4A series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next important rule is the 4A series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next important rule is the 4A series
+of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shifted and then the last important rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted and then the last important rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted and then the last important rule
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy okay and let's just maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay and let's just maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay and let's just maybe this
+isn't a bad idea to since we're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a bad idea to since we're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a bad idea to since we're kind of
+doing all all of for in in is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all all of for in in is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all all of for in in is it's
+coming in three parts functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in three parts functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in three parts functions
+discrete integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but they all match so this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they all match so this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they all match so this is this is a
+this is what happens to the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what happens to the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what happens to the function
+what happens to the coefficient so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the coefficient so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the coefficient so this
+has this starts with coefficient CK and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this starts with coefficient CK and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this starts with coefficient CK and
+for f what are the coefficients for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f what are the coefficients for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f what are the coefficients for the
+derivative just remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative just remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative just remind
+me if if if F ofx so I'm starting with f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if if if F ofx so I'm starting with f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if if if F ofx so I'm starting with f
+ofx equals sum of CK e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx equals sum of CK e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx equals sum of CK e to the I
+KX start with that and now take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX start with that and now take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX start with that and now take the
+derivative when I take the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative when I take the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative when I take the derivative
+down comes ik K so you you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down comes ik K so you you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down comes ik K so you you remember that
+rule those are the 4E coefficients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule those are the 4E coefficients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule those are the 4E coefficients of
+the derivative now what's the 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative now what's the 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative now what's the 4
+coefficients of the shift if I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the shift if I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the shift if I've just
+shifted translated the function if I my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted translated the function if I my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted translated the function if I my
+original X was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original X was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original X was
+this now let me look at F ofx minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now let me look at F ofx minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now let me look at F ofx minus a
+we'll see it it'll jump out at us it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see it it'll jump out at us it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see it it'll jump out at us it'll
+be a sum of the same CK's e to the i k x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a sum of the same CK's e to the i k x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a sum of the same CK's e to the i k x
+-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A so what are the fora coefficients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A so what are the fora coefficients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A so what are the fora coefficients of
+that well there's the e to the ikx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well there's the e to the ikx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well there's the e to the ikx
+whatever is multiplying it has got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is multiplying it has got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is multiplying it has got to be
+the fora coefficient and we see it is CK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fora coefficient and we see it is CK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fora coefficient and we see it is CK
+* e to the i k minus a e to the- i k a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* e to the i k minus a e to the- i k a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* e to the i k minus a e to the- i k a
+Time CK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and of course that's just what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and of course that's just what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and of course that's just what we
+discovered here that's just what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered here that's just what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered here that's just what we
+found there that when we shifted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found there that when we shifted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found there that when we shifted the
+Delta we multiplied by this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta we multiplied by this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta we multiplied by this this
+modulation this phase Factor came in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation this phase Factor came in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation this phase Factor came in to
+the for8 coefficients and now finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for8 coefficients and now finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for8 coefficients and now finally
+the energy stuff you remember the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy stuff you remember the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy stuff you remember the energy
+was what's the energy the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what's the energy the integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what's the energy the integral from
+Min - piun to Pi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min - piun to Pi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min - piun to Pi of
+FX2 DX is the the same as the sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX2 DX is the the same as the sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX2 DX is the the same as the sum from
+minus infinity to Infinity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to Infinity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to Infinity of the
+coefficient squar and somebody correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient squar and somebody correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient squar and somebody correctly
+sent me an email to say energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent me an email to say energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent me an email to say energy and
+length squared are you really is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length squared are you really is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length squared are you really is there
+much difference no no we you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much difference no no we you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much difference no no we you could say
+length squared here I'm just using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length squared here I'm just using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length squared here I'm just using the
+word energy now I left a space because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word energy now I left a space because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word energy now I left a space because I
+know that is this stupid two Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that is this stupid two Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that is this stupid two Pi
+somewhere uh where does it come h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh where does it come h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh where does it come h
+you remember how to get this you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember how to get this you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember how to get this you you you
+you put that whole series in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put that whole series in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put that whole series in
+there multiply by its complex conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there multiply by its complex conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there multiply by its complex conjugate
+to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+squared and integrate right that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and integrate right that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and integrate right that that
+was the idea isn't that how we figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the idea isn't that how we figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the idea isn't that how we figured
+out we got to this we we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we got to this we we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we got to this we we started with
+this length squared we plugged in the 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this length squared we plugged in the 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this length squared we plugged in the 4
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+series this is f * F Bar so that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series this is f * F Bar so that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series this is f * F Bar so that's this
+times its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times its
+conjugate and we integrated and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate and we integrated and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate and we integrated and all the
+cross terms vanished and only the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross terms vanished and only the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross terms vanished and only the ones
+where e to the IX multiplied e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where e to the IX multiplied e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where e to the IX multiplied e to the
+minus IX came and those had ck^ squ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus IX came and those had ck^ squ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus IX came and those had ck^ squ and
+when we integrated that one we probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we integrated that one we probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we integrated that one we probably
+got a two yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a two yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a two yeah
+okay so that's the energy inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the energy inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the energy inequality
+right for functions and now I'm what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for functions and now I'm what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for functions and now I'm what I
+was going to say is you you shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to say is you you shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to say is you you shouldn't
+miss the fact that there's a similar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss the fact that there's a similar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss the fact that there's a similar in
+the discret case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discret case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discret case
+case uh there will be a similar energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh there will be a similar energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh there will be a similar energy
+inequality so we had y was the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality so we had y was the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality so we had y was the for
+Matrix time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix time
+C now if I take the side take the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C now if I take the side take the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C now if I take the side take the length
+square root of both y so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of both y so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of both y so I'm going to
+right that's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the same as
+that now I'm going to do the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I'm going to do the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I'm going to do the same as
+this I'm going to find the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to find the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to find the length
+squared which will be y transpose Y no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which will be y transpose Y no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which will be y transpose Y no
+it won't be y transpose Y what is length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't be y transpose Y what is length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't be y transpose Y what is length
+squared Y Bar transpose y I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Y Bar transpose y I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Y Bar transpose y I have to do
+that right that will be substituting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right that will be substituting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right that will be substituting
+that c bar F Bar transpose time Y is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c bar F Bar transpose time Y is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c bar F Bar transpose time Y is f
+c just plugged it in and now what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c just plugged it in and now what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c just plugged it in and now what do I
+use a key fact what is the the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a key fact what is the the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a key fact what is the the fact that
+the columns are orthogonal that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns are orthogonal that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns are orthogonal that's what
+made all these integrals simple right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made all these integrals simple right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made all these integrals simple right
+when I put that into there a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I put that into there a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I put that into there a whole lot
+of integrals had to be zero when I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integrals had to be zero when I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integrals had to be zero when I put
+this in a whole lot of dot products have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a whole lot of dot products have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a whole lot of dot products have
+to be zero rows of fbar times Columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero rows of fbar times Columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero rows of fbar times Columns of
+f all zero except when I'm hitting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f all zero except when I'm hitting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f all zero except when I'm hitting the
+same row and when I'm hitting that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same row and when I'm hitting that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same row and when I'm hitting that same
+row I get an m so I get this is n c bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I get an m so I get this is n c bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I get an m so I get this is n c bar
+transpose c Bar C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose c Bar C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose c Bar C
+and that's c^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 that's the energy inequality it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 that's the energy inequality it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 that's the energy inequality it's just
+orthogonality once again that's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality once again that's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality once again that's there's
+no everything in this uh these weeks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no everything in this uh these weeks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no everything in this uh these weeks is
+uh coming out of orthogonality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coming out of orthogonality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coming out of orthogonality
+orthogonality is the fact that this is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality is the fact that this is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality is the fact that this is n
+times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+right well okay that's a quick uh recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well okay that's a quick uh recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well okay that's a quick uh recall
+of a bunch of stuff for functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bunch of stuff for functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bunch of stuff for functions and
+for and just seeing maybe for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and just seeing maybe for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and just seeing maybe for the first
+time the discrete analoges I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the discrete analoges I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the discrete analoges I guess I
+don't have a brilliant idea for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a brilliant idea for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a brilliant idea for the
+discrete analog of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete analog of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete analog of the
+derivative well I guess there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative well I guess there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative well I guess there's a
+natural idea it would be a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural idea it would be a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural idea it would be a finite
+difference and but somehow that isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and but somehow that isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and but somehow that isn't a
+rule that that gets like uh high high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that that gets like uh high high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that that gets like uh high high
+marks but uh we saw the analog of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks but uh we saw the analog of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks but uh we saw the analog of the
+shift and now we see the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and now we see the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and now we see the energy
+inequality is just that the length the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is just that the length the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is just that the length the
+length of the of the function squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the of the function squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the of the function squared is
+equal to n times the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n times the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n times the length of the
+coefficient squared right okay with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient squared right okay with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient squared right okay with that
+lots lots of formulas here uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots lots of formulas here uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots lots of formulas here uh let's see
+what let that do some examples I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what let that do some examples I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what let that do some examples I mean
+these were simple examples and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were simple examples and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were simple examples and I think
+the homework gives you some more just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework gives you some more just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework gives you some more just
+you should be able to take the 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to take the 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to take the 4
+transform uh and uh go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform uh and uh go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform uh and uh go
+backwards and when we do convolution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and when we do convolution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and when we do convolution in
+a few minutes we're certainly going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes we're certainly going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes we're certainly going to
+be taking the for we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taking the for we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taking the for we're going to be
+going both ways and and use all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going both ways and and use all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going both ways and and use all these
+facts okay I'll pause a moment that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts okay I'll pause a moment that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts okay I'll pause a moment that's
+topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic
+one topic two fast 4 a transform wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one topic two fast 4 a transform wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one topic two fast 4 a transform wow
+what's the good way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the good way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the good way
+to I mean any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I mean any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I mean any
+decent machine comes with the fft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent machine comes with the fft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent machine comes with the fft
+hardwired in so you might say okay I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwired in so you might say okay I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwired in so you might say okay I'll
+just use it and that seems totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use it and that seems totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use it and that seems totally
+reasonable to me uh but maybe you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to me uh but maybe you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to me uh but maybe you might
+like to see just uh in on one board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see just uh in on one board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see just uh in on one board
+what's the key idea what's the what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the key idea what's the what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the key idea what's the what's
+the little bit of algebra that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little bit of algebra that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little bit of algebra that makes it
+work so I'm so I'll I'll just have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so I'm so I'll I'll just have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so I'm so I'll I'll just have one
+board here for the fft and the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board here for the fft and the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board here for the fft and the little
+bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of
+algebra simple simple but once it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra simple simple but once it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra simple simple but once it once
+it hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hit the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+uh well computer scientists just love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well computer scientists just love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well computer scientists just love
+the the recursion that comes in there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the recursion that comes in there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the recursion that comes in there so
+they they they look for that in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they they look for that in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they they look for that in every
+possible other algorithm now I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible other algorithm now I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible other algorithm now I mean this
+is like the okay let let's let me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the okay let let's let me see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the okay let let's let me see
+the point now here's the main point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point now here's the main point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point now here's the main point that
+if I want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to take
+the multiply by F of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiply by F of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiply by F of size
+1,24 the fast for a transform connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 the fast for a transform connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 the fast for a transform connects
+that full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that full
+Matrix full Matrix to a half full Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix full Matrix to a half full Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix full Matrix to a half full Matrix
+it connects that to the half full Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it connects that to the half full Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it connects that to the half full Matrix
+that takes the the half size trans forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes the the half size trans forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes the the half size trans forms
+separately so it's half full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so it's half full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so it's half full
+because of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these
+zeros that's the point that the that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros that's the point that the that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros that's the point that the that the
+1024 Matrix is connected to the 512
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1024 Matrix is connected to the 512
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1024 Matrix is connected to the 512
+Matrix and and what's the what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and and what's the what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and and what's the what's
+underlying that the 5,24 the 1024 Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying that the 5,24 the 1024 Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying that the 5,24 the 1024 Matrix
+is full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is full
+of e to the 2 pi I the W over 1,24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e to the 2 pi I the W over 1,24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e to the 2 pi I the W over 1,24
+right that's that's the W for this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's that's the W for this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's that's the W for this guy
+and then the W for this guy for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the W for this guy for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the W for this guy for the for
+both of these is e to the 2 pi I over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+512 so if there's a connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+512 so if there's a connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+512 so if there's a connection between
+that Matrix and this Matrix there better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix and this Matrix there better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix and this Matrix there better
+be a connection between that number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a connection between that number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a connection between that number and
+that number because this is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number because this is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number because this is the number
+that fills this one and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fills this one and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fills this one and this is the
+number that fills these so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that fills these so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that fills these so what's the
+connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection
+it's just perfect right if I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just perfect right if I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just perfect right if I take this
+number which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is
+1,00 one part of the whole circle one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,00 one part of the whole circle one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,00 one part of the whole circle one
+one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+1,024 fraction of the whole circle what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,024 fraction of the whole circle what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,024 fraction of the whole circle what
+do I do to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I do to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I do to get this
+guy to get 1512 way way around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy to get 1512 way way around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy to get 1512 way way around the
+circle I Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle I Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle I Square
+it the square of this w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the square of this w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the square of this w
+is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this
+W let me call this w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W let me call this w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W let me call this w
+n and this one w m maybe maybe I'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and this one w m maybe maybe I'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and this one w m maybe maybe I'll use
+caps yeah I'm using cap cap n this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caps yeah I'm using cap cap n this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caps yeah I'm using cap cap n this is my
+w this is the one I want the WN the N by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w this is the one I want the WN the N by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w this is the one I want the WN the N by
+N1 n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 n is
+1,024 and I'm the point is everybody saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,024 and I'm the point is everybody saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,024 and I'm the point is everybody saw
+that when I squared it I doubled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I squared it I doubled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I squared it I doubled the
+angle when I doubled that angle the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle when I doubled that angle the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle when I doubled that angle the two
+over that gave me one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that gave me one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that gave me one over
+512 fantastic of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+512 fantastic of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+512 fantastic of course that
+doesn't make this equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make this equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make this equal to
+that but it suggests that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it suggests that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it suggests that there's a
+close connection so what is the this let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close connection so what is the this let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close connection so what is the this let
+me finish here the key idea then of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me finish here the key idea then of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me finish here the key idea then of the
+4A transform in this in Matrix in Block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A transform in this in Matrix in Block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A transform in this in Matrix in Block
+Matrix form uh what's the key idea so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix form uh what's the key idea so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix form uh what's the key idea so
+I'm going to instead of doing the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to instead of doing the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to instead of doing the big
+transform the full size I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the full size I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the full size I'm going to do
+two half sizes but what am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two half sizes but what am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two half sizes but what am I going to
+apply those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply those
+to uh I won't apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh I won't apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh I won't apply
+them here here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here here's the
+trick these two separate guys apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick these two separate guys apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick these two separate guys apply to
+the odd numbered coefficients the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odd numbered coefficients the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odd numbered coefficients the odd
+numbered components and the even so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered components and the even so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered components and the even so I
+have to first do a little permutation an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to first do a little permutation an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to first do a little permutation an
+odd an even oh even comes first always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd an even oh even comes first always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd an even oh even comes first always
+even even means 024 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even means 024 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even means 024 up to
+1022 so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1022 so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1022 so this is
+020 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1,22 and then come all the odd guys one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,22 and then come all the odd guys one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,22 and then come all the odd guys one
+up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+1,23 so this is a permutation a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,23 so this is a permutation a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,23 so this is a permutation a simple
+permutation just take your 1024 numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation just take your 1024 numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation just take your 1024 numbers
+pick out the even ones put them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick out the even ones put them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick out the even ones put them on
+top right in other words put them on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top right in other words put them on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top right in other words put them on top
+where five 12 is going to act on it put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where five 12 is going to act on it put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where five 12 is going to act on it put
+the odd ones at the bottom the last 512
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odd ones at the bottom the last 512
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odd ones at the bottom the last 512
+that guy will act on that so there's 512
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy will act on that so there's 512
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy will act on that so there's 512
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+there with the even coefficients this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with the even coefficients this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with the even coefficients this
+acts okay now we've got two half-size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts okay now we've got two half-size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts okay now we've got two half-size
+transforms because we're we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms because we're we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms because we're we're we're
+applying this to I guess to the Y to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying this to I guess to the Y to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying this to I guess to the Y to a
+to a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a typical
+y okay but I've just written F without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay but I've just written F without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay but I've just written F without a
+y so I don't really need a y here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so I don't really need a y here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so I don't really need a y here this
+is this is a a matrix identity it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a a matrix identity it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a a matrix identity it's a
+matrix identity that's got a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix identity that's got a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix identity that's got a bunch of
+zeros there of course that Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros there of course that Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros there of course that Matrix is
+full of zeros I mean this is instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of zeros I mean this is instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of zeros I mean this is instant
+speed to to do that permutation grab the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed to to do that permutation grab the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed to to do that permutation grab the
+evens put them in front of the odds okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evens put them in front of the odds okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evens put them in front of the odds okay
+so now I've got two half sizes but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I've got two half sizes but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I've got two half sizes but that
+I have to put them back together to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to put them back together to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to put them back together to get
+the full-size Matrix and that is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full-size Matrix and that is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full-size Matrix and that is also a
+matrix turns out to be a diagonal there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix turns out to be a diagonal there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix turns out to be a diagonal there
+and a minus the diagonal goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so actually that looks great too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so actually that looks great too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so actually that looks great too
+right full of zeros the identity no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right full of zeros the identity no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right full of zeros the identity no no
+multiplications whatever well these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications whatever well these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications whatever well these are
+the only multiplications you sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only multiplications you sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only multiplications you sometimes
+they're called twiddle factors give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called twiddle factors give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called twiddle factors give it a
+fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy
+name official official sounding name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name official official sounding name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name official official sounding name
+twiddle Factor okay so that diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle Factor okay so that diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle Factor okay so that diagonal
+matrix d what's that that diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix d what's that that diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix d what's that that diagonal
+matrix D is the power is happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix D is the power is happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix D is the power is happens to be
+just the powers of w sit along d one W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the powers of w sit along d one W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the powers of w sit along d one W
+up to W to the this is w n we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to W to the this is w n we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to W to the this is w n we're talking
+the Big W and it's only half size so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Big W and it's only half size so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Big W and it's only half size so it
+goes up to Min minus one I guess half m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to Min minus one I guess half m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to Min minus one I guess half m
+is half of M every everybody's got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is half of M every everybody's got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is half of M every everybody's got that
+idea m is half of M here I'll get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea m is half of M here I'll get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea m is half of M here I'll get that
+written on on the board m m is 512 n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on on the board m m is 512 n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on on the board m m is 512 n is
+1,24 here we have the powers of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 here we have the powers of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 here we have the powers of of this
+guy up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy up to
+511 the total size being 512 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+511 the total size being 512 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+511 the total size being 512 because
+that's a 512 by 512 matri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a 512 by 512 matri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a 512 by 512 matri
+okay I I guess I can remember uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I guess I can remember uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I guess I can remember uh
+somewhere being at a conference this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere being at a conference this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere being at a conference this was
+probably soon after the fft was was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably soon after the fft was was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably soon after the fft was was uh
+became sort of famous and then somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became sort of famous and then somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became sort of famous and then somebody
+who who was just presenting the idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who was just presenting the idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who was just presenting the idea and
+as soon as it was presented that way uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as it was presented that way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as it was presented that way uh
+I was happy I guess I thought okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was happy I guess I thought okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was happy I guess I thought okay that
+there you see the idea permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you see the idea permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you see the idea permutation
+reorder the even odd two half-size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorder the even odd two half-size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorder the even odd two half-size
+transforms put them back together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms put them back together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms put them back together and
+what's what's happened here the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's happened here the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's happened here the the
+work of this Matrix multiplying by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of this Matrix multiplying by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of this Matrix multiplying by this
+Matrix which would be 1024 squar is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which would be 1024 squar is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which would be 1024 squar is now
+practically cut in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically cut in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically cut in
+half because this is nothing and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half because this is nothing and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half because this is nothing and we have
+just this diagonal multiplication to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this diagonal multiplication to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this diagonal multiplication to do
+and of course this is the same as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this is the same as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this is the same as that
+just with minus sign so the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with minus sign so the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with minus sign so the total
+multiplications we have to do the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications we have to do the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications we have to do the total
+number of twiddle factors is this 512
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of twiddle factors is this 512
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of twiddle factors is this 512
+and then we're golden so we've got half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're golden so we've got half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're golden so we've got half
+the work plus 512 512
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work plus 512 512
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work plus 512 512
+operations that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that's pretty
+good and of course how do you it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and of course how do you it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and of course how do you it gets
+better how what do you do once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better how what do you do once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better how what do you do once you have
+the idea of getting down to 512 what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of getting down to 512 what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of getting down to 512 what are
+you going to do now this is the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to do now this is the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to do now this is the computer
+scientist's favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist's favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist's favorite
+idea do it again right that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea do it again right that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea do it again right that's what it
+comes to whatever worked for 1024 to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to whatever worked for 1024 to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to whatever worked for 1024 to get
+to 512 is going to work so that now I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 512 is going to work so that now I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 512 is going to work so that now I'll
+split this up into oh well each 52 12 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this up into oh well each 52 12 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this up into oh well each 52 12 so
+now I have to do yeah yeah let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to do yeah yeah let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to do yeah yeah let me write
+f512 will again will be is now smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f512 will again will be is now smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f512 will again will be is now smaller
+an i i and a d and a minus D for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an i i and a d and a minus D for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an i i and a d and a minus D for the for
+the 512 size of f 256
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 512 size of f 256
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 512 size of f 256
+256 and then the permutation the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+256 and then the permutation the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+256 and then the permutation the odd
+even permutation P so so we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even permutation P so so we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even permutation P so so we're doing
+this idea in the there and in there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea in the there and in there yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea in the there and in there yeah
+so it's just recursive recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and now if we go all the way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now if we go all the way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now if we go all the way so
+you see why I keep taking powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see why I keep taking powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see why I keep taking powers of
+two not natural to have powers of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two not natural to have powers of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two not natural to have powers of two
+two or three three is also a good I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three three is also a good I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three three is also a good I mean
+all this gets so optimized that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this gets so optimized that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this gets so optimized that some
+powers of two or three are pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of two or three are pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of two or three are pretty good
+uh and and you just use the same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and you just use the same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and you just use the same idea
+this there'd be a similar idea here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there'd be a similar idea here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there'd be a similar idea here for
+if I had uh if I was doing instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had uh if I was doing instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had uh if I was doing instead of
+odd even even odd I was doing uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd even even odd I was doing uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd even even odd I was doing uh maybe
+three uh groups but stick with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh groups but stick with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh groups but stick with two
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fine then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine then
+uh yeah you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah you might
+ask if you were a worrier I guess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask if you were a worrier I guess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask if you were a worrier I guess you
+might ask what if it's not a power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ask what if it's not a power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ask what if it's not a power of
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+um uh I think you just add in zeros just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I think you just add in zeros just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I think you just add in zeros just
+just Pat it out to be the next power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Pat it out to be the next power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Pat it out to be the next power of
+two yeah uh it's no nothing difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two yeah uh it's no nothing difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two yeah uh it's no nothing difficult
+there uh I think that's right hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh I think that's right hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh I think that's right hope
+that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+um and and one once this idea came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and one once this idea came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and one once this idea came out
+of course people started looking did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course people started looking did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course people started looking did
+what if the what if the uh if the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the what if the uh if the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the what if the uh if the number
+here was Prime and and found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was Prime and and found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was Prime and and found
+another neat bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another neat bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another neat bit of
+algebra that worked okay for prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra that worked okay for prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra that worked okay for prime
+numbers using you know using a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers using you know using a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers using you know using a little
+bit of number Theory but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of number Theory but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of number Theory but the the
+ultimate winner was this one so maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate winner was this one so maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate winner was this one so maybe I
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+uh refer you to that those pages in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh refer you to that those pages in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh refer you to that those pages in the
+book which where you'll spot this matri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book which where you'll spot this matri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book which where you'll spot this matri
+matx equality and then next to it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matx equality and then next to it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matx equality and then next to it is the
+algebra that you have to do to check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra that you have to do to check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra that you have to do to check it
+the algebra I can I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra I can I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra I can I can just
+say because I I want you to look to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say because I I want you to look to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say because I I want you to look to the
+right spot there maybe I'll take out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right spot there maybe I'll take out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right spot there maybe I'll take out the
+great that this is sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that this is sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that this is sometimes called
+after pars ofal or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after pars ofal or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after pars ofal or some other
+person yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person yeah the
+algebra let me start the alge albra that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra let me start the alge albra that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra let me start the alge albra that
+made this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this thing
+work it is the algebra you we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it is the algebra you we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it is the algebra you we want the
+sum when we multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum when we multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum when we multiply
+forier ftimes something we want the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier ftimes something we want the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier ftimes something we want the sum
+of w to the JK right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w to the JK right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w to the JK right that's the
+coefficient that's the entry of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that's the entry of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that's the entry of f
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+CK summed from K = 0 to n minus1 202
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's that's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Y J that we're trying to compute we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y J that we're trying to compute we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y J that we're trying to compute we're
+Computing 1,24 y's from 1,24 C's by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing 1,24 y's from 1,24 C's by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing 1,24 y's from 1,24 C's by
+adding up the 4A series when we multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up the 4A series when we multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up the 4A series when we multiply
+by F this is F this is what this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by F this is F this is what this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by F this is F this is what this is the
+equation y equal FC written in written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation y equal FC written in written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation y equal FC written in written
+in with subscripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is what the matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what the matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what the matrices are
+doing now where do I find that 52 thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now where do I find that 52 thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now where do I find that 52 thing
+how do I get M into the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I get M into the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I get M into the picture
+remembering that M that W the w n sared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that M that W the w n sared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that M that W the w n sared
+was WM right that's what we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was WM right that's what we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was WM right that's what we saw that
+that the this is the big number this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the this is the big number this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the this is the big number this is
+half of it so this is a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of it so this is a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of it so this is a little bit of
+the part around the circle when I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part around the circle when I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part around the circle when I go
+twice as before I get to the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as before I get to the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as before I get to the other one
+yeah so that's the that's the uh thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's the that's the uh thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's the that's the uh thing
+that we got to use everything is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got to use everything is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got to use everything is going
+to depend on that so I'm going to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on that so I'm going to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on that so I'm going to so
+this was WN of course this is the n byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was WN of course this is the n byn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was WN of course this is the n byn
+transform so now comes what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so now comes what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so now comes what what's the
+key idea key idea is split into even and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key idea key idea is split into even and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key idea key idea is split into even and
+odd and then use this so split into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd and then use this so split into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd and then use this so split into the
+even ones and the odd ones so I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even ones and the odd ones so I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even ones and the odd ones so I write
+this as two separate sums a sum for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as two separate sums a sum for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as two separate sums a sum for the
+even ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even ones
+WN to the now so now the even even CK so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WN to the now so now the even even CK so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WN to the now so now the even even CK so
+I'm going to multiply by C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to multiply by C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to multiply by C
+2K the these are the ones with even and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2K the these are the ones with even and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2K the these are the ones with even and
+the sum is only going to go from 0 to M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is only going to go from 0 to M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is only going to go from 0 to M
+minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+right it's this is only half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's this is only half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's this is only half of the
+terms and then will come the other half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and then will come the other half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and then will come the other half
+plus the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the same
+sum of but I didn't finish here let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of but I didn't finish here let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of but I didn't finish here let me
+finish so I'm just picking out I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish so I'm just picking out I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish so I'm just picking out I'm
+taking instead of K I'm doing 2K so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking instead of K I'm doing 2K so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking instead of K I'm doing 2K so I
+have J * 2K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have J * 2K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have J * 2K
+here and now these will be the odd ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now these will be the odd ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now these will be the odd ones
+C2 k + 1 and Omega n to the J 2 k + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a little bit a lot to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit a lot to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit a lot to ask you
+to focus on this this uh bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on this this uh bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on this this uh bit of
+Algebra I hope you're going to go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Algebra I hope you're going to go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Algebra I hope you're going to go away
+feeling well it's pretty darn simple I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling well it's pretty darn simple I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling well it's pretty darn simple I
+mean there there'll be a lot of indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there there'll be a lot of indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there there'll be a lot of indices
+and if I push it all the way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I push it all the way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I push it all the way through
+there'll be a few more but the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a few more but the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a few more but the point is
+it's pretty darn simple for for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty darn simple for for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty darn simple for for example
+this term what have I got there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look at that term that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that term that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that term that's
+beautiful that's WN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful that's WN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful that's WN
+2 what is WN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 what is WN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 what is WN
+2 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 it's
+WM so instead of wn^ 2 I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WM so instead of wn^ 2 I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WM so instead of wn^ 2 I'm going to
+replace that wn^ 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that wn^ 2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that wn^ 2 by
+WM and the sum goes from 0 to M minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WM and the sum goes from 0 to M minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WM and the sum goes from 0 to M minus
+one and what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+represent that represents the F5 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent that represents the F5 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent that represents the F5 12
+multiplication the half size transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication the half size transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication the half size transform
+it goes halfway it operates on the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes halfway it operates on the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes halfway it operates on the even
+ones and it uses the half the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and it uses the half the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and it uses the half the the
+M it's just perfectly so this is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M it's just perfectly so this is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M it's just perfectly so this is nothing
+but the forier Matrix the M by m fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the forier Matrix the M by m fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the forier Matrix the M by m fora
+Matrix acting on the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C's that's what that is and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's that's what that is and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's that's what that is and that's why
+we get these identities that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get these identities that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get these identities that's why we
+get these identities because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these identities because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these identities because it's
+they're acting on the evens that's is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're acting on the evens that's is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're acting on the evens that's is
+what the f the top half is the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys okay this is almost as good this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys okay this is almost as good this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys okay this is almost as good this is
+the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odd
+Seas here I have now do I have WM here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seas here I have now do I have WM here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seas here I have now do I have WM here
+what what's I I want to I got to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+WM well you can see it's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WM well you can see it's not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WM well you can see it's not quite
+coming out right and that's the twiddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out right and that's the twiddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out right and that's the twiddle
+Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+I have to take out a WN to the power J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to take out a WN to the power J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to take out a WN to the power J
+to make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make things
+good and when I take out that WN to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and when I take out that WN to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and when I take out that WN to the
+power J that's what goes in the D in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power J that's what goes in the D in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power J that's what goes in the D in the
+diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix yeah it's I I won't go more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix yeah it's I I won't go more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix yeah it's I I won't go more than
+that you you couldn't uh is's no reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you couldn't uh is's no reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you couldn't uh is's no reason
+to take it to do everything here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it to do everything here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it to do everything here on the
+board when the main point is there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board when the main point is there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board when the main point is there and
+then the point was recursion and then oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the point was recursion and then oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the point was recursion and then oh
+let me complete the recursion so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me complete the recursion so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me complete the recursion so that I
+recurs down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurs down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurs down to
+256 then 128 then 64 and what do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+256 then 128 then 64 and what do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+256 then 128 then 64 and what do I get
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+end what do I get oh Al together once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end what do I get oh Al together once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end what do I get oh Al together once
+I've got all the way down to size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got all the way down to size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got all the way down to size
+two I have a whole lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factors down in the in the in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors down in the in the in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors down in the in the in the middle
+what the part that used to be hard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the part that used to be hard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the part that used to be hard is
+now down to F2 or F1 or something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now down to F2 or F1 or something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now down to F2 or F1 or something so
+let's say F1 one by one just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say F1 one by one just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say F1 one by one just the
+identity so I I go all the way 10 steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so I I go all the way 10 steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so I I go all the way 10 steps
+from 1024 512 256 every time I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1024 512 256 every time I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1024 512 256 every time I get
+twiddle factors every time I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle factors every time I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle factors every time I get
+P's whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P's whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P's whole lot of
+P's but the f512 the hard what used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P's but the f512 the hard what used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P's but the f512 the hard what used to
+be the hard part has gone to the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the hard part has gone to the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the hard part has gone to the easy
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then what do I have I've got just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what do I have I've got just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what do I have I've got just a
+permutation there and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation there and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation there and this
+is the the actual work this is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the actual work this is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the actual work this is the only
+work left is these is the matrices like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work left is these is the matrices like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work left is these is the matrices like
+this for for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for for different
+sizes and I have to do those I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes and I have to do those I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes and I have to do those I have to
+do all those twiddle factors so how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all those twiddle factors so how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all those twiddle factors so how many
+matrices are there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the log right every time I divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the log right every time I divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the log right every time I divide
+it by two so if I started at 1,24 i' do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by two so if I started at 1,24 i' do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by two so if I started at 1,24 i' do
+10 times 10 of those matrices have me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times 10 of those matrices have me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times 10 of those matrices have me
+down to n equal 1 so I've got 10 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to n equal 1 so I've got 10 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to n equal 1 so I've got 10 of
+these so and and each one takes uh 1,024
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so and and each one takes uh 1,024
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so and and each one takes uh 1,024
+or maybe only half of that actually only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe only half of that actually only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe only half of that actually only
+half because this is a copy of that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half because this is a copy of that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half because this is a copy of that I
+think the final count and I just can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the final count and I just can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the final count and I just can I
+just put it here this is the Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put it here this is the Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put it here this is the Great
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+is each of these took n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is each of these took n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is each of these took n
+multiplications but there were only log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications but there were only log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications but there were only log
+to the base 2 oh no each of them took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the base 2 oh no each of them took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the base 2 oh no each of them took
+half of n multiplications because the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of n multiplications because the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of n multiplications because the D
+and the minus D are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minus D are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minus D are
+just I don't have to repeat so half n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I don't have to repeat so half n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I don't have to repeat so half n
+for each factor and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each factor and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each factor and the number of
+factors is log to the base 2 of n 10 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors is log to the base 2 of n 10 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors is log to the base 2 of n 10 for
+1,24 so that's the magic of the fft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 so that's the magic of the fft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 so that's the magic of the fft
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay that's it's uh almost all on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's it's uh almost all on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's it's uh almost all on one
+board one and a half boards to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board one and a half boards to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board one and a half boards to to
+uh tell you the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tell you the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tell you the key
+Point odds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point odds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point odds and
+evens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recursion twidle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion twidle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion twidle
+factors getting down to the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors getting down to the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors getting down to the point where
+you only have twidle factors left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have twidle factors left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have twidle factors left and
+and then those multiplications are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then those multiplications are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then those multiplications are only
+n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good yes right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yes right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yes right okay
+now that's discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's discrete
+transform the the the theory behind it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the the the theory behind it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the the the theory behind it
+and the Fantastic algorithm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Fantastic algorithm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Fantastic algorithm that
+executes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are you ready for a convolution can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you ready for a convolution can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you ready for a convolution can we
+start on a topic that's really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on a topic that's really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on a topic that's really quite
+nice and then Friday will be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and then Friday will be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and then Friday will be the the
+focus on convolution Friday will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on convolution Friday will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on convolution Friday will
+certainly be all convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly be all convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly be all convolution
+day but maybe it's not a bad idea to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day but maybe it's not a bad idea to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day but maybe it's not a bad idea to see
+now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the
+question let me ask that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let me ask that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let me ask that
+question so okay convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so okay convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so okay convolution
+so we're into the next section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're into the next section of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're into the next section of the
+book section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book section
+4.4 must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be and let me do it first for forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and let me do it first for forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and let me do it first for forier
+series it works for I I have convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series it works for I I have convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series it works for I I have convolution
+of series convolution of discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of series convolution of discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of series convolution of discrete
+convolution of integrals but we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of integrals but we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of integrals but we haven't
+got there yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'll do this one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series so let me start with a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so let me start with a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so let me start with a couple of
+Series F ofx is the sum of CK e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series F ofx is the sum of CK e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series F ofx is the sum of CK e to the I
+KX G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX G of
+X is the sum of some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients and I'm going to ask you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and I'm going to ask you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and I'm going to ask you a
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+question what are the 4A coefficients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what are the 4A coefficients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what are the 4A coefficients of
+f * G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f * G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f * G
+If I multiply those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something and let me call those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and let me call those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and let me call those
+coefficients H maybe h k e to the I KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients H maybe h k e to the I KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients H maybe h k e to the I KX
+and my question is what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my question is what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my question is what are the
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+HK of f time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HK of f time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HK of f time
+G that's the question that convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answers actually yep I I I'll do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers actually yep I I I'll do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers actually yep I I I'll do the
+both the series and the discret series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the series and the discret series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the series and the discret series
+are highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly
+interesting highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting highly
+interesting so here I wrote the here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so here I wrote the here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so here I wrote the here I
+wrote it for the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it for the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it for the series
+right if I write it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I write it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I write it for the
+discret ones you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret ones you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret ones you'll
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+uh yeah so let me do it over here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so let me do it over here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so let me do it over here for
+the discret one because I can write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discret one because I can write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discret one because I can write it
+out for the discret ones my y's are c0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for the discret ones my y's are c0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for the discret ones my y's are c0
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+C1 e to no W I have this nice notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 e to no W I have this nice notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 e to no W I have this nice notation
+W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W
+plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c
+nus1 w to the N minus one right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 w to the N minus one right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 w to the N minus one right that's
+the that's the uh oh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the uh oh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the uh oh what's
+that I haven't got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I haven't got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I haven't got that
+right yes what do I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I
+need yeah sorry I'm looking really I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need yeah sorry I'm looking really I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need yeah sorry I'm looking really I'm
+looking at y j the J's component of Y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at y j the J's component of Y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at y j the J's component of Y so
+I need a w to the J W to the J N minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need a w to the J W to the J N minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need a w to the J W to the J N minus
+one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah
+it's okay let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay let
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+okay yeah all right and so that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah all right and so that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah all right and so that's my
+f I'll come back to that let let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f I'll come back to that let let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f I'll come back to that let let me
+sorry let me let me stay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this uh yeah I'll stay with this to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh yeah I'll stay with this to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh yeah I'll stay with this to make
+the main point and then Friday we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main point and then Friday we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main point and then Friday we'll see
+it in a neat way for the discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a neat way for the discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a neat way for the discret
+one so I'm coming back to this F is has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I'm coming back to this F is has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I'm coming back to this F is has
+it for here series G has its 4 a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for here series G has its 4 a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for here series G has its 4 a series
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+multiply what happens when I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply what happens when I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply what happens when I multiply
+this times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this I I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I I'm not going to
+integrate I mean I'm right when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate I mean I'm right when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate I mean I'm right when I do
+this multiplication I'm going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multiplication I'm going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multiplication I'm going to get a
+mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of
+terms a real lot of terms and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms a real lot of terms and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms a real lot of terms and I'm not
+going to integrate them away so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to integrate them away so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to integrate them away so they're
+all there so what am I asking I'm asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there so what am I asking I'm asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there so what am I asking I'm asking
+to pick out all the terms that have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick out all the terms that have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick out all the terms that have the
+same exponential with them like what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same exponential with them like what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same exponential with them like what's
+h0 yeah tell me what h0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 yeah tell me what h0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 yeah tell me what h0
+is can you if you can pick out H Zer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can you if you can pick out H Zer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can you if you can pick out H Zer
+here you you'll get the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you you'll get the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you you'll get the idea of
+convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+what what's the constant term If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's the constant term If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's the constant term If I
+multiply this mess times this mess and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this mess times this mess and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this mess times this mess and I
+look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for
+the constant term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant term
+80 what's the where do I get constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 what's the where do I get constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 what's the where do I get constant
+terms when I multiply that by that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms when I multiply that by that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms when I multiply that by that just
+just think about that where do I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about that where do I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about that where do I get a
+constant with without an e without any K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant with without an e without any K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant with without an e without any K
+without an e the ikx If I multiply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without an e the ikx If I multiply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without an e the ikx If I multiply that
+by that well tell me one place I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that well tell me one place I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that well tell me one place I get
+something c0 times d0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great is that the end of the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great is that the end of the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great is that the end of the story
+no if you thought this that multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no if you thought this that multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no if you thought this that multiplying
+the functions I just multiplied the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions I just multiplied the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions I just multiplied the F
+coefficients the first point is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the first point is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the first point is no
+there's more stuff where else do I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more stuff where else do I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more stuff where else do I get a
+constant out of this just just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant out of this just just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant out of this just just look at
+it do that multiplication and tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do that multiplication and tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do that multiplication and tell you
+ask yourself where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself where's the
+constant another one yep you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant another one yep you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant another one yep you're going to
+say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it
+is C1 time time D minus one right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C1 time time D minus one right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C1 time time D minus one right right
+C1 * D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 * D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 * D
+minus1 and tell me all them now C2 * D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and tell me all them now C2 * D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and tell me all them now C2 * D
+minus 2 and what about C minus one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 and what about C minus one there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 and what about C minus one there
+is a c minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a c minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a c minus
+one it multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it multiplies
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+D1 and all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 and all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 and all and
+onwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards
+so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the
+coefficient comes from oh now how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient comes from oh now how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient comes from oh now how could
+you just describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just describe
+that yeah I I guess I'll describe it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I I guess I'll describe it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I I guess I'll describe it as
+a I'll need a a sum to multiply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'll need a a sum to multiply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'll need a a sum to multiply this
+will be the sum of CK * D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the sum of CK * D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the sum of CK * D
+What minus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What minus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What minus K
+right that's what you told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what you told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what you told
+me piece at the start and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me piece at the start and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me piece at the start and that's the
+pattern that keeps going okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that keeps going okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that keeps going okay that's
+h0 the sum of CK * d D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 the sum of CK * d D minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 the sum of CK * d D minus
+K now we have just time to do the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K now we have just time to do the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K now we have just time to do the next
+one we've got time but not space where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we've got time but not space where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we've got time but not space where
+the heck am I going to put it I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heck am I going to put it I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heck am I going to put it I want to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h k I guess or I better use a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h k I guess or I better use a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h k I guess or I better use a different
+letter HL yeah let me use the letter HL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter HL yeah let me use the letter HL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter HL yeah let me use the letter HL
+and oh God there's no space all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh God there's no space all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh God there's no space all right so
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+I yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+HL okay so this was h z let me keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HL okay so this was h z let me keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HL okay so this was h z let me keep
+things sort of looking right for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things sort of looking right for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things sort of looking right for the
+moment okay now you're going to fix HL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay now you're going to fix HL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay now you're going to fix HL
+so what does c0 multiply if I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does c0 multiply if I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does c0 multiply if I'm looking
+for HL I'm looking for the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for HL I'm looking for the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for HL I'm looking for the coefficient
+of e to the I LX so ask yourself how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e to the I LX so ask yourself how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e to the I LX so ask yourself how do
+I get e to the I LX when that multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get e to the I LX when that multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get e to the I LX when that multiplies
+that when that multiplies that and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when that multiplies that and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when that multiplies that and I'm
+looking for an e to IX I get one when c0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for an e to IX I get one when c0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for an e to IX I get one when c0
+multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies
+what this is it DL right and what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is it DL right and what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is it DL right and what about
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C1 think of here I have a C1 e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 think of here I have a C1 e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 think of here I have a C1 e to the
+i1x what does it multiply down here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1x what does it multiply down here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1x what does it multiply down here to
+get the exponential to be l i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the exponential to be l i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the exponential to be l i
+LX what what it doesn't multiply D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX what what it doesn't multiply D minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX what what it doesn't multiply D minus
+one it multiplies C1 multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it multiplies C1 multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it multiplies C1 multiplies
+d l minus1 good good L minus one right L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d l minus1 good good L minus one right L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d l minus1 good good L minus one right L
+minus one and what are you noticing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and what are you noticing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and what are you noticing here
+C minus I'll have to fill that in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C minus I'll have to fill that in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C minus I'll have to fill that in but
+you're you're seeing the pattern here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're seeing the pattern here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're seeing the pattern here
+that and what was the pattern here those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what was the pattern here those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what was the pattern here those
+numbers added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers added
+to this number and now these numbers add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this number and now these numbers add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this number and now these numbers add
+to L those numbers add to L whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L those numbers add to L whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L those numbers add to L whatever it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+is I they have it's the the two indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I they have it's the the two indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I they have it's the the two indices
+have to add to L so that that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add to L so that that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add to L so that that when I
+multiply the exponentials they'll add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the exponentials they'll add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the exponentials they'll add to
+e to the i l e to the I LX they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the i l e to the I LX they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the i l e to the I LX they'll
+multiply to e to the IX so what goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply to e to the IX so what goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply to e to the IX so what goes
+there it's probably l+ one right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's probably l+ one right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's probably l+ one right so that
+l+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l+
+one combined with minus one gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one combined with minus one gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one combined with minus one gives me the
+L if you tell me what goes there I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L if you tell me what goes there I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L if you tell me what goes there I'm a
+happy person that let's make it HL we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy person that let's make it HL we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy person that let's make it HL we're
+ready for the final formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for the final formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for the final formula for
+coefficient for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for
+convolution Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Star to find HL the coefficient of e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star to find HL the coefficient of e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star to find HL the coefficient of e to
+the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I
+LX when you multiply that by that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX when you multiply that by that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX when you multiply that by that you
+look at c k and what's what which D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at c k and what's what which D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at c k and what's what which D is
+is is going to show up in the e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is going to show up in the e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is going to show up in the e to the
+IX term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IX term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IX term
+L minus K is that what you said I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L minus K is that what you said I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L minus K is that what you said I hope
+yeah L minus K right that's it that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah L minus K right that's it that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah L minus K right that's it that's it
+so we've got a lot of computation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got a lot of computation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got a lot of computation here
+but but we've got the idea of what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but we've got the idea of what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but we've got the idea of what we've
+got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula that and and this and and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that and and this and and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that and and this and and we've
+have most of all we have the magic rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have most of all we have the magic rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have most of all we have the magic rule
+in convolutions in when you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in convolutions in when you or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in convolutions in when you or
+convolutions are things multipli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions are things multipli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions are things multipli
+but indices add things multiply numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but indices add things multiply numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but indices add things multiply numbers
+multiply while while their indices add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply while while their indices add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply while while their indices add
+that's the key idea of convolution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key idea of convolution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key idea of convolution that
+we'll see clearly and completely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see clearly and completely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see clearly and completely on
+Friday okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UybHQEFy56c.txt b/UybHQEFy56c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1cd7658c5005c9452f3434f05948acbb0e12b79c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UybHQEFy56c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+over the course of 6 weeks in summer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of 6 weeks in summer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of 6 weeks in summer of
+2014 Market Basket employees joined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 Market Basket employees joined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 Market Basket employees joined by
+their customers protested against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their customers protested against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their customers protested against the
+firing of their beloved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing of their beloved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing of their beloved
+CEO they risked their jobs their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO they risked their jobs their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO they risked their jobs their
+livelihoods and they brought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+livelihoods and they brought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+livelihoods and they brought the
+business to a heal at a time made me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business to a heal at a time made me see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business to a heal at a time made me see
+so much division between the CEOs who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much division between the CEOs who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much division between the CEOs who
+represent the top 1% and the workers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the top 1% and the workers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the top 1% and the workers who
+represent the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the bottom
+99% this level of support for a CEO got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% this level of support for a CEO got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% this level of support for a CEO got
+the attention of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attention of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attention of the entire
+country Arthur deolis he stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country Arthur deolis he stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country Arthur deolis he stands for
+valuing people he always says we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuing people he always says we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuing people he always says we are in
+the people business first grocery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people business first grocery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people business first grocery
+business second and when the ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business second and when the ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business second and when the ownership
+changed you start asking questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed you start asking questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed you start asking questions
+what's going to happen with our benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen with our benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen with our benefits
+what's going to happen with our pay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen with our pay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen with our pay and
+when you start taking away that factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start taking away that factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start taking away that factor
+of focusing on people the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focusing on people the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focusing on people the entire
+business model starts to fall apart the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model starts to fall apart the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model starts to fall apart the
+workers were fighting for a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers were fighting for a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers were fighting for a business
+model that works for everyone for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that works for everyone for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that works for everyone for them
+for their customers and for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their customers and for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their customers and for their
+shareholders we saw a number of critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders we saw a number of critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders we saw a number of critical
+business lessons that emerge from Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business lessons that emerge from Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business lessons that emerge from Market
+Basket let me share with you three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basket let me share with you three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basket let me share with you three
+related lessons the first lesson is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related lessons the first lesson is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related lessons the first lesson is
+around creating customer and employee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around creating customer and employee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around creating customer and employee
+loyalty and a pretty unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loyalty and a pretty unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loyalty and a pretty unlike
+setting local supermarkets are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting local supermarkets are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting local supermarkets are not
+necessarily known for treating their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily known for treating their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily known for treating their
+employees or customers well they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees or customers well they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees or customers well they're
+known for offering bad jobs with poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for offering bad jobs with poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for offering bad jobs with poverty
+level wages unpredictable schedules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level wages unpredictable schedules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level wages unpredictable schedules and
+very few opportunities for success and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few opportunities for success and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few opportunities for success and
+growth they're also known to frustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth they're also known to frustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth they're also known to frustrate
+their customers The Market Basket Case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their customers The Market Basket Case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their customers The Market Basket Case
+shows us that it doesn't have to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows us that it doesn't have to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows us that it doesn't have to be that
+way here's a company that really puts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way here's a company that really puts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way here's a company that really puts a
+focus on building those relations ships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on building those relations ships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on building those relations ships
+it's easy to say treat a customer as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to say treat a customer as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to say treat a customer as you
+would like to be treated it's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to be treated it's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to be treated it's a lot
+different to say that you would treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different to say that you would treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different to say that you would treat
+your customers the way you treat your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your customers the way you treat your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your customers the way you treat your
+family or your friends because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family or your friends because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family or your friends because there's a
+lot of loyalty there the second lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of loyalty there the second lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of loyalty there the second lesson
+that emerges from Market Basket is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that emerges from Market Basket is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that emerges from Market Basket is the
+importance of employees and what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of employees and what they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of employees and what they do
+for efficient lowcost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for efficient lowcost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for efficient lowcost
+operations you see Market Basket pays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you see Market Basket pays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you see Market Basket pays
+its employees decent wages it offers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its employees decent wages it offers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its employees decent wages it offers
+them generous benefits it treats them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them generous benefits it treats them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them generous benefits it treats them
+with respect and dignity Market Basket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect and dignity Market Basket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect and dignity Market Basket
+designs the jobs in a way that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs the jobs in a way that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs the jobs in a way that allows
+their employees to be more motivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their employees to be more motivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their employees to be more motivated
+that allows them to be more productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows them to be more productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows them to be more productive
+and that allows them to contribute more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that allows them to contribute more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that allows them to contribute more
+to the success of their company is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the success of their company is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the success of their company is not
+just working for the paycheck it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just working for the paycheck it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just working for the paycheck it's
+working for what you're getting out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for what you're getting out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for what you're getting out of
+the job getting that feeling that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job getting that feeling that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job getting that feeling that you're
+providing something in value that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing something in value that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing something in value that they
+appreciate and appreciating somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate and appreciating somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate and appreciating somebody
+else that's a huge motivator for me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that's a huge motivator for me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that's a huge motivator for me and
+carrying that through the company to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying that through the company to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying that through the company to
+bring value to the company who would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring value to the company who would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring value to the company who would
+wouldn't want to work for that if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want to work for that if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want to work for that if you go
+to a Market Basket store you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a Market Basket store you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a Market Basket store you're going to
+see a lot of employees around a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of employees around a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of employees around a lot more
+than what you see at a lowcost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what you see at a lowcost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what you see at a lowcost
+supermarket why is that well Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket why is that well Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket why is that well Market
+Basket does that so that its employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basket does that so that its employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basket does that so that its employees
+can do their jobs without making errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do their jobs without making errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do their jobs without making errors
+so that they're not rushed so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they're not rushed so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they're not rushed so that they
+can treat their customers well help them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can treat their customers well help them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can treat their customers well help them
+out when necessary so that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when necessary so that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when necessary so that they have
+enough time to engage in continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time to engage in continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time to engage in continuous
+Improvement come up with suggestions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement come up with suggestions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement come up with suggestions to
+reduce cost and increase customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce cost and increase customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce cost and increase customer
+service and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service and
+sales appropriate Staffing levels is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales appropriate Staffing levels is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales appropriate Staffing levels is
+just one of the job design decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of the job design decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of the job design decisions
+that motivate employees make their jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that motivate employees make their jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that motivate employees make their jobs
+better so make them happier that lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so make them happier that lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so make them happier that lead to
+happy customers because they receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy customers because they receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy customers because they receive
+better service and that also lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better service and that also lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better service and that also lead to
+happier investors because now the costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier investors because now the costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier investors because now the costs
+are lower sales are higher and profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lower sales are higher and profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lower sales are higher and profits
+are higher and that brings BRS me to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are higher and that brings BRS me to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are higher and that brings BRS me to the
+third decision related to Market Basket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third decision related to Market Basket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third decision related to Market Basket
+which is even in a lowcost supermarket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is even in a lowcost supermarket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is even in a lowcost supermarket
+setting it is not only possible but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting it is not only possible but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting it is not only possible but
+highly profitable to create a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly profitable to create a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly profitable to create a business
+model that creates value for customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that creates value for customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that creates value for customers
+employees and investors at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees and investors at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees and investors at the same time
+there's a lot of focus on people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of focus on people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of focus on people you
+have eight owners and shareholders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have eight owners and shareholders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have eight owners and shareholders and
+then you have 25,000 employees and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have 25,000 employees and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have 25,000 employees and then
+you have the further impact of vendors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the further impact of vendors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the further impact of vendors
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+customers that's a huge base now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers that's a huge base now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers that's a huge base now you're
+talking millions of people and here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking millions of people and here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking millions of people and here's a
+company that really puts a focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that really puts a focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that really puts a focus on
+everyone who's involved with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone who's involved with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone who's involved with our
+company now you might wonder is Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company now you might wonder is Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company now you might wonder is Market
+Basket an exception is it unique well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basket an exception is it unique well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basket an exception is it unique well
+certainly what Market Basket employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly what Market Basket employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly what Market Basket employees
+did was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was pretty
+extraordinary but Market baskets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary but Market baskets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary but Market baskets
+business model is hardly special in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model is hardly special in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model is hardly special in fact
+in my own research I've studied four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my own research I've studied four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my own research I've studied four
+other lowcost retailers that do exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other lowcost retailers that do exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other lowcost retailers that do exactly
+the same ranging from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same ranging from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same ranging from
+Costco to Quick Trip a convenient store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Costco to Quick Trip a convenient store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Costco to Quick Trip a convenient store
+chain with gas stations that has been in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain with gas stations that has been in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain with gas stations that has been in
+Fortune's 100 best companies to work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortune's 100 best companies to work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortune's 100 best companies to work for
+12 years in a row and that is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 years in a row and that is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 years in a row and that is extremely
+profitable if good jobs are possible at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable if good jobs are possible at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable if good jobs are possible at
+a setting like Quick Trip they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a setting like Quick Trip they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a setting like Quick Trip they are
+possible everywhere we just need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible everywhere we just need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible everywhere we just need more
+companies to follow the good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to follow the good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to follow the good job
+strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy
+and everyone can do their part you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone can do their part you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone can do their part you are
+customers you can vote with your feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers you can vote with your feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers you can vote with your feet
+you can decide to shop or dine at places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can decide to shop or dine at places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can decide to shop or dine at places
+that offer good jobs for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that offer good jobs for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that offer good jobs for those of you
+who are employees managers uh or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are employees managers uh or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are employees managers uh or even
+investors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors in
+organizations then you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations then you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations then you could be
+advocates for a good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocates for a good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocates for a good job
+strategy finally I want to leave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy finally I want to leave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy finally I want to leave you
+with one last thought at some point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one last thought at some point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one last thought at some point in
+your career chances are you'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your career chances are you'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your career chances are you'll be a
+manager you might manage just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager you might manage just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager you might manage just a few
+people or hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or hundreds of
+people remember this the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people remember this the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people remember this the types of
+decisions that you make are not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that you make are not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that you make are not just
+business decisions they affect the lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business decisions they affect the lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business decisions they affect the lives
+of people so make those decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wisely for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VXQAhzat098.txt b/VXQAhzat098.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c955241e457080f7162e5ed48a3b8404221b617b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VXQAhzat098.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3851 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today structure of class very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today structure of class very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today structure of class very very
+similar to what we did last night which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what we did last night which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what we did last night which
+was we're going to talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we're going to talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we're going to talk a little bit
+about a reading play but the games we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a reading play but the games we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a reading play but the games we're
+on the reading anyway end of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the reading anyway end of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the reading anyway end of class
+probably bit more time for you to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably bit more time for you to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably bit more time for you to work
+through your prototype this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your prototype this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your prototype this is a
+reminder Rick and I are here to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder Rick and I are here to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder Rick and I are here to do a
+deeper testing that you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper testing that you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper testing that you might want
+anyway will give you feedback along like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway will give you feedback along like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway will give you feedback along like
+a feedback we've also put all the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feedback we've also put all the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feedback we've also put all the great
+sub things right for getting no altar or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub things right for getting no altar or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub things right for getting no altar or
+two and all the if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and all the if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and all the if you look at the
+comments that we've sent there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments that we've sent there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments that we've sent there are two
+sections one is the section that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections one is the section that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections one is the section that's just
+about individual write up but only you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about individual write up but only you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about individual write up but only you
+see and it is a chunk that is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and it is a chunk that is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and it is a chunk that is all the
+comments that we gave to every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments that we gave to every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments that we gave to every single
+one of the team members which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the team members which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the team members which was
+basically based on your project itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically based on your project itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically based on your project itself
+do you take those in mind I do keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you take those in mind I do keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you take those in mind I do keep
+those in mind because there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in mind because there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in mind because there's a lot of
+stuff there that a lot of the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there that a lot of the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there that a lot of the feedback
+that we're giving you in the hopes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're giving you in the hopes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're giving you in the hopes that
+you will be able to put that feedback to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be able to put that feedback to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be able to put that feedback to
+the news for sanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in particular rules for moles moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular rules for moles moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular rules for moles moles
+proofreader rules test your goals but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofreader rules test your goals but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofreader rules test your goals but
+presentation and expression of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and expression of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and expression of your
+rules is just as important that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules is just as important that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules is just as important that's why we
+have you play games you have played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you play games you have played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you play games you have played
+before and read the rules to reporters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and read the rules to reporters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and read the rules to reporters
+to see how bad the professionals get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how bad the professionals get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how bad the professionals get it
+done try to be better than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done try to be better than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done try to be better than that
+the the main things we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the main things we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the main things we're looking for
+coherence clarity organization figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence clarity organization figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence clarity organization figures
+and illustrations so first time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and illustrations so first time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and illustrations so first time it's
+three please try to put in illustrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three please try to put in illustrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three please try to put in illustrating
+at least Barrowman of them illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least Barrowman of them illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least Barrowman of them illustrate
+what it looks like when you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like when you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like when you're getting
+the setup illustrate what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup illustrate what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup illustrate what it looks like
+when a major state change happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a major state change happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a major state change happens in the
+game give us a basic set of section that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game give us a basic set of section that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game give us a basic set of section that
+just says here's here's the kind of goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just says here's here's the kind of goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just says here's here's the kind of goal
+how you play the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you play the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you play the game
+here's how you actually play the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how you actually play the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how you actually play the game
+here's some examples for how various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some examples for how various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some examples for how various
+things are going can happen there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going can happen there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going can happen there is
+some rules guidelines on the seller are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rules guidelines on the seller are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rules guidelines on the seller are
+material so at some point reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so at some point reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so at some point reading
+through Tiffany really pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Tiffany really pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Tiffany really pay attention to
+that first assignment three basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first assignment three basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first assignment three basically
+when you decided to get a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you decided to get a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you decided to get a little bit
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+great because you've had two rounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great because you've had two rounds of
+feedback already on that hopefully it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback already on that hopefully it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback already on that hopefully it's
+the third time around you know what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third time around you know what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third time around you know what you
+get a good idea of what we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a good idea of what we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a good idea of what we're looking
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+for also use use use use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for also use use use use it
+illustrations in your rules to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations in your rules to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations in your rules to get your
+points across you know that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points across you know that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points across you know that's that's a
+something that we frequently find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we frequently find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we frequently find
+underused where you spend a lot of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underused where you spend a lot of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underused where you spend a lot of words
+trying to explain something we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explain something we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explain something we should
+have it far easier to understand whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it far easier to understand whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it far easier to understand whether
+it's a simple line on droid even just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a simple line on droid even just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a simple line on droid even just
+like a cell phone camera off like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cell phone camera off like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cell phone camera off like a
+sketch what probably a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch what probably a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch what probably a bit more
+paragraphs hey actually I have a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs hey actually I have a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs hey actually I have a person
+for me working with me on a board game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me working with me on a board game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me working with me on a board game
+and she did something amazing but I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she did something amazing but I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she did something amazing but I'd
+actually never thought about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually never thought about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually never thought about the
+neuticals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuticals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuticals
+she basically in PowerPoint it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she basically in PowerPoint it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she basically in PowerPoint it's really
+really long a lot of pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long a lot of pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long a lot of pages
+I'm sure how how well it's going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure how how well it's going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure how how well it's going to work
+that way but we're getting testing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way but we're getting testing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way but we're getting testing with
+it but it's very illustrative and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's very illustrative and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's very illustrative and very
+diagramming lots of big words very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagramming lots of big words very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagramming lots of big words very
+little like written out very little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little like written out very little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little like written out very little bit
+not like long paragraphs of language I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like long paragraphs of language I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like long paragraphs of language I'm
+going to get latest original back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get latest original back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get latest original back and
+share the classy you can see what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the classy you can see what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the classy you can see what that
+looks like if that's useful for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like if that's useful for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like if that's useful for your
+game or not we I I personally have had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game or not we I I personally have had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game or not we I I personally have had a
+lot of luck with Google Docs building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of luck with Google Docs building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of luck with Google Docs building
+drawing tools so you know for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing tools so you know for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing tools so you know for the for
+the word processing talk breakup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word processing talk breakup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word processing talk breakup
+tutorial just like the drawing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial just like the drawing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial just like the drawing things
+like cards that overlap each other with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cards that overlap each other with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cards that overlap each other with
+text in them like Google Docs has all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text in them like Google Docs has all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text in them like Google Docs has all
+the tools you get for that drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools you get for that drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools you get for that drawing
+arrows that like that you know that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows that like that you know that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows that like that you know that are
+encouraged with with one arrow head or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged with with one arrow head or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged with with one arrow head or
+two arrows and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but every time somebody asks you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every time somebody asks you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every time somebody asks you for
+real verification in class or when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real verification in class or when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real verification in class or when you
+play testing up with your dorm mates or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play testing up with your dorm mates or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play testing up with your dorm mates or
+whatever that's a good opportunity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that's a good opportunity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that's a good opportunity for
+you to think of how you can reword yogu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think of how you can reword yogu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think of how you can reword yogu
+so reformat your words that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reformat your words that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reformat your words that that that
+that's clearly a situation where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's clearly a situation where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's clearly a situation where this
+could be a question that's going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a question that's going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a question that's going to come
+up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again
+or it could be a situation right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples the only way that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the only way that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the only way that people are
+playing your game is but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing your game is but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing your game is but you're
+explaining it to them that you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining it to them that you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining it to them that you're not
+getting the feedback that you need on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the feedback that you need on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the feedback that you need on
+your list so make sure that you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your list so make sure that you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your list so make sure that you make
+sure that that power of assignment three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that power of assignment three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that power of assignment three
+your rules have been tested to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rules have been tested to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rules have been tested to the
+Russia also one tip for people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia also one tip for people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia also one tip for people who are
+doing personal write-ups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing personal write-ups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing personal write-ups
+people are getting better at sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are getting better at sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are getting better at sort of
+identifying what you know things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying what you know things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying what you know things that
+went well things that didn't quite go so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went well things that didn't quite go so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went well things that didn't quite go so
+well in the projects and that's good if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the projects and that's good if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the projects and that's good if
+in general if you did a decent right up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general if you did a decent right up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general if you did a decent right up
+in front you probably got the extra half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front you probably got the extra half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front you probably got the extra half
+grade on top of your pocket grade so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade on top of your pocket grade so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade on top of your pocket grade so if
+you got like a b-minus even if you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got like a b-minus even if you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got like a b-minus even if you got a
+B+ you would back that your right up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B+ you would back that your right up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B+ you would back that your right up a
+little could push it away - for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little could push it away - for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little could push it away - for instance
+but what some people don't consistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what some people don't consistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what some people don't consistently
+do it's just say next time I'm gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's just say next time I'm gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's just say next time I'm gonna do
+this or next time I'm going to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or next time I'm going to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or next time I'm going to make sure
+not to do this just a nice little simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do this just a nice little simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do this just a nice little simple
+little things of like what are you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things of like what are you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things of like what are you going
+to take out of this for future projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take out of this for future projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take out of this for future projects
+so so right now what what seeing good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so right now what what seeing good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so right now what what seeing good
+analysis of your previous project but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of your previous project but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of your previous project but
+use the write-ups to also compute is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the write-ups to also compute is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the write-ups to also compute is
+what what ethically is right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what ethically is right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what ethically is right you know
+this is this is what I've got to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is what I've got to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is what I've got to make
+sure I'm gonna try to do all maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I'm gonna try to do all maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I'm gonna try to do all maybe
+you're not sure but this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sure but this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sure but this is something
+they're gonna try to do it next time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna try to do it next time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna try to do it next time you
+make a game this is what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a game this is what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a game this is what you're going to
+try to do that that can help a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and even the other software project even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even the other software project even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even the other software project even
+you want 13 project project yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want 13 project project yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want 13 project project yeah it
+doesn't have to be recited it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be recited it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be recited it could be
+next time I if I work in a team on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time I if I work in a team on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time I if I work in a team on the
+creative project I'm going to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative project I'm going to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative project I'm going to make sure
+that I communicate with them this way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I communicate with them this way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I communicate with them this way or
+make sure that they understand love just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that they understand love just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that they understand love just
+something like that will be some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that will be some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that will be some sort of
+person that you're taking out from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that you're taking out from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that you're taking out from any
+questions about the assignment some it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the assignment some it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the assignment some it
+will great by the way did I do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will great by the way did I do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will great by the way did I do you get
+an email or something from stellar that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email or something from stellar that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email or something from stellar that
+tells you have been posted a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you have been posted a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you have been posted a lot more
+dreams like pizza yeah end of Italy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams like pizza yeah end of Italy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams like pizza yeah end of Italy it
+wasn't a piece that everybody pray 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a piece that everybody pray 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a piece that everybody pray 70
+cents that make sense okay well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents that make sense okay well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents that make sense okay well okay
+that without even faster today's reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that without even faster today's reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that without even faster today's reading
+is mostly about cosmetic doctor it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mostly about cosmetic doctor it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mostly about cosmetic doctor it's
+actually a bit of a post-mortem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a bit of a post-mortem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a bit of a post-mortem is
+written in the son of same style as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the son of same style as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the son of same style as the
+flavor text of that when you find its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor text of that when you find its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor text of that when you find its
+iconic encounter and how do you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iconic encounter and how do you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iconic encounter and how do you actually
+just open up the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and yes I can basically you help each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes I can basically you help each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes I can basically you help each
+player inside of it so yes yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player inside of it so yes yeah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player inside of it so yes yeah no
+player is green player and say both them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is green player and say both them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is green player and say both them
+are sweet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way to keep and hold giant pile of cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somebody started I'm not entirely sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which every numbers and what unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which every numbers and what unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which every numbers and what unit
+basically doing who is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically doing who is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically doing who is going to
+initiated yeah so you add so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiated yeah so you add so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiated yeah so you add so these
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you also have everybody animal game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have everybody animal game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have everybody animal game
+basically actually comes down to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically actually comes down to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically actually comes down to you
+trying to encourage other people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to encourage other people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to encourage other people to
+contribute ideas of all time these give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute ideas of all time these give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute ideas of all time these give
+me some ships didn't something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me some ships didn't something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me some ships didn't something that
+helped me with our defense a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this is a really really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a really really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a really really interesting
+part of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the game
+which is when you start again you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is when you start again you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is when you start again you get
+one of these cards and it stops what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these cards and it stops what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these cards and it stops what
+race 1 and each race basically has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race 1 and each race basically has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race 1 and each race basically has a
+power that lets em break and rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that lets em break and rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that lets em break and rule
+somewhere anyways the you only you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere anyways the you only you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere anyways the you only you have
+this ability to break this power so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ability to break this power so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ability to break this power so for
+instance this is the heat race and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance this is the heat race and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance this is the heat race and they
+have a power range so it's not ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a power range so it's not ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a power range so it's not ability
+to use is probably to force every player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is probably to force every player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is probably to force every player
+to either discarnation to discourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either discarnation to discourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either discarnation to discourage
+article digits you like this got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article digits you like this got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article digits you like this got one
+from the old country but everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the old country but everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the old country but everybody else
+was in this context so if I go down I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in this context so if I go down I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in this context so if I go down I
+come to card every time so that card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to card every time so that card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to card every time so that card
+everybody has been I decided I think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has been I decided I think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has been I decided I think are
+all they do three shapes to the war so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they do three shapes to the war so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they do three shapes to the war so
+make people angry for this power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people angry for this power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people angry for this power
+that's Phelps when you still steal cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Phelps when you still steal cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Phelps when you still steal cars
+from other people all the power pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the one compensation commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one compensation commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one compensation commodity
+oh and and so I'm just kind of like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and and so I'm just kind of like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and and so I'm just kind of like we
+in it almost like CCG a full card game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it almost like CCG a full card game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it almost like CCG a full card game
+kind of dynamic where depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dynamic where depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dynamic where depending on what
+what you start with is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you start with is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you start with is going to be
+terminating the shape of the recipe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminating the shape of the recipe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminating the shape of the recipe and
+and every time you attempt agenda set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time you attempt agenda set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time you attempt agenda set of
+birds we must each play it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds we must each play it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds we must each play it as a
+different part between ordinary places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the whole idea of today's carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole idea of today's carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole idea of today's carefully
+picked up today that all that I'm kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up today that all that I'm kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up today that all that I'm kind
+of like images were some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like images were some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like images were some interesting
+take on what it means to have changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on what it means to have changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on what it means to have changing
+rules of the game right there's risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of the game right there's risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of the game right there's risk
+legacy how many giving this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy how many giving this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy how many giving this particular
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I played like three games and played a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I played like three games and played a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I played like three games and played a
+total of twelve or so okay every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of twelve or so okay every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of twelve or so okay every time
+you play this game the game Jacob crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play this game the game Jacob crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play this game the game Jacob crazy
+I've heard of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard of this
+yeah it says play it change it made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it says play it change it made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it says play it change it made of
+yours when you first fight against this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours when you first fight against this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours when you first fight against this
+here are four packets or envelopes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are four packets or envelopes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are four packets or envelopes that
+are regularly like the past year can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are regularly like the past year can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are regularly like the past year can see
+we played this a bit so and that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we played this a bit so and that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we played this a bit so and that gives
+you new cards similar to said you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you new cards similar to said you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you new cards similar to said you can
+stick on the old cards you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick on the old cards you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick on the old cards you can see this
+car there's a whole bunch of stickers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car there's a whole bunch of stickers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car there's a whole bunch of stickers
+have it on to it that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it on to it that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it on to it that basically
+introduced it to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced it to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced it to me
+you can change the map and usually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can change the map and usually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can change the map and usually this
+this comes out to people who wanna lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes out to people who wanna lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes out to people who wanna lost
+get something abilities to make changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something abilities to make changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something abilities to make changes
+back so certain areas not giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so certain areas not giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so certain areas not giving you
+these white has a certain areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these white has a certain areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these white has a certain areas and
+include sudden silly setting established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include sudden silly setting established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include sudden silly setting established
+so or is it's this is the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or is it's this is the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or is it's this is the this is the
+keeping of cycle and this is the keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping of cycle and this is the keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping of cycle and this is the keep
+above mine okay so so this this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above mine okay so so this this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above mine okay so so this this was
+interesting because one way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because one way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because one way to think
+about it is and it's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start something like risk but closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start something like risk but closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start something like risk but closer to
+I think risk 20 yeah one of the later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think risk 20 yeah one of the later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think risk 20 yeah one of the later
+editions of risk worth yeah where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editions of risk worth yeah where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editions of risk worth yeah where
+there's like turn order cards and come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like turn order cards and come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like turn order cards and come
+other it does resources differently in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other it does resources differently in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other it does resources differently in a
+classic recipe but basically it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic recipe but basically it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic recipe but basically it is the
+same instrument yes and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same instrument yes and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same instrument yes and you have
+cigarettes that you get a patch on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes that you get a patch on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes that you get a patch on so
+basically every time you clean is giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every time you clean is giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every time you clean is giving
+you the great thing is this one there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the great thing is this one there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the great thing is this one there's
+a story that goes along so as you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a story that goes along so as you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a story that goes along so as you do
+things the story changes so you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the story changes so you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the story changes so you're gonna
+suppose the Coptic apocalyptic hellscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the Coptic apocalyptic hellscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the Coptic apocalyptic hellscape
+with these factions that are fighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these factions that are fighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these factions that are fighting
+each other and then all of a sudden when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and then all of a sudden when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and then all of a sudden when
+somebody's when a certain conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's when a certain conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's when a certain conditions
+reached one of those boxes it opens up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached one of those boxes it opens up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached one of those boxes it opens up
+and deal with new elements of the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deal with new elements of the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deal with new elements of the story
+are are discussed and then a new race a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are discussed and then a new race a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are discussed and then a new race a
+new faction comes up or anyways spoiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new faction comes up or anyways spoiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new faction comes up or anyways spoiler
+stealing something becomes with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing something becomes with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing something becomes with the
+alien collaborator and that faction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alien collaborator and that faction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alien collaborator and that faction from
+now on is considered a collaborator he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on is considered a collaborator he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on is considered a collaborator he
+gets a special powers because the but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a special powers because the but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a special powers because the but it
+they don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe get special powers and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe get special powers and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe get special powers and I think
+they get a special especially something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a special especially something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a special especially something
+that goes against women this game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes against women this game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes against women this game is
+actually probably not best vehicle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually probably not best vehicle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually probably not best vehicle but
+so what I will suggest is that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I will suggest is that let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I will suggest is that let's
+take a look at a sauce because just try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at a sauce because just try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at a sauce because just try
+to internalize all of the changes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to internalize all of the changes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to internalize all of the changes that
+have happened to this game since what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened to this game since what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened to this game since what
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's very very neat for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very very neat for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very very neat for you to
+people looking see us on HSN today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people looking see us on HSN today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people looking see us on HSN today but
+one way to design a lot of the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to design a lot of the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to design a lot of the rules
+that you get a lot of changes in get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get a lot of changes in get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get a lot of changes in get to
+make leader in the game rhod they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make leader in the game rhod they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make leader in the game rhod they're
+tools for you can fix the imbalance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools for you can fix the imbalance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools for you can fix the imbalance so
+they're really powerful changes that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really powerful changes that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really powerful changes that you
+can make the rules value all ideas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make the rules value all ideas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make the rules value all ideas are
+after you play something like 15 rounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you play something like 15 rounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you play something like 15 rounds
+of 10 rounds of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 rounds of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 rounds of the game
+you kind of know where the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of know where the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of know where the game is
+broken 24 times parents of effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken 24 times parents of effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken 24 times parents of effective
+immediat where an early age is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediat where an early age is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediat where an early age is totally
+unfair Detroit ha ha he lay down and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair Detroit ha ha he lay down and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair Detroit ha ha he lay down and the
+players now have the tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players now have the tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players now have the tools to
+efficiently fix all the balances to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently fix all the balances to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently fix all the balances to play
+so anyway the phase of origins is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway the phase of origins is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway the phase of origins is kind
+of like a technical thing people do jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a technical thing people do jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a technical thing people do jack
+two seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seconds
+when you do attach certain things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do attach certain things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do attach certain things you
+have the party represents a thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the party represents a thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the party represents a thing that
+you can use and then nights that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use and then nights that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use and then nights that are
+reflected in my heart so like like a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in my heart so like like a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in my heart so like like a lot
+of other tech building games you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other tech building games you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other tech building games you know
+encounter often when you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter often when you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter often when you're actually
+going into a game what they're seeing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into a game what they're seeing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into a game what they're seeing is
+not quite what we never see every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite what we never see every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite what we never see every time
+they're trying to like figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to like figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to like figure out what
+is the case what implemented one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case what implemented one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case what implemented one of the
+strategies what this has going around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies what this has going around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies what this has going around
+that I played important just happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I played important just happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I played important just happened to
+be an interesting twist advice sickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an interesting twist advice sickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an interesting twist advice sickness
+of Catan they seem like an odd thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Catan they seem like an odd thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Catan they seem like an odd thing to
+bring up but you know back when it first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up but you know back when it first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up but you know back when it first
+came out it's kind of neat that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out it's kind of neat that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out it's kind of neat that it was
+one of the games definitely popular is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the games definitely popular is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the games definitely popular is
+the whole idea every time you say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole idea every time you say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole idea every time you say this
+game is in the corner because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is in the corner because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is in the corner because you have
+these X's that ever waged by the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these X's that ever waged by the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these X's that ever waged by the corner
+as a system to be able to to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a system to be able to to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a system to be able to to make a
+random map in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random map in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random map in
+Table four matter how its arranged and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Table four matter how its arranged and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Table four matter how its arranged and
+you're playing the game now we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing the game now we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing the game now we also have
+the seafarers expansion that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seafarers expansion that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seafarers expansion that's kind of
+like a traditional way that publishers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a traditional way that publishers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a traditional way that publishers
+Eugene rules right they give you all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eugene rules right they give you all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eugene rules right they give you all the
+parts and maybe a new set of rules to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and maybe a new set of rules to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and maybe a new set of rules to be
+able to add to an existing set of pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to add to an existing set of pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to add to an existing set of pieces
+what happens is that the map is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that the map is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that the map is about
+larger it means additional planets I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger it means additional planets I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger it means additional planets I'll
+give you a few new pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a few new pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a few new pieces
+new rules and you're 28 now so this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rules and you're 28 now so this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rules and you're 28 now so this one
+might also be neat and I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might also be neat and I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might also be neat and I wouldn't
+suggest a playing a game it's very about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest a playing a game it's very about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest a playing a game it's very about
+most of the time and all of you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time and all of you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time and all of you already
+have but my page we need if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but my page we need if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but my page we need if you haven't
+seen our s budget especially if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen our s budget especially if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen our s budget especially if you
+haven't played the Seekers expected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't played the Seekers expected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't played the Seekers expected to
+it we look through how they present the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we look through how they present the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we look through how they present the
+rules so that knowing how how to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so that knowing how how to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so that knowing how how to play
+this game poverty introduced new set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game poverty introduced new set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game poverty introduced new set of
+rules to change the ribbon event played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules to change the ribbon event played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules to change the ribbon event played
+a big difference for that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big difference for that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big difference for that with the
+islands rather than having roads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islands rather than having roads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islands rather than having roads to
+settlements you have growth of shipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlements you have growth of shipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlements you have growth of shipping
+lanes and you build second X works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanes and you build second X works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanes and you build second X works
+yep and I believe you don't know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and I believe you don't know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and I believe you don't know what's
+on the island until you get there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the island until you get there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the island until you get there so
+yeah so you don't actually know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you don't actually know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you don't actually know
+they look on top we can see the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look on top we can see the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look on top we can see the entire
+pilot identity from the reading that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot identity from the reading that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot identity from the reading that
+anything strike anyone from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything strike anyone from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything strike anyone from from the
+reading just wondering yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you find that something is not fair you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that something is not fair you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that something is not fair you
+have your own unfair power tubes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your own unfair power tubes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your own unfair power tubes are
+right everyone has a weighted sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everyone has a weighted sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everyone has a weighted sheet
+basically but its efficiency might be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically but its efficiency might be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically but its efficiency might be if
+I became it's a different way to cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I became it's a different way to cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I became it's a different way to cheat
+which is like inherently unbalanced like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like inherently unbalanced like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like inherently unbalanced like
+any others I feel like played several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any others I feel like played several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any others I feel like played several
+games as diplomacy those like some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games as diplomacy those like some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games as diplomacy those like some of
+the I don't remember which countries but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I don't remember which countries but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I don't remember which countries but
+like some of them are like in much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some of them are like in much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some of them are like in much
+stronger traditions and like two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger traditions and like two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger traditions and like two of them
+together can like take out the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together can like take out the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together can like take out the entire
+board if people let them and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board if people let them and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board if people let them and so in
+general like more advanced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general like more advanced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general like more advanced and
+experienced players will wake them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced players will wake them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced players will wake them out
+let that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let that happen
+or will they all gang up and crush the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or will they all gang up and crush the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or will they all gang up and crush the
+first one or something like that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one or something like that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one or something like that right
+which kind of makes it interesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which kind of makes it interesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which kind of makes it interesting that
+again mm-hmm so you can spot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again mm-hmm so you can spot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again mm-hmm so you can spot the
+patterns and then but then you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and then but then you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and then but then you also have
+a lot of tools we try to like push back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of tools we try to like push back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of tools we try to like push back
+against that once you know that the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that once you know that the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that once you know that the game
+where you have this iconic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're both were to stop the leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both were to stop the leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both were to stop the leader
+names words literally however look it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names words literally however look it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names words literally however look it's
+very easy for almost everyone think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy for almost everyone think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy for almost everyone think it's
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+to victory and it all spits all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to victory and it all spits all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to victory and it all spits all about
+like several turns that are over before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like several turns that are over before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like several turns that are over before
+- mm-hmm the winner yeah comes to an end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- mm-hmm the winner yeah comes to an end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- mm-hmm the winner yeah comes to an end
+III I remember cogito Cosmic Encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+III I remember cogito Cosmic Encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+III I remember cogito Cosmic Encounter
+dragging on for we're all about the toys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragging on for we're all about the toys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragging on for we're all about the toys
+but I'm not entirely sure if that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not entirely sure if that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not entirely sure if that's the
+case with this particular game - is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with this particular game - is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with this particular game - is it
+it's broken break until it's fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically they took Super Smash Bros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they took Super Smash Bros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they took Super Smash Bros
+Brawl and just wait overpowered like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brawl and just wait overpowered like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brawl and just wait overpowered like a
+bunch of different people's moves so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different people's moves so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different people's moves so you
+could just drink it the entire time yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just drink it the entire time yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just drink it the entire time yeah
+league of legends the ultra rapid ultra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+league of legends the ultra rapid ultra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+league of legends the ultra rapid ultra
+rapid fire and they're kind of that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid fire and they're kind of that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid fire and they're kind of that too
+but but I think that the one of the neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I think that the one of the neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I think that the one of the neat
+things that I remember from the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I remember from the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I remember from the reading
+was if you have a game where it's fun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was if you have a game where it's fun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was if you have a game where it's fun to
+do this you've got something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this you've got something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this you've got something really
+really good there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good there
+there they were a lot more flippant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they were a lot more flippant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they were a lot more flippant
+about some of the other ways that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the other ways that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the other ways that you
+can tell you have a good game like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you have a good game like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you have a good game like you
+do but you lose the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but you lose the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but you lose the game
+when when you have a divorce because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you have a divorce because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you have a divorce because
+because your spouse wanted the game but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your spouse wanted the game but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your spouse wanted the game but
+I'm not sure whether how how you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure whether how how you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure whether how how you how
+that meant that metric is useful but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meant that metric is useful but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meant that metric is useful but the
+other but but some other metric to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but but some other metric to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but but some other metric to tell
+whether your game and you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether your game and you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether your game and you've got
+something really interesting yes game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really interesting yes game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really interesting yes game is
+that one of the game systems actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the game systems actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the game systems actually
+continually surprising the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually surprising the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually surprising the people who
+actually design the game then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually design the game then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually design the game then you know
+just every once in a while just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just every once in a while just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just every once in a while just see
+something they've never seen before yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they've never seen before yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they've never seen before yet
+the ones who made it you know then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who made it you know then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who made it you know then
+you've got a really interesting system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a really interesting system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a really interesting system
+there and if people have stories to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and if people have stories to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and if people have stories to tell
+about their game after after they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their game after after they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their game after after they're
+done I think munchkin has that cost me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I think munchkin has that cost me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I think munchkin has that cost me a
+hundred definitely has that they they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred definitely has that they they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred definitely has that they they do
+try to give you the tone through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to give you the tone through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to give you the tone through the
+writing both games munchkin and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing both games munchkin and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing both games munchkin and and
+costing at encounter these very trash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costing at encounter these very trash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costing at encounter these very trash
+games where there's a lot of that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games where there's a lot of that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games where there's a lot of that's a
+lot of like like verbal humor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of like like verbal humor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of like like verbal humor
+a in attacks but I feel cosmic a in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in attacks but I feel cosmic a in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in attacks but I feel cosmic a in in
+the dynamics of costume and cutting much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics of costume and cutting much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics of costume and cutting much
+like much I'd like to comment earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like much I'd like to comment earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like much I'd like to comment earlier
+that's also create a level of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also create a level of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also create a level of your
+budget story okay this person betrayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget story okay this person betrayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget story okay this person betrayed
+that person I guess I guess diplomacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person I guess I guess diplomacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person I guess I guess diplomacy
+does that too but you don't want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that too but you don't want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that too but you don't want to tell
+stories about the publicity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories about the publicity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories about the publicity because
+that's on so many bad deeds associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on so many bad deeds associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on so many bad deeds associated
+with that where's one after the Gothic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that where's one after the Gothic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that where's one after the Gothic
+in Kunduz kind of hilarious usually so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kunduz kind of hilarious usually so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kunduz kind of hilarious usually so
+yeah my scream SNT yeah so you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my scream SNT yeah so you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my scream SNT yeah so you can tell
+stories about that decide I'll remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories about that decide I'll remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories about that decide I'll remember
+to tie anyway you know I always go like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tie anyway you know I always go like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tie anyway you know I always go like
+this close to winning and then all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this close to winning and then all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this close to winning and then all of
+you stuff with me and then I use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stuff with me and then I use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stuff with me and then I use this
+power for myself so there's a role or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for myself so there's a role or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for myself so there's a role or a
+class or something like that beef where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or something like that beef where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or something like that beef where
+you can like roll the die actually even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can like roll the die actually even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can like roll the die actually even
+better to one we just make people all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to one we just make people all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to one we just make people all
+day later I had a friend you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day later I had a friend you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day later I had a friend you like
+literally every turn you and just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally every turn you and just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally every turn you and just like
+rolled like keep going down goes totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled like keep going down goes totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled like keep going down goes totally
+as little one just keep taking people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as little one just keep taking people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as little one just keep taking people
+shouldn't just like okay you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't just like okay you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't just like okay you really
+don't want to win all you're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to win all you're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to win all you're doing is
+trolling right right is it supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trolling right right is it supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trolling right right is it supposed to
+be a simulation of what a role-playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a simulation of what a role-playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a simulation of what a role-playing
+group actually does way to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group actually does way to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group actually does way to get it
+together not not how to play game thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together not not how to play game thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together not not how to play game thank
+you okay so I think we can start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so I think we can start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so I think we can start with
+the playing these games now I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the playing these games now I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the playing these games now I'm gonna
+guess about an hour again I would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess about an hour again I would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess about an hour again I would not
+suggest this with crisp like I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest this with crisp like I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest this with crisp like I like to
+see for play but yeah I definitely want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for play but yeah I definitely want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for play but yeah I definitely want
+up you take a look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you take a look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you take a look at it
+the rest of the games go right ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the games go right ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the games go right ahead and
+probably you know hopefully leave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you know hopefully leave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you know hopefully leave us
+with at least one in one hour and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at least one in one hour and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at least one in one hour and
+possibly one and a half hours for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly one and a half hours for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly one and a half hours for you to
+working in teams the fall second have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in teams the fall second have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in teams the fall second have a
+class Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes just one on my face sorry did I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes just one on my face sorry did I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes just one on my face sorry did I say
+one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing
+okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+yes monday monday is the thing when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes monday monday is the thing when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes monday monday is the thing when we
+go outside and get ready to play chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go outside and get ready to play chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go outside and get ready to play chess
+which means wear comfortable shoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means wear comfortable shoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means wear comfortable shoes
+and hopefully well all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully well all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully well all of a sudden
+playing a guitar so but because outdoors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a guitar so but because outdoors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a guitar so but because outdoors
+is too noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too noisy
+right guitar needs a lot of space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right guitar needs a lot of space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right guitar needs a lot of space is
+going to take these boxes too
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/V_7mmwpgJHU.txt b/V_7mmwpgJHU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e41caf413c0569f1baaccd2cc141c7a8c852ba4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/V_7mmwpgJHU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9234 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi you've seen that the job of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi you've seen that the job of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi you've seen that the job of a
+programmer is to design processes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer is to design processes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer is to design processes that
+accomplish particular goals such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish particular goals such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish particular goals such as
+finding the square roots of numbers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the square roots of numbers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the square roots of numbers or
+other sorts of things that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sorts of things that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sorts of things that you might
+want to do we haven't introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do we haven't introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do we haven't introduced
+anything else yet of course the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else yet of course the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else yet of course the way in
+which a programmer does this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a programmer does this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a programmer does this is by
+constructing spells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing spells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing spells
+which are constructed out of procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are constructed out of procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are constructed out of procedures
+and expressions and that these spells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expressions and that these spells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expressions and that these spells
+are somehow direct a process to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are somehow direct a process to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are somehow direct a process to
+accomplish the goal that was intended by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish the goal that was intended by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish the goal that was intended by
+the programmer in order for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the programmer in order for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the programmer in order for the
+programmer to do this effectively he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer to do this effectively he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer to do this effectively he has
+to understand the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the relationship between
+the particular things that he writes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular things that he writes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular things that he writes
+these particular spells and the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particular spells and the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particular spells and the behavior
+of the process that he's attempting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process that he's attempting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process that he's attempting to
+control so what we're going to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so what we're going to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so what we're going to do in
+this lecture is done to establish that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is done to establish that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is done to establish that
+connection in his clear away as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection in his clear away as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection in his clear away as possible
+what we will particularly do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we will particularly do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we will particularly do is
+understand how particular patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how particular patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how particular patterns of
+procedures and expressions cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures and expressions cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures and expressions cause
+particular patterns of execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular patterns of execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular patterns of execution
+particular behaviors from the processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's get down to that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get down to that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get down to that I'm going to
+start with a very simple program there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a very simple program there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a very simple program there's
+a program to compute the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program to compute the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program to compute the sum of the
+squares of two numbers I will define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of two numbers I will define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of two numbers I will define the
+sum of the squares of x and y to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the squares of x and y to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the squares of x and y to be the
+sum of the square of X I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the square of X I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the square of X I'm going to
+write it that way and the square of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where where the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the square of X is the product of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of X is the product of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of X is the product of X and
+X now supposing I were to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X now supposing I were to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X now supposing I were to say something
+to this like to the system after having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this like to the system after having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this like to the system after having
+defined these things of the form the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined these things of the form the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined these things of the form the sum
+of the squares of 3 & 4 I am hoping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the squares of 3 & 4 I am hoping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the squares of 3 & 4 I am hoping that
+I will get out a 25 because the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will get out a 25 because the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will get out a 25 because the square
+of 3 is 9 the square of 4 is 16 and 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3 is 9 the square of 4 is 16 and 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3 is 9 the square of 4 is 16 and 25
+is the sum of those now how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of those now how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of those now how does that
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+if we're gonna understand processes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're gonna understand processes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're gonna understand processes and
+how we control them then we have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we control them then we have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we control them then we have to have
+a mapping from the mechanisms of this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mapping from the mechanisms of this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mapping from the mechanisms of this of
+this procedure into into the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this procedure into into the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this procedure into into the way in
+which these processes behave we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these processes behave we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these processes behave we're gonna
+have is a formal or semi-formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a formal or semi-formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a formal or semi-formal
+mechanical model whereby you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical model whereby you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical model whereby you understand
+how a machine could in fact in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a machine could in fact in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a machine could in fact in principle
+do this whether or not the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this whether or not the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this whether or not the actual
+machine really does what I'm about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine really does what I'm about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine really does what I'm about to
+tell you is completely irrelevant at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you is completely irrelevant at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you is completely irrelevant at
+this moment in fact this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment in fact this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment in fact this is an
+engineering model in the same way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering model in the same way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering model in the same way that
+electrical resistor we write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical resistor we write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical resistor we write down a
+model V equals IR it's approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model V equals IR it's approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model V equals IR it's approximately
+true it's not really true if I put it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it's not really true if I put it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it's not really true if I put it up
+current through the resistor it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current through the resistor it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current through the resistor it goes
+boom so it's the part of the voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom so it's the part of the voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom so it's the part of the voltage is
+not always proportional to the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always proportional to the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always proportional to the current
+but for some purposes the model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for some purposes the model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for some purposes the model is
+appropriate in particular the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate in particular the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate in particular the model
+we're going to describe now which I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to describe now which I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to describe now which I call
+the substitution model it's the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution model it's the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution model it's the simplest
+model that we have for understanding how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we have for understanding how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we have for understanding how
+procedures work and how processes work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures work and how processes work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures work and how processes work
+okay how procedures yield processes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how procedures yield processes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how procedures yield processes and
+that substitution model will be accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that substitution model will be accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that substitution model will be accurate
+for most of the things we'll be dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of the things we'll be dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of the things we'll be dealing
+with in the next few days but eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in the next few days but eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in the next few days but eventually
+it will become impossible so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will become impossible so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will become impossible so you can
+sustain the illusion that that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain the illusion that that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain the illusion that that's the way
+the machine works and we'll go to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine works and we'll go to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine works and we'll go to other
+more more specific in particular models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more specific in particular models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more specific in particular models
+that will show more detail okay well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will show more detail okay well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will show more detail okay well the
+first thing of course is we say what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing of course is we say what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing of course is we say what are
+the things we have here we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we have here we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we have here we have some
+cryptic symbols and these cryptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptic symbols and these cryptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptic symbols and these cryptic
+symbols are made out of out of pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols are made out of out of pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols are made out of out of pieces
+there are kinds of expressions so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are kinds of expressions so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are kinds of expressions so let's
+write down here the kinds of expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down here the kinds of expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down here the kinds of expressions
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we have at so far I see things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have at so far I see things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have at so far I see things like
+numbers I see things like symbols like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I see things like symbols like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I see things like symbols like
+that we have seen things before like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have seen things before like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have seen things before like
+lambda expressions but they're not here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda expressions but they're not here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda expressions but they're not here
+I'm going to leave them out lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to leave them out lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to leave them out lambda
+expressions we'll worry about them later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things like definitions things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like definitions things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like definitions things like
+conditionals and finally things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals and finally things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals and finally things like
+combinations these kinds of expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations these kinds of expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations these kinds of expressions
+are worried about later these are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worried about later these are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worried about later these are these
+are special forms there are particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are special forms there are particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are special forms there are particular
+rules for each of these I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for each of these I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for each of these I'm going to
+tell you how our rules for doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how our rules for doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how our rules for doing the
+general case how does one evaluate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case how does one evaluate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case how does one evaluate a
+combination because in fact over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination because in fact over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination because in fact over here
+all I really have are combinations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I really have are combinations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I really have are combinations and
+some symbols and numbers and the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some symbols and numbers and the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some symbols and numbers and the simple
+things like a number well it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like a number well it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like a number well it will
+evaluate to itself in the model I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate to itself in the model I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate to itself in the model I will
+have for you the symbols will disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for you the symbols will disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for you the symbols will disappear
+they won't be there at the time when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't be there at the time when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't be there at the time when you
+need them when you need to get at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need them when you need to get at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need them when you need to get at them
+so the only thing I really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only thing I really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only thing I really have to
+explain to you is how do we evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you is how do we evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you is how do we evaluate
+combinations okay let's see so first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations okay let's see so first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations okay let's see so first I
+want to get first slide okay here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get first slide okay here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get first slide okay here is
+here is the rule for evaluating a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the rule for evaluating a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the rule for evaluating a an
+application okay what we have is I a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application okay what we have is I a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application okay what we have is I a
+rule that says to evaluate a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that says to evaluate a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that says to evaluate a combination
+there are two parts three parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two parts three parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two parts three parts of the
+rule the combination has three as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule the combination has three as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule the combination has three as
+several parts has operators and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several parts has operators and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several parts has operators and it has
+operands the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operands the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operands the operator
+B turns into a procedure if we evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B turns into a procedure if we evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B turns into a procedure if we evaluate
+the operator we will get a procedure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator we will get a procedure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator we will get a procedure and
+you saw off for example hal type plus at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw off for example hal type plus at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw off for example hal type plus at
+the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine
+kein compound procedure something or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kein compound procedure something or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kein compound procedure something or
+other okay and the operands produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay and the operands produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay and the operands produce
+arguments once we've gotten the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments once we've gotten the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments once we've gotten the operator
+evaluated to get a procedure and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated to get a procedure and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated to get a procedure and the
+arguments evaluated to get arguments the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments evaluated to get arguments the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments evaluated to get arguments the
+operands value to get arguments we apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operands value to get arguments we apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operands value to get arguments we apply
+the procedure to the arguments by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedure to the arguments by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedure to the arguments by
+copying the body of the procedure which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying the body of the procedure which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying the body of the procedure which
+the expression that the procedure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression that the procedure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression that the procedure is
+defined in terms of into what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in terms of into what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in terms of into what is it
+supposed to do substituting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do substituting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do substituting the
+arguments supplied for the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments supplied for the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments supplied for the formal
+parameters of the procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of the procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of the procedure
+okay the formal parameters being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the formal parameters being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the formal parameters being the
+names defined by the declaration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names defined by the declaration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names defined by the declaration of the
+procedure then we evaluate the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure then we evaluate the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure then we evaluate the resulting
+new body the body result by it resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new body the body result by it resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new body the body result by it resulting
+from copying the old body with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from copying the old body with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from copying the old body with these
+substitutions made it's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions made it's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions made it's a very simple
+rule and we're gonna do it very formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and we're gonna do it very formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and we're gonna do it very formally
+for a little while because for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little while because for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little while because for the next
+few few lectures what I want you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few few lectures what I want you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few few lectures what I want you to do
+is you say if I don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you say if I don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you say if I don't understand
+something I don't understand something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't understand something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't understand something
+be very mechanical and do this so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very mechanical and do this so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very mechanical and do this so let's
+see let's consider a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see let's consider a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see let's consider a particular
+evaluation and when we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation and when we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation and when we were talking
+about before the sum of the squares of 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before the sum of the squares of 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before the sum of the squares of 3
+& 4 okay what does that mean it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+& 4 okay what does that mean it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+& 4 okay what does that mean it says
+take well I can find out what sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take well I can find out what sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take well I can find out what sum of
+squares is it's some procedure and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares is it's some procedure and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares is it's some procedure and I'm
+not going to worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to worry about the
+representation and I'm not gonna write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and I'm not gonna write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and I'm not gonna write
+it on the blackboard for you and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the blackboard for you and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the blackboard for you and I've
+the 3 represents some number but I'm if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3 represents some number but I'm if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3 represents some number but I'm if
+I have to repeat repeat that number I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to repeat repeat that number I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to repeat repeat that number I
+can't tell you the number the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell you the number the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell you the number the number
+itself is some abstract thing there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is some abstract thing there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is some abstract thing there's a
+numeral which represents it which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeral which represents it which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeral which represents it which I'll
+call 3 and I'll use that in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call 3 and I'll use that in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call 3 and I'll use that in my
+substitution and 4 ok is it also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and 4 ok is it also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and 4 ok is it also a
+number I'm going to substitute 3 for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I'm going to substitute 3 for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I'm going to substitute 3 for X
+and 4 for Y in the body of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 4 for Y in the body of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 4 for Y in the body of this
+procedure that you see over here here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that you see over here here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that you see over here here's
+the body of the procedure it corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body of the procedure it corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body of the procedure it corresponds
+to this this combination which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this this combination which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this this combination which is an
+addition so what that reduces to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition so what that reduces to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition so what that reduces to as a
+reduction step we call it it's the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction step we call it it's the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction step we call it it's the sum
+of the square of 3 and the square of 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the square of 3 and the square of 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the square of 3 and the square of 4
+now what's the next step I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the next step I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the next step I have to do
+here I say well I have to evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I say well I have to evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I say well I have to evaluate this
+according to my rule which you just saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to my rule which you just saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to my rule which you just saw
+on that overhead or slide okay what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that overhead or slide okay what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that overhead or slide okay what we
+had was that we have to evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had was that we have to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had was that we have to evaluate the
+operands and here are the operands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operands and here are the operands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operands and here are the operands
+here's one and here's the next operand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one and here's the next operand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one and here's the next operand
+and we have to evaluate the procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to evaluate the procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to evaluate the procedure
+the order doesn't matter and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order doesn't matter and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order doesn't matter and then we're
+going to apply the procedure which is +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply the procedure which is +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply the procedure which is +
+and magically somehow that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and magically somehow that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and magically somehow that's going to
+produce the answer because I'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the answer because I'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the answer because I'm not gonna
+tell you I'm not gonna open up + and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you I'm not gonna open up + and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you I'm not gonna open up + and
+look inside of it however in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look inside of it however in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look inside of it however in order to
+evaluate the operand let's pick some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the operand let's pick some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the operand let's pick some
+arbitrary order and do them I'm gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary order and do them I'm gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary order and do them I'm gonna go
+from right to left well in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right to left well in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right to left well in order to
+evaluate this operand I have to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this operand I have to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this operand I have to evaluate
+the parts of it by the same rule and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts of it by the same rule and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts of it by the same rule and the
+parks are I have to find out what Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parks are I have to find out what Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parks are I have to find out what Square
+is it's some procedure which has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's some procedure which has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's some procedure which has a
+formal parameter X and also square that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal parameter X and also square that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal parameter X and also square that
+I have an operand which is 4 ok which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an operand which is 4 ok which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an operand which is 4 ok which I
+have to I have to substitute for X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to I have to substitute for X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to I have to substitute for X in
+the body of square so the next step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body of square so the next step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body of square so the next step is
+basically to say that this is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to say that this is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to say that this is the sum of
+the square of 3 and the product of 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of 3 and the product of 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of 3 and the product of 4 and
+4 of course I could open up asterisk if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 of course I could open up asterisk if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 of course I could open up asterisk if
+I liked know the multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I liked know the multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I liked know the multiplication
+operation but I'm not going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation but I'm not going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation but I'm not going to do that
+I'm going to consider that primitive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to consider that primitive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to consider that primitive so
+and of course at any level of detail if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course at any level of detail if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course at any level of detail if
+you look inside this machine you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look inside this machine you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look inside this machine you're
+gonna find that there's multiple levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna find that there's multiple levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna find that there's multiple levels
+below that that you don't know about ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that that you don't know about ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that that you don't know about ok
+but one of the things we have to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the things we have to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the things we have to learn
+how to do is ignore details under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do is ignore details under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do is ignore details under the
+key to understanding complicated things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to understanding complicated things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to understanding complicated things
+is to know what not to look at and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to know what not to look at and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to know what not to look at and what
+not to compute and what not to think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to compute and what not to think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to compute and what not to think so
+we're gonna stop this one here and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna stop this one here and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna stop this one here and say
+oh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes
+this is the product of two things ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the product of two things ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the product of two things ok
+we're going to do it now so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it now so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it now so this is
+nothing more than the sum of square of 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than the sum of square of 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than the sum of square of 3
+and 16 and now I have another another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 16 and now I have another another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 16 and now I have another another
+thing I have to evaluate but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I have to evaluate but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I have to evaluate but that's
+square of 3 well it's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of 3 well it's the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of 3 well it's the same thing
+that's the sum of the product of 3 + 3 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sum of the product of 3 + 3 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sum of the product of 3 + 3 +
+16 which is the sum of 9 + 16 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 which is the sum of 9 + 16 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 which is the sum of 9 + 16 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now you see the basic method of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you see the basic method of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you see the basic method of doing
+substitution and as I warned you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and as I warned you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and as I warned you that
+this is not a perfect description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a perfect description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a perfect description of
+what the computer does but it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the computer does but it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the computer does but it's a good
+enough description for the reasons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough description for the reasons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough description for the reasons for
+the for the problem that we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the problem that we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the problem that we're gonna
+have in the next few lectures that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the next few lectures that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the next few lectures that you
+should think about this religiously and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about this religiously and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about this religiously and
+this is how the machine works from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how the machine works from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how the machine works from what
+for now later it will get more detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now later it will get more detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now later it will get more detailed
+okay now of course I made a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now of course I made a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now of course I made a specific
+choice of the order of evaluation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of the order of evaluation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of the order of evaluation here
+there are other possibilities if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other possibilities if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other possibilities if we go
+back to this to the telestrator here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this to the telestrator here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this to the telestrator here and
+look at the substitution rule we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the substitution rule we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the substitution rule we see
+that I evaluated the operator to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I evaluated the operator to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I evaluated the operator to get the
+procedures and I evaluate the operands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures and I evaluate the operands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures and I evaluate the operands
+to get the arguments first before I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the arguments first before I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the arguments first before I do
+the application it's entirely possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application it's entirely possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application it's entirely possible
+and there alternate rules called normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there alternate rules called normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there alternate rules called normal
+order evaluation whereby you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order evaluation whereby you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order evaluation whereby you could do
+the substitution of the expressions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution of the expressions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution of the expressions with
+Cheerilee are the operator operands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheerilee are the operator operands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheerilee are the operator operands for
+the formal parameters inside the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal parameters inside the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal parameters inside the body
+first and you'll get also the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and you'll get also the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and you'll get also the same
+answer but right now for concreteness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but right now for concreteness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but right now for concreteness
+and because this is the way our machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because this is the way our machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because this is the way our machine
+really does it I'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does it I'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does it I'm going to give you
+this rule which has a particular order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rule which has a particular order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rule which has a particular order
+but that order is to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that order is to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that order is to some extent
+arbitrary to in the long run in the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary to in the long run in the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary to in the long run in the long
+run there are some reasons why you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run there are some reasons why you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run there are some reasons why you might
+pick one order or another and we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one order or another and we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one order or another and we'll get
+to that later in this subject okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that later in this subject okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that later in this subject okay well
+now we the only other thing I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we the only other thing I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we the only other thing I have to
+tell you about just to understand what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about just to understand what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about just to understand what's
+going on is let's look at the rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on is let's look at the rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on is let's look at the rule for
+conditionals conditionals are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals conditionals are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals conditionals are very
+simple and I'd like to examine this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and I'd like to examine this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and I'd like to examine this okay
+if conditional is something that has if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if conditional is something that has if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if conditional is something that has if
+there's also cond of course but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also cond of course but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also cond of course but I'm
+going to give names to the parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give names to the parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give names to the parts of the
+expression it's a predicate which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression it's a predicate which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression it's a predicate which is the
+thing that is either true or false and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is either true or false and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is either true or false and
+there's a consequent which is the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a consequent which is the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a consequent which is the thing
+you do if the predicate is true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do if the predicate is true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do if the predicate is true and
+there's an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is the thing you do if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the thing you do if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the thing you do if the
+predicate is false it's important by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate is false it's important by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate is false it's important by the
+way to get names for to get names for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get names for to get names for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get names for to get names for
+the parts of things are the parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts of things are the parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts of things are the parts of
+expressions one of the things that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions one of the things that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions one of the things that every
+sorcerer will tell you is if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorcerer will tell you is if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorcerer will tell you is if you have
+the name of the spirit you have power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the spirit you have power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the spirit you have power
+over it so you have to learn these names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it so you have to learn these names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it so you have to learn these names
+so that we can discuss these things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can discuss these things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can discuss these things so
+here we have a predicate a consequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a predicate a consequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a predicate a consequent
+and an alternative and using such words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an alternative and using such words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an alternative and using such words
+we see that an if expression the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that an if expression the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that an if expression the problem
+is you evaluate to the predicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you evaluate to the predicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you evaluate to the predicate
+expression if that yields true then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression if that yields true then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression if that yields true then you
+then go on to evaluate the consequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go on to evaluate the consequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go on to evaluate the consequent
+otherwise you evaluate the alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you evaluate the alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you evaluate the alternative
+expression so I'd like to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so I'd like to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so I'd like to illustrate
+that now in the context of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now in the context of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now in the context of a particular
+of a particular little program I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular little program I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular little program I'm going
+to write down a program which were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down a program which were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down a program which were going
+to see many times this is the sum of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see many times this is the sum of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see many times this is the sum of x
+and y done by what's called piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y done by what's called piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y done by what's called piano
+arithmetic which is all we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic which is all we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic which is all we're doing is
+incrementing and decrementing okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementing and decrementing okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementing and decrementing okay I'm
+going to see this for a little bit it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see this for a little bit it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see this for a little bit it's
+a very important program if x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important program if x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important program if x equals
+zero then the result is y otherwise this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then the result is y otherwise this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then the result is y otherwise this
+is the sum of the decrement of X and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of the decrement of X and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of the decrement of X and the
+increment of Y we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment of Y we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment of Y we're going to look at
+this a lot more in in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a lot more in in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a lot more in in the future
+let's look at the overhead so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the overhead so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the overhead so here we
+have this procedure and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this procedure and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this procedure and we're going to
+look at how we do the substitution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how we do the substitution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how we do the substitution is
+the sequence of substitutions well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of substitutions well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of substitutions well I'm
+going to try to add together three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to add together three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to add together three and
+four well be using the first rule that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four well be using the first rule that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four well be using the first rule that I
+showed you we substitute 3 for X and 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you we substitute 3 for X and 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you we substitute 3 for X and 4
+for Y in the body of this procedure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Y in the body of this procedure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Y in the body of this procedure the
+body of the procedure is the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of the procedure is the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of the procedure is the thing that
+begins with F and finishes over here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with F and finishes over here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with F and finishes over here so
+what we get is of course if 3 is 0 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get is of course if 3 is 0 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get is of course if 3 is 0 then
+the result is 4 otherwise it's the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is 4 otherwise it's the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is 4 otherwise it's the sum
+of the decrement of 3 and the increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the decrement of 3 and the increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the decrement of 3 and the increment
+of 4 but I'm not going to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4 but I'm not going to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4 but I'm not going to worry about
+these yet because 3 is not 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these yet because 3 is not 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these yet because 3 is not 0
+so the answer is not for therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer is not for therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer is not for therefore I
+this this this if reduces to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this if reduces to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this if reduces to an
+evaluation of the expression the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation of the expression the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation of the expression the sum of
+the decrement of 3 and the increment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decrement of 3 and the increment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decrement of 3 and the increment of
+four continuing with my evaluation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four continuing with my evaluation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four continuing with my evaluation the
+increment I presume to be primitive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment I presume to be primitive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment I presume to be primitive and
+so I get a 5 there okay and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get a 5 there okay and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get a 5 there okay and then the
+decrement is also primitive and I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement is also primitive and I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement is also primitive and I get a
+2 as well I changes the problem into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 as well I changes the problem into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 as well I changes the problem into a
+simpler problem instead of adding 3 to 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler problem instead of adding 3 to 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler problem instead of adding 3 to 4
+ok then adding 2 to 5 the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok then adding 2 to 5 the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok then adding 2 to 5 the reason why
+this a simpler problem is because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a simpler problem is because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a simpler problem is because I'm
+counting down on X and eventually then X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting down on X and eventually then X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting down on X and eventually then X
+will be 0 so so much for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 0 so so much for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 0 so so much for the
+substitution rule in general I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution rule in general I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution rule in general I'm not
+going to write down intermediate steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down intermediate steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down intermediate steps
+when using substitutions having to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when using substitutions having to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when using substitutions having to do
+with ifs because they just expand things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ifs because they just expand things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ifs because they just expand things
+kind of too complicated what we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of too complicated what we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of too complicated what we will be
+doing is saying oh yes the sum of 3 & 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is saying oh yes the sum of 3 & 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is saying oh yes the sum of 3 & 4
+results in the sum of 2 & 5 it reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the sum of 2 & 5 it reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the sum of 2 & 5 it reduces
+to the sum of 2 & 5 which in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum of 2 & 5 which in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum of 2 & 5 which in fact
+reduces to the sum of 1 & 6 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to the sum of 1 & 6 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to the sum of 1 & 6 which
+reduces to the sum of 0 & 7 over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to the sum of 0 & 7 over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to the sum of 0 & 7 over here
+which reduces to a 7 ok adds we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which reduces to a 7 ok adds we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which reduces to a 7 ok adds we're going
+to be seeing are there any questions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be seeing are there any questions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be seeing are there any questions for
+the first segment yet yes one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first segment yet yes one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first segment yet yes one of the
+things you're going to be seeing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're going to be seeing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're going to be seeing in this
+subject is I'm going to with without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is I'm going to with without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is I'm going to with without
+thinking about it introduce more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it introduce more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it introduce more and
+more primitive operations there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more primitive operations there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more primitive operations there's
+presumably some large library of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably some large library of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably some large library of
+primitive operations somewhere okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive operations somewhere okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive operations somewhere okay but
+it doesn't matter that they're primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter that they're primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter that they're primitive
+there may be some manual that lists them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be some manual that lists them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be some manual that lists them
+all if I tell you what they do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if I tell you what they do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if I tell you what they do you
+should say oh yes I know what they do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say oh yes I know what they do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say oh yes I know what they do so
+one of them is the decrement or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is the decrement or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is the decrement or minus
+one plus and the other operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus and the other operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus and the other operations
+increment which is 1 plus thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment which is 1 plus thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment which is 1 plus thank you
+that's the friend of the first segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the friend of the first segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the friend of the first segment
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+now that we have a reasonably mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have a reasonably mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have a reasonably mechanical
+way of understanding how a program made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of understanding how a program made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of understanding how a program made
+out of procedures and expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of procedures and expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of procedures and expressions
+evolves a process I'd like to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves a process I'd like to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves a process I'd like to develop
+some intuition about how particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intuition about how particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intuition about how particular
+programs evolve particular processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs evolve particular processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs evolve particular processes
+what the shapes of programs have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the shapes of programs have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the shapes of programs have to be
+in order to get particular shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get particular shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get particular shaped
+processes now this is a question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes now this is a question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes now this is a question about
+really pre visualizing as a word from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pre visualizing as a word from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pre visualizing as a word from
+photography I used to be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography I used to be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography I used to be interested in
+photography a lot and one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography a lot and one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography a lot and one of the things
+you discover when you start trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover when you start trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover when you start trying to
+learn about photography is that you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about photography is that you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about photography is that you say
+gee I'd like to be a creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee I'd like to be a creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee I'd like to be a creative
+photographer now I know the rules I push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer now I know the rules I push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer now I know the rules I push
+buttons and I adjust the aperture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons and I adjust the aperture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons and I adjust the aperture and
+things like that but the key to being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but the key to being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but the key to being a
+creative person partly is to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative person partly is to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative person partly is to be able to
+do analysis at some level to say how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do analysis at some level to say how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do analysis at some level to say how do
+I know what it is I'm going to get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what it is I'm going to get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what it is I'm going to get on
+the film before I push the button can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film before I push the button can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film before I push the button can I
+imagine in my mind the resulting image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine in my mind the resulting image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine in my mind the resulting image
+very precisely and clearly as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precisely and clearly as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precisely and clearly as a
+consequence of the particular framing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the particular framing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the particular framing of
+the aperture I choose of the focus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aperture I choose of the focus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aperture I choose of the focus and
+things like that that's part of the art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that that's part of the art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that that's part of the art
+of doing this sort of thing and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing this sort of thing and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing this sort of thing and a lot of
+that involves you learning a lot of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves you learning a lot of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves you learning a lot of that
+involves things like test strips you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves things like test strips you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves things like test strips you
+take very simple images that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take very simple images that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take very simple images that have
+varying degrees of density in them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying degrees of density in them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying degrees of density in them for
+example and examine what those look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and examine what those look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and examine what those look like
+on a piece of paper when you print them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a piece of paper when you print them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a piece of paper when you print them
+out and you find out what is the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and you find out what is the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and you find out what is the range
+of contrasts that you can actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contrasts that you can actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contrasts that you can actually see
+and what in a real scene would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what in a real scene would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what in a real scene would
+correspond to the various levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the various levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the various levels and
+zones that you have of density in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones that you have of density in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones that you have of density in an
+image well today I want to look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image well today I want to look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image well today I want to look at some
+very particular test strips and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very particular test strips and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very particular test strips and I
+suppose one of them I see here is up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose one of them I see here is up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose one of them I see here is up on
+the telestrator so we switch to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the telestrator so we switch to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the telestrator so we switch to that
+it's very important very important pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important very important pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important very important pair
+of programs for understanding what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of programs for understanding what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of programs for understanding what's
+going on in in the evolution of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in in the evolution of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in in the evolution of a
+process by the execution of a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by the execution of a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by the execution of a program
+what we have here are two procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have here are two procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have here are two procedures
+that are almost a dent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are almost a dent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are almost a dent
+you know almost no difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know almost no difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know almost no difference between
+them at all it's a few characters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at all it's a few characters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at all it's a few characters that
+distinguish them these are two ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish them these are two ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish them these are two ways of
+adding numbers together the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding numbers together the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding numbers together the first one
+which you see here okay the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you see here okay the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you see here okay the first one is
+the sum of two numbers just what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of two numbers just what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of two numbers just what we did
+before is if the first one is zero once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is if the first one is zero once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is if the first one is zero once
+the answer is the second one otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is the second one otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is the second one otherwise
+is the sum of the decrement of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of the decrement of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of the decrement of the first
+and the increment of the second and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the increment of the second and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the increment of the second and you
+may think of that as being having two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may think of that as being having two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may think of that as being having two
+piles having two piles and the way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piles having two piles and the way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piles having two piles and the way I'm
+adding these numbers together to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding these numbers together to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding these numbers together to make a
+third pile is by moving marbles from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third pile is by moving marbles from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third pile is by moving marbles from one
+to the other nothing more than that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other nothing more than that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other nothing more than that and
+eventually when I run out of one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually when I run out of one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually when I run out of one then
+the other is the sum however the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is the sum however the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is the sum however the second
+procedure here doesn't do it that way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure here doesn't do it that way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure here doesn't do it that way it
+says if the first number is zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if the first number is zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if the first number is zero then
+the answer is a second otherwise it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is a second otherwise it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is a second otherwise it's
+the increment of the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increment of the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increment of the sum of the
+decrement of the first number and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement of the first number and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement of the first number and the
+second so what this says is add together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so what this says is add together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so what this says is add together
+add together the decrement of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add together the decrement of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add together the decrement of the first
+number in the second a simpler problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the second a simpler problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the second a simpler problem
+no doubt and then change that result to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doubt and then change that result to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doubt and then change that result to
+increment it and so this means that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment it and so this means that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment it and so this means that if
+you think about this in terms of piles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about this in terms of piles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about this in terms of piles
+it means that I'm holding in my hand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that I'm holding in my hand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that I'm holding in my hand the
+things to be added later okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to be added later okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to be added later okay and then
+I'm going to add them in as I've slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to add them in as I've slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to add them in as I've slowly
+decreased one pile to zero I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased one pile to zero I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased one pile to zero I've got
+what's left here and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's left here and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's left here and then I'm going to
+add them back to different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them back to different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them back to different ways of
+adding the nice thing about these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the nice thing about these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the nice thing about these two
+programs is that they're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs is that they're almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs is that they're almost
+identical the only thing is where I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical the only thing is where I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical the only thing is where I put
+the increment a couple of characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increment a couple of characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increment a couple of characters
+moved around now I want to understand I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved around now I want to understand I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved around now I want to understand I
+want understand the kind of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want understand the kind of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want understand the kind of behavior
+we're going to get from each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get from each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get from each of these
+programs just to get them firmly in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs just to get them firmly in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs just to get them firmly in your
+mind and usually don't want to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and usually don't want to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and usually don't want to be this
+this careful but just to get them firmly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this careful but just to get them firmly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this careful but just to get them firmly
+in your mind I'm gonna write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind I'm gonna write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind I'm gonna write the
+programs get on the blackboard and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs get on the blackboard and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs get on the blackboard and I'm
+going to evolve a process and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to evolve a process and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to evolve a process and you're
+gonna see what happens I'm gonna look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see what happens I'm gonna look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see what happens I'm gonna look at
+the shape of the process as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the process as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the process as a
+consequence of the program so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the program so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the program so the
+program we started with is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the son of X&Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the son of X&Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the son of X&Y
+says if X is zero then the result is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if X is zero then the result is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if X is zero then the result is y
+otherwise is the sum of the decrement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise is the sum of the decrement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise is the sum of the decrement of
+X and the increment of Y now supposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the increment of Y now supposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the increment of Y now supposing
+we wish to do this addition of 3 & 4 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wish to do this addition of 3 & 4 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wish to do this addition of 3 & 4 the
+sum of 3 & 4 what is that it says that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of 3 & 4 what is that it says that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of 3 & 4 what is that it says that I
+have to substitute the arguments for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to substitute the arguments for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to substitute the arguments for the
+formal parameters in the body I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal parameters in the body I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal parameters in the body I'm doing
+that in my mind and I say oh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in my mind and I say oh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in my mind and I say oh yes
+three is substituted for X but three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is substituted for X but three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is substituted for X but three is
+not zero so I'm going to go directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero so I'm going to go directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero so I'm going to go directly to
+this part and write down the right down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part and write down the right down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part and write down the right down
+the simplified consequent here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplified consequent here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplified consequent here because
+I'm really interesting the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really interesting the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really interesting the behavior of
+addition well what is that got therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition well what is that got therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition well what is that got therefore
+it turns into the sum of two and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns into the sum of two and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns into the sum of two and five
+those I've reduced this problem to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those I've reduced this problem to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those I've reduced this problem to this
+problem then I reduce this problem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem then I reduce this problem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem then I reduce this problem to
+the sum of 1 & 6 and then going around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of 1 & 6 and then going around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of 1 & 6 and then going around
+again once I add the sum of 0 & 7 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again once I add the sum of 0 & 7 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again once I add the sum of 0 & 7 and
+that's one where x equals zero so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one where x equals zero so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one where x equals zero so the
+result is y and so I write down here a 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is y and so I write down here a 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is y and so I write down here a 7
+so this is the behavior of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the behavior of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the behavior of the process
+evolved by trying to add together 3 & 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved by trying to add together 3 & 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved by trying to add together 3 & 4
+with this program for the other program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this program for the other program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this program for the other program
+which is over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to define the sum of x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to define the sum of x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to define the sum of x and y
+and what is it if x is 0 then the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is it if x is 0 then the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is it if x is 0 then the result
+is y almost the same otherwise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y almost the same otherwise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y almost the same otherwise the
+increment of the sum of the decrement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment of the sum of the decrement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment of the sum of the decrement of
+X and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no I don't have my balancer in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't have my balancer in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't have my balancer in front of
+me okay well let's do it now the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay well let's do it now the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay well let's do it now the sum of
+three and four well this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four well this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four well this is actually a
+little more interesting of course three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more interesting of course three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more interesting of course three
+is not zero as before so the result that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not zero as before so the result that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not zero as before so the result that
+results in the increment of the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the increment of the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the increment of the sum of
+the decrement of X which is two and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decrement of X which is two and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decrement of X which is two and four
+which is this saw the increment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this saw the increment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this saw the increment of the
+sum of one and whoops the increment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of one and whoops the increment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of one and whoops the increment of
+the increment what I have to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increment what I have to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increment what I have to do now is
+is compute what this means I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compute what this means I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compute what this means I have to
+evaluate this or what that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this or what that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this or what that is the
+results obtained two and four for X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results obtained two and four for X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results obtained two and four for X and
+one here oh but that is the increment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here oh but that is the increment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here oh but that is the increment of
+the sum of one and four which is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of one and four which is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of one and four which is well
+now I have to expand this okay ah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to expand this okay ah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to expand this okay ah but
+that's the increment of the increment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the increment of the increment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the increment of the increment of
+the increment of the sum of zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increment of the sum of zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increment of the sum of zero and
+four okay ah but now I'm beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay ah but now I'm beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay ah but now I'm beginning to
+find things I can do the increment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find things I can do the increment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find things I can do the increment of
+the increment of the increment of well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increment of the increment of well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increment of the increment of well
+the sum of zero and four is four the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of zero and four is four the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of zero and four is four the
+increment of four is five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment of four is five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment of four is five
+this is the increment of the increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the increment of the increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the increment of the increment
+of five which is the increment of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five which is the increment of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five which is the increment of six
+which is seven two different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is seven two different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is seven two different ways of
+computing sums now let's see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing sums now let's see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing sums now let's see these
+processes have very different shapes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes have very different shapes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes have very different shapes I
+want you to feel these shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to feel these shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to feel these shapes
+it's the feeling for these shapes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the feeling for these shapes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the feeling for these shapes that
+matters what some things we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters what some things we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters what some things we can see
+about this well somehow this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this well somehow this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this well somehow this is sort of
+straight it goes this way straight this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight it goes this way straight this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight it goes this way straight this
+right edge doesn't drive are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right edge doesn't drive are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right edge doesn't drive are you
+particularly in size whereas this one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in size whereas this one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in size whereas this one I
+see that this thing gets bigger and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this thing gets bigger and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this thing gets bigger and then
+it gets smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets smaller
+so I don't know what that means yet well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know what that means yet well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know what that means yet well
+what are we seeing we're seeing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we seeing we're seeing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we seeing we're seeing here
+that somehow these increments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow these increments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow these increments are
+expanding out and then contracting back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding out and then contracting back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding out and then contracting back
+I'm building up a bunch of them to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm building up a bunch of them to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm building up a bunch of them to do
+later I can't do them now there's things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I can't do them now there's things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I can't do them now there's things
+to be deferred well let's see I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be deferred well let's see I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be deferred well let's see I can
+imagine an abstract machine there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine an abstract machine there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine an abstract machine there's some
+physical machine perhaps they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical machine perhaps they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical machine perhaps they can be
+built to do it which in fact execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built to do it which in fact execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built to do it which in fact execute
+these programs exactly as I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs exactly as I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs exactly as I tell you
+substituting character strings in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting character strings in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting character strings in like
+this such a machine the number of such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this such a machine the number of such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this such a machine the number of such
+steps is an approximation to the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps is an approximation to the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps is an approximation to the amount
+of time it takes so this way is time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time it takes so this way is time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time it takes so this way is time and
+the and the width of the thing is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the width of the thing is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the width of the thing is how
+much I have to remember in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I have to remember in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I have to remember in order to
+continue the process this much is space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the process this much is space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the process this much is space
+and what we see here is a process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we see here is a process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we see here is a process that
+takes a time which is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a time which is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a time which is proportional to
+the argument X because if I made X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument X because if I made X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument X because if I made X
+larger by 1 then I have an extra line so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger by 1 then I have an extra line so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger by 1 then I have an extra line so
+this is a process which is space sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a process which is space sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a process which is space sorry
+time the time of this process is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the time of this process is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the time of this process is what we
+say order of X that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say order of X that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say order of X that means is
+proportional to X by some constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to X by some constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to X by some constant of
+proportionality and I'm not particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality and I'm not particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality and I'm not particularly
+interested in what that constant is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what that constant is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what that constant is the
+other thing we see here is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing we see here is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing we see here is that the
+amount of space this takes up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of space this takes up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of space this takes up is
+constant it's proportional to 1 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's proportional to 1 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's proportional to 1 so the
+space complexity of this is order of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space complexity of this is order of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space complexity of this is order of 1
+we have a name for such a process such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a name for such a process such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a name for such a process such a
+process is called an iteration and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is called an iteration and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is called an iteration and what
+matters here is not is not that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters here is not is not that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters here is not is not that some
+particular machine I designed here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular machine I designed here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular machine I designed here and
+talked to you about and called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to you about and called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to you about and called the
+substitution machine or where our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution machine or where our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution machine or where our
+substitution model managed to do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution model managed to do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution model managed to do this in
+in constant space what really matters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant space what really matters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant space what really matters is
+this tells us about any machine could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells us about any machine could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells us about any machine could do
+this in constant space this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in constant space this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in constant space this algorithm
+represented by this procedure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by this procedure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by this procedure is
+executable in constant space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executable in constant space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executable in constant space
+now of course I'm ignoring the model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course I'm ignoring the model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course I'm ignoring the model is
+ignoring some things standard sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring some things standard sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring some things standard sorts of
+things like numbers that are bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like numbers that are bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like numbers that are bigger
+taking up more space and so on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking up more space and so on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking up more space and so on but
+that's a level of abstraction at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a level of abstraction at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a level of abstraction at which
+I'm cutting off how you represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm cutting off how you represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm cutting off how you represent
+numbers and consider every number to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and consider every number to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and consider every number to be
+the same size yeah and numbers grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size yeah and numbers grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size yeah and numbers grow
+slowly and even have space they take up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly and even have space they take up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly and even have space they take up
+and their size now this algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their size now this algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their size now this algorithm is
+different in its complexity as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in its complexity as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in its complexity as we can
+see here this algorithm has a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here this algorithm has a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here this algorithm has a time
+complexity which is also proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity which is also proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity which is also proportional to
+the input argument X that's because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input argument X that's because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input argument X that's because if I
+were to add 1 to 3 if I'd made a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to add 1 to 3 if I'd made a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to add 1 to 3 if I'd made a larger
+problem which is larger by 1 here now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is larger by 1 here now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is larger by 1 here now to
+add a line at the top and I'd add a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a line at the top and I'd add a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a line at the top and I'd add a line
+at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom
+I'm the fact that it's a constant amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the fact that it's a constant amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the fact that it's a constant amount
+more like this is twice as many lines as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like this is twice as many lines as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like this is twice as many lines as
+that it's not interesting at the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not interesting at the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not interesting at the level
+of detail I'm talking about right now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detail I'm talking about right now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detail I'm talking about right now so
+this is a time complexity order order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a time complexity order order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a time complexity order order of
+the input argument X and space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input argument X and space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input argument X and space
+complexity well this is more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity well this is more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity well this is more interesting
+I happen to have some I happen to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I happen to have some I happen to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I happen to have some I happen to have
+some overhead which you see over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some overhead which you see over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some overhead which you see over here
+which is constant approximately constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is constant approximately constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is constant approximately constant
+overhead but then I have something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead but then I have something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead but then I have something which
+increases and decreases and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and decreases and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and decreases and it's
+proportional to the input argument X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the input argument X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the input argument X the
+input argument X is 3 that's why there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input argument X is 3 that's why there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input argument X is 3 that's why there
+are 3 Dec for deferred increments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 3 Dec for deferred increments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 3 Dec for deferred increments
+sitting around here say so the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting around here say so the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting around here say so the space
+complexity here is also order X ok and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity here is also order X ok and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity here is also order X ok and
+this kind of process name for the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of process name for the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of process name for the kind
+of process this is our recursion a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear recursion I will call it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear recursion I will call it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear recursion I will call it because
+of the fact that it's proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that it's proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that it's proportional to
+the input argument in both time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input argument in both time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input argument in both time and
+space this could have been a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space this could have been a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space this could have been a little
+linear iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what's the essence of this matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the essence of this matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the essence of this matter
+okay this matter isn't so obvious maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this matter isn't so obvious maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this matter isn't so obvious maybe
+there are other models by which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other models by which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other models by which we can
+describe the differences between an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the differences between an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the differences between an
+iterative and recursive process because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative and recursive process because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative and recursive process because
+this is hard now remember we have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is hard now remember we have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is hard now remember we have those
+of both recursive definitions what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both recursive definitions what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both recursive definitions what we're
+seeing there are both recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing there are both recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing there are both recursive
+definitions definitions that refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions definitions that refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions definitions that refer to
+the thing being defined in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing being defined in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing being defined in the
+definition but they lead to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition but they lead to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition but they lead to different
+shape processes and there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape processes and there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape processes and there's nothing
+special about a about the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about a about the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about a about the fact that the
+definition is recursive that leads to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is recursive that leads to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is recursive that leads to a
+recursive process okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive process okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive process okay
+well let's think of another model I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's think of another model I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's think of another model I'm
+going to talk to you about bureaucracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk to you about bureaucracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk to you about bureaucracy
+bureaucracy is sort of interesting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucracy is sort of interesting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucracy is sort of interesting here
+we see on the on the slide an iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see on the on the slide an iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see on the on the slide an iteration
+iterations sort of a fun kind of process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations sort of a fun kind of process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations sort of a fun kind of process
+I imagine that there is a fellow called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I imagine that there is a fellow called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I imagine that there is a fellow called
+GG @ GJ s stands for me and he's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GG @ GJ s stands for me and he's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GG @ GJ s stands for me and he's got a
+problem he wants add together three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem he wants add together three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem he wants add together three and
+four that's this fella here wants add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four that's this fella here wants add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four that's this fella here wants add
+together three and four well the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together three and four well the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together three and four well the way
+he's going to do it he's lazy he's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to do it he's lazy he's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to do it he's lazy he's gonna
+find somebody else to help him do it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find somebody else to help him do it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find somebody else to help him do it the
+way you find someone else did he find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you find someone else did he find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you find someone else did he find
+someone else to help him do it and says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else to help him do it and says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else to help him do it and says
+well give me the answer two three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well give me the answer two three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well give me the answer two three and
+four and return the result to me he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and return the result to me he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and return the result to me he
+makes a little piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a little piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a little piece of paper
+it says here here's a piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says here here's a piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says here here's a piece of paper
+you'd solve this problem and give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd solve this problem and give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd solve this problem and give the
+result back to me okay now this guy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result back to me okay now this guy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result back to me okay now this guy of
+course is lazy too he doesn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is lazy too he doesn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is lazy too he doesn't want to
+see this piece of paper again he says oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this piece of paper again he says oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this piece of paper again he says oh
+yes produce a new problem which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes produce a new problem which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes produce a new problem which is the
+sum of two and five and Reaser turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two and five and Reaser turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two and five and Reaser turn the
+result back to gjs i don't want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result back to gjs i don't want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result back to gjs i don't want to see
+it again this guy does not want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again this guy does not want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again this guy does not want to see
+this piece of paper and then this fellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of paper and then this fellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of paper and then this fellow
+gives the gives the makes a new problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the gives the makes a new problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the gives the makes a new problem
+which is the addition of a sum of 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the addition of a sum of 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the addition of a sum of 1 and
+6 and he says well give this fella says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 and he says well give this fella says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 and he says well give this fella says
+produce it produce that answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce it produce that answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce it produce that answer and
+return it to UJS and then that produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return it to UJS and then that produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return it to UJS and then that produces
+a problem which is to gather together 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem which is to gather together 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem which is to gather together 0
+and 7 and put the reed give the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 7 and put the reed give the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 7 and put the reed give the result
+of gjs this fella finally just says oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gjs this fella finally just says oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gjs this fella finally just says oh
+yeah the answer is 7 and sends it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the answer is 7 and sends it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the answer is 7 and sends it back
+to JJ yes that's what an iteration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to JJ yes that's what an iteration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to JJ yes that's what an iteration is
+bike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bike
+trust a recursion is a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust a recursion is a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust a recursion is a slightly
+different kind of process this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of process this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of process this one
+involves more bureaucracy it keeps more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves more bureaucracy it keeps more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves more bureaucracy it keeps more
+people busy it keeps more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people busy it keeps more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people busy it keeps more people
+employed perhaps it's better for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed perhaps it's better for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed perhaps it's better for that
+reason but here it is I want the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason but here it is I want the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason but here it is I want the answer
+to the problem three and four so I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problem three and four so I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problem three and four so I give
+it make up a piece of favorite says give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it make up a piece of favorite says give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it make up a piece of favorite says give
+the result back to me give it to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result back to me give it to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result back to me give it to this
+fella this fella says oh yes I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fella this fella says oh yes I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fella this fella says oh yes I will
+remember that I have to add later and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that I have to add later and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that I have to add later and I
+want to get the answer to the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the answer to the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the answer to the problem
+two plus four give it to give it to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus four give it to give it to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus four give it to give it to her
+give that one to Harry and have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that one to Harry and have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that one to Harry and have the
+result sent back to me I'm Joe when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result sent back to me I'm Joe when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result sent back to me I'm Joe when the
+answer comes back from Harry which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer comes back from Harry which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer comes back from Harry which is a
+six I will then do the increment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six I will then do the increment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six I will then do the increment and
+give that seven back to GGAs so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that seven back to GGAs so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that seven back to GGAs so there
+are more pieces of paper outstanding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more pieces of paper outstanding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more pieces of paper outstanding in
+the recursive process than the iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+there's another way to think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way to think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way to think about what
+an iteration is and the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iteration is and the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iteration is and the difference
+between eurasian recursion you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between eurasian recursion you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between eurasian recursion you see
+question is how much stuff is under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how much stuff is under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how much stuff is under the
+table something if i were to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table something if i were to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table something if i were to stop
+supposing I were to kill this computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing I were to kill this computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing I were to kill this computer
+right now okay and at this point I lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now okay and at this point I lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now okay and at this point I lose
+its lose the state of affairs okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its lose the state of affairs okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its lose the state of affairs okay well
+I could continue the computation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could continue the computation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could continue the computation from
+this point because everything I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point because everything I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point because everything I need to
+continue the computation is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the computation is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the computation is in the
+variables that were defined in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that were defined in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that were defined in the
+procedure that the the programmer wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that the the programmer wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that the the programmer wrote
+for me an iteration is a system that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me an iteration is a system that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me an iteration is a system that has
+all of its state in explicit variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whereas the recursion is not quite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the recursion is not quite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the recursion is not quite the
+same if I were to lose this pile of junk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same if I were to lose this pile of junk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same if I were to lose this pile of junk
+over here and all I was left with was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and all I was left with was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and all I was left with was a
+sum of 1 and 4 that's not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of 1 and 4 that's not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of 1 and 4 that's not enough
+information to continue the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to continue the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to continue the process of
+computing out the 7 from the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing out the 7 from the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing out the 7 from the original
+problem of adding together 3 & 4 besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of adding together 3 & 4 besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of adding together 3 & 4 besides
+the in the the information that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the the information that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the the information that's in the
+variables of the the formal parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables of the the formal parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables of the the formal parameters
+of the program there is also information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the program there is also information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the program there is also information
+under the table belonging to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the table belonging to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the table belonging to the
+computer which is what things have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer which is what things have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer which is what things have been
+deferred for later and of course there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deferred for later and of course there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deferred for later and of course there's
+a physical analogy to this which is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physical analogy to this which is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physical analogy to this which is in
+in differential equations for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in differential equations for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in differential equations for example
+when we talk about something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about something like
+drawing a circle you try to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a circle you try to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a circle you try to draw a
+circle you make that out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle you make that out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle you make that out of a
+differential equation which says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation which says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation which says the
+change in in my state as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in in my state as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in in my state as a function of
+my of my current state so if my current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my of my current state so if my current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my of my current state so if my current
+state corresponds to particular values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state corresponds to particular values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state corresponds to particular values
+of Y and X then I can compute from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y and X then I can compute from them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y and X then I can compute from them
+a derivative which says how the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative which says how the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative which says how the state
+must change and in fact this you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must change and in fact this you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must change and in fact this you can see
+that this change was a circle because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this change was a circle because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this change was a circle because if
+the if I happen to be say at this place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if I happen to be say at this place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if I happen to be say at this place
+over here at that at 1 0 for example on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here at that at 1 0 for example on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here at that at 1 0 for example on
+this graph then it means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph then it means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph then it means that the
+derivative of the derivative of Y is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the derivative of Y is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the derivative of Y is X
+which we see over here that's 1 so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we see over here that's 1 so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we see over here that's 1 so I'm
+going up and the derivative of FX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and the derivative of FX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and the derivative of FX is
+minus y which means I'm going backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y which means I'm going backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y which means I'm going backwards
+ok I'm actually doing nothing at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok I'm actually doing nothing at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok I'm actually doing nothing at this
+point that I start going backwards like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that I start going backwards like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that I start going backwards like
+that as X and create as Y increases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as X and create as Y increases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as X and create as Y increases so
+this is how that's how you make a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how that's how you make a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how that's how you make a circle
+and the interesting thing to see is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interesting thing to see is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interesting thing to see is a
+little a little program that will draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a little program that will draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a little program that will draw a
+circle by this method actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle by this method actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle by this method actually this
+won't draw a circle because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't draw a circle because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't draw a circle because it's a
+forward Euler integrator and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Euler integrator and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Euler integrator and will
+eventually spiral out and all that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually spiral out and all that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually spiral out and all that but
+it will be draw a circle for awhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be draw a circle for awhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be draw a circle for awhile
+before it starts spiraling yeah however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it starts spiraling yeah however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it starts spiraling yeah however
+what we see here is two state variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see here is two state variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see here is two state variables
+x and y and there's an iteration that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y and there's an iteration that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y and there's an iteration that
+says in order to circle given an x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in order to circle given an x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in order to circle given an x and y
+what I want is to circle with the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want is to circle with the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want is to circle with the next
+values of x and y being the old value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of x and y being the old value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of x and y being the old value of
+x decremented by Y times DT where DT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x decremented by Y times DT where DT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x decremented by Y times DT where DT is
+the time step and and the old value of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time step and and the old value of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time step and and the old value of y
+being incremented by x times DT giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being incremented by x times DT giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being incremented by x times DT giving
+me the new values of x and y so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the new values of x and y so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the new values of x and y so now you
+have a feeling for at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a feeling for at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a feeling for at least two
+different kinds of processes that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of processes that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of processes that can be
+evolved by almost the same program and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved by almost the same program and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved by almost the same program and a
+little bit of perturbation analysis like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of perturbation analysis like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of perturbation analysis like
+this how you change the program a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how you change the program a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how you change the program a little
+bit and see how the process changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and see how the process changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and see how the process changes
+that's how we get some intuition pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we get some intuition pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we get some intuition pretty
+soon we're going to use that intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon we're going to use that intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon we're going to use that intuition
+to build big hairy complicated systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build big hairy complicated systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build big hairy complicated systems
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well you've just seen simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you've just seen simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you've just seen simple
+perturbation analysis of some programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation analysis of some programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation analysis of some programs
+I took a program that was very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took a program that was very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took a program that was very similar
+to another program and looked at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another program and looked at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another program and looked at them
+both and so how they evolved processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and so how they evolved processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and so how they evolved processes
+why don't you give you some variety by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you give you some variety by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you give you some variety by
+showing you some other processes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you some other processes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you some other processes and
+shapes they may they may have again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes they may they may have again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes they may they may have again
+we're gonna take very simple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna take very simple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna take very simple things
+programs that you wouldn't want to ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that you wouldn't want to ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that you wouldn't want to ever
+write there would be the probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write there would be the probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write there would be the probably the
+worst way of computing some of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst way of computing some of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst way of computing some of things
+we're going to compute but I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to compute but I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to compute but I'm just
+going to show you these things for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you these things for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you these things for the
+purpose of feeling out what a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of feeling out what a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of feeling out what a program
+how a program represents itself as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a program represents itself as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a program represents itself as the
+rule for the the evolution of a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for the the evolution of a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for the the evolution of a process
+so let's consider a fun thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider a fun thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider a fun thing the
+Fibonacci numbers you probably know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers you probably know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers you probably know
+about the Fibonacci numbers somebody I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Fibonacci numbers somebody I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Fibonacci numbers somebody I
+can't remember who I was interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember who I was interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember who I was interested in
+the in the growth of piles of rabbits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the growth of piles of rabbits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the growth of piles of rabbits
+and for some reason or other the piles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for some reason or other the piles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for some reason or other the piles
+of rabbits tend to grow exponentially as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rabbits tend to grow exponentially as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rabbits tend to grow exponentially as
+we know and we have a nice model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know and we have a nice model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know and we have a nice model for
+this process is that we start with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is that we start with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is that we start with two
+numbers 0 and 1 and then every number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers 0 and 1 and then every number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers 0 and 1 and then every number
+after this is the sum of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this is the sum of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this is the sum of the two
+previous so we have here on 1 then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous so we have here on 1 then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous so we have here on 1 then the
+sum of these two is 2 the sum of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of these two is 2 the sum of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of these two is 2 the sum of those
+two is 3 the sum of those two is 5 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is 3 the sum of those two is 5 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is 3 the sum of those two is 5 the
+sum of those two is 8 the sum of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of those two is 8 the sum of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of those two is 8 the sum of those
+two is 13 this is 21 34 55 etc if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is 13 this is 21 34 55 etc if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is 13 this is 21 34 55 etc if we
+start numbering these numbers say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start numbering these numbers say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start numbering these numbers say
+there's the zeroth one and the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the zeroth one and the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the zeroth one and the first one
+in the second one the third one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second one the third one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second one the third one the
+fourth one etc this is the 10th one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth one etc this is the 10th one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth one etc this is the 10th one
+tenth the Bonacci number these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenth the Bonacci number these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenth the Bonacci number these numbers
+grow very fast just like rabbits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow very fast just like rabbits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow very fast just like rabbits
+why rabbits grow this way I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why rabbits grow this way I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why rabbits grow this way I'm not going
+to hazard a guess now I'm going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hazard a guess now I'm going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hazard a guess now I'm going to try
+to write for you the very simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write for you the very simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write for you the very simplest
+program that computes the Bonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that computes the Bonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that computes the Bonacci
+numbers it's what I want is a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it's what I want is a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it's what I want is a program
+that given an N will produce for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that given an N will produce for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that given an N will produce for me
+Fibonacci of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'll write it right here I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll write it right here I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll write it right here I want the
+Fibonacci of n which means the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of n which means the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of n which means the this is
+the N and it's been watching them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N and it's been watching them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N and it's been watching them and
+here's the good story yes and is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the good story yes and is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the good story yes and is less
+than 2 then the result is in because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2 then the result is in because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2 then the result is in because
+that's what these are that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what these are that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what these are that's how you
+started up otherwise the result is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started up otherwise the result is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started up otherwise the result is the
+sum of fib n minus 1 and the Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of fib n minus 1 and the Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of fib n minus 1 and the Fibonacci
+number n minus 2 so this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number n minus 2 so this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number n minus 2 so this is a very
+simple direct specification of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple direct specification of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple direct specification of the
+description of Fibonacci numbers that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of Fibonacci numbers that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of Fibonacci numbers that I
+gave you when I introduced those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you when I introduced those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you when I introduced those numbers
+it represents the recurrence relation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represents the recurrence relation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represents the recurrence relation in
+the simplest possible way now how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest possible way now how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest possible way now how do we
+use such a thing let's draw this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use such a thing let's draw this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use such a thing let's draw this process
+let's figure out what this does let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's figure out what this does let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's figure out what this does let's
+consider something very simple by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider something very simple by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider something very simple by
+computing Fibonacci of 4 compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing Fibonacci of 4 compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing Fibonacci of 4 compute
+Fibonacci of 4 what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of 4 what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of 4 what do I do
+well it says I have it's not less than 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it says I have it's not less than 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it says I have it's not less than 2
+therefore it's the sum of two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's the sum of two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's the sum of two things
+well in order to compute that I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in order to compute that I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in order to compute that I have to
+compute then we've been out G of 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute then we've been out G of 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute then we've been out G of 3 and
+Fibonacci of 2 in order to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of 2 in order to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of 2 in order to compute
+Fibonacci of 3 I have to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of 3 I have to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of 3 I have to compute
+Fibonacci of 2 and Fibonacci of 1 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of 2 and Fibonacci of 1 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of 2 and Fibonacci of 1 in
+order to compute Fibonacci of 2 I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to compute Fibonacci of 2 I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to compute Fibonacci of 2 I have
+to compute Fibonacci of 1 and Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute Fibonacci of 1 and Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute Fibonacci of 1 and Fibonacci
+of 0 and order to compute the about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 and order to compute the about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 and order to compute the about
+you've won well the answer is 1 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've won well the answer is 1 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've won well the answer is 1 that's
+from the from the base case of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the base case of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the base case of this
+recursion and wrote a compute Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion and wrote a compute Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion and wrote a compute Fibonacci
+of 0 well that answer is 0 from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 well that answer is 0 from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 well that answer is 0 from the same
+base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+okay and here's a run active in Aceh too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's a run active in Aceh too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's a run active in Aceh too
+is really the some Fibonacci of 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the some Fibonacci of 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the some Fibonacci of 1 and
+phase of 0 and we're gonna compute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of 0 and we're gonna compute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of 0 and we're gonna compute that
+I get a 1 and here I've got a 0 I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a 1 and here I've got a 0 I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a 1 and here I've got a 0 I've
+built the tree now we can observe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built the tree now we can observe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built the tree now we can observe some
+things about this tree we can see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this tree we can see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this tree we can see why
+this is an extremely bad way to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an extremely bad way to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an extremely bad way to compute
+Fibonacci numbers because in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers because in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers because in order to
+compute Fibonacci of 4 I have to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute Fibonacci of 4 I have to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute Fibonacci of 4 I have to compute
+Fibonacci of 2 sub tree twice in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of 2 sub tree twice in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of 2 sub tree twice in fact in
+order to add one more closing I wanna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to add one more closing I wanna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to add one more closing I wanna do
+for the nachi of 5 well I really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the nachi of 5 well I really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the nachi of 5 well I really have to
+do that it's compute Fibonacci of 4 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that it's compute Fibonacci of 4 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that it's compute Fibonacci of 4 plus
+does not G of 3 but Fibonacci of 3 sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not G of 3 but Fibonacci of 3 sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not G of 3 but Fibonacci of 3 sub
+tree has already been built this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree has already been built this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree has already been built this is a
+crisp prescription for a process that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisp prescription for a process that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisp prescription for a process that's
+exponential in time the m1 I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in time the m1 I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in time the m1 I have to
+multiply by something because I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by something because I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by something because I take a
+proportion of the existing thing and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of the existing thing and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of the existing thing and add
+it to itself to add one more step so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to itself to add one more step so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to itself to add one more step so
+this is a thing whose time complexity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a thing whose time complexity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a thing whose time complexity is
+order of actually turns out to be 7 achi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of actually turns out to be 7 achi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of actually turns out to be 7 achi
+of n there's a thing that grows exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n there's a thing that grows exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n there's a thing that grows exactly
+it's the Bonacci numbers it's a horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Bonacci numbers it's a horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Bonacci numbers it's a horrible
+thing you wouldn't want to do it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you wouldn't want to do it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you wouldn't want to do it the
+reason why the time has to grow that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why the time has to grow that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why the time has to grow that way
+is because we're presuming in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because we're presuming in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because we're presuming in the model
+the substitution model that I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution model that I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution model that I gave you
+which I'm not doing formally here I says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm not doing formally here I says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm not doing formally here I says
+now spit it out in a simple way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now spit it out in a simple way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now spit it out in a simple way but
+presuming that everything is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presuming that everything is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presuming that everything is done
+sequentially that every one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially that every one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially that every one of these
+nodes in this tree has to be examined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in this tree has to be examined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in this tree has to be examined
+and so since the number of nodes in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so since the number of nodes in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so since the number of nodes in this
+tree grows exponentially because I add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree grows exponentially because I add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree grows exponentially because I add a
+proportion of the existing nodes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of the existing nodes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of the existing nodes to the
+nodes I already have two and one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes I already have two and one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes I already have two and one then
+I've already then I know I've got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already then I know I've got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already then I know I've got an
+exponential explosion here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential explosion here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential explosion here
+now let's see if we can think of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see if we can think of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see if we can think of how
+much space mistakes up oh it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much space mistakes up oh it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much space mistakes up oh it's not so
+bad it depends upon how much we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad it depends upon how much we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad it depends upon how much we have to
+remember in order to continue this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in order to continue this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in order to continue this thing
+running that's not so hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running that's not so hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running that's not so hard
+it says G in order to know where I am in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says G in order to know where I am in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says G in order to know where I am in
+this tree ask to have a path back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree ask to have a path back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree ask to have a path back to the
+root in other words in order to let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root in other words in order to let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root in other words in order to let's
+consider the path I would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the path I would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the path I would have to
+execute this I say oh yes I'm gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute this I say oh yes I'm gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute this I say oh yes I'm gonna go
+down here I don't care which direction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here I don't care which direction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here I don't care which direction I
+go extras that do this after you then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go extras that do this after you then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go extras that do this after you then do
+this I have to traverse this tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have to traverse this tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have to traverse this tree and
+this sort of funny way okay I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of funny way okay I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of funny way okay I'm gonna
+walk this nice little path and come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk this nice little path and come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk this nice little path and come back
+to here well I gotta remember where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here well I gotta remember where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here well I gotta remember where I'm
+going to be next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be next
+got to keep that in mind so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to keep that in mind so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to keep that in mind so I have to
+know what I've done not to know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I've done not to know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I've done not to know what's
+left in order to compute Fibonacci so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in order to compute Fibonacci so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in order to compute Fibonacci so
+doctors in Austria for at some point I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors in Austria for at some point I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors in Austria for at some point I'm
+gonna have to be down here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to be down here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to be down here and I
+remember I have to remember that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I have to remember that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I have to remember that I'll
+have to go back to here and then go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go back to here and then go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go back to here and then go back
+to here to do an addition and they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here to do an addition and they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here to do an addition and they go
+back to here to do an addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to here to do an addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to here to do an addition to
+something I haven't touched yet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I haven't touched yet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I haven't touched yet the
+amount of space that takes up is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of space that takes up is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of space that takes up is the
+path the longest path you know how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path the longest path you know how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path the longest path you know how long
+it is and that grows as n so the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and that grows as n so the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and that grows as n so the space
+because that's the length of the deepest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the length of the deepest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the length of the deepest
+of the line to through the tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the line to through the tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the line to through the tree and
+space is order of the pretty bad process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now one thing I want you to see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one thing I want you to see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one thing I want you to see from
+this is a feeling of what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a feeling of what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a feeling of what's going on
+here why are there how is this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why are there how is this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why are there how is this program
+related to this process what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this process what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this process what are we
+seeing here there really are only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing here there really are only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing here there really are only two
+sorts of things this program does its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things this program does its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things this program does its
+program consists of two rules if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program consists of two rules if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program consists of two rules if you
+will one rule that says Fibonacci of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will one rule that says Fibonacci of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will one rule that says Fibonacci of n
+is this from would you see over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this from would you see over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this from would you see over here
+which is a node that shapes like this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a node that shapes like this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a node that shapes like this it
+says but I break up something into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says but I break up something into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says but I break up something into two
+parts under one condition under some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts under one condition under some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts under one condition under some
+condition over here if n is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition over here if n is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition over here if n is greater than
+2 okay then the node breaks up into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay then the node breaks up into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay then the node breaks up into two
+parts less than 2 no greater than 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts less than 2 no greater than 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts less than 2 no greater than 2
+yes the other possibility is I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the other possibility is I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the other possibility is I have a
+reduction that looks like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction that looks like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction that looks like this and
+that's this case if it's less than 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this case if it's less than 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this case if it's less than 2 the
+answer is n itself so what we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is n itself so what we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is n itself so what we've seen
+here is that the process that got built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the process that got built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the process that got built
+locally in every place existence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally in every place existence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally in every place existence of this
+rule here's one instance of the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule here's one instance of the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule here's one instance of the rule
+here's another instance of the rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another instance of the rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another instance of the rule and
+reason why people think of programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why people think of programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why people think of programming
+is being hard of course that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being hard of course that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being hard of course that's because
+you're writing down a general rule which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing down a general rule which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing down a general rule which
+is going to be used for lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be used for lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be used for lots of
+instances that a particular instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances that a particular instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances that a particular instance
+each particular to control control each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each particular to control control each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each particular to control control each
+particular instance for you you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instance for you you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instance for you you've got
+to write down something that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down something that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down something that says
+general and in terms of variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and in terms of variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and in terms of variables and
+you have to think of all the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think of all the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think of all the things that
+could possibly fit in those variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly fit in those variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly fit in those variables
+and all those have to lead to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those have to lead to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those have to lead to the
+process you want to live it to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you want to live it to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you want to live it to work
+locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally
+you have to break up your process into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to break up your process into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to break up your process into
+things that can be represented in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can be represented in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can be represented in terms
+of these very specific local rules well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these very specific local rules well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these very specific local rules well
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+Fibonacci's are of course not not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci's are of course not not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci's are of course not not much
+fun yes they are you get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun yes they are you get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun yes they are you get something
+called the golden ratio and we may even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the golden ratio and we may even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the golden ratio and we may even
+see a lot of that sometime let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of that sometime let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of that sometime let's talk
+about another thing there's a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another thing there's a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another thing there's a famous
+game called the towers of Hanoi because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game called the towers of Hanoi because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game called the towers of Hanoi because
+I want teach you how to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want teach you how to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want teach you how to think about
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+the problem is is this one right I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is is this one right I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is is this one right I have
+a bunch of disks I have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of disks I have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of disks I have a bunch of
+spikes and it's rumored that somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes and it's rumored that somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes and it's rumored that somewhere
+in the Orient there is a 64 high tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Orient there is a 64 high tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Orient there is a 64 high tower
+and the job of various monks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the job of various monks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the job of various monks or
+something is to move these spikes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is to move these spikes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is to move these spikes and
+some complicated patterns so eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some complicated patterns so eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some complicated patterns so eventually
+to event these discs so eventually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to event these discs so eventually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to event these discs so eventually I
+move all of these all of the disks from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move all of these all of the disks from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move all of these all of the disks from
+one spike to the other if a sixty-four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one spike to the other if a sixty-four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one spike to the other if a sixty-four
+high and it's going to take 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and it's going to take 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and it's going to take 2 to the
+64th moves then from a long time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64th moves then from a long time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64th moves then from a long time the
+claim is the universe ends when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is the universe ends when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is the universe ends when when
+this is done well let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is done well let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is done well let's see
+the way in which you can struct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which you can struct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which you can struct a
+recursive process just by wishful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive process just by wishful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive process just by wishful
+thinking you have to believe so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you have to believe so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you have to believe so the idea
+is one thing I want to move this pile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one thing I want to move this pile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one thing I want to move this pile
+from here to here from spike 1 - spike -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here from spike 1 - spike -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here from spike 1 - spike -
+well that's not so hard see supposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not so hard see supposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not so hard see supposing
+somehow by some magic because I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow by some magic because I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow by some magic because I got a
+simpler problem I move a three-high pile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler problem I move a three-high pile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler problem I move a three-high pile
+to here I can only move one this goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here I can only move one this goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here I can only move one this goes on
+till I tell you how I did but supposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till I tell you how I did but supposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till I tell you how I did but supposing
+I could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could do that
+ok well then I could just pick up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok well then I could just pick up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok well then I could just pick up this
+disk and move it here and now I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk and move it here and now I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk and move it here and now I have a
+simple problem I have to move a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple problem I have to move a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple problem I have to move a
+three-high tower to here there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-high tower to here there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-high tower to here there's no
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+so by two moves of the three of the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by two moves of the three of the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by two moves of the three of the high
+tower plus one move of a single object I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower plus one move of a single object I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower plus one move of a single object I
+can move the tower from you're here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move the tower from you're here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move the tower from you're here now
+whether or not this is it's not obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not this is it's not obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not this is it's not obvious
+you may be deep where if this works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be deep where if this works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be deep where if this works and
+why now why is it the case that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why now why is it the case that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why now why is it the case that I can
+presume maybe that I can move the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presume maybe that I can move the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presume maybe that I can move the three
+Hightower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hightower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hightower
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+well the answer is because I'm always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the answer is because I'm always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the answer is because I'm always
+counting down and eventually I get down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting down and eventually I get down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting down and eventually I get down
+to a zero hightower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a zero hightower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a zero hightower
+and a zero hot tower requires no move so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a zero hot tower requires no move so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a zero hot tower requires no move so
+let's write the algorithm for that hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write the algorithm for that hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write the algorithm for that hmm
+very easy I'm going to label these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy I'm going to label these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy I'm going to label these
+towers with numbers but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towers with numbers but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towers with numbers but it doesn't
+matter what they're labeled with and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what they're labeled with and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what they're labeled with and the
+problem is to move an N high tower from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is to move an N high tower from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is to move an N high tower from
+a spike called from - a cycle - with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spike called from - a cycle - with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spike called from - a cycle - with a
+particular spike called spare that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using the using the algorithm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the using the algorithm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the using the algorithm I
+informally described you move of a ni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally described you move of a ni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally described you move of a ni
+tower from from the to with a spare well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower from from the to with a spare well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower from from the to with a spare well
+I've got two cases and this is a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got two cases and this is a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got two cases and this is a case
+analysis just like it is in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis just like it is in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis just like it is in all the
+other things we've done yes and is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things we've done yes and is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things we've done yes and is zero
+then I'm gonna put out some answers done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm gonna put out some answers done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm gonna put out some answers done
+I don't know what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what that means
+because we'll never use that answer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'll never use that answer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'll never use that answer for
+anything they do these moves else I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything they do these moves else I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything they do these moves else I'm
+going to do a move move a tower of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a move move a tower of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a move move a tower of
+height less than n the decrement of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height less than n the decrement of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height less than n the decrement of n
+right now I'm going to move it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm going to move it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm going to move it to the
+spare tower the whole idea now is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spare tower the whole idea now is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spare tower the whole idea now is to
+move this from here to here to the spare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this from here to here to the spare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this from here to here to the spare
+tower so from front to spare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using two as a spare Talent later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using two as a spare Talent later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using two as a spare Talent later
+somewhere later I'm going to move that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere later I'm going to move that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere later I'm going to move that
+same and Hightower after I've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and Hightower after I've done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and Hightower after I've done this
+I'm going to move that same n minus-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to move that same n minus-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to move that same n minus-1
+Hightower from the fare tower to the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hightower from the fare tower to the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hightower from the fare tower to the two
+towers using the from tower as by fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the spare tower to the two tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the spare tower to the two tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the spare tower to the two tower
+using the from as a spare all I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the from as a spare all I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the from as a spare all I have to
+do now is when I've gotten it into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is when I've gotten it into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is when I've gotten it into this
+condition between these two moves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition between these two moves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition between these two moves are
+the whole tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole tower
+I've got it into that condition now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got it into that condition now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got it into that condition now I
+just have to move one one one disk okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to move one one one disk okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to move one one one disk okay
+toddlers hitting some things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toddlers hitting some things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toddlers hitting some things we're
+printing a move and I don't care how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing a move and I don't care how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing a move and I don't care how it
+works from the - now you see the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works from the - now you see the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works from the - now you see the reason
+why I'm bringing this up at this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm bringing this up at this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm bringing this up at this moment
+is this is an almost identical program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is an almost identical program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is an almost identical program
+to this one in some sense okay it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this one in some sense okay it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this one in some sense okay it's not
+computing the same mathematical quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the same mathematical quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the same mathematical quantity
+it's not exactly the same tree but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not exactly the same tree but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not exactly the same tree but it's
+going to produce a tree the general way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce a tree the general way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce a tree the general way
+of making these moves is going to lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making these moves is going to lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making these moves is going to lead
+to a lead to an exponential tree well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lead to an exponential tree well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lead to an exponential tree well
+let's do this for high now I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do this for high now I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do this for high now I have my
+little crib sheet here otherwise I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little crib sheet here otherwise I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little crib sheet here otherwise I get
+confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+well well I'm going to put in is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well I'm going to put in is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well I'm going to put in is the
+question of move a tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+on high score from 1 to spy to using 5/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on high score from 1 to spy to using 5/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on high score from 1 to spy to using 5/3
+and the spare that's all I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the spare that's all I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the spare that's all I'm really
+going to do and what let's just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do and what let's just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do and what let's just do it
+I'm not gonna worry about writing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna worry about writing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna worry about writing out
+the trace of this you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace of this you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace of this you can do that
+yourself but it's very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but it's very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but it's very simple
+I'm going to move this one to this 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to move this one to this 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to move this one to this 3 and
+how did I get to move this one to this 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did I get to move this one to this 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did I get to move this one to this 3
+how do I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I know that
+well I suppose I have to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I suppose I have to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I suppose I have to look at the
+trace a little bit okay what am I doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace a little bit okay what am I doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace a little bit okay what am I doing
+here well this is not any not 0 so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well this is not any not 0 so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well this is not any not 0 so I'm
+going to look down here this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look down here this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look down here this is going to
+require doing 2 moves only going look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require doing 2 moves only going look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require doing 2 moves only going look at
+the first one it's gonna require moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one it's gonna require moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one it's gonna require moving
+a will have moved tower makes it harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a will have moved tower makes it harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a will have moved tower makes it harder
+for me move okay I'm going to move a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me move okay I'm going to move a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me move okay I'm going to move a
+three-high tower from the front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-high tower from the front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-high tower from the front of the
+front place which is 4 to the spare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front place which is 4 to the spare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front place which is 4 to the spare
+which is to using 3 as my no using using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I'm sorry ok from - from 1 2 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'm sorry ok from - from 1 2 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'm sorry ok from - from 1 2 1 2 3
+using 2 as my spare that's right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using 2 as my spare that's right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using 2 as my spare that's right okay
+and then there's another move over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's another move over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's another move over here
+afterwards ok but now I say oh yes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards ok but now I say oh yes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards ok but now I say oh yes that
+requires me moving a too high tower from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires me moving a too high tower from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires me moving a too high tower from
+1 to 2 using 3 is a fair and some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to 2 using 3 is a fair and some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to 2 using 3 is a fair and some other
+things and that's going to require me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and that's going to require me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and that's going to require me
+moving a 1 high tower from 1 to 3 using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving a 1 high tower from 1 to 3 using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving a 1 high tower from 1 to 3 using
+2 is a spare right well and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is a spare right well and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is a spare right well and then there's
+lots of other things to be done so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other things to be done so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other things to be done so I
+move my one high tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move my one high tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move my one high tower
+okay from 1 to 3 using 2 is a spare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from 1 to 3 using 2 is a spare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from 1 to 3 using 2 is a spare
+which I intend to anything with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I intend to anything with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I intend to anything with so
+obviously this precedes very simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this precedes very simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this precedes very simply
+I'm moving this from one to two and I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm moving this from one to two and I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm moving this from one to two and I do
+move this this from three to two okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this this from three to two okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this this from three to two okay I
+don't really want to do it so I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really want to do it so I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really want to do it so I move
+from one to three then I move two to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to three then I move two to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to three then I move two to one
+right so I move two to three then 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I move two to three then 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I move two to three then 1 2 3
+1 2 2 ok 3 2 2 3 2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 2 ok 3 2 2 3 2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 2 ok 3 2 2 3 2 1
+Oh got what's out beforehand of course 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh got what's out beforehand of course 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh got what's out beforehand of course 2
+2 1 3 2 2 1 2 3 ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 3 2 2 1 2 3 ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 3 2 2 1 2 3 ok
+Oh 1 2 3 excuse me thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh 1 2 3 excuse me thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh 1 2 3 excuse me thank you
+1 2 - okay and then 3 2 - Wow now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 - okay and then 3 2 - Wow now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 - okay and then 3 2 - Wow now what
+I'd like you to think about okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to think about okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to think about okay you
+just saw a recursive algorithm for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw a recursive algorithm for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw a recursive algorithm for doing
+this takes exponential times for now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this takes exponential times for now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this takes exponential times for now I
+don't know if there's any other than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if there's any other than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if there's any other than it
+doesn't take exponential time it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take exponential time it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take exponential time it has to
+I find doing what operation and I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find doing what operation and I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find doing what operation and I call
+me one thing at a time there's no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one thing at a time there's no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one thing at a time there's no other
+than it's not going take exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it's not going take exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it's not going take exponential
+time but can you write an iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but can you write an iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but can you write an iterative
+algorithm rather than a recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm rather than a recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm rather than a recursive
+algorithm for doing this one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for doing this one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for doing this one of the
+little sort of things I'd like to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sort of things I'd like to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sort of things I'd like to think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+can you write one can you write one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you write one can you write one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you write one can you write one that
+in fact is does it doesn't break this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact is does it doesn't break this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact is does it doesn't break this
+problem to two sub problems when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to two sub problems when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to two sub problems when I
+described but rather precedes a step at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described but rather precedes a step at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described but rather precedes a step at
+a time using a more local rule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time using a more local rule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time using a more local rule that
+might be fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be fun
+thank you so much for the third segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are there questions way to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there questions way to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there questions way to reduce the
+tree recursion problem how do you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree recursion problem how do you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree recursion problem how do you say
+immediate work you have from computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate work you have from computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate work you have from computing
+the Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fibonacci
+oh well that's exactly one of the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well that's exactly one of the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well that's exactly one of the ways
+to do it is what you just said you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it is what you just said you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it is what you just said you said
+I save the intermediate work okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I save the intermediate work okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I save the intermediate work okay well
+let me tell you this again we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you this again we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you this again we'll see
+later but suppose it's the case anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but suppose it's the case anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but suppose it's the case anytime
+I compute anything any one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I compute anything any one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I compute anything any one of these
+Fibonacci numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers
+I remember it in the table it takes only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember it in the table it takes only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember it in the table it takes only
+linear time to look up the answer then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time to look up the answer then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time to look up the answer then
+if I ever see it again instead of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ever see it again instead of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ever see it again instead of doing
+the expanse in the tree I look it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expanse in the tree I look it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expanse in the tree I look it up
+I've just transformed my problem into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just transformed my problem into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just transformed my problem into a
+problem it's much simpler now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's much simpler now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's much simpler now of course
+there are other ways to do this as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other ways to do this as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other ways to do this as well
+that was called memoization you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was called memoization you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was called memoization you'll see
+it sometime later in this term but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sometime later in this term but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sometime later in this term but I
+suppose there's a very simple linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's a very simple linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's a very simple linear
+time and fact iterative model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and fact iterative model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and fact iterative model for
+computing Fibonacci and that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing Fibonacci and that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing Fibonacci and that's another
+thing you should sit down and work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you should sit down and work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you should sit down and work out
+and you should that's important it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should that's important it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should that's important it's
+important to see how to do this I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to see how to do this I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to see how to do this I want
+you to practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to practice
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VdRC2raV8fA.txt b/VdRC2raV8fA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48b17eddf879e66fafbd1ce6cc6ebe9c547986f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VdRC2raV8fA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,424 @@
+When trying to minimize a sum-of-products
+expression using the reduction identity, our
+
+goal is to find two product terms that can
+be written as one smaller product term, eliminating
+
+the "don't-care" variable.
+
+This is easy to do when two the product terms
+come from adjacent rows in the truth table.
+
+For example, look at the bottom two rows in
+this truth table.
+
+Since the Y output is 1 in both cases, both
+rows will be represented in the sum-of-products
+
+expression for this function.
+
+It's easy to spot the don't care variable:
+when C and B are both 1, the value of A isn't
+
+needed to determine the value of Y.
+
+Thus, the last two rows of the truth table
+can be represented by the single product term
+
+(B AND C).
+
+Finding these opportunities would be easier
+if we reorganized the truth table so that
+
+the appropriate product terms were on adjacent
+rows.
+
+That's what we've done in the Karnaugh map,
+K-map for short, shown on the right.
+
+The K-map organizes the truth table as a two-dimensional
+table with its rows and columns labeled with
+
+the possible values for the inputs.
+
+In this K-map, the first row contains entries
+for when C is 0 and the second row contains
+
+entries for when C is 1.
+
+Similarly, the first column contains entries
+for when A is 0 and B is 0.
+
+And so on.
+
+The entries in the K-map are exactly the same
+as the entries in the truth table, they're
+
+just formatted differently.
+
+Note that the columns have been listed in
+a special sequence that's different from the
+
+usual binary counting sequence.
+
+In this sequence, called a Gray Code, adjacent
+labels differ in exactly one of their bits.
+
+In other words, for any two adjacent columns,
+either the value of the A label changed, or
+
+the value of the B label changed.
+
+In this sense, the leftmost and rightmost
+columns are also adjacent.
+
+We write the table as a two-dimensional matrix,
+but you should think of it as cylinder with
+
+its left and right edges touching.
+
+If it helps you visualize which entries are
+adjacent, the edges of the cube shows which
+
+3-bit input values differ by only one bit.
+
+As shown by the red arrows, if two entries
+are adjacent in the cube, they are also adjacent
+
+in the table.
+
+It's easy to extend the K-map notation to
+truth tables for functions with 4 inputs,
+
+as shown here.
+
+We've used a Gray code sequencing for the
+rows as well as the columns.
+
+As before, the leftmost and rightmost columns
+are adjacent, as are the top and bottom rows.
+
+Again, as we move to an adjacent column or
+an adjacent row, only one of the four input
+
+labels will have changed.
+
+To build a K-map for functions of 6 variables
+we'd need a 4x4x4 matrix of values.
+
+That's hard to draw on the 2D page and it
+would be a challenge to tell which cells in
+
+the 3D matrix were adjacent.
+
+For more than 6 variables we'd need additional
+dimensions.
+
+Something we can handle with computers, but
+hard for those of us who live in only a three-dimensional
+
+space!
+
+As a practical matter, K-maps work well for
+up to 4 variables, and we'll stick with that.
+
+But keep in mind that you can generalize the
+K-map technique to higher dimensions.
+
+So why talk about K-maps?
+
+Because patterns of adjacent K-map entries
+that contain 1's will reveal opportunities
+
+for using simpler product terms in our sum-of-products
+expression.
+
+Let's introduce the notion of an implicant,
+a fancy name for a rectangular region of the
+
+K-map where the entries are all 1's.
+
+Remember when an entry is a 1, we'll want
+the sum-of-products expression to evaluate
+
+to TRUE for that particular combination of
+input values.
+
+We require the width and length of the implicant
+to be a power of 2, i.e., the region should
+
+have 1, 2, or 4 rows, and 1, 2, or 4 columns.
+
+It's okay for implicants to overlap.
+
+We say that an implicant is a prime implicant
+if it is not completely contained in any other
+
+implicant.
+
+Each product term in our final minimized sum-of-products
+expression will be related to some prime implicant
+
+in the K-map.
+
+Let's see how these rules work in practice
+using these two example K-maps.
+
+As we identify prime implicants, we'll circle
+them in red.
+
+Starting with the K-map on the left, the first
+implicant contains the singleton 1-cell that's
+
+not adjacent to any other cell containing
+1's.
+
+The second prime implicant is the pair of
+adjacent 1's in the upper right hand corner
+
+of the K-map.
+
+This implicant is has one row and two columns,
+meeting our constraints on an implicant's
+
+dimensions.
+
+Finding the prime implicants in the right-hand
+K-map is a bit trickier.
+
+Recalling that the left and right columns
+are adjacent, we can spot a 2x2 prime implicant.
+
+Note that this prime implicant contains many
+smaller 1x2, 2x1 and 1x1 implicants, but none
+
+of those would be prime implicants since they
+are completely contained in the 2x2 implicant.
+
+It's tempting draw a 1x1 implicant around
+the remaining 1, but actually we want to find
+
+the largest implicant that contains this particular
+cell.
+
+In this case, that's the 1x2 prime implicant
+shown here.
+
+Why do we want to find the largest possible
+prime implicants?
+
+We'll answer that question in a minute…
+
+Each implicant can be uniquely identified
+by a product term, a Boolean expression that
+
+evaluates to TRUE for every cell contained
+within the implicant and FALSE for all other
+
+cells.
+
+Just as we did for the truth table rows at
+the beginning of this chapter, we can use
+
+the row and column labels to help us build
+the correct product term.
+
+The first implicant we circled corresponds
+to the product term (not A) AND (not B)
+
+AND C, an expression that evaluates to TRUE
+when A is 0, B is 0, and C is 1.
+
+How about the 1x2 implicant in the upper-right
+hand corner?
+
+We don't want to include the input variables
+that change as we move around in the implicant.
+
+In this case the two input values that remain
+constant are C (which has the value 0) and
+
+A (which has the value 1), so the corresponding
+product term is A AND (not C).
+
+Here are the two product terms for the two
+prime implicants in the right-hand K-map.
+
+Notice that the larger the prime implicant,
+the smaller the product term!
+
+That makes sense: as we move around inside
+a large implicant, the number of inputs that
+
+remain constant across the entire implicant
+is smaller.
+
+Now we see why we want to find the largest
+possible prime implicants: they give us the
+
+smallest product terms!
+
+Let's try another example.
+
+Remember that we're looking for the largest
+possible prime implicants.
+
+A good way to proceed is to find some un-circled
+1, and then identify the largest implicant
+
+we can find that incorporates that cell.
+
+There's a 2x4 implicant that covers the middle
+two rows of the table.
+
+Looking at the 1's in the top row, we can
+identify two 2x2 implicants that include those
+
+cells.
+
+There's a 4x1 implicant that covers the right
+column, leaving the lonely 1 in the lower
+
+left-hand corner of the table.
+
+Looking for adjacent 1's and remembering the
+table is cyclic, we can find a 2x2 implicant
+
+that incorporates this last un-circled 1.
+
+Notice that we're always looking for the largest
+possible implicant, subject to constraint
+
+that each dimension has to be either 1, 2
+or 4.
+
+It's these largest implicants that will turn
+out to be prime implicants.
+
+Now that we've identified the prime implicants,
+we're ready to build the minimal sum-of-products
+
+expression.
+
+Here are two example K-maps where we've shown
+only the prime implicants needed to cover
+
+all the 1's in the map.
+
+This means, for example, that in the 4-variable
+map, we didn't include the 4x1 implicant covering
+
+the right column.
+
+That implicant was a prime implicant since
+it wasn't completely contained by any other
+
+implicant, but it wasn't needed to provide
+a cover for all the ones in the table.
+
+Looking at the top table, we'll assemble the
+minimal sum-of-products expression by including
+
+the product terms for each of the shown implicants.
+
+The top implicant has the product term A AND
+(not C), and the bottom implicant has the
+
+product term (B AND C).
+
+And we're done!
+
+Why is the resulting equation minimal?
+
+If there was some further reduction that could
+be applied, to produce a yet smaller product
+
+term, that would mean there was a larger prime
+implicant that could have been circled in
+
+the K-map.
+
+Looking the bottom table, we can assemble
+the sum-of-products expression term-by-term.
+
+There were 4 prime implicants, so there are
+4 product terms in the expression.
+
+And we're done.
+
+Finding prime implicants in a K-map is faster
+and less error-prone that fooling around with
+
+Boolean algebra identities.
+
+Note that the minimal sum-of-products expression
+isn't necessarily unique.
+
+If we had used a different mix of the prime
+implicants when building our cover, we would
+
+have come up with different sum-of-products
+expression.
+
+Of course, the two expressions are equivalent
+in the sense that they produce the same value
+
+of Y for any particular combination of input
+values - they were built from the same truth
+
+table after all.
+
+And the two expressions will have the same
+number of operations.
+
+So when you need to come with up a minimal
+sum-of-products expression for functions of
+
+up to 4 variables, K-maps are the way to go!
+
+We can also use K-maps to help us remove glitches
+from output signals.
+
+Earlier in the chapter we saw this circuit
+and observed that when A was 1 and B was 1,
+
+then a 1-to-0 transition on C might produce
+a glitch on the Y output as the bottom product
+
+term turned off and the top product term turned
+on.
+
+That particular situation is shown by the
+yellow arrow on the K-map, where we're transitioning
+
+from the cell on the bottom row of the 1-1
+column to the cell on the top row.
+
+It's easy to see that we're leaving one implicant
+and moving to another.
+
+It's the gap between the two implicants that
+leads to the potential glitch on Y.
+
+It turns out there's a prime implicant that
+covers the cells involved in this transition
+
+- shown here with a dotted red outline.
+
+We didn't include it when building the original
+sum-of-products implementation since the other
+
+two product terms provided the necessary functionality.
+
+But if we do include that implicant as a third
+product term in the sum-of products, no glitch
+
+can occur on the Y output.
+
+To make an implementation lenient, simply
+include all the prime implicants in the sum-of-products
+
+expression.
+
+That will bridge the gaps between product
+terms that lead to potential output glitches.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Wd5s5uLk7xs.txt b/Wd5s5uLk7xs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea18098c63460648d89d0e687d51ad53f0d24a39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Wd5s5uLk7xs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to age 20 special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20 special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20 special
+relativity so we're going to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity so we're going to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity so we're going to continue
+the discussion and make the case against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion and make the case against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion and make the case against
+ether for discussing stellar operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether for discussing stellar operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether for discussing stellar operation
+so the problem we have in mind here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem we have in mind here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem we have in mind here is
+the ones where we use a telescope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones where we use a telescope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones where we use a telescope to
+look at a distant star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a distant star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a distant star
+when we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do this
+the effect of ether might change the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of ether might change the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of ether might change the way
+we have to orient our telescope let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to orient our telescope let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to orient our telescope let's
+have a look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a look at this
+so we are in a situation that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are in a situation that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are in a situation that our
+hypothesis is that the ether exists this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is that the ether exists this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is that the ether exists this
+carries is the medium in which light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries is the medium in which light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries is the medium in which light
+travels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels
+but it's dragged with earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's dragged with earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's dragged with earth
+in that situation that is our case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that situation that is our case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that situation that is our case
+number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in that situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that situation
+uh the telescope looks at the star with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the telescope looks at the star with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the telescope looks at the star with
+the the light of the of the star enters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the light of the of the star enters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the light of the of the star enters
+our telescope at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our telescope at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our telescope at the top
+and then tries to go to the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then tries to go to the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then tries to go to the bottom
+because the medium in which the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the medium in which the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the medium in which the light
+travels and the telescope moves with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels and the telescope moves with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels and the telescope moves with the
+same velocity remember the ether is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same velocity remember the ether is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same velocity remember the ether is
+dragged with zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragged with zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragged with zeros
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+light appears to go straight down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light appears to go straight down in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light appears to go straight down in the
+telescope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope
+without that lowercase 2 without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that lowercase 2 without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that lowercase 2 without the
+either being tracked or even exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either being tracked or even exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either being tracked or even exist
+we actually do have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually do have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually do have to
+um slightly tilt our telescope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um slightly tilt our telescope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um slightly tilt our telescope
+why because when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because when the
+after the light hits the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the light hits the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the light hits the top
+of our telescope the telescope keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our telescope the telescope keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our telescope the telescope keeps
+moving because it's in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving because it's in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving because it's in a different
+reference frame and therefore we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame and therefore we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame and therefore we have to
+have this slight tilting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this slight tilting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this slight tilting and
+the value of the tilt is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the tilt is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the tilt is equal to
+velocity of the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a very known effect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very known effect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very known effect in
+astrophysics um and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astrophysics um and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astrophysics um and by the way
+was already studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already studied
+way earlier by james bradley in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way earlier by james bradley in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way earlier by james bradley in the
+1720s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1720s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1720s
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+he actually developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually developed
+not really supported theory of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really supported theory of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really supported theory of light
+they was talking about particle nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they was talking about particle nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they was talking about particle nature
+of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light
+and so his idea was it you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so his idea was it you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so his idea was it you know very
+similar to case two that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to case two that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to case two that you know
+reverse is moving in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse is moving in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse is moving in a different
+reference frame with respect to the star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame with respect to the star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame with respect to the star
+and the sun is moving around the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sun is moving around the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sun is moving around the sun
+and therefore the tilting angle needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the tilting angle needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the tilting angle needs to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+tangent of the tilting angle needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of the tilting angle needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of the tilting angle needs to be
+equal to the distance of the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the distance of the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the distance of the rest of the
+sun in the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun in the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun in the distance
+this angle is very very small because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle is very very small because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle is very very small because
+the nearest star you are able to observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nearest star you are able to observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nearest star you are able to observe
+is about four light years away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so with this now we can again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with this now we can again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with this now we can again
+do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do our
+ether where this particle nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether where this particle nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether where this particle nature
+model comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model comparison
+so in our first discussion we concluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our first discussion we concluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our first discussion we concluded
+clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly
+that the weighted ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the weighted ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the weighted ether
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+hypothesis dominates or wins but now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis dominates or wins but now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis dominates or wins but now we
+have studied at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have studied at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have studied at least two
+uh further experiments so again i invite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh further experiments so again i invite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh further experiments so again i invite
+you to stop here and think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to stop here and think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to stop here and think about how
+stellar operation and michael simoli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar operation and michael simoli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar operation and michael simoli
+could be answers with the particle model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be answers with the particle model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be answers with the particle model
+or wave model kind of explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wave model kind of explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wave model kind of explanation
+there's a third experiment that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a third experiment that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a third experiment that's
+resolved every experiment that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved every experiment that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved every experiment that we
+haven't did not discuss this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+for stellar aberration the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for stellar aberration the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for stellar aberration the particle
+model actually seems to work as it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model actually seems to work as it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model actually seems to work as it was
+proposed separately uh to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed separately uh to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed separately uh to solve this
+very problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very problem
+uh and the michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the michael
+moly experiment also is consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moly experiment also is consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moly experiment also is consistent with
+the particle model so now we are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle model so now we are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle model so now we are in this
+dilemma that there are some experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma that there are some experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma that there are some experiments
+or experimental evidence for particle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or experimental evidence for particle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or experimental evidence for particle in
+either nature and some for a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either nature and some for a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either nature and some for a particle
+nature of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of light
+so the question now is how do we get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question now is how do we get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question now is how do we get out
+of this dilemma and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this dilemma and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this dilemma and we'll
+of the next lectures
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XJdqfhuqLJA.txt b/XJdqfhuqLJA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f981e0d0eaad7a3e3ae0a0835bd25a21efe1cbb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XJdqfhuqLJA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu today I want to walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today I want to walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today I want to walk through
+that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case
+in quotes it's more of a teaching note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quotes it's more of a teaching note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quotes it's more of a teaching note
+than a case but there are some questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a case but there are some questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a case but there are some questions
+to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+and let me pose one that probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me pose one that probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me pose one that probably
+occurred to some of you some of you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred to some of you some of you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred to some of you some of you as
+you began reading the course reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you began reading the course reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you began reading the course reading
+that case why are we talking about EPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case why are we talking about EPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case why are we talking about EPA
+at the front of a case on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sam solution and especially it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam solution and especially it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam solution and especially it can
+depend a lot on where your energy comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend a lot on where your energy comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend a lot on where your energy comes
+from like you already talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like you already talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like you already talk about how
+much cold causes like a lot more CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much cold causes like a lot more CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much cold causes like a lot more CO2
+than other sources so on the one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than other sources so on the one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than other sources so on the one hand
+energy energy is a source of the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy energy is a source of the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy energy is a source of the kind of
+pollution EPA was created to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution EPA was created to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution EPA was created to deal with
+and on the other hand also the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other hand also the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other hand also the different
+regulations impact um current and future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations impact um current and future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations impact um current and future
+production so a lot of energy policy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so a lot of energy policy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so a lot of energy policy is
+made in Under the Umbrella of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in Under the Umbrella of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in Under the Umbrella of
+Environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental
+Policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Policy
+um plus or minus coal is not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plus or minus coal is not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plus or minus coal is not going to be
+a about coal but it's going to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a about coal but it's going to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a about coal but it's going to be about
+the not going to be about energy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not going to be about energy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not going to be about energy it's
+going to be about the environment um let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about the environment um let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about the environment um let
+me call your attention this was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me call your attention this was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me call your attention this was an
+optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional
+reading but uh that National Academy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading but uh that National Academy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading but uh that National Academy of
+Sciences unpriced consequences paper um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences unpriced consequences paper um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences unpriced consequences paper um
+is probably the best recent summary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the best recent summary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the best recent summary of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+literature and it talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and it talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and it talks
+about putting climate to one side we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about putting climate to one side we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about putting climate to one side we'll
+come back to that it credits um Coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that it credits um Coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that it credits um Coal
+Fired power plants in 19 2005 with $62
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fired power plants in 19 2005 with $62
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fired power plants in 19 2005 with $62
+billion worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion worth of
+Damages externalities unpriced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damages externalities unpriced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damages externalities unpriced
+consequences with a huge range per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences with a huge range per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences with a huge range per
+kilowatt hour in the damages caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour in the damages caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour in the damages caused by
+individual plants natural gas fired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual plants natural gas fired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual plants natural gas fired
+power plants much less in Aggregate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants much less in Aggregate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants much less in Aggregate and
+in fact much less except for a few cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact much less except for a few cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact much less except for a few cases
+per plant transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per plant transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per plant transportation
+both light duty cars and light trucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both light duty cars and light trucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both light duty cars and light trucks
+and heavy duty heavy trucks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heavy duty heavy trucks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heavy duty heavy trucks and
+Equipment add up to about $ 56 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equipment add up to about $ 56 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equipment add up to about $ 56 billion
+not that far off not that far off Coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that far off not that far off Coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that far off not that far off Coal
+Fired power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fired power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fired power
+plants the other interesting thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants the other interesting thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants the other interesting thing and
+we'll come back to this later later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to this later later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to this later later
+today there's a little there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today there's a little there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today there's a little there's a
+parenthetical assessment where they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthetical assessment where they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthetical assessment where they say
+where they look at Alternative forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they look at Alternative forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they look at Alternative forms of
+transportation alternative power uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation alternative power uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation alternative power uh
+trains for cars and they conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains for cars and they conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains for cars and they conclude that
+electric vehic vehicles are much worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric vehic vehicles are much worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric vehic vehicles are much worse
+envir not much worse worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envir not much worse worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envir not much worse worse
+environmentally than diesel which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally than diesel which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally than diesel which in
+turn is worse than gasoline or ethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn is worse than gasoline or ethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn is worse than gasoline or ethanol
+and the reason is of course electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is of course electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is of course electric
+vehicles across the country are half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles across the country are half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles across the country are half
+coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal
+powered because that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered because that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered because that's where the
+electricity comes from and this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity comes from and this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity comes from and this sort of
+gets lost in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets lost in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets lost in the in the
+discussion but you know there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion but you know there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion but you know there are these
+numbers where do they come from where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers where do they come from where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers where do they come from where do
+you think they come from you know 62
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think they come from you know 62
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think they come from you know 62
+billion is not peeling paintt $62
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion is not peeling paintt $62
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion is not peeling paintt $62
+billion is mostly valuing premature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion is mostly valuing premature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion is mostly valuing premature
+mortality I.E people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality I.E people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality I.E people
+die um there's a little bit of of health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die um there's a little bit of of health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die um there's a little bit of of health
+effects people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects people get
+bronchitis but mostly those numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bronchitis but mostly those numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bronchitis but mostly those numbers are
+from people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people
+dying um how would you do that does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying um how would you do that does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying um how would you do that does it
+make sense to compute numbers like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to compute numbers like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to compute numbers like that
+does it make sense to use numbers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it make sense to use numbers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it make sense to use numbers like
+that how would you use numbers like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how would you use numbers like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how would you use numbers like that
+you believe numbers like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you believe numbers like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you believe numbers like that
+and people say all the time you know $62
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people say all the time you know $62
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people say all the time you know $62
+billion worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Damages putting a price on human life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damages putting a price on human life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damages putting a price on human life
+putting a price on risk what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a price on risk what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a price on risk what do you
+think you read that what's your reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you read that what's your reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you read that what's your reaction
+get how about a reaction Max you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get how about a reaction Max you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get how about a reaction Max you got a
+reaction probably the cost of medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction probably the cost of medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction probably the cost of medical
+expenses associated with uh that'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses associated with uh that'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses associated with uh that'd be
+one way to do it but that's not usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do it but that's not usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do it but that's not usually
+how they do it um see one of the if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they do it um see one of the if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they do it um see one of the if you
+do do that you can come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do that you can come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do that you can come to the
+conclusion that cigarette smoking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that cigarette smoking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that cigarette smoking is
+terrific because people die at a younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific because people die at a younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific because people die at a younger
+age if they smoke and therefore they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age if they smoke and therefore they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age if they smoke and therefore they
+don't have the uh long care costs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the uh long care costs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the uh long care costs of
+people in their 80s or 90s because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in their 80s or 90s because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in their 80s or 90s because they
+don't get to their 80s or 90s so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to their 80s or 90s so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to their 80s or 90s so that's
+that's you can measure costs of sickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you can measure costs of sickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you can measure costs of sickness
+sometimes that way but not death not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that way but not death not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that way but not death not
+death anybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death anybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death anybody else
+Julian what would be contribution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julian what would be contribution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julian what would be contribution to the
+GDP and like their economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP and like their economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP and like their economic
+contributions toward the economy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions toward the economy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions toward the economy that's
+one way to do it do you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do it do you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do it do you like
+that you could do it that way I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do it that way I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do it that way I would
+take try and take all their economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take try and take all their economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take try and take all their economic
+impact including like the health costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact including like the health costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact including like the health costs
+like their contribu of tax base but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like their contribu of tax base but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like their contribu of tax base but how
+much they cost to taxes ah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they cost to taxes ah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they cost to taxes ah so
+basically basically retired people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically basically retired people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically basically retired people and
+this is beginning to beginning to buy me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is beginning to beginning to buy me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is beginning to beginning to buy me
+uh retired people should have a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh retired people should have a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh retired people should have a negative
+value right because they're drawing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value right because they're drawing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value right because they're drawing down
+Social Security they're drawing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Security they're drawing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Security they're drawing down
+Medicare they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicare they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicare they're not
+working just gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that method's been used uh it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that method's been used uh it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that method's been used uh it does
+have that consequence I just described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that consequence I just described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that consequence I just described
+but but for working age people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but for working age people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but for working age people and
+sometimes that's done in um uh in court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that's done in um uh in court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that's done in um uh in court
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+so um someone is killed by by negligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um someone is killed by by negligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um someone is killed by by negligence
+and you Sue and what do you get well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you Sue and what do you get well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you Sue and what do you get well one
+way that's sometimes calculated is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's sometimes calculated is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's sometimes calculated is well
+how much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money
+would the wife sues the husband was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the wife sues the husband was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the wife sues the husband was
+killed at work the wife gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed at work the wife gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed at work the wife gets the
+husband's lifetime earnings expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband's lifetime earnings expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband's lifetime earnings expected
+lifetime earnings that isn't what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime earnings that isn't what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime earnings that isn't what they
+do here because a lot of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here because a lot of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here because a lot of this is
+mortality of older people and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality of older people and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality of older people and you don't
+want to come up with a negative number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come up with a negative number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come up with a negative number
+the way they do it I mean just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they do it I mean just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they do it I mean just because
+it's a little bit of a a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit of a a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit of a a little bit of a
+puzzle the way the way they do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle the way the way they do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle the way the way they do it is
+they look at um at least recently you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look at um at least recently you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look at um at least recently you
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+at um wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um wage
+premiums for risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premiums for risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premiums for risky
+jobs so you say how much more does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs so you say how much more does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs so you say how much more does it
+take to persuade somebody to be a welder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to persuade somebody to be a welder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to persuade somebody to be a welder
+underwater which is a bit hazardous than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwater which is a bit hazardous than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwater which is a bit hazardous than
+to be a welder on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a welder on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a welder on
+land uh and you and a number of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land uh and you and a number of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land uh and you and a number of kind of
+calculations like that what because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations like that what because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations like that what because
+you're not actually valuing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not actually valuing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not actually valuing a
+death when you do these studies you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death when you do these studies you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death when you do these studies you're
+valuing an increase in Risk so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuing an increase in Risk so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuing an increase in Risk so you
+increase the risk of death and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the risk of death and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the risk of death and you say
+all right well what in the marketplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well what in the marketplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well what in the marketplace
+what are people willing what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are people willing what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are people willing what does it
+require what do you have to pay people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require what do you have to pay people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require what do you have to pay people
+to get them to assume an increased risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them to assume an increased risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them to assume an increased risk
+of death in certain settings and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of death in certain settings and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of death in certain settings and then
+you play with that for a while make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play with that for a while make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play with that for a while make some
+assumptions roll it around and say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions roll it around and say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions roll it around and say the
+value of a an ex of a premature death is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a an ex of a premature death is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a an ex of a premature death is
+$6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$6
+million which is a round number that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million which is a round number that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million which is a round number that's
+used and then you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and then you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and then you say
+okay um we look at how many people we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um we look at how many people we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um we look at how many people we
+expect will die early because of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect will die early because of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect will die early because of small
+particulates from coal fired power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulates from coal fired power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulates from coal fired power
+plants and we value that at $6 million a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and we value that at $6 million a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and we value that at $6 million a
+piece so you're not valuing a death so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so you're not valuing a death so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so you're not valuing a death so
+much as you're valuing an increased risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as you're valuing an increased risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as you're valuing an increased risk
+of death so that's how you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of death so that's how you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of death so that's how you do it
+should you use numbers like that to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decisions that's the there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that's the there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that's the there was some
+readings on whether cost benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings on whether cost benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings on whether cost benefit
+analysis is ethical and some some of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is ethical and some some of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is ethical and some some of it
+comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to
+that just a personal opinion I think not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just a personal opinion I think not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just a personal opinion I think not
+really I mean I wouldn't pay too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I mean I wouldn't pay too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I mean I wouldn't pay too much
+attention on like the very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention on like the very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention on like the very specific
+value per se what maybe would be inded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value per se what maybe would be inded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value per se what maybe would be inded
+for me at least would be like relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me at least would be like relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me at least would be like relatively
+so like judging since they the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like judging since they the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like judging since they the same
+basic assumptions made for any different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic assumptions made for any different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic assumptions made for any different
+Source Min coal or natural gas maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source Min coal or natural gas maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source Min coal or natural gas maybe I
+would uh see these values relatively so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh see these values relatively so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh see these values relatively so
+it's much higher for a call than for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much higher for a call than for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much higher for a call than for
+natural gas I would just give me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas I would just give me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas I would just give me an
+indication between the two but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication between the two but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication between the two but I
+wouldn't do like a whole analysis saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't do like a whole analysis saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't do like a whole analysis saying
+okay it's $6 million here and 6 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's $6 million here and 6 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's $6 million here and 6 million
+there so like I get canell so I'm okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so like I get canell so I'm okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so like I get canell so I'm okay I
+mean I think but you got to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think but you got to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think but you got to know
+something about not just relative but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about not just relative but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about not just relative but
+absolute to know whether it matters if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute to know whether it matters if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute to know whether it matters if I
+told you the damages were $5 from coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you the damages were $5 from coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you the damages were $5 from coal
+fired power plants and 35 cents from gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired power plants and 35 cents from gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired power plants and 35 cents from gas
+fired that that wouldn't affect any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired that that wouldn't affect any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired that that wouldn't affect any
+decisions if I told you it was 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions if I told you it was 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions if I told you it was 500
+billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion
+versus 200 million that would that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus 200 million that would that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus 200 million that would that would
+drive a decision so I take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive a decision so I take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive a decision so I take your
+point but sometimes you you got to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but sometimes you you got to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but sometimes you you got to have
+a sense of the ABS of the absolute not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of the ABS of the absolute not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of the ABS of the absolute not
+just the relative I just is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the relative I just is there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the relative I just is there any
+sense at least of uh like error or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense at least of uh like error or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense at least of uh like error or like
+you know a baned uh oh number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a baned uh oh number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a baned uh oh number of
+these I mean all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I mean all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I mean all this
+stuff all this stuff is subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff all this stuff is subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff all this stuff is subject
+to uh error take take Coal Fired power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh error take take Coal Fired power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh error take take Coal Fired power
+plants take a particular plant first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants take a particular plant first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants take a particular plant first
+thing you're doing is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you're doing is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you're doing is you're
+estimating um where the stuff from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating um where the stuff from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating um where the stuff from that
+plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant
+goes okay so that's um a transport model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes okay so that's um a transport model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes okay so that's um a transport model
+of one kind or another which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one kind or another which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one kind or another which is
+averaging over a bunch of weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging over a bunch of weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging over a bunch of weather
+conditions and then you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and then you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and then you're using
+and there's error there and because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's error there and because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's error there and because you
+can't measure that well and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't measure that well and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't measure that well and then you're
+using a dose response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a dose response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a dose response
+curve based on a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve based on a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve based on a number of different
+kinds of studies to say if this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of studies to say if this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of studies to say if this area
+gets this kind of particulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets this kind of particulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets this kind of particulate
+concentration over this period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration over this period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration over this period of time
+oh by the way how much time do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by the way how much time do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by the way how much time do people
+spend outside breathing it versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend outside breathing it versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend outside breathing it versus
+inside um etc etc then we would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside um etc etc then we would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside um etc etc then we would expect
+this increase in the risk of death for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this increase in the risk of death for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this increase in the risk of death for
+people in this age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this age
+bracket um sure they're air bars you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket um sure they're air bars you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket um sure they're air bars you
+don't see them but there are pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see them but there are pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see them but there are pretty good
+size error bars in fact critics say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size error bars in fact critics say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size error bars in fact critics say
+they're very wide error bars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very wide error bars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very wide error bars and
+similarly the human life even the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the human life even the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the human life even the people
+who do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who do this
+stuff um you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um you're
+taking you're comparing a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking you're comparing a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking you're comparing a risk
+voluntarily assumed with a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntarily assumed with a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntarily assumed with a risk
+imposed H how many of you ride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed H how many of you ride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed H how many of you ride
+motorcycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motorcycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motorcycles
+how many of you have ridden on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have ridden on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have ridden on a
+motorcycle this is a risky activity this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motorcycle this is a risky activity this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motorcycle this is a risky activity this
+increased your probability of death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased your probability of death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased your probability of death
+significantly you didn't think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly you didn't think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly you didn't think about it
+if I told you however we were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I told you however we were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I told you however we were going to
+pump poisonous gas into your room that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump poisonous gas into your room that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump poisonous gas into your room that
+had the same effect you'd go crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the same effect you'd go crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the same effect you'd go crazy
+people distinguish between risks they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people distinguish between risks they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people distinguish between risks they
+choose to assume and risks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to assume and risks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to assume and risks that are
+imposed and I don't know how to value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed and I don't know how to value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed and I don't know how to value
+that so do you had a comment yeah yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so do you had a comment yeah yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so do you had a comment yeah yeah I
+think it's useful for um like bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's useful for um like bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's useful for um like bringing
+attention to an issue rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to an issue rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to an issue rather than
+decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision
+um the thing is like when they come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the thing is like when they come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the thing is like when they come to
+policy makers they want a number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy makers they want a number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy makers they want a number that
+they can associate with the issue um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can associate with the issue um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can associate with the issue um
+actually policy makers tend to hate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually policy makers tend to hate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually policy makers tend to hate this
+stuff because there is this valuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff because there is this valuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff because there is this valuing
+human life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human life
+aspect when you go all you go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect when you go all you go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect when you go all you go through
+all their inputs all the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their inputs all the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their inputs all the assumptions
+they don't want to go through all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to go through all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to go through all that
+they want to compare like numbers what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to compare like numbers what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to compare like numbers what
+it well as we'll see in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distinguish different kinds of policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish different kinds of policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish different kinds of policy
+makers but people who are looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers but people who are looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers but people who are looking for
+votes do not like to say a human life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes do not like to say a human life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes do not like to say a human life is
+worth $6 million or say anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth $6 million or say anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth $6 million or say anything that
+sounds like a human life is worth $6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like a human life is worth $6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like a human life is worth $6
+million because it's Priceless saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million because it's Priceless saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million because it's Priceless saying
+it's Priceless doesn't get you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Priceless doesn't get you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Priceless doesn't get you a
+decision unless you can make some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision unless you can make some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision unless you can make some other
+assumptions which they did but when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions which they did but when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions which they did but when they
+use that number they don't publicize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that number they don't publicize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that number they don't publicize the
+fact that it is value I mean every every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it is value I mean every every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it is value I mean every every
+administration every presidential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration every presidential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration every presidential
+Administration since depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration since depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration since depending on how
+you think about it Carter but certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it Carter but certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it Carter but certainly
+since Reagan Republicans and Democrats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since Reagan Republicans and Democrats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since Reagan Republicans and Democrats
+have done this kind of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done this kind of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done this kind of analysis
+quietly quietly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quietly quietly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quietly quietly
+um okay anything else yes I had a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay anything else yes I had a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay anything else yes I had a quick
+question about the electric vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the electric vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the electric vehicle
+statistic is that based on electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic is that based on electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic is that based on electric
+vehicles that are only run off Coal Fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles that are only run off Coal Fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles that are only run off Coal Fire
+plants or is that all you assume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants or is that all you assume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants or is that all you assume the
+average generation mix I think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average generation mix I think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average generation mix I think you can
+go back and check but I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and check but I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and check but I think that's
+what it said that assuming the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it said that assuming the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it said that assuming the average
+mix which gets you about half coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix which gets you about half coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix which gets you about half coal
+ballpark yeah uh just to confirm they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark yeah uh just to confirm they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark yeah uh just to confirm they
+did not price carbon looking at not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not price carbon looking at not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not price carbon looking at not in
+those they didn't there's a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they didn't there's a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they didn't there's a discussion
+again you can look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of car relative carbon emissions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of car relative carbon emissions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of car relative carbon emissions right
+and coal Coal gives you about twice per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coal Coal gives you about twice per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coal Coal gives you about twice per
+kilowatt hour what gas gives you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour what gas gives you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour what gas gives you in
+terms of carbon admissions uh and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of carbon admissions uh and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of carbon admissions uh and they
+talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Transportation no I guess we won't I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation no I guess we won't I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation no I guess we won't I was
+going to say we will come to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say we will come to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say we will come to some
+discussion of price and carbon the Obama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of price and carbon the Obama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of price and carbon the Obama
+Administration has an official value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration has an official value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration has an official value of
+for carbon emissions that it uses for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for carbon emissions that it uses for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for carbon emissions that it uses for
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decisions it it sounds like a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions it it sounds like a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions it it sounds like a reasonable
+number but it rests on weak foundations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but it rests on weak foundations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but it rests on weak foundations
+because we'll talk about this but trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'll talk about this but trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'll talk about this but trying
+to understand the magnitude of climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the magnitude of climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the magnitude of climate
+damage is in a century and discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage is in a century and discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage is in a century and discounting
+it back is a difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back is a difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back is a difficult
+exercise okay um let me move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise okay um let me move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise okay um let me move
+along I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along I want to talk
+about this property rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this property rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this property rights
+analysis uh because I think it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis uh because I think it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis uh because I think it's it's
+useful to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to think
+about there are those people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there are those people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there are those people who
+actually said um that well you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said um that well you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said um that well you really
+don't need this kind of government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need this kind of government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need this kind of government
+interference you could just assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference you could just assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference you could just assign
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+rights to either have say clean air or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to either have say clean air or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to either have say clean air or
+clean water or property rights to dump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean water or property rights to dump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean water or property rights to dump
+pollution and let the market sort it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution and let the market sort it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution and let the market sort it out
+this is the co- so-called Coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem and the example that's given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and the example that's given in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and the example that's given in
+the um vuzi Etc reading is this one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um vuzi Etc reading is this one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um vuzi Etc reading is this one you
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mill you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+river and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+town the mill dumps pollution into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town the mill dumps pollution into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town the mill dumps pollution into the
+river the town takes water out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river the town takes water out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river the town takes water out of the
+river there's $500 worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+damage okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage okay
+so drinking the polluted water or using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so drinking the polluted water or using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so drinking the polluted water or using
+it to to wash clothes or whatever causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to to wash clothes or whatever causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to to wash clothes or whatever causes
+$500 worth of Damages the meal could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500 worth of Damages the meal could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500 worth of Damages the meal could
+clean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean it
+up for 100 the town could treat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for 100 the town could treat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for 100 the town could treat the
+water for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+300 the argument goes there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 the argument goes there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 the argument goes there is no
+problem here we just need to assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here we just need to assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here we just need to assign
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+rights suppose you say that the town is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights suppose you say that the town is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights suppose you say that the town is
+entitled to clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitled to clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitled to clean
+water the town is entitled to clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the town is entitled to clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the town is entitled to clean
+water the town takes legal action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the town takes legal action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the town takes legal action
+against the mill the mill spends $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the mill the mill spends $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the mill the mill spends $100
+and cleans up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cleans up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cleans up
+simple suppose the mill is entitled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple suppose the mill is entitled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple suppose the mill is entitled to
+pollute give them the property right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollute give them the property right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollute give them the property right
+then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what
+happens the town could clean up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the town could clean up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the town could clean up for
+300 but what would most likely happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 but what would most likely happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 but what would most likely happen is
+they go to the mill and say look we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go to the mill and say look we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go to the mill and say look we'll
+pay you something over $100 to clean up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay you something over $100 to clean up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay you something over $100 to clean up
+something between 100 and 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something between 100 and 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something between 100 and 300
+right you're not going to pay them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're not going to pay them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're not going to pay them more
+than 300 because you could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 300 because you could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 300 because you could do it
+yourself they're not going to take less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself they're not going to take less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself they're not going to take less
+than 100 so there's some bargaining room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 100 so there's some bargaining room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 100 so there's some bargaining room
+you're going to get rid of the damages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get rid of the damages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get rid of the damages
+either way because it's cheaper to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way because it's cheaper to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way because it's cheaper to get
+rid of them than to Bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of them than to Bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of them than to Bear
+them and either way what happens is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and either way what happens is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and either way what happens is the
+mill cleans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mill cleans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mill cleans
+up in one case the mill the mill pays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in one case the mill the mill pays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in one case the mill the mill pays in
+the other case the town pays but in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case the town pays but in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case the town pays but in both
+cases the mil cleans up the pollution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the mil cleans up the pollution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the mil cleans up the pollution
+goes away and all you had to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away and all you had to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away and all you had to do is
+assign property rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first of all are there questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all are there questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all are there questions
+about that does that make that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that does that make that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that does that make that little
+example make sense in its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms yeah why does the mill need like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms yeah why does the mill need like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms yeah why does the mill need like
+if the mill is poting then they're sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the mill is poting then they're sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the mill is poting then they're sort
+of claiming those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any we have that happen at the outset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any we have that happen at the outset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any we have that happen at the outset
+and then we and then we establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we and then we establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we and then we establish
+property rights then we establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights then we establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights then we establish
+property rights so this is the status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights so this is the status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights so this is the status
+quo before we put the law in effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quo before we put the law in effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quo before we put the law in effect and
+what the law says is instead of yelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the law says is instead of yelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the law says is instead of yelling
+at each other one of you has the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each other one of you has the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each other one of you has the right
+to enforce action against the other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enforce action against the other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enforce action against the other in
+court so either the town can force the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court so either the town can force the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court so either the town can force the
+mill to clean up or the mill can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mill to clean up or the mill can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mill to clean up or the mill can do
+whatever it wants unless it's bribed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it wants unless it's bribed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it wants unless it's bribed or
+paid so we start out with a situation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid so we start out with a situation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid so we start out with a situation in
+which there are no property rights the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there are no property rights the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there are no property rights the
+Mills polluting the town is complaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mills polluting the town is complaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mills polluting the town is complaining
+we assign property rights the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assign property rights the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assign property rights the problem
+gets solved is the argument either way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets solved is the argument either way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets solved is the argument either way
+we we assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we assign
+them are prod rights necessary for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are prod rights necessary for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are prod rights necessary for the
+town to clean up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town to clean up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town to clean up the
+water there just everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water there just everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water there just everyone's
+river water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river water
+well if the town I mean you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imagine what property rights determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what property rights determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what property rights determine
+here is who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is who
+pays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays
+basically because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because if
+the which thing is if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the which thing is if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the which thing is if you don't have
+property rights the town's going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights the town's going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights the town's going to go
+up here and do the and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and do the and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and do the and try to
+bargain because you're saying implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargain because you're saying implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargain because you're saying implicitly
+unless you do something the mill just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you do something the mill just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you do something the mill just
+pollutes well that's that's equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutes well that's that's equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutes well that's that's equivalent
+to saying the mill has the right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saying the mill has the right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saying the mill has the right to
+pollute if the mill has the right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollute if the mill has the right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollute if the mill has the right to
+pollute then the town is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollute then the town is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollute then the town is going to have
+to pay them not to if the town has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay them not to if the town has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay them not to if the town has the
+right to clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to clean
+water then the Mill's either going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water then the Mill's either going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water then the Mill's either going to
+have to clean up or pay the town to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to clean up or pay the town to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to clean up or pay the town to
+clean up it's cheaper for the mill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up it's cheaper for the mill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up it's cheaper for the mill the
+Mill cleans up so if you say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mill cleans up so if you say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mill cleans up so if you say you know
+the Mill's just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mill's just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mill's just going to
+pollute not if the town can stop it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollute not if the town can stop it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollute not if the town can stop it not
+if the town can stop it it comes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the town can stop it it comes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the town can stop it it comes to the
+next question is why won't it work one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question is why won't it work one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question is why won't it work one
+way one reason it might not work in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way one reason it might not work in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way one reason it might not work in a
+real life case is the towns doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life case is the towns doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life case is the towns doesn't
+happen to have chemists and doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to have chemists and doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to have chemists and doesn't
+realize that the water's dirty so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the water's dirty so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the water's dirty so you
+might want to say gee a role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to say gee a role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to say gee a role of
+government is to do some science here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is to do some science here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is to do some science here at
+least and figure out what's going on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least and figure out what's going on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least and figure out what's going on to
+do the studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the studies of
+Damages I want to make sure everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damages I want to make sure everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damages I want to make sure everybody's
+got the example before we go to we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the example before we go to we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the example before we go to we go to
+um uh to run down this list a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to run down this list a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to run down this list a little bit
+but are you on the example or you on why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are you on the example or you on why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are you on the example or you on why
+it might not work uh I'm kind of on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might not work uh I'm kind of on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might not work uh I'm kind of on an
+example I was just wondering um like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I was just wondering um like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I was just wondering um like how
+do you decide who gets the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you decide who gets the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you decide who gets the property
+rights the point of CO's point is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights the point of CO's point is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights the point of CO's point is it
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+matter I mean it matters from the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I mean it matters from the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I mean it matters from the point
+of view of fairness maybe you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view of fairness maybe you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view of fairness maybe you might say
+it's fair to have the polluter pay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fair to have the polluter pay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fair to have the polluter pay but
+kosta's point of view is you clean it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kosta's point of view is you clean it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kosta's point of view is you clean it up
+either way his his example was in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way his his example was in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way his his example was in fact a
+um uh a train and this was a Coal Fired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a train and this was a Coal Fired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a train and this was a Coal Fired
+steam engine running through running by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam engine running through running by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam engine running through running by
+a farmer's field Sparks come out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a farmer's field Sparks come out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a farmer's field Sparks come out of the
+Smoke Stack Sparks start start fires the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smoke Stack Sparks start start fires the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smoke Stack Sparks start start fires the
+farmer can put out the fires or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer can put out the fires or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer can put out the fires or the
+railroad can clean up the Smoke Stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad can clean up the Smoke Stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad can clean up the Smoke Stack
+Whoever has the property rights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whoever has the property rights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whoever has the property rights are
+going to get the lower cost alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the lower cost alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the lower cost alternative
+done but one thing with that so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but one thing with that so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but one thing with that so even
+with that scenario or with the mill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that scenario or with the mill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that scenario or with the mill
+scenario um even if the mill had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario um even if the mill had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario um even if the mill had
+property rights then wouldn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights then wouldn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights then wouldn't it
+wouldn't the town want to bribe them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't the town want to bribe them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't the town want to bribe them
+like either way whether or not prop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like either way whether or not prop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like either way whether or not prop the
+well it I if the town has property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it I if the town has property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it I if the town has property
+rights it doesn't have to bribe it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights it doesn't have to bribe it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights it doesn't have to bribe it can
+compel okay if the it'll bribe if it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compel okay if the it'll bribe if it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compel okay if the it'll bribe if it has
+no alternative that is to say if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no alternative that is to say if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no alternative that is to say if the
+mill has the right to pollute then it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mill has the right to pollute then it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mill has the right to pollute then it'll
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+bribe if the town has the right it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bribe if the town has the right it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bribe if the town has the right it can
+sue it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sue it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sue it can
+compel so yeah he's also assuming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compel so yeah he's also assuming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compel so yeah he's also assuming the
+cost of Damages is greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of Damages is greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of Damages is greater than the
+impementation the 500 is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impementation the 500 is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impementation the 500 is greater than
+the 300 which may be 9% of the time no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 300 which may be 9% of the time no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 300 which may be 9% of the time no
+yeah could if I make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+50 then nobody cleans up yeah right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 then nobody cleans up yeah right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 then nobody cleans up yeah right if
+that's $50 worth of Damages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's $50 worth of Damages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's $50 worth of Damages
+then the mill has the right the town the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the mill has the right the town the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the mill has the right the town the
+town isn't going to spend $100 or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town isn't going to spend $100 or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town isn't going to spend $100 or more
+to to save itself $50 worth of Damages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to save itself $50 worth of Damages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to save itself $50 worth of Damages
+and if the town has has the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um well that's actually an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well that's actually an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well that's actually an interesting
+question if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+town town has the right to clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town town has the right to clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town town has the right to clean
+water in that case Cas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water in that case Cas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water in that case Cas
+um would it compel the mill to clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would it compel the mill to clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would it compel the mill to clean
+up I think you get the I think you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I think you get the I think you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I think you get the I think you get
+the bargain going the other way you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bargain going the other way you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bargain going the other way you get
+the bargain going you've got the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bargain going you've got the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bargain going you've got the right
+to clean water the mill pays them $60 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean water the mill pays them $60 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean water the mill pays them $60 to
+accept the damages the mil covers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the damages the mil covers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the damages the mil covers the
+cost of the damages because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of the damages because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of the damages because the
+efficient thing in this case is not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient thing in this case is not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient thing in this case is not to
+clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean
+up assuming you know this is a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up assuming you know this is a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up assuming you know this is a number
+you that makes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that makes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that makes some
+sense okay anything else on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay anything else on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay anything else on this
+why do we need EPA why don't we just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we need EPA why don't we just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we need EPA why don't we just do
+this one answer is um G there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one answer is um G there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one answer is um G there's an
+information problem in a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information problem in a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information problem in a lot of these
+areas so maybe a role of government is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas so maybe a role of government is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas so maybe a role of government is
+to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the
+science tell people about it make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science tell people about it make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science tell people about it make sure
+the town knows make sure the mill knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town knows make sure the mill knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town knows make sure the mill knows
+maybe even work on cleanup Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even work on cleanup Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even work on cleanup Technologies
+all perfectly sensible things and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all perfectly sensible things and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all perfectly sensible things and then
+assign property rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah really complicated say if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah really complicated say if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah really complicated say if you
+have like five Ms ahead of the town and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like five Ms ahead of the town and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like five Ms ahead of the town and
+they're all polluting and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all polluting and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all polluting and then you have
+the case like where one mil says it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case like where one mil says it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case like where one mil says it
+pollutes less so it should have to clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutes less so it should have to clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutes less so it should have to clean
+up less and then it's just a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up less and then it's just a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up less and then it's just a huge
+argument over monetary values and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument over monetary values and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument over monetary values and let's
+suppose we have six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have six
+towns okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns okay so you can
+have so let me just write a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so let me just write a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so let me just write a little bit
+the first thing we talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we talked about that
+made the cameras move first thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the cameras move first thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the cameras move first thing we
+talked about was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about was
+information and the the the second Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and the the the second Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and the the the second Point
+here is number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+players they're just a whole lot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players they're just a whole lot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players they're just a whole lot that
+that comes under that heading if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes under that heading if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes under that heading if you
+think about applying it to air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about applying it to air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about applying it to air
+pollution so there's a Coal Fired power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution so there's a Coal Fired power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution so there's a Coal Fired power
+plant in Salem Massachusetts the calf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant in Salem Massachusetts the calf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant in Salem Massachusetts the calf
+fired power plant in Salem Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired power plant in Salem Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired power plant in Salem Massachusetts
+is dirty everybody in Salem and around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dirty everybody in Salem and around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dirty everybody in Salem and around
+Salem gets affected to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salem gets affected to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salem gets affected to some
+extent how does this work I give every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent how does this work I give every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent how does this work I give every
+person person property rights and how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person person property rights and how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person person property rights and how do
+20,000 30,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000 30,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000 30,000
+people act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people act
+collectively Sue in court so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively Sue in court so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively Sue in court so when you
+have more than these simple examples it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than these simple examples it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than these simple examples it
+it it gets to be it gets to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it gets to be it gets to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it gets to be it gets to be
+hard um and the other one just to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard um and the other one just to fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard um and the other one just to fill
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+out um is just transactions costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a world in which everybody is suing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a world in which everybody is suing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a world in which everybody is suing
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+else uh one way or another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh one way or another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh one way or another and
+bargaining over cleanup costs that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining over cleanup costs that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining over cleanup costs that's a
+world in which a lot of money is spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in which a lot of money is spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in which a lot of money is spent
+doing that um so the usual argument here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that um so the usual argument here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that um so the usual argument here
+is well this is a lovely exercise and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well this is a lovely exercise and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well this is a lovely exercise and it
+does make a good point I think um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does make a good point I think um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does make a good point I think um but
+frankly when you go to the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you need different mechanism to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need different mechanism to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need different mechanism to deal
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+externalities so that's an argument for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities so that's an argument for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities so that's an argument for
+involving the government it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving the government it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving the government it's not
+necessarily an argument for involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily an argument for involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily an argument for involving
+the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal
+government before 1970 Most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government before 1970 Most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government before 1970 Most
+states had environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states had environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states had environmental
+agencies why do we need a federal agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies why do we need a federal agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies why do we need a federal agency
+this is a cue for all the Republicans go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cue for all the Republicans go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cue for all the Republicans go
+ahead if one state decides that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead if one state decides that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead if one state decides that it's a
+okay lot that can the affect the state's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay lot that can the affect the state's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay lot that can the affect the state's
+border so pollution cross the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border so pollution cross the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border so pollution cross the state
+lines absolutely anything else cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines absolutely anything else cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines absolutely anything else cross
+state lines David I I was going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state lines David I I was going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state lines David I I was going to say
+pollution crosses National lines too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution crosses National lines too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution crosses National lines too
+so uh we'll see when we talk about acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we'll see when we talk about acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we'll see when we talk about acid
+rain we'll see that that uh pollution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain we'll see that that uh pollution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain we'll see that that uh pollution
+crossing the Canadian border turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing the Canadian border turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing the Canadian border turned out
+to have an important implication it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an important implication it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an important implication it does
+cross National lines but since we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross National lines but since we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross National lines but since we don't
+have a world government having a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a world government having a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a world government having a world
+pollution agency is not an option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution agency is not an option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution agency is not an option
+although there are international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there are international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there are international
+agreements the uh uh Montreal protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements the uh uh Montreal protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements the uh uh Montreal protocol
+that phased out ozone depleting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phased out ozone depleting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phased out ozone depleting
+chemicals was an example of exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals was an example of exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals was an example of exactly that
+people got together to solve a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got together to solve a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got together to solve a global
+problem climate change is harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem climate change is harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem climate change is harder
+Brandon electricity crosses state lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brandon electricity crosses state lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brandon electricity crosses state lines
+so what you're saying is you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're saying is you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're saying is you could
+generate in some place that's dirty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate in some place that's dirty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate in some place that's dirty and
+sell to some place that's clean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell to some place that's clean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell to some place that's clean and
+disadvantage the entities in the clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage the entities in the clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage the entities in the clean
+State anything else Ryan um well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State anything else Ryan um well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State anything else Ryan um well there's
+not only like air pollution there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only like air pollution there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only like air pollution there's also
+like River pollution and stff get puted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like River pollution and stff get puted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like River pollution and stff get puted
+in the Mississippi River but also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Mississippi River but also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Mississippi River but also like
+if you I don't know necessarily the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you I don't know necessarily the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you I don't know necessarily the case
+but if you like mine in one state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you like mine in one state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you like mine in one state and
+there's the you know it gets dirty from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the you know it gets dirty from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the you know it gets dirty from
+The Mining and then you sell it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Mining and then you sell it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Mining and then you sell it to a
+different state there's like some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different state there's like some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different state there's like some sort
+of a transaction there there's a there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a transaction there there's a there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a transaction there there's a there's
+a transaction there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transaction there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transaction there any
+anything else you might worry about if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else you might worry about if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else you might worry about if
+you're a clean state that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a clean state that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a clean state that you might
+worry about yeah Max I mean it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about yeah Max I mean it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about yeah Max I mean it's an
+economic thing so if you have one state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic thing so if you have one state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic thing so if you have one state
+that decides that they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decides that they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decides that they're going to
+deregulate and allow pollution to go C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deregulate and allow pollution to go C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deregulate and allow pollution to go C
+comes to tax corporations and States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to tax corporations and States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to tax corporations and States
+they're clean become uh economically for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're clean become uh economically for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're clean become uh economically for
+corporations the the fear the fear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations the the fear the fear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations the the fear the fear that
+everybody has is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has is
+jobs is that you'll you'll basically be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs is that you'll you'll basically be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs is that you'll you'll basically be
+um you know Mississippi decides that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know Mississippi decides that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know Mississippi decides that it
+really needs jobs it's a lowincome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really needs jobs it's a lowincome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really needs jobs it's a lowincome
+low-wage state so apart from being tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-wage state so apart from being tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-wage state so apart from being tough
+on labor unions it's also going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on labor unions it's also going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on labor unions it's also going to be
+real easy on pollution and everybody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real easy on pollution and everybody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real easy on pollution and everybody in
+Mississippi says well I don't like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi says well I don't like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi says well I don't like to
+breathe that air but I'd like to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe that air but I'd like to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe that air but I'd like to have a
+job and uh people you have a race to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and uh people you have a race to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and uh people you have a race to the
+bottom so to speak in pollution it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom so to speak in pollution it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom so to speak in pollution it's a
+worry whether it happens or it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry whether it happens or it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry whether it happens or it doesn't
+happen it's a worry that you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it's a worry that you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it's a worry that you really
+needed some national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed some national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed some national
+standards or some national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards or some national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards or some national
+something but let me pause and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but let me pause and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but let me pause and I'm just
+going to pose a question that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pose a question that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pose a question that we will
+come back to later in the course which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to later in the course which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to later in the course which
+is how come it happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how come it happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how come it happened
+for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the
+years I mean people worry about dirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I mean people worry about dirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I mean people worry about dirty
+air and dirty water this isn't this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and dirty water this isn't this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and dirty water this isn't this
+isn't a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a new
+concern there's a very old act that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern there's a very old act that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern there's a very old act that says
+that forbids discharge of anything into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forbids discharge of anything into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forbids discharge of anything into
+the navigable Waters of the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the navigable Waters of the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the navigable Waters of the United
+States it's been ignored since it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States it's been ignored since it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States it's been ignored since it was
+written in the 19th century but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the 19th century but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the 19th century but you know
+pollution wasn't discovered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1970 Republican president signed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 Republican president signed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 Republican president signed the
+Clean Air Act amendments and created EPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clean Air Act amendments and created EPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clean Air Act amendments and created EPA
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1970 and there's a historical answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 and there's a historical answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 and there's a historical answer the
+events that led up to it but I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that led up to it but I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that led up to it but I'd like
+you to think about the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think about the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think about the fundamental
+question is what turned the politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what turned the politics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what turned the politics
+from absolutely nothing going on at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from absolutely nothing going on at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from absolutely nothing going on at the
+federal level to a new agency with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal level to a new agency with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal level to a new agency with
+strong mandates don't answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong mandates don't answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong mandates don't answer that
+question we're going to do that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we're going to do that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we're going to do that we're
+going to do it later you're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it later you're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it later you're going to say
+earth day and I'm going to say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth day and I'm going to say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth day and I'm going to say that's
+right and then we're going to say where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then we're going to say where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then we're going to say where
+did Earth Day come from so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Earth Day come from so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Earth Day come from so
+um we've got EPA but as the case says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean this comes down to policy makers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this comes down to policy makers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this comes down to policy makers
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+numbers what the law said these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers what the law said these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers what the law said these are the
+National ambient air quality standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National ambient air quality standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National ambient air quality standards
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+epa's one of epa's jobs is to say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epa's one of epa's jobs is to say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epa's one of epa's jobs is to say how
+clean must the air be everywhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean must the air be everywhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean must the air be everywhere in the
+United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United
+States and you could imagine doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and you could imagine doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and you could imagine doing that
+in two different ways you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different ways you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different ways you could imagine
+doing those kinds of damage numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing those kinds of damage numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing those kinds of damage numbers
+damages at different levels of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damages at different levels of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damages at different levels of air
+quality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and
+setting and look at the costs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting and look at the costs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting and look at the costs of
+attaining different levels of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaining different levels of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaining different levels of air
+quality do a do the maximize benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality do a do the maximize benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality do a do the maximize benefits
+Minus cost what the law told EPA to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minus cost what the law told EPA to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minus cost what the law told EPA to do
+however was to protect human health with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however was to protect human health with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however was to protect human health with
+an adequate margin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+safety why do you think they did that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety why do you think they did that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety why do you think they did that as
+opposed to good old cost benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to good old cost benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to good old cost benefit
+analysis which every Economist would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis which every Economist would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis which every Economist would
+tell them they should have done and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them they should have done and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them they should have done and that
+law has been in effect since 1970 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law has been in effect since 1970 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law has been in effect since 1970 with
+every Economist saying that doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Economist saying that doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Economist saying that doesn't make
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense take a
+guess somebody who hasn't spoken yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess somebody who hasn't spoken yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess somebody who hasn't spoken yet
+Rachel what do you think politics well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel what do you think politics well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel what do you think politics well
+politics but what in what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics but what in what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics but what in what kind of
+politics I mean in the sense that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics I mean in the sense that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics I mean in the sense that you
+know the president isting this agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the president isting this agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the president isting this agency
+that's in charge of this he doesn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in charge of this he doesn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in charge of this he doesn't want
+to be related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theis but he has to do an analysis he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theis but he has to do an analysis he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theis but he has to do an analysis he
+has to protect human health with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to protect human health with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to protect human health with an
+adequate margin of safety and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate margin of safety and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate margin of safety and that
+analysis will be challenged it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis will be challenged it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis will be challenged it'll be
+challenged by industry it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged by industry it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged by industry it'll be
+challenged by the environmentalists so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged by the environmentalists so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged by the environmentalists so
+you don't you don't just make up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't you don't just make up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't you don't just make up the
+numbers you have to show that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you have to show that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you have to show that you're
+protecting human health and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting human health and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting human health and you have to
+put in an adequate margin of safety but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in an adequate margin of safety but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in an adequate margin of safety but
+it's not a lot better like Thea with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a lot better like Thea with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a lot better like Thea with the
+exact number it's like one in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact number it's like one in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact number it's like one in every
+10,000 or one in every 100,000 like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 or one in every 100,000 like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 or one in every 100,000 like
+different risk factors depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different risk factors depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different risk factors depending on what
+it is but that sounds like oh like only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but that sounds like oh like only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but that sounds like oh like only
+one out of every people cancer versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out of every people cancer versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out of every people cancer versus
+we're saying you getting cancer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying you getting cancer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying you getting cancer is
+worth I I think it's the Optics I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth I I think it's the Optics I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth I I think it's the Optics I think
+that's right uh this assumes that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right uh this assumes that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right uh this assumes that there
+is some level below which you're safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some level below which you're safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some level below which you're safe
+and above which You're Not Safe And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and above which You're Not Safe And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and above which You're Not Safe And if
+we just get away get a little bit below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just get away get a little bit below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just get away get a little bit below
+that low level we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that low level we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that low level we're all
+safe the evidence as far as I know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe the evidence as far as I know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe the evidence as far as I know in
+all these pollutants is it's smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these pollutants is it's smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these pollutants is it's smooth
+there is no threshold the law presumes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no threshold the law presumes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no threshold the law presumes a
+threshold because that's easier to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold because that's easier to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold because that's easier to talk
+about and then internally you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and then internally you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and then internally you can say
+well we'll use a one in a million or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll use a one in a million or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll use a one in a million or one
+in 10 million or something like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 10 million or something like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 10 million or something like that and
+then you can say we're protecting human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can say we're protecting human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can say we're protecting human
+health you don't have to stand up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health you don't have to stand up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health you don't have to stand up and
+say valuing a human life at $6 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say valuing a human life at $6 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say valuing a human life at $6 million
+dot dot dot I think it is the Optics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot dot I think it is the Optics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot dot I think it is the Optics and
+I think everybody who's thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think everybody who's thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think everybody who's thought about
+this understands that that this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this understands that that this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this understands that that this is an
+ill iCal Criterion it means as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill iCal Criterion it means as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill iCal Criterion it means as you get
+better and better at measuring things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better at measuring things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better at measuring things
+you have to set Tighter and Tighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to set Tighter and Tighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to set Tighter and Tighter
+standards because you detect human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards because you detect human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards because you detect human
+health effects at lower and lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health effects at lower and lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health effects at lower and lower
+concentrations which is not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations which is not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations which is not necessarily
+a bad thing but it's kind of inevitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad thing but it's kind of inevitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad thing but it's kind of inevitable
+and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of
+artificial why not just use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial why not just use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial why not just use a
+price so why not instead of setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price so why not instead of setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price so why not instead of setting
+standards this is an example from the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards this is an example from the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards this is an example from the a
+graph from the reading suppose that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph from the reading suppose that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph from the reading suppose that and
+it's deals with a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's deals with a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's deals with a very simple
+case suppose that here's the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case suppose that here's the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case suppose that here's the marginal
+cost of producing gasoline let us say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of producing gasoline let us say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of producing gasoline let us say um
+and uh there's the demand so this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's the demand so this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's the demand so this would
+be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+equilibrium with with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with with no
+regulation and viscusi says well suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation and viscusi says well suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation and viscusi says well suppose
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+know the damages per gallon of gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the damages per gallon of gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the damages per gallon of gasoline
+produced is given by the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced is given by the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced is given by the distance
+between these two curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two curves
+so we tax we tax the production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we tax we tax the production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we tax we tax the production of
+gasoline again a simple a simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline again a simple a simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline again a simple a simple model
+we suppose that's this that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we suppose that's this that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we suppose that's this that's the
+problem we we put a tax equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we we put a tax equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we we put a tax equal to this
+amount here then the equilibrium is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount here then the equilibrium is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount here then the equilibrium is at
+the is at the point where production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is at the point where production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is at the point where production
+cost plus the marginal value of Damages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost plus the marginal value of Damages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost plus the marginal value of Damages
+equals the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the market
+price you don't want to produce less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you don't want to produce less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you don't want to produce less
+because the total cost production plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the total cost production plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the total cost production plus
+damages is less than the amount the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damages is less than the amount the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damages is less than the amount the
+Market's willing to pay you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market's willing to pay you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market's willing to pay you don't want
+to produce more because the total cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce more because the total cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce more because the total cost
+on the margin total cost for additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the margin total cost for additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the margin total cost for additional
+units exceeds what the Market's willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units exceeds what the Market's willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units exceeds what the Market's willing
+to pay so you impose the marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay so you impose the marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay so you impose the marginal cost
+of Damages as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Damages as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Damages as a
+price everything is swell economists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price everything is swell economists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price everything is swell economists are
+happy uh and you've used the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy uh and you've used the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy uh and you've used the price
+system why might you not want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system why might you not want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system why might you not want to do that
+or maybe you do why would that be hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe you do why would that be hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe you do why would that be hard
+let me just start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there part of the reason you don't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there part of the reason you don't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there part of the reason you don't do it
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+Optics um again you you'd rather say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics um again you you'd rather say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics um again you you'd rather say
+we're protecting human health than we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're protecting human health than we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're protecting human health than we're
+imposing a marginal tax of 60 cents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing a marginal tax of 60 cents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing a marginal tax of 60 cents a
+gallon to reflect environmental the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon to reflect environmental the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon to reflect environmental the
+value of human life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of human life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of human life
+lost that's not a great not a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost that's not a great not a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost that's not a great not a great
+headline but suppose you could find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headline but suppose you could find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headline but suppose you could find a
+way to disguise it suppose you just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to disguise it suppose you just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to disguise it suppose you just just
+do it this is the this is the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it this is the this is the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it this is the this is the charge
+yeah well if you're in tax say coal more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well if you're in tax say coal more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well if you're in tax say coal more
+than you tax oil for having higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you tax oil for having higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you tax oil for having higher
+damages that there's also reasons to tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damages that there's also reasons to tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damages that there's also reasons to tax
+oil W than coal because oil is imported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil W than coal because oil is imported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil W than coal because oil is imported
+and coal is from is domestic so okay how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coal is from is domestic so okay how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coal is from is domestic so okay how
+do you we'll do all the arithmetic we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you we'll do all the arithmetic we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you we'll do all the arithmetic we'll
+figure out the marginal value of reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the marginal value of reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the marginal value of reduced
+energy security we'll figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy security we'll figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy security we'll figure out the
+marginal value of CO2 emissions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal value of CO2 emissions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal value of CO2 emissions and
+we'll figure out the marginal value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll figure out the marginal value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll figure out the marginal value of
+marginal cost rather of little bitty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost rather of little bitty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost rather of little bitty
+particulates that get in your lung and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulates that get in your lung and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulates that get in your lung and
+kill you and we'll just add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill you and we'll just add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill you and we'll just add them
+up then you're really getting the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up then you're really getting the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up then you're really getting the object
+of showing that like how much you're b a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of showing that like how much you're b a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of showing that like how much you're b a
+human life in comparison to like but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human life in comparison to like but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human life in comparison to like but
+even even if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even if you could
+well I mean economists all love this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean economists all love this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean economists all love this you
+do have the Optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have the Optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have the Optics
+problem the other problem you got to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the other problem you got to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the other problem you got to is
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+hard that's hard right CU you saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that's hard right CU you saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that's hard right CU you saw that
+range of Damages for Coal Fired power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of Damages for Coal Fired power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of Damages for Coal Fired power
+plants cuz that reflects where they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants cuz that reflects where they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants cuz that reflects where they are
+so you'd want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd want to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd want to do this
+calculation at least for every Coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation at least for every Coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation at least for every Coal
+Fired power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fired power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fired power
+plant every gas fired power plant and oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant every gas fired power plant and oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant every gas fired power plant and oh
+by the way every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way every
+car because the damages depend on where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car because the damages depend on where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car because the damages depend on where
+you drive and how far you drive so you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drive and how far you drive so you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drive and how far you drive so you'd
+want to you'd want to have you'd want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you'd want to have you'd want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you'd want to have you'd want to
+have taxes for everything now as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taxes for everything now as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taxes for everything now as an
+economist that's little short of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist that's little short of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist that's little short of
+paradise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradise
+but as a practical matter that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a practical matter that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a practical matter that's really
+hard that's really hard so what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that's really hard so what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that's really hard so what you get
+instead there are prices occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead there are prices occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead there are prices occasionally
+we'll talk to we'll talk about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk to we'll talk about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk to we'll talk about some
+systems that are price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are price
+driven where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven where it's
+easier suppose you're worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier suppose you're worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier suppose you're worried about
+climate well to a first approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate well to a first approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate well to a first approximation
+carbon dioxide goes in the air carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide goes in the air carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide goes in the air carbon
+dioxide mixes globally you don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide mixes globally you don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide mixes globally you don't care
+where it comes from you could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes from you could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes from you could have a
+single price for carbon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single price for carbon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single price for carbon dioxide
+Mercury from coal fired power plants the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mercury from coal fired power plants the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mercury from coal fired power plants the
+damages depend on where the plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damages depend on where the plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damages depend on where the plant
+is so if you're going to do prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so if you're going to do prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so if you're going to do prices
+you're going to have to do different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to do different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to do different
+prices that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices that's
+hard sometimes you know it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard sometimes you know it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard sometimes you know it's it's not
+quite right that it doesn't matter where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite right that it doesn't matter where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite right that it doesn't matter where
+it comes from but it's close enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from but it's close enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from but it's close enough
+David I it's only hard if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David I it's only hard if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David I it's only hard if you want to do
+it right right so EPA does now is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right right so EPA does now is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right right so EPA does now is they
+set you said they set some standard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you said they set some standard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you said they set some standard of
+you know like how how much pollution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like how how much pollution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like how how much pollution you
+can give out but they just kind of pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give out but they just kind of pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give out but they just kind of pick
+the limit arbitrarily and then well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit arbitrarily and then well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit arbitrarily and then well they
+do two things where it is to they do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two things where it is to they do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two things where it is to they do two
+things that we talked about that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we talked about that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we talked about that the
+case talks about they do other things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case talks about they do other things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case talks about they do other things as
+well but the two things the case talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but the two things the case talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but the two things the case talks
+about is they set air quality standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is they set air quality standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is they set air quality standards
+and they say everywhere in the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say everywhere in the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say everywhere in the country
+the air has to meet these certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air has to meet these certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air has to meet these certain
+standards well you know you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards well you know you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards well you know you could say
+gee it makes sense to let the air be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee it makes sense to let the air be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee it makes sense to let the air be
+dirtier in Los Angeles because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirtier in Los Angeles because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirtier in Los Angeles because it's
+really hard to clean it in Los Angeles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to clean it in Los Angeles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to clean it in Los Angeles
+you can argue about whether that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can argue about whether that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can argue about whether that makes
+sense but they don't do that the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but they don't do that the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but they don't do that the other
+thing they do is they set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they do is they set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they do is they set
+standards and they let the states figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and they let the states figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and they let the states figure
+out how to do that right that's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to do that right that's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to do that right that's look
+Ohio's got to be clean Illinois's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohio's got to be clean Illinois's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohio's got to be clean Illinois's got to
+be clean figure out what to do if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clean figure out what to do if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clean figure out what to do if you
+can find a way to minimize cost even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a way to minimize cost even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a way to minimize cost even if
+you want to price stuff to do it you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to price stuff to do it you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to price stuff to do it you the
+states figure out how to do it we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states figure out how to do it we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states figure out how to do it we'll
+check your plan to see if it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your plan to see if it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your plan to see if it's going to
+work but you fig you give us a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but you fig you give us a plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but you fig you give us a plan
+that's not terrible not great but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not terrible not great but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not terrible not great but it's
+not terrible then the other thing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not terrible then the other thing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not terrible then the other thing they
+do is they set standard that the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they set standard that the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they set standard that the case
+mentioned is they set standards for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned is they set standards for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned is they set standards for new
+power plants and those are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants and those are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants and those are the same
+everywhere and you can argue yes no is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and you can argue yes no is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and you can argue yes no is
+that the right thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the right thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the right thing to
+do but it's better than you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but it's better than you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but it's better than you tell me
+where you're going to put the plan plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're going to put the plan plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're going to put the plan plant
+I'll tell you I'll I'll calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you I'll I'll calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you I'll I'll calculate the
+tax because that's hard I mean a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax because that's hard I mean a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax because that's hard I mean a lot of
+what goes on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes on here
+is you you you have two imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you you you have two imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you you you have two imperfect
+approaches and I'm just saying that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches and I'm just saying that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches and I'm just saying that well
+this is really a textbook ideal it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really a textbook ideal it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really a textbook ideal it's
+hard and while what you PA actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and while what you PA actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and while what you PA actually
+does isn't very good from a textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does isn't very good from a textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does isn't very good from a textbook
+point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of
+view it it sort of works particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view it it sort of works particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view it it sort of works particularly
+the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air
+standards you know to say the Air's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards you know to say the Air's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards you know to say the Air's got
+to be as a lot of us would say look Los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as a lot of us would say look Los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as a lot of us would say look Los
+Angeles is really hard to clean up let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles is really hard to clean up let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles is really hard to clean up let
+them be dirty um and of course that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them be dirty um and of course that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them be dirty um and of course that's
+that's practically what happens because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's practically what happens because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's practically what happens because
+it's been impossible to clean LA to meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been impossible to clean LA to meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been impossible to clean LA to meet
+national standards but at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national standards but at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national standards but at least the
+principle is no if you move to LA you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is no if you move to LA you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is no if you move to LA you're
+entitled to clean air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so nobody's doing it perfectly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nobody's doing it perfectly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nobody's doing it perfectly the
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+is which of the imperfect methods is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which of the imperfect methods is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which of the imperfect methods is a
+workable and B reasonable and all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workable and B reasonable and all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workable and B reasonable and all I'm
+saying is that you don't want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that you don't want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that you don't want to get
+caught up in the beauty of this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught up in the beauty of this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught up in the beauty of this without
+thinking about the complexity of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the complexity of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the complexity of doing
+it really right now you could say all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really right now you could say all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really right now you could say all
+right um if I'm concerned about acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um if I'm concerned about acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um if I'm concerned about acid
+rain in the east then I will make I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain in the east then I will make I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain in the east then I will make I will
+as if it doesn't matter where sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it doesn't matter where sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it doesn't matter where sulfur
+dioxide goes up into the air does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide goes up into the air does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide goes up into the air does it
+matter yes it matters does it matter a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter yes it matters does it matter a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter yes it matters does it matter a
+lot well not so much within certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot well not so much within certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot well not so much within certain
+bounds so yeah it's not quite right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds so yeah it's not quite right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds so yeah it's not quite right but
+I'll use that assumption it'll let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use that assumption it'll let me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use that assumption it'll let me do
+something I couldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+otherwise well it does matter who the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise well it does matter who the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise well it does matter who the
+rain is falling on let let's hold this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain is falling on let let's hold this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain is falling on let let's hold this
+for about four weeks and then I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about four weeks and then I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about four weeks and then I want to
+go into that in detail yeah in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into that in detail yeah in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into that in detail yeah in the back
+yeah I mean I had a question then how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean I had a question then how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean I had a question then how do
+you handle like competing factors like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you handle like competing factors like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you handle like competing factors like
+something that jumps to my mind is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that jumps to my mind is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that jumps to my mind is like
+uh farming they use like pesticides or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh farming they use like pesticides or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh farming they use like pesticides or
+like ammonia fertilizers that get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ammonia fertilizers that get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ammonia fertilizers that get into
+like the water and then not using those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the water and then not using those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the water and then not using those
+like reduces food production what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like reduces food production what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like reduces food production what do you
+have if you have an increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you have an increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you have an increased
+environmental risk of dying like on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental risk of dying like on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental risk of dying like on the
+other side you also have increased risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side you also have increased risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side you also have increased risk
+of more expensive food or not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more expensive food or not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more expensive food or not enough
+food or things like that or both well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food or things like that or both well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food or things like that or both well
+actually just there's a little off track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just there's a little off track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just there's a little off track
+that that turns out to be hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that turns out to be hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that turns out to be hard
+um we control this is not of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we control this is not of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we control this is not of course
+about water pollution I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about water pollution I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about water pollution I don't want to
+spend much time on it but we control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend much time on it but we control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend much time on it but we control
+Point sources so if you have that Mill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point sources so if you have that Mill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point sources so if you have that Mill
+over there EPA will limit or the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there EPA will limit or the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there EPA will limit or the state
+will limit I'm not sure how that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will limit I'm not sure how that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will limit I'm not sure how that works
+we'll limit what you can put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll limit what you can put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll limit what you can put in the
+water if you have a farm that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water if you have a farm that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water if you have a farm that's called
+non-point Source you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-point Source you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-point Source you get
+runoff you can imagine in theory doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runoff you can imagine in theory doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runoff you can imagine in theory doing
+cost benefit calculations about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost benefit calculations about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost benefit calculations about
+comparing increases in food production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing increases in food production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing increases in food production
+costs with ecosystem damage which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs with ecosystem damage which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs with ecosystem damage which is
+largely what you're getting you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely what you're getting you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely what you're getting you're
+getting phosphates and other nutrients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting phosphates and other nutrients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting phosphates and other nutrients
+in the water that damage ecosystems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the water that damage ecosystems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the water that damage ecosystems and
+such as well as increased cleanup cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as well as increased cleanup cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as well as increased cleanup cost
+Downstream and that might tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream and that might tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream and that might tell you what
+level of fertilizer use is optimal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of fertilizer use is optimal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of fertilizer use is optimal or
+what certain products should and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what certain products should and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what certain products should and
+shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be
+used enforcement is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used enforcement is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used enforcement is a little
+tough so we really don't control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough so we really don't control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough so we really don't control
+non-point Source water pollution very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-point Source water pollution very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-point Source water pollution very
+well in this country and I I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in this country and I I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in this country and I I was
+involved in discussions in Washington 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in discussions in Washington 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in discussions in Washington 20
+years ago now about can we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago now about can we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago now about can we think about
+how to do this and it's just a head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this and it's just a head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this and it's just a head
+scratcher because you really don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratcher because you really don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratcher because you really don't want
+the black helicopters over every Farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black helicopters over every Farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black helicopters over every Farm
+but you know what's the alternative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know what's the alternative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know what's the alternative so
+let me let me move along here um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me move along here um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me move along here um so
+we've talked about a number of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about a number of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about a number of these
+things oh one of the other things um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things oh one of the other things um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things oh one of the other things um now
+let me let me just go go to the next so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me just go go to the next so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me just go go to the next so
+this is EPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is EPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is EPA
+uh this is this is going it's November
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is this is going it's November
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is this is going it's November
+1974 what's just happened why do we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1974 what's just happened why do we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1974 what's just happened why do we all
+of a sudden care about energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden care about energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden care about energy
+Scott you are Scott you're not Scott you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scott you are Scott you're not Scott you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scott you are Scott you're not Scott you
+don't have a name card he's Scott who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a name card he's Scott who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a name card he's Scott who
+are you pretending to be today Jean Jean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you pretending to be today Jean Jean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you pretending to be today Jean Jean
+okay prices huh oil prices what did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay prices huh oil prices what did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay prices huh oil prices what did they
+do lgo OPC OPEC OPEC imposed an embargo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do lgo OPC OPEC OPEC imposed an embargo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do lgo OPC OPEC OPEC imposed an embargo
+it didn't keep oil from getting to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't keep oil from getting to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't keep oil from getting to us
+but the prices went way up so Nixon all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the prices went way up so Nixon all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the prices went way up so Nixon all
+of a sudden we we we talk about we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden we we we talk about we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden we we we talk about we're
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+threatened the Arab countries wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threatened the Arab countries wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threatened the Arab countries wouldn't
+ship to us we got oil it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship to us we got oil it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship to us we got oil it doesn't matter
+oil the tankers go to Sea the tankers go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil the tankers go to Sea the tankers go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil the tankers go to Sea the tankers go
+where the tankers go uh people buy them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the tankers go uh people buy them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the tankers go uh people buy them
+at Sea and redirect them so we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oil but Nixon says we need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil but Nixon says we need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil but Nixon says we need to be
+independent by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent by
+1980 so first question is what's energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 so first question is what's energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 so first question is what's energy
+Independence do for you and is energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence do for you and is energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence do for you and is energy
+Independence the same thing as energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence the same thing as energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence the same thing as energy
+security and how is this yeah how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and how is this yeah how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and how is this yeah how
+important is it if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is it if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is it if it's
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+reactions was that the right goal was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions was that the right goal was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions was that the right goal was
+that a right goal forget the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a right goal forget the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a right goal forget the fact that
+we failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we failed
+miserably was was that worth spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserably was was that worth spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserably was was that worth spending
+money on a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on a lot of
+money and if so why and if not why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and if so why and if not why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and if so why and if not why not
+fire away you want to be independent me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire away you want to be independent me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire away you want to be independent me
+you are not going to import any energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not going to import any energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not going to import any energy
+sources from other countries but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources from other countries but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources from other countries but in the
+same time if any Global energy crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time if any Global energy crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time if any Global energy crisis
+happened in the world you will still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the world you will still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the world you will still be
+affected because you're only energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected because you're only energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected because you're only energy
+independent but other products that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent but other products that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent but other products that you
+are importing from other countries still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are importing from other countries still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are importing from other countries still
+depends on the energy prices for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the energy prices for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the energy prices for these
+countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+well everybody get that the argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well everybody get that the argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well everybody get that the argument is
+that if there is a major energy crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if there is a major energy crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if there is a major energy crisis
+even if we're not importing any oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we're not importing any oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we're not importing any oil
+which is what matters we be affected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what matters we be affected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what matters we be affected and
+you're saying we'll be affected because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying we'll be affected because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying we'll be affected because
+we will import things from countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will import things from countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will import things from countries
+that are affected import other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are affected import other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are affected import other things
+we'll also export to countries that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also export to countries that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also export to countries that may
+have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble
+buying um but also I mean you saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying um but also I mean you saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying um but also I mean you saw the
+diagrams for Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams for Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams for Western
+Europe these are long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe these are long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe these are long-term
+allies our policy will be effed if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allies our policy will be effed if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allies our policy will be effed if
+suddenly suppose Russia turns off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly suppose Russia turns off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly suppose Russia turns off the
+gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+pipeline do we just say to our European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline do we just say to our European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline do we just say to our European
+friends and allies buy some wool socks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and allies buy some wool socks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and allies buy some wool socks
+it's going to get cold no our policy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to get cold no our policy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to get cold no our policy is
+affected so one argument is even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected so one argument is even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected so one argument is even if
+you're energy independent you don't live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're energy independent you don't live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're energy independent you don't live
+behind a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a
+wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall
+um any other thoughts dis agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any other thoughts dis agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any other thoughts dis agree
+disagree producing coal so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree producing coal so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree producing coal so we don't
+necessarily want to be running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily want to be running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily want to be running
+independently on a coal because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently on a coal because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently on a coal because it's
+pollutes more so okay so it matters how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutes more so okay so it matters how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutes more so okay so it matters how
+you become independent okay um good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you become independent okay um good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you become independent okay um good
+point there's a tradeoff there may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there's a tradeoff there may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there's a tradeoff there may be a
+trade-off if you have nice cheap natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off if you have nice cheap natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off if you have nice cheap natural
+gas maybe not so much but yeah is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas maybe not so much but yeah is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas maybe not so much but yeah is there
+a consideration for energy security um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consideration for energy security um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consideration for energy security um
+like if we decide to go energy to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we decide to go energy to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we decide to go energy to become
+energy dependent by relying on nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy dependent by relying on nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy dependent by relying on nuclear
+and that makes us vulnerable to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes us vulnerable to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes us vulnerable to an
+attack at a nuclear plant for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack at a nuclear plant for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack at a nuclear plant for example
+security has multiple Dimensions so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security has multiple Dimensions so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security has multiple Dimensions so you
+might be vulnerable to terrorist attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be vulnerable to terrorist attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be vulnerable to terrorist attacks
+on nuclear plants the way you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on nuclear plants the way you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on nuclear plants the way you wouldn't
+necessarily be vulnerable if say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily be vulnerable if say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily be vulnerable if say you're
+getting oil from Canada by pipeline Also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting oil from Canada by pipeline Also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting oil from Canada by pipeline Also
+may depend who you're getting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may depend who you're getting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may depend who you're getting your
+energy from yeah Max I'll go back just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from yeah Max I'll go back just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from yeah Max I'll go back just
+on the uh security uh looking at that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh security uh looking at that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh security uh looking at that um
+always thought like energy Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always thought like energy Independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always thought like energy Independence
+doesn't necessarily imply security for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily imply security for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily imply security for
+the nation as a naal national interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nation as a naal national interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nation as a naal national interest
+um we're the largest importer of oil in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're the largest importer of oil in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're the largest importer of oil in
+the world we stop importing oil from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world we stop importing oil from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world we stop importing oil from
+countries like Saudi Arabia and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries like Saudi Arabia and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries like Saudi Arabia and other
+countries in the Middle East and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in the Middle East and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in the Middle East and they
+might not be so happy to help us out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sou that's an interesting hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sou that's an interesting hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sou that's an interesting hypothetical
+yeah good point though good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good point though good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good point though good point
+there's a lot of there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of there are a lot of
+other lot of other connections I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other lot of other connections I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other lot of other connections I can't
+read it could be jam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it could be jam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it could be jam
+okay um if it cost if it costs too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um if it cost if it costs too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um if it cost if it costs too much
+to the energy independent uh it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy independent uh it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy independent uh it would
+probably really hurt the economy could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably really hurt the economy could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably really hurt the economy could
+be too expensive to do okay actually let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too expensive to do okay actually let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too expensive to do okay actually let
+me let me give you let me give you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me give you let me give you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me give you let me give you two
+scenarios one all of our oil is uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios one all of our oil is uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios one all of our oil is uh we
+have the same total energy use that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same total energy use that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same total energy use that we
+have now uh all of our oil is imported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now uh all of our oil is imported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now uh all of our oil is imported
+we import Five Barrels a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we import Five Barrels a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we import Five Barrels a
+day um the other case is where energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day um the other case is where energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day um the other case is where energy in
+dep dependent we use twice as much oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dep dependent we use twice as much oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dep dependent we use twice as much oil
+as we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we do
+today it so one case we have no Imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it so one case we have no Imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it so one case we have no Imports
+and the other case we have All Imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other case we have All Imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other case we have All Imports
+in which case Are we more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case Are we more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case Are we more
+secure which case are we less vulnerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure which case are we less vulnerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure which case are we less vulnerable
+let me put it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put it that
+way lots of oil all domestic versus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way lots of oil all domestic versus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way lots of oil all domestic versus a
+little bit of oil all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imported what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported what are the
+risks what are the risks you worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah more negotiation whereas if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah more negotiation whereas if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah more negotiation whereas if you're
+all self-sufficient in a sense um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all self-sufficient in a sense um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all self-sufficient in a sense um if
+something were to go wrong there do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something were to go wrong there do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something were to go wrong there do you
+have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no
+word well I didn't say there was nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word well I didn't say there was nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word well I didn't say there was nobody
+else in the world I just said we we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in the world I just said we we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in the world I just said we we all
+of our oil is domestic uh we there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our oil is domestic uh we there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our oil is domestic uh we there's
+still tankers there are still ports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still tankers there are still ports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still tankers there are still ports
+they're still the World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still the World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still the World
+Market Manuel if all the oil is domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market Manuel if all the oil is domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market Manuel if all the oil is domestic
+we might run out in the next few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might run out in the next few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might run out in the next few years
+you might let's assume we got lucky we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might let's assume we got lucky we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might let's assume we got lucky we
+got assume we got lucky we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got assume we got lucky we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got assume we got lucky we have a lot of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+Jake be much more expensive it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jake be much more expensive it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jake be much more expensive it's kind of
+like the same issue we have with sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the same issue we have with sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the same issue we have with sugars
+because all right let me let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all right let me let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all right let me let me let me
+make a nice hypothetical same cost we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a nice hypothetical same cost we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a nice hypothetical same cost we're
+producing at World prices let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing at World prices let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing at World prices let me let me
+let me give you the let me Lead You In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you the let me Lead You In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you the let me Lead You In
+the direction I want to go suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction I want to go suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction I want to go suppose the
+world price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world price
+doubles in which scenario do we get hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles in which scenario do we get hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles in which scenario do we get hurt
+worse little bit of oil all imported a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse little bit of oil all imported a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse little bit of oil all imported a
+lot of oil all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+domestic I guess World prices were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic I guess World prices were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic I guess World prices were
+double we would be hurt less if all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double we would be hurt less if all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double we would be hurt less if all our
+own oh so you'd separate our prices from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own oh so you'd separate our prices from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own oh so you'd separate our prices from
+the World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the World
+prices oh I didn't say it's sep I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices oh I didn't say it's sep I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices oh I didn't say it's sep I didn't
+say it was separated I just say we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it was separated I just say we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it was separated I just say we all
+we produced it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we produced it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we produced it
+all Britain was a big was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Britain was a big was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Britain was a big was
+self-sufficient in oil for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-sufficient in oil for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-sufficient in oil for a long time
+we would export it so I guess we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would export it so I guess we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would export it so I guess we would
+heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard
+a if what would Happ what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if what would Happ what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if what would Happ what would happen
+our because we make more money it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our because we make more money it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our because we make more money it's
+traded so wouldn't you expect the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded so wouldn't you expect the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded so wouldn't you expect the price
+domestic price to equal the world price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic price to equal the world price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic price to equal the world price
+in both cases yes okay so we use a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases yes okay so we use a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases yes okay so we use a lot
+of oil the price doubles we should use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oil the price doubles we should use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oil the price doubles we should use
+versus a little bit of oil and the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a little bit of oil and the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a little bit of oil and the price
+doubles using less oil using less oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles using less oil using less oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles using less oil using less oil
+would give us make us less vulnerable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give us make us less vulnerable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give us make us less vulnerable to
+that shock right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shock right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shock right um
+so so the amount of oil matters as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the amount of oil matters as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the amount of oil matters as much
+as as much as where it comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as much as where it comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as much as where it comes from the
+difference is did the checks go to Saudi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is did the checks go to Saudi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is did the checks go to Saudi
+Arabia or do they go to Texas or now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabia or do they go to Texas or now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabia or do they go to Texas or now
+North Dakota but if you drive a car it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Dakota but if you drive a car it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Dakota but if you drive a car it
+doesn't much matter to you it's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't much matter to you it's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't much matter to you it's still a
+doubling of your cost yep yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling of your cost yep yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling of your cost yep yeah I think
+that's but during the during the crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's but during the during the crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's but during the during the crisis
+I think he became important not only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think he became important not only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think he became important not only for
+like strategic political reasons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like strategic political reasons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like strategic political reasons but
+also because the public perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because the public perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because the public perception
+changed completely because Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed completely because Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed completely because Americans
+never really had faced like an overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really had faced like an overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really had faced like an overall
+energy crisis it's not just about price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy crisis it's not just about price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy crisis it's not just about price
+like people would go to the gas stations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people would go to the gas stations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people would go to the gas stations
+and they couldn't didn't get gas right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they couldn't didn't get gas right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they couldn't didn't get gas right
+so so there was actually a supply well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there was actually a supply well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there was actually a supply well
+that was in 70 that was in 79 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in 70 that was in 79 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in 70 that was in 79 and that's
+actually because I was actually I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because I was actually I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because I was actually I was
+taking a long road trip during that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a long road trip during that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a long road trip during that and
+that was in fact because of government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in fact because of government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in fact because of government
+regulation we decided we'd hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation we decided we'd hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation we decided we'd hold the
+domestic price down and that made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic price down and that made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic price down and that made it
+hard to get gas people panicked uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get gas people panicked uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get gas people panicked uh but
+let me hold off we'll come to that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me hold off we'll come to that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me hold off we'll come to that we'll
+come to that later so and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to that later so and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to that later so and I'm going to
+answer this one just in the interest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this one just in the interest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this one just in the interest of
+of moving along project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving along project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving along project
+Independence Independence is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence Independence is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence Independence is a nice
+sounding goal but it's not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding goal but it's not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding goal but it's not necessarily
+if you think it through and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think it through and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think it through and there's a
+nice piece recommended piece on the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice piece recommended piece on the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice piece recommended piece on the list
+about this um not necessarily the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this um not necessarily the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this um not necessarily the most
+important goal you might want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important goal you might want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important goal you might want to use
+less oil period since oil is oil is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less oil period since oil is oil is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less oil period since oil is oil is very
+volatile um okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile um okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile um okay it's
+75 I'll answer this too because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 I'll answer this too because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 I'll answer this too because we're
+moving slowly oil prices have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving slowly oil prices have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving slowly oil prices have been
+pretty stable since it's only been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty stable since it's only been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty stable since it's only been a
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+here's the choice Cafe standards on cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the choice Cafe standards on cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the choice Cafe standards on cars
+or a a gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a a gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a a gasoline
+tax which do you do which do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax which do you do which do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax which do you do which do you do
+you're on President Ford's Council of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on President Ford's Council of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on President Ford's Council of
+economic advisors in fact one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic advisors in fact one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic advisors in fact one of my
+teachers was on President Ford's Council
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers was on President Ford's Council
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers was on President Ford's Council
+of economic advisors which do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of economic advisors which do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of economic advisors which do you think
+he advised Ford to support standards for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he advised Ford to support standards for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he advised Ford to support standards for
+Motor Vehicles or taxes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motor Vehicles or taxes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motor Vehicles or taxes on
+gasoline and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline and
+why which would you support and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why which would you support and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why which would you support and why
+Brendon he probably supported uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brendon he probably supported uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brendon he probably supported uh
+standards on regulation because taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards on regulation because taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards on regulation because taxes
+are fairly unpopular or standards kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fairly unpopular or standards kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fairly unpopular or standards kind
+of affect the so the political argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of affect the so the political argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of affect the so the political argument
+would be you can't say tax or somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you can't say tax or somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you can't say tax or somebody
+will shoot you put that to one side for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will shoot you put that to one side for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will shoot you put that to one side for
+a moment and we'll we'll assume you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment and we'll we'll assume you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment and we'll we'll assume you
+could actually say the word tax out loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually say the word tax out loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually say the word tax out loud
+there was a time when you could in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a time when you could in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a time when you could in this
+country yeah if you oppose a tax then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country yeah if you oppose a tax then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country yeah if you oppose a tax then
+everybody has to pay equally and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has to pay equally and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has to pay equally and there's
+no incentive to buying your cars or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no incentive to buying your cars or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no incentive to buying your cars or
+making your cars better more and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making your cars better more and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making your cars better more and the
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the more expensive gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the more expensive gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the more expensive gasoline
+is the more the more expensive a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the more the more expensive a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the more the more expensive a gas
+guzzler is for you to own so you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guzzler is for you to own so you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guzzler is for you to own so you'd
+expect gasoline prices to change vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect gasoline prices to change vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect gasoline prices to change vehicle
+purchases right so you it doesn't remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases right so you it doesn't remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases right so you it doesn't remove
+the incentive for me to decide what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incentive for me to decide what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incentive for me to decide what to
+buy from the from the from General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy from the from the from General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy from the from the from General
+Motors uh uh uh point of view sure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motors uh uh uh point of view sure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motors uh uh uh point of view sure if
+you'll buy a guzzler I'll make a guzzler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll buy a guzzler I'll make a guzzler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll buy a guzzler I'll make a guzzler
+The Tax Works through would work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Tax Works through would work through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Tax Works through would work through
+consumers Andreas I think it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers Andreas I think it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers Andreas I think it depends on
+what your goal is specifically between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your goal is specifically between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your goal is specifically between
+do but if your goal is to like reduce uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but if your goal is to like reduce uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but if your goal is to like reduce uh
+pollution for example uh I would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution for example uh I would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution for example uh I would think
+that would make more sense to put tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would make more sense to put tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would make more sense to put tax
+because that would the as we said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would the as we said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would the as we said in
+terms of like making engin more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like making engin more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like making engin more
+efficient I think the gas price itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient I think the gas price itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient I think the gas price itself
+would lead to more efficient res if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lead to more efficient res if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lead to more efficient res if
+gasoline price is very expensive you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline price is very expensive you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline price is very expensive you
+want to get cars that are more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get cars that are more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get cars that are more efficient
+like we have in airplanes right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have in airplanes right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have in airplanes right now
+something like that you will have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you will have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you will have uh
+airplanes or engines that are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes or engines that are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes or engines that are more
+efficient so you can use less and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient so you can use less and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient so you can use less and I
+think that it's fair for an issue like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's fair for an issue like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's fair for an issue like
+pollution where everybody's infected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution where everybody's infected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution where everybody's infected to
+have everybody pay for it as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everybody pay for it as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everybody pay for it as opposed to
+have only people who uh buy specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only people who uh buy specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only people who uh buy specific
+what are the different good points what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the different good points what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the different good points what
+are the different effects on uh the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different effects on uh the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different effects on uh the cost
+of driving once you own a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of driving once you own a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of driving once you own a
+car so yeah so if you have with the cafe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car so yeah so if you have with the cafe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car so yeah so if you have with the cafe
+standards basically you uh if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards basically you uh if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards basically you uh if you have a
+more efficient if you have a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient if you have a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient if you have a more
+efficient engine you might be also um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient engine you might be also um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient engine you might be also um
+encouraged to drive more driving is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged to drive more driving is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged to drive more driving is
+cheaper yeah it's cheaper as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper yeah it's cheaper as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper yeah it's cheaper as opposed to
+like taking the bus or something I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taking the bus or something I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taking the bus or something I was
+going to let Julian give that answer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let Julian give that answer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let Julian give that answer but
+uh you probably have another Point well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you probably have another Point well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you probably have another Point well
+I I was going to talk about like where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I was going to talk about like where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I was going to talk about like where
+the cost actually went like if you ined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost actually went like if you ined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost actually went like if you ined
+motor tax or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor tax or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor tax or
+a cafe program to make more cars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cafe program to make more cars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cafe program to make more cars and
+whatnot because motor fuels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot because motor fuels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot because motor fuels are
+relatively sa like in last and thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively sa like in last and thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively sa like in last and thing you
+still have to drive where you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to drive where you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to drive where you still have
+to like go to school etc etc etc but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like go to school etc etc etc but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like go to school etc etc etc but um
+if you have like a motor fuel tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have like a motor fuel tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have like a motor fuel tax
+that'll probably be passed on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll probably be passed on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll probably be passed on to
+something like the manufacturer and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the manufacturer and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the manufacturer and then
+they'll try and pass it on to you oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll try and pass it on to you oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll try and pass it on to you oh
+sure M fuel tax will raise cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure M fuel tax will raise cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure M fuel tax will raise cost of
+gasoline at retail that's what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline at retail that's what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline at retail that's what it's
+supposed to do yeah I mean it's like who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do yeah I mean it's like who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do yeah I mean it's like who
+it pass on to more like who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will I mean first approximation is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I mean first approximation is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I mean first approximation is first
+approximation it's the consumer right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation it's the consumer right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation it's the consumer right if
+it costs more to make efficient cars the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it costs more to make efficient cars the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it costs more to make efficient cars the
+consumer will pay if gasoline prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer will pay if gasoline prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer will pay if gasoline prices
+rise the consumer will pay so on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise the consumer will pay so on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise the consumer will pay so on that
+level it's probably a wash the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level it's probably a wash the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level it's probably a wash the question
+is the impact on incentives let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the impact on incentives let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the impact on incentives let me let
+me pose you one suppose I have an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me pose you one suppose I have an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me pose you one suppose I have an old
+gas guzzler I have an old car that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas guzzler I have an old car that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas guzzler I have an old car that gets
+lousy mileage you do a gas tax or you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy mileage you do a gas tax or you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy mileage you do a gas tax or you do
+a uh Cafe standard what are the impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh Cafe standard what are the impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh Cafe standard what are the impacts
+on me and what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on me and what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on me and what do I do
+stand your car might cost more initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand your car might cost more initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand your car might cost more initially
+no no I own it it's an old it's an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no I own it it's an old it's an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no I own it it's an old it's an old
+car it's a 19 66 Pontiac bonnaville it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car it's a 19 66 Pontiac bonnaville it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car it's a 19 66 Pontiac bonnaville it
+gets two miles to the gallon but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets two miles to the gallon but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets two miles to the gallon but the
+sound is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound is good
+okay you've you've imposed a cafe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you've you've imposed a cafe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you've you've imposed a cafe
+standard on 2011 model cars or you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard on 2011 model cars or you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard on 2011 model cars or you've
+doubled the gas tax what do I do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled the gas tax what do I do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled the gas tax what do I do in
+those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+cases maybe I scrap the car right maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases maybe I scrap the car right maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases maybe I scrap the car right maybe
+I scrap the car earlier because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I scrap the car earlier because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I scrap the car earlier because it's
+more expensive to run than a new car so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive to run than a new car so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive to run than a new car so
+I I I I do want to get cover a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I I do want to get cover a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I I do want to get cover a little
+more ground most economists would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ground most economists would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ground most economists would say
+you'd want the C you'd want the gas tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want the C you'd want the gas tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want the C you'd want the gas tax
+because it affects driving it affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it affects driving it affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it affects driving it affects
+all drivers and ultimately you expect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all drivers and ultimately you expect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all drivers and ultimately you expect it
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect
+um uh motor vehicle design because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh motor vehicle design because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh motor vehicle design because
+you've changed buying incentives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've changed buying incentives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've changed buying incentives the
+counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter
+is people react react slowly to price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people react react slowly to price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people react react slowly to price
+changes you might not get the effect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you might not get the effect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you might not get the effect you
+want right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want right
+away the politics are not as good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the politics are not as good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the politics are not as good uh
+yeah excuse me I think there's a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah excuse me I think there's a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah excuse me I think there's a common
+uh modern day example of back in I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh modern day example of back in I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh modern day example of back in I think
+2008 or 2009 when gas prices went up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 or 2009 when gas prices went up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 or 2009 when gas prices went up to
+like $4 a gallon then people's buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like $4 a gallon then people's buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like $4 a gallon then people's buying
+preferences did change a lot a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences did change a lot a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences did change a lot a lot of
+people started buying smaller cars more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started buying smaller cars more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started buying smaller cars more
+compact vehicles and SUV sales were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact vehicles and SUV sales were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact vehicles and SUV sales were
+really hit hard so I think that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hit hard so I think that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hit hard so I think that kind of
+shows that although I mean there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that although I mean there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that although I mean there are a
+lot of papers on this they come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of papers on this they come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of papers on this they come to the
+conclusion that there certainly is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that there certainly is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that there certainly is an
+effect how big the effect is how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect how big the effect is how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect how big the effect is how long
+lasting the effect is a lot of debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasting the effect is a lot of debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasting the effect is a lot of debate
+but certainly in 1980 when prices spiked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly in 1980 when prices spiked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly in 1980 when prices spiked
+there was a big shift to economy cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a big shift to economy cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a big shift to economy cars
+um what else might we have done to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what else might we have done to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what else might we have done to use
+less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+petroleum besides either a gas tax or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petroleum besides either a gas tax or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petroleum besides either a gas tax or a
+u uh Cafe standard yeah uh the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u uh Cafe standard yeah uh the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u uh Cafe standard yeah uh the car
+program cor poool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program cor poool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program cor poool
+program getting warm yep improve public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program getting warm yep improve public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program getting warm yep improve public
+transportation improve subsidizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation improve subsidizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation improve subsidizing
+public transportation is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation is sort of the
+Euro auran answer to it which is instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euro auran answer to it which is instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euro auran answer to it which is instead
+of getting the cars more efficient get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting the cars more efficient get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting the cars more efficient get
+the people out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people out of the
+cars um and there was a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars um and there was a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars um and there was a little bit of
+discussion of that but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of that but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of that but that's not
+terribly popular particularly in spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly popular particularly in spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly popular particularly in spread
+out Western cities if you compare Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Western cities if you compare Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Western cities if you compare Boston
+which is fairly dense with a Los Angeles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fairly dense with a Los Angeles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fairly dense with a Los Angeles
+or a Denver or a Salt Lake City public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a Denver or a Salt Lake City public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a Denver or a Salt Lake City public
+transportation's tough cause the cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation's tough cause the cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation's tough cause the cities
+were built for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were built for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were built for
+cars so it's a long-standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars so it's a long-standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars so it's a long-standing
+debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate
+um I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to
+um move quickly President Carter's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um move quickly President Carter's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um move quickly President Carter's
+packing his bags what's happened the oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing his bags what's happened the oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing his bags what's happened the oil
+prices it's late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices it's late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices it's late
+1980 do you remember the hostage rescue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 do you remember the hostage rescue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 do you remember the hostage rescue
+you don't remember the hostage rescue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't remember the hostage rescue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't remember the hostage rescue
+the hostage non rescue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hostage non rescue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hostage non rescue in
+tran oil prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tran oil prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tran oil prices
+spiked so now we come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiked so now we come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiked so now we come to
+Coal because the the uh proposal is look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coal because the the uh proposal is look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coal because the the uh proposal is look
+we know how to make liquid fuels out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to make liquid fuels out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to make liquid fuels out of
+coal Germany did it in the second world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal Germany did it in the second world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal Germany did it in the second world
+war people have been experimenting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war people have been experimenting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war people have been experimenting with
+it since the 20s this is not magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it since the 20s this is not magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it since the 20s this is not magic
+processes can get better Catalyst can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes can get better Catalyst can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes can get better Catalyst can be
+improved but basically we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved but basically we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved but basically we know how to
+make liquid fuels out of coal we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make liquid fuels out of coal we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make liquid fuels out of coal we're
+sitting on a ton of coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ton understates it we're sitting on lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton understates it we're sitting on lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton understates it we're sitting on lots
+of coal we are the Saudi Arabia of coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coal we are the Saudi Arabia of coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coal we are the Saudi Arabia of coal
+why are we fooling around here why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are we fooling around here why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are we fooling around here why don't
+we do a synthetic fuels industry in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a synthetic fuels industry in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a synthetic fuels industry in this
+country as they did in Germany as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country as they did in Germany as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country as they did in Germany as they
+did in Japan as they did and are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in Japan as they did and are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in Japan as they did and are still
+doing in South Africa and make liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in South Africa and make liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in South Africa and make liquid
+fuels from coal and use American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels from coal and use American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels from coal and use American
+coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal
+so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good
+idea and climate was not on the table at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and climate was not on the table at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and climate was not on the table at
+this point so climate's not a not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point so climate's not a not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point so climate's not a not a
+consideration for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration for
+Carter process I remember from Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carter process I remember from Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carter process I remember from Germany
+doing it during World War II it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it during World War II it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it during World War II it was
+their last AG effort because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their last AG effort because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their last AG effort because they were
+basically isolated from the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically isolated from the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically isolated from the rest of the
+world when they got cut off from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world when they got cut off from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world when they got cut off from
+Romanian oil yeah right they had they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romanian oil yeah right they had they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romanian oil yeah right they had they
+the fuel their their War Machine by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel their their War Machine by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel their their War Machine by
+themselves and that was their only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and that was their only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and that was their only
+option as the turn they I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option as the turn they I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option as the turn they I think they
+exhausted all the coal supplies too well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhausted all the coal supplies too well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhausted all the coal supplies too well
+they made a dent they made a dent uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made a dent they made a dent uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made a dent they made a dent uh so
+so one thing you want to think about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing you want to think about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing you want to think about and
+we talked about this is uh gee it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this is uh gee it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this is uh gee it might
+be expensive so one thing you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be expensive so one thing you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be expensive so one thing you might want
+to know and the answer to that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know and the answer to that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know and the answer to that question
+is well what's this stuff going to cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what's this stuff going to cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what's this stuff going to cost
+per gallon can you give me a number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per gallon can you give me a number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per gallon can you give me a number and
+if it's five times the market price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's five times the market price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's five times the market price
+maybe not and if it's one and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not and if it's one and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not and if it's one and a half
+times the mark well we're in 1980 and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the mark well we're in 1980 and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the mark well we're in 1980 and in
+1980 oil prices had gone up like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 oil prices had gone up like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 oil prices had gone up like that
+and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the
+forecasts called on them to continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts called on them to continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts called on them to continue to
+rise it's a great story of how forecasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise it's a great story of how forecasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise it's a great story of how forecasts
+extrap late every published forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrap late every published forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrap late every published forecast
+said they were going to continue to rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they were going to continue to rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they were going to continue to rise
+in the event they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the event they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the event they
+collapsed but um um in any case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed but um um in any case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed but um um in any case you
+might want to know how the costs would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to know how the costs would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to know how the costs would
+compare anything else you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare anything else you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare anything else you might want to
+think about Scott if the synthetic fuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Scott if the synthetic fuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Scott if the synthetic fuels
+industry starts off well and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry starts off well and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry starts off well and then the
+oil price drops you then lose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil price drops you then lose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil price drops you then lose that
+industry that you invested so much in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry that you invested so much in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry that you invested so much in so
+you might want to think about risks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to think about risks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to think about risks in
+addition to just what's at Cost given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to just what's at Cost given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to just what's at Cost given
+the history of the oil price given given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of the oil price given given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of the oil price given given
+the fact that 1980 is a peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that 1980 is a peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that 1980 is a peak
+historic maybe it's not really going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic maybe it's not really going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic maybe it's not really going to
+continue to rise as everybody says it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to rise as everybody says it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to rise as everybody says it is
+maybe there is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there is just some
+chance that the Iranian s situation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that the Iranian s situation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that the Iranian s situation will
+settle down and prices will come back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle down and prices will come back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle down and prices will come back so
+you'd want to worry about the cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to worry about the cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to worry about the cost and
+you'd want to worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to worry about the
+risk anything else you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk anything else you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk anything else you might want to
+consider yeah you want to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider yeah you want to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider yeah you want to worry about
+like the pollution in terms of like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the pollution in terms of like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the pollution in terms of like how
+it relates to oil yeah that's where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it relates to oil yeah that's where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it relates to oil yeah that's where I
+was going might actually and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going might actually and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going might actually and this this
+is in 1980 climate's not on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in 1980 climate's not on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in 1980 climate's not on the on the
+table but local pollution all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table but local pollution all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table but local pollution all kinds of
+other pollution is so you might ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pollution is so you might ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pollution is so you might ask the
+question what's this process look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what's this process look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what's this process look like
+environmentally then of course you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally then of course you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally then of course you would
+factor in energy security and You' reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in energy security and You' reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in energy security and You' reach
+a decision you might also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision you might also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision you might also
+ask are these processes really mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask are these processes really mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask are these processes really mature
+but in any case um you might or might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any case um you might or might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any case um you might or might
+not advise I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not advise I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not advise I would
+say opinion was quite mixed on this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say opinion was quite mixed on this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say opinion was quite mixed on this this
+wasn't going to be a government industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't going to be a government industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't going to be a government industry
+this was going to be a public private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was going to be a public private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was going to be a public private
+partnership they were going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership they were going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership they were going to help
+Private Industry develop not build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Private Industry develop not build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Private Industry develop not build a
+government industry so wasn't a Nutty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government industry so wasn't a Nutty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government industry so wasn't a Nutty
+design and it wasn't a Nutty idea given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and it wasn't a Nutty idea given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and it wasn't a Nutty idea given
+all the coal but a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the coal but a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the coal but a lot of these
+questions that you raised I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you raised I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you raised I don't think
+were adequately answered at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were adequately answered at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were adequately answered at the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+um so now it's 1986 Reagan is president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now it's 1986 Reagan is president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now it's 1986 Reagan is president
+what what happened to oil prices I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what happened to oil prices I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what happened to oil prices I just
+told you they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you they
+collapsed um how well is the synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed um how well is the synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed um how well is the synthetic
+fuels Corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+performed well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed well
+badly Matthew's doing the thumbs down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly Matthew's doing the thumbs down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly Matthew's doing the thumbs down
+okay yep about like 60% of the ethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yep about like 60% of the ethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yep about like 60% of the ethanol
+uh plants in the US close by mid 1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plants in the US close by mid 1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plants in the US close by mid 1980s
+so pretty poorly well this wasn't this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pretty poorly well this wasn't this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pretty poorly well this wasn't this
+wasn't ethanol this was uh well some was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't ethanol this was uh well some was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't ethanol this was uh well some was
+ethanol actually yeah so should he shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol actually yeah so should he shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol actually yeah so should he shut
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down yeah he should shut it down he shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down yeah he should shut it down he shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down yeah he should shut it down he shut
+it down um uh and the facts you you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down um uh and the facts you you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down um uh and the facts you you'd
+want to have the same facts we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have the same facts we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have the same facts we had
+before but here's the hypothetical that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but here's the hypothetical that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but here's the hypothetical that
+I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find
+intriguing suppose suppose oil prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intriguing suppose suppose oil prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intriguing suppose suppose oil prices
+collapse but the thing it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse but the thing it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse but the thing it actually
+worked in the sense that the plants were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in the sense that the plants were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in the sense that the plants were
+working and it cost twice as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and it cost twice as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and it cost twice as much
+much but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but it was
+domestic would you subsidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is is is reduced use of U petroleum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is is reduced use of U petroleum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is is reduced use of U petroleum
+based fuels worth it Sam I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based fuels worth it Sam I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based fuels worth it Sam I wouldn't
+necessarily subsidize it I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily subsidize it I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily subsidize it I would say
+like at that point what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at that point what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at that point what you do is you
+stick it in your back pocket as like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it in your back pocket as like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it in your back pocket as like a
+safety card and also you kind of invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety card and also you kind of invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety card and also you kind of invest
+in trying to bring the cost down more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to bring the cost down more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to bring the cost down more
+and increase the efficiency so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increase the efficiency so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increase the efficiency so in the
+case that oil prices jump again then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that oil prices jump again then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that oil prices jump again then
+you're like oh we can you know we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like oh we can you know we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like oh we can you know we have
+this card in our back pocket so you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this card in our back pocket so you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this card in our back pocket so you try
+to mothball the plants basically do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mothball the plants basically do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mothball the plants basically do a
+little do a little R&D mothball the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little do a little R&D mothball the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little do a little R&D mothball the
+plants see if you can upgrade them not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants see if you can upgrade them not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants see if you can upgrade them not
+bad I would say end on the domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad I would say end on the domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad I would say end on the domestic
+impact because if you're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact because if you're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact because if you're going to go
+with synthetic fuels and you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with synthetic fuels and you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with synthetic fuels and you have like
+an area the size of Texas play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area the size of Texas play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area the size of Texas play
+completely sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely sugar
+cane no this is these are coal based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cane no this is these are coal based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cane no this is these are coal based
+basically uh so it's it's it's strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh so it's it's it's strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh so it's it's it's strip
+mining in Wyoming you know nobody lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining in Wyoming you know nobody lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining in Wyoming you know nobody lives
+there it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you you don't want to look at photos of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't want to look at photos of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't want to look at photos of
+strip mines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip mines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip mines
+um okay this would actually be a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay this would actually be a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay this would actually be a more
+interesting decision you'd want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting decision you'd want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting decision you'd want to think
+about you'd want to you'd worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you'd want to you'd worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you'd want to you'd worry about
+employment by the way if you just ramped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment by the way if you just ramped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment by the way if you just ramped
+if you're a politician and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a politician and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a politician and you just
+built this industry and you say oh gee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built this industry and you say oh gee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built this industry and you say oh gee
+too bad uh oil prices collapse you die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too bad uh oil prices collapse you die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too bad uh oil prices collapse you die
+that the political pressure to save a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the political pressure to save a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the political pressure to save a
+government sponsored Enterprise would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government sponsored Enterprise would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government sponsored Enterprise would be
+significant and you'd worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant and you'd worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant and you'd worry about the
+environmental impact of running it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact of running it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact of running it and
+shutting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutting it
+down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the
+cost uh of of uh subsidizing down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh of of uh subsidizing down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh of of uh subsidizing down to
+World prices would be the equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World prices would be the equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World prices would be the equivalent of
+the cost of imports based on this that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of imports based on this that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of imports based on this that's
+a lot of money you probably wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of money you probably wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of money you probably wouldn't
+want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do
+that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's
+climate what's happened to oil let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate what's happened to oil let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate what's happened to oil let me
+it's it's 2012 here we are um what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's 2012 here we are um what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's 2012 here we are um what's
+happened to us import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to us import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to us import
+dependence it's gone up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence it's gone up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence it's gone up
+what's happened to Cafe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+standards not much yes not much uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards not much yes not much uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards not much yes not much uh the
+case should have mentioned in fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case should have mentioned in fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case should have mentioned in fact that
+um this it it a little bit overstates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this it it a little bit overstates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this it it a little bit overstates
+the inaction so let me let me correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inaction so let me let me correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inaction so let me let me correct
+that there was a 2007 law passed under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was a 2007 law passed under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was a 2007 law passed under
+pres passed and signed by President Bush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pres passed and signed by President Bush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pres passed and signed by President Bush
+uh that called for increases the Bush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that called for increases the Bush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that called for increases the Bush
+Administration proposed increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration proposed increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration proposed increases the
+Obama administra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obama administra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obama administra
+finalized them for the next several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finalized them for the next several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finalized them for the next several
+model years and has agreement with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model years and has agreement with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model years and has agreement with
+manufacturers so they're moving now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers so they're moving now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers so they're moving now but
+from the mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mid
+1980s until late in the last decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s until late in the last decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s until late in the last decade
+nothing happened how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+come Rachel well well got Che began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come Rachel well well got Che began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come Rachel well well got Che began to
+stay cheap for a while and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay cheap for a while and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay cheap for a while and then the
+economy picked off and it started to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy picked off and it started to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy picked off and it started to go
+up and then the economy crashed again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then the economy crashed again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then the economy crashed again so
+went back down and it L Issue so energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back down and it L Issue so energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back down and it L Issue so energy
+just really wasn't wasn't on the uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really wasn't wasn't on the uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really wasn't wasn't on the uh on
+the table and the auto companies were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table and the auto companies were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table and the auto companies were
+being hammered by Imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being hammered by Imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being hammered by Imports
+and other things to worry about it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other things to worry about it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other things to worry about it's
+it's always and you know from the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always and you know from the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always and you know from the point
+of view of the Auto industry if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view of the Auto industry if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view of the Auto industry if you can
+keep it off the table you want it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it off the table you want it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it off the table you want it off
+the table people like large fast cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table people like large fast cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table people like large fast cars
+all the R&D went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the R&D went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the R&D went into
+performance um engines got more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance um engines got more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance um engines got more
+efficient lots more efficient but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient lots more efficient but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient lots more efficient but they
+also got bigger and cars got bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also got bigger and cars got bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also got bigger and cars got bigger and
+we all drove SUVs and we're fat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all drove SUVs and we're fat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all drove SUVs and we're fat and
+happy um at least as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy um at least as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy um at least as I
+recall what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what's
+new 2012 what's the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new 2012 what's the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new 2012 what's the new
+issue just one word just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+word okay how about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word okay how about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word okay how about a
+hand Logan what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think no no back in the back climate hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think no no back in the back climate hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think no no back in the back climate hey
+there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go
+climate um climate became an agenda item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate um climate became an agenda item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate um climate became an agenda item
+in Washington in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Washington in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Washington in the late
+1980s um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1990 1992
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rather most of the world ratified the UN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather most of the world ratified the UN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather most of the world ratified the UN
+framework convention on climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework convention on climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework convention on climate
+change I'm not going to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I'm not going to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I'm not going to say something
+about climate we have with us one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about climate we have with us one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about climate we have with us one of the
+foremost climate scientists in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foremost climate scientists in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foremost climate scientists in the world
+who is going to kibbit and tell me when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is going to kibbit and tell me when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is going to kibbit and tell me when
+I say something wrong which I probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say something wrong which I probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say something wrong which I probably
+will in the next five minutes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in the next five minutes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in the next five minutes uh
+Professor Solomon a recent addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Solomon a recent addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Solomon a recent addition to
+the MIT faculty is I am flattered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT faculty is I am flattered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT faculty is I am flattered that
+she's here and we'll see how this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's here and we'll see how this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's here and we'll see how this goes
+uh I'm just going to say a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm just going to say a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm just going to say a little bit
+about climate we'll come back to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about climate we'll come back to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about climate we'll come back to it
+perhaps when she's out of town and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps when she's out of town and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps when she's out of town and I can
+get away with more um I just want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away with more um I just want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away with more um I just want to say
+a little bit today we're going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit today we're going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit today we're going to come
+back to it this is more political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it this is more political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it this is more political
+background and just one conceptual point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and just one conceptual point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and just one conceptual point
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is the hardest policy problem I've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hardest policy problem I've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hardest policy problem I've ever
+encountered and it's hard for a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered and it's hard for a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered and it's hard for a variety
+of reasons it's hard because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasons it's hard because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasons it's hard because it's a
+global problem it would require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global problem it would require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global problem it would require
+significant actions by rich and poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant actions by rich and poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant actions by rich and poor
+countries that are you saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that are you saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that are you saw the
+differences in Energy Systems all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in Energy Systems all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in Energy Systems all of
+those different Energy Systems would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different Energy Systems would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different Energy Systems would
+have to do something different over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do something different over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do something different over the
+next 20 years to really make and Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 20 years to really make and Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 20 years to really make and Beyond
+to make a dent and incon veniently we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a dent and incon veniently we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a dent and incon veniently we
+lack a world government so if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack a world government so if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack a world government so if you think
+it's hard to get agreement in Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to get agreement in Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to get agreement in Congress
+you can pass a law people can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pass a law people can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pass a law people can be
+compelled internationally you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelled internationally you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelled internationally you can't do
+it the other another issue that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the other another issue that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the other another issue that makes it
+hard is the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard is the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard is the time
+scales right um climate is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales right um climate is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales right um climate is an
+intergenerational issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergenerational issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergenerational issue
+CO2 think order of magn it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 think order of magn it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 think order of magn it's not a
+halflife but order of magnitude half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife but order of magnitude half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife but order of magnitude half
+life of a cent sort of a half life of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of a cent sort of a half life of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of a cent sort of a half life of a
+century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+there will be a lot of it around that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a lot of it around that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a lot of it around that's
+you know Abraham Lincoln's CO2 is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Abraham Lincoln's CO2 is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Abraham Lincoln's CO2 is still
+up there in quantity um so you it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there in quantity um so you it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there in quantity um so you it's it's
+we would need to do things today to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would need to do things today to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would need to do things today to
+benefit our great-grandchildren this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit our great-grandchildren this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit our great-grandchildren this is
+not always an easy cell costs today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always an easy cell costs today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always an easy cell costs today
+benefits way down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits way down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits way down the
+line and another thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and another thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and another thing that's
+conceptually hard and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually hard and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually hard and we're going to
+play with this when we do the climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with this when we do the climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with this when we do the climate
+negotiation exercise is it's hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation exercise is it's hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation exercise is it's hard for
+people to get their head around uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to get their head around uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to get their head around uh the
+Dynamics involved in CO2 and we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics involved in CO2 and we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics involved in CO2 and we'll do
+just a a thre minute exercise to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a thre minute exercise to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a thre minute exercise to make
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to ask you
+to think through uh what a picture would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through uh what a picture would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through uh what a picture would
+look like so here is the atmospheric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so here is the atmospheric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so here is the atmospheric
+concentration of carbon dioxide just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of carbon dioxide just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of carbon dioxide just
+imagine this scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this scenario
+it R it's risen up to 2000 uh to 2010 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it R it's risen up to 2000 uh to 2010 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it R it's risen up to 2000 uh to 2010 12
+uh and suppose it gradually Rises and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and suppose it gradually Rises and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and suppose it gradually Rises and
+stabilizes in fact this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizes in fact this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizes in fact this is pretty
+aggressive it stabilizes at 400 parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive it stabilizes at 400 parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive it stabilizes at 400 parts
+per million which is quite aggressive um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per million which is quite aggressive um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per million which is quite aggressive um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+here is the rate at which it's removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the rate at which it's removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the rate at which it's removed
+from the atmosphere by natural processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the atmosphere by natural processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the atmosphere by natural processes
+let's just keep life simple suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just keep life simple suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just keep life simple suppose that
+rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is
+constant now think in your head or draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant now think in your head or draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant now think in your head or draw
+a picture so what I gave you there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture so what I gave you there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture so what I gave you there was
+concentration in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in the
+atmosphere a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere a
+scenario this is sort of actual data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario this is sort of actual data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario this is sort of actual data
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+suppose this is sort of actual data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this is sort of actual data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this is sort of actual data for
+emissions suppose that's the rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions suppose that's the rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions suppose that's the rate at
+which it's removed from the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's removed from the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's removed from the atmosphere
+right so this is gigatons per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is gigatons per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is gigatons per
+year per this is a per these are rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year per this is a per these are rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year per this is a per these are rates
+that was a stock these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a stock these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a stock these are
+flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows
+um what would the emissions path have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what would the emissions path have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what would the emissions path have to
+look like for this graph to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like for this graph to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like for this graph to be
+consistent with the prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the prior
+one okay just don't answer just form an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay just don't answer just form an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay just don't answer just form an
+answer in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+head got it got the picture got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head got it got the picture got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head got it got the picture got the
+answer has to look like that it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer has to look like that it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer has to look like that it has to
+come down to equal removals at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down to equal removals at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down to equal removals at the end
+or it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it doesn't
+stabilize right stuff coming out has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize right stuff coming out has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize right stuff coming out has to
+equal stuff coming in water flowing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal stuff coming in water flowing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal stuff coming in water flowing into
+the bathtub has to equal water flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bathtub has to equal water flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bathtub has to equal water flowing
+out of the bathtub now I assume you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the bathtub now I assume you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the bathtub now I assume you all
+got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this
+right because you're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you're all
+smart lots of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart lots of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart lots of people
+don't this is a study published in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't this is a study published in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't this is a study published in in
+science that used Harvard and MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that used Harvard and MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that used Harvard and MIT
+graduate students you guys are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students you guys are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students you guys are all
+smarter than graduate students I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter than graduate students I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter than graduate students I
+understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um 75% of the sample didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 75% of the sample didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 75% of the sample didn't
+get emissions equal to removals at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get emissions equal to removals at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get emissions equal to removals at the
+end they didn't draw a trajectory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end they didn't draw a trajectory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end they didn't draw a trajectory that
+hit at the end this is a little tougher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit at the end this is a little tougher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit at the end this is a little tougher
+violating conservation of mass that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating conservation of mass that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating conservation of mass that's a
+little tricky but uh over half asserted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tricky but uh over half asserted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tricky but uh over half asserted
+yeah you can be stable you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can be stable you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can be stable you don't have to
+get to the end you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the end you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the end you don't have to
+equalize at the end well these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalize at the end well these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalize at the end well these are
+Harvard and MIT graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+students lawyers have even more trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students lawyers have even more trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students lawyers have even more trouble
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+this nothing against lawyers some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nothing against lawyers some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nothing against lawyers some of
+them once were Harvard and MIT graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them once were Harvard and MIT graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them once were Harvard and MIT graduate
+students so this is missed a lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so this is missed a lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so this is missed a lot and
+it's a thing that makes the negotiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a thing that makes the negotiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a thing that makes the negotiation
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+complicated the exercise we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated the exercise we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated the exercise we're going to
+do here is one that's been gone that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here is one that's been gone that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here is one that's been gone that's
+been run through with actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been run through with actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been run through with actual
+negotiators with the purpose developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiators with the purpose developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiators with the purpose developed
+here by my colleague John Sturman with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by my colleague John Sturman with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by my colleague John Sturman with
+the purpose of getting them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of getting them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of getting them to
+understand at an intuitive level the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand at an intuitive level the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand at an intuitive level the
+consequence of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of those
+Dynamics for this purpose you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics for this purpose you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics for this purpose you think of
+the atmosphere as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere as a
+bathtub the height of the bathtub height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathtub the height of the bathtub height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathtub the height of the bathtub height
+of the water in the bathtub is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the water in the bathtub is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the water in the bathtub is the
+concentration emissions are what comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration emissions are what comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration emissions are what comes
+out of the faucet and removals is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the faucet and removals is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the faucet and removals is what
+goes down the drain if you're worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down the drain if you're worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down the drain if you're worried
+about local Air Pollution that stays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about local Air Pollution that stays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about local Air Pollution that stays in
+the atmosphere for hours you just worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere for hours you just worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere for hours you just worry
+about emissions you reduce emissions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about emissions you reduce emissions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about emissions you reduce emissions and
+you got it for this problem that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got it for this problem that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got it for this problem that doesn't
+do it a sharp cut in emissions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it a sharp cut in emissions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it a sharp cut in emissions is
+consistent with the atmosphere having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the atmosphere having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the atmosphere having
+more and more greenhouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more greenhouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more greenhouse
+gases that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases that's
+different that complicates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different that complicates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different that complicates the
+problem okay so I'll just a little a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so I'll just a little a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so I'll just a little a
+little more history are there questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more history are there questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more history are there questions
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+yeah is the removal rate proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is the removal rate proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is the removal rate proportional to
+the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration
+I don't know is it is the removal rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know is it is the removal rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know is it is the removal rate
+proportional to the concentration sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the concentration sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the concentration sort
+of it can be it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it can be it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it can be it can
+be I just did a constant rate to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I just did a constant rate to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I just did a constant rate to make
+the the exercise simpler you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the exercise simpler you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the exercise simpler you could
+imagine it rising over time slightly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it rising over time slightly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it rising over time slightly the
+same thing would have to be true you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing would have to be true you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing would have to be true you'd
+have to get emissions down to removals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get emissions down to removals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get emissions down to removals
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+stabilize as you more CO2 if the removal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize as you more CO2 if the removal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize as you more CO2 if the removal
+rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is
+in you will stabilize at a higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you will stabilize at a higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you will stabilize at a higher level
+yeah which is also not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah which is also not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah which is also not good
+but 400 is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 400 is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 400 is pretty
+aggressive okay A little bit of history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive okay A little bit of history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive okay A little bit of history
+and then we will uh chat today so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will uh chat today so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will uh chat today so just
+again this is a setup to what we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a setup to what we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a setup to what we'll be
+doing in two weeks um since the 92
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in two weeks um since the 92
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in two weeks um since the 92
+convention there have been 72 meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention there have been 72 meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention there have been 72 meetings
+of the parties to that convention the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parties to that convention the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parties to that convention the
+third meeting produced the Kyoto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third meeting produced the Kyoto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third meeting produced the Kyoto
+Protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protocol
+which obliged rich countries those rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which obliged rich countries those rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which obliged rich countries those rich
+countries that ratified it to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that ratified it to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that ratified it to reduce
+emissions many ratified we didn't and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions many ratified we didn't and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions many ratified we didn't and
+President George W bush uh rejected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President George W bush uh rejected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President George W bush uh rejected the
+protocol in 2001 and so we are the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol in 2001 and so we are the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol in 2001 and so we are the big
+emitter not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter not
+playing there have been lots more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing there have been lots more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing there have been lots more
+meetings the Copenhagen meeting was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings the Copenhagen meeting was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings the Copenhagen meeting was
+widely publicized the most recent one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely publicized the most recent one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely publicized the most recent one
+was in South Africa um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+177 conferences yeah most recently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+177 conferences yeah most recently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+177 conferences yeah most recently in
+Durban you are going to be a conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Durban you are going to be a conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Durban you are going to be a conference
+of the parties beginning at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parties beginning at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parties beginning at the end of
+this month and you're going to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this month and you're going to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this month and you're going to solve
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay but for now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but for now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but for now it's
+2012 and we're President Obama what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 and we're President Obama what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 and we're President Obama what do
+you do about coal we have a lot of coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do about coal we have a lot of coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do about coal we have a lot of coal
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+dirty should we do more of it less of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is not a right answer question this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a right answer question this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a right answer question this
+is a what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question you surely have opinions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you surely have opinions yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you surely have opinions yes
+start with retrofitting and using point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with retrofitting and using point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with retrofitting and using point
+source capture which is getting reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source capture which is getting reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source capture which is getting reason
+be effective I mean even the MIT I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be effective I mean even the MIT I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be effective I mean even the MIT I guess
+that's gas but you can make these Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gas but you can make these Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gas but you can make these Co
+plants better and better and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants better and better and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants better and better and that
+reduces your emissions well you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces your emissions well you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces your emissions well you can you
+can we haven't done it at commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we haven't done it at commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we haven't done it at commercial
+scale you you can imagine capturing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale you you can imagine capturing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale you you can imagine capturing if
+you're worried about local pollution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worried about local pollution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worried about local pollution
+yeah you can scrub them and make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can scrub them and make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can scrub them and make them
+cleaner if you're worried about carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner if you're worried about carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner if you're worried about carbon
+dioxide you can take carbon dioxide out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide you can take carbon dioxide out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide you can take carbon dioxide out
+of flu gas it's not cheap and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flu gas it's not cheap and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flu gas it's not cheap and then you
+got to put it someplace so you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to put it someplace so you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to put it someplace so you can do it
+but it may be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it may be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it may be quite
+expensive uh yeah you can retire the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive uh yeah you can retire the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive uh yeah you can retire the
+really old inefficient coal plants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really old inefficient coal plants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really old inefficient coal plants and
+replace them with maybe natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace them with maybe natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace them with maybe natural gas
+natural gas plants so you would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas plants so you would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas plants so you would say
+um the answer is you would not you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the answer is you would not you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the answer is you would not you would
+favor moving off coal for the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor moving off coal for the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor moving off coal for the ones that
+are and they're more they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and they're more they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and they're more they're
+older all them Matthew uh Al although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older all them Matthew uh Al although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older all them Matthew uh Al although
+the CT plans were weren't successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CT plans were weren't successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CT plans were weren't successful
+when they're creaded um it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're creaded um it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're creaded um it's possible
+that we have the technology now to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have the technology now to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have the technology now to make
+them more successful and less expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more successful and less expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more successful and less expensive
+which which plan uh the the cold to cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which plan uh the the cold to cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which plan uh the the cold to cold
+to liquids yeah um just because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to liquids yeah um just because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to liquids yeah um just because they
+were in said they polluted less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in said they polluted less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in said they polluted less than
+coal to electricity do when burned when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal to electricity do when burned when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal to electricity do when burned when
+burned about the same amount of CO2 life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned about the same amount of CO2 life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned about the same amount of CO2 life
+cycle but they they burn clean so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle but they they burn clean so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle but they they burn clean so that
+might be a more efficient way to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a more efficient way to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a more efficient way to use
+coal so you might you might revisit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal so you might you might revisit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal so you might you might revisit the
+coold to liquids question again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coold to liquids question again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coold to liquids question again we're
+putting Shell gas off the table for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting Shell gas off the table for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting Shell gas off the table for this
+discussion you might revisit Co to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion you might revisit Co to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion you might revisit Co to
+liquids to see if we can do it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids to see if we can do it better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids to see if we can do it better
+yeah anybody else a thought yeah not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anybody else a thought yeah not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anybody else a thought yeah not I
+heard of an experimental technology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of an experimental technology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of an experimental technology that
+uses the carbon dioxide from uh burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the carbon dioxide from uh burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the carbon dioxide from uh burning
+coal to create uh cement which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal to create uh cement which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal to create uh cement which is also
+really uh carbon intensive process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh carbon intensive process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh carbon intensive process so
+looking at processes like that that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at processes like that that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at processes like that that are
+similar to that and seeing if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that and seeing if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that and seeing if you can
+develop them to a commercial scale so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop them to a commercial scale so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop them to a commercial scale so
+you you'd spent some money on R&D to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'd spent some money on R&D to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'd spent some money on R&D to see
+if we can find clean ways to use coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can find clean ways to use coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can find clean ways to use coal
+rather than give up on it because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than give up on it because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than give up on it because we've
+got so much of it um and we touched on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so much of it um and we touched on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so much of it um and we touched on
+that one um electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one um electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one um electric
+vehicles you electric vehicle fans is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles you electric vehicle fans is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles you electric vehicle fans is
+that a way to use the coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a way to use the coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a way to use the coal
+Brandon Elric vehicles we can increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brandon Elric vehicles we can increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brandon Elric vehicles we can increase
+our grid um size by adding additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our grid um size by adding additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our grid um size by adding additional
+plants in terms of we can add natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants in terms of we can add natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants in terms of we can add natural
+gas or nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas or nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas or nuclear
+plants make up the difference in so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants make up the difference in so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants make up the difference in so you
+you think electric vehicles are a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think electric vehicles are a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think electric vehicles are a good
+thing to explore at least cost an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to explore at least cost an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to explore at least cost an
+issue with projected rises in oil prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with projected rises in oil prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with projected rises in oil prices
+not so much not as much as they would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much not as much as they would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much not as much as they would be
+I I need to put up a graph of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I need to put up a graph of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I need to put up a graph of the
+forecast of oil prices in 1980 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast of oil prices in 1980 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast of oil prices in 1980 which
+were just amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just amazing
+and all wrong uh but but you know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all wrong uh but but you know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all wrong uh but but you know I mean
+you're right if if I'm betting money I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right if if I'm betting money I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right if if I'm betting money I'm
+betting in the long run up but not down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting in the long run up but not down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting in the long run up but not down
+particularly with the rise of with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly with the rise of with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly with the rise of with the
+rise of China um okay 30 seconds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise of China um okay 30 seconds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise of China um okay 30 seconds of
+free-for-all before we before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-for-all before we before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-for-all before we before we
+break um any other policies that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break um any other policies that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break um any other policies that we
+haven't talked about that we should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about that we should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about that we should have
+talked about that will deal with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that will deal with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that will deal with this
+thing have you a silver bullet we've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing have you a silver bullet we've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing have you a silver bullet we've all
+been looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been looking for
+one I'm extremely Pro in nuclear energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm extremely Pro in nuclear energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm extremely Pro in nuclear energy
+um but I understand it's extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I understand it's extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I understand it's extremely
+expensive and one reason it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and one reason it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and one reason it's so
+expensive is because of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive is because of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive is because of all the
+regulation that covered um I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation that covered um I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation that covered um I would like
+reform regulation I think move towards a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform regulation I think move towards a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform regulation I think move towards a
+longterm nuclear solution maybe use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longterm nuclear solution maybe use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longterm nuclear solution maybe use
+natural gas as an interrup solution uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas as an interrup solution uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas as an interrup solution uh
+it's easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier
+cheaper to system well there have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper to system well there have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper to system well there have been
+some some reforms to nuclear regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some reforms to nuclear regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some reforms to nuclear regulation
+like design licensing instead of plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like design licensing instead of plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like design licensing instead of plant
+licensing but but one issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing but but one issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing but but one issue is
+Fukushima um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fukushima um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fukushima um okay
+I know I know I know I know uh one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I know I know I know uh one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I know I know I know uh one last
+thing I'd like you to do could you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'd like you to do could you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'd like you to do could you for
+one second close your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second close your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second close your
+eyes close your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes close your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes close your
+eyes because I don't want people looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes because I don't want people looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes because I don't want people looking
+at each other those of you who think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each other those of you who think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each other those of you who think of
+yourselves as libertarian small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves as libertarian small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves as libertarian small
+government Republican types please raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government Republican types please raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government Republican types please raise
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+hands those of okay down please those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands those of okay down please those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands those of okay down please those of
+you who think of yourselves as kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who think of yourselves as kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who think of yourselves as kind of
+liberal Democratic uh I don't want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal Democratic uh I don't want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal Democratic uh I don't want the
+poor to starve raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor to starve raise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor to starve raise your
+hands okay you're going to try to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands okay you're going to try to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands okay you're going to try to put
+the Republicans on one side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Republicans on one side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Republicans on one side of this
+debate and the Democrats on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate and the Democrats on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate and the Democrats on the other
+we're going to have a um uh a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a um uh a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a um uh a bit of a
+debate next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate next
+Tuesday between two opposing views of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday between two opposing views of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday between two opposing views of
+the role of government and I just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of government and I just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of government and I just wanted
+to see how you divide there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how you divide there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how you divide there are a lot of
+agnostics Democrats outnumber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agnostics Democrats outnumber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agnostics Democrats outnumber
+Republicans um uh so think about that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republicans um uh so think about that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republicans um uh so think about that as
+you read for next next week uh have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read for next next week uh have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read for next next week uh have a
+good week weekend
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XmpKWntLzPQ.txt b/XmpKWntLzPQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b552f813cbd2a4b64ab727312bbd79bce0599f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XmpKWntLzPQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple calculator so we basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple calculator so we basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple calculator so we basically just
+adding up through numbers from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up through numbers from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up through numbers from one to
+five from both sides so how this versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five from both sides so how this versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five from both sides so how this versus
+we start with our e-commerce site since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with our e-commerce site since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with our e-commerce site since
+the red says like I'm standing to press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red says like I'm standing to press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red says like I'm standing to press
+the red button so let's say each of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red button so let's say each of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red button so let's say each of this
+is representative of like a number from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is representative of like a number from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is representative of like a number from
+1 to 5 so let's say I press tree oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to 5 so let's say I press tree oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to 5 so let's say I press tree oh yeah
+so I press treat it stocks up the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I press treat it stocks up the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I press treat it stocks up the value
+tree then let's say on that 5 then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree then let's say on that 5 then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree then let's say on that 5 then it
+goes to get so much better and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to get so much better and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to get so much better and it just
+resets again then you just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resets again then you just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resets again then you just keep
+repeating whatever button one press so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating whatever button one press so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating whatever button one press so I
+press 1 and then I press 2 he goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press 1 and then I press 2 he goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press 1 and then I press 2 he goes to
+tree so yeah then after a while we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so yeah then after a while we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so yeah then after a while we said
+so I just kept up server providing Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just kept up server providing Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just kept up server providing Mike
+from one to ten one two five one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to ten one two five one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to ten one two five one two
+five plus one to five so yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five plus one to five so yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five plus one to five so yeah yeah
+anyway so just to close jr. yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so just to close jr. yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so just to close jr. yeah yeah
+the press of eight one five so once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the press of eight one five so once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the press of eight one five so once you
+press there it yeah so once you press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press there it yeah so once you press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press there it yeah so once you press
+there it then you press the yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it then you press the yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it then you press the yellow
+button then it just adds anomalous other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button then it just adds anomalous other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button then it just adds anomalous other
+calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that was only two numbers plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was only two numbers plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was only two numbers plus the
+server when he goes for 180 beats so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server when he goes for 180 beats so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server when he goes for 180 beats so
+yeah so it kind of a food 361 so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it kind of a food 361 so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it kind of a food 361 so yeah
+Netflix made the server so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix made the server so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netflix made the server so I was
+thinking what what can we do this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking what what can we do this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking what what can we do this up
+over so okay then let's try sexy but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so okay then let's try sexy but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so okay then let's try sexy but not
+just the mixable move up and down yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the mixable move up and down yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the mixable move up and down yeah
+so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's take away 5 8 plus for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take away 5 8 plus for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take away 5 8 plus for us
+Oh which one first make us read first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh which one first make us read first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh which one first make us read first
+yeah there's like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's like this
+wait that was yeah that's lying we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait that was yeah that's lying we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait that was yeah that's lying we don't
+separate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate it
+yeah
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZLbt_1bI_NA.txt b/ZLbt_1bI_NA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d19d5e6639a64a3fe340bd9274561e2c6b1efb63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZLbt_1bI_NA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,771 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah any questions about this yeah to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah any questions about this yeah to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah any questions about this yeah to
+one's an incidental question you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's an incidental question you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's an incidental question you keep
+mentioning something that I never heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning something that I never heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning something that I never heard
+of called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of called
+yes all right we you know is a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right we you know is a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right we you know is a tiny
+little microcontroller not related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little microcontroller not related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little microcontroller not related to
+video games really but it's a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video games really but it's a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video games really but it's a tiny
+little micro controller and you connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little micro controller and you connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little micro controller and you connect
+it up to a circuit and then it can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up to a circuit and then it can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up to a circuit and then it can tell
+like an LED to blink every five seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an LED to blink every five seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an LED to blink every five seconds
+and it can it can detect when you press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can it can detect when you press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can it can detect when you press
+a button and it can read off of a like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a button and it can read off of a like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a button and it can read off of a like
+light sensor whether the lights are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light sensor whether the lights are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light sensor whether the lights are on
+so it's a little kind of computer chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little kind of computer chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little kind of computer chip
+that you programmed to do one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you programmed to do one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you programmed to do one particular
+task that connects out to the world yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task that connects out to the world yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task that connects out to the world yes
+so you can buy a connect that will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can buy a connect that will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can buy a connect that will work
+with a PC for about 200 bucks if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a PC for about 200 bucks if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a PC for about 200 bucks if you
+don't want to use the connect that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to use the connect that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to use the connect that's
+fine we have four connects and computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine we have four connects and computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine we have four connects and computers
+with unity that are it's all set up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unity that are it's all set up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unity that are it's all set up to
+use it so if you want to use a connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it so if you want to use a connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it so if you want to use a connect
+you have the resources and not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the resources and not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the resources and not a
+necessary part yeah yeah you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary part yeah yeah you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary part yeah yeah you could do
+your own thing totally and the connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own thing totally and the connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own thing totally and the connect
+is really it's it's amazingly simple so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really it's it's amazingly simple so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really it's it's amazingly simple so
+if you have a game that connects with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a game that connects with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a game that connects with a
+mouse click and a drag then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse click and a drag then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse click and a drag then you can
+instantly take the connect and say where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly take the connect and say where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly take the connect and say where
+it was a mouse click and drag make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a mouse click and drag make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a mouse click and drag make it
+the poem and it takes like zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poem and it takes like zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poem and it takes like zero
+transfers right it was all you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers right it was all you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers right it was all you need to
+do to change them from being is uncheck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to change them from being is uncheck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to change them from being is uncheck
+one of the spirits in this panel so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the spirits in this panel so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the spirits in this panel so like
+pretend this for my other project which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend this for my other project which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend this for my other project which
+isn't on this computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't on this computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't on this computer
+this would be with connect and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be with connect and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be with connect and then this
+would be with the mouse so yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be with the mouse so yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be with the mouse so yeah you
+don't have to exclusively choose one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to exclusively choose one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to exclusively choose one
+yeah so and then you can program a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so and then you can program a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so and then you can program a whole
+connect thing on your computer just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect thing on your computer just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect thing on your computer just
+assuming mouse clicks are connect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming mouse clicks are connect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming mouse clicks are connect and
+then when you're ready drag on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you're ready drag on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you're ready drag on the
+screen or click on the little thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen or click on the little thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen or click on the little thing and
+it's ready to work on a connect system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ready to work on a connect system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ready to work on a connect system
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so we've that's part of what he's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've that's part of what he's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've that's part of what he's been
+tasked to do over the last six months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasked to do over the last six months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasked to do over the last six months
+let's make it really easy to use connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make it really easy to use connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make it really easy to use connect
+if you want it yeah any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want it yeah any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want it yeah any other questions
+and if I don't see your hand up it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I don't see your hand up it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I don't see your hand up it's
+probably because you're in my periphery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because you're in my periphery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because you're in my periphery
+so say things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but is there anything we should download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is there anything we should download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is there anything we should download
+don't get anything to use it at home so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get anything to use it at home so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get anything to use it at home so
+that we're at the same pace what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're at the same pace what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're at the same pace what's
+happening in the class where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the class where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the class where the
+question yeah there is a connect SDK and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah there is a connect SDK and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah there is a connect SDK and
+you can download it from the Microsoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can download it from the Microsoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can download it from the Microsoft
+website we are using the newer version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website we are using the newer version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website we are using the newer version
+of the Kinect however the older version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Kinect however the older version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Kinect however the older version
+is very similar and I think use tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar and I think use tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar and I think use tested
+remove the little V 2 at the end involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the little V 2 at the end involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the little V 2 at the end involve
+the Kinect references and it only works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kinect references and it only works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kinect references and it only works
+on Windows it does only work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Windows it does only work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Windows it does only work on the
+essence and I see a little apple I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Kinect in any other all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like this like good it probably just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this like good it probably just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this like good it probably just
+only works on Windows because it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only works on Windows because it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only works on Windows because it uses
+like developments library a dll a link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like developments library a dll a link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like developments library a dll a link
+library that runs on Windows and knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library that runs on Windows and knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library that runs on Windows and knows
+what to do with the input side it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do with the input side it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do with the input side it's
+getting and it is the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting and it is the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting and it is the first one
+it's it to the river to the version to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it to the river to the version to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it to the river to the version to
+it pushes the USB 3.0 aspect like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pushes the USB 3.0 aspect like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pushes the USB 3.0 aspect like really
+hard and it's so much data that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and it's so much data that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and it's so much data that I don't
+think Microsoft wanted to put any on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Microsoft wanted to put any on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Microsoft wanted to put any on
+your effort into that it used to only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your effort into that it used to only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your effort into that it used to only
+work on Windows 8 okay and now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on Windows 8 okay and now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on Windows 8 okay and now we can
+work on just 10 yeah all right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on just 10 yeah all right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on just 10 yeah all right so I
+think they'd be useful to do a poll who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they'd be useful to do a poll who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they'd be useful to do a poll who
+uses my to do those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses my to do those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses my to do those things
+it's still I can program it on the Mac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still I can program it on the Mac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still I can program it on the Mac
+yeah and just do it with the mouse okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and just do it with the mouse okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and just do it with the mouse okay
+and then just like check the little box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just like check the little box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just like check the little box
+and yeah so you can send it over to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah so you can send it over to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah so you can send it over to one
+of the systems that has the Kinect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the systems that has the Kinect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the systems that has the Kinect and
+check the box it shouldn't it shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the box it shouldn't it shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the box it shouldn't it shouldn't
+end up being a problem if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being a problem if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being a problem if you start
+working on a Mac then it should take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a Mac then it should take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a Mac then it should take a
+little bit of time to like look and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of time to like look and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of time to like look and go
+oh yeah no problem check this send it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah no problem check this send it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah no problem check this send it
+over here and it'll work but yeah don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and it'll work but yeah don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and it'll work but yeah don't
+what I would say is don't worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would say is don't worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would say is don't worry about it
+do what's comfortable right now and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what's comfortable right now and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what's comfortable right now and then
+we'll figure out what needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll figure out what needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll figure out what needs to be
+adjusted later
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZUZ8VbX1YNQ.txt b/ZUZ8VbX1YNQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a996d17cb8a74d56a33f999049ad87b8bf27a82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZUZ8VbX1YNQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3923 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the RSA crypto system is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RSA crypto system is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RSA crypto system is one of the
+lovely and really important applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely and really important applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely and really important applications
+of number theory in computer science so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of number theory in computer science so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of number theory in computer science so
+let's uh start talking about it the RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh start talking about it the RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh start talking about it the RSA
+crypto system is what is known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto system is what is known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto system is what is known as a
+public Key C crypto system which has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public Key C crypto system which has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public Key C crypto system which has the
+following really amazing properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following really amazing properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following really amazing properties
+namely anyone can send a secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely anyone can send a secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely anyone can send a secret
+encrypted message to uh a designated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted message to uh a designated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted message to uh a designated
+receiver this is without there being any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver this is without there being any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver this is without there being any
+prior contact using only publicly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior contact using only publicly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior contact using only publicly
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+information now if you think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information now if you think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information now if you think about that
+it's really terrific because it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really terrific because it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really terrific because it means
+that you can send a secret message to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can send a secret message to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can send a secret message to
+Amazon that nobody but Amazon can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon that nobody but Amazon can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon that nobody but Amazon can read
+even though the entire world knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the entire world knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the entire world knows what
+you know and can see what you sent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and can see what you sent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and can see what you sent to
+Amazon and Amazon knows that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon and Amazon knows that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon and Amazon knows that it's the
+only one that can decrypt the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one that can decrypt the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one that can decrypt the message
+you sent um this in fact is hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sent um this in fact is hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sent um this in fact is hard to
+believe if you think about it uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe if you think about it uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe if you think about it uh it
+sounds paradox oxic how can secrecy be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds paradox oxic how can secrecy be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds paradox oxic how can secrecy be
+possible using only public info uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible using only public info uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible using only public info uh and
+in fact the existence of this public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the existence of this public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the existence of this public key
+crypto system has some genuinely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto system has some genuinely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto system has some genuinely
+paradoxical consequences which kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxical consequences which kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxical consequences which kind of
+are a mind Bender so let me tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a mind Bender so let me tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a mind Bender so let me tell you
+about one of them um I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one of them um I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one of them um I don't know if
+you've heard of mental chess but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard of mental chess but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard of mental chess but it's a
+standard thing in the Chess World Chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard thing in the Chess World Chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard thing in the Chess World Chess
+Masters are so talented uh and have such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Masters are so talented uh and have such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Masters are so talented uh and have such
+deep insight into the game that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep insight into the game that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep insight into the game that they
+don't need a chess board and they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need a chess board and they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need a chess board and they don't
+need chess pieces they can just go for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need chess pieces they can just go for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need chess pieces they can just go for a
+walk through the on a country talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through the on a country talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through the on a country talking to
+each other and saying Pawn to King 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and saying Pawn to King 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and saying Pawn to King 4 and
+uh and Knight to Bishop uh three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and Knight to Bishop uh three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and Knight to Bishop uh three and
+just talking chess code and play an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking chess code and play an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking chess code and play an
+entire chess game that way that's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire chess game that way that's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire chess game that way that's known
+as mental chess it's quite impressive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as mental chess it's quite impressive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as mental chess it's quite impressive in
+fact the grand Masters can play multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the grand Masters can play multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the grand Masters can play multiple
+games of mental chess against opponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games of mental chess against opponents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games of mental chess against opponents
+who are staring at the chessboard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are staring at the chessboard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are staring at the chessboard and
+win the great majority of the games of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the great majority of the games of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the great majority of the games of
+course these are not against other Grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these are not against other Grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these are not against other Grand
+Masters but still okay so now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Masters but still okay so now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Masters but still okay so now this is
+what I propose how about playing mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I propose how about playing mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I propose how about playing mental
+poker if you know how to play poker we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker if you know how to play poker we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker if you know how to play poker we
+deal out cards and we bet and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal out cards and we bet and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal out cards and we bet and so on and
+um my only condition is that I'll deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my only condition is that I'll deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my only condition is that I'll deal
+now that sounds like a joke and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that sounds like a joke and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that sounds like a joke and an
+absurd thing for you to agree to do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd thing for you to agree to do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd thing for you to agree to do but
+it's amazing it's actually possible one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amazing it's actually possible one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amazing it's actually possible one
+of the famous papers of uh rvest and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the famous papers of uh rvest and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the famous papers of uh rvest and uh
+Shamir was how to play mental poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shamir was how to play mental poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shamir was how to play mental poker
+using public key crypto so um I once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using public key crypto so um I once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using public key crypto so um I once
+tried to persuade uh a uh an eminent MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to persuade uh a uh an eminent MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to persuade uh a uh an eminent MIT
+Dean who's an ex who's a physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dean who's an ex who's a physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dean who's an ex who's a physicist
+researcher about this and he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher about this and he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher about this and he just
+wouldn't believe it he argued that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't believe it he argued that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't believe it he argued that it
+was uh just impossible logically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh just impossible logically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh just impossible logically and
+what he was thinking about was that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was thinking about was that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was thinking about was that if
+you know how to compute a function then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to compute a function then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to compute a function then
+of course you can figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can figure out how to
+invert it uh that is to say if I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert it uh that is to say if I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert it uh that is to say if I know
+how to compute some function f of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to compute some function f of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to compute some function f of a
+number um and let's say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um and let's say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um and let's say that the
+function is one arrow in that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is one arrow in that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is one arrow in that is an
+inject ction then if I know what F of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject ction then if I know what F of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject ction then if I know what F of n
+is there's a unique n that it came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a unique n that it came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a unique n that it came from
+so how can I not be able to find n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can I not be able to find n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can I not be able to find n and
+it's an Insight of computer science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an Insight of computer science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an Insight of computer science and
+complexity theory that says uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity theory that says uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity theory that says uh it's
+quite possible it's not that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite possible it's not that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite possible it's not that you can't
+find the N that produced F of n it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the N that produced F of n it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the N that produced F of n it's
+that the search for it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the search for it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the search for it will be
+prohibitive there are in short one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibitive there are in short one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibitive there are in short one way
+fun that is functions that are easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun that is functions that are easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun that is functions that are easy to
+compute in One Direction but hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute in One Direction but hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute in One Direction but hard to
+invert they're easy to compute but hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert they're easy to compute but hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert they're easy to compute but hard
+to invert in particular we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invert in particular we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invert in particular we're thinking
+about multiplying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about multiplying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about multiplying and
+factoring it is it's an observation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring it is it's an observation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring it is it's an observation that
+it's easy to compute the product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to compute the product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to compute the product of two
+large prime numbers we all know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large prime numbers we all know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large prime numbers we all know how to
+multiply and in fact there are faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and in fact there are faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and in fact there are faster
+ways to multiply than you know um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to multiply than you know um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to multiply than you know um but
+the current state of our knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current state of our knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current state of our knowledge of
+number Theory and complexity theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Theory and complexity theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Theory and complexity theory is
+that given a number n that happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that given a number n that happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that given a number n that happens to be
+the product of two prime s it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of two prime s it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of two prime s it seems to
+be uh hopelessly hard in general to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh hopelessly hard in general to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh hopelessly hard in general to
+factor and into the components p and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and into the components p and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and into the components p and Q
+now this is an open problem um it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is an open problem um it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is an open problem um it's uh
+similar to the P equals NP question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the P equals NP question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the P equals NP question that
+famous open problem it's actually uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous open problem it's actually uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous open problem it's actually uh uh
+uh a weaker it's quite possible that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a weaker it's quite possible that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a weaker it's quite possible that you
+could factor and uh NP would not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could factor and uh NP would not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could factor and uh NP would not equal
+to NP but nevertheless it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to NP but nevertheless it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to NP but nevertheless it's the same
+kind of problem and more generally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of problem and more generally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of problem and more generally the
+existence of one-way functions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of one-way functions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of one-way functions is
+closely related to that PS NP question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related to that PS NP question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related to that PS NP question
+nevertheless even though it's an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless even though it's an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless even though it's an open
+problem and theoretically has not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and theoretically has not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and theoretically has not been
+settled either way it's widely believed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled either way it's widely believed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled either way it's widely believed
+I mean the banks the governments uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the banks the governments uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the banks the governments uh and
+uh and the commercial world have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the commercial world have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the commercial world have really
+uh bet the Family Jewels on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bet the Family Jewels on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bet the Family Jewels on the
+difficulty of factoring when they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty of factoring when they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty of factoring when they use
+the RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RSA
+protocol so I like to make the joke that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so I like to make the joke that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so I like to make the joke that
+um my uh most important contribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my uh most important contribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my uh most important contribution to
+MIT was uh being involved in the hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT was uh being involved in the hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT was uh being involved in the hiring
+of R sna so this is a ADI Shamir uh R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R sna so this is a ADI Shamir uh R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R sna so this is a ADI Shamir uh R
+Ron revest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ron revest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ron revest and
+L and a len Adelman back in the uh late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and a len Adelman back in the uh late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and a len Adelman back in the uh late
+70s when they first came up with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s when they first came up with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s when they first came up with these
+ideas so um uh let's look at the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas so um uh let's look at the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas so um uh let's look at the way
+this RSA protocol actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this RSA protocol actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this RSA protocol actually
+works so here's what happens to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so here's what happens to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so here's what happens to begin
+with you have to make some information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you have to make some information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you have to make some information
+public so that people can communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public so that people can communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public so that people can communicate
+with you so there's a uh we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you so there's a uh we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you so there's a uh we're looking
+at two uh players here there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two uh players here there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two uh players here there's a
+receiver who's going to get encrypted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver who's going to get encrypted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver who's going to get encrypted
+messages and there's a sender uh who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and there's a sender uh who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and there's a sender uh who is
+trying to send an encrypted message to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to send an encrypted message to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to send an encrypted message to
+the receiver so what the receiver does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver so what the receiver does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver so what the receiver does
+beforehand is generates two uh primes p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand is generates two uh primes p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand is generates two uh primes p
+and Q now in practice you want these to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q now in practice you want these to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q now in practice you want these to
+be pretty big primes hundreds of digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty big primes hundreds of digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty big primes hundreds of digits
+um and they we'll examine in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they we'll examine in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they we'll examine in a moment
+the question of how you find them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of how you find them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of how you find them but
+the receiver's job is to find two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver's job is to find two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver's job is to find two
+uh uh quite substantial large primes p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh quite substantial large primes p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh quite substantial large primes p
+and Q chosen more or less randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q chosen more or less randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q chosen more or less randomly
+because if you have any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have any kind of
+predictable procedure for how you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable procedure for how you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable procedure for how you got
+them uh that would be a vulnerability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh that would be a vulnerability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh that would be a vulnerability
+but if you just choose them at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you just choose them at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you just choose them at random
+then uh there's enough primes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh there's enough primes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh there's enough primes in the
+hundreds of digits that it's hopeless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of digits that it's hopeless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of digits that it's hopeless
+that people would guess which one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people would guess which one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people would guess which one you
+wound up with okay all you do to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound up with okay all you do to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound up with okay all you do to begin
+with is multiply p and Q together which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is multiply p and Q together which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is multiply p and Q together which
+is easy to do let's call that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy to do let's call that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy to do let's call that number
+n um and now the other thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um and now the other thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um and now the other thing the
+receiver is going to do is find a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver is going to do is find a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver is going to do is find a number
+e that's relatively prime to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e that's relatively prime to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e that's relatively prime to this
+peculiar number P minus1 q-1 now as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar number P minus1 q-1 now as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar number P minus1 q-1 now as a
+hint you might notice that P minus1 Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint you might notice that P minus1 Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint you might notice that P minus1 Q
+minus1 is in fact Oiler function of n f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 is in fact Oiler function of n f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 is in fact Oiler function of n f
+of n but for now we don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n but for now we don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n but for now we don't need to
+understand that this is Oilers function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that this is Oilers function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that this is Oilers function
+it's just the recipe of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the recipe of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the recipe of what the
+receiver has to do find a number e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver has to do find a number e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver has to do find a number e
+that's relatively prime to P minus1 q-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relatively prime to P minus1 q-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relatively prime to P minus1 q-1
+again you don't want e to be too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you don't want e to be too small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you don't want e to be too small
+and um we can we'll discuss in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we can we'll discuss in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we can we'll discuss in a moment
+how do you find such an e but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find such an e but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find such an e but the
+receiver's job is to find such an e uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver's job is to find such an e uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver's job is to find such an e uh
+this pair of numbers e and N uh will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pair of numbers e and N uh will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pair of numbers e and N uh will be
+the public key which the uh receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public key which the uh receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public key which the uh receiver
+publishes widely where uh it can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishes widely where uh it can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishes widely where uh it can easily
+be found by um by uh anyone who cares to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be found by um by uh anyone who cares to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be found by um by uh anyone who cares to
+look for it basically there's a phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for it basically there's a phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for it basically there's a phone
+directory where if you want to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory where if you want to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory where if you want to know how
+to send somebody a secret message you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send somebody a secret message you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send somebody a secret message you
+look them up and you find the receiver's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look them up and you find the receiver's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look them up and you find the receiver's
+name in there and then you see his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name in there and then you see his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name in there and then you see his
+public andn and that's what you use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public andn and that's what you use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public andn and that's what you use to
+send him a message now how do you use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send him a message now how do you use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send him a message now how do you use uh
+uh it to send him a message well I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it to send him a message well I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it to send him a message well I'll
+explain that a minute but let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that a minute but let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that a minute but let's look at
+one more thing that the um the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing that the um the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing that the um the receiver
+needs to do to set himself up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to do to set himself up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to do to set himself up the
+receiver is going to find uh an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver is going to find uh an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver is going to find uh an inverse
+of this number E that he's published the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this number E that he's published the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this number E that he's published the
+part of his public key uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of his public key uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of his public key uh
+modulo uh uh p - 1 Q -1 that is uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo uh uh p - 1 Q -1 that is uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo uh uh p - 1 Q -1 that is uh uh
+this e since it's relatively prime to P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e since it's relatively prime to P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e since it's relatively prime to P
+min-1 q-1 it will have an inverse in Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-1 q-1 it will have an inverse in Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-1 q-1 it will have an inverse in Z
+Star p minus1 q minus1 let's let that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star p minus1 q minus1 let's let that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star p minus1 q minus1 let's let that
+inverse be D and of course we know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse be D and of course we know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse be D and of course we know uh
+how to find D because you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to find D because you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to find D because you can do that
+with the pulverizer D is the private key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pulverizer D is the private key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pulverizer D is the private key
+that's this crucial piece of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this crucial piece of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this crucial piece of information
+that the receiver has that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the receiver has that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the receiver has that that the
+receiver is not going to tell anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver is not going to tell anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver is not going to tell anybody
+only the receiver knows that because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the receiver knows that because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the receiver knows that because the
+receiver chose the p and the q and the E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver chose the p and the q and the E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver chose the p and the q and the E
+more or less randomly maybe even as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less randomly maybe even as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less randomly maybe even as
+randomly as they can manage and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly as they can manage and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly as they can manage and then
+they find the D and that's their secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find the D and that's their secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find the D and that's their secret
+okay that's what the receiver does um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what the receiver does um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what the receiver does um
+how does the sender send a message well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the sender send a message well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the sender send a message well
+uh to send a message what the uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to send a message what the uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to send a message what the uh the uh
+the sender wants to do is choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sender wants to do is choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sender wants to do is choose a
+message that is in fact a number in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that is in fact a number in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that is in fact a number in the
+range from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from 1 to
+n um where we're thinking again of n if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um where we're thinking again of n if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um where we're thinking again of n if
+it's a product of two primes of a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a product of two primes of a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a product of two primes of a couple
+100 digits each then the product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 digits each then the product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 digits each then the product is
+around 400 digits and so you can pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 400 digits and so you can pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 400 digits and so you can pick
+any number any message M that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number any message M that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number any message M that can be
+represented by a 400 digigit uh number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a 400 digigit uh number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a 400 digigit uh number
+now there's a lot of messages that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a lot of messages that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a lot of messages that will
+fit within 400 digits and of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit within 400 digits and of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit within 400 digits and of course if
+it's bigger you just break it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bigger you just break it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bigger you just break it up into
+400 digit pieces so that um that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 digit pieces so that um that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 digit pieces so that um that's the
+kind of message you're going to send so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of message you're going to send so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of message you're going to send so
+the message is going to be a number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message is going to be a number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message is going to be a number in
+this range from 1 to n and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range from 1 to n and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range from 1 to n and what the
+sender is going to do is look up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender is going to do is look up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender is going to do is look up the
+public key e and the other part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key e and the other part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key e and the other part of the
+public key n and raise the secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key n and raise the secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key n and raise the secret
+message to the power e uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to the power e uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to the power e uh in
+ZN so we're going to compute m to the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZN so we're going to compute m to the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZN so we're going to compute m to the e
+in ZN and send that encoded message M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ZN and send that encoded message M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ZN and send that encoded message M
+hat so M hat is what we think of as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so M hat is what we think of as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so M hat is what we think of as the
+encrypted version of the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted version of the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted version of the message
+M um so then we have the problem if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M um so then we have the problem if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M um so then we have the problem if
+that's what the sender sends to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the sender sends to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the sender sends to the
+receiver how does the reer receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver how does the reer receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver how does the reer receiver
+decode the message M hat and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode the message M hat and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode the message M hat and the answer
+is the receiver just computes m hat to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the receiver just computes m hat to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the receiver just computes m hat to
+the power D the secret key uh also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power D the secret key uh also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power D the secret key uh also in
+the ring ZN and the claim is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ring ZN and the claim is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ring ZN and the claim is that in
+fact that's equal to M now you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that's equal to M now you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that's equal to M now you can check
+in a class problem and it's easy to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a class problem and it's easy to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a class problem and it's easy to see
+that um the reason why that method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the reason why that method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the reason why that method of
+decrypting works is precisely an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypting works is precisely an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypting works is precisely an
+application of Oilers theorem uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of Oilers theorem uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of Oilers theorem uh at
+least when M happens to be relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least when M happens to be relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least when M happens to be relatively
+prime to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime to n
+now the odds of finding an M that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the odds of finding an M that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the odds of finding an M that's not
+relatively prime to n are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively prime to n are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively prime to n are basically
+negligible because it would because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible because it would because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible because it would because if
+you could find such an M it would enable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could find such an M it would enable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could find such an M it would enable
+you to factor We Believe factoring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to factor We Believe factoring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to factor We Believe factoring is
+very hard uh but in fact it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard uh but in fact it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard uh but in fact it actually
+works for all M which is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for all M which is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for all M which is a nice
+theoretical result and you'll work this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical result and you'll work this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical result and you'll work this
+out in a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in a class
+problem okay uh that's how it works um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay uh that's how it works um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay uh that's how it works um
+uh the receiver publishes uh enn uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the receiver publishes uh enn uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the receiver publishes uh enn uh
+keeps a secret PD uh the sender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps a secret PD uh the sender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps a secret PD uh the sender
+exponentiate the message to the power e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate the message to the power e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate the message to the power e
+the uh receiver simply decodes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh receiver simply decodes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh receiver simply decodes by
+raising the receive message to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising the receive message to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising the receive message to the power
+D and reads off what the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and reads off what the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and reads off what the original
+was okay so we need to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was okay so we need to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was okay so we need to think about the
+feasibility of all of this because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility of all of this because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility of all of this because we
+believe that it's impossible to uh uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that it's impossible to uh uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that it's impossible to uh uh to
+decrypt but there's a lot of other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt but there's a lot of other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt but there's a lot of other stuff
+going on there that the players have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there that the players have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there that the players have to
+be able to perform and let's examine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to perform and let's examine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to perform and let's examine
+what their responsibilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their responsibilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their responsibilities and
+abilities have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities have to be
+so the receiver to begin with has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the receiver to begin with has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the receiver to begin with has to be
+able to find large primes and how on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find large primes and how on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find large primes and how on
+Earth do they do that well without going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth do they do that well without going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth do they do that well without going
+into too much detail um we can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into too much detail um we can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into too much detail um we can make the
+remark that there are um uh lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark that there are um uh lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark that there are um uh lots of
+primes that is to say uh by appealing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes that is to say uh by appealing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes that is to say uh by appealing to
+the prime number theorem we know that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prime number theorem we know that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prime number theorem we know that um
+uh in uh among the igit numbers uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in uh among the igit numbers uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in uh among the igit numbers uh about
+log n of them are going to be primes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n of them are going to be primes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n of them are going to be primes so
+that you don't have to go too long uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have to go too long uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have to go too long uh
+before uh you stumble upon a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh you stumble upon a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh you stumble upon a random
+Prime that is if you're dealing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that is if you're dealing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that is if you're dealing with a
+200 digigit uh uh n and you're searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 digigit uh uh n and you're searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 digigit uh uh n and you're searching
+for uh a prime of around that size uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh a prime of around that size uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh a prime of around that size uh
+you're not going to have to search more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to have to search more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to have to search more
+than a few hundred numbers before you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a few hundred numbers before you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a few hundred numbers before you're
+likely to stumble on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to stumble on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to stumble on a
+prime and of course how do you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and of course how do you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and of course how do you know that
+you stumbled on a prime well you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stumbled on a prime well you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stumbled on a prime well you need to
+be able to check whether a number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to check whether a number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to check whether a number is
+prime or not uh and efficiently um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime or not uh and efficiently um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime or not uh and efficiently um in
+order for this whole thing to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for this whole thing to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for this whole thing to be
+feasible so we'll have to discuss that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible so we'll have to discuss that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible so we'll have to discuss that
+briefly how do you uh test whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly how do you uh test whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly how do you uh test whether or
+not a number is prime in an efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a number is prime in an efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a number is prime in an efficient
+way um the other thing the receiver has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um the other thing the receiver has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um the other thing the receiver has
+to do is find an e that's relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is find an e that's relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is find an e that's relatively
+prime to P minus1 Q minus one but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime to P minus1 Q minus one but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime to P minus1 Q minus one but that's
+easy uh well it's easy because first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh well it's easy because first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh well it's easy because first of
+all if you just kind of randomly guess a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if you just kind of randomly guess a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if you just kind of randomly guess a
+a mediumsized e um uh uh and then search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mediumsized e um uh uh and then search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mediumsized e um uh uh and then search
+consecutively from some random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutively from some random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutively from some random number
+you've chosen in the uh somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've chosen in the uh somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've chosen in the uh somewhere in the
+middle of the interval uh up to P minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the interval uh up to P minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the interval uh up to P minus1
+Q minus1 uh again you're likely very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q minus1 uh again you're likely very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q minus1 uh again you're likely very
+likely to find in a few steps uh uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to find in a few steps uh uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to find in a few steps uh uh a
+number e that is relatively prime to P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number e that is relatively prime to P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number e that is relatively prime to P
+minus1 Q minus one how do you recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 Q minus one how do you recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 Q minus one how do you recognize
+that it's that it's relatively prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's that it's relatively prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's that it's relatively prime
+well you just compute the gcd uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you just compute the gcd uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you just compute the gcd uh which
+we know how to do using ukls algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to do using ukls algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to do using ukls algorithm
+so that's really quite efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's really quite efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's really quite efficient
+recognizing that it's relatively prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that it's relatively prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that it's relatively prime
+is easy you and you and you just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy you and you and you just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy you and you and you just don't
+have to search very many numbers till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to search very many numbers till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to search very many numbers till
+you stumble on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stumble on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stumble on an
+okay the other thing you have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the other thing you have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the other thing you have to do is
+find the D that's an e inverse modulo p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the D that's an e inverse modulo p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the D that's an e inverse modulo p
+min-1 q-1 and again that is the extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-1 q-1 and again that is the extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-1 q-1 and again that is the extended
+uh GC the extended ukian algorithm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh GC the extended ukian algorithm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh GC the extended ukian algorithm the
+extended gcd namely the pulverizer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended gcd namely the pulverizer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended gcd namely the pulverizer so
+those are the pieces that the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the pieces that the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the pieces that the receiver
+has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to
+do now let's look at this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now let's look at this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now let's look at this a little bit
+more and think about the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and think about the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and think about the information
+about the primes so the famous theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the primes so the famous theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the primes so the famous theorem
+about the primes is their density which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the primes is their density which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the primes is their density which
+is if you let a pi of n be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you let a pi of n be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you let a pi of n be the the
+number of primes less than or equal to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of primes less than or equal to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of primes less than or equal to n
+then uh it's a deep theorem of number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh it's a deep theorem of number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh it's a deep theorem of number
+theory that Pi of n actually um uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that Pi of n actually um uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that Pi of n actually um uh uh
+approaches a limit in an ASM totic sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches a limit in an ASM totic sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches a limit in an ASM totic sense
+which we'll discuss in more detail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll discuss in more detail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll discuss in more detail but
+that Pi of n as n grows gets to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Pi of n as n grows gets to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Pi of n as n grows gets to be very
+close to N over log n that's the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to N over log n that's the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to N over log n that's the natural
+log of N and uh and then now that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of N and uh and then now that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of N and uh and then now that's a
+deep theorem but in fact if we want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep theorem but in fact if we want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep theorem but in fact if we want a
+self-contained treatment for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-contained treatment for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-contained treatment for our
+purposes uh there's an exercise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes uh there's an exercise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes uh there's an exercise that
+will be in the text um where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in the text um where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in the text um where we can
+derive chubby chev's bound which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive chubby chev's bound which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive chubby chev's bound which is
+weaker than the tight uh prime number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker than the tight uh prime number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker than the tight uh prime number
+theorem but chbby chabs bound which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem but chbby chabs bound which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem but chbby chabs bound which can
+be proved by more Elementary means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proved by more Elementary means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proved by more Elementary means
+that's within the ability of our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's within the ability of our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's within the ability of our own
+ability at this point with the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability at this point with the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability at this point with the number
+Theory we have to be able to show that n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we have to be able to show that n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we have to be able to show that n
+over4 log N is a lower bound on Pi of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over4 log N is a lower bound on Pi of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over4 log N is a lower bound on Pi of n
+so basically that says that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically that says that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically that says that if you're
+dealing with numbers uh uh numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with numbers uh uh numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with numbers uh uh numbers of
+size and which means they're of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and which means they're of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and which means they're of length
+login a few hundred digits then you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login a few hundred digits then you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login a few hundred digits then you only
+have to search uh maybe uh a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to search uh maybe uh a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to search uh maybe uh a thousand
+digits before you're very likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits before you're very likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits before you're very likely to
+stumble on a prime uh and if you search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stumble on a prime uh and if you search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stumble on a prime uh and if you search
+2,000 digits it becomes uh extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 digits it becomes uh extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 digits it becomes uh extremely
+likely that you'll stumble on a prime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that you'll stumble on a prime so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that you'll stumble on a prime so
+uh the primes are dense enough that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the primes are dense enough that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the primes are dense enough that we
+can afford to look look for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to look look for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to look look for them
+providing we can have a reasonably fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing we can have a reasonably fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing we can have a reasonably fast
+way to recognize when a number is prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to recognize when a number is prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to recognize when a number is prime
+well one simple uh way that almost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one simple uh way that almost is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one simple uh way that almost is
+perfect but uh but works pragmatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect but uh but works pragmatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect but uh but works pragmatically
+pretty well is called the is the Firma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well is called the is the Firma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well is called the is the Firma
+test but let me just re emphasize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test but let me just re emphasize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test but let me just re emphasize this
+remark I got ahead of myself that if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark I got ahead of myself that if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark I got ahead of myself that if I'm
+dealing with 200 digigit numbers then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with 200 digigit numbers then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with 200 digigit numbers then
+about one in a thousand is prime using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one in a thousand is prime using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one in a thousand is prime using
+just the weaker chubby chvs bound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the weaker chubby chvs bound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the weaker chubby chvs bound and
+that says that I don't have to search to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that I don't have to search to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that I don't have to search to
+Long only a few thousand numbers uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Long only a few thousand numbers uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Long only a few thousand numbers uh to
+be able to find a prime and you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to find a prime and you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to find a prime and you know a
+few thousand numbers is well within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few thousand numbers is well within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few thousand numbers is well within the
+ability uh of a of a computer to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability uh of a of a computer to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability uh of a of a computer to carry
+out providing that the test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out providing that the test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out providing that the test for
+recognizing that a number is prime isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that a number is prime isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that a number is prime isn't
+too time consuming so one naive way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too time consuming so one naive way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too time consuming so one naive way that
+that really almost Works to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really almost Works to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really almost Works to be a
+reliable primality test is to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable primality test is to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable primality test is to check
+whether FMA theorem is obeyed FAS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether FMA theorem is obeyed FAS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether FMA theorem is obeyed FAS
+theorem the special case of Oilers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem the special case of Oilers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem the special case of Oilers
+theorem says that if n is prime then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem says that if n is prime then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem says that if n is prime then if
+I compute a number a to the N minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I compute a number a to the N minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I compute a number a to the N minus one
+it's going to equal one in ZN uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to equal one in ZN uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to equal one in ZN uh and
+that's going to be the case for all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the case for all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the case for all a
+that are not zero if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not zero if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not zero if n is
+prime um now that means that if this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime um now that means that if this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime um now that means that if this uh
+equality fails in ZN then I immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality fails in ZN then I immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality fails in ZN then I immediately
+know a is not prime go on search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a is not prime go on search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a is not prime go on search for
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+one okay so suppose I'm unlucky or lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so suppose I'm unlucky or lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so suppose I'm unlucky or lucky
+uh and I choose an a to test and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I choose an a to test and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I choose an a to test and it
+turns out that a the N minus one is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that a the N minus one is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that a the N minus one is one
+does that mean that n is prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that n is prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that n is prime
+unfortunately not it might be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately not it might be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately not it might be that
+there's that I just hidden n that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that I just hidden n that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that I just hidden n that
+happened to satisfy forma's uh equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to satisfy forma's uh equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to satisfy forma's uh equation
+uh even though uh n was not prime but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even though uh n was not prime but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even though uh n was not prime but uh
+it it's not a very hard thing to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not a very hard thing to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not a very hard thing to prove
+that uh if n is not prime then half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if n is not prime then half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if n is not prime then half of
+the numbers uh from 1 to n are not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers uh from 1 to n are not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers uh from 1 to n are not going
+to pass the firmar test so if half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass the firmar test so if half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass the firmar test so if half of
+the numbers are not going to pass the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers are not going to pass the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers are not going to pass the
+the the Firma test then what I can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Firma test then what I can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Firma test then what I can do is
+just choose a random nonzero number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choose a random nonzero number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choose a random nonzero number in
+the interval from 1 to n raise it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval from 1 to n raise it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval from 1 to n raise it to the
+N minus first power and see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N minus first power and see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N minus first power and see what happens
+and if n is not prime the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if n is not prime the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if n is not prime the probability
+that this random number that I've chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this random number that I've chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this random number that I've chosen
+fails this test is at least a half so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails this test is at least a half so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails this test is at least a half so I
+try it 50 times and if in fact um 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it 50 times and if in fact um 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it 50 times and if in fact um 50
+randomly chosen A's in this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly chosen A's in this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly chosen A's in this in the
+interval from 1 to n all satisfy uh fmos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from 1 to n all satisfy uh fmos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from 1 to n all satisfy uh fmos
+theorem then uh there's uh one chance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem then uh there's uh one chance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem then uh there's uh one chance in
+2 to the minus 50th that uh uh in 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus 50th that uh uh in 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus 50th that uh uh in 2 to
+the 50th rather that uh n is not Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50th rather that uh n is not Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50th rather that uh n is not Prime
+that's a great bet leap for it um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great bet leap for it um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great bet leap for it um so
+that basically is the idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically is the idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically is the idea of a
+probabilistic primality test now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic primality test now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic primality test now there's
+a small complication which is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small complication which is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small complication which is that there
+are certain numbers n where uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain numbers n where uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain numbers n where uh this
+property that half the numbers uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that half the numbers uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that half the numbers uh will
+fail to satisfy foras theorem uh are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail to satisfy foras theorem uh are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail to satisfy foras theorem uh are not
+true doesn't hold they're known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true doesn't hold they're known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true doesn't hold they're known as the
+carmichel numbers and they're known to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carmichel numbers and they're known to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carmichel numbers and they're known to
+be pretty sparse so that really if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty sparse so that really if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty sparse so that really if
+you're choosing an end that at random uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're choosing an end that at random uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're choosing an end that at random uh
+which is uh kind of what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh kind of what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh kind of what we're doing
+when we choose random primes p and Q the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we choose random primes p and Q the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we choose random primes p and Q the
+likelihood that you'll stumble on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood that you'll stumble on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood that you'll stumble on a
+carmichel number is another thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carmichel number is another thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carmichel number is another thing that
+you just don't have to worry about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't have to worry about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't have to worry about so
+really The Firm op primality test is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really The Firm op primality test is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really The Firm op primality test is a
+uh a plausible pragmatic test that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a plausible pragmatic test that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a plausible pragmatic test that you
+could use uh to pretty reliably detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use uh to pretty reliably detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use uh to pretty reliably detect
+whether or not a number was Prime what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a number was Prime what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a number was Prime what
+was the last component of the powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the last component of the powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the last component of the powers
+that we needed the receiver to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we needed the receiver to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we needed the receiver to
+have okay so now we come to the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay so now we come to the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay so now we come to the question
+of why uh do we believe that the RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why uh do we believe that the RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why uh do we believe that the RSA
+protocol is secure and the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is secure and the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is secure and the first thing
+to notice is that um if you could factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice is that um if you could factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice is that um if you could factor
+in then uh it's easy to break because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then uh it's easy to break because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then uh it's easy to break because uh
+if you can factor in then you have the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can factor in then you have the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can factor in then you have the p
+and the Q and that means you know what P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Q and that means you know what P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Q and that means you know what P
+min-1 * q-1 is and therefore you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-1 * q-1 is and therefore you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-1 * q-1 is and therefore you can use
+the pulverizer in exactly the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulverizer in exactly the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulverizer in exactly the same way
+the receiver did to find the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver did to find the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver did to find the inverse of
+the public key e you could find D easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public key e you could find D easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public key e you could find D easily
+so surely if if you can Factor then RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so surely if if you can Factor then RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so surely if if you can Factor then RSA
+breaks no question about that um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks no question about that um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks no question about that um what
+about the converse well what you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the converse well what you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the converse well what you could
+proove and there's an argument that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proove and there's an argument that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proove and there's an argument that's
+sketched in a class problem not fully uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched in a class problem not fully uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched in a class problem not fully uh
+in the book is that if I could find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book is that if I could find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book is that if I could find the
+private key D then in fact I could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key D then in fact I could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key D then in fact I could also
+factor in so if I believe that factoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in so if I believe that factoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in so if I believe that factoring
+is hard then in fact uh finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard then in fact uh finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard then in fact uh finding the
+secret key is also hard and we could try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key is also hard and we could try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key is also hard and we could try
+to be confident that our secret key is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be confident that our secret key is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be confident that our secret key is
+not going to be found even given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be found even given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be found even given the
+public key now unfortunately this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key now unfortunately this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key now unfortunately this is uh
+not the strong strong EST kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the strong strong EST kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the strong strong EST kind of
+security guarantee you'd like um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security guarantee you'd like um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security guarantee you'd like um because
+there's a logical possibility that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a logical possibility that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a logical possibility that you
+might be able to decrypt messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to decrypt messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to decrypt messages
+without knowing the secret key maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing the secret key maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing the secret key maybe
+there's some other uh walk around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other uh walk around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other uh walk around
+whereby you can decrypt The Secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby you can decrypt The Secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby you can decrypt The Secret
+Message M Hat by a method other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Message M Hat by a method other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Message M Hat by a method other than
+raising it to the de power uh and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising it to the de power uh and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising it to the de power uh and what
+you'd really like is a theorem uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd really like is a theorem uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd really like is a theorem uh of
+security that said that breaking RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security that said that breaking RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security that said that breaking RSA
+reading RSA messages by any means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading RSA messages by any means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading RSA messages by any means
+whatsoever would be as hard as factoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever would be as hard as factoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever would be as hard as factoring
+that's not known for RSA it's an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not known for RSA it's an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not known for RSA it's an open
+problem um and so RSA doesn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um and so RSA doesn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um and so RSA doesn't have the
+theoretically uh most desirable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically uh most desirable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically uh most desirable uh
+security Assurance but we really believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security Assurance but we really believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security Assurance but we really believe
+in it and the reason we really believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and the reason we really believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and the reason we really believe
+in it is that for a 100 or more years uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it is that for a 100 or more years uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it is that for a 100 or more years uh
+mathematicians and number theorists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians and number theorists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians and number theorists have
+been trying to find efficient ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been trying to find efficient ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been trying to find efficient ways to
+factor and more pragmatically um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and more pragmatically um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and more pragmatically um the
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+sophisticated uh cryptographers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated uh cryptographers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated uh cryptographers and
+decoders in the world using the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoders in the world using the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoders in the world using the most
+powerful networks of supercomputers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful networks of supercomputers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful networks of supercomputers have
+been attacking RSA for 35 years uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been attacking RSA for 35 years uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been attacking RSA for 35 years uh and
+uh have yet to crack it now the truth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have yet to crack it now the truth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have yet to crack it now the truth is
+that in the course of the 35 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the course of the 35 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the course of the 35 years
+various kinds of glitches were found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of glitches were found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of glitches were found
+that required um uh some added rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that required um uh some added rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that required um uh some added rules
+about uh how you found the p and the Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh how you found the p and the Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh how you found the p and the Q
+and how you found the E uh but they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how you found the E uh but they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how you found the E uh but they were
+easily identified and fixed and and RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily identified and fixed and and RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily identified and fixed and and RSA
+really is a robust uh encryption method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a robust uh encryption method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a robust uh encryption method
+public encryption method that has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public encryption method that has uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public encryption method that has uh
+withstood attack for all these years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withstood attack for all these years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withstood attack for all these years and
+that's why we believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZqEKYbzgz4s.txt b/ZqEKYbzgz4s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef0f5a42891707d1cb486db52f196232c7dccd97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZqEKYbzgz4s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1883 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so besides our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so besides our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so besides our
+physical expectation that a virus such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical expectation that a virus such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical expectation that a virus such
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+sars cove ii coronavirus could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sars cove ii coronavirus could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sars cove ii coronavirus could be
+transmitted through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted through
+respiratory droplets especially aerosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory droplets especially aerosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory droplets especially aerosol
+droplets through the airborne route of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets through the airborne route of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets through the airborne route of
+transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+there is substantial evidence both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is substantial evidence both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is substantial evidence both
+epidemiological evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemiological evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemiological evidence
+and some physical evidence to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some physical evidence to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some physical evidence to support
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+hypothesis so first let's go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis so first let's go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis so first let's go through
+some of the epidemiological evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the epidemiological evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the epidemiological evidence
+this is a very small fraction of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very small fraction of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very small fraction of what is
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+to date so the first one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to date so the first one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to date so the first one of the first
+incidents that gave a sense there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents that gave a sense there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents that gave a sense there might
+be airborne transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be airborne transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be airborne transmission
+was a religious event that took place at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a religious event that took place at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a religious event that took place at
+the chiantong temple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chiantong temple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chiantong temple
+in ningbo china where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ningbo china where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ningbo china where
+there were hundreds of people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were hundreds of people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were hundreds of people in
+attendance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance
+but in particular there were two buses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular there were two buses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular there were two buses
+that brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brought
+worshippers uh in one hour bus rides to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worshippers uh in one hour bus rides to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worshippers uh in one hour bus rides to
+this location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this location
+and on one of the buses was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on one of the buses was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on one of the buses was one of the
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+what was known to be the first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was known to be the first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was known to be the first uh
+infected person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected person
+uh with covet 19 entering this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with covet 19 entering this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with covet 19 entering this region
+after having had contact with others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after having had contact with others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after having had contact with others
+from wuhan china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wuhan china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wuhan china
+the initial source of the outbreak and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial source of the outbreak and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial source of the outbreak and
+on the bus where the infected person was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bus where the infected person was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bus where the infected person was
+23 out of 68 passengers became infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 out of 68 passengers became infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 out of 68 passengers became infected
+during that ride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that ride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that ride
+and despite the fact that there was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and despite the fact that there was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and despite the fact that there was also
+contact in the larger temper building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact in the larger temper building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact in the larger temper building
+with many other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many other people
+very few there were infected and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few there were infected and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few there were infected and on the
+second bus where they kept the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second bus where they kept the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second bus where they kept the same
+seating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seating
+there were no infections so that gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were no infections so that gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were no infections so that gave a
+sense that on public transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that on public transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that on public transportation
+there could be substantial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be substantial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be substantial uh
+super spreading going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super spreading going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super spreading going on
+so shortly afterwards there were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so shortly afterwards there were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so shortly afterwards there were a
+number of incidents including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of incidents including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of incidents including
+a case in a restaurant in guangzhou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case in a restaurant in guangzhou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case in a restaurant in guangzhou
+china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china
+where an infected person was sitting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where an infected person was sitting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where an infected person was sitting at
+a table having dinner with a party there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table having dinner with a party there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table having dinner with a party there
+and there was a documented transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a documented transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a documented transmission
+to a far corner of the room with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a far corner of the room with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a far corner of the room with a
+person who had not been within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who had not been within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who had not been within
+a short distance such as six feet of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short distance such as six feet of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short distance such as six feet of the
+affected person had not touched anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected person had not touched anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected person had not touched anything
+that could have led to contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could have led to contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could have led to contact
+transmission and it was concluded that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and it was concluded that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and it was concluded that
+it could only be explained by airborne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could only be explained by airborne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could only be explained by airborne
+transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+then in there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in there was a
+well-known case of uh involving a cruise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known case of uh involving a cruise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known case of uh involving a cruise
+ship one of several such cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship one of several such cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship one of several such cases
+of the diamond princess cruise ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the diamond princess cruise ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the diamond princess cruise ship
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+infections a few infections were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections a few infections were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections a few infections were
+detected and on february 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected and on february 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected and on february 3
+2020 the ship was quarantined in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020 the ship was quarantined in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020 the ship was quarantined in the
+harbor of yokohama japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harbor of yokohama japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harbor of yokohama japan
+and on that during that quarantine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on that during that quarantine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on that during that quarantine
+out of 3011 passengers and crew on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 3011 passengers and crew on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 3011 passengers and crew on the
+ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship
+there were a total at the end of 12 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a total at the end of 12 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a total at the end of 12 days
+of 354 infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 354 infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 354 infected
+persons starting from an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons starting from an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons starting from an initial
+estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of
+well several known cases and by our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well several known cases and by our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well several known cases and by our own
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+we we will be estimating there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we will be estimating there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we will be estimating there were
+perhaps around 20 initial cases so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps around 20 initial cases so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps around 20 initial cases so a
+dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic
+increase in the number of affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the number of affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the number of affected
+persons in 12 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons in 12 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons in 12 days
+despite the fact that the passengers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that the passengers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that the passengers
+were mostly confined to their cabins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were mostly confined to their cabins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were mostly confined to their cabins
+with very little movement between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very little movement between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very little movement between
+and also later analysis showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also later analysis showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also later analysis showed that
+there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was
+very little statistical correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little statistical correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little statistical correlation
+between contact with an effective person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between contact with an effective person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between contact with an effective person
+even being in the same room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even being in the same room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even being in the same room
+and getting a transmission in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting a transmission in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting a transmission in other
+words transmission was happening between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words transmission was happening between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words transmission was happening between
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+in different rooms even on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different rooms even on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different rooms even on different
+floors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floors
+presumably through the air handling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably through the air handling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably through the air handling
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+uh among many other events that followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh among many other events that followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh among many other events that followed
+another famous case was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another famous case was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another famous case was one of the
+initial sources spreading in south korea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial sources spreading in south korea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial sources spreading in south korea
+was the shinchangi church which held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the shinchangi church which held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the shinchangi church which held
+services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services
+over the period of february 16 to 25 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the period of february 16 to 25 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the period of february 16 to 25 and
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+significant fraction of thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of thousands of
+church-goers were infected that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church-goers were infected that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church-goers were infected that led to
+the initial outbreak in korea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial outbreak in korea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial outbreak in korea
+again coming from contact of a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again coming from contact of a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again coming from contact of a large
+number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people
+sharing indoor space where it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing indoor space where it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing indoor space where it's not
+possible for each of those people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for each of those people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for each of those people to
+have been touching each other or within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been touching each other or within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been touching each other or within
+three or six feet but rather the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or six feet but rather the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or six feet but rather the only
+plausible explanation is transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible explanation is transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible explanation is transmission
+through the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the air
+another such example in korea had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another such example in korea had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another such example in korea had to do
+with a call center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a call center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a call center
+where it was hundreds of people working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was hundreds of people working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was hundreds of people working
+in a building with many floors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a building with many floors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a building with many floors
+and there was an infected person in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was an infected person in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was an infected person in one
+large room of one of the floors and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large room of one of the floors and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large room of one of the floors and a
+significant fraction of the co-workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of the co-workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of the co-workers
+were infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were infected
+in that call center and yet relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that call center and yet relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that call center and yet relatively
+small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number
+in another parts of the same floor or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another parts of the same floor or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another parts of the same floor or on
+other floors again pointing to airborne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other floors again pointing to airborne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other floors again pointing to airborne
+transmission after subsequent analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission after subsequent analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission after subsequent analysis
+and then one of the first cases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one of the first cases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one of the first cases the
+united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states
+famously occurred in the skagit valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famously occurred in the skagit valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famously occurred in the skagit valley
+corral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corral
+which was holding a choir practice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was holding a choir practice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was holding a choir practice in
+mount vernon washington usa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount vernon washington usa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount vernon washington usa
+we will be analyzing this case in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be analyzing this case in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be analyzing this case in more
+detail but it very dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but it very dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but it very dramatically
+showed the evidence for airburnt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the evidence for airburnt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the evidence for airburnt
+transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+because in a two and a half hour choir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a two and a half hour choir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a two and a half hour choir
+practice one infected person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice one infected person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice one infected person
+managed to infect 53 out of 61 others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to infect 53 out of 61 others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to infect 53 out of 61 others
+two of whom later died when there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of whom later died when there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of whom later died when there was
+it could be documented that there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be documented that there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be documented that there was no
+direct contact short-range contact or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct contact short-range contact or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct contact short-range contact or
+touching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching
+between all of those people but rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all of those people but rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all of those people but rather
+they simply shared the same indoor space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they simply shared the same indoor space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they simply shared the same indoor space
+also there was a hint that respiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there was a hint that respiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there was a hint that respiration
+and the type of respiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the type of respiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the type of respiration
+was important in that these people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was important in that these people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was important in that these people were
+singing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing
+and that led to a dramatic increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that led to a dramatic increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that led to a dramatic increase in
+the rate of transmission compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of transmission compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of transmission compared to
+other airborne events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other airborne events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other airborne events
+there are many other examples one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other examples one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other examples one could
+go through there have also been recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through there have also been recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through there have also been recently
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+meta-analyses of large numbers of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta-analyses of large numbers of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta-analyses of large numbers of cases
+which further point towards indoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which further point towards indoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which further point towards indoor
+airborne transmission of covid19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airborne transmission of covid19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airborne transmission of covid19
+one recent such study looked at 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one recent such study looked at 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one recent such study looked at 7
+300 cases of initial spreading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 cases of initial spreading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 cases of initial spreading
+of covet 19 out of the epicenter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of covet 19 out of the epicenter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of covet 19 out of the epicenter of the
+outbreak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outbreak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outbreak
+in hubei province china so they looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hubei province china so they looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hubei province china so they looked
+at 320 cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 320 cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 320 cities
+to the first known cases in those cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first known cases in those cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first known cases in those cities
+outside of hubei province and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of hubei province and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of hubei province and they
+identified all the clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified all the clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified all the clusters
+of two or more transmissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two or more transmissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two or more transmissions
+and of those clusters uh there were sev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of those clusters uh there were sev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of those clusters uh there were sev
+uh they all there were 72 of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they all there were 72 of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they all there were 72 of them and
+they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all
+occurred indoors and out of those 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred indoors and out of those 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred indoors and out of those 80
+percent were at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent were at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent were at home
+in people's apartments and 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people's apartments and 34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people's apartments and 34
+also included some public transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also included some public transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also included some public transportation
+and out of all those clusters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of all those clusters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of all those clusters of
+transmission only one was documented to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission only one was documented to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission only one was documented to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+occurring outdoors consistent with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring outdoors consistent with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring outdoors consistent with a
+wide range of other evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide range of other evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide range of other evidence
+moreover there's been a cataloging of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover there's been a cataloging of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover there's been a cataloging of
+super spreading events such as the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super spreading events such as the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super spreading events such as the ones
+i've listed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've listed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've listed here
+and that lists now numbers well over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that lists now numbers well over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that lists now numbers well over a
+thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+and out of all the super spreading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of all the super spreading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of all the super spreading
+events that have been documented all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that have been documented all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that have been documented all of
+them have occurred indoors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have occurred indoors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have occurred indoors
+and involving large enough numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and involving large enough numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and involving large enough numbers of
+people that airborne transmission is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that airborne transmission is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that airborne transmission is the
+most plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most plausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most plausible
+explanation so besides the overwhelming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation so besides the overwhelming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation so besides the overwhelming
+epidemiological evidence for airborne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemiological evidence for airborne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemiological evidence for airborne
+transmission of covid19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of covid19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of covid19
+there is also growing physical evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also growing physical evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also growing physical evidence
+so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all
+other diseases that we've discussed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other diseases that we've discussed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other diseases that we've discussed in
+this course such as tuberculosis a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course such as tuberculosis a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course such as tuberculosis a
+bacterial disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial disease
+measles and the original sars cove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measles and the original sars cove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measles and the original sars cove
+coronavirus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus
+which are viral diseases have all been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are viral diseases have all been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are viral diseases have all been
+established and believed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established and believed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established and believed
+to be transmitted through respiratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be transmitted through respiratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be transmitted through respiratory
+aerosols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosols
+sars cove ii is a very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sars cove ii is a very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sars cove ii is a very similar
+coronavirus to sars cove one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus to sars cove one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus to sars cove one
+and so it's plausible that its mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's plausible that its mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's plausible that its mechanism
+of transmission would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transmission would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transmission would be
+the same if not similar and indeed there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same if not similar and indeed there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same if not similar and indeed there
+have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been
+has been recent work uh demonstrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been recent work uh demonstrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been recent work uh demonstrating
+that infectious aerosol droplets could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that infectious aerosol droplets could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that infectious aerosol droplets could
+be isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be isolated
+from infected patients with covid19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from infected patients with covid19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from infected patients with covid19
+and in particular the most infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular the most infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular the most infectious
+droplets observed were in the aerosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets observed were in the aerosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets observed were in the aerosol
+range with radii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range with radii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range with radii
+less than two microns so the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than two microns so the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than two microns so the evidence
+is growing and frankly becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is growing and frankly becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is growing and frankly becoming
+overwhelming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming
+that the airborne radar transmission is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the airborne radar transmission is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the airborne radar transmission is
+important if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if not
+dominant for covet 19. so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant for covet 19. so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant for covet 19. so we will
+continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue
+now by analyzing how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by analyzing how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by analyzing how to
+mitigate and model the transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate and model the transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate and model the transmission
+of a respiratory pathogen indoors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Zqi2n4oZgvk.txt b/Zqi2n4oZgvk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e5b0ef085673837a7660bbd913b174574bd97e8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Zqi2n4oZgvk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,867 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so my rants not rants I keep using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my rants not rants I keep using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my rants not rants I keep using the
+word rant today my pitch about that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word rant today my pitch about that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word rant today my pitch about that is
+that some people view creativity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some people view creativity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some people view creativity as
+everything they do has to be totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they do has to be totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they do has to be totally
+unique and they need to think of it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique and they need to think of it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique and they need to think of it all
+on their own otherwise it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their own otherwise it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their own otherwise it's not that
+cool and they shouldn't be proud of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and they shouldn't be proud of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and they shouldn't be proud of what
+they did and a lot of creativity happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did and a lot of creativity happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did and a lot of creativity happens
+by taking something that somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking something that somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking something that somebody else
+has done following what they've done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done following what they've done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done following what they've done and
+then making a small adjustment and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then making a small adjustment and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then making a small adjustment and then
+making another small adjustment and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making another small adjustment and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making another small adjustment and then
+suddenly you have something that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly you have something that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly you have something that does
+something different that is unique that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different that is unique that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different that is unique that
+you made yourself and that is creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made yourself and that is creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made yourself and that is creative
+like there's nothing wrong with taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's nothing wrong with taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's nothing wrong with taking
+something learning how somebody else did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something learning how somebody else did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something learning how somebody else did
+it modifying it to suit your needs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it modifying it to suit your needs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it modifying it to suit your needs that
+is part of the creative process and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the creative process and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the creative process and a
+lot of times it's the biggest part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times it's the biggest part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times it's the biggest part of
+the creative process for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creative process for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creative process for a lot of
+different disciplines it's like science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different disciplines it's like science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different disciplines it's like science
+is built on that it's you have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is built on that it's you have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is built on that it's you have to do a
+bunch of stuff and then make a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of stuff and then make a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of stuff and then make a small
+modification because that's what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification because that's what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification because that's what you're
+able to do and then you publish that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do and then you publish that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do and then you publish that and
+somebody else does everything does what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else does everything does what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else does everything does what
+you did and that makes another small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did and that makes another small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did and that makes another small
+modification we have a tendency to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification we have a tendency to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification we have a tendency to hold
+up like heroes like Tesla or Einstein or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like heroes like Tesla or Einstein or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like heroes like Tesla or Einstein or
+great inventors who did these amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great inventors who did these amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great inventors who did these amazing
+things despite no one else ever having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things despite no one else ever having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things despite no one else ever having
+had that thought and that's just never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that thought and that's just never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that thought and that's just never
+the case there's always like a history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case there's always like a history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case there's always like a history
+of scientist or a history of artists or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scientist or a history of artists or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scientist or a history of artists or
+a history of people who laid a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a history of people who laid a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a history of people who laid a
+foundation that these people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation that these people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation that these people were
+trained and learned how to do what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained and learned how to do what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained and learned how to do what other
+people had done and then they make small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had done and then they make small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had done and then they make small
+modifications so these first two days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications so these first two days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications so these first two days
+are that process we have taken the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that process we have taken the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that process we have taken the role
+of all tutorial and we've just followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all tutorial and we've just followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all tutorial and we've just followed
+along and we've talked to our friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and we've talked to our friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and we've talked to our friends
+about it and we asked you know each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and we asked you know each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and we asked you know each
+other to do small modifications like add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other to do small modifications like add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other to do small modifications like add
+new balls what does that mean could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new balls what does that mean could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new balls what does that mean could you
+please help me do this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please help me do this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please help me do this thing
+and today we're gonna take it and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we're gonna take it and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we're gonna take it and we're
+gonna modify it and somebody did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna modify it and somebody did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna modify it and somebody did a
+really cool thing or started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool thing or started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool thing or started to
+yesterday's they tried to take the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday's they tried to take the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday's they tried to take the ball
+and turn it into an egg and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it into an egg and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it into an egg and I think
+that's like the perfect example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the perfect example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the perfect example of
+taking something that's built and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking something that's built and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking something that's built and being
+like what can I do to tweak this to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what can I do to tweak this to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what can I do to tweak this to make
+it kind of fun and different and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of fun and different and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of fun and different and so
+turning the ball into an egg is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning the ball into an egg is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning the ball into an egg is a great
+one when I first did this I took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when I first did this I took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when I first did this I took the
+ball and I turned it into 25 small balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and I turned it into 25 small balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and I turned it into 25 small balls
+that were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were all
+all talking to each other via gravity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all talking to each other via gravity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all talking to each other via gravity so
+instead of just having one ball roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just having one ball roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just having one ball roll
+around the rink I had 25 small balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the rink I had 25 small balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the rink I had 25 small balls
+that were all attracted to each other by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were all attracted to each other by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were all attracted to each other by
+gravity and so they would roll around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and so they would roll around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and so they would roll around
+and when they would hit the wall they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they would hit the wall they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they would hit the wall they
+would go when they kind of spread out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go when they kind of spread out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go when they kind of spread out
+and then come back together and clump up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then come back together and clump up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then come back together and clump up
+because they wanted to be near each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they wanted to be near each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they wanted to be near each
+other so that's like some small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so that's like some small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so that's like some small
+modification of Rolla ball and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of Rolla ball and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of Rolla ball and the
+reason you do small modifications is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you do small modifications is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you do small modifications is to
+make sure that you understand all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you understand all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you understand all the
+fundamental pieces of what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental pieces of what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental pieces of what's happening
+because unity is the system that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because unity is the system that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because unity is the system that has
+objects and has a file hierarchy and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and has a file hierarchy and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and has a file hierarchy and it
+has the methods that you put onto things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the methods that you put onto things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the methods that you put onto things
+like scripts that you attach to objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scripts that you attach to objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scripts that you attach to objects
+and then you can apply coloring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can apply coloring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can apply coloring and
+textures to the objects and there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textures to the objects and there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textures to the objects and there's all
+these parts moving around and by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parts moving around and by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parts moving around and by making
+small modifications you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small modifications you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small modifications you actually
+understand if you understand if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if you understand if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if you understand if you
+can't modify something then there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't modify something then there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't modify something then there's some
+fundamental internal representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental internal representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental internal representation of
+what's happening that needs to be worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening that needs to be worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening that needs to be worked
+out a little bit more probably by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a little bit more probably by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a little bit more probably by
+talking to some friends while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to some friends while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to some friends while you're
+sitting inside of a room like this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting inside of a room like this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting inside of a room like this this
+is a great place to learn yeah so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great place to learn yeah so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great place to learn yeah so that's
+my pitch as to why we've structured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pitch as to why we've structured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pitch as to why we've structured the
+first two days in this way and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two days in this way and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two days in this way and then
+tomorrow you'll be kind of left to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow you'll be kind of left to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow you'll be kind of left to come
+up with your own idea and trying to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with your own idea and trying to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with your own idea and trying to do a
+two day I've come up with my own idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two day I've come up with my own idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two day I've come up with my own idea
+and I've tried to get some people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've tried to get some people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've tried to get some people to
+work on it with me type of thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on it with me type of thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on it with me type of thing and
+we'll do a small version of that type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a small version of that type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a small version of that type of
+creativity which is I'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity which is I'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity which is I'm drawing
+inspiration not from a tutorial but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration not from a tutorial but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration not from a tutorial but from
+out in the world and I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the world and I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the world and I'm trying to
+combine it with the stuff that I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine it with the stuff that I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine it with the stuff that I learned
+from the tutorial so this is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the tutorial so this is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the tutorial so this is there's
+this whole you know I kind of sat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole you know I kind of sat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole you know I kind of sat and
+thought about how to structure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about how to structure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about how to structure this
+thing and I want to share that because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I want to share that because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I want to share that because I
+believe kind of knowing an approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe kind of knowing an approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe kind of knowing an approach to
+education often empowers people to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education often empowers people to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education often empowers people to use
+it more effectively
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_DHlhTrlDxc.txt b/_DHlhTrlDxc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8bd32c0cb6964e5cf6dae5e7ddf53bcdd257ccd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_DHlhTrlDxc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11728 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh hope you had all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh hope you had all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh hope you had all a
+good weekend it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good weekend it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good weekend it was very
+lovely we had a lot of fun on during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely we had a lot of fun on during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely we had a lot of fun on during the
+weekend uh so uh recall what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend uh so uh recall what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend uh so uh recall what we were
+talking in the last lecture we discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking in the last lecture we discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking in the last lecture we discuss
+the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max
+equations um electric field this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations um electric field this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations um electric field this is a
+say uh varing magnetic field gener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh varing magnetic field gener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh varing magnetic field gener
+electric field Uh current generate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field Uh current generate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field Uh current generate uh
+magnetic field and what Maxwell added is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field and what Maxwell added is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field and what Maxwell added is
+the uh displacement field uh that say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh displacement field uh that say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh displacement field uh that say um
+the time derivative also generate magn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time derivative also generate magn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time derivative also generate magn
+field right so this set up four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right so this set up four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right so this set up four
+equations from the uh Max equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations from the uh Max equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations from the uh Max equation and
+uh uh one comment I thought uh I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh one comment I thought uh I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh one comment I thought uh I forgot
+to make is this is actually called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is this is actually called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is this is actually called
+macroscopic Max equation and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic Max equation and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic Max equation and you can
+write Atomic microscope say Max Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Atomic microscope say Max Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Atomic microscope say Max Max
+equation that does not involve uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that does not involve uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that does not involve uh the uh
+displacement because displacement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement because displacement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement because displacement that
+recall is the um uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall is the um uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall is the um uh uh the
+polarization uh due to external field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization uh due to external field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization uh due to external field
+plus external field together right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus external field together right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus external field together right it's
+the um the response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the response of the
+atoms to the external field and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms to the external field and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms to the external field and uh uh
+similarly uh magnetic induction also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly uh magnetic induction also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly uh magnetic induction also
+include magnetic uh moment and say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include magnetic uh moment and say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include magnetic uh moment and say uh
+magnetic field so uh the atomic uh maxo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field so uh the atomic uh maxo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field so uh the atomic uh maxo
+equation actually you can go to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation actually you can go to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation actually you can go to write
+without those say D and B but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without those say D and B but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without those say D and B but you have
+to sum up overall atoms and you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sum up overall atoms and you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sum up overall atoms and you do not
+use the concept of dialectric constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the concept of dialectric constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the concept of dialectric constant
+and this is in fact area that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in fact area that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in fact area that we're
+currently trying to work on uh to bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently trying to work on uh to bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently trying to work on uh to bridge
+to build a bridge between the Heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a bridge between the Heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a bridge between the Heat
+conduction and the electromagnetic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction and the electromagnetic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction and the electromagnetic wave
+because we're doing experiment uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're doing experiment uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're doing experiment uh when
+two surface really really close like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two surface really really close like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two surface really really close like one
+nmet close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmet close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmet close
+uh originally you're we're using the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh originally you're we're using the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh originally you're we're using the max
+macroscopic max equation but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic max equation but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic max equation but in this
+regime we're no longer uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime we're no longer uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime we're no longer uh we're
+questioning whether that's abouted or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning whether that's abouted or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning whether that's abouted or
+not so uh but coming back say from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so uh but coming back say from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so uh but coming back say from this
+set of macroscop macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of macroscop macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of macroscop macro
+equations uh we can uh find a plan wve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh we can uh find a plan wve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh we can uh find a plan wve
+solution for the way propagating in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for the way propagating in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for the way propagating in a
+homogeneous media uh a homogeneous media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous media uh a homogeneous media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous media uh a homogeneous media
+means I have the uh permeability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I have the uh permeability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I have the uh permeability and
+permitivity uh permitivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitivity uh permitivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitivity uh permitivity and
+permeability uh independent of space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeability uh independent of space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeability uh independent of space so
+uh it's a function of frequency but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a function of frequency but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a function of frequency but it's
+independent uh space and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh space and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh space and in this case
+the wave Vector when we substitute back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave Vector when we substitute back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave Vector when we substitute back
+into the equation we find the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the equation we find the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the equation we find the wave
+Vector is related to frequency that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is related to frequency that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is related to frequency that's a
+dispersion relation through the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation through the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation through the uh
+permitivity and permiability which when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitivity and permiability which when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitivity and permiability which when
+we normalize to vacuum values we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we normalize to vacuum values we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we normalize to vacuum values we have
+the relative dialectric constant and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative dialectric constant and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative dialectric constant and see
+relative magnetic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative magnetic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative magnetic uh
+permability and uh uh so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permability and uh uh so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permability and uh uh so this is the
+square so if I take the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so if I take the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so if I take the magnitude of the
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+Vector right uh this vector magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right uh this vector magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right uh this vector magnitude of
+w Vector I can write this equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w Vector I can write this equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w Vector I can write this equation in
+terms of Omega and Omega equals CK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Omega and Omega equals CK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Omega and Omega equals CK
+that's what you're familiar with for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're familiar with for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're familiar with for
+free space right uh uh say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space right uh uh say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space right uh uh say the
+wavelength times frequency equal speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength times frequency equal speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength times frequency equal speed
+of night that's what it gives and this n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of night that's what it gives and this n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of night that's what it gives and this n
+is the refractive index the optic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the refractive index the optic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the refractive index the optic
+constant of the material and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of the material and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of the material and different
+material have different object constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material have different object constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material have different object constant
+but it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a
+constant okay and is a very frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay and is a very frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay and is a very frequency
+dependent so uh uh it's a Mis normal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent so uh uh it's a Mis normal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent so uh uh it's a Mis normal so
+if you take the derivative of n normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the derivative of n normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the derivative of n normally
+we take only the positive root so most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take only the positive root so most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take only the positive root so most
+of CAS don't worry about it it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CAS don't worry about it it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CAS don't worry about it it's a
+positive root refractive index equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive root refractive index equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive root refractive index equal
+square root dialectric constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root dialectric constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root dialectric constant and
+relative um magnetic permitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative um magnetic permitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative um magnetic permitivity
+permeability and but say in Optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeability and but say in Optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeability and but say in Optical
+frequency range uh this is one usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency range uh this is one usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency range uh this is one usually
+so uh it's really just the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it's really just the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it's really just the square root
+of dialectric constant and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dialectric constant and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dialectric constant and because
+because this one could be IM uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one could be IM uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one could be IM uh in
+including imaginary part so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including imaginary part so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including imaginary part so when you
+take a root generally your object Conant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a root generally your object Conant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a root generally your object Conant
+have a real part and the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a real part and the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a real part and the imaginary
+part and the imagin part uh is associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the imagin part uh is associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the imagin part uh is associate
+particularly Epsilon R the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly Epsilon R the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly Epsilon R the imaginary
+part associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part associated with the
+loss and the corresponding this Capa uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss and the corresponding this Capa uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss and the corresponding this Capa uh
+which we call Extinction coefficient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call Extinction coefficient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call Extinction coefficient is
+also associated with loss the damping of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also associated with loss the damping of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also associated with loss the damping of
+the wave when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave when
+propagate uh through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate uh through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate uh through the
+medium and uh uh we said if you check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and uh uh we said if you check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and uh uh we said if you check
+basically this are all characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this are all characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this are all characteristics
+you can derive from the equation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can derive from the equation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can derive from the equation right
+this plan with solution and if you plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plan with solution and if you plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plan with solution and if you plug
+in plan with solution you find that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in plan with solution you find that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in plan with solution you find that this
+is e you can also use that find the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e you can also use that find the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e you can also use that find the H
+then e is per perpendicular to H so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then e is per perpendicular to H so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then e is per perpendicular to H so um
+that's the two um field are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the two um field are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the two um field are
+perpendicular to each other and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to each other and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to each other and it's
+perpendicular to the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the direction of
+propagation and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation and that's why
+electromagnetic wave is a transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave is a transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave is a transfer
+transverse wave it's perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse wave it's perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse wave it's perpendicular to
+Direction propagation and also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction propagation and also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction propagation and also uh
+normally uh it's right-handed wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally uh it's right-handed wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally uh it's right-handed wave
+because it's e cross H gives you the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's e cross H gives you the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's e cross H gives you the um
+K Direction and that's when you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Direction and that's when you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Direction and that's when you take the
+square root as a positive and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root as a positive and negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root as a positive and negative
+square root is just a recent invention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root is just a recent invention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root is just a recent invention
+uh the theory was there but say was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the theory was there but say was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the theory was there but say was
+really this math material field is based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this math material field is based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this math material field is based
+on designing artificial structure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on designing artificial structure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on designing artificial structure so
+that when both Epsilon and uh M are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when both Epsilon and uh M are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when both Epsilon and uh M are
+negative you should take a netive square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative you should take a netive square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative you should take a netive square
+root we comment at end of last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root we comment at end of last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root we comment at end of last lecture
+so this where uh where we were uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this where uh where we were uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this where uh where we were uh it's
+basically giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically giving
+you the vector equations and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the vector equations and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the vector equations and if you
+recall before this we're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall before this we're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall before this we're looking at the
+electron it's not it's a scalar wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron it's not it's a scalar wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron it's not it's a scalar wave
+it's a we're looking at the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a we're looking at the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a we're looking at the electron
+reflection at the potential step right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection at the potential step right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection at the potential step right
+so we give reflectance and transmittance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we give reflectance and transmittance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we give reflectance and transmittance
+at the interface and the where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interface and the where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interface and the where we're
+going is doing the same thing I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going is doing the same thing I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going is doing the same thing I have a
+electromagnetic wave comes towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave comes towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave comes towards the
+interface what's the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface what's the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface what's the corresponding
+reflectance with corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance with corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance with corresponding
+transmittance and similarly after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance and similarly after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance and similarly after that
+we go to acoustic wave right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to acoustic wave right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to acoustic wave right and
+acoustic wave is more complicated than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic wave is more complicated than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic wave is more complicated than
+EM wave because it has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EM wave because it has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EM wave because it has three
+polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+longitudinal which is the same as a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal which is the same as a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal which is the same as a k
+Vector vibration Direction and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector vibration Direction and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector vibration Direction and two
+transverse so that is even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse so that is even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse so that is even more
+complicated and uh uh but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and uh uh but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and uh uh but we're going to
+at least give you some idea of those all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least give you some idea of those all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least give you some idea of those all
+different waves actually behave from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different waves actually behave from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different waves actually behave from
+wave perspective actually very similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave perspective actually very similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave perspective actually very similarly
+uh in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of the
+behavior so uh let's continue and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so uh let's continue and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so uh let's continue and what
+we want first is uh further looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want first is uh further looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want first is uh further looking at
+as the weave propagation in homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+medium and uh uh if you use the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and uh uh if you use the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and uh uh if you use the max
+equation this is what you can prove and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is what you can prove and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is what you can prove and
+uh uh I'm not going to write the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I'm not going to write the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I'm not going to write the the
+math because it's very involving and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math because it's very involving and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math because it's very involving and you
+write right Vector let me point out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write right Vector let me point out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write right Vector let me point out so
+when you use maxw equation what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use maxw equation what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use maxw equation what you can
+do you can multiply H to this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you can multiply H to this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you can multiply H to this equation
+what you see B is Mu H right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see B is Mu H right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see B is Mu H right so that's
+12 mu H squ that's like the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 mu H squ that's like the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 mu H squ that's like the magnetic
+field energy store energy and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field energy store energy and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field energy store energy and if you
+multiply this by E and what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this by E and what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this by E and what you have
+here is Epsilon uh uh say uh D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is Epsilon uh uh say uh D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is Epsilon uh uh say uh D is
+Epsilon e right so you get a 12 Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon e right so you get a 12 Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon e right so you get a 12 Epsilon
+e squar that's the electric field energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e squar that's the electric field energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e squar that's the electric field energy
+stored and when you add them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored and when you add them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored and when you add them together
+the left hand side will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side will give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side will give you the
+rate of change of energy stored in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of energy stored in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of energy stored in the
+system if you take any system applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you take any system applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you take any system applied
+and the right hand should be the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right hand should be the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right hand should be the flux
+that going through across the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going through across the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going through across the system
+boundaries right so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries right so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries right so that's a
+interpretation if you do your math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation if you do your math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation if you do your math
+operation and what you find out is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and what you find out is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and what you find out is then
+that flux of energy going across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flux of energy going across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flux of energy going across the
+system boundary gives you the uh flux of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system boundary gives you the uh flux of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system boundary gives you the uh flux of
+electromagnetic wave and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave and this is the
+pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector pointing Vector is e cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector pointing Vector is e cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector pointing Vector is e cross
+H so e cross H is the energy propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so e cross H is the energy propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so e cross H is the energy propagation
+Direction okay and uh if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay and uh if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay and uh if you think about
+my electric field is varying as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my electric field is varying as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my electric field is varying as a
+function of Omega T so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Omega T so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Omega T so the
+instantaneously my S the energy flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously my S the energy flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously my S the energy flux
+right pointing Vector gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right pointing Vector gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right pointing Vector gives me the
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+uh uh I should not say the energy really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I should not say the energy really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I should not say the energy really
+should be power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+and uh uh what I have here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh what I have here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh what I have here is the
+um is a function of 2 Omega time wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is a function of 2 Omega time wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is a function of 2 Omega time wise
+right because if you look at the E is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if you look at the E is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if you look at the E is I
+Omega and if you have two s Omega times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and if you have two s Omega times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and if you have two s Omega times
+each other Omega T * each other you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other Omega T * each other you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other Omega T * each other you get
+two Omega T so the energy the power flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Omega T so the energy the power flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Omega T so the energy the power flux
+here is a rapid changing function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a rapid changing function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a rapid changing function
+with time because the frequency of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time because the frequency of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time because the frequency of light
+visible light at least you know is 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible light at least you know is 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible light at least you know is 10 to
+the 14 Herz so uh two Omega uh will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 14 Herz so uh two Omega uh will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 14 Herz so uh two Omega uh will give
+you uh uh even much faster right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh uh even much faster right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh uh even much faster right so in
+this case normally we don't care we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case normally we don't care we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case normally we don't care we
+can't measure we cannot measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't measure we cannot measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't measure we cannot measure the
+instantaneous power here and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous power here and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous power here and what we
+measure is time average power so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure is time average power so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure is time average power so if you
+go to do a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+average time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average time
+average and uh uh no proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and uh uh no proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and uh uh no proof
+but it's much easier if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's much easier if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's much easier if you
+calculate this way it's equivalent okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this way it's equivalent okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this way it's equivalent okay
+is e cross H complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e cross H complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e cross H complex
+conjugate and if you go to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate and if you go to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate and if you go to think about
+the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass
+flux uh from the shinger equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux uh from the shinger equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux uh from the shinger equation we
+wrote it as uh also real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it as uh also real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it as uh also real part
+of uh C sign and the gradient of PL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh C sign and the gradient of PL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh C sign and the gradient of PL
+complex conjugate right so you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate right so you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate right so you see the
+similarity between those different flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity between those different flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity between those different flux
+I'm writing this as e cross H complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing this as e cross H complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing this as e cross H complex
+conjugate okay so all those are say see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate okay so all those are say see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate okay so all those are say see
+this is time average Point pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is time average Point pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is time average Point pointing
+vector and now let's look at if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and now let's look at if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and now let's look at if I have
+the plan wave propagating inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan wave propagating inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan wave propagating inside the
+medium right how it will change how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium right how it will change how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium right how it will change how the
+pointing Vector change as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing Vector change as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing Vector change as a function of
+space so let's say I have a plan wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so let's say I have a plan wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so let's say I have a plan wave
+and I I'm careful taking my coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'm careful taking my coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'm careful taking my coordinate
+this is z Direction that's the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is z Direction that's the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is z Direction that's the direction
+of propagation and this is the E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of propagation and this is the E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of propagation and this is the E
+Direction uh is in the X so X Y so y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction uh is in the X so X Y so y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction uh is in the X so X Y so y
+then say I would expect my magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say I would expect my magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say I would expect my magnetic
+field will be pointing e cross H gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field will be pointing e cross H gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field will be pointing e cross H gives
+me Z pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Z pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Z pointing
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+okay but you can prove it right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you can prove it right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you can prove it right you can
+use uh your e uh let's say my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh your e uh let's say my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh your e uh let's say my uh
+electric field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ex Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex Omega
+t as a uh so it's X component right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t as a uh so it's X component right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t as a uh so it's X component right
+electric field point in the X Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field point in the X Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field point in the X Direction
+only and the magnitude of the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and the magnitude of the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and the magnitude of the electric
+field times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field times
+exponential Mass I and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Mass I and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Mass I and if you
+replace K relation here what do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace K relation here what do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace K relation here what do we have
+K = Omega c0 n so I can take out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K = Omega c0 n so I can take out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K = Omega c0 n so I can take out the
+Omega so Omega T minus um n c0 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so Omega T minus um n c0 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so Omega T minus um n c0 *
+Z this is a writing my plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z this is a writing my plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z this is a writing my plan
+wave for electric field in the polariz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave for electric field in the polariz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave for electric field in the polariz
+in the X Direction probating in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X Direction probating in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X Direction probating in the Z
+Direction okay so from here if I know ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay so from here if I know ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay so from here if I know ex
+I can go back because I don't know H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can go back because I don't know H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can go back because I don't know H
+right I said that H is a function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I said that H is a function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I said that H is a function is
+only in the Y Direction only and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in the Y Direction only and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in the Y Direction only and in fact
+you can use the max y equation to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use the max y equation to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use the max y equation to uh
+prove it so to find the a I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it so to find the a I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it so to find the a I use the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+equation right the uh curve of electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right the uh curve of electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right the uh curve of electric
+field uh so I can say here what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh so I can say here what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh so I can say here what I have
+is a uh unit Vector x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a uh unit Vector x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a uh unit Vector x
+y z and have D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y z and have D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y z and have D
+DX D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX D
+Dy and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DZ right so this is the uh uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ right so this is the uh uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ right so this is the uh uh for
+calculate the uh curve and I have uh ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the uh curve and I have uh ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the uh curve and I have uh ex
+so X component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X component
+only ex x 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 that's left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that's left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that's left hand side
+right of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of the first
+equation and the ex is a function of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the ex is a function of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the ex is a function of Z
+remember it's ex is just the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's ex is just the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's ex is just the vector
+Direction another function of X it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction another function of X it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction another function of X it's a
+function of Z if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Z if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Z if you look at
+here on the right hand side I have uh b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the right hand side I have uh b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the right hand side I have uh b
+b is a mu so d uh say mu DH DT so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is a mu so d uh say mu DH DT so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is a mu so d uh say mu DH DT so I have
+dhx DT and this is the X Direction DH y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dhx DT and this is the X Direction DH y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dhx DT and this is the X Direction DH y
+DT y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT y direction
+dhz DT Z Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so I'm writing out the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm writing out the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm writing out the first
+equation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector okay and uh now if you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector okay and uh now if you look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector okay and uh now if you look at it
+I said this is a function of Z time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said this is a function of Z time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said this is a function of Z time and
+Z only so I don't say it's only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z only so I don't say it's only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z only so I don't say it's only a
+function of Z and time so if I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Z and time so if I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Z and time so if I take a
+derivative of this I of course the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this I of course the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this I of course the X
+component so X I take out this I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so X I take out this I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so X I take out this I have
+all zero right so that means HX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zero right so that means HX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zero right so that means HX is
+zero right HX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right HX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right HX is
+zero and then I look at the uh if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then I look at the uh if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then I look at the uh if I look
+at the Z component here here so d z uh d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Z component here here so d z uh d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Z component here here so d z uh d
+d d0 DX that's zero DX Dy but the e x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d0 DX that's zero DX Dy but the e x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d0 DX that's zero DX Dy but the e x is
+a function of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of Z
+only right so that's also zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only right so that's also zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only right so that's also zero
+so I have hz0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have hz0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have hz0 so
+this validate what we're talking it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this validate what we're talking it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this validate what we're talking it's
+transverse wave and H is perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse wave and H is perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse wave and H is perpendicular
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+E I only have the second term the Y term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E I only have the second term the Y term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E I only have the second term the Y term
+dhy DT because the Y if I see look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dhy DT because the Y if I see look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dhy DT because the Y if I see look at
+this uh uh right Vector so I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh right Vector so I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh right Vector so I take this
+two out so I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two out so I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two out so I have this
+zero d0 DX X and then I have d x DZ this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero d0 DX X and then I have d x DZ this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero d0 DX X and then I have d x DZ this
+one is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is not
+zero right so I have really Min m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so I have really Min m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so I have really Min m
+dhy d uh T equals uh minus this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dhy d uh T equals uh minus this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dhy d uh T equals uh minus this is the
+second term on the first row so my sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term on the first row so my sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term on the first row so my sign
+is minus and then I have this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus and then I have this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus and then I have this is a
+positive this another negative is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this another negative is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this another negative is minus
+d e x d z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so I know my ex I have given my ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I know my ex I have given my ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I know my ex I have given my ex
+DX d z i take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX d z i take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX d z i take the
+derivative I integrate with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative I integrate with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative I integrate with respect to
+time I get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I get my
+Hy right so let me uh write out uh Hy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hy right so let me uh write out uh Hy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hy right so let me uh write out uh Hy in
+this case what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case what you
+get without going through the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get without going through the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get without going through the uh
+intermediate steps my Hy component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate steps my Hy component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate steps my Hy component
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+e0 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 time
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+c0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential Mass I Oma T Mass n c0 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Mass I Oma T Mass n c0 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Mass I Oma T Mass n c0 *
+Z so again it's a wave propagating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so again it's a wave propagating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so again it's a wave propagating in
+the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z
+direction right and this only y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right and this only y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right and this only y
+direction component is not zero so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction component is not zero so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction component is not zero so it's
+perpendicular to the electric field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the electric field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the electric field and
+uh uh in fact if you look at e0 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in fact if you look at e0 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in fact if you look at e0 times
+this essentially is my ex right e0 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this essentially is my ex right e0 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this essentially is my ex right e0 times
+this exponential factor is my ex not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential factor is my ex not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential factor is my ex not the
+vector just the form in the X Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector just the form in the X Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector just the form in the X Direction
+so in fact let me uh use this uh write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact let me uh use this uh write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact let me uh use this uh write
+it n um mu0 c0 time e x and but say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it n um mu0 c0 time e x and but say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it n um mu0 c0 time e x and but say this
+is the magnitude of ex is not the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the magnitude of ex is not the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the magnitude of ex is not the vector
+ex because the component is in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex because the component is in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex because the component is in the y
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+okay so that's Hy right I have when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's Hy right I have when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's Hy right I have when I do
+my uh pointing Vector I will need all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh pointing Vector I will need all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh pointing Vector I will need all
+three components so that's a uh what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three components so that's a uh what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three components so that's a uh what I'm
+writing out and in fact what if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing out and in fact what if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing out and in fact what if you have
+a positive sign if rather rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive sign if rather rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive sign if rather rather than
+negative that's a forward propagating if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's a forward propagating if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's a forward propagating if
+you have a a backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a a backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a a backward
+propagating and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating and your
+corresponding sign here in the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding sign here in the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding sign here in the front
+will also change and uh you have in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also change and uh you have in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also change and uh you have in that
+case you have Hy equals negative and mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you have Hy equals negative and mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you have Hy equals negative and mu
+uh c0 mu0 c0 and E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh c0 mu0 c0 and E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh c0 mu0 c0 and E
+XY and this is for negative propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and this is for negative propagating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and this is for negative propagating
+wave the a sign change and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave the a sign change and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave the a sign change and that's
+understandable because what I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable because what I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable because what I have here
+right this is a propagation Direction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a propagation Direction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a propagation Direction I
+said it's a right hand wave so e cross H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's a right hand wave so e cross H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's a right hand wave so e cross H
+is pointing out but now if the wave goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pointing out but now if the wave goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pointing out but now if the wave goes
+the other direction and H will point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction and H will point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction and H will point in
+the opposite direction to form my right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction to form my right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction to form my right
+hand w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and uh uh uh I commented when both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh uh I commented when both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh uh I commented when both
+uh e and I say mu and Epsilon are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e and I say mu and Epsilon are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e and I say mu and Epsilon are
+negative right you have to do your left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative right you have to do your left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative right you have to do your left
+hand and if you look at this here Hy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and if you look at this here Hy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and if you look at this here Hy if
+mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is
+negative right that change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative right that change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative right that change
+direction a real direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction a real direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction a real direction of the
+magnetic field and similarly if Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field and similarly if Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field and similarly if Epsilon
+is negative that change real Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative that change real Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative that change real Direction
+so the negative root is actually of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the negative root is actually of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the negative root is actually of this
+refractor index here is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractor index here is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractor index here is actually the
+requirement from the max equation itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement from the max equation itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement from the max equation itself
+there's no it's just a math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no it's just a math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no it's just a math
+requirement right so it was the first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement right so it was the first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement right so it was the first uh
+pointed out by this Russian scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out by this Russian scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out by this Russian scientist
+Verso uh if both Epson and mu are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Verso uh if both Epson and mu are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Verso uh if both Epson and mu are
+negative you should take elective root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative you should take elective root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative you should take elective root
+but the later materials all have uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the later materials all have uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the later materials all have uh uh
+say umson mu pretty close to vacuum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say umson mu pretty close to vacuum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say umson mu pretty close to vacuum so
+if mu R is one so normally people see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if mu R is one so normally people see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if mu R is one so normally people see
+that's just academic exercise until uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just academic exercise until uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just academic exercise until uh
+in the 9s uh uh people start to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 9s uh uh people start to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 9s uh uh people start to actually
+make artificial structure have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make artificial structure have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make artificial structure have a
+magnetic resonance so the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic resonance so the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic resonance so the magnetic
+response resists the external magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response resists the external magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response resists the external magnetic
+field and that could generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and that could generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and that could generate the
+negative mu and in this case when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative mu and in this case when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative mu and in this case when you
+can design material with both Epson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can design material with both Epson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can design material with both Epson and
+mu negative together and become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu negative together and become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu negative together and become
+negative okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay so
+uh I I'm not done yet I have my ex I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I'm not done yet I have my ex I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I'm not done yet I have my ex I
+have my Hy and I can go calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my Hy and I can go calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my Hy and I can go calculate
+pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing
+Vector right so let's calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right so let's calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right so let's calculate the
+pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing
+vector and uh so this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and uh so this this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and uh so this this is the
+complexity with Vector waves you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity with Vector waves you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity with Vector waves you have to
+do all with Vector operation right uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all with Vector operation right uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all with Vector operation right uh uh
+if you look at your pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at your pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at your pointing
+Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+uh okay and uh at the end you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay and uh at the end you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay and uh at the end you'll find
+out this is only Z component there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is only Z component there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is only Z component there's no
+XY component because uh your ex is the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY component because uh your ex is the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY component because uh your ex is the X
+Direction and H is in y direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and H is in y direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and H is in y direction and
+the cross product is only in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross product is only in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross product is only in the Z
+direction right so uh let me escape that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so uh let me escape that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so uh let me escape that
+Vector form and just say this is time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector form and just say this is time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector form and just say this is time
+average Vector in the Z Direction is2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average Vector in the Z Direction is2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average Vector in the Z Direction is2
+real part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of
+e uh um now e x h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e uh um now e x h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e uh um now e x h
+y complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y complex
+conjugate and this is what you get if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate and this is what you get if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate and this is what you get if
+you write all these three components and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write all these three components and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write all these three components and
+you only have the Z Direction component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have the Z Direction component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have the Z Direction component
+so now I can plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can plug
+in ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ex
+and uh Hy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Hy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Hy
+right and the you have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the you have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the you have to be careful
+this n refractive index or object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n refractive index or object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n refractive index or object
+constant has both real and imagin part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant has both real and imagin part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant has both real and imagin part
+so when I take a complex conjugate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I take a complex conjugate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I take a complex conjugate this
+one I take complex this one I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I take complex this one I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I take complex this one I take
+complex this I I take inverse and this N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex this I I take inverse and this N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex this I I take inverse and this N
+I have to take complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to take complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to take complex
+con right so you have to do all that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con right so you have to do all that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con right so you have to do all that and
+you say I Omega T minus I Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say I Omega T minus I Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say I Omega T minus I Omega T
+because plus I Omega T so I Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because plus I Omega T so I Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because plus I Omega T so I Omega T
+cancel right e is negative I Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel right e is negative I Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel right e is negative I Omega T
+right because that slasher because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that slasher because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that slasher because I
+actually I was doing time average time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I was doing time average time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I was doing time average time
+should not be there so this always is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be there so this always is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be there so this always is
+canel time and uh so what I have then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canel time and uh so what I have then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canel time and uh so what I have then is
+1/2 real part of e0 uh that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 real part of e0 uh that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 real part of e0 uh that's the
+electric field and the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and the exponential
+uh negative negative is posi n and c0 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh negative negative is posi n and c0 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh negative negative is posi n and c0 *
+Z that's the first e x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z that's the first e x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z that's the first e x
+Hy is a e z complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conjugate n complex conjugate divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate n complex conjugate divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate n complex conjugate divide by
+mu0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu0
+c0 and I take a mu is pretty much as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 and I take a mu is pretty much as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 and I take a mu is pretty much as in
+vacuum and then I have exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and then I have exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and then I have exponent
+sure and this becomes a plus I uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and this becomes a plus I uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and this becomes a plus I uh and
+this is a negative so I have exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a negative so I have exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a negative so I have exponential
+negative and complex conjugate c0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z that's my pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z that's my pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z that's my pointing
+Vector right so what you have electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right so what you have electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right so what you have electric
+field complex conjugate that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field complex conjugate that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field complex conjugate that's just a
+magnitude right this a real now here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude right this a real now here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude right this a real now here I
+have to be careful is real part only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful is real part only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful is real part only
+imaginary part drops out and this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part drops out and this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part drops out and this two
+exponential is a n m and complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is a n m and complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is a n m and complex
+conjugate right that gives me 2 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate right that gives me 2 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate right that gives me 2 I
+Capa right 2 I Capa oh I forgot there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capa right 2 I Capa oh I forgot there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capa right 2 I Capa oh I forgot there is
+another I Omega I Omega should multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another I Omega I Omega should multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another I Omega I Omega should multiply
+in so I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so I actually
+have I Omega I have I Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I Omega I have I Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I Omega I have I Omega
+right so n n complex to Give Me 2 I Capa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so n n complex to Give Me 2 I Capa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so n n complex to Give Me 2 I Capa
+times this another I actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this another I actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this another I actually is
+real so here n is real here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so here n is real here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so here n is real here is the
+Imagine part in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine part in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine part in the
+exponent so what I have then is 12 e0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent so what I have then is 12 e0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent so what I have then is 12 e0
+squar and mu0 c0 and the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and mu0 c0 and the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and mu0 c0 and the real part
+n and EXP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and EXP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and EXP
+exponential minus 4 Pi Kaa over Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus 4 Pi Kaa over Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus 4 Pi Kaa over Lambda
+and this Lambda is Lambda in vacuum I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this Lambda is Lambda in vacuum I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this Lambda is Lambda in vacuum I
+have used say Omega c0 right Omega over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used say Omega c0 right Omega over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used say Omega c0 right Omega over
+c0 equals uh 2 pi over Lambda so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 equals uh 2 pi over Lambda so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 equals uh 2 pi over Lambda so I
+substitute this in and that's the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute this in and that's the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute this in and that's the how
+the pointing Vector in a homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointing Vector in a homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointing Vector in a homogeneous
+medium of refractive index n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of refractive index n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of refractive index n
+Capa is changing uh in the Z Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capa is changing uh in the Z Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capa is changing uh in the Z Direction
+here is z it's a exponentially Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is z it's a exponentially Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is z it's a exponentially Decay
+function right that expon decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right that expon decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right that expon decaying
+exponent Alpha is 4 Pi Kaa over Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent Alpha is 4 Pi Kaa over Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent Alpha is 4 Pi Kaa over Lambda
+this is absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the inverse of this absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the inverse of this absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the inverse of this absorption
+coefficient sometimes called The Skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient sometimes called The Skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient sometimes called The Skin
+depth so if the inverse that's a depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth so if the inverse that's a depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth so if the inverse that's a depth
+so you can say when Z equals that skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say when Z equals that skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say when Z equals that skin
+depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth
+inverse right uh Delta equals 1 / Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse right uh Delta equals 1 / Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse right uh Delta equals 1 / Alpha
+that's skin when Delta Z equals Delta we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's skin when Delta Z equals Delta we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's skin when Delta Z equals Delta we
+have the the field DEC to exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the field DEC to exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the field DEC to exponential
+minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh what do we learn here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh what do we learn here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh what do we learn here you can
+say that the when electromagnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the when electromagnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the when electromagnetic field
+propagating in a loss media Capa is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in a loss media Capa is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in a loss media Capa is not
+zero right the field Decay exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right the field Decay exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right the field Decay exponentially
+and that's the electromagnetic wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the electromagnetic wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the electromagnetic wave is
+absorbed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed by the
+medium right and uh uh in fact uh uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium right and uh uh in fact uh uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium right and uh uh in fact uh uh um
+this is very important when you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very important when you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very important when you make
+solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar
+cells right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells right this
+determine how deep the photon penetrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine how deep the photon penetrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine how deep the photon penetrate
+into the material and silicon is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the material and silicon is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the material and silicon is a
+indirect Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect Gap
+semiconductor so the alpha is small near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor so the alpha is small near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor so the alpha is small near
+the bank Gap so it's not a good absorber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank Gap so it's not a good absorber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank Gap so it's not a good absorber
+and because of that you have to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of that you have to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of that you have to use a
+pretty thick material to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty thick material to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty thick material to
+absorb the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb the uh
+and uh uh um so that is a big uh problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh um so that is a big uh problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh um so that is a big uh problem
+with the photo voltage cic for the Vol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the photo voltage cic for the Vol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the photo voltage cic for the Vol
+take the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cost okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay
+um so uh and questions so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh and questions so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh and questions so this is a
+propagating in the same medium and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in the same medium and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in the same medium and the
+exponential law so sometimes we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential law so sometimes we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential law so sometimes we can
+write so this is pointing Vector right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write so this is pointing Vector right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write so this is pointing Vector right
+and uh it's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's the uh
+say the power flux and sometimes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the power flux and sometimes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the power flux and sometimes we
+write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the
+intensity uh in uh intensity is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity uh in uh intensity is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity uh in uh intensity is the
+energy per unit solid angle right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per unit solid angle right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per unit solid angle right
+intensity propagating in medium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity propagating in medium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity propagating in medium is
+exponential Alpha time X or X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Alpha time X or X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Alpha time X or X
+directional propagation this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional propagation this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional propagation this is another
+way to write the same form and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to write the same form and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to write the same form and this is
+also called the beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+snore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a consequence of the max equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a consequence of the max equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a consequence of the max equation
+but it's it's called the beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's called the beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's called the beer
+slw okay so if you have a light comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slw okay so if you have a light comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slw okay so if you have a light comes in
+onto a surface and uh what we wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a surface and uh what we wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a surface and uh what we wrote down
+here is propagating inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is propagating inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is propagating inside the
+medium okay so we didn't we have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium okay so we didn't we have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium okay so we didn't we have not
+talked how much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked how much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked how much is
+reflected and what we talked is once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected and what we talked is once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected and what we talked is once you
+know this field in this direction at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this field in this direction at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this field in this direction at
+this point the they flux and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point the they flux and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point the they flux and it will
+Decay exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay exponentially
+inside right so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside right so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside right so a
+material could be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material could be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material could be very
+reflecting but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting but very
+absorbing what does that mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing what does that mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing what does that mean it's
+conflicting right so what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting right so what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting right so what does that mean
+is the reflectance is very large right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reflectance is very large right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reflectance is very large right
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+reflectance are is very large a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance are is very large a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance are is very large a material
+could be 99%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be 99%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be 99%
+reflecting but once the magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting but once the magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting but once the magnet
+electromagnetic wave gets into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave gets into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave gets into the
+material the penetration depth is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the penetration depth is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the penetration depth is very
+short it's absorbed those that get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short it's absorbed those that get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short it's absorbed those that get into
+the surface is absorbed in very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface is absorbed in very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface is absorbed in very short
+distance in fact All Metals behave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in fact All Metals behave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in fact All Metals behave that
+way right metal very reflective but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right metal very reflective but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right metal very reflective but they
+feel that they maybe one or 5% of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that they maybe one or 5% of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that they maybe one or 5% of this
+wave gets into the metal absorb the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave gets into the metal absorb the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave gets into the metal absorb the
+typical in 10 nomers 10 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical in 10 nomers 10 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical in 10 nomers 10 20
+Nom okay but if you have uh indirect Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nom okay but if you have uh indirect Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nom okay but if you have uh indirect Gap
+semiconductor like cicon this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor like cicon this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor like cicon this
+penetration depths can be millimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration depths can be millimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration depths can be millimeter
+right if you do millimeter you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you do millimeter you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you do millimeter you want to
+capture that material so when you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture that material so when you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture that material so when you make a
+solar cell millimeter means a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell millimeter means a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell millimeter means a lot more
+materials this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials this is
+expensive okay so this is the uh uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive okay so this is the uh uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive okay so this is the uh uh what
+the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside
+propagation and now let's turn our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation and now let's turn our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation and now let's turn our
+attention to what happens at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to what happens at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to what happens at the
+interface right that R what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface right that R what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface right that R what's the
+reflectance what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transmittance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reflection at the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interface and this is a very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and this is a very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and this is a very similar to
+the uh scalar wave from the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh scalar wave from the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh scalar wave from the short
+equation we talked the last lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we talked the last lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we talked the last lecture and
+uh what we need is the field on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we need is the field on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we need is the field on both
+sides of the interface and use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the interface and use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the interface and use the
+continuity relation if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity relation if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity relation if you think about
+how we did with the material wave right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we did with the material wave right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we did with the material wave right
+uh the wave function here you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the wave function here you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the wave function here you have the
+wave function left equals right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function left equals right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function left equals right at
+interface and derivative equal to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and derivative equal to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and derivative equal to each
+other so that's how we derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so that's how we derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so that's how we derive the
+reflectance transmittance for material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance transmittance for material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance transmittance for material
+waves and we do the same thing for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and we do the same thing for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and we do the same thing for uh
+electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic
+waves so uh what I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so uh what I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so uh what I have here
+is uh flat interface one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh flat interface one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh flat interface one and the
+two right and uh uh let me make my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right and uh uh let me make my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right and uh uh let me make my life
+slightly Easier by say here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly Easier by say here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly Easier by say here is
+N1 okay I can write the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 okay I can write the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 okay I can write the capital
+N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1
+right if I just write the small NY means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I just write the small NY means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I just write the small NY means
+low loss if I write the capital n y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low loss if I write the capital n y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low loss if I write the capital n y
+means it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it has
+loss okay and here I can write the N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss okay and here I can write the N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss okay and here I can write the N2
+and I'll extend to uh the case when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll extend to uh the case when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll extend to uh the case when
+they're loss I discuss it right the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're loss I discuss it right the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're loss I discuss it right the mass
+is identical but there are some subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identical but there are some subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identical but there are some subtle
+differences and uh I have uh the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and uh I have uh the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and uh I have uh the Z
+Direction This Is My Z Direction W uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction This Is My Z Direction W uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction This Is My Z Direction W uh
+propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation
+and this is my X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction and I have a wave comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and I have a wave comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and I have a wave comes in
+towards interface this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards interface this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards interface this is my
+K Direction that's the incident wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Direction that's the incident wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Direction that's the incident wave
+direction right and uh uh I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right and uh uh I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right and uh uh I have the
+norm of the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right so
+Ki here is uh angle of incidence Theta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki here is uh angle of incidence Theta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki here is uh angle of incidence Theta I
+I and Ki is the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and Ki is the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and Ki is the wave
+propagation of the incident wave right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of the incident wave right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of the incident wave right
+two vectors two lines form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors two lines form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors two lines form a
+plan right so this plan I call is plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan right so this plan I call is plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan right so this plan I call is plan
+of incident this is how I D Define my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incident this is how I D Define my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incident this is how I D Define my
+reference plan right so I have my plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference plan right so I have my plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference plan right so I have my plan
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is a form by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a form by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a form by
+n and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and uh
+K all this this are the two vectors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K all this this are the two vectors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K all this this are the two vectors for
+my plan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my plan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my plan of
+incident okay now I have to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident okay now I have to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident okay now I have to say the
+field is a vector field is perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is a vector field is perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is a vector field is perpendicular
+to KI right but I have to Define which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to KI right but I have to Define which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to KI right but I have to Define which
+direction because it could be any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction because it could be any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction because it could be any of
+this direction perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction perpendicular to
+Ki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki
+okay but the I can any of this Vector I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the I can any of this Vector I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the I can any of this Vector I
+can decompose into two the sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decompose into two the sum of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decompose into two the sum of two
+vectors right so I can always Define if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors right so I can always Define if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors right so I can always Define if
+one case is my if I think this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case is my if I think this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case is my if I think this is my
+electric field is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is in the
+plan the other case is perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan the other case is perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan the other case is perpendicular to
+the plan right and uh uh once you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan right and uh uh once you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan right and uh uh once you know
+the solution it's a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution it's a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution it's a linear combination
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+two so any other direction you decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so any other direction you decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so any other direction you decompose
+the implant and cross plan perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implant and cross plan perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implant and cross plan perpendicular
+Direction and so uh uh but then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and so uh uh but then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and so uh uh but then you have
+the choice of now depends on if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of now depends on if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of now depends on if this is
+my electric field my magnetic field now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my electric field my magnetic field now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my electric field my magnetic field now
+if you use right hand rule what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use right hand rule what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use right hand rule what's the
+direction magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+huh coming out right right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh coming out right right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh coming out right right so
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+incident and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and that's a
+vector and the magnetic field is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the magnetic field is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the magnetic field is a
+pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing
+out okay so there are three LMS for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so there are three LMS for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so there are three LMS for this
+depends on which one you are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on which one you are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on which one you are willing to
+remember it turns turns out for over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it turns turns out for over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it turns turns out for over
+this many years I always get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many years I always get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many years I always get
+confused okay my simplest uh I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused okay my simplest uh I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused okay my simplest uh I always
+say okay I like to remember this as a TM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I like to remember this as a TM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I like to remember this as a TM
+way TM means transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way TM means transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way TM means transverse
+magnetic okay so this case what I draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic okay so this case what I draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic okay so this case what I draw
+is a TM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a TM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a TM
+wave that's the magnetic field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that's the magnetic field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that's the magnetic field is
+perpendicular perpendicular to the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular perpendicular to the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular perpendicular to the plan
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+incidence okay so three lengths the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence okay so three lengths the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence okay so three lengths the
+other two lenss is relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two lenss is relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two lenss is relative to the
+electric field then is parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field then is parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field then is parallel to the
+plan of incidence so the so here is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan of incidence so the so here is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan of incidence so the so here is you
+either call the TM wave or you call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either call the TM wave or you call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either call the TM wave or you call it
+the parallel P wve or or you use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel P wve or or you use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel P wve or or you use a
+symbol of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol of
+parallel so three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel so three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel so three different
+notations right the next the what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations right the next the what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations right the next the what I have
+here is for the T for the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is for the T for the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is for the T for the electric field
+and here is when I say transverse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is when I say transverse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is when I say transverse is
+whatever what's follow right transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever what's follow right transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever what's follow right transverse
+is TM that means magnetic field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is TM that means magnetic field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is TM that means magnetic field is
+perpendicular te means electric field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular te means electric field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular te means electric field is
+perpendicular so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular so what I'm going to
+derive is this situation where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive is this situation where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive is this situation where the
+magnetic field is perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is perpendicular to the
+plan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan of
+incident okay and uh uh now I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident okay and uh uh now I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident okay and uh uh now I need to
+write when the wave comes in I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write when the wave comes in I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write when the wave comes in I could
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+reflection I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection I have
+transmission right so here reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission right so here reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission right so here reflection
+the V vector and transmission the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V vector and transmission the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V vector and transmission the V
+vector and in each medium I have a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and in each medium I have a plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and in each medium I have a plan
+wave form I know the plan wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave form I know the plan wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave form I know the plan wave
+form this is my plan wave form I do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this is my plan wave form I do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this is my plan wave form I do not
+know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+amplitude right and uh uh my wave Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude right and uh uh my wave Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude right and uh uh my wave Vector
+uh I need to relate to what direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I need to relate to what direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I need to relate to what direction
+the wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave is
+going for the reflected and transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for the reflected and transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for the reflected and transmitted
+right so here is my Theta R if I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here is my Theta R if I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here is my Theta R if I use
+moment then angle Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment then angle Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment then angle Theta
+T to denote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to denote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to denote it
+right so I can write uh because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can write uh because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can write uh because if I
+want to write this k. R right R is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write this k. R right R is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write this k. R right R is any
+point in the plan XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the plan XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the plan XY
+Z and K I have to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and K I have to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and K I have to write it
+now in terms of the rotation I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in terms of the rotation I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in terms of the rotation I have this
+K I have to say KX KY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I have to say KX KY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I have to say KX KY
+KZ okay and uh uh I write my k um unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ okay and uh uh I write my k um unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ okay and uh uh I write my k um unit
+Vector not the magnitude right the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector not the magnitude right the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector not the magnitude right the this
+is the total the total of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total the total of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total the total of course is
+related to Omega C and but what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to Omega C and but what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to Omega C and but what's the
+unit Vector is related to Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Vector is related to Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Vector is related to Direction
+only right so the unit Vector I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only right so the unit Vector I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only right so the unit Vector I can
+write it as this is the vector Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as this is the vector Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as this is the vector Direction
+so what what's my under my uh c z is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what's my under my uh c z is K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what's my under my uh c z is K
+times the uh cosine Theta I right X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the uh cosine Theta I right X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the uh cosine Theta I right X is
+sin Theta so I have really my sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta so I have really my sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta so I have really my sin Theta
+i 0 cine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i 0 cine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i 0 cine Theta
+I and this is my uh incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and this is my uh incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and this is my uh incident
+vector and uh my um uni vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and uh my um uni vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and uh my um uni vector of
+reflection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection is
+here R so X direction is still s Theta r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here R so X direction is still s Theta r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here R so X direction is still s Theta r
+z but the Z direction is negative now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z but the Z direction is negative now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z but the Z direction is negative now
+this is my propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my propagation
+direction right my Z direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right my Z direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right my Z direction is
+negative so negative cosine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R and my T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and my T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and my T
+direction oh this is unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction oh this is unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction oh this is unit
+Vector is sin Theta t 0 cosine Theta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is sin Theta t 0 cosine Theta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is sin Theta t 0 cosine Theta T
+and then we encourage you to everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we encourage you to everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we encourage you to everybody
+really get comfortable it took me many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get comfortable it took me many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get comfortable it took me many
+many years get comfortable but say at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years get comfortable but say at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years get comfortable but say at
+least you should do your exercise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you should do your exercise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you should do your exercise and
+let's say I'm giving you TM wave you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I'm giving you TM wave you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I'm giving you TM wave you can
+go back and do te wave and go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and do te wave and go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and do te wave and go through
+the derivation of what's reflectance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivation of what's reflectance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivation of what's reflectance
+what's transmittance when w go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's transmittance when w go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's transmittance when w go through
+interface and uh I made a comment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and uh I made a comment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and uh I made a comment in the
+last lecture when people do electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture when people do electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture when people do electrical
+say this material way Max no shorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this material way Max no shorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this material way Max no shorting
+equation we did the L more incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we did the L more incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we did the L more incidence
+right and here you can see I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and here you can see I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and here you can see I'm doing
+General any angle of incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General any angle of incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General any angle of incident
+so you should go back and redo that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should go back and redo that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should go back and redo that
+problem any angle incidence you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem any angle incidence you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem any angle incidence you'll be
+able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next is to uh write the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is to uh write the component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is to uh write the component
+because I need the boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I need the boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I need the boundary conditions
+right recall for the material wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right recall for the material wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right recall for the material wave
+sorting equation is the wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting equation is the wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting equation is the wave function is
+continuous derivative of we function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous derivative of we function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous derivative of we function is
+continuous and what's my corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and what's my corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and what's my corresponding
+boundary condition for Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition for Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition for Max
+equation and uh it turns out that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and uh it turns out that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and uh it turns out that any
+interface and this is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and this is actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and this is actually very
+general how you derive a interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general how you derive a interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general how you derive a interface
+condition when you do heat transfer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition when you do heat transfer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition when you do heat transfer you
+do the same you apply so when you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same you apply so when you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same you apply so when you do a
+heat transfer you apply your boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transfer you apply your boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transfer you apply your boundary
+condition to you apply your equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition to you apply your equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition to you apply your equation
+energy balance to both sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balance to both sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balance to both sides of
+interface right so if I have this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface right so if I have this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface right so if I have this this
+is a let's say many of you probably more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a let's say many of you probably more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a let's say many of you probably more
+familiar with the heat transfer so why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the heat transfer so why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the heat transfer so why I
+write try to write down the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write try to write down the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write try to write down the boundary
+condition for this if this is a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for this if this is a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for this if this is a liquid
+this is solid right I'll apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is solid right I'll apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is solid right I'll apply the
+energy conservation I see on the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy conservation I see on the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy conservation I see on the solid
+side the heat conduction coming towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the heat conduction coming towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the heat conduction coming towards
+this interface equals the contion going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interface equals the contion going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interface equals the contion going
+through the other interface I'm applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the other interface I'm applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the other interface I'm applying
+the first law the thickness is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first law the thickness is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first law the thickness is zero
+right there is a heat comes in from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is a heat comes in from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is a heat comes in from here
+but my limit is th is zero so that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my limit is th is zero so that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my limit is th is zero so that term
+drops out when you apply first row you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops out when you apply first row you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops out when you apply first row you
+have four surfaces in my drawing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four surfaces in my drawing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four surfaces in my drawing here
+right so I do the same thing when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I do the same thing when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I do the same thing when I do
+Max equation or you do sh equation how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max equation or you do sh equation how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max equation or you do sh equation how
+you derive you apply say in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you derive you apply say in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you derive you apply say in the case of
+short equation and you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short equation and you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short equation and you have your
+material wave that that's in the matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material wave that that's in the matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material wave that that's in the matter
+must be continuous right with that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be continuous right with that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be continuous right with that you
+can write the equation we give before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write the equation we give before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write the equation we give before
+and here I have to say apply take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I have to say apply take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I have to say apply take that
+control volume apply all those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control volume apply all those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control volume apply all those four
+equations integrate over that control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations integrate over that control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations integrate over that control
+volume and take the limit that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and take the limit that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and take the limit that the
+thickness approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness approach
+zero right and with that you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and with that you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and with that you can write
+down all your boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all your boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all your boundary
+conditions and uh the boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and uh the boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and uh the boundary condition
+is the uh n the uh unit Vector of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh n the uh unit Vector of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh n the uh unit Vector of the
+the norm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm and
+D2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 minus
+D1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1
+equals row surface this is the the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals row surface this is the the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals row surface this is the the real
+charge accumulation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface okay if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay if you have a
+current flowing uniformly through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing uniformly through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing uniformly through the
+material everywhere you have current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material everywhere you have current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material everywhere you have current
+density right in that case what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density right in that case what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density right in that case what's your
+surface charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface charge
+density zero cuz everywhere is uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density zero cuz everywhere is uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density zero cuz everywhere is uniform
+when you get your thickness go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get your thickness go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get your thickness go to
+zero that's the total L of charge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's the total L of charge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's the total L of charge in
+this wall infinite small thickness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wall infinite small thickness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wall infinite small thickness is
+zero so normally this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so normally this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so normally this is
+zero but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but if you
+do your let's say some of you may work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your let's say some of you may work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your let's say some of you may work
+with a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a um
+electrochemistry right and uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry right and uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry right and uh in this
+case you have absorbed the charge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you have absorbed the charge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you have absorbed the charge on the
+surface and in that case your surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and in that case your surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and in that case your surface
+charge is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is not
+zero okay so uh you can say what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so uh you can say what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so uh you can say what is the
+n dot product means is the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n dot product means is the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n dot product means is the vertical
+component right the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component right the component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component right the component
+perpendicular to interface because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to interface because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to interface because this
+is n Direction this a parallel to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n Direction this a parallel to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n Direction this a parallel to n
+Direction so basically the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so basically the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so basically the the
+displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement
+field is the the difference is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is the the difference is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is the the difference is the
+surface charge because the surf each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface charge because the surf each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface charge because the surf each
+surface charge add a Colum field on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface charge add a Colum field on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface charge add a Colum field on top
+of it the addition uh it gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it the addition uh it gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it the addition uh it gives you the
+difference in the surface uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the surface uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the surface uh in the
+displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement
+field and then you have the tangential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and then you have the tangential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and then you have the tangential
+is then is a cross product to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then is a cross product to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then is a cross product to the
+interface so so this is a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface so so this is a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface so so this is a parallel
+component is zero so the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is zero so the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is zero so the electric field
+is parallel to the interface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is parallel to the interface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is parallel to the interface is
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+okay and then you do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you do your
+magnetic uh first is the do product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh
+the uh tangential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+component is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is the
+surface uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh
+charge okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge okay
+surface current again the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface current again the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface current again the surface
+current is something that uh you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is something that uh you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is something that uh you need to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+careful uh really depends on for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful uh really depends on for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful uh really depends on for example
+I give you a case if I have a graphine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a case if I have a graphine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a case if I have a graphine
+sheet I try to make a solar shell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet I try to make a solar shell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet I try to make a solar shell and
+graphing sheet is my electrode right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing sheet is my electrode right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing sheet is my electrode right and
+when I try to apply the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I try to apply the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I try to apply the boundary
+condition I would say that in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I would say that in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I would say that in that case
+because the graphin sheet has a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the graphin sheet has a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the graphin sheet has a much
+higher current density than the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher current density than the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher current density than the rest of
+the region I will take that as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region I will take that as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region I will take that as my
+surface current density but most of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface current density but most of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface current density but most of time
+if the homogeneous material and you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the homogeneous material and you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the homogeneous material and you take
+your infinite thickness this drops out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your infinite thickness this drops out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your infinite thickness this drops out
+so what it also means is a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it also means is a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it also means is a magnetic
+field tangential component is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field tangential component is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field tangential component is usually
+continuous so basically electrical field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous so basically electrical field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous so basically electrical field
+is continuous because D no no this D has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous because D no no this D has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous because D no no this D has
+to be Epsilon 2 D2 uh E2 Epsilon one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Epsilon 2 D2 uh E2 Epsilon one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Epsilon 2 D2 uh E2 Epsilon one uh
+E1 um so but tangential component is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 um so but tangential component is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 um so but tangential component is
+continuous electric field and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous electric field and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous electric field and uh uh
+magnetic field the uh the perpend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field the uh the perpend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field the uh the perpend
+component is continuous and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is continuous and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is continuous and the
+tangential component is is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential component is is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential component is is uh the
+difference of the electrical current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the electrical current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the electrical current
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+current the other way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the other way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the other way to think about
+surface current is you know that when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface current is you know that when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface current is you know that when a
+wire flew through a conductor current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire flew through a conductor current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire flew through a conductor current
+you got the magnetic field surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the magnetic field surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the magnetic field surrounding
+right so uh when I have a surface Char
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh when I have a surface Char
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh when I have a surface Char
+current flowing here I have a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing here I have a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing here I have a magnetic
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+going in the tangential Direction that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the tangential Direction that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the tangential Direction that's
+why you have those relations but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have those relations but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have those relations but that's
+all derived from applying the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all derived from applying the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all derived from applying the max
+equation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to the
+interface okay so those are the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface okay so those are the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface okay so those are the general
+conditions so now I'm going to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so now I'm going to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so now I'm going to apply
+those condition I need to write down I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those condition I need to write down I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those condition I need to write down I
+do Le uh do a little bit dirtier work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Le uh do a little bit dirtier work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Le uh do a little bit dirtier work
+write down all those components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down all those components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down all those components
+tangential and perpendicular component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential and perpendicular component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential and perpendicular component
+and apply the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition need to write electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition need to write electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition need to write electric field
+magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but if you you need to develop a habit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you you need to develop a habit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you you need to develop a habit
+right it's all plan wave that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's all plan wave that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's all plan wave that's what I
+wrote down before and uh for the TM wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down before and uh for the TM wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down before and uh for the TM wave
+where the electric field is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electric field is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electric field is what I
+incident right so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+incident I have three waves one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident I have three waves one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident I have three waves one is
+incident the other is reflect the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident the other is reflect the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident the other is reflect the other
+is transmitted I have to write down all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transmitted I have to write down all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transmitted I have to write down all
+of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+to count right so this is incident and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count right so this is incident and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count right so this is incident and
+it's a vector because another parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a vector because another parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a vector because another parallel
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+X or par any direction right has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X or par any direction right has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X or par any direction right has an
+angle so and then exponential I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so and then exponential I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so and then exponential I need to
+carry my uh face Factor minus I uh Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry my uh face Factor minus I uh Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry my uh face Factor minus I uh Omega
+T minus uh you go to look at what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus uh you go to look at what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus uh you go to look at what we
+have here k. R right K I already put out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here k. R right K I already put out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here k. R right K I already put out
+so Omega C 0 * n and now I have k i is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Omega C 0 * n and now I have k i is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Omega C 0 * n and now I have k i is
+sin Theta I cosine Theta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta I cosine Theta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta I cosine Theta I
+zero right and R is XY Z so the do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and R is XY Z so the do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and R is XY Z so the do
+product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the
+two gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gives
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+M1 x s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 x s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 x s
+Theta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta I
+plus uh N1 Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh N1 Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh N1 Z
+cosine Theta I so this is where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta I so this is where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta I so this is where you
+should be careful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c0 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 that's
+incident okay and uh uh it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident okay and uh uh it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident okay and uh uh it's really
+tedious but say once you get used to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious but say once you get used to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious but say once you get used to it
+this is just a face Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a face Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a face Factor
+right and uh uh remember this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh remember this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh remember this one
+actually has a comp component because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a comp component because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a comp component because
+the vector EI right has component in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector EI right has component in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector EI right has component in X
+Direction and has component in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and has component in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and has component in the Z
+Direction so um uh this is a uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so um uh this is a uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so um uh this is a uh you can
+say is ex and z e uh Z the incident and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is ex and z e uh Z the incident and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is ex and z e uh Z the incident and
+you can do your vector decomposition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do your vector decomposition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do your vector decomposition to
+write down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down this
+component right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component right so you
+similarly write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly write
+what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the
+reflected and uh exponent and very soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected and uh exponent and very soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected and uh exponent and very soon
+all those exponent are going to drop off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those exponent are going to drop off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those exponent are going to drop off
+so I just want to write it to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just want to write it to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just want to write it to show
+you uh how we get this how why it drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh how we get this how why it drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh how we get this how why it drops
+out minus N1 because uh uh Z cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out minus N1 because uh uh Z cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out minus N1 because uh uh Z cosine
+Theta R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta R
+over c0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over c0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over c0
+recall right because this KR it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall right because this KR it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall right because this KR it has a
+negative so I have positive becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so I have positive becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so I have positive becomes
+negative Theta I becomes Theta R and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Theta I becomes Theta R and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Theta I becomes Theta R and the
+average uh is still a median one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh is still a median one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh is still a median one and
+transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+um let me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me see
+parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel
+parallel and exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega
+tus N2 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tus N2 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tus N2 X
+sin Theta t plus n to I can just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta t plus n to I can just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta t plus n to I can just look at
+that time Z cosine Theta T I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time Z cosine Theta T I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time Z cosine Theta T I'm just
+changing my symbol and and changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing my symbol and and changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing my symbol and and changing
+median from median one to median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median from median one to median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median from median one to median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so it looks very long it's just the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks very long it's just the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks very long it's just the F
+Factor I'm writing out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor I'm writing out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor I'm writing out the
+details and this is the amplitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details and this is the amplitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details and this is the amplitude and
+Vector of the transmitted reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of the transmitted reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of the transmitted reflected
+which we want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we want to find
+out and in fact we also want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and in fact we also want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and in fact we also want to find
+what are the direction see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the direction see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the direction see that
+reflected Direction and transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected Direction and transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected Direction and transmitted
+direction we we we're not assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we we we're not assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we we we're not assuming
+anything a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything a
+PRI right so we have the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PRI right so we have the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PRI right so we have the electric field
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+also uh want write the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh want write the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh want write the magnetic
+field and if you uh check your load for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and if you uh check your load for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and if you uh check your load for
+any plan wave if I can write that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any plan wave if I can write that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any plan wave if I can write that's how
+the in the homogeneous media we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the homogeneous media we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the homogeneous media we we
+derived right given uh electric field I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived right given uh electric field I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived right given uh electric field I
+can derive the magnetic field you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can derive the magnetic field you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can derive the magnetic field you go to
+the first equation you write the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first equation you write the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first equation you write the other
+magnetic field component and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field component and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field component and then you
+know in this case magnetic field is TM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in this case magnetic field is TM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in this case magnetic field is TM
+wave is only in the y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so uh let me uh give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh let me uh give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh let me uh give
+you right this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right this is a
+e right and H is in the y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e right and H is in the y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e right and H is in the y direction
+remember is Hy only because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is Hy only because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is Hy only because that's the
+part of the mass you substitute in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the mass you substitute in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the mass you substitute in and
+also part of the physics we say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also part of the physics we say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also part of the physics we say we're
+considering TM with so this is only y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering TM with so this is only y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering TM with so this is only y
+direction and you can say that in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and you can say that in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and you can say that in the uh
+it's related to electric field after use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to electric field after use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to electric field after use
+the first equation so N1 mu0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first equation so N1 mu0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first equation so N1 mu0
+c0 and uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 and uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 and uh is
+parallel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel of
+the electric field so it's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field so it's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field so it's related to
+magnitude of the electric field incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the electric field incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the electric field incident
+this is the incident magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the incident magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the incident magnetic
+field right and uh backwards reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right and uh backwards reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right and uh backwards reflected
+is going backward so there's a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going backward so there's a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going backward so there's a negative
+sign the other way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign the other way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign the other way to think about
+negative sign is if this is the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign is if this is the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign is if this is the electric
+field and this is the same in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and this is the same in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and this is the same in the same
+direction you can say here uh uh e cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you can say here uh uh e cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you can say here uh uh e cross
+H the H must be going into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H the H must be going into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H the H must be going into the
+board so I have a negative sign that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so I have a negative sign that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so I have a negative sign that's a
+Lal if you it's it's when you substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lal if you it's it's when you substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lal if you it's it's when you substitute
+into equation you'll get this so mu0 c0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into equation you'll get this so mu0 c0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into equation you'll get this so mu0 c0
+and U um exponential t uh let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U um exponential t uh let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U um exponential t uh let me write
+this face factor is the same face factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this face factor is the same face factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this face factor is the same face factor
+is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as
+reflected and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected and uh
+N2 mu0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 mu0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 mu0
+c0 and parallel oh this is R reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 and parallel oh this is R reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 and parallel oh this is R reflected
+this is a transmitted exponential face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a transmitted exponential face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a transmitted exponential face
+Vector of transmitter so here we're Del
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of transmitter so here we're Del
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of transmitter so here we're Del
+loting this one is the five incident and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loting this one is the five incident and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loting this one is the five incident and
+this is the five uh reflected and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the five uh reflected and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the five uh reflected and what's
+inside here is my f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transmitted okay so what really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted okay so what really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted okay so what really is
+tedious is carrying out this face factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious is carrying out this face factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious is carrying out this face factor
+which will drop out very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will drop out very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will drop out very
+quickly right now I'm going to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly right now I'm going to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly right now I'm going to apply the
+continuity the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity the electric
+field Tous tangential component because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Tous tangential component because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Tous tangential component because
+I don't have any surface charge Tous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have any surface charge Tous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have any surface charge Tous
+component electric field and magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component electric field and magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component electric field and magnetic
+field are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field are all
+continuous okay and you see you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous okay and you see you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous okay and you see you could
+apply the perpendicular field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the perpendicular field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the perpendicular field is
+continuous and either way you'll get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and either way you'll get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and either way you'll get the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+result okay so let me uh uh apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result okay so let me uh uh apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result okay so let me uh uh apply this
+relation what I have here is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation what I have here is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation what I have here is is
+the contious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contious
+component so electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field and my electric field is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and my electric field is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and my electric field is in the
+tangential component is e x continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential component is e x continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential component is e x continuous
+in the X direction right if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X direction right if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X direction right if you look at
+it my electric field in the X direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it my electric field in the X direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it my electric field in the X direction
+for incident for reflected I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for incident for reflected I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for incident for reflected I have to
+project it into all X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it into all X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it into all X
+Direction and that's the field you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and that's the field you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and that's the field you need
+to sum up each side it's a total field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sum up each side it's a total field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sum up each side it's a total field
+it's not just one I didn't say incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just one I didn't say incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just one I didn't say incident
+reflect is a total field on each side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect is a total field on each side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect is a total field on each side
+right same when we do the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right same when we do the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right same when we do the wave function
+is a total wave function due to incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a total wave function due to incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a total wave function due to incident
+reflection so this field summation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection so this field summation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection so this field summation is
+very different than when you do this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different than when you do this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different than when you do this uh
+typically if you taking radiation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically if you taking radiation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically if you taking radiation is
+doing intensity add up now I'm doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing intensity add up now I'm doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing intensity add up now I'm doing the
+field add up and that equals the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field add up and that equals the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field add up and that equals the other
+side so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so if I
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+this what I have here is a e IX so inent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what I have here is a e IX so inent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what I have here is a e IX so inent
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+component and exponential I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and exponential I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and exponential I need to
+carry this face Factor Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry this face Factor Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry this face Factor Z is
+zero I was clever choosing my coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I was clever choosing my coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I was clever choosing my coordinate
+Z is zero at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is zero at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is zero at the
+interface so all Z drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface so all Z drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface so all Z drop
+out right and Omega t i Omega T you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right and Omega t i Omega T you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right and Omega t i Omega T you look
+at the every term has negative I Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the every term has negative I Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the every term has negative I Omega T
+that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+drop right so I'm not going to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop right so I'm not going to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop right so I'm not going to carry
+minus I Omega T I'm not writing down z z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I Omega T I'm not writing down z z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I Omega T I'm not writing down z z
+equal Z and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z and only
+X so I'm going to write uh this X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I'm going to write uh this X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I'm going to write uh this X
+component term is I Omega uh N1 X and S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component term is I Omega uh N1 X and S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component term is I Omega uh N1 X and S
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+I over c0 that's the incident component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I over c0 that's the incident component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I over c0 that's the incident component
+in the X Direction and reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X Direction and reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X Direction and reflected
+component in the X Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the X Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the X Direction
+exponential I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I
+Omega N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega N1
+X sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X sin Theta
+R equals uh over C 0 equals transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R equals uh over C 0 equals transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R equals uh over C 0 equals transmitted
+in the X Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X Direction
+exponential uh I Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh I Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh I Omega
+N2 X sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 X sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 X sin Theta
+I over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I over
+c0 so this is the continuity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 so this is the continuity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 so this is the continuity in the
+electric field in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in the X
+Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+I can write the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write the magnetic field
+similarly but I want to do one argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly but I want to do one argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly but I want to do one argument
+so that I can drop out all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponent you can look at this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent you can look at this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent you can look at this this
+equation has to be valid for X point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has to be valid for X point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has to be valid for X point
+every point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point
+x right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x right in the
+plan right for that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan right for that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan right for that will
+happen your only way is all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen your only way is all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen your only way is all that
+exponential equal to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential equal to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential equal to each other
+otherwise you have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you have zero
+solution right because I only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right because I only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right because I only have one
+transmitted one reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted one reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted one reflected
+so so X if for this equation to uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so X if for this equation to uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so X if for this equation to uh have
+a longval solution all exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longval solution all exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longval solution all exponential
+terms equal to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms equal to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms equal to each
+other and when I have this Omega of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and when I have this Omega of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and when I have this Omega of
+course doesn't change and so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course doesn't change and so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course doesn't change and so you can see
+is N1 sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is N1 sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is N1 sin Theta
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+from here equals N2 uh N1 sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here equals N2 uh N1 sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here equals N2 uh N1 sin Theta
+r equal N2 sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if that
+happens it gives me all the exponent are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it gives me all the exponent are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it gives me all the exponent are
+equal so this is what you learn High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so this is what you learn High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so this is what you learn High
+School right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School right
+Optics the incident angle equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics the incident angle equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics the incident angle equals
+reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected
+angle SL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle SL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle SL
+right in that this solution is Theta IAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in that this solution is Theta IAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in that this solution is Theta IAL
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+R and N1 sin Theta IAL N2 sin Theta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and N1 sin Theta IAL N2 sin Theta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and N1 sin Theta IAL N2 sin Theta T
+that's a refraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a refraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a refraction
+LA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LA
+right so uh this gives me Theta I =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh this gives me Theta I =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh this gives me Theta I =
+Theta R and N1 sin Theta I = N2 sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta R and N1 sin Theta I = N2 sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta R and N1 sin Theta I = N2 sin
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+okay so this is a snail law and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a snail law and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a snail law and another
+way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about
+this is uh if you look back into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh if you look back into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh if you look back into our
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+solution this exponent is a KX right k x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution this exponent is a KX right k x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution this exponent is a KX right k x
+* X so what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* X so what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* X so what I have
+here is a KX the times x so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a KX the times x so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a KX the times x so
+KX is the continues so KX must be say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX is the continues so KX must be say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX is the continues so KX must be say I
+incident equals KX reflective equals KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transmitted and uh this is often called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted and uh this is often called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted and uh this is often called
+the lateral momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral momentum
+conservation right the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation right the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation right the momentum
+component in the direction parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the direction parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the direction parallel to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+interface are conserved for incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface are conserved for incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface are conserved for incident
+reflected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected and
+transmitted right so uh it turns out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted right so uh it turns out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted right so uh it turns out uh
+depends on who you're talking to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on who you're talking to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on who you're talking to people
+use complete different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use complete different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use complete different
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+uh uh say of course for specular smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh say of course for specular smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh say of course for specular smooth
+surface here we say very smooth we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface here we say very smooth we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface here we say very smooth we don't
+have many any Assumption of surface uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many any Assumption of surface uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many any Assumption of surface uh
+roughness in this case I have incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughness in this case I have incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughness in this case I have incident
+inal reflection and SL low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inal reflection and SL low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inal reflection and SL low
+valid and then say uh uh I think you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid and then say uh uh I think you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid and then say uh uh I think you uh
+heard me talking about the gradients bra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard me talking about the gradients bra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard me talking about the gradients bra
+reflection right if I have periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection right if I have periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection right if I have periodic
+structure on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure on the
+surface right and turns out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right and turns out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right and turns out this
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+conservation this momentum is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation this momentum is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation this momentum is sort of
+like Crystal momentum is not exactly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Crystal momentum is not exactly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Crystal momentum is not exactly you
+have to always obey it so the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to always obey it so the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to always obey it so the structure
+when it has a component in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it has a component in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it has a component in the X
+Direction in this case if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction in this case if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction in this case if it's a
+periodic structure in the X Direction it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic structure in the X Direction it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic structure in the X Direction it
+gives you the structure the geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the structure the geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the structure the geometrical
+say component of V Vector in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say component of V Vector in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say component of V Vector in this
+Direction that's the bra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction that's the bra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction that's the bra
+condition right so when you have a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition right so when you have a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition right so when you have a light
+comes in say periodic structure you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in say periodic structure you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in say periodic structure you have
+reflection only in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection only in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection only in certain
+spots right in this case is the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots right in this case is the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots right in this case is the crystal
+provide you lateral momentum so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide you lateral momentum so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide you lateral momentum so this
+momentum conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation
+rule here lateral momentum conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule here lateral momentum conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule here lateral momentum conservation
+if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have
+roughness you actually your light can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughness you actually your light can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughness you actually your light can go
+many directions right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many directions right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many directions right so if you
+completely rough random your reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely rough random your reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely rough random your reflection
+actually can go in the case of periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can go in the case of periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can go in the case of periodic
+It Go certain spots and if rough It Go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It Go certain spots and if rough It Go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It Go certain spots and if rough It Go
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+directions right so it's a here is rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions right so it's a here is rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions right so it's a here is rough
+and surface that provides you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and surface that provides you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and surface that provides you this
+geometrical momentum needed to oby the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical momentum needed to oby the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical momentum needed to oby the
+momentum conservation rule so depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation rule so depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation rule so depend
+like I said depends on who you talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said depends on who you talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said depends on who you talk to
+and then when I deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when I deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when I deal with the
+electromagnetic way people normally say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic way people normally say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic way people normally say
+this is rough surface and diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is rough surface and diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is rough surface and diffuse
+reflection you talk to electric engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection you talk to electric engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection you talk to electric engineer
+there you check the electric literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you check the electric literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you check the electric literature
+they don't talk about rough surface they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't talk about rough surface they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't talk about rough surface they
+always say okay it's a momentum conserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say okay it's a momentum conserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say okay it's a momentum conserve
+or non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or non
+conserve right it's talking about same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserve right it's talking about same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserve right it's talking about same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+okay and uh uh so now with that I drw to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh so now with that I drw to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh so now with that I drw to
+of all the exponent you can say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the exponent you can say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the exponent you can say here
+this equals this equals this so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals this equals this so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals this equals this so I have
+written a lot of complex Expressions now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a lot of complex Expressions now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a lot of complex Expressions now
+I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to simplify this right let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and uh I'm going to simplify to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh I'm going to simplify to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh I'm going to simplify to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+eix plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eix plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eix plus
+e = e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e = e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e = e
+TX that's my this gives the SN law gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX that's my this gives the SN law gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX that's my this gives the SN law gives
+me the X component of the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the X component of the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the X component of the electric field
+is continuous right the magnitude now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous right the magnitude now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous right the magnitude now
+the face Factor already taken care by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face Factor already taken care by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face Factor already taken care by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh
+right and uh um uh of course eix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh um uh of course eix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh um uh of course eix is
+EI cosine Theta I right and uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI cosine Theta I right and uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI cosine Theta I right and uh uh the
+this is a parallel component this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a parallel component this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a parallel component this we're
+talking about the TM wave plus e uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the TM wave plus e uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the TM wave plus e uh
+parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel
+R uh reflected cosine Theta R equals e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R uh reflected cosine Theta R equals e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R uh reflected cosine Theta R equals e
+uh transmitted cosine Theta T so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transmitted cosine Theta T so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transmitted cosine Theta T so this is
+a the X uh the uh written in uh in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the X uh the uh written in uh in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the X uh the uh written in uh in terms
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude
+of the incident reflective transmitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incident reflective transmitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incident reflective transmitter
+field now I have my next relation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field now I have my next relation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field now I have my next relation this
+is a magnetic field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a magnetic field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a magnetic field is
+continuous right magnetic field is a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous right magnetic field is a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous right magnetic field is a y
+direction and doesn't have because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and doesn't have because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and doesn't have because it's
+only y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only y
+direction you see this is all y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you see this is all y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you see this is all y
+component right so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component right so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component right so on
+the First Media I have the sum of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Media I have the sum of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Media I have the sum of this
+two the face factor is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the face factor is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the face factor is is the
+same equals the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equals the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equals the second
+medium so what I have here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium so what I have here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium so what I have here is
+N1 and uh in in fact the MU C cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 and uh in in fact the MU C cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 and uh in in fact the MU C cancel
+right muc is the same so N1 e parallel I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right muc is the same so N1 e parallel I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right muc is the same so N1 e parallel I
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+here they reflected is a N1 e parallel R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they reflected is a N1 e parallel R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they reflected is a N1 e parallel R
+equals uh N2 on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh N2 on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh N2 on the other
+side e parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side e parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side e parallel
+T so those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so those are the
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+equations I went through to I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I went through to I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I went through to I'm looking
+for I'm looking for how much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I'm looking for how much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I'm looking for how much is
+reflected versus incident how much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected versus incident how much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected versus incident how much is
+transmitted field versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted field versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted field versus
+incident and I have enough equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and I have enough equation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and I have enough equation to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+that right so now you go to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so now you go to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so now you go to solve for
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ratio and I have my reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and I have my reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and I have my reflection
+coefficient is e parallel r e parallel I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is e parallel r e parallel I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is e parallel r e parallel I
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+uh uh N1 cine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh N1 cine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh N1 cine Theta
+tus ns2 cosine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tus ns2 cosine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tus ns2 cosine Theta
+I and N1 cosine Theta t plus plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and N1 cosine Theta t plus plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and N1 cosine Theta t plus plus n
+cosine Theta I so this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta I so this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta I so this is the uh
+reflection coefficient and transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection coefficient and transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection coefficient and transmission
+coefficient is a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is a 2
+N1 cosine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 cosine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 cosine Theta
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+N1 cosine Theta I uh no Theta Theta t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 cosine Theta I uh no Theta Theta t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 cosine Theta I uh no Theta Theta t
+plus n to cosine Theta I same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n to cosine Theta I same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n to cosine Theta I same
+denominator so those are the reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so those are the reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so those are the reflection
+and transmission coefficient it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transmission coefficient it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transmission coefficient it's not a
+reflectance transmittance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance transmittance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance transmittance
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay the first ter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first ter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first ter the
+right is that right so right yes so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that right so right yes so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that right so right yes so you
+cross this this is N1 cosine Theta T N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross this this is N1 cosine Theta T N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross this this is N1 cosine Theta T N2
+cosine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta
+I okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay this
+switch right yeah it's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch right yeah it's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch right yeah it's different
+expression if you look at the t uh so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression if you look at the t uh so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression if you look at the t uh so uh
+if you look at the it's if it's a te
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the it's if it's a te
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the it's if it's a te
+polarization you get slight different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization you get slight different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization you get slight different
+expression but it's a similar so I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression but it's a similar so I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression but it's a similar so I will
+not remember this every time I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+check okay but what we have now is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check okay but what we have now is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check okay but what we have now is the
+magnitude of reflected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of reflected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of reflected and
+transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted
+fields and based on this I can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and based on this I can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and based on this I can go
+further calculate the pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further calculate the pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further calculate the pointing
+Vector right I will calculate my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right I will calculate my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right I will calculate my
+pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector because I want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy so your pointing vector and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so your pointing vector and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so your pointing vector and you
+can say for this case you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say for this case you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say for this case you have a
+component in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the X
+Direction you have component in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction you have component in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction you have component in the Z
+Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what you really care when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you really care when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you really care when you go
+through a interface at least if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a interface at least if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a interface at least if you look
+at transport in the interface direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at transport in the interface direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at transport in the interface direction
+is what's a component in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's a component in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's a component in the Z
+direction right that's the energy flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right that's the energy flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right that's the energy flux
+going across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going across the
+interface right so uh if you check your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface right so uh if you check your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface right so uh if you check your
+pointing vector and then we will Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reflectance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R equals uh parallel in the Z Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R equals uh parallel in the Z Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R equals uh parallel in the Z Direction
+reflected incident in the Z Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected incident in the Z Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected incident in the Z Direction
+and then you'll see it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll see it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll see it's just a
+reflection coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square okay and that's because the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay and that's because the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay and that's because the point
+if you go to check your load pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to check your load pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to check your load pointing
+Vector s uh in the in the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector s uh in the in the homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector s uh in the in the homogeneous
+media you say say there is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media you say say there is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media you say say there is something
+like a re complex refractor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a re complex refractor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a re complex refractor
+index but if because it's in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index but if because it's in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index but if because it's in the same
+media that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media that
+cancels okay so that's the just a few uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels okay so that's the just a few uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels okay so that's the just a few uh
+page ago we talked about at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page ago we talked about at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page ago we talked about at the
+beginning right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transmittance in fact uh maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance in fact uh maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance in fact uh maybe I should
+have used the transmissivity for flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used the transmissivity for flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used the transmissivity for flat
+surface as I said uh uh if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface as I said uh uh if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface as I said uh uh if you do
+rigorous it's intrinsic material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous it's intrinsic material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous it's intrinsic material
+property right but if you have rough we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right but if you have rough we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right but if you have rough we
+do reflectance transmittance if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do reflectance transmittance if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do reflectance transmittance if it's
+intrinsic reflectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic reflectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic reflectivity
+transmissivity and here is the idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmissivity and here is the idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmissivity and here is the idea and
+so that's if you have ideal surface you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's if you have ideal surface you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's if you have ideal surface you
+always have this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have this so
+transmittance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to this is a it doesn't matter whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is a it doesn't matter whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is a it doesn't matter whether
+it's a parallel or perpendicular wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a parallel or perpendicular wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a parallel or perpendicular wave
+and but here what I have is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but here what I have is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but here what I have is for
+transmittance I have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance I have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance I have to be careful
+because the pointing Vector is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pointing Vector is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pointing Vector is going
+from one side to the other so I have N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one side to the other so I have N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one side to the other so I have N2
+cosine uh Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine uh Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine uh Theta
+T and real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and real part
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+M1 so this is the when the SATA I this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 so this is the when the SATA I this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 so this is the when the SATA I this
+is the when both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the when both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the when both
+sides have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides have
+say complex refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say complex refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say complex refractive
+index okay that's a this here is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index okay that's a this here is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index okay that's a this here is where
+it's a little bit uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit uh more
+complex okay so here is called a frenal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+French so fr coefficients for reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French so fr coefficients for reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French so fr coefficients for reflection
+transmission at the interface here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission at the interface here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission at the interface here is
+for parel uh polarized uh so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for parel uh polarized uh so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for parel uh polarized uh so that's
+electric field is in the plan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is in the plan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is in the plan of
+incidence and uh uh let me put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence and uh uh let me put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence and uh uh let me put a
+parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel
+here and if it's a electric field in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if it's a electric field in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if it's a electric field in the
+perpendicular plan of incidence you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular plan of incidence you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular plan of incidence you go
+through the same derivation and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the same derivation and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the same derivation and there
+different set of FAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of FAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of FAL
+coefficients and uh with and here gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and uh with and here gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and uh with and here gives
+you the reflectance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the reflectance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the reflectance and
+transmittance based on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients okay so uh let me uh make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients okay so uh let me uh make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients okay so uh let me uh make a
+few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more
+comments right here we we say this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments right here we we say this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments right here we we say this is a
+uh the they we discuss the name here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the they we discuss the name here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the they we discuss the name here is
+H this is a TM the other name is so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H this is a TM the other name is so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H this is a TM the other name is so here
+is TM wave if the electric field is per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is TM wave if the electric field is per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is TM wave if the electric field is per
+ular to the plan of incident it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ular to the plan of incident it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ular to the plan of incident it's called
+the T wave and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T wave and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T wave and this is
+s and perpendicular sign so depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and perpendicular sign so depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and perpendicular sign so depends on
+which book you read you use its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which book you read you use its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which book you read you use its own
+notation and in fact say there's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and in fact say there's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and in fact say there's even
+more confusing if you read a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more confusing if you read a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more confusing if you read a different
+book and sometimes people write Nal n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and sometimes people write Nal n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and sometimes people write Nal n
+IA okay I wrote The M plus IA right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IA okay I wrote The M plus IA right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IA okay I wrote The M plus IA right and
+and that depends on whether in this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that depends on whether in this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that depends on whether in this wave
+for Factor plan wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Factor plan wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Factor plan wave
+expression whether it put a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression whether it put a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression whether it put a negative
+sign in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in the
+front if you don't use this negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front if you don't use this negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front if you don't use this negative
+sign you should have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign you should have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign you should have n
+Mina so I like to put the negative sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mina so I like to put the negative sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mina so I like to put the negative sign
+so that this n plus IA different book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this n plus IA different book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this n plus IA different book
+use a different notation and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a different notation and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a different notation and there's no
+consistency I can't solve that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency I can't solve that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency I can't solve that problem
+okay uh the other is let's look at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the other is let's look at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the other is let's look at those
+expression and uh in fact you read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and uh in fact you read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and uh in fact you read the
+pendri paper if you have done doing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendri paper if you have done doing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendri paper if you have done doing your
+homework right he is exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework right he is exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework right he is exactly what we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+snail for a surface wave for the when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snail for a surface wave for the when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snail for a surface wave for the when
+the Epsilon and mu is negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epsilon and mu is negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epsilon and mu is negative and
+sometimes this goes to infinite this R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this goes to infinite this R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this goes to infinite this R
+itself goes infinite what it mean then R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself goes infinite what it mean then R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself goes infinite what it mean then R
+goes infinite it just means there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes infinite it just means there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes infinite it just means there's no
+wave can come in and coup to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave can come in and coup to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave can come in and coup to the surface
+so in that case what it has is a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case what it has is a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case what it has is a surface
+wave and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and the
+wave decays exponentially from both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave decays exponentially from both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave decays exponentially from both
+sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so what I had is uh wave that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I had is uh wave that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I had is uh wave that the
+exponentially from the surface both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially from the surface both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially from the surface both
+sides and this is where he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and this is where he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and this is where he was
+discussing different solutions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing different solutions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing different solutions of the
+max equation so hopefully you say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max equation so hopefully you say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max equation so hopefully you say that
+it's not too far from what we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too far from what we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too far from what we discussed
+just need to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to recognize
+this and also when Theta I is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and also when Theta I is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and also when Theta I is zero
+that's a Lal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Lal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Lal
+incident right when Theta is zero cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident right when Theta is zero cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident right when Theta is zero cosine
+Theta T ERS are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta T ERS are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta T ERS are zero
+so what I have here is R = N1 - N2 N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I have here is R = N1 - N2 N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I have here is R = N1 - N2 N1
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N2 right so if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 right so if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 right so if you go to
+check for the uh uh material wave we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for the uh uh material wave we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for the uh uh material wave we
+derived at the last lecture it's K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived at the last lecture it's K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived at the last lecture it's K1
+minus K2 K1 plus K2 it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K2 K1 plus K2 it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K2 K1 plus K2 it's the same
+expression and in fact you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and in fact you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and in fact you can write
+into k we uh pendry use K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into k we uh pendry use K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into k we uh pendry use K
+completely pendry paper you go to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely pendry paper you go to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely pendry paper you go to read
+he use K he didn't use n and he so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he use K he didn't use n and he so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he use K he didn't use n and he so that
+he can have Epsilon he does not he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can have Epsilon he does not he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can have Epsilon he does not he did
+not use n because whether you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use n because whether you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use n because whether you take a
+positive root a negative root that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive root a negative root that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive root a negative root that's for
+debate there right so uh but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate there right so uh but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate there right so uh but in this
+case r is right the reflectance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case r is right the reflectance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case r is right the reflectance
+r is the R square so uh giving you order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is the R square so uh giving you order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is the R square so uh giving you order
+magnitude so you can see it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude so you can see it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude so you can see it's very
+similar the wave expression all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar the wave expression all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar the wave expression all very
+similar reflectance transmittance right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar reflectance transmittance right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar reflectance transmittance right
+but let's say glass right glass n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say glass right glass n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say glass right glass n is
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1.5 right how much reflection each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 right how much reflection each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 right how much reflection each
+interface of glass has is air is one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface of glass has is air is one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface of glass has is air is one so
+1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5
+1.5 divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 divide by
+2.5 that's 1 f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+125th 125th is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125th 125th is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125th 125th is what
+4% right so a typical one glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% right so a typical one glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% right so a typical one glass
+interface give you 4% and glass has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface give you 4% and glass has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface give you 4% and glass has two
+interface so that's .96 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface so that's .96 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface so that's .96 *
+96 so glass transmittance is about 92
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96 so glass transmittance is about 92
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96 so glass transmittance is about 92
+93% right it looks like fine unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+93% right it looks like fine unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+93% right it looks like fine unless you
+do you really care about your efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you really care about your efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you really care about your efficiency
+at 92% if you put a server glass there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 92% if you put a server glass there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 92% if you put a server glass there
+layer there in solar cells and and gaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer there in solar cells and and gaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer there in solar cells and and gaps
+and uh you'll get uh say below the 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you'll get uh say below the 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you'll get uh say below the 90%
+you get lost 10% of your energy that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get lost 10% of your energy that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get lost 10% of your energy that's a
+lot right sometimes it's it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot right sometimes it's it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot right sometimes it's it looks
+small secondly if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small secondly if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small secondly if you look at the
+Silicon right so it's good to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon right so it's good to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon right so it's good to remember
+this lers 3 n is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3.5 right so 3.5 - 1 so silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 right so 3.5 - 1 so silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 right so 3.5 - 1 so silicon
+interface how much reflection is 2.5 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface how much reflection is 2.5 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface how much reflection is 2.5 /
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+4.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.5
+square right 2.5 divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square right 2.5 divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square right 2.5 divide
+4.5 H it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.5 H it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.5 H it's about
+50% 50% Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% 50% Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% 50% Square
+25% right so the glass interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% right so the glass interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% right so the glass interface
+reflection is about 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection is about 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection is about 25
+30% if you hit a cicon if they all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% if you hit a cicon if they all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% if you hit a cicon if they all the
+light is absorbed but of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is absorbed but of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is absorbed but of course in
+between the Gap you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Gap you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Gap you don't get
+absorbed then the emittance of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed then the emittance of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed then the emittance of silicon
+then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is
+about 7 because the reflection is 30%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 7 because the reflection is 30%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 7 because the reflection is 30%
+and the rest get absorbed absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest get absorbed absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest get absorbed absorption
+equals reflection uh the absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals reflection uh the absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals reflection uh the absorption
+equals emission that's cural law so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals emission that's cural law so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals emission that's cural law so so
+this give you now the value that you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this give you now the value that you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this give you now the value that you say
+and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can
+appreciate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate okay
+we'll continue next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll continue next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll continue next
+lecture
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/__knqdOcWTM.txt b/__knqdOcWTM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0fb8b8036ff8a4c292e2e024b17c6ada7fb5c91a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/__knqdOcWTM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10139 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so um today is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so um today is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so um today is the
+last of our guest lectures before we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last of our guest lectures before we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last of our guest lectures before we go
+into oh no sorry not the last day we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into oh no sorry not the last day we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into oh no sorry not the last day we got
+what this is a Monday right but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is a Monday right but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is a Monday right but I'm
+already feeling the crunch uh so we' got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already feeling the crunch uh so we' got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already feeling the crunch uh so we' got
+this is our last week of guest lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our last week of guest lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our last week of guest lectures
+um today we've got uh Michael career and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um today we've got uh Michael career and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um today we've got uh Michael career and
+Jenna hofstein talking to us about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jenna hofstein talking to us about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jenna hofstein talking to us about um
+the business of India development uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business of India development uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business of India development uh
+they are representatives from any game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are representatives from any game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are representatives from any game
+Collective that happens it's a a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collective that happens it's a a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collective that happens it's a a group
+of people who um make games together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who um make games together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who um make games together
+over in Intrepid labs and that's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in Intrepid labs and that's over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in Intrepid labs and that's over
+what's the name of that building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the name of that building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the name of that building the
+American twine building American twine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American twine building American twine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American twine building American twine
+building they'll talk more about that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building they'll talk more about that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building they'll talk more about that um
+they off have um open lunch days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they off have um open lunch days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they off have um open lunch days and
+things like that for students to come so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that for students to come so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that for students to come so
+I'm sure they'll talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure they'll talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure they'll talk a little bit about
+that as well um they will also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well um they will also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well um they will also be
+available after the guest lecture if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available after the guest lecture if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available after the guest lecture if you
+want them to play your game and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to play your game and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to play your game and you need
+some feedback on your game if your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some feedback on your game if your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some feedback on your game if your game
+is ready to get more feedback um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ready to get more feedback um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ready to get more feedback um they
+can do that it's again entirely optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that it's again entirely optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that it's again entirely optional
+if you have a bill hopefully you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a bill hopefully you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a bill hopefully you do
+allow you to play briefly and get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to play briefly and get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to play briefly and get some
+feedback from there um that's it so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from there um that's it so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from there um that's it so I'm
+going to hand the stage over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hand the stage over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hand the stage over to
+them all right is my audio working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right is my audio working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right is my audio working
+we're good all right hello my name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're good all right hello my name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're good all right hello my name is
+Jenna hofstein I'm the founder of Little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jenna hofstein I'm the founder of Little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jenna hofstein I'm the founder of Little
+Worlds interactive and I'm a part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Worlds interactive and I'm a part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Worlds interactive and I'm a part of the
+indie game Collective as Rick said we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie game Collective as Rick said we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie game Collective as Rick said we're
+about six or seven blocks north uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six or seven blocks north uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six or seven blocks north uh so we
+would love to see you guys either in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love to see you guys either in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love to see you guys either in the
+evenings or we do Friday uh lunch get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenings or we do Friday uh lunch get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenings or we do Friday uh lunch get
+togethers Michael can fil you in on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+togethers Michael can fil you in on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+togethers Michael can fil you in on that
+he is more familiar with the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is more familiar with the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is more familiar with the details
+than I am uh but I am here to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I am uh but I am here to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I am uh but I am here to talk to
+you today about the business of Indie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you today about the business of Indie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you today about the business of Indie
+development if you're an indie developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development if you're an indie developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development if you're an indie developer
+you can't get away from business when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't get away from business when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't get away from business when I
+first started I I am a designer by trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first started I I am a designer by trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first started I I am a designer by trade
+and a developer by necessity and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a developer by necessity and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a developer by necessity and a
+business person dragged kicking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business person dragged kicking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business person dragged kicking in
+screaming into it it was not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming into it it was not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming into it it was not really
+something I was interested in it remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I was interested in it remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I was interested in it remains
+something that I'm not super passionate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I'm not super passionate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I'm not super passionate
+about but it's absolutely crucial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but it's absolutely crucial to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but it's absolutely crucial to
+have any level of success so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any level of success so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any level of success so I'm going
+to talk to you a little bit about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to you a little bit about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to you a little bit about what
+the past couple years have been like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past couple years have been like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past couple years have been like so
+first let's talk about the realities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's talk about the realities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's talk about the realities of
+time as an indie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as an indie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as an indie
+developer when I worked uh at a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer when I worked uh at a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer when I worked uh at a larger
+Studio I used to kind of daydream about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studio I used to kind of daydream about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studio I used to kind of daydream about
+what it would be like to work as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would be like to work as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would be like to work as an
+indie developer and in those Daydreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie developer and in those Daydreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie developer and in those Daydreams
+it was me by myself sitting at my desk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was me by myself sitting at my desk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was me by myself sitting at my desk
+just working and that to me was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just working and that to me was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just working and that to me was like
+this beautiful glorious Mana from heaven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beautiful glorious Mana from heaven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beautiful glorious Mana from heaven
+like I just wanted to sit and work on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I just wanted to sit and work on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I just wanted to sit and work on my
+game so this was naively my expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so this was naively my expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so this was naively my expectation
+going into indie game development that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into indie game development that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into indie game development that
+this was going to be my life I S found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was going to be my life I S found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was going to be my life I S found
+out that was not the truth so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that was not the truth so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that was not the truth so there are
+events all of the time in the game world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events all of the time in the game world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events all of the time in the game world
+there's PAX East PA South PAX Prime Pax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's PAX East PA South PAX Prime Pax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's PAX East PA South PAX Prime Pax
+Australia uh GDC indiecade games for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia uh GDC indiecade games for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia uh GDC indiecade games for
+change I could probably list five or 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I could probably list five or 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I could probably list five or 10
+more events off the top of my head and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more events off the top of my head and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more events off the top of my head and
+it's absolutely crucial that you attend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's absolutely crucial that you attend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's absolutely crucial that you attend
+these both as an attendee just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these both as an attendee just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these both as an attendee just to
+network and to exhibit your game for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and to exhibit your game for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and to exhibit your game for
+example PAX Prime this year it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example PAX Prime this year it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example PAX Prime this year it took
+probably two three maybe even four weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably two three maybe even four weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably two three maybe even four weeks
+fulltime prepping for that attending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulltime prepping for that attending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulltime prepping for that attending
+that and then kind of coming down from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then kind of coming down from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then kind of coming down from
+that and tying up all the Loose Ends so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and tying up all the Loose Ends so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and tying up all the Loose Ends so
+do not underestimate the amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not underestimate the amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not underestimate the amount of time
+that it takes to actually attend a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes to actually attend a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes to actually attend a lot
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+events marketing G another thing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events marketing G another thing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events marketing G another thing that is
+really not my favorite but I think a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not my favorite but I think a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not my favorite but I think a lot
+of Indie developers have a tendency to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Indie developers have a tendency to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Indie developers have a tendency to
+make their game their beautiful precious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make their game their beautiful precious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make their game their beautiful precious
+baby and then they throw it over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby and then they throw it over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby and then they throw it over the
+fence and they say am I a millionaire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fence and they say am I a millionaire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fence and they say am I a millionaire
+yet and that's just not how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and that's just not how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and that's just not how it works
+it's a constant ongoing effort to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a constant ongoing effort to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a constant ongoing effort to make
+people aware of your game to make people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aware of your game to make people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aware of your game to make people
+care at all about your game because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care at all about your game because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care at all about your game because
+guess guess what you're one of thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess guess what you're one of thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess guess what you're one of thousands
+and thousands of developers who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thousands of developers who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thousands of developers who are
+doing exactly the same thing and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing exactly the same thing and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing exactly the same thing and so this
+has to be a constant ongoing effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a constant ongoing effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a constant ongoing effort to
+rise above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise above the
+noise communication internal so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise communication internal so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise communication internal so I
+discovered very quickly that I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered very quickly that I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered very quickly that I am
+terrible at Art I am terrible at sound I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible at Art I am terrible at sound I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible at Art I am terrible at sound I
+am terrible uh at marketing and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am terrible uh at marketing and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am terrible uh at marketing and so I
+brought in other people to do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in other people to do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in other people to do these
+things and when you work with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and when you work with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and when you work with other
+people you have to talk to those other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you have to talk to those other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you have to talk to those other
+people so that takes time communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so that takes time communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so that takes time communication
+external there is a huge Indie Game Dev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external there is a huge Indie Game Dev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external there is a huge Indie Game Dev
+community and if you're not taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and if you're not taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and if you're not taking
+advantage of those folks and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of those folks and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of those folks and really
+learning as much as you can from them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning as much as you can from them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning as much as you can from them uh
+then you are doomed to fail I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you are doomed to fail I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you are doomed to fail I saw
+somebody recently who has been in Indie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody recently who has been in Indie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody recently who has been in Indie
+for about a year and a half and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about a year and a half and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about a year and a half and he was
+doing this whoops this where he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this whoops this where he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this whoops this where he was
+sitting in his house very very insulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in his house very very insulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in his house very very insulated
+and he had created a game that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had created a game that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had created a game that didn't
+look wildly interesting and clearly had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look wildly interesting and clearly had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look wildly interesting and clearly had
+not gotten input from almost anybody and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gotten input from almost anybody and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gotten input from almost anybody and
+he was working on his own engine and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was working on his own engine and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was working on his own engine and it
+looked like something we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like something we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like something we could have
+built in unity in probably a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in unity in probably a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in unity in probably a couple of
+weeks and so that to me was clearly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and so that to me was clearly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and so that to me was clearly a
+failure of just talking to other Indies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of just talking to other Indies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of just talking to other Indies
+and learning from them what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learning from them what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learning from them what they're
+doing and their successes in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and their successes in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and their successes in their
+failures QA and deployment oh learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures QA and deployment oh learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures QA and deployment oh learning
+how to do QA and learning how to deploy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do QA and learning how to deploy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do QA and learning how to deploy
+was another huge hurdle for me and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was another huge hurdle for me and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was another huge hurdle for me and this
+just takes time uh I have released very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just takes time uh I have released very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just takes time uh I have released very
+very broken builds before and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very broken builds before and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very broken builds before and you don't
+want to do that so QA is a necessity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that so QA is a necessity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that so QA is a necessity so
+this chart to me is really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart to me is really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart to me is really interesting
+because if you look at how squashed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at how squashed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at how squashed that
+Bottom bar has gotten I spend less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bottom bar has gotten I spend less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bottom bar has gotten I spend less than
+half of my time actually making the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of my time actually making the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of my time actually making the game
+and that's why I got into this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why I got into this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why I got into this in the
+first place I just wanted to make my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place I just wanted to make my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place I just wanted to make my own
+games uh so this is kind of the reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games uh so this is kind of the reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games uh so this is kind of the reality
+of the situation this is not a bad thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the situation this is not a bad thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the situation this is not a bad thing
+this is just how it has to be to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just how it has to be to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just how it has to be to have
+really any level of success um so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really any level of success um so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really any level of success um so when I
+first I I developed the counting Kingdom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I I developed the counting Kingdom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I I developed the counting Kingdom
+sorry I totally forgot to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I totally forgot to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I totally forgot to introduce
+myself myself I made an educational game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself myself I made an educational game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself myself I made an educational game
+for kids called the counting Kingdom uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kids called the counting Kingdom uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kids called the counting Kingdom uh
+just released for iOS recently also on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just released for iOS recently also on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just released for iOS recently also on
+Steam and when I first budgeted out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steam and when I first budgeted out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steam and when I first budgeted out how
+long I thought that would take it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long I thought that would take it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long I thought that would take it was
+about 6 months and it ended up taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 6 months and it ended up taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 6 months and it ended up taking
+about a year and if you take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a year and if you take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a year and if you take into
+consideration this chart I was right on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration this chart I was right on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration this chart I was right on
+because given I was only spending about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because given I was only spending about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because given I was only spending about
+half my time working on the game it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half my time working on the game it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half my time working on the game it took
+twice as long as I thought it was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as long as I thought it was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as long as I thought it was going
+to make so now whenever I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make so now whenever I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make so now whenever I try to
+estimate how long something will take I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate how long something will take I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate how long something will take I
+take my gut check and then I double it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my gut check and then I double it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my gut check and then I double it
+and that's usually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's usually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's usually pretty
+accurate okay so let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate okay so let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate okay so let's talk about
+working with other folks so I discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with other folks so I discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with other folks so I discovered
+very very quickly I'm not particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very quickly I'm not particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very quickly I'm not particularly
+good at Art I'm not particularly good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at Art I'm not particularly good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at Art I'm not particularly good at
+sound and so I need to bring in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and so I need to bring in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and so I need to bring in other
+people to compensate in these areas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to compensate in these areas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to compensate in these areas that
+I was failing so I work with six people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was failing so I work with six people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was failing so I work with six people
+very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very
+part-time uh Luigi does art will does PR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part-time uh Luigi does art will does PR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part-time uh Luigi does art will does PR
+Sam does animation Jonas does sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam does animation Jonas does sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam does animation Jonas does sound
+effects Brendan does music and Emma does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects Brendan does music and Emma does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects Brendan does music and Emma does
+Community Management and all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Management and all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Management and all of these
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+were not just random people at no point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not just random people at no point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not just random people at no point
+did I put out something into the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I put out something into the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I put out something into the world
+saying I'm looking for a community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm looking for a community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm looking for a community
+manager get in touch I I would never do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager get in touch I I would never do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager get in touch I I would never do
+that that sounds like a lot of work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sounds like a lot of work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sounds like a lot of work and
+just a terrible way to actually find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a terrible way to actually find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a terrible way to actually find
+somebody so both Luigi and Will are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody so both Luigi and Will are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody so both Luigi and Will are
+folks that I met through the local games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks that I met through the local games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks that I met through the local games
+Community uh Luigi did the art for girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community uh Luigi did the art for girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community uh Luigi did the art for girls
+like robots and I basically stalked him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like robots and I basically stalked him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like robots and I basically stalked him
+and tracked him down I was like whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tracked him down I was like whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tracked him down I was like whoever
+did this I need them to make my game uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this I need them to make my game uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this I need them to make my game uh
+fortunately he was a local guy and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately he was a local guy and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately he was a local guy and so I
+got to meet him talked to him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to meet him talked to him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to meet him talked to him and
+discovered that he was a great fit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that he was a great fit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that he was a great fit for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+team both Sam and Jonas were folks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team both Sam and Jonas were folks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team both Sam and Jonas were folks that
+were recommended by people I trust uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were recommended by people I trust uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were recommended by people I trust uh
+Sam was an intern that I brought in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam was an intern that I brought in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam was an intern that I brought in
+through a local university university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a local university university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a local university university
+and Jonas was somebody that had sent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jonas was somebody that had sent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jonas was somebody that had sent in
+a great uh portfolio piece to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great uh portfolio piece to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great uh portfolio piece to another
+company they were not able to hire him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company they were not able to hire him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company they were not able to hire him
+but they basically put the word out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they basically put the word out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they basically put the word out
+saying this audio guy looks amazing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this audio guy looks amazing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this audio guy looks amazing if
+anybody is looking for an audio person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody is looking for an audio person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody is looking for an audio person
+you should snap them up and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should snap them up and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should snap them up and so that's
+exactly what I did and then Brendon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I did and then Brendon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I did and then Brendon and
+M people that I previously worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M people that I previously worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M people that I previously worked with
+so the lesson to take away here is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lesson to take away here is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lesson to take away here is you
+have to be networking all of these folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be networking all of these folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be networking all of these folks
+were either people that I knew directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were either people that I knew directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were either people that I knew directly
+or people that knew somebody that I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or people that knew somebody that I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or people that knew somebody that I knew
+as an indie developer I have no time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an indie developer I have no time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an indie developer I have no time
+we've we've discussed this at length I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've discussed this at length I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've discussed this at length I
+literally have no time I'm working more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally have no time I'm working more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally have no time I'm working more
+than full-time and so I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than full-time and so I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than full-time and so I cannot
+micromanage somebody I cannot be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micromanage somebody I cannot be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micromanage somebody I cannot be on
+somebody's ass to make sure they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's ass to make sure they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's ass to make sure they're
+getting their work done and so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting their work done and so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting their work done and so when I
+bring somebody into the team it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring somebody into the team it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring somebody into the team it has to
+be somebody that I trust to not only do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be somebody that I trust to not only do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be somebody that I trust to not only do
+work but to do amazing work and to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but to do amazing work and to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but to do amazing work and to be
+able to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that
+independently so for me that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently so for me that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently so for me that means
+working with folks that I already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with folks that I already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with folks that I already know
+that I already trust and with folks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I already trust and with folks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I already trust and with folks that
+are highly recommended to me by people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly recommended to me by people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly recommended to me by people
+that I trust and nobody else so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I trust and nobody else so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I trust and nobody else so if
+you're interested in working with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in working with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in working with an
+indie company don't sit around waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie company don't sit around waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie company don't sit around waiting
+for them to put out job requests you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to put out job requests you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to put out job requests you
+need to be actively uh trying to meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be actively uh trying to meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be actively uh trying to meet
+these folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Network so I want to talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network so I want to talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network so I want to talk a little bit
+in detail about what it means for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail about what it means for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail about what it means for me to
+hire somebody uh this is how I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire somebody uh this is how I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire somebody uh this is how I do it
+it's not necessarily how everybody does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily how everybody does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily how everybody does
+it so when I bring somebody in I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so when I bring somebody in I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so when I bring somebody in I have
+them sign a work for hire contract that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them sign a work for hire contract that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them sign a work for hire contract that
+basically just means that they do work I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just means that they do work I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just means that they do work I
+pay them and my company owns the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay them and my company owns the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay them and my company owns the work
+that they do I then create separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they do I then create separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they do I then create separate
+schedules and that's a tiny one-page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules and that's a tiny one-page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules and that's a tiny one-page
+document that says reference all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document that says reference all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document that says reference all that
+other stuff in the contract here is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff in the contract here is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff in the contract here is what
+needs to be done by the contractor it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be done by the contractor it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be done by the contractor it
+needs to be done by this date and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be done by this date and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be done by this date and here's
+what they're getting paid so it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're getting paid so it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're getting paid so it's a very
+very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple
+document uh and you can do the payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document uh and you can do the payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document uh and you can do the payment
+in a couple of different ways so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple of different ways so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple of different ways so when I
+first worked with Luigi who's our artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first worked with Luigi who's our artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first worked with Luigi who's our artist
+uh we worked by bundles so I would say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we worked by bundles so I would say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we worked by bundles so I would say I
+need this list of art assets uh when do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this list of art assets uh when do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this list of art assets uh when do
+you think you can get them to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you can get them to me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you can get them to me and
+what would be a reasonable price and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be a reasonable price and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be a reasonable price and we
+would negotiate both of those last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would negotiate both of those last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would negotiate both of those last two
+things it was usually three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it was usually three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it was usually three or four
+weeks um and we would put that up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks um and we would put that up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks um and we would put that up in the
+schedule and then he would go off and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and then he would go off and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and then he would go off and do
+that work uh right now we've switched to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work uh right now we've switched to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work uh right now we've switched to
+hourly just because it made sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourly just because it made sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourly just because it made sense
+towards the end of the project because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the project because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the project because I
+would be like oh I need this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like oh I need this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like oh I need this one
+particular tiny little thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tiny little thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tiny little thing that I
+completely forgot about and it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely forgot about and it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely forgot about and it didn't
+make sense to do an entire bundle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to do an entire bundle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to do an entire bundle for
+like $20 worth of work uh so we switched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like $20 worth of work uh so we switched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like $20 worth of work uh so we switched
+to hourly it's also common to do Revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hourly it's also common to do Revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hourly it's also common to do Revenue
+share that can be the entirety of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that can be the entirety of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that can be the entirety of the
+payment or that can be on top of hourly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment or that can be on top of hourly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment or that can be on top of hourly
+payment really sort of depends on who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment really sort of depends on who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment really sort of depends on who
+you're working with and what makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with and what makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with and what makes sense
+for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+so this is just an example oh my gosh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just an example oh my gosh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just an example oh my gosh
+sorry this set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+automatically oops there we go okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically oops there we go okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically oops there we go okay so
+this is an example of a um bundle that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of a um bundle that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of a um bundle that I
+did with Luigi you can see it just lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did with Luigi you can see it just lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did with Luigi you can see it just lists
+in detail all of the tiny little things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail all of the tiny little things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail all of the tiny little things
+that I needed at that point so we ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I needed at that point so we ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I needed at that point so we ended
+up doing four or five big bundles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up doing four or five big bundles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up doing four or five big bundles and
+then swapped to hourly this was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then swapped to hourly this was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then swapped to hourly this was about
+halfway through the project so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway through the project so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway through the project so you can
+see some things uh are on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some things uh are on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some things uh are on the first
+strap like the world world map some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strap like the world world map some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strap like the world world map some
+things are getting a lot more detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are getting a lot more detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are getting a lot more detailed
+uh like the level backgrounds but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like the level backgrounds but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like the level backgrounds but this
+this is it a schedule is not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it a schedule is not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it a schedule is not super
+complicated it's just a list of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's just a list of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's just a list of what
+needs to be done when it needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be done when it needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be done when it needs to be
+done by and how the person is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by and how the person is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by and how the person is getting
+paid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid for
+it the last thing I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the last thing I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the last thing I want to talk about
+is the long tail we have this idea I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the long tail we have this idea I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the long tail we have this idea I
+think in Indie development that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in Indie development that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in Indie development that your
+launch day needs to be like your big day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch day needs to be like your big day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch day needs to be like your big day
+especially in Mobile you see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in Mobile you see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in Mobile you see these
+graphs where it's like launch day the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs where it's like launch day the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs where it's like launch day the
+rest of the time and those graphs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the time and those graphs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the time and those graphs are
+super scary because it means that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super scary because it means that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super scary because it means that if
+you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not
+making a huge amount of money on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a huge amount of money on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a huge amount of money on your
+launch day you have absolutely no income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch day you have absolutely no income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch day you have absolutely no income
+and I think this is 100% the wrong way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is 100% the wrong way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is 100% the wrong way
+to think about it when I launched the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it when I launched the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it when I launched the
+counting Kingdom on Steam it sold 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting Kingdom on Steam it sold 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting Kingdom on Steam it sold 35
+copies on launch day 35 copies I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies on launch day 35 copies I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies on launch day 35 copies I didn't
+think that that was possible for a steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that was possible for a steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that was possible for a steam
+game to sell that few copies on launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to sell that few copies on launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to sell that few copies on launch
+day so that blew my mind and I was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so that blew my mind and I was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so that blew my mind and I was kind
+of like okay I need to really rethink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like okay I need to really rethink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like okay I need to really rethink
+what I'm doing here and since then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing here and since then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing here and since then it's
+sold well it's sold steadily um I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold well it's sold steadily um I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold well it's sold steadily um I've
+made I've sold a lot more than 35 copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made I've sold a lot more than 35 copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made I've sold a lot more than 35 copies
+since then but I've had to really flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then but I've had to really flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then but I've had to really flip
+my thinking about where the money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my thinking about where the money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my thinking about where the money is
+being made so the point here is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being made so the point here is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being made so the point here is this is
+not a business plan bullet point two has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a business plan bullet point two has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a business plan bullet point two has
+to be a lot of different things and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lot of different things and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lot of different things and it
+has to be over a large span of time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be over a large span of time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be over a large span of time so
+for the counting Kingdom we started on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the counting Kingdom we started on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the counting Kingdom we started on
+Steam in the humble store we got into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steam in the humble store we got into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steam in the humble store we got into a
+humble weekly bundle which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humble weekly bundle which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humble weekly bundle which was
+absolutely phenomenal and so far has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely phenomenal and so far has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely phenomenal and so far has
+been where the biggest chunk of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been where the biggest chunk of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been where the biggest chunk of our
+money has come from just launched on iOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money has come from just launched on iOS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money has come from just launched on iOS
+and I'm looking towards the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm looking towards the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm looking towards the future
+there's a lot of different things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of different things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of different things I
+could do I'm considering porting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do I'm considering porting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do I'm considering porting to
+Android I'm considering trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android I'm considering trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android I'm considering trying to get
+into schools I'm also talking with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into schools I'm also talking with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into schools I'm also talking with other
+companies about potentially licensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies about potentially licensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies about potentially licensing
+the uh the counting Kingdom for various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the counting Kingdom for various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the counting Kingdom for various
+opportunities this has to be ongoing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities this has to be ongoing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities this has to be ongoing you
+have there's the work of making the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there's the work of making the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there's the work of making the game
+and then there's the work of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the work of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the work of making
+money from the game and those are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from the game and those are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from the game and those are two
+separate things and that kind of sucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate things and that kind of sucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate things and that kind of sucks
+that it takes that much work to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes that much work to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes that much work to actually
+make money from something that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money from something that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money from something that you've
+already poured your heart and soul into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already poured your heart and soul into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already poured your heart and soul into
+but that's just the reality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just the reality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just the reality of the
+business of making games uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of making games uh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of making games uh so this is
+frustrating but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating but
+that's just something that again is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just something that again is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just something that again is a
+reality of being any developer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality of being any developer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality of being any developer is
+something you have to be aware of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you have to be aware of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you have to be aware of so
+that is all I have for you and Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is all I have for you and Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is all I have for you and Michael
+come on down um so my name is Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on down um so my name is Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on down um so my name is Michael
+carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier
+I'm the founder of Zap dot Inc uh I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the founder of Zap dot Inc uh I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the founder of Zap dot Inc uh I also
+am one of the co-leaders of Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am one of the co-leaders of Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am one of the co-leaders of Boston
+Indies and the founder of the indie game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indies and the founder of the indie game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indies and the founder of the indie game
+Collective um it's a as Rick mentioned a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collective um it's a as Rick mentioned a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collective um it's a as Rick mentioned a
+a small group of studios in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small group of studios in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small group of studios in the uh
+Cambridge area that uh work together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge area that uh work together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge area that uh work together and
+we do a lot of things to try to help U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a lot of things to try to help U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a lot of things to try to help U
+ensure that everybody is doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that everybody is doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that everybody is doing some
+awesome work um and that uh our products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome work um and that uh our products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome work um and that uh our products
+are coming out uh really pretty um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming out uh really pretty um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming out uh really pretty um these
+are some some of the projects that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some some of the projects that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some some of the projects that I've
+worked on so uh I started off at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on so uh I started off at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on so uh I started off at
+harmonics and I worked on a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics and I worked on a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics and I worked on a bunch of
+titles there um from there I did an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles there um from there I did an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles there um from there I did an
+apprenticeship uh with um an mitm Damian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticeship uh with um an mitm Damian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticeship uh with um an mitm Damian
+Isla on a game Fallen Frontier after he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isla on a game Fallen Frontier after he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isla on a game Fallen Frontier after he
+left Bungie uh I worked with um the BBC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left Bungie uh I worked with um the BBC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left Bungie uh I worked with um the BBC
+and a company out in the west coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a company out in the west coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a company out in the west coast
+called pip works for Dancing With the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pip works for Dancing With the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pip works for Dancing With the
+Stars freet to-play um online web game I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stars freet to-play um online web game I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stars freet to-play um online web game I
+worked with some local Indies Alchemy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with some local Indies Alchemy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with some local Indies Alchemy
+Labs on Jack Lumber and Deon Studios on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labs on Jack Lumber and Deon Studios on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labs on Jack Lumber and Deon Studios on
+a game called drop that beat like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game called drop that beat like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game called drop that beat like an
+ugly baby um another contract gig for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly baby um another contract gig for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly baby um another contract gig for me
+was uh the bottom left it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh the bottom left it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh the bottom left it's called
+culture shock um which was a a game that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture shock um which was a a game that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture shock um which was a a game that
+taught people who were being deployed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught people who were being deployed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught people who were being deployed to
+the Middle East uh cultural awareness um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Middle East uh cultural awareness um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Middle East uh cultural awareness um
+this this really cool game for a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this really cool game for a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this really cool game for a group
+of neuroscientists to try to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neuroscientists to try to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neuroscientists to try to prove that
+games can help people recover from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games can help people recover from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games can help people recover from
+concussions effectively and efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concussions effectively and efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concussions effectively and efficiently
+and uh my two current projects uh ortis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh my two current projects uh ortis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh my two current projects uh ortis
+regy which is some contract where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regy which is some contract where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regy which is some contract where
+and pleasant dreams which is a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pleasant dreams which is a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pleasant dreams which is a um
+digital uh reboot um of a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital uh reboot um of a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital uh reboot um of a physical
+tabletop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabletop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabletop
+game um out of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second so out of these uh the top four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so out of these uh the top four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so out of these uh the top four
+were employment um and then Dancing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were employment um and then Dancing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were employment um and then Dancing with
+the Stars culture shock ortis reggy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stars culture shock ortis reggy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stars culture shock ortis reggy and
+this uh neurologist game um where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh neurologist game um where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh neurologist game um where
+contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract
+work so what I like to do is uh give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so what I like to do is uh give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so what I like to do is uh give
+give everybody a little bit of context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give everybody a little bit of context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give everybody a little bit of context
+for the information that I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the information that I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the information that I'm going to be
+talking about today um there is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today um there is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today um there is uh
+differentiation between triaa and Indie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation between triaa and Indie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation between triaa and Indie
+um I would prefer not to use those that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would prefer not to use those that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would prefer not to use those that
+terminology I want to talk about big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology I want to talk about big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology I want to talk about big
+company versus small company um main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company versus small company um main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company versus small company um main
+reason being uh with the tools that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason being uh with the tools that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason being uh with the tools that are
+out there today um AAA and Indie used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there today um AAA and Indie used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there today um AAA and Indie used to
+be a description of quality or uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a description of quality or uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a description of quality or uh or
+subject matter um and I really think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter um and I really think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter um and I really think
+those lines are becoming blurred and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines are becoming blurred and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines are becoming blurred and so
+talking about large versus small company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about large versus small company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about large versus small company
+really can Encompass um the type of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can Encompass um the type of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can Encompass um the type of work
+that you will be doing at those small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will be doing at those small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will be doing at those small
+companies or big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies or big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies or big
+companies um either way uh the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies um either way uh the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies um either way uh the direction
+that you take is going to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take is going to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take is going to be really
+challenging for one reason or another so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging for one reason or another so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging for one reason or another so
+if you work at a larger company um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you work at a larger company um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you work at a larger company um it's
+really important for you to have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important for you to have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important for you to have a a
+vast amount of domain knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast amount of domain knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast amount of domain knowledge
+uh it's going to be challenging because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's going to be challenging because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's going to be challenging because
+you're not only competing with local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not only competing with local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not only competing with local
+talent but Global Talent um there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent but Global Talent um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent but Global Talent um there are
+people from all over the world that want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from all over the world that want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from all over the world that want
+to work at these companies and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work at these companies and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work at these companies and these are
+some of the larger companies uh that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the larger companies uh that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the larger companies uh that do
+hire um and have hired in the Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire um and have hired in the Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire um and have hired in the Boston
+area um but if you know the the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area um but if you know the the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area um but if you know the the story
+behind some of these companies there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind some of these companies there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind some of these companies there is
+a lot of overturn as well uh you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of overturn as well uh you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of overturn as well uh you end up
+having people that um come and go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having people that um come and go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having people that um come and go and
+and are laid off uh from Project to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are laid off uh from Project to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are laid off uh from Project to
+project just because of the the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project just because of the the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project just because of the the state of
+the industry being more of a Project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry being more of a Project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry being more of a Project
+based uh um industry than a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based uh um industry than a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based uh um industry than a uh a
+long-term employment uh type of Industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term employment uh type of Industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term employment uh type of Industry
+so not only are you competing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only are you competing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only are you competing with
+people all over the world but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all over the world but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all over the world but you're
+also competing with really bright people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also competing with really bright people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also competing with really bright people
+who have had years and years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have had years and years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have had years and years of
+experience at companies like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience at companies like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience at companies like
+these uh smaller companies are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh smaller companies are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh smaller companies are uh
+slightly different um you have smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different um you have smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different um you have smaller
+teams you have smaller budgets and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams you have smaller budgets and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams you have smaller budgets and you
+have to do more with less um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do more with less um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do more with less um so
+typically what you do is you find people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what you do is you find people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what you do is you find people
+doing multiple jobs uh to serve lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing multiple jobs uh to serve lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing multiple jobs uh to serve lot of
+roles um and share the load as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles um and share the load as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles um and share the load as much as
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+can uh with both of these both small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh with both of these both small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh with both of these both small and
+big companies the hours are long people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big companies the hours are long people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big companies the hours are long people
+don't always respect you for your work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always respect you for your work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always respect you for your work
+uh and unfortunately the pay isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and unfortunately the pay isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and unfortunately the pay isn't
+always great um typically you will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always great um typically you will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always great um typically you will make
+a fraction of the salary that you'd make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction of the salary that you'd make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction of the salary that you'd make
+with the same skill set outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same skill set outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same skill set outside the
+industry but you know what that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry but you know what that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry but you know what that doesn't
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+me I love the challenge um games are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I love the challenge um games are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I love the challenge um games are a
+really crazy field uh video games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really crazy field uh video games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really crazy field uh video games
+haven't been around the public for 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been around the public for 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been around the public for 50
+years um and it's an incredible medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um and it's an incredible medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um and it's an incredible medium
+already if you want to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already if you want to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already if you want to think about this
+the printing press was released or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the printing press was released or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the printing press was released or um
+invented or uh became into you know Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented or uh became into you know Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented or uh became into you know Mass
+use in 1450 it's 564 L years later and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in 1450 it's 564 L years later and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in 1450 it's 564 L years later and
+now we have uh you know Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have uh you know Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have uh you know Global
+Information networks and we we we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information networks and we we we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information networks and we we we're
+complaining about these e in displays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaining about these e in displays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaining about these e in displays
+that how bad they are or good they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how bad they are or good they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how bad they are or good they are
+um at displaying information to us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at displaying information to us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at displaying information to us the
+medium constantly changes on how that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium constantly changes on how that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium constantly changes on how that is
+distributed just imagine where games can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed just imagine where games can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed just imagine where games can
+go when we so young in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go when we so young in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go when we so young in this
+medium um so I'm primarily here to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium um so I'm primarily here to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium um so I'm primarily here to talk
+to you today about Contracting uh it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you today about Contracting uh it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you today about Contracting uh it has
+uh served as my company's primary method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh served as my company's primary method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh served as my company's primary method
+of Revenue over the past four years um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Revenue over the past four years um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Revenue over the past four years um
+so there are some really great benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are some really great benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are some really great benefits
+of it you get to work on a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you get to work on a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you get to work on a ton of
+projects um You Meet A lot of people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects um You Meet A lot of people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects um You Meet A lot of people and
+you learn a lot about different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn a lot about different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn a lot about different things
+um if you got to go back and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you got to go back and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you got to go back and think about
+the projects I've worked on uh I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projects I've worked on uh I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projects I've worked on uh I got to
+work on a free-to-play property with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on a free-to-play property with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on a free-to-play property with a
+really big company who had a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big company who had a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big company who had a huge
+marketing budget and um it was a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing budget and um it was a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing budget and um it was a really
+well-known name Dancing with the Stars a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known name Dancing with the Stars a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known name Dancing with the Stars a
+lot of people know that TV show or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people know that TV show or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people know that TV show or that
+property in terms of uh brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property in terms of uh brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property in terms of uh brand
+recognition it's great um I got to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition it's great um I got to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition it's great um I got to work
+on a game with some neurologist and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a game with some neurologist and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a game with some neurologist and try
+to help show that games have positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help show that games have positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help show that games have positive
+impact in the world and that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact in the world and that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact in the world and that there are
+hopefully ways if the study does uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully ways if the study does uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully ways if the study does uh you
+know come through positively that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know come through positively that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know come through positively that we can
+help people recover from concussions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help people recover from concussions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help people recover from concussions um
+more effectively uh I got to work on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effectively uh I got to work on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effectively uh I got to work on a
+game with the Army um and despite what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game with the Army um and despite what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game with the Army um and despite what
+you may think about our involvement if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may think about our involvement if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may think about our involvement if
+we can help people learn how to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can help people learn how to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can help people learn how to work
+with each other better uh I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other better uh I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other better uh I think that's
+a really awesome thing to be a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really awesome thing to be a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really awesome thing to be a part of
+and um and now I'm getting to a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and now I'm getting to a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and now I'm getting to a point
+where people are approaching me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are approaching me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are approaching me to
+consult them for the experience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consult them for the experience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consult them for the experience and
+knowledge that I've gained over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that I've gained over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that I've gained over the
+course of the past you know four to six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the past you know four to six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the past you know four to six
+years that I've been in the industry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that I've been in the industry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that I've been in the industry so
+far um so one thing to keep in in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far um so one thing to keep in in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far um so one thing to keep in in mind
+is that uh the great thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh the great thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh the great thing about
+Consulting and Contracting is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consulting and Contracting is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consulting and Contracting is that there
+is a ton of work out there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ton of work out there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ton of work out there there are
+plenty of people with ideas and money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of people with ideas and money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of people with ideas and money
+but they don't actually have the skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't actually have the skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't actually have the skill
+or experience to be able to bring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or experience to be able to bring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or experience to be able to bring that
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+fruition um or their ideas were a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruition um or their ideas were a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruition um or their ideas were a bit
+too large and they need some more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large and they need some more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large and they need some more people
+to be able to make those uh ideas come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to make those uh ideas come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to make those uh ideas come
+to light and uh sometimes they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to light and uh sometimes they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to light and uh sometimes they just
+decided they want to bring someone in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided they want to bring someone in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided they want to bring someone in to
+help them out with the project that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them out with the project that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them out with the project that
+they're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're working
+on um I would also argue that contra in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um I would also argue that contra in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um I would also argue that contra in
+once you get into the rhythm of it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get into the rhythm of it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get into the rhythm of it is a
+very stable way to make a long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stable way to make a long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stable way to make a long-term
+living in this industry um from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in this industry um from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in this industry um from what
+I've been doing I by Contracting I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been doing I by Contracting I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been doing I by Contracting I'm
+expecting and anticipating the projectto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting and anticipating the projectto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting and anticipating the projectto
+project uh work that the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh work that the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh work that the industry
+typically creates and with the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically creates and with the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically creates and with the network
+that I've been able to uh create for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been able to uh create for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been able to uh create for
+myself um I actually feel very stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself um I actually feel very stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself um I actually feel very stable
+that I will be able to find something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will be able to find something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will be able to find something
+that someone will be able to recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone will be able to recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone will be able to recommend
+me for U whenever a project ends um if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for U whenever a project ends um if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for U whenever a project ends um if I
+decide to keep contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to keep contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to keep contract
+ultimately though my goal is not to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately though my goal is not to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately though my goal is not to do
+Contracting forever uh the reason why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contracting forever uh the reason why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contracting forever uh the reason why I
+created zap do was because I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created zap do was because I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created zap do was because I wanted to
+make and release my own games um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and release my own games um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and release my own games um and
+when I started off it was important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I started off it was important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I started off it was important for
+me to start generating some revenue for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to start generating some revenue for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to start generating some revenue for
+the company so that I could hire people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company so that I could hire people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company so that I could hire people
+uh who are worth the you know to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who are worth the you know to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who are worth the you know to bring
+people in because they were worth it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in because they were worth it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in because they were worth it and
+I want to be able to pay them um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to be able to pay them um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to be able to pay them um and so
+after the past four or five years I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the past four or five years I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the past four or five years I've
+been able to uh gain enough capital for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to uh gain enough capital for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to uh gain enough capital for
+the company where zapot will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company where zapot will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company where zapot will actually
+start working on its own titles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I figured I would talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I figured I would talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I figured I would talk a little bit
+about the contract life cycle very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the contract life cycle very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the contract life cycle very much
+like Jenna said uh events are super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Jenna said uh events are super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Jenna said uh events are super
+super important and so you'll go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super important and so you'll go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super important and so you'll go to
+Industry events or you'll go to local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry events or you'll go to local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry events or you'll go to local
+meetups and there are a ton of options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetups and there are a ton of options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetups and there are a ton of options
+especially just in the Boston area Alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially just in the Boston area Alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially just in the Boston area Alone
+um and and you network and you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you network and you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you network and you get to
+meet people and the best advice that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet people and the best advice that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet people and the best advice that I
+can offer you when you are networking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can offer you when you are networking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can offer you when you are networking is
+to not Network for yourself but Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not Network for yourself but Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not Network for yourself but Network
+for others find ways to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for others find ways to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for others find ways to make
+introductions between different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductions between different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductions between different people
+find ways to get jobs for other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways to get jobs for other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways to get jobs for other people
+um the way that I've been able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way that I've been able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way that I've been able to get
+such an awesome Network that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an awesome Network that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an awesome Network that I have
+right now is by getting other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is by getting other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is by getting other people
+jobs and in doing so um everybody comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs and in doing so um everybody comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs and in doing so um everybody comes
+a lot of people will come to me now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people will come to me now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people will come to me now um
+for advice or when they have a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for advice or when they have a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for advice or when they have a project
+that needs to be done and so I become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be done and so I become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be done and so I become a
+holder of information in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holder of information in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holder of information in terms of the
+projects that are available um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that are available um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that are available um which
+when my company wants to pick one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when my company wants to pick one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when my company wants to pick one of
+those I have uh essentially The Pick of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those I have uh essentially The Pick of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those I have uh essentially The Pick of
+the litter for it um and it also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the litter for it um and it also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the litter for it um and it also just
+it's really good to continually help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really good to continually help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really good to continually help
+people also uh find stability in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also uh find stability in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also uh find stability in the
+industry um so to illustrate that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry um so to illustrate that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry um so to illustrate that uh the
+first job I got was because I was had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first job I got was because I was had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first job I got was because I was had a
+conversation in a floor shop when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation in a floor shop when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation in a floor shop when I was
+buying some flowers for my girlfriend uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying some flowers for my girlfriend uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying some flowers for my girlfriend uh
+the second job was based on a Rec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second job was based on a Rec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second job was based on a Rec
+recommendation and the third job was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation and the third job was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation and the third job was
+also based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also based on a
+recommendation um another job was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation um another job was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation um another job was
+checking the Boston Indies email list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking the Boston Indies email list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking the Boston Indies email list
+and the most recent job someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the most recent job someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the most recent job someone
+approached me about doing the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached me about doing the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached me about doing the work
+because they had heard that um I have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had heard that um I have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had heard that um I have uh
+you know some I I deliver on time and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some I I deliver on time and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some I I deliver on time and my
+work is uh is pretty high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is uh is pretty high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is uh is pretty high quality
+um so let's say you do find someone you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's say you do find someone you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's say you do find someone you
+you you find someone and you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you find someone and you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you find someone and you want to do
+work with them or they want uh work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with them or they want uh work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with them or they want uh work
+being done so what you do is you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done so what you do is you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done so what you do is you do this
+really weird dance with the client and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weird dance with the client and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weird dance with the client and
+you you talk to them for a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you talk to them for a bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you talk to them for a bit about
+what kind of work they want to do uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of work they want to do uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of work they want to do uh and
+what kind of project they want to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of project they want to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of project they want to work
+on and why they want to involve you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and why they want to involve you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and why they want to involve you in
+it and why you should be involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and why you should be involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and why you should be involved in
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+project um you'll either become really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um you'll either become really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um you'll either become really
+scared uh about the expectations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared uh about the expectations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared uh about the expectations that
+they have or the money that they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have or the money that they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have or the money that they have to
+be able to spend or you'll fall in love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to spend or you'll fall in love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to spend or you'll fall in love
+with them or there'll be some in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them or there'll be some in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them or there'll be some in between
+where this is a good calculated decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is a good calculated decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is a good calculated decision
+for you or your company um and it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you or your company um and it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you or your company um and it makes
+sense to do it from there you take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to do it from there you take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to do it from there you take those
+expectations and you put them down piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations and you put them down piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations and you put them down piece
+of paper uh contracts are really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper uh contracts are really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper uh contracts are really really
+important um never do any work or have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um never do any work or have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um never do any work or have
+anybody do any work for you unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody do any work for you unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody do any work for you unless you
+have them sign some sort of contract um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them sign some sort of contract um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them sign some sort of contract um
+and essentially what these contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially what these contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially what these contracts
+should do is they should man manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do is they should man manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do is they should man manage
+expectations for both you and the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations for both you and the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations for both you and the person
+doing work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing work
+what happens when something goes wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when something goes wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when something goes wrong
+on either end uh you know be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either end uh you know be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either end uh you know be very
+careful with things like non-disclosure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful with things like non-disclosure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful with things like non-disclosure
+agreements or non-competes um I prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements or non-competes um I prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements or non-competes um I prefer
+to have all non-competes written out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have all non-competes written out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have all non-competes written out of
+contracts that I have signed uh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts that I have signed uh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts that I have signed uh I've
+heard of other people doing um asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of other people doing um asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of other people doing um asking
+for multiples of their of their uh their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for multiples of their of their uh their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for multiples of their of their uh their
+time because the customer wanted uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because the customer wanted uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because the customer wanted uh the
+non-compete to stick um and one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-compete to stick um and one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-compete to stick um and one other
+really important thing to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important thing to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important thing to remember
+especially when you're doing Contracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you're doing Contracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you're doing Contracting
+is you have the opportunity to fire a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have the opportunity to fire a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have the opportunity to fire a
+client as much as they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client as much as they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client as much as they have the
+opportunity to fire you um if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to fire you um if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to fire you um if people
+start going off contract and they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start going off contract and they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start going off contract and they start
+requesting things that they didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requesting things that they didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requesting things that they didn't have
+or they're not following the rules uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they're not following the rules uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they're not following the rules uh
+that you've established between your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've established between your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've established between your
+relationship then understand that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship then understand that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship then understand that you do
+have the right to to get out of it if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right to to get out of it if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right to to get out of it if it
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+sour so you've signed the contract now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sour so you've signed the contract now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sour so you've signed the contract now
+you just need to make the game and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need to make the game and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need to make the game and then
+after you make the game you get paid uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you make the game you get paid uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you make the game you get paid uh
+Jenna mentioned a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jenna mentioned a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jenna mentioned a bunch of different
+types of payment um you can do hourly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of payment um you can do hourly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of payment um you can do hourly
+rates I've done that uh you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates I've done that uh you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates I've done that uh you can do
+Milestone payments where you agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milestone payments where you agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milestone payments where you agree
+typically on two to four weeks of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically on two to four weeks of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically on two to four weeks of work
+you deliver that work and as long as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deliver that work and as long as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deliver that work and as long as it
+is uh of you know acceptable quality the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh of you know acceptable quality the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh of you know acceptable quality the
+client will accept it and then pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client will accept it and then pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client will accept it and then pay you
+the amount of money that you've um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of money that you've um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of money that you've um
+worked on or you can do a full fee for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on or you can do a full fee for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on or you can do a full fee for a
+project I've done all three um I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project I've done all three um I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project I've done all three um I would
+definitely caution against doing full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely caution against doing full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely caution against doing full
+fee for projects just because especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee for projects just because especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee for projects just because especially
+if you're a perfectionist uh or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a perfectionist uh or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a perfectionist uh or the
+client starts trying to add more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client starts trying to add more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client starts trying to add more things
+um uh scope can creep up over time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh scope can creep up over time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh scope can creep up over time and
+you will typically for a full project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will typically for a full project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will typically for a full project
+fee unless you're very very good about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee unless you're very very good about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee unless you're very very good about
+your time management uh you'll end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time management uh you'll end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time management uh you'll end up
+doing more work than what you charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing more work than what you charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing more work than what you charged
+for sometimes you'll find out that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sometimes you'll find out that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sometimes you'll find out that you
+need help well the cycle kind of starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need help well the cycle kind of starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need help well the cycle kind of starts
+again you've gone to these events that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you've gone to these events that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you've gone to these events that
+you know people you do a little dance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people you do a little dance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people you do a little dance
+with them to make sure that they uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them to make sure that they uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them to make sure that they uh they
+kind of fit the situation for them if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fit the situation for them if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fit the situation for them if
+you find someone that you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find someone that you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find someone that you want to be
+able to work with you um you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to work with you um you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to work with you um you know you
+write up a contract you set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write up a contract you set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write up a contract you set up
+expectations for the work that they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations for the work that they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations for the work that they will
+be coming on to help you with and now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be coming on to help you with and now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be coming on to help you with and now as
+an employer of some sort you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an employer of some sort you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an employer of some sort you have to
+worry about managing two people because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about managing two people because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about managing two people because
+not only are you managing yourself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only are you managing yourself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only are you managing yourself and
+the work that you are delivering to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that you are delivering to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that you are delivering to
+client you're making sure that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client you're making sure that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client you're making sure that your
+contractor or employee is doing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractor or employee is doing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractor or employee is doing the same
+thing that the client's happy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the client's happy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the client's happy and
+depending on how many people you add it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how many people you add it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how many people you add it
+can take a lot of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a lot of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a lot of your
+time um over the past couple of projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um over the past couple of projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um over the past couple of projects
+I've hired or helped uh or I've hired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've hired or helped uh or I've hired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've hired or helped uh or I've hired
+help or outsourced some work for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help or outsourced some work for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help or outsourced some work for the
+projects I've done I've been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects I've done I've been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects I've done I've been able to
+hire about five to six people not all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire about five to six people not all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire about five to six people not all at
+once um and not all for the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once um and not all for the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once um and not all for the same thing
+uh but some of the work that I've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but some of the work that I've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but some of the work that I've had
+people come in for has ranged from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people come in for has ranged from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people come in for has ranged from a
+couple hours to um a uh monthly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple hours to um a uh monthly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple hours to um a uh monthly
+Milestones that I've paid people to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milestones that I've paid people to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milestones that I've paid people to work
+on um and one really important thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um and one really important thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um and one really important thing is
+that uh with Contracting um especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh with Contracting um especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh with Contracting um especially
+if you're running your own company there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're running your own company there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're running your own company there
+are a lot of other responsibilities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of other responsibilities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of other responsibilities that
+you have there are taxes that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have there are taxes that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have there are taxes that you need
+to be worried about paying um stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be worried about paying um stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be worried about paying um stuff that
+normally would be done uh if you were an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally would be done uh if you were an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally would be done uh if you were an
+employee is now your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee is now your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee is now your
+responsibility uh and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility uh and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility uh and there are
+definitely a lot of different laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a lot of different laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a lot of different laws
+especially in Massachusetts about hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in Massachusetts about hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in Massachusetts about hiring
+people you need to be very careful that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you need to be very careful that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you need to be very careful that
+um you are treating your contractors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you are treating your contractors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you are treating your contractors
+like contractors and not employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like contractors and not employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like contractors and not employees
+otherwise you should be providing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you should be providing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you should be providing those
+employees benefits um but that is uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees benefits um but that is uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees benefits um but that is uh and
+then that's also the same thing to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's also the same thing to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's also the same thing to make
+sure that the people that are hiring you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the people that are hiring you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the people that are hiring you
+aren't treating you like an employee or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't treating you like an employee or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't treating you like an employee or
+expecting you to act like an employee um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting you to act like an employee um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting you to act like an employee um
+and so make sure that you pay attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so make sure that you pay attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so make sure that you pay attention
+to the work that you're doing and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the work that you're doing and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the work that you're doing and uh
+really round yourself out on the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really round yourself out on the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really round yourself out on the rules
+regulations around your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations around your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations around your
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+um that's it so I wanted to open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's it so I wanted to open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's it so I wanted to open the
+floor for Jen and I kind of like jump in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor for Jen and I kind of like jump in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor for Jen and I kind of like jump in
+and talk about any questions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about any questions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about any questions that you
+may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have yes yeah so um do you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yes yeah so um do you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yes yeah so um do you have any
+advice for marketing in games because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice for marketing in games because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice for marketing in games because I
+think that's a thing that a lot of IND
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a thing that a lot of IND
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a thing that a lot of IND
+developers like struggle with is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers like struggle with is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers like struggle with is like
+how do you promote your product and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you promote your product and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you promote your product and what
+where do you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you do it
+so I've been doing a lot of ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've been doing a lot of ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've been doing a lot of ongoing
+social media so we have a little world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social media so we have a little world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social media so we have a little world's
+interactive Twitter account and Facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive Twitter account and Facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive Twitter account and Facebook
+page a lot of it depends very much on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page a lot of it depends very much on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page a lot of it depends very much on uh
+the type of game you're making and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of game you're making and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of game you're making and the
+best approach to it is a slow drip type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best approach to it is a slow drip type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best approach to it is a slow drip type
+of thing you know you don't get a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing you know you don't get a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing you know you don't get a week
+away from launch and go okay time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from launch and go okay time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from launch and go okay time to
+Market this um one thing that I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market this um one thing that I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market this um one thing that I've seen
+work very successfully is we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very successfully is we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very successfully is we have uh
+somebody else working in the igc who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else working in the igc who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else working in the igc who's
+creating a firstperson dodgeball game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a firstperson dodgeball game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a firstperson dodgeball game
+and it's just like wacky and fun and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just like wacky and fun and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just like wacky and fun and so
+he's had huge success on Reddit and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's had huge success on Reddit and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's had huge success on Reddit and with
+live streamers so he's an early access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live streamers so he's an early access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live streamers so he's an early access
+but he's already been very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's already been very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's already been very very
+successful because he's been able to tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful because he's been able to tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful because he's been able to tap
+into those communities so it's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those communities so it's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those communities so it's a lot of
+a lot of what communities can you tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of what communities can you tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of what communities can you tap
+into how do you reach those folks um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how do you reach those folks um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how do you reach those folks um and
+then going to as many events as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to as many events as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to as many events as you can
+afford slave time to so in the past year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford slave time to so in the past year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford slave time to so in the past year
+I've exhibited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've exhibited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've exhibited
+at probably a dozen different events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at probably a dozen different events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at probably a dozen different events
+some really big some really small um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really big some really small um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really big some really small um but
+that has been crucial to meeting players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been crucial to meeting players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been crucial to meeting players
+in person and also to meeting uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in person and also to meeting uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in person and also to meeting uh the
+journalists that attend those events as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalists that attend those events as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalists that attend those events as
+well so definitely approach it as a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so definitely approach it as a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so definitely approach it as a very
+ongoing got to put in a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing got to put in a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing got to put in a little bit of
+effort every week type thing yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort every week type thing yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort every week type thing yeah it's
+uh marketing should be a role on itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh marketing should be a role on itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh marketing should be a role on itself
+on your project and so very many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your project and so very many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your project and so very many people
+will leave it towards the end like Jenna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will leave it towards the end like Jenna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will leave it towards the end like Jenna
+mentioned in her talk or or not do it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in her talk or or not do it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in her talk or or not do it at
+all and just kind of expect people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and just kind of expect people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and just kind of expect people to
+flock to your game after you've released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flock to your game after you've released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flock to your game after you've released
+it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um
+the the other thing is uh also as Jenna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other thing is uh also as Jenna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other thing is uh also as Jenna
+mentioned in her talk is that marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in her talk is that marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in her talk is that marketing
+is something that needs to start um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that needs to start um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that needs to start um
+before your project has launched and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before your project has launched and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before your project has launched and
+continue after it has launched um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue after it has launched um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue after it has launched um it's
+it's really the the more you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really the the more you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really the the more you can kind of
+enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter
+uh weave it into your game um the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh weave it into your game um the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh weave it into your game um the entire
+development process uh the better it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development process uh the better it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development process uh the better it
+will be the more people will know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the more people will know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the more people will know about
+it um the objective is just to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um the objective is just to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um the objective is just to get the
+most people to know about your title as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people to know about your title as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people to know about your title as
+possible and to add one last thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and to add one last thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and to add one last thing to
+that the way that I try to approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way that I try to approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way that I try to approach
+social media is to give people something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social media is to give people something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social media is to give people something
+that they're excited to share so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're excited to share so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're excited to share so if
+you're just like the game's still on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just like the game's still on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just like the game's still on the
+store like nobody's going to care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store like nobody's going to care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store like nobody's going to care about
+that tweet or that Facebook post uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tweet or that Facebook post uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tweet or that Facebook post uh but
+we do a lot of cute little cartoons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a lot of cute little cartoons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a lot of cute little cartoons of
+the characters from the game um share a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characters from the game um share a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characters from the game um share a
+lot of reviews a lot of testimonials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of reviews a lot of testimonials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of reviews a lot of testimonials
+from parents and teachers um the NASA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from parents and teachers um the NASA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from parents and teachers um the NASA
+online presence is phenomenal and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online presence is phenomenal and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online presence is phenomenal and if you
+want to see like how to do social media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see like how to do social media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see like how to do social media
+well follow the NASA Twitter feed it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well follow the NASA Twitter feed it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well follow the NASA Twitter feed it's
+seriously astonishingly good um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously astonishingly good um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously astonishingly good um they
+just did something the other day where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did something the other day where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did something the other day where
+they have a new an upcoming mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a new an upcoming mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a new an upcoming mission
+called Orion I think uh and they did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Orion I think uh and they did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Orion I think uh and they did the
+ABCs of Orion so they did 26 tweets one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABCs of Orion so they did 26 tweets one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABCs of Orion so they did 26 tweets one
+for each letter and each tweet had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each letter and each tweet had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each letter and each tweet had this
+beautiful graphic image of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful graphic image of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful graphic image of like
+A4 I don't I don't remember I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A4 I don't I don't remember I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A4 I don't I don't remember I didn't
+look at all of them but but it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all of them but but it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all of them but but it was very
+very clever and I ended up retweeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clever and I ended up retweeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clever and I ended up retweeting
+the letters uh s p a CE just cuz that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letters uh s p a CE just cuz that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letters uh s p a CE just cuz that
+made me feel clever uh but but they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made me feel clever uh but but they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made me feel clever uh but but they got
+me to retweet five of their tweets like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to retweet five of their tweets like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to retweet five of their tweets like
+that's a win for them um and so little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a win for them um and so little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a win for them um and so little
+things like that you have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that you have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that you have to think about
+what content can you make that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what content can you make that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what content can you make that other
+people are going to be really excited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to be really excited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to be really excited to
+share with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with their
+networks yes what's what's the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks yes what's what's the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks yes what's what's the state of
+uh n of non competes in Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n of non competes in Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n of non competes in Massachusetts
+right now I know that there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I know that there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I know that there was some
+stuff going up um to State legisl about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff going up um to State legisl about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff going up um to State legisl about
+whether that's actually enforceable sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's actually enforceable sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's actually enforceable sure
+uh I've heard about that I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've heard about that I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've heard about that I don't think
+it's um completely unenforceable yet I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um completely unenforceable yet I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um completely unenforceable yet I
+don't think that that's passed to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that that's passed to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that that's passed to make
+non-competes unenforceable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-competes unenforceable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-competes unenforceable so
+yeah yeah that's a really good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's a really good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's a really good point
+though you have to look very carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you have to look very carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you have to look very carefully
+at any contracts that you sign uh a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any contracts that you sign uh a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any contracts that you sign uh a lot
+of companies will put wording in there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of companies will put wording in there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of companies will put wording in there a
+lot of Studios will put wording in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Studios will put wording in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Studios will put wording in there
+that they own anything you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they own anything you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they own anything you make
+regardless of whether you make it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of whether you make it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of whether you make it at
+work or at home and so especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or at home and so especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or at home and so especially if
+you're somebody who likes working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're somebody who likes working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're somebody who likes working on
+side projects that can be uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side projects that can be uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side projects that can be uh very
+dangerous so just something to be aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous so just something to be aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous so just something to be aware
+of yeah especially like ideas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yeah especially like ideas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yeah especially like ideas that
+you've come up with during working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've come up with during working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've come up with during working on
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+project um yeah they they there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um yeah they they there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um yeah they they there can be
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+large the more vague they are the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the more vague they are the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the more vague they are the more
+dangerous it is to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y question um have you you work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y question um have you you work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y question um have you you work with
+either like state grants or small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either like state grants or small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either like state grants or small
+business grants you know organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business grants you know organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business grants you know organizations
+that basically give money for uh for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically give money for uh for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically give money for uh for for
+new companies and you know what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new companies and you know what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new companies and you know what's what's
+the experience like what those you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience like what those you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience like what those you have
+uh I have not yet that's something I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have not yet that's something I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have not yet that's something I'm
+actively looking into for the next game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively looking into for the next game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively looking into for the next game
+uh my the thing that's holding me back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my the thing that's holding me back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my the thing that's holding me back
+is it looks like a lot of work in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it looks like a lot of work in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it looks like a lot of work in a
+subject area I don't know I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject area I don't know I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject area I don't know I don't know
+how to write a grant so that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to write a grant so that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to write a grant so that's something
+I would have to learn for a shot at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have to learn for a shot at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have to learn for a shot at
+money so that's that's what's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so that's that's what's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so that's that's what's kind of
+had me not pursue that so far um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had me not pursue that so far um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had me not pursue that so far um I'm
+going to be looking into education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking into education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking into education
+specific grants which I think I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific grants which I think I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific grants which I think I would
+just have a better shot at because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a better shot at because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a better shot at because it's
+a more narrow field uh but not yet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more narrow field uh but not yet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more narrow field uh but not yet but
+maybe uh the neuro Neuroscience game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh the neuro Neuroscience game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh the neuro Neuroscience game
+that I worked on uh was funded in part I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I worked on uh was funded in part I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I worked on uh was funded in part I
+think by a grant of the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think by a grant of the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think by a grant of the National
+Institute for health National Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute for health National Institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute for health National Institute
+of Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+NIH yeah and I've heard of a few Indies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NIH yeah and I've heard of a few Indies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NIH yeah and I've heard of a few Indies
+who are working with institutions who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are working with institutions who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are working with institutions who
+have gotten Grant money uh but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten Grant money uh but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten Grant money uh but I don't
+know of too too many Indies who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of too too many Indies who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of too too many Indies who have
+gotten grant money on their own in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten grant money on their own in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten grant money on their own in the
+United States so other countries like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States so other countries like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States so other countries like
+Canada and Australia though I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada and Australia though I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada and Australia though I think
+Australia maybe not anymore have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia maybe not anymore have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia maybe not anymore have
+government funded grants like for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government funded grants like for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government funded grants like for the
+Arts um and so they include games in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arts um and so they include games in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arts um and so they include games in
+that but we do not unfortunately I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but we do not unfortunately I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but we do not unfortunately I would
+love some government money yeah how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love some government money yeah how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love some government money yeah how
+common is it for Studios to be acquired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common is it for Studios to be acquired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common is it for Studios to be acquired
+and is that something they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is that something they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is that something they
+target so um the I would say it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target so um the I would say it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target so um the I would say it's it's
+uncommon at a smaller level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon at a smaller level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon at a smaller level
+uh definitely the the way that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh definitely the the way that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh definitely the the way that you're
+going to make money as a studio is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make money as a studio is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make money as a studio is not
+from an exit strategy of being purchased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an exit strategy of being purchased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an exit strategy of being purchased
+by a larger company um it's more along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a larger company um it's more along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a larger company um it's more along
+the lines of uh the revenue that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines of uh the revenue that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines of uh the revenue that you'll
+be making from either your contracts or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be making from either your contracts or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be making from either your contracts or
+the profits from your game um that being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profits from your game um that being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profits from your game um that being
+said some companies have been purchased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said some companies have been purchased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said some companies have been purchased
+I know uh one of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know uh one of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know uh one of the other
+subcontractors I worked with Dancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcontractors I worked with Dancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcontractors I worked with Dancing
+with the Stars uh what was purchased by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Stars uh what was purchased by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Stars uh what was purchased by
+a larger company um I know that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger company um I know that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger company um I know that uh
+Amazon has purchased a few game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon has purchased a few game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon has purchased a few game
+companies when they were launching um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies when they were launching um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies when they were launching um
+the Kindle to kind of try to bring them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kindle to kind of try to bring them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kindle to kind of try to bring them
+in and bring bring games into uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and bring bring games into uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and bring bring games into uh for
+their platform um so it's it's not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their platform um so it's it's not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their platform um so it's it's not uh
+impossible but it's definitely not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible but it's definitely not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible but it's definitely not an
+exit strategy that most people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit strategy that most people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit strategy that most people would
+start a studio with the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a studio with the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a studio with the expectation of
+having yeah and there's definitely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having yeah and there's definitely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having yeah and there's definitely a
+group of Indie Studios who um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of Indie Studios who um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of Indie Studios who um are
+generally sort of between six to 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally sort of between six to 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally sort of between six to 12
+people and they have an actual CEO who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and they have an actual CEO who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and they have an actual CEO who
+can go out and raise money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go out and raise money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go out and raise money
+and those are Indie in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are Indie in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are Indie in the sense that
+they're small and self-owned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're small and self-owned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're small and self-owned and
+independently publishing um but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently publishing um but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently publishing um but it's
+kind of a different class of Indie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a different class of Indie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a different class of Indie
+because they can be raising potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can be raising potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can be raising potentially
+millions of dollars to fund their games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars to fund their games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars to fund their games
+and so those are the types of companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those are the types of companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those are the types of companies
+that would be most likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be most likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be most likely to be
+purchased uh Little Worlds interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchased uh Little Worlds interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchased uh Little Worlds interactive
+is is just me and my games and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is just me and my games and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is just me and my games and so if
+somebody were to publish my company or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody were to publish my company or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody were to publish my company or
+to purchase my company they would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to purchase my company they would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to purchase my company they would just
+be hiring me basically and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hiring me basically and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hiring me basically and like
+purchasing my games uh so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing my games uh so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing my games uh so that's
+probably not something that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not something that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not something that's going to
+happen though it's not unheard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen though it's not unheard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen though it's not unheard of
+entirely and I guess a a tangential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely and I guess a a tangential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely and I guess a a tangential
+approach that you could have to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that you could have to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that you could have to that is
+actually taking your games and Licensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually taking your games and Licensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually taking your games and Licensing
+them out for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties yes uh how long were you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties yes uh how long were you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties yes uh how long were you guys
+in the industry before starting to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the industry before starting to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the industry before starting to do
+your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own
+thing uh so I was in the industry for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh so I was in the industry for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh so I was in the industry for it
+depends on what you count so grad school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what you count so grad school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what you count so grad school
+for two years and working for four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two years and working for four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two years and working for four years
+years and then I've been in Indie for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then I've been in Indie for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then I've been in Indie for
+two I worked at harmonics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I worked at harmonics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I worked at harmonics
+for uh just under two years before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh just under two years before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh just under two years before I
+started doing consulting the culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing consulting the culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing consulting the culture
+shock um game was my first project out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock um game was my first project out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock um game was my first project out
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+it so a lot of people just add on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so a lot of people just add on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so a lot of people just add on to
+that and then we'll get to you up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we'll get to you up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we'll get to you up there
+um a lot of people kind of go straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of people kind of go straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of people kind of go straight
+from undergrad to Indie and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from undergrad to Indie and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from undergrad to Indie and that's a
+totally valid approach but there is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally valid approach but there is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally valid approach but there is also
+so much to be learned in a studio like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much to be learned in a studio like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much to be learned in a studio like
+even if that is not your ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if that is not your ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if that is not your ideal
+environment it certainly wasn't for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment it certainly wasn't for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment it certainly wasn't for me
+uh but I regularly use things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I regularly use things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I regularly use things that I
+learned in my time working at a studio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in my time working at a studio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in my time working at a studio
+um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I
+wouldn't I wouldn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't I wouldn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't I wouldn't necessarily
+recommend just going directly IND the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend just going directly IND the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend just going directly IND the
+straight from undergrad and uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight from undergrad and uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight from undergrad and uh this is
+part of a different talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I go into that but it's just it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I go into that but it's just it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I go into that but it's just it's a
+bad idea just because there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad idea just because there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad idea just because there are a lot of
+mistakes that you will make on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes that you will make on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes that you will make on your own
+that you could have learned from from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could have learned from from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could have learned from from a
+larger company who's already made those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger company who's already made those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger company who's already made those
+mistakes and can teach you better ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes and can teach you better ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes and can teach you better ways
+it's not that they'll have all the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that they'll have all the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that they'll have all the right
+answers but um and it's not to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers but um and it's not to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers but um and it's not to say that
+you will be you won't be successful if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be you won't be successful if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be you won't be successful if
+you were to do it right out of school um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to do it right out of school um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to do it right out of school um
+it's just much harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just much harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just much harder to
+hit I was just wondering Jenna what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit I was just wondering Jenna what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit I was just wondering Jenna what did
+you work on before you Humanity what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work on before you Humanity what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work on before you Humanity what
+were you doing with or what was your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you doing with or what was your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you doing with or what was your
+grad school and then after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad school and then after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad school and then after that
+experience uh so after undergrad I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience uh so after undergrad I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience uh so after undergrad I
+worked at a local startup called hangout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked at a local startup called hangout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked at a local startup called hangout
+Industries and we were making kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries and we were making kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries and we were making kind of
+one of the original 3D virtual worlds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the original 3D virtual worlds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the original 3D virtual worlds so
+it was meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was meant to be
+uh social like chill place for teen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh social like chill place for teen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh social like chill place for teen
+girls um it crashed and burned hard most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls um it crashed and burned hard most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls um it crashed and burned hard most
+of the lessons I learned of that company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lessons I learned of that company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lessons I learned of that company
+were how not to do the things we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were how not to do the things we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were how not to do the things we were
+trying to do uh which is valuable which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do uh which is valuable which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do uh which is valuable which
+is a very valuable lesson so then I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very valuable lesson so then I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very valuable lesson so then I went
+to Indiana University and got my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Indiana University and got my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Indiana University and got my uh
+master's degree in game design and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's degree in game design and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's degree in game design and then
+came back here and worked at stomp games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back here and worked at stomp games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back here and worked at stomp games
+which was formerly tent Boston and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was formerly tent Boston and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was formerly tent Boston and we
+did robot rising and that was a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did robot rising and that was a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did robot rising and that was a uh
+Diablo esque game with robots on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diablo esque game with robots on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diablo esque game with robots on
+Facebook Facebook so I've kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook Facebook so I've kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook Facebook so I've kind of
+bounced all over the place I've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounced all over the place I've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounced all over the place I've made
+mobile titles I've made Facebook titles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile titles I've made Facebook titles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile titles I've made Facebook titles
+um I had an internship at turbine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I had an internship at turbine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I had an internship at turbine so
+I've worked on MMOs and like I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've worked on MMOs and like I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've worked on MMOs and like I was
+saying before that experience really has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying before that experience really has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying before that experience really has
+just given me a breath of knowledge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given me a breath of knowledge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given me a breath of knowledge that
+I've been able to apply to Indies um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been able to apply to Indies um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been able to apply to Indies um so
+a number of the other people we brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of the other people we brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of the other people we brought
+into class have talked a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into class have talked a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into class have talked a little bit
+about the internships that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the internships that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the internships that they have
+some these are some like larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some these are some like larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some these are some like larger
+companies can you talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies can you talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies can you talk a little bit
+about like so you mentioned you used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like so you mentioned you used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like so you mentioned you used
+intern cross gen I forget if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intern cross gen I forget if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intern cross gen I forget if you
+mentioned that Michel uh I have not used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that Michel uh I have not used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that Michel uh I have not used
+interns yet um but it's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interns yet um but it's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interns yet um but it's something that
+I'm very excited about so can you talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very excited about so can you talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very excited about so can you talk a
+little bit about like how it works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about like how it works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about like how it works for
+your small studio and what the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your small studio and what the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your small studio and what the the
+experiences might be for being an intern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences might be for being an intern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences might be for being an intern
+at one of your Studios compared to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one of your Studios compared to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one of your Studios compared to like
+a larger Studio sure so uh the intern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger Studio sure so uh the intern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger Studio sure so uh the intern
+that I worked with was Sam he was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I worked with was Sam he was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I worked with was Sam he was an
+animator and he went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animator and he went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animator and he went to
+school at a local animation school I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school at a local animation school I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school at a local animation school I
+don't remember what it was called uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember what it was called uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember what it was called uh and
+I knew one of the teachers there and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew one of the teachers there and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew one of the teachers there and as
+part of their graduate requirements I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their graduate requirements I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their graduate requirements I I
+think they called it a co-op they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they called it a co-op they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they called it a co-op they just
+needed to put in a certain number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to put in a certain number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to put in a certain number of
+hours with a local studio and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours with a local studio and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours with a local studio and the
+expectation was that it was unpaid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation was that it was unpaid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation was that it was unpaid
+because they were basically getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were basically getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were basically getting
+course credit for it um so for me it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course credit for it um so for me it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course credit for it um so for me it was
+a risk-free situation like basically I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a risk-free situation like basically I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a risk-free situation like basically I
+could get somebody to do art for me for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get somebody to do art for me for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get somebody to do art for me for
+free but they were getting something out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free but they were getting something out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free but they were getting something out
+of it too so I didn't have to feel too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it too so I didn't have to feel too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it too so I didn't have to feel too
+horribly guilty about not paying them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horribly guilty about not paying them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horribly guilty about not paying them uh
+and it worked out phenomenally so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it worked out phenomenally so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it worked out phenomenally so one of
+the big differences with working with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big differences with working with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big differences with working with an
+indie versus a large studio is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie versus a large studio is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie versus a large studio is that I
+basically said to him I need animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically said to him I need animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically said to him I need animation
+in my game if you could do that please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my game if you could do that please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my game if you could do that please
+that would be great so he did all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be great so he did all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be great so he did all of the
+animation in the counting Kingdom uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation in the counting Kingdom uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation in the counting Kingdom uh
+first as an internship and then as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first as an internship and then as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first as an internship and then as a
+paid contractor down the road and so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid contractor down the road and so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid contractor down the road and so he
+got a massive amount of responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a massive amount of responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a massive amount of responsibility
+the only art Direction I gave him was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only art Direction I gave him was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only art Direction I gave him was
+like make it cute but also scary a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make it cute but also scary a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make it cute but also scary a
+little bit but not too scary so he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but not too scary so he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but not too scary so he had
+just a huge amount of creative control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a huge amount of creative control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a huge amount of creative control
+um the downside to that was we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the downside to that was we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the downside to that was we all
+worked remotely and so I saw him maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked remotely and so I saw him maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked remotely and so I saw him maybe
+once every couple of weeks um but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once every couple of weeks um but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once every couple of weeks um but we
+stayed in touch to make sure that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed in touch to make sure that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed in touch to make sure that he
+knew what was going on I knew what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew what was going on I knew what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew what was going on I knew what was
+going on so at a larger Studio he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so at a larger Studio he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so at a larger Studio he would
+have more face to-face experience but be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more face to-face experience but be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more face to-face experience but be
+working on a much smaller slice of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a much smaller slice of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a much smaller slice of the
+pie um given that Indie budgets are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pie um given that Indie budgets are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pie um given that Indie budgets are zero
+basically I would not be able to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I would not be able to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I would not be able to bring
+in a paid internship in turn as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a paid internship in turn as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a paid internship in turn as much as
+I would like to it's just not a reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to it's just not a reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to it's just not a reality
+I don't if I'm paying somebody money I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't if I'm paying somebody money I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't if I'm paying somebody money I
+have to know that they are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know that they are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know that they are going to be
+able to produce incredibly high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to produce incredibly high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to produce incredibly high quality
+work so unless you're very very cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so unless you're very very cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so unless you're very very cheap
+and you already have an astonishingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you already have an astonishingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you already have an astonishingly
+good portfolio uh I just it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good portfolio uh I just it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good portfolio uh I just it's not
+something I can afford um I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I can afford um I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I can afford um I would say
+the one of the major reasons why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the major reasons why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the major reasons why we
+haven't brought in my zap dot hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't brought in my zap dot hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't brought in my zap dot hasn't
+brought in any interns right now is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in any interns right now is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in any interns right now is uh
+for the same reason um I would want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same reason um I would want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same reason um I would want to
+try to pay something um and I uh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to pay something um and I uh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to pay something um and I uh I've
+not been able to be at a position where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not been able to be at a position where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not been able to be at a position where
+I could bring someone in to give them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could bring someone in to give them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could bring someone in to give them a
+specific set of tasks um to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific set of tasks um to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific set of tasks um to be able to
+work or uh to have a project that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or uh to have a project that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or uh to have a project that is
+ready to do research and development um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to do research and development um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to do research and development um
+I think one thing that is great for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think one thing that is great for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think one thing that is great for
+uh for interns that I'm very interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for interns that I'm very interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for interns that I'm very interested
+in is actually having them do prototypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is actually having them do prototypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is actually having them do prototypes
+um to test ideas that the company has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to test ideas that the company has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to test ideas that the company has
+for kind of future plans and to get a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kind of future plans and to get a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kind of future plans and to get a a
+a good feel for that because I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good feel for that because I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good feel for that because I think it
+could Encompass a lot of things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could Encompass a lot of things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could Encompass a lot of things that are
+great for interns being able to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for interns being able to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for interns being able to have a
+project being able to deliver on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project being able to deliver on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project being able to deliver on things
+uh and then also being able to um have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then also being able to um have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then also being able to um have
+something that you know may have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you know may have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you know may have some
+progress going forward in a project that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress going forward in a project that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress going forward in a project that
+is released yeah that being said a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is released yeah that being said a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is released yeah that being said a lot
+of times we think about internships as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times we think about internships as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times we think about internships as
+kind of an All or Nothing type thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an All or Nothing type thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an All or Nothing type thing but
+a lot of us could use somebody a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of us could use somebody a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of us could use somebody a couple
+of hours a week to help out with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hours a week to help out with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hours a week to help out with things
+here or there and so if you genuinely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or there and so if you genuinely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or there and so if you genuinely
+are looking for the experience and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking for the experience and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking for the experience and again
+I I hate not paying people but if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I hate not paying people but if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I hate not paying people but if you do
+just want some experience working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want some experience working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want some experience working with
+an indie studio and you're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indie studio and you're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indie studio and you're willing to
+give just a couple hours a week um come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give just a couple hours a week um come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give just a couple hours a week um come
+to Boston Indies come to Boston Unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Boston Indies come to Boston Unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Boston Indies come to Boston Unity
+group we're we're all there you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group we're we're all there you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group we're we're all there you know
+come talk about the projects you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come talk about the projects you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come talk about the projects you're
+interested in and where you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and where you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and where you might be
+interested in helping y and those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in helping y and those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in helping y and those things
+can turn into paid work as well as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn into paid work as well as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn into paid work as well as uh
+Jenna's intern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did any last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions so both of you are located at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so both of you are located at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so both of you are located at
+the igc but the impression I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igc but the impression I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igc but the impression I'm getting
+is that not all the people you work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that not all the people you work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that not all the people you work with
+are physically at the igc remote so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are physically at the igc remote so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are physically at the igc remote so we
+talk about how you balance that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how you balance that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how you balance that and I
+guess it's got look at the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's got look at the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's got look at the external
+Communications is part of it but how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications is part of it but how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications is part of it but how do
+you uh what does that workflow look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh what does that workflow look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh what does that workflow look like
+with some of your people are next to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of your people are next to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of your people are next to you
+and some of those people are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of those people are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of those people are on
+Skype want to go for that one um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skype want to go for that one um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skype want to go for that one um so
+the uh many of the projects that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh many of the projects that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh many of the projects that I've
+done have been remote work uh when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done have been remote work uh when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done have been remote work uh when I was
+doing dancing with the stars that was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing dancing with the stars that was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing dancing with the stars that was uh
+a bunch of people so New Hampshire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of people so New Hampshire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of people so New Hampshire
+Oregon and Florida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oregon and Florida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oregon and Florida
+um uh Jack Lumber was Manitoba Canada uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Jack Lumber was Manitoba Canada uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Jack Lumber was Manitoba Canada uh
+and then my apartment um and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then my apartment um and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then my apartment um and then uh
+Alex's apartment as well before we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex's apartment as well before we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex's apartment as well before we had
+the opportunity to work together um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to work together um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to work together um
+typically what you need when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what you need when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what you need when you're
+working remotely is you need a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working remotely is you need a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working remotely is you need a couple of
+things that are set set in stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are set set in stone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are set set in stone
+essentially is you need a schedule you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is you need a schedule you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is you need a schedule you
+need deadlines that people actually make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need deadlines that people actually make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need deadlines that people actually make
+and you need to make sure that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to make sure that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to make sure that you have
+the people that are working on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that are working on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that are working on those
+projects be very very good at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects be very very good at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects be very very good at time
+management in the sense that um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management in the sense that um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management in the sense that um they
+know they have work to do uh they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they have work to do uh they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they have work to do uh they don't
+necessarily need to have co-workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need to have co-workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need to have co-workers
+working around them um but so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working around them um but so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working around them um but so what you
+find is you find a lot of tools being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is you find a lot of tools being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is you find a lot of tools being
+reused so you know Google docs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reused so you know Google docs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reused so you know Google docs for
+shared collaboration uh Trello for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared collaboration uh Trello for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared collaboration uh Trello for um
+task management um and then uh Skype for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task management um and then uh Skype for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task management um and then uh Skype for
+group chats uh I think or or Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group chats uh I think or or Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group chats uh I think or or Google
+we've done Google Hangouts as well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done Google Hangouts as well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done Google Hangouts as well for
+different projects um but essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different projects um but essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different projects um but essentially
+having something that allows the team to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having something that allows the team to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having something that allows the team to
+communicate with each other and knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with each other and knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with each other and knowing
+what the expectations are throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the expectations are throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the expectations are throughout the
+project um especially when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um especially when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um especially when the
+Contracting work is remote like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contracting work is remote like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contracting work is remote like I'm
+going to do the work because I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the work because I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the work because I want to
+get paid uh and so I guess it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get paid uh and so I guess it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get paid uh and so I guess it's just a
+matter of making sure you have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of making sure you have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of making sure you have really
+good work ethic uh and a schedule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good work ethic uh and a schedule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good work ethic uh and a schedule that
+you stick to or update as things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stick to or update as things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stick to or update as things
+change yeah definitely varies from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change yeah definitely varies from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change yeah definitely varies from
+person to person um but having the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to person um but having the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to person um but having the right
+tools to make your life easier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to make your life easier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to make your life easier is
+crucial so I'm on Skype all the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial so I'm on Skype all the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial so I'm on Skype all the time and
+I also use uh bit torrent sync I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also use uh bit torrent sync I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also use uh bit torrent sync I think
+is what it's called where basically I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it's called where basically I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it's called where basically I
+have a shared folder with my contractors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a shared folder with my contractors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a shared folder with my contractors
+and in anytime they update a file on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in anytime they update a file on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in anytime they update a file on
+their computer it'll be updated on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their computer it'll be updated on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their computer it'll be updated on my
+computer so it's just a very very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer so it's just a very very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer so it's just a very very easy
+to way to make sure we have the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to way to make sure we have the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to way to make sure we have the most
+recently updated files and don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently updated files and don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently updated files and don't have to
+keep renaming them like final final two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep renaming them like final final two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep renaming them like final final two
+final really final uh it just keeps it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final really final uh it just keeps it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final really final uh it just keeps it
+all nice and clear so having the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all nice and clear so having the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all nice and clear so having the right
+tools um just as a few examples because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools um just as a few examples because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools um just as a few examples because
+that'll probably be easier to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll probably be easier to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll probably be easier to talk about
+with Luigi who is the artist we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Luigi who is the artist we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Luigi who is the artist we would
+sit down and talk either in person or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down and talk either in person or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down and talk either in person or on
+Skype before every new sort of big major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skype before every new sort of big major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skype before every new sort of big major
+task that made sure that we were both on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task that made sure that we were both on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task that made sure that we were both on
+the right page we both kind of had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right page we both kind of had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right page we both kind of had a
+similar thing in our heads and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing in our heads and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing in our heads and any
+design requirements I was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design requirements I was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design requirements I was able to
+specify and he was able to ask questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify and he was able to ask questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify and he was able to ask questions
+about some of the things that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the things that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the things that I would
+forget about um so making sure you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about um so making sure you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about um so making sure you have
+those kind of regular face t- face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of regular face t- face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of regular face t- face
+check-ins every time you're starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-ins every time you're starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-ins every time you're starting
+something new is crucial um Emma who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new is crucial um Emma who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new is crucial um Emma who is
+my social media Guru Works four hours a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my social media Guru Works four hours a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my social media Guru Works four hours a
+week uh and she basically keeps our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week uh and she basically keeps our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week uh and she basically keeps our
+Twitter and Facebook pages updated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter and Facebook pages updated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter and Facebook pages updated and
+we check in regularly if there're any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we check in regularly if there're any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we check in regularly if there're any
+sort of campaigns that I want to kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of campaigns that I want to kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of campaigns that I want to kick
+off but part of the reason I brought her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off but part of the reason I brought her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off but part of the reason I brought her
+on board is because every time I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on board is because every time I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on board is because every time I would
+sit down with a Twitter account I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down with a Twitter account I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down with a Twitter account I'd be
+like I have no idea what I'm supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I have no idea what I'm supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I have no idea what I'm supposed to
+say like still working on the game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like still working on the game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like still working on the game and
+so her job is to come up with Crea ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so her job is to come up with Crea ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so her job is to come up with Crea ways
+to be like just a reminder the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like just a reminder the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like just a reminder the game is
+still out there and you should purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still out there and you should purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still out there and you should purchase
+it in a way that sounds like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a way that sounds like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a way that sounds like something
+people should be excited about um so her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people should be excited about um so her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people should be excited about um so her
+job really is to work a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job really is to work a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job really is to work a little bit more
+independently and come up with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently and come up with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently and come up with that
+stuff on her own but then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on her own but then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on her own but then there are
+sometimes like I totally want to steal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes like I totally want to steal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes like I totally want to steal
+this NASA ABC's thing and so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this NASA ABC's thing and so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this NASA ABC's thing and so I'm going
+to talk to her about it and plan that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to her about it and plan that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to her about it and plan that
+out and put that together so she does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and put that together so she does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and put that together so she does a
+lot of independent work but then any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of independent work but then any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of independent work but then any
+major projects we check in for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major projects we check in for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major projects we check in for that
+that's deal appropriate borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's deal appropriate borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's deal appropriate borrow
+borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right well thank you so much for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well thank you so much for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well thank you so much for your
+time all right thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you you can go ahead and keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can go ahead and keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can go ahead and keep the
+microphone on just in case um so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone on just in case um so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone on just in case um so we've
+got a five minute break um come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a five minute break um come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a five minute break um come back
+down here and sign in if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and sign in if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and sign in if you haven't
+signed in for class yet and um they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed in for class yet and um they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed in for class yet and um they are
+available to play your games if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to play your games if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to play your games if you are
+ready for that sort of thing so um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for that sort of thing so um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for that sort of thing so um if
+you are find them bring them to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are find them bring them to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are find them bring them to your
+computer and have them play well we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and have them play well we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and have them play well we'll
+leave a bunch of our business cards up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a bunch of our business cards up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a bunch of our business cards up
+here uh if you want to send a portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh if you want to send a portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh if you want to send a portfolio
+or resume just get some feedback please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or resume just get some feedback please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or resume just get some feedback please
+feel free I'll answer any email that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free I'll answer any email that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free I'll answer any email that
+comes my way and I'm going to email this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes my way and I'm going to email this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes my way and I'm going to email this
+out to them I haven't done it yet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to them I haven't done it yet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to them I haven't done it yet but
+there's a party coming up right yes can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a party coming up right yes can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a party coming up right yes can
+you mention that yeah the uh indie game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mention that yeah the uh indie game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mention that yeah the uh indie game
+Collective there's actually two parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collective there's actually two parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collective there's actually two parties
+coming up so mention both the indie game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up so mention both the indie game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up so mention both the indie game
+Collective is having a party at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collective is having a party at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collective is having a party at the
+aeronaut brewery in Somerville uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeronaut brewery in Somerville uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeronaut brewery in Somerville uh it's
+in between Porter and Union um it is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between Porter and Union um it is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between Porter and Union um it is on
+December 11th starts at at 5:30 goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 11th starts at at 5:30 goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 11th starts at at 5:30 goes
+until 11:30 it's Thursday uh so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until 11:30 it's Thursday uh so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until 11:30 it's Thursday uh so you know
+you'll probably have to leave all early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably have to leave all early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably have to leave all early
+so you can get to class early on Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get to class early on Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get to class early on Friday
+um but the no one laughed even politely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the no one laughed even politely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the no one laughed even politely
+uh so think that's after the last oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so think that's after the last oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so think that's after the last oh
+okay cool um so the uh the collective is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool um so the uh the collective is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool um so the uh the collective is
+doing a bunch of Art and uh interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a bunch of Art and uh interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a bunch of Art and uh interactive
+installations it's games that uh are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations it's games that uh are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations it's games that uh are not
+our own games uh but they're just fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own games uh but they're just fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own games uh but they're just fun
+things that we wanted to make for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we wanted to make for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we wanted to make for the
+sake of uh for the sake of art um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake of uh for the sake of art um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake of uh for the sake of art um not
+necessarily making money uh bit Fest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily making money uh bit Fest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily making money uh bit Fest
+Boston we'll also have 20 um old school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston we'll also have 20 um old school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston we'll also have 20 um old school
+arcade cabinets there uh and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcade cabinets there uh and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcade cabinets there uh and we will
+have a uh a funk band and a food truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uh a funk band and a food truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uh a funk band and a food truck
+that has gluten-free vegan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has gluten-free vegan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has gluten-free vegan and
+non-alcoholic options as well um on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-alcoholic options as well um on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-alcoholic options as well um on the
+Monday following which I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday following which I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday following which I think is
+December 15th uh Boston Indies is having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 15th uh Boston Indies is having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 15th uh Boston Indies is having
+their uh holiday Festivus where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh holiday Festivus where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh holiday Festivus where uh
+people will be just playing games it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will be just playing games it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will be just playing games it'll
+be some local Indies will be demoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some local Indies will be demoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some local Indies will be demoing
+some games that they've made but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some games that they've made but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some games that they've made but we'll
+also just be playing really fun games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just be playing really fun games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just be playing really fun games
+like JS joust or HRA um Jenna did an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like JS joust or HRA um Jenna did an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like JS joust or HRA um Jenna did an
+emis game last year so you know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emis game last year so you know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emis game last year so you know who
+knows what type of tabletop or digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what type of tabletop or digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what type of tabletop or digital
+games will be there but it'll be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games will be there but it'll be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games will be there but it'll be a lot
+of fun too and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun too and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun too and that's going to
+be that is in the new uh Boku office um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that is in the new uh Boku office um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that is in the new uh Boku office um
+go to Boston ind.com and join the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Boston ind.com and join the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Boston ind.com and join the
+community in terms of find out more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in terms of find out more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in terms of find out more
+information about that because I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about that because I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about that because I'll be
+sending it out shortly cool thanks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending it out shortly cool thanks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending it out shortly cool thanks so
+yeah so Take 5 minutes um 205 210 we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so Take 5 minutes um 205 210 we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so Take 5 minutes um 205 210 we're
+going to take that well 210 we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take that well 210 we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take that well 210 we're going
+to take that thing away all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that be click on and see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that be click on and see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that be click on and see something
+any of these like oh I get candy turn or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these like oh I get candy turn or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these like oh I get candy turn or
+do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_erP4SBOXRI.txt b/_erP4SBOXRI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eeb7adf639a78ab84f5788874f7bad674d6033e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_erP4SBOXRI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,683 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi, I'm Jessica and today I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, I'm Jessica and today I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, I'm Jessica and today I'm going to
+be talking about a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about a chemical
+demonstration I like to call Elements on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration I like to call Elements on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration I like to call Elements on
+Fire.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fire.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fire.
+Let's watch as MIT's Dr. John Dolan,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's watch as MIT's Dr. John Dolan,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's watch as MIT's Dr. John Dolan,
+here he is, creates a rainbow of colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he is, creates a rainbow of colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he is, creates a rainbow of colors
+at the Cambridge Science Festival. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Cambridge Science Festival. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Cambridge Science Festival. So,
+what I'd like to do is do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is do a
+grand finale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand finale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand finale
+by actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by actually
+burning some elements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning some elements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning some elements.
+Since we're talking about elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to have a little rondu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have a little rondu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have a little rondu
+music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music
+to go with this. So Clifton can go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with this. So Clifton can go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with this. So Clifton can go ahead
+and do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've got some lithium,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got some lithium,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got some lithium,
+some boron,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some boron,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some boron,
+strontium, sodium, and potassium.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strontium, sodium, and potassium.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strontium, sodium, and potassium.
+So, there should be quite a broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there should be quite a broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there should be quite a broad
+spectrum of colors here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, the boron is a nice green color.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The lithium is a beautiful red.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The lithium is a beautiful red.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The lithium is a beautiful red.
+The sodium back here is a yellow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The sodium back here is a yellow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The sodium back here is a yellow.
+We've got a little bit of strum, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got a little bit of strum, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got a little bit of strum, which
+is uh kind of the the bluish red. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh kind of the the bluish red. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh kind of the the bluish red. I
+think the blue is probably the methanol.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the blue is probably the methanol.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the blue is probably the methanol.
+And the potassium is a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the potassium is a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the potassium is a little bit of a
+violet in with a uh yellow color.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Can you see those?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, Dr. Dolan puts salts of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, Dr. Dolan puts salts of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, Dr. Dolan puts salts of five
+different elements in watch glasses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements in watch glasses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements in watch glasses.
+Lithium,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lithium,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lithium,
+boron,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron,
+strontium,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strontium,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strontium,
+sodium, and potassium. He also adds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium, and potassium. He also adds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium, and potassium. He also adds a
+little methanol to each watch glass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little methanol to each watch glass.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little methanol to each watch glass.
+Then he lights them all on fire and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then he lights them all on fire and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then he lights them all on fire and they
+produce flames of different colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce flames of different colors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce flames of different colors.
+Lithium is red, boron is green,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lithium is red, boron is green,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lithium is red, boron is green,
+strontium is a blue red, sodium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strontium is a blue red, sodium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strontium is a blue red, sodium is
+yellow, and potassium is violet with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow, and potassium is violet with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow, and potassium is violet with
+yellow streaks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow streaks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow streaks.
+So what's happening? Well, the flame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's happening? Well, the flame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's happening? Well, the flame
+heats up the elements, giving them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heats up the elements, giving them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heats up the elements, giving them more
+thermal energy. This excites the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy. This excites the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy. This excites the
+electrons from their ground or lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from their ground or lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from their ground or lower
+energy state to an excited or higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy state to an excited or higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy state to an excited or higher
+energy state. This is what that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy state. This is what that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy state. This is what that looks
+like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Since energy cannot be created or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Since energy cannot be created or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Since energy cannot be created or
+destroyed, any energy that was absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed, any energy that was absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed, any energy that was absorbed
+by the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the atom
+must be emitted again as the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be emitted again as the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be emitted again as the electron
+returns to the ground state. This energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to the ground state. This energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to the ground state. This energy
+is emitted as light.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is emitted as light.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is emitted as light.
+So why do different elements have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So why do different elements have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So why do different elements have
+different colored flames?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colored flames?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colored flames?
+Because the difference in energy between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because the difference in energy between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because the difference in energy between
+the ground state and the excited state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state and the excited state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state and the excited state
+is unique for each element. And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unique for each element. And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unique for each element. And what
+does energy have to do with it? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does energy have to do with it? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does energy have to do with it? Well,
+the human eye perceives photons or light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human eye perceives photons or light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human eye perceives photons or light
+particles of different energies as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles of different energies as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles of different energies as
+different colors. So red light is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors. So red light is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors. So red light is a
+lower energy than yellow, which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy than yellow, which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy than yellow, which is a
+lower energy than blue. Think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy than blue. Think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy than blue. Think about it
+like a rainbow spectrum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So energy increases along the spectrum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So energy increases along the spectrum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So energy increases along the spectrum.
+Red is low energy light and violet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red is low energy light and violet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red is low energy light and violet is
+high energy light. Going back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy light. Going back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy light. Going back to our
+atoms energy levels.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms energy levels.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms energy levels.
+If the difference between the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the difference between the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the difference between the ground
+state and the excited state is smaller,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the excited state is smaller,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the excited state is smaller,
+the light particle is of lower energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light particle is of lower energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light particle is of lower energy
+and we see that as redder light.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that as redder light.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that as redder light.
+Conversely, if the energy gap is larger,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conversely, if the energy gap is larger,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conversely, if the energy gap is larger,
+the light particle is of higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light particle is of higher energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light particle is of higher energy
+and we see that as bluer light.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that as bluer light.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that as bluer light.
+And this is a simplified picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is a simplified picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is a simplified picture of
+what's happening. Each element has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening. Each element has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening. Each element has a
+unique set of excited states which each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique set of excited states which each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique set of excited states which each
+leads to a different pattern of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a different pattern of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a different pattern of light
+which we see as red, green, yellow, etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we see as red, green, yellow, etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we see as red, green, yellow, etc.
+Hope you enjoyed the video and I'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hope you enjoyed the video and I'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hope you enjoyed the video and I'll see
+you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_fJZbeVeBxg.txt b/_fJZbeVeBxg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..664d079928e612586b5893d054371a122bf249c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_fJZbeVeBxg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+JASON: I can still
+smell it on me.
+
+I took two showers.
+
+JULIE: I don't think I ever
+smelled bad, so you must have
+
+something really wrong.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: Last time on
+5.301, the students made seven
+
+slightly different versions
+of penicillin.
+
+Today and tomorrow, they'll be
+testing which one is best at
+
+killing bacteria.
+
+They do this by adding seven
+different amounts of
+
+penicillin to a constant
+number of E.
+
+coli in seven tubes.
+
+The bacteria will be incubated
+for 24 hours, and then the
+
+students will measure how much
+bacteria is left in each tube.
+
+They'll plot a graph of
+bacterial concentration versus
+
+penicillin concentration.
+
+This is called a
+killing curve.
+
+The steeper the killing curve,
+that better the antibiotic.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: Don't
+sneeze or anything.
+
+ETHAN: 7.0 milligrams of
+this, and I don't want
+
+to lose any of it.
+
+LINA: I think we're
+doing really well.
+
+We're being so careful.
+
+Everything's working
+out perfectly.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: After a bitter
+battle over the biggest
+
+crystal, Jason and Julie
+have made up.
+
+JASON: She did it.
+
+She probably spilled it so like,
+OK, I have an excuse to
+
+clean up this and get
+away from Jason.
+
+I didn't say anything.
+
+JULIE: What did he just
+say about me?
+
+JASON: She hates me.
+
+She loves me!
+
+Well, she didn't want
+me to say that.
+
+LEALIA: I think we're
+almost done.
+
+YI-SHIUAN: We're done.
+
+ANTHONY: You're an
+awesome partner.
+
+TENGFEI: So tomorrow, we're
+going to see which tube the
+
+bacteria grows and which
+tube the bacteria dies.
+
+If they grow, the culture
+will become cloudy.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: The next day, all
+the students have to do is
+
+measure how many bacteria
+are in each tube.
+
+PROFESSOR: This is how, when you
+make a drug candidate, you
+
+can gauge how effective your
+drug candidate is.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: To do that, they
+use a spectrophotometer,
+
+which shoots light through the
+sample at a detector on the
+
+other side.
+
+If there are a lot of bacteria,
+most of that light
+
+is scattered in random
+directions and never reaches
+
+the detector.
+
+If there are very few bacteria,
+most of the light
+
+makes it through.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: Trying to
+find the line that
+
+fits the data well.
+
+LINA: It feels great, because
+I actually know what some of
+
+these things are.
+
+At the beginning I had no idea,
+so I was asking around
+
+the entire time.
+
+So I've learned something
+during three weeks.
+
+ANTHONY: 0.45.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: The students plot
+the results on the white
+
+board and discuss whose
+penicillin is best.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: How
+are the results?
+
+ANTHONY: Did I win?
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: You
+tell me who wins.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: I win!
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: Which
+is the best?
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: Yeah,
+Anthony's.
+
+ANTHONY: Mine.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: Today is the
+students' last day in the lab.
+
+Tune in to the next episode
+to see how 5.301 wraps up.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: Just imagine if
+you had a president that was a
+
+bachelor, or if you had a
+president with no kids.
+
+I think that we're going to have
+a gay president before we
+
+have one that doesn't
+have a spouse.
+
+Unthinkable.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING-"HAIL
+TO THE CHIEF"]
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: Wait, was he?
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: Yeah, he was.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: He didn't
+have a wife?
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: Nope.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: Oh my
+god, I'm so stupid.
+
+I should definitely fact-check
+before I talk.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aDmFyu0Yt7s.txt b/aDmFyu0Yt7s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3d8e6f422f340c825a313ad4a98c04e1e9188a33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aDmFyu0Yt7s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15075 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right today more games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today more games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today more games
+uh last time uh and in general we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last time uh and in general we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last time uh and in general we're
+going to look at this uh categorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at this uh categorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at this uh categorization
+of different types of games uh so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different types of games uh so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different types of games uh so far
+we've been focusing on the one player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been focusing on the one player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been focusing on the one player
+category which normally think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category which normally think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category which normally think of as
+puzzles or not games at all uh but today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles or not games at all uh but today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles or not games at all uh but today
+we're going to Branch out in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to Branch out in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to Branch out in in the
+other directions and we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other directions and we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other directions and we're going to talk
+about zero player games which arguably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about zero player games which arguably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about zero player games which arguably
+are also not games and two- player games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also not games and two- player games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also not games and two- player games
+uh but to sort of fill out this space uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but to sort of fill out this space uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but to sort of fill out this space uh
+we probably won't get out here yet uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we probably won't get out here yet uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we probably won't get out here yet uh to
+X time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X time and
+undecidable uh games but we will stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidable uh games but we will stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidable uh games but we will stick
+to this chunk we're going to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this chunk we're going to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this chunk we're going to start with
+zero player games also simulations Game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero player games also simulations Game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero player games also simulations Game
+of Life is the classic example here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Life is the classic example here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Life is the classic example here um
+and these can be very hard despite being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these can be very hard despite being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these can be very hard despite being
+very simple and not really having any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple and not really having any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple and not really having any
+choices um so there's a funny equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices um so there's a funny equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices um so there's a funny equality
+here uh the sliding block puzzles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh the sliding block puzzles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh the sliding block puzzles and
+things that we looked at last time where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we looked at last time where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we looked at last time where
+you have agency you have a choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have agency you have a choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have agency you have a choice of
+which move to make uh remain P space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which move to make uh remain P space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which move to make uh remain P space
+complete even when you don't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete even when you don't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete even when you don't have that
+choice um this category is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice um this category is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice um this category is not so
+interesting if you have a polom bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you have a polom bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you have a polom bounded
+zero player game that is a computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero player game that is a computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero player game that is a computer and
+it can just compute something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can just compute something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can just compute something for
+polinomial time um and recall this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time um and recall this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time um and recall this is
+polom polom bounded number of moves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom polom bounded number of moves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom polom bounded number of moves and
+this is a exponentially bounded number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a exponentially bounded number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a exponentially bounded number
+of moves although you can actually go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moves although you can actually go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moves although you can actually go a
+little bit higher and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit higher and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit higher and we'll talk about
+that and get even harder problems when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and get even harder problems when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and get even harder problems when
+you have potentially infinitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have potentially infinitely many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have potentially infinitely many
+moves um and then we'll go into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves um and then we'll go into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves um and then we'll go into a
+two-player uh in particular two-player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-player uh in particular two-player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-player uh in particular two-player
+bound where we get another P space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound where we get another P space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound where we get another P space
+completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness
+result uh as you may recall from uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result uh as you may recall from uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result uh as you may recall from uh some
+time ago all of these versions of games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago all of these versions of games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago all of these versions of games
+have uh constraint logic variations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh constraint logic variations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh constraint logic variations so
+we've focused on this one uh but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've focused on this one uh but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've focused on this one uh but I'll
+mention this one and this one and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this one and this one and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this one and this one and this
+one today and they're all complete so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one today and they're all complete so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one today and they're all complete so we
+can use them to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use them to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use them to reduce
+things uh but uh before we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh but uh before we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh but uh before we get to
+constraint logic I'm going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint logic I'm going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint logic I'm going to be talking
+about both sort of more classical ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about both sort of more classical ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about both sort of more classical ways
+of proving hardness in these classes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proving hardness in these classes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proving hardness in these classes and
+then also the constraint logic way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also the constraint logic way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also the constraint logic way um
+and we'll start with Game of Life uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll start with Game of Life uh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll start with Game of Life uh let
+me write down a definition of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write down a definition of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write down a definition of the game
+in case you haven't seen it um or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you haven't seen it um or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you haven't seen it um or if
+you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've
+forgotten so this is invented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Conway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+70s um so you have two types of cells uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s um so you have two types of cells uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s um so you have two types of cells uh
+living cells which here are the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living cells which here are the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living cells which here are the black
+cells and dead cells those are the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and dead cells those are the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and dead cells those are the white
+cells and um you have this iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and um you have this iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and um you have this iteration
+every cell in parallel updates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every cell in parallel updates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every cell in parallel updates in
+general this is called a cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this is called a cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this is called a cellular
+automedon uh and if we have a living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automedon uh and if we have a living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automedon uh and if we have a living
+cell it will continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell it will continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell it will continue to
+live um if and only if it has two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live um if and only if it has two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live um if and only if it has two or
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+uh living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neighbors this is among the eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors this is among the eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors this is among the eight
+Neighbors in eight eight-way adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neighbors in eight eight-way adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neighbors in eight eight-way adjacency
+and then if we have a dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we have a dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we have a dead
+cell then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell then it
+becomes uh living it's born if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh living it's born if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh living it's born if you
+will uh if and only if it has exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh if and only if it has exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh if and only if it has exactly
+three living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so those are the rules uh we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are the rules uh we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are the rules uh we don't
+really need to know the rules except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to know the rules except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to know the rules except for
+verifying that very small gadgets work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying that very small gadgets work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying that very small gadgets work
+most of what I'll talk about are higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of what I'll talk about are higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of what I'll talk about are higher
+level than the specifics of these rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level than the specifics of these rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level than the specifics of these rules
+but uh some things you should know is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh some things you should know is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh some things you should know is uh
+sometimes you get a periodic pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you get a periodic pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you get a periodic pattern
+like this Pulsar sometimes you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this Pulsar sometimes you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this Pulsar sometimes you get a
+static pattern these things don't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static pattern these things don't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static pattern these things don't change
+because for example on the 2x two square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for example on the 2x two square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for example on the 2x two square
+each of the living cells has exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the living cells has exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the living cells has exactly
+three neighbors um and so it lives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three neighbors um and so it lives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three neighbors um and so it lives and
+each of the dead cells has not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the dead cells has not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the dead cells has not exactly
+three neighbors and so I guess one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three neighbors and so I guess one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three neighbors and so I guess one or
+two and so they remain dead and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so they remain dead and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so they remain dead and so
+nothing changes and that's called still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing changes and that's called still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing changes and that's called still
+life there's tons of puns in this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life there's tons of puns in this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life there's tons of puns in this area
+um and so that that's well and good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that that's well and good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that that's well and good and
+so one question you might ask is given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one question you might ask is given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one question you might ask is given a
+pattern is it a still life well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is it a still life well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is it a still life well that's
+easy to check uh is it periodic that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to check uh is it periodic that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to check uh is it periodic that's
+harder to check um does it ever die out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to check um does it ever die out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to check um does it ever die out
+and become nothing that's actually kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and become nothing that's actually kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and become nothing that's actually kind
+of common uh and that we will prove is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of common uh and that we will prove is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of common uh and that we will prove is
+very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to
+check um but all these questions are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check um but all these questions are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check um but all these questions are are
+are related other than still life which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related other than still life which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related other than still life which
+is easy um so some other cool things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy um so some other cool things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy um so some other cool things you
+should know about are gliders gliders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know about are gliders gliders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know about are gliders gliders
+are a kind of periodic pattern but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a kind of periodic pattern but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a kind of periodic pattern but with
+a diagonal offset so they go off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagonal offset so they go off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagonal offset so they go off to
+Infinity in a diagonal Direction unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity in a diagonal Direction unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity in a diagonal Direction unless
+they hit something then something might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hit something then something might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hit something then something might
+happen but in the absence of anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but in the absence of anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but in the absence of anything
+else uh they'll just keep going off for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh they'll just keep going off for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh they'll just keep going off for
+Infinity so this is um this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so this is um this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so this is um this is a little
+different from most of our games most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from most of our games most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from most of our games most of
+our games we have a finite board or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our games we have a finite board or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our games we have a finite board or some
+rectangular thing uh sometimes life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular thing uh sometimes life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular thing uh sometimes life is
+played on a Taurus so when you go off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played on a Taurus so when you go off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played on a Taurus so when you go off
+the South Edge you end up on the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the South Edge you end up on the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the South Edge you end up on the North
+Edge and so on um in that setting life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge and so on um in that setting life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge and so on um in that setting life
+is going to be P space complete so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be P space complete so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be P space complete so in
+general for zero player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+games uh if we have a polinomial number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games uh if we have a polinomial number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games uh if we have a polinomial number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+moves then of course of course we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves then of course of course we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves then of course of course we're
+going to be in polinomial time um if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in polinomial time um if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in polinomial time um if we
+have an unbounded number of moves but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an unbounded number of moves but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an unbounded number of moves but a
+polinomial uh space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial uh space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial uh space
+basically then we're going to get P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically then we're going to get P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically then we're going to get P
+space okay no surprise so the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay no surprise so the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay no surprise so the finite
+versions of uh of uh life will be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of uh of uh life will be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of uh of uh life will be like
+that but if we have Infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Space normally we can't think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space normally we can't think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space normally we can't think about
+Infinite Space but with life it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinite Space but with life it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinite Space but with life it's
+meaningful to have an infinite board but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful to have an infinite board but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful to have an infinite board but
+initially only a finite rectangle has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially only a finite rectangle has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially only a finite rectangle has
+any stuff in it so you encode if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any stuff in it so you encode if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any stuff in it so you encode if you
+just encode all of the positions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just encode all of the positions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just encode all of the positions of the
+living cells and say well everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living cells and say well everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living cells and say well everything
+outside of that is dead uh then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of that is dead uh then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of that is dead uh then you can
+think about Infinite Space and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Infinite Space and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Infinite Space and here we
+will get that the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get that the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get that the problem is
+undecidable so there is no finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidable so there is no finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidable so there is no finite
+algorithm to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to solve
+it so that's cool um and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that's cool um and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that's cool um and I'm going to
+tell you a little bit about both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about both of
+these uh spaceship is like a glider but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh spaceship is like a glider but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh spaceship is like a glider but
+it goes in one dimension instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes in one dimension instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes in one dimension instead of
+diagonally so usually horizontally uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonally so usually horizontally uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonally so usually horizontally uh
+there are many spaceships out there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many spaceships out there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many spaceships out there this
+is one particularly efficient one uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one particularly efficient one uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one particularly efficient one uh and
+one of the coolest things is this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the coolest things is this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the coolest things is this thing
+called gosper's glider gun invented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gosper's glider gun invented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gosper's glider gun invented by
+Bill gosper I think while he was at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill gosper I think while he was at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill gosper I think while he was at MIT
+um it's this construction up here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's this construction up here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's this construction up here and it
+creates gliders and so they just go off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates gliders and so they just go off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates gliders and so they just go off
+to infinity and you just keep making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity and you just keep making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity and you just keep making
+more and more and more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more and more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more and more of
+them uh so in some infinite sense this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh so in some infinite sense this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh so in some infinite sense this
+thing is periodic I guess but at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is periodic I guess but at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is periodic I guess but at any
+finite time you have maybe n of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite time you have maybe n of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite time you have maybe n of these
+coming out and you just keep making more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out and you just keep making more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out and you just keep making more
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+more uh this is uh gliders and glider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh this is uh gliders and glider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh this is uh gliders and glider
+guns are the key things you should uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guns are the key things you should uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guns are the key things you should uh
+know about for hardness proofs uh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about for hardness proofs uh first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about for hardness proofs uh first
+I'm just going to show you a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to show you a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to show you a couple of
+pictures of fairly recent hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of fairly recent hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of fairly recent hardness
+proofs this is an explicit construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs this is an explicit construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs this is an explicit construction
+of a particular touring machine I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular touring machine I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular touring machine I think
+it is a touring machine that given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a touring machine that given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a touring machine that given a
+number represented in uny doubles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number represented in uny doubles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number represented in uny doubles that
+number um so it's a fairly clean machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um so it's a fairly clean machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um so it's a fairly clean machine
+which is in here and there's two stacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in here and there's two stacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in here and there's two stacks
+uh so you can think of a turning machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you can think of a turning machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you can think of a turning machine
+normally you have a tape and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you have a tape and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you have a tape and you have
+your head at the some cell in the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head at the some cell in the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head at the some cell in the tape
+you can think of that as a stack going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of that as a stack going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of that as a stack going
+to your left and stack going to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your left and stack going to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your left and stack going to your
+right and each time you can pop off an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and each time you can pop off an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and each time you can pop off an
+item from the stack and uh push it onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item from the stack and uh push it onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item from the stack and uh push it onto
+the other side that would be the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side that would be the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side that would be the same as
+moving to the left or moving to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the left or moving to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the left or moving to the
+right so this is implementing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is implementing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is implementing it's
+called a push down automa with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a push down automa with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a push down automa with two
+stacks but basically a turning machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks but basically a turning machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks but basically a turning machine
+with one tape uh and you can do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one tape uh and you can do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one tape uh and you can do that and
+there's this is done algorithmically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this is done algorithmically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this is done algorithmically so
+he also applied it to a universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also applied it to a universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also applied it to a universal
+turning machine if you're more a fan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning machine if you're more a fan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning machine if you're more a fan of
+that that's a turning machine that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a turning machine that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a turning machine that takes
+a turning machine is input and simulates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turning machine is input and simulates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turning machine is input and simulates
+it so that's encoded in here it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that's encoded in here it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that's encoded in here it's much
+bigger um now this construction relies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger um now this construction relies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger um now this construction relies
+on the tape being finite so it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the tape being finite so it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the tape being finite so it's it
+proves pspace completeness for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves pspace completeness for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves pspace completeness for the
+polinomial space version it will remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space version it will remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space version it will remain
+in this rectangle as big as it is um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this rectangle as big as it is um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this rectangle as big as it is um and
+you know uh it will run the machine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh it will run the machine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh it will run the machine if
+it ran out of of tape then the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ran out of of tape then the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ran out of of tape then the machine
+might crash or not do the thing that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might crash or not do the thing that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might crash or not do the thing that it
+was supposed to do if it was a turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to do if it was a turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to do if it was a turning
+machine uh so that's fine for p bace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh so that's fine for p bace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh so that's fine for p bace
+hardness because simulating turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness because simulating turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness because simulating turning
+machine is hard we mentioned that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is hard we mentioned that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is hard we mentioned that last
+time but uh not good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but uh not good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but uh not good for
+undecidability uh the same guy uh a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidability uh the same guy uh a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidability uh the same guy uh a year
+later came up with a turning machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later came up with a turning machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later came up with a turning machine
+that grows itself automatically so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grows itself automatically so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grows itself automatically so um
+it's a little hard to see but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little hard to see but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little hard to see but this is
+the original uh thing and then as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original uh thing and then as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original uh thing and then as you
+run it longer and longer this machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it longer and longer this machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it longer and longer this machine
+moves along this dotted line uh so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves along this dotted line uh so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves along this dotted line uh so it's
+moved here this is like the the dirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved here this is like the the dirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved here this is like the the dirt
+that it leaves behind um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it leaves behind um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it leaves behind um and
+simultaneously it's been building lar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously it's been building lar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously it's been building lar
+larger and larger versions of its stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and larger versions of its stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and larger versions of its stack
+so that by the time it needs to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that by the time it needs to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that by the time it needs to use it
+it will be available because time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be available because time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be available because time is
+bounded or space is bounded by time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded or space is bounded by time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded or space is bounded by time so
+you have a limit on the rate of growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a limit on the rate of growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a limit on the rate of growth
+uh very complicated obviously uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very complicated obviously uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very complicated obviously uh but
+extremely powerful this establishes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely powerful this establishes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely powerful this establishes that
+some version of life like uh will the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some version of life like uh will the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some version of life like uh will the
+thing ever stop growing is undecidable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing ever stop growing is undecidable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing ever stop growing is undecidable
+because if the machine halts you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the machine halts you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the machine halts you can
+make this thing just stop um it will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this thing just stop um it will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this thing just stop um it will not
+answer the question of given a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question of given a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question of given a machine
+uh will or given given a life setup will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will or given given a life setup will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will or given given a life setup will
+everything eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything eventually
+disappear at least not easily um so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear at least not easily um so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear at least not easily um so I'm
+going to talk about that version and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about that version and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about that version and a
+somewhat older proof partly because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat older proof partly because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat older proof partly because I
+like old proofs and it's a very epic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like old proofs and it's a very epic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like old proofs and it's a very epic
+proof so this one I don't understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so this one I don't understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so this one I don't understand the
+details of uh but they are online if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of uh but they are online if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of uh but they are online if you
+want to study this thing um there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study this thing um there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study this thing um there's a
+another proof by uh Burl Camp Conway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another proof by uh Burl Camp Conway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another proof by uh Burl Camp Conway and
+guy in their series of books called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in their series of books called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in their series of books called
+winning ways which very cool uh set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning ways which very cool uh set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning ways which very cool uh set of
+books if you're interested in two-player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books if you're interested in two-player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books if you're interested in two-player
+games in particular but they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games in particular but they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games in particular but they have this
+chapter about life being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter about life being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter about life being
+undecidable um and it's at a high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidable um and it's at a high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidable um and it's at a high level
+it's very simple it's just if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very simple it's just if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very simple it's just if you have a
+glider that's going to represent a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider that's going to represent a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider that's going to represent a one
+bit if you don't have a GL slider in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit if you don't have a GL slider in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit if you don't have a GL slider in a
+particular area that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular area that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular area that's going to
+represent a zero bit and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a zero bit and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a zero bit and so you can
+think of streams of bits and doing stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of streams of bits and doing stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of streams of bits and doing stuff
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+them uh over time and uh so that's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh over time and uh so that's cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh over time and uh so that's cool
+everything's going to be oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's going to be oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's going to be oriented
+diagonally of course um now one useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonally of course um now one useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonally of course um now one useful
+structure once we that's going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure once we that's going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure once we that's going to be our
+wire um we can also build a Terminator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire um we can also build a Terminator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire um we can also build a Terminator
+they call these eaters so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call these eaters so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call these eaters so this is a
+particular construction where and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular construction where and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular construction where and this
+is frame by frame if the uh glass comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is frame by frame if the uh glass comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is frame by frame if the uh glass comes
+in here it basically gets eaten by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here it basically gets eaten by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here it basically gets eaten by the
+eater and the eater remains uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eater and the eater remains uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eater and the eater remains uh the
+notation by the way is that the dots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation by the way is that the dots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation by the way is that the dots are
+going to be new newly born positions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be new newly born positions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be new newly born positions in
+the next step and the holes are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step and the holes are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step and the holes are going to
+die in The Next Step so you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die in The Next Step so you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die in The Next Step so you can kind of
+see the transition you know stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the transition you know stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the transition you know stuff
+happens these are just things you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens these are just things you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens these are just things you need
+to check and boom uh it it ends up just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check and boom uh it it ends up just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check and boom uh it it ends up just
+the eater Remains the eater is otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eater Remains the eater is otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eater Remains the eater is otherwise
+still life so it'll just hang out um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still life so it'll just hang out um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still life so it'll just hang out um so
+you can send gliders into an eater and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can send gliders into an eater and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can send gliders into an eater and
+they'll just disappear uh one thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll just disappear uh one thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll just disappear uh one thing to
+note is that the the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note is that the the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note is that the the exact
+um what do you call it the exact offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do you call it the exact offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do you call it the exact offset
+of the stream versus the eater is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stream versus the eater is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stream versus the eater is very
+critical you do something a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical you do something a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical you do something a little
+different eater might explode or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eater might explode or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eater might explode or do
+something else weird so uh if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else weird so uh if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else weird so uh if you're
+going to build these be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build these be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build these be
+careful uh we'll talk a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful uh we'll talk a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful uh we'll talk a little bit more
+about parody and things in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about parody and things in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about parody and things in a
+moment okay so uh here's a fun thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay so uh here's a fun thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay so uh here's a fun thing you
+can do with a glider gun up top uh and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with a glider gun up top uh and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with a glider gun up top uh and a
+stream of bits so if you have a stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of bits so if you have a stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of bits so if you have a stream
+of bits coming in here and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits coming in here and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits coming in here and you have a
+glider gun shooting uh 111 down then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider gun shooting uh 111 down then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider gun shooting uh 111 down then uh
+if you set up your gliders with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you set up your gliders with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you set up your gliders with the
+exact right offsets so I've got to shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact right offsets so I've got to shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact right offsets so I've got to shift
+that gun to be precise and if then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gun to be precise and if then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gun to be precise and if then when
+gliders hit each other they annihilate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders hit each other they annihilate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders hit each other they annihilate
+each other nothing is left with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other nothing is left with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other nothing is left with this
+particular offset so what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular offset so what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular offset so what that means is
+in some sense you're negating the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense you're negating the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense you're negating the signal
+if a one comes in here it'll hit another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a one comes in here it'll hit another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a one comes in here it'll hit another
+one and then zero will come out here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then zero will come out here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then zero will come out here uh
+but but in particular if there's a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but in particular if there's a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but in particular if there's a zero
+here uh there'll be nothing to stop this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh there'll be nothing to stop this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh there'll be nothing to stop this
+guy from going through and so you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy from going through and so you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy from going through and so you get a
+one out so this is really a negation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out so this is really a negation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out so this is really a negation
+because whenever it's horizontal it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because whenever it's horizontal it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because whenever it's horizontal it's
+going to be one way whenever it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one way whenever it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one way whenever it's
+negative it's going to be inverted but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's going to be inverted but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's going to be inverted but
+this is really a turn so if I turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really a turn so if I turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really a turn so if I turn this
+and then turn it back which I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then turn it back which I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then turn it back which I think is
+the next image you can you know I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next image you can you know I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next image you can you know I can
+now turn a wire so this is progress but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now turn a wire so this is progress but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now turn a wire so this is progress but
+already a little challenging so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a little challenging so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a little challenging so we have
+this input wire gets turned by the gun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this input wire gets turned by the gun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this input wire gets turned by the gun
+turn back turned back turned back so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn back turned back turned back so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn back turned back turned back so you
+sufficiently zoomed out you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently zoomed out you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently zoomed out you can do
+arbitrary turns uh you can use this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary turns uh you can use this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary turns uh you can use this to
+delay signals which is useful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay signals which is useful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay signals which is useful because
+timing is really sensitive here with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing is really sensitive here with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing is really sensitive here with uh
+with the wires and when uh when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wires and when uh when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wires and when uh when there's
+a one bit or a zero bit um another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one bit or a zero bit um another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one bit or a zero bit um another thing
+you can do with this is uh get a parody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with this is uh get a parody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with this is uh get a parody
+offset shift um because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset shift um because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset shift um because there are
+actually many different offsets of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually many different offsets of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually many different offsets of the
+gliders that all lead to evaporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders that all lead to evaporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders that all lead to evaporation
+into nothing so um you have to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into nothing so um you have to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into nothing so um you have to believe
+this a little bit but there are enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit but there are enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit but there are enough
+different offsets here that by um doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different offsets here that by um doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different offsets here that by um doing
+a bunch of turns like in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of turns like in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of turns like in this picture
+with slightly different offsets of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with slightly different offsets of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with slightly different offsets of each
+of these guns you can shift your signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guns you can shift your signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guns you can shift your signal
+to be anywhere you want on the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be anywhere you want on the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be anywhere you want on the grid
+that's good because all the gadgets will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good because all the gadgets will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good because all the gadgets will
+require very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require very careful
+alignment so uh that's a shift um so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment so uh that's a shift um so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment so uh that's a shift um so now
+here's how we can do and and or Gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how we can do and and or Gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how we can do and and or Gates
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+easily uh so on the one hand if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily uh so on the one hand if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily uh so on the one hand if we have
+two string a and we want to make the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two string a and we want to make the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two string a and we want to make the end
+of them we're going to use a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them we're going to use a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them we're going to use a single
+glider gun to kind of merge them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider gun to kind of merge them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider gun to kind of merge them
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+so a one is going to get through here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a one is going to get through here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a one is going to get through here if
+only if there was a zero here and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if there was a zero here and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if there was a zero here and in
+that case it will prevent any a from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case it will prevent any a from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case it will prevent any a from
+getting through so if if B was false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting through so if if B was false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting through so if if B was false
+there's a zero then there'll be a glider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a zero then there'll be a glider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a zero then there'll be a glider
+here and it will annihilate whatever was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it will annihilate whatever was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it will annihilate whatever was
+an A and so the end will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A and so the end will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A and so the end will be
+zero um on the other hand maybe both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um on the other hand maybe both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um on the other hand maybe both of
+them are zero then the glider will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are zero then the glider will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are zero then the glider will just
+go up here to the eater and disappear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up here to the eater and disappear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up here to the eater and disappear so
+that's also fine um and if a is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also fine um and if a is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also fine um and if a is zero
+then um there'll be nothing over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um there'll be nothing over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um there'll be nothing over there
+obviously uh and if they're both one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously uh and if they're both one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously uh and if they're both one
+then uh a will get through because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh a will get through because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh a will get through because there
+will be no uh B will prevent the gun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be no uh B will prevent the gun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be no uh B will prevent the gun
+here from getting there so A and B have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from getting there so A and B have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from getting there so A and B have
+to be sort of offset in time because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sort of offset in time because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sort of offset in time because it
+takes a little bit longer for the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a little bit longer for the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a little bit longer for the signal
+to get here but you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get here but you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get here but you get the
+end um and similarly for the ore uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end um and similarly for the ore uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end um and similarly for the ore uh if
+you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um
+we want to send up a gun here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to send up a gun here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to send up a gun here and then
+it's essentially getting negated on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially getting negated on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially getting negated on the
+right so for there to be an output in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for there to be an output in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for there to be an output in
+the ore there must be nothing here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ore there must be nothing here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ore there must be nothing here and
+so for and for a glider to be blocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for and for a glider to be blocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for and for a glider to be blocked
+either a blocks it or B blocks it and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a blocks it or B blocks it and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a blocks it or B blocks it and so
+then the output is the or of A and B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the output is the or of A and B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the output is the or of A and B and
+because everything here is horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything here is horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything here is horizontal
+we're not mixing up uh ands and or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not mixing up uh ands and or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not mixing up uh ands and or uh
+we're not negating anything it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not negating anything it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not negating anything it's
+actually annoying it'd be better if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually annoying it'd be better if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually annoying it'd be better if we
+had Anand and a nor or Anand or aor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had Anand and a nor or Anand or aor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had Anand and a nor or Anand or aor
+because then we'd be done um so we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then we'd be done um so we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then we'd be done um so we still
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+negation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation um
+and uh yeah question if you go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh yeah question if you go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh yeah question if you go back to
+the previous Slide m um you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous Slide m um you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous Slide m um you are going to
+have this A and B output there as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this A and B output there as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this A and B output there as well
+that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to
+terminate on the in the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate on the in the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate on the in the right hand
+diagram right right sorry so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram right right sorry so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram right right sorry so there
+should also be an eater here uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also be an eater here uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also be an eater here uh because
+this this is not fully occupied good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is not fully occupied good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is not fully occupied good but
+because this is fully occupied we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is fully occupied we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is fully occupied we don't
+need eater there because this is fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need eater there because this is fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need eater there because this is fully
+occupied we don't need eater here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied we don't need eater here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied we don't need eater here you
+could put them in for good measure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put them in for good measure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put them in for good measure but
+uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay
+cool so uh before I show you the uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so uh before I show you the uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so uh before I show you the uh next
+Gadget I need a another fun tool called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget I need a another fun tool called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget I need a another fun tool called
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+kickback so this is a a somewhat weirder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kickback so this is a a somewhat weirder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kickback so this is a a somewhat weirder
+offset between two gliders so one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset between two gliders so one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset between two gliders so one's
+coming in this way the other's coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in this way the other's coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in this way the other's coming in
+this way and stuff happens and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and stuff happens and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and stuff happens and then this
+glider is goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider is goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider is goes
+backwards returns along its original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards returns along its original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards returns along its original
+spot so this is really cool it means if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot so this is really cool it means if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot so this is really cool it means if
+you're sending a glider if you can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sending a glider if you can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sending a glider if you can kind
+of head it off at the pass with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of head it off at the pass with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of head it off at the pass with the
+perpendicular glider you can cause that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular glider you can cause that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular glider you can cause that
+glider to come back the way it was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider to come back the way it was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider to come back the way it was going
+which I think exactly the same offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think exactly the same offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think exactly the same offset
+even um so this is useful for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even um so this is useful for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even um so this is useful for a lot of
+things um in particular it lets us build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um in particular it lets us build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um in particular it lets us build
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+crossover uh so the idea with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover uh so the idea with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover uh so the idea with a
+crossover is instead of every uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover is instead of every uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover is instead of every uh you
+know glider produces uh sorry a glider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know glider produces uh sorry a glider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know glider produces uh sorry a glider
+gun produces gliders at a certain rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun produces gliders at a certain rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun produces gliders at a certain rate
+call that rate one um when it's so dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that rate one um when it's so dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that rate one um when it's so dense
+if you cross two streams uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you cross two streams uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you cross two streams uh you're
+guaranteed collisions and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed collisions and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed collisions and something
+unintentional will happen but if I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintentional will happen but if I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintentional will happen but if I could
+just thin out the Stream So that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thin out the Stream So that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thin out the Stream So that every
+10th position is a glider um and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th position is a glider um and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th position is a glider um and then we
+only look at the bits uh you know modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only look at the bits uh you know modulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only look at the bits uh you know modulo
+10 then there'll be no problem to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 then there'll be no problem to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 then there'll be no problem to do
+Crossings you just have to set up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings you just have to set up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings you just have to set up the
+parody so that there's a the Gap happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody so that there's a the Gap happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody so that there's a the Gap happens
+whenever the other guy happens and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever the other guy happens and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever the other guy happens and vice
+versa so they will never collide with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa so they will never collide with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa so they will never collide with
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+other even if it's all ones so uh here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other even if it's all ones so uh here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other even if it's all ones so uh here's
+how you thin out a stream um we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you thin out a stream um we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you thin out a stream um we have a
+single glider here which is just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single glider here which is just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single glider here which is just going
+to be kicked back and forth uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kicked back and forth uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kicked back and forth uh just
+hanging out and on the other hand we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging out and on the other hand we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging out and on the other hand we
+have uh these guns G1 G2 G3 so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh these guns G1 G2 G3 so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh these guns G1 G2 G3 so this is
+going to replace a single gun um so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to replace a single gun um so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to replace a single gun um so what
+ha these are the this is the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha these are the this is the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha these are the this is the notation
+for the kickback me mechanism so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the kickback me mechanism so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the kickback me mechanism so when
+the mostly these guys are just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mostly these guys are just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mostly these guys are just going to
+shoot off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot off
+um but uh they're set up so that if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh they're set up so that if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh they're set up so that if this
+glider comes here he gets kicked back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider comes here he gets kicked back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider comes here he gets kicked back
+okay and also we lose one glider here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and also we lose one glider here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and also we lose one glider here
+but they going to eat it all up anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they going to eat it all up anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they going to eat it all up anyway
+so it doesn't matter um and same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't matter um and same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't matter um and same thing
+over here so uh this guy is mostly ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so uh this guy is mostly ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so uh this guy is mostly ones
+but every once in a while this glider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every once in a while this glider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every once in a while this glider
+will come in and get kicked back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come in and get kicked back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come in and get kicked back and
+consume one of the gliders down this G2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume one of the gliders down this G2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume one of the gliders down this G2
+Stream So there'll be a couple holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stream So there'll be a couple holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stream So there'll be a couple holes
+here and then if you basically negate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then if you basically negate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then if you basically negate
+that Stream So you send another glider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Stream So you send another glider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Stream So you send another glider
+gun through here then only every once in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun through here then only every once in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun through here then only every once in
+a while will you have a glider and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while will you have a glider and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while will you have a glider and by
+controlling this width you can control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling this width you can control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling this width you can control
+the the rate and I think uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rate and I think uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rate and I think uh in this
+proof you just need all of them the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof you just need all of them the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof you just need all of them the same
+rate sufficiently large to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate sufficiently large to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate sufficiently large to allow
+crossovers okay cool um so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossovers okay cool um so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossovers okay cool um so that's
+thinning and crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinning and crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinning and crossover
+um yeah are the glider gun constructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah are the glider gun constructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah are the glider gun constructions
+that we know about or at least that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know about or at least that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know about or at least that we
+known about at the time constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known about at the time constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known about at the time constrained
+enough that you can't just set the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you can't just set the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you can't just set the rate
+of fire from the gun construction use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fire from the gun construction use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fire from the gun construction use
+um there's a gun for every period P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a gun for every period P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a gun for every period P
+greater than or equal to 14 oh cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to 14 oh cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to 14 oh cool
+according to Wikipedia Wikipedia must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true I'll put make a weak claim the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I'll put make a weak claim the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I'll put make a weak claim the the
+extent to which I know glider guns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent to which I know glider guns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent to which I know glider guns are
+not like easily variable constructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like easily variable constructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like easily variable constructions
+they're kind of magical and they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of magical and they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of magical and they just
+work there are probably many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work there are probably many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work there are probably many different
+glider guns each with a different rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider guns each with a different rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider guns each with a different rate
+but I don't think there's a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't think there's a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't think there's a general
+purpose glider gun with an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose glider gun with an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose glider gun with an arbitrary
+rate now there might be one by now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now there might be one by now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now there might be one by now that
+has a large enough rate or a slow enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a large enough rate or a slow enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a large enough rate or a slow enough
+rate that we're okay um but I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that we're okay um but I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that we're okay um but I don't know
+so this at least guarantees yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this at least guarantees yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this at least guarantees yeah that
+you can do it it's a little bit messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it it's a little bit messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it it's a little bit messy
+but maybe there's a simpler one life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe there's a simpler one life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe there's a simpler one life is
+still actively studied so there uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still actively studied so there uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still actively studied so there uh there
+are many more guns than there were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many more guns than there were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many more guns than there were in
+the early ' 80s um so I think I won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early ' 80s um so I think I won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early ' 80s um so I think I won't go
+through this Construction in detail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this Construction in detail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this Construction in detail but
+uh using ores and some Kickbacks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using ores and some Kickbacks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using ores and some Kickbacks and
+some crazy ideas with guns you can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some crazy ideas with guns you can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some crazy ideas with guns you can build
+a split and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a split and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a split and a
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+okay in particular we're using this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in particular we're using this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in particular we're using this idea
+of rate limiting so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rate limiting so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rate limiting so there's a lot of
+zeros here this is whatever 10 spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros here this is whatever 10 spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros here this is whatever 10 spots
+there's only one every 10 spots um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one every 10 spots um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one every 10 spots um and
+yeah there's there's two cases depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's there's two cases depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's there's two cases depending
+on whether a is there or not and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether a is there or not and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether a is there or not and by
+oring it together with something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oring it together with something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oring it together with something and
+then having all these chain reactions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having all these chain reactions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having all these chain reactions we
+end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with
+a um copy of a here and a negated copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um copy of a here and a negated copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um copy of a here and a negated copy
+of a here with with different offsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a here with with different offsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a here with with different offsets
+yeah sorry so for not isn't there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry so for not isn't there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry so for not isn't there the
+super easy Gadget of a gun and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super easy Gadget of a gun and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super easy Gadget of a gun and then you
+know a gets sorry the gun gets through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a gets sorry the gun gets through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a gets sorry the gun gets through
+if a is not there uh so that that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is not there uh so that that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is not there uh so that that's what
+we had for the turn Gadget but it always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had for the turn Gadget but it always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had for the turn Gadget but it always
+turns the signal and that's bad that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns the signal and that's bad that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns the signal and that's bad that's
+bad because it means if you want if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad because it means if you want if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad because it means if you want if you
+think of your gadgets having inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of your gadgets having inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of your gadgets having inputs
+horizontally then uh you need to negate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally then uh you need to negate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally then uh you need to negate
+and still be horizontal so this negates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still be horizontal so this negates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still be horizontal so this negates
+and still is horizontal in in their in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still is horizontal in in their in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still is horizontal in in their in
+their write up they actually called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their write up they actually called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their write up they actually called a
+turn a KN Gadget but I think that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a KN Gadget but I think that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a KN Gadget but I think that's not
+it's not a knot I mean it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a knot I mean it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a knot I mean it depends on
+your perspective but you definitely need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your perspective but you definitely need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your perspective but you definitely need
+a a direction preserving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a direction preserving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a direction preserving
+knot okay um so that's cool and at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot okay um so that's cool and at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot okay um so that's cool and at this
+point they say just uh give this to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they say just uh give this to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they say just uh give this to the
+engineers and they'll build a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and they'll build a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and they'll build a computer
+uh once you have and or not uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once you have and or not uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once you have and or not uh you can
+build binary logic so you can do circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build binary logic so you can do circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build binary logic so you can do circuit
+set style things and uh you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set style things and uh you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set style things and uh you can actually
+build uh you can make re-entrance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build uh you can make re-entrance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build uh you can make re-entrance
+circuits and so you can compute on stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits and so you can compute on stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits and so you can compute on stuff
+and build a turning machine uh with of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build a turning machine uh with of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build a turning machine uh with of
+finite size or any machine of finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite size or any machine of finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite size or any machine of finite
+size bounded size so that that's enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size bounded size so that that's enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size bounded size so that that's enough
+to prove P Bas hardness but if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove P Bas hardness but if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove P Bas hardness but if you want
+to prove undecidability you need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove undecidability you need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove undecidability you need some
+way to grow out to Infinity um and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to grow out to Infinity um and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to grow out to Infinity um and their
+idea is to have a small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is to have a small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is to have a small number of
+registers two are enough this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh a Minsky machine is a two counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a Minsky machine is a two counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a Minsky machine is a two counter
+version and Minsky proved that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and Minsky proved that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and Minsky proved that uh you
+can build you can simulate a turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build you can simulate a turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build you can simulate a turning
+machine with two counters what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine with two counters what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine with two counters what's a
+counter uh it stores a non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter uh it stores a non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter uh it stores a non- negative
+integer and you have three operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and you have three operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and you have three operations
+increment decrement and check whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment decrement and check whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment decrement and check whether
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+zero so it's a little crazy but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's a little crazy but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's a little crazy but that's
+enough to simulate um an entire turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to simulate um an entire turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to simulate um an entire turning
+machine uh with infinite tape so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh with infinite tape so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh with infinite tape so uh the
+rough idea is to store a bit onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough idea is to store a bit onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough idea is to store a bit onto the
+tape you double it and possibly add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape you double it and possibly add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape you double it and possibly add one
+and if you want to you know remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to you know remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to you know remove
+something from uh from the stack then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from uh from the stack then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from uh from the stack then
+you divide by two uh so with with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by two uh so with with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by two uh so with with four
+registers you can use this this one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers you can use this this one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers you can use this this one to
+represent one t one stack and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent one t one stack and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent one t one stack and this one
+to represent the other stack dot dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent the other stack dot dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent the other stack dot dot dot
+that's not not too hard um so how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not not too hard um so how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not not too hard um so how we
+going to represent an arbitrary non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to represent an arbitrary non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to represent an arbitrary non-
+negative integer we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative integer we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative integer we're going to have a
+little 2x two box uh this is drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little 2x two box uh this is drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little 2x two box uh this is drawn
+diagonally U somewhere along this Ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonally U somewhere along this Ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonally U somewhere along this Ray
+and then we're going to we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to we're going to
+be able to increment or decrement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to increment or decrement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to increment or decrement the
+Box by sending a wave of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box by sending a wave of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box by sending a wave of
+gliders uh using these constructions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders uh using these constructions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders uh using these constructions so
+uh sorry this these are actually uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry this these are actually uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry this these are actually uh the
+next slide will have the constructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide will have the constructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide will have the constructions
+for incrementing uh here actually is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for incrementing uh here actually is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for incrementing uh here actually is a
+glider that's going to test whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider that's going to test whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider that's going to test whether this
+guy is currently zero and he happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is currently zero and he happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is currently zero and he happens to
+be um and so here's how you test I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um and so here's how you test I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um and so here's how you test I mean
+you just send a glider through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just send a glider through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just send a glider through the
+box um and this is there may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box um and this is there may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box um and this is there may be a
+cleaner test this one is a destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner test this one is a destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner test this one is a destructive
+test it destroys the box but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it destroys the box but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it destroys the box but in
+particular it destroys the glider so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it destroys the glider so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it destroys the glider so
+then you can have a gate on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can have a gate on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can have a gate on this side
+that says well if I didn't get a glider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says well if I didn't get a glider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says well if I didn't get a glider
+uh then I know that I'm actually zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then I know that I'm actually zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then I know that I'm actually zero
+and I can feed that back into my logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can feed that back into my logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can feed that back into my logic
+circuit um if I do get a glider then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit um if I do get a glider then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit um if I do get a glider then I
+know this was empty so that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this was empty so that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this was empty so that's pretty
+easy uh the only catch is then you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh the only catch is then you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh the only catch is then you've
+destroyed the box so you have to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed the box so you have to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed the box so you have to create
+a new box and you can do that by sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new box and you can do that by sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new box and you can do that by sending
+two gliders with a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gliders with a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gliders with a slightly different
+offset this looks like the same as all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset this looks like the same as all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset this looks like the same as all
+the others but in this one you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others but in this one you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others but in this one you end up
+with a box at the end so if you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a box at the end so if you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a box at the end so if you send
+like another one here and another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like another one here and another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like another one here and another one
+time just right here uh you'll recreate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just right here uh you'll recreate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just right here uh you'll recreate
+the box after you've discovered that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box after you've discovered that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box after you've discovered that it
+was there so that's cool um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there so that's cool um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there so that's cool um and then
+this is a swarm I think it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a swarm I think it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a swarm I think it's actually
+drawn somewhat accurately to push uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn somewhat accurately to push uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn somewhat accurately to push uh
+this block forward um by by one uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block forward um by by one uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block forward um by by one uh I
+think it's this this stream so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's this this stream so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's this this stream so there are
+two constructions here one is uh a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two constructions here one is uh a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two constructions here one is uh a wave
+of gliders that pulls a back a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gliders that pulls a back a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gliders that pulls a back a block
+back by three another one pushes it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back by three another one pushes it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back by three another one pushes it for
+forward by one together you can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward by one together you can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward by one together you can use this
+to increment and decrement by one um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increment and decrement by one um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increment and decrement by one um so
+I mean lots of details to check here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean lots of details to check here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean lots of details to check here
+this one is uh a little bit cleaner we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is uh a little bit cleaner we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is uh a little bit cleaner we
+have one glider here second glider here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one glider here second glider here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one glider here second glider here
+and it ends up moving it goes in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it ends up moving it goes in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it ends up moving it goes in this
+order and then back and we end up moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and then back and we end up moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and then back and we end up moving
+the Box up to here back three spaces um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Box up to here back three spaces um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Box up to here back three spaces um
+I assume these are found by trial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I assume these are found by trial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I assume these are found by trial and
+error um and then to push a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error um and then to push a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error um and then to push a block
+forward one this is pretty crazy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward one this is pretty crazy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward one this is pretty crazy uh
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yeah second wave of five gliders where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah second wave of five gliders where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah second wave of five gliders where's
+the first wave turning the block into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first wave turning the block into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first wave turning the block into a
+honey farm that's right turning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honey farm that's right turning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honey farm that's right turning the
+block into a honey farm which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block into a honey farm which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block into a honey farm which is this
+particular still life pattern anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular still life pattern anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular still life pattern anyway
+um dot dot dot you check the results it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dot dot dot you check the results it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dot dot dot you check the results it
+works it's actually a lot of fun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it's actually a lot of fun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it's actually a lot of fun to
+implement these in a life simulator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement these in a life simulator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement these in a life simulator and
+check that it works but um for now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that it works but um for now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that it works but um for now I'm
+showing you the the ancient diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the the ancient diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the the ancient diagrams
+handdrawn diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handdrawn diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handdrawn diagrams
+okay uh so uh there's a a catch with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so uh there's a a catch with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so uh there's a a catch with
+this um in that in order to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um in that in order to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um in that in order to generate
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+gliders uh in this very specific pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders uh in this very specific pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders uh in this very specific pattern
+currently the only way we have of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently the only way we have of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently the only way we have of making
+glider guns originally is sorry making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider guns originally is sorry making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider guns originally is sorry making
+gliders is with a glider gun glider guns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders is with a glider gun glider guns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders is with a glider gun glider guns
+are large objects and you can't put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are large objects and you can't put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are large objects and you can't put them
+right next to each other um and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to each other um and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to each other um and even
+worse if you have a glider gun it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse if you have a glider gun it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse if you have a glider gun it's
+spitting out gliders in the middle of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spitting out gliders in the middle of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spitting out gliders in the middle of it
+you can't put a glider gun like shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't put a glider gun like shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't put a glider gun like shifted
+over a little bit even if you slide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a little bit even if you slide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a little bit even if you slide it
+this way or that way um if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way or that way um if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way or that way um if you want to
+produce two streams very close to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce two streams very close to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce two streams very close to each
+other one of them will go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one of them will go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one of them will go through the
+other glider gun and destroy the glider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other glider gun and destroy the glider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other glider gun and destroy the glider
+gun so um we can actually build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun so um we can actually build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun so um we can actually build this
+kind of pattern with glider guns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pattern with glider guns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pattern with glider guns
+ultimately uh but there's this trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately uh but there's this trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately uh but there's this trick
+using Kickbacks to get a glider to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Kickbacks to get a glider to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Kickbacks to get a glider to go
+out far away from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out far away from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out far away from any
+guns and this is to so here's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guns and this is to so here's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guns and this is to so here's your
+original gun um and this one has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original gun um and this one has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original gun um and this one has some
+some some holes in it so you can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some holes in it so you can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some holes in it so you can get a
+glider through here and then get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider through here and then get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider through here and then get this
+glider to bounce back and forth uh until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider to bounce back and forth uh until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider to bounce back and forth uh until
+you have the the right timing or um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the the right timing or um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the the right timing or um then
+this glider will escape through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this glider will escape through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this glider will escape through this
+little Gap um and then you've the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Gap um and then you've the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Gap um and then you've the result
+is you send a glider basically offset to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you send a glider basically offset to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you send a glider basically offset to
+the right from this gun so using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right from this gun so using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right from this gun so using that
+you can have a bunch of glider guns sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a bunch of glider guns sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a bunch of glider guns sort
+of around where you need it get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of around where you need it get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of around where you need it get all the
+gliders to come up and you know now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders to come up and you know now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders to come up and you know now
+you're very narrow you can have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very narrow you can have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very narrow you can have two
+gliders right next to each other without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders right next to each other without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders right next to each other without
+any trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any trouble
+so you do a bunch of these constructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do a bunch of these constructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do a bunch of these constructions
+at various Heights and then you can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at various Heights and then you can so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at various Heights and then you can so
+this is their picture of two glider guns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is their picture of two glider guns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is their picture of two glider guns
+one shooting a glider through the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one shooting a glider through the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one shooting a glider through the other
+that's bad so instead we'll put this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bad so instead we'll put this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bad so instead we'll put this um
+put these away from it and send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these away from it and send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these away from it and send the
+gliders offset to to be like that using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders offset to to be like that using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders offset to to be like that using
+two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these
+constructions okay so now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions okay so now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions okay so now we can
+increment and decrement and test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment and decrement and test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment and decrement and test for
+zero um with this a similar trick we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um with this a similar trick we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um with this a similar trick we can
+um do some fun stuff in sending gliders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do some fun stuff in sending gliders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do some fun stuff in sending gliders
+forward and backward um so this is cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and backward um so this is cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and backward um so this is cool
+remember I said that you could send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I said that you could send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I said that you could send a
+glider and cause it to come back using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider and cause it to come back using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider and cause it to come back using
+the kickback but uh so normally if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kickback but uh so normally if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kickback but uh so normally if you
+want to send a glider and have it come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to send a glider and have it come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to send a glider and have it come
+back you need another glider to be shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you need another glider to be shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you need another glider to be shot
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+way so that's okay in some cases but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that's okay in some cases but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that's okay in some cases but
+here's a cool construction where all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a cool construction where all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a cool construction where all the
+gliders are way down here and still I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders are way down here and still I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders are way down here and still I
+can make the glider go up and then come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make the glider go up and then come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make the glider go up and then come
+back at some desired time and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at some desired time and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at some desired time and it's the
+same kind of idea use this construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of idea use this construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of idea use this construction
+to make this glider go back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this glider go back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this glider go back and forth
+spend lots of time and then eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend lots of time and then eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend lots of time and then eventually
+hit this guy at just the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit this guy at just the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit this guy at just the right
+orientation to send it back and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation to send it back and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation to send it back and if
+you're if you had some more stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you had some more stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you had some more stuff you
+can actually get it to go back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get it to go back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get it to go back and forth
+many times and come over farther to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times and come over farther to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times and come over farther to the
+right um why do I care about this uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um why do I care about this uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um why do I care about this uh for
+self-destruction so the idea is if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-destruction so the idea is if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-destruction so the idea is if the
+turning machine says yes if it stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning machine says yes if it stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning machine says yes if it stops
+then you want the entire thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want the entire thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want the entire thing to
+collapse to nothing uh and so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse to nothing uh and so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse to nothing uh and so when you
+get to this magical State you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this magical State you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this magical State you're going
+to send out a whole bunch of gliders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send out a whole bunch of gliders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send out a whole bunch of gliders and
+then turn them around using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then turn them around using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then turn them around using the
+mechanism I just showed the boomerang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism I just showed the boomerang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism I just showed the boomerang
+and get them to hit every Gadget in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get them to hit every Gadget in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get them to hit every Gadget in the
+construction at exactly the right offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction at exactly the right offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction at exactly the right offset
+to make them disappear this is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them disappear this is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them disappear this is how you
+kill an eater from going from slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill an eater from going from slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill an eater from going from slightly
+wrong orientation uh this is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong orientation uh this is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong orientation uh this is how you
+destroy a gun uh ends up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy a gun uh ends up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy a gun uh ends up with
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+uh oh and sorry this is a gun this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh and sorry this is a gun this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh and sorry this is a gun this is a
+how you destroy a square we already saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you destroy a square we already saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you destroy a square we already saw
+that um so all of that infrastructure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so all of that infrastructure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so all of that infrastructure of
+being able to precisely Place gliders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to precisely Place gliders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to precisely Place gliders
+exactly where you need them lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where you need them lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where you need them lots of
+details to check but um you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details to check but um you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details to check but um you should be
+able to get them all come out and come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get them all come out and come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get them all come out and come
+back and they all you always hit them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and they all you always hit them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and they all you always hit them on
+the uh backside of the gun so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh backside of the gun so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh backside of the gun so I think
+first you kill all the guns so they stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you kill all the guns so they stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you kill all the guns so they stop
+generating gliders you let the gliders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating gliders you let the gliders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating gliders you let the gliders
+get eaten by eaters and then you go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get eaten by eaters and then you go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get eaten by eaters and then you go out
+and destroy all the eaters and squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and destroy all the eaters and squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and destroy all the eaters and squares
+and so on so pretty epic but in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so pretty epic but in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so pretty epic but in the end
+we get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get uh
+undecidability of life in a infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidability of life in a infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidability of life in a infinite
+board so uh zero players is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so uh zero players is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so uh zero players is more
+interesting than you might expect um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting than you might expect um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting than you might expect um
+this is certainly one of the more epic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is certainly one of the more epic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is certainly one of the more epic
+proofs in that direction um next thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs in that direction um next thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs in that direction um next thing I
+want to tell you about is zero player uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you about is zero player uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you about is zero player uh
+constraint logic this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint logic this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint logic this is called
+deterministic constraint logic as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic constraint logic as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic constraint logic as
+opposed to non-deterministic constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to non-deterministic constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to non-deterministic constraint
+logic which we talked about last time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic which we talked about last time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic which we talked about last time so
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+me Define it for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in deterministic constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in deterministic constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in deterministic constraint
+logic um we have a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic um we have a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic um we have a little bit more
+State uh before it's just uh the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State uh before it's just uh the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State uh before it's just uh the in the
+state of a machine is just uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of a machine is just uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of a machine is just uh the
+orientations of all the edges now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations of all the edges now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations of all the edges now we're
+also going to have it's a little hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to have it's a little hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to have it's a little hard to
+see on this projector but there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on this projector but there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on this projector but there are some
+uh highlighted edges which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh highlighted edges which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh highlighted edges which are
+active um so I'll describe what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active um so I'll describe what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active um so I'll describe what they are
+in a moment so even if you can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment so even if you can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment so even if you can't see
+them they are there um active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they are there um active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they are there um active
+intuitively well actually literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively well actually literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively well actually literally
+means that you just flipped the edge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you just flipped the edge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you just flipped the edge in
+the previous step so in deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous step so in deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous step so in deterministic
+constraint logic we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint logic we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint logic we're going to be
+flipping multiple edges at once in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping multiple edges at once in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping multiple edges at once in one
+round and in the next round those edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round and in the next round those edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round and in the next round those edges
+are all called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all called
+active um and the rest are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active um and the rest are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active um and the rest are
+inactive okay now that's for edges we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive okay now that's for edges we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive okay now that's for edges we're
+going to define a Vertex to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+active basically if that reversal did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active basically if that reversal did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active basically if that reversal did
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+useful so if it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so if it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so if it's uh
+active incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges have total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weight greater than equal to two so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight greater than equal to two so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight greater than equal to two so if
+the just flipped edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the just flipped edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the just flipped edges
+sort of satisfy that vertex possibly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of satisfy that vertex possibly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of satisfy that vertex possibly in
+a new way then we call the vertex active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new way then we call the vertex active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new way then we call the vertex active
+it's been activated by what just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been activated by what just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been activated by what just got
+flipped and then here's what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped and then here's what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped and then here's what we're going
+to do in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+round we are going to reverse inactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges pointing
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reverse active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse active
+edges pointing to inactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then uh these reversed edges are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh these reversed edges are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh these reversed edges are the
+new active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges okay uh so let's look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges okay uh so let's look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges okay uh so let's look at an
+example so here's a little Gadget where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so here's a little Gadget where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so here's a little Gadget where
+actually going to use this gadget in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to use this gadget in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to use this gadget in
+proving uh P spas completeness of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving uh P spas completeness of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving uh P spas completeness of this
+model and initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and initially
+just this Edge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this Edge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this Edge is
+active and uh so if we think about if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active and uh so if we think about if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active and uh so if we think about if
+that's all that happens now there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that happens now there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that happens now there's some
+inputs and outputs here um if that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and outputs here um if that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and outputs here um if that's all
+that happens this Edge is active it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens this Edge is active it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens this Edge is active it
+alone does not satisfy this vertex so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone does not satisfy this vertex so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone does not satisfy this vertex so
+this vertex is inactive and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex is inactive and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex is inactive and in the
+inactive case we are if the vertex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive case we are if the vertex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive case we are if the vertex is
+inactive we're supposed to reverse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive we're supposed to reverse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive we're supposed to reverse the
+active Edge this is basically bouncing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active Edge this is basically bouncing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active Edge this is basically bouncing
+back if you try to satisfy a Vertex you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if you try to satisfy a Vertex you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if you try to satisfy a Vertex you
+didn't satisfy it you just undo what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't satisfy it you just undo what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't satisfy it you just undo what you
+did you're going to reverse the edge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you're going to reverse the edge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you're going to reverse the edge so
+what's going to happen here is this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen here is this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen here is this guy
+will just flip back and forth first he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just flip back and forth first he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just flip back and forth first he's
+going to go this way says oh I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go this way says oh I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go this way says oh I didn't
+satisfy this one so I'll reverse this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this one so I'll reverse this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this one so I'll reverse this
+Edge now it points into here still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge now it points into here still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge now it points into here still
+doesn't satisfy that vertex it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't satisfy that vertex it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't satisfy that vertex it's
+inactive so this guy will just flip back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive so this guy will just flip back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive so this guy will just flip back
+and forth forever until uh here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth forever until uh here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth forever until uh here we're
+drawing the picture where a reverses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the picture where a reverses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the picture where a reverses so
+because of some Gadget below it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of some Gadget below it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of some Gadget below it um
+suppose a reverses at the same time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a reverses at the same time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a reverses at the same time this
+one was reversing so now this Edge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was reversing so now this Edge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was reversing so now this Edge is
+active and this Edge is active still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active and this Edge is active still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active and this Edge is active still
+this guy didn't satisfy what he wants so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy didn't satisfy what he wants so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy didn't satisfy what he wants so
+he's going to reverse again in The Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to reverse again in The Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to reverse again in The Next
+Step uh but this guy did satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step uh but this guy did satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step uh but this guy did satisfy the
+vertex because he has weight two so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex because he has weight two so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex because he has weight two so now
+uh it's it alone satisfies this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it alone satisfies this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it alone satisfies this
+vertex so now both of these are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex so now both of these are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex so now both of these are going to
+reverse this is sort of the forward case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse this is sort of the forward case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse this is sort of the forward case
+if we have an active Edge satisfying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have an active Edge satisfying uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have an active Edge satisfying uh
+so now this vertex is active uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this vertex is active uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this vertex is active uh we're
+going to reverse these inactive edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reverse these inactive edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reverse these inactive edges
+which point to the active ver vertex so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which point to the active ver vertex so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which point to the active ver vertex so
+we end up flipping those now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up flipping those now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up flipping those now they're
+pointing out of the vertex this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out of the vertex this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out of the vertex this one
+remains pointing in it's no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains pointing in it's no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains pointing in it's no longer
+active because we didn't just flip it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active because we didn't just flip it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active because we didn't just flip it so
+we propagate from this being active to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we propagate from this being active to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we propagate from this being active to
+these two being active this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two being active this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two being active this is a
+splitter right we have the signal and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter right we have the signal and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter right we have the signal and we
+split it into two parts so it's acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it into two parts so it's acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it into two parts so it's acting
+like the splitter that we know and love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the splitter that we know and love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the splitter that we know and love
+from last lecture okay meanwhile this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last lecture okay meanwhile this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last lecture okay meanwhile this
+guy just reversed again so uh but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy just reversed again so uh but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy just reversed again so uh but now
+these two are simultaneously here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are simultaneously here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are simultaneously here so
+they together those two active edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they together those two active edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they together those two active edges
+satisfy the vertex so this vertex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the vertex so this vertex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the vertex so this vertex is
+active which will flip that edge up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active which will flip that edge up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active which will flip that edge up
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+um yes uh I should say this vertex is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes uh I should say this vertex is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes uh I should say this vertex is a
+little bit weird you can think of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit weird you can think of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit weird you can think of there
+being a red to blue conversion here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a red to blue conversion here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a red to blue conversion here uh
+this guy only has a desired weight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy only has a desired weight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy only has a desired weight of
+one um um this is basically a red Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um um this is basically a red Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um um this is basically a red Edge
+but it's subdivided to fix the timing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's subdivided to fix the timing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's subdivided to fix the timing so
+we'll see how to get rid of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how to get rid of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how to get rid of that
+subdivision U but you can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision U but you can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision U but you can think of this
+as a red to blue and there's two blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a red to blue and there's two blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a red to blue and there's two blue
+edges here um but this one this one Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges here um but this one this one Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges here um but this one this one Edge
+will actually satisfy this vertex and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually satisfy this vertex and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually satisfy this vertex and so
+then this guy flips in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this guy flips in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this guy flips in the next
+stage um and then it's just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage um and then it's just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage um and then it's just going to
+hang out here flipping back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang out here flipping back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang out here flipping back and forth
+along this path uh and meanwhile this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this path uh and meanwhile this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this path uh and meanwhile this
+will go off and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go off and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go off and do
+something um until it comes back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um until it comes back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um until it comes back and
+reverses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverses the
+edge uh and I should say at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge uh and I should say at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge uh and I should say at this point
+that uh because there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh because there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh because there are a lot of
+timing issues here we're going to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing issues here we're going to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing issues here we're going to set up
+all the gadgets so that they only get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the gadgets so that they only get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the gadgets so that they only get an
+input Edge reverse first uh at times uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input Edge reverse first uh at times uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input Edge reverse first uh at times uh
+divisible by four so this one happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by four so this one happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by four so this one happened
+at Time Zero um and then this one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Time Zero um and then this one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Time Zero um and then this one will
+know will happen at a certain uh parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know will happen at a certain uh parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know will happen at a certain uh parity
+relative to four and so we know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to four and so we know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to four and so we know when
+this guy uh has gotten flipped this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy uh has gotten flipped this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy uh has gotten flipped this one
+will also have just been flipped uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also have just been flipped uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also have just been flipped uh and
+then okay and then uh stuff happens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay and then uh stuff happens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay and then uh stuff happens and
+then this Edge ends up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this Edge ends up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this Edge ends up getting
+reversed uh and then more stuff happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed uh and then more stuff happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed uh and then more stuff happens
+then this Edge gets reversed again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this Edge gets reversed again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this Edge gets reversed again and
+and then uh the a gets reversed again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh the a gets reversed again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh the a gets reversed again so
+this gadget has sort of three Cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gadget has sort of three Cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gadget has sort of three Cycles
+when you reverse a uh first B will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you reverse a uh first B will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you reverse a uh first B will
+reverse then C will reverse then B will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse then C will reverse then B will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse then C will reverse then B will
+reverse then a will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse then a will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse then a will
+reverse uh it's a little bit Overkill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse uh it's a little bit Overkill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse uh it's a little bit Overkill
+but we're going to use this to check two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to use this to check two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to use this to check two
+options we're just going to check one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options we're just going to check one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options we're just going to check one of
+them twice because that's what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them twice because that's what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them twice because that's what we can
+build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+easily okay so uh now we want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily okay so uh now we want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily okay so uh now we want to prove
+PE based completeness of this model uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PE based completeness of this model uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PE based completeness of this model uh
+the decision question is again can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision question is again can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision question is again can I
+does a particular Edge ever get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a particular Edge ever get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a particular Edge ever get
+reversed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed um
+and so we're going to reduce in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to reduce in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to reduce in the same
+usual way from Quantified CNF Set uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual way from Quantified CNF Set uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual way from Quantified CNF Set uh we
+have our blocks which represent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our blocks which represent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our blocks which represent uh
+quantifiers they're going to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers they're going to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers they're going to produce
+variable settings we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable settings we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable settings we're going to have
+some CNF logic and then in the end this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some CNF logic and then in the end this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some CNF logic and then in the end this
+is actually not quite accurate we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not quite accurate we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not quite accurate we're
+going to get some satisfied signal which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get some satisfied signal which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get some satisfied signal which
+gets piped into these guys um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets piped into these guys um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets piped into these guys um so the
+first thing that has to change are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that has to change are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that has to change are the
+quantifier Gadgets in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier Gadgets in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier Gadgets in particular the
+existential quantifier needs to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existential quantifier needs to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existential quantifier needs to change
+because uh before it was um we let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh before it was um we let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh before it was um we let the
+player decide whether to choose X or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player decide whether to choose X or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player decide whether to choose X or
+xbar um so in this case we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xbar um so in this case we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xbar um so in this case we're going to
+use the gadget you just saw the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the gadget you just saw the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the gadget you just saw the little
+wheel um which will try X being false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel um which will try X being false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel um which will try X being false
+then it will try X being true then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will try X being true then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will try X being true then it
+will try X being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try X being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try X being
+false um and all we need is that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false um and all we need is that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false um and all we need is that one of
+them is true so if at any point this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is true so if at any point this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is true so if at any point this
+formula is satisfied we'll just output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is satisfied we'll just output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is satisfied we'll just output
+that formula satisfied we have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula satisfied we have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula satisfied we have four
+edges here uh because everything needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges here uh because everything needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges here uh because everything needs
+to work module of 4 in timing um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work module of 4 in timing um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work module of 4 in timing um so
+there's a little bit more going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit more going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit more going on here
+uh which I will get into in a moment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which I will get into in a moment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which I will get into in a moment on
+the other hand Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand Universal
+quantifier is similar I think I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier is similar I think I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier is similar I think I will
+leave it at that there's this generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it at that there's this generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it at that there's this generator
+to try all the options um this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try all the options um this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try all the options um this is going
+to act in some sense like the one bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to act in some sense like the one bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to act in some sense like the one bit of
+memory the latch that we had before uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory the latch that we had before uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory the latch that we had before uh
+so it's it's similar but I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's similar but I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's similar but I think the
+details are not worth getting into if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details are not worth getting into if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details are not worth getting into if
+you look at the appendix of games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the appendix of games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the appendix of games
+puzzles computation you'll see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles computation you'll see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles computation you'll see an
+explicit execution of this thing I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit execution of this thing I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit execution of this thing I mean
+you just it's like life you just run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just it's like life you just run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just it's like life you just run it
+through and see if it works and it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and see if it works and it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and see if it works and it does
+um so what's going on up here is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what's going on up here is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what's going on up here is that uh
+when we set xar to be false we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we set xar to be false we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we set xar to be false we're going
+to flip this Edge and uh we're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flip this Edge and uh we're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flip this Edge and uh we're basically
+telling this circuit hey X is false and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling this circuit hey X is false and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling this circuit hey X is false and
+then at some point it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at some point it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at some point it's going to
+acknowledge and say okay I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge and say okay I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge and say okay I I I
+understand that X is false um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that X is false um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that X is false um
+so but that's going to be on a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but that's going to be on a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but that's going to be on a different
+channel so uh let me illustrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel so uh let me illustrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel so uh let me illustrate the
+issue so this is how we used to uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue so this is how we used to uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue so this is how we used to uh do
+CNF logic uh we did um ANS of ORS using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNF logic uh we did um ANS of ORS using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNF logic uh we did um ANS of ORS using
+or vertices and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vertices and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vertices and and
+vertices um and that was cool if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices um and that was cool if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices um and that was cool if we had
+a signal for what was true and what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signal for what was true and what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signal for what was true and what was
+false we could throw away signals we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false we could throw away signals we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false we could throw away signals we
+didn't need um then this would propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need um then this would propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need um then this would propagate
+and produce a true answer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produce a true answer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produce a true answer uh
+non-deterministically it would but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically it would but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically it would but
+deterministically there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically there's a lot of
+timing issues here everything has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing issues here everything has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing issues here everything has to
+arrive at the inputs exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at the inputs exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at the inputs exactly the same
+time and and will only work if this Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and and will only work if this Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and and will only work if this Edge
+and this Edge simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this Edge simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this Edge simultaneously
+reverse so okay maybe you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse so okay maybe you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse so okay maybe you could
+subdivide enough edges to fix the timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivide enough edges to fix the timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivide enough edges to fix the timing
+issue but it's worse than that um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue but it's worse than that um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue but it's worse than that um if
+you're if you're doing an and of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're doing an and of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're doing an and of two
+things and you discover that the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you discover that the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you discover that the answer
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+false then all bets are off so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false then all bets are off so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false then all bets are off so uh
+normally that would be okay because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally that would be okay because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally that would be okay because we
+can always undo what we did but we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always undo what we did but we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always undo what we did but we need
+to guarantee that the deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guarantee that the deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guarantee that the deterministic
+constraint machine will exactly undo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint machine will exactly undo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint machine will exactly undo
+what it was supposed to do um so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was supposed to do um so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was supposed to do um so it's an
+issue that if one of these comes in true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that if one of these comes in true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that if one of these comes in true
+the other is false this one will bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is false this one will bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is false this one will bounce
+back and then you know chaos will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and then you know chaos will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and then you know chaos will happen
+we'll end up getting uh edges just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll end up getting uh edges just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll end up getting uh edges just
+randomly reversing at at annoying times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly reversing at at annoying times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly reversing at at annoying times
+so uh that seems messy and so instead we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that seems messy and so instead we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that seems messy and so instead we
+build this much safer version uh called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this much safer version uh called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this much safer version uh called
+and prime or prime and uh split Prime I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prime or prime and uh split Prime I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prime or prime and uh split Prime I
+guess should be a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess should be a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess should be a prime
+there uh where we don't just each Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh where we don't just each Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh where we don't just each Edge
+is rep each input is represented by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rep each input is represented by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rep each input is represented by two
+things first the signal and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first the signal and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first the signal and then the
+acknowledgement uh and so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement uh and so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement uh and so there's some
+details to check here the or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details to check here the or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details to check here the or is
+particularly messy but we're um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly messy but we're um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly messy but we're um these
+are deterministic constraint logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are deterministic constraint logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are deterministic constraint logic
+machines you see this gadget yet again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines you see this gadget yet again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines you see this gadget yet again
+uh to try various things um but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to try various things um but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to try various things um but in this
+case if the if input one comes at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if the if input one comes at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if the if input one comes at some
+time before input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time before input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time before input
+two then it will uh essentially so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then it will uh essentially so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then it will uh essentially so this
+comes up uh the signal gets split out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up uh the signal gets split out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up uh the signal gets split out
+here and so we send off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so we send off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so we send off the
+acknowledgement and uh then this Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement and uh then this Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement and uh then this Edge
+will I think just be uh flipping back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I think just be uh flipping back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I think just be uh flipping back
+and forth so it's basically holding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth so it's basically holding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth so it's basically holding the
+input for a while and later the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input for a while and later the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input for a while and later the second
+input could come in and it will trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input could come in and it will trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input could come in and it will trigger
+this to happen and also trigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to happen and also trigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to happen and also trigger the
+output and also trigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and also trigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and also trigger the
+acknowledgement because it does all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement because it does all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement because it does all the
+things um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um so that
+is roughly how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly how that
+works um so I think the details are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works um so I think the details are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works um so I think the details are not
+worth uh spending more time on this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth uh spending more time on this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth uh spending more time on this is
+the the final thing when you have after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the final thing when you have after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the final thing when you have after
+you have all the CNF logic come out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all the CNF logic come out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all the CNF logic come out um
+then you uh this is how you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you uh this is how you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you uh this is how you end up
+sending it to satisfy satisfied out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending it to satisfy satisfied out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending it to satisfy satisfied out to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh to the quantifiers which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the quantifiers which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the quantifiers which are
+here so it's a bit messy uh but the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's a bit messy uh but the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's a bit messy uh but the main
+point is that this works and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that this works and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that this works and so
+hopefully we can use uh deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we can use uh deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we can use uh deterministic
+constraint logic to prove lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint logic to prove lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint logic to prove lots of
+interesting zero player games are hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting zero player games are hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting zero player games are hard
+we don't know very many interesting zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know very many interesting zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know very many interesting zero
+player games so uh please help in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player games so uh please help in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player games so uh please help in
+finding them um there's one detail I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding them um there's one detail I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding them um there's one detail I'd
+like to get rid of though uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to get rid of though uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to get rid of though uh these
+degree 2 vertices it would be nicer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 2 vertices it would be nicer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 2 vertices it would be nicer to
+avoid those um so this is a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid those um so this is a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid those um so this is a bunch of
+reductions to get rid of degree 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions to get rid of degree 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions to get rid of degree 2
+vertices um and keep things mod four so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices um and keep things mod four so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices um and keep things mod four so
+we're going to take every Edge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take every Edge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take every Edge and
+subdivide it into a path of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivide it into a path of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivide it into a path of length
+four uh because then then if we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four uh because then then if we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four uh because then then if we have two
+red uh edges in the original graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh edges in the original graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh edges in the original graph
+together um instead of replacing it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um instead of replacing it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um instead of replacing it by
+two red Paths of length four we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two red Paths of length four we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two red Paths of length four we're going
+to replace it by um two paths here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replace it by um two paths here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replace it by um two paths here uh
+with the first and last Edge being red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first and last Edge being red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first and last Edge being red
+but everything else being blue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everything else being blue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everything else being blue the
+motivation for that is now uh we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for that is now uh we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for that is now uh we just
+have blue blue edges and red blue edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have blue blue edges and red blue edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have blue blue edges and red blue edges
+no red Reds and to get a blue blue we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no red Reds and to get a blue blue we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no red Reds and to get a blue blue we
+just add on a thing like this that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add on a thing like this that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add on a thing like this that's
+forced to be out and this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to be out and this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to be out and this will be
+satisfied if and only if one of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied if and only if one of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied if and only if one of these is
+in so we've done that kind of trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so we've done that kind of trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so we've done that kind of trick
+before um and red blue edges we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um and red blue edges we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um and red blue edges we've
+explicitly done before so we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly done before so we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly done before so we know how to
+deal with those and so we do all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with those and so we do all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with those and so we do all the
+subdivision in order to get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision in order to get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision in order to get rid of the
+red Reds also where these guys have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red Reds also where these guys have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red Reds also where these guys have a
+smaller weight constraint just one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller weight constraint just one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller weight constraint just one of
+them has to be in so um now we have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has to be in so um now we have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has to be in so um now we have no
+degree two vertices uh the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree two vertices uh the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree two vertices uh the other thing
+is we have a non-plan graph it' be nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have a non-plan graph it' be nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have a non-plan graph it' be nice
+to get rid of the crossings you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of the crossings you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of the crossings you still
+the timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing
+issue uh this should preserve the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue uh this should preserve the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue uh this should preserve the fact
+that everything happens uh at time zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything happens uh at time zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything happens uh at time zero
+mod four so we'll slow everything down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod four so we'll slow everything down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod four so we'll slow everything down
+by a factor four but uh shouldn't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor four but uh shouldn't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor four but uh shouldn't be a
+timing issue and because these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing issue and because these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing issue and because these things
+are rigid they they don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rigid they they don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rigid they they don't have any
+timing okay uh so next we get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing okay uh so next we get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing okay uh so next we get rid of
+Crossings this actually is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings this actually is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings this actually is a little
+easier for once um this was how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for once um this was how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for once um this was how we
+implemented a red red red red vertex in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented a red red red red vertex in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented a red red red red vertex in
+the crossover gadget for NCL but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crossover gadget for NCL but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crossover gadget for NCL but here
+it's actually enough as a crossover uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually enough as a crossover uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually enough as a crossover uh
+because we have the luxury of timing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have the luxury of timing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have the luxury of timing in
+some sense we can uh there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense we can uh there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense we can uh there are a lot of
+things that could have happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that could have happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that could have happened
+nondeterministically that just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nondeterministically that just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nondeterministically that just can't
+happen deterministically uh so does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen deterministically uh so does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen deterministically uh so does it
+work here I gave a I pasted in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work here I gave a I pasted in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work here I gave a I pasted in the
+figure you run it through and you check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure you run it through and you check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure you run it through and you check
+that it works in both cases they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it works in both cases they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it works in both cases they don't
+activate at the same time than it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate at the same time than it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate at the same time than it works
+activated at the same time I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated at the same time I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated at the same time I don't know
+what would happen but we can offset all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen but we can offset all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen but we can offset all
+the timing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing so
+there no collisions and boom we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no collisions and boom we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no collisions and boom we get
+crossovers so the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossovers so the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossovers so the conclusion
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um deterministic constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um deterministic constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um deterministic constraint
+logic is p space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complete for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or
+graphs I think I actually want to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs I think I actually want to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs I think I actually want to also
+say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um
+split so normally we think of and and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split so normally we think of and and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split so normally we think of and and or
+as the same thing uh but it is helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the same thing uh but it is helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the same thing uh but it is helpful
+to uh distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them based on their initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them based on their initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them based on their initial
+orientations um so an and would probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations um so an and would probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations um so an and would probably
+be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+because you want to activate this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to activate this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to activate this and
+you can only do that if both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only do that if both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only do that if both of these
+have been activated and so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been activated and so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been activated and so these are
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+output for split this is the input so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output for split this is the input so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output for split this is the input so
+it's initially not active and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's initially not active and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's initially not active and then it
+would look something like that so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look something like that so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look something like that so if you
+want to distinguish between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to distinguish between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to distinguish between these two
+vertex sorry should be the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex sorry should be the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex sorry should be the other
+way if you want to distinguish what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you want to distinguish what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you want to distinguish what the
+initial orientations are then uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial orientations are then uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial orientations are then uh you
+also need to list split here so up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to list split here so up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to list split here so up to
+you whether you feel like doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether you feel like doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether you feel like doing
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh that's all I want to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh that's all I want to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh that's all I want to say about
+zero player games any questions what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero player games any questions what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero player games any questions what
+should happen in the end everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should happen in the end everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should happen in the end everything is
+uh in the end if you satisfy the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the end if you satisfy the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the end if you satisfy the whole
+formula then you will get uh here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula then you will get uh here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula then you will get uh here this
+Edge will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge will
+reverse and so the decision question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse and so the decision question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse and so the decision question is
+does this Edge reverse and either it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this Edge reverse and either it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this Edge reverse and either it
+will or it won't in both cases I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will or it won't in both cases I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will or it won't in both cases I think
+the behavior is periodic because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior is periodic because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior is periodic because it's a
+finite thing um but yeah um so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite thing um but yeah um so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite thing um but yeah um so there
+were two decision problems for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two decision problems for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two decision problems for
+non-deterministic constraint logic one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic constraint logic one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic constraint logic one
+of them was um Can You Reach This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them was um Can You Reach This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them was um Can You Reach This
+configuration and one of them is can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and one of them is can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and one of them is can put
+this Edge do you know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge do you know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge do you know anything
+about yes um I think okay if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yes um I think okay if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yes um I think okay if you want to
+solve configuration to configuration for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve configuration to configuration for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve configuration to configuration for
+DCL I think you can add a little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DCL I think you can add a little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DCL I think you can add a little uh
+basically add some red edges here so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically add some red edges here so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically add some red edges here so if
+this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+activates uh you need to do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates uh you need to do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates uh you need to do a little bit
+more of a con instuction here but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a con instuction here but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a con instuction here but I want
+to uh basically get an edge to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh basically get an edge to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh basically get an edge to start
+flipping over here whereas before it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping over here whereas before it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping over here whereas before it was
+not flipping I think you can get an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not flipping I think you can get an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not flipping I think you can get an edge
+flipping and then everything inverts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping and then everything inverts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping and then everything inverts and
+then you will be in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will be in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will be in the original
+configuration except this guy will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration except this guy will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration except this guy will be
+flipping and if you set your parody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping and if you set your parody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping and if you set your parody
+right then it'll be flipped in a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then it'll be flipped in a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then it'll be flipped in a state
+uh where everything else is in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where everything else is in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where everything else is in its
+original state so pretty sure I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original state so pretty sure I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original state so pretty sure I forget
+whether that's in the book but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's in the book but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's in the book but I think
+uh configuration to configuration also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh configuration to configuration also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh configuration to configuration also a
+p space complete for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p space complete for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p space complete for
+DCL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DCL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DCL
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+so let's move on to multiplayer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's move on to multiplayer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's move on to multiplayer
+games uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first I'd like to reduce to the two-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I'd like to reduce to the two-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I'd like to reduce to the two-
+player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player
+case um so there's a big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um so there's a big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um so there's a big difference
+between one and two players but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and two players but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and two players but there's
+not so big a difference between two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so big a difference between two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so big a difference between two and
+three and four and five and six players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four and five and six players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four and five and six players
+uh at least the usual decision problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least the usual decision problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least the usual decision problem
+is um does the first player having have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um does the first player having have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um does the first player having have
+a winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strategy can the first player win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy can the first player win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy can the first player win
+basically sometimes it's called a forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sometimes it's called a forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sometimes it's called a forced
+win player forces a win um if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win player forces a win um if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win player forces a win um if you think
+of it this way then and all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it this way then and all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it this way then and all the other
+players are free agents then the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are free agents then the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are free agents then the worst
+case is when they all collude to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is when they all collude to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is when they all collude to try to
+make you not win that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you not win that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you not win that would be the
+opposite of a forced win if if it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of a forced win if if it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of a forced win if if it's uh
+not possible for you to force a win that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not possible for you to force a win that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not possible for you to force a win that
+means the players can somehow work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the players can somehow work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the players can somehow work
+together in order to prevent you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in order to prevent you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in order to prevent you from
+winning so in that sense they are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning so in that sense they are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning so in that sense they are all
+essentially one player you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially one player you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially one player you can think of
+them as one hive mind now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as one hive mind now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as one hive mind now in the
+mechanics of the game of course there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of the game of course there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of the game of course there
+are differences between two players and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are differences between two players and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are differences between two players and
+three players because there's may they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three players because there's may they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three players because there's may they
+have more power and some sense they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more power and some sense they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more power and some sense they can
+do three things for every time you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do three things for every time you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do three things for every time you do
+one thing but at some level that is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing but at some level that is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing but at some level that is just
+a two-player game again where you are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-player game again where you are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-player game again where you are uh
+relatively impoverished compared to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively impoverished compared to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively impoverished compared to your
+opponent so asymmetric but still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent so asymmetric but still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent so asymmetric but still a
+two-player game from a standpoint so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-player game from a standpoint so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-player game from a standpoint so we
+just need to think about two player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to think about two player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to think about two player
+games and their complexity um later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and their complexity um later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and their complexity um later
+we'll add some variations that make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll add some variations that make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll add some variations that make this
+not true but in a perfect information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true but in a perfect information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true but in a perfect information
+deterministic game this is true this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic game this is true this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic game this is true this
+reduction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is
+true so uh for two players we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so uh for two players we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so uh for two players we're going
+to have uh at least for the duration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh at least for the duration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh at least for the duration of
+this lecture the two players will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture the two players will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture the two players will be
+called white and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called white and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called white and
+black um in winning ways for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black um in winning ways for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black um in winning ways for example
+they're called they're called red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called they're called red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called they're called red and
+blue uh but this is problematic cuz we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue uh but this is problematic cuz we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue uh but this is problematic cuz we
+have red and blue edges already and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have red and blue edges already and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have red and blue edges already and I
+want red white edges and blue black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want red white edges and blue black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want red white edges and blue black
+edges and so on um so the players will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and so on um so the players will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and so on um so the players will
+be white and black as in chess Checkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be white and black as in chess Checkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be white and black as in chess Checkers
+uh not Checkers go whatever uh but color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not Checkers go whatever uh but color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not Checkers go whatever uh but color
+renaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renaming
+right okay um and I'm going to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay um and I'm going to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay um and I'm going to focus
+today on games that have a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on games that have a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on games that have a polinomial
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moves in any execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um which places the problem uh into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which places the problem uh into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which places the problem uh into
+pspace so again we're going to aim for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pspace so again we're going to aim for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pspace so again we're going to aim for
+PE space completeness um it's PE space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PE space completeness um it's PE space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PE space completeness um it's PE space
+because you can think of this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can think of this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can think of this question
+as being equivalent to do I have a move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being equivalent to do I have a move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being equivalent to do I have a move
+such that no matter how the opponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that no matter how the opponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that no matter how the opponent
+responds to that move so every move for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to that move so every move for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to that move so every move for
+the opponent which I will call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opponent which I will call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opponent which I will call
+response uh I have another move such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response uh I have another move such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response uh I have another move such
+that matter what the opponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter what the opponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter what the opponent
+does uh dot dot dot through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh dot dot dot through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh dot dot dot through the
+polinomial number of moves if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial number of moves if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial number of moves if there's
+only polom many moves then uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only polom many moves then uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only polom many moves then uh there's
+only a polinomial number of quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a polinomial number of quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a polinomial number of quantifiers
+here and then in the formula I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then in the formula I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then in the formula I'm going
+to write uh whatever the rules of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write uh whatever the rules of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write uh whatever the rules of the
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+are uh and then end it together with I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh and then end it together with I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh and then end it together with I
+win so there's some uh so I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win so there's some uh so I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win so there's some uh so I think you
+believe almost all games you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe almost all games you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe almost all games you can write
+as some uh Boolean for formula to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some uh Boolean for formula to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some uh Boolean for formula to do
+that uh some polinomial size bulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh some polinomial size bulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh some polinomial size bulum
+formula saying at each step you satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula saying at each step you satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula saying at each step you satisfy
+uh what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you
+need uh and so this is a qap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and
+therefore any two-player game where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore any two-player game where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore any two-player game where you
+can write moves and responses succinctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write moves and responses succinctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write moves and responses succinctly
+that have polinomial number moves uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have polinomial number moves uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have polinomial number moves uh is
+in pspace because you can reduce it to Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pspace because you can reduce it to Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pspace because you can reduce it to Q
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+okay so that's why ppace is the class we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's why ppace is the class we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's why ppace is the class we
+care about for polom bounded games uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about for polom bounded games uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about for polom bounded games uh so
+now we want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to prove
+hardness um and first I want to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness um and first I want to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness um and first I want to give you
+some hard problems in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hard problems in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hard problems in this
+setting starting with uh sat style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+games uh this is from another paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games uh this is from another paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games uh this is from another paper by
+Schaefer uh same guy who did Schaefer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schaefer uh same guy who did Schaefer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schaefer uh same guy who did Schaefer um
+that theorem um he also did some nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theorem um he also did some nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theorem um he also did some nice
+stuff on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on
+games so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games so
+um first game is just uh your favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first game is just uh your favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first game is just uh your favorite
+flavor of qat um you can think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of qat um you can think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of qat um you can think of it as
+a game so in because qat is exactly of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game so in because qat is exactly of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game so in because qat is exactly of
+this form you can think of the game as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form you can think of the game as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form you can think of the game as
+uh in in your first move you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in your first move you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in your first move you're going to
+choose this variable in your second move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this variable in your second move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this variable in your second move
+the opponent is going to choose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opponent is going to choose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opponent is going to choose this
+variable in the third move you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in the third move you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in the third move you choose
+use this variable and so on because play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this variable and so on because play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this variable and so on because play
+alternates you are following exactly an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternates you are following exactly an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternates you are following exactly an
+alternating quantifier kind of thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating quantifier kind of thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating quantifier kind of thing uh
+and the goal of player one is to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goal of player one is to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goal of player one is to satisfy
+this formula the goal of player two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula the goal of player two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula the goal of player two is
+to have it not satisfied in the end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have it not satisfied in the end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have it not satisfied in the end and
+so player one will win if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so player one will win if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so player one will win if and only if
+this formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula is
+true so uh in the game you think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so uh in the game you think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so uh in the game you think of it
+as their sequence of variables X1 X2 X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as their sequence of variables X1 X2 X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as their sequence of variables X1 X2 X3
+play alternates between assigning XI and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play alternates between assigning XI and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play alternates between assigning XI and
+x i +1 uh player one's always assigning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i +1 uh player one's always assigning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i +1 uh player one's always assigning
+the odd variables player two is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odd variables player two is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odd variables player two is always
+assigning the even variables and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning the even variables and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning the even variables and then if
+the formula is satisfied uh then player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula is satisfied uh then player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula is satisfied uh then player
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+wins okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins okay
+um so this is what you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is what you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is what you might
+call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the game version of a satisfiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the game version of a satisfiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the game version of a satisfiable
+formula is that uh player one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins
+if and only if the formula is satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if the formula is satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if the formula is satisfied
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end okay but there's some other goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay but there's some other goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay but there's some other goal
+conditions you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you might
+consider uh that schaer defines one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh that schaer defines one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh that schaer defines one is
+called seek um which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called seek um which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called seek um which is the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+player to satisfy the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins and
+um so what this means is if if so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what this means is if if so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what this means is if if so in
+general uh if you're choosing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh if you're choosing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh if you're choosing some
+variables you have a set of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you have a set of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you have a set of variables
+some of them have been assigned Z or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them have been assigned Z or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them have been assigned Z or one
+some of them haven't been assigned yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them haven't been assigned yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them haven't been assigned yet
+so when I say satisfy here I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I say satisfy here I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I say satisfy here I mean that
+unassigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are
+zero so if if you you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if if you you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if if you you think of
+everything is initially zero seek uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is initially zero seek uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is initially zero seek uh
+whoever satisfies the Formula First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever satisfies the Formula First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever satisfies the Formula First
+wins um then the opposite version is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins um then the opposite version is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins um then the opposite version is
+AVID so the first person to satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVID so the first person to satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVID so the first person to satisfy the
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+loses so the formula starts false and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses so the formula starts false and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses so the formula starts false and
+then like uh starts false yeah and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like uh starts false yeah and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like uh starts false yeah and the
+first person to set it to True loses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person to set it to True loses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person to set it to True loses the
+game other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game other person
+wins okay so those are some rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins okay so those are some rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins okay so those are some rule
+variations of the goal State now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations of the goal State now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations of the goal State now let me
+tell you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so other than qat we're going to have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so other than qat we're going to have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so other than qat we're going to have uh
+two types of moves uh one is impartial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of moves uh one is impartial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of moves uh one is impartial
+moves impartial means that both players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves impartial means that both players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves impartial means that both players
+have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same
+moves um so an impartial move is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves um so an impartial move is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves um so an impartial move is going
+to be whoever's playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be whoever's playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be whoever's playing
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+sets an unassigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets an unassigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets an unassigned
+variable so in all of these games you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so in all of these games you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so in all of these games you
+can only assign a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only assign a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only assign a variable
+once uh if you can assign it multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once uh if you can assign it multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once uh if you can assign it multiple
+times then you're no longer polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times then you're no longer polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times then you're no longer polom
+bounded and you get X time completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded and you get X time completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded and you get X time completeness
+okay but in for the polinom the bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in for the polinom the bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in for the polinom the bounded
+games we're going to Define uh each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games we're going to Define uh each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games we're going to Define uh each
+variable can only be assigned once in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable can only be assigned once in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable can only be assigned once in
+the partial game any player can assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial game any player can assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial game any player can assign
+any variable that's not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any variable that's not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any variable that's not yet
+assigned okay so whereas in qat you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned okay so whereas in qat you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned okay so whereas in qat you had
+a fixed uh ordering first X1 then X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed uh ordering first X1 then X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed uh ordering first X1 then X2
+then X3 uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then X3 uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then X3 uh in
+impartial game version of sat uh players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impartial game version of sat uh players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impartial game version of sat uh players
+can play uh any they set take turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play uh any they set take turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play uh any they set take turns
+setting variables any one they want it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting variables any one they want it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting variables any one they want it's
+not yet assigned and in the end if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet assigned and in the end if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet assigned and in the end if the
+formula is satisfied player one wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is satisfied player one wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is satisfied player one wins
+that would be impartial game but I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be impartial game but I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be impartial game but I can
+also do impartial seek impartial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do impartial seek impartial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do impartial seek impartial
+void okay and then by the way I made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+void okay and then by the way I made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+void okay and then by the way I made up
+these names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these names
+so they don't match uh what schaer calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't match uh what schaer calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't match uh what schaer calls
+them uh but these are more modern these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh but these are more modern these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh but these are more modern these
+terms are in winning ways for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are in winning ways for example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are in winning ways for example uh
+seek and avoid he used but the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek and avoid he used but the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek and avoid he used but the other
+ones I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I made
+up okay uh partisan version is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay uh partisan version is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay uh partisan version is that
+there are white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are white
+variables and there are black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and there are black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and there are black
+variables and the white player can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the white player can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the white player can only
+set white variables black player um can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set white variables black player um can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set white variables black player um can
+only set black variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only set black variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only set black variables
+there's 50% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 50% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 50% of
+each uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each uh and
+so uh they have they have balance at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh they have they have balance at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh they have they have balance at the
+at if you play all the way to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if you play all the way to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if you play all the way to the end
+like in the game version um then uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the game version um then uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the game version um then uh you
+know it's it's it's okay to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's it's it's okay to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's it's it's okay to have the
+white player play any unsatisfied white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white player play any unsatisfied white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white player play any unsatisfied white
+variable and set it to true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and set it to true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and set it to true or
+false okay I think that defines all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false okay I think that defines all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false okay I think that defines all the
+games that I want now let me tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that I want now let me tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that I want now let me tell you
+which combinations are P space complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which combinations are P space complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which combinations are P space complete
+um um there a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um there a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um there a bunch of
+them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so
+impartial in addition to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impartial in addition to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impartial in addition to this
+characterization there's also all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization there's also all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization there's also all of the
+different versions of sat that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions of sat that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions of sat that we know
+so we have impartial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have impartial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have impartial
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+positive uh 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive uh 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive uh 11
+sat so this is a version of CNF set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat so this is a version of CNF set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat so this is a version of CNF set
+instead of three set have 11 set there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of three set have 11 set there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of three set have 11 set there
+are no negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no negative
+literals and it's impartial so anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literals and it's impartial so anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literals and it's impartial so anyone
+can set any variable and it's the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set any variable and it's the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set any variable and it's the game
+version so player one wants to set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so player one wants to set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so player one wants to set it
+true player two wants the formula to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true player two wants the formula to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true player two wants the formula to be
+false that's pspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false that's pspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false that's pspace
+complete uh also if we do 11 dnf set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh also if we do 11 dnf set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh also if we do 11 dnf set so
+a dnf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dnf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dnf
+formula uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive uh this is also as hard I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive uh this is also as hard I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive uh this is also as hard I mean
+that essentially corresponds to flipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially corresponds to flipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially corresponds to flipping
+the outermost or flipping all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outermost or flipping all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outermost or flipping all the
+quantifiers so that doesn't make a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers so that doesn't make a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers so that doesn't make a big
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so this is cool because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is cool because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is cool because you know
+positive set is usually pretty easy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive set is usually pretty easy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive set is usually pretty easy but
+in the alter with all existential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the alter with all existential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the alter with all existential
+quantifiers with alternating quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers with alternating quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers with alternating quantifiers
+not so easy yeah is uh impartial gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so easy yeah is uh impartial gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so easy yeah is uh impartial gain
+positive 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive 10
+Set uh we don't know the exact cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh we don't know the exact cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh we don't know the exact cut off
+um there is a paper I think proving six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is a paper I think proving six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is a paper I think proving six
+is enough but the positive disappears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enough but the positive disappears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enough but the positive disappears
+so I think that's an open problem house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's an open problem house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's an open problem house
+how low you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go it's hard to do the usual kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go it's hard to do the usual kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go it's hard to do the usual kind of
+reductions from many occurrences to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions from many occurrences to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions from many occurrences to uh
+fewer because games are very sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer because games are very sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer because games are very sensitive
+about who's playing when timing and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about who's playing when timing and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about who's playing when timing and so
+on uh so next one is partisan game CNF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh so next one is partisan game CNF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh so next one is partisan game CNF
+set here we don't have positive and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set here we don't have positive and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set here we don't have positive and we
+don't have the bound 11 uh but we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the bound 11 uh but we change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the bound 11 uh but we change
+impartial to partisan that still is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impartial to partisan that still is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impartial to partisan that still is hard
+um and next we have a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and next we have a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and next we have a whole bunch of
+games that work both for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that work both for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that work both for
+impartial and uh partisan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moves uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves uh
+and okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid
+positive two dnf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive two dnf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive two dnf
+set we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set we have uh
+seek positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek positive
+three dnf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dnf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dnf
+set we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid
+positive CNF sat and we have seek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive CNF sat and we have seek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive CNF sat and we have seek
+positive CNF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Set uh so the main point is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh so the main point is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh so the main point is most
+combinations are hard for some version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations are hard for some version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations are hard for some version
+of sat and these are the tightest ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sat and these are the tightest ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sat and these are the tightest ones
+that schaer could show uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that schaer could show uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that schaer could show uh
+not doesn't necessarily mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doesn't necessarily mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doesn't necessarily mean that
+they're tight um and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're tight um and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're tight um and there's no
+dichotomy theorem here so we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy theorem here so we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy theorem here so we don't know
+exactly which problems are hard but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly which problems are hard but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly which problems are hard but this
+is a ton of games to start from and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ton of games to start from and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ton of games to start from and in
+particular we're going to use uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we're going to use uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we're going to use uh at
+least one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them okay let's maybe go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay uh a couple more problems which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh a couple more problems which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh a couple more problems which are
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+uh in the Schaefer paper one is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the Schaefer paper one is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the Schaefer paper one is called
+KES one is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geography uh KES is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography uh KES is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography uh KES is essentially the
+two-player version of independent set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-player version of independent set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-player version of independent set so
+they're couple of versions uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're couple of versions uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're couple of versions uh there's
+node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+KES
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KES
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KES
+and bipartite node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kales the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kales the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kales the traditional
+names um you can also think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names um you can also think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names um you can also think of this as
+impartial kales and this is uh partisan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impartial kales and this is uh partisan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impartial kales and this is uh partisan
+kales so here the moves are all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kales so here the moves are all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kales so here the moves are all the same
+the moves are here uh pick any vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moves are here uh pick any vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moves are here uh pick any vertex
+add to an independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to an independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to an independent
+set that's a move so players take turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that's a move so players take turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that's a move so players take turns
+adding at all times you must play uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding at all times you must play uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding at all times you must play uh you
+must add a vertex that keeps it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must add a vertex that keeps it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must add a vertex that keeps it an
+independent set so you're effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set so you're effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set so you're effectively
+removing all of its neighbors and itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing all of its neighbors and itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing all of its neighbors and itself
+last player to move wins if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last player to move wins if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last player to move wins if you can't
+move you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move you
+lose bipartite node KES uh you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose bipartite node KES uh you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose bipartite node KES uh you have a
+bipartite graph and one side you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph and one side you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph and one side you call
+white one side you call black a white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white one side you call black a white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white one side you call black a white
+player can only choose from the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player can only choose from the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player can only choose from the white
+side black player can only choose from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side black player can only choose from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side black player can only choose from
+the black side so these are both P space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black side so these are both P space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black side so these are both P space
+complete as well by reductions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete as well by reductions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete as well by reductions from
+these problems but I don't have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems but I don't have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems but I don't have those
+reductions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions with
+me okay uh so that's independent set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay uh so that's independent set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay uh so that's independent set
+geography is essentially a two-player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography is essentially a two-player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography is essentially a two-player
+version of longest path it's inspired by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of longest path it's inspired by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of longest path it's inspired by
+this uh real life game where one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh real life game where one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh real life game where one person
+names a city or a country or pick your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names a city or a country or pick your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names a city or a country or pick your
+favorite class of objects and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite class of objects and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite class of objects and then the
+other player must uh name a word whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other player must uh name a word whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other player must uh name a word whose
+first letter equals the last letter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first letter equals the last letter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first letter equals the last letter of
+the previous word so you're forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous word so you're forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous word so you're forming
+chains of words and you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains of words and you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains of words and you can think of
+that as just having a graph where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as just having a graph where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as just having a graph where
+vertices are the words the edges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are the words the edges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are the words the edges are
+valid moves between words do they share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid moves between words do they share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid moves between words do they share
+do they have some common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have some common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have some common
+property so uh in general you're given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so uh in general you're given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so uh in general you're given a
+directed graph and you're given a start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graph and you're given a start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graph and you're given a start
+node and uh you have a token at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and uh you have a token at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and uh you have a token at that
+start node and then each move you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start node and then each move you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start node and then each move you make
+uh a move in the game is to follow an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a move in the game is to follow an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a move in the game is to follow an
+edge to move the token along an edge uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge to move the token along an edge uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge to move the token along an edge uh
+but then there's some non-repetition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there's some non-repetition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there's some non-repetition
+condition so we have node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so we have node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so we have node
+geography where you're not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography where you're not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography where you're not allowed to
+repeat any notes that would be the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat any notes that would be the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat any notes that would be the usual
+longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again last player to move wins if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again last player to move wins if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again last player to move wins if
+you can't make a move you lose the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make a move you lose the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make a move you lose the game
+just like the real game uh and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the real game uh and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the real game uh and on the
+other hand we have Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geography which is more like an oian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+path longest Edge disjoint path so Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path longest Edge disjoint path so Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path longest Edge disjoint path so Edge
+geography you are not allowed to repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges and for each one you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and for each one you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and for each one you could think
+of a directed graph you have to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a directed graph you have to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a directed graph you have to follow
+directed edges or an undirected graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed edges or an undirected graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed edges or an undirected graph
+and here undirected no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here undirected no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here undirected no
+geography is in P directed no geography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography is in P directed no geography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography is in P directed no geography
+is ppace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complete and for Edge geography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete and for Edge geography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete and for Edge geography
+surprisingly both are pbace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complete so this is a useful problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so this is a useful problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so this is a useful problem
+I've seen a ton of Peace Bas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen a ton of Peace Bas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen a ton of Peace Bas
+completeness proofs based on geography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness proofs based on geography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness proofs based on geography
+it's kind of conceptually clean um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of conceptually clean um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of conceptually clean um and I
+will show you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you one
+now everyone play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now everyone play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now everyone play
+a reverse SE uh here's here's you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reverse SE uh here's here's you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reverse SE uh here's here's you have a
+in general you have these pieces which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general you have these pieces which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general you have these pieces which
+are black on one side white on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are black on one side white on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are black on one side white on the other
+um the black side is the one that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the black side is the one that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the black side is the one that you
+play if you're a black player um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play if you're a black player um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play if you're a black player um but
+then you can for example Place uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can for example Place uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can for example Place uh if you
+place a new Blackstone here given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place a new Blackstone here given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place a new Blackstone here given this
+configuration because there's a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration because there's a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration because there's a black
+string of whites and then a black here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of whites and then a black here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of whites and then a black here
+you end up flipping that one over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up flipping that one over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up flipping that one over uh
+because this is black and then a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is black and then a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is black and then a bunch
+of whites or black and then a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whites or black and then a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whites or black and then a space
+nothing else happens in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else happens in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else happens in this picture
+though uh when if you place this black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though uh when if you place this black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though uh when if you place this black
+thing this is black a bunch of whites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is black a bunch of whites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is black a bunch of whites
+then black black a bunch of whites black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then black black a bunch of whites black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then black black a bunch of whites black
+black bunch of whites black so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black bunch of whites black so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black bunch of whites black so all of
+those flip over and your goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those flip over and your goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those flip over and your goal is to
+maximize your color you want more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize your color you want more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize your color you want more more
+stones of your color than the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones of your color than the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones of your color than the the
+opponent's okay uh it's a cool game uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent's okay uh it's a cool game uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent's okay uh it's a cool game uh
+bounded number of moves polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded number of moves polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded number of moves polinomial
+number of moves because every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of moves because every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of moves because every time you
+add a new stone you've occupied one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a new stone you've occupied one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a new stone you've occupied one of
+the squares in the board and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squares in the board and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squares in the board and you'll
+never get that back okay so n byn board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get that back okay so n byn board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get that back okay so n byn board
+would be exactly n^2 minus 4 Moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be exactly n^2 minus 4 Moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be exactly n^2 minus 4 Moves
+because four is the original number uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because four is the original number uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because four is the original number uh
+so this is ppace complete given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is ppace complete given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is ppace complete given a
+particular configuration to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular configuration to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular configuration to decide
+whether black has a winning strategy say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether black has a winning strategy say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether black has a winning strategy say
+is ppace complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and most of the construction is in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of the construction is in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of the construction is in here
+this box is actually this picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box is actually this picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box is actually this picture and
+we're going to that's going to simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to that's going to simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to that's going to simulate
+geography uh but let me tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography uh but let me tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography uh but let me tell you about
+this other part so right now white has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other part so right now white has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other part so right now white has a
+huge amount of area this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of area this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of area this is actually
+really big so uh there ton I guess this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big so uh there ton I guess this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big so uh there ton I guess this
+is very thin so there's not much action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very thin so there's not much action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very thin so there's not much action
+here you've got a huge amount of white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you've got a huge amount of white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you've got a huge amount of white
+area so white will win unless black can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so white will win unless black can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so white will win unless black can
+take this part and what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this part and what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this part and what happens is
+there's there's a gap here and if black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a gap here and if black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a gap here and if black
+can play any of these spots now black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play any of these spots now black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play any of these spots now black
+will be able to play here if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to play here if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to play here if there's
+some Cor responding black thing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Cor responding black thing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Cor responding black thing over
+here so that's what these long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's what these long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's what these long
+horizontal channels will be um so if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal channels will be um so if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal channels will be um so if if
+black can play over here because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black can play over here because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black can play over here because there's
+a black stone and long white channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black stone and long white channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black stone and long white channels
+here uh then this will flip to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh then this will flip to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh then this will flip to
+Black and then in this picture is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black and then in this picture is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black and then in this picture is this
+so um if one of these uh Stones up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if one of these uh Stones up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if one of these uh Stones up here
+is now black that means you can play at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now black that means you can play at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now black that means you can play at
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+Alpha and if I play it position Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and if I play it position Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and if I play it position Alpha
+Black plays there then it get black all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black plays there then it get black all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black plays there then it get black all
+the way here uh White can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way here uh White can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way here uh White can't really
+respond much to that um and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond much to that um and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond much to that um and then in the
+next Black move black can go here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Black move black can go here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Black move black can go here and
+flip that one and then black can go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip that one and then black can go here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip that one and then black can go here
+in the corner Corners are very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corner Corners are very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corner Corners are very important
+in a fellow so once you take this corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fellow so once you take this corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fellow so once you take this corner
+and flip all of these things to be black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flip all of these things to be black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flip all of these things to be black
+then I can play here here here here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can play here here here here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can play here here here here here
+here here and take all of these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and take all of these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and take all of these and
+because this is The Edge white won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is The Edge white won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is The Edge white won't be
+able to take anything back okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to take anything back okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to take anything back okay so
+that's the threat each of these lines is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the threat each of these lines is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the threat each of these lines is
+going to be a threat that if if uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a threat that if if uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a threat that if if uh if
+any of these become black over here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these become black over here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these become black over here uh
+White has to turn them back to White
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White has to turn them back to White
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White has to turn them back to White
+otherwise in the very next move black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise in the very next move black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise in the very next move black
+will win the game okay this is uh a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will win the game okay this is uh a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will win the game okay this is uh a lot
+of two-player game proofs have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two-player game proofs have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two-player game proofs have this
+constant notion of threat one player is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant notion of threat one player is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant notion of threat one player is
+basically just slogging through trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just slogging through trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just slogging through trying
+to put out fires and the other player is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put out fires and the other player is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put out fires and the other player is
+constantly causing fires in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly causing fires in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly causing fires in order to
+force the other player to do what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the other player to do what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the other player to do what they
+want so it almost reduces to a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so it almost reduces to a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so it almost reduces to a one
+player game but there's still some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player game but there's still some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player game but there's still some
+choices involved so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well these are not terribly exciting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these are not terribly exciting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these are not terribly exciting but
+let me show you the the typical setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you the the typical setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you the the typical setup
+this is just a turn Gadget or could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a turn Gadget or could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a turn Gadget or could be a
+degree 2 vertex I should mention we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 2 vertex I should mention we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 2 vertex I should mention we're
+reducing from directed node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing from directed node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing from directed node
+geography where um this is directed node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography where um this is directed node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography where um this is directed node
+geography uh also Max degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 uh so that means you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 uh so that means you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 uh so that means you might have a
+degree 2 vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 2 vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 2 vertex
+uh or you might have a degree 3 vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you might have a degree 3 vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you might have a degree 3 vertex
+there are two types of degree 3 directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two types of degree 3 directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two types of degree 3 directed
+vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices
+uh merging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh merging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh merging and
+branching okay so we need gadgets for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching okay so we need gadgets for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching okay so we need gadgets for
+each of these uh also by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partite bipartite is useful because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partite bipartite is useful because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partite bipartite is useful because uh
+in geography you're always moving along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in geography you're always moving along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in geography you're always moving along
+an edge which means you'll always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge which means you'll always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge which means you'll always be
+jumping from the left side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping from the left side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping from the left side of the
+bipartition to the right side so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartition to the right side so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartition to the right side so you can
+color the edges black and white and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the edges black and white and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the edges black and white and
+black p only play in the black side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black p only play in the black side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black p only play in the black side and
+white player will only play on the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white player will only play on the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white player will only play on the white
+side so this is good you can predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so this is good you can predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so this is good you can predict
+who's going to be playing in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to be playing in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to be playing in each
+Gadget so in a degree two Gadget it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget so in a degree two Gadget it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget so in a degree two Gadget it
+works something like this if white has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works something like this if white has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works something like this if white has
+played here that will be because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played here that will be because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played here that will be because of the
+uh the other Gadget this is the trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other Gadget this is the trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other Gadget this is the trigger
+then now this is black a bunch of whites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now this is black a bunch of whites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now this is black a bunch of whites
+and now black can play here reversing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now black can play here reversing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now black can play here reversing
+all of these this is a threat line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these this is a threat line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these this is a threat line and
+there's now a black Square which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's now a black Square which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's now a black Square which means
+white must immediately play here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white must immediately play here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white must immediately play here in
+order to reverse all of those stones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to reverse all of those stones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to reverse all of those stones
+back to White
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to White
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to White
+but now this is a white stone uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now this is a white stone uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now this is a white stone uh which
+lets this thing trigger so now black can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets this thing trigger so now black can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets this thing trigger so now black can
+play at the end of this thing Etc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play at the end of this thing Etc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play at the end of this thing Etc so
+this just propagates a signal does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just propagates a signal does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just propagates a signal does a
+turn it's a degree to vertex whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it's a degree to vertex whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it's a degree to vertex whatever
+all those things and this is a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things and this is a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things and this is a slightly
+different version for a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different version for a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different version for a different
+orientation because these things have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation because these things have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation because these things have to
+go to the left this looks a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the left this looks a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the left this looks a little
+different okay more interesting are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay more interesting are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay more interesting are the
+degree 3 vertices uh this is the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 3 vertices uh this is the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 3 vertices uh this is the type
+where I have two incoming edges one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I have two incoming edges one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I have two incoming edges one
+outgoing key thing here is we we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing key thing here is we we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing key thing here is we we need to
+check that we do not visit this vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that we do not visit this vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that we do not visit this vertex
+more than once if we came in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than once if we came in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than once if we came in here and
+then came in again we want something bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then came in again we want something bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then came in again we want something bad
+to happen now what should happen bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen now what should happen bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen now what should happen bad
+depends on whether it was the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on whether it was the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on whether it was the white
+player moving or the black player moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player moving or the black player moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player moving or the black player moving
+if it was the white player moving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was the white player moving and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was the white player moving and
+they double visit that means white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they double visit that means white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they double visit that means white
+should lose if it was the black player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should lose if it was the black player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should lose if it was the black player
+moving and they double visit should it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and they double visit should it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and they double visit should it
+means black should lose because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means black should lose because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means black should lose because of the
+the bipar tiess we know which Gadget to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bipar tiess we know which Gadget to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bipar tiess we know which Gadget to
+use this will be they're almost the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this will be they're almost the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this will be they're almost the same
+Gadget just uh these two dots have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget just uh these two dots have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget just uh these two dots have been
+added so uh something like if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added so uh something like if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added so uh something like if this
+activates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates
+and it's symmetric let's but let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's symmetric let's but let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's symmetric let's but let's say
+that this one activates by white playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this one activates by white playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this one activates by white playing
+here then black can play here flip all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then black can play here flip all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then black can play here flip all
+of those which has this threat line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those which has this threat line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those which has this threat line
+which mean white must play here flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which mean white must play here flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which mean white must play here flip
+them all back to white but now this B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all back to white but now this B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all back to white but now this B1
+position is white which enables black to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is white which enables black to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is white which enables black to
+play here flip all those to Black this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play here flip all those to Black this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play here flip all those to Black this
+is the threat line therefore white must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the threat line therefore white must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the threat line therefore white must
+play here can't play there uh and turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play here can't play there uh and turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play here can't play there uh and turn
+all these back to White now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these back to White now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these back to White now this is
+white and now this activates down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white and now this activates down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white and now this activates down there
+okay so that's just following the vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just following the vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just following the vertex
+no big deal but if you came along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no big deal but if you came along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no big deal but if you came along a
+second time and activated this as white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time and activated this as white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time and activated this as white
+now this is already white so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is already white so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is already white so when you
+play Black you get a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Black you get a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Black you get a black
+here and white can't do anything there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and white can't do anything there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and white can't do anything there's
+no white stone up there uh yeah no well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no white stone up there uh yeah no well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no white stone up there uh yeah no well
+there's uh it's it's entirely black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh it's it's entirely black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh it's it's entirely black
+there's if there's white on either side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if there's white on either side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if there's white on either side
+white could flip it and get them back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white could flip it and get them back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white could flip it and get them back
+but you can't and so you actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't and so you actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't and so you actually have
+two threat lines activated and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two threat lines activated and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two threat lines activated and then
+black WIS so this is the ver version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black WIS so this is the ver version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black WIS so this is the ver version
+where black wins um if instead we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where black wins um if instead we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where black wins um if instead we have a
+white thing here everything else is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white thing here everything else is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white thing here everything else is the
+same so this was white this was white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so this was white this was white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so this was white this was white
+black now plays here now white can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black now plays here now white can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black now plays here now white can go
+here and completely make this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and completely make this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and completely make this thing
+white and then black doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white and then black doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white and then black doesn't have any
+moves anymore and that's the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves anymore and that's the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves anymore and that's the way that
+White's going to win is to prevent black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White's going to win is to prevent black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White's going to win is to prevent black
+from playing anymore then the area that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from playing anymore then the area that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from playing anymore then the area that
+was white is whites and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was white is whites and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was white is whites and we're
+done there are lots of details here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done there are lots of details here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done there are lots of details here to
+check but that's how it works uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check but that's how it works uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check but that's how it works uh there's
+one more Gadget basically that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more Gadget basically that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more Gadget basically that says
+um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if
+you uh this is for one incoming Edge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh this is for one incoming Edge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh this is for one incoming Edge and
+two outgoing edges so here you want uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two outgoing edges so here you want uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two outgoing edges so here you want uh
+the players to have a choice either I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players to have a choice either I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players to have a choice either I go
+this way or I go this way and if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way or I go this way and if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way or I go this way and if it's a
+white vertex you want white to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white vertex you want white to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white vertex you want white to make that
+choice if it's a black vertex you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice if it's a black vertex you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice if it's a black vertex you want
+black to make that choice but black is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black to make that choice but black is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black to make that choice but black is
+still kind of doing all the action so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kind of doing all the action so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kind of doing all the action so it
+can be done um you know when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done um you know when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done um you know when this
+activates then black plays here flipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates then black plays here flipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates then black plays here flipping
+all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things
+uh then white plays here immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then white plays here immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then white plays here immediately
+flipping it back that's the trouble it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping it back that's the trouble it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping it back that's the trouble it
+always black is in control now black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always black is in control now black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always black is in control now black
+plays here uh flipping that one guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays here uh flipping that one guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays here uh flipping that one guy and
+white has two choices he can either play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white has two choices he can either play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white has two choices he can either play
+here and flip just this one or play here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and flip just this one or play here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and flip just this one or play here
+and flip those guys and either put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flip those guys and either put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flip those guys and either put a
+white or here or here and that will end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white or here or here and that will end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white or here or here and that will end
+up activating for black either this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up activating for black either this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up activating for black either this path
+or this path so white made the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this path so white made the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this path so white made the choice
+and in this version black makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this version black makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this version black makes the
+choice that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice that's a little
+easier yeah are these Gadgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier yeah are these Gadgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier yeah are these Gadgets
+constructible in an 8 by8 no uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructible in an 8 by8 no uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructible in an 8 by8 no uh like
+from a starting configuration can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a starting configuration can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a starting configuration can you
+get to a configuration of these gadgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a configuration of these gadgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a configuration of these gadgets
+oh I see um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I see um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I see um I think
+so uh I didn't read uh that as a Lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I didn't read uh that as a Lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I didn't read uh that as a Lemma
+but it wouldn't surprise me if it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it wouldn't surprise me if it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it wouldn't surprise me if it's in
+the paper it's traditional in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper it's traditional in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper it's traditional in
+constructing these generalized games to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing these generalized games to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing these generalized games to
+actually show that you can reach this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show that you can reach this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show that you can reach this
+position from the initial State um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position from the initial State um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position from the initial State um
+although the problem makes sense even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the problem makes sense even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the problem makes sense even if
+you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't
+uh it's more interesting to say well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's more interesting to say well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's more interesting to say well we
+played like crazy and then we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played like crazy and then we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played like crazy and then we ended up
+with this thing can you finish it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this thing can you finish it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this thing can you finish it off
+for me that's basically the problem we'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me that's basically the problem we'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me that's basically the problem we'
+like to solve um Can can white win it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to solve um Can can white win it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to solve um Can can white win it's
+like the commentator problem people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the commentator problem people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the commentator problem people are
+playing and now I want to know who who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing and now I want to know who who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing and now I want to know who who's
+going to win at this point um but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to win at this point um but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to win at this point um but I
+don't know for sure for this reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know for sure for this reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know for sure for this reduction
+usually they can okay so that's a sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they can okay so that's a sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they can okay so that's a sketch
+of aell Peace hardness reduction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aell Peace hardness reduction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aell Peace hardness reduction from
+geography um so the last thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography um so the last thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography um so the last thing I want to
+talk about back to this picture is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about back to this picture is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about back to this picture is uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+two-player uh setup for constraint logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-player uh setup for constraint logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-player uh setup for constraint logic
+uh so B polom bounded two-player game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so B polom bounded two-player game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so B polom bounded two-player game
+should be P space complete um first I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be P space complete um first I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be P space complete um first I'm
+going to talk briefly about what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk briefly about what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk briefly about what does
+bounded mean in general for constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded mean in general for constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded mean in general for constraint
+logic so in particular for one player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic so in particular for one player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic so in particular for one player
+which we know the uh bounded NCL means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know the uh bounded NCL means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know the uh bounded NCL means
+each Edge can flip only once that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Edge can flip only once that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Edge can flip only once that's our
+definition and and that game is clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and and that game is clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and and that game is clearly
+in NP because once you flip all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in NP because once you flip all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in NP because once you flip all the
+edges you're done um and in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges you're done um and in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges you're done um and in the same way
+we prove that cons just finding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we prove that cons just finding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we prove that cons just finding a
+satisfying orientation of a constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying orientation of a constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying orientation of a constraint
+graph is MP complete we can show uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is MP complete we can show uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is MP complete we can show uh just
+I changed the very top gadget that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I changed the very top gadget that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I changed the very top gadget that um
+you bounded NCL you just want to flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bounded NCL you just want to flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bounded NCL you just want to flip
+this one Edge is MP Complete because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one Edge is MP Complete because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one Edge is MP Complete because
+it's you basically have to make a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you basically have to make a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you basically have to make a choice
+for each of these vertices which way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these vertices which way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these vertices which way to
+set them and then you can propagate up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set them and then you can propagate up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set them and then you can propagate up
+we don't have to reflip any edges for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to reflip any edges for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to reflip any edges for
+this very simple proof so MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very simple proof so MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very simple proof so MP
+completeness for bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness for bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness for bounded
+NCL um we do for this proof need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NCL um we do for this proof need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NCL um we do for this proof need a
+choice uh Gadget so all three red edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice uh Gadget so all three red edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice uh Gadget so all three red edges
+it doesn't work to just blow it up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't work to just blow it up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't work to just blow it up like
+we could before in the bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could before in the bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could before in the bounded
+case Okay um and there's a crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Okay um and there's a crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Okay um and there's a crossover
+Gadget in this setting as well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget in this setting as well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget in this setting as well it's
+actually pretty simple because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty simple because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty simple because of
+bounded you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded you can't
+revisit okay so now bounded two player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit okay so now bounded two player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit okay so now bounded two player
+constraint logic is called 2cl uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint logic is called 2cl uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint logic is called 2cl uh this
+is p space complete by pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p space complete by pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p space complete by pretty much the
+same proof structure uh so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same proof structure uh so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same proof structure uh so what's the
+game I have white edges and black edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I have white edges and black edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I have white edges and black edges
+each Edge is white and or white or black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Edge is white and or white or black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Edge is white and or white or black
+and it's also red or blue exclusive orse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also red or blue exclusive orse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also red or blue exclusive orse
+so they're drawn these are all white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're drawn these are all white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're drawn these are all white
+edges this is an example of a black Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges this is an example of a black Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges this is an example of a black Edge
+so the fill is white or black the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fill is white or black the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fill is white or black the
+outline is red or blue as before um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline is red or blue as before um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline is red or blue as before um
+white players can only flip white edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white players can only flip white edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white players can only flip white edges
+black player can only flip black edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black player can only flip black edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black player can only flip black edges
+um and otherwise it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and otherwise it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and otherwise it's the same
+constraint so I mean the in the inflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so I mean the in the inflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so I mean the in the inflow
+constraint doesn't care whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint doesn't care whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint doesn't care whether you're
+black or white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black or white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black or white
+it's politically correct vertices I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's politically correct vertices I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's politically correct vertices I
+guess um so uh we just need one new type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um so uh we just need one new type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um so uh we just need one new type
+of vertex everything else is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertex everything else is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertex everything else is going to be
+done by the white player um there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by the white player um there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by the white player um there's one
+new type of vertex which is an incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new type of vertex which is an incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new type of vertex which is an incoming
+black Edge and an incoming white Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black Edge and an incoming white Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black Edge and an incoming white Edge
+call this a variable the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this a variable the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this a variable the idea is that
+whoever gets there first white or black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever gets there first white or black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever gets there first white or black
+can flip it preventing the other player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can flip it preventing the other player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can flip it preventing the other player
+from flipping their Edge so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from flipping their Edge so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from flipping their Edge so that's what
+we're going to use for variable settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use for variable settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use for variable settings
+and I am reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I am reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I am reducing
+from remember the terminology here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from remember the terminology here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from remember the terminology here
+impartial game positive CNF set the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impartial game positive CNF set the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impartial game positive CNF set the very
+first one here impartial game positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one here impartial game positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one here impartial game positive
+CNF set so player one's goal that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNF set so player one's goal that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNF set so player one's goal that's
+going to one white is the player one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to one white is the player one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to one white is the player one
+player one's goal is to satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one's goal is to satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one's goal is to satisfy the
+formula and flip their Edge um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and flip their Edge um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and flip their Edge um and it's
+the impartial version meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impartial version meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impartial version meaning that
+anyone can set any variable so if black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone can set any variable so if black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone can set any variable so if black
+plays this Edge that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays this Edge that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays this Edge that's going to
+correspond to setting X2 false if white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to setting X2 false if white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to setting X2 false if white
+plays the edge uh it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays the edge uh it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays the edge uh it's going to
+correspond to X being true because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to X being true because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to X being true because this
+is a positive formula every time white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a positive formula every time white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a positive formula every time white
+chooses a variable they're going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses a variable they're going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses a variable they're going to want
+to set it to true and every time black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set it to true and every time black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set it to true and every time black
+sets a variable they're going to set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets a variable they're going to set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets a variable they're going to set it
+to false because they want to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to false because they want to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to false because they want to prevent
+satisfaction of the formula so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction of the formula so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction of the formula so that's
+why it's okay to just represent it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's okay to just represent it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's okay to just represent it this
+way and then the rest just propagates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then the rest just propagates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then the rest just propagates
+once black has so if there are n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once black has so if there are n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once black has so if there are n
+variables there's going to be n/ two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables there's going to be n/ two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables there's going to be n/ two
+rounds where all the variables get set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds where all the variables get set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds where all the variables get set
+and then black can't do anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then black can't do anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then black can't do anything else
+just sitting there uh this one is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting there uh this one is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting there uh this one is not
+going to be flippable because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be flippable because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be flippable because of this
+gadget um so uh White's just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget um so uh White's just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget um so uh White's just going to
+fill in the formula and if it happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in the formula and if it happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in the formula and if it happens to
+be come out true and white can flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be come out true and white can flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be come out true and white can flip
+their Edge then they win the game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Edge then they win the game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Edge then they win the game and
+that will correspond to the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will correspond to the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will correspond to the formula
+being true um and otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being true um and otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being true um and otherwise
+not yeah so is passing something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah so is passing something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah so is passing something that
+you can do or they just like in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do or they just like in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do or they just like in this
+game you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you can
+pass uh I think you could probably avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass uh I think you could probably avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass uh I think you could probably avoid
+that by uh just adding a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by uh just adding a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by uh just adding a bunch of
+floating black edges that you can flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating black edges that you can flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating black edges that you can flip
+or just flip repeatedly until um until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just flip repeatedly until um until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just flip repeatedly until um until
+white either wins or white doesn't win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white either wins or white doesn't win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white either wins or white doesn't win
+the decision question is does white win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision question is does white win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision question is does white win
+now we end up with a tie in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we end up with a tie in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we end up with a tie in the case
+white doesn't win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white doesn't win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white doesn't win
+but uh you could also change that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you could also change that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you could also change that by
+having a long path of blacks and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a long path of blacks and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a long path of blacks and you
+have black is just going to sit there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have black is just going to sit there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have black is just going to sit there
+flipping trying to get to flipping their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping trying to get to flipping their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping trying to get to flipping their
+Edge and the length of the wire is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge and the length of the wire is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge and the length of the wire is
+exactly how long it takes to fill in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how long it takes to fill in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how long it takes to fill in all
+these things yeah well you probably need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things yeah well you probably need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things yeah well you probably need
+the the reason why they have that Gadget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the reason why they have that Gadget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the reason why they have that Gadget
+there the end is probably you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the end is probably you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the end is probably you need to
+set exactly certain number of them true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set exactly certain number of them true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set exactly certain number of them true
+before black can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before black can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before black can
+and so oh I see right yeah that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so oh I see right yeah that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so oh I see right yeah that's a
+little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+subtle okay um zero minutes remaining um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle okay um zero minutes remaining um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle okay um zero minutes remaining um
+uh there's a cross same crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a cross same crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a cross same crossover
+Works um and you can also build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works um and you can also build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works um and you can also build a
+protected ore protected ore is where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected ore protected ore is where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected ore protected ore is where you
+never have both of these coming in if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have both of these coming in if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have both of these coming in if
+you will allow me the notion of a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will allow me the notion of a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will allow me the notion of a free
+Edge which is just floating there it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge which is just floating there it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge which is just floating there it can
+be reversed whenever you want it's is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reversed whenever you want it's is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reversed whenever you want it's is a
+white Edge uh then this will act as a or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white Edge uh then this will act as a or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white Edge uh then this will act as a or
+because this Choice Gadget can only go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this Choice Gadget can only go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this Choice Gadget can only go
+one way or the other so only one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or the other so only one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or the other so only one of the
+inputs can actually flip one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs can actually flip one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs can actually flip one of these
+edges and then uh the or will just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and then uh the or will just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and then uh the or will just take
+it so we can build protected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we can build protected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we can build protected
+ores and then uh I have a bunch of P Bas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ores and then uh I have a bunch of P Bas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ores and then uh I have a bunch of P Bas
+hardness proofs based on bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness proofs based on bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness proofs based on bounded
+constraint logic but I suggest we wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint logic but I suggest we wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint logic but I suggest we wait
+till Thursday to see those because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till Thursday to see those because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till Thursday to see those because
+they're kind of fun and I'd rather spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of fun and I'd rather spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of fun and I'd rather spend
+a little time going through the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little time going through the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little time going through the proof
+details so you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details so you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details so you'll have
+to uh wait in suspense before we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh wait in suspense before we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh wait in suspense before we get to
+Amazon which is a very fun you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon which is a very fun you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon which is a very fun you should
+play Amazon meanwhile if you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Amazon meanwhile if you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Amazon meanwhile if you get a
+chance it's very fun if you have a chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance it's very fun if you have a chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance it's very fun if you have a chess
+board around uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board around uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board around uh
+and Kanan which is an ancient at least 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Kanan which is an ancient at least 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Kanan which is an ancient at least 7
+at least 300y old game from Hawaii and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 300y old game from Hawaii and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 300y old game from Hawaii and
+cross purposes which is a modern uh game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross purposes which is a modern uh game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross purposes which is a modern uh game
+these are both bounded these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are both bounded these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are both bounded these are all
+three bounded two-player games and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bounded two-player games and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bounded two-player games and
+they're all P space complete by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all P space complete by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all P space complete by a
+reduction from uh bounded to player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from uh bounded to player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from uh bounded to player
+constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ag7TLcT7VPQ.txt b/ag7TLcT7VPQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c433a08cf7caeb4c96aabfe75e8766b8851ac99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ag7TLcT7VPQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to 1507 1x the analytics edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to 1507 1x the analytics edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to 1507 1x the analytics edge
+I'm Alison O'Hare and together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Alison O'Hare and together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Alison O'Hare and together with
+Dimitri's Britt CMAs will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimitri's Britt CMAs will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimitri's Britt CMAs will be the
+instructors for this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors for this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors for this course
+during this week we'll start with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this week we'll start with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this week we'll start with an
+introduction to analytics and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to analytics and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to analytics and to the
+topics we'll cover throughout the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics we'll cover throughout the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics we'll cover throughout the course
+then in the second lecture we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the second lecture we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the second lecture we'll
+introduce our a statistical modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce our a statistical modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce our a statistical modeling
+language that we'll use throughout most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that we'll use throughout most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that we'll use throughout most
+of the course the recitation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course the recitation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course the recitation and
+homework assignment this week were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework assignment this week were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework assignment this week were
+designed to give you more practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to give you more practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to give you more practice
+working in R and by the end of the week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in R and by the end of the week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in R and by the end of the week
+we hope that you'll already be convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope that you'll already be convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope that you'll already be convinced
+about the power of data let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the power of data let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the power of data let's get
+started
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bd7nFEea0t0.txt b/bd7nFEea0t0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7cd48996fb586deb492eaa9654445a07738ed356
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bd7nFEea0t0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu I'm Philip Cy I'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I'm Philip Cy I'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I'm Philip Cy I'm an
+associate Provost there several of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate Provost there several of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate Provost there several of us
+and and I'm sure there a couple hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I'm sure there a couple hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I'm sure there a couple hanging
+around in this room but I'm here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in this room but I'm here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in this room but I'm here because
+I have the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the great
+privilege of how to put it having ocw if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege of how to put it having ocw if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege of how to put it having ocw if
+you can imagine report up to me so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine report up to me so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine report up to me so I
+know a little about this organization uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a little about this organization uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a little about this organization uh
+but to say that it reports up to me is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to say that it reports up to me is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to say that it reports up to me is a
+bit of an exaggeration I I do try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of an exaggeration I I do try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of an exaggeration I I do try to
+help out where I can but as you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help out where I can but as you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help out where I can but as you know it
+is an remarkable remarkable group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an remarkable remarkable group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an remarkable remarkable group and
+I'll talk about that group in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about that group in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about that group in a second
+now we're here to celebrate 10 years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're here to celebrate 10 years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're here to celebrate 10 years of
+ocw and it has been truly a fabulous 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw and it has been truly a fabulous 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw and it has been truly a fabulous 10
+years a fabulous 10 years we gathered to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years a fabulous 10 years we gathered to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years a fabulous 10 years we gathered to
+celebrate one of mit's most remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate one of mit's most remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate one of mit's most remarkable
+achievements in the past decade one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievements in the past decade one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievements in the past decade one
+could arguably one could argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could arguably one could argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could arguably one could argue that
+ocw is the most important achievement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw is the most important achievement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw is the most important achievement
+that MIT has experienced helped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MIT has experienced helped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MIT has experienced helped to
+create put on the map in the last decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create put on the map in the last decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create put on the map in the last decade
+the publication of our entire curriculum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the publication of our entire curriculum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the publication of our entire curriculum
+2,000 courses subjects as they used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 courses subjects as they used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 courses subjects as they used to
+be called maybe they still are at MIT on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called maybe they still are at MIT on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called maybe they still are at MIT on
+our website on the MIT website for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our website on the MIT website for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our website on the MIT website for the
+entire world to see and utilize it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire world to see and utilize it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire world to see and utilize it's
+mit's great gift to the world now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's great gift to the world now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's great gift to the world now the
+ocw program exemplifies mit's deeply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw program exemplifies mit's deeply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw program exemplifies mit's deeply and
+widely held commitment to serve both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely held commitment to serve both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely held commitment to serve both the
+nation and the world the nation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation and the world the nation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation and the world the nation and the
+world ocw is a very important part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world ocw is a very important part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world ocw is a very important part of
+mit's international engagement mit's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's international engagement mit's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's international engagement mit's
+strategy for engaging with the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for engaging with the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for engaging with the rest of
+the world and if I may say so ocw is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and if I may say so ocw is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and if I may say so ocw is an
+Exemplar of mit's strategy and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exemplar of mit's strategy and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exemplar of mit's strategy and it was
+created before we even were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created before we even were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created before we even were able to
+formalize a strategy I should also add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize a strategy I should also add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize a strategy I should also add
+that today whenever I travel in Asia the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today whenever I travel in Asia the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today whenever I travel in Asia the
+middle east Europe elsewhere I hear more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle east Europe elsewhere I hear more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle east Europe elsewhere I hear more
+than any other name ocw apart from MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any other name ocw apart from MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any other name ocw apart from MIT
+itself in fact one could say one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in fact one could say one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in fact one could say one could
+say that after the acronym MIT I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that after the acronym MIT I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that after the acronym MIT I would
+argue it worldwide ocw is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue it worldwide ocw is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue it worldwide ocw is the most
+popular famous acronym we have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular famous acronym we have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular famous acronym we have and
+that's done in a short decade that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done in a short decade that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done in a short decade that's
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable
+okay simply put education is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay simply put education is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay simply put education is the
+foundation of our ability to address our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation of our ability to address our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation of our ability to address our
+world's greatest challenges and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's greatest challenges and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's greatest challenges and the
+better educated we are as a world the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better educated we are as a world the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better educated we are as a world the
+more successfully we'll meet these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more successfully we'll meet these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more successfully we'll meet these
+challenges challenges that o CW is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges challenges that o CW is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges challenges that o CW is
+helping to find solutions to we hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping to find solutions to we hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping to find solutions to we hear
+more about the various impacts of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the various impacts of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the various impacts of this
+project but we will hear more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project but we will hear more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project but we will hear more about the
+various impacts of this project but our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various impacts of this project but our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various impacts of this project but our
+best estimate put the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best estimate put the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best estimate put the number of
+individuals who've accessed MIT material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals who've accessed MIT material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals who've accessed MIT material
+through ocw at around 100 million folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through ocw at around 100 million folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through ocw at around 100 million folks
+and I got on the website the other day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got on the website the other day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got on the website the other day
+and the aim the goal is to reach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the aim the goal is to reach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the aim the goal is to reach a
+billion in the next decade now that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion in the next decade now that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion in the next decade now that may
+be a little ambitious but why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little ambitious but why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little ambitious but why not
+there's certainly at least a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certainly at least a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certainly at least a billion
+folks who would want to know about ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who would want to know about ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who would want to know about ocw
+many of these 100 million who've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these 100 million who've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these 100 million who've
+accessed it are people for whom no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed it are people for whom no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed it are people for whom no other
+educational opportunities exist at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational opportunities exist at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational opportunities exist at this
+level others are Educators struggling at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level others are Educators struggling at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level others are Educators struggling at
+underresourced and overburdened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underresourced and overburdened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underresourced and overburdened
+universities around the world we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities around the world we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities around the world we've got
+to remember how privileged we are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember how privileged we are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember how privileged we are at
+this institution of ours this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this institution of ours this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this institution of ours this great
+institution when we look around and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution when we look around and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution when we look around and see
+how others live at other institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how others live at other institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how others live at other institutions
+and still others are students who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still others are students who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still others are students who are
+able to learn more successfully by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to learn more successfully by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to learn more successfully by
+pairing our materials with those they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairing our materials with those they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairing our materials with those they
+receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive
+at their in their own courses it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their in their own courses it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their in their own courses it's not
+always obvious at MIT that about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always obvious at MIT that about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always obvious at MIT that about the
+impact of ocw or it's what it's had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of ocw or it's what it's had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of ocw or it's what it's had
+around the world we don't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world we don't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world we don't always
+recognize it perhaps in the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize it perhaps in the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize it perhaps in the way we
+should not just in helping to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not just in helping to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not just in helping to improve
+education but by inspiring institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but by inspiring institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but by inspiring institutions
+to rethink their role in the online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rethink their role in the online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rethink their role in the online
+environment since MIT launched open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment since MIT launched open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment since MIT launched open
+courseware the program hundreds of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware the program hundreds of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware the program hundreds of other
+universities have joined ocw in sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities have joined ocw in sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities have joined ocw in sharing
+their curriculum MIT today is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their curriculum MIT today is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their curriculum MIT today is now a
+small part of a large Global movement a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small part of a large Global movement a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small part of a large Global movement a
+global movement MIT created and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global movement MIT created and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global movement MIT created and still
+leads ocw has also influenced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads ocw has also influenced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads ocw has also influenced the
+thinking of governments policy makers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of governments policy makers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of governments policy makers
+and granters here in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and granters here in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and granters here in the United States
+and around the world the Department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around the world the Department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around the world the Department of
+Education has programs explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education has programs explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education has programs explicitly
+focused on the creation of additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on the creation of additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on the creation of additional
+open educational resources The Gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open educational resources The Gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open educational resources The Gates
+Foundation the largest foundation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation the largest foundation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation the largest foundation in the
+World includes open courseware in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World includes open courseware in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World includes open courseware in the
+Next Generation learning challenges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next Generation learning challenges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next Generation learning challenges in
+its next Generation learning challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its next Generation learning challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its next Generation learning challenges
+that is governments including China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is governments including China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is governments including China
+Vietnam the Netherlands Indonesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam the Netherlands Indonesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam the Netherlands Indonesia
+include ocw in National Education policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include ocw in National Education policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include ocw in National Education policy
+it speaks bundles about what MIT and ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it speaks bundles about what MIT and ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it speaks bundles about what MIT and ocw
+are all about because I personally have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all about because I personally have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all about because I personally have
+the privilege of overseeing ocws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the privilege of overseeing ocws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the privilege of overseeing ocws
+operation I've had a pleasure of seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation I've had a pleasure of seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation I've had a pleasure of seeing
+firsthand how Cecilia DOA and her team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firsthand how Cecilia DOA and her team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firsthand how Cecilia DOA and her team
+her staff have made this organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her staff have made this organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her staff have made this organization
+Bloom she's not the first to lead it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloom she's not the first to lead it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloom she's not the first to lead it I
+saw an margas here and we're delighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw an margas here and we're delighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw an margas here and we're delighted
+this young lady helped to take us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this young lady helped to take us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this young lady helped to take us
+forward in the beginning and CE took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in the beginning and CE took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in the beginning and CE took
+over when Anne Al last left us for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over when Anne Al last left us for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over when Anne Al last left us for the
+State House I believe at the time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State House I believe at the time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State House I believe at the time but
+you know the team that you helped create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the team that you helped create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the team that you helped create
+an and that ceas has built up in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an and that ceas has built up in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an and that ceas has built up in your
+absence since your departure has just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence since your departure has just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence since your departure has just
+been fabulous and I want to Li lift my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fabulous and I want to Li lift my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fabulous and I want to Li lift my
+glass alas it's only water but but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass alas it's only water but but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass alas it's only water but but maybe
+it's safer to ocw and its staff please a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's safer to ocw and its staff please a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's safer to ocw and its staff please a
+round of applause here here cheers yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay earlier this year ocw was mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay earlier this year ocw was mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay earlier this year ocw was mentioned
+in The Economist magazine as a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The Economist magazine as a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The Economist magazine as a prime
+example of how universities are engaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how universities are engaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how universities are engaging
+internationally a characterization I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally a characterization I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally a characterization I
+found extraordinary MIT does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found extraordinary MIT does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found extraordinary MIT does not have
+satellite campuses or distance learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite campuses or distance learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite campuses or distance learning
+programs as such and yet through open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs as such and yet through open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs as such and yet through open
+courseware we've lit a beacon that truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware we've lit a beacon that truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware we've lit a beacon that truly
+does shine world wide providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does shine world wide providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does shine world wide providing
+resources and setting an example for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and setting an example for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and setting an example for the
+role of the university in the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of the university in the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of the university in the digital
+age and we'll only hear and see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age and we'll only hear and see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age and we'll only hear and see more
+about that and all of this is due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and all of this is due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and all of this is due to
+individual acts individual acts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual acts individual acts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual acts individual acts of
+generosity by The Faculty at MIT so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generosity by The Faculty at MIT so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generosity by The Faculty at MIT so we
+don't only wish to honor the ocw staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't only wish to honor the ocw staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't only wish to honor the ocw staff
+this evening we also want to honor those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this evening we also want to honor those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this evening we also want to honor those
+acts of generosity that flow from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts of generosity that flow from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts of generosity that flow from our
+amazing MIT faculty who have enabled us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing MIT faculty who have enabled us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing MIT faculty who have enabled us
+to make this great institution of ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this great institution of ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this great institution of ocw
+shine so bright around the world so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine so bright around the world so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine so bright around the world so with
+your permission may I lift my glass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your permission may I lift my glass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your permission may I lift my glass of
+water one more time to the great MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water one more time to the great MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water one more time to the great MIT
+faculty who helped this make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty who helped this make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty who helped this make this
+personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I see some faculty out there I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I see some faculty out there I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I see some faculty out there I know
+you somewhere I know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you somewhere I know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you somewhere I know you're
+blushing so let me now turn over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blushing so let me now turn over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blushing so let me now turn over the
+evening to ceis DOA our amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening to ceis DOA our amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening to ceis DOA our amazing
+executive director of ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive director of ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive director of ocw
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you very much Philip and um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much Philip and um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much Philip and um I
+would encourage anybody who uh can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would encourage anybody who uh can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would encourage anybody who uh can't see
+this monitor to May me move down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this monitor to May me move down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this monitor to May me move down here
+there's some chairs here uh I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some chairs here uh I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some chairs here uh I'm going to
+do a slideshow uh I I told I was told I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a slideshow uh I I told I was told I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a slideshow uh I I told I was told I
+have 10 minutes to cover 10 years of ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 minutes to cover 10 years of ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 minutes to cover 10 years of ocw
+History so I am going to fly through my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History so I am going to fly through my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History so I am going to fly through my
+slides and you're probably going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides and you're probably going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides and you're probably going to want
+to see them if you can we also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see them if you can we also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see them if you can we also have a
+couple of monitors set up uh one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of monitors set up uh one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of monitors set up uh one in the
+back there one in the room over there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there one in the room over there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there one in the room over there uh
+in case you can't get a good a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+view okay well first of all thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view okay well first of all thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view okay well first of all thank you
+for coming the weather wasn't quite what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coming the weather wasn't quite what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coming the weather wasn't quite what
+we had planned uh but that we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had planned uh but that we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had planned uh but that we couldn't
+control uh it's a pleasure to be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh it's a pleasure to be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh it's a pleasure to be here
+with all of you to celebrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of you to celebrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of you to celebrate this
+wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful
+anniversary uh and as a warmup to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anniversary uh and as a warmup to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anniversary uh and as a warmup to uh
+some remarks that dick U and Hazel are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some remarks that dick U and Hazel are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some remarks that dick U and Hazel are
+going to make uh later what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make uh later what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make uh later what I want to do
+now is recap 10 years of ocw in about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is recap 10 years of ocw in about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is recap 10 years of ocw in about 10
+minutes which means I'm going to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes which means I'm going to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes which means I'm going to capture
+I'm going to try to capture the essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to capture the essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to capture the essence
+if not the actual full history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not the actual full history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not the actual full history of the
+program and if I miss something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and if I miss something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and if I miss something that you
+think is really important come tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is really important come tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is really important come tell me
+later I apologize there was a lot I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I apologize there was a lot I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I apologize there was a lot I had
+to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut
+out so the ocw Story begins in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the ocw Story begins in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the ocw Story begins in the late
+1990s and so I'm going to take you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s and so I'm going to take you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s and so I'm going to take you back
+through The Time Tunnel and remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through The Time Tunnel and remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through The Time Tunnel and remind you
+that it was a time of of uh great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a time of of uh great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a time of of uh great
+excitement in terms of the internet uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement in terms of the internet uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement in terms of the internet uh
+many people saw Gold Rush mentality uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people saw Gold Rush mentality uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people saw Gold Rush mentality uh
+at that point and educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point and educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point and educational
+institutions weren't immune to that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions weren't immune to that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions weren't immune to that uh
+back in in that period of time several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in in that period of time several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in in that period of time several
+of them some peers Stanford Columbia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them some peers Stanford Columbia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them some peers Stanford Columbia
+Yale had actually announced some online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yale had actually announced some online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yale had actually announced some online
+programs uh and at least one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs uh and at least one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs uh and at least one of those
+was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a
+for-profit so MIT like many of its peers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for-profit so MIT like many of its peers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for-profit so MIT like many of its peers
+at that time was struggling with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time was struggling with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time was struggling with some
+big questions uh what you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big questions uh what you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big questions uh what you know how
+should the internet what how will the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the internet what how will the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the internet what how will the
+internet change education and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet change education and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet change education and what
+should MIT do about that in 1999 these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should MIT do about that in 1999 these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should MIT do about that in 1999 these
+questions were assigned to a small group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions were assigned to a small group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions were assigned to a small group
+of very smart MIT faculty and staff who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very smart MIT faculty and staff who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very smart MIT faculty and staff who
+were asked to examine whether MIT should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were asked to examine whether MIT should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were asked to examine whether MIT should
+start a distance learning program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a distance learning program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a distance learning program
+through the summer of 2000 this small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the summer of 2000 this small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the summer of 2000 this small
+group struggled with the issue and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group struggled with the issue and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group struggled with the issue and they
+eventually became convinced that such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually became convinced that such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually became convinced that such a
+venture was not consistent with MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture was not consistent with MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture was not consistent with MIT
+with mit's Mission and it wasn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mit's Mission and it wasn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mit's Mission and it wasn't even
+likely to generate revenues to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to generate revenues to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to generate revenues to cover
+costs but this understanding didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs but this understanding didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs but this understanding didn't
+translate into what MIT should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate into what MIT should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate into what MIT should
+do the legend and you'll have to correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the legend and you'll have to correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the legend and you'll have to correct
+me if I'm wrong is that the idea of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I'm wrong is that the idea of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I'm wrong is that the idea of open
+course Weare came to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Weare came to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Weare came to one of the
+committee members uh while he was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee members uh while he was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee members uh while he was doing
+his morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his morning
+exercise uh and it was an idea that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise uh and it was an idea that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise uh and it was an idea that was
+as straightforward as it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as straightforward as it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as straightforward as it was
+revolutionary as we like to say uh why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary as we like to say uh why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary as we like to say uh why
+not use the internet to give away mit's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use the internet to give away mit's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use the internet to give away mit's
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+materials The Proposal that took shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials The Proposal that took shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials The Proposal that took shape
+around that idea was very characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that idea was very characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that idea was very characteristic
+of MIT it was big it was bold and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT it was big it was bold and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT it was big it was bold and it was
+an effort that was going to involve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effort that was going to involve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effort that was going to involve the
+entire academic Community the committee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire academic Community the committee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire academic Community the committee
+felt that MIT shouldn't just publish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that MIT shouldn't just publish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that MIT shouldn't just publish the
+courses uh a few sample courses or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses uh a few sample courses or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses uh a few sample courses or
+courses from mit's most well-known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses from mit's most well-known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses from mit's most well-known
+programs uh but that the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs uh but that the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs uh but that the best way to
+share our intellectual wealth was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share our intellectual wealth was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share our intellectual wealth was really
+to share materials from all courses uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share materials from all courses uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share materials from all courses uh
+to throw open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw open the
+vaults uh that held mit's academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaults uh that held mit's academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaults uh that held mit's academic
+treasure and with the strong backing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasure and with the strong backing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasure and with the strong backing of
+President vest and provos brown the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President vest and provos brown the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President vest and provos brown the
+committee consulted widely with faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee consulted widely with faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee consulted widely with faculty
+Across The Institute and a consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Across The Institute and a consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Across The Institute and a consensus
+formed around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed around this
+idea a Florentine omelet played a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea a Florentine omelet played a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea a Florentine omelet played a major
+role in ocws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in ocws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in ocws
+history the breakfast that uh president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history the breakfast that uh president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history the breakfast that uh president
+vest reportedly had the day that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vest reportedly had the day that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vest reportedly had the day that he
+discussed the possibil of funding with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the possibil of funding with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the possibil of funding with
+William Bowen of the melon Foundation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William Bowen of the melon Foundation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William Bowen of the melon Foundation uh
+and melon was later joined by huet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and melon was later joined by huet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and melon was later joined by huet
+Foundation as the primary Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation as the primary Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation as the primary Financial
+supporters with MIT of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporters with MIT of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporters with MIT of
+ocw it was a very public proposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw it was a very public proposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw it was a very public proposal
+announced on the front page of the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced on the front page of the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced on the front page of the New
+York Times exactly 10 years ago today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times exactly 10 years ago today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times exactly 10 years ago today
+and if you haven't seen the copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you haven't seen the copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you haven't seen the copy of the
+front page of the times we actually got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front page of the times we actually got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front page of the times we actually got
+a copy we ordered a copy it's over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy we ordered a copy it's over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy we ordered a copy it's over there
+on your way out you can you'll pass by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your way out you can you'll pass by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your way out you can you'll pass by
+it so with a great idea and with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so with a great idea and with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so with a great idea and with some
+funding in hand a faculty implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding in hand a faculty implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding in hand a faculty implementation
+committee that was chaired by Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee that was chaired by Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee that was chaired by Steve
+lurman set out to hire a staff and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lurman set out to hire a staff and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lurman set out to hire a staff and to
+find a few Pioneers Among The Faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a few Pioneers Among The Faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a few Pioneers Among The Faculty
+who are willing to try out this wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are willing to try out this wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are willing to try out this wild
+idea some of you are actually in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea some of you are actually in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea some of you are actually in the
+room tonight I know uh and we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room tonight I know uh and we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room tonight I know uh and we've got a
+list here of everyone who participated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list here of everyone who participated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list here of everyone who participated
+in the initial pilot I'm sorry I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the initial pilot I'm sorry I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the initial pilot I'm sorry I don't
+have time to to read all of those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to to read all of those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to to read all of those and
+I'm sorry the font is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry the font is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry the font is so
+small uh the pilot site was launched in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small uh the pilot site was launched in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small uh the pilot site was launched in
+September of 201 two to worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September of 201 two to worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September of 201 two to worldwide
+Acclaim MIT built on that success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acclaim MIT built on that success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acclaim MIT built on that success
+developing an organization which was led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing an organization which was led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing an organization which was led
+by Ann marges uh OC's first executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Ann marges uh OC's first executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Ann marges uh OC's first executive
+director that recruited additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director that recruited additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director that recruited additional
+faculty that put in place the processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty that put in place the processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty that put in place the processes
+and the systems that we were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the systems that we were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the systems that we were going to
+need to increase the size of the site by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to increase the size of the site by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to increase the size of the site by
+an order of magnitude in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an order of magnitude in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an order of magnitude in a
+year officially we met the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year officially we met the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year officially we met the goal
+officially launching that site with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially launching that site with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially launching that site with
+materials from 500 courses in October of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from 500 courses in October of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from 500 courses in October of
+2003 that month we received over 300,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 that month we received over 300,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 that month we received over 300,000
+visits from people around the world we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits from people around the world we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits from people around the world we
+were inundated by email from users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were inundated by email from users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were inundated by email from users
+thanking the faculty and sharing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanking the faculty and sharing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanking the faculty and sharing their
+Joy the first email that we have in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joy the first email that we have in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joy the first email that we have in our
+files came from a student in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files came from a student in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files came from a student in
+China shortly after the launch and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China shortly after the launch and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China shortly after the launch and it
+demonstrated the program's immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated the program's immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated the program's immediate
+Global power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global power and
+appeal and he wasn't alone the thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal and he wasn't alone the thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal and he wasn't alone the thousands
+of visitors grew into millions more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of visitors grew into millions more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of visitors grew into millions more than
+7 million in s in 200 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 million in s in 200 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 million in s in 200 6
+alone visitors came to ocw from every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone visitors came to ocw from every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone visitors came to ocw from every
+country and region on the planet we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and region on the planet we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and region on the planet we
+recorded visits from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded visits from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded visits from
+Antarctica the Vatican maius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antarctica the Vatican maius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antarctica the Vatican maius
+Suriname I was disappointed we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suriname I was disappointed we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suriname I was disappointed we didn't
+get anything from the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anything from the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anything from the space
+station ocw was visited more from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station ocw was visited more from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station ocw was visited more from
+outside the US than from within and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the US than from within and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the US than from within and it
+quickly as Philip said became one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly as Philip said became one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly as Philip said became one of the
+main International faces of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main International faces of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main International faces of The
+Institute demand for ocw materials in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute demand for ocw materials in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute demand for ocw materials in
+nationally quickly led to translations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationally quickly led to translations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationally quickly led to translations
+of the materials today there are close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the materials today there are close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the materials today there are close
+to a thousand courses that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a thousand courses that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a thousand courses that have been
+translated uh by official translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated uh by official translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated uh by official translation
+Affiliates and many many more by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affiliates and many many more by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affiliates and many many more by
+unofficial trans uh uh many many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unofficial trans uh uh many many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unofficial trans uh uh many many more
+unofficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unofficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unofficial
+translations users also wanted new ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations users also wanted new ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations users also wanted new ways
+of accessing ocw content so we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accessing ocw content so we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accessing ocw content so we started
+providing what we called Mirror sites uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing what we called Mirror sites uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing what we called Mirror sites uh
+that's copies of our site on a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's copies of our site on a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's copies of our site on a hard
+drive to bandwidth uh constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive to bandwidth uh constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive to bandwidth uh constrained
+regions of the world that was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of the world that was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of the world that was in
+2005 we now have a about 250 of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 we now have a about 250 of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 we now have a about 250 of these
+primarily in uh Africa and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily in uh Africa and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily in uh Africa and that's
+growing every month we began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing every month we began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing every month we began
+Distributing our videos through iTunes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distributing our videos through iTunes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distributing our videos through iTunes
+University in 2007 when Apple launched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in 2007 when Apple launched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in 2007 when Apple launched
+that site and we followed that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that site and we followed that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that site and we followed that with
+YouTube and several other sites here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube and several other sites here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube and several other sites here in
+the US and abroad uh these course videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and abroad uh these course videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and abroad uh these course videos
+that we put up became some of our most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we put up became some of our most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we put up became some of our most
+effective Tools in building awareness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Tools in building awareness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Tools in building awareness of
+the program millions of visitors have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program millions of visitors have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program millions of visitors have
+come to ocw or these sites to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to ocw or these sites to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to ocw or these sites to view
+popular courses by MIT faculty faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular courses by MIT faculty faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular courses by MIT faculty faculty
+such as Eric Grimson and John gag whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as Eric Grimson and John gag whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as Eric Grimson and John gag whose
+ocw site last month received 100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw site last month received 100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw site last month received 100,000
+visits Walter Luen who I think I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits Walter Luen who I think I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits Walter Luen who I think I haven't
+seen Walter but I heard he's in house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen Walter but I heard he's in house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen Walter but I heard he's in house
+tonight where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight where is
+Walter who as you all know his physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walter who as you all know his physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walter who as you all know his physics
+lectures on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on
+ocw have inspired millions of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw have inspired millions of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw have inspired millions of people
+around the world and uh we hear from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world and uh we hear from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world and uh we hear from
+those people every week um thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people every week um thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people every week um thank you
+very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Walter and Gil Strang whose linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walter and Gil Strang whose linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walter and Gil Strang whose linear
+algebra course was one of the first 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra course was one of the first 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra course was one of the first 50
+courses that we put up and since 2002
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that we put up and since 2002
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that we put up and since 2002
+it's been on the top 10 most visited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been on the top 10 most visited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been on the top 10 most visited
+courses list for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ocw and I think Gil's here somewhere too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh Kathy drenan teaches freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Kathy drenan teaches freshman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Kathy drenan teaches freshman
+chemistry uh has a has a video that's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry uh has a has a video that's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+online resources and education time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online resources and education time uh
+Magazine's 50 best websites of 2010 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magazine's 50 best websites of 2010 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magazine's 50 best websites of 2010 and
+the Cutters foundation's uh annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cutters foundation's uh annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cutters foundation's uh annual
+laurat award uh they call the wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laurat award uh they call the wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laurat award uh they call the wise
+award as open sharing of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award as open sharing of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award as open sharing of knowledge
+becomes more widespread in education MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more widespread in education MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more widespread in education MIT
+continues to stand apart as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to stand apart as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to stand apart as the
+institution that had the confidence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution that had the confidence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution that had the confidence to
+share its entire curriculum at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share its entire curriculum at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share its entire curriculum at a time
+when others found the idea absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when others found the idea absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when others found the idea absolutely
+inconceivable none of this would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconceivable none of this would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconceivable none of this would have
+been possible without the generosity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been possible without the generosity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been possible without the generosity of
+the faculty and other teaching staff the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty and other teaching staff the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty and other teaching staff the
+many MIT students who contributed their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many MIT students who contributed their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many MIT students who contributed their
+materials and we honor them tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and we honor them tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and we honor them tonight
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you but we've we've also we've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but we've we've also we've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but we've we've also we've also
+benefited from the support of two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefited from the support of two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefited from the support of two uh
+consecutive administrations and both uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive administrations and both uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive administrations and both uh
+Chuck vest and Susan hawfield and Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chuck vest and Susan hawfield and Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chuck vest and Susan hawfield and Bob
+Brown and rapael have been extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown and rapael have been extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown and rapael have been extremely
+supportive and essential to Our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supportive and essential to Our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supportive and essential to Our
+Success ocw wouldn't have succeeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Success ocw wouldn't have succeeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Success ocw wouldn't have succeeded
+without the wisdom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the wisdom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the wisdom
+and the vision and the guidance of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vision and the guidance of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vision and the guidance of our
+faculty advisory committee who devoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty advisory committee who devoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty advisory committee who devoted
+countless hours to shepherding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countless hours to shepherding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countless hours to shepherding the
+project since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project since the
+beginning and Beyond them without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and Beyond them without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and Beyond them without the
+support of individual faculty who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of individual faculty who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of individual faculty who have
+been so generous with their time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so generous with their time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so generous with their time
+whenever someone on the ocw staff asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever someone on the ocw staff asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever someone on the ocw staff asked
+for advice or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for advice or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for advice or
+assistance and ocw wouldn't have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance and ocw wouldn't have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance and ocw wouldn't have been
+possible without the many organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible without the many organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible without the many organizations
+that joined MIT and funding open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that joined MIT and funding open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that joined MIT and funding open course
+Weare uh providing financial and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weare uh providing financial and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weare uh providing financial and other
+kinds of uh support for the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we wouldn't have been successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wouldn't have been successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wouldn't have been successful
+without the excellent work and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the excellent work and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the excellent work and the
+amazing dedication of former and current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing dedication of former and current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing dedication of former and current
+o ocw staff members who are here some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o ocw staff members who are here some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o ocw staff members who are here some of
+whom are here tonight who turned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom are here tonight who turned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom are here tonight who turned the
+vision into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision into a
+reality so thank all of you thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality so thank all of you thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality so thank all of you thank you
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much so I'm I'm almost done and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so I'm I'm almost done and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so I'm I'm almost done and I know
+my 10 minutes has turned into more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my 10 minutes has turned into more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my 10 minutes has turned into more like
+15 uh which I knew was going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 uh which I knew was going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 uh which I knew was going to happen
+uh but what I want to end with is giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but what I want to end with is giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but what I want to end with is giving
+you a a sense of what we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a a sense of what we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a a sense of what we're thinking
+about uh in terms of the future uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh in terms of the future uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh in terms of the future uh
+directions of open course Weare with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions of open course Weare with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions of open course Weare with the
+support of the faculty uh the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of the faculty uh the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of the faculty uh the students
+and the administration we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the administration we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the administration we're really
+looking forward to the next 10 years uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking forward to the next 10 years uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking forward to the next 10 years uh
+working with our faculty advisory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with our faculty advisory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with our faculty advisory
+committee we've developed a road map we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee we've developed a road map we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee we've developed a road map we
+call our road map for Innovation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call our road map for Innovation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call our road map for Innovation for the
+next decade our core Mission stays the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next decade our core Mission stays the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next decade our core Mission stays the
+same and that's publishing mit's course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and that's publishing mit's course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and that's publishing mit's course
+materials but we want to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials but we want to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials but we want to figure out how
+to increase the impact of ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase the impact of ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase the impact of ocw
+significantly we've identified four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly we've identified four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly we've identified four
+Focus areas building learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus areas building learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus areas building learning
+communities around the material reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities around the material reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities around the material reaching
+out to key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to key
+audiences sharing our content more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences sharing our content more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences sharing our content more
+widely and focusing on Educators as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely and focusing on Educators as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely and focusing on Educators as a
+key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key
+multiplier we've got a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier we've got a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier we've got a number of
+initiatives already underway I won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives already underway I won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives already underway I won't go
+through all of them but let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of them but let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of them but let me give you
+a sense of of the kind of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of of the kind of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of of the kind of things that
+we're we're doing in 2010 we began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're doing in 2010 we began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're doing in 2010 we began
+building online learning communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building online learning communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building online learning communities
+open learning communities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open learning communities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open learning communities in
+collaboration with open study we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with open study we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with open study we now
+have 12,000 people participating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 12,000 people participating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 12,000 people participating in
+those uh 12 study groups that we set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh 12 study groups that we set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh 12 study groups that we set up
+which is an amazing number uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an amazing number uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an amazing number uh one of the
+study groups I think has 6,000 people I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study groups I think has 6,000 people I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study groups I think has 6,000 people I
+think it's the 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's the 600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's the 600
+course this January we launched the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this January we launched the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this January we launched the
+first of what will ultimately be 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of what will ultimately be 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of what will ultimately be 20
+courses that we're calling ocw scholar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that we're calling ocw scholar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that we're calling ocw scholar
+these these are relatively complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these are relatively complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these are relatively complete
+Foundation level courses that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation level courses that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation level courses that have been
+designed specifically to support the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed specifically to support the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed specifically to support the
+needs of independent Learners who are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs of independent Learners who are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs of independent Learners who are a
+large uh percentage like 40% or so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh percentage like 40% or so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh percentage like 40% or so of
+our user group and this is with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our user group and this is with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our user group and this is with uh
+funding from the Stanton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding from the Stanton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding from the Stanton
+Foundation our highlights for High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation our highlights for High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation our highlights for High
+School site which we originally launched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School site which we originally launched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School site which we originally launched
+in 2007 was designed to serve high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2007 was designed to serve high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2007 was designed to serve high
+school students and teachers uh in March
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school students and teachers uh in March
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school students and teachers uh in March
+just last month MIT uh announced a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just last month MIT uh announced a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just last month MIT uh announced a
+collaboration with the Department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with the Department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with the Department
+between the Department of Chemistry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Department of Chemistry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Department of Chemistry and
+chemical to enhance the highlights for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical to enhance the highlights for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical to enhance the highlights for
+High School site with materials that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High School site with materials that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High School site with materials that are
+going to inspire chemistry interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to inspire chemistry interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to inspire chemistry interest
+among high school students and teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among high school students and teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among high school students and teachers
+so that's a multi-year collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a multi-year collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a multi-year collaboration
+that we're just getting off the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're just getting off the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're just getting off the ground
+now in February in collaboration with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in February in collaboration with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in February in collaboration with a
+small for-profit called irin Soft we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small for-profit called irin Soft we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small for-profit called irin Soft we
+announced a mobile app this is our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced a mobile app this is our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced a mobile app this is our first
+uh foray into the mobile field it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh foray into the mobile field it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh foray into the mobile field it's
+called ocw lecture hall and if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ocw lecture hall and if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ocw lecture hall and if you have
+an iPhone you it's a free app that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iPhone you it's a free app that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iPhone you it's a free app that you
+can find in the store it's going to be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find in the store it's going to be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find in the store it's going to be I
+think it's available for the Droid or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's available for the Droid or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's available for the Droid or if
+it's not it'll be available shortly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it'll be available shortly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it'll be available shortly this
+allows for easy uh downloads of ocw but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows for easy uh downloads of ocw but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows for easy uh downloads of ocw but
+you can do more than just download video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do more than just download video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do more than just download video
+you can take notes you can participate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take notes you can participate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take notes you can participate
+in forums you can review the videos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in forums you can review the videos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in forums you can review the videos and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+Etc and finally we recently began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and finally we recently began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and finally we recently began
+discussions I think there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions I think there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions I think there's a huge
+opportunity here with Wikipedia some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity here with Wikipedia some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity here with Wikipedia some
+folks with Wikipedia about the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks with Wikipedia about the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks with Wikipedia about the idea of
+adding ocw video content to Wikipedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding ocw video content to Wikipedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding ocw video content to Wikipedia
+entries with cross links back to the ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries with cross links back to the ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries with cross links back to the ocw
+site now if you go to Wikipedia and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site now if you go to Wikipedia and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site now if you go to Wikipedia and you
+search Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search Newton
+laws uh you will see this example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws uh you will see this example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws uh you will see this example and
+that's a Walter Leen clip uh down at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Walter Leen clip uh down at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Walter Leen clip uh down at the
+bottom there so what's our goal in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom there so what's our goal in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom there so what's our goal in the
+next decade Philip kind of gave it away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next decade Philip kind of gave it away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next decade Philip kind of gave it away
+at the beginning but let me just say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning but let me just say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning but let me just say it
+again our goal is to increase our impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again our goal is to increase our impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again our goal is to increase our impact
+by an order of magnitude and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an order of magnitude and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an order of magnitude and that means
+if we reached 100 million people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we reached 100 million people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we reached 100 million people in the
+first 10 years we want to reach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 10 years we want to reach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 10 years we want to reach a
+billion over the next 10 years if a if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion over the next 10 years if a if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion over the next 10 years if a if a
+million Educators have already brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million Educators have already brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million Educators have already brought
+our content into their classrooms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our content into their classrooms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our content into their classrooms and
+that's not that's a pretty conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not that's a pretty conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not that's a pretty conservative
+estimate we'd like to help 10 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate we'd like to help 10 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate we'd like to help 10 million
+more do the same it's a huge reach but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more do the same it's a huge reach but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more do the same it's a huge reach but
+it's one that is going to challenge us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one that is going to challenge us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one that is going to challenge us
+to keep innovating and keep moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep innovating and keep moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep innovating and keep moving
+forward as we continue this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward as we continue this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward as we continue this great
+journey which MIT began 10 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey which MIT began 10 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey which MIT began 10 years ago
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you and I'm not sure where Philip went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I'm not sure where Philip went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I'm not sure where Philip went
+but do you want me to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but do you want me to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but do you want me to introduce
+dick okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dick okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dick okay
+so um you all probably know Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you all probably know Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you all probably know Professor
+dicku uh dick was the chair of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dicku uh dick was the chair of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dicku uh dick was the chair of the uh
+small committee that I talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small committee that I talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small committee that I talked about that
+came up with the idea of open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with the idea of open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with the idea of open courseware
+he's also been continued to be involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also been continued to be involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also been continued to be involved
+through our faculty advisory committee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our faculty advisory committee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our faculty advisory committee
+for the last 10 years and uh in the Mi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last 10 years and uh in the Mi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last 10 years and uh in the Mi
+sort of on the side while he's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of on the side while he's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of on the side while he's doing
+other important things for MIT so dick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other important things for MIT so dick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other important things for MIT so dick
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+since CE took a lot more than her 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since CE took a lot more than her 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since CE took a lot more than her 10
+minutes um I should take a lot less of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes um I should take a lot less of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes um I should take a lot less of
+my five minutes so I'll I'll keep my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my five minutes so I'll I'll keep my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my five minutes so I'll I'll keep my
+remarks really very short indeed I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks really very short indeed I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks really very short indeed I'm I'm
+here to represent the faculty and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to represent the faculty and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to represent the faculty and in
+particular The Faculty advisory uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular The Faculty advisory uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular The Faculty advisory uh
+committee uh in welcoming you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee uh in welcoming you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee uh in welcoming you and
+thanking you for coming to share in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanking you for coming to share in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanking you for coming to share in the
+celebration tonight um um as I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration tonight um um as I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration tonight um um as I think
+about it Forest Gump once said that life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it Forest Gump once said that life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it Forest Gump once said that life
+is like a box of chocolates and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a box of chocolates and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a box of chocolates and what
+does it have to do with ocw well ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have to do with ocw well ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have to do with ocw well ocw
+sort of is related to boxes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of is related to boxes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of is related to boxes of
+chocolates because most of you who know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolates because most of you who know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolates because most of you who know
+me personally know uh my wife and I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me personally know uh my wife and I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me personally know uh my wife and I had
+this great love for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great love for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great love for
+sweets and an apparance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweets and an apparance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweets and an apparance for
+exercise uh but the first love created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise uh but the first love created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise uh but the first love created a
+need for the second appearance and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for the second appearance and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for the second appearance and that
+explains the exercise uh treadmill or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the exercise uh treadmill or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the exercise uh treadmill or
+bicycle you saw you see so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle you saw you see so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle you saw you see so it has
+something to do with coming up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with coming up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with coming up with an
+idea like open courseware uh namely I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea like open courseware uh namely I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea like open courseware uh namely I
+was struggling not so much with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was struggling not so much with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was struggling not so much with the
+treadmill but with the idea of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmill but with the idea of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmill but with the idea of what is
+it that MIT faculty could do and uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that MIT faculty could do and uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that MIT faculty could do and uh I'm
+really grateful uh tonight for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really grateful uh tonight for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really grateful uh tonight for all of
+the faculty who are here uh I think open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty who are here uh I think open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty who are here uh I think open
+cours weare's Credit really belongs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cours weare's Credit really belongs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cours weare's Credit really belongs to
+all of you um it represents your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you um it represents your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you um it represents your
+dedication your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedication your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedication your
+generosity uh your belief in education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generosity uh your belief in education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generosity uh your belief in education
+over many personal and selfish reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over many personal and selfish reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over many personal and selfish reasons
+and needs and so for that I want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and needs and so for that I want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and needs and so for that I want to just
+thank you all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you it's one thing to come up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's one thing to come up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's one thing to come up with an
+idea or formulate a vision it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea or formulate a vision it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea or formulate a vision it's quite
+another thing to have that Vision come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing to have that Vision come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing to have that Vision come
+into fruition through the mobilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into fruition through the mobilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into fruition through the mobilization
+of an entire Community not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an entire Community not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an entire Community not just the
+talents and the dedic ation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents and the dedic ation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents and the dedic ation and the
+generosity of the faculty I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generosity of the faculty I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generosity of the faculty I just
+mentioned but also uh extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned but also uh extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned but also uh extremely
+dedicated talented and organized staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated talented and organized staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated talented and organized staff
+uh I want to acknowledge uh C and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want to acknowledge uh C and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want to acknowledge uh C and her
+predecessor and Marg Le and the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and Marg Le and the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and Marg Le and the very
+very hardworking ocw staff uh who many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hardworking ocw staff uh who many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hardworking ocw staff uh who many
+of them are here so again thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you I I didn't know that Steve was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I I didn't know that Steve was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I I didn't know that Steve was going
+to reprint that email um that's in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reprint that email um that's in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reprint that email um that's in your
+that's inserted uh but I'm now glad to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's inserted uh but I'm now glad to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's inserted uh but I'm now glad to
+I'm relieved to learn today that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm relieved to learn today that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm relieved to learn today that he
+actually had Chuck's permission uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had Chuck's permission uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had Chuck's permission uh
+course when I gave it to him I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when I gave it to him I just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when I gave it to him I just said
+sure if you want to use it yeah I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if you want to use it yeah I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if you want to use it yeah I don't
+I don't know where you're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know where you're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know where you're going to use
+it but feel free to do that um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but feel free to do that um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but feel free to do that um I think
+uh the other big credit of ocw goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other big credit of ocw goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other big credit of ocw goes to
+in addition to the faculty goes to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to the faculty goes to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to the faculty goes to uh
+the senior Administration though uh both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the senior Administration though uh both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the senior Administration though uh both
+the previous one and the current one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous one and the current one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous one and the current one for
+the kind of uh patience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of uh patience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of uh patience
+forbearance resources uh in in many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbearance resources uh in in many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbearance resources uh in in many ways
+courage uh that was required and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courage uh that was required and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courage uh that was required and is
+required to shepher a program like ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to shepher a program like ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to shepher a program like ocw
+from its very beginning uh to where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its very beginning uh to where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its very beginning uh to where it
+is today and I don't know how many C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is today and I don't know how many C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is today and I don't know how many C
+ministration are here other than Philip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ministration are here other than Philip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ministration are here other than Philip
+Cory and at all but for that I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cory and at all but for that I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cory and at all but for that I think we
+deserve to give our bosses a hearty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve to give our bosses a hearty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve to give our bosses a hearty
+thank you for what they have done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for what they have done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for what they have done for
+for MIT and for the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh ocw was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ocw was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ocw was not
+inexpensive uh I remember that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive uh I remember that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive uh I remember that in the
+early days we were trying to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days we were trying to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days we were trying to come up
+with a figure and I always believed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a figure and I always believed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a figure and I always believed that
+you should never lowball a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should never lowball a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should never lowball a potential
+sponsor so we tried to be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsor so we tried to be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsor so we tried to be as
+conservative as possible and the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative as possible and the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative as possible and the number
+floating around at that time was $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around at that time was $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around at that time was $100
+million and I still remember how abelon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and I still remember how abelon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and I still remember how abelon
+and I going down to see the president of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I going down to see the president of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I going down to see the president of
+melon Foundation the day before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melon Foundation the day before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melon Foundation the day before
+Thanksgiving uh in Princeton that's his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving uh in Princeton that's his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving uh in Princeton that's his
+home that's not where he normally works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home that's not where he normally works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home that's not where he normally works
+Bill Bowen usually works in New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill Bowen usually works in New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill Bowen usually works in New York
+City and I wasn't naive I figure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City and I wasn't naive I figure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City and I wasn't naive I figure you
+know if we're really lucky and we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we're really lucky and we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we're really lucky and we got a
+million dollars on a trip like this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars on a trip like this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars on a trip like this you
+know Thanksgiving Eve traffic and all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Thanksgiving Eve traffic and all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Thanksgiving Eve traffic and all uh
+maybe after 100 trips like this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe after 100 trips like this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe after 100 trips like this of
+people like ourselves and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like ourselves and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like ourselves and you know
+everybody else we might gather what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else we might gather what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else we might gather what's
+required and it turned out that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required and it turned out that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required and it turned out that at the
+end of our presentation Bill said You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of our presentation Bill said You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of our presentation Bill said You
+know guys things get complicated when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know guys things get complicated when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know guys things get complicated when
+lots of people are involved why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people are involved why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people are involved why don't
+you give us a chance to respond before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give us a chance to respond before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give us a chance to respond before
+you ask someone else um that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask someone else um that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask someone else um that was the
+last time I actually saw Bill Bowen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I actually saw Bill Bowen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I actually saw Bill Bowen
+again until he came to celebrate I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again until he came to celebrate I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again until he came to celebrate I think
+a thousand courses being published so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand courses being published so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand courses being published so uh
+thank you Bill boen and uh melon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you Bill boen and uh melon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you Bill boen and uh melon
+foundation and hulet foundation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation and hulet foundation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation and hulet foundation and
+Stanton foundation and EP initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanton foundation and EP initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanton foundation and EP initial
+Corporation and in addition many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation and in addition many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation and in addition many
+thousands uh smaller but no less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands uh smaller but no less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands uh smaller but no less
+important uh donors and benefactors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh donors and benefactors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh donors and benefactors of
+ocw so thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you um I I came in and I saw the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um I I came in and I saw the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um I I came in and I saw the name of
+K Han and I don't know if he's here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Han and I don't know if he's here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Han and I don't know if he's here or
+not uh he's there and uh there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh he's there and uh there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh he's there and uh there are some
+unsung heroes and I want to acknowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsung heroes and I want to acknowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsung heroes and I want to acknowledge
+again kinan Reggie Van Lee and uh boo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again kinan Reggie Van Lee and uh boo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again kinan Reggie Van Lee and uh boo
+Alan Hilton who supported the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan Hilton who supported the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan Hilton who supported the original
+committee with really very good analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee with really very good analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee with really very good analysis
+that help us made a rather difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that help us made a rather difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that help us made a rather difficult
+decision as to what to do so in case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision as to what to do so in case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision as to what to do so in case you
+think that open course Weare was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that open course Weare was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that open course Weare was just
+sort of a um sudden you know out of blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a um sudden you know out of blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a um sudden you know out of blue
+Eureka kind of a uh call it wasn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eureka kind of a uh call it wasn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eureka kind of a uh call it wasn't it
+was really actually a very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really actually a very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really actually a very careful
+thoughtful uh economic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtful uh economic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtful uh economic and
+organizational analysis made possible by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational analysis made possible by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational analysis made possible by
+the hard work of kunun and his friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard work of kunun and his friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard work of kunun and his friends
+who were helping us at that that time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were helping us at that that time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were helping us at that that time so
+again thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you um I'm a dreamer many of us were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um I'm a dreamer many of us were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um I'm a dreamer many of us were
+dreamers on that committee and we dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreamers on that committee and we dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreamers on that committee and we dream
+big we had a big Vision but as C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big we had a big Vision but as C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big we had a big Vision but as C
+probably alluded to it uh what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably alluded to it uh what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably alluded to it uh what we have
+where ocw is today way exceeded our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where ocw is today way exceeded our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where ocw is today way exceeded our
+original Vision or our dreams uh I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Vision or our dreams uh I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Vision or our dreams uh I would
+not repeat or maybe I should repeat some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not repeat or maybe I should repeat some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not repeat or maybe I should repeat some
+of the uh statistics that mentioned he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh statistics that mentioned he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh statistics that mentioned he
+she's mentioned a lot uh possibly 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's mentioned a lot uh possibly 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's mentioned a lot uh possibly 100
+million people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million people
+um uh over 2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh over 2,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh over 2,000
+courses um at one point 90% of MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses um at one point 90% of MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses um at one point 90% of MIT
+faculty uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty uh was
+participating and I think it was Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating and I think it was Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating and I think it was Susan
+harfield who said she couldn't think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harfield who said she couldn't think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harfield who said she couldn't think of
+another activity that MIT faculty or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another activity that MIT faculty or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another activity that MIT faculty or
+do uh that has that kind of percentages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh that has that kind of percentages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh that has that kind of percentages
+other other than cashing their paychecks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other than cashing their paychecks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other than cashing their paychecks
+and I want to add that we don't cash our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to add that we don't cash our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to add that we don't cash our
+paychecks anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paychecks anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paychecks anymore
+anyway they all direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway they all direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway they all direct
+deposits um there had been uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits um there had been uh many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits um there had been uh many
+translations uh it's not so much that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations uh it's not so much that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations uh it's not so much that
+people wanted to translate MIT material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted to translate MIT material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted to translate MIT material
+but the opportunity that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the opportunity that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the opportunity that these
+translations offer for MIT to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations offer for MIT to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations offer for MIT to have an
+impact Beyond its immediate immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact Beyond its immediate immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact Beyond its immediate immediate
+environment that's truly significant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that's truly significant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that's truly significant so
+when you think of a translation into um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think of a translation into um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think of a translation into um
+Spanish think Latin America if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish think Latin America if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish think Latin America if you think
+about a translation into Chinese uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a translation into Chinese uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a translation into Chinese uh
+think 1.3 billion and I think if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 1.3 billion and I think if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 1.3 billion and I think if you
+start thinking like that and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking like that and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking like that and you know
+the six I think C mentioned six official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six I think C mentioned six official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six I think C mentioned six official
+translation uh perhaps a dozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation uh perhaps a dozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation uh perhaps a dozen
+unofficial ones and the thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unofficial ones and the thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unofficial ones and the thousands of
+courses that's represented the impact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that's represented the impact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that's represented the impact is
+really quite significant in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite significant in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite significant in terms of
+mit's reach uh far and wide um I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's reach uh far and wide um I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's reach uh far and wide um I'll tell
+you two personal stories about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two personal stories about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two personal stories about that
+impact one was one day my daughter Emily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact one was one day my daughter Emily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact one was one day my daughter Emily
+she's in 11th grade in in high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's in 11th grade in in high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's in 11th grade in in high school
+came home and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came home and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came home and said
+Papa Alexandra says that you are her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Papa Alexandra says that you are her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Papa Alexandra says that you are her
+favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite
+teacher I said wait wait I don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher I said wait wait I don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher I said wait wait I don't even
+teach at your high school right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach at your high school right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach at your high school right
+Alexandra is cute and all that but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexandra is cute and all that but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexandra is cute and all that but how
+does she know even who I was right turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does she know even who I was right turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does she know even who I was right turns
+out Alexandra was uh going to MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Alexandra was uh going to MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Alexandra was uh going to MIT open
+courseware and helping her with her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware and helping her with her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware and helping her with her
+classwork and Alexandra is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classwork and Alexandra is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classwork and Alexandra is one of the
+top top students and she's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top top students and she's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top top students and she's doing
+extremely well and she somehow figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely well and she somehow figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely well and she somehow figured
+out the connection between Emily and me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the connection between Emily and me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the connection between Emily and me
+and open courseware and wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open courseware and wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open courseware and wanted to make
+sure that so so my daughter is popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that so so my daughter is popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that so so my daughter is popular
+as a result of that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of that you see
+or or all because of these boxes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or all because of these boxes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or all because of these boxes of
+chocolates you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolates you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolates you
+see I'll share with you another story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'll share with you another story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'll share with you another story
+which is actually another very poignant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually another very poignant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually another very poignant
+I I do not teach a big class or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I do not teach a big class or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I do not teach a big class or a
+popular one uh as some of the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular one uh as some of the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular one uh as some of the ones that
+CE mentioned I'm I'm no water lean or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CE mentioned I'm I'm no water lean or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CE mentioned I'm I'm no water lean or
+Gil Strang far from it I teach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gil Strang far from it I teach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gil Strang far from it I teach a
+relatively small class uh but recently I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small class uh but recently I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small class uh but recently I
+ran into some former students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran into some former students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran into some former students and
+colleagues from Taiwan right and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues from Taiwan right and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues from Taiwan right and it
+started because they say you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started because they say you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started because they say you know this
+textbook that we use it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook that we use it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook that we use it's getting
+awfully hard to get it's very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awfully hard to get it's very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awfully hard to get it's very expensive
+right and I just found out he said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I just found out he said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I just found out he said okay
+that almost all the classes in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that almost all the classes in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that almost all the classes in this
+first year Marine hydrodynamics that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year Marine hydrodynamics that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year Marine hydrodynamics that's
+being taught in the universities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taught in the universities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taught in the universities in
+thawan they are all using the MIT course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thawan they are all using the MIT course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thawan they are all using the MIT course
+notes that I wrote to teach in lie of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that I wrote to teach in lie of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that I wrote to teach in lie of
+the textbook they say they didn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook they say they didn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook they say they didn't even
+need the textbook okay right and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the textbook okay right and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the textbook okay right and I'm
+just take her to death that one day you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take her to death that one day you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take her to death that one day you
+know because I use a for edit mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because I use a for edit mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because I use a for edit mass and
+not me maybe the entire Taiwan graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not me maybe the entire Taiwan graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not me maybe the entire Taiwan graduate
+population in Naval architecture would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in Naval architecture would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in Naval architecture would
+use a and not Mew think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a and not Mew think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a and not Mew think about that
+information think about the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information think about the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information think about the impact of
+that right so just take your course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so just take your course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so just take your course and
+do the similar kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thinking um anyway so I again I said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking um anyway so I again I said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking um anyway so I again I said I
+would not take a lot of time um um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not take a lot of time um um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not take a lot of time um um there
+are many many uh things to share and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many uh things to share and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many uh things to share and and
+to to sort of uh uh congratulate each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to sort of uh uh congratulate each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to sort of uh uh congratulate each
+other about uh I think I really wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other about uh I think I really wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other about uh I think I really wanted
+to come back to where uh cease uh ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to where uh cease uh ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to where uh cease uh ended
+namely that uh where should ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that uh where should ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that uh where should ocw
+potentially go right and the faculty uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially go right and the faculty uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially go right and the faculty uh
+advisory committee of which I'm a member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisory committee of which I'm a member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisory committee of which I'm a member
+uh and she grew his chair unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and she grew his chair unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and she grew his chair unfortunately
+shuru couldn't be here and he wanted me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuru couldn't be here and he wanted me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuru couldn't be here and he wanted me
+personally to express his his very warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally to express his his very warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally to express his his very warm
+sentiments to to all of you uh we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiments to to all of you uh we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiments to to all of you uh we've
+been we've been working with the staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been we've been working with the staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been we've been working with the staff
+and thinking hard right and I'm tickled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking hard right and I'm tickled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking hard right and I'm tickled
+to death about the possibility that MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to death about the possibility that MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to death about the possibility that MIT
+could truly uh impact a big portion a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could truly uh impact a big portion a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could truly uh impact a big portion a
+good fraction of the population of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fraction of the population of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fraction of the population of the
+world if indeed we could reach a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world if indeed we could reach a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world if indeed we could reach a billion
+people right if we could reach 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right if we could reach 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right if we could reach 10
+million teachers uh and I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million teachers uh and I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million teachers uh and I just wanted to
+say to all of you who had uh contributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to all of you who had uh contributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to all of you who had uh contributed
+so much to the where MIT ocw is today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much to the where MIT ocw is today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much to the where MIT ocw is today I
+wanted to invite all of you to join ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to invite all of you to join ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to invite all of you to join ocw
+again through your talents and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again through your talents and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again through your talents and your
+gifts and um both intellectual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifts and um both intellectual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifts and um both intellectual and
+personal gifts to again help mitw to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal gifts to again help mitw to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal gifts to again help mitw to
+reach these new new goals and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach these new new goals and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach these new new goals and I think
+they will be ocw will be calling on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be ocw will be calling on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be ocw will be calling on all
+of us to again maybe step forward to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us to again maybe step forward to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us to again maybe step forward to do
+something interesting or difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting or difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting or difficult to
+help that cause and I'd like to um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help that cause and I'd like to um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help that cause and I'd like to um not
+end by just saying thank you but please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end by just saying thank you but please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end by just saying thank you but please
+uh at the same time looking forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the same time looking forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the same time looking forward to
+where we would go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we would go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we would go with
+ocw um C mentioned uh some pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw um C mentioned uh some pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw um C mentioned uh some pilot
+projects and ideas and I'd like to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and ideas and I'd like to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and ideas and I'd like to take
+this opportunity to uh recognize Hazel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this opportunity to uh recognize Hazel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this opportunity to uh recognize Hazel
+CIF who was also on the faculty advisory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIF who was also on the faculty advisory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIF who was also on the faculty advisory
+committee of ocw who would come up now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee of ocw who would come up now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee of ocw who would come up now
+and share uh more personally about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and share uh more personally about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and share uh more personally about some
+of her ideas and the ideas that she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her ideas and the ideas that she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her ideas and the ideas that she's
+familiar about uh that involves around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar about uh that involves around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar about uh that involves around
+open course Weare so Hazel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course Weare so Hazel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course Weare so Hazel
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+well thank you so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well thank you so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well thank you so much
+dick it's interesting I'm so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dick it's interesting I'm so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dick it's interesting I'm so very
+honored to be here and be included in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honored to be here and be included in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honored to be here and be included in
+this celebration but really I am very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this celebration but really I am very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this celebration but really I am very
+naive about open course whereare I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive about open course whereare I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive about open course whereare I'll
+tell you where I'm not naive but mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you where I'm not naive but mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you where I'm not naive but mostly
+I'm here as a faculty member telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm here as a faculty member telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm here as a faculty member telling you
+about what open course Weare has meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what open course Weare has meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what open course Weare has meant
+to me and how I first came to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and how I first came to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and how I first came to know about
+it and where I am now in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and where I am now in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and where I am now in my
+understanding of where open course were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of where open course were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of where open course were
+is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going
+forward and I suppose I'm going to touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and I suppose I'm going to touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and I suppose I'm going to touch
+on three things although I kind of feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on three things although I kind of feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on three things although I kind of feel
+the lateness of the day and it's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateness of the day and it's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateness of the day and it's been a
+long day for me and I'm sure it's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long day for me and I'm sure it's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long day for me and I'm sure it's been a
+long day for you but I will tell you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long day for you but I will tell you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long day for you but I will tell you you
+know what I have planned and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I have planned and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I have planned and then we'll
+see where it goes which is to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where it goes which is to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where it goes which is to tell you
+that I'll talk to you about being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll talk to you about being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll talk to you about being a
+faculty member and ocw I'll talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member and ocw I'll talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member and ocw I'll talk to you
+about being a representative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being a representative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being a representative of the
+School of Science I'm associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School of Science I'm associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School of Science I'm associate
+and ocw and I'll talk to you about being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ocw and I'll talk to you about being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ocw and I'll talk to you about being
+a member of the open courseware faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a member of the open courseware faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a member of the open courseware faculty
+Advisory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advisory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advisory
+Board you know I remember when I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Board you know I remember when I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Board you know I remember when I first
+heard of open courseware someone came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of open courseware someone came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of open courseware someone came to
+me and asked if I would put my notes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and asked if I would put my notes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and asked if I would put my notes for
+722 which is undergraduate developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+722 which is undergraduate developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+722 which is undergraduate developmental
+biology it's a niche course on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology it's a niche course on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology it's a niche course on the web
+and I was really taken aback because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was really taken aback because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was really taken aback because
+this was a course that I was developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a course that I was developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a course that I was developing
+myself I was struggling with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself I was struggling with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself I was struggling with the
+material and how to teach it and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and how to teach it and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and how to teach it and I was
+really quite reluctant to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite reluctant to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite reluctant to put the
+material up there for everyone to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material up there for everyone to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material up there for everyone to see
+when I felt it was still undergoing its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I felt it was still undergoing its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I felt it was still undergoing its
+own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+ontogeny but I did because it was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontogeny but I did because it was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontogeny but I did because it was an
+expectation I checked it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation I checked it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation I checked it really
+carefully to make sure that I didn't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully to make sure that I didn't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully to make sure that I didn't put
+something wrong up there for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong up there for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong up there for my
+colleagues to see and then I moved on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues to see and then I moved on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues to see and then I moved on to
+the other course that I was teaching at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other course that I was teaching at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other course that I was teaching at
+the time and that was what I knew about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and that was what I knew about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and that was what I knew about
+open courseware until a faculty meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware until a faculty meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware until a faculty meeting
+where analouis and Steve lurman reported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where analouis and Steve lurman reported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where analouis and Steve lurman reported
+on the progress in gathering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the progress in gathering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the progress in gathering and
+collating courses and putting them up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collating courses and putting them up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collating courses and putting them up on
+open courseware and I sat there I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware and I sat there I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware and I sat there I think
+the tally was about 900 at the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tally was about 900 at the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tally was about 900 at the time and
+I remember sitting there it was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember sitting there it was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember sitting there it was one of
+the first MIT faculty meetings I'd ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first MIT faculty meetings I'd ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first MIT faculty meetings I'd ever
+been to and I remember sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been to and I remember sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been to and I remember sitting there
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+wow other people have Beed their souls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow other people have Beed their souls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow other people have Beed their souls
+and put their material up for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put their material up for everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put their material up for everyone
+to see and find find their mistakes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see and find find their mistakes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see and find find their mistakes and
+see their secrets of teaching and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see their secrets of teaching and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see their secrets of teaching and their
+problem sets that they have put so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets that they have put so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets that they have put so much
+creativity into and their exam questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity into and their exam questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity into and their exam questions
+and so on and so many faculty have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so many faculty have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so many faculty have done
+it and there was a trajectory to get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and there was a trajectory to get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and there was a trajectory to get all
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+courses and it actually made me think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses and it actually made me think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses and it actually made me think a
+lot about something that I really enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about something that I really enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about something that I really enjoy
+thinking about which is what it means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about which is what it means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about which is what it means to
+be a university professor and what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a university professor and what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a university professor and what it
+means to be part of the Great academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to be part of the Great academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to be part of the Great academic
+tradition and it seemed to me really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition and it seemed to me really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition and it seemed to me really
+that what we were doing with open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we were doing with open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we were doing with open course
+Weare was deeply entrenched in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weare was deeply entrenched in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weare was deeply entrenched in the
+academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic
+tradition of finding knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of finding knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of finding knowledge of
+interpreting knowledge of disseminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting knowledge of disseminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting knowledge of disseminating
+knowledge being the keepers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge being the keepers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge being the keepers and the
+teachers of knowledge and that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers of knowledge and that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers of knowledge and that really
+what we were doing through open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were doing through open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were doing through open course
+where was kind of a pure thing there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where was kind of a pure thing there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where was kind of a pure thing there was
+a pure pedagogy that we were willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure pedagogy that we were willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure pedagogy that we were willing to
+share and I thought that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share and I thought that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share and I thought that it was
+interesting although it was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting although it was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting although it was so
+technologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically
+current that the principles of sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that the principles of sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that the principles of sharing
+our knowledge and our way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our knowledge and our way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our knowledge and our way of thinking
+and teaching were really very ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and teaching were really very ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and teaching were really very ancient
+and a really wonderful way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a really wonderful way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a really wonderful way to
+communicate the mantle of Academia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate the mantle of Academia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate the mantle of Academia and
+the mantle of teaching that we all carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mantle of teaching that we all carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mantle of teaching that we all carry
+and that is one of the so wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is one of the so wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is one of the so wonderful
+things of being part of an academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Community one of the things that open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community one of the things that open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community one of the things that open
+course Weare does is to teach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Weare does is to teach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Weare does is to teach the
+GS the general Institute requirements so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GS the general Institute requirements so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GS the general Institute requirements so
+dreaded and loved in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreaded and loved in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreaded and loved in a kind of
+masochistic way by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masochistic way by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masochistic way by our
+undergraduates and many of the GS apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates and many of the GS apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates and many of the GS apart
+from the important Humanities GS or most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the important Humanities GS or most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the important Humanities GS or most
+of them are science courses and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are science courses and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are science courses and in the
+School of Science of course we're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School of Science of course we're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School of Science of course we're very
+proud of the GS and the way they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of the GS and the way they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of the GS and the way they're
+taught and we're very proud of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught and we're very proud of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught and we're very proud of the way
+they're represented on open courseware I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're represented on open courseware I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're represented on open courseware I
+wouldn't dare go to where the rock stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't dare go to where the rock stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't dare go to where the rock stars
+of our faculty are in open cour whereare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our faculty are in open cour whereare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our faculty are in open cour whereare
+you've heard them cited a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard them cited a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard them cited a number of
+times there are lots of rock stars whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times there are lots of rock stars whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times there are lots of rock stars whose
+work is viewed very often most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is viewed very often most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is viewed very often most of them
+are in the general Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the general Institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the general Institute
+requirements and it's really fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and it's really fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and it's really fantastic
+to see that as CE mentioned some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that as CE mentioned some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that as CE mentioned some of
+these courses being expanded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these courses being expanded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these courses being expanded and
+reworked through the Stanton project to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reworked through the Stanton project to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reworked through the Stanton project to
+make the GS even more accessible to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the GS even more accessible to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the GS even more accessible to even
+more students across the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then some years ago when I became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some years ago when I became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some years ago when I became
+associate Dean I also joined the ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate Dean I also joined the ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate Dean I also joined the ocw
+faculty Advisory Board and I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty Advisory Board and I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty Advisory Board and I have to
+tell you honestly I thought oh boy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you honestly I thought oh boy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you honestly I thought oh boy here
+is another another task that I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another another task that I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another another task that I have to
+do another committee to sit on but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do another committee to sit on but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do another committee to sit on but I
+have to tell you honestly that the ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell you honestly that the ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell you honestly that the ocw
+faculty Advisory Board is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty Advisory Board is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty Advisory Board is a really
+fantastic committee and if any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic committee and if any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic committee and if any of you
+are ever asked me to sit on it I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ever asked me to sit on it I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ever asked me to sit on it I would
+strongly advise you to say yes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly advise you to say yes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly advise you to say yes because
+it's one of those committees where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of those committees where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of those committees where you
+sit with a group of people the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit with a group of people the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit with a group of people the open
+course Weare director who is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Weare director who is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Weare director who is really
+extraordinary C DOA really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary C DOA really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary C DOA really an
+extraordinary thinker a very open mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary thinker a very open mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary thinker a very open mind
+the Fantastic staff that she has working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fantastic staff that she has working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fantastic staff that she has working
+with her and of course the Fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her and of course the Fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her and of course the Fantastic
+faculty who are sitting around thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty who are sitting around thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty who are sitting around thinking
+about open courseware and where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about open courseware and where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about open courseware and where it is
+and where it should go and it's been an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where it should go and it's been an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where it should go and it's been an
+absolute delight and terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute delight and terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute delight and terribly
+interesting to sit with this group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to sit with this group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to sit with this group of
+people thinking about where open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thinking about where open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thinking about where open course
+whereare is and where open course where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereare is and where open course where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereare is and where open course where
+should go and it comes back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go and it comes back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go and it comes back to this
+theme that I mentioned before that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme that I mentioned before that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme that I mentioned before that the
+communication of knowledge that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication of knowledge that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication of knowledge that we do
+can be framed in as current ways as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be framed in as current ways as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be framed in as current ways as we
+can we can Facebook we can whatever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can Facebook we can whatever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can Facebook we can whatever we
+can Droid we can do you know whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Droid we can do you know whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Droid we can do you know whatever is
+the current way of communicating but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current way of communicating but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current way of communicating but the
+underlying princip principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying princip principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying princip principles of
+pedagogy that we do so well at MIT that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogy that we do so well at MIT that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogy that we do so well at MIT that
+we're so proud of I think always embody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're so proud of I think always embody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're so proud of I think always embody
+how open course we will go forward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how open course we will go forward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how open course we will go forward and
+as a faculty member that really is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a faculty member that really is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a faculty member that really is the
+thing that comes back to me and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that comes back to me and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that comes back to me and being
+part of the faculty Advisory Board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the faculty Advisory Board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the faculty Advisory Board
+reinforces also the power that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforces also the power that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforces also the power that we have
+in thinking about how to teach who we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thinking about how to teach who we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thinking about how to teach who we
+teach and how to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach and how to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach and how to move
+forward it's a real honor to be here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward it's a real honor to be here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward it's a real honor to be here and
+speak to you and congrat congratulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to you and congrat congratulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to you and congrat congratulate
+open courseware I think the next 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware I think the next 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware I think the next 10
+years are going to be really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years are going to be really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years are going to be really interesting
+and just as important as the last 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just as important as the last 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just as important as the last 10
+years happy birthday open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coursewhere so there's little I can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coursewhere so there's little I can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coursewhere so there's little I can add
+to these fabulous speakers Hazel dick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these fabulous speakers Hazel dick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these fabulous speakers Hazel dick
+and cease but let me just say there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cease but let me just say there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cease but let me just say there were
+surprises in the first 10 years and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises in the first 10 years and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises in the first 10 years and they
+were were fabulous surprises there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were fabulous surprises there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were fabulous surprises there's no
+reason to expect other than more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to expect other than more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to expect other than more
+surprises of the fabulous kind in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises of the fabulous kind in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises of the fabulous kind in the
+next decade so I no longer have a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next decade so I no longer have a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next decade so I no longer have a glass
+but I lift two hands in salute to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I lift two hands in salute to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I lift two hands in salute to the
+staff of ocw who make this world go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff of ocw who make this world go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff of ocw who make this world go
+round for us and to The Faculty whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round for us and to The Faculty whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round for us and to The Faculty whose
+intellectual input is so crucial this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual input is so crucial this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual input is so crucial this is
+you know the best of MIT and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the best of MIT and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the best of MIT and there's a
+heck of a lot that's great at MIT but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck of a lot that's great at MIT but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck of a lot that's great at MIT but
+this really is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really is the best
+so congratulations to you all and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so congratulations to you all and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so congratulations to you all and uh
+we'll party until around 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll party until around 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll party until around 8
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bo8SFHppXZk.txt b/bo8SFHppXZk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c8a15b3891ba535281c81ad5afc41d7d0cc86d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bo8SFHppXZk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1152 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+I want us to look at the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want us to look at the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want us to look at the following
+problem we're going to let F ofx equal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to let F ofx equal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to let F ofx equal 1
+/x and I want to consider the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x and I want to consider the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x and I want to consider the solid
+generated by rotating F ofx about the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by rotating F ofx about the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by rotating F ofx about the x
+axis between xal 1 and x equal Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis between xal 1 and x equal Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis between xal 1 and x equal Infinity
+I want you to find the area of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to find the area of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to find the area of a
+cross-sectional slice and then I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional slice and then I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional slice and then I want
+you to find the volume of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to find the volume of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to find the volume of the of the
+solid uh in the cross-sectional slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid uh in the cross-sectional slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid uh in the cross-sectional slice
+the one I'm interested in is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I'm interested in is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I'm interested in is the one
+that you see in the XY plane so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see in the XY plane so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see in the XY plane so my
+suggestion to you is that right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion to you is that right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion to you is that right away
+draw yourself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw yourself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw yourself a
+picture just at least a rough sketch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture just at least a rough sketch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture just at least a rough sketch of
+the curve y equals F ofx and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve y equals F ofx and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve y equals F ofx and then what
+that cross-sectional slice will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cross-sectional slice will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cross-sectional slice will look
+like and start off from there and take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and start off from there and take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and start off from there and take a
+while to work on that and then I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while to work on that and then I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while to work on that and then I'll be
+back and show you what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did okay welcome back well hopefully you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay welcome back well hopefully you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay welcome back well hopefully you
+were able to make some Headway on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to make some Headway on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to make some Headway on this
+problem and maybe you found some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and maybe you found some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and maybe you found some
+interesting things hopefully you did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things hopefully you did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things hopefully you did and
+we will see what I find and if they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see what I find and if they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see what I find and if they are
+interesting which I think they are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting which I think they are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting which I think they are so
+let's start off I told you the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start off I told you the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start off I told you the first
+thing you should do is get a rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you should do is get a rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you should do is get a rough
+picture so I'm going to draw a rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so I'm going to draw a rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so I'm going to draw a rough
+picture and make sure that that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and make sure that that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and make sure that that those
+match up well my picture matches up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up well my picture matches up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up well my picture matches up with
+yours so let me give you the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours so let me give you the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours so let me give you the XY
+plane and then y equals one overx is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and then y equals one overx is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and then y equals one overx is a
+curve that at at xal 1 I'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that at at xal 1 I'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that at at xal 1 I'm going to make
+y equal 1 up here y equal 1 up there x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equal 1 up here y equal 1 up there x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equal 1 up here y equal 1 up there x
+equal 1 so when X is 1 Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 so when X is 1 Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 so when X is 1 Y is
+1 and then it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then it's going to
+Decay down as X goes to Infinity it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay down as X goes to Infinity it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay down as X goes to Infinity it
+decays so it looks something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays so it looks something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays so it looks something like that
+and then I actually should have moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I actually should have moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I actually should have moved
+this one because I'm going to need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one because I'm going to need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one because I'm going to need that
+side to get my cross-sectional slice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to get my cross-sectional slice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to get my cross-sectional slice so
+my cross-sectional slice it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cross-sectional slice it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cross-sectional slice it's going to
+come down here and look something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down here and look something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down here and look something like
+this oops that's supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oops that's supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oops that's supposed to be
+symmetric that's still supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric that's still supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric that's still supposed to be
+something like this it's supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this it's supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this it's supposed to be
+symmetric about the x-axis and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric about the x-axis and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric about the x-axis and the
+cross-sectional slice is the is the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional slice is the is the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional slice is the is the area
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+that now if you remember what you saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now if you remember what you saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now if you remember what you saw in
+lecture you saw I believe that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you saw I believe that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you saw I believe that the
+integral from one to Infinity of 1 /x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from one to Infinity of 1 /x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from one to Infinity of 1 /x
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+diverges because you end up with log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges because you end up with log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges because you end up with log
+evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at
+Infinity uh and that is infinite and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity uh and that is infinite and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity uh and that is infinite and so
+you wind up with this this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wind up with this this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wind up with this this actually
+diverges that was the area of the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges that was the area of the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges that was the area of the top
+part from 0 to F ofx so of course if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part from 0 to F ofx so of course if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part from 0 to F ofx so of course if I
+double that I'm still going to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double that I'm still going to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double that I'm still going to get that
+it diverges so in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it diverges so in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it diverges so in fact the
+cross-sectional slice area CSS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional slice area CSS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional slice area CSS
+area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinite okay so that's one part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite okay so that's one part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite okay so that's one part the
+other part is to find the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part is to find the volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part is to find the volume of the
+solid of Revolution so the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid of Revolution so the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid of Revolution so the second part
+was take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was take this
+this piece from zero up to F ofx rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece from zero up to F ofx rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece from zero up to F ofx rotated
+around the xaxis and compute the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the xaxis and compute the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the xaxis and compute the volume
+now we know how to compute the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know how to compute the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know how to compute the volume
+this is this is the dis method I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the dis method I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the dis method I'm going
+to use here and uh and I will write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use here and uh and I will write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use here and uh and I will write out
+what we need to do and then we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to do and then we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to do and then we'll look
+at what the integral gives us so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what the integral gives us so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what the integral gives us so for the
+dis method so let's say this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis method so let's say this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis method so let's say this is the
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+part so the volume it's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so the volume it's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so the volume it's going to be the
+dis method so I need to do pi r 2 and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis method so I need to do pi r 2 and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis method so I need to do pi r 2 and in
+this case I'm integrating from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I'm integrating from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I'm integrating from 1 to
+Infinity so I need pi r Del DX I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so I need pi r Del DX I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so I need pi r Del DX I'm going
+to be integrating something that's PK R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be integrating something that's PK R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be integrating something that's PK R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and I know the bounds are 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and I know the bounds are 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and I know the bounds are 1 to
+infinity and so I need R in terms of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and so I need R in terms of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and so I need R in terms of as
+a function of X that's fairly easy R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of X that's fairly easy R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of X that's fairly easy R is
+just the measure from zero up to F ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the measure from zero up to F ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the measure from zero up to F ofx
+so that's just 1X so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just 1X so this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just 1X so this is actually
+the integral I'm going to pull the pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral I'm going to pull the pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral I'm going to pull the pi
+out of 1x^2 from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 1x^2 from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 1x^2 from 1 to
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+DX okay so what how do I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay so what how do I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay so what how do I do this
+integral well you were shown in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral well you were shown in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral well you were shown in uh in
+class that in actuality this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that in actuality this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that in actuality this is the
+limit as some value up here goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as some value up here goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as some value up here goes to
+Infinity of this integral but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of this integral but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of this integral but we're
+we're uh we're just going to do it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're uh we're just going to do it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're uh we're just going to do it the
+shorthand way that he also mentioned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand way that he also mentioned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand way that he also mentioned in
+class and keep the infinity around so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and keep the infinity around so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and keep the infinity around so we
+can keep that as our bound knowing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep that as our bound knowing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep that as our bound knowing we're
+taking limits as as this thing goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking limits as as this thing goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking limits as as this thing goes to
+Infinity so the integral of 1/x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so the integral of 1/x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so the integral of 1/x^2
+is 1 /x so I get min - piun * 1 /x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 /x so I get min - piun * 1 /x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 /x so I get min - piun * 1 /x
+valuated at 1 and infinity I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuated at 1 and infinity I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuated at 1 and infinity I can just
+check that if I need to but this is xus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that if I need to but this is xus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that if I need to but this is xus
+one and its derivative is x -2 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and its derivative is x -2 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and its derivative is x -2 that's
+why I needed that negative there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I needed that negative there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I needed that negative there and
+then I evaluate this well at Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I evaluate this well at Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I evaluate this well at Infinity
+1/x as X goes to Infinity this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/x as X goes to Infinity this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/x as X goes to Infinity this first
+part goes to zero so this is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part goes to zero so this is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part goes to zero so this is 0
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+Pi * 1 over 1 so Pi * 1 so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi * 1 over 1 so Pi * 1 so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi * 1 over 1 so Pi * 1 so this is just
+Pi okay so hopefully that kind of blows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi okay so hopefully that kind of blows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi okay so hopefully that kind of blows
+your mind a little bit that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind a little bit that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind a little bit that you could
+have something where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something where this
+cross-sectional slice is infinite but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional slice is infinite but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional slice is infinite but in
+fact if you look at it the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you look at it the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you look at it the way we
+computed the volume we have in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the volume we have in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the volume we have in fact a
+finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+volume so I don't know what else I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so I don't know what else I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so I don't know what else I'm
+going to say about that except I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say about that except I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say about that except I think
+it's really cool and you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really cool and you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really cool and you can think about
+why that is and in fact you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is and in fact you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is and in fact you might want
+to notice that that we had to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice that that we had to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice that that we had to we
+computed things in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed things in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed things in terms of
+cross-sectional slices coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional slices coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional slices coming from the
+other direction so we looked at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction so we looked at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction so we looked at these
+cross-sectional slices and we got our we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional slices and we got our we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional slices and we got our we
+got our showed our volume was finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got our showed our volume was finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got our showed our volume was finite
+there um so we had a sum of a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um so we had a sum of a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um so we had a sum of a bunch of
+finite things and so it made sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite things and so it made sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite things and so it made sense that
+you were going to get and the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were going to get and the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were going to get and the finite
+things were getting small fast enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were getting small fast enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were getting small fast enough
+that's the point that when you add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point that when you add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point that when you add up
+these finite things that are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these finite things that are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these finite things that are getting
+small fast enough you can still end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fast enough you can still end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fast enough you can still end up
+with a finite number um but I guess yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a finite number um but I guess yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a finite number um but I guess yeah
+that's where I'll sto so just to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I'll sto so just to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I'll sto so just to say
+that we were we were looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were we were looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were we were looking at this
+sort of solid of Revolution problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of solid of Revolution problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of solid of Revolution problem
+again but we were dealing with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but we were dealing with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but we were dealing with um
+improper integrals and we were showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improper integrals and we were showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improper integrals and we were showing
+how you can do these kinds of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can do these kinds of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can do these kinds of problems
+with improper integrals so now I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with improper integrals so now I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with improper integrals so now I really
+will stop there h
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/c4jP3XCZ4Sw.txt b/c4jP3XCZ4Sw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0065f89d83082e765ae2ec29218876cba53f0f0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c4jP3XCZ4Sw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12355 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu I promised everybody that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I promised everybody that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I promised everybody that we
+would have um the capability of testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have um the capability of testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have um the capability of testing
+a multi-junction solar cell U we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-junction solar cell U we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-junction solar cell U we've been
+working so far with single Junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working so far with single Junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working so far with single Junction
+Crystal and silicon and uh just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and silicon and uh just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and silicon and uh just to
+refresh everybody about what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresh everybody about what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresh everybody about what a
+multi-junction device is um it is a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-junction device is um it is a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-junction device is um it is a high
+efficiency concept uh the efficiencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency concept uh the efficiencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency concept uh the efficiencies
+that are obtained under concentrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are obtained under concentrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are obtained under concentrated
+sunlight uh are above 40% now with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight uh are above 40% now with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight uh are above 40% now with some
+of these uh high efficiency concentrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh high efficiency concentrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh high efficiency concentrator
+devices and um the again the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and um the again the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and um the again the way this
+concentrator device works is if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrator device works is if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrator device works is if you have
+for example germanium gall arite inum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example germanium gall arite inum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example germanium gall arite inum
+Gallum phosphide stack uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gallum phosphide stack uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gallum phosphide stack uh three
+different materials three different band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different materials three different band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different materials three different band
+gaps uh ranging from uh somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps uh ranging from uh somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps uh ranging from uh somewhere in the
+range of 67 evv uh all the way up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of 67 evv uh all the way up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of 67 evv uh all the way up to a
+few EV um the largest band Gap is placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few EV um the largest band Gap is placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few EV um the largest band Gap is placed
+at the top right because the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top right because the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top right because the short
+wavelength light is absorbed by that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength light is absorbed by that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength light is absorbed by that one
+and the longer wavelength lights go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the longer wavelength lights go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the longer wavelength lights go
+through and are absorbed by the layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and are absorbed by the layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and are absorbed by the layers
+underneath so you can think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath so you can think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath so you can think about this
+as uh blue orange and red if you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh blue orange and red if you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh blue orange and red if you like to
+see things in colors uh the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see things in colors uh the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see things in colors uh the short
+wavelength light being the blue absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength light being the blue absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength light being the blue absorb
+at the top um the sunlight obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top um the sunlight obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top um the sunlight obviously
+coming in through that side through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in through that side through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in through that side through the
+top uh the middle cell absorbing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top uh the middle cell absorbing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top uh the middle cell absorbing the
+light somewhere in the in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light somewhere in the in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light somewhere in the in the middle of
+the solar spectrum and the bottom cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar spectrum and the bottom cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar spectrum and the bottom cell
+uh into the Reds um so the notion is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into the Reds um so the notion is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into the Reds um so the notion is to
+have a device that is capable of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a device that is capable of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a device that is capable of uh
+minimizing thermalization losses so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing thermalization losses so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing thermalization losses so uh
+the uh short wavelength light instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh short wavelength light instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh short wavelength light instead of
+being absorbed in a low banget material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being absorbed in a low banget material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being absorbed in a low banget material
+and generating a ton of uh heat uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generating a ton of uh heat uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generating a ton of uh heat uh in
+the process uh is able to be absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process uh is able to be absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process uh is able to be absorbed
+very efficiently via that top cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficiently via that top cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficiently via that top cell and
+only the longest wavelength light the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the longest wavelength light the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the longest wavelength light the
+lowest energy light makes it down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy light makes it down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy light makes it down to the
+small bang material underneath so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small bang material underneath so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small bang material underneath so this
+is representative of the stack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is representative of the stack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is representative of the stack of
+materials that we have I believe what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that we have I believe what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that we have I believe what
+we're going to do is do a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is do a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is do a direct
+comparison of silicon versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of silicon versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of silicon versus
+multi-junction is that right um yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-junction is that right um yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-junction is that right um yeah so
+right now we have installed the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we have installed the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we have installed the Silicon
+devices uh those are the very nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices uh those are the very nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices uh those are the very nicely
+encapsulated ones um we had to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulated ones um we had to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulated ones um we had to change
+the light source as you see now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light source as you see now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light source as you see now we have
+a little bit of a uh uh a flashlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of a uh uh a flashlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of a uh uh a flashlight
+there uh why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh why is that
+why did we have to go from an LED a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did we have to go from an LED a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did we have to go from an LED a
+monochromatic light source to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic light source to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic light source to a
+Broadband uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broadband uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broadband uh
+flashlight well the point is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashlight well the point is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashlight well the point is that you
+have these different uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these different uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these different uh different
+absorber layers that absorb different W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber layers that absorb different W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber layers that absorb different W
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+one other layers would have effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other layers would have effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other layers would have effect and
+it kind of defeats the purpose plus um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of defeats the purpose plus um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of defeats the purpose plus um
+the current outputs of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current outputs of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current outputs of these three
+different cells have to be more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cells have to be more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cells have to be more or less
+matched right so uh because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched right so uh because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched right so uh because because
+they're connected in series um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're connected in series um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're connected in series um if you
+have a poor performing cell or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a poor performing cell or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a poor performing cell or one
+component one sub cell if you will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component one sub cell if you will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component one sub cell if you will uh
+that is generating a small amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is generating a small amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is generating a small amount of
+current um that will limit the combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current um that will limit the combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current um that will limit the combined
+Uh current output of that entire stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh current output of that entire stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh current output of that entire stack
+good so why don't we go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so why don't we go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so why don't we go ahead and
+connect them to our computers we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them to our computers we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them to our computers we have
+our uh tech support staff available on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh tech support staff available on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh tech support staff available on
+call who just walked out uh conveniently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call who just walked out uh conveniently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call who just walked out uh conveniently
+but we'll be back momentarily um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll be back momentarily um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll be back momentarily um we
+connec to our computers uh fire it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connec to our computers uh fire it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connec to our computers uh fire it up
+and uh team up with somebody if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh team up with somebody if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh team up with somebody if you
+don't happen to have a computer with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't happen to have a computer with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't happen to have a computer with you
+we'll get this uh we'll get this demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get this uh we'll get this demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get this uh we'll get this demo
+started so the notion here is to first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so the notion here is to first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so the notion here is to first
+test the Silicon based device uh once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the Silicon based device uh once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the Silicon based device uh once we
+have a good working IV curve out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good working IV curve out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good working IV curve out of the
+Silicon based device um we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon based device um we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon based device um we'll talk about
+uh we'll take a pause we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll take a pause we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll take a pause we'll talk about
+what we would expect to see from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would expect to see from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would expect to see from the
+multi-junction device when we hook that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-junction device when we hook that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-junction device when we hook that
+one up so why don't we go to it and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up so why don't we go to it and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up so why don't we go to it and um
+and give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shot so um let me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot so um let me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot so um let me uh
+let me dive into what is effectively our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me dive into what is effectively our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me dive into what is effectively our
+last uh in-class lecture uh before we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh in-class lecture uh before we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh in-class lecture uh before we uh
+we are uh graced with uh with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are uh graced with uh with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are uh graced with uh with some
+really nice presentations I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice presentations I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice presentations I'm looking
+forward to those so um Global Trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to those so um Global Trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to those so um Global Trends
+what I decided to talk the last day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I decided to talk the last day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I decided to talk the last day
+about um really we have a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um really we have a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um really we have a couple of
+topics left uh which we don't have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics left uh which we don't have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics left uh which we don't have time
+to cover uh we won't have time to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover uh we won't have time to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover uh we won't have time to cover
+both we'll have time to cover one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both we'll have time to cover one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both we'll have time to cover one but
+not the other and the two topics are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the other and the two topics are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the other and the two topics are the
+future of R&D in solar and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of R&D in solar and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of R&D in solar and the other
+topic is solar and developing countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic is solar and developing countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic is solar and developing countries
+I think both are equally important um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think both are equally important um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think both are equally important um I
+decided to pick the former rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to pick the former rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to pick the former rather than
+the latter um Global Investments Trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latter um Global Investments Trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latter um Global Investments Trends
+in solar and other Renewables what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solar and other Renewables what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solar and other Renewables what I
+wanted to do was briefly walk through uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do was briefly walk through uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do was briefly walk through uh
+some of the the recent Trends in uh R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the the recent Trends in uh R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the the recent Trends in uh R&D
+so energy companies traditionally are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so energy companies traditionally are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so energy companies traditionally are
+not R&D Spenders uh they invest or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not R&D Spenders uh they invest or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not R&D Spenders uh they invest or
+reinvest a very small fraction of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvest a very small fraction of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvest a very small fraction of their
+profits in uh in R&D in research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits in uh in R&D in research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits in uh in R&D in research and
+development and solar because it is far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and solar because it is far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and solar because it is far
+from grid parity right now factor of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from grid parity right now factor of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from grid parity right now factor of two
+factor three in terms of cost uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor three in terms of cost uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor three in terms of cost uh not
+price cost we have to uh invest R&D to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price cost we have to uh invest R&D to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price cost we have to uh invest R&D to
+get uh the cost down and this has both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh the cost down and this has both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh the cost down and this has both
+manufacturing Innovation and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Innovation and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Innovation and of course
+uh engineering scientific innovation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh engineering scientific innovation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh engineering scientific innovation uh
+so this right here is um Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this right here is um Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this right here is um Financial
+investment in clean energy Global Trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in clean energy Global Trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in clean energy Global Trends
+by quarter I've decided to compile as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by quarter I've decided to compile as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by quarter I've decided to compile as
+much data as I possibly could uh into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data as I possibly could uh into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data as I possibly could uh into
+these slides so that you can go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides so that you can go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides so that you can go on
+afterward um if you're really interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward um if you're really interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward um if you're really interested
+in the topic pursue it further and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the topic pursue it further and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the topic pursue it further and uh
+what we see is is a rise overall of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see is is a rise overall of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see is is a rise overall of of
+investment in so-called clean energy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in so-called clean energy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in so-called clean energy um
+and by and large by the G20 these are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by and large by the G20 these are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by and large by the G20 these are uh
+countries that have access to resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that have access to resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that have access to resources
+to Capital um large larger gdps on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Capital um large larger gdps on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Capital um large larger gdps on
+average um you also see a trend in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average um you also see a trend in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average um you also see a trend in uh in
+in non uh G20 countries um more recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in non uh G20 countries um more recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in non uh G20 countries um more recently
+uh in uptick a recognition that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in uptick a recognition that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in uptick a recognition that this is
+an important area and perhaps there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important area and perhaps there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important area and perhaps there's
+room to play niches if you will that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to play niches if you will that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to play niches if you will that um
+certain countries can adopt that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain countries can adopt that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain countries can adopt that um that
+would provide a competitive Advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would provide a competitive Advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would provide a competitive Advantage
+this is an interesting chart as well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting chart as well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting chart as well um
+this shows uh the uh investment uh in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows uh the uh investment uh in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows uh the uh investment uh in I
+believe this is government R&D um oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this is government R&D um oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this is government R&D um oh
+this is financial sector investment only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is financial sector investment only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is financial sector investment only
+excludes corporate and government R&D uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excludes corporate and government R&D uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excludes corporate and government R&D uh
+small Distributing capacity um and both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Distributing capacity um and both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Distributing capacity um and both
+so financial sector investment in uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so financial sector investment in uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so financial sector investment in uh the
+US and China what we see in the US is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and China what we see in the US is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and China what we see in the US is
+relatively stable investment um start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively stable investment um start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively stable investment um start
+picked up in the mid 2000 but relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up in the mid 2000 but relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up in the mid 2000 but relatively
+stable throughout um and in China just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable throughout um and in China just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable throughout um and in China just a
+a really steady increase here of of R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really steady increase here of of R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really steady increase here of of R&D
+funding note the the role of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding note the the role of the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding note the the role of the market
+in the United States right around 05 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States right around 05 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States right around 05 and
+' 06 this was when the price of PV began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+' 06 this was when the price of PV began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+' 06 this was when the price of PV began
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Plateau the cost continued cominging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plateau the cost continued cominging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plateau the cost continued cominging
+down but the price of PV modules began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but the price of PV modules began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but the price of PV modules began
+to Plateau because of the Silicon feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Plateau because of the Silicon feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Plateau because of the Silicon feed
+stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock
+shortage right so people saw opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortage right so people saw opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortage right so people saw opportunity
+here especially the financial sector uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here especially the financial sector uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here especially the financial sector uh
+private capital and said well hey um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private capital and said well hey um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private capital and said well hey um if
+prices are remaining High and the costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are remaining High and the costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are remaining High and the costs
+are coming down that means our profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming down that means our profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming down that means our profit
+margin is growing this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin is growing this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin is growing this is a good
+industry for us to get into a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry for us to get into a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry for us to get into a high
+profit margin industry so there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit margin industry so there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit margin industry so there are many
+uh folks getting in because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh folks getting in because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh folks getting in because of that
+market condition um some of them saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market condition um some of them saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market condition um some of them saw the
+future of the market and said this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of the market and said this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of the market and said this is
+trending towards Commodities we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trending towards Commodities we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trending towards Commodities we have to
+adopt that mentality and really squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt that mentality and really squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt that mentality and really squeeze
+every penny out of our cost structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every penny out of our cost structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every penny out of our cost structure
+that we can do um and others went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do um and others went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do um and others went into
+it thinking that this would be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it thinking that this would be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it thinking that this would be a a
+bumper crop uh a really high yield uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumper crop uh a really high yield uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumper crop uh a really high yield uh
+investment and then as the price the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and then as the price the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and then as the price the
+margins began to get squeezed uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins began to get squeezed uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins began to get squeezed uh they
+got scared and some pulled out so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got scared and some pulled out so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got scared and some pulled out so it's
+an interesting uh Trend following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting uh Trend following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting uh Trend following the
+market uh perturbations in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market uh perturbations in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market uh perturbations in the United
+States and and having this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and and having this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and and having this this
+fluctuation uh and in China uh from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation uh and in China uh from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation uh and in China uh from what
+I can tell discussing with Business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell discussing with Business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell discussing with Business
+Leaders and politicians a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leaders and politicians a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leaders and politicians a much more
+premeditated long-term strategy saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premeditated long-term strategy saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premeditated long-term strategy saying
+this is a strategic industry for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a strategic industry for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a strategic industry for our
+country we are going to invest in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country we are going to invest in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country we are going to invest in it and
+this is of fundamental National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of fundamental National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of fundamental National
+importance so a little bit of difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance so a little bit of difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance so a little bit of difference
+um in the investment strategies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the investment strategies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the investment strategies of the
+two the EU is a little bit in between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the EU is a little bit in between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the EU is a little bit in between uh
+a mixed bag again this uptick in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mixed bag again this uptick in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mixed bag again this uptick in the
+middle of the 2000s um but um but um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the 2000s um but um but um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the 2000s um but um but um a
+continued investment in in PV and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued investment in in PV and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued investment in in PV and and
+Renewables um this shows the investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables um this shows the investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables um this shows the investment
+type by sector um broken down on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type by sector um broken down on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type by sector um broken down on on the
+right hand side between the renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side between the renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side between the renewable
+energy types uh so you have wind solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy types uh so you have wind solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy types uh so you have wind solar
+other Renewables biofuels and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Renewables biofuels and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Renewables biofuels and uh
+so-called negawatts um so-called uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called negawatts um so-called uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called negawatts um so-called uh uh
+Energy Efficiency and on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency and on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency and on the left hand
+side we have the different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we have the different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we have the different types of
+investment um into uh clean tech and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment um into uh clean tech and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment um into uh clean tech and
+interestingly here in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly here in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly here in the United States
+this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in
+2009 uh venture capital is uh comprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 uh venture capital is uh comprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 uh venture capital is uh comprising
+a surprising uh total of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surprising uh total of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surprising uh total of of the
+investment in um in renewable energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in um in renewable energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in um in renewable energy and
+uh in terms of the sector itself uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of the sector itself uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of the sector itself uh we
+can see solar here in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see solar here in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see solar here in the United States
+comprised a large percentage again of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprised a large percentage again of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprised a large percentage again of
+the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+investment I want to bring caution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment I want to bring caution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment I want to bring caution to
+one data point up there Spain that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one data point up there Spain that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one data point up there Spain that was a
+little bit of a short-term fluke um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a short-term fluke um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a short-term fluke um the
+the Spanish government instituted a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spanish government instituted a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spanish government instituted a a
+feed in tariff similar to what Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed in tariff similar to what Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed in tariff similar to what Germany
+has has implemented uh but a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has implemented uh but a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has implemented uh but a little less
+successfully let me dive into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully let me dive into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully let me dive into the
+details Germany uh did a careful market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details Germany uh did a careful market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details Germany uh did a careful market
+analysis was the first to move into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis was the first to move into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis was the first to move into the
+space and began dominating the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and began dominating the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and began dominating the market
+for PV 50% of PV installed so if Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for PV 50% of PV installed so if Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for PV 50% of PV installed so if Germany
+set the price a little differently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the price a little differently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the price a little differently the
+PV Market would adjust accordingly Spain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV Market would adjust accordingly Spain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV Market would adjust accordingly Spain
+and New entrant seeing Germany's success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and New entrant seeing Germany's success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and New entrant seeing Germany's success
+decided to replicate it the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to replicate it the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to replicate it the first time
+they attempted a feed in tariff um their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they attempted a feed in tariff um their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they attempted a feed in tariff um their
+feed and tariff came in too low and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed and tariff came in too low and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed and tariff came in too low and the
+market looked at Spain Shrugged their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market looked at Spain Shrugged their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market looked at Spain Shrugged their
+shoulders and continued investing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders and continued investing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders and continued investing in
+installing in Germany the second time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing in Germany the second time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing in Germany the second time
+they decided to come in they put their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided to come in they put their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided to come in they put their
+feed in tariff a little bit too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed in tariff a little bit too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed in tariff a little bit too
+high and as a result the market said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and as a result the market said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and as a result the market said
+really you kidding okay we go there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you kidding okay we go there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you kidding okay we go there and
+install and there was a slush of modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install and there was a slush of modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install and there was a slush of modules
+over to Spain uh flooding the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to Spain uh flooding the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to Spain uh flooding the market
+market and over a period of about a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and over a period of about a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and over a period of about a year
+to two years they got much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two years they got much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two years they got much more than
+they bargained for in other words they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bargained for in other words they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bargained for in other words they
+had many many more modules installed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had many many more modules installed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had many many more modules installed
+than they had expected and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they had expected and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they had expected and now the
+government has to pay out to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government has to pay out to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government has to pay out to these
+module Manu the the the installed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module Manu the the the installed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module Manu the the the installed
+systems they have to pay out a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems they have to pay out a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems they have to pay out a certain
+rate uh based on the feed in tariff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate uh based on the feed in tariff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate uh based on the feed in tariff and
+it was more than they expected to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was more than they expected to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was more than they expected to have
+to pay out then the financial crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay out then the financial crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay out then the financial crisis
+hits so it was a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits so it was a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits so it was a little bit of a
+disaster because um they ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster because um they ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster because um they ended up
+killing the program uh killing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing the program uh killing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing the program uh killing in the
+process about 10 years of work uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process about 10 years of work uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process about 10 years of work uh to
+design the program 10 years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the program 10 years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the program 10 years of
+institution building to think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution building to think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution building to think about how
+to create a feed and ter for Spain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a feed and ter for Spain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a feed and ter for Spain and
+um with uh without the the desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with uh without the the desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with uh without the the desired
+result which was a uh slow steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result which was a uh slow steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result which was a uh slow steady
+increase of the photovoltaic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of the photovoltaic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of the photovoltaic uh
+installations in Spain and and hence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations in Spain and and hence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations in Spain and and hence the
+local industry uh so it was a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local industry uh so it was a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local industry uh so it was a little bit
+of a a flash in the pan a huge Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a flash in the pan a huge Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a flash in the pan a huge Market
+that that burst very suddenly and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that burst very suddenly and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that burst very suddenly and then
+quickly extinguished itself so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly extinguished itself so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly extinguished itself so it's a
+good example of how not to to perform a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example of how not to to perform a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example of how not to to perform a
+feed and tariff how not to design a feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed and tariff how not to design a feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed and tariff how not to design a feed
+and tariff um so that's in 2009 that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tariff um so that's in 2009 that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tariff um so that's in 2009 that was
+U the end of the bumper year investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the end of the bumper year investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the end of the bumper year investment
+um Spain also did something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Spain also did something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Spain also did something that was
+pretty nasty from a government policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nasty from a government policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nasty from a government policy
+point of view um they decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view um they decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view um they decided to
+retroactively change their feed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tariff so feed and tariff is an OB is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff so feed and tariff is an OB is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff so feed and tariff is an OB is a
+contract between uh the government or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract between uh the government or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract between uh the government or
+the utility and the installer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility and the installer right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility and the installer right
+saying that we will pay a certain amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that we will pay a certain amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that we will pay a certain amount
+per year for a number of years and um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year for a number of years and um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year for a number of years and um to
+go back on that and reneg on on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back on that and reneg on on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back on that and reneg on on on the
+feed and tariff that's that's a no no um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed and tariff that's that's a no no um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed and tariff that's that's a no no um
+it it undermines Market confidence so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it undermines Market confidence so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it undermines Market confidence so um
+the the PB module prices I just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the PB module prices I just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the PB module prices I just wanted
+to highlight this slide once again uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to highlight this slide once again uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to highlight this slide once again uh to
+highlight the the market conditions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the the market conditions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the the market conditions that
+are being experienced right now we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being experienced right now we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being experienced right now we had
+in in the mid 2000s um a rise in uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the mid 2000s um a rise in uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the mid 2000s um a rise in uh or
+fairly steady uh prices and meanwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly steady uh prices and meanwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly steady uh prices and meanwhile
+costs were coming down uh this by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs were coming down uh this by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs were coming down uh this by the
+way is is price but in thin films First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is is price but in thin films First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is is price but in thin films First
+Solar catel these blue dots here being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solar catel these blue dots here being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solar catel these blue dots here being
+Crystal and silicon and um the prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and silicon and um the prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and silicon and um the prices
+remained fairly steady and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remained fairly steady and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remained fairly steady and then in the
+say 2008 U to 2011 prices have dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 2008 U to 2011 prices have dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 2008 U to 2011 prices have dropped
+precipitously um 2011 numbers you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitously um 2011 numbers you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitously um 2011 numbers you're at
+or slightly below a dollar so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or slightly below a dollar so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or slightly below a dollar so you can
+see for somebody who is is being driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for somebody who is is being driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for somebody who is is being driven
+uh by by market conditions this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by by market conditions this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by by market conditions this is
+extremely unsettling and um causes uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely unsettling and um causes uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely unsettling and um causes uh uh
+Capital to uh uh fluctuate back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital to uh uh fluctuate back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital to uh uh fluctuate back and
+forth now the same thing what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth now the same thing what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth now the same thing what is
+happening here in the Solar modules the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here in the Solar modules the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here in the Solar modules the
+inverse is happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is happening in the
+installations so the installers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations so the installers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations so the installers are
+seeing the price of their modules go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the price of their modules go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the price of their modules go
+down and the price of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the price of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the price of their
+installations declining steadily but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations declining steadily but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations declining steadily but but
+but more or less staying fixed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more or less staying fixed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more or less staying fixed because
+of the investment tax credit staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the investment tax credit staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the investment tax credit staying
+fixed and so forth in the US and utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and so forth in the US and utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and so forth in the US and utility
+pric is rising and so the installers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pric is rising and so the installers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pric is rising and so the installers are
+saying hey this is great so their profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying hey this is great so their profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying hey this is great so their profit
+margins are really big warning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins are really big warning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins are really big warning to
+anybody to trying to get into the sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody to trying to get into the sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody to trying to get into the sector
+right now think carefully about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now think carefully about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now think carefully about these
+market dynamics in the United States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market dynamics in the United States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market dynamics in the United States and
+in Europe and how that will affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe and how that will affect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe and how that will affect your
+business right right if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business right right if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business right right if you're trying to
+get into the solar uh absorber as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the solar uh absorber as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the solar uh absorber as in
+module manufacturing business or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module manufacturing business or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module manufacturing business or if
+you're trying to get into the equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to get into the equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to get into the equipment
+manufacturing business or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing business or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing business or in the
+installation side on the grid think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation side on the grid think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation side on the grid think
+about how these market dynamics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how these market dynamics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how these market dynamics are
+going to affect your your business as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to affect your your business as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to affect your your business as it
+grows and tries to gain a foothold in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows and tries to gain a foothold in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows and tries to gain a foothold in
+this environment it's a great time to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this environment it's a great time to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this environment it's a great time to be
+a new installer company but in three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new installer company but in three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new installer company but in three or
+four years when we're in an unders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years when we're in an unders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years when we're in an unders
+Supply condition again and prices might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply condition again and prices might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply condition again and prices might
+even go up uh what then right so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even go up uh what then right so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even go up uh what then right so think
+about these uh these these topics um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these uh these these topics um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these uh these these topics um
+we're talking about renewable energy R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about renewable energy R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about renewable energy R&D
+and the technology pipeline so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the technology pipeline so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the technology pipeline so it's
+important to recognize the uh path that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to recognize the uh path that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to recognize the uh path that
+many of these new technologies take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these new technologies take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these new technologies take to
+go from concept or idea into full scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from concept or idea into full scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from concept or idea into full scale
+manufacturing so uh in general this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing so uh in general this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing so uh in general this is
+the path followed in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path followed in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path followed in the United States
+and we have uh technology research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have uh technology research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have uh technology research
+happening at places like like this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at places like like this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at places like like this at
+MIT uh the roll out uh in other words uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh the roll out uh in other words uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh the roll out uh in other words uh
+the um installations and and large scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um installations and and large scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um installations and and large scale
+uh uh manufacturing on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh manufacturing on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh manufacturing on the other side
+and are many uh funding sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are many uh funding sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are many uh funding sources
+available for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for
+that um not so much this last one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um not so much this last one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um not so much this last one here
+in the United States um but maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States um but maybe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States um but maybe in
+Australia or Europe um in select regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia or Europe um in select regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia or Europe um in select regions
+of the US this technology development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US this technology development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US this technology development
+right here in the middle has been what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here in the middle has been what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here in the middle has been what
+is referred to as the Valley of Death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is referred to as the Valley of Death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is referred to as the Valley of Death
+does anybody know why what what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know why what what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know why what what that
+means Valley of Death what what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Valley of Death what what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Valley of Death what what is it
+period any SCE it's a period when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period any SCE it's a period when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period any SCE it's a period when it's
+difficult to get funding from any Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to get funding from any Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to get funding from any Source
+now imagine you're a group of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now imagine you're a group of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now imagine you're a group of of of
+postto and students in the lab you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postto and students in the lab you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postto and students in the lab you come
+up with a new fancy technology and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a new fancy technology and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a new fancy technology and you
+can't quite get the venture capital or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't quite get the venture capital or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't quite get the venture capital or
+private Equity necessary to kick off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private Equity necessary to kick off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private Equity necessary to kick off
+your company um that would be one I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company um that would be one I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company um that would be one I say
+mini valy of death um it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini valy of death um it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini valy of death um it's it's it's
+fairly uh avoided here in the US a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly uh avoided here in the US a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly uh avoided here in the US a good
+ideas have a tendency to get funded uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas have a tendency to get funded uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas have a tendency to get funded uh
+at that stage but if you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that stage but if you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that stage but if you don't get
+funded then the postto gets another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded then the postto gets another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded then the postto gets another
+position over here becomes a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position over here becomes a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position over here becomes a professor
+at University across the country the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at University across the country the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at University across the country the
+student goes off and does a post talk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student goes off and does a post talk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student goes off and does a post talk in
+another place and now all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place and now all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place and now all of a sudden
+three five six 6 months later the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three five six 6 months later the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three five six 6 months later the
+Venture Capital SRS around to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture Capital SRS around to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture Capital SRS around to the
+professor who's still here at MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor who's still here at MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor who's still here at MIT and
+kind of has a hollowed out group at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of has a hollowed out group at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of has a hollowed out group at this
+point and says wow it's a great idea I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and says wow it's a great idea I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and says wow it's a great idea I'd
+like to invest in it where's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to invest in it where's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to invest in it where's your
+team yeah poof um so that's one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team yeah poof um so that's one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team yeah poof um so that's one uh
+possible mechanism uh wherein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible mechanism uh wherein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible mechanism uh wherein
+Technologies don't make it Forward right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies don't make it Forward right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies don't make it Forward right
+and so keeping the team together is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so keeping the team together is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so keeping the team together is
+extremely important the second Valley of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important the second Valley of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important the second Valley of
+Death can happen right between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Death can happen right between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Death can happen right between
+technology development and Manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology development and Manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology development and Manufacturing
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+scaleup we've seen uh some of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaleup we've seen uh some of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaleup we've seen uh some of these uh
+we've seen pictures of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen pictures of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen pictures of some of the
+factories they they're they're around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories they they're they're around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories they they're they're around
+here in the countryside these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the countryside these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the countryside these are
+oftentimes tens more likely hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes tens more likely hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes tens more likely hundreds of
+millions of dollars Investments right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars Investments right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars Investments right
+and Venture Capital funds tend to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Venture Capital funds tend to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Venture Capital funds tend to be on
+the order of hundreds of millions to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of hundreds of millions to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of hundreds of millions to a
+billion dollars they don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars they don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars they don't like
+investing in large uh asset Goods they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in large uh asset Goods they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in large uh asset Goods they
+don't like investing in factories they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like investing in factories they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like investing in factories they'd
+rather invest in a small group of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather invest in a small group of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather invest in a small group of people
+with a computer uh set in in in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a computer uh set in in in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a computer uh set in in in in a
+garage um maybe put in couple tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage um maybe put in couple tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage um maybe put in couple tens of
+thousands of dollars and and turn around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of dollars and and turn around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of dollars and and turn around
+profit of a few million that's the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit of a few million that's the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit of a few million that's the type
+of investment that makes a lot of sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investment that makes a lot of sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investment that makes a lot of sense
+for Venture Capital um when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Venture Capital um when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Venture Capital um when you start
+investing in fixed Goods in brick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in fixed Goods in brick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in fixed Goods in brick and
+mortar um you need other forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortar um you need other forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortar um you need other forms of
+financing right and some countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing right and some countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing right and some countries
+around the world have been very Adept in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world have been very Adept in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world have been very Adept in
+providing this financing uh China in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing this financing uh China in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing this financing uh China in
+particular has done a great job at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular has done a great job at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular has done a great job at
+making that type of financing available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that type of financing available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that type of financing available
+for uh companies that are small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh companies that are small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh companies that are small and
+looking to expand but in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to expand but in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to expand but in the United
+States it's very difficult to to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States it's very difficult to to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States it's very difficult to to access
+these uh essentially money from Banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh essentially money from Banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh essentially money from Banks
+especially for new technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for new technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for new technology
+the bank will say well why am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank will say well why am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank will say well why am I
+investing in you um I could be investing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in you um I could be investing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in you um I could be investing
+in something that's much more sure of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something that's much more sure of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something that's much more sure of a
+bet uh today's technology instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet uh today's technology instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet uh today's technology instead of
+investing in something risky so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in something risky so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in something risky so the
+government has stepped in with a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government has stepped in with a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government has stepped in with a variety
+of programs to try to ease that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of programs to try to ease that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of programs to try to ease that
+inefficiency in the market right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency in the market right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency in the market right and so
+one of the means are our loans U loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the means are our loans U loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the means are our loans U loan
+guarantee program for example was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee program for example was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee program for example was one
+mechanism um there's a Sun Path program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism um there's a Sun Path program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism um there's a Sun Path program
+that's coming down the pipeline as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming down the pipeline as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming down the pipeline as well
+uh so we have uh venture capital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have uh venture capital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have uh venture capital and
+private Equity but that can only take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private Equity but that can only take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private Equity but that can only take
+you so far typically they invest a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so far typically they invest a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so far typically they invest a few
+tens of millions of dollars um in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of millions of dollars um in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of millions of dollars um in a few
+rare cases a few hundreds of millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare cases a few hundreds of millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare cases a few hundreds of millions of
+dollars uh but then they reach the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars uh but then they reach the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars uh but then they reach the end
+of their credit line if you will they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their credit line if you will they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their credit line if you will they
+exhaust their ability to invest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaust their ability to invest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaust their ability to invest and
+what's needed to expand manufacturing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's needed to expand manufacturing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's needed to expand manufacturing is
+typically on the order of hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically on the order of hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically on the order of hundreds of
+millions to billions of dollars to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions to billions of dollars to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions to billions of dollars to reach
+hundreds of megawatts gwatt scale so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of megawatts gwatt scale so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of megawatts gwatt scale so
+that's the second big valley of death in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second big valley of death in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second big valley of death in
+the United States that exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States that exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States that exists
+and the way some companies are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way some companies are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way some companies are are
+transitioning across that Valley uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioning across that Valley uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioning across that Valley uh they
+find a variety of means go overseas they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a variety of means go overseas they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a variety of means go overseas they
+say hey um the Central Bank of China is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey um the Central Bank of China is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey um the Central Bank of China is
+willing to invest money in me I go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to invest money in me I go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to invest money in me I go there
+I set up manufacturing um other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I set up manufacturing um other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I set up manufacturing um other
+companies uh small companies might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies uh small companies might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies uh small companies might say
+well uh ge um you have a big Finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh ge um you have a big Finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh ge um you have a big Finance
+group within your big umbrella company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group within your big umbrella company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group within your big umbrella company
+why don't you buy us and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you buy us and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you buy us and then we can
+gain access to Capital and expand our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain access to Capital and expand our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain access to Capital and expand our
+manufacturing plant um others form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing plant um others form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing plant um others form
+Partnerships with uh uh with banks um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partnerships with uh uh with banks um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partnerships with uh uh with banks um
+it's it's a mixed um uh mixed set of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a mixed um uh mixed set of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a mixed um uh mixed set of of
+business strategies but if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business strategies but if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business strategies but if you look
+around at some of the the startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around at some of the the startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around at some of the the startup
+companies that are now entering small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that are now entering small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that are now entering small
+scale production um there this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale production um there this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale production um there this is where
+the the business side of creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the business side of creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the business side of creativity
+comes in play and that's where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in play and that's where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in play and that's where you
+really need a good business developer at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need a good business developer at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need a good business developer at
+hand uh to arrange those deals for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand uh to arrange those deals for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand uh to arrange those deals for
+you um in terms of uh where the money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um in terms of uh where the money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um in terms of uh where the money is
+um in terms of clean tech in general uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of clean tech in general uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of clean tech in general uh
+these are some figures in terms of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some figures in terms of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some figures in terms of of
+2009 data I'm sure uh we can get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 data I'm sure uh we can get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 data I'm sure uh we can get some
+more up-to-date figures as well um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more up-to-date figures as well um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more up-to-date figures as well um and
+in terms of growth and investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of growth and investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of growth and investment
+we see some countries that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see some countries that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see some countries that might be
+rather surprising right in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather surprising right in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather surprising right in terms of the
+the the 5-year growth of investment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the 5-year growth of investment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the 5-year growth of investment in
+Renewables obviously if you start from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables obviously if you start from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables obviously if you start from a
+very small number um you can grow pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small number um you can grow pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small number um you can grow pretty
+quick in terms of percents U but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick in terms of percents U but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick in terms of percents U but it's
+still interesting to see uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still interesting to see uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still interesting to see uh the
+development of of of some countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of of of some countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of of of some countries
+here um this is sobering uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um this is sobering uh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um this is sobering uh so this is
+the uh US Government R&D by budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh US Government R&D by budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh US Government R&D by budget
+function uh 55 to 97 uh the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh 55 to 97 uh the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh 55 to 97 uh the most
+comprehensive data set I could find um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive data set I could find um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive data set I could find um
+I'm sure there are graphs that extend us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure there are graphs that extend us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure there are graphs that extend us
+into the future if you happen to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the future if you happen to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the future if you happen to have
+one I'd be happy to see it but uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'd be happy to see it but uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'd be happy to see it but uh the
+basic story of this graph is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic story of this graph is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic story of this graph is the
+following the Lion Share of R&D is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the Lion Share of R&D is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the Lion Share of R&D is going
+to the defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the defense
+department so be Army research office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department so be Army research office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department so be Army research office
+Office of Naval Research um DARPA um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Office of Naval Research um DARPA um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Office of Naval Research um DARPA um
+that's the advanced research program um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the advanced research program um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the advanced research program um
+variety of of night vision labs and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of of night vision labs and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of of night vision labs and so
+forth these are a variety of Defense uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth these are a variety of Defense uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth these are a variety of Defense uh
+R&D and there is trickle down there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D and there is trickle down there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D and there is trickle down there's
+some trickle down of Technologies being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trickle down of Technologies being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trickle down of Technologies being
+developed in in defense uh into um into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in in defense uh into um into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in in defense uh into um into
+civilian uses and so I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilian uses and so I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilian uses and so I don't want to
+point to this and say it's a boogeyman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to this and say it's a boogeyman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to this and say it's a boogeyman
+by no means but it it it does indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by no means but it it it does indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by no means but it it it does indicate
+National priorities in terms of R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National priorities in terms of R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National priorities in terms of R&D
+research the other big one is health so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research the other big one is health so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research the other big one is health so
+nah National Institutes of Health uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nah National Institutes of Health uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nah National Institutes of Health uh
+that's growing and expanding it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's growing and expanding it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's growing and expanding it's very
+easy to go to uh Congress people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to go to uh Congress people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to go to uh Congress people and
+Senators um who might be uh advancing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senators um who might be uh advancing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senators um who might be uh advancing in
+their years and say hey we need money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their years and say hey we need money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their years and say hey we need money
+for Alzheimer's research or we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Alzheimer's research or we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Alzheimer's research or we need
+money for cancer research right that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for cancer research right that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for cancer research right that's a
+it's a it it resonates it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it it resonates it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it it resonates it's easy to
+convince people of that um energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince people of that um energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince people of that um energy is
+small traditionally um let me dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small traditionally um let me dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small traditionally um let me dive
+forward into a a uh this going a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward into a a uh this going a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward into a a uh this going a little
+bit further this is non-defense R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit further this is non-defense R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit further this is non-defense R&D
+funding pushed out to 2004 uh again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding pushed out to 2004 uh again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding pushed out to 2004 uh again you
+can see Health really driving things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see Health really driving things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see Health really driving things uh
+energy traditionally uh in in in let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy traditionally uh in in in let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy traditionally uh in in in let's
+see the Jimmy Carter years right around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the Jimmy Carter years right around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the Jimmy Carter years right around
+here it expanded a bit uh this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it expanded a bit uh this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it expanded a bit uh this was a
+Renewables burst that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables burst that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables burst that's where the
+national renewable energy laboratory was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national renewable energy laboratory was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national renewable energy laboratory was
+founded originally called The Solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded originally called The Solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded originally called The Solar
+Energy Research in Institute or SII um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Research in Institute or SII um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Research in Institute or SII um
+and then got crimped down again and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then got crimped down again and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then got crimped down again and uh
+really experienced a bit of a um a pinch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really experienced a bit of a um a pinch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really experienced a bit of a um a pinch
+in the US right when solar was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US right when solar was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US right when solar was really
+beginning to take off in Japan so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to take off in Japan so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to take off in Japan so this
+is when uh solar cell production by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when uh solar cell production by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when uh solar cell production by
+sharp uh was really beginning to climb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp uh was really beginning to climb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp uh was really beginning to climb
+uh in the uh late '90s to early 2000s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the uh late '90s to early 2000s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the uh late '90s to early 2000s
+and then of course Germany followed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course Germany followed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course Germany followed in
+the rest of the world so we've been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world so we've been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world so we've been a
+little bit behind uh step by step and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit behind uh step by step and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit behind uh step by step and um
+the interesting thing that many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing that many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing that many people
+have looked into to is what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked into to is what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked into to is what sort of
+correlation exists between US Government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation exists between US Government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation exists between US Government
+R&D spending and output of new ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D spending and output of new ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D spending and output of new ideas and
+the output of new ideas the metric that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of new ideas the metric that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of new ideas the metric that
+they're using for this are patents so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using for this are patents so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using for this are patents so
+you could dispute that um you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could dispute that um you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could dispute that um you could say
+well patents aren't the best indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well patents aren't the best indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well patents aren't the best indicator
+of new ideas sometimes new ideas are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new ideas sometimes new ideas are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new ideas sometimes new ideas are of
+diffuse benefit and they help all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse benefit and they help all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse benefit and they help all
+Industries but you can't really patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries but you can't really patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries but you can't really patent
+the idea fine but um this is I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea fine but um this is I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea fine but um this is I think the
+most quantitative comparison that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most quantitative comparison that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most quantitative comparison that that
+folks have performed uh this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks have performed uh this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks have performed uh this is an
+interesting study where um folks looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting study where um folks looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting study where um folks looked
+at the number of patents granted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the number of patents granted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the number of patents granted and
+energy funds uh or energy R&D funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy funds uh or energy R&D funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy funds uh or energy R&D funding
+and uh plotted as a function of year and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh plotted as a function of year and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh plotted as a function of year and
+saw strong correlation between uh uptick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw strong correlation between uh uptick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw strong correlation between uh uptick
+of um National priority and government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um National priority and government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um National priority and government
+funding and uh Innovation so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding and uh Innovation so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding and uh Innovation so this was
+the first wave of innovation in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first wave of innovation in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first wave of innovation in uh in
+energy and inpv specifically uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and inpv specifically uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and inpv specifically uh in the
+late 1970s when the OPEC oil crisis hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1970s when the OPEC oil crisis hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1970s when the OPEC oil crisis hit
+in the United States and there was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States and there was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States and there was a big
+push for renewable energy development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push for renewable energy development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push for renewable energy development
+yes question uh just patents in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes question uh just patents in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes question uh just patents in energy
+or yeah exactly yeah so these are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or yeah exactly yeah so these are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or yeah exactly yeah so these are are
+are are pushed down and we can dive into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are pushed down and we can dive into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are pushed down and we can dive into
+um patents just for PV uh which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um patents just for PV uh which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um patents just for PV uh which is this
+graph right here and this was an updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph right here and this was an updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph right here and this was an updated
+uh version of that earlier study by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh version of that earlier study by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh version of that earlier study by uh
+Dan camon uh this earlier St study by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan camon uh this earlier St study by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan camon uh this earlier St study by
+Robert Margolis um Robert Margolis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Margolis um Robert Margolis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Margolis um Robert Margolis is
+now at enal National National renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at enal National National renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at enal National National renewable
+energy laboratory and he works on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy laboratory and he works on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy laboratory and he works on uh
+market assessment there oopsie uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market assessment there oopsie uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market assessment there oopsie uh
+Gregory nemit um was a student at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gregory nemit um was a student at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gregory nemit um was a student at the
+time uh with Dan camon uh produced this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh with Dan camon uh produced this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh with Dan camon uh produced this
+wonderful uh continuation of the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful uh continuation of the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful uh continuation of the study
+um published a few years later and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um published a few years later and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um published a few years later and again
+broke it down into specific uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke it down into specific uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke it down into specific uh um
+specific um Technologies including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific um Technologies including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific um Technologies including
+photoal Tes and saw again some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoal Tes and saw again some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoal Tes and saw again some
+correlation between the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between the number of
+patents and and public R&D um in the mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents and and public R&D um in the mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents and and public R&D um in the mid
+2000s this really the number of patents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000s this really the number of patents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000s this really the number of patents
+started to grow as startup companies got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to grow as startup companies got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to grow as startup companies got
+into The Fray remember when prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into The Fray remember when prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into The Fray remember when prices
+stayed flat and costs continued coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed flat and costs continued coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed flat and costs continued coming
+down and those margins increased but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and those margins increased but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and those margins increased but
+bunch of players got into that space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of players got into that space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of players got into that space and
+said we can make money um so a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we can make money um so a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we can make money um so a number of
+patents were filed a number of startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents were filed a number of startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents were filed a number of startup
+companies got off the ground um again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies got off the ground um again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies got off the ground um again uh
+funding patent correlation for energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding patent correlation for energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding patent correlation for energy in
+general uh provide you the data you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh provide you the data you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh provide you the data you can
+dive into it in more detail if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into it in more detail if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into it in more detail if you like
+not only PV but other uh Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only PV but other uh Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only PV but other uh Technologies
+interesting Global Trends and Venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Global Trends and Venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Global Trends and Venture
+investing since Venture investing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing since Venture investing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing since Venture investing is
+important for you specifically uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for you specifically uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for you specifically uh it's
+one of the pathways to get ideas out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the pathways to get ideas out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the pathways to get ideas out of
+the university and into um uh into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university and into um uh into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university and into um uh into a
+startup company we we talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup company we we talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup company we we talked about this
+uh so far and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so far and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so far and
+um and um okay so we're diving a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um okay so we're diving a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um okay so we're diving a little
+bit deeper here uh this is for uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit deeper here uh this is for uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit deeper here uh this is for uh the
+Venture Capital private Equity financing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture Capital private Equity financing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture Capital private Equity financing
+by sector in 2009 uh looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sector in 2009 uh looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sector in 2009 uh looking
+specifically at solar in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically at solar in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically at solar in the United
+States U comprised a large fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States U comprised a large fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States U comprised a large fraction of
+It Solar continues to comprise a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It Solar continues to comprise a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It Solar continues to comprise a large
+fraction of venture investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of venture investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of venture investment
+surprisingly despite the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly despite the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly despite the market
+conditions right now because uh folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions right now because uh folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions right now because uh folks
+especially in the VC Community are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the VC Community are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the VC Community are
+looking at today's market as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at today's market as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at today's market as an
+opportunity uh they think that if enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity uh they think that if enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity uh they think that if enough
+people are scared out of of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are scared out of of the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are scared out of of the market
+uh that they'll be able to remain there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that they'll be able to remain there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that they'll be able to remain there
+and pick up the good ideas and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pick up the good ideas and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pick up the good ideas and if
+they're only a little bit smarter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only a little bit smarter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only a little bit smarter than
+their competition uh they can pick up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their competition uh they can pick up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their competition uh they can pick up uh
+the right companies in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right companies in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right companies in the right
+sections of the value chain uh maybe an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of the value chain uh maybe an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of the value chain uh maybe an
+equipment manufacturer maybe an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment manufacturer maybe an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment manufacturer maybe an
+installer with a new idea um and avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installer with a new idea um and avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installer with a new idea um and avoid
+some of the pain that's going on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the pain that's going on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the pain that's going on right
+now in wafer fabrication and cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in wafer fabrication and cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in wafer fabrication and cell
+fabrication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabrication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabrication
+Upstream um this was uh the uh VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upstream um this was uh the uh VC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upstream um this was uh the uh VC
+investment in solar uh right here um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in solar uh right here um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in solar uh right here um in
+those boom years that I mentioned right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those boom years that I mentioned right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those boom years that I mentioned right
+so during the years uh when prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so during the years uh when prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so during the years uh when prices
+started to plateau uh because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to plateau uh because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to plateau uh because of the
+Silicon feed stock shortage in the mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon feed stock shortage in the mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon feed stock shortage in the mid
+2000s uh you saw this massive uptick of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000s uh you saw this massive uptick of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000s uh you saw this massive uptick of
+investment in Venture Capital funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in Venture Capital funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in Venture Capital funding
+that scale is in millions of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scale is in millions of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scale is in millions of dollars
+you're exceeding a billion dollars of VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exceeding a billion dollars of VC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exceeding a billion dollars of VC
+funding in solar in 2007 and that Trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding in solar in 2007 and that Trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding in solar in 2007 and that Trend
+continued in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued in
+2008 so uh still to this day we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 so uh still to this day we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 so uh still to this day we're we're
+we're seeing hundreds of millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing hundreds of millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing hundreds of millions of
+dollars plowed into solar uh by Venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars plowed into solar uh by Venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars plowed into solar uh by Venture
+Capital funds it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital funds it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital funds it's interesting
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting um the number of startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um the number of startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um the number of startup
+companies in the United States has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in the United States has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in the United States has
+proliferated uh there are I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferated uh there are I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferated uh there are I think
+somewhere in the order of of over 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the order of of over 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the order of of over 200
+solar startup companies worldwide um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar startup companies worldwide um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar startup companies worldwide um
+there are few that have failed um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are few that have failed um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are few that have failed um so
+wakanda Casta uh SV solar Cogen optis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wakanda Casta uh SV solar Cogen optis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wakanda Casta uh SV solar Cogen optis
+solar cylindra Spectra uh Evergreen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cylindra Spectra uh Evergreen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cylindra Spectra uh Evergreen
+solar uh these are all i' say failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar uh these are all i' say failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar uh these are all i' say failed
+companies by the definition of failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies by the definition of failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies by the definition of failure
+bankruptcy I mean by that metric so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankruptcy I mean by that metric so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankruptcy I mean by that metric so as
+United Airlines failed and American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United Airlines failed and American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United Airlines failed and American
+Airlines failed they're still around um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines failed they're still around um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines failed they're still around um
+they restructured under bankruptcy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they restructured under bankruptcy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they restructured under bankruptcy
+protection um some have closed their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection um some have closed their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection um some have closed their
+doors entirely um other ones have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors entirely um other ones have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors entirely um other ones have have
+restructured um or in the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restructured um or in the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restructured um or in the process of
+restructuring um why each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restructuring um why each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restructuring um why each of these
+companies have failed uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies have failed uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies have failed uh different
+reasons you can't uh claim that each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons you can't uh claim that each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons you can't uh claim that each one
+had the exact same trajectory but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the exact same trajectory but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the exact same trajectory but you
+can definitely point to certain market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can definitely point to certain market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can definitely point to certain market
+conditions as influencing uh or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions as influencing uh or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions as influencing uh or or or
+precipitating their failure let me be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitating their failure let me be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitating their failure let me be
+more specific um these companies right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific um these companies right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific um these companies right
+here are all uh wafer or thin film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are all uh wafer or thin film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are all uh wafer or thin film
+device and module manufacturers they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and module manufacturers they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and module manufacturers they're
+the Upstream components right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Upstream components right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Upstream components right these
+aren't installation companies these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't installation companies these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't installation companies these
+aren't installers failing these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't installers failing these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't installers failing these are
+Upstream uh manufacturers failing and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upstream uh manufacturers failing and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upstream uh manufacturers failing and um
+and a few high-profile ones at that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few high-profile ones at that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few high-profile ones at that so
+that was precipitated by the recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was precipitated by the recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was precipitated by the recent
+market conditions the the uh Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market conditions the the uh Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market conditions the the uh Capital
+crunch um it it began with uh some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunch um it it began with uh some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunch um it it began with uh some of
+the uh say in optis solar in 2009 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh say in optis solar in 2009 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh say in optis solar in 2009 I
+believe uh they were a company that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe uh they were a company that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe uh they were a company that was
+producing amorphous silicon modules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing amorphous silicon modules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing amorphous silicon modules and
+as we studied amoros silicon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we studied amoros silicon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we studied amoros silicon the
+efficiencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies
+are low right the morphos Silicon module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are low right the morphos Silicon module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are low right the morphos Silicon module
+efficiencies is in order of 6% and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies is in order of 6% and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies is in order of 6% and they
+said well never mind that our cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well never mind that our cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well never mind that our cost
+structure is a little high we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is a little high we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is a little high we're going
+to scale up like nobody's business we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scale up like nobody's business we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scale up like nobody's business we're
+going to ramp up manufacturing capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ramp up manufacturing capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ramp up manufacturing capacity
+to over a gwatt and do it really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to over a gwatt and do it really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to over a gwatt and do it really really
+quick and just by sheer scale alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick and just by sheer scale alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick and just by sheer scale alone
+we'll be able to drive down costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to drive down costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to drive down costs and
+get us to the point where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us to the point where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us to the point where we're
+competitive on a cense per kilowatt hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive on a cense per kilowatt hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive on a cense per kilowatt hour
+basis with Crystal and silicon it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis with Crystal and silicon it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis with Crystal and silicon it was a
+great business plan in theory um but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great business plan in theory um but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great business plan in theory um but uh
+what happened uh to them was when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened uh to them was when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened uh to them was when they
+went out to try to raise money uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out to try to raise money uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out to try to raise money uh they
+couldn't find any right around 2008 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't find any right around 2008 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't find any right around 2008 it
+was the beginning of the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the beginning of the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the beginning of the financial
+crisis right so they had the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis right so they had the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis right so they had the business
+plan in mind and on paper it looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan in mind and on paper it looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan in mind and on paper it looked
+great but when it came time to raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but when it came time to raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but when it came time to raise the
+funding to grow they didn't have it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding to grow they didn't have it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding to grow they didn't have it and
+even though they had a guaranteed um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they had a guaranteed um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they had a guaranteed um uh
+customer uh pg& uh that was the Pacific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer uh pg& uh that was the Pacific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer uh pg& uh that was the Pacific
+and electric the California utility they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electric the California utility they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electric the California utility they
+just could not get the financing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just could not get the financing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just could not get the financing to
+expand uh their their their Factory um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand uh their their their Factory um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand uh their their their Factory um
+so what ended up happening was they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what ended up happening was they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what ended up happening was they
+folded sold the uh uh the uh Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded sold the uh uh the uh Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded sold the uh uh the uh Supply
+stream if you will to First Solar picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream if you will to First Solar picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream if you will to First Solar picked
+it up for pennies in the dollar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up for pennies in the dollar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up for pennies in the dollar and
+First Solar modules ended up going in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Solar modules ended up going in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Solar modules ended up going in uh
+the pg& um uh field installations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pg& um uh field installations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pg& um uh field installations
+instead of the optis solar morphos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the optis solar morphos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the optis solar morphos
+silicon each company has its own story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon each company has its own story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon each company has its own story
+right and uh have failed for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh have failed for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh have failed for different
+reasons um um what's clear is also there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons um um what's clear is also there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons um um what's clear is also there
+are more fied up start startups coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more fied up start startups coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more fied up start startups coming
+um this is a time of of financial pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a time of of financial pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a time of of financial pain
+for them uh the prices are very very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them uh the prices are very very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them uh the prices are very very low
+um and there are a few people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there are a few people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there are a few people who are
+tracking um the these uh uh startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking um the these uh uh startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking um the these uh uh startup
+companies I would say Eric wof from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies I would say Eric wof from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies I would say Eric wof from
+Green Tech media is probably one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Tech media is probably one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Tech media is probably one of the
+most active in publishing his uh his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most active in publishing his uh his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most active in publishing his uh his
+insights um that said there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights um that said there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights um that said there are many
+promising companies among here and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promising companies among here and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promising companies among here and some
+of these um hopefully will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these um hopefully will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these um hopefully will become
+household names for good reasons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household names for good reasons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household names for good reasons in the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+uh as they um have an innovation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as they um have an innovation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as they um have an innovation that
+significantly drives down cost over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly drives down cost over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly drives down cost over
+their competitors we're going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their competitors we're going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their competitors we're going to get to
+that in a few slides we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a few slides we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a few slides we're going to talk
+about how to evaluate a company U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to evaluate a company U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to evaluate a company U
+because it's going to be important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to be important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to be important for
+you near term because you might want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you near term because you might want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you near term because you might want a
+job or you might want to forign form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job or you might want to forign form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job or you might want to forign form
+your own company uh longer term because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own company uh longer term because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own company uh longer term because
+you might become an investor in PB and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might become an investor in PB and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might become an investor in PB and
+you'll have to figure out what types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to figure out what types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to figure out what types of
+companies make sense to invest and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies make sense to invest and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies make sense to invest and in
+which don't um in terms of startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which don't um in terms of startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which don't um in terms of startup
+companies in New England area uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in New England area uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in New England area uh we
+often uh think of ourselves as kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh think of ourselves as kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh think of ourselves as kind of
+yeah maybe second fiddle to Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe second fiddle to Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe second fiddle to Silicon
+Valley but there's a lot going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley but there's a lot going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley but there's a lot going on in the
+region um and a lot of good work uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region um and a lot of good work uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region um and a lot of good work uh so
+if you go to clean energy council.org
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to clean energy council.org
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to clean energy council.org
+and cluster map you'll see a map of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cluster map you'll see a map of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cluster map you'll see a map of the
+local uh clean tech companies in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local uh clean tech companies in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local uh clean tech companies in in the
+region I'll leave this slide up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region I'll leave this slide up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region I'll leave this slide up there
+since I see a few of you jotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I see a few of you jotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I see a few of you jotting
+notes um it's it's a it's a useful map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes um it's it's a it's a useful map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes um it's it's a it's a useful map
+and you can select by sector as well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can select by sector as well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can select by sector as well if
+you look at solar or look at uh biofuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at solar or look at uh biofuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at solar or look at uh biofuels
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+forth all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth all right
+um Trends in renewable energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Trends in renewable energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Trends in renewable energy
+manufacturing um this slide is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing um this slide is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing um this slide is a little
+bit outdated um but it's the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit outdated um but it's the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit outdated um but it's the green
+techch media research map of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techch media research map of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techch media research map of uh
+Manufacturing in the United States uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manufacturing in the United States uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manufacturing in the United States uh of
+the different Solar Technologies uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different Solar Technologies uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different Solar Technologies uh
+again a bit outdated there are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a bit outdated there are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a bit outdated there are a few
+companies that have changed um but it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that have changed um but it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that have changed um but it it
+gives you a sense of what uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a sense of what uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a sense of what uh the
+distribution is what are the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is what are the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is what are the latest
+trends of manufacturing in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends of manufacturing in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends of manufacturing in the United
+States the latest trends of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the latest trends of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the latest trends of
+manufacturing if I were to point to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing if I were to point to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing if I were to point to a
+few of them Mississippi has emerged as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of them Mississippi has emerged as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of them Mississippi has emerged as a
+big Manufacturing State why what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Manufacturing State why what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Manufacturing State why what does
+what does the southeast first off who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the southeast first off who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the southeast first off who's
+from the southeast here show hands one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the southeast here show hands one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the southeast here show hands one
+two all right what do you have in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right what do you have in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right what do you have in this
+region right around here that the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region right around here that the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region right around here that the rest
+of the country doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have uh close coal you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh close coal you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh close coal you have a lot of
+coal you have uh uh uh nuclear as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal you have uh uh uh nuclear as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal you have uh uh uh nuclear as well
+the TVA does anybody know what the TVA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TVA does anybody know what the TVA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TVA does anybody know what the TVA
+is Tennessee Valley Authority right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Tennessee Valley Authority right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Tennessee Valley Authority right
+that's a big um uh public Works project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big um uh public Works project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big um uh public Works project
+in fact uh that got started and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact uh that got started and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact uh that got started and it
+provides uh lowcost electricity um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides uh lowcost electricity um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides uh lowcost electricity um to
+this entire region right up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire region right up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire region right up here
+including northern Mississippi including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including northern Mississippi including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including northern Mississippi including
+some of the northern portions of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the northern portions of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the northern portions of the uh
+the the far Southeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the far Southeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the far Southeast
+States bottom line you have uh depressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States bottom line you have uh depressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States bottom line you have uh depressed
+wages by and large in these rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages by and large in these rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages by and large in these rural
+communities and lowcost electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and lowcost electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and lowcost electricity
+which if labor and and and and utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if labor and and and and utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if labor and and and and utilities
+matter which it does in solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which it does in solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which it does in solar
+manufacturing it's it's ripe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing it's it's ripe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing it's it's ripe for
+manufacturing and you have many startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and you have many startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and you have many startup
+companies um ston C solar uh Twin Creeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies um ston C solar uh Twin Creeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies um ston C solar uh Twin Creeks
+and others that have moved into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others that have moved into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others that have moved into the
+Mississippi region uh in in very recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi region uh in in very recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi region uh in in very recent
+uh months for that region for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh months for that region for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh months for that region for that
+reason um you have uh let's see suniva
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason um you have uh let's see suniva
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason um you have uh let's see suniva
+was based in in Georgia Atlanta um Ohio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was based in in Georgia Atlanta um Ohio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was based in in Georgia Atlanta um Ohio
+still continues to be uh the North West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still continues to be uh the North West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still continues to be uh the North West
+as well cheap Hydro um not exactly cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well cheap Hydro um not exactly cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well cheap Hydro um not exactly cheap
+wages but but cheap hydro and um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages but but cheap hydro and um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages but but cheap hydro and um you
+know the the Technologies do tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the Technologies do tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the Technologies do tend to
+stay closer to um the places where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay closer to um the places where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay closer to um the places where they
+were born uh you can see in the San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were born uh you can see in the San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were born uh you can see in the San
+Francisco Bay area there's a propensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco Bay area there's a propensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco Bay area there's a propensity
+of of of to to form startup companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of to to form startup companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of to to form startup companies
+and new technologies as well as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and new technologies as well as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and new technologies as well as in the
+Massachusetts area so these are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts area so these are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts area so these are are
+focusing on on some of the medium scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on on some of the medium scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on on some of the medium scale
+manufacturers in terms of manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers in terms of manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers in terms of manufacturing
+support this is what local state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support this is what local state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support this is what local state
+governments are doing to help form new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments are doing to help form new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments are doing to help form new
+companies in the United States you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in the United States you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in the United States you have
+as well a variety of mechanisms grants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well a variety of mechanisms grants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well a variety of mechanisms grants
+loans tax credits and so forth for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans tax credits and so forth for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans tax credits and so forth for new
+factories that are trying to start up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories that are trying to start up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories that are trying to start up so
+keep that in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that in mind
+if you're uh going for it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're uh going for it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're uh going for it and
+um Market incentives uh in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Market incentives uh in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Market incentives uh in terms of the
+the the three uh Germany us and China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the three uh Germany us and China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the three uh Germany us and China
+you also have to consider Korea Japan uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have to consider Korea Japan uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have to consider Korea Japan uh
+India Brazil other countries as well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India Brazil other countries as well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India Brazil other countries as well in
+this mix if you really want a Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mix if you really want a Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mix if you really want a Global
+Perspective but this dumbs it down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perspective but this dumbs it down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perspective but this dumbs it down to
+three um in terms of what uh incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um in terms of what uh incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um in terms of what uh incentives
+are available for different countries um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available for different countries um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available for different countries um
+there is a a there is a plethora of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a a there is a plethora of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a a there is a plethora of
+different incentives which can help uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different incentives which can help uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different incentives which can help uh
+the market pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market pull
+okay so we we go back and and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we we go back and and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we we go back and and have a
+clear picture of what's happening at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear picture of what's happening at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear picture of what's happening at
+least in the US uh with its investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the US uh with its investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the US uh with its investment
+uh the VC investment as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the VC investment as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the VC investment as well as
+manufacturing the next step on the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing the next step on the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing the next step on the state
+level so we're collecting some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so we're collecting some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so we're collecting some data
+points there sorry about this um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points there sorry about this um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points there sorry about this um this is
+interesting if your money is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if your money is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if your money is from the
+bank let's say and you're paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank let's say and you're paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank let's say and you're paying
+interest rate on it and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate on it and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate on it and you want to
+start a new Factory but then your local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a new Factory but then your local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a new Factory but then your local
+inspector comes back to you and says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspector comes back to you and says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspector comes back to you and says
+well we're going to have to delay by 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to have to delay by 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to have to delay by 3
+months because of reason X Y and Z now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months because of reason X Y and Z now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months because of reason X Y and Z now
+you're paying interest on the money uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're paying interest on the money uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're paying interest on the money uh
+potentially and um but you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially and um but you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially and um but you're not
+generating profits off of it right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating profits off of it right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating profits off of it right so
+delays cost money uh the project delays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays cost money uh the project delays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays cost money uh the project delays
+cost money it's also an opportunity cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost money it's also an opportunity cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost money it's also an opportunity cost
+and so um there was a a study done a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um there was a a study done a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um there was a a study done a few
+a few uh uh years ago looking into why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few uh uh years ago looking into why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few uh uh years ago looking into why
+why it is that renewable energy projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it is that renewable energy projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it is that renewable energy projects
+are delayed and they came up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are delayed and they came up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are delayed and they came up with some
+interesting region region dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting region region dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting region region dependent
+conclusions as a result of the study uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions as a result of the study uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions as a result of the study uh
+whether it's transmission limitations uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's transmission limitations uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's transmission limitations uh
+Texas there even been cases in New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas there even been cases in New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas there even been cases in New York
+of transmission lines uh having limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transmission lines uh having limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transmission lines uh having limited
+capacity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity for
+Renewables um financing constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables um financing constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables um financing constraints
+power purchase agreement um weaknesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power purchase agreement um weaknesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power purchase agreement um weaknesses
+permitting uh that could be a big uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting uh that could be a big uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting uh that could be a big uh
+slowdown if that's not streamlined um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowdown if that's not streamlined um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowdown if that's not streamlined um
+financing and permitting and negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing and permitting and negligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing and permitting and negligible
+Market uh local market and again we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market uh local market and again we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market uh local market and again we we
+see the uh the TVA popping up here uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the uh the TVA popping up here uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the uh the TVA popping up here uh as
+a negligible market for the Renewables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negligible market for the Renewables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negligible market for the Renewables
+because um well you have cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um well you have cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um well you have cheap
+electricity it's hard to compete against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity it's hard to compete against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity it's hard to compete against
+that but um in other states with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but um in other states with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but um in other states with more
+sun um and more expensive electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun um and more expensive electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun um and more expensive electricity
+there there's the potential to install
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's the potential to install
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's the potential to install
+it but you may be limited in fact by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you may be limited in fact by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you may be limited in fact by the
+grid there's a big new study released uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid there's a big new study released uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid there's a big new study released uh
+I believe it was this week by the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe it was this week by the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe it was this week by the MIT
+energy initiative on on the future of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy initiative on on the future of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy initiative on on the future of
+the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid
+um what PPA power purchase agreement uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what PPA power purchase agreement uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what PPA power purchase agreement uh
+so that's the uh the incentive mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the uh the incentive mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the uh the incentive mechanism
+um that whereby you can begin putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that whereby you can begin putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that whereby you can begin putting
+the solar panels on your roof and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar panels on your roof and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar panels on your roof and uh the
+installer pays for the panels gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installer pays for the panels gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installer pays for the panels gets the
+money from the bank installs them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from the bank installs them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from the bank installs them on
+your roof you sign the contract to pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your roof you sign the contract to pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your roof you sign the contract to pay a
+certain price for the electricity over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain price for the electricity over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain price for the electricity over
+the next 12 15 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 12 15 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 12 15 20
+years so Global Trends in R&D uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so Global Trends in R&D uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so Global Trends in R&D uh this is
+uh again a data dump of of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again a data dump of of several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again a data dump of of several
+sources one from the NSF uh showing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources one from the NSF uh showing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources one from the NSF uh showing uh
+industry R&D expenditures um government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry R&D expenditures um government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry R&D expenditures um government
+federal government and other you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government and other you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government and other you can see
+in the United States this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States this is this is
+across all sectors here but really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all sectors here but really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all sectors here but really an
+inversion of the role of industry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion of the role of industry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion of the role of industry and
+federal government right so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government right so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government right so when you
+hear uh MIT for instance going after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear uh MIT for instance going after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear uh MIT for instance going after
+large companies and saying hey you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large companies and saying hey you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large companies and saying hey you
+should invest in R&D here at MIT um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should invest in R&D here at MIT um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should invest in R&D here at MIT um this
+is one of the fundamental driving forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the fundamental driving forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the fundamental driving forces
+right this is this inversion here or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this inversion here or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this inversion here or the
+decline of federal government spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline of federal government spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline of federal government spending
+and um it as well as is is uh resulted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it as well as is is uh resulted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it as well as is is uh resulted
+in in uh in MIT looking elsewhere for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh in MIT looking elsewhere for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh in MIT looking elsewhere for
+funding uh not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding uh not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding uh not only
+industry um the greatest gains in R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry um the greatest gains in R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry um the greatest gains in R&D
+intensity in terms of uh uh the the R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity in terms of uh uh the the R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity in terms of uh uh the the R&D
+expenditure have been in Asia uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure have been in Asia uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure have been in Asia uh you can
+see on the right hand side of this chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on the right hand side of this chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on the right hand side of this chart
+China Japan and Korea um uh increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China Japan and Korea um uh increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China Japan and Korea um uh increasing
+the expenditure from 1997 to 2007 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expenditure from 1997 to 2007 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expenditure from 1997 to 2007 uh
+this was right before the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was right before the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was right before the financial
+crisis hit uh in the US holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis hit uh in the US holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis hit uh in the US holding
+relatively constant as a percentage as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively constant as a percentage as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively constant as a percentage as a
+share of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of
+GDP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um science and uh science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um science and uh science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um science and uh science and
+engineering interest in Asia this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering interest in Asia this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering interest in Asia this is uh
+science and engineering degrees as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering degrees as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering degrees as a
+percentage of new degrees um you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of new degrees um you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of new degrees um you can see
+over here we have Germany Korea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we have Germany Korea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we have Germany Korea and
+China Germany makes a lot of sense um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China Germany makes a lot of sense um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China Germany makes a lot of sense um
+Germans have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans have about
+44,000 engineering jobs uh in Renewables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44,000 engineering jobs uh in Renewables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44,000 engineering jobs uh in Renewables
+right now that are unfilled right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now that are unfilled right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now that are unfilled right so
+they they need people they need people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they need people they need people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they need people they need people
+to go to Germany to to get uh high-tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to Germany to to get uh high-tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to Germany to to get uh high-tech
+jobs um China is uh is is a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs um China is uh is is a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs um China is uh is is a bit more
+precarious in the sense that the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precarious in the sense that the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precarious in the sense that the supply
+and demand is much more evenly matched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demand is much more evenly matched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demand is much more evenly matched
+and the growth of both are increasing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the growth of both are increasing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the growth of both are increasing at
+steady rates uh so if the growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady rates uh so if the growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady rates uh so if the growth of
+manufacturing and in R&D does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and in R&D does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and in R&D does not
+continue to rise in China uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to rise in China uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to rise in China uh there's
+going to be an over supply of people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an over supply of people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an over supply of people and
+that can lead to a number of problems um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can lead to a number of problems um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can lead to a number of problems um
+and so the it's very important for China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the it's very important for China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the it's very important for China
+over the next several years to keep a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next several years to keep a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next several years to keep a
+strong uh steady handle on this growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong uh steady handle on this growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong uh steady handle on this growth
+to make growth manageable it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make growth manageable it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make growth manageable it's a good
+problem to have it's managing success um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to have it's managing success um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to have it's managing success um
+but it could also lead to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could also lead to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could also lead to some
+catastrophic consequences if the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic consequences if the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic consequences if the system
+gets uh uh out of balance um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets uh uh out of balance um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets uh uh out of balance um in the
+United States uh well I believe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States uh well I believe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States uh well I believe this
+data came from 2005 that was at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data came from 2005 that was at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data came from 2005 that was at the
+height of of uh Financial engineering um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of of uh Financial engineering um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of of uh Financial engineering um
+I would hope that this number here has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would hope that this number here has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would hope that this number here has
+has increased a bit uh since the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has increased a bit uh since the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has increased a bit uh since the the
+collapse of of the financial markets um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse of of the financial markets um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse of of the financial markets um
+and a recognition that there are are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a recognition that there are are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a recognition that there are are uh
+productive ways of investing one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive ways of investing one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive ways of investing one's
+talents uh in mental gifts um Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents uh in mental gifts um Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents uh in mental gifts um Global
+Research out shift towards Asia uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research out shift towards Asia uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research out shift towards Asia uh this
+is um Global Research R&D sherff of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um Global Research R&D sherff of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um Global Research R&D sherff of of
+Science and Engineering articles so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and Engineering articles so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and Engineering articles so if
+you're starting from a small amount and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting from a small amount and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting from a small amount and
+growing um you're going to be by if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing um you're going to be by if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing um you're going to be by if if
+you just look at in a percentage basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look at in a percentage basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look at in a percentage basis
+by necessity taking away a share of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by necessity taking away a share of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by necessity taking away a share of the
+pie from another uh uh entity so as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pie from another uh uh entity so as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pie from another uh uh entity so as uh
+China grows India grows uh the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China grows India grows uh the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China grows India grows uh the rest of
+the world grows um the share of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world grows um the share of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world grows um the share of uh of
+Articles science and engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Articles science and engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Articles science and engineering
+articles in the US and EU uh begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles in the US and EU uh begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles in the US and EU uh begin to
+drop essentially the the the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop essentially the the the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop essentially the the the dominant
+players and in in Japan as well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players and in in Japan as well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players and in in Japan as well now
+that's not necessarily a bad thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily a bad thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily a bad thing if
+the quality of the articles is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of the articles is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of the articles is
+maintained and the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained and the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained and the total number of
+Articles continues to expand and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Articles continues to expand and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Articles continues to expand and we have
+the capacity to keep up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity to keep up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity to keep up with the
+information right so there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information right so there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information right so there's a there's a
+threshold or a limit to how much we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold or a limit to how much we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold or a limit to how much we can
+absorb how much information new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb how much information new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb how much information new
+information we can absorb per unit time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we can absorb per unit time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we can absorb per unit time
+so people are working on more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people are working on more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people are working on more
+sophisticated ways of gathering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated ways of gathering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated ways of gathering and
+assembling this information especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling this information especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling this information especially
+using computer ERS nowadays that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using computer ERS nowadays that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using computer ERS nowadays that can
+help expedite uh R&D so number of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help expedite uh R&D so number of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help expedite uh R&D so number of of
+Trends happening uh on the scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends happening uh on the scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends happening uh on the scientific
+side you're involved with that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you're involved with that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you're involved with that um
+high-tech trade balances continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-tech trade balances continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-tech trade balances continue to
+widen um this is uh the the trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widen um this is uh the the trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widen um this is uh the the trade
+balance and high technology Goods us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and high technology Goods us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and high technology Goods us and
+China um and so the the uh obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China um and so the the uh obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China um and so the the uh obviously
+Chinese um economy trending away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese um economy trending away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese um economy trending away from
+well still heavily invested in uh raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well still heavily invested in uh raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well still heavily invested in uh raw
+materials but trending away from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials but trending away from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials but trending away from that
+toward high-tech manufactured goods uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward high-tech manufactured goods uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward high-tech manufactured goods uh
+in the US um entering a a region of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US um entering a a region of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US um entering a a region of of
+uh trade deficit as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trade deficit as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trade deficit as a result of
+purchasing those those products so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing those those products so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing those those products so these
+are all trends that have policy makers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all trends that have policy makers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all trends that have policy makers
+in particular um concerned and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular um concerned and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular um concerned and and and
+looking at at the future of of global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at at the future of of global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at at the future of of global
+competitiveness technology evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitiveness technology evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitiveness technology evaluation
+let me spend a couple of words bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me spend a couple of words bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me spend a couple of words bringing
+all of what I've just said and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of what I've just said and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of what I've just said and
+everything over the entire course home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything over the entire course home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything over the entire course home
+to you so so far we've talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you so so far we've talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you so so far we've talked about this
+these these things in very ethal terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these things in very ethal terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these things in very ethal terms
+it's useful information it will prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful information it will prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful information it will prove
+useful once you uh begin applying it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful once you uh begin applying it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful once you uh begin applying it but
+we want to run through a quick little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to run through a quick little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to run through a quick little
+scenario right here where you're asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario right here where you're asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario right here where you're asked
+to evaluate a new PV technology why well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate a new PV technology why well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate a new PV technology why well
+you might be applying for a job at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be applying for a job at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be applying for a job at this
+company and they say they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and they say they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and they say they have the
+greatest things since sliced bread and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest things since sliced bread and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest things since sliced bread and
+you want to put on your thinking cap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to put on your thinking cap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to put on your thinking cap and
+evaluate whether that's true or not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate whether that's true or not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate whether that's true or not you
+might have a new idea or new innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a new idea or new innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a new idea or new innovation
+and you're trying to make the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to make the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to make the the the
+tough call do I go forward and establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough call do I go forward and establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough call do I go forward and establish
+a company off of this idea or do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company off of this idea or do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company off of this idea or do I have
+to go back and turn the crank a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and turn the crank a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and turn the crank a few more
+times to come up with the next better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to come up with the next better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to come up with the next better
+idea um that's more worthy of investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um that's more worthy of investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um that's more worthy of investment
+um you could be an investor uh you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could be an investor uh you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could be an investor uh you could
+have money at your disposal and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have money at your disposal and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have money at your disposal and you
+could decide what company to invest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could decide what company to invest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could decide what company to invest in
+or what not to invest in so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what not to invest in so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what not to invest in so how do you
+go about this I would say three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about this I would say three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about this I would say three
+fundamental components um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental components um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental components um and and
+venture capitalist might disagree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capitalist might disagree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capitalist might disagree with
+me or other people who have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me or other people who have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me or other people who have different
+skill sets might disagree with me but me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill sets might disagree with me but me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill sets might disagree with me but me
+from this pers perspective as as as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this pers perspective as as as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this pers perspective as as as an
+engineer I would say first analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer I would say first analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer I would say first analyze the
+physics figure out how this technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics figure out how this technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics figure out how this technology
+works right because if you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works right because if you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works right because if you understand
+how the technology works works you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the technology works works you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the technology works works you can
+understand some of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand some of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand some of the fundamental
+limitations you can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations you can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations you can understand
+efficiency limits and you can predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency limits and you can predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency limits and you can predict
+based on pattern recognition how hard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on pattern recognition how hard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on pattern recognition how hard is
+it going to be to obtain or to approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going to be to obtain or to approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going to be to obtain or to approach
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+limitations analyze the cost scale uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations analyze the cost scale uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations analyze the cost scale uh
+scale potential meaning the potential to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale potential meaning the potential to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale potential meaning the potential to
+scale up and Manufacturing um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up and Manufacturing um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up and Manufacturing um this is
+really more on the engineering science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really more on the engineering science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really more on the engineering science
+side and we've been getting more into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and we've been getting more into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and we've been getting more into
+this during the second and third parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this during the second and third parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this during the second and third parts
+of the course in analyze markets this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course in analyze markets this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course in analyze markets this is
+definitely the third part of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely the third part of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely the third part of the course
+so this begins to pull it all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this begins to pull it all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this begins to pull it all together
+right let's start with analyzing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's start with analyzing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's start with analyzing the
+physics um we talked about conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics um we talked about conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics um we talked about conversion
+efficiency being a strong lever for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency being a strong lever for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency being a strong lever for
+costs that's why we're analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs that's why we're analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs that's why we're analyzing
+conversion efficiency the way I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion efficiency the way I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion efficiency the way I would
+recommend analyzing any PV technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend analyzing any PV technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend analyzing any PV technology
+that they throw at you um would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they throw at you um would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they throw at you um would be
+thinking about conversion efficiency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about conversion efficiency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about conversion efficiency in
+terms of output energy versus input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of output energy versus input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of output energy versus input
+energy and think about losses along each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and think about losses along each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and think about losses along each
+step of the way if you have time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of the way if you have time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of the way if you have time with
+the R&D Department sit down sit down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R&D Department sit down sit down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R&D Department sit down sit down
+with some of the the chief engineers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of the the chief engineers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of the the chief engineers and
+walk through each of the steps going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through each of the steps going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through each of the steps going
+from a light uh Photon entering the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a light uh Photon entering the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a light uh Photon entering the uh
+the the device to charge being collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the device to charge being collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the device to charge being collected
+on the other side with a certain um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side with a certain um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side with a certain um
+current voltage characteristic and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current voltage characteristic and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current voltage characteristic and keep
+in mind that the total efficiency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that the total efficiency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that the total efficiency is
+going to be limited by whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be limited by whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be limited by whatever the
+worst performer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst performer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst performer
+is and keep that picture in mind too be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and keep that picture in mind too be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and keep that picture in mind too be
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+advice customer needs the next is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice customer needs the next is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice customer needs the next is is
+analyzing what what makes your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing what what makes your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing what what makes your product
+special right so where where is it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special right so where where is it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special right so where where is it going
+to fit into the the big picture um is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit into the the big picture um is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit into the the big picture um is it
+going to run with the big dogs is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run with the big dogs is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run with the big dogs is it
+going to be an on grid uh application in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an on grid uh application in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an on grid uh application in
+which case cents per kilowatt hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case cents per kilowatt hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case cents per kilowatt hour
+really matter the price for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter the price for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter the price for the
+electricity for a power purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity for a power purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity for a power purchase
+agreement if you're just selling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement if you're just selling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement if you're just selling the
+module maybe dollars per watt would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module maybe dollars per watt would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module maybe dollars per watt would be
+an important metric as well or are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important metric as well or are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important metric as well or are you
+going into one of these other Niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into one of these other Niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into one of these other Niche
+markets right over here and are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets right over here and are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets right over here and are you
+going to be a player there how big is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a player there how big is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a player there how big is
+that market these are some questions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market these are some questions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market these are some questions to
+ask cost all right so now that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask cost all right so now that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask cost all right so now that we know
+what our intended Market is we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our intended Market is we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our intended Market is we know what
+our our product is going to look like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our product is going to look like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our product is going to look like um
+we know the physics behind it uh we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the physics behind it uh we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the physics behind it uh we know
+in a bit we'll we'll know more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit we'll we'll know more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit we'll we'll know more about the
+manufacturing we we think about cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing we we think about cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing we we think about cost and
+we talked briefly about this during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked briefly about this during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked briefly about this during
+class we had more of an in-depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we had more of an in-depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we had more of an in-depth
+discussion with Doug um that Excel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion with Doug um that Excel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion with Doug um that Excel
+spreadsheet by the way will be available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet by the way will be available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet by the way will be available
+to you so you can look through it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you so you can look through it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you so you can look through it and
+see how a cost analysis was done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how a cost analysis was done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how a cost analysis was done for
+Crystal and silicon and how you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and silicon and how you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and silicon and how you might
+adapt it to your Technologies but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt it to your Technologies but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt it to your Technologies but it's
+really important to to perform a cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to to perform a cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to to perform a cost
+performance model for your technology so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance model for your technology so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance model for your technology so
+that you can understand what levers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can understand what levers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can understand what levers to
+pull what levers need to be pulled uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull what levers need to be pulled uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull what levers need to be pulled uh to
+increase your uh parameter of Merit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your uh parameter of Merit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your uh parameter of Merit
+whatever that parameter of Merit happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that parameter of Merit happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that parameter of Merit happens
+to be for your potential customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be for your potential customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be for your potential customer
+need Manufacturing Technologies in scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Manufacturing Technologies in scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Manufacturing Technologies in scale
+really do play into this quite a bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do play into this quite a bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do play into this quite a bit and
+for many Technologies or for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many Technologies or for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many Technologies or for many
+companies in at least in the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in at least in the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in at least in the Silicon
+Valley area um there might be 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley area um there might be 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley area um there might be 50
+companies working on the same material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies working on the same material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies working on the same material
+copper indium Gallum diselenide let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper indium Gallum diselenide let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper indium Gallum diselenide let's
+say sigs but they each have their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say sigs but they each have their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say sigs but they each have their own
+deposition process and they're each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition process and they're each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition process and they're each
+trying to develop their own pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to develop their own pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to develop their own pieces of
+equipment to manufacture this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment to manufacture this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment to manufacture this uh
+material so understanding the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so understanding the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so understanding the basic
+differences between the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between the different
+deposition systems is important and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition systems is important and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition systems is important and we
+walk through that during our thin films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through that during our thin films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through that during our thin films
+lecture so again you have access to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so again you have access to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so again you have access to this
+information and you can parse through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and you can parse through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and you can parse through it
+uh in Greater detail should you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Greater detail should you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Greater detail should you need
+to scaling of manufacturing we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scaling of manufacturing we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scaling of manufacturing we talked
+about resource availability we even had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about resource availability we even had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about resource availability we even had
+a an in-class debate about it uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an in-class debate about it uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an in-class debate about it uh about
+cabum torium um there are reports out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabum torium um there are reports out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabum torium um there are reports out
+there which you have access to like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which you have access to like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which you have access to like this
+APS report on critical energy materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+APS report on critical energy materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+APS report on critical energy materials
+and uh we understand that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we understand that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we understand that the
+manufacturing and reserves of these ele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and reserves of these ele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and reserves of these ele
+elements are not equidistributed uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are not equidistributed uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are not equidistributed uh in
+fact they're concentrated in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they're concentrated in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they're concentrated in certain
+regions of the world and so that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of the world and so that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of the world and so that might
+influence uh the ultimate potential of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence uh the ultimate potential of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence uh the ultimate potential of a
+certain technology to scale and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain technology to scale and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain technology to scale and again
+this is another intelligent question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another intelligent question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another intelligent question
+that you can a set of questions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can a set of questions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can a set of questions that you
+can ask we understand a bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask we understand a bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask we understand a bit about the
+market dynamics now we understand uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market dynamics now we understand uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market dynamics now we understand uh
+this is price um we understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is price um we understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is price um we understand that
+there was a bit of a plateau in price in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a bit of a plateau in price in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a bit of a plateau in price in
+the mid 2000s a precipitous drop over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mid 2000s a precipitous drop over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mid 2000s a precipitous drop over
+the last three years and that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last three years and that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last three years and that's really
+uh changed the way that uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh changed the way that uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh changed the way that uh uh
+Investments and Equity look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments and Equity look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments and Equity look at the
+Market in the mid 2000s it was all Gang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market in the mid 2000s it was all Gang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market in the mid 2000s it was all Gang
+Busters everybody was really happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Busters everybody was really happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Busters everybody was really happy to
+throw any money they had at solar um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw any money they had at solar um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw any money they had at solar um now
+um people are a lot more selective in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people are a lot more selective in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people are a lot more selective in
+terms of what they invest in um and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what they invest in um and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what they invest in um and this
+is this trend of of over Supply under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this trend of of over Supply under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this trend of of over Supply under
+Supply uh is probably going to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply uh is probably going to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply uh is probably going to continue
+for some time um if if the integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some time um if if the integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some time um if if the integrated
+circuit industry is any example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit industry is any example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit industry is any example and
+model uh so we're we're likely to see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh so we're we're likely to see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh so we're we're likely to see um
+this continue what is your Market timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this continue what is your Market timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this continue what is your Market timing
+it might be a really good time to found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be a really good time to found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be a really good time to found
+an installation company right now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an installation company right now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an installation company right now if you
+can scale and grow quickly and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can scale and grow quickly and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can scale and grow quickly and you have
+the right Niche um but if you're Manu if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right Niche um but if you're Manu if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right Niche um but if you're Manu if
+you have a new idea for a thin film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a new idea for a thin film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a new idea for a thin film
+absorber um it's important to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber um it's important to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber um it's important to think
+critically about where the market is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically about where the market is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically about where the market is
+going to go over the next few years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over the next few years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over the next few years and
+how that impacts your strategy as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that impacts your strategy as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that impacts your strategy as a
+company you might decide well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company you might decide well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company you might decide well you know
+Market's kind of kind of uh cold right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market's kind of kind of uh cold right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market's kind of kind of uh cold right
+now for for modules so why don't we hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for for modules so why don't we hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for for modules so why don't we hold
+back on building that large scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on building that large scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on building that large scale
+manufacturing plant until say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing plant until say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing plant until say
+2014 um and invest really heavily in R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 um and invest really heavily in R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 um and invest really heavily in R&D
+right now and stay small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and stay small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and stay small
+uh without the the financial obligations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without the the financial obligations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without the the financial obligations
+of a big manufacturing line until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a big manufacturing line until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a big manufacturing line until we
+really nail the technology and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nail the technology and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nail the technology and have
+something good to go and plus think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something good to go and plus think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something good to go and plus think
+about our exit strategy maybe we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our exit strategy maybe we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our exit strategy maybe we won't
+ramp up to be a gwatt or two gwatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp up to be a gwatt or two gwatt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp up to be a gwatt or two gwatt
+company maybe instead it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company maybe instead it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company maybe instead it's more
+important to form Partnerships with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to form Partnerships with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to form Partnerships with
+companies that are manufacturing catel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that are manufacturing catel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that are manufacturing catel
+or sigs right now so our business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sigs right now so our business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sigs right now so our business
+developers going to spend more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers going to spend more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers going to spend more time
+chatting with the the the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatting with the the the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatting with the the the business
+developers of First Solar and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers of First Solar and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers of First Solar and and uh
+other companies um we also know a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies um we also know a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies um we also know a bit
+about the financial incentives from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the financial incentives from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the financial incentives from
+Germany and some of the largest uh PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and some of the largest uh PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and some of the largest uh PV
+markets in the world we know that China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets in the world we know that China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets in the world we know that China
+uh is going to ramp up uh significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is going to ramp up uh significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is going to ramp up uh significantly
+in terms of of installations over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of of installations over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of of installations over the
+next few years uh we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few years uh we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few years uh we know that the
+United States will as well as the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States will as well as the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States will as well as the the
+the prices continue to come down uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices continue to come down uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices continue to come down uh
+these are the uh PV feed feed and tariff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the uh PV feed feed and tariff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the uh PV feed feed and tariff
+rates shown in blue and red for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates shown in blue and red for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates shown in blue and red for
+different types of installations blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of installations blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of installations blue
+being the uh uh large um freestanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the uh uh large um freestanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the uh uh large um freestanding
+systems the red being uh mostly rooftop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the red being uh mostly rooftop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the red being uh mostly rooftop
+mounted systems uh so we saw that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted systems uh so we saw that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted systems uh so we saw that the
+feed and tear rate in Germany has come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed and tear rate in Germany has come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed and tear rate in Germany has come
+down versus time and the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down versus time and the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down versus time and the average
+electricity price has gone up so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity price has gone up so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity price has gone up so we can
+begin predicting what uh the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin predicting what uh the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin predicting what uh the role of
+Market subsidies will be uh when we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market subsidies will be uh when we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market subsidies will be uh when we try
+to roll out our technology onto the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to roll out our technology onto the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to roll out our technology onto the grid
+and we can plot this and and see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can plot this and and see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can plot this and and see how
+that will impact our business model as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will impact our business model as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will impact our business model as
+well and lastly we know that about 99%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and lastly we know that about 99%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and lastly we know that about 99%
+of the solar panels have yet to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solar panels have yet to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solar panels have yet to be
+made right 99% of the solar panels have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made right 99% of the solar panels have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made right 99% of the solar panels have
+yet to be made so there is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet to be made so there is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet to be made so there is a lot of
+potential here this uh again going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential here this uh again going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential here this uh again going back
+to to the very first lecture where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the very first lecture where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the very first lecture where we
+had new energy installations new PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had new energy installations new PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had new energy installations new PV
+installations growing significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations growing significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations growing significantly
+right convergence is coming um who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right convergence is coming um who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right convergence is coming um who's
+going to comprise who's going to bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to comprise who's going to bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to comprise who's going to bridge
+that Gap who is going to be uh the maker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Gap who is going to be uh the maker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Gap who is going to be uh the maker
+of the technology that will ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the technology that will ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the technology that will ultimately
+uh bring PV to a massive scale in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bring PV to a massive scale in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bring PV to a massive scale in the
+grid um that's for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid um that's for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid um that's for you to
+decide so uh other intangibles uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide so uh other intangibles uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide so uh other intangibles uh in
+terms of evaluating companies would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of evaluating companies would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of evaluating companies would
+include the team uh especially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the team uh especially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the team uh especially the
+leadership team what is a track record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership team what is a track record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership team what is a track record
+uh what is their philosophy of running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is their philosophy of running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is their philosophy of running
+the company uh the financing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company uh the financing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company uh the financing that's
+available how much cash is at hand um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available how much cash is at hand um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available how much cash is at hand um
+the patent portfolio how well protected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patent portfolio how well protected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patent portfolio how well protected
+are they and and so forth patents by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they and and so forth patents by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they and and so forth patents by the
+way vary in importance from the US uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way vary in importance from the US uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way vary in importance from the US uh to
+certain other regions of the world uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain other regions of the world uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain other regions of the world uh
+it's very important in the US and Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important in the US and Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important in the US and Europe
+less important in China um but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less important in China um but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less important in China um but it
+depends uh if if if if a certain idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends uh if if if if a certain idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends uh if if if if a certain idea is
+patented um you will have difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patented um you will have difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patented um you will have difficulty
+accessing that market you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing that market you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing that market you will have
+difficulty selling product into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty selling product into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty selling product into that
+market even though you can continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market even though you can continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market even though you can continue to
+sell a mark product into markets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell a mark product into markets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell a mark product into markets that
+value patents less and IP so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value patents less and IP so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value patents less and IP so let's go
+through a few examples I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a few examples I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a few examples I'm going to
+throw a couple of examples at you real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw a couple of examples at you real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw a couple of examples at you real
+quick and just bout off uh the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick and just bout off uh the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick and just bout off uh the first
+ideas that come to you how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that come to you how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that come to you how would you
+analyze this company solar paint all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze this company solar paint all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze this company solar paint all
+right so I I have my my big spray paint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I I have my my big spray paint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I I have my my big spray paint
+system here and I go to the side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here and I go to the side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here and I go to the side of the
+house and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and I
+go and that saves me a bundle on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and that saves me a bundle on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and that saves me a bundle on
+installation costs it's easy you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation costs it's easy you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation costs it's easy you can do
+it yourself and you just connect a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yourself and you just connect a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yourself and you just connect a few
+wires and voila you have solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and voila you have solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and voila you have solar
+electricity what would be your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity what would be your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity what would be your first
+Instinct how does it work how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instinct how does it work how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instinct how does it work how does it
+work bravo bravo what is the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work bravo bravo what is the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work bravo bravo what is the physics
+behind it how do you separate charge if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it how do you separate charge if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it how do you separate charge if
+you go back to this right over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back to this right over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back to this right over
+here right light absorption charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right light absorption charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right light absorption charge
+exitation it's important what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation it's important what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation it's important what what's the
+band gap of the material how how what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gap of the material how how what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gap of the material how how what
+what how does it excite charge inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how does it excite charge inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how does it excite charge inside of
+the material uh where's charge separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material uh where's charge separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material uh where's charge separated
+um how do carriers reach those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do carriers reach those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do carriers reach those
+separation points I me you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation points I me you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation points I me you're just
+spraying on one homogeneous layer did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spraying on one homogeneous layer did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spraying on one homogeneous layer did I
+get that right there there's no like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that right there there's no like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that right there there's no like
+there's not like two layers does it face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not like two layers does it face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not like two layers does it face
+separate how does that work and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate how does that work and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate how does that work and in
+charge collection how are you collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge collection how are you collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge collection how are you collecting
+the charge over that massive area what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge over that massive area what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge over that massive area what
+are your resistive losses and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your resistive losses and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your resistive losses and so forth
+so you're you're equipped now to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're you're equipped now to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're you're equipped now to ask
+those questions as a result of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions as a result of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions as a result of this
+course that's pretty awesome you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's pretty awesome you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's pretty awesome you think
+about it you're you're pretty empowered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you're you're pretty empowered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you're you're pretty empowered
+um so uh you know it could work solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh you know it could work solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh you know it could work solar
+paint could could very well work so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint could could very well work so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint could could very well work so it's
+important not to ride into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important not to ride into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important not to ride into this
+discussion with a high horse and say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion with a high horse and say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion with a high horse and say oh
+it won't work because of X Y and Z it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't work because of X Y and Z it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't work because of X Y and Z it's
+important to keep an open mind because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to keep an open mind because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to keep an open mind because
+new ideas are really quite startling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ideas are really quite startling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ideas are really quite startling and
+and they can be uh game changing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can be uh game changing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can be uh game changing but
+it's important to have a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to have a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to have a critical
+respectful approach to this right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectful approach to this right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectful approach to this right a
+critical mind is is always a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical mind is is always a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical mind is is always a good thing
+to have on your shoulders um V material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have on your shoulders um V material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have on your shoulders um V material
+so I'm I'm arriving to you and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I'm arriving to you and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I'm arriving to you and I say
+this is the Wonder material it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Wonder material it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Wonder material it's all
+Earth abundant totally scalable um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth abundant totally scalable um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth abundant totally scalable um but
+I'm not going to tell you what it is see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to tell you what it is see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to tell you what it is see
+you're going to have to invest in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to invest in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to invest in my
+company because I have this great team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company because I have this great team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company because I have this great team
+right here a great team coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here a great team coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here a great team coming from
+Intel uh I I used to be a head manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel uh I I used to be a head manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel uh I I used to be a head manager
+at a National Laboratory um I know my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a National Laboratory um I know my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a National Laboratory um I know my my
+stuff I really know my PV I can wow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I really know my PV I can wow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I really know my PV I can wow you
+with a few presentations about PV device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few presentations about PV device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few presentations about PV device
+physics and talk all this fancy stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and talk all this fancy stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and talk all this fancy stuff
+but you're going to have to invest in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're going to have to invest in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're going to have to invest in my
+my my company based on a few sem images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my company based on a few sem images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my company based on a few sem images
+Plain View sem images of the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plain View sem images of the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plain View sem images of the material
+structure just to prove that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure just to prove that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure just to prove that I can
+actually deposit it but I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deposit it but I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deposit it but I'm not going to
+tell you what the material is because us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what the material is because us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what the material is because us
+VCS could run off with my idea and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCS could run off with my idea and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCS could run off with my idea and go
+sell it to somebody else uh so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it to somebody else uh so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it to somebody else uh so I'm going
+to hold that very close to my my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold that very close to my my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold that very close to my my my
+chest do you invest in me or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not dep how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not dep how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not dep how much
+depends on what you're asking depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what you're asking depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what you're asking depends
+how much you're asking for that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you're asking for that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you're asking for that was a
+real situation I was in that room I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real situation I was in that room I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real situation I was in that room I was
+evaluating that company and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating that company and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating that company and as a
+scientist in that room I was like are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist in that room I was like are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist in that room I was like are
+you serious you can't be serious um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you serious you can't be serious um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you serious you can't be serious um the
+venture capitalist however thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capitalist however thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capitalist however thought
+differently and said look the team is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and said look the team is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and said look the team is
+really good and um I I think uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good and um I I think uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good and um I I think uh you know
+for for for reasons that that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for for reasons that that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for for reasons that that were
+described um I can't get into all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described um I can't get into all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described um I can't get into all of
+them uh without giving the the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh without giving the the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh without giving the the details
+away um there were reasons for investing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away um there were reasons for investing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away um there were reasons for investing
+in that particular case in that company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that particular case in that company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that particular case in that company
+and even though the physics was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though the physics was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though the physics was not
+understood and even though the ultimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood and even though the ultimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood and even though the ultimate
+efficiency potential was not understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency potential was not understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency potential was not understood
+the VC Firm made an investment um so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VC Firm made an investment um so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VC Firm made an investment um so far
+it's been going okay um with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been going okay um with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been going okay um with that
+company so uh just to point out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so uh just to point out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so uh just to point out that
+this is a base a foundation of which to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a base a foundation of which to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a base a foundation of which to
+make decisions it's not a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions it's not a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions it's not a a a
+prescription upon which to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription upon which to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription upon which to make
+decisions right a lot of things factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions right a lot of things factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions right a lot of things factor
+in use your best judgment you're the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in use your best judgment you're the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in use your best judgment you're the one
+best equipped to to make those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best equipped to to make those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best equipped to to make those
+decisions path forward um this is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions path forward um this is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions path forward um this is kind
+of my last uh uh few words on the Soap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my last uh uh few words on the Soap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my last uh uh few words on the Soap
+Box before I hand over the microphones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box before I hand over the microphones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box before I hand over the microphones
+to you uh the path forward from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you uh the path forward from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you uh the path forward from my
+perspective the markets are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective the markets are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective the markets are going to
+drive a lot of the public story um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive a lot of the public story um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive a lot of the public story um but
+you know that cost matters more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that cost matters more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that cost matters more than
+Price Right Price is the short-term uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Price Right Price is the short-term uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Price Right Price is the short-term uh
+Market poll uh during the mid 2000s um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market poll uh during the mid 2000s um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market poll uh during the mid 2000s um
+actually down here when when the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually down here when when the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually down here when when the the
+price was still very very high um solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price was still very very high um solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price was still very very high um solar
+was kind of this hippie uh uh tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of this hippie uh uh tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of this hippie uh uh tree
+hugging uh group of of nerds that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugging uh group of of nerds that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugging uh group of of nerds that would
+get together at the Mi at the muddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get together at the Mi at the muddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get together at the Mi at the muddy
+Charles and and come up with the facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles and and come up with the facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles and and come up with the facts
+based analysis which formed the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based analysis which formed the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based analysis which formed the MIT
+Energy Club really small thing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Club really small thing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Club really small thing and then
+right when uh the prices began to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when uh the prices began to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when uh the prices began to to
+stabilize and and um there was a a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize and and um there was a a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize and and um there was a a this
+this view that energy was this huge Gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this view that energy was this huge Gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this view that energy was this huge Gold
+Mine waiting to be explored um a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mine waiting to be explored um a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mine waiting to be explored um a massive
+amount of Interest came into the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of Interest came into the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of Interest came into the field
+and growth accordingly and it was good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and growth accordingly and it was good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and growth accordingly and it was good
+um but in the uh 200 and so forth we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in the uh 200 and so forth we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in the uh 200 and so forth we had
+this precipitous drop in prices as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this precipitous drop in prices as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this precipitous drop in prices as well
+as the collapse of of Finance to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the collapse of of Finance to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the collapse of of Finance to allow
+these Technologies to scale up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Technologies to scale up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Technologies to scale up the
+Valley of Death widened and deepened a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley of Death widened and deepened a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley of Death widened and deepened a
+bit if you will and suddenly energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit if you will and suddenly energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit if you will and suddenly energy
+looked a lot more precarious um started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked a lot more precarious um started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked a lot more precarious um started
+having students come into my office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having students come into my office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having students come into my office
+during interviews saying what what sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during interviews saying what what sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during interviews saying what what sort
+of career can I have here now tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of career can I have here now tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of career can I have here now tell me
+seriously are there jobs waiting for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously are there jobs waiting for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously are there jobs waiting for me
+when I exit um the reality is there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I exit um the reality is there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I exit um the reality is there are
+jobs waiting for bright smart people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs waiting for bright smart people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs waiting for bright smart people
+regardless of the market condition there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the market condition there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the market condition there
+were jobs back here there will be jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were jobs back here there will be jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were jobs back here there will be jobs
+in the future as well um if you're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future as well um if you're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future as well um if you're good
+at what you do when you ask the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what you do when you ask the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what you do when you ask the right
+questions um conduct good experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um conduct good experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um conduct good experiments
+and know how to disseminate your work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and know how to disseminate your work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and know how to disseminate your work um
+but this is kind of a return to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is kind of a return to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is kind of a return to the
+roots now where we have people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots now where we have people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots now where we have people who are
+in solar and interested in solar who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solar and interested in solar who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solar and interested in solar who are
+really there uh for for for for the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there uh for for for for the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there uh for for for for the long
+run and so knowing the market conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and so knowing the market conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and so knowing the market conditions
+really helps you put everything into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helps you put everything into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helps you put everything into
+perspective and see how how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and see how how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and see how how the
+situation might evolve going forward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation might evolve going forward in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation might evolve going forward in
+terms of Tipping Point um it's largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Tipping Point um it's largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Tipping Point um it's largely
+agreed upon that a dollar a watt system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed upon that a dollar a watt system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed upon that a dollar a watt system
+installed um is is really where we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed um is is really where we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed um is is really where we want
+to head to so we know the cost right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to head to so we know the cost right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to head to so we know the cost right now
+of manufacturing a PB module Crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manufacturing a PB module Crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manufacturing a PB module Crystal and
+silicon is in the order of dollar per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is in the order of dollar per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is in the order of dollar per
+wat if you're inventing a new technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wat if you're inventing a new technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wat if you're inventing a new technology
+um you have to do uh half of that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to do uh half of that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to do uh half of that right
+and Crystal and silicon has a road map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Crystal and silicon has a road map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Crystal and silicon has a road map
+to get to about 50 cents per watt Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to about 50 cents per watt Peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to about 50 cents per watt Peak
+by 2020 2025 and so if you're developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2020 2025 and so if you're developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2020 2025 and so if you're developing
+the new technology you have to undercut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new technology you have to undercut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new technology you have to undercut
+that in some way shape or form and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some way shape or form and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some way shape or form and you
+can do that in a variety of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that in a variety of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that in a variety of ways
+improving the efficiency there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the efficiency there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the efficiency there's a lot
+of headro in efficiency a lot of headro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of headro in efficiency a lot of headro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of headro in efficiency a lot of headro
+there um maybe uh manufactur in scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um maybe uh manufactur in scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um maybe uh manufactur in scale
+and so for but if a technology some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for but if a technology some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for but if a technology some
+technology by 2020 can get to a dollar a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology by 2020 can get to a dollar a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology by 2020 can get to a dollar a
+watt installed we're looking at by 2030
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watt installed we're looking at by 2030
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watt installed we're looking at by 2030
+a pretty massive grid penetration of PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty massive grid penetration of PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty massive grid penetration of PV
+across the United States and that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the United States and that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the United States and that's just
+a start of it the US is just um the drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a start of it the US is just um the drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a start of it the US is just um the drop
+in the bucket this is the world there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bucket this is the world there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bucket this is the world there's
+a lot of people 1.6 billion of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people 1.6 billion of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people 1.6 billion of them
+approximately without electricity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately without electricity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately without electricity right
+now they're coming online and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're coming online and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're coming online and they're
+driving the majority of the growth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the majority of the growth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the majority of the growth in
+CO2 emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 emissions
+majority of the growth comes from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the growth comes from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the growth comes from two
+points one um we're Outsourcing our CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points one um we're Outsourcing our CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points one um we're Outsourcing our CO2
+right if you look at the amount of CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you look at the amount of CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you look at the amount of CO2
+the United States contributes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States contributes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States contributes to the
+world it might be 1 but if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world it might be 1 but if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world it might be 1 but if you look at
+all the manufactured goods all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the manufactured goods all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the manufactured goods all the
+clothes we're wearing right now all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes we're wearing right now all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes we're wearing right now all of
+the apparatus that we're using right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apparatus that we're using right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apparatus that we're using right
+these were manufactured probably not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were manufactured probably not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were manufactured probably not in
+the US but they're here for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US but they're here for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US but they're here for our
+consumption and use we own that carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and use we own that carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and use we own that carbon
+that's our carbon we're responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our carbon we're responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our carbon we're responsible for
+it so our footprint increases further so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so our footprint increases further so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so our footprint increases further so
+we're Outsourcing the carbon it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're Outsourcing the carbon it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're Outsourcing the carbon it's it's
+growing in certain developing regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing in certain developing regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing in certain developing regions
+that are exporting to us and secondly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are exporting to us and secondly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are exporting to us and secondly um
+they're also growing they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also growing they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also growing they're also
+consuming they're also getting cars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming they're also getting cars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming they're also getting cars and
+and computers and so forth so um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computers and so forth so um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computers and so forth so um there
+there's an overall growth of uh of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an overall growth of uh of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an overall growth of uh of of of
+uh consumption around the world we agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consumption around the world we agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consumption around the world we agree
+that climate change is an issue and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that climate change is an issue and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that climate change is an issue and we
+look at the solar insulation map and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the solar insulation map and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the solar insulation map and we
+say wow compared to certain minerals or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wow compared to certain minerals or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wow compared to certain minerals or
+uh rare Earths or uh petroleum this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rare Earths or uh petroleum this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rare Earths or uh petroleum this is
+fairly equitably distributed even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly equitably distributed even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly equitably distributed even
+regions say in in Patagonia or up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions say in in Patagonia or up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions say in in Patagonia or up in
+northern Europe uh compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern Europe uh compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern Europe uh compared to the
+equator we're looking about a 3X maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equator we're looking about a 3X maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equator we're looking about a 3X maybe a
+4X Delta in solar resource not a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4X Delta in solar resource not a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4X Delta in solar resource not a million
+to zero a million to one rather um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero a million to one rather um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero a million to one rather um we're
+looking at a Forex Delta in solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a Forex Delta in solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a Forex Delta in solar
+resource which is not that big of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource which is not that big of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource which is not that big of a
+spread and furthermore if we go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread and furthermore if we go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread and furthermore if we go back and
+look at the uh countries that are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the uh countries that are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the uh countries that are really
+coming online um just using this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming online um just using this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming online um just using this uh this
+loose parameter human development index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose parameter human development index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose parameter human development index
+that we referred to on the first day of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we referred to on the first day of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we referred to on the first day of
+class we can see that the countries with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we can see that the countries with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we can see that the countries with
+the largest solar resource base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest solar resource base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest solar resource base
+um several of them also happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um several of them also happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um several of them also happen to be
+countries that are on the path toward uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that are on the path toward uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that are on the path toward uh
+development on the path toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development on the path toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development on the path toward
+consumption and solar can really have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and solar can really have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and solar can really have an
+impact in those countries to improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact in those countries to improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact in those countries to improve the
+quality of life and also reduce carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of life and also reduce carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of life and also reduce carbon
+emissions overall in the world so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions overall in the world so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions overall in the world so what
+role can you play I mean I I think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role can you play I mean I I think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role can you play I mean I I think um
+important things to keep in mind is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things to keep in mind is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things to keep in mind is is
+there's uh we're we're really at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh we're we're really at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh we're we're really at the
+beginning of solar we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of solar we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of solar we have a lot of
+headro to grow um I I think the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headro to grow um I I think the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headro to grow um I I think the amount
+of venture capital investment loss so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of venture capital investment loss so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of venture capital investment loss so
+far due to failed companies is a drop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far due to failed companies is a drop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far due to failed companies is a drop in
+the bucket compared to GDP is a drop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bucket compared to GDP is a drop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bucket compared to GDP is a drop in
+the bucket compared to military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bucket compared to military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bucket compared to military
+Investments is a drop in the bucket to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments is a drop in the bucket to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments is a drop in the bucket to
+things that we consider important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we consider important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we consider important and
+especially the the quality of life in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the the quality of life in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the the quality of life in
+the world so put it's important to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world so put it's important to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world so put it's important to keep
+that in perspective we need to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in perspective we need to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in perspective we need to maintain
+momentum Capital Innovation culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum Capital Innovation culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum Capital Innovation culture
+that's what we have here it's growing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we have here it's growing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we have here it's growing in
+other places around the world as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places around the world as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places around the world as well
+it's important to to Foster that growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to to Foster that growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to to Foster that growth
+and uh evolve into a global Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh evolve into a global Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh evolve into a global Society
+where we have connections and in shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have connections and in shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have connections and in shared
+connections with with groups around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections with with groups around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections with with groups around the
+world shared interests and can leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world shared interests and can leverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world shared interests and can leverage
+uh each other's strengths um the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each other's strengths um the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each other's strengths um the rest of
+the world is catching up fast with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is catching up fast with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is catching up fast with
+increased competition that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased competition that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased competition that's why
+isolation won't work in this case um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation won't work in this case um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation won't work in this case um we
+do need uh increased R&D efforts on key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do need uh increased R&D efforts on key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do need uh increased R&D efforts on key
+targets I think better Investments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets I think better Investments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets I think better Investments and
+smarter choices of technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter choices of technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter choices of technology is
+important and hopefully over the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and hopefully over the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and hopefully over the course
+of the class you're equipped with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class you're equipped with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class you're equipped with
+several of the tools to make those types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of the tools to make those types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of the tools to make those types
+of decisions yourself um we also need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decisions yourself um we also need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decisions yourself um we also need to
+change the way we innovate um poed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the way we innovate um poed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the way we innovate um poed
+resour ources collaborative efforts um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resour ources collaborative efforts um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resour ources collaborative efforts um
+improve industry University lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve industry University lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve industry University lab
+relations which in the US uh are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations which in the US uh are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations which in the US uh are are
+somewhat at a precarious State because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat at a precarious State because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat at a precarious State because
+of differences in priorities between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of differences in priorities between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of differences in priorities between
+Publications and IP protection and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Publications and IP protection and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Publications and IP protection and so
+forth um direct to manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth um direct to manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth um direct to manufacturing
+Innovations instead of um always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations instead of um always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations instead of um always
+thinking that startup companies are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that startup companies are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that startup companies are the
+only route thinking in terms of how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only route thinking in terms of how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only route thinking in terms of how do I
+get this technology into a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this technology into a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this technology into a large
+established company in us that's a route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established company in us that's a route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established company in us that's a route
+that we don't think about very often but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't think about very often but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't think about very often but
+could have a huge impact and certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a huge impact and certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a huge impact and certainly
+has an impact in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an impact in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an impact in Germany
+um the need for a steady predictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the need for a steady predictable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the need for a steady predictable
+Market all right I I I think might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market all right I I I think might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market all right I I I think might be
+asking too much in this bullet point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking too much in this bullet point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking too much in this bullet point but
+it would be nice and certainly policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be nice and certainly policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be nice and certainly policy
+can play a large role in that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play a large role in that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play a large role in that we have
+enough impr predictability with over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough impr predictability with over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough impr predictability with over
+Supply and under Supply we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply and under Supply we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply and under Supply we don't need
+the politicians getting into it as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the politicians getting into it as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the politicians getting into it as well
+and changing their minds every two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changing their minds every two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changing their minds every two years
+and investment in education as well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and investment in education as well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and investment in education as well the
+right type of of Base education so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right type of of Base education so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right type of of Base education so you
+can get involved in a number of ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get involved in a number of ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get involved in a number of ways and
+I encourage you to do so uh I thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I encourage you to do so uh I thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I encourage you to do so uh I thank you
+for your attention and I wish you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your attention and I wish you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your attention and I wish you the
+best of Fortunes going forward please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best of Fortunes going forward please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best of Fortunes going forward please
+feel free to call on me whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to call on me whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to call on me whenever you
+have a need and I look for to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a need and I look for to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a need and I look for to your
+presentation so be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation so be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation so be well
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cBoUvyAaEUY.txt b/cBoUvyAaEUY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1ce56fcb7dfd9552bdfec7620ad5d726854d0db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cBoUvyAaEUY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1099 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+um one really great thing that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one really great thing that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one really great thing that we're
+finding this year is we've got a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding this year is we've got a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding this year is we've got a large
+number of women who are taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of women who are taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of women who are taking the
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+we really try to to focus on getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really try to to focus on getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really try to to focus on getting a
+good balance of diversity of voices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good balance of diversity of voices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good balance of diversity of voices in
+the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course
+of i think 65 we're gonna have 25 women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i think 65 we're gonna have 25 women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i think 65 we're gonna have 25 women
+the first day and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first day and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first day and we're
+doing it basically this first day is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it basically this first day is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it basically this first day is to
+see what we can do to keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we can do to keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we can do to keep them
+to keep them engaged and keep them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep them engaged and keep them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep them engaged and keep them as
+part of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course
+we have had like in the last the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have had like in the last the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have had like in the last the last
+couple of years we've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of years we've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of years we've had
+almost twice as many or three times as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost twice as many or three times as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost twice as many or three times as
+many women on our first day and by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many women on our first day and by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many women on our first day and by our
+second week we'll be down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second week we'll be down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second week we'll be down to
+only four or five women in the class out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four or five women in the class out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four or five women in the class out
+of you know 30 30 odd people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know 30 30 odd people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know 30 30 odd people
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so we're really hoping that we can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're really hoping that we can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're really hoping that we can do a
+better job at keeping them this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better job at keeping them this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better job at keeping them this year
+trying a couple of new techniques this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying a couple of new techniques this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying a couple of new techniques this
+year we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year we
+we put a harassment policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put a harassment policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put a harassment policy
+into our syllabus as well as to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our syllabus as well as to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our syllabus as well as to an
+initial email that went out to all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial email that went out to all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial email that went out to all of
+the students just making it clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students just making it clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students just making it clear that
+no it's not okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not okay to
+to harass or to make your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to harass or to make your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to harass or to make your your
+classmates feel uncomfortable and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmates feel uncomfortable and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmates feel uncomfortable and if you
+are in the position where you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the position where you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the position where you feel
+uncomfortable you can always speak to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable you can always speak to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable you can always speak to
+the instructors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructors
+a lot of this is just standard mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this is just standard mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this is just standard mit
+policy but it's not normal practice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy but it's not normal practice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy but it's not normal practice for
+classes to actually state it up front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes to actually state it up front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes to actually state it up front
+still we want the students to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still we want the students to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still we want the students to understand
+that they have these options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have these options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have these options
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what we're what we also try to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're what we also try to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're what we also try to do is
+make sure that uh we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that uh we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that uh we have a lot of
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+women speaking in our classes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women speaking in our classes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women speaking in our classes uh
+so lecturers for instance or guests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lecturers for instance or guests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lecturers for instance or guests
+we try to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to make sure that
+it's very easy to be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to be able to see
+yourself as a professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself as a professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself as a professional
+and because all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because all our
+all our speakers work in games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our speakers work in games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our speakers work in games
+in some matter or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some matter or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some matter or other
+i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+we're not entirely sure why we're losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not entirely sure why we're losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not entirely sure why we're losing
+um so many women in because it's all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so many women in because it's all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so many women in because it's all in
+the beginning it's not it's not that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning it's not it's not that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning it's not it's not that we
+lose them later on we have women the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose them later on we have women the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose them later on we have women the
+women who go through our class we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women who go through our class we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women who go through our class we get a
+very high percentage of them coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high percentage of them coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high percentage of them coming back
+for 617 the advanced game studio course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 617 the advanced game studio course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 617 the advanced game studio course
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+once we've got them in the class once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've got them in the class once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've got them in the class once
+they once they decide it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they once they decide it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they once they decide it's going to be
+an interesting class to take we seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting class to take we seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting class to take we seem to
+keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them
+the question is how can we keep from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how can we keep from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how can we keep from
+scattering them off in that first week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering them off in that first week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering them off in that first week
+which is when mit students can say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is when mit students can say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is when mit students can say oh
+you know what this class looks like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what this class looks like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what this class looks like i
+think we'll go take some other class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'll go take some other class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'll go take some other class so
+i think it's we've we've put more of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's we've we've put more of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's we've we've put more of our
+work into focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work into focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work into focusing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+our front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our front
+making it clear what the course is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it clear what the course is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it clear what the course is about
+and trying to make sure that we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to make sure that we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to make sure that we are in
+fact being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact being
+welcoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcoming
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah a lot of it has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a lot of it has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a lot of it has to do with
+being welcoming um but also providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being welcoming um but also providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being welcoming um but also providing
+challenges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that
+more people might be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people might be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people might be interested in
+so in this case it's not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case it's not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case it's not necessarily
+targeting women but really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting women but really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting women but really just
+targeting a diverse group of voices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting a diverse group of voices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting a diverse group of voices in
+the class so for this semester the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class so for this semester the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class so for this semester the
+design challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're really focusing on what the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really focusing on what the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really focusing on what the design
+challenges is in the class from from day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges is in the class from from day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges is in the class from from day
+one where in previous semesters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where in previous semesters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where in previous semesters
+we talked about it a little bit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about it a little bit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about it a little bit in the
+first couple weeks and then we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first couple weeks and then we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first couple weeks and then we didn't
+get into it deeper deeper until midway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into it deeper deeper until midway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into it deeper deeper until midway
+through so in this case this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so in this case this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so in this case this semester
+it's about decision making in games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about decision making in games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about decision making in games
+we're talking about the types of games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about the types of games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about the types of games
+many different kinds of students would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different kinds of students would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different kinds of students would
+want to play and have played so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to play and have played so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to play and have played so it's not
+just that you're coming to a game course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that you're coming to a game course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that you're coming to a game course
+because you play all sorts of games and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you play all sorts of games and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you play all sorts of games and
+then you find out well this one's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find out well this one's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find out well this one's just
+going to be about war games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about war games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about war games
+so talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so talking about
+narrative talking about fiction also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative talking about fiction also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative talking about fiction also
+talking about strategy talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about strategy talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about strategy talking about
+chants and talking about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chants and talking about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chants and talking about all the
+different elements that are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements that are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements that are going to
+they're going to explore over the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to explore over the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to explore over the next
+semester in the beginning hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester in the beginning hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester in the beginning hopefully
+we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll
+will keep them interested and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will keep them interested and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will keep them interested and then also
+having a client in the class where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a client in the class where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a client in the class where
+they're actually making a game that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually making a game that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually making a game that's
+going to do some some good to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do some some good to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do some some good to somebody
+else it's not they're not just making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it's not they're not just making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it's not they're not just making a
+game to make a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to make a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to make a game
+in this case the the games they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the the games they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the the games they're
+making are going to be used by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making are going to be used by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making are going to be used by
+the red cross red crescent climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red cross red crescent climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red cross red crescent climate
+center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+particularly to make to help policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly to make to help policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly to make to help policy
+makers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers
+better understand the need to devote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand the need to devote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand the need to devote
+resources time and money to disaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources time and money to disaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources time and money to disaster
+preparedness so it's a big topic it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparedness so it's a big topic it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparedness so it's a big topic it's a
+timely topic climate change is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timely topic climate change is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timely topic climate change is being
+talked about a lot right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a lot right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a lot right now
+mic students like those kinds of mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic students like those kinds of mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic students like those kinds of mit
+styled like engineering problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styled like engineering problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styled like engineering problems
+so hopefully that also keeps a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully that also keeps a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully that also keeps a good
+number of the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the students
+uh keeping in in the course after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keeping in in the course after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keeping in in the course after the
+first week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first week
+we don't have we never have a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have we never have a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have we never have a problem
+keeping our number high our number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping our number high our number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping our number high our number is
+always high it's keeping the diverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always high it's keeping the diverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always high it's keeping the diverse
+number of voices high from the get-go
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cjeXg5rJ9D8.txt b/cjeXg5rJ9D8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e6960c23bf7e7d5e9fd31ed22e53f0cebb67c98b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cjeXg5rJ9D8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12362 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+all right so let's uh start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's uh start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's uh start talking
+about some math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some math
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there was a last uh result i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a last uh result i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a last uh result i was
+going to prove um for series which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove um for series which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove um for series which is
+that if you have an absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have an absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have an absolutely
+convergent series then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent series then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent series then
+and you rearrange it then um that series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you rearrange it then um that series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you rearrange it then um that series
+is also absolutely convergent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also absolutely convergent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also absolutely convergent and
+converges to the same thing as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the same thing as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the same thing as the
+um unarranged series but i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unarranged series but i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unarranged series but i'm going to
+leave that to the lecture notes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave that to the lecture notes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave that to the lecture notes and
+we're just going to start on a new topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to start on a new topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to start on a new topic
+um so the topic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that we're now on is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're now on is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're now on is uh
+continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so continuous functions as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so continuous functions as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so continuous functions as we'll see
+it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+it's a statement about how a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a statement about how a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a statement about how a function
+behaves near a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves near a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves near a point
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in relation to how it behaves at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relation to how it behaves at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relation to how it behaves at the
+point okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay
+now what it means for a function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what it means for a function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what it means for a function to
+behave near a point that's uh the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave near a point that's uh the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave near a point that's uh the notion
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the limit of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the function
+which is what we'll first discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+at what points are we going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what points are we going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what points are we going to be
+looking at so so this is um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at so so this is um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at so so this is um you know
+where limits take place and somehow we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where limits take place and somehow we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where limits take place and somehow we
+want to look at a function near a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at a function near a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at a function near a point
+uh near points where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh near points where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh near points where
+there's a lot of a set nearby to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of a set nearby to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of a set nearby to
+actually look at f at so f is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at f at so f is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at f at so f is usually
+defined on some set s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on some set s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on some set s
+and we want to look at points so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to look at points so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to look at points so that
+there's a lot of s nearby and we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of s nearby and we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of s nearby and we kind of
+already dealt with these types of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already dealt with these types of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already dealt with these types of points
+when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we
+encountered cluster points in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered cluster points in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered cluster points in the
+assignment so this is exactly where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment so this is exactly where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment so this is exactly where we
+start looking at limits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at limits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at limits so
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+this is a definition that i'll recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a definition that i'll recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a definition that i'll recall
+from the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the assignment
+it has to be a subset of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and x and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you say x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say x
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cluster point of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster point of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster point of s
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're all delta positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all delta positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all delta positive
+the interval x minus delta x plus delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval x minus delta x plus delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval x minus delta x plus delta
+intersect s take away x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-empty
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the new uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the new uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the new uh
+terminology not so new uh since we dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology not so new uh since we dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology not so new uh since we dealt
+with it in the assignment is that of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it in the assignment is that of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it in the assignment is that of a
+cluster point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster point
+and another way to say this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another way to say this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another way to say this is that
+so an equivalent way of stating this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an equivalent way of stating this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an equivalent way of stating this is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+for all delta positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all delta positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all delta positive
+there exists let's say a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists let's say a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists let's say a y
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+0 is bigger than x minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is bigger than x minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is bigger than x minus y
+is less than delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what this means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this means is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know as far as a picture goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as far as a picture goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as far as a picture goes
+x is a cluster point if when i ever take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is a cluster point if when i ever take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is a cluster point if when i ever take
+any kind of small interval about it i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of small interval about it i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of small interval about it i
+can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+some s in there other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some s in there other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some s in there other than
+you know possibly x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this should be able to be done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this should be able to be done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this should be able to be done for
+every interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every interval
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's take a look at some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say we take s to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we take s to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we take s to be
+one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n
+in the natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the natural number
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since now i actually have people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since now i actually have people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since now i actually have people in
+front of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of me
+i can actually ask questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+whoever first says it what would be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever first says it what would be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever first says it what would be a a
+cluster point of this set s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what would be a point in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would be a point in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would be a point in the real
+numbers so that there's a lot of s near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so that there's a lot of s near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so that there's a lot of s near
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feel free to blurt it out if it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to blurt it out if it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to blurt it out if it comes to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or just take a guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just take a guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just take a guess
+one so that's one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's one uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+possibility so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility so
+there has to be a lot of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be a lot of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be a lot of s
+near this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near this uh
+proposed cluster point so here's so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed cluster point so here's so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed cluster point so here's so let
+me mark out the points that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me mark out the points that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me mark out the points that we have
+there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh
+zero and then a half is there and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then a half is there and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then a half is there and then a
+third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth
+fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth
+six so on and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+i see a guess of zero so that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see a guess of zero so that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see a guess of zero so that's uh
+that's a good guess as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good guess as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good guess as well
+so why would one maybe not be a cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why would one maybe not be a cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why would one maybe not be a cluster
+point well it's because if i draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point well it's because if i draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point well it's because if i draw
+a little interval around one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little interval around one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little interval around one
+then there's only one point in s in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's only one point in s in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's only one point in s in here
+and it's the proposed cluster point one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the proposed cluster point one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the proposed cluster point one
+okay so remember what we should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember what we should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember what we should be able
+to do is find in every small interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is find in every small interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is find in every small interval
+uh sum of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sum of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sum of s
+in the interval that's not equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interval that's not equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interval that's not equal to the
+point okay and we can't do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay and we can't do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay and we can't do that for
+the point one but for zero if we draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point one but for zero if we draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point one but for zero if we draw
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+interval around zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval around zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval around zero
+there's plenty of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plenty of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plenty of s
+in the interval not equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interval not equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interval not equal to zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero is a cluster point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+and let's give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's give a
+quick proof of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick proof of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick proof of this
+um so we have to verify for every delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have to verify for every delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have to verify for every delta
+positive this uh interval 0 minus delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this uh interval 0 minus delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this uh interval 0 minus delta
+0 plus delta intersect s take away 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus delta intersect s take away 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus delta intersect s take away 0 is
+not empty so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the delta v positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now here's the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now here's the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now here's the picture
+here's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's zero
+here's delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus delta we have to show that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus delta we have to show that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus delta we have to show that there's
+some s in here so we simply choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some s in here so we simply choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some s in here so we simply choose
+natural number n large enough so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number n large enough so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number n large enough so that
+one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n
+is there and we can always do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there and we can always do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there and we can always do this
+because of the archimedean uh property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the archimedean uh property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the archimedean uh property
+of the real numbers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let delta be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+natural number n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number n
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+one over n is less than delta and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n is less than delta and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n is less than delta and it's
+certainly bigger than zero since uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly bigger than zero since uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly bigger than zero since uh
+n is a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one over n
+is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+x minus a delta x plus delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus a delta x plus delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus a delta x plus delta
+intersect s take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect s take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect s take away
+zero so this should have been zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which implies this set is uh non-z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies this set is uh non-z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies this set is uh non-z
+non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty
+because it has something in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right was that uh example okay did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right was that uh example okay did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right was that uh example okay did
+y'all uh get that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so feel free to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so feel free to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so feel free to to
+you know ask questions as they come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ask questions as they come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ask questions as they come up
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's do another example this one i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do another example this one i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do another example this one i
+will not give a proof of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not give a proof of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not give a proof of um
+full proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full proof of
+but we'll just kind of talk our way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll just kind of talk our way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll just kind of talk our way
+through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's say s is now the open interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say s is now the open interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say s is now the open interval
+zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the set of cluster points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the set of cluster points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the set of cluster points of
+zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what would be a a reasonable guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would be a a reasonable guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would be a a reasonable guess
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+any guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah so certainly uh this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so certainly uh this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so certainly uh this will
+contain zero one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since uh so zero one everything between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh so zero one everything between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh so zero one everything between
+zero and one should be a cluster point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one should be a cluster point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one should be a cluster point
+of zero and one because there's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero and one because there's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero and one because there's always a
+lot of numbers uh i mean there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of numbers uh i mean there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of numbers uh i mean there's a lot
+of numbers between zero and one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers between zero and one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers between zero and one so
+if i draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind of everything uh in between zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of everything uh in between zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of everything uh in between zero
+one is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is certainly
+uh a cluster point what about the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a cluster point what about the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a cluster point what about the point
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that a cluster point of this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it that's a that's a good uh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's a that's a good uh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's a that's a good uh good
+observation that yeah it's the soup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that yeah it's the soup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that yeah it's the soup of
+this set so for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know so for every uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so for every uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so for every uh
+delta positive if i draw a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta positive if i draw a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta positive if i draw a little
+interval around one there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval around one there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval around one there's going to be
+a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number
+less than one that's bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one that's bigger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one that's bigger than one
+minus delta right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus delta right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus delta right
+the set of cluster points of the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of cluster points of the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of cluster points of the open
+interval zero one is the closed interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval zero one is the closed interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval zero one is the closed interval
+zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do another
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+let's say we look at now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set of rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you should again think of cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should again think of cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should again think of cluster
+points as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+being the set of points where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the set of points where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the set of points where
+there is a lot of this set nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of this set nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of this set nearby
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now what is the set of cluster points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is the set of cluster points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is the set of cluster points of
+the rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so
+perhaps it will con contain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps it will con contain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps it will con contain the
+irrational numbers so let's uh think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational numbers so let's uh think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational numbers so let's uh think
+about this for a little bit so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this for a little bit so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this for a little bit so for
+example let's look at square root of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's look at square root of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's look at square root of two
+okay perfectly good rational number i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay perfectly good rational number i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay perfectly good rational number i
+mean irrational number if i draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean irrational number if i draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean irrational number if i draw a
+little interval around square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little interval around square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little interval around square root of
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+can i find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i find
+a rational number in there that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rational number in there that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rational number in there that's not
+equal to square root of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right because we have this theorem about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we have this theorem about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we have this theorem about
+the density of the rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of the rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of the rational numbers
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+that we have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have so
+remember that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that uh
+so this was a theorem we proved at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was a theorem we proved at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was a theorem we proved at one
+point for all x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for all x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for all x y
+real numbers with x less than y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers with x less than y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers with x less than y
+there exists an rational number r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an rational number r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an rational number r
+such that x is less than r is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that x is less than r is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that x is less than r is less than
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can always find a rational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can always find a rational number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can always find a rational number
+here or we could have taken another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or we could have taken another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or we could have taken another
+rational number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number here
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so for every interval we draw around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for every interval we draw around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for every interval we draw around
+square root of 2 we can find a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 we can find a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 we can find a rational
+in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+uh not equal to square root of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not equal to square root of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not equal to square root of 2
+obviously but we can find a rational in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously but we can find a rational in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously but we can find a rational in
+that interval yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interval yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interval yeah
+so this suggests that the the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this suggests that the the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this suggests that the the set of
+cluster points contains the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster points contains the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster points contains the set of
+irrationals what about rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrationals what about rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrationals what about rational numbers
+are those also cluster points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say i take zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i take zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i take zero
+now i look at a small interval around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i look at a small interval around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i look at a small interval around
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+can i find a rational number in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i find a rational number in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i find a rational number in there
+other than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm not asking like you know actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not asking like you know actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not asking like you know actually
+giving me one i'm just saying is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me one i'm just saying is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me one i'm just saying is it that
+does there exist a rational number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does there exist a rational number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does there exist a rational number in
+this interval other than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by this by this theorem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can also use the theorem to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a rational in this interval as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rational in this interval as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rational in this interval as well so
+no matter if it's square root of 2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter if it's square root of 2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter if it's square root of 2 or
+any irrational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any irrational number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any irrational number
+no matter if it's a rational number uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter if it's a rational number uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter if it's a rational number uh
+everything is a cluster point so the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is a cluster point so the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is a cluster point so the set
+of cluster points of rational numbers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cluster points of rational numbers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cluster points of rational numbers is
+equal to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay feel free to stop me if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay feel free to stop me if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay feel free to stop me if you have
+any questions so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's look at uh for example s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal to just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to just a single
+guy say zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy say zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy say zero okay
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+cluster points of the set means there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster points of the set means there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster points of the set means there's
+a lot of that set nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i claim that this guy has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i claim that this guy has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i claim that this guy has no
+cluster points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because if you think uh so intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you think uh so intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you think uh so intuitively
+why is this this is because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this this is because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this this is because for
+something to be a cluster point it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be a cluster point it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be a cluster point it has
+to have a lot of the set near it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of the set near it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of the set near it
+a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+and there's not a lot of set to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's not a lot of set to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's not a lot of set to begin
+with there's just one element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with there's just one element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with there's just one element
+so let's uh let's see why this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh let's see why this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh let's see why this is the
+case okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay
+um and this gives us a chance to negate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this gives us a chance to negate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this gives us a chance to negate
+the definition of cluster point which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of cluster point which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of cluster point which is
+always a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a good idea
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+s equals uh just the singleton set 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s equals uh just the singleton set 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s equals uh just the singleton set 0
+this has no cluster points and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has no cluster points and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has no cluster points and so the
+negation of the definition of a cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation of the definition of a cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation of the definition of a cluster
+point so x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so x
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buster point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buster point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buster point
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+this is some bad delta remember so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is some bad delta remember so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is some bad delta remember so the
+definition of cluster point is a for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of cluster point is a for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of cluster point is a for all
+delta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+negation means there exists one bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation means there exists one bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation means there exists one bad
+delta so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta so that
+x minus delta zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus delta zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus delta zero
+x plus delta zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus delta zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus delta zero
+intersect s take away x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals the empty set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the empty set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the empty set
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the picture that goes along with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the picture that goes along with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the picture that goes along with this
+is that x is not a cluster point if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's some interval and possibly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some interval and possibly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some interval and possibly the
+only s there is the point x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only s there is the point x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only s there is the point x
+but nothing else okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um all right so let's use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so let's use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so let's use the
+negation of this definition to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation of this definition to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation of this definition to show that
+there are no cluster points okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we have to deal with two cases um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to deal with two cases um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to deal with two cases um we
+want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x is in r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a
+cluster point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s
+and i'll just do the case x not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll just do the case x not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll just do the case x not equal to
+0 x equal to 0 is much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 x equal to 0 is much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 x equal to 0 is much easier
+so we'll just do x not equal to 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove this
+um and what's the what's the idea we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what's the what's the idea we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what's the what's the idea we
+have to be able to find so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to find so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to find so
+here's zero this is all that s is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's zero this is all that s is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's zero this is all that s is it's
+just this point zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this point zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this point zero
+now we have a point x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a point x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a point x
+what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be
+uh an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an interval
+containing x that contains none of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+x here is just uh some non-zero number s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x here is just uh some non-zero number s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x here is just uh some non-zero number s
+is what's highlighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the interval around x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval around x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval around x
+that doesn't contain any s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so like x over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like x over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like x over two
+three x over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three x over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three x over two
+meaning delta equals x over two at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning delta equals x over two at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning delta equals x over two at least
+for this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay and that's and that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's and that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's and that's essentially
+the proof so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof so um
+choose delta 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose delta 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose delta 0
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we'll simplify this further and suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll simplify this further and suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll simplify this further and suppose
+x is positive for x less than 0 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is positive for x less than 0 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is positive for x less than 0 you
+choose delta 0 to be the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose delta 0 to be the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose delta 0 to be the absolute value
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+but for this one this is simple enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this one this is simple enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this one this is simple enough
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+delta 0 to be x over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+x minus delta 0 x plus delta 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus delta 0 x plus delta 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus delta 0 x plus delta 0
+is equal to x over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to x over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to x over
+three x over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three x over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three x over two
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+zero is not in this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is not in this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is not in this set
+in this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this set
+implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intersect s take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x equals empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals empty
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we had to find a delta so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had to find a delta so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had to find a delta so that this
+interval around x doesn't contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval around x doesn't contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval around x doesn't contain
+anything from s and we've done that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from s and we've done that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from s and we've done that by
+choosing delta 0 to be x over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know i could have done it for just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i could have done it for just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i could have done it for just
+uh so i did it for just one so for a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i did it for just one so for a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i did it for just one so for a set
+containing just one element um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing just one element um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing just one element um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that
+this set has no cluster points you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set has no cluster points you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set has no cluster points you can
+also show that uh if it has finitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also show that uh if it has finitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also show that uh if it has finitely
+many points it has no cluster points um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many points it has no cluster points um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many points it has no cluster points um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so therefore any finite set has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore any finite set has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore any finite set has no
+cluster points but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster points but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster points but
+being a cluster point has nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a cluster point has nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a cluster point has nothing to do
+with the cardinality so if you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cardinality so if you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cardinality so if you see the
+example in the notes which you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the notes which you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the notes which you can think
+about and i'm not going to go over right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and i'm not going to go over right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and i'm not going to go over right
+here but for example s equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but for example s equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but for example s equals z
+uh the set of integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this has no cluster points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um there you know being a cluster point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there you know being a cluster point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there you know being a cluster point
+means where is the set clustering so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means where is the set clustering so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means where is the set clustering so it
+has nothing necessarily to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing necessarily to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing necessarily to do with the
+size of the set but kind of where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the set but kind of where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the set but kind of where the
+set is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is um
+taking up space in the real number line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking up space in the real number line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking up space in the real number line
+all right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um
+with the definition of cluster points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let me first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me first
+state the theorem that in fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the theorem that in fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the theorem that in fact you
+proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in the assignment which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that for cluster points um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let s be a subset of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x
+is a cluster point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of s if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s if and only if
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements of
+s take away x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that xn converges to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and that was in the assignment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that was in the assignment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that was in the assignment you
+proved that basically using uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that basically using uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that basically using uh the
+squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze
+in the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so with uh the notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so with uh the notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so with uh the notion of a
+cluster point these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster point these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster point these are
+kind of the points in a set where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the points in a set where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the points in a set where we're
+going to start talking about how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start talking about how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start talking about how a
+function behaves near a point all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function behaves near a point all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function behaves near a point all right
+which is the notion of a limit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the notion of a limit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the notion of a limit of a
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+which is our next definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let s be a subset of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let s be a subset of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let s be a subset of r
+and even though i was referring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though i was referring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though i was referring to
+cluster points earlier as x we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster points earlier as x we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster points earlier as x we're now
+going to switch over to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cluster point of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let f be a function from s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let f be a function from s to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let f be a function from s to r
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you say f of x converges to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as x goes to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x goes to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x goes to c
+so this is the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terminology here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here l is a real number if for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here l is a real number if for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here l is a real number if for every
+epsilon positive there exists delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon positive there exists delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon positive there exists delta
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+if x is an s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolute value of x minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x minus c
+is bigger than 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than 0
+less than delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than delta
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x minus l is less than epsilon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus l is less than epsilon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus l is less than epsilon so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's uh try and compare this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh try and compare this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh try and compare this definition
+a little bit to what happens for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit to what happens for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit to what happens for a
+sequence so for sequence it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so for sequence it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so for sequence it's the
+sequence is getting close to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is getting close to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is getting close to l
+as long as we go far enough out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we go far enough out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we go far enough out in the
+in the sequence as long as we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sequence as long as we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sequence as long as we look at
+terms far enough out now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms far enough out now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms far enough out now
+for limits of functions that going far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for limits of functions that going far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for limits of functions that going far
+enough out along the sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough out along the sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough out along the sequence is
+replaced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by
+as long as we look close enough to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we look close enough to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we look close enough to the
+point c but not at the point c so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point c but not at the point c so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point c but not at the point c so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you'd like this says that if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is near c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is near c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is near c
+then so this is just an intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so this is just an intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so this is just an intuitive
+interpretation of what this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of what this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of what this uh
+definition says if x is near c then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x is near l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is near l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is near l
+and let me also throw in here that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me also throw in here that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me also throw in here that we're
+saying that x is neared c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that x is neared c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that x is neared c
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+not equal to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to c
+okay for a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for a limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for a limit
+you don't look at what happens at f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't look at what happens at f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't look at what happens at f of c
+the function doesn't even need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function doesn't even need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function doesn't even need to be
+defined there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined there
+uh to be able to define what a limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be able to define what a limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be able to define what a limit is
+we just care about what happens nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just care about what happens nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just care about what happens nearby
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could have
+the picture you should have in mind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture you should have in mind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture you should have in mind is
+that uh your c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh your c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh your c
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know maybe f is not even defined up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe f is not even defined up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe f is not even defined up
+to there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there but
+there's f not the graph of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's f not the graph of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's f not the graph of the function
+f there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's l and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's l and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's l and
+as long as i get very close to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll be very close to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very close being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close being
+you know measured within some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know measured within some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know measured within some
+strip here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+this is the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the notion of
+the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of
+a function as we approach a cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function as we approach a cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function as we approach a cluster
+point of the set s where the function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the set s where the function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the set s where the function f
+is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+just a little bit of notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+typically write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically write
+like we did with sequences f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did with sequences f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did with sequences f of x
+converges to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to l
+as f of x arrow l and then i'll write as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as f of x arrow l and then i'll write as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as f of x arrow l and then i'll write as
+x goes to c maybe i won't write as x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x goes to c maybe i won't write as x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x goes to c maybe i won't write as x
+goes to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to c
+and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+denote this by limit of f of x equals l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote this by limit of f of x equals l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote this by limit of f of x equals l
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so first question about limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first question about limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first question about limits
+is are they unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are they unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are they unique
+and this is in fact why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in fact why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in fact why
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+um require that c be a cluster point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um require that c be a cluster point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um require that c be a cluster point of
+s because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if we didn't require c to be a cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we didn't require c to be a cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we didn't require c to be a cluster
+point of s in this definition limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of s in this definition limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of s in this definition limits
+would not be unique in fact you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be unique in fact you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be unique in fact you could
+have functions converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have functions converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have functions converging to
+whatever you want because the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want because the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want because the definition
+would then be vacuous but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then be vacuous but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then be vacuous but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know if you don't want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you don't want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you don't want to think
+about that that's fine that's not a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that's fine that's not a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that's fine that's not a big
+issue but just uh i'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue but just uh i'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue but just uh i'm just going to
+point out at one point we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out at one point we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out at one point we're going to
+use the fact that c is a cluster point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fact that c is a cluster point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fact that c is a cluster point
+to prove uh the following theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove uh the following theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove uh the following theorem
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see be a cluster point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s
+which is a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a subset of
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let f be a function from s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x converges to l one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x converges to l one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x converges to l one
+as x goes to c and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x goes to c and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x goes to c and
+f of x converges to l two as x goes to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x converges to l two as x goes to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x converges to l two as x goes to c
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a one equals l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one equals l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one equals l2
+okay so this is what i mean by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what i mean by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what i mean by uh
+uniqueness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness
+that uh a function can only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh a function can only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh a function can only have one
+limit as it approaches a point c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me give the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give the proof
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know we're going to play this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're going to play this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're going to play this game
+again where instead of showing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again where instead of showing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again where instead of showing something
+is zero or something is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero or something is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero or something is equal to
+something else directly we'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else directly we'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else directly we'll give
+ourselves a little room and prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves a little room and prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves a little room and prove the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+will instead show that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will instead show that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will instead show that uh
+for all epsilon positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon positive
+l1 minus l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 minus l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 minus l2
+is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+l1 and l2 these are just two fixed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 and l2 these are just two fixed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 and l2 these are just two fixed uh
+real numbers if their absolute value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers if their absolute value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers if their absolute value is
+less than epsilon for arbitrary epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than epsilon for arbitrary epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than epsilon for arbitrary epsilon
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+this is a number which is smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a number which is smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a number which is smaller than
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+positive real number that implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive real number that implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive real number that implies that
+that number is zero so l1 equals l2 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number is zero so l1 equals l2 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number is zero so l1 equals l2 okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+why we give ourselves a little room is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we give ourselves a little room is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we give ourselves a little room is
+because in the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the definition
+we have a small parameter there which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a small parameter there which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a small parameter there which we
+hope to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to use
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+so let's prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x converges to l1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists so so just from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists so so just from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists so so just from the
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+given some small tolerance i can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+little number delta so that if i look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little number delta so that if i look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little number delta so that if i look
+inside this interval i get mapped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this interval i get mapped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this interval i get mapped to
+the interval l plus epsilon l minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval l plus epsilon l minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval l plus epsilon l minus
+epsilon so there exists a delta one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon so there exists a delta one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon so there exists a delta one
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x is an s and i'm going to probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is an s and i'm going to probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is an s and i'm going to probably
+keep forgetting to write that but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep forgetting to write that but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep forgetting to write that but that
+should be understood that x is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be understood that x is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be understood that x is in the
+domain of the function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of the function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of the function f
+if x minus c is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x minus c is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x minus c is less than
+uh delta one and bigger than 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh delta one and bigger than 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh delta one and bigger than 0
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+f of x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then the same thing for um l2 i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the same thing for um l2 i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the same thing for um l2 i
+mean if f of x is converging to l two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if f of x is converging to l two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if f of x is converging to l two
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+there exists a delta two so that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a delta two so that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a delta two so that i have
+the same statement so instead i'm i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same statement so instead i'm i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same statement so instead i'm i'm
+just gonna change this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna change this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna change this one
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+i and here i equals 1 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and here i equals 1 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and here i equals 1 2.
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+since f of x converges to each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since f of x converges to each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since f of x converges to each of these
+two numbers l one and l two there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers l one and l two there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers l one and l two there exists
+a delta one and a delta two so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta one and a delta two so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta one and a delta two so that
+if i'm within this tolerance delta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm within this tolerance delta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm within this tolerance delta of
+one or delta two then f of x minus delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or delta two then f of x minus delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or delta two then f of x minus delta
+one uh l1 or l2 is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh l1 or l2 is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh l1 or l2 is less than epsilon
+over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let delta be the minimum of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let delta be the minimum of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let delta be the minimum of these two
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since
+c is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cluster point of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster point of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster point of s
+in fact does equal there does exist an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact does equal there does exist an x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact does equal there does exist an x
+uh in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in s
+such that 0 is bigger than x minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that 0 is bigger than x minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that 0 is bigger than x minus c
+is less than delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than delta
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and i'm going to use this x to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to use this x to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to use this x to compare
+l1 and l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since x uh is in this interval or i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x uh is in this interval or i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x uh is in this interval or i
+should say since it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so remember i have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember i have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember i have this
+which means i have this inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means i have this inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means i have this inequality
+for i equals 1 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i get f of x i should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l1 minus l2 this is equal to if i add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 minus l2 this is equal to if i add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 minus l2 this is equal to if i add
+and subtract f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now use the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and use the inequality that's in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use the inequality that's in green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use the inequality that's in green
+the f of x minus l one is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f of x minus l one is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f of x minus l one is less than
+epsilon over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over two
+uh and same for l2 i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals epsilon okay and that's the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals epsilon okay and that's the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals epsilon okay and that's the end
+because remember we started off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember we started off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember we started off with
+um the absolute value of l1 minus l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the absolute value of l1 minus l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the absolute value of l1 minus l2
+are there any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+not the most exciting theorem in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the most exciting theorem in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the most exciting theorem in the
+world that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that uh
+you know this thing that we've defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this thing that we've defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this thing that we've defined
+the limit is uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit is uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit is uniquely
+is a unique thing for a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a unique thing for a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a unique thing for a function
+but let's start looking at some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and at one point we'll look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at one point we'll look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at one point we'll look at the
+negation of this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation of this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation of this definition
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's suppose so let's look at the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose so let's look at the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose so let's look at the limit
+as x goes to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x goes to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x goes to c
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+function ax plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function ax plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function ax plus b
+and i claim this is equal to ac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i claim this is equal to ac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i claim this is equal to ac
+plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b
+okay so here s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here s is
+although i didn't write it out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although i didn't write it out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although i didn't write it out this
+function ax plus b this is uh i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function ax plus b this is uh i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function ax plus b this is uh i'm
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+it defined on all of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and c is a real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we have to verify this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and since it's uh for every epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since it's uh for every epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since it's uh for every epsilon
+there exists something the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists something the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists something the beginning of
+every proof i'll give you a few points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every proof i'll give you a few points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every proof i'll give you a few points
+if you can just say let epsilon be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can just say let epsilon be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can just say let epsilon be
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+how will we choose delta well you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will we choose delta well you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will we choose delta well you do
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+computations as you would if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations as you would if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations as you would if you were
+doing epsilon m arguments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing epsilon m arguments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing epsilon m arguments for
+sequences so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences so
+what are we after we want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delta so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta so that
+x minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus c
+less than delta and also bigger than 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than delta and also bigger than 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than delta and also bigger than 0
+implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+f of x which is ax plus b minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x which is ax plus b minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x which is ax plus b minus
+ac plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac plus b
+is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh let's start off with this thing play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's start off with this thing play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's start off with this thing play
+with it and see if we can find how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and see if we can find how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and see if we can find how to
+choose delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose delta
+remember we don't solve this inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we don't solve this inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we don't solve this inequality
+we want to find how to choose delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to find how to choose delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to find how to choose delta
+based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+you know estimating this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know estimating this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know estimating this thing
+and trying to make it less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to make it less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to make it less than epsilon
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ac plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac plus b
+an absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absolute value
+this is equal to if you just plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to if you just plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to if you just plug in
+f of x equals ax plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x equals ax plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x equals ax plus b
+this equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals
+a times x minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals
+absolute value of a times x minus c and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a times x minus c and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a times x minus c and
+now we're in business because the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're in business because the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're in business because the thing
+that we do have control over is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do have control over is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do have control over is the
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is
+how big x minus c is so this is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big x minus c is so this is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big x minus c is so this is less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+absolute value of a times delta if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a times delta if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a times delta if x
+minus c is less than delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c is less than delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c is less than delta
+and remember the thing that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember the thing that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember the thing that we want
+in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end
+is the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thing
+in yellow and the thing we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yellow and the thing we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yellow and the thing we get to
+control is the thing in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh if i want the thing in yellow and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if i want the thing in yellow and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if i want the thing in yellow and i
+have the thing in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the thing in green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the thing in green
+how do i choose delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the end right i want f of x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the end right i want f of x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the end right i want f of x minus
+ac plus b to be less than epsilon right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac plus b to be less than epsilon right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac plus b to be less than epsilon right
+now i'm at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm at
+um the absolute value of a times delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the absolute value of a times delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the absolute value of a times delta
+delta is the thing i get to play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two so how do i choose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epsilon to be absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right because if i choose delta this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if i choose delta this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if i choose delta this way
+then x minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then x minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then x minus c
+less than delta implies that just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than delta implies that just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than delta implies that just by
+this computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this computation
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i would get epsilon in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would get epsilon in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would get epsilon in the end
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's kind of the scratch work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the scratch work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the scratch work that
+goes into it again delta is the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into it again delta is the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into it again delta is the thing
+you get to choose you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choose based on epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose based on epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose based on epsilon
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so you look at f of x minus ac plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you look at f of x minus ac plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you look at f of x minus ac plus b
+you estimate it to be no bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you estimate it to be no bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you estimate it to be no bigger than
+the absolute value of a times x minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of a times x minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of a times x minus c
+which is less than the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than the absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than the absolute value of
+a times delta and so if you want that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times delta and so if you want that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times delta and so if you want that
+thing to be less than epsilon you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to be less than epsilon you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to be less than epsilon you should
+choose for example delta to be epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose for example delta to be epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose for example delta to be epsilon
+over the absolute value of a there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the absolute value of a there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the absolute value of a there's not
+a unique choice i could have chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique choice i could have chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique choice i could have chosen
+delta to be epsilon over 2 absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to be epsilon over 2 absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to be epsilon over 2 absolute
+value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+but this is a choice okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a choice okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a choice okay
+so let epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choose delta to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epsilon over absolute value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x minus c is less than delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus c is less than delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus c is less than delta
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when you write the proof you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you write the proof you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you write the proof you know
+it's essentially a rehashing of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially a rehashing of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially a rehashing of the best
+parts of your computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of your computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of your computation
+and f of x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f of x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f of x minus
+a times c plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times c plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times c plus b
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+absolute value of a times x minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we take f of x and subtract our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take f of x and subtract our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take f of x and subtract our
+proposed limit ac plus b we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed limit ac plus b we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed limit ac plus b we get the
+absolute value of a times absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a times absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a times absolute value
+of x minus c which is less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x minus c which is less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x minus c which is less than the
+absolute value of a times delta which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a times delta which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a times delta which
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+epsilon since we chose delta to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon since we chose delta to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon since we chose delta to be
+epsilon over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's the that's the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the proof
+there any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's do uh let's do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do uh let's do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do uh let's do another
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at the limit as x goes to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the limit as x goes to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the limit as x goes to c
+of square of the function square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of square of the function square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of square of the function square root of
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+and i'm going to show this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to show this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to show this is equal to
+square root of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of c
+and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+although i'm not writing it s will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although i'm not writing it s will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although i'm not writing it s will be
+for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us
+the domain of the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain of the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain of the square root
+which is uh the closed interval 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh the closed interval 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh the closed interval 0
+infinity not including infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity not including infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity not including infinity of
+course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and for what i'm going to do c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for what i'm going to do c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for what i'm going to do c is
+positive okay you can also do c equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay you can also do c equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay you can also do c equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+uh but for this proof i'm gonna do c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but for this proof i'm gonna do c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but for this proof i'm gonna do c
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i have to verify this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have to verify this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have to verify this definition
+which means for every delta i mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means for every delta i mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means for every delta i mean for
+every epsilon i can find a delta so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every epsilon i can find a delta so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every epsilon i can find a delta so let
+epsilon be positive let's go over to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon be positive let's go over to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon be positive let's go over to our
+box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh scribbling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh scribbling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh scribbling and
+scratching so remember our goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratching so remember our goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratching so remember our goal is to
+find a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a delta
+which i can choose so that f of x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i can choose so that f of x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i can choose so that f of x minus
+the square root of c in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of c in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of c in this case is
+less than epsilon so if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than epsilon so if i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than epsilon so if i look at
+f of x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus
+square root of c this is square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of c this is square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of c this is square root of
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus square root of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus square root of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus square root of c
+and perhaps you remember from your days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps you remember from your days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps you remember from your days
+in calculus that whenever you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in calculus that whenever you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in calculus that whenever you see the
+difference of two square roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of two square roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of two square roots
+it's um a good idea maybe to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um a good idea maybe to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um a good idea maybe to multiply
+the top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and
+bottom or i guess multiply by one in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom or i guess multiply by one in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom or i guess multiply by one in a
+very special way so that i get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special way so that i get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special way so that i get the
+difference of squares so this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of squares so this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of squares so this is equal
+to the square root of x minus square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the square root of x minus square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the square root of x minus square
+root of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of c
+times square root of x plus square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times square root of x plus square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times square root of x plus square root
+of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c
+all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over
+square root of x plus square root of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so now i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so now i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so now i have
+uh on the top i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the top i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the top i have
+uh product a minus b times a plus b so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh product a minus b times a plus b so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh product a minus b times a plus b so
+that's the difference of squares which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the difference of squares which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the difference of squares which
+gives me x minus c on top over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me x minus c on top over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me x minus c on top over
+square root of x plus square root of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of x plus square root of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of x plus square root of c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and remember this is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember this is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember this is less than
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+thing that we're going to choose in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we're going to choose in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we're going to choose in the
+end the absolute value of x minus c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the absolute value of x minus c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the absolute value of x minus c is
+going to is less than delta so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to is less than delta so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to is less than delta so this is
+less than square root of x plus square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than square root of x plus square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than square root of x plus square
+root of c now in the end you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of c now in the end you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of c now in the end you have to
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+you can choose delta depending only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can choose delta depending only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can choose delta depending only on
+epsilon and maybe the point c okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon and maybe the point c okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon and maybe the point c okay
+you cannot choose it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot choose it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot choose it to be
+dependent on the point x which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the point x which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the point x which is
+changing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing right
+uh what maybe you're tempted to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what maybe you're tempted to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what maybe you're tempted to do here
+is to then choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to then choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to then choose
+delta to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to be
+uh square root of x plus square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh square root of x plus square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh square root of x plus square root of
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+times epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+because delta again only depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because delta again only depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because delta again only depends on the
+point c and the point epsilon it cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point c and the point epsilon it cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point c and the point epsilon it cannot
+depend on the thing that's changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the thing that's changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the thing that's changing
+which is x right this is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is x right this is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is x right this is changing
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+you can't you don't make this choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if we just do one more thing then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we just do one more thing then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we just do one more thing then
+we'll get to something where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to something where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to something where we can
+choose an independent of the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose an independent of the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose an independent of the thing
+that's changing x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the square root of x on the bottom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of x on the bottom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of x on the bottom is
+only making things smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only making things smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only making things smaller
+right because that's not negative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's not negative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's not negative so
+this is less than or equal to delta over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to delta over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to delta over
+square root of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now in the end i have something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now in the end i have something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now in the end i have something which
+is delta and depends on the point c so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delta and depends on the point c so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delta and depends on the point c so
+and i want f of x minus square root of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want f of x minus square root of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want f of x minus square root of c
+to be less than epsilon so how should i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less than epsilon so how should i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less than epsilon so how should i
+choose delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shout it if you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right epsilon times the square root of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right epsilon times the square root of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right epsilon times the square root of c
+so now uh this will be our our choice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choose delta to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose delta to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose delta to be
+epsilon times square root of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we have to show this delta works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to show this delta works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to show this delta works
+which is essentially again just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially again just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially again just
+rehashing our computation over on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehashing our computation over on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehashing our computation over on the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+which gave us how to choose delta than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gave us how to choose delta than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gave us how to choose delta than
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the absolute value of x minus c is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of x minus c is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of x minus c is less
+than delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square root of c and i'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of c and i'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of c and i'm not going to
+write f of x i'm going to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write f of x i'm going to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write f of x i'm going to write the
+square root of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically what we did over here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we did over here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we did over here in the
+box which is the absolute value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box which is the absolute value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box which is the absolute value of x
+minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c
+over square root of x plus square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of x plus square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of x plus square root
+of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c
+which is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or equal to if i take away the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to if i take away the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to if i take away the square
+root of x on the bottom like we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of x on the bottom like we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of x on the bottom like we did
+before which is less than delta or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which is less than delta or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which is less than delta or
+square root of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of c
+which equals epsilon square root of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals epsilon square root of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals epsilon square root of c
+over square root of c which equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of c which equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of c which equals
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+so this delta works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay are there any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are there any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are there any questions about that
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's do one more example which really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do one more example which really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do one more example which really
+illustrates uh what i was getting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates uh what i was getting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates uh what i was getting at
+when i was talking about the limit only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was talking about the limit only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was talking about the limit only
+cares about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares about
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+what the function is doing near a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the function is doing near a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the function is doing near a point
+but not at the point so let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not at the point so let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not at the point so let's say we
+look at the function f of x given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the function f of x given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the function f of x given by
+uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one
+if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x
+equals zero and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and two
+if x does not equal zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x does not equal zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x does not equal zero
+okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the point zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the point zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the point zero
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for x not equal to 0 is equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x not equal to 0 is equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x not equal to 0 is equal to 2
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+at x equals 0 it's equal to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i claim that the limit as x goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i claim that the limit as x goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i claim that the limit as x goes to
+zero of f of x this equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the thing to note is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+limit does not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit does not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit does not equal
+f of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of 0
+which it did for the previous two cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it did for the previous two cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it did for the previous two cases
+right if we look back at these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we look back at these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we look back at these two
+examples that we did a minute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that we did a minute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that we did a minute a
+minute ago the limit as x goes to c of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago the limit as x goes to c of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago the limit as x goes to c of
+both of these examples was i just plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these examples was i just plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these examples was i just plug
+in c to the function right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in c to the function right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in c to the function right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but for this example that's not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this example that's not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this example that's not the case
+right the exam the limit is not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the exam the limit is not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the exam the limit is not equal to
+the function evaluated at the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function evaluated at the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function evaluated at the point
+again highlighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again highlighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again highlighting
+that limits don't care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that limits don't care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that limits don't care about the
+function evaluated at the point they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function evaluated at the point they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function evaluated at the point they
+care about what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about what's happening
+near the point okay and near the point f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the point okay and near the point f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the point okay and near the point f
+of x is just equal to two identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x is just equal to two identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x is just equal to two identically
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll give you the quick proof or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you the quick proof or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you the quick proof or you can
+completely ignore it and just believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely ignore it and just believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely ignore it and just believe
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+the limit as uh x goes to zero of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as uh x goes to zero of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as uh x goes to zero of this
+function equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function equals two
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the point is is that for x not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is is that for x not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is is that for x not equal to
+zero f of x is just a constant two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero f of x is just a constant two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero f of x is just a constant two so
+let epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can choose delta to be whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can choose delta to be whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can choose delta to be whatever
+you like because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like because
+f of x when x is not equal to zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x when x is not equal to zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x when x is not equal to zero is
+going to be equal to 2 the proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to 2 the proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to 2 the proposed
+limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then if 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if 0
+is bigger than the absolute value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than the absolute value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than the absolute value of x
+minus 0 which is just x is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0 which is just x is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0 which is just x is less than
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+then this implies x is not equal to 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this implies x is not equal to 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this implies x is not equal to 0.
+and therefore if i look at f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore if i look at f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore if i look at f of x
+minus two this is just two minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two this is just two minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two this is just two minus two
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+which is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh any questions about this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what we'll talk about now is so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll talk about now is so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll talk about now is so before
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+section on continuous functions or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section on continuous functions or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section on continuous functions or at
+least this section on the limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least this section on the limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least this section on the limits of
+functions we had the notion of limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we had the notion of limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we had the notion of limits of
+sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so a natural question is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a natural question is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a natural question is how do
+um limits of functions and limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um limits of functions and limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um limits of functions and limits of
+sequences um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+belong together interact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong together interact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong together interact um
+relate to each other i guess is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to each other i guess is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to each other i guess is the best
+uh best way to phrase that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh best way to phrase that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh best way to phrase that question
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the point is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is is that
+to decide if a function has a limit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide if a function has a limit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide if a function has a limit it
+suffices to stick in sequences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffices to stick in sequences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffices to stick in sequences that
+converge to that uh point that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to that uh point that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to that uh point that you're
+looking at okay and that's the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at okay and that's the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at okay and that's the content
+of the next theorem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let us be a subset of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us be a subset of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us be a subset of r
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cluster point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let f be a function from s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the limit exists limit as x goes to c of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit exists limit as x goes to c of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit exists limit as x goes to c of
+f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+equals a number l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a number l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a number l
+this is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equivalent to
+the statement that for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of elements of s take away c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that x n converges to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x n converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x n converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x n converges to
+l okay so again the statement of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l okay so again the statement of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l okay so again the statement of this
+theorem is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is that um
+a function converges to l if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function converges to l if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function converges to l if and only if
+for every sequence i stick into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every sequence i stick into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every sequence i stick into the
+function which converges to c f of x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which converges to c f of x n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which converges to c f of x n
+converges to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to l
+okay so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to
+choose or to decide if a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose or to decide if a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose or to decide if a function
+converges it suffices to look at c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges it suffices to look at c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges it suffices to look at c
+convergence of certain sequences okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know why is this theorem important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why is this theorem important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why is this theorem important
+or at least very useful it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least very useful it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least very useful it's because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+with the serum we now get basically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the serum we now get basically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the serum we now get basically uh
+every analog of theorems we proved for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every analog of theorems we proved for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every analog of theorems we proved for
+sequences for free okay for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences for free okay for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences for free okay for example
+limits of sums of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of sums of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of sums of functions
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a squeeze theorem that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a squeeze theorem that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a squeeze theorem that's uh
+you know can be stated for limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know can be stated for limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know can be stated for limits
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+functions and so on and i'll say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so on and i'll say a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so on and i'll say a few
+comments about this after we prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about this after we prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about this after we prove the
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's uh this is a two-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's uh this is a two-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's uh this is a two-way
+street so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and i'm gonna mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second statement in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second statement in green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second statement in green
+that way i don't have to rewrite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way i don't have to rewrite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way i don't have to rewrite it
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+first assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first assume
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+limit as x goes to c of f of x equals l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as x goes to c of f of x equals l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as x goes to c of f of x equals l
+and now we want to prove the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we want to prove the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we want to prove the statement
+in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in green
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's uh here's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's uh here's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's uh here's the idea
+so now we want to show so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sequence of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and s take away c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that x of n converges to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that x of n converges to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that x of n converges to c
+and what we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want to show
+is that f of x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that f of x n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that f of x n
+which is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now a
+a new sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new sequence
+converges to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to l
+as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here i should write as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here i should write as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here i should write as
+n goes to infinity in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let me move that and let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me move that and let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me move that and let me draw
+kind of the picture of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the picture of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the picture of why
+you should believe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so remember what it means for a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember what it means for a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember what it means for a sequence
+to converge to a number means for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to converge to a number means for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to converge to a number means for every
+epsilon there is a capital m so that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon there is a capital m so that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon there is a capital m so that for
+all n bigger than or equal to capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all n bigger than or equal to capital m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all n bigger than or equal to capital m
+the sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence is
+close to the number l within epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the number l within epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the number l within epsilon
+distance to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to it
+so let's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's um
+let's think about this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about this a little bit
+i'm not going to draw i'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to draw i'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to draw i'm not going to
+draw the graph i'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the graph i'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the graph i'm just going to
+draw two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw two
+copies of the number line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the number line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the number line
+here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number l
+here's the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the number
+c and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon
+or minus epsilon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus epsilon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus epsilon so
+let epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the idea is we want to be able to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is we want to be able to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is we want to be able to find
+or say there exists a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or say there exists a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or say there exists a natural number
+capital m so that n bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m so that n bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m so that n bigger than or equal
+to capital m implies f of x n is inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital m implies f of x n is inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital m implies f of x n is inside
+this interval here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval here
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+since um f x converges to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since um f x converges to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since um f x converges to l
+as x converges to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a delta
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+this is the picture that goes along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the picture that goes along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the picture that goes along with
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+if i'm inside this interval here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then i get mapped into this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here this is what i get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is what i get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is what i get from the
+assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then how i should choose uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then how i should choose uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then how i should choose uh the
+natural number capital m is so that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number capital m is so that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number capital m is so that all
+of the x sub n's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lie in this interval c minus delta c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie in this interval c minus delta c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie in this interval c minus delta c
+plus delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus delta
+and if i can arrange that which i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i can arrange that which i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i can arrange that which i can
+because the x of n's converge to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then i will get that these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i will get that these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i will get that these guys
+get mapped into this interval l plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get mapped into this interval l plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get mapped into this interval l plus
+epsilon l minus epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon l minus epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon l minus epsilon
+okay and that's the whole idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's the whole idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's the whole idea of the
+proof now we just need to write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since f of x converges to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since f of x converges to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since f of x converges to l
+there exists a delta positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a delta positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a delta positive
+such that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+less than delta then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x minus l is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus l is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus l is less than epsilon
+that's what i drew in in yellow there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i drew in in yellow there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i drew in in yellow there
+now since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sequence x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence x of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence x of n
+equals c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this implies that there exists some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that there exists some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that there exists some
+natural number m sub zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number m sub zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number m sub zero
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+all n bigger than or equal to m sub 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all n bigger than or equal to m sub 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all n bigger than or equal to m sub 0
+and since all of these x sub n's are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since all of these x sub n's are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since all of these x sub n's are not
+equal to c by assumption they're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to c by assumption they're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to c by assumption they're in the
+the set s take away c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set s take away c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set s take away c
+x sub n minus c and absolute value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n minus c and absolute value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n minus c and absolute value is
+bigger than zero and less than delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this follows from the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this follows from the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this follows from the definition of
+convergence uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence uh
+of sequences to a point here if you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sequences to a point here if you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sequences to a point here if you'd
+like i'm choosing epsilon in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i'm choosing epsilon in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i'm choosing epsilon in that
+definition to be delta and this delta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition to be delta and this delta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition to be delta and this delta is
+coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from
+the definition for convergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition for convergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition for convergence of
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll choose capital m to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll choose capital m to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll choose capital m to be
+this integer m sub zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if n is bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if n is bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if n is bigger than or equal to m
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+i get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get that
+by our choice of it being m sub zero i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our choice of it being m sub zero i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our choice of it being m sub zero i
+get that x of n minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that x of n minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that x of n minus c
+is less than delta that means that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than delta that means that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than delta that means that it
+falls in this little yellow highlighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in this little yellow highlighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in this little yellow highlighted
+part uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part uh
+in the first number line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here what i'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is what's highlighted in blue so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's highlighted in blue so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's highlighted in blue so this is
+content of this implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of this implication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of this implication
+implies that f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that f
+of x n minus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x n minus l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x n minus l
+is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+all right and that's that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and that's that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and that's that's what we
+wanted to do right we wanted to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do right we wanted to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do right we wanted to show
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+there exists some natural number m so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some natural number m so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some natural number m so
+that n bigger than or equal to m implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n bigger than or equal to m implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n bigger than or equal to m implies
+f of x n minus l is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x n minus l is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x n minus l is less than epsilon
+and absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and absolute value
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've proved that the limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've proved that the limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've proved that the limit as n goes to
+infinity of the sequence f of x then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of the sequence f of x then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of the sequence f of x then
+equals l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's one direction of this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one direction of this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one direction of this if
+and only if statement let's prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if statement let's prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if statement let's prove the
+opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+what's highlighted in green holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this proof is going to be by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof is going to be by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof is going to be by
+contradiction so let's suppose that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so let's suppose that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so let's suppose that what
+hold what uh that our assumption what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold what uh that our assumption what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold what uh that our assumption what
+what's in green holds but the limit as x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in green holds but the limit as x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in green holds but the limit as x
+goes to c of f of x does not equal l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to c of f of x does not equal l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to c of f of x does not equal l
+so now we're going to do the proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction
+meaning suppose the outcome is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we're still assuming what's in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still assuming what's in green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still assuming what's in green
+holds that's our assumption and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds that's our assumption and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds that's our assumption and we're
+we're proof of by contradiction we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're proof of by contradiction we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're proof of by contradiction we
+assume that the outcome or or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the outcome or or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the outcome or or the
+conclusion is false which is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is false which is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is false which is that the
+limit of as x goes to c of f of x does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of as x goes to c of f of x does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of as x goes to c of f of x does
+not equal l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal l
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now what does what does this mean so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does what does this mean so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does what does this mean so now
+we get to negate the definition and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to negate the definition and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to negate the definition and get
+better acquainted with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means
+that so the definition of limit if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the definition of limit if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the definition of limit if you
+go back to the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the notes
+is a for all epsilon there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a for all epsilon there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a for all epsilon there exists a
+delta statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the negation is that there exists some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negation is that there exists some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negation is that there exists some
+bad epsilon epsilon zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x is close to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is close to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is close to c
+but as far f of x is far away from l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the negation of the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the negation of the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the negation of the definition of
+limit of something being the limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of something being the limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of something being the limit is
+that there exists a bad epsilon so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists a bad epsilon so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists a bad epsilon so that
+no matter how close i get to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how close i get to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how close i get to c
+i can find something very close to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can find something very close to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can find something very close to c
+that's far away from l if i stick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's far away from l if i stick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's far away from l if i stick it
+into f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into f
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the um
+intuitive uh way of viewing the negation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive uh way of viewing the negation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive uh way of viewing the negation
+of this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this definition
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now i'm gonna apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i'm gonna apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i'm gonna apply this
+with delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with delta
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+chosen to be one over n for n a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to be one over n for n a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to be one over n for n a natural
+number okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then this says uh so this statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is a for all delta statement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a for all delta statement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a for all delta statement so
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+it holds for every delta i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it holds for every delta i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it holds for every delta i
+pick so for all in a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick so for all in a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick so for all in a natural number
+uh there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there exists
+an x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that zero is bigger than x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that zero is bigger than x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that zero is bigger than x sub n
+minus c is less than delta i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c is less than delta i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c is less than delta i'm going to
+pick to be one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and f of x sub n minus l is less is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f of x sub n minus l is less is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f of x sub n minus l is less is
+bigger than or equal to epsilon zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to epsilon zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to epsilon zero so
+first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off
+i made a for all in statement let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i made a for all in statement let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i made a for all in statement let's
+think about this for just a second so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this for just a second so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this for just a second so
+certainly for delta equals one i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly for delta equals one i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly for delta equals one i can
+find a number x sub one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a number x sub one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a number x sub one
+satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying
+zero is less than x minus c is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is less than x minus c is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is less than x minus c is less than
+one and f of x minus f of x sub one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and f of x minus f of x sub one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and f of x minus f of x sub one
+minus l is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus l is bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus l is bigger than or equal to
+epsilon zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon zero
+but delta can be anything i choose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but delta can be anything i choose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but delta can be anything i choose so
+for delta equal a half i can find an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for delta equal a half i can find an x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for delta equal a half i can find an x
+sub 2 such that x sub 2 minus c is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 2 such that x sub 2 minus c is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 2 such that x sub 2 minus c is less
+than one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one half
+and f of x minus l is bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f of x minus l is bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f of x minus l is bigger than or
+equal to epsilon zero so i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to epsilon zero so i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to epsilon zero so i'm just
+choosing delta to be one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing delta to be one over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing delta to be one over n
+for each in a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using delta to be one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+is this point clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+please stop me if you have uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please stop me if you have uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please stop me if you have uh if you
+have questions and something is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions and something is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions and something is not
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+okay so i have this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i have this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i have this sequence
+of elements of s that are not equal to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements of s that are not equal to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements of s that are not equal to c
+because they're an absolute value bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're an absolute value bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're an absolute value bigger
+than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh
+0 or the absolute value of x of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 or the absolute value of x of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 or the absolute value of x of n minus
+c is bigger than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is bigger than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is bigger than zero
+and they satisfy this and equal these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they satisfy this and equal these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they satisfy this and equal these
+two inequalities okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then let me just write this inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let me just write this inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let me just write this inequality
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so then the equality the inequality that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the equality the inequality that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the equality the inequality that
+i have is for all n the natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have is for all n the natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have is for all n the natural number
+zero is less than x sub n minus c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is less than x sub n minus c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is less than x sub n minus c is
+less than one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one over n
+um i claim that the x of n's must then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i claim that the x of n's must then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i claim that the x of n's must then
+converge to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to c
+what uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what
+tool can i use to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squeeze theorem okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze theorem okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze theorem okay
+because this thing on the left zero this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this thing on the left zero this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this thing on the left zero this
+if you like is a sequence just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like is a sequence just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like is a sequence just a
+constant sequence this converges to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant sequence this converges to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant sequence this converges to zero
+and one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one over n
+something on the right converges to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the right converges to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the right converges to zero
+as n goes to infinity so that implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity so that implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity so that implies
+the thing that's sandwiched in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's sandwiched in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's sandwiched in between
+gets squeezed to zero so that implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets squeezed to zero so that implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets squeezed to zero so that implies
+limit as n goes to infinity of x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of x of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of x of n
+minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c
+equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+ie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ie
+x ends converge to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x ends converge to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x ends converge to c
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm assuming
+what's in green holds right which is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in green holds right which is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in green holds right which is if
+i take any sequence converging to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take any sequence converging to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take any sequence converging to c
+f of x n has to converge to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x n has to converge to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x n has to converge to l
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's in green is giving me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in green is giving me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in green is giving me this
+implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication
+0 must be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 must be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 must be equal
+to limit as n goes to infinity of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to limit as n goes to infinity of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to limit as n goes to infinity of f of x
+of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n
+minus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus l
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+what i know is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since i've assumed f of x is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since i've assumed f of x is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since i've assumed f of x is not
+converged to l along this sequence each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged to l along this sequence each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged to l along this sequence each
+of these guys is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys is bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys is bigger than or equal to
+epsilon naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon naught
+which is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now i've concluded that 0 is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i've concluded that 0 is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i've concluded that 0 is bigger
+than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero
+that's a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so next time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so next time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so next time uh
+we'll talk about applications of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about applications of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about applications of this
+theorem uh do you have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem uh do you have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem uh do you have any questions
+about uh this proof for or anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh this proof for or anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh this proof for or anything that
+we've covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've covered
+so far today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean how you get the choice of delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean how you get the choice of delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean how you get the choice of delta
+from doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doing
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let me phrase this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean so
+you know i probably in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i probably in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i probably in most
+classes you would just be given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes you would just be given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes you would just be given this
+proof that's over here on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that's over here on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that's over here on the left
+and somehow it looks like magic that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow it looks like magic that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow it looks like magic that i
+chose this delta this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose this delta this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose this delta this way
+and it ends up working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it ends up working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it ends up working
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um but the thinking that goes in behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the thinking that goes in behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the thinking that goes in behind
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so what's the thing you want you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the thing you want you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the thing you want you want
+what's in yellow okay so let me erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in yellow okay so let me erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in yellow okay so let me erase
+some of what's in yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of what's in yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of what's in yellow
+you want to choose delta so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to choose delta so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to choose delta so that
+if you take f of x minus ac plus b that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take f of x minus ac plus b that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take f of x minus ac plus b that
+thing an absolute value will be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing an absolute value will be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing an absolute value will be less
+than epsilon okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+start with that thing that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with that thing that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with that thing that you want to
+make small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make small
+that you want to ensure is small f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to ensure is small f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to ensure is small f of x
+minus ac plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ac plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ac plus b
+and start computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start computing
+and when you compute it you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you compute it you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you compute it you get the
+what we got here in the second uh bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we got here in the second uh bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we got here in the second uh bit of
+yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow
+okay and we're assuming that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're assuming that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're assuming that the
+absolute value of x minus c is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x minus c is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x minus c is less than
+delta all right we're trying to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta all right we're trying to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta all right we're trying to choose
+delta so that what's in green implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta so that what's in green implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta so that what's in green implies
+what's in yellow okay so far we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in yellow okay so far we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in yellow okay so far we haven't
+chosen delta we just know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen delta we just know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen delta we just know that the
+absolute the absolute value of x minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute the absolute value of x minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute the absolute value of x minus c
+will be less than delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be less than delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be less than delta
+and we want to choose delta so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to choose delta so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to choose delta so that that
+implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what's in yellow uh after the arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in yellow uh after the arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in yellow uh after the arrow
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+so when we do this computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we do this computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we do this computation
+in assuming that the absolute value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in assuming that the absolute value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in assuming that the absolute value of x
+minus c is less than delta we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c is less than delta we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c is less than delta we get
+this thing right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the absolute value of a times delta this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of a times delta this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of a times delta this
+is just assuming that the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just assuming that the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just assuming that the absolute value
+of x minus c is less than delta which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x minus c is less than delta which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x minus c is less than delta which is
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+what we'll be assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll be assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll be assuming
+so and we want what's in yellow which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we want what's in yellow which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we want what's in yellow which is
+that thing to be less than epsilon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing to be less than epsilon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing to be less than epsilon so
+what we've arrived at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've arrived at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've arrived at is
+this thing here which we want less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here which we want less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here which we want less than
+epsilon is less than this thing in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon is less than this thing in red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon is less than this thing in red
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore we want to choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore we want to choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore we want to choose the
+delta so that the thing in red is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta so that the thing in red is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta so that the thing in red is less
+than epsilon or less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon or less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon or less than or equal to
+epsilon that will tell that will ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon that will tell that will ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon that will tell that will ensure
+that f of x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f of x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f of x minus
+ac plus b and absolute value will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac plus b and absolute value will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac plus b and absolute value will be
+less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than epsilon
+okay so i'm not solving an inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm not solving an inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm not solving an inequality
+you know i'm not solving the inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm not solving the inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm not solving the inequality
+i want which is f of x minus ac plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want which is f of x minus ac plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want which is f of x minus ac plus b
+i'm starting with what's on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm starting with what's on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm starting with what's on the left
+estimating it using my assumptions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating it using my assumptions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating it using my assumptions and
+then at the end choosing delta so that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the end choosing delta so that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the end choosing delta so that i
+come up with epsilon in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with epsilon in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with epsilon in the end
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+last step i have absolute value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last step i have absolute value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last step i have absolute value of a
+times delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times delta
+and i want that to be less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want that to be less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want that to be less than epsilon
+so i could have chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i could have chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i could have chosen
+you know delta to be less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know delta to be less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know delta to be less than epsilon
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+less than or equal to epsilon over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so anything any delta like that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything any delta like that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything any delta like that would
+have worked so i could have put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked so i could have put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked so i could have put
+delta to be epsilon over 2a that still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to be epsilon over 2a that still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to be epsilon over 2a that still
+would have worked or 3a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have worked or 3a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have worked or 3a
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's what they're green that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's what they're green that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's what they're green that's the
+thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+we get to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to use
+in this computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are there any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+this is a style thing all right so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a style thing all right so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a style thing all right so for
+out throughout this entire um semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out throughout this entire um semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out throughout this entire um semester
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+for all epsilon you have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon you have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon you have to be able to
+find uh m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh m
+so that something happens right so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that something happens right so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that something happens right so at
+some point you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point you always
+say choose m to be something right maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say choose m to be something right maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say choose m to be something right maybe
+it's the maximum of some m0 m1 that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the maximum of some m0 m1 that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the maximum of some m0 m1 that you
+had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+choose m to be once so that one over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose m to be once so that one over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose m to be once so that one over m
+is less than epsilon or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon or something like
+that so i'm just sticking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so i'm just sticking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so i'm just sticking with
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+style of saying choose m to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of saying choose m to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of saying choose m to be this
+otherwise i could have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise i could have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise i could have said
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there exists a capital number m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a capital number m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a capital number m
+so that for all n bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that for all n bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that for all n bigger than or equal
+to capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital m
+uh x sub n minus c is less than delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x sub n minus c is less than delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x sub n minus c is less than delta
+and then move to the next part but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then move to the next part but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then move to the next part but you
+know throughout the course i've always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know throughout the course i've always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know throughout the course i've always
+like uh at least in the proof so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh at least in the proof so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh at least in the proof so i
+presented you know you're making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented you know you're making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented you know you're making a
+choice of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of capital
+m right you're always it's for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m right you're always it's for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m right you're always it's for all
+epsilon there exists a capital m so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon there exists a capital m so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon there exists a capital m so that
+means you have to tell me how to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you have to tell me how to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you have to tell me how to choose
+capital m it's the same thing with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m it's the same thing with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m it's the same thing with these
+you know epsilon delta proofs is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know epsilon delta proofs is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know epsilon delta proofs is that
+for all epsilon there exists a delta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon there exists a delta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon there exists a delta so
+at some point you have to tell me how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point you have to tell me how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point you have to tell me how to
+choose delta in the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose delta in the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose delta in the proof
+so i'm just kind of stuck with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just kind of stuck with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just kind of stuck with that
+style of saying choose m to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of saying choose m to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of saying choose m to be something
+although you're absolutely right that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you're absolutely right that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you're absolutely right that i
+could have just said for all n bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have just said for all n bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have just said for all n bigger
+than or equal to capital m 0 i have what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to capital m 0 i have what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to capital m 0 i have what
+i want and therefore you know implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want and therefore you know implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want and therefore you know implicitly
+i'm i'm saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm i'm saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm i'm saying that
+m equals m 0 is the thing that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's the same delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's the same delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's the same delta
+yeah that's the same delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ckZo366TWGk.txt b/ckZo366TWGk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5dc03a344cd7fb59888bb5831765a236ea4c3869
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ckZo366TWGk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,939 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's an old quiz problem we can use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an old quiz problem we can use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an old quiz problem we can use to
+test our understanding of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test our understanding of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test our understanding of all the
+factors that went into the final design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that went into the final design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that went into the final design
+of our read key SVC code we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our read key SVC code we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our read key SVC code we're
+considering three different versions R 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering three different versions R 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering three different versions R 1
+R 2 and R 3 of the read key SVC code all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 2 and R 3 of the read key SVC code all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 2 and R 3 of the read key SVC code all
+variants of the various attempts from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants of the various attempts from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants of the various attempts from
+the previous section and there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous section and there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous section and there are three
+types of systems models a B and C we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of systems models a B and C we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of systems models a B and C we've
+been asked to match the three handlers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been asked to match the three handlers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been asked to match the three handlers
+to the appropriate system looking at r1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the appropriate system looking at r1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the appropriate system looking at r1
+we see it similar to attempt to from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see it similar to attempt to from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see it similar to attempt to from the
+previous section except it always reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous section except it always reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous section except it always reach
+from the same keyboard regardless of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same keyboard regardless of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same keyboard regardless of the
+process making the SVC request that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process making the SVC request that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process making the SVC request that
+wouldn't make much sense in a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't make much sense in a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't make much sense in a time
+sharing system since a single stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing system since a single stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing system since a single stream of
+input characters would be shared across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input characters would be shared across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input characters would be shared across
+all the processes so this handler must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the processes so this handler must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the processes so this handler must
+be intended for the model C system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be intended for the model C system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be intended for the model C system which
+has only a single process looking at r2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only a single process looking at r2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only a single process looking at r2
+we see it similar to attempt 1 from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see it similar to attempt 1 from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see it similar to attempt 1 from the
+previous section which had the fatal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous section which had the fatal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous section which had the fatal
+flaw of a potentially infinite loop if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaw of a potentially infinite loop if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaw of a potentially infinite loop if
+attempting to read from an empty buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting to read from an empty buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting to read from an empty buffer
+so this code would only run successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this code would only run successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this code would only run successfully
+on the model B system which does allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the model B system which does allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the model B system which does allow
+device interrupts even when the CPU is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device interrupts even when the CPU is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device interrupts even when the CPU is
+running inside an SVC call so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running inside an SVC call so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running inside an SVC call so the
+keyboard interrupt we interrupt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard interrupt we interrupt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard interrupt we interrupt the
+while loop in r2 and the next iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while loop in r2 and the next iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while loop in r2 and the next iteration
+of the loop would discover that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the loop would discover that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the loop would discover that the
+buffer was no longer empty by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer was no longer empty by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer was no longer empty by the
+process of elimination that leaves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of elimination that leaves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of elimination that leaves the
+r3 handler to be paired with the model a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r3 handler to be paired with the model a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r3 handler to be paired with the model a
+system r3 is attempt 3 from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system r3 is attempt 3 from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system r3 is attempt 3 from the previous
+section and it's designed for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section and it's designed for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section and it's designed for our
+standard system in which the colonel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard system in which the colonel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard system in which the colonel is
+uninterruptible the problem goes on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninterruptible the problem goes on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninterruptible the problem goes on to
+say that a fumble fingered summer intern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that a fumble fingered summer intern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that a fumble fingered summer intern
+has jumbled up the disk containing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has jumbled up the disk containing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has jumbled up the disk containing the
+handlers and sent an unknown handler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handlers and sent an unknown handler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handlers and sent an unknown handler
+version to each user running one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version to each user running one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version to each user running one of the
+three model systems to atone for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three model systems to atone for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three model systems to atone for the
+mistake he's been assigned the task of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake he's been assigned the task of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake he's been assigned the task of
+reading various user messages set after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading various user messages set after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading various user messages set after
+the user has tried the new handler disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user has tried the new handler disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user has tried the new handler disk
+on their particular system based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their particular system based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their particular system based on the
+message he's been asked to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message he's been asked to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message he's been asked to identify
+which handler disk in system the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which handler disk in system the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which handler disk in system the use
+is using the first message says I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using the first message says I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using the first message says I get
+compiled time errors scheduler and proc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled time errors scheduler and proc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled time errors scheduler and proc
+table are undefined on the right of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table are undefined on the right of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table are undefined on the right of the
+slide we've included a table enumerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide we've included a table enumerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide we've included a table enumerate
+all the combinations of handlers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the combinations of handlers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the combinations of handlers and
+systems where we've exited the matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems where we've exited the matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems where we've exited the matches
+from the previous slide since they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous slide since they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous slide since they
+correspond to when the new handler would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to when the new handler would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to when the new handler would
+be the same as the old handler and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as the old handler and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as the old handler and the
+user wouldn't be sending a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user wouldn't be sending a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user wouldn't be sending a message
+the phrase scheduler and proc table are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phrase scheduler and proc table are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phrase scheduler and proc table are
+undefined wouldn't apply to a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined wouldn't apply to a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined wouldn't apply to a time
+sharing system which includes both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing system which includes both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing system which includes both
+symbols so we can eliminate the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols so we can eliminate the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols so we can eliminate the first
+two columns from consideration and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two columns from consideration and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two columns from consideration and we
+can also eliminate the second row since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also eliminate the second row since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also eliminate the second row since
+handler r2 doesn't include a call to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handler r2 doesn't include a call to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handler r2 doesn't include a call to
+scheduler so this message came from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler so this message came from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler so this message came from a
+user trying to run handler r3 on a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user trying to run handler r3 on a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user trying to run handler r3 on a model
+C system since model C doesn't support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C system since model C doesn't support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C system since model C doesn't support
+time sharing it would have neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time sharing it would have neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time sharing it would have neither
+scheduler nor proc table as part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler nor proc table as part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler nor proc table as part of the
+OS code okay here's the next message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OS code okay here's the next message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OS code okay here's the next message
+hey now the system always reads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey now the system always reads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey now the system always reads
+everybody's inputs from keybord zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's inputs from keybord zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's inputs from keybord zero
+besides that it seems to waste a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides that it seems to waste a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides that it seems to waste a lot
+more CPU cycles than it used to r1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more CPU cycles than it used to r1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more CPU cycles than it used to r1 is
+the only handler that always reads from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only handler that always reads from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only handler that always reads from
+keyboard zero so we can eliminate rows 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard zero so we can eliminate rows 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard zero so we can eliminate rows 2
+& 3 so how can we tell if r1 is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+& 3 so how can we tell if r1 is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+& 3 so how can we tell if r1 is being
+run on a model a or a model B system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run on a model a or a model B system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run on a model a or a model B system the
+r1 handler wastes a lot of cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 handler wastes a lot of cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 handler wastes a lot of cycles
+looping while waiting for a character to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping while waiting for a character to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping while waiting for a character to
+arrive and the implication is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive and the implication is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive and the implication is that that
+was a big change for the user since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big change for the user since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big change for the user since
+they're complaining that running r1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're complaining that running r1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're complaining that running r1 is
+wasting time compared to their previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting time compared to their previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting time compared to their previous
+handler if the user had been running r2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handler if the user had been running r2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handler if the user had been running r2
+on a model B system they're already used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a model B system they're already used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a model B system they're already used
+to the performance set of looping and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the performance set of looping and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the performance set of looping and so
+wouldn't have noticed a performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have noticed a performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have noticed a performance
+difference when switching to r1 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference when switching to r1 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference when switching to r1 so we
+can eliminate model B for consideration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can eliminate model B for consideration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can eliminate model B for consideration
+so this message came from a user running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this message came from a user running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this message came from a user running
+handler r1 on a model a system the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handler r1 on a model a system the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handler r1 on a model a system the final
+message reads neat the new system seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message reads neat the new system seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message reads neat the new system seems
+to work fine it even wastes less CPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work fine it even wastes less CPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work fine it even wastes less CPU
+time than it used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time than it used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time than it used to
+since the system works as expected with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the system works as expected with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the system works as expected with
+the new handler we can eliminate a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new handler we can eliminate a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new handler we can eliminate a lot
+of possibilities handler r1 wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities handler r1 wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities handler r1 wouldn't
+work fine on a time sharing system since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work fine on a time sharing system since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work fine on a time sharing system since
+the user could tell that the processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user could tell that the processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user could tell that the processes
+were now all reading from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were now all reading from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were now all reading from the same
+keyboard buffer so we can eliminate r1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard buffer so we can eliminate r1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard buffer so we can eliminate r1
+on models a and B and handlers r2 and r3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on models a and B and handlers r2 and r3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on models a and B and handlers r2 and r3
+wouldn't work on a model C system since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't work on a model C system since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't work on a model C system since
+that doesn't include process tables or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't include process tables or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't include process tables or
+scheduling eliminating the rightmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling eliminating the rightmost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling eliminating the rightmost
+column finally handler r2 wouldn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column finally handler r2 wouldn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column finally handler r2 wouldn't work
+on a model a system with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a model a system with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a model a system with this
+uninterruptible kernel since any attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninterruptible kernel since any attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninterruptible kernel since any attempt
+to read from an empty buffer would cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read from an empty buffer would cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read from an empty buffer would cause
+an infinite loop so the message must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite loop so the message must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite loop so the message must
+have been sent by a model bees are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been sent by a model bees are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been sent by a model bees are now
+running r3 oh that was fun just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running r3 oh that was fun just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running r3 oh that was fun just like
+solving the logic puzzles you find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the logic puzzles you find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the logic puzzles you find in
+games magazines
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/e98MPnMHLxE.txt b/e98MPnMHLxE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..65a8d0e22d296bde991359fabb122cf9ccfe7629
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e98MPnMHLxE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Welcome everybody.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Welcome everybody.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Welcome everybody.
+Everyone ready for the quiz? Quiz next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everyone ready for the quiz? Quiz next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everyone ready for the quiz? Quiz next
+week? Yes. I hope you all are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week? Yes. I hope you all are here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week? Yes. I hope you all are here
+because you know that there's a quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know that there's a quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know that there's a quiz
+next week. Okay. So, what is this quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week. Okay. So, what is this quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week. Okay. So, what is this quiz
+about? It's about what we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about? It's about what we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about? It's about what we've talked
+about so far in this class, of course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so far in this class, of course.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so far in this class, of course.
+What is this class about? Someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is this class about? Someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is this class about? Someone
+remember from my first lecture? What is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from my first lecture? What is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from my first lecture? What is
+this class about? What are we trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class about? What are we trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class about? What are we trying to
+test you in this class? Algorithms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you in this class? Algorithms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you in this class? Algorithms.
+Algorithms. Great. Also, data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Algorithms. Great. Also, data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Algorithms. Great. Also, data
+structures, right? That's what the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, right? That's what the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, right? That's what the first
+part of this is. But really, it's to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this is. But really, it's to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this is. But really, it's to get
+you to solve computational problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to solve computational problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to solve computational problems.
+That's the first thing. Be able to argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the first thing. Be able to argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the first thing. Be able to argue
+to someone else that that you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to someone else that that you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to someone else that that you actually
+did solve it, right? It's correct,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did solve it, right? It's correct,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did solve it, right? It's correct,
+right? That you chose something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That you chose something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That you chose something that's
+better than other things, that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than other things, that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than other things, that it's
+efficient, right? and that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient, right? and that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient, right? and that you can
+communicate those things to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate those things to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate those things to other
+people, right? Those are my big four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, right? Those are my big four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, right? Those are my big four
+that I try to get you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I try to get you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I try to get you guys to
+internalize. And so that's what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize. And so that's what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize. And so that's what our
+quizzes are going to try to evaluate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes are going to try to evaluate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes are going to try to evaluate you
+on. Okay? And so, uh, aside from kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Okay? And so, uh, aside from kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Okay? And so, uh, aside from kind of
+some mechan this nitty-gritty kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mechan this nitty-gritty kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mechan this nitty-gritty kind of
+stuff that we do at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we do at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we do at the beginning of the
+term like, uh, talking about our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term like, uh, talking about our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term like, uh, talking about our model
+of computation, right? our model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computation, right? our model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computation, right? our model and
+like asytoics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like asytoics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like asytoics
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+simpics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpics.
+Is that right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that right?
+Uh recurrences, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh recurrences, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh recurrences, right?
+Aside from these kind of basics, we kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aside from these kind of basics, we kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aside from these kind of basics, we kind
+of delve straight into algorithms,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of delve straight into algorithms,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of delve straight into algorithms,
+right? Uh these are kind of like uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Uh these are kind of like uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Uh these are kind of like uh you
+know almost definitions. We don't rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know almost definitions. We don't rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know almost definitions. We don't rely
+on these things very much. I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these things very much. I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these things very much. I mean we
+rely on these things all the time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on these things all the time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on these things all the time but
+it's kind of the mathematics that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of the mathematics that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of the mathematics that we use
+to talk about things right we how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about things right we how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about things right we how can we
+even say how long this stuff takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even say how long this stuff takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even say how long this stuff takes
+unless we can reason we can abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we can reason we can abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we can reason we can abstract
+away that this stuff is not on a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that this stuff is not on a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that this stuff is not on a real
+computer this is kind of in our minds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer this is kind of in our minds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer this is kind of in our minds in
+a computer and we're reasoning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer and we're reasoning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer and we're reasoning about
+these things based on the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things based on the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things based on the number of
+constant time operations this magical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time operations this magical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time operations this magical
+computer might have so that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer might have so that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer might have so that you know
+which is a pretty good representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a pretty good representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a pretty good representation of
+any of the computers you have right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the computers you have right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the computers you have right for
+certain assumptions right we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain assumptions right we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain assumptions right we're not
+going I mean there's not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going I mean there's not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going I mean there's not a lot of
+problems set questions. We had you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems set questions. We had you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems set questions. We had you talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+uh these things like specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these things like specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these things like specifically
+usually they were part of some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they were part of some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they were part of some other
+problem, right? You you had to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, right? You you had to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, right? You you had to describe
+the running time of this thing and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running time of this thing and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running time of this thing and you
+might have had to solve a recurrence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have had to solve a recurrence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have had to solve a recurrence and
+you might use master theorem, that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might use master theorem, that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might use master theorem, that kind
+of thing, right? Or you use asmtotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing, right? Or you use asmtotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing, right? Or you use asmtotics
+all the time or you need to remember in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time or you need to remember in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time or you need to remember in
+our model, oh, it kind of matters how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model, oh, it kind of matters how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model, oh, it kind of matters how
+big of an integer I can store and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big of an integer I can store and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big of an integer I can store and do
+arithmetic on in constant time, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic on in constant time, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic on in constant time, right?
+So for that pet 3 question you had at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for that pet 3 question you had at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for that pet 3 question you had at
+the end of your the coding question,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of your the coding question,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of your the coding question,
+right? Uh you you wanted to hash things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Uh you you wanted to hash things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Uh you you wanted to hash things
+and you want you need to argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want you need to argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want you need to argue that
+those things fit in a constant number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things fit in a constant number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things fit in a constant number of
+words so that it that could be done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words so that it that could be done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words so that it that could be done in
+constant time. A lot of you guys found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time. A lot of you guys found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time. A lot of you guys found
+canonicalizations basically mapping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonicalizations basically mapping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonicalizations basically mapping to
+things that were exponentially large.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that were exponentially large.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that were exponentially large.
+So may maybe multiplying a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So may maybe multiplying a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So may maybe multiplying a product of
+primes or something like that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes or something like that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes or something like that and that
+would not be a good representation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be a good representation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be a good representation.
+Okay. So the these things come up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the these things come up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the these things come up but
+they're not like the main focus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not like the main focus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not like the main focus of the
+problems we solve. What are the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we solve. What are the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we solve. What are the main
+focus of the how do we solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus of the how do we solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus of the how do we solve a
+computational problem in this class? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problem in this class? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problem in this class? I
+kind of gave you two ways at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gave you two ways at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gave you two ways at the
+beginning of the term. Do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the term. Do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the term. Do you guys
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+we can solve how to how to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a computational computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+One's the hard way, one's the easy way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One's the hard way, one's the easy way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One's the hard way, one's the easy way.
+Force. Brute force. Okay. So you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force. Brute force. Okay. So you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force. Brute force. Okay. So you're
+describing to me a technique for making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing to me a technique for making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing to me a technique for making
+your own algorithm, right? I can just,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own algorithm, right? I can just,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own algorithm, right? I can just,
+you know, design my new algorithm from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, design my new algorithm from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, design my new algorithm from
+scratch. One way I could do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch. One way I could do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch. One way I could do that is
+brute force it, right? Look at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brute force it, right? Look at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brute force it, right? Look at all the
+possible outputs and see which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outputs and see which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outputs and see which one
+works, right? Or I could reduce to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works, right? Or I could reduce to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works, right? Or I could reduce to
+something like divide and conquer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like divide and conquer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like divide and conquer or
+something like that. That's generally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. That's generally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. That's generally a
+hard thing to do to make your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard thing to do to make your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard thing to do to make your own
+algorithm, right? That's why we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm, right? That's why we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm, right? That's why we don't
+ask you to do it a lot in this class,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to do it a lot in this class,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to do it a lot in this class,
+right? It's an 046 kind of thing, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's an 046 kind of thing, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's an 046 kind of thing, right?
+So the first thing you could do is write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first thing you could do is write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first thing you could do is write
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+algorithm from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm from
+scratch. Usually it's not from scratch,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch. Usually it's not from scratch,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch. Usually it's not from scratch,
+right? Usually you're reducing to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Usually you're reducing to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Usually you're reducing to some
+kind of algorithmic design paradigm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of algorithmic design paradigm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of algorithmic design paradigm that
+you've maybe heard of. You talk a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've maybe heard of. You talk a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've maybe heard of. You talk a lot
+more about it in 046 and at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it in 046 and at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it in 046 and at the end of
+this term when we talk about dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term when we talk about dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term when we talk about dynamic
+programming, but generally that's a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming, but generally that's a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming, but generally that's a hard
+thing to do, right? B you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do, right? B you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do, right? B you're you're
+trying to think of a recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think of a recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think of a recursive
+algorithm, right? You're trying to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm, right? You're trying to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm, right? You're trying to prove
+that it's correct. All these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's correct. All these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's correct. All these
+nitty-gritty. We we've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitty-gritty. We we've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitty-gritty. We we've actually
+throughout the class in lectures have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the class in lectures have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the class in lectures have
+been showing you the algorithms, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been showing you the algorithms, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been showing you the algorithms, but
+we're not really expecting you to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not really expecting you to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not really expecting you to make
+those algorithms. What are we expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those algorithms. What are we expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those algorithms. What are we expecting
+you to do most of the time? Yeah. To
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do most of the time? Yeah. To
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do most of the time? Yeah. To
+reduce it to a problem that we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it to a problem that we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it to a problem that we showed
+you how to solve, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to say thing here, but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say thing here, but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say thing here, but really
+what I mean is an algorithm that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean is an algorithm that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean is an algorithm that we've
+taught you to basically here reduce to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught you to basically here reduce to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught you to basically here reduce to a
+known thing. No to known thing. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known thing. No to known thing. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known thing. No to known thing. Uh
+usually that means there's a problem or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that means there's a problem or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that means there's a problem or
+an interface, right? That that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interface, right? That that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interface, right? That that we've
+given you. And in general, we've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you. And in general, we've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you. And in general, we've shown
+you multiple different ways to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiple different ways to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiple different ways to solve
+that problem, right? Or interface,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem, right? Or interface,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem, right? Or interface,
+right? So we've shown you many ways on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So we've shown you many ways on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So we've shown you many ways on
+how to sort things right and we've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to sort things right and we've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to sort things right and we've shown
+you many ways on how to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you many ways on how to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you many ways on how to implement
+sequence and set interfaces. Remember uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and set interfaces. Remember uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and set interfaces. Remember uh
+and uh a lot of times the the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a lot of times the the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a lot of times the the types of
+problems that we're asking you to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we're asking you to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we're asking you to do is
+to just use as a blackbox some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just use as a blackbox some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just use as a blackbox some of the
+things that we did but you need as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we did but you need as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we did but you need as a
+programmer as a as a computer scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer as a as a computer scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer as a as a computer scientist
+you need to tell me when I should use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to tell me when I should use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to tell me when I should use
+what when. Right. Yeah. Could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what when. Right. Yeah. Could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what when. Right. Yeah. Could you
+clarify what you mean by use as a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify what you mean by use as a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify what you mean by use as a black
+box? Use as a black box. Exactly. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box? Use as a black box. Exactly. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box? Use as a black box. Exactly. Right.
+Um, so this is a phrase that I use and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this is a phrase that I use and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this is a phrase that I use and a
+lot of people in computer science use.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people in computer science use.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people in computer science use.
+It's basically uh you import a library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's basically uh you import a library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's basically uh you import a library
+into your code, right? What do I have? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your code, right? What do I have? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your code, right? What do I have? I
+have a kind of an API. I have a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kind of an API. I have a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kind of an API. I have a way to
+interact with that code. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with that code. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with that code. I don't
+actually know what's going on inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know what's going on inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know what's going on inside of
+that library, right? I'm using it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that library, right? I'm using it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that library, right? I'm using it as a
+black box. I it's opaque to me. I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black box. I it's opaque to me. I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black box. I it's opaque to me. I cannot
+look inside what I mean I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look inside what I mean I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look inside what I mean I actually
+probably could look inside what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably could look inside what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably could look inside what their
+code is but I'm not going to. The thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is but I'm not going to. The thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is but I'm not going to. The thing
+that makes it useful to me is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it useful to me is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it useful to me is that it
+has this useful API that I trust it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this useful API that I trust it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this useful API that I trust it to
+do the things that you told me that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the things that you told me that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the things that you told me that it
+was going to do, right? And so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to do, right? And so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to do, right? And so there's
+kind of I'm going to jump around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of I'm going to jump around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of I'm going to jump around a
+little bit here actually because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit here actually because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit here actually because that's
+a great question. uh uh so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great question. uh uh so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great question. uh uh so here
+I think of there's kind of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of there's kind of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of there's kind of three
+different types of problems that we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of problems that we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of problems that we talk
+about that we give you in this class you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that we give you in this class you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that we give you in this class you
+might have seen this on the problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have seen this on the problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have seen this on the problem set
+right I I like to categorize them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I I like to categorize them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I I like to categorize them into
+kind of three different categories here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of three different categories here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of three different categories here
+one is you kind of have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is you kind of have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is you kind of have to understand
+the internals of a data structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internals of a data structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internals of a data structure and
+algorithm that we know right you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that we know right you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that we know right you have to
+be able to look inside and I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to look inside and I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to look inside and I don't know
+given a node in a balanced binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a node in a balanced binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a node in a balanced binary search
+tree, an AVL tree, right? How can I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree, an AVL tree, right? How can I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree, an AVL tree, right? How can I do a
+rotation, right? Or how do I do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation, right? Or how do I do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation, right? Or how do I do an
+insert or uh uh something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert or uh uh something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert or uh uh something about the
+structure of this thing, a binary heap,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of this thing, a binary heap,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of this thing, a binary heap,
+right? Where are the top k things in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Where are the top k things in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Where are the top k things in a
+max binary heap which is on your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max binary heap which is on your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max binary heap which is on your problem
+set, right? Those things require me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set, right? Those things require me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set, right? Those things require me to
+very much not blackbox these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much not blackbox these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much not blackbox these data
+structures. It's a white box, right? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures. It's a white box, right? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures. It's a white box, right? I
+need to know what's inside of that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know what's inside of that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know what's inside of that to
+answer that question, right? I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question, right? I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question, right? I need to
+know about the internals of that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the internals of that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the internals of that data
+structure, right? And there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure, right? And there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure, right? And there are other
+types of problems where it's like, oh, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of problems where it's like, oh, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of problems where it's like, oh, I
+don't need to know what the internals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know what the internals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know what the internals of
+this data structure is, right? I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure is, right? I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure is, right? I can
+just operate with knowledge of the API,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just operate with knowledge of the API,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just operate with knowledge of the API,
+right? And try to hook it in to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And try to hook it in to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And try to hook it in to the
+problem that I need. And that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that I need. And that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that I need. And that's what I
+call a reduction type problem, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a reduction type problem, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a reduction type problem, right?
+This is like how does the core material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is like how does the core material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is like how does the core material
+we presented to you in lecture work,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we presented to you in lecture work,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we presented to you in lecture work,
+right? This is like how do I apply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This is like how do I apply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This is like how do I apply that
+core material, right? And harder than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core material, right? And harder than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core material, right? And harder than
+both of those things, right? Is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those things, right? Is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those things, right? Is what I
+might call a modification type of pro. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call a modification type of pro. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call a modification type of pro. I
+mean, these aren't really good names. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, these aren't really good names. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, these aren't really good names. I
+came up with these this morning, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with these this morning, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with these this morning, right?
+But it's trying to get at the the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it's trying to get at the the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it's trying to get at the the idea
+here that it's possible that you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that it's possible that you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that it's possible that you kind of
+need to know what the API is and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know what the API is and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know what the API is and you
+kind of need to know what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of need to know what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of need to know what's going on
+inside to be able to answer the problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside to be able to answer the problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside to be able to answer the problem.
+Things like um adapting a divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things like um adapting a divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things like um adapting a divide and
+conquer algorithm, right? or uh making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer algorithm, right? or uh making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer algorithm, right? or uh making
+uh instead of using a dynamic array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instead of using a dynamic array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instead of using a dynamic array
+that's has extra space on one end maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's has extra space on one end maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's has extra space on one end maybe
+I have to put extra space in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to put extra space in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to put extra space in the middle
+or something like that right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that right I'm
+adapting something that was from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapting something that was from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapting something that was from the
+core material it's pretty close but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core material it's pretty close but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core material it's pretty close but I
+have to modify it in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to modify it in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to modify it in some way
+augmentation right I have to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmentation right I have to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmentation right I have to take the
+vanilla set AVL tree that I might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanilla set AVL tree that I might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanilla set AVL tree that I might have
+given you right and put some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you right and put some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you right and put some other
+property on the nodes and you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property on the nodes and you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property on the nodes and you need to
+tell me how to maintain that right how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me how to maintain that right how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me how to maintain that right how
+how can I compute that subree property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I compute that subree property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I compute that subree property
+from its children. Does that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its children. Does that make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its children. Does that make sense?
+Uh so kind of this is the harder of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so kind of this is the harder of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so kind of this is the harder of the
+things, right? If you can identify which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, right? If you can identify which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, right? If you can identify which
+one of these a problem that you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these a problem that you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these a problem that you look at
+on an exam fit under, maybe that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an exam fit under, maybe that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an exam fit under, maybe that can
+help you kind of conceptualize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you kind of conceptualize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you kind of conceptualize what
+should I use for a reduction type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I use for a reduction type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I use for a reduction type
+problem. We're going to talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. We're going to talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. We're going to talk about this
+in a sec second, but a lot of times it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sec second, but a lot of times it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sec second, but a lot of times it's
+useful to reduce it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to reduce it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to reduce it to
+uh a problem or an interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a problem or an interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a problem or an interface
+rather than an algorithm or a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than an algorithm or a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than an algorithm or a data
+structure. What does that mean? Does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. What does that mean? Does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. What does that mean? Does
+if if I can solve the problem by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I can solve the problem by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I can solve the problem by saying
+reducing to sorting, right? I can argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing to sorting, right? I can argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing to sorting, right? I can argue
+to you that that algorithm is correct. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that that algorithm is correct. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that that algorithm is correct. I
+just use sorting as a black box. No, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use sorting as a black box. No, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use sorting as a black box. No, it
+might not be efficient, right? my choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be efficient, right? my choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be efficient, right? my choice
+of sorting algorithm that I chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sorting algorithm that I chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sorting algorithm that I chose
+matters right for efficiency but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters right for efficiency but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters right for efficiency but for
+correctness it doesn't matter right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness it doesn't matter right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness it doesn't matter right for
+a a data structures problem I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a data structures problem I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a data structures problem I might
+reduce to using two set data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce to using two set data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce to using two set data structures
+and a sequence data structure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a sequence data structure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a sequence data structure or
+something like that right but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right but uh
+and it will be correct if I reduce it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be correct if I reduce it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be correct if I reduce it to
+those things right I can define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things right I can define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things right I can define the
+operations in terms of those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations in terms of those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations in terms of those those
+interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces
+I don't have to make that choice until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have to make that choice until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have to make that choice until I
+talk about running time, right? Until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about running time, right? Until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about running time, right? Until I
+talk about efficiency and the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about efficiency and the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about efficiency and the name of
+the game on the quiz to get points, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game on the quiz to get points, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game on the quiz to get points, we
+can't give you points for an incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't give you points for an incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't give you points for an incorrect
+algorithm, right? Or something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm, right? Or something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm, right? Or something that's
+pretty close to correct, right? Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to correct, right? Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to correct, right? Uh and
+we can't give you full points unless the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't give you full points unless the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't give you full points unless the
+correct algorithm you give us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct algorithm you give us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct algorithm you give us is
+efficient, right? And that you've argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient, right? And that you've argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient, right? And that you've argued
+things like correctness and running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like correctness and running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like correctness and running time
+and things like that, right? like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that, right? like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that, right? like your
+algorithm could be correct uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm could be correct uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm could be correct uh and
+efficient but you analyze the running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient but you analyze the running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient but you analyze the running
+time incorrectly so we mark your points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time incorrectly so we mark your points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time incorrectly so we mark your points
+off for there or you you mo most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off for there or you you mo most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off for there or you you mo most of the
+time what you do is you present us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what you do is you present us with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what you do is you present us with
+an inefficient algorithm and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inefficient algorithm and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inefficient algorithm and then you
+analyze the running time as if it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the running time as if it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the running time as if it's the
+target running time that we gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target running time that we gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target running time that we gave you
+right that's bad on two fronts right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's bad on two fronts right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's bad on two fronts right
+okay so try not to fall into these traps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so try not to fall into these traps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so try not to fall into these traps
+okay so some general test taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so some general test taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so some general test taking
+strategies when you're looking at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies when you're looking at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies when you're looking at your
+quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz
+I really strongly urge you to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really strongly urge you to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really strongly urge you to read
+through the entire exam before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the entire exam before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the entire exam before you
+start, right? Because some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start, right? Because some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start, right? Because some of the
+problems will be easier for you than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems will be easier for you than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems will be easier for you than
+others. And if you're trying to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. And if you're trying to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. And if you're trying to maximize
+points on here, right, as all of you,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on here, right, as all of you,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on here, right, as all of you,
+I'm sure, are trying to do, uh, it's use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure, are trying to do, uh, it's use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure, are trying to do, uh, it's use
+useful to make that initial pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to make that initial pass through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to make that initial pass through
+the problems to see which ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems to see which ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems to see which ones are
+easiest for you, right? And then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest for you, right? And then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest for you, right? And then you can
+tackle them in the the order in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle them in the the order in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle them in the the order in which
+you have confidence. Now, in actuality,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have confidence. Now, in actuality,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have confidence. Now, in actuality,
+the average on say quiz one of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average on say quiz one of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average on say quiz one of this
+class tends to be around, I don't know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class tends to be around, I don't know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class tends to be around, I don't know,
+between a 60 and an 80. I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a 60 and an 80. I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a 60 and an 80. I don't think
+it's ever been 80, but right, uh, but,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ever been 80, but right, uh, but,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ever been 80, but right, uh, but,
+you know, it's it's not 100, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's it's not 100, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's it's not 100, right? So
+doing 50% of the problems well right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing 50% of the problems well right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing 50% of the problems well right is
+probably going to be better for you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be better for you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be better for you in
+terms of time management and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of time management and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of time management and you know
+those kinds of things than doing all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of things than doing all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of things than doing all of
+the like attempting all of the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like attempting all of the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like attempting all of the problems
+and not doing great on any of them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not doing great on any of them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not doing great on any of them right
+in terms of point man right you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of point man right you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of point man right you have to
+in computer science you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in computer science you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in computer science you have to be
+pretty close to a correct answer to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to a correct answer to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to a correct answer to get
+points right it it basically needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right it it basically needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right it it basically needs to be
+almost correct or you don't get if If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost correct or you don't get if If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost correct or you don't get if If
+you've seen how your problem sets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen how your problem sets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen how your problem sets are
+being graded, sometimes our problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being graded, sometimes our problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being graded, sometimes our problem set
+graders make mistakes. Sometimes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders make mistakes. Sometimes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders make mistakes. Sometimes they
+accept give you points for for uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept give you points for for uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept give you points for for uh an
+incorrect solution, right? It's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect solution, right? It's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect solution, right? It's really
+on you to take a look at your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you to take a look at your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you to take a look at your problem
+sets that you gave us and our solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that you gave us and our solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that you gave us and our solutions
+that we gave you. We spend a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we gave you. We spend a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we gave you. We spend a lot of time
+writing good solutions for you guys. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing good solutions for you guys. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing good solutions for you guys. You
+need to make sure that you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make sure that you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make sure that you know the
+material.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material.
+Don't come up to us at the end of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don't come up to us at the end of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don't come up to us at the end of an
+exam and say, "Oh, I said the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam and say, "Oh, I said the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam and say, "Oh, I said the same thing
+on my problem set. It was marked correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my problem set. It was marked correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my problem set. It was marked correct
+and you guys marked it wrong." Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you guys marked it wrong." Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you guys marked it wrong." Well,
+yeah, the staff knows a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, the staff knows a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, the staff knows a little bit more
+about algorithms than your graders on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about algorithms than your graders on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about algorithms than your graders on
+your problem sets and we grade your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem sets and we grade your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem sets and we grade your
+exams. So, unfortunately, that's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams. So, unfortunately, that's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams. So, unfortunately, that's not an
+excuse, right? It's on you to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse, right? It's on you to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse, right? It's on you to know the
+material. Yep. So are most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. Yep. So are most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. Yep. So are most of the
+problems on the exam sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on the exam sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on the exam sort of like
+multiple part things where we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple part things where we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple part things where we need to
+like have a good understanding and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like have a good understanding and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like have a good understanding and do
+like the first few parts right in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the first few parts right in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the first few parts right in order
+to get even partial credit on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get even partial credit on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get even partial credit on the other
+parts or is it like yeah so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts or is it like yeah so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts or is it like yeah so the question
+is uh is it kind of are our questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is it kind of are our questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is it kind of are our questions
+built on top of each other right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built on top of each other right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built on top of each other right so that
+you're kind of at a wall if you miss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of at a wall if you miss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of at a wall if you miss the
+first part right we try not to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part right we try not to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part right we try not to design
+exams that way okay you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams that way okay you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams that way okay you can actually
+take a look at um the practice exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at um the practice exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at um the practice exam
+that's already been posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already been posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already been posted
+Right? They t our problems tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? They t our problems tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? They t our problems tend to be
+self-contained and if they are multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-contained and if they are multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-contained and if they are multiple
+parts, the parts are usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts, the parts are usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts, the parts are usually
+independent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent.
+Right? Usually you don't need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Usually you don't need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Usually you don't need to have
+done A correctly in order to do B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done A correctly in order to do B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done A correctly in order to do B
+correctly. Right? And that's how our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly. Right? And that's how our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly. Right? And that's how our
+problem sets try to be written as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets try to be written as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets try to be written as well.
+Right? For your last the coding question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? For your last the coding question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? For your last the coding question
+on P set 4, right? You had this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on P set 4, right? You had this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on P set 4, right? You had this problem
+where you had to design this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you had to design this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you had to design this data
+structure, right? But C said use that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure, right? But C said use that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure, right? But C said use that as
+a black box essentially and solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black box essentially and solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black box essentially and solve the
+problem. Right? So you actually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Right? So you actually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Right? So you actually don't
+need to show we've given you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to show we've given you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to show we've given you this
+interface. Right? You can just use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface. Right? You can just use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface. Right? You can just use that
+interface to be able to answer C the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface to be able to answer C the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface to be able to answer C the
+algorithms question without even solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms question without even solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms question without even solving
+the data structures question correctly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data structures question correctly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data structures question correctly.
+Does that make sense? And actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense? And actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense? And actually that
+was the algorithms question was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the algorithms question was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the algorithms question was the
+easier one there I think from what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier one there I think from what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier one there I think from what I
+remember. Yeah. Do we have to write code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember. Yeah. Do we have to write code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember. Yeah. Do we have to write code
+on the exam? Do you have to write code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exam? Do you have to write code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exam? Do you have to write code
+on the exam? Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exam? Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exam? Uh
+I've never given an exam where you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never given an exam where you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never given an exam where you've
+had to write code. I have written exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to write code. I have written exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to write code. I have written exams
+where you have to read code. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to read code. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to read code. Okay. So
+pseudo code or Python, right? Since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo code or Python, right? Since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo code or Python, right? Since
+Python's a prerequisite for this class,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python's a prerequisite for this class,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python's a prerequisite for this class,
+it's completely fair game that we give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely fair game that we give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely fair game that we give
+you small snippets of Python code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you small snippets of Python code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you small snippets of Python code and
+you have to to be able to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to to be able to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to to be able to understand
+what's going on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on.
+Yeah. Um you listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um you listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um you listed
+under the modification bar. So does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the modification bar. So does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the modification bar. So does that
+mean like if we're using an amortized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean like if we're using an amortized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean like if we're using an amortized
+like what I mean here right amortization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what I mean here right amortization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what I mean here right amortization
+certainly appears in here or here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly appears in here or here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly appears in here or here right
+these kinds of things right often times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things right often times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things right often times
+like if I'm using a dynamic array if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I'm using a dynamic array if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I'm using a dynamic array if I'm
+using a binary heap if I'm using a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a binary heap if I'm using a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a binary heap if I'm using a hash
+table right amortization will appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table right amortization will appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table right amortization will appear
+here in our running times right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in our running times right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in our running times right for
+those dynamic operations what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dynamic operations what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dynamic operations what I mean
+here in amortization I mean like if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in amortization I mean like if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in amortization I mean like if I'm
+asking you to generalize something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to generalize something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to generalize something that
+we've done like with dynamic arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done like with dynamic arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done like with dynamic arrays
+where instead of adding additional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where instead of adding additional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where instead of adding additional space
+at the end, I'm putting additional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end, I'm putting additional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end, I'm putting additional space
+in the middle or at the beginning or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle or at the beginning or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle or at the beginning or
+something like that. And you're having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. And you're having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. And you're having
+to do some kind of amortized analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some kind of amortized analysis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some kind of amortized analysis.
+Now, often it's unnecessary to do this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, often it's unnecessary to do this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, often it's unnecessary to do this,
+right? In in uh when we talked about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? In in uh when we talked about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? In in uh when we talked about a
+problem where we did do our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where we did do our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where we did do our own
+amortized analysis and making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized analysis and making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized analysis and making a
+double-ended deck, right? I mean, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-ended deck, right? I mean, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-ended deck, right? I mean, a
+double-ended queue. uh you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-ended queue. uh you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-ended queue. uh you could
+actually solve it by reducing to using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve it by reducing to using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve it by reducing to using
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+uh dynamic arrays. Right? So there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dynamic arrays. Right? So there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dynamic arrays. Right? So there
+there's uh there's a lot of ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh there's a lot of ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh there's a lot of ways in
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+you could reduce to using things but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could reduce to using things but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could reduce to using things but you
+might have to do some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to do some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to do some additional
+bookkeeping at the end. Right? But what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping at the end. Right? But what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping at the end. Right? But what
+this is saying is that these are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying is that these are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying is that these are more
+you're not using things as a black box.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not using things as a black box.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not using things as a black box.
+You're changing something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're changing something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're changing something about the
+boxes that we gave you. Right? Does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes that we gave you. Right? Does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes that we gave you. Right? Does that
+make sense? Yeah, if you tell us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense? Yeah, if you tell us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense? Yeah, if you tell us to
+write an algorithm that does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an algorithm that does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an algorithm that does something
+like log n time and we can think only of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like log n time and we can think only of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like log n time and we can think only of
+an algorithm that does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm that does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm that does something
+inefficiently like end time. Okay. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiently like end time. Okay. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiently like end time. Okay. Then
+is there any point writing that? Sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any point writing that? Sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any point writing that? Sure.
+So let's actually move uh on for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's actually move uh on for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's actually move uh on for a
+second. I actually there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to answer your question very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to answer your question very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to answer your question very
+soon. Okay. Uh but I'm going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon. Okay. Uh but I'm going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon. Okay. Uh but I'm going to get to
+it in a second. Okay. If I don't mind,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a second. Okay. If I don't mind,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a second. Okay. If I don't mind,
+if I don't answer that question in five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't answer that question in five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't answer that question in five
+minutes, please let me know. Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes, please let me know. Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes, please let me know. Okay. So,
+so the first thing when I'm approaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing when I'm approaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing when I'm approaching
+a problem on on the exam, I might try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem on on the exam, I might try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem on on the exam, I might try to
+ask some questions about the problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask some questions about the problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask some questions about the problem.
+Okay? It's going to help me decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? It's going to help me decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? It's going to help me decide what
+to use, right? Different than your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use, right? Different than your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use, right? Different than your
+problem sets, right? Your problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets, right? Your problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets, right? Your problem sets
+basically what do you use is what did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what do you use is what did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what do you use is what did we
+talk about in lecture that week, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in lecture that week, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in lecture that week, right?
+On a quiz, you have eight lectures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On a quiz, you have eight lectures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On a quiz, you have eight lectures that
+you've talked about. And so that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've talked about. And so that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've talked about. And so that this is
+going to be a harder thing for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a harder thing for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a harder thing for you to
+do, right? Because you don't know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, right? Because you don't know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, right? Because you don't know which
+of the eight lecture material is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eight lecture material is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eight lecture material is going
+to apply to this problem. And it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply to this problem. And it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply to this problem. And it could
+be a combination of them actually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a combination of them actually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a combination of them actually,
+right? And so I'm trying to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so I'm trying to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so I'm trying to give you
+ways of answering that question faster.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of answering that question faster.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of answering that question faster.
+Okay? So, uh, is this a mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So, uh, is this a mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So, uh, is this a mechanical
+reduction or modification type problem?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction or modification type problem?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction or modification type problem?
+That's just going to help me determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just going to help me determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just going to help me determine
+kind of the difficulty level of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the difficulty level of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the difficulty level of what
+this is. You might not be able to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is. You might not be able to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is. You might not be able to answer
+it, right? But it can give you a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, right? But it can give you a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, right? But it can give you a sense
+for what kind of problem it is. Is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what kind of problem it is. Is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what kind of problem it is. Is this
+a problem about data structures sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem about data structures sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem about data structures sorting
+both? Right. Uh if it's about data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both? Right. Uh if it's about data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both? Right. Uh if it's about data
+structures, do I need to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, do I need to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, do I need to support
+sequence type operations? So I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence type operations? So I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence type operations? So I need to
+store an exttrinsic order on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store an exttrinsic order on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store an exttrinsic order on something
+or is it a a thing where I I care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it a a thing where I I care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it a a thing where I I care about
+what the objects are? I'm trying to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the objects are? I'm trying to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the objects are? I'm trying to look
+things up by what they are, right? Or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up by what they are, right? Or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up by what they are, right? Or
+maybe both. Or maybe some combination,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe both. Or maybe some combination,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe both. Or maybe some combination,
+right? If I have a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If I have a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If I have a bunch of different
+types of keys that I might want to query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of keys that I might want to query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of keys that I might want to query
+on, right? I might have to use at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, right? I might have to use at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, right? I might have to use at least
+two set type of data structures, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two set type of data structures, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two set type of data structures, right?
+You could get very complicated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could get very complicated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could get very complicated with
+these things, but putting it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things, but putting it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things, but putting it in terms of
+well, I'm going to need to do this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, I'm going to need to do this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, I'm going to need to do this kind
+of operation on this these names, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operation on this these names, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operation on this these names, right?
+Then I can think, oh, I need a set data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I can think, oh, I need a set data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I can think, oh, I need a set data
+structure there. I'll think about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there. I'll think about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there. I'll think about how to
+implement that later. Should I use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that later. Should I use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that later. Should I use a
+hash table? Should I use a sorted array?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table? Should I use a sorted array?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table? Should I use a sorted array?
+Should I use a AVL tree? Right? But, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Should I use a AVL tree? Right? But, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Should I use a AVL tree? Right? But, you
+know, thinking about it first at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, thinking about it first at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, thinking about it first at the
+abstract level of I need a set data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract level of I need a set data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract level of I need a set data
+structure here, right? can help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here, right? can help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here, right? can help you
+compartmentalize correctness versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmentalize correctness versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmentalize correctness versus
+efficiency. Does that make sense? Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency. Does that make sense? Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency. Does that make sense? Okay.
+Uh if if you're stuck, this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if if you're stuck, this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if if you're stuck, this is your
+question. If you're stuck, right, write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. If you're stuck, right, write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. If you're stuck, right, write
+down a correct algorithm that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a correct algorithm that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a correct algorithm that's
+inefficient, right? We can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient, right? We can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient, right? We can give you
+points for a correct algorithm that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points for a correct algorithm that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points for a correct algorithm that's
+inefficient. At least it's a correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient. At least it's a correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient. At least it's a correct
+algorithm, right? As better than other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm, right? As better than other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm, right? As better than other
+things, right? Now if it's really if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, right? Now if it's really if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, right? Now if it's really if
+it's exponential time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exponential time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exponential time
+you might be limited to like 10 or 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be limited to like 10 or 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be limited to like 10 or 20%
+of the points right but if it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the points right but if it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the points right but if it's you know
+a log factor worse or linear factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log factor worse or linear factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log factor worse or linear factor
+worse maybe that's okay right on a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse maybe that's okay right on a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse maybe that's okay right on a data
+structures problem if any operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures problem if any operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures problem if any operation
+takes order n time that's probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes order n time that's probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes order n time that's probably not
+going to give you a lot of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a lot of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a lot of points
+because the whole point of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole point of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole point of the data
+structure is to make those operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is to make those operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is to make those operations
+fast right but you know if If it solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast right but you know if If it solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast right but you know if If it solves
+the problem, you'll get some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem, you'll get some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem, you'll get some some
+points. You won't get zero points. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. You won't get zero points. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. You won't get zero points. Yeah.
+Will we get any questions that are like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Will we get any questions that are like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Will we get any questions that are like,
+"How fast can you make this? Make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"How fast can you make this? Make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"How fast can you make this? Make this
+as fast as possible." Yeah. So, a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast as possible." Yeah. So, a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast as possible." Yeah. So, a lot of
+times we'll say, "Give us an efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we'll say, "Give us an efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we'll say, "Give us an efficient
+algorithm." Okay. It's like, "Whoa, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm." Okay. It's like, "Whoa, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm." Okay. It's like, "Whoa, I
+don't know if it's efficient or not."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it's efficient or not."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it's efficient or not."
+Well, that just means that faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that just means that faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that just means that faster
+running times are going to give you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running times are going to give you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running times are going to give you more
+points. Okay. So in in questions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. Okay. So in in questions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. Okay. So in in questions like
+that it's mostly uh trying to play this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's mostly uh trying to play this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's mostly uh trying to play this
+game of uh usually we'll put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of uh usually we'll put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of uh usually we'll put an
+efficient one in not in terms of a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient one in not in terms of a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient one in not in terms of a data
+structure because usually a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure because usually a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure because usually a data
+structures problem it's important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures problem it's important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures problem it's important in
+your implementation that these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your implementation that these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your implementation that these data
+structure operations be fast and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure operations be fast and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure operations be fast and we want
+to tell you that what how fast is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you that what how fast is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you that what how fast is right
+so dynam data structures uh questions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dynam data structures uh questions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dynam data structures uh questions in
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+uh there's usually a trade-off between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's usually a trade-off between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's usually a trade-off between
+this the the running times of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the the running times of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the the running times of these
+different operations and it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different operations and it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different operations and it's really
+important how they relate to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important how they relate to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important how they relate to each other
+and so for data structures problem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for data structures problem it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for data structures problem it's
+kind of about getting those running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of about getting those running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of about getting those running
+times okay with an algorithms problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times okay with an algorithms problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times okay with an algorithms problem
+right where we ask you to do one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where we ask you to do one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where we ask you to do one thing
+right and we try to do as fast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we try to do as fast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we try to do as fast as
+possible you know try to get linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you know try to get linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you know try to get linear time
+right most of the time you can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right most of the time you can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right most of the time you can't get
+better than linear time if you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than linear time if you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than linear time if you have to
+read the entire input at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the entire input at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the entire input at some point
+right like if I want to find the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like if I want to find the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like if I want to find the things
+in my data Right? And if you can't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my data Right? And if you can't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my data Right? And if you can't think
+of a linear time algorithm, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a linear time algorithm, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a linear time algorithm, you know,
+think of an n squ thing or think of an n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of an n squ thing or think of an n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of an n squ thing or think of an n
+login thing, right? Maybe that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login thing, right? Maybe that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login thing, right? Maybe that's a
+little hard for you guys to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard for you guys to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard for you guys to think of
+right now, right? But that's why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now, right? But that's why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now, right? But that's why I'm
+saying start with any correct algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying start with any correct algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying start with any correct algorithm
+and then maybe you can optimize, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe you can optimize, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe you can optimize, maybe
+you can use a better data structure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use a better data structure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use a better data structure to
+make it more efficient. Does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more efficient. Does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more efficient. Does that make
+sense? Any other questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Any other questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Any other questions?
+Okay. Uh, moving right along.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh, moving right along.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh, moving right along.
+Okay. Here's some downsides, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Here's some downsides, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Here's some downsides, right?
+Okay. If you find yourself doing one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If you find yourself doing one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If you find yourself doing one of
+these thing three things,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thing three things,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thing three things,
+take a step back. You're probably doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a step back. You're probably doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a step back. You're probably doing
+something wrong. Okay? So, question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong. Okay? So, question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong. Okay? So, question
+yourself if you're trying to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself if you're trying to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself if you're trying to compute
+decimals, rationals, or real numbers. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimals, rationals, or real numbers. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimals, rationals, or real numbers. I
+can't store those things on a I mean, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't store those things on a I mean, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't store those things on a I mean, I
+can store decimals to finite precision,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can store decimals to finite precision,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can store decimals to finite precision,
+right? But if you're doing finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But if you're doing finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But if you're doing finite
+precision, you might as well round like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision, you might as well round like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision, you might as well round like
+multiply your numbers by that fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply your numbers by that fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply your numbers by that fixed
+precision and deal with integers, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision and deal with integers, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision and deal with integers, right?
+We only have taught you how to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We only have taught you how to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We only have taught you how to deal with
+integers in this class, right? We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers in this class, right? We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers in this class, right? We
+haven't even shown you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even shown you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even shown you how to
+efficiently compute on rationals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently compute on rationals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently compute on rationals and
+real numbers. We have told you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers. We have told you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers. We have told you if you
+have a denominator and a numerator of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a denominator and a numerator of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a denominator and a numerator of a
+fraction, I can take two fractions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction, I can take two fractions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction, I can take two fractions and
+compare them right in constant time by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them right in constant time by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them right in constant time by
+doing cross multiplication. But if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing cross multiplication. But if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing cross multiplication. But if I'm
+trying to actually do this division,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to actually do this division,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to actually do this division,
+right, to arbitrary precision, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, to arbitrary precision, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, to arbitrary precision, that's
+not that's not happy, right? Because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that's not happy, right? Because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that's not happy, right? Because I
+can't even represent that on my computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even represent that on my computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even represent that on my computer
+in finite number of decimal points for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finite number of decimal points for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finite number of decimal points for
+some of these things, right? Uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things, right? Uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things, right? Uh if
+you're trying to use radic sort for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to use radic sort for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to use radic sort for
+every answer, it's probably wrong,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every answer, it's probably wrong,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every answer, it's probably wrong,
+right? Uh one of the things that we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Uh one of the things that we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Uh one of the things that we try
+to do on our quizzes, right? that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do on our quizzes, right? that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do on our quizzes, right? that we're
+not just giving you a bunch of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just giving you a bunch of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just giving you a bunch of problems
+randomly, right? We probably are making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly, right? We probably are making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly, right? We probably are making
+problems that cover the material in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that cover the material in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that cover the material in some
+way, right? We do want to test you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, right? We do want to test you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, right? We do want to test you on
+all of the things, right? And so if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the things, right? And so if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the things, right? And so if uh
+if you find that you're using the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find that you're using the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find that you're using the same
+thing four or five times on the exam,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing four or five times on the exam,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing four or five times on the exam,
+that might be a sign that you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be a sign that you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be a sign that you're using
+it too many times. It's not all always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it too many times. It's not all always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it too many times. It's not all always
+the case, right? Sometimes hashing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case, right? Sometimes hashing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case, right? Sometimes hashing is
+super useful, right? So you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super useful, right? So you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super useful, right? So you want to use
+it all the time. But in particular,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the time. But in particular,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the time. But in particular,
+right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right,
+everyone tries to use radic sort when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone tries to use radic sort when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone tries to use radic sort when
+it's inappropriate, right? And they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inappropriate, right? And they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inappropriate, right? And they
+love, right, because it gets linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love, right, because it gets linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love, right, because it gets linear
+time, right? But if you if you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, right? But if you if you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, right? But if you if you write
+merge sort for something where radic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort for something where radic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort for something where radic
+sort will apply, you'll get some points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort will apply, you'll get some points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort will apply, you'll get some points
+because it's correct but not efficient,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's correct but not efficient,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's correct but not efficient,
+right? If you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If you're
+and it's inefficient by a log factor,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's inefficient by a log factor,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's inefficient by a log factor,
+right? If you're trying to use radic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If you're trying to use radic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If you're trying to use radic
+sort in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort in a
+situation where comparisons are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where comparisons are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where comparisons are the
+answer and you don't have a bound on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and you don't have a bound on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and you don't have a bound on the
+integers. If I don't have a bound on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers. If I don't have a bound on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers. If I don't have a bound on the
+size of the integers, then this may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the integers, then this may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the integers, then this may be
+taking huge amount of time, right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking huge amount of time, right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking huge amount of time, right? So,
+I'm going to I'm might not even think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I'm might not even think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I'm might not even think of
+that as being correct because, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as being correct because, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as being correct because, you know,
+it could be exponential time, right? Or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be exponential time, right? Or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be exponential time, right? Or
+it could I mean I don't know I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could I mean I don't know I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could I mean I don't know I don't
+know how big my word size is. It could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how big my word size is. It could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how big my word size is. It could
+be arbitrarily bad. Okay. Uh, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be arbitrarily bad. Okay. Uh, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be arbitrarily bad. Okay. Uh, and then
+if you're trying to augment a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to augment a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to augment a binary
+tree with something that's not a subtree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree with something that's not a subtree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree with something that's not a subtree
+property, right? Something that can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property, right? Something that can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property, right? Something that can't be
+computed from the augmentations of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed from the augmentations of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed from the augmentations of its
+two children, you're doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two children, you're doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two children, you're doing something
+bad. I every exam we have 30% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. I every exam we have 30% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. I every exam we have 30% of
+students say augment by my index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students say augment by my index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students say augment by my index
+in the entire tree,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the entire tree,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the entire tree,
+right? Or augment by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Or augment by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Or augment by
+here's one that's fun. uh augment by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one that's fun. uh augment by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one that's fun. uh augment by the
+things the size of my left subree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, how like the number of nodes in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, how like the number of nodes in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, how like the number of nodes in my
+left subree? How can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how I'm not sure how I can maintain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I'm not sure how I can maintain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I'm not sure how I can maintain that
+with rotations and things like that? Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rotations and things like that? Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rotations and things like that? Uh
+let's see to in order for me to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see to in order for me to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see to in order for me to keep
+track of the augmentation of my left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the augmentation of my left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the augmentation of my left
+tree from the augmentation of my left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree from the augmentation of my left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree from the augmentation of my left
+tree, right? I kind of have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree, right? I kind of have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree, right? I kind of have to do a
+logarithmic walk all the way down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic walk all the way down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic walk all the way down the
+thing to figure out how many things were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to figure out how many things were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to figure out how many things were
+there, right? So that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, right? So that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, right? So that's not a
+maintainable thing in constant time. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintainable thing in constant time. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintainable thing in constant time. If
+I want to augment something of my left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to augment something of my left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to augment something of my left
+subree, just augment the thing itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subree, just augment the thing itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subree, just augment the thing itself
+and just look at your left subree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just look at your left subree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just look at your left subree and
+look at its augmentation. Does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at its augmentation. Does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at its augmentation. Does that make
+sense? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Yeah.
+If you had say augmented it with a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you had say augmented it with a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you had say augmented it with a sub
+tree and then augmented again with left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and then augmented again with left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and then augmented again with left
+subree and then use you could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subree and then use you could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subree and then use you could do that
+still count as you could do that. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still count as you could do that. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still count as you could do that. Yeah.
+So you could do that in constant time by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you could do that in constant time by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you could do that in constant time by
+augmenting by subree size, right? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmenting by subree size, right? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmenting by subree size, right? Yeah.
+Then have another augmentation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then have another augmentation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then have another augmentation in the
+thing. You could have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. You could have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. You could have another
+augmentation because then you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmentation because then you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmentation because then you could just
+look at but then just look look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at but then just look look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at but then just look look at your
+left subree please. Yeah. No no reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left subree please. Yeah. No no reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left subree please. Yeah. No no reason
+to store it again, right? You just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store it again, right? You just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store it again, right? You just do
+one constant time look to your left,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one constant time look to your left,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one constant time look to your left,
+right? Okay. Don't do that. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. Don't do that. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. Don't do that. Okay. So
+that is cool. I'm not that far behind.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is cool. I'm not that far behind.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is cool. I'm not that far behind.
+Those are my tips on solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are my tips on solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are my tips on solving
+questions. Oh, there's one more page.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. Oh, there's one more page.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. Oh, there's one more page.
+Yeah. So like defining an augmentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So like defining an augmentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So like defining an augmentation
+to give a formula and like argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a formula and like argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a formula and like argue that
+it's exactly right. So the the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly right. So the the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly right. So the the idea is
+if you give an augmentation that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you give an augmentation that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you give an augmentation that's not
+uh stand like we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stand like we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stand like we're going to talk about
+our standard things you can reduce to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard things you can reduce to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard things you can reduce to in
+a second, right? If I if you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second, right? If I if you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second, right? If I if you're saying
+I'm going to take a set AVL tree, right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take a set AVL tree, right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take a set AVL tree, right,
+or a sequence AVL tree and like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a sequence AVL tree and like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a sequence AVL tree and like for
+example at the end of lecture, we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at the end of lecture, we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at the end of lecture, we were
+talking about how a sequence AVL tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how a sequence AVL tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how a sequence AVL tree
+could be modified to support priority Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be modified to support priority Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be modified to support priority Q
+operations in the same running times as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations in the same running times as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations in the same running times as
+binary heaps, right? And that was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary heaps, right? And that was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary heaps, right? And that was saying
+we store our subree maxes, right? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we store our subree maxes, right? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we store our subree maxes, right? The
+max thing in my subree, right? Uh, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max thing in my subree, right? Uh, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max thing in my subree, right? Uh, and
+so that's a different augmentation than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a different augmentation than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a different augmentation than
+what's already augmented on the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's already augmented on the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's already augmented on the sequence
+AVL tree. What's what what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVL tree. What's what what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVL tree. What's what what are the
+augmentations on a sequence AVL tree?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Size.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Size.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Size.
+Uh, so count is the same thing as how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so count is the same thing as how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so count is the same thing as how
+many nodes are in my subree and height,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many nodes are in my subree and height,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many nodes are in my subree and height,
+right? Because it's an AVL tree, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because it's an AVL tree, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because it's an AVL tree, right?
+Uh so if I'm augmenting by max in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so if I'm augmenting by max in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so if I'm augmenting by max in my
+subree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subree
+that's not part of my standard interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not part of my standard interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not part of my standard interface
+so you need to tell me that right even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to tell me that right even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to tell me that right even
+though we've done it before it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we've done it before it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we've done it before it should be
+very easy for you right just say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy for you right just say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy for you right just say I'm
+augmenting by my max can be computed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmenting by my max can be computed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmenting by my max can be computed as
+the max between me and my left and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max between me and my left and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max between me and my left and right
+subree if they exist done right but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subree if they exist done right but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subree if they exist done right but just
+do that right you have to tell me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that right you have to tell me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that right you have to tell me and
+and it takes constant time so it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes constant time so it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes constant time so it can be
+maintained in constant time when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained in constant time when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained in constant time when I'm
+doing my stuff does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, uh the last thing I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh the last thing I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh the last thing I guess
+especially on the data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially on the data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially on the data structures
+problems um I would suggest that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems um I would suggest that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems um I would suggest that you
+approach these things by by solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach these things by by solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach these things by by solving
+these problems just in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems just in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems just in terms of the
+interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces
+first, right? Because then at least you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, right? Because then at least you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, right? Because then at least you
+get something that's correct, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that's correct, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that's correct, right? And
+then choose the algorithms or data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then choose the algorithms or data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then choose the algorithms or data
+structures that you use to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that you use to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that you use to implement
+those interfaces afterwards, right? one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those interfaces afterwards, right? one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those interfaces afterwards, right? one
+gets you to a correct algorithm, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you to a correct algorithm, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you to a correct algorithm, the
+other is for efficiency. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is for efficiency. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is for efficiency. Right?
+Decoupling these might help you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decoupling these might help you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decoupling these might help you in
+solving the problem. If if it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the problem. If if it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the problem. If if it doesn't
+help you, don't. Right? Right. If if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you, don't. Right? Right. If if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you, don't. Right? Right. If if
+you're like, whenever I see a set data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like, whenever I see a set data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like, whenever I see a set data
+structure, I'm going to probably use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure, I'm going to probably use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure, I'm going to probably use a
+hash table, that's probably fine, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table, that's probably fine, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table, that's probably fine, right?
+But if we're looking for worstase time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if we're looking for worstase time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if we're looking for worstase time
+bounds, that's probably not fine, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds, that's probably not fine, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds, that's probably not fine, right?
+So you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you just
+you I'm I'm ask I'm suggesting that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm I'm ask I'm suggesting that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm I'm ask I'm suggesting that you
+separate these things uh so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate these things uh so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate these things uh so that you
+concentrate on solving the problem first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate on solving the problem first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate on solving the problem first
+and optimize it later. Yeah. Just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and optimize it later. Yeah. Just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and optimize it later. Yeah. Just a
+question in regards to worst case time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in regards to worst case time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in regards to worst case time
+bound. Um so for our hash table given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound. Um so for our hash table given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound. Um so for our hash table given
+that it's like oh one expected like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's like oh one expected like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's like oh one expected like that
+also implies that oh worst case. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also implies that oh worst case. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also implies that oh worst case. So
+could you technically it doesn't imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you technically it doesn't imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you technically it doesn't imply
+that it is that right? So that I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is that right? So that I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is that right? So that I mean
+you could have a data structure whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have a data structure whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have a data structure whose
+expected time bound is constant but its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time bound is constant but its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time bound is constant but its
+worst case bound is n log n right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case bound is n log n right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case bound is n log n right it
+just happens to be the fact that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens to be the fact that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens to be the fact that for a
+hash table those worst case operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table those worst case operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table those worst case operations
+are linear right so but if I had we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linear right so but if I had we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linear right so but if I had we had
+a question uh up here beforehand right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question uh up here beforehand right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question uh up here beforehand right
+if I had a a running time bound that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had a a running time bound that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had a a running time bound that I
+did something to a hash table right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did something to a hash table right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did something to a hash table right in
+constant expected time right I did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant expected time right I did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant expected time right I did a
+lookup and then I I I queried an AV VL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup and then I I I queried an AV VL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup and then I I I queried an AV VL
+tree for the predecessor of a node or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree for the predecessor of a node or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree for the predecessor of a node or
+something like that and I did that in O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and I did that in O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and I did that in O
+of log N time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of log N time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of log N time
+what's the worst case running time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the worst case running time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the worst case running time of
+that O of N right what's the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that O of N right what's the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that O of N right what's the expected
+running time of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time of this thing
+log N expected login right because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log N expected login right because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log N expected login right because it's
+possible that in the worst case it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that in the worst case it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that in the worst case it could
+be higher that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be higher that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be higher that make sense
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+Uh so okay the second bullet is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so okay the second bullet is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so okay the second bullet is just
+setting up a data structures problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up a data structures problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up a data structures problem
+right there's a lot of moving parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a lot of moving parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a lot of moving parts
+we're going to do two data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do two data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do two data structures
+problem at the end of this session right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem at the end of this session right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem at the end of this session right
+describe all of the data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe all of the data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe all of the data structures
+you're using right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using right
+including what they store right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including what they store right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including what they store right if
+you're storing a set data structure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're storing a set data structure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're storing a set data structure you
+better tell me what the things you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better tell me what the things you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better tell me what the things you're
+stored are keyed on right usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored are keyed on right usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored are keyed on right usually the
+things that we're storing contain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we're storing contain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we're storing contain a
+bunch of information. And if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of information. And if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of information. And if you just
+say I'm storing all of the toppings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm storing all of the toppings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm storing all of the toppings of
+my pizza, right, in a set data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pizza, right, in a set data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pizza, right, in a set data structure
+and that's all you tell me, I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all you tell me, I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all you tell me, I have no
+idea what you're talking about because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what you're talking about because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what you're talking about because I
+don't know what the semantics of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the semantics of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the semantics of your
+set data structure are. What is it keyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set data structure are. What is it keyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set data structure are. What is it keyed
+on? Right? I have to say, oh, it's keyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on? Right? I have to say, oh, it's keyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on? Right? I have to say, oh, it's keyed
+on, I don't know, the wise or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, I don't know, the wise or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, I don't know, the wise or something
+like that, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that, right?
+Okay. And they're invariance, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And they're invariance, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And they're invariance, right?
+what how we're setting up these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how we're setting up these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how we're setting up these data
+structures problem usually how I solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures problem usually how I solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures problem usually how I solve
+these when I'm writing the solutions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these when I'm writing the solutions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these when I'm writing the solutions I
+set you up a state right of what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you up a state right of what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you up a state right of what this
+data structure could be at some instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure could be at some instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure could be at some instance
+right I'm going to say this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm going to say this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm going to say this data
+structure stores all of the things less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure stores all of the things less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure stores all of the things less
+than K with with key less than K blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K with with key less than K blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K with with key less than K blah
+blah blah right and this one stores the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah right and this one stores the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah right and this one stores the
+uh the exttrinsic order of the items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the exttrinsic order of the items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the exttrinsic order of the items
+based on blah blah blah right Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on blah blah blah right Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on blah blah blah right Okay, so
+actually me stating what they store in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually me stating what they store in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually me stating what they store in
+that way, right, is actually imposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way, right, is actually imposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way, right, is actually imposing
+some kind of invariant on these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of invariant on these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of invariant on these data
+structures that I'm wanting to maintain,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that I'm wanting to maintain,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that I'm wanting to maintain,
+right? But what I need to do to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But what I need to do to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But what I need to do to prove
+that this thing is correct is that based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing is correct is that based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing is correct is that based
+on the assumption that those invariants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the assumption that those invariants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the assumption that those invariants
+held before my operation, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held before my operation, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held before my operation, right?
+then I can prove that an operation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can prove that an operation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can prove that an operation is
+correct if all of those ma those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if all of those ma those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if all of those ma those those
+invariants are maintained at before then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariants are maintained at before then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariants are maintained at before then
+after the operation right that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the operation right that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the operation right that's kind of
+how I'm proving that this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I'm proving that this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I'm proving that this thing is
+correct and then when I'm querying I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and then when I'm querying I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and then when I'm querying I'm
+doing some kind of lookup on this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some kind of lookup on this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some kind of lookup on this data
+structure I can rely on those invariants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I can rely on those invariants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I can rely on those invariants
+I know that those things are good right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that those things are good right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that those things are good right
+those things have been maintained and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things have been maintained and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things have been maintained and so
+I can rely on those to look up uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can rely on those to look up uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can rely on those to look up uh what's
+the largest K of this thing does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest K of this thing does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest K of this thing does that
+kind of make sense abstract we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of make sense abstract we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of make sense abstract we're going
+get a little bit more concrete in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit more concrete in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit more concrete in just a
+second. Uh and then uh implement every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Uh and then uh implement every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Uh and then uh implement every
+operation. I you have no idea how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. I you have no idea how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. I you have no idea how many
+solutions we write read on the quizzes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions we write read on the quizzes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions we write read on the quizzes,
+right? Which we give you three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Which we give you three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Which we give you three
+operations to implement and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations to implement and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations to implement and you don't
+even mention one and it's usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even mention one and it's usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even mention one and it's usually the
+easiest one. It's like insert it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest one. It's like insert it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest one. It's like insert it into
+your data structure. It's like come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data structure. It's like come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data structure. It's like come on
+just say that right? We can't give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that right? We can't give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that right? We can't give you
+points unless you mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points unless you mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points unless you mention that
+operation. Does that make sense? Uh, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. Does that make sense? Uh, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. Does that make sense? Uh, and
+then it's going to help us re happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to help us re happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to help us re happy
+graders give you more points. Not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders give you more points. Not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders give you more points. Not not
+really, right? Like, but I if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really, right? Like, but I if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really, right? Like, but I if your
+solution is well organized and wellleled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is well organized and wellleled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is well organized and wellleled
+and things like that, then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that, then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that, then we're going
+to be able to comprehend your solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to comprehend your solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to comprehend your solution
+better and we'll be able to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and we'll be able to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and we'll be able to give you
+more points. Remember, part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more points. Remember, part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more points. Remember, part of this
+class is about communication. If your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is about communication. If your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is about communication. If your
+thing is correct,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is correct,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is correct,
+but we can't tell what you're saying,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can't tell what you're saying,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can't tell what you're saying,
+then it's not correct. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not correct. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not correct. Right.
+Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+All right. So, uh, now we get to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, uh, now we get to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, uh, now we get to any
+questions on that? Yeah. Question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on that? Yeah. Question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on that? Yeah. Question about
+the variance. So, what are the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance. So, what are the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance. So, what are the data
+structures that we've discussed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that we've discussed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that we've discussed in the
+past? Do you still like what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past? Do you still like what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past? Do you still like what the
+variants are like that tree? Right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants are like that tree? Right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants are like that tree? Right. So
+if it's the standard things we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's the standard things we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's the standard things we're going
+to talk about what the standard things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about what the standard things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about what the standard things
+are now uh then you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now uh then you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now uh then you don't need to
+reargue or restate all I mean you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reargue or restate all I mean you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reargue or restate all I mean you can
+you can basically say like uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can basically say like uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can basically say like uh because
+the set and sequence interfaces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set and sequence interfaces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set and sequence interfaces are
+defined that way these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined that way these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined that way these things are
+correct like almost like ob you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct like almost like ob you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct like almost like ob you can you
+can basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically
+we you're trying to convince us that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you're trying to convince us that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you're trying to convince us that you
+know why it's correct right if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why it's correct right if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why it's correct right if you guys
+if you're correctly using a set or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're correctly using a set or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're correctly using a set or a
+sequence data structure in these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence data structure in these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence data structure in these data
+structures type problems then unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures type problems then unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures type problems then unless
+you're using it in a way that is unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using it in a way that is unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using it in a way that is unusual
+right uh usually you can just rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh usually you can just rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh usually you can just rely on
+the properties of the set and sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the set and sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the set and sequence
+data structures that we gave you I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures that we gave you I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures that we gave you I do
+want you to mention that you thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to mention that you thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to mention that you thought
+about correctness right right like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about correctness right right like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about correctness right right like this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this data structure is correct because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure is correct because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure is correct because
+right just write a sentence saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just write a sentence saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just write a sentence saying that
+right and arguing that you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and arguing that you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and arguing that you're you're
+basically maintaining the invariance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically maintaining the invariance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically maintaining the invariance of
+your data structure kind of at the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data structure kind of at the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data structure kind of at the upper
+level, right? What kinds of things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level, right? What kinds of things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level, right? What kinds of things are
+is this data structure storing? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this data structure storing? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this data structure storing? What
+what m uh things about the the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what m uh things about the the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what m uh things about the the global
+data structure are are we relying on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure are are we relying on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure are are we relying on to
+make query operations? As long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make query operations? As long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make query operations? As long as you
+are are convincing that uh after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are convincing that uh after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are convincing that uh after a
+dynamic operation where I'm modifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic operation where I'm modifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic operation where I'm modifying
+the data structure that those invariants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data structure that those invariants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data structure that those invariants
+stay the same that are are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay the same that are are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay the same that are are still
+satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied
+then then that's really all you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then that's really all you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then that's really all you need to
+say right you these these invariants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say right you these these invariants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say right you these these invariants are
+are satisfied because of the definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are satisfied because of the definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are satisfied because of the definitions
+of a set and sequence data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set and sequence data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set and sequence data structure
+right like a lot of times it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like a lot of times it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like a lot of times it doesn't
+require a lot of thought for the we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require a lot of thought for the we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require a lot of thought for the we're
+not asking the the reason why we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not asking the the reason why we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not asking the the reason why we do
+reduction problems, right? Is so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction problems, right? Is so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction problems, right? Is so that
+you don't have to do a lot of work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to do a lot of work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to do a lot of work to
+prove to us that it's correct, right? We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove to us that it's correct, right? We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove to us that it's correct, right? We
+have these really nice black boxes. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these really nice black boxes. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these really nice black boxes. They
+are correct. We proved them to you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correct. We proved them to you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correct. We proved them to you that
+they're correct. And so you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're correct. And so you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're correct. And so you don't have
+to redo that work. Okay? So now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to redo that work. Okay? So now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to redo that work. Okay? So now we're
+going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through
+uh kind of the core material I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of the core material I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of the core material I like to
+think about in this class. this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in this class. this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in this class. this class
+the the first part of this class aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first part of this class aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first part of this class aside
+from these you know mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these you know mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these you know mathematical
+uh uh tools that we developed at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh tools that we developed at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh tools that we developed at the
+beginning of the course is mostly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the course is mostly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the course is mostly about
+solving problems involving data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving problems involving data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving problems involving data
+structures and we motivated this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and we motivated this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and we motivated this problem
+of sorting by saying that a sorted array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sorting by saying that a sorted array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sorting by saying that a sorted array
+is a data structure that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a data structure that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a data structure that's actually
+pretty useful right but how do we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty useful right but how do we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty useful right but how do we sort
+those things uh well we showed you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things uh well we showed you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things uh well we showed you a
+bunch of ways to do that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of ways to do that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of ways to do that right
+and this is that nice table lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is that nice table lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is that nice table lots of
+stuff, right? Why do we show you so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff, right? Why do we show you so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff, right? Why do we show you so many
+sorting algorithms? Why don't we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting algorithms? Why don't we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting algorithms? Why don't we just
+give you one algorithm?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you one algorithm?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you one algorithm?
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different run times. Better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different run times. Better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different run times. Better for
+different scenario. Better for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenario. Better for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenario. Better for different
+scenarios. Yeah, they each have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios. Yeah, they each have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios. Yeah, they each have their
+own individual components that may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own individual components that may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own individual components that may be
+better. Yeah, you'll notice in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Yeah, you'll notice in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Yeah, you'll notice in this
+table, right, there's not blue all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table, right, there's not blue all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table, right, there's not blue all the
+way across for any of these things,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way across for any of these things,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way across for any of these things,
+right? So, some of them are better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, some of them are better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, some of them are better for
+different scenarios. And actually these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios. And actually these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios. And actually these
+comments kind of list some special cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments kind of list some special cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments kind of list some special cases
+where these things might be better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these things might be better.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these things might be better.
+Right? In in actuality this ultra blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? In in actuality this ultra blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? In in actuality this ultra blue
+thing is saying like this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is saying like this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is saying like this could be
+linear time that's better. Right? But in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time that's better. Right? But in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time that's better. Right? But in
+some cases this is worse than all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases this is worse than all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases this is worse than all the
+other things. Right? So be a little wary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things. Right? So be a little wary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things. Right? So be a little wary
+of this blue color here. Okay. Generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this blue color here. Okay. Generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this blue color here. Okay. Generally
+we're trying to get you down further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to get you down further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to get you down further
+down in this chart if you can. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in this chart if you can. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in this chart if you can. Right?
+And in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in general
+uh like for example merge sort, AVL sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like for example merge sort, AVL sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like for example merge sort, AVL sort
+these are really the same in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really the same in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really the same in terms of
+asmtoic complexity and kind of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asmtoic complexity and kind of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asmtoic complexity and kind of the way
+in which you interact with these sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you interact with these sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you interact with these sorting
+algorithms. Um but there are special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms. Um but there are special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms. Um but there are special
+cases where you might use insertion sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where you might use insertion sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where you might use insertion sort
+or selection sort. Actually I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or selection sort. Actually I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or selection sort. Actually I'm not sure
+about insertion sort. I there you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about insertion sort. I there you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about insertion sort. I there you had a
+uh in your recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in your recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in your recitation
+two days ago uh I think you guys showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days ago uh I think you guys showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days ago uh I think you guys showed
+how to do uh if you had a kroximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do uh if you had a kroximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do uh if you had a kroximate
+array where things are not more than k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array where things are not more than k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array where things are not more than k
+away from each other. Insertion sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from each other. Insertion sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from each other. Insertion sort
+actually runs in n times k and so if k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually runs in n times k and so if k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually runs in n times k and so if k
+is small then that's really good. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small then that's really good. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small then that's really good. That's
+kind of like linear. But you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like linear. But you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like linear. But you can
+actually do even better with a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do even better with a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do even better with a binary
+heap which you saw in recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap which you saw in recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap which you saw in recitation
+hopefully where you can get that down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully where you can get that down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully where you can get that down to
+n log k by keeping maintaining a heap as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log k by keeping maintaining a heap as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log k by keeping maintaining a heap as
+you go across and finding the max that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go across and finding the max that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go across and finding the max that
+way. Okay. Uh so insertion sort maybe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Okay. Uh so insertion sort maybe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Okay. Uh so insertion sort maybe is
+not so great but uh selection sort right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so great but uh selection sort right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so great but uh selection sort right
+the the name of the game there is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the name of the game there is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the name of the game there is that
+uh if my reads are cheap but my rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if my reads are cheap but my rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if my reads are cheap but my rights
+are expensive right uh selection sword
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expensive right uh selection sword
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expensive right uh selection sword
+actually does pretty well because I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does pretty well because I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does pretty well because I only
+have to do uh sorry my reads are cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do uh sorry my reads are cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do uh sorry my reads are cheap
+and my rights are yeah expensive right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my rights are yeah expensive right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my rights are yeah expensive right
+selection sort only does a linear number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection sort only does a linear number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection sort only does a linear number
+of swaps right it's looking down finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of swaps right it's looking down finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of swaps right it's looking down finding
+the max swapping it in and keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max swapping it in and keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max swapping it in and keep going
+right and so such cases that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so such cases that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so such cases that's actually
+better than any of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than any of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than any of these other
+algorithms that we've got. Yeah. Is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that we've got. Yeah. Is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that we've got. Yeah. Is he
+sort time um worst case or expected?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort time um worst case or expected?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort time um worst case or expected?
+This is worst case. Okay. So, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is worst case. Okay. So, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is worst case. Okay. So, it's a
+little hard to put there was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to put there was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to put there was a lot of
+moving parts to get to this bound uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving parts to get to this bound uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving parts to get to this bound uh in
+on in Tuesday's lecture, right? Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in Tuesday's lecture, right? Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in Tuesday's lecture, right? Uh
+basically what we did, we showed you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we did, we showed you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we did, we showed you how
+to think of an array as a heap, as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of an array as a heap, as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of an array as a heap, as a
+binary tree, right? Complete binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree, right? Complete binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree, right? Complete binary
+tree. It's not an AVL. I mean, it is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. It's not an AVL. I mean, it is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. It's not an AVL. I mean, it is an
+AVL tree, but like AVL trees are weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVL tree, but like AVL trees are weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVL tree, but like AVL trees are weaker
+than a complete tree, right? Height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a complete tree, right? Height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a complete tree, right? Height
+balance is a weaker property than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance is a weaker property than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance is a weaker property than a
+complete, right? The the the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete, right? The the the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete, right? The the the reason why
+we use complete is because it's unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use complete is because it's unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use complete is because it's unique
+for a number of nodes, right? That way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of nodes, right? That way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of nodes, right? That way I
+when I give you one array with a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I give you one array with a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I give you one array with a fixed
+length, I know exactly what tree you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length, I know exactly what tree you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length, I know exactly what tree you're
+talking about because there's a onetoone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about because there's a onetoone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about because there's a onetoone
+mapping there, right? If I I can't if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping there, right? If I I can't if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping there, right? If I I can't if I
+there was it some ambigu ambiguity on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was it some ambigu ambiguity on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was it some ambigu ambiguity on
+what tree I was talking about I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what tree I was talking about I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what tree I was talking about I wouldn't
+heaps just wouldn't work right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaps just wouldn't work right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaps just wouldn't work right so what
+what heaps sort does is it has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what heaps sort does is it has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what heaps sort does is it has this
+correspondence between arrays and binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence between arrays and binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence between arrays and binary
+trees uh and then what it does is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees uh and then what it does is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees uh and then what it does is uh
+provides these operations that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides these operations that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides these operations that kind of
+only do operations at the end right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only do operations at the end right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only do operations at the end right and
+then the in place uh uh optimization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the in place uh uh optimization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the in place uh uh optimization is
+that well instead of actually popping it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well instead of actually popping it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well instead of actually popping it
+or pushing it onto the back of an array.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pushing it onto the back of an array.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pushing it onto the back of an array.
+I'm just going to think of a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to think of a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to think of a subset of
+my array as a heap and then always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my array as a heap and then always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my array as a heap and then always
+kind of pooping the max out to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pooping the max out to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pooping the max out to the the
+end, right? Just leaving it behind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end, right? Just leaving it behind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end, right? Just leaving it behind and
+thinking of my heap as a smaller subset,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of my heap as a smaller subset,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of my heap as a smaller subset,
+right? And that's how we got it. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And that's how we got it. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And that's how we got it. It
+didn't actually use any amortization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't actually use any amortization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't actually use any amortization
+uh for for the timebound timebound. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for for the timebound timebound. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for for the timebound timebound. You
+could actually do this with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually do this with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually do this with the
+amortized basically dynamic array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized basically dynamic array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized basically dynamic array
+version of this. The timebound doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this. The timebound doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this. The timebound doesn't
+rely on that. The in place relies on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on that. The in place relies on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on that. The in place relies on you
+know key staying all within one array.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know key staying all within one array.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know key staying all within one array.
+Does that make sense that you're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense that you're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense that you're doing a
+bunch of amortized operations so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of amortized operations so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of amortized operations so that
+this actually does achieve worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually does achieve worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually does achieve worst case
+and login? Yeah. It seems that like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and login? Yeah. It seems that like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and login? Yeah. It seems that like the
+things we learn not like such a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we learn not like such a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we learn not like such a long
+time ago are they tend to be better. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago are they tend to be better. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago are they tend to be better. So
+assume that most algorithms you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that most algorithms you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that most algorithms you want
+them to be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be you know
+faster. Um it seems like we will not use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster. Um it seems like we will not use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster. Um it seems like we will not use
+as often especially in the exam as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as often especially in the exam as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as often especially in the exam as well
+insertion and selection right yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion and selection right yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion and selection right yeah so
+there are these special cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these special cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these special cases where
+they're good right but I mean uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're good right but I mean uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're good right but I mean uh you
+know generally these are better general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know generally these are better general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know generally these are better general
+data structures for most situations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures for most situations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures for most situations that
+you come across. I mean there are cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come across. I mean there are cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come across. I mean there are cases
+where those other things are good so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those other things are good so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those other things are good so you
+don't want to completely ignore them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to completely ignore them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to completely ignore them
+right but generally uh yeah you trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but generally uh yeah you trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but generally uh yeah you trying
+to be lower down in this chart. What I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be lower down in this chart. What I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be lower down in this chart. What I
+mean is that if I don't have any exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is that if I don't have any exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is that if I don't have any exam
+like I'm using them all except for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm using them all except for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm using them all except for like
+selection it won't there's too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection it won't there's too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection it won't there's too many
+things on here for us to test all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on here for us to test all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on here for us to test all of
+them on an exam. Okay. So don't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on an exam. Okay. So don't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on an exam. Okay. So don't be
+afraid if not everything is covered.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid if not everything is covered.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid if not everything is covered.
+Worry when things are covered 18 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Worry when things are covered 18 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Worry when things are covered 18 times
+on the exam. That's not good right. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exam. That's not good right. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exam. That's not good right. Um
+okay. So for radic sort there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So for radic sort there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So for radic sort there are
+situations where right you get linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where right you get linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where right you get linear
+time right it's when you're polinomially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right it's when you're polinomially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right it's when you're polinomially
+bounded is there are there times when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded is there are there times when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded is there are there times when I
+want to use radic sort when I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use radic sort when I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use radic sort when I'm not
+polomially bounded in my integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well if you're not polinomially bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're not polinomially bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're not polinomially bounded
+then that could take a really long time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that could take a really long time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that could take a really long time.
+Sure. Yeah. But like where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. Yeah. But like where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. Yeah. But like where's the
+uh this will be worse than n login when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this will be worse than n login when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this will be worse than n login when
+right it's definitely better than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's definitely better than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's definitely better than n
+login when u is polomially bounded right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login when u is polomially bounded right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login when u is polomially bounded right
+because it's linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's linear
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+to the n okay so if I put n to the n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n okay so if I put n to the n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n okay so if I put n to the n in
+here right I get an n factor that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right I get an n factor that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right I get an n factor that comes
+out here that gives me quadratic running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here that gives me quadratic running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here that gives me quadratic running
+time which is not great. Okay. But when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is not great. Okay. But when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is not great. Okay. But when
+will this be better than n login?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will this be better than n login?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will this be better than n login?
+Yeah. Uh n to the c is less than n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Uh n to the c is less than n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Uh n to the c is less than n to
+the c. Uh n to the c. So that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c. Uh n to the c. So that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c. Uh n to the c. So that'll
+definitely give us linear time, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely give us linear time, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely give us linear time, right?
+That's what this is saying. But we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what this is saying. But we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what this is saying. But we can
+actually do better than n login if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do better than n login if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do better than n login if this
+u is n to the c * log n, right? for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is n to the c * log n, right? for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is n to the c * log n, right? for some
+C, right? If it's if it's as like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C, right? If it's if it's as like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C, right? If it's if it's as like if
+it's N to the C log login log N, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's N to the C log login log N, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's N to the C log login log N, right?
+That's smaller than login, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's smaller than login, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's smaller than login, right? So
+that's a better algorithm, right? That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a better algorithm, right? That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a better algorithm, right? That's
+a faster alg. Do you guys see why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a faster alg. Do you guys see why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a faster alg. Do you guys see why we
+wrote these things this way is so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote these things this way is so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote these things this way is so that
+we give you a more precise bound. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give you a more precise bound. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give you a more precise bound. It's
+it's this is more important for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is more important for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is more important for you
+understand what U means here than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what U means here than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what U means here than that
+that this thing sometimes runs in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing sometimes runs in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing sometimes runs in linear
+time, right? We want to know you when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, right? We want to know you when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, right? We want to know you when it
+runs in linear time, right? Does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in linear time, right? Does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in linear time, right? Does that
+make sense? Or when it runs faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense? Or when it runs faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense? Or when it runs faster than
+merge sort. Does that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort. Does that make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort. Does that make sense?
+Okay. So that's sorting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's sorting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's sorting.
+Uh we have sequence type data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we have sequence type data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we have sequence type data
+structures, right? We have linked lists,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, right? We have linked lists,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, right? We have linked lists,
+we have dynamic arrays, we have sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have dynamic arrays, we have sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have dynamic arrays, we have sequence
+AVLs. Sequence AVLs are great. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVLs. Sequence AVLs are great. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVLs. Sequence AVLs are great. I don't
+know why no one teaches it. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why no one teaches it. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why no one teaches it. They're
+great. They don't teach it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. They don't teach it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. They don't teach it probably
+because they're actually not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're actually not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're actually not that
+useful, right? They you don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful, right? They you don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful, right? They you don't actually
+use the insert in the middle a lot,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the insert in the middle a lot,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the insert in the middle a lot,
+right, in coding, right? So it's it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, in coding, right? So it's it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, in coding, right? So it's it you
+can usually get around with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can usually get around with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can usually get around with like
+shifting something to the end and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting something to the end and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting something to the end and doing
+dynamic operations there, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic operations there, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic operations there, right? And
+that's a lot of the games that you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of the games that you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of the games that you try
+to play. So you don't have to make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play. So you don't have to make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play. So you don't have to make your
+own data structures and you can just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own data structures and you can just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own data structures and you can just use
+the Python list that's in your in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Python list that's in your in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Python list that's in your in like
+native to your thing, right? But theor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native to your thing, right? But theor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native to your thing, right? But theor
+it has a theoretical interest because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a theoretical interest because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a theoretical interest because it
+gets these kind of balance bounds if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets these kind of balance bounds if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets these kind of balance bounds if you
+need to insert in the middle of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to insert in the middle of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to insert in the middle of this
+sequence. Right? Uh now some of you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. Right? Uh now some of you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. Right? Uh now some of you look
+at me and had a question before right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at me and had a question before right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at me and had a question before right
+that was like but Jason how does linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like but Jason how does linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like but Jason how does linked
+list operations on the end of a linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list operations on the end of a linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list operations on the end of a linked
+list why does that take linear time?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list why does that take linear time?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list why does that take linear time?
+It's because in lecture we presented you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's because in lecture we presented you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's because in lecture we presented you
+with what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A singly linked list, right? It just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A singly linked list, right? It just had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A singly linked list, right? It just had
+pointers to the next thing, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers to the next thing, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers to the next thing, right? And
+if I only have pointers to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I only have pointers to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I only have pointers to the next
+thing and a pointer to the head, for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and a pointer to the head, for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and a pointer to the head, for me
+to find the end, right? I need to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the end, right? I need to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the end, right? I need to walk
+all the way down the list, right? Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down the list, right? Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down the list, right? Now,
+let's say I keep my pointer to the tail.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I keep my pointer to the tail.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I keep my pointer to the tail.
+then finding that end one is fine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finding that end one is fine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finding that end one is fine but
+removing it still takes linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing it still takes linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing it still takes linear time
+because I don't know what came before me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know what came before me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know what came before me
+right and so that's why in pet set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that's why in pet set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that's why in pet set
+whatever one two I don't remember uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever one two I don't remember uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever one two I don't remember uh you
+stored a pointer back to your previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored a pointer back to your previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored a pointer back to your previous
+one that gave you doubly linked lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that gave you doubly linked lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that gave you doubly linked lists
+yay right so actually expanding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yay right so actually expanding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yay right so actually expanding this
+table out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table out
+you can reference a doubly linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reference a doubly linked list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reference a doubly linked list
+here and get this one as constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and get this one as constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and get this one as constant time
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+And uh this one still linear time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh this one still linear time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh this one still linear time,
+right? Okay. Uh but this one's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. Uh but this one's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. Uh but this one's still
+linear time. Uh we al actually also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time. Uh we al actually also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time. Uh we al actually also
+showed you how to do this in constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you how to do this in constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you how to do this in constant
+amortize. Do do you guys remember that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortize. Do do you guys remember that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortize. Do do you guys remember that?
+That was in problem session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was in problem session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was in problem session
+two or one. I don't remember remember it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or one. I don't remember remember it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or one. I don't remember remember it
+was whatever we talking about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was whatever we talking about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was whatever we talking about uh
+amortized stuff, right? We got we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized stuff, right? We got we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized stuff, right? We got we got
+actually both of these to one amortized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually both of these to one amortized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually both of these to one amortized
+using the concepts of a dynamic array.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the concepts of a dynamic array.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the concepts of a dynamic array.
+Right? And then we actually did it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And then we actually did it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And then we actually did it one
+more time where we got a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time where we got a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time where we got a good
+double-ended thing. What was that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-ended thing. What was that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-ended thing. What was that?
+Does anyone remember? We went to problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does anyone remember? We went to problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does anyone remember? We went to problem
+session three. Yeah. Oh, I'm probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session three. Yeah. Oh, I'm probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session three. Yeah. Oh, I'm probably
+wrong. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. This is
+like Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Q.
+So QDQ uh those are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So QDQ uh those are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So QDQ uh those are talking about
+double-ended things. uh those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-ended things. uh those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-ended things. uh those are
+implemented in a certain way right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented in a certain way right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented in a certain way right which
+is actually one of these things it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually one of these things it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually one of these things it's
+actually I think this one in Python uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think this one in Python uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think this one in Python uh
+but uh there's we used a different data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh there's we used a different data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh there's we used a different data
+structure to get something that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to get something that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to get something that had
+really good at right it had really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at right it had really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at right it had really good
+pop and append and first and last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop and append and first and last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop and append and first and last
+dynamic operations do you guys anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic operations do you guys anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic operations do you guys anyone
+remember problem session three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space. That's That's what this was,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. That's That's what this was,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. That's That's what this was,
+right? Okay. We got one that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. We got one that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. We got one that had
+expected bounds. Does that help?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected bounds. Does that help?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected bounds. Does that help?
+Really? I heard someone say it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Really? I heard someone say it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Really? I heard someone say it.
+Hash table. Yeah. So, what basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hash table. Yeah. So, what basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hash table. Yeah. So, what basically you
+did you instead of you you this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you instead of you you this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you instead of you you this is a
+sequence thing. These things don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence thing. These things don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence thing. These things don't have
+keys, right? But I could identify with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys, right? But I could identify with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys, right? But I could identify with
+each item as I stick it in a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each item as I stick it in a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each item as I stick it in a key
+representing its index, right? And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing its index, right? And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing its index, right? And I
+could use a hash table that way. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use a hash table that way. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use a hash table that way. Now
+there was some difficulty, right? If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some difficulty, right? If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some difficulty, right? If I
+removed the first thing, right? Or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed the first thing, right? Or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed the first thing, right? Or
+right, because actually how how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, because actually how how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, because actually how how those
+all of my indices have now changed,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of my indices have now changed,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of my indices have now changed,
+right? But if I just store what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But if I just store what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But if I just store what the
+smallest index in my thing is, then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest index in my thing is, then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest index in my thing is, then then
+I'm golden because I can compute what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm golden because I can compute what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm golden because I can compute what
+that index should be, right? As I as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that index should be, right? As I as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that index should be, right? As I as I
+change things at the front. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change things at the front. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change things at the front. Okay. So
+there's actually three different ways we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually three different ways we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually three different ways we
+showed you of getting constant time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you of getting constant time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you of getting constant time at
+the front and the back of this thing. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front and the back of this thing. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front and the back of this thing. So
+actually you can think of that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can think of that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can think of that as
+standard material that you can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard material that you can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard material that you can reduce
+to. Okay, that's the like one exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. Okay, that's the like one exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. Okay, that's the like one exception
+of the things that I'm not showing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that I'm not showing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that I'm not showing on
+this chart, but is a bonus if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart, but is a bonus if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart, but is a bonus if you're
+watching this problem session. Yeah. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this problem session. Yeah. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this problem session. Yeah. So
+the so isn't a hash table a set data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so isn't a hash table a set data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so isn't a hash table a set data
+structure though it is right but it's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure though it is right but it's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure though it is right but it's we
+used it to implement a sequence data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it to implement a sequence data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it to implement a sequence data
+structure. So I will refer you to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. So I will refer you to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. So I will refer you to that
+uh problem session if you want to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problem session if you want to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problem session if you want to learn
+more about it. Okay. So any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it. Okay. So any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it. Okay. So any questions on
+sequence data structures? Yeah. Uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence data structures? Yeah. Uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence data structures? Yeah. Uh a
+different question. Uh should we be or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different question. Uh should we be or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different question. Uh should we be or
+yeah should we be able to like prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah should we be able to like prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah should we be able to like prove the
+tables that we're given? So, uh, I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables that we're given? So, uh, I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables that we're given? So, uh, I would
+hope I hope that if I gave you a blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope I hope that if I gave you a blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope I hope that if I gave you a blank
+table that you would be able to fill it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that you would be able to fill it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that you would be able to fill it
+out, right? That's how well I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, right? That's how well I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, right? That's how well I want you
+to know how these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how these things are
+implemented.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented.
+I'm we're not going to have that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm we're not going to have that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm we're not going to have that on the
+exam, right? That's a boring kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam, right? That's a boring kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam, right? That's a boring kind of
+question, but it is important to know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, but it is important to know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, but it is important to know.
+Yeah, I I would um you know, it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I I would um you know, it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I I would um you know, it's good
+for you to think like, oh, if I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to think like, oh, if I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to think like, oh, if I'm going
+to use an AVL tree, right, operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use an AVL tree, right, operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use an AVL tree, right, operations
+are generally going to be login, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generally going to be login, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generally going to be login, right?
+That's a really useful thing to or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a really useful thing to or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a really useful thing to or if
+I'm going to use a hash table, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use a hash table, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use a hash table, right?
+Dictionary type operations, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dictionary type operations, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dictionary type operations, you know,
+finding, inserting, and deleting, those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding, inserting, and deleting, those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding, inserting, and deleting, those
+are fast, doing order type operations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fast, doing order type operations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fast, doing order type operations on
+hash structure hashts is bad. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash structure hashts is bad. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash structure hashts is bad. That's
+hard to do because I have to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do because I have to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do because I have to basically
+look through all my things, right? Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through all my things, right? Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through all my things, right? Um,
+knowing that dynamic operations on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that dynamic operations on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that dynamic operations on a
+sorted array is bad, right? or knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted array is bad, right? or knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted array is bad, right? or knowing
+that uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you know
+you you have to think about here what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have to think about here what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have to think about here what we
+mean when we say linked list and dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when we say linked list and dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when we say linked list and dynamic
+array in this table right because sing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array in this table right because sing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array in this table right because sing
+you've yeah exactly we are implying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've yeah exactly we are implying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've yeah exactly we are implying
+singly linked here because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singly linked here because that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singly linked here because that's what
+we presented to you in lecture and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we presented to you in lecture and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we presented to you in lecture and so
+those are the standard things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the standard things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the standard things that we
+want you to reduce to so the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to reduce to so the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to reduce to so the three
+modified standard things are the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified standard things are the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified standard things are the double
+list the double ended yeah basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list the double ended yeah basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list the double ended yeah basically you
+can assume that you have a doubly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume that you have a doubly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume that you have a doubly it's
+this one that you probably want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one that you probably want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one that you probably want to use
+Right? Because you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Because you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Because you get
+constant indexing, right? And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant indexing, right? And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant indexing, right? And then
+pretty good on both ends, right? But you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good on both ends, right? But you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good on both ends, right? But you
+know, if you need a double-ended queue,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you need a double-ended queue,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you need a double-ended queue,
+you can also reduce it to having two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also reduce it to having two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also reduce it to having two
+dynamic arrays back to back. One going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic arrays back to back. One going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic arrays back to back. One going
+this way, one going this way. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way, one going this way. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way, one going this way. And so
+there's lots of way. We're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of way. We're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of way. We're not going to
+give that to you as a standard method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that to you as a standard method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that to you as a standard method
+because there's literally like four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's literally like four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's literally like four
+methods we showed you how to do, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods we showed you how to do, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods we showed you how to do, right?
+So you choose one. Okay. Yeah. In the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you choose one. Okay. Yeah. In the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you choose one. Okay. Yeah. In the
+interest of like saving time on the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of like saving time on the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of like saving time on the exam
+like if we want to say like we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we want to say like we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we want to say like we do this
+thing with the sequence and it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the sequence and it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the sequence and it takes
+login time like do we have to like say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login time like do we have to like say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login time like do we have to like say
+the sentence like because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence like because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence like because it's a
+sequence AVL it takes long time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence AVL it takes long time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence AVL it takes long time because
+this or can we just like say like per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or can we just like say like per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or can we just like say like per
+the table that we yeah no if if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table that we yeah no if if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table that we yeah no if if you just
+if you told me that you're storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you told me that you're storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you told me that you're storing
+things in a sequence AVL right and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a sequence AVL right and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a sequence AVL right and you
+just say you basically say what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say you basically say what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say you basically say what you do
+to it and you say which takes blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and you say which takes blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and you say which takes blah blah
+blah time you don't need to say because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah time you don't need to say because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah time you don't need to say because
+it's a sequence AVL Right? Because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sequence AVL Right? Because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sequence AVL Right? Because you
+already told us it's a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already told us it's a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already told us it's a sequence of
+wheel. I believe that you probably wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel. I believe that you probably wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel. I believe that you probably wrote
+the chart on your cheat sheet and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chart on your cheat sheet and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chart on your cheat sheet and you
+looked it up. Okay. All right. Uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked it up. Okay. All right. Uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked it up. Okay. All right. Uh any
+other questions on this? No. Yeah. Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions on this? No. Yeah. Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions on this? No. Yeah. Just
+to make sure the double link list will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure the double link list will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure the double link list will
+make the insert and be all one. Is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the insert and be all one. Is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the insert and be all one. Is that
+the only change? Yes. That double link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only change? Yes. That double link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only change? Yes. That double link
+list gives this guy constant time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list gives this guy constant time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list gives this guy constant time.
+And actually there are two operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And actually there are two operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And actually there are two operations
+here. uh insert delete and I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. uh insert delete and I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. uh insert delete and I guess
+there's a find here as well right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a find here as well right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a find here as well right if I
+just store the tail pointer that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just store the tail pointer that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just store the tail pointer that gets
+the find to constant time right but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the find to constant time right but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the find to constant time right but it
+doesn't get the dynamic ones to constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get the dynamic ones to constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get the dynamic ones to constant
+time right I need to store the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right I need to store the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right I need to store the previous
+pointers as well at each node does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers as well at each node does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers as well at each node does that
+make sense okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense okay
+uh lastly or I guess second to lastly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lastly or I guess second to lastly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lastly or I guess second to lastly
+set data structures there are a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set data structures there are a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set data structures there are a little
+bit more of these not so many more but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more of these not so many more but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more of these not so many more but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+But yeah uh we had a sorted array gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But yeah uh we had a sorted array gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But yeah uh we had a sorted array gets
+good find but is not dynamic right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we set AVL tree which does pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set AVL tree which does pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set AVL tree which does pretty good
+find and is dynamic again you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and is dynamic again you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and is dynamic again you get this
+uh log n login overhead to build because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh log n login overhead to build because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh log n login overhead to build because
+essentially what you're doing with both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you're doing with both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you're doing with both
+of those data structures is to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those data structures is to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those data structures is to sort
+right but if I'm looking on a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if I'm looking on a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if I'm looking on a theory
+question Right? Like I'm not asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question Right? Like I'm not asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question Right? Like I'm not asking you
+something specifically about a sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something specifically about a sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something specifically about a sorted
+array. Right? If you have a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array. Right? If you have a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array. Right? If you have a choice
+between this data structure and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this data structure and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this data structure and this
+data structure, which one do you choose?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, I don't quite know because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I don't quite know because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I don't quite know because it's
+almost like this one's better at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like this one's better at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like this one's better at
+everything except for this one, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except for this one, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except for this one, right?
+But can anyone tell me how to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But can anyone tell me how to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But can anyone tell me how to make this
+one constant time as well?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one constant time as well?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one constant time as well?
+Augmentation, right? I could just store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Augmentation, right? I could just store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Augmentation, right? I could just store
+in my sub trees the max or min, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my sub trees the max or min, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my sub trees the max or min, right?
+And I can make this one strictly better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I can make this one strictly better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I can make this one strictly better
+than this one, right? So in a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this one, right? So in a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this one, right? So in a theory
+problem, you probably just want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, you probably just want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, you probably just want to use
+this one, right? Uh here, hashts, direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one, right? Uh here, hashts, direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one, right? Uh here, hashts, direct
+access arrays, even better for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access arrays, even better for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access arrays, even better for these
+operations. That's great, but they suck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. That's great, but they suck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. That's great, but they suck
+at these, right? So if you need these,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these, right? So if you need these,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these, right? So if you need these,
+don't use these, right? And in actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use these, right? And in actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use these, right? And in actual
+coding, right? Especially if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding, right? Especially if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding, right? Especially if you're
+coding in a language that's not Python,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding in a language that's not Python,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding in a language that's not Python,
+something that doesn't automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that doesn't automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that doesn't automatically
+give you a hash table, right? If you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a hash table, right? If you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a hash table, right? If you're
+in C in a microcontroller lab in in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C in a microcontroller lab in in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C in a microcontroller lab in in at
+at MIT here, you're taking 615 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT here, you're taking 615 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT here, you're taking 615 or
+whatever, right? Like and you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever, right? Like and you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever, right? Like and you're doing
+assembly, right? Usually what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly, right? Usually what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly, right? Usually what you're
+doing is a direct access stuff, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is a direct access stuff, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is a direct access stuff, right?
+Because that's giving you the jumps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because that's giving you the jumps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because that's giving you the jumps that
+you need in machine language to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need in machine language to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need in machine language to actually
+go and access this and cause the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and access this and cause the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and access this and cause the time.
+That's generally if you have control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's generally if you have control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's generally if you have control
+over the keys that you're putting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the keys that you're putting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the keys that you're putting that
+you're putting in your data structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting in your data structure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting in your data structure.
+You don't want this overhead of com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't want this overhead of com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't want this overhead of com
+running your keys through a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running your keys through a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running your keys through a hash
+function to look these things up. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to look these things up. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to look these things up. You
+just store the things in array, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just store the things in array, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just store the things in array, right?
+You use the hash table when you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You use the hash table when you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You use the hash table when you don't
+have control over the keys or your keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have control over the keys or your keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have control over the keys or your keys
+are like strings or something, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like strings or something, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like strings or something, right?
+So that's when you use the hash table.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's when you use the hash table.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's when you use the hash table.
+Now for our purposes usually you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now for our purposes usually you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now for our purposes usually you know a
+hash table is just as good unless we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table is just as good unless we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table is just as good unless we're
+asking you for worstcase bounds right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you for worstcase bounds right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you for worstcase bounds right
+and if we we're going to do this when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we we're going to do this when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we we're going to do this when we
+talk about the data structures problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the data structures problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the data structures problem
+if we give you a situation where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we give you a situation where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we give you a situation where we
+don't care if you achieve worst case or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care if you achieve worst case or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care if you achieve worst case or
+expected or amortized or any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected or amortized or any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected or amortized or any of these
+things. We'll just say make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. We'll just say make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. We'll just say make sure you
+state which one you achieve, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which one you achieve, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which one you achieve, right? And
+as long as you analyzed it correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you analyzed it correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you analyzed it correctly
+with respect to your data structures,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to your data structures,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to your data structures,
+then you're fine, right? But if we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're fine, right? But if we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're fine, right? But if we say
+you better do worst case here, I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better do worst case here, I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better do worst case here, I'm going
+to slap you around, right? Then please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slap you around, right? Then please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slap you around, right? Then please
+get those bounds, right? Don't don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those bounds, right? Don't don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those bounds, right? Don't don't use
+a hash table in that case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hash table in that case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hash table in that case.
+Does that make sense? Okay. Uh lastly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense? Okay. Uh lastly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense? Okay. Uh lastly,
+we've got priority cues, which we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got priority cues, which we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got priority cues, which we talked
+about. I'm not going to go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. I'm not going to go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. I'm not going to go through this
+one very much. It's basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one very much. It's basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one very much. It's basically just
+adding this to the thing. But act in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding this to the thing. But act in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding this to the thing. But act in
+actuality, you can get all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuality, you can get all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuality, you can get all of these
+bounds with a set AVL I mean a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds with a set AVL I mean a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds with a set AVL I mean a sequence
+AVL tree with max or min augmentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVL tree with max or min augmentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVL tree with max or min augmentation
+which isn't on this list because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which isn't on this list because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which isn't on this list because we
+didn't really talk about it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really talk about it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really talk about it but
+hopefully you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can
+if you need these bounds without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need these bounds without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need these bounds without the
+amortization then then you could achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization then then you could achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization then then you could achieve
+them. Okay. All right. So those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Okay. All right. So those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Okay. All right. So those are
+that's basically everything that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically everything that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically everything that we've
+talked about in the class. Okay, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the class. Okay, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the class. Okay, we're
+going to spend the rest of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend the rest of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend the rest of the time
+working a couple data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working a couple data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working a couple data structures
+problem. I'm not there's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. I'm not there's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. I'm not there's there's a
+number of different types of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different types of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different types of questions
+you'll actually um see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually um see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually um see
+on uh on the quiz the practice quiz that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on the quiz the practice quiz that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on the quiz the practice quiz that
+we gave you from last term. there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave you from last term. there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave you from last term. there's some
+what I call mechanical type questions up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call mechanical type questions up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call mechanical type questions up
+at at the front right then usually some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the front right then usually some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the front right then usually some
+reduction type problems where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction type problems where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction type problems where you're
+reducing to using some sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing to using some sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing to using some sorting
+algorithms or some data structures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms or some data structures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms or some data structures and
+then usually the la latter ones are ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then usually the la latter ones are ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then usually the la latter ones are ones
+where you have to do some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to do some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to do some kind of
+something additional like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something additional like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something additional like some
+augmentation or some you know divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmentation or some you know divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmentation or some you know divide and
+conquer or something like that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer or something like that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer or something like that right
+okay uh so we're going to go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so we're going to go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so we're going to go ahead and
+spend the rest of the time working a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the rest of the time working a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the rest of the time working a
+couple of these problems uh these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of these problems uh these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of these problems uh these were
+from spring of 2019 on the exam. Uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from spring of 2019 on the exam. Uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from spring of 2019 on the exam. Uh uh
+and actually one of the TAs who's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually one of the TAs who's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually one of the TAs who's uh
+TAing for us now was also TA for us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAing for us now was also TA for us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAing for us now was also TA for us in
+spring 19 was grading problem number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring 19 was grading problem number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring 19 was grading problem number two
+here the rainy research problem and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the rainy research problem and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the rainy research problem and just
+hated me because no one did it right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hated me because no one did it right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hated me because no one did it right. So
+all right uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh so
+let's try to solve these problems. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to solve these problems. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to solve these problems. So
+problem one, this is about restaurant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem one, this is about restaurant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem one, this is about restaurant
+store. Yes. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store. Yes. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store. Yes. Okay.
+All right. Uh so basically what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh so basically what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh so basically what's
+happening? Uh popular restaurant,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening? Uh popular restaurant,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening? Uh popular restaurant,
+criminal seafood.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminal seafood.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminal seafood.
+What's the reference? Legal seafood.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the reference? Legal seafood.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the reference? Legal seafood.
+Yes. Opposite. Does not take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Opposite. Does not take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Opposite. Does not take
+reservations but maintains a wait list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservations but maintains a wait list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservations but maintains a wait list
+where customers who have been on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where customers who have been on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where customers who have been on the
+wait list longer are seated earlier. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait list longer are seated earlier. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait list longer are seated earlier. Uh
+sometimes customers decide to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes customers decide to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes customers decide to eat
+somewhere else so the restaurant must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else so the restaurant must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else so the restaurant must
+remove them from the weight list. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove them from the weight list. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove them from the weight list. Okay.
+Uh assume that a customer has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh assume that a customer has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh assume that a customer has a
+different name. No two customers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different name. No two customers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different name. No two customers are
+added to the weight list at the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to the weight list at the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to the weight list at the exact
+same time. Right? So there's an kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time. Right? So there's an kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time. Right? So there's an kind of
+an ordering at which people are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordering at which people are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordering at which people are being
+added to this weight list. Right? Does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to this weight list. Right? Does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to this weight list. Right? Does
+that make sense? Uh design a database to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense? Uh design a database to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense? Uh design a database to
+help criminal seafood maintain its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help criminal seafood maintain its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help criminal seafood maintain its
+weight lists supporting the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight lists supporting the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight lists supporting the following
+operations each in constant time. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations each in constant time. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations each in constant time. Okay.
+So here we're we've refactored the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we're we've refactored the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we're we've refactored the
+running time up to the top. Uh and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time up to the top. Uh and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time up to the top. Uh and it
+said oh sorry I added the build here. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh sorry I added the build here. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh sorry I added the build here. I
+guess that's still constant time. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's still constant time. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's still constant time. That's
+fine. Okay. Yeah. State whether each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. Okay. Yeah. State whether each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. Okay. Yeah. State whether each
+running time operation is uh worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time operation is uh worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time operation is uh worst case
+amortize expenses. So when you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortize expenses. So when you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortize expenses. So when you see that
+statement you're saying okay I'm allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you're saying okay I'm allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you're saying okay I'm allowed
+to use a hash table if I want to right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a hash table if I want to right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a hash table if I want to right.
+I just have to make sure if I use one, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have to make sure if I use one, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have to make sure if I use one, I
+label my operations expected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label my operations expected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label my operations expected and
+amortized when they occur, right? Which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized when they occur, right? Which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized when they occur, right? Which
+which operations are expected?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which operations are expected?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which operations are expected?
+Basically, all of them. Which operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically, all of them. Which operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically, all of them. Which operations
+are amortized? The ones that changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are amortized? The ones that changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are amortized? The ones that changed
+what's in the data structure, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the data structure, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the data structure, right?
+Insert, delete. Okay, so we've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insert, delete. Okay, so we've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insert, delete. Okay, so we've got some
+operations building an empty thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations building an empty thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations building an empty thing
+adding a name. So, this name is X to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a name. So, this name is X to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a name. So, this name is X to the
+back of the weight list. What do I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the weight list. What do I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the weight list. What do I know
+about X? What do I know about the names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about X? What do I know about the names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about X? What do I know about the names
+per our assumptions in this class?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per our assumptions in this class?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per our assumptions in this class?
+They're all unique. So they can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're all unique. So they can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're all unique. So they can be a
+key. They're unique so they can be a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key. They're unique so they can be a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key. They're unique so they can be a key
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they fit in a constant number of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fit in a constant number of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fit in a constant number of words
+by our assumption. Right? So I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our assumption. Right? So I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our assumption. Right? So I can
+compare two of them in constant or I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare two of them in constant or I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare two of them in constant or I can
+hash one in constant time. Right? That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash one in constant time. Right? That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash one in constant time. Right? That's
+kind of the assumption we make on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the assumption we make on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the assumption we make on these
+inputs. They're strings and I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs. They're strings and I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs. They're strings and I didn't
+assign you a a bound on their length. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign you a a bound on their length. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign you a a bound on their length. So
+you it's probably not something you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's probably not something you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's probably not something you need
+to worry about. Right? Okay. Uh remove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about. Right? Okay. Uh remove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about. Right? Okay. Uh remove a
+name, right? So already I'm feeling like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name, right? So already I'm feeling like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name, right? So already I'm feeling like
+I need to be able to find things by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to be able to find things by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to be able to find things by
+their name, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their name, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their name, right?
+Okay. Uh and then see it's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh and then see it's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh and then see it's the next
+person in line. Does that make sense? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in line. Does that make sense? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in line. Does that make sense? So
+what kinds of things do I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of things do I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of things do I need to
+maintain here? I I've I have people,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain here? I I've I have people,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain here? I I've I have people,
+right? They have names and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? They have names and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? They have names and they have
+kind of places, right? The time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of places, right? The time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of places, right? The time that
+they came in, right? But am I given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came in, right? But am I given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came in, right? But am I given the
+times?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No, I'm not given times anywhere, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, I'm not given times anywhere, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, I'm not given times anywhere, right?
+It's not on the inputs to my operations,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not on the inputs to my operations,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not on the inputs to my operations,
+right? So, it's not like I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, it's not like I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, it's not like I'm going to be
+able to key on times. Does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to key on times. Does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to key on times. Does that make
+sense? What's the important part about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? What's the important part about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? What's the important part about
+the times? The order, right? And you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times? The order, right? And you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times? The order, right? And you're
+given that. Yeah. Basically, whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that. Yeah. Basically, whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that. Yeah. Basically, whenever
+I'm I'm basically trying to maintain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm basically trying to maintain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm basically trying to maintain a
+sequence on these guys, right? There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence on these guys, right? There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence on these guys, right? There's a
+front one and a back one and people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front one and a back one and people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front one and a back one and people in
+the middle, right? And I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle, right? And I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle, right? And I want to make
+sure that order stays the same or else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that order stays the same or else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that order stays the same or else
+people are going to get angry at me,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to get angry at me,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to get angry at me,
+right? because ah they came here after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? because ah they came here after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? because ah they came here after
+me and yeah right you've been in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and yeah right you've been in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and yeah right you've been in that
+situation. Okay, so uh we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. Okay, so uh we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. Okay, so uh we're trying to
+maintain some kind of sequence an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain some kind of sequence an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain some kind of sequence an
+exttrinsic order on these things, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exttrinsic order on these things, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exttrinsic order on these things, right?
+But we're also needing to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we're also needing to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we're also needing to be able to
+look up people by their name because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up people by their name because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up people by their name because I
+want to be able to change this thing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to change this thing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to change this thing,
+right? Does this maybe sound familiar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Does this maybe sound familiar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Does this maybe sound familiar to
+some other problem we had on this pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other problem we had on this pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other problem we had on this pro
+this terms problem sets? Yeah, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this terms problem sets? Yeah, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this terms problem sets? Yeah, I think
+there was a problem where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a problem where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a problem where uh
+the chat, right? Right. You had to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chat, right? Right. You had to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chat, right? Right. You had to store
+a sequence, right? But you also had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence, right? But you also had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence, right? But you also had this
+dictionary that you had to look things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary that you had to look things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary that you had to look things
+up, right? Now, the nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, right? Now, the nice thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, right? Now, the nice thing about
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+situation, right, is that the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, right, is that the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, right, is that the things
+that you needed to look up on was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you needed to look up on was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you needed to look up on was
+static, right? And so what could I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static, right? And so what could I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static, right? And so what could I use
+for my dictionary, my my set data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my dictionary, my my set data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my dictionary, my my set data
+structure for that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for that?
+Anyone remember?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone remember?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone remember?
+You could just use a sorted array,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could just use a sorted array,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could just use a sorted array,
+right? Because it's static, these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because it's static, these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because it's static, these things
+aren't updating all the time, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't updating all the time, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't updating all the time, right? And
+so it was fine for me to just use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was fine for me to just use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was fine for me to just use a
+static array. Right? Here uh uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static array. Right? Here uh uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static array. Right? Here uh uh and and
+we gave you lookup times that were worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave you lookup times that were worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave you lookup times that were worst
+case logarithmic. Right? Here I'm asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case logarithmic. Right? Here I'm asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case logarithmic. Right? Here I'm asking
+for constant time. Right? Sort AVL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for constant time. Right? Sort AVL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for constant time. Right? Sort AVL
+sorted array is not going to cut it. Set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted array is not going to cut it. Set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted array is not going to cut it. Set
+AVL is not going to cut it. That's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVL is not going to cut it. That's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVL is not going to cut it. That's what
+I'm going to use. A dynamic array or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use. A dynamic array or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use. A dynamic array or a
+hash table. Right? Now dynamic array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table. Right? Now dynamic array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table. Right? Now dynamic array
+might not be great because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be great because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be great because I don't
+actually have a numeric bound on how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a numeric bound on how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a numeric bound on how big
+these keys are. I just know that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these keys are. I just know that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these keys are. I just know that they
+fit in words, right? So I can't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in words, right? So I can't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in words, right? So I can't actually
+make a direct access array because those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a direct access array because those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a direct access array because those
+words while they fit in a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words while they fit in a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words while they fit in a constant
+number of words, I don't know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of words, I don't know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of words, I don't know if the
+integer representation of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer representation of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer representation of those are
+polinomially bounded.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomially bounded.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomially bounded.
+Does that make sense? Right? So I I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense? Right? So I I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense? Right? So I I do
+want to use hashing in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use hashing in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use hashing in this in this
+case. Right? And so what do I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. Right? And so what do I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. Right? And so what do I want to
+maintain? I want to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain? I want to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain? I want to maintain
+a sequence data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on
+customers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Customers is there a U in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Customers is there a U in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Customers is there a U in there
+somewhere? No, this is right. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere? No, this is right. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere? No, this is right. Right.
+Okay. And a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And a set
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+mapping.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping.
+So you this is usually how I do it. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you this is usually how I do it. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you this is usually how I do it. Like
+I want to say a set keyed on something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say a set keyed on something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say a set keyed on something.
+If it's just a set, then I just have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it's just a set, then I just have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it's just a set, then I just have it
+keyed, right? I can look up whether that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyed, right? I can look up whether that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyed, right? I can look up whether that
+thing is there or not. But when it's I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is there or not. But when it's I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is there or not. But when it's I'm
+I'm actually having it mapped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually having it mapped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually having it mapped to
+something else, I'll say, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else, I'll say, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else, I'll say, you know,
+mapping a key space to something else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping a key space to something else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping a key space to something else.
+Usually the item that I'm storing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Usually the item that I'm storing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Usually the item that I'm storing or
+maybe some property of the items that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some property of the items that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some property of the items that
+I'm storing, right? Does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm storing, right? Does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm storing, right? Does that make
+sense? Okay. So, mapping, what do I map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Okay. So, mapping, what do I map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Okay. So, mapping, what do I map
+here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here?
+Names, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+oh to what do I want to map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the time the time that they entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the time that they entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the time that they entered
+do I want to do that well we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to do that well we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to do that well we can't
+exactly do it with the time that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly do it with the time that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly do it with the time that they
+enter but the sequence and the customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter but the sequence and the customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter but the sequence and the customers
+will show what's next and yeah kind of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show what's next and yeah kind of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show what's next and yeah kind of I
+want to I want to store it to where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I want to store it to where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I want to store it to where it
+is in this sequence right so I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in this sequence right so I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in this sequence right so I'll just
+store the index where it is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the index where it is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the index where it is in the
+sequence and I can just look it up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and I can just look it up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and I can just look it up right
+that sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds
+Yeah. Is that what I heard? Indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Is that what I heard? Indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Is that what I heard? Indices
+change. Yeah. Indices change every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. Yeah. Indices change every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. Yeah. Indices change every time
+I add or remove things, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add or remove things, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add or remove things, right?
+Ah, yeah. Store a pointer, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, yeah. Store a pointer, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, yeah. Store a pointer, right?
+Pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to place
+in sequence. Now, uh that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sequence. Now, uh that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sequence. Now, uh that's a little
+weird to say because I haven't told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird to say because I haven't told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird to say because I haven't told you
+how I represented this sequence,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I represented this sequence,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I represented this sequence,
+right? But you know conceptually I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But you know conceptually I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But you know conceptually I can
+say I'm storing a pointer to some place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm storing a pointer to some place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm storing a pointer to some place
+in this that represents where it is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this that represents where it is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this that represents where it is.
+I'll deal with the details of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll deal with the details of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll deal with the details of that
+later. Okay. Right. But generally I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. Okay. Right. But generally I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. Okay. Right. But generally I call
+this a linked data structure. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a linked data structure. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a linked data structure. Right?
+Because I'm linking between two data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because I'm linking between two data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because I'm linking between two data
+structures. Right? So that I can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures. Right? So that I can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures. Right? So that I can do a
+query in one say and find out where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query in one say and find out where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query in one say and find out where it
+is in the other. Right? Or do a query in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the other. Right? Or do a query in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the other. Right? Or do a query in
+the other. That kind of thing. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other. That kind of thing. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other. That kind of thing. Okay. So
+everyone kind of understands why I chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone kind of understands why I chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone kind of understands why I chose
+these things, right? How I approach this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things, right? How I approach this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things, right? How I approach this
+problem. Yeah. Um not sure how a pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Yeah. Um not sure how a pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Yeah. Um not sure how a pointer
+fixes the problem of just storing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixes the problem of just storing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixes the problem of just storing an
+index, you know, like the the place that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index, you know, like the the place that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index, you know, like the the place that
+the person is at in the sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person is at in the sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person is at in the sequence is
+going to change over time. Are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change over time. Are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change over time. Are we
+assuming that the pointer updates with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the pointer updates with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the pointer updates with
+that change? So, okay. So, let's say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change? So, okay. So, let's say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change? So, okay. So, let's say uh
+if if every time So, let's say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if every time So, let's say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if every time So, let's say I'm
+storing let's say I'm storing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing let's say I'm storing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing let's say I'm storing this
+sequence in a link list. Let's just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in a link list. Let's just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in a link list. Let's just say
+because I know that I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know that I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know that I'm going to have to
+be inserting and deleting things from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inserting and deleting things from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inserting and deleting things from
+the middle of this thing. Does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of this thing. Does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of this thing. Does that make
+sense? All right. So, I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? All right. So, I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? All right. So, I'm going to go
+ahead and say that this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and say that this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and say that this is going to be a
+linked list. Okay. And now I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list. Okay. And now I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list. Okay. And now I have this
+linked list.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list.
+Okay. So if I said all right this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if I said all right this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if I said all right this set
+data structure in my set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure in my set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure in my set
+stores point or stores where it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores point or stores where it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores point or stores where it is in
+the link list right I say it's stored at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link list right I say it's stored at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link list right I say it's stored at
+at uh k right cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh k right cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh k right cool
+now if I see it's this guy right I stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I see it's this guy right I stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I see it's this guy right I stick
+him at his table right every index has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him at his table right every index has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him at his table right every index has
+changed right so for me to update the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed right so for me to update the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed right so for me to update the
+indexes stored in this set data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexes stored in this set data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexes stored in this set data
+structure, I have to change every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure, I have to change every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure, I have to change every single
+one of them. Yeah. Does that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them. Yeah. Does that make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them. Yeah. Does that make sense?
+Yeah. No, this makes way more sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. No, this makes way more sense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. No, this makes way more sense.
+Yeah. So, really what I want not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, really what I want not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, really what I want not to
+store a number here, but an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a number here, but an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a number here, but an actual
+pointer to the node that's containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the node that's containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the node that's containing
+this thing, right? Because the node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing, right? Because the node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing, right? Because the node
+isn't changing unless that thing left my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't changing unless that thing left my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't changing unless that thing left my
+data structure, right? the node, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure, right? the node, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure, right? the node, the
+address of the this thing in memory, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address of the this thing in memory, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address of the this thing in memory, the
+the the node is just a little container
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the node is just a little container
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the node is just a little container
+that contains an item and a next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains an item and a next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains an item and a next
+pointer. And actually, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer. And actually, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer. And actually, we're going to
+need a previous pointer here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a previous pointer here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a previous pointer here,
+right? We're going to need a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We're going to need a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We're going to need a double
+length list, right? Because what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length list, right? Because what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length list, right? Because what we're
+going to do when we remove something, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do when we remove something, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do when we remove something, we
+need to stitch it back together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to stitch it back together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to stitch it back together in
+constant time, which means we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time, which means we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time, which means we need to
+know what's the one front of us and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the one front of us and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the one front of us and the
+one behind us, right? Yeah. Okay. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one behind us, right? Yeah. Okay. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one behind us, right? Yeah. Okay. All
+right. So link list here we already said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So link list here we already said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So link list here we already said
+maybe using a hash table here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and so okay great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so okay great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so okay great
+this is basically enough for me to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically enough for me to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically enough for me to say
+this is my data structure these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my data structure these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my data structure these are the
+invariants what are the invariants it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariants what are the invariants it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariants what are the invariants it's
+storing all the customers right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing all the customers right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing all the customers right that's
+an invar I mean it's not a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invar I mean it's not a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invar I mean it's not a very strong
+invariant but it's I mean I I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant but it's I mean I I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant but it's I mean I I should say
+that right I'm storing all the customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right I'm storing all the customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right I'm storing all the customers
+because I'm going to have to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm going to have to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm going to have to make sure
+that I'm maintaining that when I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm maintaining that when I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm maintaining that when I do a
+query, right? Uh and then here set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query, right? Uh and then here set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query, right? Uh and then here set
+mapping names to pointers, right? That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping names to pointers, right? That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping names to pointers, right? That
+place in this thing, right? And as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in this thing, right? And as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in this thing, right? And as I
+remove things, I need to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove things, I need to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove things, I need to make sure that
+invariant stays the same, right? It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant stays the same, right? It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant stays the same, right? It's
+still mapping all the names of customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still mapping all the names of customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still mapping all the names of customers
+that I have in my thing to their nodes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have in my thing to their nodes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have in my thing to their nodes.
+Okay? So when something leaves, I better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So when something leaves, I better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So when something leaves, I better
+need to make sure that both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make sure that both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make sure that both of these
+things are updated. Does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are updated. Does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are updated. Does that make
+sense? Okay, so how do I maintain these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Okay, so how do I maintain these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Okay, so how do I maintain these
+operations? We've got a build. Build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations? We've got a build. Build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations? We've got a build. Build
+just sets up empty of these things,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sets up empty of these things,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sets up empty of these things,
+right? So you just say that, right? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So you just say that, right? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So you just say that, right? I
+build an empty linked list, doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build an empty linked list, doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build an empty linked list, doubly
+linked list on the customers and I build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list on the customers and I build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list on the customers and I build
+a a set uh a hash table mapping nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a set uh a hash table mapping nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a set uh a hash table mapping nothing
+to nothing right now. Right. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nothing right now. Right. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nothing right now. Right. Okay. So
+that's build. I'm gonna be precise here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's build. I'm gonna be precise here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's build. I'm gonna be precise here
+and actually write down the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually write down the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually write down the thing
+because I told you not to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I told you not to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I told you not to uh
+not to ignore a operation or else we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to ignore a operation or else we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to ignore a operation or else we
+can't give you points for it. The next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't give you points for it. The next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't give you points for it. The next
+one. Yeah. By empty by building an empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Yeah. By empty by building an empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Yeah. By empty by building an empty
+list you mean like it just has like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list you mean like it just has like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list you mean like it just has like the
+head and the tail are set to none but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and the tail are set to none but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and the tail are set to none but
+like it exists. Yeah. Right. It's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it exists. Yeah. Right. It's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it exists. Yeah. Right. It's it's a
+thing in memory that we store. It has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in memory that we store. It has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in memory that we store. It has a
+pointer to a head and a tail. Those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to a head and a tail. Those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to a head and a tail. Those are
+none right now but we will add things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none right now but we will add things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none right now but we will add things to
+it. Right? Okay. So the second one add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Right? Okay. So the second one add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Right? Okay. So the second one add
+name right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What do we have to say? We have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do we have to say? We have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do we have to say? We have to
+update this data structure so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update this data structure so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update this data structure so it
+maintains it to variance. Right? I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains it to variance. Right? I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains it to variance. Right? I have
+to usually I start with one of them. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to usually I start with one of them. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to usually I start with one of them. Uh
+I get to a point where oh I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to a point where oh I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to a point where oh I really
+should have updated the other one first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have updated the other one first.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have updated the other one first.
+Right? So sometimes it's hit or miss.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So sometimes it's hit or miss.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So sometimes it's hit or miss.
+What do I want to do here? Well, I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do I want to do here? Well, I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do I want to do here? Well, I have
+no idea where in this sequence this is,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea where in this sequence this is,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea where in this sequence this is,
+right? So, I kind of have to go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, I kind of have to go here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, I kind of have to go here
+first, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, right?
+Oh, sorry. Adding a guy I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, sorry. Adding a guy I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, sorry. Adding a guy I could do
+either way, right? I know where is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way, right? I know where is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way, right? I know where is he
+going to go? End of the list, right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go? End of the list, right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go? End of the list, right? So,
+I can just stick it there, right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just stick it there, right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just stick it there, right? So,
+add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add
+x to end of sequence. All right. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to end of sequence. All right. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to end of sequence. All right. So I
+already come to a trick that I like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already come to a trick that I like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already come to a trick that I like,
+right? Sequence set. Okay, in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Sequence set. Okay, in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Sequence set. Okay, in this
+instance I only have one sequence in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance I only have one sequence in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance I only have one sequence in one
+set and so calling them sequence and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and so calling them sequence and set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and so calling them sequence and set
+it's probably fine, right? I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably fine, right? I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably fine, right? I'm not going
+to confuse the greater I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to confuse the greater I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to confuse the greater I'm not going to
+confuse myself, right? But when I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse myself, right? But when I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse myself, right? But when I have
+more than one of these things or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one of these things or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one of these things or even
+for brevity on an exam where I'm, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for brevity on an exam where I'm, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for brevity on an exam where I'm, you
+know, time constrained, give these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, time constrained, give these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, time constrained, give these
+things a name, right? Say this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a name, right? Say this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a name, right? Say this is a
+sequence uh C and M I don't know I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence uh C and M I don't know I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence uh C and M I don't know I see
+customer here I see map here so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer here I see map here so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer here I see map here so you know
+maybe I don't know right but just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I don't know right but just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I don't know right but just give
+them a letter and we can follow you much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a letter and we can follow you much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a letter and we can follow you much
+more clearly and you can refer to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clearly and you can refer to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clearly and you can refer to these
+things more precisely right so end of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things more precisely right so end of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things more precisely right so end of C
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh then what do we have to do I fix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then what do we have to do I fix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then what do we have to do I fix this
+guy this guy's good now I have to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy this guy's good now I have to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy this guy's good now I have to fix
+this guy so I add x to the set and I map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy so I add x to the set and I map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy so I add x to the set and I map
+it back to that node that I just came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back to that node that I just came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back to that node that I just came
+from. Right? I could store it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. Right? I could store it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. Right? I could store it in a
+temporary variable, right? Add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary variable, right? Add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary variable, right? Add
+uh x to m pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x to m pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x to m pointing
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in node
+v to v. Okay, cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v to v. Okay, cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v to v. Okay, cool.
+So I added my X to the end of C into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I added my X to the end of C into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I added my X to the end of C into a
+node V, right? I'm kind of hold I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node V, right? I'm kind of hold I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node V, right? I'm kind of hold I
+labeled it so I can reference it later,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled it so I can reference it later,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled it so I can reference it later,
+right? And kind of in code I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And kind of in code I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And kind of in code I would
+probably remember what that node was.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably remember what that node was.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably remember what that node was.
+Add X to M pointing to that node. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Add X to M pointing to that node. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Add X to M pointing to that node. Right?
+And now I've maintained my invariant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I've maintained my invariant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I've maintained my invariant.
+Great. Maybe what's next? Uh add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. Maybe what's next? Uh add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. Maybe what's next? Uh add
+key X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key X
+or add add X to M having the key of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or add add X to M having the key of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or add add X to M having the key of X
+point to that note. Does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to that note. Does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to that note. Does that make
+sense? There's a subtlety there. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? There's a subtlety there. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? There's a subtlety there. Okay.
+Three,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three,
+we have remove.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have remove.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have remove.
+I don't remember the name whatever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember the name whatever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember the name whatever.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So here we have to do the order matters,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we have to do the order matters,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we have to do the order matters,
+right? I don't know where it is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I don't know where it is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I don't know where it is in the
+sequence,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence,
+but I'm going to look it up in the set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to look it up in the set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to look it up in the set.
+I'm going to remove it from the set, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to remove it from the set, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to remove it from the set, and
+I'm going to look at whatever it points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look at whatever it points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look at whatever it points
+to and remove it from the sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and remove it from the sequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and remove it from the sequence.
+Okay, I'm running out of time a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'm running out of time a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'm running out of time a little
+bit here, so I'm not going to write all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here, so I'm not going to write all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here, so I'm not going to write all
+that down, but you guys understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down, but you guys understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down, but you guys understand what
+that means. Here, we're using the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means. Here, we're using the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means. Here, we're using the fact
+that it's a doubly linked list so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a doubly linked list so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a doubly linked list so that
+we can relink things together. You don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can relink things together. You don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can relink things together. You don't
+have to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell me
+repoint the previous pointer of my next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repoint the previous pointer of my next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repoint the previous pointer of my next
+thing to the next the right you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to the next the right you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to the next the right you don't
+have to tell me how to relink those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell me how to relink those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell me how to relink those
+pointers because we did that already in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers because we did that already in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers because we did that already in
+problem set one or whatever right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set one or whatever right just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set one or whatever right just
+in general is there any situation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general is there any situation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general is there any situation for
+where using non not a double link list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where using non not a double link list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where using non not a double link list
+like just a link list would be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just a link list would be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just a link list would be better
+than double link list because it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than double link list because it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than double link list because it seems
+like it always solves problems yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it always solves problems yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it always solves problems yeah
+double link list is almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double link list is almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double link list is almost always
+strictly better than a single link list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly better than a single link list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly better than a single link list
+in theory problems So yeah, use it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh and then seat last one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just
+take the front of the sequence, remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the front of the sequence, remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the front of the sequence, remove
+it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it,
+change the head around. But I I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the head around. But I I get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the head around. But I I get that
+you can delete first, right? You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can delete first, right? You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can delete first, right? You're
+reducing to the interface that we had.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing to the interface that we had.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing to the interface that we had.
+You're deleting first on this sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're deleting first on this sequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're deleting first on this sequence.
+Okay, but now we have a situation. I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but now we have a situation. I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but now we have a situation. I I
+deleted the first guy. How do I know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted the first guy. How do I know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted the first guy. How do I know who
+the first guy is? Well, I'm storing its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first guy is? Well, I'm storing its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first guy is? Well, I'm storing its
+name in there, right? I'm storing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name in there, right? I'm storing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name in there, right? I'm storing the
+names of these customers. So, I know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of these customers. So, I know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of these customers. So, I know who
+was at the front.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at the front.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at the front.
+I look in this set data structure and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look in this set data structure and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look in this set data structure and I
+remove that entry. Does that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that entry. Does that make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that entry. Does that make sense?
+Because now I no longer need to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because now I no longer need to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because now I no longer need to maintain
+where he goes. Now, in actuality,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he goes. Now, in actuality,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he goes. Now, in actuality,
+I could just not update this set data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could just not update this set data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could just not update this set data
+structure. But if I do that then well my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. But if I do that then well my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. But if I do that then well my
+running times are still linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running times are still linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running times are still linear time
+right I'm not giving you a bound on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm not giving you a bound on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm not giving you a bound on
+space I'm I'm still constant time sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I'm I'm still constant time sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I'm I'm still constant time sorry
+so you don't actually have to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't actually have to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't actually have to do that
+removal but uh if that customer comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal but uh if that customer comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal but uh if that customer comes
+back and wants to get on the wait list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and wants to get on the wait list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and wants to get on the wait list
+again right you're right there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again right you're right there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again right you're right there there are
+things to consider right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to consider right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to consider right
+okay so that's that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that question
+next question last 10 minutes or So, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question last 10 minutes or So, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question last 10 minutes or So, uh,
+rainy research. This was a problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy research. This was a problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy research. This was a problem that
+people had nightmares about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had nightmares about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had nightmares about.
+Okay. So, basically, we've got uh Mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, basically, we've got uh Mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, basically, we've got uh Mother
+Wan.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wan.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wan.
+He's a weatherman. Uh, a scientist who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's a weatherman. Uh, a scientist who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's a weatherman. Uh, a scientist who
+uh studies global rainfall. Uh, and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh studies global rainfall. Uh, and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh studies global rainfall. Uh, and he's
+got a bunch of uh uh sensors everywhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a bunch of uh uh sensors everywhere.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a bunch of uh uh sensors everywhere.
+And each one can post to the cloud or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And each one can post to the cloud or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And each one can post to the cloud or
+something a measurement that's of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a measurement that's of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a measurement that's of the
+form a triple of integers R, L, and T,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a triple of integers R, L, and T,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a triple of integers R, L, and T,
+where R is a positive amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where R is a positive amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where R is a positive amount of
+rainfall, an integer, uh a latitude,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainfall, an integer, uh a latitude,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainfall, an integer, uh a latitude,
+uh an integer again, and at a time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an integer again, and at a time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an integer again, and at a time.
+Okay, so we got three things to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we got three things to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we got three things to deal
+with here. Yuck. Okay. Uh but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with here. Yuck. Okay. Uh but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with here. Yuck. Okay. Uh but they're
+all integers. And don't be like, "Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all integers. And don't be like, "Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all integers. And don't be like, "Oh,
+well, Jason, latitudes are pretty small,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, Jason, latitudes are pretty small,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, Jason, latitudes are pretty small,
+so I can assume these integers are small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can assume these integers are small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can assume these integers are small
+and these things take constant time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these things take constant time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these things take constant time,
+right? I'm not specifying to you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I'm not specifying to you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I'm not specifying to you a
+resolution at which I'm measuring these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution at which I'm measuring these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution at which I'm measuring these
+integers. So, and I haven't given you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers. So, and I haven't given you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers. So, and I haven't given you a
+bound between what that resolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound between what that resolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound between what that resolution is
+compared to the number of measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the number of measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the number of measurements
+that I have. So, don't play those games.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have. So, don't play those games.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have. So, don't play those games.
+Okay? Uh the peak rainfall at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Uh the peak rainfall at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Uh the peak rainfall at a given
+latitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude
+since a particular time is the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since a particular time is the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since a particular time is the maximum
+rainfall at any measurement at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainfall at any measurement at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainfall at any measurement at that
+latitude measured at a time greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude measured at a time greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude measured at a time greater than
+or equal to that time. Does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to that time. Does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to that time. Does that make
+sense? Or zero if there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Or zero if there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Or zero if there aren't
+measurements at that latitude. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements at that latitude. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements at that latitude. Okay,
+just or after the time or before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just or after the time or before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just or after the time or before the
+time or whatever. Describe a data base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or whatever. Describe a data base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or whatever. Describe a data base
+that we can build it and cause the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can build it and cause the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can build it and cause the time.
+Right. uh is an empty one. I added this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. uh is an empty one. I added this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. uh is an empty one. I added this
+one because we weren't good about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because we weren't good about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because we weren't good about that
+last spring. Uh record data, we give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last spring. Uh record data, we give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last spring. Uh record data, we give you
+a triplet and then so record data for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a triplet and then so record data for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a triplet and then so record data for it
+to be correct, I just have to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be correct, I just have to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be correct, I just have to maintain
+that information. Right. Right. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information. Right. Right. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information. Right. Right. For
+these kind of updates, I don't I it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of updates, I don't I it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of updates, I don't I it's
+really hard for me to argue that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard for me to argue that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard for me to argue that this
+thing is correct. Right. Because I just,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is correct. Right. Because I just,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is correct. Right. Because I just,
+you know, I throw it at the database.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I throw it at the database.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I throw it at the database.
+The data basease doesn't have to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The data basease doesn't have to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The data basease doesn't have to give
+anything back to me, right? So the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything back to me, right? So the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything back to me, right? So the the
+important thing here about correctness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing here about correctness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing here about correctness
+is that peak rainfall gives it to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that peak rainfall gives it to me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that peak rainfall gives it to me and
+it gives it to me in the time bound that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives it to me in the time bound that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives it to me in the time bound that
+I'm looking for. And peak rainfall is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for. And peak rainfall is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for. And peak rainfall is
+returning the peak rainfall at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning the peak rainfall at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning the peak rainfall at a
+particular latitude since t. Okay. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular latitude since t. Okay. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular latitude since t. Okay. So we
+have three things. Yep. Given that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three things. Yep. Given that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three things. Yep. Given that we
+never have to like return a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have to like return a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have to like return a single
+measurement is that we don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement is that we don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement is that we don't need to
+have a record of it. There's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a record of it. There's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a record of it. There's the
+potential that you don't need to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that you don't need to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that you don't need to store
+all of the information because all we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the information because all we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the information because all we're
+doing is giving you back RS essentially.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is giving you back RS essentially.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is giving you back RS essentially.
+Right? It's possible that you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? It's possible that you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? It's possible that you don't need
+to store the latitudes or times at all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store the latitudes or times at all.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store the latitudes or times at all.
+Right? You don't even need to store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? You don't even need to store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? You don't even need to store the
+triplets. Now, in reality, I'm querying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets. Now, in reality, I'm querying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets. Now, in reality, I'm querying
+on the latitudes and the times. So, I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the latitudes and the times. So, I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the latitudes and the times. So, I I
+should store them somewhere, but I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should store them somewhere, but I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should store them somewhere, but I might
+be able to compress them. in particular,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to compress them. in particular,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to compress them. in particular,
+right? Many things could be stored at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Many things could be stored at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Many things could be stored at
+the same latitude, right? That's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same latitude, right? That's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same latitude, right? That's kind of
+the whole point of the query. And so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of the query. And so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of the query. And so we
+want I mean, we may only need to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I mean, we may only need to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I mean, we may only need to store
+that latitude once. Does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that latitude once. Does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that latitude once. Does that make
+sense? Okay, I'm I'm going to wait for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Okay, I'm I'm going to wait for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Okay, I'm I'm going to wait for
+questions until after because I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions until after because I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions until after because I want to
+get to a solution to this problem. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a solution to this problem. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a solution to this problem. All
+right, so uh what do we need to do? We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, so uh what do we need to do? We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, so uh what do we need to do? We
+need to be able to add things and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to add things and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to add things and I want
+to return. So return, I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return. So return, I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return. So return, I'm going to have
+to query something, right? And then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to query something, right? And then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to query something, right? And then I'm
+going to return something, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return something, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return something, right? So
+return peak rainfall at latitude L since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return peak rainfall at latitude L since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return peak rainfall at latitude L since
+time t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t.
+What do I care about in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do I care about in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do I care about in a particular
+query? I I only care about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query? I I only care about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query? I I only care about all the
+things at L, right? At a latitude L. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at L, right? At a latitude L. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at L, right? At a latitude L. So
+really I this isn't such an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I this isn't such an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I this isn't such an interesting
+thing, but I want to be able to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, but I want to be able to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, but I want to be able to have
+maybe many data structures, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe many data structures, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe many data structures, one
+associated with each L. Does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each L. Does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each L. Does that make
+sense? Right. And how can I find one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Right. And how can I find one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Right. And how can I find one in
+each L right quickly?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each L right quickly?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each L right quickly?
+put it in a dictionary. What's my time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in a dictionary. What's my time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in a dictionary. What's my time
+bound? Worst case log N. Right? So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound? Worst case log N. Right? So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound? Worst case log N. Right? So what
+data structure did I use for that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure did I use for that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure did I use for that set
+data structure? A set AVL. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure? A set AVL. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure? A set AVL. Right? So
+we're going to first have a uh set AVL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh say L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say L
+uh mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+latitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+well now we have more data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now we have more data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now we have more data structures
+right I want to store a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I want to store a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I want to store a lot of the
+things that have the same latitudes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have the same latitudes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have the same latitudes in
+another data structure right the ones is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another data structure right the ones is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another data structure right the ones is
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+storing the times and the rainfalls of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing the times and the rainfalls of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing the times and the rainfalls of
+all those measurements. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those measurements. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those measurements. Yeah.
+Uh yeah, a hash table. A hash table.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah, a hash table. A hash table.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah, a hash table. A hash table.
+Okay. So, what kinds of query am I going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what kinds of query am I going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what kinds of query am I going
+to want to do on the things at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to do on the things at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to do on the things at the same
+latitude? Um you're going to want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude? Um you're going to want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude? Um you're going to want to get
+the times. I'm going to want to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times. I'm going to want to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times. I'm going to want to get the
+times, but more than that, I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times, but more than that, I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times, but more than that, I'm doing
+kind of a an ordered query, right? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a an ordered query, right? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a an ordered query, right? I
+need the things less than a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the things less than a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the things less than a certain
+time, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, right?
+Greater. Also, it's just just a second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greater. Also, it's just just a second.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greater. Also, it's just just a second.
+You should do like an AVL for the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You should do like an AVL for the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You should do like an AVL for the time
+and an AVL for the rain. Okay. Do I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an AVL for the rain. Okay. Do I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an AVL for the rain. Okay. Do I care
+about an AVL for the rain? Do Am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an AVL for the rain? Do Am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an AVL for the rain? Do Am I
+looking up on the rainfall?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up on the rainfall?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up on the rainfall?
+No. No. Right. So, I'm going to go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. No. Right. So, I'm going to go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. No. Right. So, I'm going to go ahead
+and store these things in a time sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and store these things in a time sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and store these things in a time sorted
+AVL, right? To
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVL, right? To
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVL, right? To
+uh mapping latitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mapping latitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mapping latitude
+L to I'm going to call this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L to I'm going to call this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L to I'm going to call this data
+structure a time data structure, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure a time data structure, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure a time data structure, right?
+I'm going to say it's T of L. Okay, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say it's T of L. Okay, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say it's T of L. Okay, that
+kind of looks like a recurrence. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of looks like a recurrence. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of looks like a recurrence. So,
+it's a little irking me right now, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little irking me right now, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little irking me right now, but I
+don't have anything better. All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have anything better. All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have anything better. All right,
+so now each one of these time data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now each one of these time data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now each one of these time data
+structures, right, is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, right, is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, right, is
+a set AVL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set AVL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set AVL
+mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+to the, you know, the rainfall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the, you know, the rainfall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the, you know, the rainfall
+measurement, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement, right?
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+So that's going to if my query was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's going to if my query was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's going to if my query was
+return the peak rainfall, sorry, return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the peak rainfall, sorry, return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the peak rainfall, sorry, return
+the rainfall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rainfall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rainfall
+of the thing with latitude L and time T,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thing with latitude L and time T,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thing with latitude L and time T,
+we'd be done kind of, right? You you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd be done kind of, right? You you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd be done kind of, right? You you'd
+know how to support that query, right? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to support that query, right? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to support that query, right? I
+to insert things, I insert things into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insert things, I insert things into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insert things, I insert things into
+both data structures. I just look it up,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both data structures. I just look it up,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both data structures. I just look it up,
+right? The one complication here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The one complication here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The one complication here is that
+I'm not asking for what is the rainfall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not asking for what is the rainfall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not asking for what is the rainfall
+at a particular time. I want know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular time. I want know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular time. I want know what
+the maximum rainfall is up to this time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum rainfall is up to this time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum rainfall is up to this time.
+Okay, so max heap's good if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so max heap's good if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so max heap's good if I want to
+know the global max, right? But here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the global max, right? But here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the global max, right? But here I
+want to know the max bounded by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the max bounded by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the max bounded by a
+certain range. Okay, so I we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain range. Okay, so I we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain range. Okay, so I we're gonna
+you can ask me questions after this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask me questions after this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask me questions after this.
+We're running out of time a little bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're running out of time a little bit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're running out of time a little bit.
+Okay. So, anyone have an idea for how?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, anyone have an idea for how?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, anyone have an idea for how?
+Yeah. You just augment the the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. You just augment the the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. You just augment the the with the
+max. Okay. You can just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max. Okay. You can just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max. Okay. You can just look at the
+right child and just look at the max of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right child and just look at the max of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right child and just look at the max of
+that. Ah, okay. So, what your colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Ah, okay. So, what your colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Ah, okay. So, what your colleague
+is saying, if we augment by the max R in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying, if we augment by the max R in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying, if we augment by the max R in
+my subree,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my subree,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my subree,
+maybe we can use that to figure out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can use that to figure out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can use that to figure out this
+query. Right? Because we're ordered on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query. Right? Because we're ordered on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query. Right? Because we're ordered on
+T, right? we have this nice monotonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T, right? we have this nice monotonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T, right? we have this nice monotonic
+property that everything that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that everything that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that everything that's going to
+be in my query, right? Everything to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in my query, right? Everything to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in my query, right? Everything to the
+right of a certain time, right? If if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of a certain time, right? If if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of a certain time, right? If if my
+time is uh in is above t, right, at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is uh in is above t, right, at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is uh in is above t, right, at a
+particular node, then everything in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular node, then everything in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular node, then everything in my
+right subree is also above that t,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right subree is also above that t,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right subree is also above that t,
+right? Because of the order of my set's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because of the order of my set's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because of the order of my set's
+data structure, right? Because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure, right? Because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure, right? Because I'm
+ordered on times, right? So there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered on times, right? So there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered on times, right? So there's
+maybe the possibility that if I look to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the possibility that if I look to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the possibility that if I look to
+my right subree, I can not do work all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my right subree, I can not do work all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my right subree, I can not do work all
+over here by just looking at the max in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here by just looking at the max in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here by just looking at the max in
+that subree. Right? So that's an idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that subree. Right? So that's an idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that subree. Right? So that's an idea of
+let's say augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+subtree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtree
+max r. Okay, you probably want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max r. Okay, you probably want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max r. Okay, you probably want to give
+this a name as well, right? So like v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a name as well, right? So like v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a name as well, right? So like v
+max, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max, right?
+where V is a node in my sub in my thing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where V is a node in my sub in my thing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where V is a node in my sub in my thing,
+right? And I want to show how to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And I want to show how to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And I want to show how to support
+this, right? How I can compute that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, right? How I can compute that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, right? How I can compute that from
+its children. So, how do I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its children. So, how do I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its children. So, how do I actually
+support this query, right? I can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support this query, right? I can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support this query, right? I can think
+of it recursively, right? I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it recursively, right? I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it recursively, right? I have a
+couple cases. If I add a V here, I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple cases. If I add a V here, I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple cases. If I add a V here, I want
+to define a recursive function that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a recursive function that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a recursive function that's
+called uh, you know, peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh, you know, peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh, you know, peak
+peak rainfall of a given node.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak rainfall of a given node.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak rainfall of a given node.
+lower bounded by a t. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounded by a t. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounded by a t. Okay.
+So if I'm here, there's two cases,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I'm here, there's two cases,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I'm here, there's two cases,
+right? Either my t my time is bigger or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Either my t my time is bigger or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Either my t my time is bigger or
+small is in my range or out of my range,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small is in my range or out of my range,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small is in my range or out of my range,
+right? If it's out of my range, what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If it's out of my range, what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If it's out of my range, what do
+I do? Right? It's lower than my time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do? Right? It's lower than my time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do? Right? It's lower than my time
+bound.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound.
+I can just recursively call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just recursively call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just recursively call this
+function on this node, right? because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on this node, right? because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on this node, right? because I
+know that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that any
+thing is going to be down here that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is going to be down here that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is going to be down here that I
+care about, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about, right?
+And that's just one recursive call down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's just one recursive call down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's just one recursive call down
+the tree, right? And so if I only limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree, right? And so if I only limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree, right? And so if I only limit
+myself to one recursive call down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself to one recursive call down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself to one recursive call down the
+tree, I'm always going down each time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree, I'm always going down each time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree, I'm always going down each time.
+This is going to take logarithmic time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is going to take logarithmic time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is going to take logarithmic time,
+right? Okay, so that's the first case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay, so that's the first case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay, so that's the first case.
+That's the easy case, right? This thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the easy case, right? This thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the easy case, right? This thing
+is not in range. I return recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in range. I return recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in range. I return recursively
+the thing to my right. What's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing to my right. What's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing to my right. What's the other
+case? I'm in my range, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case? I'm in my range, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case? I'm in my range, right?
+Well, now I could return recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, now I could return recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, now I could return recursively
+call both sides, right? Because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call both sides, right? Because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call both sides, right? Because that's
+what this this peak is talking about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this this peak is talking about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this this peak is talking about.
+What's my peak rainfall? But if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's my peak rainfall? But if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's my peak rainfall? But if I do
+that, if I call it here recursively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, if I call it here recursively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, if I call it here recursively and
+I call it here recursively, that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call it here recursively, that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call it here recursively, that could
+take linear time, right? I might touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take linear time, right? I might touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take linear time, right? I might touch
+every node in my tree. So why did I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every node in my tree. So why did I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every node in my tree. So why did I do
+this augmentation? It's so I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this augmentation? It's so I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this augmentation? It's so I don't have
+to do work on this node. I just return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do work on this node. I just return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do work on this node. I just return
+the maximum rainfall in this subree,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum rainfall in this subree,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum rainfall in this subree,
+right? And then recurse on this side. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And then recurse on this side. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And then recurse on this side. So
+I I did constant work on this side. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I did constant work on this side. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I did constant work on this side. I
+did one recursive call down here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did one recursive call down here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did one recursive call down here which
+could go to the bottom. That's okay. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go to the bottom. That's okay. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go to the bottom. That's okay. I
+can afford to go to the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to go to the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to go to the bottom of the
+tree. Does that make sense? And if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. Does that make sense? And if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. Does that make sense? And if I
+don't have either subree, then I'm done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have either subree, then I'm done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have either subree, then I'm done.
+Right? If if at any time I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? If if at any time I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? If if at any time I don't have
+the node that I'm supposed to recurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node that I'm supposed to recurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node that I'm supposed to recurse
+on, right? I take the max of this subree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, right? I take the max of this subree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, right? I take the max of this subree
+myself and whatever the recursive return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and whatever the recursive return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and whatever the recursive return
+value is here, right? and comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is here, right? and comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is here, right? and comparing
+three values returning their max. Does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three values returning their max. Does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three values returning their max. Does
+that make sense? Okay, so that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense? Okay, so that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense? Okay, so that's what we
+call a one-sided range query. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a one-sided range query. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a one-sided range query. Okay, so
+uh in the I think problem session four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the I think problem session four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the I think problem session four
+that I didn't get to, it shows you uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't get to, it shows you uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't get to, it shows you uh a
+way to do this for a two-sided range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do this for a two-sided range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do this for a two-sided range
+query where I need to know like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query where I need to know like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query where I need to know like the
+maximum of all things between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of all things between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of all things between two
+things, right? But it's really no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, right? But it's really no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, right? But it's really no more
+difficult than this defining a recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult than this defining a recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult than this defining a recursive
+function that uses an augmentation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that uses an augmentation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that uses an augmentation so
+that you don't have to do recursive call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have to do recursive call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have to do recursive call
+on both sides. Does that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides. Does that make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides. Does that make sense?
+Okay. Uh that's going to be it for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh that's going to be it for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh that's going to be it for now
+and I can take questions after. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can take questions after. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can take questions after. Okay.
+Thanks for coming.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eXusvz0bI4I.txt b/eXusvz0bI4I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67d00747dc5086914b1dfe2b530b3a70eb41e553
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eXusvz0bI4I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu at this point I think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu at this point I think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu at this point I think what
+I'd like to do is let everybody take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to do is let everybody take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to do is let everybody take a
+microscope and kind of repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope and kind of repeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope and kind of repeat the
+sequence of of events that I've done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of of events that I've done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of of events that I've done and
+basically line up your laser engage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically line up your laser engage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically line up your laser engage the
+tip and get it to a surface and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and get it to a surface and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and get it to a surface and let's
+say today the goal is I'm going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say today the goal is I'm going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say today the goal is I'm going to give
+everybody a cander that's used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody a cander that's used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody a cander that's used for
+Imaging and a sample with some uh dried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging and a sample with some uh dried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging and a sample with some uh dried
+bacteria on it so the goal is to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria on it so the goal is to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria on it so the goal is to just
+get the get the get some images from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the get the get some images from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the get the get some images from the
+scope and see if you can also determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and see if you can also determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and see if you can also determine
+some quantitative information from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some quantitative information from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some quantitative information from those
+images what what is the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images what what is the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images what what is the size of the
+features you're looking at can you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features you're looking at can you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features you're looking at can you tell
+how how high they are how wide they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how high they are how wide they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how high they are how wide they are
+um and we can go from there and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we can go from there and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we can go from there and I want
+to make might make this a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make might make this a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make might make this a little more
+interactive and Hands-On so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive and Hands-On so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive and Hands-On so let's just
+do that okay zero because it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that okay zero because it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that okay zero because it's hard to
+tell I actually thought i' would be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell I actually thought i' would be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell I actually thought i' would be able
+to tell just by looking there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell just by looking there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell just by looking there's sort of
+two bright ones here see those look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bright ones here see those look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bright ones here see those look
+about as one and typically you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as one and typically you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as one and typically you don't
+care in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care in
+Mex little trick if you want to use one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mex little trick if you want to use one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mex little trick if you want to use one
+and then try switching the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then try switching the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then try switching the other one
+typically they're flexible and robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically they're flexible and robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically they're flexible and robust
+enough that You' been doing the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that You' been doing the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that You' been doing the other
+one is just kind of going along for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is just kind of going along for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is just kind of going along for the
+ride so you don't usually be on the 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride so you don't usually be on the 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride so you don't usually be on the 400
+first longer 325 yeah it depends some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first longer 325 yeah it depends some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first longer 325 yeah it depends some
+you know the there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the there's
+re interesting fingers might not be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re interesting fingers might not be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re interesting fingers might not be that
+greatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatever
+so so what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what do you
+think okay so let me just I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay so let me just I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay so let me just I'm going to
+come down have everybody take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down have everybody take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down have everybody take a look
+through here and just make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here and just make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here and just make sure you
+surrounding a rectangular structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding a rectangular structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding a rectangular structure and
+then you'll see these fluid things going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll see these fluid things going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll see these fluid things going
+in okay so the big circle is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so the big circle is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so the big circle is what you
+see out with the naked eye that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see out with the naked eye that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see out with the naked eye that's just
+the big um it's the uh it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big um it's the uh it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big um it's the uh it's it's a
+cutout for the O-ring which the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutout for the O-ring which the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutout for the O-ring which the fluid
+cell is going to use and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is going to use and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is going to use and then in the
+middle the big rectangular structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle the big rectangular structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle the big rectangular structure
+that's the D that actually has the can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the D that actually has the can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the D that actually has the can
+keep watching turn off the laser now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep watching turn off the laser now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep watching turn off the laser now I
+can zoom you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can zoom you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can zoom you
+in and if you adjust the focus that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and if you adjust the focus that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and if you adjust the focus that's
+this here you should be able to see kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here you should be able to see kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here you should be able to see kind
+of in a moderate Zoom you should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in a moderate Zoom you should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in a moderate Zoom you should be able
+to see this sping left and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this sping left and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this sping left and you'll see
+this middle long one with two short ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this middle long one with two short ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this middle long one with two short ones
+on the sides do you see what I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sides do you see what I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sides do you see what I'm talking
+about yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and again it usually helps if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again it usually helps if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again it usually helps if you
+turn the laser on cuz it sort of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the laser on cuz it sort of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the laser on cuz it sort of points
+to the it's like it's like a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the it's like it's like a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the it's like it's like a laser
+pointer and then you can turn it off for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and then you can turn it off for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and then you can turn it off for
+clearer sight of of the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer sight of of the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer sight of of the structure
+itself supposed there's three things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself supposed there's three things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself supposed there's three things you
+see three things but maybe one's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see three things but maybe one's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see three things but maybe one's a
+reflection I see dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection I see dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection I see dead
+C let me let me try adjust in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C let me let me try adjust in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C let me let me try adjust in the
+light yeah it's it's sometimes hard when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light yeah it's it's sometimes hard when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light yeah it's it's sometimes hard when
+you're first looking in it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're first looking in it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're first looking in it's hard to
+sort out what the reflections are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whereever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereever
+is up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up
+exactly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and
+theseis yes exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theseis yes exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theseis yes exactly
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+I guess the only way I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the only way I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the only way I can
+see oh I see yeah okay so we got the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see oh I see yeah okay so we got the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see oh I see yeah okay so we got the new
+there's three things for each one each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three things for each one each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three things for each one each
+one then I think we did your little zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then I think we did your little zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then I think we did your little zero
+mode trick oh cool okay so I think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode trick oh cool okay so I think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode trick oh cool okay so I think we're
+lined on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined on the
+detector but how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector but how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector but how do we
+now by the height of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+microscope so EAS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the the zect we had you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the the zect we had you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the the zect we had you could just
+turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those okay so now we can see where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those okay so now we can see where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those okay so now we can see where we
+are I don't know if we're actually Al oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I don't know if we're actually Al oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I don't know if we're actually Al oh
+very nice okay yeah so you can um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice okay yeah so you can um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice okay yeah so you can um you
+can usually get a kind of a closer view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can usually get a kind of a closer view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can usually get a kind of a closer view
+because this is a zoom scope so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a zoom scope so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a zoom scope so I'm just
+going to move this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tinit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinit
+that's the yeah this is the zoom this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the yeah this is the zoom this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the yeah this is the zoom this so
+if you go if you zoom too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go if you zoom too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go if you zoom too
+far uh it it gets distorted because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far uh it it gets distorted because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far uh it it gets distorted because then
+the Optics are the angle's not that so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Optics are the angle's not that so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Optics are the angle's not that so I
+usually I zoom like 3/4 of the way oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually I zoom like 3/4 of the way oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually I zoom like 3/4 of the way oh
+but we you can see actually so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we you can see actually so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we you can see actually so if you
+turn the laser on and off you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the laser on and off you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the laser on and off you'll see
+that that's actually a differenti PA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's actually a differenti PA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's actually a differenti PA
+that give you oh we have the wrong a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give you oh we have the wrong a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give you oh we have the wrong a
+better C oh good well we'll see how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better C oh good well we'll see how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better C oh good well we'll see how to
+mount it yeah so um goodness how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount it yeah so um goodness how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount it yeah so um goodness how do you
+why you guys make sure that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+laser so get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+build and after you take them out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build and after you take them out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build and after you take them out you
+keep them or often times I will keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them or often times I will keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them or often times I will keep
+them probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+practice so you probably have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+IC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC
+okay so um so basically you may want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um so basically you may want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um so basically you may want to
+set up a system where you have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a system where you have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a system where you have you know
+brand new and fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new and fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new and fresh
+clean system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically all here but some of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all here but some of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all here but some of them have
+something good on both hands so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I glad to see you looking over your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I glad to see you looking over your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I glad to see you looking over your
+glasses too cuz it always makes you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses too cuz it always makes you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses too cuz it always makes you feel
+old to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so this sits right in the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this sits right in the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this sits right in the little
+pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket
+there's yeah there's just this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's yeah there's just this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's yeah there's just this angle
+pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and
+uh drop you have to be careful sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh drop you have to be careful sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh drop you have to be careful sometimes
+justly hop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justly hop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justly hop
+away and it goes and then you push on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and it goes and then you push on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and it goes and then you push on
+this and turn oh yeah beautiful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and turn oh yeah beautiful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and turn oh yeah beautiful so
+that's how you do it beautiful very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you do it beautiful very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you do it beautiful very
+simpler push turn and that little ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler push turn and that little ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler push turn and that little ball
+of glue back here is just sort of easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glue back here is just sort of easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glue back here is just sort of easier
+to manipulate that's all okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manipulate that's all okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manipulate that's all okay
+now last point which is probably obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now last point which is probably obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now last point which is probably obvious
+but the Canever should be so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Canever should be so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Canever should be so when you
+have the die right if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the die right if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the die right if you look at the
+side there's a surface where the can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side there's a surface where the can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side there's a surface where the can
+levers are and then there's the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levers are and then there's the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levers are and then there's the bottom
+and they're not down here right so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not down here right so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not down here right so when
+you're keeping them in the box they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're keeping them in the box they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're keeping them in the box they
+obviously need to be up here cuz if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously need to be up here cuz if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously need to be up here cuz if you
+flip them over they're dead they lie on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip them over they're dead they lie on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip them over they're dead they lie on
+the ground mm so that's the way turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground mm so that's the way turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground mm so that's the way turn
+them over between storage and no that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them over between storage and no that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them over between storage and no that's
+you don't that's the way they go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't that's the way they go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't that's the way they go in
+because they should be up so that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they should be up so that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they should be up so that when
+you flip it over you're putting it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you flip it over you're putting it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you flip it over you're putting it in
+the bottom right okay now I'm with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so then this just sits right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then this just sits right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then this just sits right in
+here and uh now good luck linning your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh now good luck linning your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh now good luck linning your
+laser um sweet we had a laser alignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser um sweet we had a laser alignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser um sweet we had a laser alignment
+question good and then do I want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question good and then do I want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question good and then do I want to put
+do I want to put do I want yeah you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to put do I want yeah you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to put do I want yeah you want
+to put those down and just let them kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put those down and just let them kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put those down and just let them kind
+of sit sit on the on the glass there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sit sit on the on the glass there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sit sit on the on the glass there and
+clamp it down a little bit all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp it down a little bit all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp it down a little bit all right now
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+get that's right if we move the um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that's right if we move the um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that's right if we move the um we
+were yeah we were we get brick we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were yeah we were we get brick we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were yeah we were we get brick we get
+this sort of brick building pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of brick building pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of brick building pattern
+where the the lines are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the lines are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the lines are kind of
+alternating in their lateral position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating in their lateral position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating in their lateral position
+right so is one of these better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so is one of these better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so is one of these better than the
+others you you get two different ones m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others you you get two different ones m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others you you get two different ones m
+one here and one here which are equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here and one here which are equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here and one here which are equally
+good those are okay so it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good those are okay so it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good those are okay so it's a little bit
+takes a little bit of just practice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a little bit of just practice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a little bit of just practice to
+get used to what you're looking for let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to what you're looking for let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to what you're looking for let
+me let me make a note so you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me make a note so you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me make a note so you're you're
+currently adjusting the knob not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently adjusting the knob not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently adjusting the knob not that
+there's anything wrong with it anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anything wrong with it anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anything wrong with it anything
+wrong with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with it
+but when you're looking here so as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you're looking here so as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you're looking here so as I
+mentioned these are going to be the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned these are going to be the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned these are going to be the ones
+that move orthogonally this way and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that move orthogonally this way and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that move orthogonally this way and this
+way this one is going to move it a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this one is going to move it a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this one is going to move it a weird
+angle yeah so that's all but um all he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle yeah so that's all but um all he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle yeah so that's all but um all he
+did was Center it into the middle of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was Center it into the middle of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was Center it into the middle of its
+um yeah so let me describe what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so let me describe what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so let me describe what's going
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+so remember how so this this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember how so this this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember how so this this is going to
+give you that adjustment this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you that adjustment this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you that adjustment this is going
+to do see how when I turn it it has much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do see how when I turn it it has much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do see how when I turn it it has much
+less effect and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less effect and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less effect and that's
+because in this axis they're if you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this axis they're if you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this axis they're if you move
+the the laser this way you're following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the laser this way you're following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the laser this way you're following
+kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an
+equ whatever right you're hitting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ whatever right you're hitting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ whatever right you're hitting more
+of the grading but not so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grading but not so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grading but not so you're
+basically moving it along a line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically moving it along a line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically moving it along a line of
+equal relative displacement and so uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal relative displacement and so uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal relative displacement and so uh so
+when you move it this way you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you move it this way you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you move it this way you'll have
+very little change in the modes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little change in the modes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little change in the modes very
+slight but as you move across the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight but as you move across the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight but as you move across the entire
+grading it's going to change very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading it's going to change very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading it's going to change very little
+if you move it side to side right you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you move it side to side right you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you move it side to side right you'll
+see that huge fluctuation and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that huge fluctuation and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that huge fluctuation and you might
+even go through two different fringes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even go through two different fringes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even go through two different fringes
+before you leave the grading okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you leave the grading okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you leave the grading okay what
+you ideally want is you want to get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ideally want is you want to get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ideally want is you want to get to a
+point where I'll tell you why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where I'll tell you why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where I'll tell you why you
+couldn't see it you don't have to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see it you don't have to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see it you don't have to choose
+by just looking at this what point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just looking at this what point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just looking at this what point to
+operate at that's going to be determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate at that's going to be determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate at that's going to be determined
+by looking at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at your
+Force so as long as you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force so as long as you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force so as long as you can see the
+modes and as long as when you move side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and as long as when you move side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and as long as when you move side
+to side you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to side you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to side you
+see pretty much the whole mode going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see pretty much the whole mode going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see pretty much the whole mode going
+from Bright to dark okay here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Bright to dark okay here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Bright to dark okay here we have a
+slight there you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you the the dark kind of starts on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the the dark kind of starts on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the the dark kind of starts on the
+left see if I'm going to go slowly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left see if I'm going to go slowly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left see if I'm going to go slowly it
+starts on the left and then moves into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts on the left and then moves into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts on the left and then moves into
+the middle and then goes kind of out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and then goes kind of out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and then goes kind of out the
+right side so that's not good it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side so that's not good it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side so that's not good it's it's
+okay it's acceptable because mostly when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's acceptable because mostly when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's acceptable because mostly when
+it's when it changes brightness it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when it changes brightness it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when it changes brightness it's the
+middle section and it's kind of almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle section and it's kind of almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle section and it's kind of almost
+entirely but it's still there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely but it's still there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely but it's still there is a
+little bit of lateral movement so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of lateral movement so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of lateral movement so on the
+on the can is the graving is the graving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the can is the graving is the graving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the can is the graving is the graving
+going down the can or parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down the can or parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down the can or parallel to the
+walls it's uh I was just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh okay so that's what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh okay so that's what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh okay so that's what that
+Speck that that's what that is okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Speck that that's what that is okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Speck that that's what that is okay okay
+all right actually that's a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right actually that's a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right actually that's a good thing
+to know because that's that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know because that's that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know because that's that's a good
+Landmark yeah that's what I to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landmark yeah that's what I to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landmark yeah that's what I to find
+myself that's what I usually do is I end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself that's what I usually do is I end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself that's what I usually do is I end
+up back there okay and then I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up back there okay and then I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up back there okay and then I know that
+I need to walk off the chip that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to walk off the chip that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to walk off the chip that's right
+and I'll know when I fall off the Chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll know when I fall off the Chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll know when I fall off the Chip
+And then I want to scan this way lever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I want to scan this way lever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I want to scan this way lever
+that totally makes I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that totally makes I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that totally makes I don't know how
+it'll look here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll look here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll look here
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um well you can definitely see you walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well you can definitely see you walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well you can definitely see you walk
+off okay so now I've walked off the chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay so now I've walked off the chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay so now I've walked off the chip
+yeah that's that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's very
+visible okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible okay
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and I don't know where the true spot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know where the true spot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know where the true spot is
+but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you
+so right now I think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not right now I think I'm on The Big C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right now I think I'm on The Big C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right now I think I'm on The Big C
+on the can I'm not on the I can believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the can I'm not on the I can believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the can I'm not on the I can believe
+that do you and now I think I'm walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do you and now I think I'm walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do you and now I think I'm walking
+off of it the length you know walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of it the length you know walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of it the length you know walking
+down it okay yeah so now I'm Shing air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it okay yeah so now I'm Shing air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it okay yeah so now I'm Shing air
+oh he walked all the way off the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh he walked all the way off the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh he walked all the way off the end
+okay that's what I think okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what I think okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what I think okay and now
+we're going to here now I think I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to here now I think I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to here now I think I've
+walked so now you have to go off to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked so now you have to go off to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked so now you have to go off to the
+side to the cuz you know you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to the cuz you know you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to the cuz you know you know what
+this thing looks like right yeah okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing looks like right yeah okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing looks like right yeah okay so
+you need to walk onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the so right now I think oh oh that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so right now I think oh oh that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so right now I think oh oh that was
+looking good there I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking good there I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking good there I think
+this yep you are you definitely on it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yep you are you definitely on it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yep you are you definitely on it so
+I what I've done is I've put myself top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what I've done is I've put myself top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what I've done is I've put myself top
+most to kind of learn to adjust if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most to kind of learn to adjust if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most to kind of learn to adjust if this
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+absolutely can I watch while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you a little bit the I'm on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit the I'm on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit the I'm on the top
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+right to Y okay ready to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to Y okay ready to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to Y okay ready to go to the
+bottom okay good there it is yep okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom okay good there it is yep okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom okay good there it is yep okay so
+I'm just going to loosen the set for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to loosen the set for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to loosen the set for
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I'm on bottom and now so watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm on bottom and now so watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm on bottom and now so watch the
+loes and I'm going to show you what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loes and I'm going to show you what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loes and I'm going to show you what I
+was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking
+about if I slightly this is a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if I slightly this is a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if I slightly this is a very very
+stretchy adjustment but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretchy adjustment but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretchy adjustment but so
+caveat the original design for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveat the original design for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveat the original design for this
+actually involved a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually involved a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually involved a
+adjustable adjustable plate so the Thor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustable adjustable plate so the Thor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustable adjustable plate so the Thor
+cells a component where you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells a component where you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells a component where you can have a
+screw that moves this plate axially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw that moves this plate axially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw that moves this plate axially
+along the rods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the rods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the rods
+that turned out to be actually too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turned out to be actually too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turned out to be actually too
+annoying because it was too slow of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying because it was too slow of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying because it was too slow of an
+adjustment because it had a full range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment because it had a full range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment because it had a full range
+of a millimeter and it took you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a millimeter and it took you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a millimeter and it took you know
+like 50 turns to get through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 50 turns to get through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 50 turns to get through the
+millimeter so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter so it was
+really it was too good is this what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it was too good is this what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it was too good is this what he
+was saying about I find it easier to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying about I find it easier to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying about I find it easier to do
+it but it might be just because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have well okay so I've just shoved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well okay so I've just shoved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well okay so I've just shoved the
+plate up a little way look at the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+Brick but this is this is significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brick but this is this is significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brick but this is this is significantly
+worse than what you were seeing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than what you were seeing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than what you were seeing because
+at no point is any mode fully bright or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at no point is any mode fully bright or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at no point is any mode fully bright or
+fully dark and there's that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully dark and there's that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully dark and there's that very
+pronounced lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced lateral
+motion so what I'm trying what I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so what I'm trying what I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so what I'm trying what I try to
+do is adjust this until I stop like I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is adjust this until I stop like I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is adjust this until I stop like I do
+it very slowly and kind of jog the plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very slowly and kind of jog the plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very slowly and kind of jog the plate
+sort of kind of like kind of jogle it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of kind of like kind of jogle it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of kind of like kind of jogle it so
+I start seeing that the bright and dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start seeing that the bright and dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start seeing that the bright and dark
+cover
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ebKtv-S2S38.txt b/ebKtv-S2S38.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..447094ba7658291afd30f88db5c2e16244ed78bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ebKtv-S2S38.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+uh today is going to be a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today is going to be a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today is going to be a bit of a
+Hotpot lecture there are three things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hotpot lecture there are three things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hotpot lecture there are three things I
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+do want to talk a bit about uh uses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to talk a bit about uh uses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to talk a bit about uh uses of
+Random position in real life uh one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Random position in real life uh one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Random position in real life uh one is
+to show you spotlight and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you spotlight and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you spotlight and another
+research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+project uh that you know could give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh that you know could give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh that you know could give you
+some ideas of views um and uh then start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ideas of views um and uh then start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ideas of views um and uh then start
+talking about non nonparametric uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about non nonparametric uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about non nonparametric uh
+comparison nonparametric regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison nonparametric regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison nonparametric regression
+which is also going to serve as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also going to serve as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also going to serve as an
+introduction to linear regression which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to linear regression which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to linear regression which
+we are going to do next week so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to do next week so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to do next week so that's
+sort of the the game plan for today in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the game plan for today in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the game plan for today in
+term of logist itics the problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of logist itics the problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of logist itics the problem set
+will be posted today sometime later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be posted today sometime later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be posted today sometime later
+today um it's the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um it's the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um it's the last
+one it's a little long but it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's a little long but it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's a little long but it's a little
+long because it adds a question that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long because it adds a question that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long because it adds a question that's
+really about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about your
+project so it has it would be of normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so it has it would be of normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so it has it would be of normal
+size plus it had a question continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size plus it had a question continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size plus it had a question continuing
+one step further in thinking about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step further in thinking about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step further in thinking about your
+project uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh so
+um and then you can say bye-bye to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you can say bye-bye to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you can say bye-bye to
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+sets and I guess you don't even need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and I guess you don't even need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and I guess you don't even need to
+do it if you you uh if you have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it if you you uh if you have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it if you you uh if you have done
+enough but you still still should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but you still still should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but you still still should do
+this part and give it to us because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part and give it to us because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part and give it to us because you
+probably want the feedback before uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want the feedback before uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want the feedback before uh we
+go too far you go too far down a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go too far you go too far down a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go too far you go too far down a path
+which might turned out to be impractical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might turned out to be impractical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might turned out to be impractical
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+something um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh I guess if we had taught this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess if we had taught this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess if we had taught this class
+uh last time last last week's classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last time last last week's classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last time last last week's classes
+um a few years ago in particular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a few years ago in particular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a few years ago in particular in
+economics class would might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics class would might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics class would might have been
+different in a in a biostats class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in a in a biostats class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in a in a biostats class but
+in economics class we would have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in economics class we would have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in economics class we would have said
+well this is you know how one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is you know how one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is you know how one would
+analyze randomized experiments but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze randomized experiments but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze randomized experiments but
+really they're not that frequent and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really they're not that frequent and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really they're not that frequent and you
+have to think of them as some kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think of them as some kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think of them as some kind of uh
+standard to a to Aspire to and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard to a to Aspire to and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard to a to Aspire to and now we're
+going to move to econometrics which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move to econometrics which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move to econometrics which are
+uh which is going to give us a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is going to give us a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is going to give us a bunch of
+other tools to try to remove the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other tools to try to remove the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other tools to try to remove the the
+selection Bas and the way for example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection Bas and the way for example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection Bas and the way for example I
+was trained as an applied econometrician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trained as an applied econometrician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trained as an applied econometrician
+is to think as uh of the goal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to think as uh of the goal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to think as uh of the goal of the
+randomization as sort of the The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization as sort of the The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization as sort of the The
+Benchmark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benchmark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benchmark
+and think to myself is this was an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think to myself is this was an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think to myself is this was an ideal
+experiment this is how it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment this is how it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment this is how it would be
+constructed this is how I am close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed this is how I am close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed this is how I am close to
+that or not close to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or not close to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or not close to that in a
+particular setting that I'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular setting that I'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular setting that I'm looking at
+uh but of course in in the things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but of course in in the things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but of course in in the things have
+changed a lot uh in the last uh 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed a lot uh in the last uh 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed a lot uh in the last uh 20 years
+of progressively since have changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of progressively since have changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of progressively since have changed
+progressively over the last several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively over the last several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively over the last several
+decades but uh more rapidly in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades but uh more rapidly in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades but uh more rapidly in the last
+20 years or so such that uh now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years or so such that uh now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years or so such that uh now you can
+think of you can still think of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of you can still think of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of you can still think of of
+randomization in this way as a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization in this way as a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization in this way as a sort of
+analytical tool to help you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical tool to help you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical tool to help you think about
+situation where things are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where things are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where things are not
+randomized uh but you can also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized uh but you can also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized uh but you can also just
+think about randomization as a tool uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about randomization as a tool uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about randomization as a tool uh
+that you can directly use and uh I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can directly use and uh I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can directly use and uh I want
+to spend just a few minutes talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend just a few minutes talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend just a few minutes talking
+about various domains where people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about various domains where people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about various domains where people are
+using randomized control trials so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using randomized control trials so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using randomized control trials so the
+first first one of course is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first first one of course is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first first one of course is the
+clinical trials uh where uh they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials uh where uh they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials uh where uh they have
+been around forever testing new drugs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around forever testing new drugs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around forever testing new drugs uh
+they have they really are the standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have they really are the standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have they really are the standards
+rather than gold standards even for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than gold standards even for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than gold standards even for many
+years the FDA and many other agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the FDA and many other agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the FDA and many other agencies
+requires randomized trial before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires randomized trial before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires randomized trial before
+approving drugs several stages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approving drugs several stages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approving drugs several stages of
+randomized trial uh including the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized trial uh including the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized trial uh including the last
+one with a population of of live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with a population of of live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with a population of of live
+humans so you think that's that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans so you think that's that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans so you think that's that's that's
+nice that's uh that makes sense but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice that's uh that makes sense but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice that's uh that makes sense but um
+I guess the issue that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the issue that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the issue that uh the
+pharmaceutical or the FDA is facing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical or the FDA is facing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical or the FDA is facing or
+maybe the the pharmaceutical entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the the pharmaceutical entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the the pharmaceutical entire
+pharmaceutical industry is facing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical industry is facing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical industry is facing is
+that uh there are very very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh there are very very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh there are very very strong
+incentives that are Financial incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives that are Financial incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives that are Financial incentive
+there is a lot of money on the line uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of money on the line uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of money on the line uh
+in developing new drugs and in testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in developing new drugs and in testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in developing new drugs and in testing
+new drugs and uh Whenever there is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new drugs and uh Whenever there is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new drugs and uh Whenever there is a lot
+of money in the on the line there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money in the on the line there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money in the on the line there are
+also very strong incentives on the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very strong incentives on the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very strong incentives on the line
+and uh a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a very interesting
+topic from the point of view of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic from the point of view of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic from the point of view of an
+economist which Sarah is very familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist which Sarah is very familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist which Sarah is very familiar
+with is thinking about the incentive of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is thinking about the incentive of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is thinking about the incentive of
+the pharmaceutical industry in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pharmaceutical industry in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pharmaceutical industry in various
+domains you could think about them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains you could think about them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains you could think about them but
+one of the way in which uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the way in which uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the way in which uh one of the
+way in which this incentives play out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which this incentives play out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which this incentives play out is
+interesting from a statistician point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting from a statistician point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting from a statistician point of
+view from an applied statistician point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view from an applied statistician point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view from an applied statistician point
+of view is to think about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view is to think about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view is to think about how the
+incentive that the pharmaceutical world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive that the pharmaceutical world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive that the pharmaceutical world
+is facing uh affect the way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is facing uh affect the way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is facing uh affect the way that we
+interpret the experimental results so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the experimental results so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the experimental results so
+let's assume a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume a
+way uh outright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh outright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh outright
+cheating uh and uh uh implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating uh and uh uh implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating uh and uh uh implementation of
+the trials themselves and assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trials themselves and assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trials themselves and assume that
+this is uh sorted might be it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh sorted might be it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh sorted might be it's an
+assumption but let's assume this way uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption but let's assume this way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption but let's assume this way uh
+we're still dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still dealing with the
+pharmacetical world still deal basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacetical world still deal basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacetical world still deal basically
+with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two
+issues one is uh selective reporting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues one is uh selective reporting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues one is uh selective reporting of
+results from experiment is when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from experiment is when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from experiment is when people
+conduct a trial they do it perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct a trial they do it perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct a trial they do it perfectly
+well testing the new drug against a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well testing the new drug against a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well testing the new drug against a
+CBO uh and the they only report some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CBO uh and the they only report some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CBO uh and the they only report some of
+these trials the results of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trials the results of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trials the results of some of
+these trials are published and some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trials are published and some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trials are published and some are
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+published uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published uh
+so what problems does it uh pose and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what problems does it uh pose and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what problems does it uh pose and how
+can you think about this problem in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think about this problem in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think about this problem in the
+context of everything we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of everything we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of everything we've been
+discussing about uh testing hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing about uh testing hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing about uh testing hypothesis
+testing the power on tests and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing the power on tests and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing the power on tests and and and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+lag yeah means that there are comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag yeah means that there are comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag yeah means that there are comp
+troubles with inaccurate because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubles with inaccurate because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubles with inaccurate because um
+there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+probability that um the results aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that um the results aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that um the results aren't
+due to chance but that's being ignored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to chance but that's being ignored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to chance but that's being ignored
+because they only show the results that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they only show the results that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they only show the results that
+look significant right exactly so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look significant right exactly so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look significant right exactly so if you
+think about hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about hypothesis
+testing uh we we constructed 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing uh we we constructed 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing uh we we constructed 95%
+confidence interval and they only Mak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval and they only Mak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval and they only Mak
+sense only they only makes sense to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense only they only makes sense to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense only they only makes sense to the
+extent that we sort of commit to report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that we sort of commit to report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that we sort of commit to report
+the result of all the experiments we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of all the experiments we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of all the experiments we are
+running because if we are only if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running because if we are only if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running because if we are only if we
+only reporting the results where things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reporting the results where things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reporting the results where things
+happen to be significant if you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be significant if you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be significant if you run
+enough experient if you run 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough experient if you run 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough experient if you run 100
+experiments uh five of them will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments uh five of them will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments uh five of them will be
+signif and there and the the effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signif and there and the the effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signif and there and the the effect is
+really zero five of them will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really zero five of them will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really zero five of them will be
+significant at the 95 will show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant at the 95 will show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant at the 95 will show you a
+significant result at 95 percal interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant result at 95 percal interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant result at 95 percal interval
+now the two and a half will be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the two and a half will be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the two and a half will be positive
+and two and a half will be negative you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and a half will be negative you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and a half will be negative you
+could report those two so if you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could report those two so if you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could report those two so if you only
+report the the the two or three trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report the the the two or three trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report the the the two or three trials
+that give you a significant results then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give you a significant results then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give you a significant results then
+uh even a treatment that has no effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even a treatment that has no effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even a treatment that has no effect
+whatsoever is going to be reported as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever is going to be reported as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever is going to be reported as
+having a as having a an effect yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a as having a an effect yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a as having a an effect yes
+similar to survivorship bias Finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to survivorship bias Finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to survivorship bias Finance
+where the funds that survive only result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the funds that survive only result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the funds that survive only result
+post results versus funds that uh went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post results versus funds that uh went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post results versus funds that uh went
+bankrupt not so you think that you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankrupt not so you think that you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankrupt not so you think that you on
+hypothesis testing they've made good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing they've made good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing they've made good
+returns so I think it is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns so I think it is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns so I think it is slightly
+different it might be it might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it might be it might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it might be it might be the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+problem uh I don't this problem I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh I don't this problem I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh I don't this problem I I
+haven't thought about this problem in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't thought about this problem in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't thought about this problem in so
+much detail but I would think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much detail but I would think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much detail but I would think this
+creates also a bias uh in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates also a bias uh in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates also a bias uh in the sense that
+only the good funds report results so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the good funds report results so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the good funds report results so
+you are sampling from a population that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are sampling from a population that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are sampling from a population that
+is actually different when you sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually different when you sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually different when you sample
+from the one who have survived where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the one who have survived where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the one who have survived where
+here uh there is a distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh there is a distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh there is a distribution of
+possible result there is suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible result there is suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible result there is suppose that
+the true effect is zero think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true effect is zero think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true effect is zero think about the
+setting where we are doing Fisher exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting where we are doing Fisher exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting where we are doing Fisher exact
+test the true effect is zero uh if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the true effect is zero uh if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the true effect is zero uh if we
+had done the experiment 100 times even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done the experiment 100 times even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done the experiment 100 times even
+within the same setting we would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the same setting we would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the same setting we would have a
+distribution of the result centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the result centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the result centered
+around zero if the true effect is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around zero if the true effect is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around zero if the true effect is zero
+but if we only report the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we only report the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we only report the ones that
+actually do work out by definition some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do work out by definition some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do work out by definition some
+of them will be will work out uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them will be will work out uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them will be will work out uh in the
+in the lastar sample so there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lastar sample so there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lastar sample so there is no
+there might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might not be
+anything anything that these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything anything that these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything anything that these guys are
+the ones that are reported are selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are reported are selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are reported are selected
+from a different population Etc but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a different population Etc but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a different population Etc but if
+only the positive ones are reported we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the positive ones are reported we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the positive ones are reported we
+don't know how it will interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how it will interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how it will interpret
+statistics anymore uh so that is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics anymore uh so that is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics anymore uh so that is that is
+a that is a pretty significant problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that is a pretty significant problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that is a pretty significant problem
+uh so what is the solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem uh what's the in fact it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh what's the in fact it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh what's the in fact it's not a
+vague solution what is the solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague solution what is the solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague solution what is the solution is
+being implemented for this problem yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being implemented for this problem yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being implemented for this problem yeah
+some policy change May the FDA requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some policy change May the FDA requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some policy change May the FDA requires
+uh or some auditing to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or some auditing to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or some auditing to make sure that
+the companies are complying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies are complying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies are complying in
+publishing their full results so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing their full results so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing their full results so
+remember it's like it's publishing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's like it's publishing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's like it's publishing the
+results yes is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results yes is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results yes is the
+exactly so the solution is clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so the solution is clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so the solution is clinical
+trial.gov it exists you don't need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial.gov it exists you don't need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial.gov it exists you don't need a
+change the solution is clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the solution is clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the solution is clinical
+trial.gov uh basically the FDA uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial.gov uh basically the FDA uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial.gov uh basically the FDA uh
+refuses to will not approve uh a drug on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuses to will not approve uh a drug on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuses to will not approve uh a drug on
+the basis of a trial that has not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of a trial that has not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of a trial that has not been
+pre-registered um and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-registered um and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-registered um and since
+2005 um uh the leading uh medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 um uh the leading uh medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 um uh the leading uh medical
+journals will actually not publish uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals will actually not publish uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals will actually not publish uh
+papers based on trials that have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers based on trials that have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers based on trials that have not
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+registered so in principle we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered so in principle we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered so in principle we have the
+universe of studies that doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of studies that doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of studies that doesn't mean
+that the the journals will publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the journals will publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the journals will publish
+everything that has been that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that has been that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that has been that has been
+done like and I actually think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done like and I actually think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done like and I actually think
+personally think they shouldn't because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally think they shouldn't because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally think they shouldn't because
+s very interesting to publish things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s very interesting to publish things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s very interesting to publish things
+that don't work but it means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't work but it means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't work but it means that the
+FDA or anybody who is interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDA or anybody who is interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDA or anybody who is interested in
+getting the full distribution of results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the full distribution of results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the full distribution of results
+for a particular drug can in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular drug can in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular drug can in principle
+get it by by going to clinical trial.gov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it by by going to clinical trial.gov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it by by going to clinical trial.gov
+and I the project that I want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I the project that I want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I the project that I want to have
+highlight in a few minutes is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight in a few minutes is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight in a few minutes is exactly
+about what do you do when you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what do you do when you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what do you do when you have this
+bunch of results what do you make of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of results what do you make of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of results what do you make of it
+uh so that's the solution is clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's the solution is clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's the solution is clinical
+trial.gov there are also other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial.gov there are also other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial.gov there are also other
+registries that are approved Registries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registries that are approved Registries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registries that are approved Registries
+that uh basically when before starting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh basically when before starting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh basically when before starting a
+trial you need to say I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial you need to say I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial you need to say I'm going to start
+a trial this is my drug this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trial this is my drug this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trial this is my drug this is my
+sample uh and this is uh My outcome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample uh and this is uh My outcome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample uh and this is uh My outcome of
+interest is survival after six month or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest is survival after six month or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest is survival after six month or
+whatever is the the main outcome you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is the the main outcome you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is the the main outcome you're
+interested in looking at yeah yep so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in looking at yeah yep so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in looking at yeah yep so
+that's what you report in the now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you report in the now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you report in the now it's
+not a perfect solution um so people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a perfect solution um so people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a perfect solution um so people have
+studying the solution the the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the solution the the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the solution the the problem is
+that um the Registries so the registry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the Registries so the registry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the Registries so the registry
+only works so people are very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only works so people are very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only works so people are very good at
+registering because if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registering because if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registering because if you're not
+register you SC uh you can't publish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register you SC uh you can't publish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register you SC uh you can't publish and
+on the FD will but people are very bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the FD will but people are very bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the FD will but people are very bad
+at reporting results on the registry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at reporting results on the registry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at reporting results on the registry so
+in practice if you audit if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice if you audit if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice if you audit if you're
+looking for the results for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the results for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the results for a particular
+drug uh you will have 100 studies on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug uh you will have 100 studies on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug uh you will have 100 studies on a
+particular molecule you you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular molecule you you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular molecule you you might have
+hundred studies that are registered on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred studies that are registered on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred studies that are registered on
+the registry but 95 of them will have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the registry but 95 of them will have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the registry but 95 of them will have no
+results they they won't have a followup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results they they won't have a followup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results they they won't have a followup
+so basically the the trial presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the the trial presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the the trial presumably
+has been done or maybe it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been done or maybe it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been done or maybe it's been
+abandoned you don't know there is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned you don't know there is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned you don't know there is just
+no information so that's a fixable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no information so that's a fixable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no information so that's a fixable
+problem it's resources but it it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's resources but it it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's resources but it it is it
+remains a problem so that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains a problem so that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains a problem so that's that's the
+first problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem you
+have uh where you know it needs so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh where you know it needs so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh where you know it needs so it
+needs some extra work to force people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs some extra work to force people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs some extra work to force people to
+go back but of course at this point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back but of course at this point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back but of course at this point you
+don't have a you don't have any you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a you don't have any you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a you don't have any you can
+you can give people incentive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can give people incentive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can give people incentive to
+register but it's much harder to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register but it's much harder to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register but it's much harder to give
+them incentive to report results of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them incentive to report results of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them incentive to report results of some
+because if something doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if something doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if something doesn't work
+they're not interested in publishing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not interested in publishing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not interested in publishing it
+anyway so what's the there's no bite to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so what's the there's no bite to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so what's the there's no bite to
+anything you could do so it's a game of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you could do so it's a game of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you could do so it's a game of
+cat and mouse anyway because incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat and mouse anyway because incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat and mouse anyway because incentives
+are strong enough that there will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are strong enough that there will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are strong enough that there will always
+be a uh there will always be there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a uh there will always be there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a uh there will always be there is
+kind of disgrace but uh I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of disgrace but uh I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of disgrace but uh I think this is
+where we are in the c mouse problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are in the c mouse problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are in the c mouse problem that
+the registry is there it's food uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the registry is there it's food uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the registry is there it's food uh but
+the the people are not reporting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the people are not reporting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the people are not reporting the
+results uh incidentally there is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results uh incidentally there is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results uh incidentally there is now
+registry for social science experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registry for social science experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registry for social science experiments
+as well that the American economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well that the American economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well that the American economic
+Association started uh a few a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association started uh a few a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association started uh a few a couple of
+years ago there about 400 studies on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago there about 400 studies on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago there about 400 studies on it
+or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like
+that uh there is much less of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh there is much less of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh there is much less of this
+problem is is is Not absent in social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is is is Not absent in social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is is is Not absent in social
+science but it's much less present uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science but it's much less present uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science but it's much less present uh
+partly because incentives are not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because incentives are not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because incentives are not there
+like there's not so much money on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's not so much money on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's not so much money on the
+line uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh
+fortunately or unfortunately another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately or unfortunately another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately or unfortunately another
+issue that um another issue that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that um another issue that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that um another issue that uh that
+clinical trial face which is again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trial face which is again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trial face which is again a
+statistical issue and it's related is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical issue and it's related is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical issue and it's related is
+selective uh reporting of results by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective uh reporting of results by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective uh reporting of results by
+subgroups so instead of uh not reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups so instead of uh not reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups so instead of uh not reporting
+so you're running your trials and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're running your trials and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're running your trials and uh
+you're finding no effect on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're finding no effect on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're finding no effect on your
+population but uh then you're finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population but uh then you're finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population but uh then you're finding
+that actually there is an effect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually there is an effect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually there is an effect for
+woman but not for men and you will maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman but not for men and you will maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman but not for men and you will maybe
+report the overall no effect but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report the overall no effect but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report the overall no effect but also
+woman and men and then you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman and men and then you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman and men and then you could say
+well the the drug actually works on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the the drug actually works on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the the drug actually works on
+woman but it doesn't work on men and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman but it doesn't work on men and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman but it doesn't work on men and you
+can exposive and come up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can exposive and come up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can exposive and come up with some
+theory that why it would work for women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that why it would work for women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that why it would work for women
+and not for men so what is the issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not for men so what is the issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not for men so what is the issue is
+selective reporting by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subgroups Lisa able to find a sub group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups Lisa able to find a sub group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups Lisa able to find a sub group
+that has this yeah it's exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has this yeah it's exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has this yeah it's exactly the same
+except it's even easier because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it's even easier because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it's even easier because you
+don't have to run 100 trials you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to run 100 trials you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to run 100 trials you have
+run one trials if you have enough karat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run one trials if you have enough karat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run one trials if you have enough karat
+you can search enough your sample needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can search enough your sample needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can search enough your sample needs
+to be large enough to start Twi but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be large enough to start Twi but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be large enough to start Twi but
+searching enough you might end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching enough you might end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching enough you might end up
+finding a subgroup and so if you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a subgroup and so if you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a subgroup and so if you find
+that the drug actually work for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the drug actually work for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the drug actually work for people
+who have green hair then you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have green hair then you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have green hair then you can say
+well this works for the green hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this works for the green hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this works for the green hair
+people so the solution to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so the solution to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so the solution to that is
+something that in Social called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that in Social called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that in Social called
+pre-analysis plan I I don't it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-analysis plan I I don't it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-analysis plan I I don't it's not
+term they use in in in in in clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term they use in in in in in clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term they use in in in in in clinical
+trials but it's basically the idea of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials but it's basically the idea of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials but it's basically the idea of uh
+in the in the registry when you register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the registry when you register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the registry when you register
+you also need to say specifically which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also need to say specifically which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also need to say specifically which
+subg group you're going to look at in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subg group you're going to look at in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subg group you're going to look at in
+advance uh so you need to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance uh so you need to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance uh so you need to say that
+you're going to look at the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to look at the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to look at the effect
+separately for women and for men or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately for women and for men or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately for women and for men or by
+age group or stuff like that even then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age group or stuff like that even then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age group or stuff like that even then
+if you're planning let's say 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're planning let's say 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're planning let's say 10
+comparisons you will need to adjust your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons you will need to adjust your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons you will need to adjust your
+critical values for the fact during 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical values for the fact during 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical values for the fact during 10
+comparison at the same time and hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison at the same time and hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison at the same time and hence
+like one of them by chance is like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of them by chance is like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of them by chance is like is
+more likely to be significant than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to be significant than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to be significant than if
+you did just one but we do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did just one but we do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did just one but we do have
+statistical methods to fix the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical methods to fix the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical methods to fix the critical
+value none of them is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value none of them is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value none of them is perfectly
+fantastic but there are some some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic but there are some some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic but there are some some ways
+to deal with that the problem they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with that the problem they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with that the problem they have
+here and this is both both of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is both both of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is both both of these are
+actually studies that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually studies that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually studies that have been
+published in new New England Journal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in new New England Journal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in new New England Journal of
+Medicine or or the problem they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicine or or the problem they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicine or or the problem they have
+here is that um so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that um so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that um so there is a
+pre-analysis plan a protocol that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-analysis plan a protocol that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-analysis plan a protocol that is
+registered and then the studies sent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered and then the studies sent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered and then the studies sent to
+a journal the problem is that nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a journal the problem is that nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a journal the problem is that nobody
+follows the protocol in of what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows the protocol in of what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows the protocol in of what they
+were actually going going to report they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually going going to report they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually going going to report they
+report many many things that were not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report many many things that were not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report many many things that were not in
+the protocol in the first place without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol in the first place without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol in the first place without
+saying that they were not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that they were not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that they were not in the
+protocol in the first place that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol in the first place that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol in the first place that means
+that referees and editor don't really go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that referees and editor don't really go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that referees and editor don't really go
+back um to to the to the to the protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um to to the to the to the protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um to to the to the to the protocol
+so it's it again like but that seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it again like but that seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it again like but that seems to
+be easier problem to fix because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easier problem to fix because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easier problem to fix because you can
+say that if it's not in the it could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that if it's not in the it could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that if it's not in the it could say
+that it's the job of even a secretary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the job of even a secretary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the job of even a secretary to
+check that whatever is reported was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that whatever is reported was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that whatever is reported was in
+fact what was in the protocol but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what was in the protocol but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what was in the protocol but that's
+the situation now there's also little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation now there's also little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation now there's also little
+bit of a movement in social science to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a movement in social science to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a movement in social science to
+include pre to get pre-analysis plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include pre to get pre-analysis plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include pre to get pre-analysis plans
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+uh the issue is that again typically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the issue is that again typically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the issue is that again typically the
+question is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is not
+to you know that that there are millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know that that there are millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know that that there are millions
+and billions of dollars on the line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and billions of dollars on the line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and billions of dollars on the line to
+show that a particular treatment works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that a particular treatment works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that a particular treatment works
+in the subg group and there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subg group and there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subg group and there are many
+things that in social science we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that in social science we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that in social science we often
+do experiments in order to learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do experiments in order to learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do experiments in order to learn about
+some behavior and we may be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some behavior and we may be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some behavior and we may be interested
+in subgroups we we have no idea in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in subgroups we we have no idea in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in subgroups we we have no idea in
+advance so you can go a little too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance so you can go a little too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance so you can go a little too far
+and if it's not you you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's not you you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's not you you don't want to
+show effect versus no effect what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show effect versus no effect what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show effect versus no effect what you're
+trying to learn something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to learn something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to learn something about the
+world you might go a little too far in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you might go a little too far in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you might go a little too far in
+uh in in in specifying in advance what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in in specifying in advance what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in in specifying in advance what
+you'd want to do yeah are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to do yeah are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to do yeah are we going to
+talk about adaptive clinical trials in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about adaptive clinical trials in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about adaptive clinical trials in
+this past and is that used in social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this past and is that used in social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this past and is that used in social
+sciences as well uh no we are not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences as well uh no we are not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences as well uh no we are not going
+to talk about adaptive medical trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about adaptive medical trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about adaptive medical trials
+and it's not used uh in social science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not used uh in social science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not used uh in social science
+uh in any systematic form that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in any systematic form that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in any systematic form that people
+some people do do stuff that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people do do stuff that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people do do stuff that look like
+that but it's not theorized very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's not theorized very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's not theorized very well
+Etc but it's a very good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc but it's a very good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc but it's a very good question
+because in a sense this tradeoff between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a sense this tradeoff between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a sense this tradeoff between
+uh so in my view there is absolutely no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so in my view there is absolutely no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so in my view there is absolutely no
+trade-off which register it makes a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off which register it makes a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off which register it makes a lot
+of sense to register that you are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense to register that you are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense to register that you are doing
+a trial on this particular stuff the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trial on this particular stuff the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trial on this particular stuff the
+stuff being a drug or the stuff being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff being a drug or the stuff being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff being a drug or the stuff being a
+intervention simply because someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention simply because someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention simply because someone who
+comes back down the line and wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back down the line and wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back down the line and wants to
+study the effect of this stuff they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the effect of this stuff they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the effect of this stuff they need
+to know the sensus of what has been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the sensus of what has been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the sensus of what has been done
+ideally so I think there is absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally so I think there is absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally so I think there is absolutely
+no tradeoff in doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no tradeoff in doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no tradeoff in doing
+Registries uh but this idea of uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Registries uh but this idea of uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Registries uh but this idea of uh but
+there is a tradeoff between the danger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a tradeoff between the danger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a tradeoff between the danger
+that there is of so changing protocols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is of so changing protocols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is of so changing protocols
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+between create statistical issues but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between create statistical issues but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between create statistical issues but on
+the other hand it might enrich the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand it might enrich the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand it might enrich the
+results uh or what what we can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results uh or what what we can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results uh or what what we can do with
+the result from a point of view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result from a point of view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result from a point of view of
+understanding the world be in medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the world be in medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the world be in medicine
+or be in reality um changing uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or be in reality um changing uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or be in reality um changing uh and
+preying a lot of prying a lot of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preying a lot of prying a lot of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preying a lot of prying a lot of your
+analysis can serve some purpose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis can serve some purpose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis can serve some purpose in
+particular it will protect you against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it will protect you against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it will protect you against
+your partner if the partner really wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your partner if the partner really wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your partner if the partner really wants
+to see an effect somewhere and will push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see an effect somewhere and will push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see an effect somewhere and will push
+you to look to look at subgroups so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look to look at subgroups so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look to look at subgroups so when
+you work with an NGO they might be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work with an NGO they might be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work with an NGO they might be very
+excited they might really want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited they might really want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited they might really want to see
+that that it works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that it works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that it works for
+someone uh on the other hand it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone uh on the other hand it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone uh on the other hand it might
+stifle the you know creativity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stifle the you know creativity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stifle the you know creativity and the
+ability to find something that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to find something that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to find something that there are
+some tra of there some of very exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tra of there some of very exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tra of there some of very exciting
+work some of the very exciting work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work some of the very exciting work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work some of the very exciting work on
+the theoretical level about thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical level about thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical level about thinking
+about experiments is happening exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about experiments is happening exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about experiments is happening exactly
+there which is how can you have uh rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which is how can you have uh rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which is how can you have uh rules
+that on the one hand uh give you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the one hand uh give you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the one hand uh give you kind of
+a path to go but at the same time leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path to go but at the same time leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path to go but at the same time leaves
+you some explicit space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some explicit space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some explicit space for
+speculation uh that's sort of a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation uh that's sort of a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation uh that's sort of a whole
+set of questions around both the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of questions around both the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of questions around both the design
+of experiment uh the combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiment uh the combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiment uh the combination of
+experiments and machine learning tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and machine learning tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and machine learning tools
+to think about for example you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about for example you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about for example you could
+specify not the subgroups you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify not the subgroups you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify not the subgroups you're going
+to look at but how you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at but how you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at but how you're going to
+discover the subgroup with a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover the subgroup with a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover the subgroup with a machine
+learning rule in which case you specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning rule in which case you specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning rule in which case you specify
+something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in
+advance but they specify a protocol so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance but they specify a protocol so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance but they specify a protocol so
+you tie your hand in the sense of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tie your hand in the sense of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tie your hand in the sense of uh
+this is the rule I'm going to follow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the rule I'm going to follow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the rule I'm going to follow and
+therefore I'm not letting the data I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I'm not letting the data I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I'm not letting the data I'm
+not letting the convenience guide me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not letting the convenience guide me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not letting the convenience guide me
+towards the the one thing that tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the the one thing that tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the the one thing that tests
+significant at the classical level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant at the classical level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant at the classical level
+without taking into account the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without taking into account the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without taking into account the
+searching process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching process
+um uh so all sorts of exciting stuff are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so all sorts of exciting stuff are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so all sorts of exciting stuff are
+happening exactly there uh in term of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening exactly there uh in term of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening exactly there uh in term of
+the thinking about how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thinking about how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thinking about how do
+we think about this tradeoff given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about this tradeoff given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about this tradeoff given the
+objective of a of a trial in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective of a of a trial in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective of a of a trial in the first
+place you know whether it's to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you know whether it's to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you know whether it's to give
+policy advice versus learn something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy advice versus learn something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy advice versus learn something
+about the world how do we separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world how do we separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world how do we separate
+neatly what has been prespecified and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neatly what has been prespecified and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neatly what has been prespecified and
+what is not how do we have PR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is not how do we have PR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is not how do we have PR
+specification rules that are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification rules that are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification rules that are um
+uh flexible in a way uh without being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flexible in a way uh without being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flexible in a way uh without being
+too flexible so a lot of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too flexible so a lot of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too flexible so a lot of interesting
+stuff is happening there but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is happening there but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is happening there but it's a
+little bit beyond the scope of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit beyond the scope of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit beyond the scope of of this
+class in the sense that a lot of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in the sense that a lot of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in the sense that a lot of it is
+not even done yet but that's the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even done yet but that's the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even done yet but that's the type of
+questions people have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mind so that's for critical trials um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so that's for critical trials um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so that's for critical trials um
+social experiments so these are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social experiments so these are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social experiments so these are sort of
+I refer by that I refer to experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I refer by that I refer to experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I refer by that I refer to experiments
+that are designed to test social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are designed to test social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are designed to test social
+policies uh so itties have a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies uh so itties have a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies uh so itties have a long
+history in social science in testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in social science in testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in social science in testing
+social policies in particular in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social policies in particular in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social policies in particular in the US
+the sort of the most well-known older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the most well-known older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the most well-known older
+ones from the 60s and 70s are the Run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones from the 60s and 70s are the Run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones from the 60s and 70s are the Run
+health insurance experiment which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance experiment which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance experiment which is the
+first health insurance experiment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first health insurance experiment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first health insurance experiment uh
+that was done to test uh uh issues of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was done to test uh uh issues of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was done to test uh uh issues of uh
+adverse selection and moral hazard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse selection and moral hazard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse selection and moral hazard and
+having health insurance there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having health insurance there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having health insurance there was a
+variation in how much people had to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in how much people had to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in how much people had to pay
+to be to be in the program and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to be in the program and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to be in the program and how much
+the copies was Etc so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copies was Etc so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copies was Etc so that's the
+wellknown experiment people have looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wellknown experiment people have looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wellknown experiment people have looked
+at the other old one is the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other old one is the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other old one is the negative
+income tax tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income tax tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income tax tax
+experiment where there was uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where there was uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where there was uh people
+were given kind of a a guaranteed income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given kind of a a guaranteed income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given kind of a a guaranteed income
+of varying level and different slopes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of varying level and different slopes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of varying level and different slopes of
+their of their wages so eitc like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their of their wages so eitc like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+their issues they are you know we
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+because they helped us think about a lot
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+ align:start position:0%
+of the the statistics of these things uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the statistics of these things uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh um mdrc which is Manpower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh um mdrc which is Manpower
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+started in the 70s Bob solo was the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+of growth Theory but he turns out he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of growth Theory but he turns out he was
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very uh well read person in general
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+and he was a chairman of this creation
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+experiments with uh State Welfare
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+help uh people who were on welfare get
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+and they through kind of Trials and
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+and they through kind of Trials and
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+a pretty big scale uh uh over the over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty big scale uh uh over the over
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+
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+the years and they continue to do it and
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+they've done a lot to increase the
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+acceptability of the method as a way of
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+testing the testing experiment uh Judy
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+testing the testing experiment uh Judy
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+as a book and she also has a a chapter
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+
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+experiment where she described this in a
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+very Vivid and fun way people are
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+interested that's sort of a nice very
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+reading so since then of course they
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+have continued all this well and in the
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+last 15 years also have greatly expanded
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+last 15 years also have greatly expanded
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+
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+last 15 years also have greatly expanded
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in scope a geographical scope it moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in scope a geographical scope it moved
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+ align:start position:0%
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+Corruptions Etc I gave you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corruptions Etc I gave you an example
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corruptions Etc I gave you an example
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+course the organization that I helped uh
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+is here at MIT is only a subset of those
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+is here at MIT is only a subset of those
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+experiments but just jaal has today 729
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+evaluations in 67 countries in teams
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+ranging from culture to Crime education
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+ align:start position:0%
+environment Finance micr Finance Health
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+labor market and political economy you
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+ align:start position:0%
+labor market and political economy you
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+ align:start position:0%
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+because that's kind of where it all
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+ align:start position:0%
+started uh uh but you can also see a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh uh but you can also see a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch in in in North America and this is
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+bunch in in in North America and this is
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+jaal North America got started like
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+
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+jaal North America got started like
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+ align:start position:0%
+literally five minutes ago so they had a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally five minutes ago so they had a
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+ align:start position:0%
+pretty large expansion uh when that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty large expansion uh when that
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+ align:start position:0%
+started and sort of all over the world
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a big I guess not too much going
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+
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+uh with a big I guess not too much going
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+on in Australia but the Australians
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+ align:start position:0%
+people fund a lot in Indonesia so it's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that they are absent from this trend
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+so this has become sort of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has become sort of
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+ align:start position:0%
+a much more at least discussed uh ways
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+it's not just a theoretical construct it
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+factors that help you choose your J sit
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+ align:start position:0%
+like do you have relationships it looks
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+
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+but what about like the Ministry of
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+ align:start position:0%
+Finance example you want to do Finance
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance example you want to do Finance
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+so to run an RC you need a partner so
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+
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+and uh the
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+and uh the
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+situation usually but that that happens
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+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes yeah
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes yeah
+usually um combination of uh uh
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+ align:start position:0%
+usually um combination of uh uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually um combination of uh uh
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+scientific foundations NIH NSF in the US
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+
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+for example the equivalent foundations
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+
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+for example the equivalent foundations
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+in in Europe or in other countries
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+in in Europe or in other countries
+private foundations G Foundation ulate
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+private foundations G Foundation ulate
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+foundations loan Foundation our non
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+foundations loan Foundation our non
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+
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+foundations loan Foundation our non
+Foundation uh the partners themselves so
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+Foundation uh the partners themselves so
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+
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+for example we have a lot of work in
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+for example we have a lot of work in
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+tamilnad which is in the south of India
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+tamilnad which is in the south of India
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+the government is paying for
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+the government is paying for
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+them uh and so those are the three big
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh and so those are the three big
+sources of
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+money for this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+work uh of course there are also
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+work uh of course there are also
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+work uh of course there are also
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+randomized evaluations so randomization
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized evaluations so randomization
+is also something that has uh Rec
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+ align:start position:0%
+is also something that has uh Rec
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+
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+is also something that has uh Rec
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+relatively recently in the last 5 10
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+years or so made its appearance in in a
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+ align:start position:0%
+years or so made its appearance in in a
+big way in FS as a as a way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big way in FS as a as a way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big way in FS as a as a way to do
+business it's not that it was absent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business it's not that it was absent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business it's not that it was absent
+before but it was not that frequent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but it was not that frequent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but it was not that frequent and
+one thing that has really changed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that has really changed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that has really changed that
+is the internet because it become so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the internet because it become so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the internet because it become so
+easy to do experiments obviously so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do experiments obviously so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do experiments obviously so this
+is so the internet experiments are uh AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the internet experiments are uh AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the internet experiments are uh AB
+testing so AB testing strictly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing so AB testing strictly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing so AB testing strictly speaking
+is the comparison of two version of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the comparison of two version of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the comparison of two version of a
+web page version a and version B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web page version a and version B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web page version a and version B
+um where so users are so you design your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where so users are so you design your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where so users are so you design your
+web page maybe there is only one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web page maybe there is only one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web page maybe there is only one thing
+that changes it's a red button versus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes it's a red button versus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes it's a red button versus a
+green button uh users when they try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green button uh users when they try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green button uh users when they try to
+go on the website they are randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on the website they are randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on the website they are randomly
+directed to either of the versions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed to either of the versions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed to either of the versions uh
+and then you compare uh an outcome which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you compare uh an outcome which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you compare uh an outcome which
+could be um which could be U um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be um which could be U um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be um which could be U um for
+example the number of clicks or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the number of clicks or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the number of clicks or the
+number of purchases whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of purchases whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of purchases whatever the
+outcomes you wanted so there are any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes you wanted so there are any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes you wanted so there are any
+number of FS and uh website on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of FS and uh website on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of FS and uh website on the
+internet which will uh help you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet which will uh help you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet which will uh help you to the
+AB testing and from what I I did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB testing and from what I I did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB testing and from what I I did some
+some starts uh in preparation for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some starts uh in preparation for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some starts uh in preparation for this
+class uh basically as of today you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh basically as of today you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh basically as of today you know
+enough to start your own company to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to start your own company to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to start your own company to do
+ab testing it's basically they will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab testing it's basically they will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab testing it's basically they will help
+you design think about an hypothesis but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you design think about an hypothesis but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you design think about an hypothesis but
+typically that's going to come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically that's going to come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically that's going to come from the
+client then what is your proper sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client then what is your proper sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client then what is your proper sample
+size you know that from Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size you know that from Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size you know that from Power
+calculation and do the statistic with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and do the statistic with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and do the statistic with
+the right level of uh with the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right level of uh with the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right level of uh with the proper
+tests uh so you are all set to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests uh so you are all set to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests uh so you are all set to do that
+uh there another name called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there another name called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there another name called
+multivariate testing if you do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate testing if you do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate testing if you do something
+much more involved which involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more involved which involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more involved which involve
+combining uh comparing say four versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining uh comparing say four versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining uh comparing say four versions
+of a web page uh so you can also do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a web page uh so you can also do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a web page uh so you can also do that
+um uh so for natural reason AB testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so for natural reason AB testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so for natural reason AB testing
+has become standard practice in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become standard practice in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become standard practice in a lot of
+web- based businesses uh it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web- based businesses uh it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web- based businesses uh it's almost
+free uh the metric is natural click and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free uh the metric is natural click and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free uh the metric is natural click and
+stuff like that you have it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that you have it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that you have it's very
+quantifiable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiable uh
+and there is a lot of stuff you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a lot of stuff you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a lot of stuff you don't
+know because we don't really have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because we don't really have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because we don't really have a
+theory that people prefer a red button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that people prefer a red button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that people prefer a red button
+to a green button or to be shamed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a green button or to be shamed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a green button or to be shamed into
+taking an action or to be encouraged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking an action or to be encouraged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking an action or to be encouraged
+into taking an action Etc so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into taking an action Etc so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into taking an action Etc so there is
+many many many things that people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many things that people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many things that people don't
+know and they can test one issue that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and they can test one issue that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and they can test one issue that uh
+that that is discussed that is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is discussed that is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is discussed that is pretty
+interesting because in a way it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because in a way it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because in a way it's the
+same issue we're facing in policy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same issue we're facing in policy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same issue we're facing in policy is
+should you uh um try uh um a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you uh um try uh um a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you uh um try uh um a very
+different web page two very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different web page two very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different web page two very different
+web pages or should you change just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web pages or should you change just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web pages or should you change just one
+thing at a time the tradeoff of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing at a time the tradeoff of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing at a time the tradeoff of course
+with two different ones you're testing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two different ones you're testing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two different ones you're testing a
+package against another you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package against another you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package against another you don't know
+what make the difference and maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what make the difference and maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what make the difference and maybe you
+could do even better with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do even better with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do even better with another
+combination uh so when you test one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination uh so when you test one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination uh so when you test one
+thing at a time you you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing at a time you you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing at a time you you understand
+exactly that you have tested that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that you have tested that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that you have tested that thing
+the problem is without a theory to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is without a theory to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is without a theory to to
+guide you on what are the type of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide you on what are the type of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide you on what are the type of things
+that are likely to make a difference uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are likely to make a difference uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are likely to make a difference uh
+there is in just in even a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in just in even a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in just in even a very simple
+web page there is in principle thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web page there is in principle thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web page there is in principle thousands
+and thousands and thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thousands and thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thousands and thousands of
+possibilities so you need to do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so you need to do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so you need to do a little
+bit of thinking to to uh to uh um decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of thinking to to uh to uh um decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of thinking to to uh to uh um decide
+like what are the relevant variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what are the relevant variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what are the relevant variations
+unless you have tons of traffic and tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have tons of traffic and tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have tons of traffic and tons
+of time and you can keep keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and you can keep keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and you can keep keep
+experimenting till you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting till you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting till you have something
+that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you
+prefer so my understanding is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer so my understanding is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer so my understanding is that
+people use a testing to mean just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use a testing to mean just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use a testing to mean just about
+anything today as long as it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything today as long as it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything today as long as it involves
+the farm and it sounds cooler than RCT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farm and it sounds cooler than RCT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farm and it sounds cooler than RCT
+so AB testing is also used to refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so AB testing is also used to refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so AB testing is also used to refer to
+stuff that's not AB testing in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's not AB testing in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's not AB testing in the sense
+of comparing pages but that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparing pages but that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparing pages but that's your
+business models uh more more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models uh more more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models uh more more generally
+um so that's that's fine with me I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's that's fine with me I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's that's fine with me I have
+no issue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no issue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no issue with
+that uh any question on AB testing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh any question on AB testing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh any question on AB testing so
+like yeah go ahead you mentioned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah go ahead you mentioned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah go ahead you mentioned that
+like you have a lot of features in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have a lot of features in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have a lot of features in the
+sort of one template um I think a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one template um I think a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one template um I think a lot of
+time is automated a testing where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is automated a testing where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is automated a testing where you
+say you say this button is of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you say this button is of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you say this button is of interest
+and you can have some kind of software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can have some kind of software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can have some kind of software
+just create whole bunch of temp of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just create whole bunch of temp of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just create whole bunch of temp of
+different size say colors you can do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different size say colors you can do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different size say colors you can do so
+for any kind of interface on so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any kind of interface on so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any kind of interface on so one
+could do that uh and I think it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that uh and I think it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that uh and I think it would be
+pretty easy to design and to just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to design and to just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to design and to just have a
+lot of possible Pages where people land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of possible Pages where people land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of possible Pages where people land
+to the limitation is always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the limitation is always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the limitation is always going to be
+your sample size so uh so what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample size so uh so what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample size so uh so what you want
+to think about is your power plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about is your power plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about is your power plus the
+importance of the experiment so always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the experiment so always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the experiment so always
+always go back to sort of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go back to sort of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go back to sort of the basic
+principle of power calculation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of power calculation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of power calculation that we
+discussed at the end of the of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed at the end of the of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed at the end of the of the of
+the thing which is what is the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing which is what is the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing which is what is the effect
+size that I'm that would be large enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that I'm that would be large enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that I'm that would be large enough
+for me to prompt a different action so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to prompt a different action so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to prompt a different action so
+it's not clear to me that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear to me that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear to me that you want to
+necessarily test use a lot of and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily test use a lot of and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily test use a lot of and then
+your sample size is your traffic so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample size is your traffic so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample size is your traffic so if
+you Google you have lots and lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Google you have lots and lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Google you have lots and lots and
+lots and lots of people so you can test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of people so you can test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of people so you can test
+the purplish button against the purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purplish button against the purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purplish button against the purple
+button against the you know pinkish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button against the you know pinkish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button against the you know pinkish
+button uh because what the hell but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button uh because what the hell but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button uh because what the hell but uh
+if you're not Google and you have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not Google and you have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not Google and you have only
+so many people then you have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many people then you have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many people then you have to think
+about what are the hypotheses that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are the hypotheses that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are the hypotheses that makes
+that what to use uh some thinking could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what to use uh some thinking could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what to use uh some thinking could
+be some you know some Theory implicit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some you know some Theory implicit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some you know some Theory implicit or
+implicit theory about what matters the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit theory about what matters the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit theory about what matters the
+theory could come from psychology or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory could come from psychology or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory could come from psychology or it
+could come from economics for deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come from economics for deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come from economics for deciding
+what you need to automatize because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to automatize because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to automatize because
+otherwise uh you might also run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise uh you might also run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise uh you might also run into
+exact L the same problem we had with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact L the same problem we had with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact L the same problem we had with the
+testing a lot of versions of the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing a lot of versions of the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing a lot of versions of the thing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them will end up working uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them will end up working uh even
+no uh just by just by pure chance why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh just by just by pure chance why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh just by just by pure chance why
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up will end up if you don't adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up will end up if you don't adjust
+your if you do many many tests and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your if you do many many tests and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your if you do many many tests and you
+don't adjust the standard errors you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't adjust the standard errors you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't adjust the standard errors you're
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get false the critical value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get false the critical value
+are false and if you want to adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are false and if you want to adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are false and if you want to adjust the
+standard eror for doing many many test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard eror for doing many many test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard eror for doing many many test
+at the same time your critical value are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time your critical value are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time your critical value are
+going to be so large that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be so large that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be so large that you're going
+to need infinite sample size so the I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need infinite sample size so the I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need infinite sample size so the I'm
+not sure the automatizing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure the automatizing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure the automatizing of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue that you have to face in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue that you have to face in how
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set up your AB testing is really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set up your AB testing is really not
+so much about the logistic of doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much about the logistic of doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much about the logistic of doing it
+but about what makes sense uh to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but about what makes sense uh to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but about what makes sense uh to test
+and you of course have more luxury to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you of course have more luxury to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you of course have more luxury to
+test more things when you have larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test more things when you have larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test more things when you have larger
+samples when you have larger traffic on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples when you have larger traffic on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples when you have larger traffic on
+the other hand that's presumably at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand that's presumably at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand that's presumably at the
+beginning when you don't have so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when you don't have so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when you don't have so much
+traffic that it's more relevant to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic that it's more relevant to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic that it's more relevant to to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+test to test things so I think the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test to test things so I think the the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advice that they they give like I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advice that they they give like I I
+I did some Scout like some thing of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did some Scout like some thing of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did some Scout like some thing of you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+how companies that will do it for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how companies that will do it for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how companies that will do it for you
+the advice that they give um is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advice that they give um is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advice that they give um is sort of
+a lman version of what I just said which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lman version of what I just said which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lman version of what I just said which
+is try to focus on the hypothesis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to focus on the hypothesis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to focus on the hypothesis that
+on the one thing that you think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one thing that you think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one thing that you think is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to make a
+difference the bottom line of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the bottom line of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the bottom line of that is
+that randomization is not a substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that randomization is not a substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that randomization is not a substitute
+ever a substitute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever a substitute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever a substitute for
+thinking uh um some people seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking uh um some people seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking uh um some people seem to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that sometime and some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that sometime and some people
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+also seem to believe that random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also seem to believe that random
+randomization people think that but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization people think that but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization people think that but uh
+um neither of this is actually true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um neither of this is actually true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um neither of this is actually true
+randomization is not a sub thing it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization is not a sub thing it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization is not a sub thing it once
+you have a good hypothesis it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a good hypothesis it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a good hypothesis it's a very
+nice way to test it but the once but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way to test it but the once but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way to test it but the once but
+it's not going to give you your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to give you your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to give you your
+hypothesis per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+se um so so moving sort of One Step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se um so so moving sort of One Step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se um so so moving sort of One Step
+Beyond Market Beyond AB testing is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond Market Beyond AB testing is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond Market Beyond AB testing is so
+what you know other test on business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know other test on business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know other test on business
+model and of course marketing is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and of course marketing is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and of course marketing is one
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh where uh you you kind of always
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh where uh you you kind of always
+had a certain you always had a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a certain you always had a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a certain you always had a little
+bit of randomization in forms so Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of randomization in forms so Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of randomization in forms so Capital
+One was always well known for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One was always well known for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One was always well known for
+experimenting a lot with uh since they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting a lot with uh since they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting a lot with uh since they
+they're mainly a business that Harvest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mainly a business that Harvest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mainly a business that Harvest
+clients through sending letters they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients through sending letters they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients through sending letters they
+were always changing the layout of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were always changing the layout of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were always changing the layout of the
+letters Etc they always been known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters Etc they always been known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+been a sort of very randomization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a sort of very randomization
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a sort of very randomization
+friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+forms but beyond Capital One the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms but beyond Capital One the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms but beyond Capital One the use of
+randomized control trial was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized control trial was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized control trial was
+surprisingly Limited in Market until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly Limited in Market until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly Limited in Market until
+fairly recently when AB testing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly recently when AB testing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly recently when AB testing has
+implanted the idea and also has made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanted the idea and also has made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanted the idea and also has made it
+easier but what is interesting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier but what is interesting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier but what is interesting in the
+last few years so danan s simester as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few years so danan s simester as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few years so danan s simester as a
+who is a professor here at Sloan has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is a professor here at Sloan has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is a professor here at Sloan has a
+very nice paper where he review 61
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice paper where he review 61
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice paper where he review 61
+experiment in marketing since the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in marketing since the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in marketing since the light
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+1995 and of the 61 that he that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 and of the 61 that he that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 and of the 61 that he that he
+reviews that are published in the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews that are published in the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews that are published in the top
+marketing journals 37 got published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing journals 37 got published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing journals 37 got published
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+2010 and what is interesting when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 and what is interesting when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 and what is interesting when when
+you look at the growth is that of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the growth is that of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the growth is that of course
+a fraction of that growth is due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction of that growth is due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction of that growth is due to
+uh the fact that some experiments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fact that some experiments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fact that some experiments are
+now done with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now done with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now done with the
+internet but there is also grow of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet but there is also grow of the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet but there is also grow of the
+brick and martar experiments you know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick and martar experiments you know as
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick and martar experiments you know as
+a maybe like sort of spillover of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maybe like sort of spillover of the of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maybe like sort of spillover of the of
+starting to work with the internet um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to work with the internet um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to work with the internet um so
+and there two big questions that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there two big questions that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there two big questions that people
+ask themselves in in marketing uh one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask themselves in in marketing uh one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask themselves in in marketing uh one is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might not be surprising one is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing and uh one set of question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pricing and one set of question is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pricing and one set of question is
+about advertising the set of question
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+ align:start position:0%
+about advertising the set of question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about advertising the set of question
+about pricing is uh how much you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pricing is uh how much you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pricing is uh how much you know
+how to how much discount what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to how much discount what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to how much discount what's the
+price elasticity in general what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price elasticity in general what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price elasticity in general what's the
+pricity of some some specific groups so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricity of some some specific groups so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricity of some some specific groups so
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot about the targeting of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot about the targeting of
+discounts and stuff like that and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounts and stuff like that and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounts and stuff like that and in
+advertising is uh uh how you know boosts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising is uh uh how you know boosts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising is uh uh how you know boosts
+like sort of the shape of how in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of the shape of how in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of the shape of how in
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising campaign should look like
+what what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the difference between uh what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the difference between uh what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the academic research on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the academic research on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing and um and the business World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing and um and the business World
+in a sense is the will try things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense is the will try things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+and then you know stick on what works
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+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know stick on what works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know stick on what works
+what appears to works and in marketing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+mechanism which usually involves going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism which usually involves going
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism which usually involves going
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and doing a lot of stuff that were
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and doing a lot of stuff that were
+not in their pre-analysis plan so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in their pre-analysis plan so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in their pre-analysis plan so it
+goes back to the questions about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the questions about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the questions about you
+know the 10 between pre-analysis plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the 10 between pre-analysis plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the 10 between pre-analysis plan
+that gives you a lot of statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a lot of statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a lot of statistical
+validity without any thinking but might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validity without any thinking but might
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+not leave you with much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not leave you with much
+much leeway to to think about your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much leeway to to think about your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much leeway to to think about your your
+experiment finally and that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment finally and that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment finally and that's kind of
+what I do for living uh is uh use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do for living uh is uh use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do for living uh is uh use
+randomization to to set up experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization to to set up experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization to to set up experiments
+to answer question that from a research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer question that from a research
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+point of view fundamental research point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view fundamental research point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view fundamental research point
+of view you're interested in I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view you're interested in I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view you're interested in I want to
+give you one example of that which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you one example of that which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you one example of that which is
+the the risk question that we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the risk question that we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the risk question that we started
+the Le the lectures on rization with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Le the lectures on rization with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Le the lectures on rization with a
+couple of lectures ago and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures ago and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures ago and if you
+remember the question the caal statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the question the caal statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the question the caal statement
+was she cannot get a job interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was she cannot get a job interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was she cannot get a job interview
+because she's black and I pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she's black and I pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she's black and I pointed out
+that well it's not very clear it's super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well it's not very clear it's super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well it's not very clear it's super
+well defined questions unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined questions unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined questions unless
+we we try and think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we try and think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we try and think about the
+contactual uh one possible way to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contactual uh one possible way to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contactual uh one possible way to set up
+the contactual is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contactual is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contactual is to
+say conditional on everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say conditional on everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say conditional on everything that
+happened to her uh till the moment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to her uh till the moment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to her uh till the moment that
+went into building the person who she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into building the person who she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into building the person who she is
+her you know her college experience her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her you know her college experience her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her you know her college experience her
+education the fact that she went to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education the fact that she went to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education the fact that she went to B
+classes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes or
+whatever uh there is something in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh there is something in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh there is something in just
+the fact that she's black which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that she's black which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that she's black which means
+that she doesn't get uh she doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she doesn't get uh she doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she doesn't get uh she doesn't get
+an interview so this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interview so this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interview so this is about
+discrimination by hiring uh by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination by hiring uh by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination by hiring uh by the
+people who do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who do the
+hiring so the research question would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring so the research question would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring so the research question would
+then be uh testing exactly that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be uh testing exactly that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be uh testing exactly that the
+hypothesis that in fact there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that in fact there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that in fact there is no
+discrimination at the hiring stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination at the hiring stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination at the hiring stage
+against the alternative that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the alternative that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the alternative that there is
+discrimination at the hiring stage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination at the hiring stage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination at the hiring stage that
+is two identical people have less in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two identical people have less in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two identical people have less in
+term of their background and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of their background and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of their background and everything
+have less chances to be hired if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less chances to be hired if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less chances to be hired if they
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+African-American so one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American so one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American so one thing that
+people used to do and still do to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people used to do and still do to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people used to do and still do to some
+extent is called audit studies which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent is called audit studies which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent is called audit studies which is
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+send uh actors train actors to present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send uh actors train actors to present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send uh actors train actors to present
+themselves as the same people but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves as the same people but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves as the same people but some
+uh say female versus male trying to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say female versus male trying to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say female versus male trying to buy
+cars or African-American versus non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars or African-American versus non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars or African-American versus non
+African-American trying to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American trying to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American trying to get a
+job uh and see how they were treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job uh and see how they were treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job uh and see how they were treated
+differently the one issue with that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently the one issue with that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently the one issue with that is
+that once you send a person it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you send a person it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you send a person it's a
+little bit hard to keep everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit hard to keep everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit hard to keep everything
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+except the color of their skin or their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the color of their skin or their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the color of their skin or their
+gender so the next step in that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender so the next step in that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender so the next step in that is a
+paper that was tremendously influential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that was tremendously influential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that was tremendously influential
+in the sense that they are we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that they are we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that they are we were
+recently reviewed the literature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently reviewed the literature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently reviewed the literature that
+followed that paper there are literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed that paper there are literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed that paper there are literally
+hundreds and hundreds of studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds and hundreds of studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds and hundreds of studies that
+have followed the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have followed the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have followed the same
+protocol is to uh to uh build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is to uh to uh build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is to uh to uh build
+resumes uh so basically they they made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resumes uh so basically they they made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resumes uh so basically they they made a
+Data Bank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Data Bank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Data Bank of
+resumes uh using templates that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resumes uh using templates that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resumes uh using templates that from
+resumes that they could find on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resumes that they could find on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resumes that they could find on
+monster.com or something like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster.com or something like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster.com or something like that and
+then change just the name the first name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then change just the name the first name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then change just the name the first name
+of the person who sends the resume uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the person who sends the resume uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the person who sends the resume uh so
+uh Lisha for a female uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lisha for a female uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lisha for a female uh
+African-American name and Jamal for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American name and Jamal for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American name and Jamal for a
+male or white sounding like Emily and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male or white sounding like Emily and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male or white sounding like Emily and
+Greg the way they figure out what sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greg the way they figure out what sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greg the way they figure out what sound
+africanamerican or white is by first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africanamerican or white is by first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africanamerican or white is by first
+starting with plausible names and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with plausible names and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with plausible names and then
+going to people waiting at the station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to people waiting at the station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to people waiting at the station
+and asking them like what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asking them like what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asking them like what do you
+think and then they they send those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and then they they send those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and then they they send those
+resumés uh in response to job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resumés uh in response to job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resumés uh in response to job
+application real job application and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application real job application and set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application real job application and set
+up and then the the Callback was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then the the Callback was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then the the Callback was going
+to an answering machine and they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an answering machine and they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an answering machine and they're just
+counting the callbacks so the are PR uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the callbacks so the are PR uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the callbacks so the are PR uh
+pros and cons of that method the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pros and cons of that method the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pros and cons of that method the the the
+a clear Pro is that it's pretty clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clear Pro is that it's pretty clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clear Pro is that it's pretty clear
+although not 100% clear but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although not 100% clear but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although not 100% clear but it's
+reasonably clear that the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably clear that the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably clear that the only thing
+that differ between the resume is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that differ between the resume is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that differ between the resume is it is
+a fact the only thing that differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fact the only thing that differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fact the only thing that differ
+between the resume is the name and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the resume is the name and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the resume is the name and is
+pretty clear that the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear that the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear that the only thing that
+differ in the name is a signal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ in the name is a signal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ in the name is a signal of the
+race the reason why I'm saying pretty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race the reason why I'm saying pretty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race the reason why I'm saying pretty is
+that you could also think that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could also think that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could also think that as
+parents deciding to go for very wi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents deciding to go for very wi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents deciding to go for very wi
+sounding name is also goes with sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding name is also goes with sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding name is also goes with sending
+them to prep school and sending them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to prep school and sending them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to prep school and sending them to
+ballet so the prep school will be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballet so the prep school will be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballet so the prep school will be in the
+resume but maybe not the valet and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resume but maybe not the valet and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resume but maybe not the valet and there
+is a lot of discussion these days about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of discussion these days about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of discussion these days about
+cultural fits in organization which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural fits in organization which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural fits in organization which is
+often you know sort of a code word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you know sort of a code word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you know sort of a code word for
+some maybe some form of discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some maybe some form of discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some maybe some form of discrimination
+but maybe not maybe it's like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe not maybe it's like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe not maybe it's like people
+just like to be with people that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like to be with people that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like to be with people that they
+have always been around so maybe very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have always been around so maybe very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have always been around so maybe very
+white sounding name or very black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white sounding name or very black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white sounding name or very black
+sounding name also go with a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding name also go with a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding name also go with a bunch of
+culture that actually have some real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture that actually have some real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture that actually have some real
+intrinsic differences but take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic differences but take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic differences but take that
+aside at least we just have the names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside at least we just have the names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside at least we just have the names
+one big drawback of that method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big drawback of that method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big drawback of that method of
+course is that you only have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that you only have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that you only have the
+callbacks the outcome is the callbacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+callbacks the outcome is the callbacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+callbacks the outcome is the callbacks
+and that's what that's what there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what that's what there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what that's what there is
+potentially once people do get callback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially once people do get callback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially once people do get callback
+things uh could be different at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh could be different at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh could be different at the
+interview stage that could be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview stage that could be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview stage that could be more
+likely to be hired African-American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be hired African-American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be hired African-American
+conditional getting interview are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional getting interview are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional getting interview are less
+likely to be hired we don't but did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be hired we don't but did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be hired we don't but did you
+just say something just a word or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say something just a word or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say something just a word or two
+about the human subject's approval for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the human subject's approval for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the human subject's approval for
+doing a study like that so uh actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a study like that so uh actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a study like that so uh actually
+this one is pretty interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is pretty interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is pretty interesting because
+you don't need any human subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need any human subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need any human subject
+approval because forms are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval because forms are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval because forms are not
+people so for this one you've not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so for this one you've not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so for this one you've not
+touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched
+anybody uh so for this particular one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody uh so for this particular one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody uh so for this particular one
+you've not uh youve you have you sent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've not uh youve you have you sent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've not uh youve you have you sent uh
+your interviews to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interviews to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interviews to to
+firms of course in pract so in Legally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms of course in pract so in Legally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms of course in pract so in Legally
+you don't need any human subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need any human subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need any human subject
+approval and in practice I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval and in practice I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval and in practice I don't think
+they got any human subject approval you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got any human subject approval you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got any human subject approval you
+might argue that there is a recruiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might argue that there is a recruiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might argue that there is a recruiter
+somewhere who is looking at these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere who is looking at these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere who is looking at these things
+but of course you never know who that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course you never know who that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course you never know who that
+person is they'll never this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is they'll never this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is they'll never this information
+has no chance to be leaked in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no chance to be leaked in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no chance to be leaked in the first
+place because you you just send it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place because you you just send it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place because you you just send it to a
+to the big Anonymous number you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the big Anonymous number you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the big Anonymous number you wouldn't
+even know who to who to contact so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know who to who to contact so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know who to who to contact so for
+this part particular study uh the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part particular study uh the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part particular study uh the human
+that's how the human subject works or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how the human subject works or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how the human subject works or
+doesn't work which is there are no human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work which is there are no human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work which is there are no human
+subject involved it's fake people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject involved it's fake people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject involved it's fake people
+applying to forms and forms are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying to forms and forms are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying to forms and forms are not
+people contrary to what uh Supreme Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people contrary to what uh Supreme Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people contrary to what uh Supreme Court
+thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks
+sometimes uh however many versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh however many versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh however many versions of
+this you would need you you would bump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you would need you you would bump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you would need you you would bump
+into human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into human
+subjects uh because there is someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects uh because there is someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects uh because there is someone who
+is making the decisions if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making the decisions if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making the decisions if you could
+identify that person then that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify that person then that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify that person then that that
+would matter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would matter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would matter for
+example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um
+I was involved I'm on the human subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was involved I'm on the human subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was involved I'm on the human subject
+committee at the NB and there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee at the NB and there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee at the NB and there was a
+study where they proposed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study where they proposed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study where they proposed to do
+something like that uh for uh Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that uh for uh Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that uh for uh Financial
+advice and in that case they're sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice and in that case they're sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice and in that case they're sending
+it to real people who are financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to real people who are financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to real people who are financial
+advisers and there are two issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisers and there are two issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisers and there are two issues that
+first of all you're taking their time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you're taking their time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you're taking their time
+with people who are not real and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people who are not real and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people who are not real and second
+of all uh if if they find out that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all uh if if they find out that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all uh if if they find out that they
+are likely to be discriminating that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to be discriminating that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to be discriminating that's
+kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+of Might distress them this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Might distress them this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Might distress them this type of
+stuff so as long as the people can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so as long as the people can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so as long as the people can be
+identified who are taking the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified who are taking the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified who are taking the decision
+those people are humans and you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are humans and you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are humans and you need to
+think about how to protect them uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how to protect them uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how to protect them uh the
+ones that I find deeply actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that I find deeply actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that I find deeply actually
+so potentially offensive if people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so potentially offensive if people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so potentially offensive if people have
+done that on dating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that on dating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that on dating
+sites or sending fake project on dating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites or sending fake project on dating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites or sending fake project on dating
+site and then of course you do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and then of course you do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and then of course you do have
+humans at the other end of it uh so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans at the other end of it uh so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans at the other end of it uh so a
+team at y who did that um without human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team at y who did that um without human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team at y who did that um without human
+subject approval that people were sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject approval that people were sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject approval that people were sent
+to to a journal actually and the refere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to a journal actually and the refere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to a journal actually and the refere
+were like we're not even touching that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like we're not even touching that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like we're not even touching that
+that study because how can you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that study because how can you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that study because how can you do that
+there are people who think f is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who think f is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who think f is very
+attractive likea person and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive likea person and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive likea person and then they
+don't exist like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so which I I would agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which I I would agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which I I would agree with
+personally all right so what do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally all right so what do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally all right so what do they
+find in this case uh they look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in this case uh they look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in this case uh they look at the
+Callback rates um and they find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Callback rates um and they find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Callback rates um and they find that
+um uh so on average uh when you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so on average uh when you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so on average uh when you send
+application uh you get 9.6 uh callbacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application uh you get 9.6 uh callbacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application uh you get 9.6 uh callbacks
+if you're a wide sounding name and 6.45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a wide sounding name and 6.45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a wide sounding name and 6.45
+if you are a africanamerican sounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are a africanamerican sounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are a africanamerican sounding
+name so you basically need to send 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name so you basically need to send 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name so you basically need to send 50%
+more resumés to to get one more back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more resumés to to get one more back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more resumés to to get one more back so
+that's a sign of discrimination and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sign of discrimination and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sign of discrimination and then
+you look you can look at it by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look you can look at it by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look you can look at it by uh
+educated by type of jobs Etc which help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated by type of jobs Etc which help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated by type of jobs Etc which help
+them say a little bit more about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them say a little bit more about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them say a little bit more about what
+what might be going on on particular one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be going on on particular one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be going on on particular one
+thing that is quite striking in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is quite striking in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is quite striking in that
+data is that the the the the Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is that the the the the Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is that the the the the Gap
+actually increases with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually increases with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually increases with
+education one might think that education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education one might think that education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education one might think that education
+would protect you but in fact these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would protect you but in fact these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would protect you but in fact these are
+all for administrative jobs so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all for administrative jobs so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all for administrative jobs so I don't
+know that it would it is it would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it would it is it would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it would it is it would be to
+you know for trying to become partner in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for trying to become partner in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for trying to become partner in
+the law firm but uh uh in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law firm but uh uh in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law firm but uh uh in these
+positions actually being educated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions actually being educated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions actually being educated and
+African-American makes it even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American makes it even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American makes it even more
+difficult compared to what your callback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult compared to what your callback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult compared to what your callback
+rate is higher but the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is higher but the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is higher but the difference
+between the black and the white one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the black and the white one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the black and the white one is
+is is even higher so that can help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is even higher so that can help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is even higher so that can help us
+think about whether it's the the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about whether it's the the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about whether it's the the theory
+of of discrimination that might underly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of discrimination that might underly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of discrimination that might underly
+this uh if you're interested in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh if you're interested in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh if you're interested in that
+type of things I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of things I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of things I'm
+advertising the this same same hbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising the this same same hbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising the this same same hbook
+chapter Marian Bertrand who was a coor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter Marian Bertrand who was a coor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter Marian Bertrand who was a coor
+on this study and myself wrote a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this study and myself wrote a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this study and myself wrote a whole
+big review on disc field experiment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big review on disc field experiment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big review on disc field experiment on
+discrimination in the um where for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination in the um where for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination in the um where for a
+handbook chapter for a handbook where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook chapter for a handbook where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook chapter for a handbook where we
+talk a lot about these studies and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a lot about these studies and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a lot about these studies and their
+limitations their advantages and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations their advantages and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations their advantages and where
+the literature has gone um Etc and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature has gone um Etc and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature has gone um Etc and what
+remains to be done which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lot uh the last point I'll make to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot uh the last point I'll make to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot uh the last point I'll make to that
+is that all of these things are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all of these things are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all of these things are not
+actually neatly separated in buckets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually neatly separated in buckets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually neatly separated in buckets
+there really is a lot of interplay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really is a lot of interplay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really is a lot of interplay
+between this world uh there's a blurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this world uh there's a blurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this world uh there's a blurring
+of boundaries between research e testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of boundaries between research e testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of boundaries between research e testing
+and policy and uh largely this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and policy and uh largely this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and policy and uh largely this is very
+good the one thing that it does raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the one thing that it does raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the one thing that it does raise
+the one issue it does raise is is human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one issue it does raise is is human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one issue it does raise is is human
+subjects uh because if you remember when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects uh because if you remember when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects uh because if you remember when
+we talked about human subject is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about human subject is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about human subject is that
+farms in principle do not need human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farms in principle do not need human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farms in principle do not need human
+subjects to do ab AB testing if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects to do ab AB testing if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects to do ab AB testing if you want
+you launch a website tomorrow you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you launch a website tomorrow you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you launch a website tomorrow you want
+to do a testing all power to you uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a testing all power to you uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a testing all power to you uh but
+if you want to publish the results uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to publish the results uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to publish the results uh
+you will have to do human subject uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have to do human subject uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have to do human subject uh you
+have to get human subject approval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get human subject approval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get human subject approval
+because then you're holding and that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you're holding and that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you're holding and that has
+not always been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always been uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always been uh
+happening um and and so one has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening um and and so one has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening um and and so one has to be a
+little bit careful in trading this but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful in trading this but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful in trading this but I
+just want to give one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to give one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to give one
+example of this uh sort of blurring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this uh sort of blurring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this uh sort of blurring and
+uh the fact that uh uh governments uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fact that uh uh governments uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fact that uh uh governments uh
+not only Farms but also governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only Farms but also governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only Farms but also governments
+start to be a bit imaginative about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to be a bit imaginative about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to be a bit imaginative about
+thinking about Farms the the White House
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about Farms the the White House
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about Farms the the White House
+has launched social and Behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has launched social and Behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has launched social and Behavioral
+Science team sometimes they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science team sometimes they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science team sometimes they're called
+the nud unit I just describe it from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nud unit I just describe it from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nud unit I just describe it from a
+White House announcement yeah who's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White House announcement yeah who's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White House announcement yeah who's this
+led by C uh so this was cin was at AA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led by C uh so this was cin was at AA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led by C uh so this was cin was at AA so
+ctin was the boss of that if you want uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ctin was the boss of that if you want uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ctin was the boss of that if you want uh
+so he was suddenly some someone who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was suddenly some someone who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was suddenly some someone who was
+involved in uh in in getting it off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in uh in in getting it off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in uh in in getting it off the
+ground although by the time it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground although by the time it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground although by the time it was
+actually off the ground he might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually off the ground he might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually off the ground he might have
+been he might have left or already um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been he might have left or already um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been he might have left or already um
+but it's very much the idea uh uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very much the idea uh uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very much the idea uh uh from
+the White House announcement a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the White House announcement a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the White House announcement a group of
+experts in applied Behavioral Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts in applied Behavioral Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts in applied Behavioral Science
+and translates finding and methods from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and translates finding and methods from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and translates finding and methods from
+social and Behavioral Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and Behavioral Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and Behavioral Science
+into Improvement in federal policies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Improvement in federal policies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Improvement in federal policies and
+programs for the benefit of the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs for the benefit of the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs for the benefit of the American
+people so what I really like about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so what I really like about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so what I really like about that
+it's true that there is you know under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true that there is you know under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true that there is you know under
+the influence of sunstein is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the influence of sunstein is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the influence of sunstein is kind of
+emphasis on behavioral things psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on behavioral things psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on behavioral things psychology
+and stuff but there is also influence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff but there is also influence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff but there is also influence on
+translating Research into action that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating Research into action that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating Research into action that is
+broader than just behavioral tricks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader than just behavioral tricks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader than just behavioral tricks in
+principle and they put a lot of emphasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and they put a lot of emphasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and they put a lot of emphasis
+on trying things out so they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on trying things out so they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on trying things out so they have a
+series of description in their first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of description in their first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of description in their first
+year of activity they launched a report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year of activity they launched a report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year of activity they launched a report
+they have a series of ction and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a series of ction and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a series of ction and here is
+one example that of something they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example that of something they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example that of something they did
+they sent A minor email to 100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sent A minor email to 100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sent A minor email to 100,000
+borrowers and compare them to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowers and compare them to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowers and compare them to 100
+thousands of non-borrowers who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of non-borrowers who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of non-borrowers who had
+missed their first payments uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed their first payments uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed their first payments uh the
+reminder led to a 29% increase in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder led to a 29% increase in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder led to a 29% increase in the
+fraction of Bowers making a payment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of Bowers making a payment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of Bowers making a payment uh
+from 2.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2.7
+2.7% uh making a payment after it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.7% uh making a payment after it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.7% uh making a payment after it was
+first SM to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first SM to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first SM to
+3.5% you might think it's a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5% you might think it's a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5% you might think it's a small
+difference but again sending a letter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but again sending a letter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but again sending a letter is
+extremely ship so this is you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely ship so this is you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely ship so this is you can see
+that they worked on a large sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they worked on a large sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they worked on a large sample
+because they are interested in detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are interested in detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are interested in detecting
+a small difference because anybody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small difference because anybody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small difference because anybody who
+repays here instead of default is huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repays here instead of default is huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repays here instead of default is huge
+benefit for the government and for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit for the government and for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit for the government and for this
+person that they don't have to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that they don't have to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that they don't have to have this
+unpaid debt to to deal with so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpaid debt to to deal with so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpaid debt to to deal with so this is
+just one example of the sort of the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one example of the sort of the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one example of the sort of the type
+of stuff that that keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff that that keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff that that keep
+happening um before moving to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening um before moving to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening um before moving to
+nonparametric I want to give you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparametric I want to give you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparametric I want to give you one
+example of uh using um what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of uh using um what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of uh using um what do you do
+when you have say a registry so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have say a registry so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have say a registry so you have
+lots of results on one thing and how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of results on one thing and how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of results on one thing and how do
+you combine them uh how do we what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you combine them uh how do we what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you combine them uh how do we what do we
+make off off several results on one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make off off several results on one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make off off several results on one on
+one thing I won't do that in detail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I won't do that in detail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I won't do that in detail but
+this is also my advertisement section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also my advertisement section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also my advertisement section
+for students work this is Rachel she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for students work this is Rachel she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for students work this is Rachel she
+taught econometrics in the full uh she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught econometrics in the full uh she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught econometrics in the full uh she's
+great she's interested in econometrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great she's interested in econometrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great she's interested in econometrics
+and statistics and development economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and statistics and development economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and statistics and development economics
+and um in particular she's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um in particular she's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um in particular she's very
+interested in this question of when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this question of when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this question of when you
+have a a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a lot
+of uh sties on one subject like what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh sties on one subject like what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh sties on one subject like what do
+we make of seven different results like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make of seven different results like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make of seven different results like
+how do we know that they are the same or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know that they are the same or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know that they are the same or
+they are different the example I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are different the example I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are different the example I want to
+give you today is very topical very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you today is very topical very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you today is very topical very
+important uh clinical trial example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh clinical trial example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh clinical trial example
+which is on vitamin A so um in 1986 SAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is on vitamin A so um in 1986 SAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is on vitamin A so um in 1986 SAR
+who uh who is a medical doctor who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh who is a medical doctor who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh who is a medical doctor who
+spends a lot of time in the field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends a lot of time in the field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends a lot of time in the field in
+Indonesia made this startling discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia made this startling discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia made this startling discovery
+it has always been known that vitamin A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has always been known that vitamin A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has always been known that vitamin A
+was good for vision and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good for vision and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good for vision and in particular
+vitamin A deficiency led to nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin A deficiency led to nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin A deficiency led to nine
+blindness so they were giving uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness so they were giving uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness so they were giving uh they
+were giving uh vitamin A for nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were giving uh vitamin A for nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were giving uh vitamin A for nine
+blindness at some point he realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness at some point he realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness at some point he realized that
+the people to whom he had given vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people to whom he had given vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people to whom he had given vitamin
+A kids were also more likely to survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A kids were also more likely to survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A kids were also more likely to survive
+so it set up it sets up a firster city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it set up it sets up a firster city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it set up it sets up a firster city
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+1986 and showed a very big uh very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1986 and showed a very big uh very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1986 and showed a very big uh very large
+effect on survival rates of uh infant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on survival rates of uh infant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on survival rates of uh infant of
+systematic vitamin A uh supplementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic vitamin A uh supplementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic vitamin A uh supplementation
+in in developing countries where vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in developing countries where vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in developing countries where vitamin
+A is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A is is
+um uh where there is vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh where there is vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh where there is vitamin
+deficiency and then since then there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficiency and then since then there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficiency and then since then there was
+a lot of replication which I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of replication which I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of replication which I'll show you
+in a minute uh but you know all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute uh but you know all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute uh but you know all of them
+show some effect but with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show some effect but with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show some effect but with some
+heterogeneity some more some less Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity some more some less Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity some more some less Etc
+and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in
+2013 uh the result of a large trial the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 uh the result of a large trial the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 uh the result of a large trial the
+larger to date was published it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger to date was published it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger to date was published it's called
+the DEA trial and they found a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DEA trial and they found a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DEA trial and they found a very
+precise Zero Effect they find no effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise Zero Effect they find no effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise Zero Effect they find no effect
+this was in ut Pradesh that did Dew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was in ut Pradesh that did Dew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was in ut Pradesh that did Dew
+Waring and vitamin A and they find no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waring and vitamin A and they find no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waring and vitamin A and they find no
+effect on Dew Waring and no effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on Dew Waring and no effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on Dew Waring and no effect on
+vamin a it was a bit of a depressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vamin a it was a bit of a depressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vamin a it was a bit of a depressing
+trial I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial I
+guess uh and having found this they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh and having found this they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh and having found this they they
+decided that they were going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that they were going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that they were going to do a
+meta analysis what's the meta analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta analysis what's the meta analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta analysis what's the meta analysis
+is a way of combining these results from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way of combining these results from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way of combining these results from
+randomized control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized control
+trial and now they found that it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial and now they found that it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial and now they found that it had
+very little that vitamin had very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little that vitamin had very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little that vitamin had very little
+effect got published in the L set huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect got published in the L set huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect got published in the L set huge
+blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah
+blah uh and then people are starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah uh and then people are starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah uh and then people are starting to
+complain that maybe they didn't do their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain that maybe they didn't do their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain that maybe they didn't do their
+meta analysis right so it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta analysis right so it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta analysis right so it's pretty
+important we're talking about a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important we're talking about a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important we're talking about a pretty
+big um big uh impacts of and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big um big uh impacts of and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big um big uh impacts of and people
+don't seem to agree on how to do The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't seem to agree on how to do The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't seem to agree on how to do The
+Meta analysis so what I want to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meta analysis so what I want to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meta analysis so what I want to talk to
+you about is uh is what the debate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about is uh is what the debate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about is uh is what the debate is
+about and uh um maybe who is right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and uh um maybe who is right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and uh um maybe who is right in
+this particular case so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case so this is the
+vitamin A literature and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin A literature and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin A literature and you can see
+that the so the what um the way um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the so the what um the way um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the so the what um the way um um
+doctors usually present results is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors usually present results is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors usually present results is not
+in difference but in ratio in ratio so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in difference but in ratio in ratio so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in difference but in ratio in ratio so
+this is a survival ratio um for someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a survival ratio um for someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a survival ratio um for someone
+uh um so the risk ratio it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um so the risk ratio it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um so the risk ratio it's the
+opposite probability of death in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite probability of death in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite probability of death in a
+treatment group versus the control group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group versus the control group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group versus the control group
+so it's a ratio in your probity of dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a ratio in your probity of dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a ratio in your probity of dying
+uh some months after the treatment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some months after the treatment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some months after the treatment I
+think it's a year after the treatment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a year after the treatment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a year after the treatment uh
+versus the control group and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the control group and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the control group and so one
+means there is no effect anything below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there is no effect anything below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there is no effect anything below
+one means there is is an effect you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one means there is is an effect you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one means there is is an effect you can
+see the first suar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the first suar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the first suar
+1986 um is actually not the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1986 um is actually not the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1986 um is actually not the largest
+effect but uh found a pretty pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but uh found a pretty pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but uh found a pretty pretty
+large and somewhat noisy effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and somewhat noisy effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and somewhat noisy effects and
+then since then you have studies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then since then you have studies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then since then you have studies are
+almost all to the left of of one uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all to the left of of one uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all to the left of of one uh but
+with the exception of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the exception of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the exception of the the
+DEA there are three data they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DEA there are three data they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DEA there are three data they don't have
+they don't seem to be don't seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't seem to be don't seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't seem to be don't seem to be
+finding an effect one exactly at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an effect one exactly at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an effect one exactly at zero
+the DEA slightly to the left and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DEA slightly to the left and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DEA slightly to the left and uh and
+that other one there so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other one there so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other one there so the question is
+how do we we aggregate this result so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we we aggregate this result so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we we aggregate this result so
+first thing you could do is to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you could do is to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you could do is to say well
+let's just take the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just take the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just take the average of
+everything treat every observation every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything treat every observation every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything treat every observation every
+study as a data point and then take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study as a data point and then take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study as a data point and then take the
+average would that be a would that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average would that be a would that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average would that be a would that be
+likely to be an efficient way to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be an efficient way to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be an efficient way to to
+compare the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the the
+data no why why wouldn't well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data no why why wouldn't well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data no why why wouldn't well
+there I guess just just thinking through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I guess just just thinking through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I guess just just thinking through
+it like every experiment different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like every experiment different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like every experiment different
+different methodologies different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methodologies different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methodologies different uh
+sample sizes different uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample sizes different uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample sizes different uh different
+countries could there just variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries could there just variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries could there just variations
+simply right so if you unpack so uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply right so if you unpack so uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply right so if you unpack so uh so
+in particular with the sample sizes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular with the sample sizes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular with the sample sizes so
+if we're thinking of the sample what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're thinking of the sample what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're thinking of the sample what
+what is the first thing we could do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the first thing we could do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the first thing we could do we
+could think of doing so taking the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of doing so taking the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of doing so taking the row
+average of the data point doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the data point doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the data point doesn't
+somehow doesn't seem right wait them buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow doesn't seem right wait them buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow doesn't seem right wait them buy
+the number of samples for each that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of samples for each that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of samples for each that
+would be the best next time so or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the best next time so or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the best next time so or even
+better than the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sample by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what exactly so the key thing would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly so the key thing would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly so the key thing would be
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Precision so the key thing you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision so the key thing you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision so the key thing you could say
+next step to sample size would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step to sample size would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step to sample size would be
+Precision maybe the Precision vary for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision maybe the Precision vary for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision maybe the Precision vary for
+other thing it's going to be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing it's going to be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing it's going to be quite
+correlated with sample size because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with sample size because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with sample size because
+sample size is a big big uh uh big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size is a big big uh uh big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size is a big big uh uh big
+factor in Precision of a study but uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in Precision of a study but uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in Precision of a study but uh if
+you so one thing you could do is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so one thing you could do is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so one thing you could do is to say
+well I'm not just going to average them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm not just going to average them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm not just going to average them
+I'm going to take a weighted average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take a weighted average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take a weighted average of
+the study giving more weight to the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study giving more weight to the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study giving more weight to the most
+precise study so here it's like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise study so here it's like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise study so here it's like these
+are the confidence interval in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the confidence interval in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the confidence interval in the the
+the line so You' Mar weight to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line so You' Mar weight to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line so You' Mar weight to the one
+that have small confidence interval um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have small confidence interval um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have small confidence interval um
+so for example this study would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example this study would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example this study would have
+enormous weight because it has much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous weight because it has much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous weight because it has much
+smaller um confidence interval it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller um confidence interval it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller um confidence interval it's very
+precise uh so one thing that it does do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise uh so one thing that it does do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise uh so one thing that it does do
+is that it's going to give more weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's going to give more weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's going to give more weight
+to the more precise observation one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the more precise observation one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the more precise observation one
+thing that it does not do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that it does not do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that it does not do in
+the what what does it not take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what what does it not take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what what does it not take into
+account in what in the factors that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account in what in the factors that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account in what in the factors that you
+talk about you said different countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about you said different countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about you said different countries
+different sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sample
+sizes represent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes represent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes represent of
+the exactly is that this would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exactly is that this would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exactly is that this would be a
+perfectly fine thing to do if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fine thing to do if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fine thing to do if you were
+persuaded that the treatment effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuaded that the treatment effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuaded that the treatment effect is
+actually constant there is one treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually constant there is one treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually constant there is one treatment
+effect of vitamin A that wherever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of vitamin A that wherever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of vitamin A that wherever you
+live whoever you are that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live whoever you are that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live whoever you are that's going to
+help you survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you survive
+one could think it is not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could think it is not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could think it is not completely
+impossible way to think that that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible way to think that that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible way to think that that there
+is in fact uh you know some biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact uh you know some biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact uh you know some biological
+phenomenon that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that is
+fundamental so there is one real effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental so there is one real effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental so there is one real effect
+and all of the variations we observe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the variations we observe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the variations we observe is
+purely due to sampling variation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely due to sampling variation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely due to sampling variation in the
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+samples uh here here here go ahead sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples uh here here here go ahead sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples uh here here here go ahead sorry
+I don't know your pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know your pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know your pass
+name yeah you oh you you seem fipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name yeah you oh you you seem fipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name yeah you oh you you seem fipe
+my hand but um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the GU the when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GU the when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GU the when
+you can you repeat the question sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you repeat the question sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you repeat the question sorry I
+was like thinking through something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like thinking through something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like thinking through something so
+here um here we we it was not really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um here we we it was not really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um here we we it was not really a
+question but people had their hands up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but people had their hands up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but people had their hands up
+anyway but it's a it was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but it's a it was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but it's a it was just a
+statement which is if we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement which is if we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement which is if we take the
+weighted average Waiting by Precision we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average Waiting by Precision we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average Waiting by Precision we
+are assuming it's going to be certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are assuming it's going to be certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are assuming it's going to be certainly
+work very well if we assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very well if we assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very well if we assume that the
+treatment effect is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect is constant
+but what we are not taking into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we are not taking into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we are not taking into account
+is that maybe the treatment effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that maybe the treatment effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that maybe the treatment effect is
+not constant and that the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not constant and that the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not constant and that the difference in
+studies does not reflect just the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies does not reflect just the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies does not reflect just the fact
+that we have different samples and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have different samples and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have different samples and the
+you know underlying variation is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know underlying variation is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know underlying variation is what we
+end up drawing for the potential outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up drawing for the potential outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up drawing for the potential outcome
+that also the fact that the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also the fact that the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also the fact that the treatment
+effect might vary from a place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect might vary from a place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect might vary from a place to
+another yeah a question but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another yeah a question but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another yeah a question but the
+differences in control variables use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in control variables use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in control variables use for
+each study like sort of undermine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each study like sort of undermine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each study like sort of undermine that
+effort to average child across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to average child across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to average child across
+if the treatment effect was in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the treatment effect was in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the treatment effect was in fact
+constant no because you would uh uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant no because you would uh uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant no because you would uh uh you
+would uh that would reflects into if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh that would reflects into if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh that would reflects into if you
+had more control variable in one study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more control variable in one study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more control variable in one study
+that would make it more precise but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would make it more precise but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would make it more precise but
+basically in in medicine they don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in in medicine they don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in in medicine they don't use
+that many control variables so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many control variables so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many control variables so you can
+think of those as being straight control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of those as being straight control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of those as being straight control
+versus treatment this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus treatment this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus treatment this
+wonder do you ever have trouble in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder do you ever have trouble in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder do you ever have trouble in terms
+of timing so for example what if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of timing so for example what if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of timing so for example what if the
+country just looked very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country just looked very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country just looked very
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yes so that's another reason why the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so that's another reason why the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so that's another reason why the the
+treatment effect might vary is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect might vary is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect might vary is that uh
+the timings are very different so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timings are very different so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timings are very different so there
+for for the reason that it's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the reason that it's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the reason that it's different
+countries different setup maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries different setup maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries different setup maybe the
+nutrition level is different uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition level is different uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition level is different uh maybe
+the countries become richer so kids have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countries become richer so kids have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countries become richer so kids have
+access to vitamin A in their diet or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to vitamin A in their diet or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to vitamin A in their diet or the
+like would also explain that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like would also explain that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like would also explain that there is
+variation in the treatment effect yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the treatment effect yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the treatment effect yes I
+have a question about specific study um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question about specific study um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question about specific study um
+are all of these studies like only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all of these studies like only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all of these studies like only in
+vitamin A or like are some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin A or like are some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin A or like are some of them
+vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin
+A uh it's vitamin A except defta which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A uh it's vitamin A except defta which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A uh it's vitamin A except defta which
+has Dew Waring too but I think it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has Dew Waring too but I think it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has Dew Waring too but I think it's in a
+Crosscut sample so you can think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crosscut sample so you can think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crosscut sample so you can think of them
+as just vitamin A yeah the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just vitamin A yeah the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just vitamin A yeah the way the
+treatment was subjected would really ACR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment was subjected would really ACR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment was subjected would really ACR
+correct supplement correctly maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct supplement correctly maybe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct supplement correctly maybe in
+some study we have very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some study we have very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some study we have very good
+administration of the treatment so 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration of the treatment so 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration of the treatment so 100%
+of the treated group was treated maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the treated group was treated maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the treated group was treated maybe
+in some study the treatment was not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some study the treatment was not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some study the treatment was not very
+well ad administered so we still can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well ad administered so we still can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well ad administered so we still can
+compare treatment and control but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare treatment and control but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare treatment and control but it's
+in effect it's an effect that's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect it's an effect that's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect it's an effect that's less
+efficient and and less strong in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and and less strong in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and and less strong in some
+study because kids didn't actually take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study because kids didn't actually take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study because kids didn't actually take
+it or but even the wage was given like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or but even the wage was given like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or but even the wage was given like
+was it in supplement yeah it could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it in supplement yeah it could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it in supplement yeah it could have
+been supplement versus imp peeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been supplement versus imp peeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been supplement versus imp peeled
+injected I don't know how you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected I don't know how you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected I don't know how you give
+vitamin A I don't know if it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin A I don't know if it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin A I don't know if it can be
+injected in any way but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected in any way but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected in any way but that's
+absolutely right for so for all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right for so for all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right for so for all these
+reasons we have reason to think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we have reason to think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we have reason to think that the
+heterogeneity that we see in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity that we see in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity that we see in the world
+is really a combination of two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a combination of two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a combination of two things
+it's a combination of the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a combination of the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a combination of the fact that the
+treatment effect is going to vary from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect is going to vary from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect is going to vary from
+place to place and a combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to place and a combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to place and a combination of the
+fact that we also happen to have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we also happen to have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we also happen to have one
+particular sample and then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sample and then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sample and then one
+particular assignment in this sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular assignment in this sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular assignment in this sample and
+as we discussed last time that creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed last time that creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed last time that creates
+its own noise so the first approach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own noise so the first approach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own noise so the first approach is
+this one you assume that the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you assume that the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you assume that the treatment
+effect is constant you assume it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is constant you assume it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is constant you assume it's some
+to you just take the weighted average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you just take the weighted average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you just take the weighted average of
+all the studies that you have this is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the studies that you have this is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the studies that you have this is it
+for each site weighted by the Precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each site weighted by the Precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each site weighted by the Precision
+of each site and this is what the DEA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each site and this is what the DEA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each site and this is what the DEA
+people did of course it was slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did of course it was slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did of course it was slightly
+self-serving because the DEA people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-serving because the DEA people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-serving because the DEA people
+aggregated the study giving the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregated the study giving the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregated the study giving the most
+weight to their own study so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight to their own study so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight to their own study so not
+surprisingly they find that the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly they find that the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly they find that the average
+across all sides really reflects what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all sides really reflects what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all sides really reflects what
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+did uh so what um the alternative would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did uh so what um the alternative would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did uh so what um the alternative would
+be to say well let's not let's not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to say well let's not let's not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to say well let's not let's not um
+assume that but then you made to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that but then you made to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that but then you made to you
+need to make another assumption to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make another assumption to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make another assumption to uh
+because you can't just say well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't just say well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't just say well the
+effect could be just about anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect could be just about anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect could be just about anything
+otherwise you don't I mean you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you don't I mean you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you don't I mean you have like
+what can you say just you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you say just you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you say just you can say
+nothing you can just show this and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you can just show this and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you can just show this and say
+well maybe it has an effect somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe it has an effect somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe it has an effect somewhere
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+not what you can say and this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what you can say and this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what you can say and this is another
+ruin paper uh is to say well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruin paper uh is to say well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruin paper uh is to say well let's
+assume that the treatment effect are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the treatment effect are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the treatment effect are
+drawn from a normal distribution with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from a normal distribution with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from a normal distribution with an
+average so now think of the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so now think of the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so now think of the the the the
+population as the population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population as the population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population as the population of
+potential treatment effect across sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential treatment effect across sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential treatment effect across sites
+there is a you draw your treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a you draw your treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a you draw your treatment
+effect in your site K from this normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in your site K from this normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in your site K from this normal
+distribution which has some mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which has some mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which has some mean
+to and some uh standard deviation Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and some uh standard deviation Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and some uh standard deviation Sigma
+Sigma to so assume that they are drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma to so assume that they are drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma to so assume that they are drawn
+from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+distribution those are the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution those are the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution those are the real
+treatment effect for for a site and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect for for a site and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect for for a site and then
+in addition uh the team goes out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition uh the team goes out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition uh the team goes out and
+performs it so in this different Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs it so in this different Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs it so in this different Sigma
+comes the way it's administered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the way it's administered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the way it's administered the
+different country different time periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different country different time periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different country different time periods
+Etc and in addition once you you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and in addition once you you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and in addition once you you know a
+site has a particular treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site has a particular treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site has a particular treatment effect
+great good you're good to go uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great good you're good to go uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great good you're good to go uh you're
+running your study then on top you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running your study then on top you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running your study then on top you're
+going to have a particular sample drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a particular sample drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a particular sample drawn
+from the population plus you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the population plus you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the population plus you're going to
+have a particular assignment that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a particular assignment that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a particular assignment that's
+going to generate some noise so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generate some noise so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generate some noise so you're
+going to estimate a to hatk which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to estimate a to hatk which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to estimate a to hatk which is to
+drawn from this distribution and uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from this distribution and uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from this distribution and uh with
+some standard error and uh the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some standard error and uh the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some standard error and uh the name of
+the game now is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game now is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game now is to
+estimate uh uh to to K and to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate uh uh to to K and to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate uh uh to to K and to separate
+the source of the noise between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of the noise between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of the noise between the
+heterogeneity of effect and the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity of effect and the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity of effect and the fact
+that there is sampling variation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is sampling variation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is sampling variation in the
+way that you estimate each effect so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you estimate each effect so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you estimate each effect so I'm
+not going to get into the detail of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get into the detail of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get into the detail of how
+it is done this is a method called ban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is done this is a method called ban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is done this is a method called ban
+hierarchical modeling once you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical modeling once you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical modeling once you have that
+you you can just estimate that thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can just estimate that thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can just estimate that thing uh
+if you're interested in doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in doing something
+like that for your project so intering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that for your project so intering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that for your project so intering
+starting in a data set of estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in a data set of estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in a data set of estimates
+which should be fine as long you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should be fine as long you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should be fine as long you know
+that's um uh I'm we're going to post the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um uh I'm we're going to post the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um uh I'm we're going to post the
+the code that Rachel used for this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code that Rachel used for this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code that Rachel used for this work
+you can just study to it it's an R code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just study to it it's an R code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just study to it it's an R code
+you can study it and and adapt it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can study it and and adapt it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can study it and and adapt it for
+your for your uh for your purposes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your for your uh for your purposes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your for your uh for your purposes and
+then um she's super friendly and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um she's super friendly and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um she's super friendly and I'm
+sure will be able to answer questions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure will be able to answer questions as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure will be able to answer questions as
+you want incidentally that's also true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want incidentally that's also true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want incidentally that's also true
+for Gabrielle he told me that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Gabrielle he told me that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Gabrielle he told me that you know
+if they have question questions if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have question questions if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have question questions if they
+find typo if they find ways to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find typo if they find ways to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find typo if they find ways to make the
+code more effective uh please let them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code more effective uh please let them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code more effective uh please let them
+know that you they can contact me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you they can contact me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you they can contact me so
+both of them would be happy to hear from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them would be happy to hear from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them would be happy to hear from
+you anyway when you do that you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anyway when you do that you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anyway when you do that you you're
+getting the result so this is the tow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the result so this is the tow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the result so this is the tow
+and the the Sig the standard the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the Sig the standard the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the Sig the standard the
+the the confidence interval are based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the confidence interval are based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the confidence interval are based on
+Sigma to so the uncertainty the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma to so the uncertainty the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma to so the uncertainty the the the
+variability that comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability that comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability that comes from the
+treatment effect themselves and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect themselves and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect themselves and you can
+see that uh when you do the uh biasan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that uh when you do the uh biasan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that uh when you do the uh biasan
+estimate uh so this um you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate uh so this um you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate uh so this um you find
+something so the the DEA uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so the the DEA uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so the the DEA uh the the
+fixed effect reported in the DEA study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed effect reported in the DEA study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed effect reported in the DEA study
+is the green one it's very sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the green one it's very sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the green one it's very sensitive to
+included or not including DEA obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included or not including DEA obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included or not including DEA obviously
+because it gets so many so much weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gets so many so much weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gets so many so much weight
+um and the uh the but the bical model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the uh the but the bical model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the uh the but the bical model is
+much less sensitive because it does give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less sensitive because it does give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less sensitive because it does give
+less way to this one because it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less way to this one because it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less way to this one because it takes
+into account the fact that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account the fact that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account the fact that there are
+many other studies actually uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other studies actually uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other studies actually uh um
+so uh on balance what uh what she finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh on balance what uh what she finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh on balance what uh what she finds
+is something when you're doing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something when you're doing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something when you're doing to the
+her preferred analysis is this red one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her preferred analysis is this red one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her preferred analysis is this red one
+over here she finds the effect she finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here she finds the effect she finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here she finds the effect she finds
+that on balance taking all of the all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on balance taking all of the all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on balance taking all of the all of
+the data together including dfta you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data together including dfta you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data together including dfta you you
+don't really uh change your view very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really uh change your view very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really uh change your view very
+much that it it's an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that it it's an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that it it's an effective
+intervention uh with a risk ratio of 77
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention uh with a risk ratio of 77
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention uh with a risk ratio of 77
+or something like that and significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and significantly
+different from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from zero
+so quick question yep to to build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quick question yep to to build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quick question yep to to build this
+basy hierarchical model she didn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basy hierarchical model she didn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basy hierarchical model she didn't need
+to go into each paper and all you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into each paper and all you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into each paper and all you need
+if you no if you're just interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you no if you're just interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you no if you're just interested in
+that you don't even need a data the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't even need a data the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't even need a data the nice
+thing is that if you were interested to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that if you were interested to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that if you were interested to
+look into subgroups you might need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into subgroups you might need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into subgroups you might need the
+Micro Data Etc but if you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micro Data Etc but if you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micro Data Etc but if you're just
+interested in doing the average all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in doing the average all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in doing the average all you
+need is the reported Point estimate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is the reported Point estimate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is the reported Point estimate and
+reported standard error and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported standard error and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported standard error and sometimes
+you need the observ the number the count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the observ the number the count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the observ the number the count
+of observation which are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observation which are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observation which are typically
+reported in old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported in old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported in old
+papers so for meta analysis at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers so for meta analysis at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers so for meta analysis at that
+level all you need is the is the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level all you need is the is the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level all you need is the is the data
+that's in the paper of course you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the paper of course you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the paper of course you'll
+understand better the then you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand better the then you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand better the then you can see
+well there is a lot of variation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there is a lot of variation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there is a lot of variation in the
+effect you know it doesn't want to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you know it doesn't want to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you know it doesn't want to pull
+it's kind of it suggest that there is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of it suggest that there is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of it suggest that there is in
+fact a lot of variation in the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a lot of variation in the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a lot of variation in the actual
+treatment effect from site to site um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect from site to site um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect from site to site um
+and then you can get interested in why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can get interested in why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can get interested in why
+some sites are more interesting than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sites are more interesting than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sites are more interesting than
+than have lower effects than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than have lower effects than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than have lower effects than others
+Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions on this
+one so just to clarify to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so just to clarify to deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so just to clarify to deal with the
+noise that variations and treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise that variations and treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise that variations and treatment
+effects are present what we do is we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects are present what we do is we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects are present what we do is we we
+P the treatment effect from a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P the treatment effect from a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P the treatment effect from a normal
+distribution yes you assume that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution yes you assume that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution yes you assume that it's
+it's it's coming from a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's coming from a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's coming from a normal
+distribution with some variance and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with some variance and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with some variance and some
+mean and you're trying to estimate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and you're trying to estimate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and you're trying to estimate from
+your data you're trying to estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data you're trying to estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data you're trying to estimate the
+variance and the mean of the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and the mean of the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and the mean of the underlying
+distribution of tre M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of tre M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of tre M
+effect and the variance of the mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and the variance of the mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and the variance of the mean for
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+site okay and uh uh it's identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site okay and uh uh it's identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site okay and uh uh it's identified
+because you think of it just in term of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you think of it just in term of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you think of it just in term of
+count number of parameters you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count number of parameters you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count number of parameters you want to
+identify you have four things you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify you have four things you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify you have four things you're
+trying to ID to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to ID to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to ID to
+identify to mean you have two things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify to mean you have two things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify to mean you have two things to
+and sigma K and then for each site you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma K and then for each site you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma K and then for each site you
+have a difference and you have six sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a difference and you have six sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a difference and you have six sides
+so it's enough uh in practice how you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's enough uh in practice how you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's enough uh in practice how you do
+it is is by basically you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is by basically you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is by basically you start with
+some priors which means you tell what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some priors which means you tell what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some priors which means you tell what
+this is what I think you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I think you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I think you're trying to
+put the prior very diffus so with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the prior very diffus so with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the prior very diffus so with very
+large Sigma to so that it doesn't uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Sigma to so that it doesn't uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Sigma to so that it doesn't uh it
+doesn't it's not too in it doesn't pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it's not too in it doesn't pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it's not too in it doesn't pull
+your data too much in One Direction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data too much in One Direction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data too much in One Direction you
+said given this prior How likely it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said given this prior How likely it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said given this prior How likely it is
+that this is the observation that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the observation that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the observation that I'm
+observing and then change the prior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing and then change the prior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing and then change the prior to
+make it more likely that you observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more likely that you observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more likely that you observe
+this operation and then go back again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operation and then go back again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operation and then go back again
+again again so it's a it's a it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again again so it's a it's a it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again again so it's a it's a it's it's a
+series of loop where you start from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of loop where you start from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of loop where you start from your
+prior you look at your data you adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior you look at your data you adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior you look at your data you adjust
+your prior you look at your data again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your prior you look at your data again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your prior you look at your data again
+you adjust your prior look at again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you adjust your prior look at again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you adjust your prior look at again you
+adjust your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust your
+PRI so that's that's the the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PRI so that's that's the the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PRI so that's that's the the underlying
+mechanics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of
+the it it's a Some People couch this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it it's a Some People couch this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it it's a Some People couch this as
+having a lot of philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot of philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot of philosophical
+underpinning but in truth here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinning but in truth here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinning but in truth here it's
+really just you could set up a maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just you could set up a maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just you could set up a maximum
+likelihood and estimate it but do doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood and estimate it but do doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood and estimate it but do doing
+it this way starting with a prior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way starting with a prior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way starting with a prior and
+adjusting is actually much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+competition okay so I do want to talk uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition okay so I do want to talk uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition okay so I do want to talk uh
+to use the uh the next 10 15 minutes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the uh the next 10 15 minutes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the uh the next 10 15 minutes or
+so to talk about nonparametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to talk about nonparametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to talk about nonparametric
+regression I'm going to skip comong SM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression I'm going to skip comong SM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression I'm going to skip comong SM
+enough but I'll be very happy to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but I'll be very happy to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but I'll be very happy to have it
+in my sleeve for uh for when I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my sleeve for uh for when I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my sleeve for uh for when I don't
+have enough things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough things to
+say um you might not believe it but my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um you might not believe it but my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um you might not believe it but my
+my one fear in life is to not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my one fear in life is to not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my one fear in life is to not have
+enough things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough things to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+uh but I do want to start with the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I do want to start with the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I do want to start with the uh
+nonparametric regression because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparametric regression because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparametric regression because
+um this is going to be a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is going to be a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is going to be a nice
+introduction to looking at linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to looking at linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to looking at linear
+aggression which is going to start today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggression which is going to start today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggression which is going to start today
+so now ship gears forget our cities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now ship gears forget our cities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now ship gears forget our cities and
+think we have You observe a a sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have You observe a a sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have You observe a a sample and
+in this sample there are it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sample there are it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sample there are it's it's it's
+you have two random variables uh uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two random variables uh uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two random variables uh uh for
+observe for your sample a y an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe for your sample a y an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe for your sample a y an
+X and you interested in expressing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and you interested in expressing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and you interested in expressing the
+conditional expectation of of Y given X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of of Y given X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of of Y given X
+not X given y y given X as expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not X given y y given X as expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not X given y y given X as expectation
+of Y given X is some function G of X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y given X is some function G of X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y given X is some function G of X so
+what does it mean it means that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean it means that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean it means that you
+think that uh the expectation of Y can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that uh the expectation of Y can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that uh the expectation of Y can
+be expressed as a function of X but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be expressed as a function of X but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be expressed as a function of X but you
+just don't know what it is or one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't know what it is or one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't know what it is or one way to
+represented is that you think there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented is that you think there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented is that you think there is a
+function that for any possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that for any possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that for any possible
+realization of the random variable um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization of the random variable um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization of the random variable um
+would give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you
+uh this is y and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is y and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is y and this is
+X you don't have to have any um so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you don't have to have any um so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you don't have to have any um so and
+you're willing to say that for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to say that for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to say that for any
+realization little y Little X you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization little y Little X you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization little y Little X you you
+say that y equal G of X Plus Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that y equal G of X Plus Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that y equal G of X Plus Epsilon
+from Epsilon so there is a function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Epsilon so there is a function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Epsilon so there is a function and
+then Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Y is
+here so this is G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why is G of X Plus Epsilon and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is G of X Plus Epsilon and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is G of X Plus Epsilon and you're
+trying to you don't you you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to you don't you you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to you don't you you might think
+that this relationship is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this relationship is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this relationship is
+caal you might think it's not it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caal you might think it's not it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caal you might think it's not it's just
+a way of expressing the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of expressing the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of expressing the conditional
+expectation doesn't matter it's coal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation doesn't matter it's coal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation doesn't matter it's coal or
+it's not coal but you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not coal but you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not coal but you're just
+interesting in estimating this shape not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in estimating this shape not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in estimating this shape not
+of a nice way of describing how two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nice way of describing how two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nice way of describing how two
+variables might be related and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables might be related and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables might be related and then you
+might want to go one step further or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to go one step further or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to go one step further or not
+so the problem that I want you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem that I want you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem that I want you to think
+about is how to estimate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is how to estimate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is how to estimate this
+guy um without imposing a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy um without imposing a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy um without imposing a specific
+functional form how do we what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form how do we what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form how do we what is the
+best so another way to think about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best so another way to think about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best so another way to think about it in
+sort of informally is I have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of informally is I have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of informally is I have lots of
+points my sample is really a bunch of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points my sample is really a bunch of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points my sample is really a bunch of of
+points maybe I have one over here also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points maybe I have one over here also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points maybe I have one over here also
+what's the best fit through all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best fit through all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best fit through all these
+bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+so let's think about how to to do it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about how to to do it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about how to to do it one
+common way to do this and that's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common way to do this and that's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common way to do this and that's not so
+you there are various methods to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there are various methods to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there are various methods to address
+this problem estimate this function G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem estimate this function G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem estimate this function G of
+X once we have specified the model in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X once we have specified the model in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X once we have specified the model in
+this way uh and a common way and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way uh and a common way and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way uh and a common way and very
+intuitive way is the is the kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive way is the is the kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive way is the is the kernel
+regression uh what does the kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression uh what does the kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression uh what does the kernel
+regression do is say well we know that e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression do is say well we know that e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression do is say well we know that e
+of Y given x e of Y given that X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y given x e of Y given that X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y given x e of Y given that X is
+Little X is simply the uh in in integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little X is simply the uh in in integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little X is simply the uh in in integral
+of y f of Y given X Dy that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y f of Y given X Dy that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y f of Y given X Dy that's just the
+definition uh and then by base rule we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh and then by base rule we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh and then by base rule we
+also know that uh F of Y given X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know that uh F of Y given X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know that uh F of Y given X is
+simply f of x and y ided by F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply f of x and y ided by F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply f of x and y ided by F
+ofx the integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx the integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx the integral is
+first concerns both sides but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first concerns both sides but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first concerns both sides but the
+integral of f ofx Dy is doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of f ofx Dy is doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of f ofx Dy is doesn't depend
+on y so we can remove the integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on y so we can remove the integral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on y so we can remove the integral and
+so we have on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have on the
+um nominator side integral of y f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nominator side integral of y f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nominator side integral of y f ofx
+and Y Dy divided by F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y Dy divided by F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y Dy divided by F
+ofx uh so what does kernel regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx uh so what does kernel regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx uh so what does kernel regression
+does it's going to replace F ofx and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it's going to replace F ofx and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it's going to replace F ofx and
+this object by their empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object by their empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object by their empirical
+counterparts we've already done the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparts we've already done the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparts we've already done the the
+part Below in fact I T it to you when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part Below in fact I T it to you when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part Below in fact I T it to you when we
+this is basically we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically we're trying to
+estimate the canel density estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the canel density estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the canel density estimation
+right so already done that we take uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so already done that we take uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so already done that we take uh we
+you know what this is we uh the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what this is we uh the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what this is we uh the bottom
+the bottom guy is we take a kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom guy is we take a kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom guy is we take a kernel
+function you remember what a kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you remember what a kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you remember what a kernel
+is is some function that uh which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is some function that uh which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is some function that uh which the
+where the the density it's a k is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the density it's a k is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the density it's a k is some
+density so that's a positive function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so that's a positive function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so that's a positive function
+that integrate that integrate to one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integrate that integrate to one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integrate that integrate to one so
+typically it's sort of Bel shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it's sort of Bel shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it's sort of Bel shaped
+looking so it's like like this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking so it's like like this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking so it's like like this little
+canel so if you remember uh um how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canel so if you remember uh um how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canel so if you remember uh um how we
+estimate a kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate a kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate a kernel
+density it's a weighted average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density it's a weighted average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density it's a weighted average of the
+fraction of point that I'm finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of point that I'm finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of point that I'm finding
+within a given bandwidth of of uh of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a given bandwidth of of uh of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a given bandwidth of of uh of X
+where H is the side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where H is the side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where H is the side of the
+bandwidth I don't know if you remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth I don't know if you remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth I don't know if you remember I
+had drawn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had drawn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had drawn a
+graph to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph to express
+it um so for example if I'm interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um so for example if I'm interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um so for example if I'm interested
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let me draw a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bandwidth a bunch of candles and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth a bunch of candles and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth a bunch of candles and then if
+I'm interesting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interesting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interesting in
+estimating uh the the the density at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating uh the the the density at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating uh the the the density at
+this point it's just this point for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point it's just this point for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point it's just this point for a
+while it's just this point and after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's just this point and after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's just this point and after a
+while if I'm interested in estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while if I'm interested in estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while if I'm interested in estimating
+the density at this point I'm summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density at this point I'm summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density at this point I'm summing
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+two if I'm interested in estimating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if I'm interested in estimating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if I'm interested in estimating and
+then they might you know at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they might you know at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they might you know at this point
+they are three that I'm summing so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are three that I'm summing so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are three that I'm summing so it
+goes like this and I'm estimating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this and I'm estimating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this and I'm estimating the
+function this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this way
+okay uh so this is just a weighted Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so this is just a weighted Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so this is just a weighted Pro
+proportion of of the observation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of of the observation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of of the observation that
+are within distant h of some point x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are within distant h of some point x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are within distant h of some point x
+that's the canal density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the canal density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the canal density
+estimation now on the top you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation now on the top you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation now on the top you could
+prove and I'm not going to try and prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove and I'm not going to try and prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove and I'm not going to try and prove
+it uh but you could prove in about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh but you could prove in about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh but you could prove in about three
+lines of four lines of of calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of four lines of of calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of four lines of of calculations
+and CH a CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and CH a CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and CH a CH
+variable that uh the the integral of y f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that uh the the integral of y f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that uh the the integral of y f
+of x and y d y is you can take the Y out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y d y is you can take the Y out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y d y is you can take the Y out
+of that integral so it is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that integral so it is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that integral so it is simply the
+same Kel that we had before as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Kel that we had before as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Kel that we had before as a
+function of X but multiply by Y at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X but multiply by Y at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X but multiply by Y at every
+point so to to to estimate the top if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so to to to estimate the top if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so to to to estimate the top if
+you wanted if you are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted if you are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted if you are interested in
+estimating the top separately you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the top separately you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the top separately you would
+take a weighted average of the you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a weighted average of the you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a weighted average of the you you
+you just you don't take just a count of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just you don't take just a count of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just you don't take just a count of
+observation you count the count of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation you count the count of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation you count the count of
+observation weighted by Yi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation weighted by Yi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation weighted by Yi
+but you don't need to do that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't need to do that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't need to do that because
+you're going to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to combine
+them and what what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and what what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and what what is this
+now when we combine them what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we combine them what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we combine them what does it
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like I'm not going to answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm not going to answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm not going to answer the
+question it's clear pretty clear what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's clear pretty clear what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's clear pretty clear what it
+looks like unless there is a typo in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like unless there is a typo in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like unless there is a typo in
+which case you can tell me but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case you can tell me but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case you can tell me but I don't
+think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is this we just saw one except it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this we just saw one except it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this we just saw one except it
+was another I'll just saw another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was another I'll just saw another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was another I'll just saw another thing
+it looks a little bit like and I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks a little bit like and I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks a little bit like and I told
+you what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what it
+was that's the thing that I'm not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that's the thing that I'm not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that's the thing that I'm not doing
+ah no it was in in in Rachel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this weighted precision a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weighted precision a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weighted precision a weighted
+average yes with the weight with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average yes with the weight with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average yes with the weight with a
+Precision now what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this it's a weighted average yes uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a weighted average yes uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a weighted average yes uh so
+at each point x where I'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each point x where I'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each point x where I'm interested in
+estimating this guy it's even simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating this guy it's even simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating this guy it's even simpler
+than for a density where there I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for a density where there I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for a density where there I have to
+sum them up and it's like of course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum them up and it's like of course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum them up and it's like of course it's
+that does it but it's a bit difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does it but it's a bit difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does it but it's a bit difficult to
+draw a canal regression is really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a canal regression is really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a canal regression is really simple
+what what I do with a Kel regression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what I do with a Kel regression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what I do with a Kel regression is
+I draw a bandwidth of size H and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw a bandwidth of size H and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw a bandwidth of size H and then if
+I'm interested in estimating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in estimating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in estimating and
+evaluating the function at this point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the function at this point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the function at this point I
+draw a bond width around this point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a bond width around this point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a bond width around this point and
+I'm just calculating the weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just calculating the weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just calculating the weighted
+average of the Y points of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the Y points of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the Y points of the
+wse where the weight are given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wse where the weight are given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wse where the weight are given by the
+size of the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the bond
+width very simple so this guy is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width very simple so this guy is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width very simple so this guy is going
+to be somewhere here it's a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somewhere here it's a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somewhere here it's a weighted
+average of all the value of of y's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of all the value of of y's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of all the value of of y's that
+follow that falls into this integral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that falls into this integral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that falls into this integral so
+in this case I have this you know four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I have this you know four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I have this you know four
+points where I give more weight to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points where I give more weight to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points where I give more weight to the
+point that close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that close
+by it's very easy it's uh so in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it's very easy it's uh so in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it's very easy it's uh so in a sense
+I could have started from that saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have started from that saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have started from that saying
+this is the Kel it's just a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Kel it's just a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Kel it's just a weighted
+average of the Y point for each X but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the Y point for each X but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the Y point for each X but
+the justification is of course where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the justification is of course where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the justification is of course where I
+started from which is this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started from which is this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started from which is this is actually
+um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the
+the what comes from writing the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what comes from writing the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what comes from writing the base
+rule when I try to estimate e of Y given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule when I try to estimate e of Y given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule when I try to estimate e of Y given
+X so that's carel so basically for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that's carel so basically for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that's carel so basically for each
+point you you estimate this and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you you estimate this and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you you estimate this and then you
+know you can draw it you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can draw it you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can draw it you can do this
+like 100 at 100 points thousand points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 100 at 100 points thousand points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 100 at 100 points thousand points
+Etc wherever you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc wherever you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc wherever you're interested in
+evaluating your kernel and you draw your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating your kernel and you draw your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating your kernel and you draw your
+uh and you do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you do your
+graph so that's that's it that's canel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so that's that's it that's canel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so that's that's it that's canel
+regression for you couldn't be easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression for you couldn't be easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression for you couldn't be easier
+it's really asking at each point what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really asking at each point what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really asking at each point what's
+the what's the average so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the average so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the average so it's not
+linear and it's not you can't express it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and it's not you can't express it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and it's not you can't express it
+a function and it's just a line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function and it's just a line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function and it's just a line that
+goes through your point it's a line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through your point it's a line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through your point it's a line that
+goes through your points exactly that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through your points exactly that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through your points exactly that's
+what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it
+is exactly it's it's a it's exactly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly it's it's a it's exactly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly it's it's a it's exactly a
+moving average where it moves by it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving average where it moves by it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving average where it moves by it
+moving weighted average exactly that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving weighted average exactly that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving weighted average exactly that's a
+canel regression now uh what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canel regression now uh what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canel regression now uh what are the
+properties of a Kel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of a Kel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of a Kel
+regression when the so first of all it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression when the so first of all it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression when the so first of all it
+is best because uh the true function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is best because uh the true function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is best because uh the true function
+might uh not look like that but the Bas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might uh not look like that but the Bas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might uh not look like that but the Bas
+become smaller and smaller as the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become smaller and smaller as the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become smaller and smaller as the bond
+width goes to zero so as you reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width goes to zero so as you reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width goes to zero so as you reduce the
+bond width size to zero the bias goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond width size to zero the bias goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond width size to zero the bias goes to
+zero unfortunately there is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero unfortunately there is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero unfortunately there is another
+thing that doesn't you know that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that doesn't you know that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that doesn't you know that so you
+could say well I'm going to take a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say well I'm going to take a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say well I'm going to take a zero
+bond with and I'm done but the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond with and I'm done but the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond with and I'm done but the other
+problem that you have is that the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you have is that the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you have is that the more
+the smaller the bond is the bigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller the bond is the bigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller the bond is the bigger the
+variance so what happens with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so what happens with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so what happens with the with
+the variance is that it's when n and n n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance is that it's when n and n n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance is that it's when n and n n
+* H goes to Infinity that the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* H goes to Infinity that the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* H goes to Infinity that the variance
+goes to zero so what do you promise in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero so what do you promise in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero so what do you promise in a
+carel what's your promise that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carel what's your promise that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carel what's your promise that's the way
+Josh Ang talks about it in a kernel your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Josh Ang talks about it in a kernel your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Josh Ang talks about it in a kernel your
+promise is that as your sample size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise is that as your sample size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise is that as your sample size
+increases you will also increase your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases you will also increase your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases you will also increase your
+you will decrease your bandwidth size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will decrease your bandwidth size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will decrease your bandwidth size
+because as your sample size increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as your sample size increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as your sample size increases
+you your end increases that makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you your end increases that makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you your end increases that makes the
+the the that makes the Precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the that makes the Precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the that makes the Precision
+increase but the but and that allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase but the but and that allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase but the but and that allows you
+to reduce your your your bond with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce your your your bond with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce your your your bond with uh
+such that the bias will become smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the bias will become smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the bias will become smaller
+and smaller so that's the big choice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller so that's the big choice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller so that's the big choice to
+be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made
+concretely how do you do it you do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concretely how do you do it you do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concretely how do you do it you do it by
+doing something called cross validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something called cross validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something called cross validation
+so cross validation tries to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cross validation tries to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cross validation tries to minimize
+mean squar error so then let's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squar error so then let's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squar error so then let's first
+Define the prediction error so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the prediction error so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the prediction error so the
+prediction error is for an observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction error is for an observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction error is for an observation
+is the value of the observation minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value of the observation minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value of the observation minus
+the value of the of G of X at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the of G of X at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the of G of X at that
+point now the cross validation does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now the cross validation does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now the cross validation does not
+use the prediction error itself uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the prediction error itself uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the prediction error itself uh
+because the it it sort of um recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the it it sort of um recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the it it sort of um recursive
+it use the prediction error based from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it use the prediction error based from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it use the prediction error based from
+using all of the point except X so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all of the point except X so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all of the point except X so that
+it's not self uh it's not circular so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not self uh it's not circular so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not self uh it's not circular so
+this is the leave out prediction error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the leave out prediction error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the leave out prediction error
+as Yi minus G minus IX I where you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Yi minus G minus IX I where you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Yi minus G minus IX I where you don't
+use the observation I to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the observation I to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the observation I to compute the
+kernel so you compute the kernel leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel so you compute the kernel leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel so you compute the kernel leaving
+out observation I okay make sense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out observation I okay make sense for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out observation I okay make sense for
+your sample you just re recompute your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample you just re recompute your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample you just re recompute your
+kernel add the the value X without using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel add the the value X without using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel add the the value X without using
+the observation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observation I
+itself and then that's your you you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and then that's your you you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and then that's your you you try
+to minimize that guy and in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize that guy and in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize that guy and in fact it's
+not exactly that but if you minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly that but if you minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly that but if you minimize
+that guy you would have some issues at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy you would have some issues at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy you would have some issues at
+the boundary because at the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary because at the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary because at the boundary
+when you're trying to estimate the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to estimate the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to estimate the the
+Kel at the boundary the bias is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kel at the boundary the bias is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kel at the boundary the bias is very
+large because you only have half of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large because you only have half of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large because you only have half of it
+so when you're Computing your your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're Computing your your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're Computing your your uh
+your your average of are here the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your average of are here the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your average of are here the the
+you you don't have you don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't have you don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't have you don't have any
+observation here so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation here so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation here so it's going to be
+tilted towards the right so the kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilted towards the right so the kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilted towards the right so the kernel
+is biased at the at this end and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is biased at the at this end and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is biased at the at this end and that
+end which by the way makes it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end which by the way makes it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end which by the way makes it not
+although it's the most intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's the most intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's the most intuitive
+non-parametric method is not the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parametric method is not the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parametric method is not the best
+for this reason that it's at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this reason that it's at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this reason that it's at the
+boundary you're screwed when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary you're screwed when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary you're screwed when you're
+trying to estimate the the the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to estimate the the the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to estimate the the the um the
+weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted
+average but suppose you're going with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but suppose you're going with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but suppose you're going with
+kernel then you need to give less weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel then you need to give less weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel then you need to give less weight
+in your cross validation to observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your cross validation to observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your cross validation to observation
+that are at the boundary you can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are at the boundary you can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are at the boundary you can even
+remove them completely so that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove them completely so that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove them completely so that's like
+the trimming function that does that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trimming function that does that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trimming function that does that so
+so this is a trimming function so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a trimming function so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a trimming function so this
+is basically the cross validation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the cross validation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the cross validation is the
+weighted average of the prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average of the prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average of the prediction
+error where for each observation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error where for each observation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error where for each observation you
+compute the prediction error by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the prediction error by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the prediction error by taking
+the the the true value of U of Y minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the true value of U of Y minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the true value of U of Y minus
+the predicted value for x not using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predicted value for x not using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predicted value for x not using that
+observation and then you downplay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation and then you downplay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation and then you downplay the
+observation at the boundary that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation at the boundary that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation at the boundary that gives
+you the cross validation concretely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the cross validation concretely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the cross validation concretely
+speaking uh uh I will do that for you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking uh uh I will do that for you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking uh uh I will do that for you so
+it's not that you do it you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that you do it you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that you do it you need to do
+it by hand uh but this is what R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by hand uh but this is what R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by hand uh but this is what R
+does uh here is a code in case you uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh here is a code in case you uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh here is a code in case you uh in
+case in some problem set that might come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in some problem set that might come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in some problem set that might come
+up in the very near future there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the very near future there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the very near future there is some
+uh non-parametric regression to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non-parametric regression to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non-parametric regression to do here
+is a code um where uh I showed you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a code um where uh I showed you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a code um where uh I showed you um
+you can this chooses the bandwidth to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can this chooses the bandwidth to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can this chooses the bandwidth to be
+to be too large actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be too large actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be too large actually
+uh this this is I I revert the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this is I I revert the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this is I I revert the thing
+sorry so this is this the bandwidth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so this is this the bandwidth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so this is this the bandwidth is
+too large so this is over smooth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large so this is over smooth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large so this is over smooth the
+bandwidth is too small so this is too uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth is too small so this is too uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth is too small so this is too uh
+uh too squiggly and this is the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh too squiggly and this is the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh too squiggly and this is the optimal
+bandwidth and by the way what was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth and by the way what was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth and by the way what was this
+this is the relationship of earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the relationship of earnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the relationship of earnings
+with age US earning or US male earning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with age US earning or US male earning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with age US earning or US male earning
+age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+profile and uh you can actually add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and uh you can actually add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and uh you can actually add
+standard error I'm not going to to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard error I'm not going to to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard error I'm not going to to put
+the regression but there are formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regression but there are formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regression but there are formulas
+for standard errors which are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for standard errors which are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for standard errors which are very very
+intuitive and are on the on the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive and are on the on the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive and are on the on the slides
+so you can also sta will also compute uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can also sta will also compute uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can also sta will also compute uh
+Point pointwise 95% confidence interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point pointwise 95% confidence interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point pointwise 95% confidence interval
+uh that are plotted here on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are plotted here on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are plotted here on this
+graph so that's it easy to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so that's it easy to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so that's it easy to understand
+trivial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implement
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/euwc0va-7Vo.txt b/euwc0va-7Vo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f1efc33b489d74824e93eb66a701fa812ab1cc39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/euwc0va-7Vo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1755 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+hello and welcome to module on choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome to module on choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome to module on choices
+and fairness criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fairness criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fairness criteria
+my name is mike yoderescu i'm assistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is mike yoderescu i'm assistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is mike yoderescu i'm assistant
+professor information systems at boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor information systems at boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor information systems at boston
+college as well as a visiting scholar at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college as well as a visiting scholar at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college as well as a visiting scholar at
+mitd lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitd lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitd lab
+we'll cover this module will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cover this module will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cover this module will be the
+concept of confusion matrix as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of confusion matrix as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of confusion matrix as well as
+three popular examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three popular examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three popular examples of
+fairness criteria demographic parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness criteria demographic parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness criteria demographic parity
+equalized odds and equals opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalized odds and equals opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalized odds and equals opportunity
+some countries have laws that protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries have laws that protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries have laws that protect
+specific groups of people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific groups of people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific groups of people from
+discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination
+based on certain attributes as we review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on certain attributes as we review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on certain attributes as we review
+in the previous video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous video
+these are called protected attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called protected attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called protected attributes
+some examples are on the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples are on the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples are on the slide
+regardless of a legal landscape machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of a legal landscape machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of a legal landscape machine
+learning has the potential to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning has the potential to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning has the potential to produce
+unfair outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair outcomes
+for certain groups of people as an algae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for certain groups of people as an algae
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for certain groups of people as an algae
+designer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer
+one should make clear choice about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one should make clear choice about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one should make clear choice about
+fairness criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness criteria
+some criteria will be reviewed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some criteria will be reviewed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some criteria will be reviewed in the
+next few slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the previous video we also discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous video we also discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous video we also discussed
+cases of fairness to unawareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of fairness to unawareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of fairness to unawareness
+which refers to leaving out the protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which refers to leaving out the protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which refers to leaving out the protect
+attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes
+out of your model and we also explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of your model and we also explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of your model and we also explain
+why this is not a good choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is not a good choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is not a good choice
+specifically you may end up with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically you may end up with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically you may end up with other
+attributes that correlate with protected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that correlate with protected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that correlate with protected
+attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes
+and you may end up discriminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may end up discriminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may end up discriminating
+inadvertently nonetheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in order to go into additional fairness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to go into additional fairness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to go into additional fairness
+criteria we need to discuss some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria we need to discuss some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria we need to discuss some
+additional concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional concepts
+consider you have a binary classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider you have a binary classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider you have a binary classifier
+for example you're looking at decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you're looking at decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you're looking at decision
+of higher or not hired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of higher or not hired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of higher or not hired
+or to lend credit not to lend credit if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to lend credit not to lend credit if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to lend credit not to lend credit if
+we were to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were to look at
+the predictions for a model they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predictions for a model they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predictions for a model they would
+do such a buying classification we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do such a buying classification we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do such a buying classification we would
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+at the predicted values we could bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the predicted values we could bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the predicted values we could bucket
+them in four categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in four categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in four categories
+two positives which would be correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two positives which would be correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two positives which would be correctly
+classified as positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified as positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified as positive
+two negative correctly classified as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two negative correctly classified as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two negative correctly classified as
+negative false positives which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative false positives which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative false positives which would be
+values were incorrectly classified as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values were incorrectly classified as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values were incorrectly classified as
+positive by the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive by the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive by the algorithm
+false negatives which would be values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false negatives which would be values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false negatives which would be values
+incorrectly classified as negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly classified as negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly classified as negative
+and if we were to add the two positives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we were to add the two positives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we were to add the two positives
+to two negatives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two negatives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two negatives and
+divide that by all four we would end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that by all four we would end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that by all four we would end up
+with the value of the accuracy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the value of the accuracy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the value of the accuracy of the
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+in this example where accuracy is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example where accuracy is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example where accuracy is this
+fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction
+an accuracy of 0.5 is the same as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accuracy of 0.5 is the same as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accuracy of 0.5 is the same as a
+random classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random classification
+now we should look at accuracy carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we should look at accuracy carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we should look at accuracy carefully
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+see that it doesn't tell us anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it doesn't tell us anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it doesn't tell us anything
+about the prediction of negatives it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the prediction of negatives it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the prediction of negatives it
+could mislead us if the two classes were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mislead us if the two classes were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mislead us if the two classes were
+imbalanced for example if ninety percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalanced for example if ninety percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalanced for example if ninety percent
+of the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sample
+is positive and 10 is negatives for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive and 10 is negatives for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive and 10 is negatives for that
+we have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have other
+additional criteria we could go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional criteria we could go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional criteria we could go into
+deeper such as mcc score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper such as mcc score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper such as mcc score
+and auc score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the two positives two negatives false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two positives two negatives false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two positives two negatives false
+positive false negatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive false negatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive false negatives
+are oftentimes represented in a two by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oftentimes represented in a two by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oftentimes represented in a two by
+two matrix form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrix form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrix form
+called the confusion matrix this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the confusion matrix this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the confusion matrix this is
+simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+an easy representation for us to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy representation for us to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy representation for us to see the
+behavior of the classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first additional fairness criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first additional fairness criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first additional fairness criteria
+is called demographic parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called demographic parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called demographic parity
+it's a criterion for what's called group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a criterion for what's called group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a criterion for what's called group
+level fairness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level fairness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level fairness
+this criteria specify that the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this criteria specify that the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this criteria specify that the outcome
+which here is denoted by y hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which here is denoted by y hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which here is denoted by y hat
+is independent of the protected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent of the protected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent of the protected
+attribute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute a
+for example the probability of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the probability of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the probability of being
+hired is independent of the gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired is independent of the gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired is independent of the gender
+there are multiple problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple problems with
+demographic parity one would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic parity one would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic parity one would be the
+definition that we just discussed will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that we just discussed will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that we just discussed will
+not hold if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hold if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hold if we had
+individuals will be members of multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals will be members of multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals will be members of multiple
+protected groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected groups
+by enforcing group level fairness for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by enforcing group level fairness for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by enforcing group level fairness for
+one attribute we would still violate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one attribute we would still violate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one attribute we would still violate the
+group fairness for other attributes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group fairness for other attributes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group fairness for other attributes or
+combinations of attributes such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of attributes such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of attributes such as
+subgroups of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups of the population
+furthermore while enforcing group level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore while enforcing group level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore while enforcing group level
+fairness for example the same hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness for example the same hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness for example the same hiring
+rate for females and males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate for females and males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate for females and males
+that could still be unfair to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could still be unfair to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could still be unfair to
+individuals it could force the algae to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals it could force the algae to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals it could force the algae to
+drop otherwise qualify individuals just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop otherwise qualify individuals just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop otherwise qualify individuals just
+to achieve independence of outcome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve independence of outcome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve independence of outcome of
+the attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fairness at the group level could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness at the group level could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness at the group level could
+potentially be unfair at the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially be unfair at the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially be unfair at the individual
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+for example if we have a high rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if we have a high rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if we have a high rate of
+false positives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positives
+we could end up in a low weight of false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could end up in a low weight of false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could end up in a low weight of false
+negatives it could still end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives it could still end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives it could still end up being
+unfair to individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair to individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair to individuals
+in that we could hire people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that we could hire people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that we could hire people who are
+without merit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without merit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without merit
+at the disadvantage of other individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the disadvantage of other individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the disadvantage of other individuals
+who could be qualified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who could be qualified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who could be qualified
+and should be hired but due to the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and should be hired but due to the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and should be hired but due to the group
+level fairness criterion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level fairness criterion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level fairness criterion
+we have to hire some who are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to hire some who are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to hire some who are not
+qualified from one of the groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified from one of the groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified from one of the groups
+sweet spot would be low false negatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet spot would be low false negatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet spot would be low false negatives
+and low false positives which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and low false positives which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and low false positives which would be
+fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair
+potentially to both individual and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially to both individual and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially to both individual and the
+group level we could also end up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group level we could also end up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group level we could also end up in the
+top right corner which would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top right corner which would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top right corner which would be the
+worst case scenario low accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case scenario low accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case scenario low accuracy
+unfair to individuals but potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair to individuals but potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair to individuals but potentially
+fair for the group where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair for the group where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair for the group where we have
+high false negatives and high false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high false negatives and high false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high false negatives and high false
+positives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a stricted criterion is equalized odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stricted criterion is equalized odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stricted criterion is equalized odds
+which means matching both the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means matching both the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means matching both the true
+positive rate and the false positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive rate and the false positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive rate and the false positive
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+for different values of the protected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different values of the protected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different values of the protected
+attribute this is much harder to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute this is much harder to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute this is much harder to achieve
+than demographic parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than demographic parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than demographic parity
+but is one of the higher levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is one of the higher levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is one of the higher levels of
+algorithmic fairness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic fairness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic fairness
+in this case rather than predicting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case rather than predicting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case rather than predicting the
+same average risk across subgroups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same average risk across subgroups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same average risk across subgroups of
+protected social attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected social attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected social attributes
+like in demographic parody equalize oz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in demographic parody equalize oz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in demographic parody equalize oz
+is stricter in that it forces equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stricter in that it forces equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stricter in that it forces equality
+only among individuals who reach similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only among individuals who reach similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only among individuals who reach similar
+outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+in the hiring example that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hiring example that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hiring example that we've
+discussed in the previous video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in the previous video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in the previous video
+this implies that the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that the probability of a
+qualified applicant to be hired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified applicant to be hired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified applicant to be hired
+and the probability of an unqualified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability of an unqualified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability of an unqualified
+applicant to be incorrectly hired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant to be incorrectly hired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant to be incorrectly hired
+should be the same across genders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a milder version of equalized odds is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a milder version of equalized odds is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a milder version of equalized odds is
+equal as opportunity where we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal as opportunity where we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal as opportunity where we're only
+concerned with treating fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with treating fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with treating fairly
+those who are determined to be worthy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are determined to be worthy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are determined to be worthy of
+acceptance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance
+i.e dependent variable is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e dependent variable is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e dependent variable is equal to one
+or they're worthy of being hired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they're worthy of being hired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they're worthy of being hired
+where they're being admitted and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're being admitted and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're being admitted and so on
+equalized opportunity is not concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalized opportunity is not concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalized opportunity is not concerned
+with ejecting people fairly across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ejecting people fairly across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ejecting people fairly across
+protected groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected groups
+so to speak the false positive rates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak the false positive rates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak the false positive rates and
+the two positive rates do not both need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two positive rates do not both need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two positive rates do not both need
+to be equal across the protected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal across the protected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal across the protected
+categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+we only need the two positive rate to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only need the two positive rate to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only need the two positive rate to be
+equal cost protected categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal cost protected categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal cost protected categories
+in a way equalize opportunity is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way equalize opportunity is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way equalize opportunity is less
+interventionist and equalized odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventionist and equalized odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventionist and equalized odds
+and it may be more achievable depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may be more achievable depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may be more achievable depending
+on your individual situation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your individual situation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your individual situation and
+implementation challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation challenges
+in the example of hiring we only are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the example of hiring we only are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the example of hiring we only are
+concerned with individuals who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with individuals who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with individuals who are
+worthy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthy of
+being hired i.e the actual qualified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being hired i.e the actual qualified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being hired i.e the actual qualified
+applicants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants
+and out of the rejected applicants we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of the rejected applicants we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of the rejected applicants we
+may be sometimes rejecting unfairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here are some review questions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some review questions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some review questions for the
+last two videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two videos
+what is demographic parity what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is demographic parity what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is demographic parity what is
+fairness to unawareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness to unawareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness to unawareness
+is famous the group level always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is famous the group level always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is famous the group level always the
+best what is a confusion matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best what is a confusion matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best what is a confusion matrix
+what is the equality of odds criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the equality of odds criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the equality of odds criteria
+and when might you want to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this course is sponsored by the usaid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is sponsored by the usaid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is sponsored by the usaid
+grant through mitd lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grant through mitd lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grant through mitd lab
+and this is joint work with my faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is joint work with my faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is joint work with my faculty
+colleagues lilly morse and gerald kane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues lilly morse and gerald kane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues lilly morse and gerald kane
+from boston college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from boston college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from boston college
+and research assistant diazidawad for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and research assistant diazidawad for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and research assistant diazidawad for
+mitd lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you would like to learn more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you would like to learn more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you would like to learn more about
+this please consult the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this please consult the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this please consult the following
+references
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references
+thank you so much for watching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for watching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for watching this
+video we hope you find useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we hope you find useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we hope you find useful
+and you'll continue watching the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll continue watching the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll continue watching the rest of
+the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f5ExlmDGdro.txt b/f5ExlmDGdro.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ba03c580effbd2684b7e56b2c22f4944d6ef141
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f5ExlmDGdro.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8723 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we're going to go back to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to go back to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to go back to to the
+first part of the course in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of the course in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of the course in the sense
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+um that we're going to go back to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that we're going to go back to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that we're going to go back to sort
+of the the short term okay so so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the short term okay so so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the short term okay so so we're
+going to essentially do the eslm mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to essentially do the eslm mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to essentially do the eslm mode
+again but now in the context of an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but now in the context of an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but now in the context of an open
+economy but before I get into that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy but before I get into that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy but before I get into that first
+model of this part of the course I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of this part of the course I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of this part of the course I want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um finish the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um finish the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um finish the previous
+lecture in which I was introducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in which I was introducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in which I was introducing the
+concept of openness and the key relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of openness and the key relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of openness and the key relative
+prices H in open economy and we stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices H in open economy and we stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices H in open economy and we stopped
+after discussing this and says well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after discussing this and says well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after discussing this and says well one
+of the things that that open an economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that that open an economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that that open an economy
+means is that now you can buy Goods both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that now you can buy Goods both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that now you can buy Goods both
+at home or abroad so you need to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home or abroad so you need to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home or abroad so you need to be able
+to compare these two different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare these two different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare these two different kind of
+goods and controlling for quality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and controlling for quality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and controlling for quality and
+all these differences and all that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these differences and all that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these differences and all that at
+the end of the day you want some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day you want some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day you want some sense
+of relative prices which good is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relative prices which good is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relative prices which good is more
+expensive than the other one and we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive than the other one and we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive than the other one and we said
+for that we use what is called the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that we use what is called the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that we use what is called the real
+exchange rate okay and we Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate okay and we Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate okay and we Define the
+real exchange rate as well essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real exchange rate as well essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real exchange rate as well essentially a
+it's the relative prices of of goods at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the relative prices of of goods at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the relative prices of of goods at
+home versus abroad H but we had to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home versus abroad H but we had to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home versus abroad H but we had to put
+them in a common currency that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a common currency that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a common currency that's the
+reason we we couldn't just directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we we couldn't just directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we we couldn't just directly
+compare the prices at home versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the prices at home versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the prices at home versus the
+prices abroad we had to convert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices abroad we had to convert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices abroad we had to convert the
+prices at home to the unit of account of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices at home to the unit of account of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices at home to the unit of account of
+the other country and then we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other country and then we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other country and then we could
+compare these two things and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare these two things and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare these two things and that's what
+we call the real exchange rate when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the real exchange rate when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the real exchange rate when that
+thing goes up we call that's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing goes up we call that's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing goes up we call that's a real
+appreciation of of of the local currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation of of of the local currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation of of of the local currency
+of the local economy and and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the local economy and and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the local economy and and that means
+that the goods domestic Goods become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the goods domestic Goods become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the goods domestic Goods become
+more expensive relative to International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive relative to International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive relative to International
+Goods when when the that Epsilon goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods when when the that Epsilon goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods when when the that Epsilon goes
+down then we call we say the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then we call we say the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then we call we say the real
+exchange has depreciated and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange has depreciated and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange has depreciated and that means
+that their domestic Goods become cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their domestic Goods become cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their domestic Goods become cheaper
+relative to foreign Goods okay so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to foreign Goods okay so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to foreign Goods okay so as a
+key Concept in the in what it means when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key Concept in the in what it means when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key Concept in the in what it means when
+you open an economy you need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open an economy you need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open an economy you need to have a
+this price is very important to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this price is very important to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this price is very important to decide
+whether you're going to again whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're going to again whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're going to again whether
+you and foreigners are going to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and foreigners are going to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and foreigners are going to buy
+Goods abroad or domestically the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods abroad or domestically the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods abroad or domestically the second
+concept of openness that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of openness that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of openness that we're going to
+explore in this course is openness in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore in this course is openness in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore in this course is openness in
+capital account in financial Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital account in financial Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital account in financial Market
+Market an openness in financial Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market an openness in financial Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market an openness in financial Market
+means something very similar which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something very similar which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something very similar which is
+now you when you have a dollar to invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you when you have a dollar to invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you when you have a dollar to invest
+financially invest not physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financially invest not physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financially invest not physical
+investment not real investment well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment not real investment well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment not real investment well you
+can decide whether to invest in domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decide whether to invest in domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decide whether to invest in domestic
+assets or foreign assets we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets or foreign assets we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets or foreign assets we're going to
+in this and later on we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this and later on we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this and later on we're going to talk
+about Equity but for now bonds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Equity but for now bonds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Equity but for now bonds so
+suppose you have a domestic Bond and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a domestic Bond and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a domestic Bond and a
+foreign bond well you can decide whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign bond well you can decide whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign bond well you can decide whether
+to invest in the domestic Bond or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in the domestic Bond or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in the domestic Bond or in the
+foreign bond okay now to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign bond okay now to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign bond okay now to make that
+compar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compar
+Aron is not enough to have the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aron is not enough to have the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aron is not enough to have the current
+exchange rate because it doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate because it doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate because it doesn't mean
+much if I tell you that the British bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much if I tell you that the British bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much if I tell you that the British bond
+is more expensive than a domestic a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more expensive than a domestic a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more expensive than a domestic a
+dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar
+Bond H what you really need in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond H what you really need in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond H what you really need in order to
+decide where to invest is some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide where to invest is some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide where to invest is some sense
+what is the expected relative return of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the expected relative return of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the expected relative return of
+these two things do I expect to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things do I expect to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things do I expect to make
+more money in the dollar Bond or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money in the dollar Bond or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money in the dollar Bond or in the
+in the uh pound Bond and and I that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh pound Bond and and I that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh pound Bond and and I that's a
+comparison I need to be able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison I need to be able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison I need to be able to make
+okay there are also risk considerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are also risk considerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are also risk considerations
+and so on that we're going to not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on that we're going to not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on that we're going to not going
+to discuss in this in this course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss in this in this course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss in this in this course but
+the but the very basic comparison is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but the very basic comparison is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but the very basic comparison is not
+the value of things when you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of things when you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of things when you're talking
+about financial but what is a return you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about financial but what is a return you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about financial but what is a return you
+expect to get in one or the other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get in one or the other okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get in one or the other okay
+so this is what you need to do suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what you need to do suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what you need to do suppose
+you have a dollar of invest dollar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a dollar of invest dollar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a dollar of invest dollar to
+invest and you have two options one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest and you have two options one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest and you have two options one is
+you buy a dollar Bond the dollar Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy a dollar Bond the dollar Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy a dollar Bond the dollar Bond
+gives you an interest rate of it so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an interest rate of it so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an interest rate of it so you
+know that say 5% nowadays more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that say 5% nowadays more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that say 5% nowadays more or less
+that if you have a dollar today and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a dollar today and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a dollar today and you
+invest it in a in a dollar Bond you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest it in a in a dollar Bond you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest it in a in a dollar Bond you're
+going to get Next Period you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get Next Period you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get Next Period you're going to
+get a h how much is it $100 supposed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a h how much is it $100 supposed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a h how much is it $100 supposed you
+have $1 then you're going to get a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have $1 then you're going to get a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have $1 then you're going to get a a
+five cents on that dollar at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five cents on that dollar at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five cents on that dollar at the end of
+the year okay and so that's what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year okay and so that's what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year okay and so that's what you get
+if you invest in the dollar Bond now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you invest in the dollar Bond now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you invest in the dollar Bond now
+you're given now an option because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given now an option because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given now an option because
+because we are open to financial markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are open to financial markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are open to financial markets
+to also invest in a British bond in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also invest in a British bond in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also invest in a British bond in a
+pound bond that is as safe as the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pound bond that is as safe as the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pound bond that is as safe as the US
+Bond say and uh so we're going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond say and uh so we're going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond say and uh so we're going to call
+that the UK Bond and I know for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the UK Bond and I know for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the UK Bond and I know for example
+that the UK bond is offering a 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the UK bond is offering a 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the UK bond is offering a 10%
+interest rate okay so suppose that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate okay so suppose that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate okay so suppose that I
+that I think IST star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think IST star is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think IST star is
+10% then I ask you the question well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% then I ask you the question well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% then I ask you the question well
+does that mean that obviously since you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that obviously since you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that obviously since you
+want to compare returns that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compare returns that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compare returns that you should
+be investing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be investing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be investing in the
+in the pound bond in the UK Bond rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pound bond in the UK Bond rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pound bond in the UK Bond rather
+than the US Bond so suppose this is 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the US Bond so suppose this is 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the US Bond so suppose this is 5%
+and that's 10% and now tell you where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's 10% and now tell you where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's 10% and now tell you where do
+you want to invest your money do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to invest your money do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to invest your money do you
+want to invest it in the US Bond or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to invest it in the US Bond or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to invest it in the US Bond or in
+the UK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UK
+Bond what is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond what is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond what is your
+answer sounds obvious no they pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer sounds obvious no they pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer sounds obvious no they pay you
+10% the other one pays you 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly why do I need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that exact so this this is not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exact so this this is not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exact so this this is not enough
+information for me because it may happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for me because it may happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for me because it may happen
+that what I get in terms of return I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what I get in terms of return I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what I get in terms of return I
+lose on the currency currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose on the currency currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose on the currency currency
+exposure for example so so let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure for example so so let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure for example so so let's see how
+that can happen so how would I do this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen so how would I do this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen so how would I do this I
+have $1 of wealth that I want to invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have $1 of wealth that I want to invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have $1 of wealth that I want to invest
+and suppose I want to go the UK Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose I want to go the UK Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose I want to go the UK Bond
+route so the first thing I have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route so the first thing I have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route so the first thing I have to do is
+I have to convert the dollar into pounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to convert the dollar into pounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to convert the dollar into pounds
+today to buy my dollar which my UK bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to buy my dollar which my UK bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to buy my dollar which my UK bond
+which will be in pounds so I first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be in pounds so I first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be in pounds so I first thing
+I have to use you know suppose I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to use you know suppose I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to use you know suppose I get
+8 pounds per dollar then then I I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 pounds per dollar then then I I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 pounds per dollar then then I I can
+invest .8 pounds in in in h in UK bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest .8 pounds in in in h in UK bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest .8 pounds in in in h in UK bonds
+with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my
+dollar H that will give me8 * 1 plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar H that will give me8 * 1 plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar H that will give me8 * 1 plus 1
+point one 1 plus is star tomorrow but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one 1 plus is star tomorrow but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one 1 plus is star tomorrow but
+what are the units of this what do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the units of this what do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the units of this what do I get
+there next year what do I get next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there next year what do I get next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there next year what do I get next year
+I invested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I invested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I invested
+8 ER pounds and I got8 time 1.1 say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 ER pounds and I got8 time 1.1 say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 ER pounds and I got8 time 1.1 say
+pounds but I just told you so what I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds but I just told you so what I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds but I just told you so what I get
+next year is pounds I cannot compare a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year is pounds I cannot compare a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year is pounds I cannot compare a
+return in dollars which this was $
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return in dollars which this was $
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return in dollars which this was $
+1.05 with a return on pounds I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.05 with a return on pounds I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.05 with a return on pounds I need to
+be able to convert those pounds pounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to convert those pounds pounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to convert those pounds pounds
+in the future to in the future and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future to in the future and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future to in the future and the
+best I can do here we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best I can do here we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best I can do here we're not going to
+open forward markets or anything is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open forward markets or anything is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open forward markets or anything is well
+I can that means I have to divide by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can that means I have to divide by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can that means I have to divide by the
+exchange rate next year to convert from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate next year to convert from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate next year to convert from
+pounds to dollars I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds to dollars I don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds to dollars I don't know the
+exchange rate of next year so the best I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate of next year so the best I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate of next year so the best I
+can do is use expected exchange rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is use expected exchange rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is use expected exchange rate
+okay so so I divide this by the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so I divide this by the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so I divide this by the expected
+exchange rate next year and then I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate next year and then I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate next year and then I get
+that's my return in dollars of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my return in dollars of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my return in dollars of having
+gone the UK B route okay and so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone the UK B route okay and so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone the UK B route okay and so what I
+need to compare in order to decide where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to compare in order to decide where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to compare in order to decide where
+do I want to put my money is that return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to put my money is that return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to put my money is that return
+here versus that one there that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here versus that one there that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here versus that one there that's in the
+same units of account is I invest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same units of account is I invest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same units of account is I invest the
+same today $1 and I get dollars tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same today $1 and I get dollars tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same today $1 and I get dollars tomorrow
+so now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compare and as you correctly pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare and as you correctly pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare and as you correctly pointed out
+this this this uh this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this uh this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this uh this thing here
+therefore requires that you you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore requires that you you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore requires that you you sort of
+think about what the exchange rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what the exchange rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what the exchange rate is
+likely to be tomorrow so for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be tomorrow so for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be tomorrow so for example in
+my example here when I said suppose I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my example here when I said suppose I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my example here when I said suppose I is
+5% and I star interest rate in UK bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% and I star interest rate in UK bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% and I star interest rate in UK bone
+is 10% is it obvious that they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10% is it obvious that they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10% is it obvious that they should
+invest in the in the UK Bond and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in the in the UK Bond and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in the in the UK Bond and the
+answer is no not so fast because I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no not so fast because I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no not so fast because I know
+I'm going to make 5% more in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make 5% more in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make 5% more in terms of
+the return of the bond but then when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return of the bond but then when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return of the bond but then when I
+convert it back to Dollar I may lose all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it back to Dollar I may lose all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it back to Dollar I may lose all
+that gain because the the the the pound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gain because the the the the pound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gain because the the the the pound
+has depreciated visis the dollar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has depreciated visis the dollar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has depreciated visis the dollar in
+particular if the pound I expect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if the pound I expect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if the pound I expect the
+pound to depreciate Rel to or if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pound to depreciate Rel to or if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pound to depreciate Rel to or if I
+expect the dollar to appreciate relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the dollar to appreciate relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the dollar to appreciate relative
+to the pound by 5% then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pound by 5% then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pound by 5% then I'm
+indifferent yeah in one case I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent yeah in one case I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent yeah in one case I get
+because if I go the the US Bond route I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I go the the US Bond route I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I go the the US Bond route I
+get five 5% next year from this year to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get five 5% next year from this year to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get five 5% next year from this year to
+next if I go the UK bone route I get 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next if I go the UK bone route I get 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next if I go the UK bone route I get 10%
+in return in the bond minus 5% in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in return in the bond minus 5% in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in return in the bond minus 5% in the
+capital loss due to the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital loss due to the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital loss due to the the the
+appreciation of the dollar so on net I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation of the dollar so on net I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation of the dollar so on net I
+get 5% as well that's what appears here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 5% as well that's what appears here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 5% as well that's what appears here
+that's what I've done here here so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I've done here here so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I've done here here so what
+I did here is say you know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did here is say you know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did here is say you know if the
+markets are very integrated and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are very integrated and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are very integrated and they
+function fairly well those two returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function fairly well those two returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function fairly well those two returns
+should be more or less similar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be more or less similar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be more or less similar in
+equilibrium because prices are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium because prices are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium because prices are going to
+adjust exchanges are going to adjust and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust exchanges are going to adjust and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust exchanges are going to adjust and
+so on so these two ways of investing are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so these two ways of investing are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so these two ways of investing are
+more or less the same I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the same I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the same I'm going to take
+the stream assumption that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream assumption that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream assumption that they are
+exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same
+here so that this holds that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that this holds that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that this holds that the
+equilibrium we have to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we have to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we have to find that
+equilibrium these two things are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium these two things are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium these two things are going
+to be equal that's called and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal that's called and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal that's called and it's a
+very important Concept in international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important Concept in international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important Concept in international
+finance the uncover inp parity condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance the uncover inp parity condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance the uncover inp parity condition
+don't ask me why it's uncover but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ask me why it's uncover but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ask me why it's uncover but it's
+it's the inp parity condition and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the inp parity condition and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the inp parity condition and and
+again that one in particular is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that one in particular is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that one in particular is called
+the uncover interp condition if you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncover interp condition if you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncover interp condition if you do a
+little bit of and this just tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of and this just tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of and this just tells you
+that in equilibrium you have to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in equilibrium you have to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in equilibrium you have to be more
+be indifferent between investing to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be indifferent between investing to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be indifferent between investing to in
+one bone or the other okay if you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bone or the other okay if you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bone or the other okay if you do a
+little algebra here of the kind of we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little algebra here of the kind of we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little algebra here of the kind of we
+have done in the past like you know 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done in the past like you know 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done in the past like you know 1
+plus I is I is approximately equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one is approximately equal to 1 over 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is approximately equal to 1 over 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is approximately equal to 1 over 1
+minus I or or this one 1 plus I star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I or or this one 1 plus I star is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I or or this one 1 plus I star is
+approximately equal to one over 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to one over 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to one over 1 minus
+I star and so on that's that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I star and so on that's that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I star and so on that's that kind of
+approximation tailor expansion when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation tailor expansion when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation tailor expansion when when
+these terms are small then you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms are small then you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms are small then you can write
+this as this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as this expression
+here okay and this says exactly what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and this says exactly what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and this says exactly what I
+just said in words this says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said in words this says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said in words this says
+look if the interest rate in the US bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look if the interest rate in the US bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look if the interest rate in the US bond
+is lower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower than
+the than the UK bonds interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the than the UK bonds interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the than the UK bonds interest rate
+that's okay in the sense that we can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay in the sense that we can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay in the sense that we can be
+different between these two things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between these two things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between these two things as
+long as you're expecting a depre an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you're expecting a depre an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you're expecting a depre an
+appreciation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation of the
+dollar that is equivalent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar that is equivalent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar that is equivalent to the
+difference in this two interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in this two interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in this two interest rate
+okay so that's what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what's called the
+interest parity condition the two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest parity condition the two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest parity condition the two in
+equilibrium the two are going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the two are going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the two are going to be the
+same once you adjust for the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same once you adjust for the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same once you adjust for the expected
+appreciation or depreciation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation or depreciation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation or depreciation of the
+currency okay so in my example before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency okay so in my example before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency okay so in my example before we
+had this interest rate with 5% that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this interest rate with 5% that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this interest rate with 5% that was
+10% then the only way that will that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% then the only way that will that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% then the only way that will that's
+going to be an equilibrium is that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an equilibrium is that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an equilibrium is that if we
+also expect the dollar to appreciate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also expect the dollar to appreciate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also expect the dollar to appreciate by
+5% okay so dollar appreciation remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% okay so dollar appreciation remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% okay so dollar appreciation remember
+is this guy going up so if this is 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this guy going up so if this is 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this guy going up so if this is 5%
+then it's fine to have 5% here 10% there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's fine to have 5% here 10% there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's fine to have 5% here 10% there
+because they both gave me the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they both gave me the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they both gave me the same
+return in expectation at least okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return in expectation at least okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return in expectation at least okay if I
+do it in dollars I say I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in dollars I say I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in dollars I say I'm going to get
+5% either way invest in direct in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% either way invest in direct in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% either way invest in direct in
+dollars or through the UK pound because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars or through the UK pound because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars or through the UK pound because
+in the in the UK bone in the UK bone I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the UK bone in the UK bone I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the UK bone in the UK bone I'm
+going to get 10% and then lose 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get 10% and then lose 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get 10% and then lose 5%
+because of the of the currency or I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the of the currency or I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the of the currency or I can
+do the comparison in pounds and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the comparison in pounds and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the comparison in pounds and and then
+I say well I'm going to get 10% in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say well I'm going to get 10% in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say well I'm going to get 10% in
+pounds directly and if I go the US way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds directly and if I go the US way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds directly and if I go the US way
+I'm going to get 5% but I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get 5% but I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get 5% but I'm going to get
+also 5% in the currency appreciation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also 5% in the currency appreciation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also 5% in the currency appreciation and
+that gives me 10% okay key concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me 10% okay key concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me 10% okay key concept
+anyways so these are the two senses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways so these are the two senses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways so these are the two senses of
+opening that we can have opening in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening that we can have opening in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening that we can have opening in in
+Goods Market opening in financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods Market opening in financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods Market opening in financial
+markets and the the the key relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and the the the key relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and the the the key relative
+prices and and things are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and and things are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and and things are going to
+equilibrate both markets one is the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrate both markets one is the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrate both markets one is the real
+exchange rate in the Goods Market in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate in the Goods Market in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate in the Goods Market in
+this one is the uncovering transparity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is the uncovering transparity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is the uncovering transparity
+condition I want to shut down this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I want to shut down this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I want to shut down this part
+of openness H for a lecture or so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of openness H for a lecture or so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of openness H for a lecture or so and
+I'm going to focus now on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to focus now on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to focus now on the on the
+Goods Market open opening only okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods Market open opening only okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods Market open opening only okay and
+then I'm going to come back to this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to come back to this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to come back to this but
+I just wanted to show you the two senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to show you the two senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to show you the two senses
+of opening okay so now let's forget a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opening okay so now let's forget a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opening okay so now let's forget a
+little bit about financial opening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about financial opening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about financial opening and
+and uh and let's just focus on opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and let's just focus on opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and let's just focus on opening
+the goods markets to International Trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goods markets to International Trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goods markets to International Trade
+okay so that means we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means we're going to have
+now imports and exports floating around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now imports and exports floating around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now imports and exports floating around
+so this is we go back again to our aslm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is we go back again to our aslm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is we go back again to our aslm
+mod H to actually want to go back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod H to actually want to go back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod H to actually want to go back to our
+Goods Market only mod the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods Market only mod the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods Market only mod the very first
+model we saw in this course but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we saw in this course but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we saw in this course but we're
+going to bring back a couple of terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bring back a couple of terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bring back a couple of terms
+that we shut down there okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we shut down there okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we shut down there okay now
+something that will be that we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that will be that we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that will be that we didn't
+need to worry about but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry about but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry about but we're going to
+have to worry about here a lot is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about here a lot is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about here a lot is that
+there is a distinction between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a distinction between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a distinction between the
+demand for domestic goods and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for domestic goods and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for domestic goods and the
+domestic demand for goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic demand for goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic demand for goods
+okay I know this going to be tricky but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I know this going to be tricky but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I know this going to be tricky but
+but okay there's a difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay there's a difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay there's a difference between
+demand for domestic Goods versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for domestic Goods versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for domestic Goods versus the
+domestic demand for goods this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic demand for goods this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic demand for goods this is what
+residents us say us residents household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents us say us residents household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents us say us residents household
+firms government demand in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms government demand in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms government demand in terms of
+goods this is how those same agents plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods this is how those same agents plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods this is how those same agents plus
+the rest of the world demand of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world demand of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world demand of
+domestically produced Goods that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestically produced Goods that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestically produced Goods that's the
+distinction when the economy was closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction when the economy was closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction when the economy was closed
+they were the same but now they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the same but now they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the same but now they're not
+okay so the domestic demand Remains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the domestic demand Remains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the domestic demand Remains the
+Same as before okay domestic demand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same as before okay domestic demand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same as before okay domestic demand is
+whatever the households demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the households demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the households demand
+consumption plus firm's investment plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption plus firm's investment plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption plus firm's investment plus
+government expenditure that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government expenditure that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government expenditure that's the same
+we had in close economy this hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had in close economy this hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had in close economy this hasn't
+changed the domestic demand is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the domestic demand is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the domestic demand is the same
+is a function of the same behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of the same behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of the same behavioral
+functions that we had there and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we had there and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we had there and the only
+behavioral function that was in the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral function that was in the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral function that was in the only
+two that we had was the consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that we had was the consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that we had was the consumption
+function and investment function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and investment function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and investment function
+remember so That Remains the Same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so That Remains the Same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so That Remains the Same
+nothing has changed what does change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing has changed what does change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing has changed what does change is
+that this is no longer what determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is no longer what determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is no longer what determines
+the demand for domestically produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for domestically produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for domestically produced
+goods and remember that's very key in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and remember that's very key in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and remember that's very key in
+the short run because this is so Canan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short run because this is so Canan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short run because this is so Canan
+model with very sticky prices demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with very sticky prices demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with very sticky prices demand
+determines output activity so if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines output activity so if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines output activity so if we're
+going to determine domestic production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine domestic production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine domestic production
+from demand we better be very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from demand we better be very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from demand we better be very careful
+about what is the demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is the demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is the demand for
+domestically produced Goods this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestically produced Goods this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestically produced Goods this is
+demand for both domestically produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for both domestically produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for both domestically produced
+good and foreign produced Goods some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and foreign produced Goods some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and foreign produced Goods some of
+those demand will be satisfied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those demand will be satisfied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those demand will be satisfied by
+Imports that's not demand for domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports that's not demand for domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports that's not demand for domestic
+production and therefore will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and therefore will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and therefore will not be
+determined equilibrium output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined equilibrium output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined equilibrium output
+domestically okay so this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestically okay so this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestically okay so this is going to be
+the New Concept which is demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New Concept which is demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New Concept which is demand for
+domestic goods and demand for domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic goods and demand for domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic goods and demand for domestic
+Goods is the same as demand as domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods is the same as demand as domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods is the same as demand as domestic
+demand for goods that the thing we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for goods that the thing we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for goods that the thing we had
+in close economy minus that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in close economy minus that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in close economy minus that part of
+demand that is Satisfied by Imports so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that is Satisfied by Imports so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that is Satisfied by Imports so
+minus Imports and divided by The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Imports and divided by The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Imports and divided by The
+Exchange because inputs may be priced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange because inputs may be priced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange because inputs may be priced in
+euros say and I have to convert them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euros say and I have to convert them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euros say and I have to convert them
+into dollars that's the reason very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into dollars that's the reason very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into dollars that's the reason very
+exchange don't worry about this for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange don't worry about this for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange don't worry about this for now
+okay so I had to subtract from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I had to subtract from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I had to subtract from that
+Imports because that's Demand by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports because that's Demand by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports because that's Demand by
+Resident us resident that doesn't go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resident us resident that doesn't go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resident us resident that doesn't go to
+demand to demand for domestically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand to demand for domestically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand to demand for domestically
+produced Goods it's demand for BMWs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced Goods it's demand for BMWs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced Goods it's demand for BMWs
+whatever so that's not going to affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so that's not going to affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so that's not going to affect
+the demand for Ford good cars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for Ford good cars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for Ford good cars and
+therefore it will not affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it will not affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it will not affect the
+production of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of four
+cars because it's not demand for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars because it's not demand for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars because it's not demand for that
+but against that we also have the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but against that we also have the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but against that we also have the demand
+a component of demand for domestically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a component of demand for domestically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a component of demand for domestically
+produced good that we didn't have before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced good that we didn't have before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced good that we didn't have before
+which is what foreigners demand from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what foreigners demand from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what foreigners demand from the
+US okay part of the demand that probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US okay part of the demand that probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US okay part of the demand that probably
+not for a lot at least part of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for a lot at least part of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for a lot at least part of the the
+demand that us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that us
+Goods perceived us production perceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods perceived us production perceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods perceived us production perceived
+is not due to resident is due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not due to resident is due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not due to resident is due to
+foreigners that are importing us Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreigners that are importing us Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreigners that are importing us Goods
+okay Apple s sells a lot of phones to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Apple s sells a lot of phones to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Apple s sells a lot of phones to
+the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the
+world okay that's determined by Foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world okay that's determined by Foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world okay that's determined by Foreign
+demand for domestically produced good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for domestically produced good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for domestically produced good
+that's what we want to call X exports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we want to call X exports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we want to call X exports
+okay so this is our new key concept here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is our new key concept here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is our new key concept here
+Z okay which is the same as what we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay which is the same as what we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay which is the same as what we used
+to have but now we need to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have but now we need to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have but now we need to understand
+two more terms the export and it ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more terms the export and it ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more terms the export and it ask
+going to be a function and import which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a function and import which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a function and import which
+also will be a function so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also will be a function so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also will be a function so let me
+introduce that so exports we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce that so exports we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce that so exports we're going to
+assume simplify things but it's sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume simplify things but it's sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume simplify things but it's sensible
+behavioral assumption we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral assumption we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral assumption we're going to
+assume that exports are increasing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that exports are increasing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that exports are increasing in
+foreign output that's what y star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign output that's what y star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign output that's what y star
+means and it makes sense is the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and it makes sense is the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and it makes sense is the rest of
+the world I mean Emerging Market the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world I mean Emerging Market the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world I mean Emerging Market the
+commodity producing economies today are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity producing economies today are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity producing economies today are
+very excited about the recover in China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very excited about the recover in China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very excited about the recover in China
+no China is reopening so so it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no China is reopening so so it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no China is reopening so so it's a big
+boom domestically that's great news for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom domestically that's great news for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom domestically that's great news for
+the Emerging Markets commodity producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Emerging Markets commodity producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Emerging Markets commodity producers
+because that will increase the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that will increase the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that will increase the demand
+from China for goods produced around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from China for goods produced around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from China for goods produced around the
+world in particular in commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in particular in commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in particular in commodity
+producing economies so so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing economies so so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing economies so so that's what
+this is capturing if if an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is capturing if if an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is capturing if if an important
+trading partners output goes up income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading partners output goes up income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading partners output goes up income
+goes up then they're they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up then they're they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up then they're they're going to
+consume everything they're domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume everything they're domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume everything they're domestic
+Goods but they're also going to consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods but they're also going to consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods but they're also going to consume
+the goods they import which are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goods they import which are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goods they import which are our
+exports okay so that's the reason this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports okay so that's the reason this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports okay so that's the reason this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+increasing ER exports are decreasing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing ER exports are decreasing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing ER exports are decreasing on
+the real exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real exchange
+rate that's sensible assumption why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that's sensible assumption why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that's sensible assumption why why
+do you think it's a sensible assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think it's a sensible assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think it's a sensible assumption
+so why do you think that exports US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do you think that exports US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do you think that exports US
+exports are decreasing on the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports are decreasing on the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports are decreasing on the real
+exchange rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon for for foreign customers to BU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon for for foreign customers to BU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon for for foreign customers to BU
+exactly because then us Goods become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly because then us Goods become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly because then us Goods become
+more expensive relative to foreign Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive relative to foreign Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive relative to foreign Goods
+that's what a real exchange appreciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a real exchange appreciation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a real exchange appreciation
+is and therefore there is L less demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and therefore there is L less demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and therefore there is L less demand
+for domestically for for us Goods okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for domestically for for us Goods okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for domestically for for us Goods okay
+that's that's the reason we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the reason we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the reason we have that
+time what about import well Imports are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what about import well Imports are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what about import well Imports are
+sort of the the Dual of that meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the Dual of that meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the Dual of that meaning of
+the export function is is is is H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the export function is is is is H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the export function is is is is H is
+actually our Imports is what the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually our Imports is what the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually our Imports is what the other
+countries sees as their export okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries sees as their export okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries sees as their export okay
+so our inputs will tend to go up when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our inputs will tend to go up when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our inputs will tend to go up when
+domestic output goes up because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic output goes up because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic output goes up because if
+domestic income goes up domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic income goes up domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic income goes up domestic
+consumer say will both consume more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer say will both consume more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer say will both consume more
+Goods at home but they will also consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods at home but they will also consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods at home but they will also consume
+more Goods abroad no they going to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Goods abroad no they going to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Goods abroad no they going to scale
+up their consumption and they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up their consumption and they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up their consumption and they're going
+to consume consume from from both places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consume consume from from both places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consume consume from from both places
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+Imports H will is an increaseing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports H will is an increaseing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports H will is an increaseing
+function of domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of domestic
+output what about the the real exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output what about the the real exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output what about the the real exchange
+rate here well inputs are an increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate here well inputs are an increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate here well inputs are an increasing
+function of the um real exchange rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the um real exchange rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the um real exchange rate
+why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that it's the same argument of export
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the same argument of export
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the same argument of export
+but seem from the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side remember when why do we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side remember when why do we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side remember when why do we use this
+Epsilon 4 to decide where do we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon 4 to decide where do we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon 4 to decide where do we want to
+buy our Goods if Epsilon goes up means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy our Goods if Epsilon goes up means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy our Goods if Epsilon goes up means
+our Goods become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Goods become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Goods become more
+expensive if our Goods become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive if our Goods become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive if our Goods become more
+expensive for any given level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive for any given level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive for any given level of
+domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic
+consumption where do you think you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption where do you think you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption where do you think you'll
+buy your goods you'll buy more abroad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy your goods you'll buy more abroad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy your goods you'll buy more abroad
+are cheaper okay so then that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cheaper okay so then that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cheaper okay so then that's an
+increasing function of NS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing function of NS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing function of NS
+good any question about that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good any question about that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good any question about that because
+these are the only sort of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the only sort of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the only sort of new
+behavioral equations we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral equations we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral equations we're going to have
+for for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this
+model and and what I'm going to do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and and what I'm going to do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and and what I'm going to do next
+is I'm going to start from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to start from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to start from the same
+model we had in in in I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we had in in in I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we had in in in I don't know
+lecture two or three h and uh I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture two or three h and uh I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture two or three h and uh I'm going
+to I'm going to add this these terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm going to add this these terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm going to add this these terms and
+see how things change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how things change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how things change
+okay okay good so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay good so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay good so let's do
+that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+remember H I think the first curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember H I think the first curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember H I think the first curve that
+would the the first the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the the first the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the the first the very first
+diagram we had in this class was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we had in this class was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we had in this class was this
+one this was just a demand for domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this was just a demand for domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this was just a demand for domestic
+uh domestic demand sorry which was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh domestic demand sorry which was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh domestic demand sorry which was just
+C plus I plus G it's an increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C plus I plus G it's an increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C plus I plus G it's an increasing
+function here because consumption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here because consumption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here because consumption and
+investment are increasing function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment are increasing function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment are increasing function of
+output okay and then in close economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay and then in close economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay and then in close economy
+what we did is we had a 45 degree line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did is we had a 45 degree line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did is we had a 45 degree line
+here and we said in equilibrium output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we said in equilibrium output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we said in equilibrium output
+equal to demand and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to demand and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to demand and therefore the
+intersection of this curve with the 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of this curve with the 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of this curve with the 45
+45 degree line gave us our equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 degree line gave us our equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 degree line gave us our equilibrium
+output that's what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that's what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that's what we have
+we need to change things a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to change things a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to change things a little bit
+we're going to put the 45 degree line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put the 45 degree line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put the 45 degree line in
+the next slide but we first need to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next slide but we first need to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next slide but we first need to this
+is not the relevant demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the relevant demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the relevant demand for
+domestically produced Goods so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestically produced Goods so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestically produced Goods so we need
+to go from here to the demand that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from here to the demand that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from here to the demand that is
+relevant for domestic producers okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for domestic producers okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for domestic producers okay so
+the first thing we need to do is we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we need to do is we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we need to do is we need
+to subtract Imports because part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subtract Imports because part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subtract Imports because part of the
+demand will go for foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand will go for foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand will go for foreign
+Goods okay and so that's what I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods okay and so that's what I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods okay and so that's what I'm doing
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+to this domestic demand I'm subract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this domestic demand I'm subract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this domestic demand I'm subract
+subtracting the part that H that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting the part that H that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting the part that H that is
+going to foreign Goods not domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to foreign Goods not domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to foreign Goods not domestic
+Goods because this is not demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods because this is not demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods because this is not demand for
+domestically produced Goods so obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestically produced Goods so obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestically produced Goods so obviously
+this is a shift down but there is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a shift down but there is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a shift down but there is also
+rotation why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation why is
+that you see obviously we're subtracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see obviously we're subtracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see obviously we're subtracting
+imports from domestic demand so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports from domestic demand so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports from domestic demand so that
+moves us down here but it's also it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves us down here but it's also it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves us down here but it's also it's
+not a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a parallel
+shift this curve becomes flatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is that in other words the decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that in other words the decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that in other words the decline
+is larger for the different the Gap is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger for the different the Gap is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger for the different the Gap is
+larger for high levels of income than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger for high levels of income than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger for high levels of income than
+for low levels of income or output why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for low levels of income or output why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for low levels of income or output why
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that depend on outut exactly is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depend on outut exactly is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depend on outut exactly is because
+there's a positive marginal propensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a positive marginal propensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a positive marginal propensity
+to import and so you'll import more if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to import and so you'll import more if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to import and so you'll import more if
+output is higher okay and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is higher okay and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is higher okay and that's the
+reason we have this C notice that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we have this C notice that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we have this C notice that this
+also means well let me get to the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also means well let me get to the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also means well let me get to the end of
+that and and of these diagrams and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and of these diagrams and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and of these diagrams and then
+I'll get back to this so one step more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get back to this so one step more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get back to this so one step more
+still this is not what I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still this is not what I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still this is not what I need to
+integrate with my 45 degree line because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate with my 45 degree line because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate with my 45 degree line because
+this is not the demand that domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the demand that domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the demand that domestic
+producer will face we still have to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer will face we still have to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer will face we still have to add
+the demand that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand that comes from
+foreigners and that's exports okay so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreigners and that's exports okay so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreigners and that's exports okay so to
+this AA function I have to add exports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this AA function I have to add exports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this AA function I have to add exports
+and exports is a parallel shift because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exports is a parallel shift because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exports is a parallel shift because
+it didn't depend on domestic output it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't depend on domestic output it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't depend on domestic output it
+depend on foreign output so foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on foreign output so foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on foreign output so foreign
+output is going to be a parameter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is going to be a parameter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is going to be a parameter in
+this curve but it's not doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve but it's not doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve but it's not doesn't change
+the slope of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of that
+curve so here we went from the DD curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so here we went from the DD curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so here we went from the DD curve
+to the new curve which is the reant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the new curve which is the reant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the new curve which is the reant for
+equilibrium domestic equilibrium output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium domestic equilibrium output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium domestic equilibrium output
+which is this ZZ curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this ZZ curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this ZZ curve
+okay now notice two things or one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now notice two things or one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now notice two things or one thing
+about this ZZ curve relative to DD what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this ZZ curve relative to DD what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this ZZ curve relative to DD what
+is the most obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most obvious
+difference between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curves no this is the one we use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves no this is the one we use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves no this is the one we use in
+lecture two or three I don't know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture two or three I don't know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture two or three I don't know and
+then when we did slm and all that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when we did slm and all that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when we did slm and all that and
+this is the one we're going to use now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one we're going to use now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one we're going to use now
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ZZ it's flatter yeah why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZZ it's flatter yeah why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZZ it's flatter yeah why is
+that flatter is slow a slope will mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flatter is slow a slope will mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flatter is slow a slope will mean
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+multiplier why is the multiplier lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier why is the multiplier lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier why is the multiplier lower
+then you know open economy part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know open economy part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know open economy part of the
+Dem falls on for exactly because part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dem falls on for exactly because part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dem falls on for exactly because part of
+the remember the the way we got to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remember the the way we got to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remember the the way we got to the
+multiplier is that income went up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier is that income went up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier is that income went up
+consumption went up the that increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption went up the that increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption went up the that increased
+income again and so on so forth but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income again and so on so forth but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income again and so on so forth but if
+part of that increasing consumption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that increasing consumption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that increasing consumption is
+going to foreign Goods that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to foreign Goods that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to foreign Goods that's not
+reflected in demand for domestically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in demand for domestically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in demand for domestically
+produced goods and therefore there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced goods and therefore there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced goods and therefore there's
+less of a multiplier okay and that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less of a multiplier okay and that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less of a multiplier okay and that's one
+characteristic of the open economy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the open economy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the open economy is
+that the multipliers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the multipliers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the multipliers are
+smaller the distinction is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the distinction is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the distinction is that you
+don't see it here but we have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see it here but we have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see it here but we have more
+parameters in particular a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in particular a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in particular a very
+important parameter here is y star y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important parameter here is y star y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important parameter here is y star y
+star didn't we didn't worry about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star didn't we didn't worry about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star didn't we didn't worry about what
+was income in Germany when we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was income in Germany when we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was income in Germany when we look at
+the islm the close economy model now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the islm the close economy model now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the islm the close economy model now we
+worry about what the income of our main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about what the income of our main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about what the income of our main
+trading partners is so you there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading partners is so you there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading partners is so you there's an
+extra parameter there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra parameter there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra parameter there
+good now we still haven't found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now we still haven't found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now we still haven't found
+equilibrium output but there is a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output but there is a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output but there is a point
+that is already interes in here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is already interes in here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is already interes in here which is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+one what do I know of this point well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what do I know of this point well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what do I know of this point well in
+this point domestic demand for goods is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point domestic demand for goods is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point domestic demand for goods is
+the same as demand for domestically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as demand for domestically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as demand for domestically
+produced goods for domestic goods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced goods for domestic goods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced goods for domestic goods and
+that also means that the trade balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also means that the trade balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also means that the trade balance
+is zero meaning that at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero meaning that at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero meaning that at that point
+exports is exactly equal to Imports so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports is exactly equal to Imports so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports is exactly equal to Imports so
+net exports are equal to zero okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net exports are equal to zero okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net exports are equal to zero okay so
+that's what I'm plotting here actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm plotting here actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm plotting here actually
+this is the net export function the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the net export function the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the net export function the net
+export function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simply that minus that divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply that minus that divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply that minus that divided by the
+exchange rate okay so that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate okay so that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate okay so that's what I'm
+plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting
+here is a decreasing function of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a decreasing function of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a decreasing function of output
+why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is
+that why is this decreasing in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why is this decreasing in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why is this decreasing in in
+domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic
+output remember this is export minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output remember this is export minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output remember this is export minus
+UT divided by the exchanger but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UT divided by the exchanger but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UT divided by the exchanger but we're
+not moving the exchanger for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving the exchanger for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving the exchanger for now
+why is this decreasing that means here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this decreasing that means here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this decreasing that means here
+exports exceed Imports here Imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports exceed Imports here Imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports exceed Imports here Imports
+exceed exports so here you have a trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed exports so here you have a trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed exports so here you have a trade
+deficit here you have a trade surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit here you have a trade surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit here you have a trade surplus
+why why is that why is that the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why is that why is that the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why is that why is that the shape
+why is it downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SL import grow outp grows export exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL import grow outp grows export exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL import grow outp grows export exactly
+export is not a function of domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export is not a function of domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export is not a function of domestic
+output it's a function of foreign output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output it's a function of foreign output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output it's a function of foreign output
+while while inputs is an increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while while inputs is an increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while while inputs is an increasing
+function of domestic output a net export
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of domestic output a net export
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of domestic output a net export
+is exports minus Imports okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exports minus Imports okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exports minus Imports okay so that's
+what this is decreasing and this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is decreasing and this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is decreasing and this point
+here happens to be when the two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here happens to be when the two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here happens to be when the two things
+are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly
+balance that's trade balance happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance that's trade balance happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance that's trade balance happens to
+be the point where DD is equal to ZZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the point where DD is equal to ZZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the point where DD is equal to ZZ
+that's just there's no reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just there's no reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just there's no reason why
+equilibrium output should be at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output should be at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output should be at that
+level I'm saying that's a point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level I'm saying that's a point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level I'm saying that's a point where
+that happens okay now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens okay now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens okay now we're going to
+find equilibrium output to find to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find equilibrium output to find to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find equilibrium output to find to find
+equilibrium output I'm going to erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output I'm going to erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output I'm going to erase
+all this extra curves here and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this extra curves here and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this extra curves here and I'm just
+going to keep the ZZ here because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep the ZZ here because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep the ZZ here because that's
+the demand for domestically produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for domestically produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for domestically produced
+goods and and I'm doing short run here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and and I'm doing short run here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and and I'm doing short run here
+so I know that domestic production is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know that domestic production is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know that domestic production is
+going that is the Y is going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that is the Y is going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that is the Y is going to be equal
+to demand for domestic Goods it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demand for domestic Goods it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demand for domestic Goods it's it's a
+demand determined model that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand determined model that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand determined model that's what the
+short run is all about so erase all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run is all about so erase all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run is all about so erase all this
+all these curves and I'm going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these curves and I'm going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these curves and I'm going to just
+keep this ZZ curve there there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this ZZ curve there there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this ZZ curve there there you
+are okay so now I have my 45 degree line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay so now I have my 45 degree line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay so now I have my 45 degree line
+because in the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the short
+run equilibrium output is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run equilibrium output is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run equilibrium output is equal to
+aggregate demand aggregate demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand aggregate demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand aggregate demand for
+what for domestically produced Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what for domestically produced Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what for domestically produced Goods
+that's the reason I'm using ZZ not DD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason I'm using ZZ not DD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason I'm using ZZ not DD
+okay but there you are then you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there you are then you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there you are then you do
+exactly the same as we did before boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as we did before boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as we did before boom
+that's our equilibrium outut and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our equilibrium outut and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our equilibrium outut and here
+you can do all sort of experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do all sort of experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do all sort of experiments and
+you're going to get the same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get the same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get the same sort of
+things things that we there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things things that we there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things things that we there the
+multiplier is a smaller multiplier but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier is a smaller multiplier but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier is a smaller multiplier but
+you're going to still get a multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to still get a multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to still get a multiplier
+and all these kind of things okay now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these kind of things okay now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these kind of things okay now I
+this is just I I I in this example it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just I I I in this example it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just I I I in this example it
+happens that at this equilibrium output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that at this equilibrium output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that at this equilibrium output
+this country has a trade deficit I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country has a trade deficit I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country has a trade deficit I just
+made up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up that
+okay so the so this is the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the so this is the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the so this is the equilibrium
+condition is output equal to Z output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is output equal to Z output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is output equal to Z output
+equal to then domestic demand plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to then domestic demand plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to then domestic demand plus
+export minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export minus
+input okay and then the net export is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input okay and then the net export is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input okay and then the net export is
+just I'm plotting this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'm plotting this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'm plotting this term
+here that's what we have here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's what we have here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's what we have here but
+equilibrium is just y equal to Z it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is just y equal to Z it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is just y equal to Z it's
+not this equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this equal to
+zero you can think about equilibrium but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you can think about equilibrium but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you can think about equilibrium but
+this is this is what it is given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is what it is given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is what it is given that
+that's equilibrium how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay is this clear I mean this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is this clear I mean this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is this clear I mean this is the
+start diagram of of this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start diagram of of this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start diagram of of this part of the
+course so you need to understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram go over
+it play with it think what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it play with it think what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it play with it think what is a
+parameter in there and so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in there and so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in there and so I'm going to
+do a little bit of that now but make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of that now but make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of that now but make
+sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay so let a few things here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so let a few things here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so let a few things here so
+let's do things that we did in close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do things that we did in close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do things that we did in close
+economy so suppose that you have a f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy so suppose that you have a f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy so suppose that you have a f
+fiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiscal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiscal
+expansion so so what did we do when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion so so what did we do when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion so so what did we do when we
+had a fysal expansion in lecture two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a fysal expansion in lecture two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a fysal expansion in lecture two or
+three well that moves the ZZ curve up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three well that moves the ZZ curve up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three well that moves the ZZ curve up
+output will go up and then there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output will go up and then there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output will go up and then there will be
+a multiplier so output will go up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiplier so output will go up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiplier so output will go up by
+more than the initial increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the initial increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the initial increasing
+government expenditure no that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government expenditure no that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government expenditure no that's what we
+had before it will go up by more but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before it will go up by more but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before it will go up by more but not
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+much as it did in the close economy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as it did in the close economy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as it did in the close economy so
+the the increas in output will will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the increas in output will will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the increas in output will will be
+more than the increase in government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the increase in government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the increase in government
+expenditure but it will be not as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure but it will be not as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure but it will be not as much
+as it would have been had we had a close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it would have been had we had a close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it would have been had we had a close
+economy why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that why is the last part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why is the last part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why is the last part
+true why not as much as it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true why not as much as it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true why not as much as it would have
+been in the close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+economy well you can read it here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy well you can read it here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy well you can read it here is
+because part of that extra energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because part of that extra energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because part of that extra energy the
+man for consumption will go to foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man for consumption will go to foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man for consumption will go to foreign
+Goods it will not come back to demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods it will not come back to demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods it will not come back to demand
+more domestic production okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more domestic production okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more domestic production okay and that's
+reflected in that the trade deficit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in that the trade deficit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in that the trade deficit in
+this particular example we start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example we start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example we start with a
+situation where the the we had a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the the we had a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the the we had a the
+trade was balanced we had no net export
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade was balanced we had no net export
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade was balanced we had no net export
+was equal to zero and we end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to zero and we end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to zero and we end up with a
+trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade
+deficit that trade deficit is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit that trade deficit is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit that trade deficit is exactly
+the same reason why we got a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reason why we got a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reason why we got a smaller
+multiply is because part of the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply is because part of the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply is because part of the extra
+demand that comes from the extra income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that comes from the extra income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that comes from the extra income
+that created by the additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that created by the additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that created by the additional
+expenditure H by the aggregate demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure H by the aggregate demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure H by the aggregate demand
+effect of additional expenditure went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of additional expenditure went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of additional expenditure went to
+the demand for foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for foreign
+Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good so do the same things we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so do the same things we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so do the same things we did
+in in close Eon just practice here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in close Eon just practice here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in close Eon just practice here
+increase taxes do things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase taxes do things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase taxes do things like that
+increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+czo and see what happens both with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+czo and see what happens both with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+czo and see what happens both with
+equilibrium output qualitatively will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output qualitatively will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output qualitatively will be
+exactly the same as with you had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as with you had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as with you had in
+close economy except that the effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close economy except that the effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close economy except that the effects
+are going to be smaller but you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be smaller but you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be smaller but you're going
+to get something new which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get something new which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get something new which is what
+happens to the trade deficit as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is a shock we couldn't do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a shock we couldn't do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a shock we couldn't do in the
+close economy case which is what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close economy case which is what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close economy case which is what happens
+if foreign demand go comes up that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if foreign demand go comes up that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if foreign demand go comes up that's
+what I'm saying everyone is jubilant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying everyone is jubilant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying everyone is jubilant in
+Emerging Market worlds because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emerging Market worlds because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emerging Market worlds because
+China's output is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China's output is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China's output is going
+up so what are all these economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so what are all these economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so what are all these economists
+thinking say well China's output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking say well China's output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking say well China's output is
+going up that means they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up that means they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up that means they're going to
+import a lot more from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import a lot more from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import a lot more from
+us okay that is they think our exports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay that is they think our exports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay that is they think our exports
+are going to go up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to go up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to go up because
+Chinese consumption is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese consumption is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese consumption is going
+up well exports going up means up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up well exports going up means up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up well exports going up means up that
+our ZZ curve moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ZZ curve moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ZZ curve moves
+up okay so then what do you get well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so then what do you get well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so then what do you get well you
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+er now an increas in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+er now an increas in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+er now an increas in in
+exports uh for any given level of income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports uh for any given level of income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports uh for any given level of income
+means that eventually you you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that eventually you you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that eventually you you're going
+to get higher output immediately but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get higher output immediately but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get higher output immediately but
+higher output also has a multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher output also has a multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher output also has a multiplier
+although smaller but at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although smaller but at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although smaller but at the end of the
+day you're going to get higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you're going to get higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you're going to get higher
+equilibrium out so it's great news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium out so it's great news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium out so it's great news
+that's the reason they're so happy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason they're so happy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason they're so happy it's
+great news that China is expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great news that China is expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great news that China is expanding
+because it's also lead to an expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also lead to an expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also lead to an expansion
+in h the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in h the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in h the rest of the
+world okay so that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world okay so that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world okay so that's what you
+get so that in that sense you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so that in that sense you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so that in that sense you know that
+if if if China decides to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if if China decides to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if if China decides to do an
+expansionary fiscal policy it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary fiscal policy it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary fiscal policy it also
+expands us output or even more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands us output or even more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands us output or even more important
+for Chilean output okay it does that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Chilean output okay it does that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Chilean output okay it does that so
+it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the
+same Chile could have done it by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Chile could have done it by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Chile could have done it by having
+their own fiscal policy that would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own fiscal policy that would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own fiscal policy that would also
+expanded output but it's wonderful that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded output but it's wonderful that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded output but it's wonderful that
+China decides to do it because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China decides to do it because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China decides to do it because that
+expands output as well with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands output as well with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands output as well with one
+advantage two advantages what is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage two advantages what is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage two advantages what is but
+there's one that you can see here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one that you can see here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one that you can see here which
+is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what
+why is it that they prefer that China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that they prefer that China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that they prefer that China
+does the effort rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the effort rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the effort rather than
+me what looks better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here assume they are comparable size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here assume they are comparable size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here assume they are comparable size and
+so on in terms of the impact in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on in terms of the impact in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on in terms of the impact in the in
+the top diagram supposed to generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top diagram supposed to generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top diagram supposed to generate the
+same increasing output as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same increasing output as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same increasing output as a result of
+one policy which is my domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one policy which is my domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one policy which is my domestic
+expansion in G which is what we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in G which is what we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in G which is what we did the
+previous slide or because China's goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide or because China's goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide or because China's goes
+into a boom and starts importing a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a boom and starts importing a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a boom and starts importing a lot
+that's this we can we can export a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this we can we can export a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this we can we can export a lot
+to them so suppose we get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them so suppose we get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them so suppose we get the same
+increase in output what looks a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in output what looks a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in output what looks a little
+better not a little better it can look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not a little better it can look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not a little better it can look a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+better there are two things but one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better there are two things but one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better there are two things but one is
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+diagram which is remember if I did go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram which is remember if I did go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram which is remember if I did go in
+expenditure the net export function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure the net export function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure the net export function
+wouldn't have moved and I ended up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have moved and I ended up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have moved and I ended up with
+higher output I would have ended up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher output I would have ended up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher output I would have ended up with
+a bigger trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger trade
+deficit okay in this case it's export
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit okay in this case it's export
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit okay in this case it's export
+driven so it's the opposite because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven so it's the opposite because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven so it's the opposite because the
+now the net export function is Shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the net export function is Shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the net export function is Shifting
+up you know if I move y star up I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you know if I move y star up I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you know if I move y star up I'm
+moving export up that means the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving export up that means the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving export up that means the net
+export function is moving up shifting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export function is moving up shifting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export function is moving up shifting up
+and then I'm losing some of that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm losing some of that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm losing some of that because
+in increasing domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in increasing domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in increasing domestic
+output er um goes into input but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output er um goes into input but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output er um goes into input but at the
+end of the day in this case I end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day in this case I end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day in this case I end up
+with a trade surplus rather than a trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a trade surplus rather than a trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a trade surplus rather than a trade
+deficit okay so lots of things that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit okay so lots of things that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit okay so lots of things that's
+the reason when you open the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason when you open the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason when you open the world
+there's a lot of free writing here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of free writing here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of free writing here you
+want the other one to do the policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the other one to do the policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the other one to do the policies
+for you because then then you're a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you because then then you're a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you because then then you're a lot
+better you can get the same increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you can get the same increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you can get the same increase in
+output but here you end up with a trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but here you end up with a trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but here you end up with a trade
+surplus rather than a trade deficit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus rather than a trade deficit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus rather than a trade deficit and
+there's a second thing that I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a second thing that I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a second thing that I'm not
+showing you here there's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here there's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here there's a big
+difference between you doing it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between you doing it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between you doing it you
+domestically by increasing government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestically by increasing government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestically by increasing government
+expenditure versus the other one doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure versus the other one doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure versus the other one doing
+it for you and they're pulling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you and they're pulling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you and they're pulling you
+through export what else will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through export what else will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through export what else will look
+better in the US in this case relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in the US in this case relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in the US in this case relative
+to the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slide that's but that's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that's but that's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that's but that's too
+sophisticated we're still keeping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated we're still keeping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated we're still keeping the
+interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+H that's even more sophisticated this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H that's even more sophisticated this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H that's even more sophisticated this is
+short run completely sticky prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run completely sticky prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run completely sticky prices
+forget all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that fiscal deficits in the other one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fiscal deficits in the other one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fiscal deficits in the other one I
+need to increase G so they had a fiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to increase G so they had a fiscal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to increase G so they had a fiscal
+deficit here I don't need to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit here I don't need to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit here I don't need to do that and
+in fact in reality taxes are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in reality taxes are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in reality taxes are typically
+indexed to Output domestic output so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexed to Output domestic output so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexed to Output domestic output so
+that that probably will improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that probably will improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that probably will improve the
+deficit in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit in the US
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+anyways the last point I want to H talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways the last point I want to H talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways the last point I want to H talk
+about is another variable that we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is another variable that we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is another variable that we didn't
+have in in the close economy which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in in the close economy which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in in the close economy which is
+the role for the exchange rate what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role for the exchange rate what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role for the exchange rate what the
+exchange rate can do and so for this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate can do and so for this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate can do and so for this we
+need to look you know the only term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look you know the only term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look you know the only term that
+depends on the exchange rate is this net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the exchange rate is this net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the exchange rate is this net
+export term no the exports minus inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export term no the exports minus inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export term no the exports minus inputs
+so what you know from net exports it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you know from net exports it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you know from net exports it's
+very clear what happens to net exports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear what happens to net exports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear what happens to net exports
+when we increase y star we did an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we increase y star we did an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we increase y star we did an
+experiment before that's what increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment before that's what increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment before that's what increase
+exports so net exports will increase if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports so net exports will increase if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports so net exports will increase if
+you increase y star we also know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase y star we also know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase y star we also know that
+net exports will decrease if domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net exports will decrease if domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net exports will decrease if domestic
+output goes up because inputs increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output goes up because inputs increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output goes up because inputs increase
+but from this expression is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from this expression is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from this expression is a little
+ambiguous what happens to net exports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous what happens to net exports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous what happens to net exports
+when there's a when the real exchange it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a when the real exchange it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a when the real exchange it
+appreciates and it's a little it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciates and it's a little it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciates and it's a little it's a
+little ambigous for the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ambigous for the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ambigous for the following
+reason the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the volume
+expression is clearly increasing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is clearly increasing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is clearly increasing in the
+real exchange if us Goods become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real exchange if us Goods become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real exchange if us Goods become more
+expensive you want to import more that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive you want to import more that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive you want to import more that's
+what we discussed before but the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we discussed before but the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we discussed before but the value
+may not be such because if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be such because if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be such because if you're
+importing those goods in euros and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importing those goods in euros and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importing those goods in euros and now
+the euro is cheaper for you then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the euro is cheaper for you then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the euro is cheaper for you then then
+you may you're are paying less for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may you're are paying less for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may you're are paying less for each
+unit you import okay now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit you import okay now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit you import okay now we're going to
+assume from now on that this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume from now on that this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume from now on that this second
+effect is not as strong as the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is not as strong as the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is not as strong as the volume
+effect and that's a very realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and that's a very realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and that's a very realistic
+assumption except for the very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption except for the very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption except for the very very very
+short run okay so that's going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run okay so that's going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run okay so that's going to be our
+assumption our assumption will be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption our assumption will be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption our assumption will be that
+net exports decrease when the currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net exports decrease when the currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net exports decrease when the currency
+appreciates if your goods become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciates if your goods become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciates if your goods become more
+expensive then on net you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive then on net you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive then on net you're going to
+have less net exports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less net exports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less net exports
+okay as an assumption it simply says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as an assumption it simply says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as an assumption it simply says
+that this guy in the numerator responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this guy in the numerator responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this guy in the numerator responds
+more strongly than the denominator to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more strongly than the denominator to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more strongly than the denominator to a
+depreciation to an appreciation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation to an appreciation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation to an appreciation of the
+exchange so the quantity effect is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange so the quantity effect is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange so the quantity effect is much
+more important than the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effect so again I'm not going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so again I'm not going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so again I'm not going to have
+trick questions about this or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick questions about this or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick questions about this or anything
+I'm going to assume that from now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to assume that from now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to assume that from now that's
+your assumption okay if I make a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your assumption okay if I make a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your assumption okay if I make a mistake
+and and I try to trick you in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I try to trick you in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I try to trick you in in the
+quiz for that you can charge me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz for that you can charge me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz for that you can charge me the
+points okay I don't intend to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay I don't intend to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay I don't intend to do that
+it's just IDE spot when one of the da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just IDE spot when one of the da
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just IDE spot when one of the da
+sort of wrote something there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wrote something there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wrote something there and
+because this is the a very realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the a very realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the a very realistic
+assumption good so now let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption good so now let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption good so now let's see what
+happens then when the exchange rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then when the exchange rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then when the exchange rate
+moves and let me use it ER suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves and let me use it ER suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves and let me use it ER suppose that
+that you are in a situation where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are in a situation where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are in a situation where you
+want to reduce the trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reduce the trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reduce the trade
+deficit what would you do to so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit what would you do to so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit what would you do to so so the
+experiment I have here has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I have here has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I have here has two
+components but but let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components but but let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components but but let's talk about the
+first one suppose that that you your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one suppose that that you your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one suppose that that you your
+country has a big trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country has a big trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country has a big trade
+deficit H and you want to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit H and you want to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit H and you want to reduce
+that and the only tool you have is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the only tool you have is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the only tool you have is the
+exchange rate what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do suppose you have trade deficit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do suppose you have trade deficit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do suppose you have trade deficit you
+don't like that and you can move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like that and you can move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like that and you can move the
+exchange rate around what would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes you depreciate you make the domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you depreciate you make the domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you depreciate you make the domestic
+Goods cheaper relative to the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods cheaper relative to the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods cheaper relative to the rest of
+the world so you depreciate H your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world so you depreciate H your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world so you depreciate H your
+currency which is the prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency which is the prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency which is the prices are
+completely sticky fixed than nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely sticky fixed than nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely sticky fixed than nominal
+depreciation means also real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation means also real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation means also real
+depreciation and that will increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation and that will increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation and that will increase
+increase net exports so what that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase net exports so what that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase net exports so what that will
+do if you depreciate so X The Exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you depreciate so X The Exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you depreciate so X The Exchange
+is also a parameter in this net export
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a parameter in this net export
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a parameter in this net export
+function and given my assumption when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and given my assumption when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and given my assumption when
+you depreciate the exchange rate then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you depreciate the exchange rate then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you depreciate the exchange rate then
+then moves the net export function up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then moves the net export function up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then moves the net export function up
+okay now the problem is that if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the problem is that if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the problem is that if you do
+that that's also going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's also going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's also going to be
+expansionary because now you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary because now you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary because now you know you
+had certain equilibrium level of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had certain equilibrium level of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had certain equilibrium level of output
+and now there's going to be expend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now there's going to be expend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now there's going to be expend
+switching all around the world towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching all around the world towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching all around the world towards
+your goods so you're going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goods so you're going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goods so you're going to end up
+producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing
+more okay and so suppose that you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay and so suppose that you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay and so suppose that you didn't
+want that extra production you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that extra production you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that extra production you just
+wanted to fix your trade balance then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to fix your trade balance then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to fix your trade balance then
+you have to said that and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to said that and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to said that and that's what
+I've done here typ that's very typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done here typ that's very typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done here typ that's very typical
+is supposed you're a situation where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed you're a situation where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed you're a situation where you
+have very large trade deficit but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very large trade deficit but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very large trade deficit but you
+are okay with the equilibrium level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay with the equilibrium level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay with the equilibrium level of
+output you have and a typical package is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output you have and a typical package is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output you have and a typical package is
+you depreciate your currency but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you depreciate your currency but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you depreciate your currency but you
+also reduce govern expenditure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also reduce govern expenditure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also reduce govern expenditure okay
+because depreciation of the currency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because depreciation of the currency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because depreciation of the currency is
+expansionary it's expansionary improves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary it's expansionary improves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary it's expansionary improves
+the trade deficit but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade deficit but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade deficit but it's also
+expansionary because you relocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary because you relocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary because you relocate
+expenditure both of residents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure both of residents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure both of residents and
+foreigners towards your good that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreigners towards your good that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreigners towards your good that
+increases demand for your good increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases demand for your good increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases demand for your good increases
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I mean if I don't like that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean if I don't like that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean if I don't like that I have
+many ways of of setting that one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways of of setting that one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways of of setting that one of them
+is by reducing government expenditure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by reducing government expenditure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by reducing government expenditure
+okay so that's what I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here again this is a great package you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again this is a great package you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again this is a great package you
+see this is doing remember I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is doing remember I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is doing remember I told you
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+that people tend to prefer remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people tend to prefer remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people tend to prefer remember I
+said you know this is this is one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know this is this is one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know this is this is one way of
+of increasing output if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of increasing output if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of increasing output if you want to
+increase output H um another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase output H um another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase output H um another
+way is is to do it by exports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is is to do it by exports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is is to do it by exports
+Rising if I don't want to increase out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rising if I don't want to increase out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rising if I don't want to increase out
+but this is better because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is better because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is better because this
+increases the trade balance well suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the trade balance well suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the trade balance well suppose
+I do I which is where index is I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do I which is where index is I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do I which is where index is I do the
+converse suppose I don't want to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse suppose I don't want to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse suppose I don't want to change
+output I want to increase the net export
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output I want to increase the net export
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output I want to increase the net export
+well these two charts this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these two charts this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these two charts this and the
+previous one tell me exactly how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one tell me exactly how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one tell me exactly how to do
+it I use this for the expansion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I use this for the expansion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I use this for the expansion of
+output and to improve the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and to improve the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and to improve the net
+exports and I use the other one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports and I use the other one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports and I use the other one to
+offset the effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset the effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset the effect on
+output but with the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but with the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but with the opposite
+sign so I use this but with a decline in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so I use this but with a decline in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so I use this but with a decline in
+G that's exactly what I did here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G that's exactly what I did here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G that's exactly what I did here so
+that's very tempting for a country to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very tempting for a country to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very tempting for a country to
+okay to depreciate the currency and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to depreciate the currency and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to depreciate the currency and at
+the same time H if you think that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time H if you think that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time H if you think that you
+need to pull off the economy then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pull off the economy then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pull off the economy then you
+can use some other instrument domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use some other instrument domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use some other instrument domestic
+instrument to to do that for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument to to do that for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument to to do that for a long time
+China was accused of doing just this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China was accused of doing just this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China was accused of doing just this it
+was called the mercantilist policies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called the mercantilist policies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called the mercantilist policies of
+China and and especially sort of in late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and and especially sort of in late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and and especially sort of in late
+90s and 2000s and so on China had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s and 2000s and so on China had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s and 2000s and so on China had
+massive amount of exports and and the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive amount of exports and and the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive amount of exports and and the US
+had huge trade deficit was called was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had huge trade deficit was called was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had huge trade deficit was called was
+called the the the time of the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the the the time of the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the the the time of the global
+imbalances big deficit in the US big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalances big deficit in the US big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalances big deficit in the US big
+Surplus in in in in the in China and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus in in in in the in China and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus in in in in the in China and and
+the rest of the world kept accusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world kept accusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world kept accusing
+China of really M maintaining their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China of really M maintaining their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China of really M maintaining their
+currency at artificially low levels okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency at artificially low levels okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency at artificially low levels okay
+with the purpose of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the purpose of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the purpose of doing
+that uh anyways I'm not going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh anyways I'm not going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh anyways I'm not going to take
+sight on that I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that the reason why the currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the reason why the currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the reason why the currency
+was the Chinese REM was so depreciated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Chinese REM was so depreciated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Chinese REM was so depreciated
+was different from that but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was different from that but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was different from that but that's a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+story but the result was this it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story but the result was this it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story but the result was this it was
+that they had very large trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had very large trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had very large trade
+surpluses and uh the result was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpluses and uh the result was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpluses and uh the result was this
+they had very large trade surpluses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had very large trade surpluses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had very large trade surpluses and
+they grew a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they grew a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they grew a lot
+so because they had this but it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because they had this but it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because they had this but it was very
+export driven it was the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export driven it was the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export driven it was the rest of the
+world pulling in fact the domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world pulling in fact the domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world pulling in fact the domestic
+economy in China they were saying a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy in China they were saying a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy in China they were saying a lot
+so domestic consumption was very low but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so domestic consumption was very low but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so domestic consumption was very low but
+they had massive amount of exports and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had massive amount of exports and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had massive amount of exports and
+that's what was P pulling their output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what was P pulling their output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what was P pulling their output
+up so open economy you get new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so open economy you get new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so open economy you get new
+tools okay so that's all that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools okay so that's all that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools okay so that's all that I want to
+say for today um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for today um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for today um so
+summary uh very important demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary uh very important demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary uh very important demand for
+domestic Goods is no longer equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic Goods is no longer equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic Goods is no longer equal to
+domestic uh demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic uh demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic uh demand for
+goods because part of the latter will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods because part of the latter will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods because part of the latter will go
+to a for foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a for foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a for foreign
+goods and and also part of the former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and and also part of the former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and and also part of the former
+will come from foreign demand okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come from foreign demand okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come from foreign demand okay so
+that's that's a the that's what is new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a the that's what is new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a the that's what is new
+of this part you have an extra component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this part you have an extra component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this part you have an extra component
+and then the other thing that is new of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other thing that is new of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other thing that is new of
+this part of the course is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the course is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the course is that well
+these extra components the exports and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these extra components the exports and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these extra components the exports and
+the Imports are functions of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Imports are functions of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Imports are functions of things that
+w we didn't have before for an output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w we didn't have before for an output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w we didn't have before for an output
+the exchange rate in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange rate in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange rate in particular
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so equilibrium output again is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so equilibrium output again is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so equilibrium output again is the
+determined by a output domestic output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by a output domestic output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by a output domestic output
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+that not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the difference between the two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the difference between the two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the difference between the two is
+reflecting the trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the trade
+balance ER so the trade another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance ER so the trade another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance ER so the trade another way of
+thinking about the trade balance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the trade balance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the trade balance is
+simply the difference between the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the difference between the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the difference between the demand
+for a um domestic goods and the domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a um domestic goods and the domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a um domestic goods and the domestic
+demand for goods so the trade balance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for goods so the trade balance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for goods so the trade balance is
+nothing else than that DD curve minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else than that DD curve minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else than that DD curve minus
+the ZZ curve that's a trade balance okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ZZ curve that's a trade balance okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ZZ curve that's a trade balance okay
+sorry the zzer minus the the deer that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the zzer minus the the deer that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the zzer minus the the deer that's
+that's net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's net
+export okay sorry let me write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export okay sorry let me write that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export okay sorry let me write that down
+because so remember that we started from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so remember that we started from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so remember that we started from
+the demand which was C + I + G that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand which was C + I + G that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand which was C + I + G that's
+the domestic demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domestic demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domestic demand for
+goods we went to Z e is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods we went to Z e is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods we went to Z e is equal to
+demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+plus net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus net
+export okay so what I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export okay so what I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export okay so what I'm saying
+is that net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+export is just equal to Z minus D okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export is just equal to Z minus D okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export is just equal to Z minus D okay
+so that's the reason you can very early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the reason you can very early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the reason you can very early
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+when I show you this thing here the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I show you this thing here the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I show you this thing here the if
+distance between ZZ and d d is this n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between ZZ and d d is this n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between ZZ and d d is this n
+export here okay that's a reason when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export here okay that's a reason when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export here okay that's a reason when
+the two of them are the same that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two of them are the same that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two of them are the same that also
+means that n export is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that n export is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that n export is equal to zero
+very important also message from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important also message from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important also message from this
+part of of of the course is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of of of the course is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of of of the course is that a
+depreciation improves the trade balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation improves the trade balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation improves the trade balance
+and increases the amount for domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increases the amount for domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increases the amount for domestic
+Goods again that's what it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods again that's what it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods again that's what it's called
+expenditure switching mechanism the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure switching mechanism the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure switching mechanism the
+expenditures both of domestic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures both of domestic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures both of domestic of
+residents and foreign switches towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents and foreign switches towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents and foreign switches towards
+domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ER and that's also very important for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER and that's also very important for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER and that's also very important for a
+given exchange rate changes in aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given exchange rate changes in aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given exchange rate changes in aggregate
+demand in one large country H induced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand in one large country H induced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand in one large country H induced by
+policy or the private sector in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy or the private sector in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy or the private sector in this
+case China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case China
+reopening ER affects other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reopening ER affects other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reopening ER affects other countries
+through why star through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through why star through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through why star through
+exports okay so I'm going to stop here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports okay so I'm going to stop here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports okay so I'm going to stop here
+and in the next lecture what we'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the next lecture what we'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the next lecture what we'll do is
+we'll integrate this with the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll integrate this with the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll integrate this with the H
+Financial opening and and that will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial opening and and that will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial opening and and that will get
+us to what I think is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to what I think is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to what I think is one of the most
+important malls in this course which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important malls in this course which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important malls in this course which is
+called the Mandel flaming Mall
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f7RRqxv2pzg.txt b/f7RRqxv2pzg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..930faa928e1a077cee458bd73fa1b1837b550428
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f7RRqxv2pzg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2816 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+As you're settling into your
+seats, why don't we take 10
+
+more seconds on the clicker
+question here.
+
+All right, so this is a question
+that you saw on your
+
+problem-set, so this is how many
+electrons would we expect
+
+to see in a single atom
+in the 2 p state.
+
+So, let's see what
+you said here.
+
+Six.
+
+And the correct answer
+is, in fact, six.
+
+And most of you got
+that, about 75% of
+
+you got that right.
+
+So, let's consider some people
+got it wrong, however, and
+
+let's see where that wrong
+answer might have come from,
+
+or actually, more importantly,
+let's see how we can all get
+
+to the correct answer.
+
+So if we say that we have a 2
+p orbital here, that means
+
+that we can have how many
+different complete orbitals
+
+have a 2 for an n, and a p
+as its l value? three.
+
+So, we can have the 2 p x, 2
+p y, and 2 p z orbitals.
+
+Each of these orbitals can have
+two electrons in them, so
+
+we get two electrons here,
+here, and here.
+
+So, we end up with a total
+of six electrons that are
+
+possible that have that
+2 p orbital value.
+
+So this is a question that,
+hopefully, if we see another
+
+one like this we'll get a 100%
+on, because you've already
+
+seen this in your problem-set as
+much as you're going to see
+
+it, and you're seen it in
+class as much as you're
+
+going to see it.
+
+So if you're still having
+trouble with this, this is
+
+something you want to bring
+up in your recitation.
+
+And the idea behind this, of
+course, is that we know that
+
+every electron has to have its
+own distinct set of four
+
+quantum numbers.
+
+So that means that if we have
+three orbitals, we can only
+
+have six electrons in those
+complete three orbitals.
+
+All right, so today we're
+going to fully have our
+
+discussion focused on
+multi-electron atoms. We
+
+started talking about these on
+Wednesday, and what we're
+
+going to start with is
+considering specifically the
+
+wave functions for
+multi-electron atoms. So, the
+
+wave functions for
+multi-electron atoms. Then
+
+we'll move on to talking about
+the binding energies, and
+
+we'll specifically talk about
+how that differs from the
+
+binding energies we saw of
+hydrogen atoms. We talked
+
+about that quite in depth, but
+there are some differences now
+
+that we have more than one
+electron in the atom.
+
+Then something that you
+probably have a lot of
+
+experience with is talking about
+electron configuration
+
+and writing out the electron
+configuration.
+
+But we'll go over that,
+particularly some exceptions,
+
+when we're filling in electron
+configurations, and how we
+
+would go about doing that for
+positive ions, which follow a
+
+little bit of a different
+procedure.
+
+And if we have time today,
+we'll start in on the
+
+photo-electron spectroscopy,
+if not, that's where we'll
+
+start when we come back
+on Wednesday.
+
+So, what we saw just on
+Wednesday, in particular, but
+
+also as we have been discussing
+the Schrodinger
+
+equation for the hydrogen atom,
+is that this equation
+
+can be used to correctly predict
+the atomic structure
+
+of hydrogen, and also all of
+the energy levels of the
+
+different orbitals in hydrogen,
+which matched up
+
+with what we observed, for
+example, when we looked at the
+
+hydrogen atom emission
+spectra.
+
+And what we can do is we can
+also use the Schrodinger
+
+equation to make these accurate
+predictions for any
+
+other atom that we want
+to talk about in
+
+the periodic table.
+
+The one problem that we run into
+is as we go to more and
+
+more atoms on the table, as
+we add on electrons, the
+
+Schrodinger equation is going
+to get more complicated.
+
+So here I've written for the
+hydrogen atom that deceptively
+
+simple form of the Schrodinger
+equation, where we don't
+
+actually write out the
+Hamiltonian operator, but you
+
+remember that's a series of
+second derivatives, so we have
+
+a differential equation that
+were actually dealing with.
+
+If you think about what happens
+when we go from
+
+hydrogen to helium, now instead
+of one electron, so
+
+three position variables,
+we have to describe two
+
+electrons, so now we have six
+position variables that we
+
+need to plug into our
+Schrodinger equation.
+
+So similarly, as we now move up
+only one more atom in the
+
+table, so to an atomic number of
+three or lithium, now we're
+
+going from six variables all
+the way to nine variables.
+
+So you can see that we're
+starting to have a very
+
+complicated equation, and
+it turns out that it's
+
+mathematically impossible
+to even solve the exact
+
+Schrodinger equation
+as we move up to
+
+higher numbers of electrons.
+
+So, what we say here is we need
+to take a step back here
+
+and come up with an
+approximation that's going to
+
+allow us to think about using
+the Schrodinger equation when
+
+we're not just talking about
+hydrogen or one electron, but
+
+when we have these
+multi-electron atoms.
+
+The most straightforward way to
+do this is to make what's
+
+called a one electron orbital
+approximation, and when you do
+
+you get out what are called
+Hartree orbitals, and what
+
+this means is that instead of
+considering the wave function
+
+as a function, for example, for
+helium as six different
+
+variables, what we do is we
+break it up and treat each
+
+electron has a separate wave
+function and say that our
+
+assumption is that the total
+wave function is equal to the
+
+product of the two individual
+wave functions.
+
+So, for example, for helium, we
+can break it up into wave
+
+function for it the r, theta,
+and phi value for electron
+
+one, and multiply that by the
+wave function for the r,
+
+theta, and phi value for
+electron number two.
+
+So essentially what we're
+saying is we have a wave
+
+function for electron one,
+and a wave function
+
+for electron two.
+
+We know how to write that in
+terms of the state numbers, so
+
+it would be 1, 0, 0, because
+we're talking
+
+about the ground state.
+
+We're always talking about the
+ground state unless we specify
+
+that we're talking about
+an excited state.
+
+And we have the spin quantum
+number as plus 1/2 for
+
+electron one, and minus 1/2
+for the electron two.
+
+It's arbitrary which one I
+assigned to which, but we know
+
+that we have to have each of
+those two magnetic spin
+
+quantum numbers in order to have
+the distinct four letter
+
+description of an electron.
+
+We know that it's not enough
+just to describe the orbital
+
+by three quantum numbers, we
+need that fourth number to
+
+fully describe an electron.
+
+And when we describe this in
+terms of talking about
+
+chemistry terminology, we would
+call the first one the 1
+
+s, and 1 is in parentheses
+because we're talking about
+
+the first electron there, and
+we would multiply it by the
+
+wave function for the second
+one, which is also 1 s, but
+
+now we are talking about
+that second electron.
+
+We can do the exact same thing
+when we talk about lithium,
+
+but now instead of breaking it
+up into two wave functions,
+
+we're breaking it up into three
+wave functions because
+
+we have three electrons.
+
+So, the first again is
+the 1 s 1 electron.
+
+We then have the 1 s 2 electron,
+and what is our
+
+third electron going to be?
+
+Yeah.
+
+So it's going to be the
+2 s 1 electron.
+
+So we can do this essentially
+for any atom we want, we just
+
+have more and more wave
+functions that we're breaking
+
+it up to as we get to more
+and more electrons.
+
+And we can also write this in an
+even simpler form, which is
+
+what's called electron
+configuration, and this is
+
+just a shorthand notation for
+these electron wave functions.
+
+So, for example, again we see
+hydrogen is 1 s 1, helium we
+
+say is 1 s 2, or 1 s squared, so
+instead of writing out the
+
+1 s 1 and the 1 s 2, we just
+combine it as 1 s squared,
+
+lithium is 1 s 2, 2 s 1.
+
+So writing out electron
+configurations I realize is
+
+something that a lot of you had
+experience with in high
+
+school, you're probably --
+many of you are very
+
+comfortable doing it, especially
+for the more
+
+straightforward atoms. But
+what's neat to kind of think
+
+about is if you think about
+what a question might have
+
+been in high school, which is
+please write the electron
+
+configuration for lithium, now
+we can also answer what sounds
+
+like a much more impressive,
+and a much more complicated
+
+question, which would be write
+the shorthand notation for the
+
+one electron orbital
+approximation to solve the
+
+Schrodinger equation
+for lithium.
+
+So essentially, that is
+the exact same thing.
+
+The electronic configuration,
+all it is is the shorthand
+
+notation for that one electron
+approximation for the
+
+Schrodinger equation
+for lithium.
+
+So, if you're at hanging your
+exam from high school on the
+
+fridge and you want to make it
+look more impressive, you
+
+could just rewrite the
+question as that, and
+
+essentially you're answering
+the same thing.
+
+But now, hopefully, we
+understand where that comes
+
+from, why it is that we use
+the shorthand notation.
+
+So, let's write this one
+electron orbital approximation
+
+for berylium, that sounds like a
+pretty complicated question,
+
+but hopefully we know that it's
+not at all, it's just 1 s
+
+2, and then 2 s 2.
+
+And we can go on and
+on down the table.
+
+So, for example, for boron, now
+we're dealing with 1 s 2,
+
+then 2 s 2, and now we have to
+move into the p orbital so we
+
+go to 2 p 1.
+
+So that's a little bit of an
+introduction into electron
+
+configuration.
+
+We'll get into some spots
+where it gets a little
+
+trickier, a little bit more
+complicated later in class.
+
+But that's an idea of what it
+actually means to talk about
+
+electron configuration.
+
+So now that we can do this, we
+can compare and think about,
+
+we know how to consider wave
+functions for individual
+
+electrons in multi-electron
+atoms using those Hartree
+
+orbitals or the one electron
+wave approximations.
+
+So let's compare what some
+of the similarities and
+
+differences are between hydrogen
+atom orbitals, which
+
+we spent a lot of time studying,
+and now these one
+
+electron orbital approximations
+for these
+
+multi-electron atoms.
+
+So, as an example, let's take
+argon, I've written up the
+
+electron configuration here,
+and let's think about what
+
+some of the similarities might
+be between wave functions in
+
+argon and wave functions
+for hydrogen.
+
+So the first is that the
+orbitals are similar in shape.
+
+So for example, if you know how
+to draw an s orbital for a
+
+hydrogen atom, then you already
+know how to draw the
+
+shape of an s orbital or
+a p orbital for argon.
+
+Similarly, if we were to look
+at the radial probability
+
+distributions, what we would
+find is that there's an
+
+identical nodal structure.
+
+So, for example, if we look at
+the 2 s orbital of argon, it's
+
+going to have the same amount of
+nodes and the same type of
+
+nodes that the 2 s orbital
+for hydrogen has.
+
+So how many nodes does the 2 s
+orbital for hydrogen have?
+
+It has one node, right, because
+if we're talking about
+
+nodes it's just n minus 1 is
+total nodes, so you would just
+
+say 2 minus 1 equals 1 node
+for the 2 s orbital.
+
+And how many of those nodes
+are angular nodes? zero.
+
+L equals 0, so we have zero
+angular nodes, that means that
+
+they're all radial nodes.
+
+So what we end up with is one
+radial node for the 2 s
+
+orbital of hydrogen, and we can
+apply that for argon or
+
+any other multi-electron atom
+here, we also have one radial
+
+node for the 2 s orbital
+of argon.
+
+But there's also some
+differences that we need to
+
+keep in mind, and that will be
+the focus of a lot of the
+
+lecture today.
+
+One of the main difference is
+is that when you're talking
+
+about multi-electron orbitals,
+they're actually smaller than
+
+the corresponding orbital
+for the hydrogen atom.
+
+We can think about why
+that would be.
+
+Let's consider again an s
+orbital for argon, so let's
+
+say we're looking at the
+1 s orbital for argon.
+
+What is the pull from the
+nucleus from argon
+
+going to be equal to?
+
+What is the charge
+of the nucleus?
+
+Does anyone know, it's a quick
+addition problem here.
+
+Yeah, so it's 18.
+
+So z equals 18, so the nucleus
+is going to be pulling at the
+
+electron with a Coulombic
+attraction that has a charge
+
+of plus 18, if we're talking
+about the 1 s electron or the
+
+1 s orbital in argon.
+
+It turns out, and we're going to
+get the idea of shielding,
+
+so it's not going to actually
+feel that full plus 18, but
+
+it'll feel a whole lot more
+than it will just feel in
+
+terms of a hydrogen atom
+where we only have a
+
+nuclear charge of one.
+
+So because we're feeling a
+stronger attractive force from
+
+the nucleus, we're actually
+pulling that electron in
+
+closer, which means that the
+probability squared of where
+
+the electron is going to be is
+actually a smaller radius.
+
+So when we talk about the size
+of multi-electron orbitals,
+
+they're actually going to be
+smaller because they're being
+
+pulled in closer to the nucleus
+because of that
+
+stronger attraction because of
+the higher charge of the
+
+nucleus in a multi-electron
+atom compared
+
+to a hydrogen atom.
+
+The other main difference that
+we're really going to get to
+
+today is that in multi-electron
+atoms, orbital
+
+energies depend not just on the
+shell, which is what we
+
+saw before, not just on the
+value of n, but also on the
+
+angular momentum
+quantum number.
+
+So they also depend on
+the sub-shell or l.
+
+And we'll really get to see a
+picture of that, and I'll be
+
+repeating that again and again
+today, because this is
+
+something I really want everyone
+to get firmly into
+
+their heads.
+
+So, let's now take a look
+at the energies.
+
+We looked at the wave functions,
+we know the other
+
+part of solving the Schrodinger
+equation is to
+
+solve for the binding energy of
+electrons to the nucleus,
+
+so let's take a look at those.
+
+And there again is another
+difference between
+
+multi-electron atom and the
+hydrogen atoms. So when we
+
+talk about orbitals in
+multi-electron atoms, they're
+
+actually lower in
+energy than the
+
+corresponding h atom orbitals.
+
+And when we say lower in energy,
+of course, what we
+
+mean is more negative.
+
+Right, because when we think
+of an energy diagram, that
+
+lowest spot there is going to
+have the lowest value of the
+
+binding energy or the most
+negative value of binding.
+
+So, let's take a look here at
+an example of an energy
+
+diagram for the hydrogen atom,
+and we can also look at a
+
+energy diagram for a
+multi-electron atom, and this
+
+is just a generic one here, so
+I haven't actually listed
+
+energy numbers, but I want
+you to see the trend.
+
+So for example, if you look at
+the 1 s orbital here, you can
+
+see that actually it is lower
+in the case of the
+
+multi-electron atom than it
+is for the hydrogen atom.
+
+You see the same thing
+regardless of which orbital
+
+you're looking at.
+
+For example, for the 2 s, again
+what you see is that the
+
+multi-electron atom, its 2 s
+orbital is lower in energy
+
+than it is for the hydrogen.
+
+The same thing we
+see for the 2 p.
+
+Again the 2 p orbitals for the
+multi-electron atom, lower in
+
+energy than for the
+hydrogen atom.
+
+But there's something you'll
+note here also when I point
+
+out the case of the 2 s versus
+the 2 p, which is what I
+
+mentioned that I would be saying
+again and again, which
+
+is when we look at the hydrogen
+atom, the energy of
+
+all of the n equals 2 orbitals
+are exactly the same.
+
+That's what we call degenerate
+orbitals,
+
+they're the same energy.
+
+But when we get to the
+multi-electron atoms, we see
+
+that actually the p orbitals are
+higher in energy than the
+
+s orbitals.
+
+So we'll see specifically why it
+is that the s orbitals are
+
+lower in energy.
+
+We'll get to discussing that,
+but what I want to point out
+
+here again is the fact that
+instead of just being
+
+dependent on n, the energy
+level is dependent
+
+on both n and l.
+
+And is no longer that sole
+determining factor for energy,
+
+energy also depends both
+on n and on l.
+
+And we can look at precisely why
+that is by looking at the
+
+equations for the energy levels
+for a hydrogen atom
+
+versus the multi-electron
+atom.
+
+So, for a hydrogen atom, and
+actually for any one electron
+
+atom at all, this is our energy
+or our binding energy.
+
+This is what came out of
+solving the Schrodinger
+
+equation, we've seen this
+several times before that the
+
+energy is equal to negative z
+squared times the Rydberg
+
+constant over n squared.
+
+Remember the z squared, that's
+just the atomic number or the
+
+charge on the nucleus, and we
+can figure that out for any
+
+one electron atom at all.
+
+And an important thing to note
+is in terms of what that
+
+physically means, so physically
+the binding energy
+
+is just the negative of
+the ionization energy.
+
+So if we can figure out the
+binding energy, we can also
+
+figure out how much energy we
+have to put into our atom in
+
+order to a eject or ionize
+an electron.
+
+We can also look at the energy
+equation now for a
+
+multi-electron atom.
+
+And the big difference is
+right here in this term.
+
+So instead of being equal to
+negative z squared, now we're
+
+equal to negative z effective
+squared times r
+
+h all over n squared.
+
+So when we say z effective, what
+we're talking about is
+
+instead of z, the charge on
+the nucleus, we're talking
+
+about the effective charge
+on a nucleus.
+
+So for an example, even if a
+nucleus has a charge of 7, but
+
+the electron we're interested in
+only feels the charge as if
+
+it were a 5, then what we
+would say is that the z
+
+effective for the nucleus
+is 5 for that electron.
+
+And we'll talk about this
+more, so if this is not
+
+completely intuitive, we'll
+see why in a second.
+
+So the main idea here is z
+effective is not z, so don't
+
+try to plug one in for the
+other, they're absolutely
+
+different quantities in any case
+when we're not talking
+
+about a 1 electron atom.
+
+And the point that I also want
+to make is the way that they
+
+differ, z effective actually
+differs from the total charge
+
+in the nucleus due to an
+idea called shielding.
+
+So, shielding happens when you
+have more than one electron in
+
+an atom, and the reason that
+it's happening is because
+
+you're actually canceling out
+some of that positive charge
+
+from the nucleus or that
+attractive force with a
+
+repulsive force between
+two electrons.
+
+So if you have some charge in
+the nucleus, but you also have
+
+repulsion with another electron,
+the net attractive
+
+charge that a given electron
+going to feel is actually less
+
+than that total charge
+in the nucleus.
+
+And shielding is a little bit of
+a misnomer because it's not
+
+actually that's the electron's
+blocking the charge from
+
+another electron, it's more like
+you're canceling out a
+
+positive attractive force with
+a negative repulsive force.
+
+But shielding is a good way to
+think about it, and actually,
+
+that's what we'll use in this
+class to sort of visualize
+
+what's happening when we have
+many electrons in an atom and
+
+they're shielding each other.
+
+Shielding is the term that's
+used, it brings up a certain
+
+image in our mind, and even
+though that's not precisely
+
+what's going on, it's a very
+good way to visualize what
+
+we're trying to think
+about here.
+
+So let's take two cases of
+shielding if we're talking
+
+about, for example, the helium,
+a helium nucleus or a
+
+helium atom.
+
+So what is the charge
+on a helium nucleus?
+
+What is z?
+
+Yup, so it's plus 2.
+
+So the charge is actually just
+equal to z, we can write plus
+
+2, or you can write plus 2 e,
+e just means the absolute
+
+value of the charge
+on an electron.
+
+When we plug it into equations
+we just use the number, the e
+
+is assumed there.
+
+So, let's think of what we
+could have if we have two
+
+electrons in a helium atom
+that are shielded in two
+
+extreme ways.
+
+So, in the first extreme way,
+let's consider that our first
+
+electron is at some distance
+very far away from the
+
+nucleus, we'll call this
+electron one, and our second
+
+electron is, in fact, much, much
+closer to the nucleus,
+
+and let's think of the idea of
+shielding in more of the
+
+classical sense where we're
+actually blocking some of that
+
+positive charge.
+
+So if we have total and complete
+shielding where that
+
+can actually negate a full
+positive charge, because
+
+remember our nucleus is plus
+2, one of the electrons is
+
+minus 1, so if it totally blocks
+it, all we would have
+
+left from the nucleus is an
+effective charge of plus 1.
+
+So in our first case, our first
+extreme case, would be
+
+that the z effective that is
+felt by electron number 1, is
+
+going to be plus 1.
+
+So, what we can do is figure out
+what we would expect the
+
+binding energy of that electron
+to be in the case of
+
+this total shielding.
+
+And remember again, the binding
+energy physically is
+
+the negative of the ionization
+energy, and that's actually
+
+how you can experimentally
+check to see if this is
+
+actually correct.
+
+And that's going to be equal
+to negative z effective
+
+squared times r h
+over n squared.
+
+So, let's plug in these values
+and see what we would expect
+
+to see for the energy.
+
+So it would be negative 1
+squared times r h all over 1
+
+squared, since our z effective
+we're saying is 1, and n is
+
+also equal to 1, because we're
+in the ground state here so
+
+we're talking about
+a 1 s orbital.
+
+So if we have a look at what
+the answer would be, this
+
+looks very familiar.
+
+We would expect our binding
+energy to be a negative 2 .
+
+1 8 times 10 to the negative
+18 joules.
+
+This is actually what the
+binding energy is for hydrogen
+
+atom, and in fact, that makes
+sense because in our extreme
+
+case where we have total
+shielding by the second
+
+electron of the electron of
+interest, it's essentially
+
+seeing the same nuclear force
+that an electron in a hydrogen
+
+atom would see.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's consider now the second
+extreme case, or extreme case
+
+b, for our helium atom.
+
+Again we have the charge of
+the nucleus on plus 2, but
+
+let's say this time the electron
+now is going to be
+
+very, very close
+to the nucleus.
+
+And let's say our second
+electron now is really far
+
+away, such that it's actually
+not going to shield any of the
+
+nuclear charge at all from
+that first electron.
+
+So what we end up saying is that
+the z effective or the
+
+effective charge that that first
+electron feels is now
+
+going to be plus 2.
+
+Again, we can just plug this
+into our equation, so if we
+
+write in our numbers now saying
+that z effective is
+
+equal to 2, we find that we get
+negative 2 squared r h,
+
+all divided again by 1 squared
+-- we're still talking about a
+
+1 s orbital here.
+
+And if we do that calculation,
+what we find out is that the
+
+binding energy, in this case
+where we have no shielding, is
+
+negative 8 .
+
+7 2 times 10 to the negative
+18 joules.
+
+So, let's compare what we've
+just seen as our two extremes.
+
+So in extreme case a, we saw
+that z effective was 1.
+
+This is what we call
+total shielding.
+
+The electron completely canceled
+out it's equivalent
+
+of charge from the nucleus, such
+that we only saw in a z
+
+effective of 1.
+
+In an extreme case b, we had
+a z effective of 2, so
+
+essentially what we had was
+no shielding at all.
+
+We said that that second
+electron was so far out of the
+
+picture, that it had absolutely
+no affect on what
+
+the charge was felt by
+that first electron.
+
+So, we can actually think about
+now, we know the extreme
+
+cases, but what is the reality,
+and the reality is if
+
+we think about the ionization
+energy, and we measure it
+
+experimentally, we find
+that it's 3 .
+
+9 4 times 10 to the negative
+18 joules, and what you can
+
+see is that falls right in the
+middle between the two
+
+ionization energies that
+we would expect
+
+for the extreme cases.
+
+And this is absolutely
+confirming that what is
+
+happening is what we would
+expect to happen, because we
+
+would expect the case of reality
+is that, in fact, some
+
+shielding is going on, but it's
+not going to be total
+
+shielding, but at the same time
+it's not going to be no
+
+shielding at all.
+
+And if we experimentally know
+what the ionization energy is,
+
+we actually have a way to find
+out what the z effective will
+
+be equal to.
+
+And we can use this equation
+here, this is just the
+
+equation for the ionization
+energy, which is the same
+
+thing as saying the negative of
+the binding energy that's
+
+equal to z effective squared
+r h over n squared.
+
+So, what we can do instead of
+talking about the ionization
+
+energy, because that's one of
+our known quantities, is we
+
+can instead solve so that
+we can find z effective.
+
+So, if we just rearrange this
+equation, what we find is that
+
+z effective is equal to n
+squared times the ionization
+
+energy, all over the Rydberg
+constant and the
+
+square root of this.
+
+So the square root of n
+squared r e over r h.
+
+So what's our value
+for n here? one.
+
+Yup, that's right.
+
+And then what's our value
+for ionization energy?
+
+Yup.
+
+So it's just that ionization
+energy that we have
+
+experimentally measured, 3 .
+
+9 4 times 10 to the negative
+18 joules.
+
+We put all of this over the
+Rydberg constant, which is 2 .
+
+1 8 times 10 to the negative
+18 joules, and we want to
+
+raise this all to the 1/2.
+
+So what we end up seeing is that
+the z effective is equal
+
+to positive 1 .
+
+3 4.
+
+So, this is what we find the
+actual z effective is for an
+
+electron in the helium atom.
+
+Does this seem like a
+reasonable number?
+
+Yeah?
+
+Who says yes, raise your hand
+if this seems reasonable.
+
+Does anyone think this
+seems not reasonable?
+
+OK.
+
+How can we check, for example,
+if it does or if it doesn't
+
+seem reasonable.
+
+Well, the reason, the way that
+we can check it is just to see
+
+if it's in between our
+two extreme cases.
+
+We know that it has to be more
+than 1, because even if we had
+
+total shielding, we would
+at least feel is the
+
+effective of 1.
+
+We know that it has to be equal
+to less than 2, because
+
+even if we had absolutely no
+shielding at all, the highest
+
+z effective we could have is 2,
+so it makes perfect sense
+
+that we have a z effective that
+falls somewhere in the
+
+middle of those two.
+
+So, let's look at another
+example of thinking about
+
+whether we get an answer
+out that's reasonable.
+
+So we should be able to
+calculate a z effective for
+
+any atom that we want to talk
+about, as long as we know what
+
+that ionization energy is.
+
+And I'm not expecting you to
+do that calculation here,
+
+because it involves the
+calculator, among maybe a
+
+piece of paper as well.
+
+But what you should be able to
+do is take a look at a list of
+
+answers for what we're saying
+z effective might be, and
+
+determining which ones are
+possible versus which ones are
+
+not possible.
+
+So, why don't you take a look at
+this and tell me which are
+
+possible for a 2 s electron in
+a lithium atom where z is
+
+going to be equal to three?
+
+Let's do 10 more seconds
+on that.
+
+OK, great.
+
+So, the majority of
+you got it right.
+
+There are some people that are a
+little bit confused still on
+
+where this make sense, so, let's
+just think about this a
+
+little bit more.
+
+So now we're saying that z
+is equal to 3, so if, for
+
+example, we had total shielding
+by the other two
+
+electrons, if they totally
+canceled out one unit of
+
+positive charge each in the
+nucleus, what we would end up
+
+with is we started with 3 and
+then we would subtract a
+
+charge of 2, so we would end up
+with a plus 1 z effective
+
+from the nucleus.
+
+So our minimum that we're
+going to see is that the
+
+smallest we can have for
+a z effective is going
+
+to be equal to 1.
+
+So any of the answers that
+said a z effective of .
+
+3 9 or .
+
+8 7 are possible, they actually
+aren't possible
+
+because even if we saw a total
+shielding, the minimum z
+
+effective we would see is 1.
+
+And then I think it looks like
+most people understood that
+
+four was not a possibility.
+
+Of course, if we saw no
+shielding at all what we would
+
+end up with is a z
+effective of 3.
+
+So again, when we check these,
+what we want to see is that
+
+our z effective falls in between
+the two extreme cases
+
+that we could envision
+for shielding.
+
+And again, just go back and look
+at this and think about
+
+this, this should make sense if
+you kind of look at those
+
+two extreme examples, so even
+if it doesn't make entire
+
+sense in the 10 seconds you
+have to answer a clicker
+
+question right now, make sure
+this weekend you can go over
+
+it and be able to predict if you
+saw a list of answers or
+
+if you calculate your own answer
+on the p-set, whether
+
+or not it's right or it's wrong,
+you should be able to
+
+qualitatively confirm whether
+you have a reasonable or a not
+
+reasonable answer after you
+do the calculation part.
+
+All right.
+
+So now that we have a general
+idea of what we're talking
+
+about with shielding, we can
+now go back and think about
+
+why it is that the orbitals
+are ordered in the
+
+order that they are.
+
+We know that the orbitals for
+multi-electron atoms depend
+
+both on n and on l.
+
+But we haven't yet addressed
+why, for example, a 2 s
+
+orbital is lower in energy than
+the 2 p orbital, or why,
+
+for example, a 3 s orbital is
+lower in energy than a 3 p,
+
+which in turn is lower
+than a 3 d orbital.
+
+So let's think about shielding
+in trying to answer why, in
+
+fact, it's those s orbitals that
+are the lowest in energy.
+
+And when we make these
+comparisons, one thing I want
+
+to point out is that we need to
+keep the constant principle
+
+quantum number constant, so
+we're talking about a certain
+
+state, so we could talk about
+the n equals 2 state, or the n
+
+equals 3 state.
+
+And when we're talking about
+orbitals in the same state,
+
+what we find is that orbitals
+that have lower values of l
+
+can actually penetrate closer
+to the nucleus.
+
+This is an idea we introduced
+on Wednesday when we were
+
+looking at the radial
+probability distributions of p
+
+orbitals versus s orbitals
+versus d orbitals.
+
+But now it's going to make more
+sense because in that
+
+case we were just talking about
+single electron atoms,
+
+and now we're talking about
+a case where we
+
+actually can see shielding.
+
+So what is actually going to
+matter is how closely that
+
+electron can penetrate to the
+nucleus, and what I mean by
+
+penetrate to the nucleus is is
+there probability density a
+
+decent amount that's very
+close to the nucleus.
+
+So, if we superimpose, for
+example, the 2 s radial
+
+probability distribution over
+the 2 p, what we see is
+
+there's this little bit of
+probability density in the 2
+
+s, but it is significant, and
+that's closer to the nucleus
+
+than it is for the 2 p.
+
+And remember, this is in
+complete opposition to what we
+
+call the size of the orbitals,
+because we know that the 2 p
+
+is actually a smaller orbital.
+
+For example, when we're
+talking about radial
+
+probability distributions, the
+most probable radius is closer
+
+into the nucleus than it
+is for the s orbital.
+
+But what's important is not
+where that most probable
+
+radius is when we're talking
+about the z effective it
+
+feels, what's more important
+is how close the electron
+
+actually can get the nucleus.
+
+And for the s electron, since it
+can get closer, what we're
+
+going to see is that s electrons
+are actually less
+
+shielded than the corresponding
+p electrons.
+
+They're less shielded because
+they're closer to the nucleus,
+
+they feel a greater
+z effective.
+
+We can see the same thing when
+we compare p electrons to d
+
+electrons, or p and
+d orbitals.
+
+I've drawn the 3 p and the 3 d
+orbital here, and again, what
+
+you can see is that the p
+electron are going to be able
+
+to penetrate closer to the
+nucleus because of the fact
+
+that there's this bit of
+probability density that's in
+
+significantly closer to
+the nucleus than it
+
+is for the 3 d orbital.
+
+And if we go ahead and
+superimpose the 3 s on top of
+
+the 3 p, you can see that the
+3 s actually has some bit of
+
+probability density that gets
+even closer to the nucleus
+
+than the 3 p did.
+
+So that's where that trend comes
+from where the s orbital
+
+is lower than the d
+orbital, which is
+
+lower than the d orbital.
+
+So now that we have this idea
+of shielding and we can talk
+
+about the differences in
+the radial probability
+
+distributions, we can consider
+more completely why, for
+
+example, if we're talking about
+lithium, we write the
+
+electron configuration as 1 s 2,
+2 s 1, and we don't instead
+
+jump from the 1 s 2 all the
+way to a p orbital.
+
+So the most basic answer that
+doesn't explain why is just to
+
+say well, the s orbital is lower
+in energy than the p
+
+orbital, but we now have a more
+complete answer, so we
+
+can actually describe
+why that is.
+
+And what we're actually
+talking about
+
+again is the z effective.
+
+So that z effective felt by the
+2 p is going to be less
+
+than the z effective
+felt by the 2 s.
+
+And another way to say this, I
+think it's easiest to look at
+
+just the fact that there's some
+probability density very
+
+close the nucleus, but what we
+can actually do is average the
+
+z effective over this entire
+radial probability
+
+distribution, and when we find
+that, we find that it does
+
+turn out that the average of the
+z effective over the 2 p
+
+is going to be less than
+that of the 2 s.
+
+So we know that we can relate
+to z effective to the actual
+
+energy level of each of those
+orbitals, and we can do that
+
+using this equation here where
+it's negative z effective
+
+squared r h over n squared,
+we're going to see
+
+that again and again.
+
+And it turns out that if we have
+a, for example, for s, a
+
+very large z effective or larger
+z effective than for 2
+
+p, and we plug in a large value
+here in the numerator,
+
+that means we're going
+to end up with a very
+
+large negative number.
+
+So in other words a very low
+energy is what we're going to
+
+have when we talk about the
+orbitals -- the energy of the
+
+2 s orbital is going
+to be less than the
+
+energy of the 2 p orbital.
+
+Another way to say that it's
+going to be less, so you don't
+
+get confused with that the fact
+this is in the numerator
+
+here, there is that negative
+sign so it's less energy but
+
+it's a bigger negative
+number that gives us
+
+that less energy there.
+
+All right, so let's go back to
+electrons configurations now
+
+that we have an idea of why the
+orbitals are listed in the
+
+energy that they are listed
+under, why, for example, the 2
+
+s is lower than the 2 p.
+
+So now we can go back and think
+about filling in these
+
+electron configurations
+for any atom.
+
+I think most and you are
+familiar with the Aufbau or
+
+the building up principle, you
+probably have seen it quite a
+
+bit in high school, and this is
+the idea that we're filling
+
+up our energy states, again,
+which depend on both n and l,
+
+one electron at a time starting
+with that lowest
+
+energy and then working
+our way up into
+
+higher and higher orbitals.
+
+And when we follow the Aufbau
+principle, we have to follow
+
+two other rules.
+
+One is the Pauli exclusion
+principal, we discussed this
+
+on Wednesday.
+
+So this is just the idea that
+the most electrons that you
+
+can have in a single orbital
+is two electrons.
+
+That makes sense because we
+know that every single
+
+electron has to have its own
+distinct set of four quantum
+
+numbers, the only way that we
+can do that is to have a
+
+maximum of two spins in any
+single orbital or two
+
+electrons per orbital.
+
+We also need to follow Hund's
+rule, this is that a single
+
+electron enters each
+state before it
+
+enters a second state.
+
+And by state we just mean
+orbital, so if we're looking
+
+at the p orbitals here, that
+means that a single electron
+
+goes in x, and then it will go
+in the z orbital before a
+
+second one goes in
+the x orbital.
+
+This intuitively should make a
+lot of sense, because we know
+
+we're trying to minimize
+electron repulsions to keep
+
+things in as low an energy state
+as possible, so it makes
+
+sense that we would put one
+electron in each orbital first
+
+before we double up
+in any orbital.
+
+And the third fact that we need
+to keep in mind is that
+
+spins remain parallel prior to
+adding a second electron in
+
+any of the orbitals.
+
+So by parallel we mean they're
+either both spin up or they're
+
+both spin down -- remember
+that's our spin quantum
+
+number, that fourth
+quantum number.
+
+And the reason for this comes
+out of solving the
+
+relativistic version of the
+Schrodinger equation, so
+
+unfortunately it's not as
+intuitive as knowing that we
+
+want to fill separate before
+we double up a degenerate
+
+orbital, but you just need to
+keep this in mind and you need
+
+to just memorize the fact that
+you need to be parallel before
+
+you double up in the orbital.
+
+So, we'll see how this
+works in a second.
+
+So let's do this considering,
+for example, what it would
+
+look like if we were to write
+out the electron configuration
+
+for oxygen where z is going
+to be equal to 8.
+
+So what we're doing is filling
+in those eight electrons
+
+following the Aufbau principle,
+so our first
+
+electron is going to go in the 1
+s, and then we have no other
+
+options for other orbitals that
+are at that same energy,
+
+so we put the second electron
+in the 1 s as well.
+
+Then we go up to the 2 s, and we
+have two electrons that we
+
+can fill in the 2 s.
+
+And now we get the p orbitals,
+remember we want to fill up 1
+
+orbital at a time before we
+double up, so we'll put one in
+
+the 2 p x, then one in the 2 p
+z, and then one in the 2 p y.
+
+At this point, we have no other
+choice but to double up
+
+before going to the next energy
+level, so we'll put a
+
+second one in the 2 p x.
+
+And I arbitrarily chose to put
+it in the 2 p x, we also could
+
+have put it in the 2 p y or the
+2 p z, it doesn't matter
+
+where you double up, they're
+all the same energy.
+
+So if we think about what we
+would do to actually write out
+
+this configuration, we just
+write the energy levels that
+
+we see here or the orbital
+approximations.
+
+So if we're talking about
+oxygen, we would say that it's
+
+1 s 2, then we have 2 s 2, and
+then we have 2 p, and our
+
+total number of electrons in
+the p orbitals are four.
+
+So it's OK to not specify.
+
+I want to point out, whether
+you're in the p x, the p y, or
+
+the p z, unless a question
+specifically asks you to
+
+specify the m sub l, which
+occasionally will happen, but
+
+if it doesn't happen you just
+write it like this.
+
+But if, in fact, you are asked
+to specify the m sub l's, then
+
+we would have to write it out
+more completely, which would
+
+be the 1 s 2, the 2 s 2, and
+then we would say 2 p x 2, 2 p
+
+z 1, and 2 p y 1.
+
+So again, in general, just go
+ahead and write it out like
+
+this, but if we do ask you to
+specify you should be able to
+
+know that the p orbital
+separates into these three --
+
+the p sub-shell separates into
+these three orbitals.
+
+So let's do a clicker question
+on assigning electron
+
+configurations using the
+Aufbau principle.
+
+So why don't you go ahead and
+identify the correct electron
+
+configuration for carbon,
+and I'll tell you that z
+
+is equal to 6 here.
+
+And in terms of doing this for
+your homework, I actually want
+
+to mention that in the back page
+of your notes I attached
+
+a periodic table that does
+not have electron
+
+configurations on them.
+
+It's better to practice doing
+electron configurations when
+
+you cannot actually see the
+electron configurations.
+
+And this is the same periodic
+table that you're going to get
+
+in your exams, so it's good
+to practice doing your
+
+problem-sets with that periodic
+table so you're not
+
+relying on having the double
+check right there of seeing
+
+what the electron configuration
+is.
+
+So, let's do 10 seconds
+on this problem here.
+
+OK, great.
+
+So this might be our best
+clicker question yet.
+
+Most people were able to
+identify the correct electron
+
+configuration here.
+
+Some people, the next most
+popular answer with 5%, which
+
+is a nice low number, wanted to
+put two in the 2 p x before
+
+they moved on.
+
+Remember we have to put one in
+each degenerate orbital before
+
+we double up on any orbital, so
+just keep that rule in mind
+
+that we would fill one in each
+p orbital before we a to the
+
+second one.
+
+But it looks like you guys are
+all experts here on doing
+
+these electron configurations.
+
+So, let's move on to some more
+complicated electron
+
+configurations.
+
+So, for example, we can move
+to the next periods in the
+
+periodic table.
+
+When we talk about a period,
+we're just talking about that
+
+principle quantum number, so
+period 2 means that we're
+
+talking about starting with
+the 2 s orbitals, period 3
+
+starts with, what we're
+now filling into the
+
+3 s orbitals here.
+
+So if we're talking about the
+third period, that starts with
+
+sodium and it goes all
+the way up to argon.
+
+So if we write the electron
+configuration for sodium,
+
+which you can try later --
+hopefully you would all get it
+
+correctly -- you see that this
+is the electron configuration
+
+here, 1 s 2, 2 s 2, 2 p 6, and
+now we're going into that
+
+third shell, 3 s 1.
+
+And I want to point out the
+difference between core
+
+electrons and valence
+electrons here.
+
+If we look at this
+configuration, what we say is
+
+all of the electrons in these
+inner shells are what we call
+
+core electrons.
+
+The core electrons tend not to
+be involved in much chemistry
+
+in bonding or in reactions.
+
+They're very deep and held very
+tightly to the nucleus,
+
+so we can often lump them
+together, and instead of
+
+writing them all out separately,
+we can just write
+
+the equivalent noble gas that
+has that configuration.
+
+So, for example, for sodium, we
+can instead write neon and
+
+then 3 s 1.
+
+So the 3 s 1, or any of the
+other electrons that are in
+
+the outer-most shell, those are
+what we call our valence
+
+electrons, and those are where
+all the excitement happens.
+
+That's what we see are
+involved in bonding.
+
+It makes sense, right, because
+they're the furthest away from
+
+the nucleus, they're the ones
+that are most willing to be
+
+involved in some chemistry or in
+some bonding, or those are
+
+the orbitals that are most
+likely to accept an electron
+
+from another atom,
+for example.
+
+So the valence electrons, those
+are the exciting ones.
+
+We want to make sure we
+have a full picture of
+
+what's going on there.
+
+So, no matter whether or not
+you write out the full form
+
+here, or the noble gas
+configuration where you write
+
+ne first or whatever the
+corresponding noble gas is to
+
+the core electrons, we always
+write out the valence
+
+electrons here.
+
+So for sodium, again, we can
+write n e and then 3 s 1.
+
+We can go all the way down,
+magnesium, aluminum, all the
+
+way to this noble gas, argon,
+which would be n e and then 3
+
+s 2, 3 p 6.
+
+Now we can think about the
+fourth period, and the fourth
+
+period is where we start to run
+into some exceptions, so
+
+this is where things get a teeny
+bit more complicated,
+
+but you just need to remember
+the exceptions and then you
+
+should be OK, no matter what
+you're asked to write.
+
+So for the fourth period, now
+we're into the 4 s 1 for
+
+potassium here.
+
+And what we notice when we get
+to the third element in and
+
+the fourth period is that we go
+4 s 2 and then we're back
+
+to the 3 d's.
+
+So if you look at the energy
+diagram, what we see is that
+
+the 4 s orbitals are actually
+just a teeny bit lower in
+
+energy -- they're just ever so
+slightly lower in energy than
+
+the 3 d orbitals.
+
+You can see that as you fill up
+your periodic table, it's
+
+very clear.
+
+But also we'll tell you a
+pneumonic device to keep that
+
+in mind, so you always remember
+and get the orbital
+
+energy straight.
+
+But it just turns out that the
+4 s is so low in energy that
+
+it actually surpasses the 3 d,
+because we know the 3 d is
+
+going to be pretty high in terms
+of the three shell, and
+
+the 4 s is going to be the
+lowest in terms of the 4
+
+shell, and it turns out that
+we need to fill up the 4 s
+
+before we fill in the 3 d.
+
+And we can do that just going
+along, 3 d 1, 2 3, and the
+
+problem comes when we get to
+chromium here, which is
+
+instead of what we would expect,
+we might expect to see
+
+4 s 2, 3 d 4.
+
+What we see is that instead
+it's 4 s 1, and 3 d 5.
+
+So this is the first exception
+that you need
+
+to the Aufbau principle.
+
+The reason this an exception is
+because it turns out that
+
+half filled d orbitals
+are more stable than
+
+we could even predict.
+
+You wouldn't be expected to be
+able to guess that this would
+
+happen, because using any kind
+of simple theory, we would, in
+
+fact, predict that this would
+not be the case, but what we
+
+find experimentally is that it's
+more stable to have half
+
+filled d orbital than to have
+a 4 s 2, and a 3 d 4.
+
+So you're going to need to
+remember, so this is an
+
+exception, you have
+to memorize.
+
+Another exception in the fourth
+period is in copper
+
+here, we see that again, we have
+4 s 1 instead of 4 s 2.
+
+This is 4 s 1, 3 d 10, we might
+expect 4 s 2, 3 d 9, but
+
+again, this exception comes
+out of experimental
+
+observation, which is the fact
+that full d orbitals also are
+
+lower in energy then we could
+theoretically predict using
+
+simple calculations.
+
+So again, you need to memorize
+these two exceptions, and the
+
+exception in general is that
+filled d 10, or half-filled d
+
+5 orbitals are lower in energy
+than would be expected, so we
+
+got this flip-flip where if we
+can get to that half filled
+
+orbital by only removing one s
+electron, then we're going to
+
+do it, and the same with
+the filled d orbital.
+
+And actually, when we get to
+the fifth period of the
+
+periodic table, that again takes
+place, so when you get
+
+to a half filled, or a filled
+d orbital, again you want to
+
+do it, so those exceptions would
+be with molybdenum and
+
+silver would be the
+corresponding elements in the
+
+fifth period where you're going
+to see the same case
+
+here where it's lower in energy
+to have the half filled
+
+or the filled d orbitals.
+
+So here's the pneumonic I
+mentioned for writing the
+
+electron configuration and
+getting those orbital energies
+
+in the right order.
+
+All you do is just write out
+all the orbitals, the 1 s,
+
+then the 2 s 2 p 3, 3 s 3 p d,
+just write them in a straight
+
+line like this, and then if you
+draw diagonals down them,
+
+what you'll get is the
+correct order in
+
+terms of orbital energies.
+
+So if we go down the diagonal,
+we start with 1 s, then we get
+
+2 s, then 2 p and 3 s, then 3
+p, and 4 s, and then that's
+
+how we see here that 4 s is
+actually lower in energy than
+
+3 d, then 4 p, 5 s and so on.
+
+So if you want to on an exam,
+you can just write this down
+
+quickly at the beginning and
+refer to it as you're filling
+
+up your electron configurations,
+but also if
+
+you look at the periodic table
+it's very clear as you try to
+
+fill it up that way that the
+same order comes out of that.
+
+So, whichever works best for
+you can do in terms of
+
+figuring out electron
+configurations.
+
+So the last thing I want to
+mention today is how we can
+
+think about electron
+configurations for ions.
+
+It turns out that it's going to
+be a little bit different
+
+when we're talking about
+positive ions here.
+
+We need to change our
+rules just slightly.
+
+So what we know is that these
+3 d orbitals are higher in
+
+energy than 4 s orbitals, so
+I've written the energy of the
+
+orbital here for potassium
+and for calcium.
+
+But what happens is that once a
+d orbital is filled, I said
+
+the two are very close in
+energy, and once a d orbital
+
+is filled, it actually drops to
+become lower in energy than
+
+the 4 s orbital.
+
+So once we move past, we fill
+the 4 s first, but once we
+
+fill in the d orbital,
+now that's going
+
+to be lower in energy.
+
+So that doesn't make a
+difference for us when we're
+
+talking about neutral atoms,
+because we would fill up the 4
+
+s first, because that's lower
+in energy until we fill it,
+
+and then we just keep going
+with the d orbitals.
+
+So, for example, if we needed
+to figure out the electron
+
+configuration for titanium, it
+would just be argon then 4 s
+
+2, and then we would
+fill in the 3 d 2.
+
+So, actually we don't have to
+worry about this fact any time
+
+we're dealing with neutrals.
+
+The problem comes when instead
+we're dealing with ions.
+
+So what I want to point out is
+what we said now is that the 3
+
+d 2 is actually lower in energy,
+so if we were to
+
+rewrite this in terms of what
+the actual energy order is, we
+
+should instead write
+it 3 d 2, 4 s 2.
+
+So you might ask in terms of
+when you're writing electron
+
+configurations, which way
+should you write it.
+
+And we'll absolutely
+accept both answers
+
+for a neutral atom.
+
+They're both correct.
+
+In one case you decided to order
+in terms of energy and
+
+in one case you decided
+to order in terms of
+
+how it fills up.
+
+I don't care how you do it on
+exams or on problem sets, but
+
+you do need to be aware that the
+3 d once filled is lower
+
+in energy than the 4 s, and
+the reason you need to be
+
+aware of that is if you're
+asked for the electron
+
+configuration now of
+the titanium ion.
+
+So, let's say we're asked
+for the plus two ion.
+
+So a plus two ion means that
+we're removing two electrons
+
+from the atom and the electrons
+that we're going to
+
+remove are always going to be
+the highest energy electrons.
+
+So it's good to write it like
+this because this illustrates
+
+the fact that in fact the 4 s
+electrons are the ones that
+
+are higher in energy.
+
+So the correct answer for
+titanium plus two is going to
+
+be argon 3 d 2, whereas if we
+did not rearrange our order
+
+here we might have been tempted
+to write as 4 s 2 so
+
+keep that in mind when you're
+doing the positive ions of
+
+corresponding atoms. Alright,
+so we'll pick up with
+
+photoelectron spectroscopy
+on Wednesday.
+
+Have a great weekend.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f8Nli1AfygM.txt b/f8Nli1AfygM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f208272c23a012900d100ddf8c01d273a139f9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f8Nli1AfygM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+In this problem, Romeo and
+Juliet are to meet up for a
+
+date, where Romeo arrives at
+time x and Juliet at time y,
+
+where x and y are independent
+exponential random variables,
+
+with parameters lambda.
+
+And we're interested in knowing
+the difference between
+
+the two times of arrivals,
+we'll call it z,
+
+written as x minus y.
+
+And we'll like to know what
+the distribution of z is,
+
+expressed by the probability
+density function, f of z.
+
+Now, we'll do so by using the
+so-called convolution formula
+
+that we learn in the lecture.
+
+Recall that if we have a random
+variable w that is the
+
+sum of two independent random
+variables, x plus y, now, if
+
+that's the case, we can write
+the probability [INAUDIBLE]
+
+function, fw, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+as the following integration--
+
+negative infinity to infinity
+fx little x times f of y w
+
+minus x, integrated over x.
+
+And to use this expression to
+calculate f of z, we need to
+
+do a bit more work.
+
+Notice w is expressed as a sum
+of two random variables,
+
+whereas z is expressed as the
+subtraction of y from x.
+
+But that's fairly easy to fix.
+
+Now, we can write z.
+
+Instead of a subtraction, write
+it as addition of x plus
+
+negative y.
+
+So in the expression of the
+convolution formula, we'll
+
+simply replace y by negative
+y, as it will
+
+show on the next slide.
+
+Using the convolution formula,
+we can write f of z little z
+
+as the integration of f of x
+little x and f of negative y z
+
+minus x dx.
+
+Now, we will use the fact that
+f of negative y, evaluated z
+
+minus x, is simply equal to f
+of y evaluated at x minus z.
+
+To see why this is true, let's
+consider, let's say, a
+
+discreet random variable, y.
+
+And now, the probability that
+negative y is equal to
+
+negative 1 is simply the same
+as probability that
+
+y is equal to 1.
+
+And the same is true for
+probability density functions.
+
+With this fact in mind, we can
+further write equality as the
+
+integration of x times
+f of y x minus z dx.
+
+We're now ready to compute.
+
+We'll first look at the case
+where z is less than 0.
+
+On the right, I'm writing out
+the distribution of an
+
+exponential random variable
+with a parameter lambda.
+
+In this case, using the
+integration above, we could
+
+write it as 0 to infinity,
+lambda e to the negative
+
+lambda x times lambda e to the
+negative lambda x minus z dx.
+
+Now, the reason we chose a
+region to integrate from 0 to
+
+positive infinity is because
+anywhere else, as we can
+
+verify from the expression of
+fx right here, that the
+
+product of fx times
+fy here is 0.
+
+Follow this through.
+
+We'll pull out the constant.
+
+Lambda e to the lambda z, the
+integral from 0 to infinity,
+
+lambda e to the negative
+2 lambda x dx.
+
+This will give us lambda e to
+the lambda z minus 1/2 e to
+
+the negative 2 lambda x infinity
+minus this expression
+
+value at 0.
+
+And this will give us lamdba
+over 2 e to the lambda z.
+
+So now, we have an expression
+for f of z evaluated at little
+
+z when little z is
+less than 0.
+
+Now that have the distribution
+of f of z when z is less than
+
+0, we'd like to know what
+happens when z is greater or
+
+equal to 0.
+
+In principle, we can go through
+the same procedure of
+
+integration and calculate
+that value.
+
+But it turns out, there's
+something much simpler.
+
+z is the difference between x
+and y, at negative z, simply
+
+the difference between
+y and x.
+
+Now, x and y are independent and
+identically distributed.
+
+And therefore, x minus
+y has the same
+
+distribution as y minus x.
+
+So that tells us z and negative
+z have the same
+
+distribution.
+
+What that means is, is the
+distribution of z now must be
+
+symmetric around 0.
+
+In other words, if we know that
+the shape of f of z below
+
+0 is something like that, then
+the shape of it above 0 must
+
+be symmetric.
+
+So here's the origin.
+
+For example, if we were to
+evaluate f of z at 1, well,
+
+this will be equal to the value
+of f of z at negative 1.
+
+So this will equal to f
+of z at negative 1.
+
+Well, with this information in
+mind, we know that in general,
+
+f of z little z is equal to
+f of z negative little z.
+
+So what this allows us to do is
+to get all the information
+
+for z less than 0 and generalize
+it to the case
+
+where z is greater
+or equal to 0.
+
+In particular, by the symmetry
+here, we can write, for the
+
+case z greater or equal to 0,
+as lambda over 2 e to the
+
+negative lambda z.
+
+So the negative sign comes
+from the fact that the
+
+distribution of f of z is
+symmetric around 0.
+
+And simply, we can go back
+to the expression
+
+here to get the value.
+
+And all in all, this implies
+that f of z little z is equal
+
+to lambda over 2 e to
+the negative lambda
+
+absolute value of z.
+
+This completes our problem.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fR_pGtAWHpY.txt b/fR_pGtAWHpY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9ec3ca9179f3a9185ff4ef5fe2888ce777802301
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fR_pGtAWHpY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so finally we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so finally we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so finally we get to
+positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite
+matrices uh I've used the word and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices uh I've used the word and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices uh I've used the word and now
+it's time to pin it down and uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time to pin it down and uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time to pin it down and uh so this
+would be my thank you for staying with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be my thank you for staying with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be my thank you for staying with
+it while we do this uh important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it while we do this uh important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it while we do this uh important
+preliminary stuff about linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary stuff about linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary stuff about linear algebra
+uh so starting the next lecture will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so starting the next lecture will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so starting the next lecture will
+really make a big start on engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make a big start on engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make a big start on engineering
+applications but we these matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications but we these matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications but we these matrices are
+going to be the key to everything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the key to everything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the key to everything and
+I'll call these matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call these matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call these matrices
+K uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh
+and positive definite I I will only use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and positive definite I I will only use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and positive definite I I will only use
+that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word
+about a symmetric Matrix so the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a symmetric Matrix so the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a symmetric Matrix so the Matrix
+is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already
+symmetric and that means it has real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and that means it has real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and that means it has real
+igen values and many other important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values and many other important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values and many other important
+properties orthogonal igen vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties orthogonal igen vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties orthogonal igen vectors and
+now we're asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're asking for
+more and um it's that extra bit that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and um it's that extra bit that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and um it's that extra bit that is
+terrific in in all kinds of applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific in in all kinds of applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific in in all kinds of applications
+right so if I can do this bit of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I can do this bit of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I can do this bit of linear
+algebra so what's coming then my review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra so what's coming then my review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra so what's coming then my review
+session this afternoon at 4: um uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session this afternoon at 4: um uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session this afternoon at 4: um uh we're
+I'm very happy that we've got I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very happy that we've got I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very happy that we've got I think
+the best mat lab problem ever invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best mat lab problem ever invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best mat lab problem ever invented
+in 18085 anyway uh so that should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 18085 anyway uh so that should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 18085 anyway uh so that should get
+onto the website probably by tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the website probably by tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the website probably by tomorrow
+and uh Peter buek is like the mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Peter buek is like the mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Peter buek is like the mat lab
+person his so his review sessions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person his so his review sessions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person his so his review sessions are
+Friday at noon and I just saw him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday at noon and I just saw him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday at noon and I just saw him and
+suggested Friday at noon he might as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested Friday at noon he might as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested Friday at noon he might as
+well just stay in here uh and now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just stay in here uh and now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just stay in here uh and now and
+knowing that that isn't maybe a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that that isn't maybe a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that that isn't maybe a good
+hour for everybody so you could see him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour for everybody so you could see him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour for everybody so you could see him
+also um outside of that hour but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um outside of that hour but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um outside of that hour but that's
+the hour he will be ready for all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hour he will be ready for all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hour he will be ready for all kinds
+of questions about Matt lab or about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions about Matt lab or about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions about Matt lab or about the
+homeworks actually you'll be probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks actually you'll be probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks actually you'll be probably
+thinking more about the the as is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking more about the the as is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking more about the the as is also
+about the uh homework questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh homework questions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh homework questions on this
+these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this
+topic ready for positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic ready for positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic ready for positive
+definite okay so yes you said yes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite okay so yes you said yes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite okay so yes you said yes right
+all right okay and you have a hint about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay and you have a hint about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay and you have a hint about
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+things uh so we have a symmetric Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh so we have a symmetric Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh so we have a symmetric Matrix
+and the beauty is that it brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the beauty is that it brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the beauty is that it brings
+together all of linear algebra including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all of linear algebra including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all of linear algebra including
+elimination that's when we see pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination that's when we see pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination that's when we see pivots
+including determinants which are closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including determinants which are closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including determinants which are closely
+related to the pivots and what do I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the pivots and what do I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the pivots and what do I mean
+by upper left I mean that if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by upper left I mean that if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by upper left I mean that if I have a
+3X3 symmetric Matrix and I want to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3X3 symmetric Matrix and I want to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3X3 symmetric Matrix and I want to test
+it for positive definite and I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for positive definite and I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for positive definite and I guess
+actually this would be the easiest test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this would be the easiest test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this would be the easiest test
+if I had like a tiny Matrix 3x3 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had like a tiny Matrix 3x3 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had like a tiny Matrix 3x3 and I
+had numbers then this would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had numbers then this would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had numbers then this would be a good
+test the determinants by Me by upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the determinants by Me by upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the determinants by Me by upper
+left determinants I mean that 1 by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left determinants I mean that 1 by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left determinants I mean that 1 by one
+determinant so just that first number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so just that first number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so just that first number
+has to be positive then the 2x two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be positive then the 2x two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be positive then the 2x two
+determinant that times that minus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant that times that minus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant that times that minus that
+times that has to be positive oh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that has to be positive oh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that has to be positive oh I've
+already in saying that let me just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in saying that let me just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in saying that let me just put
+in some letters here so a has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some letters here so a has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some letters here so a has to be
+positive this is symmetric so a * C has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this is symmetric so a * C has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this is symmetric so a * C has
+to be bigger than b^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bigger than b^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bigger than b^
+2 so that will tell us and and then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so that will tell us and and then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so that will tell us and and then for
+2 by two we finished for 3x3 would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 by two we finished for 3x3 would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 by two we finished for 3x3 would we
+would also require the 3X3 determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also require the 3X3 determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also require the 3X3 determinant
+to be positive but already here you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be positive but already here you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be positive but already here you're
+seeing one point about a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing one point about a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing one point about a positive
+definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+Matrix its diagonal will have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix its diagonal will have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix its diagonal will have to be
+positive and somehow its diagonal has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and somehow its diagonal has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and somehow its diagonal has to
+be not just above zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not just above zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not just above zero but
+somehow it has to defeat B squared so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it has to defeat B squared so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it has to defeat B squared so it
+has the the diagonal has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the the diagonal has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the the diagonal has to be
+somehow more positive than the than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow more positive than the than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow more positive than the than
+whatever negative stuff might come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever negative stuff might come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever negative stuff might come from
+off the diagonal that's why I would need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the diagonal that's why I would need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the diagonal that's why I would need
+a * C greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * C greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * C greater than
+b^2 so both of those will be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^2 so both of those will be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^2 so both of those will be positive
+and their product has to be bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their product has to be bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their product has to be bigger than
+the other guy okay and then finally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other guy okay and then finally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other guy okay and then finally a
+third test is that all the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third test is that all the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third test is that all the igen values
+are positive and of course if I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are positive and of course if I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are positive and of course if I give you
+a 3X3 Matrix that's probably not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3X3 Matrix that's probably not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3X3 Matrix that's probably not the
+easiest test since you'd have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest test since you'd have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest test since you'd have to find
+the values much easier to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values much easier to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values much easier to find the
+determinants or the pivots actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants or the pivots actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants or the pivots actually just
+while I'm at it uh I don't know if so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'm at it uh I don't know if so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'm at it uh I don't know if so
+the first pivot of course is a itself no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first pivot of course is a itself no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first pivot of course is a itself no
+no difficulty there the second pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no difficulty there the second pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no difficulty there the second pivot
+turns out to be the ratio of a c minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be the ratio of a c minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be the ratio of a c minus
+b^ 2 to a so the second P the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^ 2 to a so the second P the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^ 2 to a so the second P the the
+connection between pivots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between pivots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between pivots and
+determinants is just really close pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants is just really close pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants is just really close pivots
+are ratios of determinants if you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ratios of determinants if you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ratios of determinants if you work
+it out the second pivot maybe I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out the second pivot maybe I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out the second pivot maybe I would
+call that D2 is the ratio of AC minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that D2 is the ratio of AC minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that D2 is the ratio of AC minus
+b^2 over a in other words it's C minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^2 over a in other words it's C minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^2 over a in other words it's C minus
+b^2 over a so that'll be positive when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^2 over a so that'll be positive when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^2 over a so that'll be positive when
+the determinants are positive and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinants are positive and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinants are positive and vice
+versa but then it's fantastic that the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa but then it's fantastic that the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa but then it's fantastic that the I
+values come into the picture Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values come into the picture Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values come into the picture Okay so
+that's those are three ways the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's those are three ways the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's those are three ways the three
+important properties of a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important properties of a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important properties of a positive
+definite Matrix but I'd like to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite Matrix but I'd like to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite Matrix but I'd like to make the
+definition something different I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition something different I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition something different I'd like
+to now I'm coming to the meaning if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now I'm coming to the meaning if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now I'm coming to the meaning if I
+think of those as the test that's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of those as the test that's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of those as the test that's done
+now the meaning of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+okay and and and positive the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and and positive the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and and positive the meaning of
+positive definite and the applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite and the applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite and the applications
+are are closely related to looking for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and
+so what I'm going to bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to bring in
+here so it's symmetric now for symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's symmetric now for symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's symmetric now for symmetric
+Matrix I I I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I I I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I I I want
+to introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce the
+energy so that's why this is the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so that's why this is the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so that's why this is the reason
+why it has so many applications and such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it has so many applications and such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it has so many applications and such
+important physical meaning is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important physical meaning is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important physical meaning is that the
+what I'm about to introduce which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm about to introduce which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm about to introduce which is a
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+X and here it is it's X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and here it is it's X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and here it is it's X
+transpose times a okay not a I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose times a okay not a I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose times a okay not a I'm I'm
+sticking with k for the for the my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking with k for the for the my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking with k for the for the my
+Matrix times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix times
+x I think of that as some f ofx okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x I think of that as some f ofx okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x I think of that as some f ofx okay and
+let's just see what it would be if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just see what it would be if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just see what it would be if the
+Matrix was 2x two a b b c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix was 2x two a b b c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix was 2x two a b b c
+okay suppose that's my Matrix okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay suppose that's my Matrix okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay suppose that's my Matrix okay let's
+just just we want to get a handle on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just we want to get a handle on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just we want to get a handle on
+what a what is this is the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a what is this is the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a what is this is the first time
+I've ever written something that had X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've ever written something that had X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've ever written something that had X's
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+X's so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's so it's going to
+be quadratic they're going to be X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quadratic they're going to be X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quadratic they're going to be X's
+time X's so let me and X is a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time X's so let me and X is a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time X's so let me and X is a general
+Vector of the right size so it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of the right size so it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of the right size so it's got
+components X1 X2 and there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components X1 X2 and there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components X1 X2 and there it's
+transposed so it's a row and now I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed so it's a row and now I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed so it's a row and now I put
+in the ab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ab
+BC and now and then I put in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC and now and then I put in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC and now and then I put in X
+again okay this is going to give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay this is going to give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay this is going to give me a
+very nice simple important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice simple important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice simple important
+expression in depending on X1 and X2 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in depending on X1 and X2 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in depending on X1 and X2 now
+what is can we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is can we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is can we do that
+multiplication maybe above I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication maybe above I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication maybe above I'll do
+the I'll do can I do I'll do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'll do can I do I'll do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'll do can I do I'll do the
+multiplication this pair and then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication this pair and then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication this pair and then I have
+this the other guy to bring in so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the other guy to bring in so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the other guy to bring in so here
+that would be ax1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bx2 and this would be bx1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bx2 and this would be bx1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bx2 and this would be bx1 +
+CX2 so that's the first that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CX2 so that's the first that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CX2 so that's the first that's this
+times this and now I have to take what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this and now I have to take what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this and now I have to take what
+do I what am I going to get what shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I what am I going to get what shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I what am I going to get what shape
+what size is this result going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what size is this result going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what size is this result going to be
+this K is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K is n
+byn x is a column Vector n by One X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn x is a column Vector n by One X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn x is a column Vector n by One X
+transpose what's the shape of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose what's the shape of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose what's the shape of X
+transpose 1 by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose 1 by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose 1 by n
+so what's the total result one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the total result one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the total result one by one
+just a number just a function it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number just a function it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number just a function it's a
+number and but it depends on the x's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and but it depends on the x's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and but it depends on the x's and
+the Matrix inside okay can we do it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix inside okay can we do it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix inside okay can we do it now
+so I've got this to multiply by this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got this to multiply by this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got this to multiply by this so
+what do you do you see an X1 squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do you see an X1 squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do you see an X1 squar
+showing up yes from there times there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up yes from there times there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up yes from there times there
+and what's it multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's it multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's it multiplied
+by the a the first term is this times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the a the first term is this times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the a the first term is this times
+the ax1 is ax1 squar so that's our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ax1 is ax1 squar so that's our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ax1 is ax1 squar so that's our first
+quadratic okay now there'll be an x1x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic okay now there'll be an x1x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic okay now there'll be an x1x2
+let me leave that for a minute and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me leave that for a minute and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me leave that for a minute and find
+the X2 squar because it's easy so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X2 squar because it's easy so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X2 squar because it's easy so where
+am I going to get x2 squar I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I going to get x2 squar I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I going to get x2 squar I'm going to
+get that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that from
+X2 second guy here times second guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 second guy here times second guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 second guy here times second guy here
+there there's a CX2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ so you're seeing already where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so you're seeing already where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so you're seeing already where the
+diagonal shows up the diagonal a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal shows up the diagonal a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal shows up the diagonal a c
+whatever is multiplying the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is multiplying the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is multiplying the perfect
+squares and it'll be the off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and it'll be the off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and it'll be the off diagonal
+that multiplies the X1 X2 we might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplies the X1 X2 we might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplies the X1 X2 we might call
+those the cross terms and what do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the cross terms and what do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the cross terms and what do we get
+for that then we have X1 time this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that then we have X1 time this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that then we have X1 time this guy
+so that's a cross term B x1x2 right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a cross term B x1x2 right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a cross term B x1x2 right and
+here's another one coming from X2 * this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one coming from X2 * this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one coming from X2 * this
+guy and what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and what's that
+one it's also B X1 X2 so X1 multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's also B X1 X2 so X1 multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's also B X1 X2 so X1 multiplied
+that X2 multiplied that and so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X2 multiplied that and so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X2 multiplied that and so what do
+we have for this cross term here two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have for this cross term here two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have for this cross term here two of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+2 B X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 B X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 B X1
+x2 in other words that b and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 in other words that b and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 in other words that b and that
+b came together in the 2B x1x2 so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b came together in the 2B x1x2 so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b came together in the 2B x1x2 so here's
+my here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my here's
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+energy like can I just Loosely call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy like can I just Loosely call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy like can I just Loosely call it
+energy and then we get to Applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then we get to Applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then we get to Applications
+we'll see why okay so I I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see why okay so I I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see why okay so I I'm I'm
+interested in that because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that because it has
+important meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important meaning
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+what well so now I'm ready to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well so now I'm ready to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well so now I'm ready to Define
+positive definite matrices so I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite matrices so I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite matrices so I'll call
+that number four but it's I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number four but it's I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number four but it's I'm going to
+give it a big star even more because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a big star even more because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a big star even more because
+it's uh it's the sort of key so the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's the sort of key so the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's the sort of key so the test
+will be you can probably guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be you can probably guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be you can probably guess
+it I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I look at this
+expression that that that X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that that that X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that that that X transpose
+ax and the if it's a positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax and the if it's a positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax and the if it's a positive definite
+Matrix and this represents energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and this represents energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and this represents energy the
+key will be that this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key will be that this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key will be that this should be
+positive this should be positive for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this should be positive for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this should be positive for all
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X's well with one exception of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's well with one exception of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's well with one exception of course
+all X's except which Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all X's except which Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all X's except which Vector is
+it xals Z would just give me I see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it xals Z would just give me I see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it xals Z would just give me I see how
+put K it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put K it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put K it's
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+my default for a matrix but should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my default for a matrix but should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my default for a matrix but should be
+it's it's K okay except x equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's K okay except x equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's K okay except x equals z
+except the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the zero
+Vector of course if if X1 and X2 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of course if if X1 and X2 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of course if if X1 and X2 are
+both zero so uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both zero so uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both zero so uh okay
+now that looks a little uh maybe less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that looks a little uh maybe less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that looks a little uh maybe less
+straightforward I would say because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward I would say because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward I would say because it
+it's a statement about this is true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a statement about this is true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a statement about this is true for
+all X1 and X2 for all and we better do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all X1 and X2 for all and we better do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all X1 and X2 for all and we better do
+some examples and draw a picture let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples and draw a picture let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples and draw a picture let me
+draw a picture right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a picture right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a picture right
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose so here's X1 Direction here's X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose so here's X1 Direction here's X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose so here's X1 Direction here's X2
+Direction and here's the X transpose a X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and here's the X transpose a X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and here's the X transpose a X
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+function okay that's so I'm this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay that's so I'm this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay that's so I'm this is in
+three so this depends on two variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so this depends on two variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so this depends on two variables
+and it's so it's going to be a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's so it's going to be a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's so it's going to be a sort of a
+surface if I if I draw it now what point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface if I if I draw it now what point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface if I if I draw it now what point
+do we absolutely no and I put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again I am so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry okay okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry okay okay so
+well we know one point that's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know one point that's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know one point that's there
+whatever that Matrix might be it's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that Matrix might be it's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that Matrix might be it's there
+zero right that's you just told me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right that's you just told me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right that's you just told me that
+if if both X's are zero then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if both X's are zero then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if both X's are zero then we
+automatically get zero now what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically get zero now what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically get zero now what do you
+think the shape of this curve the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the shape of this curve the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the shape of this curve the shape
+of this graph this is going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this graph this is going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this graph this is going to look like
+the point is if if we're positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is if if we're positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is if if we're positive
+definite now so I'm drawing the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite now so I'm drawing the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite now so I'm drawing the picture
+for positive definite that's so my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for positive definite that's so my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for positive definite that's so my my
+definition is that the energy is goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is that the energy is goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is that the energy is goes up
+it's positive right for when I leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive right for when I leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive right for when I leave
+when I move away from that point I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I move away from that point I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I move away from that point I go
+upwards that point will be a minimum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards that point will be a minimum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards that point will be a minimum and
+any guess let me just draw it roughly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any guess let me just draw it roughly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any guess let me just draw it roughly so
+you know here I am so it sort of goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here I am so it sort of goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here I am so it sort of goes up
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this kind of yeah does that I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of yeah does that I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of yeah does that I don't know
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+uh these cheap 2D boards and I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these cheap 2D boards and I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these cheap 2D boards and I've got a
+three-dimensional picture here but uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional picture here but uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional picture here but uh uh
+so you but you see it somehow what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you but you see it somehow what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you but you see it somehow what what
+word or what's your visualization sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word or what's your visualization sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word or what's your visualization sort
+of it it's it has a minimum there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it's it has a minimum there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it's it has a minimum there that's
+that's why minimization which was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why minimization which was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why minimization which was like
+the core problem in calculus is is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core problem in calculus is is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core problem in calculus is is here
+now but for functions of for functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but for functions of for functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but for functions of for functions
+of two x's or n X's we're we're we're up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two x's or n X's we're we're we're up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two x's or n X's we're we're we're up
+the dimension over the basic minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension over the basic minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension over the basic minimum
+problem of calculus okay so I think yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of calculus okay so I think yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of calculus okay so I think yeah
+it's sort of like a parabola it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like a parabola it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like a parabola it's
+cross-sections cutting down through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections cutting down through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections cutting down through the
+thing would be just parabas because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would be just parabas because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would be just parabas because of
+the X squ I'm going to call this a bowl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X squ I'm going to call this a bowl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X squ I'm going to call this a bowl
+it's a short word for so do you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a short word for so do you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a short word for so do you see it
+it opens up that's the key point that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it opens up that's the key point that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it opens up that's the key point that it
+opens upward and let's do some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens upward and let's do some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens upward and let's do some examples
+tell me some positive definite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me some positive definite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me some positive definite so
+positive definite and then let me here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite and then let me here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite and then let me here
+put some not positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cases okay tell me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases okay tell me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases okay tell me a
+matrix well what's the mo easiest first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix well what's the mo easiest first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix well what's the mo easiest first
+Matrix that occurs to you as a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that occurs to you as a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that occurs to you as a positive
+definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+Matrix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identity okay that passes all our tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity okay that passes all our tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity okay that passes all our tests
+its igen values are one its pivots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its igen values are one its pivots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its igen values are one its pivots are
+one the determinants are one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the determinants are one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the determinants are one and the
+function is X12 + X2 squ with no with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is X12 + X2 squ with no with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is X12 + X2 squ with no with no
+uh B in it and uh it just you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh B in it and uh it just you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh B in it and uh it just you know it's
+just a perfect Bowl perfectly symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a perfect Bowl perfectly symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a perfect Bowl perfectly symmetric
+the way it would come off a potter's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it would come off a potter's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it would come off a potter's
+wheel okay another now let me take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel okay another now let me take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel okay another now let me take one
+that's maybe not so let let me put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe not so let let me put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe not so let let me put a
+nine there so I'm off to a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine there so I'm off to a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine there so I'm off to a reasonable
+start I have an X1 squar and a 9x2 s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start I have an X1 squar and a 9x2 s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start I have an X1 squar and a 9x2 s and
+now I want to ask you what could I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to ask you what could I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to ask you what could I put
+in there that would leave it positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there that would leave it positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there that would leave it positive
+definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+well give me a couple of possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well give me a couple of possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well give me a couple of possibilities
+what's a nice not too big now that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a nice not too big now that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a nice not too big now that's the
+thing two two would be fine so if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing two two would be fine so if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing two two would be fine so if I had
+a two there and a two there I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two there and a two there I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two there and a two there I would have
+a 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 4
+x1x2 and it would like this instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1x2 and it would like this instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1x2 and it would like this instead of
+being a circle which it was for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a circle which it was for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a circle which it was for the
+identity the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity the the the the
+level plane there would cut out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level plane there would cut out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level plane there would cut out a
+ellipse instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse instead
+but it would be a a good ellipse so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would be a a good ellipse so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would be a a good ellipse so so
+that's because we're doing squares we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because we're doing squares we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because we're doing squares we
+really the Greeks understood these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the Greeks understood these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the Greeks understood these
+second deegree things and uh they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second deegree things and uh they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second deegree things and uh they would
+have known this would have been an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have known this would have been an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have known this would have been an
+ellipse okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse okay uh
+any what how high can I go with that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any what how high can I go with that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any what how high can I go with that two
+or where do I have to stop where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or where do I have to stop where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or where do I have to stop where where
+would I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I have
+to if I wanted to change the two let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if I wanted to change the two let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if I wanted to change the two let me
+just focus on that one suppose I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focus on that one suppose I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focus on that one suppose I wanted
+to change it first of all give me one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change it first of all give me one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change it first of all give me one
+that's uh how about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh how about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh how about the
+borderline three would be the borderline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borderline three would be the borderline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borderline three would be the borderline
+right why is that because at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why is that because at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why is that because at
+three we have 99 minus 9 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we have 99 minus 9 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we have 99 minus 9 for the
+determinant so the determinant is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so the determinant is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so the determinant is zero
+the one of course it passed the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of course it passed the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of course it passed the first
+test 1 by one was okay but 2 by two was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test 1 by one was okay but 2 by two was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test 1 by one was okay but 2 by two was
+not was at the borderline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not was at the borderline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not was at the borderline
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh um let's see what else could I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um let's see what else could I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um let's see what else could I should
+I think what oh okay that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what oh okay that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what oh okay that's a very
+interesting case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting case the
+borderline you know it almost makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borderline you know it almost makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borderline you know it almost makes it
+but uh what are the IG yeah can you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh what are the IG yeah can you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh what are the IG yeah can you tell
+me the IG values of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the IG values of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the IG values of that
+Matrix don't do any quadratic equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix don't do any quadratic equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix don't do any quadratic equations
+how do I know what's one I value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I know what's one I value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I know what's one I value of a
+matrix you made it singular right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you made it singular right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you made it singular right you
+made that Matrix singular determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that Matrix singular determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that Matrix singular determinant
+zero so one of its igen values is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so one of its igen values is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so one of its igen values is zero
+and the other one is visible by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one is visible by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one is visible by looking
+at the trace did I just quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the trace did I just quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the trace did I just quickly
+mentioned that if I add the diagonal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that if I add the diagonal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that if I add the diagonal I
+get the same answer as if I add the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same answer as if I add the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same answer as if I add the two
+igen values so that other igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values so that other igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values so that other igen value
+must be 10 and this is entirely typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be 10 and this is entirely typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be 10 and this is entirely typical
+that 10 and zero the extreme IG values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 10 and zero the extreme IG values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 10 and zero the extreme IG values
+Lambda Max and Lambda min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Max and Lambda min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Max and Lambda min
+are bigger than the these diagonal guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger than the these diagonal guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger than the these diagonal guys
+are inside they're inside between 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inside they're inside between 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inside they're inside between 0 and
+10 and and and it's these terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and and and it's these terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and and and it's these terms that
+that enter somehow and gave us an I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enter somehow and gave us an I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enter somehow and gave us an I
+value of 10 and an ion value of zero I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 10 and an ion value of zero I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 10 and an ion value of zero I
+guess I'm tempted to try to draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm tempted to try to draw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm tempted to try to draw that
+figure just just to get a feeling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure just just to get a feeling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure just just to get a feeling of
+what yeah what's what's with that one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah what's what's with that one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah what's what's with that one it
+it's it's always helps to get the Border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's always helps to get the Border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's always helps to get the Border
+line case so what's with this one uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line case so what's with this one uh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line case so what's with this one uh let
+me see what my quadratic would be can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see what my quadratic would be can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see what my quadratic would be can I
+just change it up here rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change it up here rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change it up here rather than
+rewriting it so I'm going to I'll put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting it so I'm going to I'll put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting it so I'm going to I'll put it
+up here so I have to change that four to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so I have to change that four to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so I have to change that four to
+what for now that I'm looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what for now that I'm looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what for now that I'm looking at this
+Matrix that four is now a six six okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that four is now a six six okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that four is now a six six okay
+this is my this is my guy for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my this is my guy for this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my this is my guy for this one
+which is not positive definite let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not positive definite let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not positive definite let me
+tell you right away the word that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you right away the word that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you right away the word that I
+would use for this one I would call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use for this one I would call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use for this one I would call it
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+semi-definite because it's almost there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite because it's almost there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite because it's almost there
+but not quite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not quite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not quite so
+semi-definite allows the Matrix to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite allows the Matrix to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite allows the Matrix to be
+singular it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular it so
+semi-definite maybe I'll do in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite maybe I'll do in green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite maybe I'll do in green
+what semi-definite would be semi semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what semi-definite would be semi semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what semi-definite would be semi semi
+def would be I values greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def would be I values greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def would be I values greater than or
+equal Z determinants greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z determinants greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z determinants greater than or
+equal Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z
+pivots greater than zero if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots greater than zero if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots greater than zero if they're
+there and or then we run out of pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and or then we run out of pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and or then we run out of pivots
+you could say greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say greater than or equal to
+zero there and energy greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there and energy greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there and energy greater than or
+equal to zero for for for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+semi and when would the energy what x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi and when would the energy what x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi and when would the energy what x is
+what would be the like you could could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the like you could could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the like you could could
+say the ground States or something what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the ground States or something what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the ground States or something what
+x is so greater than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is so greater than or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is so greater than or equal to zero
+and emphasize that possibility of equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emphasize that possibility of equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emphasize that possibility of equal
+in the semi-definite case when would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semi-definite case when would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semi-definite case when would
+this suppose I have a semi semi-definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suppose I have a semi semi-definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suppose I have a semi semi-definite
+Matrix yeah I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix yeah I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix yeah I've got
+one which but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which but it's
+singular so that means a singular Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular so that means a singular Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular so that means a singular Matrix
+take some Vector X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some Vector X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some Vector X to
+Zero right for if if my Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero right for if if my Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero right for if if my Matrix is
+actually singular then there'll be an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually singular then there'll be an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually singular then there'll be an X
+where KX is zero and then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where KX is zero and then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where KX is zero and then of course
+multiplying by X transpose I'm still at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by X transpose I'm still at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by X transpose I'm still at
+zero so the X's the the Zero Energy guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the X's the the Zero Energy guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the X's the the Zero Energy guys
+this is straightforward the Zero Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is straightforward the Zero Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is straightforward the Zero Energy
+guys the ones where X transpose KX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys the ones where X transpose KX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys the ones where X transpose KX is
+zero would be States will will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero would be States will will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero would be States will will happen
+when this will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this will happen
+when KX is zero if KX is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when KX is zero if KX is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when KX is zero if KX is zero
+and we'll see it in that example we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see it in that example we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see it in that example we'll
+see it in that let's let's see it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in that let's let's see it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in that let's let's see it in
+that example what's the X for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which which is I could say in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which is I could say in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which is I could say in the null
+space what what's the vector X that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space what what's the vector X that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space what what's the vector X that that
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+kills three 3 minus one right 3 * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills three 3 minus one right 3 * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills three 3 minus one right 3 * the
+the vector of 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector of 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector of 3
+-1 3 - 1 gives be 0 0 that's the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 3 - 1 gives be 0 0 that's the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 3 - 1 gives be 0 0 that's the that's
+the vector that so I get 3 - 3 the 0 9 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector that so I get 3 - 3 the 0 9 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector that so I get 3 - 3 the 0 9 -
+9 the 0 so I I believe that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 the 0 so I I believe that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 the 0 so I I believe that this thing
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+be is it zero at 3 minus one I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is it zero at 3 minus one I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is it zero at 3 minus one I think
+that's it has to be right if I take X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it has to be right if I take X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it has to be right if I take X1
+to be 3 and X2 to be minus one I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 3 and X2 to be minus one I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 3 and X2 to be minus one I think
+I've got zero energy here do I X12 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got zero energy here do I X12 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got zero energy here do I X12 will
+be the 9 and 9x2 2 will be 9 more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the 9 and 9x2 2 will be 9 more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the 9 and 9x2 2 will be 9 more and
+what will be this 6 x1x2 what will that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be this 6 x1x2 what will that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be this 6 x1x2 what will that
+come out for this for this X1 and X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out for this for this X1 and X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out for this for this X1 and X2
+minus 18 had to right so I'd get nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 18 had to right so I'd get nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 18 had to right so I'd get nine
+from there nine from there Min - 18 zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there nine from there Min - 18 zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there nine from there Min - 18 zero
+so the the graph for this positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the graph for this positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the graph for this positive
+semi-definite will look a bit like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite will look a bit like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite will look a bit like this
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+will there'll be a direction in which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will there'll be a direction in which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will there'll be a direction in which it
+doesn't climb it doesn't go below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't climb it doesn't go below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't climb it doesn't go below the
+the base right right it's it's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base right right it's it's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base right right it's it's never
+negative this is now the semi-definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative this is now the semi-definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative this is now the semi-definite
+picture but it can run along the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but it can run along the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but it can run along the base
+and it will for the vector X1 = 3 X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will for the vector X1 = 3 X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will for the vector X1 = 3 X2
+equal minus1 I don't know where that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus1 I don't know where that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus1 I don't know where that is
+1 2 3 and then maybe minus one along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 and then maybe minus one along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 and then maybe minus one along
+some along some line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some along some line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some along some line
+here the graph doesn't go up it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the graph doesn't go up it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the graph doesn't go up it's it's
+sitting that c can you imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting that c can you imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting that c can you imagine that
+sitting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in the
+base I'm not rembrand here uh but I in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base I'm not rembrand here uh but I in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base I'm not rembrand here uh but I in
+the other direction it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up oh the hell with that one uh do do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up oh the hell with that one uh do do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up oh the hell with that one uh do do
+you see sort of it's it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see sort of it's it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see sort of it's it's like
+a trough would you say I mean it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trough would you say I mean it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trough would you say I mean it's like
+a you know bit of a drain pipe or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know bit of a drain pipe or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know bit of a drain pipe or
+something it's it's you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's it's you know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's it's you know it's it's
+running along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running along the
+ground uh where the along this 3 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground uh where the along this 3 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground uh where the along this 3 minus
+One Direction and in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Direction and in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Direction and in the other
+directions it does go up so it it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions it does go up so it it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions it does go up so it it it's
+shaped like this with with the base not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped like this with with the base not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped like this with with the base not
+climbing whereas here there's no bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing whereas here there's no bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing whereas here there's no bad
+Direction climbs everywhere you go so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction climbs everywhere you go so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction climbs everywhere you go so
+that's positive definite and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's positive definite and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's positive definite and that's
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+semi-definite well suppose I push it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite well suppose I push it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite well suppose I push it a
+little further what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further what
+how let me let me make a place here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how let me let me make a place here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how let me let me make a place here for
+a matrix that isn't even positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix that isn't even positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix that isn't even positive
+semi-definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it just it now it's just going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just it now it's just going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just it now it's just going to go
+down somewhere what tell me I'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down somewhere what tell me I'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down somewhere what tell me I'll start
+again with one and nine and tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with one and nine and tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with one and nine and tell me what
+to put in now so this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in now so this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in now so this is going to be a
+case where the off diagonal is too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the off diagonal is too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the off diagonal is too big
+it wins and and prevents positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wins and and prevents positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wins and and prevents positive
+definit so what number would you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definit so what number would you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definit so what number would you like
+here five five is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plenty Okay so now I have 1559 let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty Okay so now I have 1559 let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty Okay so now I have 1559 let me
+let me take a little space on a board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take a little space on a board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take a little space on a board
+just to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you
+so sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so I'm going to do the 1559
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so I'm going to do the 1559
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so I'm going to do the 1559
+just because they're all important but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because they're all important but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because they're all important but
+then we're coming back to positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're coming back to positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're coming back to positive
+definite so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite so if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite so if it's
+1559 and I do the usual x x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1559 and I do the usual x x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1559 and I do the usual x x
+transpose k x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose k x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose k x
+X and I do the multiplication out I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and I do the multiplication out I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and I do the multiplication out I see
+the 1 X1 2 and I see the 9x2 2 and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 X1 2 and I see the 9x2 2 and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 X1 2 and I see the 9x2 2 and how
+many X1 x2s do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many X1 x2s do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many X1 x2s do I
+see five from there five from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see five from there five from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see five from there five from there
+10 and I believe that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative the fact of having all nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the fact of having all nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the fact of having all nice
+plus signs is not going to help it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus signs is not going to help it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus signs is not going to help it
+because we can choose as we already did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can choose as we already did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can choose as we already did
+X1 to be like a negative number and X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 to be like a negative number and X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 to be like a negative number and X2
+to be a positive and we can get this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a positive and we can get this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a positive and we can get this guy
+to be negative and make it in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be negative and make it in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be negative and make it in this case
+we can make it beat defeat these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make it beat defeat these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make it beat defeat these
+positive Parts okay what what choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Parts okay what what choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Parts okay what what choice
+would do it let me take X1 to be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do it let me take X1 to be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do it let me take X1 to be minus
+one and tell me an X2 that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and tell me an X2 that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and tell me an X2 that's that's
+that's good enough to show that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good enough to show that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good enough to show that this
+thing does not is not positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing does not is not positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing does not is not positive definite
+or even semi-definite it goes downhill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even semi-definite it goes downhill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even semi-definite it goes downhill
+take X2 equal what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say one half yeah I don't want too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one half yeah I don't want too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one half yeah I don't want too big
+in X2 because if I have too big in X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X2 because if I have too big in X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X2 because if I have too big in X2
+then this will this will be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this will this will be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this will this will be important
+does does one half do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does does one half do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does does one half do
+it so I've got one quarter that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I've got one quarter that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I've got one quarter that's
+positive but not very nine quars so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but not very nine quars so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but not very nine quars so I'm
+up to 104s but this guy is what 10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 104s but this guy is what 10 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 104s but this guy is what 10 and
+the minus is minus5 yeah so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus is minus5 yeah so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus is minus5 yeah so that
+absolutely goes at this one I come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely goes at this one I come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely goes at this one I come out
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and I might as well complete so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I might as well complete so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I might as well complete so
+this is the this is the case where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the this is the case where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the this is the case where I
+would call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indefinite indefinite it it goes up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite indefinite it it goes up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite indefinite it it goes up like
+if if X2 is zero then it's just got X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if X2 is zero then it's just got X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if X2 is zero then it's just got X1
+squar that's up if X1 is zero it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar that's up if X1 is zero it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar that's up if X1 is zero it's only
+got X2 squ that's up but there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got X2 squ that's up but there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got X2 squ that's up but there are other
+directions where it goes down Hill so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions where it goes down Hill so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions where it goes down Hill so it
+goes either up it goes both up in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes either up it goes both up in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes either up it goes both up in some
+ways and down in others and what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and down in others and what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and down in others and what kind of
+a graph what kind of a surface would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph what kind of a surface would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph what kind of a surface would I
+now have for X transpose for this x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have for X transpose for this x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have for X transpose for this x
+transpose this indefinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose this indefinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose this indefinite
+guy so up in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+and and down in others th this gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and down in others th this gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and down in others th this gets
+really hard to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I believe that if you ride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that if you ride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that if you ride
+horses you you you get a you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses you you you get a you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses you you you get a you have an
+edge on visualizing this so it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge on visualizing this so it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge on visualizing this so it's called
+what kind of a point is it called saddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a point is it called saddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a point is it called saddle
+point it's called a saddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's called a saddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's called a saddle
+point so what's a saddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so what's a saddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so what's a saddle
+point is that it's not bad right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that it's not bad right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that it's not bad right you're
+so this is a direction where went up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a direction where went up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a direction where went up
+this is a direction where it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a direction where it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a direction where it went
+down and so it sort of fills in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somehow yeah or maybe if you don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow yeah or maybe if you don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow yeah or maybe if you don't I
+mean who rides horses no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean who rides horses no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean who rides horses no so
+uh uh actually maybe something we do do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh actually maybe something we do do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh actually maybe something we do do
+is drive you know drive over mountains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is drive you know drive over mountains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is drive you know drive over mountains
+right so so the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so the path
+so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+that right if the road is sort of well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right if the road is sort of well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right if the road is sort of well
+chosen the the the road will go um it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen the the the road will go um it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen the the the road will go um it'll
+look for the this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the this would
+be yeah here's our road we would do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah here's our road we would do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah here's our road we would do as
+little climbing as possible this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little climbing as possible this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little climbing as possible this the
+mountain would go like this sort of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain would go like this sort of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain would go like this sort of so
+this would be like the bottom part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be like the bottom part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be like the bottom part
+looking along the peaks of the mountains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking along the peaks of the mountains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking along the peaks of the mountains
+but it's the top part looking along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the top part looking along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the top part looking along the
+driving direction so driving it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving direction so driving it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving direction so driving it's the
+it's a maximum but in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a maximum but in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a maximum but in the in the
+mountain range Direction it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain range Direction it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain range Direction it's the
+minimum so it's a it's a saddle point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so it's a it's a saddle point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so it's a it's a saddle point
+okay so that that's what you get from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that that's what you get from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that that's what you get from a
+typical symmetric Matrix and if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical symmetric Matrix and if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical symmetric Matrix and if it was
+minus5 it would still be the same saddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5 it would still be the same saddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5 it would still be the same saddle
+point it would still be 9 minus 25 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it would still be 9 minus 25 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it would still be 9 minus 25 it
+would still be negative and a saddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still be negative and a saddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still be negative and a saddle
+okay positive are our thing all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay positive are our thing all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay positive are our thing all right so
+now back to positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now back to positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now back to positive
+definite with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite with these
+four tests and then the discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four tests and then the discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four tests and then the discussion of
+semi-definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite
+okay very very key that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very very key that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very very key that that
+energy let me just look ahead a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy let me just look ahead a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy let me just look ahead a
+moment most physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems many many physical problems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems many many physical problems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems many many physical problems you
+have an option either you solve some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an option either you solve some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an option either you solve some
+equations either you find the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations either you find the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations either you find the solution
+from our equations KU equal F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our equations KU equal F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our equations KU equal F
+typically Matrix equation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically Matrix equation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically Matrix equation or
+differential equation or there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation or there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation or there's
+the another option of minimizing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the another option of minimizing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the another option of minimizing some
+function some energy so so and it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function some energy so so and it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function some energy so so and it gives
+the same equations so this minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same equations so this minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same equations so this minimizing
+energy will be a second way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy will be a second way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy will be a second way
+to uh describe the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh describe the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh describe the the
+applications okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications okay
+now can I get a number five there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can I get a number five there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can I get a number five there's an
+important number five and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important number five and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important number five and then you know
+all really all you need to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all really all you need to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all really all you need to know about
+symmetric matrices oh this gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices oh this gives me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices oh this gives me a
+about positive definite matrices this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about positive definite matrices this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about positive definite matrices this
+gives me a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a chance to
+recap um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to put down a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where this is where the the matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is where the the matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is where the the matrices
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+from really important and they'll it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from really important and they'll it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from really important and they'll it's
+where they'll come from in all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they'll come from in all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they'll come from in all these
+applications that the chapter 2 is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that the chapter 2 is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that the chapter 2 is going
+to be all about that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be all about that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be all about that we're going to
+start so they come these positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so they come these positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so they come these positive
+definite matrices so this is another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite matrices so this is another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite matrices so this is another way
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+to to it's a test for positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to it's a test for positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to it's a test for positive definite
+matrices and it's actually it's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and it's actually it's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and it's actually it's where
+they come from so here's a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from so here's a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from so here's a positive
+definite Matrix if I take they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite Matrix if I take they come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite Matrix if I take they come from
+a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a my you know a fundamental message is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a my you know a fundamental message is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a my you know a fundamental message is
+that if I have just an average Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have just an average Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have just an average Matrix
+possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly
+rectangular could be square but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular could be square but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular could be square but not
+symmetric then sooner or later in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric then sooner or later in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric then sooner or later in fact
+usually sooner you you end up looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually sooner you you end up looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually sooner you you end up looking at
+a transpose a we've seen that already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose a we've seen that already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose a we've seen that already
+and we already know that a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we already know that a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we already know that a transpose a
+is square we already know it's symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is square we already know it's symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is square we already know it's symmetric
+and now we're going to know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to know that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to know that it's
+positive definite so matrixes like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite so matrixes like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite so matrixes like a
+transpose a are positive definite or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a are positive definite or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a are positive definite or
+possibly semi-definite we have to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly semi-definite we have to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly semi-definite we have to you
+know there's that possibility if if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's that possibility if if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's that possibility if if a
+was the zero Matrix of course we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the zero Matrix of course we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the zero Matrix of course we would
+just get the zero Matrix which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get the zero Matrix which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get the zero Matrix which would be
+only semi-definite or other ways to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only semi-definite or other ways to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only semi-definite or other ways to get
+a semi-definite but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a semi-definite but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a semi-definite but
+okay so I'm saying that if K if if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm saying that if K if if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm saying that if K if if I
+have a matrix any Matrix and I form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a matrix any Matrix and I form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a matrix any Matrix and I form a
+transpose a I get a positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a I get a positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a I get a positive definite
+Matrix or maybe just semi-definite but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix or maybe just semi-definite but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix or maybe just semi-definite but
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+indefinite can we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite can we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite can we see
+why why so why does why does this why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why so why does why does this why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why so why does why does this why is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+definite or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite or
+semi so that's my question and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi so that's my question and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi so that's my question and the
+answer is really worth it's it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is really worth it's it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is really worth it's it's just
+neat and worth seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat and worth seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat and worth seeing
+so do I want to look at the pivots of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do I want to look at the pivots of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do I want to look at the pivots of a
+transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a
+no you know they're something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you know they're something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you know they're something but
+whatever they are but I I can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they are but I I can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they are but I I can't really
+follow those well or the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow those well or the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow those well or the igen values
+very well or the determinants those none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well or the determinants those none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well or the determinants those none
+of those come out nicely but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those come out nicely but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those come out nicely but the the
+real guy is works perfectly so look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real guy is works perfectly so look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real guy is works perfectly so look
+at X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X transpose
+KX so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX so I'm just
+doing following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing following
+my instinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my instinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my instinct
+here so if K is a transpose a my claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if K is a transpose a my claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if K is a transpose a my claim
+is what's what am I saying then about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's what am I saying then about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's what am I saying then about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+energy what is it that what is it that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy what is it that what is it that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy what is it that what is it that I
+want to discover and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to discover and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to discover and
+understand why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it's
+positive why does taking any Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive why does taking any Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive why does taking any Matrix
+multiplying by its transpose produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by its transpose produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by its transpose produce
+something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's
+positive you know in some way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive you know in some way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive you know in some way this
+is yeah yeah can you see any reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah yeah can you see any reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah yeah can you see any reason why
+that quantity which looks kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantity which looks kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantity which looks kind of
+messy I just want to look at it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy I just want to look at it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy I just want to look at it the
+right way to see why that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way to see why that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way to see why that should be
+positive that should come out positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that should come out positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that should come out positive
+so I don't I'm not going to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't I'm not going to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't I'm not going to get into
+numbers I'm not going to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I'm not going to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I'm not going to get into
+diagonals and off diagonals I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals and off diagonals I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals and off diagonals I'm just
+going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+one thing to to understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing to to understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing to to understand that
+particular combination X transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular combination X transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular combination X transpose a
+transpose ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose ax
+what shall I do anybody see what I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you yeah you're seeing here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you yeah you're seeing here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you yeah you're seeing here if you
+look at it again what are you seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it again what are you seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it again what are you seeing
+here tell me again you if I take ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here tell me again you if I take ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here tell me again you if I take ax
+together then what's the other half it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together then what's the other half it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together then what's the other half it's
+the transpose of ax so I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of ax so I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of ax so I just want to
+write that as I just want to think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that as I just want to think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that as I just want to think of it
+that way as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way as a
+X and here's the transpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and here's the transpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and here's the transpose of
+ax right because transposes of ax the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax right because transposes of ax the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax right because transposes of ax the
+transpose goes in the opposite order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose goes in the opposite order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose goes in the opposite order and
+the multiplication the this is the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplication the this is the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplication the this is the great
+I call these proof a proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call these proof a proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call these proof a proof by
+parenthesis because I'm just putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis because I'm just putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis because I'm just putting
+parentheses in the right place but I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses in the right place but I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses in the right place but I I'm
+not that that's the most the key law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that that's the most the key law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that that's the most the key law of
+mult matrix multiplication is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mult matrix multiplication is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mult matrix multiplication is that that
+I can put a * C is the same as a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can put a * C is the same as a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can put a * C is the same as a *
+BC that that that rule which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC that that that rule which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC that that that rule which is just
+multiply it out and you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it out and you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it out and you see that
+parentheses are not needed because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses are not needed because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses are not needed because if
+you keep them in the right order you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep them in the right order you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep them in the right order you can
+do this first or you can do this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this first or you can do this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this first or you can do this first
+same answer okay what do I learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer okay what do I learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer okay what do I learn from
+that what was the point this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what was the point this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what was the point this is some
+Vector I don't know especially what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I don't know especially what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I don't know especially what it
+is times its transpose so what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is times its transpose so what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is times its transpose so what that's
+the length squared what's the key fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length squared what's the key fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length squared what's the key fact
+about that that is it is never negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that is it is never negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that is it is never negative
+it's always greater than zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always greater than zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always greater than zero or
+possibly equal so when equal it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly equal so when equal it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly equal so when equal it's it's
+equal zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero
+when when when when does that quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when when when does that quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when when when does that quantity
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+zero when ax is zero when ax is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when ax is zero when ax is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when ax is zero when ax is zero
+because this is a vector that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a vector that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a vector that's the same
+Vector transpose and everybody's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector transpose and everybody's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector transpose and everybody's got
+that picture when I take any y transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture when I take any y transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture when I take any y transpose
+y I'm take I get y1 S plus y 2^ 2+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y I'm take I get y1 S plus y 2^ 2+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y I'm take I get y1 S plus y 2^ 2+
+through YN 2 and I get a positive answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through YN 2 and I get a positive answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through YN 2 and I get a positive answer
+except if the vector is zero so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except if the vector is zero so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except if the vector is zero so it's
+zero when ax is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when ax is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when ax is zero
+okay okay so that's ay that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that's ay that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that's ay that's going to
+be the key if I pick any Matrix a and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the key if I pick any Matrix a and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the key if I pick any Matrix a and I
+can just take an example uh but chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just take an example uh but chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just take an example uh but chapter
+the applications are just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applications are just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applications are just going to be
+full of examples where the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of examples where the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of examples where the problem
+begins with a matrix a and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with a matrix a and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with a matrix a and then a
+transpose shows up uh and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose shows up uh and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose shows up uh and it's the
+combination a transpose a that we work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination a transpose a that we work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination a transpose a that we work
+with and this we're just learning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and this we're just learning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and this we're just learning that
+it's positive definite unless okay so do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive definite unless okay so do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive definite unless okay so do
+shall I just hang on since I've got here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I just hang on since I've got here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I just hang on since I've got here
+I have to I have to say when is it POS I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to I have to say when is it POS I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to I have to say when is it POS I
+have to get the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get the these
+two possibilities positive definite or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities positive definite or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities positive definite or
+only semi-definite so what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only semi-definite so what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only semi-definite so what what's the
+what's the what's the key to that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's the key to that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's the key to that that
+borderline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borderline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borderline
+question this thing will be only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this thing will be only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this thing will be only
+semidefinite if there's a solution to ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semidefinite if there's a solution to ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semidefinite if there's a solution to ax
+equals z right if if there's a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z right if if there's a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z right if if there's a solution
+to if if there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if if there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if if there is an
+X well if it's if it's only there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X well if it's if it's only there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X well if it's if it's only there's
+always the zero Vector the zero Vector I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the zero Vector the zero Vector I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the zero Vector the zero Vector I
+can't expect to be positive so I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't expect to be positive so I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't expect to be positive so I'm I'm
+looking for if there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for if there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for if there's an
+X so that ax is zero but X is not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that ax is zero but X is not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that ax is zero but X is not zero
+so then that would then I'll only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then that would then I'll only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then that would then I'll only be
+semide definite so I'll I'll only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semide definite so I'll I'll only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semide definite so I'll I'll only be
+semi that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi that's
+the that's the test uh if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the test uh if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the test uh if there's a
+solution to ax equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to ax equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to ax equals
+z and when we see applications that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and when we see applications that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and when we see applications that'll
+mean there's a there's a displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's a there's a displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's a there's a displacement
+with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no
+stretching you know we might have a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching you know we might have a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching you know we might have a line
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Springs and when could the line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs and when could the line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs and when could the line of
+Springs displace with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stretching when it's free free right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching when it's free free right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching when it's free free right if
+I have a line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a line of
+Springs and no supports at the ends then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs and no supports at the ends then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs and no supports at the ends then
+that would be the case where it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the case where it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the case where it could
+shift over by the 111 Vector so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift over by the 111 Vector so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift over by the 111 Vector so that
+would be the case where the Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the case where the Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the case where the Matrix is
+only singular we know that the Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only singular we know that the Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only singular we know that the Matrix is
+now positive semi-definite we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now positive semi-definite we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now positive semi-definite we just
+learned that so the free free Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that so the free free Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that so the free free Matrix
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+B both ends free or C the so our our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B both ends free or C the so our our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B both ends free or C the so our our our
+our answer is going to be that k and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our answer is going to be that k and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our answer is going to be that k and t
+are positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are positive
+definite and our other two guys the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite and our other two guys the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite and our other two guys the
+singular ones of course just don't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular ones of course just don't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular ones of course just don't make
+it B at both ends the free free line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it B at both ends the free free line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it B at both ends the free free line of
+Springs it can shift without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs it can shift without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs it can shift without
+stretching since ax will measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching since ax will measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching since ax will measure the
+stretching the when it just shifts rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching the when it just shifts rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching the when it just shifts rigid
+motion there the ax is zero and we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion there the ax is zero and we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion there the ax is zero and we see
+only positive definite and also C the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only positive definite and also C the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only positive definite and also C the
+circular one there it can displace with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular one there it can displace with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular one there it can displace with
+no stretching because it can just turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no stretching because it can just turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no stretching because it can just turn
+in the circle so these guys will be only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the circle so these guys will be only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the circle so these guys will be only
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+semide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definite okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite okay that's
+a so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so that
+that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so another maybe I better say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so another maybe I better say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so another maybe I better say this
+another way this is positive when is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way this is positive when is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way this is positive when is
+this positive definite can I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positive definite can I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positive definite can I use
+different just a different sentence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different just a different sentence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different just a different sentence to
+describe this possibility this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this possibility this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this possibility this is
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+provided so what I'm going to write now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided so what I'm going to write now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided so what I'm going to write now
+is is to remove this possibility and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is to remove this possibility and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is to remove this possibility and get
+positive definite this is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite this is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite this is positive
+definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+provided now I could say it this way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided now I could say it this way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided now I could say it this way the
+a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+columns so I I just needed to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so I I just needed to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so I I just needed to give you
+another way of looking at this ax equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of looking at this ax equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of looking at this ax equal
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+question a if a has independent columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question a if a has independent columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question a if a has independent columns
+what does that mean that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means that the
+only solution to ax equals z is the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only solution to ax equals z is the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only solution to ax equals z is the zero
+solution in other in other words it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in other in other words it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in other in other words it
+means that this thing works perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this thing works perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this thing works perfectly
+and gives me positive when when a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives me positive when when a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives me positive when when a has
+independent columns yeah let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns yeah let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns yeah let's just
+remember our ktbc so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our ktbc so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our ktbc so here's a
+Matrix with let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix with let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix with let me take
+T yeah here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T yeah here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T yeah here's a
+matrix so let me take the T Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so let me take the T Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so let me take the T Matrix
+that's this one this guy and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this one this guy and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this one this guy and then the
+third column is zero minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third column is zero minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third column is zero minus one
+2 those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 those three
+columns are independent they point off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are independent they point off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are independent they point off
+they don't lie in a plane they point off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't lie in a plane they point off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't lie in a plane they point off
+in three different directions and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three different directions and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three different directions and that's
+what and then there are no solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and then there are no solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and then there are no solutions to
+uh there are no X's that go KX equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are no X's that go KX equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are no X's that go KX equals
+zero and there were no a yeah uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and there were no a yeah uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and there were no a yeah uh that's
+so that would be a case of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be a case of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be a case of independent
+columns let me make a case of dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns let me make a case of dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns let me make a case of dependent
+columns so I'm going to make it B now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so I'm going to make it B now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so I'm going to make it B now
+now The Columns of that Matrix are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now The Columns of that Matrix are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now The Columns of that Matrix are
+dependent there's a combination of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent there's a combination of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent there's a combination of them
+that gives zero they all lie in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives zero they all lie in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives zero they all lie in the same
+plane there's a solution to that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane there's a solution to that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane there's a solution to that Matrix
+time xal 0 what combination of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time xal 0 what combination of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time xal 0 what combination of those
+columns shows me that they are dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns shows me that they are dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns shows me that they are dependent
+that some combination of those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some combination of those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some combination of those three
+columns some amount of this plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns some amount of this plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns some amount of this plus some
+amount of this plus some amount of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of this plus some amount of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of this plus some amount of that
+column gives me the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column gives me the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column gives me the zero
+Vector you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector you see the
+combination what should I take 111 again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination what should I take 111 again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination what should I take 111 again
+no surprise that's the the the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no surprise that's the the the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no surprise that's the the the vector
+111 that we we know is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 that we we know is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 that we we know is in the
+everything Shifting the same amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything Shifting the same amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything Shifting the same amount
+nothing stretching yeah okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing stretching yeah okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing stretching yeah okay so
+uh well talking fast here about positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well talking fast here about positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well talking fast here about positive
+definite matrices this is the the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite matrices this is the the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite matrices this is the the key
+let let's just ask a few questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let's just ask a few questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let's just ask a few questions about
+positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite
+matrices as a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices as a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices as a way to
+practice suppose I have one positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice suppose I have one positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice suppose I have one positive
+definite what about its inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that positive definite or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that positive definite or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that positive definite or
+not okay so I've got a positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay so I've got a positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay so I've got a positive definite
+one it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's not
+singular it's got positive igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular it's got positive igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular it's got positive igen values
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+else its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else its
+inverse will be symmetric so it's I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse will be symmetric so it's I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse will be symmetric so it's I'm
+allowed to think about it will it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to think about it will it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to think about it will it be
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+definite what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite what do you
+think well you've got a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well you've got a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well you've got a whole bunch of
+tests to sort of mentally run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests to sort of mentally run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests to sort of mentally run
+through pivots of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through pivots of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through pivots of the
+inverse you don't want to get touch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse you don't want to get touch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse you don't want to get touch that
+stuff determinants no what about igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff determinants no what about igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff determinants no what about igen
+values what would be the igen values if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values what would be the igen values if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values what would be the igen values if
+I have this positive definite symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this positive definite symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this positive definite symmetric
+Matrix its igen values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix its igen values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix its igen values are
+145 what are what can you tell me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+145 what are what can you tell me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+145 what are what can you tell me about
+the IG values of the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IG values of the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IG values of the inverse
+Matrix they're the inverses so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix they're the inverses so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix they're the inverses so those
+three igen values are one 1 14 1 what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three igen values are one 1 14 1 what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three igen values are one 1 14 1 what's
+the conclusion here it is positive defin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion here it is positive defin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion here it is positive defin
+those are all positive it is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all positive it is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all positive it is positive
+def so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def so if I
+invert a positive definite Matrix I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert a positive definite Matrix I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert a positive definite Matrix I'm
+still positive definite and and I VAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still positive definite and and I VAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still positive definite and and I VAR
+all the all the tests would have to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the all the tests would have to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the all the tests would have to pass
+it's just I'm looking each time for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just I'm looking each time for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just I'm looking each time for the
+easiest test okay let me look now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest test okay let me look now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest test okay let me look now for
+the easiest test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest test
+on K1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on K1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on K1 +
+K2 suppose that's positive definite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 suppose that's positive definite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 suppose that's positive definite and
+that's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's positive
+definite what if I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite what if I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite what if I add
+them what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what do you
+think well you we hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well you we hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well you we hope
+so but we have to say which of my 1 two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but we have to say which of my 1 two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but we have to say which of my 1 two
+3 four five would be a good way to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 four five would be a good way to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 four five would be a good way to see
+it would be a good way to see it uh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be a good way to see it uh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be a good way to see it uh good
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+four yeah we certainly don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four yeah we certainly don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four yeah we certainly don't want to
+touch pivots and now we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch pivots and now we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch pivots and now we don't want to
+touch I values either of course if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch I values either of course if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch I values either of course if we're
+if number four Works those others will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if number four Works those others will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if number four Works those others will
+also work the igen values will come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also work the igen values will come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also work the igen values will come out
+positive but not too easy to say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but not too easy to say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but not too easy to say what
+they are let's try test number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K1 what's the test so test number four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 what's the test so test number four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 what's the test so test number four
+tells us that that this part X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that that this part X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that that this part X transpose
+k1x that that part is positive right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1x that that part is positive right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1x that that part is positive right
+that that part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that part is
+positive if we know that's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive if we know that's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive if we know that's positive
+definite now about K2 we also know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite now about K2 we also know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite now about K2 we also know that
+for every X you see it's for every X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every X you see it's for every X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every X you see it's for every X
+that helps don't let me put X2 there X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps don't let me put X2 there X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps don't let me put X2 there X
+for every X this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive and now what's the step I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and now what's the step I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and now what's the step I want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take to get some information on this The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to get some information on this The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to get some information on this The
+Matrix K1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix K1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix K1 plus
+K2 I should add if I add these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 I should add if I add these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 I should add if I add these
+guys you see that it just then I can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys you see that it just then I can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys you see that it just then I can I
+can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write
+that as I can write that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as I can write that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as I can write that this
+way and what have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and what have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and what have I
+learned I've learned that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned I've learned that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned I've learned that that's
+positive even greater than except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive even greater than except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive even greater than except for
+the zero Vector because this was greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero Vector because this was greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero Vector because this was greater
+than this is greater than if I add two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this is greater than if I add two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this is greater than if I add two
+positive numbers the energies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers the energies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers the energies are
+positive and the energies just add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and the energies just add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and the energies just add the
+energies just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies just
+add so uh uh that definition four was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add so uh uh that definition four was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add so uh uh that definition four was
+the good way just nice easy way to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good way just nice easy way to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good way just nice easy way to see
+that if I have uh couple of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have uh couple of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have uh couple of positive
+definite matrices a couple of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite matrices a couple of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite matrices a couple of positive
+energies I'm really coupling the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies I'm really coupling the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies I'm really coupling the two
+systems you know this is associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you know this is associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you know this is associate
+somehow I'm I'm I've got two systems I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I'm I'm I've got two systems I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I'm I'm I've got two systems I'm
+putting them together and the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them together and the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them together and the energy is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+even more positive no it's it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more positive no it's it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more positive no it's it's more
+positive than than either of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive than than either of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive than than either of these guys
+because I'm adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm adding
+yeah as I speaking here if you will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah as I speaking here if you will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah as I speaking here if you will you
+allow me to try number test number five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to try number test number five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to try number test number five
+this a transpose a business suppose K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a transpose a business suppose K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a transpose a business suppose K1
+was a transpose a if it's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a transpose a if it's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a transpose a if it's positive
+definite it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite it will
+be and suppose K2 is a is B transpose B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if it's positive definite it will be now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's positive definite it will be now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's positive definite it will be now
+I would like to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to write the
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+somehow as in a way in in this something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow as in a way in in this something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow as in a way in in this something
+transpose something and I I just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose something and I I just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose something and I I just do it
+now because I think it's like you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because I think it's like you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because I think it's like you won't
+have thought of this perhaps have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought of this perhaps have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought of this perhaps have
+thought of this way to do it let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of this way to do it let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of this way to do it let me let
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+watch suppose create the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a that'll be my new Matrix they call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C am I allowed to do that I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C am I allowed to do that I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C am I allowed to do that I mean that
+creates a matrix these A and B they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a matrix these A and B they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a matrix these A and B they were
+they they had the same number of columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they had the same number of columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they had the same number of columns
+and so I can put one over the other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I can put one over the other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I can put one over the other and
+I still have a something with n columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still have a something with n columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still have a something with n columns
+so that's my new Matrix C and now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my new Matrix C and now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my new Matrix C and now I want
+C transpose by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C transpose by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C transpose by the
+way I'd call that a block Matrix you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'd call that a block Matrix you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'd call that a block Matrix you
+know instead of numbers it's got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know instead of numbers it's got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know instead of numbers it's got two
+blocks in there block matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks in there block matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks in there block matrices are
+really handy now what's the transpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really handy now what's the transpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really handy now what's the transpose of
+that block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block
+Matrix just you you just like have faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix just you you just like have faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix just you you just like have faith
+just have faith with blocks it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have faith with blocks it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have faith with blocks it's just
+like numbers if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like numbers if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like numbers if I had
+a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+matrix5 then I'd get a row 15 but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix5 then I'd get a row 15 but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix5 then I'd get a row 15 but now
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+what do you think this is worth thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think this is worth thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think this is worth thinking
+about even after class what would be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about even after class what would be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about even after class what would be if
+this C Matrix is this block a above B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this C Matrix is this block a above B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this C Matrix is this block a above B
+what do you think for C transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think for C transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think for C transpose a
+transpose B transpose side by side just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose B transpose side by side just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose B transpose side by side just
+put in numbers and you'd see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in numbers and you'd see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in numbers and you'd see
+it and now I'm going to take C transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now I'm going to take C transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now I'm going to take C transpose
+time C right I'm calling it C now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time C right I'm calling it C now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time C right I'm calling it C now
+instead of a because I've used the A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a because I've used the A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a because I've used the A and
+the first guy and use B in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first guy and use B in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first guy and use B in the second
+one and now I'm ready for C so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and now I'm ready for C so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and now I'm ready for C so what
+is how do you multiply block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how do you multiply block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how do you multiply block
+matrices again you just have faith what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices again you just have faith what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices again you just have faith what
+do you think tell tell me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think tell tell me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think tell tell me the
+answer a transpose I multiply that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer a transpose I multiply that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer a transpose I multiply that by
+that just as if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just as if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just as if they were
+numbers and I add that times that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and I add that times that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and I add that times that just
+as if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if they were
+numbers and what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and what do I
+have I've got K1 plus K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I've written K1 this is k1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've written K1 this is k1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've written K1 this is k1 +
+K2 and this is in my form C transpose C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 and this is in my form C transpose C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 and this is in my form C transpose C
+that I was looking for that number five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was looking for that number five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was looking for that number five
+was looking for so so it's done it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking for so so it's done it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking for so so it's done it it's
+done it the fact of getting a K1 in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it the fact of getting a K1 in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it the fact of getting a K1 in this
+form K2 in this form then I just made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form K2 in this form then I just made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form K2 in this form then I just made a
+block Matrix and I got K1 plus K2 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block Matrix and I got K1 plus K2 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block Matrix and I got K1 plus K2 that
+that you know it's not a big deal deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know it's not a big deal deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know it's not a big deal deal
+in itself but block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself but block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself but block
+matrices are really handy they're it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are really handy they're it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are really handy they're it's
+good to take that step with matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to take that step with matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to take that step with matrices
+think of possibly the entries as coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of possibly the entries as coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of possibly the entries as coming
+in blocks and not just one at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blocks and not just one at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blocks and not just one at a time
+well thank you okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well thank you okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well thank you okay I
+swear uh Friday we'll start uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swear uh Friday we'll start uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swear uh Friday we'll start uh
+applications in all kinds of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in all kinds of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in all kinds of engineering
+problems and and you'll have new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and and you'll have new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and and you'll have new
+applications
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gK_D6RkbMy8.txt b/gK_D6RkbMy8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ddce4c4f39d5a201367b8e1f1f5b162ff171906
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gK_D6RkbMy8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4926 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So today
+we begin our study
+
+of solids and in
+particular of conductivity
+
+in solids and
+periodic potentials,
+
+and that diagram will mean
+something in a few weeks.
+
+So before I get
+started, questions
+
+on everything previous?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So when you're talking
+about fermions and bosons
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+Statistics.
+
+So we said That you had to write
+the statement particular way
+
+for fermions with a
+minus sign particular.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, we
+were assuming that you
+
+had to write the statement a
+product statement of the two.
+
+Will it be that you
+can't do that sometimes
+
+because they can't be separated.
+
+PROFESSOR: Absolutely.
+
+That's a wonderful question.
+
+We'll come to that in the second
+next to the last lecture where
+
+we'll talk about something
+called entanglement, which
+
+is really what
+you're talking about.
+
+But here's the crucial
+thing, for fermions,
+
+so what I wrote
+last time, I said
+
+suppose we have two particles
+that are identical one is
+
+in the state we know one
+is in the state chi of x
+
+and the other is in the
+state described by phi of x.
+
+I'm going to call the position
+of the first vertical x
+
+and the position of
+the second particle y.
+
+And I can write the two states
+without property, well, three.
+
+I could fill many, but two in
+particular of the following
+
+from, chi of x phi of y plus
+or minus chi of y phi of x.
+
+And the point of this
+linear combination
+
+is that when they exchange
+positions, the x and y
+
+So here this is the amplitude
+for the first particle
+
+will be an x, and the
+second particle to be a y.
+
+If I switch the sign or the
+positions to psi plus minus
+
+of yx or if the first
+particle is at y,
+
+the second particle is at x,
+this is equal to just swap
+
+these two terms, plus or
+minus psi plus minus of x,y.
+
+So this wave function
+has been contracted
+
+to ensure that under the
+exchange of the position
+
+of the two particles, the wave
+function stays the same up
+
+to a sign.
+
+This plus sign is associated
+with systems we call bosons,
+
+and the minus sign is associated
+with systems we call fermions.
+
+Now as I've
+discussed previously,
+
+this is a persistent
+property of a system.
+
+If a system is bosonic,
+at some moment in time,
+
+it will always be bosonic.
+
+If it's fermionic in
+some moment in time,
+
+it will always be
+fermionic, and that
+
+is a consequence of the fact
+that the exchange operator that
+
+swaps the two particles commutes
+with the energy eigenfunction
+
+if they're identical particles.
+
+And so if it commutes with
+the energy operator, then
+
+its value is preserved
+under time evolution
+
+with that energy operator.
+
+So now the question
+that was asked is,
+
+if this is our definition
+of bosons and fermions,
+
+is it true that you can
+always write the wave function
+
+in this form of differences
+of products of two states?
+
+Well, the answer
+is both yes and no.
+
+The answer is yes for
+sufficiently-simple systems.
+
+The answer is no when you
+have many, many particles,
+
+and we can't always write it as
+a simple product of two states.
+
+We can't always write
+as the sum of two terms.
+
+What you will discover if you
+studied multi-particle systems
+
+in 805 and 806 is that there's
+a nice way of organizing
+
+this anti
+symmetrization property,
+
+and it doesn't necessarily
+have two terms,
+
+but it may have
+many, many terms.
+
+With that said, this is
+not the defining property.
+
+This is really the
+defining property,
+
+whether your a
+boson or a fermion.
+
+OK?
+
+Cool.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So I had a question
+about fermions. [INAUDIBLE]
+
+the explanation being
+makes perfect sense
+
+about why two things can't
+be in the same state.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: But Used in
+804-4, during recitation
+
+one of the instructors
+said, well actually, this
+
+takes like really hard
+quantum field theory
+
+to actually prove this.
+
+What does that actually mean?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Good.
+
+So the question
+is, look, there's
+
+this legendary
+statement that this fact
+
+that the Pauli exclusion
+principle is incredibly hard
+
+and requires the magical
+details of quantum field theory
+
+to explain, and that
+some surprising.
+
+So your recitation
+lecturer said this to you.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm sure I
+love this person dearly,
+
+but I disagree with him
+in an important way.
+
+So there are two
+things are confusing.
+
+Two things that require
+explanation I should say.
+
+One, we can explain
+at the level of 804,
+
+and the other does
+require machinery,
+
+but it's not crazy
+complicated machinery.
+
+So let me tell you what
+we can explain with 804,
+
+and then let me
+sketch for you how
+
+the more sophisticated
+argument goes.
+
+So this fact, the basic
+fact that wave functions can
+
+be symmetric or
+anti-symmetric, and when
+
+you have identical
+particles, they
+
+must be either symmetric
+or anti-symmetric.
+
+This follows from
+the statement that we
+
+have identical particles.
+
+If you have identical
+particles, it
+
+must be true that
+under the exchange,
+
+they are either even or odd.
+
+They're either symmetric or
+anti-symmetric under exchange.
+
+So if we have an exchange
+of identical particles,
+
+we need to have identical
+symmetric or identical
+
+anti-symmetric.
+
+And now it's just an
+empirical question.
+
+What particles in the
+world are identical bosons
+
+and what particles are
+identical fermions.
+
+Identical fermions?
+
+Well, how could you
+tell the difference?
+
+You can tell that
+identical fermions do not
+
+want to be the same state,
+and identical bosons
+
+do as we saw last time,
+as an extra factor of two
+
+for two particles that are
+actually n for n particles.
+
+So bosons want to be
+in the same state.
+
+Fermions want to not
+be in the same state,
+
+so if we just look
+at the world and say,
+
+which particles are
+well modeled by assuming
+
+we have bosons, which
+particles are well
+
+modeled by assuming
+we have fermions.
+
+And answer turns out to be the
+following, any particle that
+
+has intrinsic angular momentum,
+which is a half integer,
+
+any particle which
+spin like the electron,
+
+which has a limit
+to 1/2 and we'll
+
+study that in more detail
+later, any particle that
+
+has half-integer intrinsic
+angular momentum empirically
+
+turns out to be a fermion.
+
+Take two electrons, take
+their wave function,
+
+and swap the positions
+of the two electrons,
+
+the way function picks
+up the minus sign.
+
+Take two neutrons,
+also spin 1/2.
+
+Swap them and you
+pick up a minus sign.
+
+It's a fermion.
+
+Take two particles of
+light, two photons,
+
+swap them and you
+get a plus sign,
+
+and these guys
+have integer spin.
+
+Angular momentum of light
+is 1, and similarly,
+
+if we could, for
+the Higgs boson,
+
+if you take two Higgs
+bosons and swap them,
+
+you'll discover
+that they're bosons
+
+and as a consequence there's
+a plus sign under exchange.
+
+So that is not
+surprising, it's just
+
+an observable
+property of the world.
+
+The thing that's shocking
+is why that's true, right?
+
+Why is it that things that
+have half-integer angular
+
+momentum, which sounds like
+an independent property
+
+from whether they're bosonic
+or whether identical bosons are
+
+identified, why is
+it that all things
+
+with half-integer angular
+momentum or spin are fermions,
+
+and all things with integer
+angular momentum like light
+
+or the Higgs boson or
+me we're for bosonic,
+
+we're identical
+with an even sign,
+
+and that requires
+quantum field theory.
+
+But it's not insanely difficult.
+
+It requires the bearest minima
+of quantum field theory.
+
+So anyone who wants
+to understand,
+
+come to my office hours
+and I happily explain that.
+
+It takes about 15
+minutes just to give you
+
+the basics of quantum field
+theory, just the bare basics.
+
+It's pretty straightforward.
+
+But it's a beautiful thing about
+relativistic quantum mechanics,
+
+so I'm going to turn
+this all around.
+
+So let's look at the history.
+
+The history of this was people
+looked at atomic spectra
+
+and said, this is bizarre.
+
+It almost fits what we
+get from central potential
+
+except it does buy this
+factor of two integer indices.
+
+Ah-ha.
+
+There must be an
+extra quantum number
+
+and on top of that, so the
+spin, the two possible states
+
+of the electron.
+
+And secondly, it must
+be that electrons
+
+can't be in the same state.
+
+So it sounds like
+that's two hypotheses.
+
+Now, if you take
+those two hypotheses,
+
+everything else follows.
+
+Fine.
+
+What Dirac discovered
+when he studied
+
+the relativistic version of
+the Schrodinger equation, which
+
+really is quantum
+field theory, but when
+
+he studied the
+relativistic version
+
+of electrons, quantum
+mechanical relativistic version,
+
+he discovered that these
+two things are linked.
+
+It is cool.
+
+I grant you.
+
+So you he discovered that
+these two things are linked,
+
+and he identified what's
+referred to as the spin
+
+statistics theorem.
+
+If you know the spin, you
+determine the statistics.
+
+So exactly how that
+works, that does
+
+require a little bit
+of effort-- that's
+
+the 15 minutes-- but you can
+dispense with that entirely
+
+and not be at all shocked by
+anything if you just accept
+
+two principles instead of
+one, first, that electrons are
+
+anti-fermionic, so they don't
+want to be the same state,
+
+and secondly, they
+have half-integer spin.
+
+AUDIENCE: Given that the only
+thing that's really measurable
+
+is [? the square ?] or
+non-square of the wave function
+
+and the way the function itself
+is never completely actually,
+
+measurable.
+
+Is there a
+mathematical reason why
+
+exchange can't transform
+a wave function just
+
+by arbitrary phase?
+
+It has to be plus or minus 1?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well,
+the reason it has
+
+to be plus or minus
+1 for two particles,
+
+so you said a couple of things.
+
+Let me answer the first part.
+
+So what I will call the first
+part of your question is,
+
+why did it have to
+be plus or minus 1.
+
+Why couldn't it have
+been an arbitrary phase?
+
+And the reason is that if you
+do this exchange operation twice
+
+for two particles, you
+get back the same thing.
+
+And that's what I mean by saying
+I have identical particles.
+
+Because I could
+quibble with this.
+
+You could say, well
+look, you could
+
+define some different
+notion of exchange,
+
+or under exchange, I
+pick up an extra phase.
+
+I swap them and then I swap
+them and I swap them again,
+
+I get a phase.
+
+But here's the
+problem with that.
+
+The problem with that is,
+and this can be dealt with,
+
+but an interesting
+question is if it can only
+
+be dealt with in
+two dimensions or it
+
+can be dealt with in general
+number of dimensions.
+
+This is a story called antions,
+which Frank Wilczek here
+
+has really pounded hard on.
+
+But here's the basic question.
+
+So does the wave function
+have a single value?
+
+I'd like to think it does.
+
+The wave function really
+should have a single value.
+
+If it has multiple
+values, then it's
+
+ambiguous what the value of
+the wave function is there.
+
+That's not good.
+
+That mean you have to specify
+more than just the wave
+
+function, you have to
+specify which of the values
+
+the wave function takes
+in a particular point
+
+in the value of
+the wave function.
+
+So if under double
+exchange we've
+
+returned to the
+original configuration,
+
+you pick up a phase,
+something is screwed.
+
+You must be able to tell whether
+or not you've exchanged twice,
+
+and here's why you can tell.
+
+Because while it's true that you
+can't tell the overall phase,
+
+imagine if I take my system
+and I put in a splitter
+
+and I have a beam
+splitter I could think
+
+of it as a two-split experiment,
+one component of that wave
+
+function I will double swap and
+the other component I will not.
+
+And then I will interfere them.
+
+I will combine
+them back together,
+
+do an interference experiment.
+
+So you measure that
+relative phase.
+
+So that relative phase
+definitely matters.
+
+Do you just see that point?
+
+So it's true that
+they overall phase
+
+they can't measure, but
+by doing a superposition
+
+and only exchanging one of
+the superposition pairs,
+
+by physically
+separating those, then
+
+you can see that in
+interference experiments again.
+
+So you can still deal
+with this, but it
+
+requires being able
+to know whether or not
+
+you can exchange,
+so there has to be
+
+some way of telling that you
+sort of entwined these guys,
+
+and that's something you
+could do in two dimensions.
+
+It turns out to
+be difficult to do
+
+in general number of dimensions.
+
+Well, it's an act
+of research topic.
+
+If you want to a more
+detailed answer, ask me later.
+
+OK.
+
+One more question.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah. it has
+precisely one observable
+
+property, which is this sign,
+this it's eigenvalue, value,
+
+and you can tell because the
+wave function either vanishes
+
+when you take the two points
+together or it doesn't.
+
+So that's it.
+
+AUDIENCE: So it's not like
+the momentum [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So it's only basically
+just [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+It's less interesting
+than position or momentum.
+
+It has two eigenvalues
+rather than many.
+
+But it's no less interesting
+than, for example, spin.
+
+It contains information that
+you can learn about system.
+
+OK.
+
+One more.
+
+AUDIENCE: I was wondering why
+you can write this fermion
+
+as two electrons I guess when
+it seems to me [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: That's a
+fantastic question.
+
+OK.
+
+Good.
+
+I was going to gloss over this.
+
+That's a fantastic question.
+
+So here's the question.
+
+Look, I have in my box here,
+I have a hydrogen atom,
+
+and I've quantized
+the cooling potential,
+
+and I know what the energy
+eigenvalues are for the cooling
+
+potential, and I
+put the electron
+
+in one of those states.
+
+And I say the wave function
+describing my system as sign is
+
+equal to phi [? nlm ?] for
+some particular [? nlm. ?]
+
+That's what we've been doing.
+
+But there are a lot of
+electrons in the world.
+
+In fact, there are
+electrons in the walls.
+
+There are electrons
+in your nose.
+
+There are electrons everywhere,
+and they are fermion.
+
+So the wave function
+describing the entire system
+
+must be invariant up to a sign
+under the exchange of any two
+
+electrons.
+
+If I take this
+electron and I swap it
+
+with an electron
+in Matt's ear-- Hi,
+
+Matt-- then the wave
+function had better
+
+pick up a minus sign.
+
+So what business do I ever have
+writing a single wave function
+
+for a single electron.
+
+Is that your question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's an
+excellent question.
+
+So let me answer that.
+
+So suppose I have
+two electrons, and I
+
+have the wave function
+for two electrons x and y.
+
+I mean, I write this as
+if it's in one dimension.
+
+This is some position,
+some position,
+
+but this generally is just an
+arbitrary number of dimensions,
+
+and one is in the
+state chi of x,
+
+and the other is in
+the state phi of y.
+
+But I know that I can't
+have this be the state
+
+because it must be
+invariant under swapping
+
+x and y of two minus signs.
+
+So I need minus
+chi at y phi at x,
+
+and let's normalize
+this, so 1 over 2.
+
+So that's our electron.
+
+Now, at this point,
+you might really worry,
+
+because say chi is the electron
+is the wave function bound
+
+to my atom, and phi is the wave
+function for the electron bound
+
+to an atom in Matt's ear.
+
+So we've just in writing this.
+
+Why can we do that?
+
+Well, let's think about this.
+
+What does the combination
+of terms give us?
+
+What do they tell us is that
+they're interference term.
+
+If I ask them what's
+the probability
+
+to find an electron at
+x and an electron at y,
+
+this is equal to, well,
+it's this whole quantity
+
+norm squared sine norm
+squared, which is equal to 1/2,
+
+and then there's a term
+where this gets term squared,
+
+this term squared, and
+then two cross terms.
+
+So the first term
+gives us the chi
+
+at x norm squared phi
+at y norm squared.
+
+The second term gives us plus
+chi at y norm squared phi
+
+at x norm squared plus
+twice the real part
+
+of I'm going to write
+this subscript chi
+
+sub x phi y, complex conjugate,
+complex conjugate chi y phi x.
+
+Everybody agree?
+
+That's just the norm
+squared of everything.
+
+AUDIENCE: Shouldn't
+that be minus?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, shoot.
+
+Sorry.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Minus.
+
+Yes, minus.
+
+Importantly minus.
+
+Now, let's be a little
+more explicit about this.
+
+Saying that chi is the state
+localized at the hydrogen,
+
+then that's as if
+the hydrogen is here.
+
+If the proton is here, then
+the wave function for chi
+
+has a norm squared
+that looks like this.
+
+And if I say that phi is the
+state corresponding to being
+
+localized, at Matt's ear,
+then here is the ear,
+
+and here is the wave function
+for it, so that's phi.
+
+So let's then ask, what's
+the probability that I find
+
+the first electron here and
+the second electron here?
+
+Well, if this is
+x, and this is y,
+
+what's the probability
+that I find
+
+a particle there and
+a particle there?
+
+Well, what's this term?
+
+Well, it's chi of x, which
+is not so small-- that's just
+
+some number-- times phi of
+y, some value norm squared,
+
+so this is some number.
+
+What about this one?
+
+What's chi of y?
+
+Well, chi of y, this is all
+sharply-localized wave function
+
+over here chi, and
+it's 0 out here.
+
+The probability that an
+electron bound to the hydrogen
+
+is found far away is
+exponentially small
+
+as we've seen from the
+wave functions of hydrogen.
+
+It's bound.
+
+So this is the negligibility
+small as is phi of x.
+
+Phi of x is
+negligibility do small.
+
+The wave function is
+localized around the ear,
+
+but x is way over
+there by the hydrogen.
+
+It's exponentially small.
+
+This term is also
+exponentially small.
+
+Now in here, what about this?
+
+Chi of x phi of y, that's good.
+
+Those are both fine, but chi
+of y phi of x phi of x, these
+
+are both negligibility small,
+so these terms go away.
+
+So this is just equal to chi
+of x norm squared phi of y norm
+
+squared.
+
+And this is what you
+would get approximately,
+
+and that approximately
+is fantastically good
+
+as they get far apart.
+
+This chi of x is
+just the probability
+
+that the particle that x
+given that it was in the wave
+
+function bound to the
+hydrogen, and ditto given
+
+that it was bound to the ear.
+
+Cool?
+
+So the important thing is
+when fermions are separated
+
+and the wave functions
+are localized,
+
+you can treat them
+independently.
+
+When the fermions
+are not separated
+
+or when their wave
+functions are not localized,
+
+you can't treat
+them independently
+
+and you have to
+include all the terms.
+
+That cool?
+
+OK.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's
+times 1/2, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+that is times 1/2.
+
+What did I do?
+
+I'm screwing something up
+with the normalization.
+
+Ask me that after lecture.
+
+It's a good question.
+
+I'm screwing something up.
+
+I'm not going to get the
+factor of 2 straightened out
+
+right now.
+
+OK.
+
+Does that answer your question?
+
+OK.
+
+Good.
+
+This is a really deep-- it's
+important that this is true.
+
+I'm going to stop
+questions because I
+
+need to pick up with
+what we need to do.
+
+So this is a really
+important question
+
+because if it weren't true
+that you could independently
+
+deal with these electron,
+then everything we
+
+did up until now in
+quantum mechanics
+
+would have been totally useless
+for any identical particles.
+
+And since as far as we can
+tell, all fundamental particles
+
+are identical, this
+would have been very bad.
+
+So with that, let's move
+on to the study of solids.
+
+So I want to pick up where
+your problem set left off.
+
+The last part of your problem
+set, which I hope everyone
+
+did, the left part
+of your problem set
+
+involved looking
+at this simulation
+
+from the PhET
+people of a particle
+
+in a series of n wells.
+
+And I want to look at the
+result, at least the results
+
+that I got for that simulation.
+
+So let's see, here
+are the data points
+
+that I got-- shall
+I make that larger?
+
+Is that impossible to see?
+
+Those are the data
+points that I pulled off
+
+of PhET just the
+same way you did.
+
+You look, you point,
+you move the cursor,
+
+and you pull off
+the data points.
+
+So those are approximately then.
+
+And this is for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
+6, 7, 8, 10 wells, and here's
+
+the plot of them as a function
+of the index which state they
+
+are.
+
+So as a function, this
+is the first state.
+
+This is the second state,
+third, fourth, et cetera.
+
+Here are the
+energies vertically.
+
+And hopefully, you all got
+to plot some more of this
+
+and they seem to become
+bunched together,
+
+and the energy of the ground
+state without the potential
+
+was this.
+
+So I'm not going to add in
+a parabola corresponding
+
+to a free particle with
+the associated wavelengths.
+
+Remember I asked you to
+say take that state that
+
+looks most like a momentum.
+
+eigenstate with a
+definite wavelength
+
+and calculate the energy
+of a free particle
+
+with the corresponding
+wavelength.
+
+So this parabola-- I
+should make this smaller--
+
+is a parabola describing
+a free particle which
+
+agrees with those free particle
+energies at the three points
+
+where you're supposed
+to compute them.
+
+So there's the parabola.
+
+And so what I've done here
+is I've grouped them together
+
+into the bands of states.
+
+So vertically we have energy.
+
+On the horizontal
+side, we have n
+
+but remember that n is
+also corresponding kind
+
+to a momentum because each
+state wiggles and especially
+
+the states at the
+top of each band
+
+have a reasonably
+well-defined momenta,
+
+and so they look a lot
+like momentum eigenstates.
+
+So I'm going to interpret
+this horizontal direction,
+
+it's something like a momentum.
+
+And at the top of the states,
+it certainly makes sense,
+
+but then what it actually is
+is just the number the level,
+
+and what we see is
+that the energy is
+
+a function of the level
+is close-- near the top
+
+anyway-- to the energy
+of a free particle,
+
+but the actual allowed
+energies are bound.
+
+So which energies correspond
+to allowed states,
+
+and which energies
+have no allowed states
+
+associate with them is
+encoded in this diagram.
+
+Are we cool with that?
+
+In this shaded region,
+there are states
+
+with an energy in that region,
+at least approximately,
+
+and in this unshaded
+region, there aren't any.
+
+And in each band, there
+are n energy eigenstates,
+
+and each band corresponds
+to one of the bound
+
+states of the potential.
+
+OK.
+
+Everyone cool with that?
+
+So does this look more or
+less like what y'all got?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good.
+
+OK.
+
+Questions about this
+before I move on?
+
+It's an important one.
+
+And let me just remind you of a
+couple of facts about this PhET
+
+simulation so here's what we
+see if we have the single well.
+
+We have three states 1, 0, two
+nodes, two zeroes, and they
+
+satisfy the node theorem.
+
+If we have many states, then
+if we look at the bottom
+
+state in each well.
+
+So there's the bottom
+state and the bottom band.
+
+It has no zeroes.
+
+It satisfies the node theorem,
+and the top one by comparison
+
+looks extremely similar.
+
+It looks extremely similar
+to the ground state, which
+
+is the orange one, the
+lowest energy state.
+
+It is a little higher energy.
+
+You can see that because
+the curvature is greater.
+
+If you look at the top and
+bottom of each wave function,
+
+you see that the
+curvature is greater
+
+for the yellow guy, which is
+the guy at the top of the band,
+
+and the yellow guy,
+meanwhile, looks
+
+like a wave with a
+definite wavelength.
+
+But a general state
+in here doesn't
+
+have any simple
+symmetry properties.
+
+It's not periodic.
+
+It's not approximately periodic.
+
+Well, that one's kind of
+approximately periodic.
+
+But the top guy
+and the bottom guy
+
+look approximately periodic.
+
+They have some nice
+symmetry properties.
+
+But in general, they're just
+not translationally invariant.
+
+They're not symmetric.
+
+They don't have any
+simple, nice structure.
+
+They are just some
+horrible, ugly things.
+
+The bottom though
+and the top guy
+
+always have some nice
+symmetry property.
+
+Anyway to keep that in mind.
+
+And the last thing I want
+you to note from all of this
+
+is that as we make the
+potential barriers stronger,
+
+two things happen.
+
+First off, bands become very
+narrow, the gaps between them
+
+become very large, and
+secondly, the wave functions
+
+take now an even more sort
+of complicated and messy,
+
+which is more obvious that
+the wave functions are not
+
+periodic.
+
+This thing it looks
+almost periodic,
+
+but is periodic with
+some funny period,
+
+and it's not a single period by
+any stretch of the imagination.
+
+OK.
+
+So any questions about the
+wave functions in here?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: In this one, there is
+an overall [INAUDIBLE] period.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Excellent.
+
+OK.
+
+So let me give you a little
+bit of intuition for that.
+
+So suppose I have a big box.
+
+What's the ground state?
+
+What does the ground
+state look like?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Good.
+
+Everyone's doing this.
+
+That's good.
+
+So the ground state
+looks like this,
+
+and the first excited
+state is going
+
+to do something like
+this, and so on.
+
+Cool.
+
+And what's the third excited
+state going to look like?
+
+I guess I shouldn't do that.
+
+The third excited state is
+going to do something like this.
+
+Cool?
+
+Now, meanwhile, imagine
+I take my periodic well
+
+and I add to it a bunch of
+delta function scatterers
+
+with some strength.
+
+When the strength is zero, I
+just recover my original well.
+
+When the strength is
+non-zero though, we
+
+know that what a delta
+function is going to do is,
+
+it's going to make
+a little kink.
+
+It's going to induce
+a little condition
+
+on the first derivative
+at the delta function.
+
+So what's going to
+this ground state
+
+when we turn a little tiny
+bit of that delta function?
+
+Yeah.
+
+What we're going
+to get is, we're
+
+going to get
+something that kinks
+
+at each of the delta functions.
+
+But it still has to have
+those boundary conditions.
+
+Everybody cool with that?
+
+And as we make the delta
+function stronger and stronger,
+
+the effect of this is
+going to eventually
+
+be to give us something
+that looks like-- yeah?
+
+Now that should look
+a lot like that.
+
+Everyone cool with that?
+
+Meanwhile, what's going to
+happen to the second guy?
+
+Well the second guy, same thing.
+
+The effect on the second
+state is going to be-- cool?
+
+I'm not sure of I need
+the sound effects.
+
+So let's magnify and let's
+look at the second state here.
+
+Ooh, it's going to be hard
+to deal with that tiny energy
+
+splitting.
+
+Come on finger, you can do this.
+
+There we go.
+
+There is two.
+
+Ah-ha.
+
+That looks a lot like this.
+
+Yes, that second state looks
+an awful lot like this.
+
+And let's go back
+to that funny state
+
+that we were looking at before.
+
+Let' see if I can get it.
+
+Should be the third guy here.
+
+So there's a second
+guy in the third band.
+
+Again, you see an envelope
+and then the fluctuation
+
+from being in the third
+state and in the second state
+
+in this band as well.
+
+So on the other hand, what's
+the scale of the energy
+
+splitting due to a
+well of it this width
+
+compared to the energy
+splitting between states
+
+due to a well of this width?
+
+A wide well means that its
+states are close together.
+
+An ENDOR well means the
+states are far apart.
+
+So what state do we have?
+
+We have the state
+that was the ground
+
+state of the whole
+box with a correction
+
+due to the delta function
+versus states which
+
+are, for example, excited
+states in the box.
+
+The splitting between
+this state and this state
+
+is going to be much
+larger than the splitting
+
+between this state
+and this state,
+
+just because this is
+a tiny little well
+
+and so the link scale
+is much shorter,
+
+the energy is much greater.
+
+That's the intuition you
+should have from these guys.
+
+So when you see that there's
+some approximate structure,
+
+let's see let's make this
+nice and separated again.
+
+And Oh, yeah.
+
+these are kind of
+difficult to control
+
+when they're so close together.
+
+The trouble with touch pads.
+
+There we go.
+
+OK.
+
+There we go.
+
+That was the guy we
+were looking at before.
+
+And so you see that there
+is an overall envelope which
+
+has three maxima, and then
+there's the n inside each well.
+
+It's got two zeroes
+inside each well.
+
+And it's that envelope which
+is coming from the fact
+
+that you're in a box
+and the two zeroes
+
+inside each well, which
+is coming from this.
+
+All the states here in
+this band are of the form
+
+two zeroes inside the well.
+
+All the states here are the
+form two zeroes is inside
+
+each well in this
+band except they're
+
+being modulated by an overall
+sine wave due to the fact
+
+that they're in a box.
+
+And so they're
+very closely split
+
+states with a different
+overall modulation
+
+but with each state inside
+each band corresponding
+
+to either the ground state
+for the individual well
+
+or the first excited state
+in the individual well
+
+or the second excited state.
+
+So each band corresponds
+to which excited state
+
+you are inside the well,
+and which state you
+
+are within the band
+is your modulation
+
+of the overall wave
+from being inside a box.
+
+That make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: I guess so, but why
+does the overall modulation
+
+have a smaller effect than the--
+
+PROFESSOR: Great.
+
+If I have a well
+that's this wide,
+
+what are the ground
+state energies?
+
+And let's say the
+width is L. What
+
+are the energies in this square
+well, an infinite well with L?
+
+Yeah, but what are
+the eigenvalues?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: E sub n.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Exactly.
+
+So they go like, I'm just
+going to write proportional to,
+
+n squared over L
+squared, because it's
+
+a sine wave with
+period n pi upon L.
+
+So the k is n upon
+L with constants,
+
+and that means that the energy
+again, constant h squared k
+
+upon 2n is k squared, which
+is n square over L squared.
+
+But the important thing
+is that the splitting
+
+between subsequent energy levels
+is controlled by the width.
+
+It goes like 1 over L squared.
+
+So if you have a very
+wide well, the splittings
+
+are very small,
+the ground state.
+
+On the other hand, if you
+have a thin, narrow well,
+
+then the splittings
+also go like L squared,
+
+but L is very small here so
+the splittings are gigantic.
+
+When we have a superposition
+of a big box inside of which we
+
+have a bunch of barriers,
+then the splitting
+
+due to being excited
+in the individual wells
+
+goes like 1 over the
+little distance squared.
+
+Let's call this a squared.
+
+So these go like 1 over a
+squared, delta a delta E,
+
+goes like 1 over a
+squared, and from here it
+
+goes like if this is L, delta
+E goes like 1 over L squared.
+
+So the combined effect is that
+you get splittings due to both.
+
+These splittings are
+tiny, and these splittings
+
+are really large because this
+is a much smaller distance,
+
+and this is a much
+larger distance.
+
+Cool?
+
+So the only question
+is how big in amplitude
+
+are these-- how effective
+are these barriers.
+
+If they were strict
+delta functions, then
+
+this is all we would get.
+
+And if there were
+no delta functions,
+
+we would just get
+precisely these.
+
+And when we have
+some barrier, we
+
+get a combination of
+the two, and that's
+
+what we're seeing here
+with the splitting.
+
+So what I'm doing when I'm
+tuning the separation here
+
+I'm controlling effectively
+how strong is that barrier.
+
+And so as we make the
+barriers stronger--
+
+there we go-- then
+the splittings
+
+are controlled by
+the individual wells,
+
+an as we make the
+barrier very inefficient,
+
+then the splittings are
+controlled by the overall box.
+
+Cool?
+
+Excellent.
+
+Other questions
+about the simulation?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: How close are
+the actual [? wavelength ?]
+
+potentials or the combinations
+of the original wavelength?
+
+PROFESSOR: Excellent question.
+
+So you can answer that
+immediately from this.
+
+So the question is this,
+look, if we had arbitrarily
+
+separated wells,
+if we had something
+
+that looked like-- so they're
+very, very far separated.
+
+Then the ground state would
+be effectively degenerate,
+
+because the wave function
+or the ground state
+
+would be the completely
+symmetric combination
+
+of these guys--
+you guys actually
+
+studied this in our problem
+set-- then there's also
+
+a combination where you
+have this, this, this.
+
+You could also take
+this constant this.
+
+There are many
+things you could do.
+
+I'm sorry, this,
+many combinations.
+
+The point is since
+each wave function
+
+for each well effectively
+drops off to zero inside,
+
+we can just linear
+combinations of these,
+
+and there's no penalty for using
+the true ground seats in here
+
+because the potential is so
+high, that the true solution
+
+has an exponential tail,
+but that exponential tail is
+
+ridiculously small if
+the barrier is big.
+
+So in the limit that the
+barriers are gigantic,
+
+the true energy eigenstates
+are just arbitrary
+
+linear combinations
+of these guys,
+
+of the individual eigenstates
+of each individual well.
+
+Agreed?
+
+However, when the barriers
+a large but finite,
+
+then the true energetic states
+have little tiny exponential
+
+tails, and the curvature of that
+little tiny exponential tail
+
+will determine exactly
+what the energy is.
+
+So a state that curves a
+little bit versus a state that
+
+curves more will have
+slightly different energies.
+
+So when the barriers
+are very, very large,
+
+the linear combinations of the
+individual well eigenstates
+
+should be very good
+approximations, but not exact.
+
+And as the barriers become
+less and less effective,
+
+they should become
+less and less exact,
+
+and we can see that right here.
+
+So let's take the ground state.
+
+The bottom of the band is
+the completely symmetric
+
+combination of the
+ground seat of each well.
+
+Everyone see that?
+
+It's just well,
+well, well, well.
+
+It's a completely
+symmetric combination.
+
+At the top of the band
+is the completely anti
+
+symmetric combination, and
+let's put them for comparison.
+
+The top of the band
+is the orange one,
+
+and the bottom of the
+band is the yellow one.
+
+So the bottom of the band
+is the completely symmetric,
+
+and the top of the band
+is alternating combination
+
+of the ground
+state in each well.
+
+And all the other states
+inside here-- well,
+
+which are extremely
+difficult to-- Let's see.
+
+There we go.
+
+These states are also linear
+combinations of the ground
+
+state in each well with
+different coefficients
+
+in front of them.
+
+There are the
+different coefficients,
+
+and they are almost degenerate.
+
+But if we go to
+higher energy states
+
+where the barrier is less
+effective-- because they have
+
+high energy and the
+ratio between the barrier
+
+height and their
+energy is small--
+
+then you see that these
+states are not particularly
+
+well approximated by
+linear combinations.
+
+And the energies correspondingly
+are not degenerating.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you said
+linear combinations
+
+of the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: That gives you
+a better approximation,
+
+but for the same reason.
+
+It's a good approximation,
+but it's not exact.
+
+But it becomes excellent as
+the barriers become infinite,
+
+even when they also go over
+to the infinites very well.
+
+Very good question.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Very good question.
+
+We'll come to that
+in little bit.
+
+We'll come to that shortly.
+
+So I'm done at the moment
+with the PhET simulations.
+
+I'm motivated by all this, and
+effectively by that question,
+
+I'm going to ask
+the following thing.
+
+Look, real materials like metal
+in my laptop, the real material
+
+is actually a
+periodic potential.
+
+It's built out of a
+crystal of metal atoms
+
+that are bound
+together, and each atom
+
+is some
+positively-charged beast,
+
+to which some
+positively-charged nucleus,
+
+to which is bound an electron.
+
+And if I want to understand
+properties of solids,
+
+like the fact that metals
+conduct electricity,
+
+a basic fact I'd
+like to explain,
+
+if I want to explain the
+fact that metals conduct
+
+electricity, but
+plastic doesn't, which
+
+we will be able to explain, and
+diamond doesn't, which is cool,
+
+if we want to explain
+that property,
+
+we probably ought to study
+the physics of electrons
+
+in periodic systems where
+the potential is, atom,
+
+I don't want to be stuck to you.
+
+Atom, I don't want
+to be stuck to you.
+
+Atom I don't want
+to be stuck to you.
+
+So it's a periodic
+well a potential.
+
+So in order to study
+the physics of solids,
+
+I need to understand first
+the physics of electrons
+
+in periodic potentials.
+
+And these PhET simulations
+were a first start at that.
+
+We did it n's wells.
+
+I want to now think about
+what happens if I take not
+
+n, but an infinite
+number of wells.
+
+What if I really strictly
+periodic lattice on the line?
+
+What do we expect to happen?
+
+Well, looking at the results
+of these PhET simulations,
+
+as you did this for different
+numbers, n, what you found
+
+was the same sort
+of band structure.
+
+You just find for
+more and more wells,
+
+you find more and more
+states inside each band.
+
+In fact, you find n
+states within each band.
+
+Both the top and
+bottom of the band
+
+quickly asymptote
+to fixed values.
+
+As we take at large, what
+do you expect to happen?
+
+Well, this was a problem
+on your problem set.
+
+What did you predict?
+
+What should happen
+when you take n large?
+
+AUDIENCE: [? It ?]
+depends on the experiment.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+How many states should
+there be in each bend?
+
+AUDIENCE: N.
+
+PROFESSOR: N. So there
+are arbitrarily many.
+
+Exactly.
+
+So there should be arbitrarily
+many states in each band,
+
+but they all have to fit within
+this energy band, the width,
+
+which is asymptoting
+to a constant.
+
+So there has to be a
+continuum of states,
+
+and they're not going to
+be free particle states
+
+because the system
+has a potential.
+
+What is the shape going to be?
+
+Well, a reasonable
+guess is that the shape
+
+is going to be something
+that fills out this curve.
+
+It's going to be a
+little bit different
+
+from the free particle state.
+
+So let's find out.
+
+Let's just solve the
+problem of an electron
+
+in a periodic
+potential, and look,
+
+the periodic
+potential is extremely
+
+similar to things
+we've already solved.
+
+So I want to walk you through
+just a basic argument.
+
+So periodic potentials.
+
+Instead of n wells,
+consider a system
+
+of an infinite number
+of wells, each one
+
+identical and just
+for symmetry purposes.
+
+And let the width here be L, so
+the period of the lattice is L.
+
+And what I mean
+by that is saying,
+
+so this is V of x
+seeing that it's
+
+periodic is the statement
+as that V of x plus L
+
+is equal to V of x.
+
+Potential doesn't change if I
+shift it by a lattice vector,
+
+Now there's a nice
+way to say this
+
+which is that, if I take
+the potential, v of x, and I
+
+translate it by L, I get the
+same potential back V of x.
+
+And more to the point,
+if I take the translation
+
+if I think of these as
+operators expressions,
+
+if I take TL and
+act on Vx and then
+
+the potential of Vx f of x,
+then this is equal to V of x TL
+
+f of x.
+
+So if I think of these as
+operators instead of just
+
+little functions
+operator, operator,
+
+then if I take the
+translator operator
+
+and I translate V of x f of x,
+I'm going to get V of x plus L
+
+f of x plus L. And if I
+do the right-hand side
+
+I get translator of L that's
+f of x plus L but just times V
+
+of x.
+
+But if V of x is equal to V of x
+plus L-- this is V of x plus L.
+
+So if I translate by L says take
+this thing and translate it,
+
+plus L f of x plus L. And
+on the right-hand side,
+
+we have V of x, not V of
+x plus L translate by L f
+
+of x, f of x plus L And these
+are equal because V of x plus L
+
+is equal to V of x.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So what that tells
+you is as operators
+
+translate by L and
+V of x commute.
+
+Equals 0.
+
+Everyone happy with that?
+
+So you should just be able
+to immediately see this,
+
+the potential is periodic with
+period L if by translated by L,
+
+nothing should happen.
+
+So the potential respects
+T of L it commutes with it.
+
+So this tells you a neat thing.
+
+Remember that translate by L
+is equal to E to the i PL upon
+
+H bar, so in particular,
+TL commutes with P
+
+because this is just a
+polynomial in P dL P,
+
+and in particular with
+P squared is equal to 0,
+
+and that just follows
+from the definition.
+
+So what that tells
+us is that if we
+
+take the system with
+our periodic potential,
+
+periodic V of x plus L
+is equal to V of x, then
+
+the energy, which is P squared
+upon 2 m of V of x commutes
+
+with TL.
+
+So in this system, with
+a periodic potential,
+
+is momentum conserved?
+
+What must be true for
+momentum to be conserved?
+
+So momentum conservation come
+from a symmetry principle.
+
+AUDIENCE: Translation
+invariance.
+
+PROFESSOR: Translation
+invariance.
+
+In order for momentum
+be conserved,
+
+the system must be
+translationally invariant.
+
+Is the system
+translationally invariant?
+
+No.
+
+If I shift it by a little
+bit, it's not invariant.
+
+It is, however, invariant
+under a certain subset
+
+of translations, which
+is finite shifts by L.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So it's invariant
+under shifts by L,
+
+which is a subset
+of translations,
+
+and the legacy of that is
+the fact that the energy
+
+commutes with translations by
+L. The energy does not commute
+
+with P, Because P acting on V
+of x, it takes the derivative
+
+and gives you the prime of x.
+
+It is not the same thing.
+
+But we have a subset
+of translations
+
+under which the system is
+invariant, and that's good.
+
+That's less powerful than
+being a free particle,
+
+but it's more powerful
+than not knowing anything.
+
+In particular, it
+tells us that we
+
+can find energy eigenfunctions,
+which are simultaneously
+
+eigenfunctions of the
+energy, and, I'll call it
+
+Q for a moment, they have
+an eigenvalue under TL.
+
+So we can find eigenfunctions
+which are simultaneously
+
+eigenfunctions the
+energy operator you might
+
+E of phi E is equal
+to E phi Eq and which
+
+are eigenfunctions under
+translate by L on phi Eq
+
+is equal to something
+times phi Eq.
+
+So we're going to find
+simultaneous eigenfunctions.
+
+Everyone cool with that?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you know if the
+momentum operator is still
+
+the momentum operator?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry.
+
+Say it again.
+
+AUDIENCE: The momentum operator
+is still in remission, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+The momentum operator is
+still the momentum operator.
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you
+know if [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Excellent.
+
+Excellent.
+
+Good Yes.
+
+OK.
+
+So if T of L is unitary,
+note, T of L is unitary.
+
+And you actually showed this
+on a problem set before,
+
+and let me remind you a
+couple of facts about it.
+
+The first is that
+T of L is unitary,
+
+and that says that TL dagger is
+equal to the identity, right?
+
+But what is TL dagger?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+TL dagger, well, P is
+remission, so we just
+
+pick up a minus
+sign, so TL dagger
+
+is equal to e to the
+minus i PL over H bar,
+
+and we can do think
+of this two ways.
+
+First thing you can
+notice that it's clearly
+
+the inverse of that guy, by
+definition of the exponential,
+
+but the other is, TL is the
+thing that translates you by L,
+
+and this operator,
+e to the minus i PL,
+
+well, I could put my H wit h
+the and that's just translation
+
+by minus L.
+
+So this is translated by L and
+then translated by minus L.
+
+And of course, if
+you translate by L
+
+and then you
+untranslate by L, you
+
+haven't done anything
+with the identity.
+
+What are the eigenvalues?
+
+What are the form
+of the eigenvalues
+
+of a unitary operator?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, that's true.
+
+The eigenfunctions
+are orthonormal,
+
+but the eigenvalues,
+are they real numbers?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So the eigenvalues of a unitary
+operator are of the form,
+
+well, imagine we're in
+a moment eigenstate,
+
+for a momentum eigenstate,
+then P is a real number.
+
+And then the eigenvalue of TL
+is e to the i, the P over H bar,
+
+that's a real number.
+
+So is e to the i a real number?
+
+That's a pure phase.
+
+It's e to i a real number.
+
+So the eigenvalues
+are pure phases,
+
+and this let's just
+do a nice thing.
+
+We can note that here the
+translate by L of the phi,
+
+if these are common
+eigenfunctions of E
+
+and of TL, well, TL is
+unitary, its eigenvalue
+
+must be a pure phase, e
+to the i a real number.
+
+So let's call that real number
+alpha, e to the i alpha.
+
+So maybe just label this
+by alpha for the moment,
+
+and you'll see why I want
+to change this to q later,
+
+but for the moment let's
+just call it alpha.
+
+Everyone cool with that?
+
+So you actually show the
+following thing on a problem
+
+set, but I'm going to
+re-drive it for you now.
+
+We can say something
+more about the form
+
+of an eigenfunction of
+the translation operator.
+
+This is quite nice.
+
+So suppose we have
+a function phi
+
+sub alpha such that TL and i is
+equal to e to the i alpha phi
+
+alpha.
+
+I want to know what is the form.
+
+What can I say about
+the function phi f of x?
+
+What can I say about the
+form of this function?
+
+We can actually say something
+really useful for this.
+
+This is going to turn out
+to be necessary for us.
+
+The first thing
+I'm going to do is,
+
+I'm going to just make
+the following observation.
+
+Define the function
+u of x, which
+
+is equal to e to the
+minus i qx phi sub alpha.
+
+So if phi sub alpha is
+an eigenfunction of TL
+
+with an eigenvalue
+e to the alpha,
+
+and I'm just defining
+this function
+
+u to be e to minus i
+qx times phi sub alpha.
+
+Cool?
+
+It's just a definition.
+
+I'm going to construct
+some stupid u.
+
+Note the following thing.
+
+T sub L on u, if we
+translate u of x, this
+
+is u of x plus L.
+Translating this,
+
+I get e to the i qx goes to
+e to the minus i qx plus L,
+
+which is just the e to the
+minus i qx times e to the minus
+
+i qL e to the minus i qx
+plus L phi alpha of x plus L.
+
+But this is equal to from
+here e to the minus i qL
+
+e to the minus i qx.
+
+And from phi of x plus a, I know
+that if I translate by a to get
+
+phi of x plus L, I just pick
+up a phase, e to the phi alpha,
+
+so e to the phi
+alpha phi alpha of x.
+
+But this is equal to e
+to the i alpha minus qL,
+
+putting these two
+terms together,
+
+and this is nothing but u of x.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So another following cool thing.
+
+So here I define some function
+u with some stupid value
+
+q, which I just pulled
+out of thin air,
+
+and I'm just defining
+this function.
+
+What I've observed is that if
+I translate this function by L,
+
+it picks up an overall phase
+times its original value
+
+where the phase depends
+on alpha and on q.
+
+So then I'm going to
+do the following thing.
+
+This becomes really simple if
+I pick a particular value of q,
+
+for a special value of q, q is
+equal to alpha divided by L,
+
+then this is equal to e
+to the i alpha minus qL.
+
+That's going to be equal to e
+to the i 0, which is just 1,
+
+so I have the phase,
+so this u of x.
+
+So that means if I
+translate by L on u
+
+and I pick q is equal to
+alpha over L, I get back u,
+
+so u is periodic.
+
+Everyone see that?
+
+Question?
+
+So as a result, I can always
+write my wave function phi sub
+
+e and we'll now call
+this q or q is related
+
+to alpha as q is
+equal to alpha over L,
+
+every energy eigenstate can find
+a basis of energy eigenstates
+
+with a definite eigenvalue
+under the energy,
+
+a definite eigenvalue
+under T sub L,
+
+and I can write
+them in the form,
+
+since u is equal to e
+to the minus i qx phi,
+
+then phi is equal
+to e to the i qx u e
+
+to the i qx u of
+x where q, where
+
+the eigenvalue, e
+to the i phi alpha,
+
+is equal to e to the i qL
+and u of x is periodic.
+
+Everyone cool with that?
+
+It's not totally obvious how
+much this is helping us here,
+
+but what we've done
+is, we've extracted,
+
+we've observe that
+there is some lingering
+
+symmetry in the
+system, and I've used
+
+that symmetry to deduce
+the form of the energy
+
+eigenfunctions as
+best as possible.
+
+So I haven't completely
+determined the energy
+
+eigenfunctions,
+I've just determined
+
+that the energy eigenfunctions
+are of the form, a phase,
+
+e to the i qx, so
+it varies as we
+
+change x, times a
+periodic function.
+
+So the wave function
+is periodic up
+
+to an overall phase,
+not a constant phase,
+
+a position-dependent phase.
+
+Does everybody agree with that?
+
+Questions about that?
+
+So a couple things
+to note about this q,
+
+the first is, the eigenvalue
+under TL e to the i alpha, this
+
+is the eigenvalue under L
+also equal to e to the i qL,
+
+but if I take q to
+q plus 2 pi over L,
+
+then nothing changes
+to the eigenvalue,
+
+because the 2 pi over
+L times L is just 2 pi,
+
+e to the 2 pi is 1, so we
+don't change the eigenvalue.
+
+So different ways
+of q only correspond
+
+to different
+eigenvalues of translate
+
+by L of a translation
+by one lattice vector,
+
+one lattice basing.
+
+They only correspond to the
+different eigenvalues of TL
+
+if they don't differ
+by 2 pi over L.
+
+If different values of
+q differ by 2 pi over L,
+
+then they really
+mean the same thing
+
+because we're just talking
+about translate by one period.
+
+So q is equivalent to
+q plus 2 pi over L.
+
+So that's just the
+first thing to know.
+
+So what have we done so far?
+
+What we've done so far
+is nothing whatsoever
+
+except extract, take advantage
+of the translational symmetry
+
+that's left, the
+remaining lingering
+
+little bit of
+translational symmetry
+
+to constrain the for of
+the energetic functions.
+
+What I want to do now is
+observe some consequences
+
+that follows
+immediately from this.
+
+So there are some
+very nice things
+
+to follow just from this.
+
+We can learn something
+great about the system
+
+without knowing anything
+else, without knowing anything
+
+about the detailed
+structure of the potential.
+
+At this point, I've
+made no assumptions
+
+about the potential other than
+the fact that it's periodic.
+
+So the thing I'm
+about to tell you
+
+were to be true for
+any periodic potential.
+
+They follow only
+from the structure.
+
+So let's see what they are.
+
+So the first one is
+that the wave function
+
+sine of x itself with
+a definite value of e
+
+and a definite value of
+q is not periodic by L.
+
+Because under a shift
+by L, u is periodic,
+
+but this part picks up
+a phase e to the i qL.
+
+That's what it is to say that an
+eigenfunction, the translation
+
+operator.
+
+It's not periodic by L
+unless q is equal to 0.
+
+So for q equals 0,
+there is precisely
+
+one wave function
+which is periodic by L.
+
+Because if q is equal to
+0, then this phase is 0.
+
+So only if is equal to 0 is
+the wave function periodic.
+
+Cool?
+
+So this should look familiar
+because back in the band
+
+structure, these guys
+are not periodic.
+
+So these states in the middle
+of the band, they're horrible.
+
+They're not periodic.
+
+They're some horrible things,
+but that top guy in the band
+
+is periodic, and it
+turns out that if we
+
+had made the system
+infinitely large,
+
+it would become
+exactly periodic.
+
+The fact that it has an
+envelope on it like this
+
+is just the fact that we have
+an finite number of wells,
+
+we're in a box.
+
+If we got rid of that box
+and we made many, many wells,
+
+we would find it
+perfectly periodic.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Could q not be
+something like 2 pi over L?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, but 2 pi
+over L would be equal to,
+
+it's equivalent to q
+equals 0, because it
+
+corresponds to the
+same eigenvalue.
+
+So q's that differ
+by 2 pi over L,
+
+I'm going to call
+the same thing.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+Got it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good.
+
+Other questions?
+
+So the wave function is
+not periodic except for one
+
+special case, and we already
+have a guess as to which
+
+special case.
+
+It looks like it's the state
+on the top of the energy
+
+band, which is
+approximately periodic.
+
+Two, while the wave
+function is not periodic,
+
+the probability that you
+find the particle at x plus L
+
+is equal to the
+probability that you
+
+find the particle at x, and this
+immediately falls in this form,
+
+because when you take
+the norm squared,
+
+the phis cancels
+out at every point
+
+and we're left with
+the periodic u of x.
+
+So the probability
+is equal to norm
+
+squared of u of x, which is
+equal to norm squared of u
+
+of x plus L because
+u is periodic.
+
+So probability
+distribution is periodic.
+
+On the one hand,
+this is reassuring,
+
+because if you look
+at the potential,
+
+the potential is
+perfectly periodic,
+
+and it would be
+really weird if you
+
+could tell by some
+probability, by some measure,
+
+like how likely you would
+find an electron here
+
+as supposed to over here,
+potential is the same,
+
+the probability should
+be the same find
+
+the electron in each spot.
+
+The problem with that logic
+though, is that these are wells
+
+and usually we think
+that when we have wells,
+
+we have bound states, and those
+bound states are localized.
+
+But the probability has to be
+invariant under translations,
+
+so it cannot be that the
+electron wave functions are
+
+delocalized.
+
+The electrons wave
+functions must
+
+have equal overall amplitude
+to be in any given well.
+
+It must be invariant
+under translations
+
+by a lattice spacing.
+
+So that's really weird.
+
+We have a whole bunch
+of quantum wells,
+
+and yet there are
+no localized states.
+
+All the states are extended
+just like free particle
+
+states are extended.
+
+It had to be this
+way by periodicity,
+
+but it should surprise
+you a little bit.
+
+Anyway it surprises me.
+
+I shouldn't tell you
+what to be surprised by.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: To normalize
+probability, what do you do?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Excellent.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is for the same
+reasons that free particle wave
+
+functions aren't
+normalizable, these
+
+aren't going to be
+normalized either.
+
+So what are we
+going to have to do?
+
+AUDIENCE: Build wave packets.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+We've going to have
+to build wave packets.
+
+In order to really meaningfully
+talk about that stuff,
+
+we're going to have
+to built wave packets.
+
+We need wave packets to
+make normalizable states.
+
+But the localized wave
+packets are necessarily
+
+not going to be
+energy eigenstates
+
+just like for a free particle.
+
+And so there's going
+to be dispersion,
+
+and the whole story
+that you saw three
+
+particles we're
+going to see again
+
+for the particles in
+the periodic potential.
+
+Cool?
+
+So next thing.
+
+Therefore, all phi
+sub Eq extended.
+
+This is going to have some
+really cool consequences,
+
+and understanding
+this fact in detail
+
+is going to explain to us the
+difference between connectivity
+
+in the middle and not
+conductivity in plastic.
+
+Although there's a
+surprising hook in there.
+
+Naively, it would have
+gone the other way around.
+
+So the last thing
+to say three, is
+
+that phi sub to Eq, so this is
+the state with definite energy
+
+and definite eigenvalue under
+translation E to the i qL Yeah.
+
+And you showed on a problem
+set that if you take a wave
+
+function, you multiply
+it by E to the i qx, what
+
+have you done to the expectation
+value of the momentum?
+
+AUDIENCE: You've
+increased it by q.
+
+PROFESSOR: You've
+increased it by q, right?
+
+This is the boost
+it by q operation.
+
+So q incidentally has units
+of a wave number, so times
+
+h bar has units of a momentum.
+q is like a momentum.
+
+Is q a momentum?
+
+Well, we can answer
+that question by asking,
+
+is this an eigenfunction of P?
+
+Is it an eigenfunction
+a momentum operator?
+
+And the answer is
+definitely not.
+
+That's an eigenfunction
+of a momentum operator.
+
+I take a derivative, I get q
+times i and I multiply by h
+
+bar, I get h bar q,
+momentum, but when
+
+I have this extra
+periodic function,
+
+this thing together is no
+longer an eigenfunction of q,
+
+because u is some periodic
+function, which is necessarily
+
+not a momentum eigenfunction.
+
+So this guy is not a
+momentum eigenfunction.
+
+You can see that by just
+taking the derivative.
+
+I get one term that
+picks up a q from this,
+
+but I get another term that gets
+a derivative with respect to u,
+
+and that's not proportional with
+the constant to u e to the i qx
+
+unless u is in the
+form e to the i kx.
+
+But if u is in the
+form e to the i kx,
+
+this is just a free
+particle wave function,
+
+which it can't be if we
+have a periodic potential.
+
+So finally q is not a
+momentum eigenstate.
+
+And correspondingly,
+q and more important
+
+h bar q is not a momentum, I'll
+say the momentum in the sense
+
+that it's not the eigenvalue
+of the momentum operator.
+
+However, it has-- semi colon--
+it has units of momentum.
+
+And not only does it
+have units of momentum,
+
+it's the thing that tells
+you how the state transforms
+
+under translations.
+
+It translates by an e to the
+i qL under translations by L.
+
+And there is usually
+what momentum is.
+
+it's the constant
+that tells you how
+
+the state transfers
+under momentum.
+
+So it's kind of like a
+momentum, but it's not
+
+the eigenvalue of the
+momentum operator.
+
+We have a name for it.
+
+We call it the crystal
+momentum, and we'll
+
+understand what it does for us.
+
+Part of the goal for
+the next two lectures
+
+is going to be to understand
+exactly what this crystal
+
+moment is.
+
+So for the moment,
+I'm just giving it
+
+a name sort of
+like the beginning
+
+we give super position
+a name, and we'll
+
+exploit its properties
+basically now.
+
+So these are the things that
+follow just from periodicity.
+
+I didn't know anything
+about the potential.
+
+I just used periodicity.
+
+So before we move on to talking
+about a specific potential,
+
+you all have questions
+about the general structure
+
+of periodic systems like this.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the
+difference between the psi
+
+and the [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, excellent.
+
+I shouldn't have used psi,
+I should have used phi.
+
+Thanks.
+
+I'll use psi only when we talk
+about general super positions
+
+and wave packets.
+
+Other questions?
+
+All right.
+
+So with all that, let's talk
+about a specific potential.
+
+So far we've extracted
+about as much
+
+as of the physics
+out of the system
+
+that we can just
+from periodicity.
+
+In order to make more
+progress, in order
+
+to talk about, for example,
+what are the allowed energy
+
+eigenvalues and for that matter,
+how does that allowed energy
+
+eigenvalue depend on q,
+the crystal momentum,
+
+in order to answer
+that, we have to talk
+
+about a specific system.
+
+So let's go ahead and talk
+about a specific system.
+
+I'm going to pick my favorite.
+
+Now the problem
+set, you're going
+
+to do something really
+cool about it, which
+
+I'll explain in a moment.
+
+So you'll do a general
+case in the problem set,
+
+but for the moment, let's
+work with a simple example.
+
+And the simplest
+example is going
+
+to be a periodic potential
+with the simplest
+
+possible barriers
+in the potential.
+
+What's the simplest barrier?
+
+Delta function.
+
+Yes.
+
+So the potential is going
+to be for this example
+
+V of x is equal to sum from n
+is equal to minus infinity of h
+
+bar squared over 2mL g
+naught delta of x minus nL.
+
+So what is this?
+
+So this is just some
+overall constant out front.
+
+Normally we call this
+V naught, but I've
+
+made g naught dimensionless
+by pulling out
+
+an h bar squared over 2nL.
+
+L is the spacing
+between delta barriers.
+
+So the potential
+looks like this.
+
+Here is 0.
+
+We have a delta
+function barrier.
+
+We have a delta function barrier
+L. We have a delta function
+
+barrier at 2L, dot, dot,
+dot, minus L, dot, dot, dot.
+
+So there's our potential.
+
+And I want to know what are
+the energy eigenfunctions
+
+for a single particle
+in this potential.
+
+And again, g naught is
+the dimensionless strength
+
+of the potential.
+
+So how do we solve this problem?
+
+Well, we've done
+this so many times.
+
+What we see is that in
+between each barrier,
+
+the particle is just free, so
+we know the form of the wave
+
+function between each
+barrier, it's just
+
+e to the i kx plus 2
+minus e to the minus i kx,
+
+where k is defined
+from the energy h bar
+
+squared k squared upon 2n is e.
+
+At the barrier, we have to
+satisfy appropriate matching
+
+conditions.
+
+So I could put a and b here
+and c and d and e and f.
+
+And under each one of these
+imposed boundary conditions,
+
+and this is going to be an
+infinite number of coefficients
+
+with an infinite number
+of boundary conditions.
+
+And that sounds like it's
+going to take some time.
+
+But we can use
+something really nice.
+
+We already know that the
+wave function is periodic.
+
+So suppose between 0 and
+L, let's say less than x,
+
+less than L the wave
+function phi takes the form,
+
+and we know that phi of eq
+takes the form e to the i qx,
+
+and now some periodic
+function, which
+
+would write as a e to
+the i kx-- actually,
+
+I'm not going to write that.
+
+So in between 0 and L,
+it's a free particle,
+
+and it's equal to A e to the
+i kx plus B e to the minus
+
+akx, where k is defined
+purely from the energy h bar
+
+squared k squared
+upon 2m is the energy.
+
+So this is what we mean by k.
+
+And in between 2L it will
+take the similar form,
+
+but what we can do
+is, we can define,
+
+so this is sine of x,
+between L less than x less
+
+than 2L phi eq is
+equal to-- well,
+
+I could define it
+with new constants,
+
+but I know what it has to be
+because whatever the value is
+
+here it's the same as the
+value here up to a shift by L
+
+the translation to
+phase e to the i qL.
+
+So this is equal
+between L and 2L,
+
+it's equal to e to the
+i qL and periodicity
+
+condition, the same
+thing, A plus B,
+
+with the same coefficients.
+
+Everyone cool with that?
+
+So I can now translate,
+so let's think
+
+about what the
+boundary conditions are
+
+going to have to be.
+
+At each of the delta functions,
+the delta function boundary
+
+condition is going to say that
+the slope here minus the slope
+
+here is something proportional
+to the amplitude here.
+
+And the slope here is going to
+be minus something proportional
+
+to the amplitude.
+
+But the slope here is the
+same as the slope here up
+
+to an overall phase
+from the translation.
+
+And the slope here is the same
+as the slope here up to a phase
+
+coming from the translation.
+
+So we can now turn this
+into instead of this,
+
+the condition between
+the slopes here
+
+and here, I can turn that into
+a condition between the slopes
+
+here and here.
+
+Wow.
+
+This is horrible.
+
+Here are my two delta functions.
+
+The slope here and here, the
+boundary condition I put at 0,
+
+I can translate this
+into the slope here up
+
+to an overall phase
+e to the i qL.
+
+So I can turn the
+boundary condition here
+
+into a boundary condition
+between these two
+
+guys inside one domain.
+
+And so I can turn this
+into a problem that
+
+just involved A and
+B and that's it.
+
+Everyone see that?
+
+So let's do it.
+
+So questions on the basic
+strategy at that point?
+
+So let's do it.
+
+So what we need is we got
+the general form of the wave
+
+function, and I'm going to erase
+this because we don't need it.
+
+Got the general form
+of the wave function,
+
+and then we need to
+impose the boundary
+
+conditions of the
+delta function.
+
+And in particular, let's
+just impose them at 0
+
+because imposing
+them at 0 is going
+
+to be equivalent to
+imposing them everywhere
+
+else by periodicity if I use
+the periodicity of the wave
+
+function.
+
+So the boundary conditions
+at the delta functions.
+
+So the first is
+that phi at 0 plus
+
+is equal to phi at
+0 minus, so this
+
+is a statement that the
+wave function is continuous.
+
+But phi at 0 minus is equal
+to-- well, that's this point.
+
+But this point is the same
+as this point except the wave
+
+function picks up a
+phase e to the i qL.
+
+This is equal to phi
+at L minus, right here,
+
+times e to the i qL.
+
+And we have to be careful
+because the statement is
+
+at the wave function here,
+is the wave function here
+
+time e to the i qL.
+
+So the wave function here times
+the wave function here times e
+
+to the i qL minus.
+
+And this leads to phi zero
+plus-- the value right here--
+
+is A plus B because it's just
+this wave function evaluated
+
+at x equal 0, and
+this guy at L is
+
+going to be this
+evaluated at x is
+
+equal to L times e
+to the minus i qL.
+
+So this is equal to A e to
+the i k minus qL plus B e
+
+to the minus i k plus L, So
+there's my first condition.
+
+Second boundary condition
+is the derivative condition,
+
+and the derivative
+condition is that phi prime
+
+at 0 plus minus phi
+prime at 0 minus
+
+is equal to g naught
+upon L phi at 0.
+
+And this gives me that ik A
+minus B. So that's this guy,
+
+and now the derivative
+of the second guy
+
+picked up our extra
+phase minus ik A
+
+e to the ik minus q L
+minus B e to the minus ik
+
+plus qL-- this is
+all in the notes
+
+so I'm not going to
+worry too much about it--
+
+is equal to, on the right-hand
+side is g naught upon L A
+
+plus B.
+
+So now note the following
+properties of these equations.
+
+These equations determine an
+equation, so from the first,
+
+I'll call this 1,
+and I'll call this 2.
+
+So 1 implies that A is
+equal to B times something.
+
+It's just a linear equation.
+
+So if we pull the side
+over, put this over here,
+
+A is equal to B times something.
+
+Everybody agree with that?
+
+Some horrible expression
+of k and q times.
+
+And 2 also gives an expression
+form A is equal to B times
+
+a horrible expression in terms
+of k and q but a different one.
+
+Call this expression 1,
+I'll call this expression 2.
+
+So as usual, so this is
+two different expressions
+
+for A given B and
+this only makes
+
+sense it's only a solution if
+these two horrible expressions
+
+are equal to each other.
+
+And so this is what we've
+done many times before,
+
+and if you've set these two
+expressions equal to each other
+
+and do a little bit
+of trigonometry,
+
+you get the following relation.
+
+Cosine of qL is equal to
+cosine of kL plus g naught
+
+upon 2kL sine kL.
+
+Where what k means is nothing
+other than the square root
+
+of 2ne upon h bar.
+
+k is defined from that
+relation, and what q means is q
+
+is the eigenfunction or
+e to the i qL anyway,
+
+is the eigenfunction
+of the wave function
+
+under translation by L.
+
+So k is really playing
+the role of the energy.
+
+Everyone cool with that?
+
+I just skipped the algebra, but
+if you do the horrible algebra
+
+from setting these
+two expressions
+
+equal to each other,
+then you get this.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is q some like
+undetermined thing as of right
+
+now, or do we know--
+
+PROFESSOR: Excellent.
+
+What values of q are
+allowed by this expression?
+
+Is exactly the right
+question to ask here.
+
+What values of q's are
+allowed for our wave function?
+
+Is there any condition on
+what the value q is so far?
+
+No.
+
+It could have been
+absolutely any number.
+
+For any number q, we
+can find a eigenfunction
+
+to translate by L, e to the i
+qL as the eigenvalue, any value
+
+of q.
+
+However, q is equivalent
+to q plus 2 pi upon L.
+
+If you skipped by
+2 pi over L, then
+
+it's not really a
+different eigenvalue.
+
+It's the same eigenvalue.
+
+So q is defined.
+
+It's any continuous number
+between let's say minus
+
+pi over L and pi over
+L for simplicity,
+
+make it nice and small. i
+could have said 0 and 2 pi.
+
+It doesn't make any difference,
+minus pi and pi over L.
+
+So q is a free parameter.
+
+So there exists a state.
+
+Another way to say this
+is that there exist states
+
+and in particular eigenstates
+for any value of q,
+
+for any q, and any e, so
+for any value of q and e
+
+which satisfy this equation
+corresponds to a state.
+
+There exists states for any
+q E satisfying this equation.
+
+Cool?
+
+This is just like
+the finite well.
+
+In the case of the
+finite well, we
+
+go through exactly
+the same analysis
+
+the only difference is
+that we don't have the qL.
+
+What happens in the
+finite well case
+
+we impose a boundary
+condition off in infinity.
+
+So the thing has normalized,
+and we put another boundary
+
+condition in infinity,
+and what we ended up
+
+getting is something of the form
+roughly 1 is equal to something
+
+like this.
+
+It's actually not exactly
+that, but here we have kL,
+
+and if you combine
+these two together,
+
+you get something kL plus
+a phase shift over kL
+
+and then a 1.
+
+If you multiply, you get
+kL is equal to cosine
+
+of kL plus a phase
+shift, which is exactly
+
+the form for the
+delta potential.
+
+Good.
+
+So this is similar.
+
+However, here we have
+an extra parameter q,
+
+which is free to vary.
+
+q could be anything between
+minus pi over L and pi over L
+
+So what does cosine
+of qL turn into?
+
+Well, it's anything qL can
+take q is 2 pi upon L or pi
+
+upon L to minus pi over L. So qL
+can go between pi and minus pi,
+
+so cosine of qL
+varies between cosine
+
+of pi, which is 1 and cosine
+of minus pi, which is minus 1.
+
+So any value of cosine
+of qL between 1 minus 1
+
+is a valid value of
+qL On the other hand,
+
+if this is equal to
+7, is there a q such
+
+that this is equal to 7?
+
+No.
+
+So what we need to do now is,
+we need to solve this equation,
+
+but it's obviously a god
+awful transcendental equation.
+
+So how do we solve horrible
+transcendental equations?
+
+AUDIENCE: Graphically.
+
+PROFESSOR: Graphically.
+
+So let's solve it graphically.
+
+So to solve it graphically, that
+lets plot the left-hand side
+
+and the right-hand side
+as a function of qL
+
+So in this direction, I'm
+going to plot cosine of qL.
+
+That's the left side.
+
+And cosine of qL we know is
+going to vary between plus 1
+
+and minus 1.
+
+Because q between q
+is equal to pi over L,
+
+and q is equal to
+minus pi over L.
+
+And in the horizontal
+direction, I'm going to plot kL.
+
+And when kL is 0, remember that
+the definition of kL is that E,
+
+the energy eigenvalue
+is equal to h
+
+bar squared k squared upon 2m.
+
+And what we're looking
+for are points,
+
+are any common solution to
+this equation where there's
+
+a value of q and a
+value of E of k such
+
+that these two expressions
+are equal to each other.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, sorry.
+
+Thank you.
+
+This is qL is equal to
+0 and qL is equal to pi.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Yes.
+
+Are there types of
+other questions?
+
+So kL equals 0 is going to
+be equal to 0, k equals 0,
+
+and this is going to
+be a function of kL.
+
+I'm going to plot it
+as a function of kL
+
+because that's what shows up.
+
+But remember that k is
+nothing but code for E.
+
+And so what we're looking
+for a common solutions
+
+of that equation.
+
+Now let's first just plot.
+
+So if this is 0, let's
+just plot cosine of kL,
+
+the right-hand side cosine of kL
+plus g naught over 2kL sine kL.
+
+And let's do this first
+for the free particle.
+
+Oh, I wish I had colored chalk.
+
+For the free particle, free is
+going to be g naught equals 0.
+
+There is a potential
+and the potential
+
+is 0 times the delta
+function, which
+
+is not so much delta function.
+
+So for free particle
+when g is equal to 0,
+
+that second term
+vanishes, and we
+
+have cosine of qL is
+equal to cosine of kL.
+
+Kale, if you fry
+it, it's crispy.
+
+So what is that going to be?
+
+Well, this has an
+obvious solution
+
+which is that q is equal
+to k, but the problem
+
+is, q is only defined up to 2
+pi over L, so mod 2 pi over L.
+
+Well, let's see what
+this looks like in here.
+
+So for the free particle
+what does this tell us?
+
+So for the free particle,
+let me just write this
+
+as therefore, q is equal
+to L or q is equal to k,
+
+and therefore E is equal
+to h bar squared is
+
+equal to q squared.
+
+So any q or E are allowed
+such that q squared
+
+is equal E times 2
+upon h bar squared.
+
+So that's just the
+usual condition.
+
+It's the free particle has
+energy h bar squared k squared
+
+upon 2n, and we just chose
+to call it k equals q.
+
+So what we're doing is
+instead of organizing things
+
+as momentum eigenstates
+of the free particle
+
+or organizing the free particle
+energy eigenstates in terms
+
+of transient by L eigenstates.
+
+Perfectly valid.
+
+It commutes with
+the energy operator.
+
+What does this look like?
+
+Well, cosine of kL is cosine
+of qL, when k is equal to 0,
+
+q is equal to 0.
+
+So we get this.
+
+And the points, when the
+points where qL is equal to pi
+
+or minus 1, these
+are the points where
+
+we get the qL is equal to n pi
+or equivalently plus or minus
+
+kL is equal to n pi
+plus or minus n pi.
+
+So this is n is
+1, n is 2, n is 3.
+
+Everyone cool with that?
+
+And these guys are 2 pi
+times n or 2n plus 1 2n pi.
+
+And I really want this
+to be odd, so n odd.
+
+And this is n pi kL
+so n pi for n even.
+
+Everyone cool with that?
+
+So that's what it would look
+like for a free particle.
+
+What happens if we don't
+have a free particle?
+
+What happens if we have
+the interacting potential?
+
+So now let's have g
+naught equal to 1 or 0.
+
+And again, here is plus 1.
+
+Here is minus 1.
+
+And we're plotting
+as a function of kL.
+
+And now it changes,
+so let g naught
+
+be a small, positive number.
+
+If g naught is a small, positive
+number, then near k goes to 0.
+
+Sine goes like it's argument,
+and so that means kL over kL
+
+we get cosine of 0, which
+is 1, plus g naught over 2.
+
+So at 0, the value of
+the right-hand side
+
+is greater than 1.
+
+Is there an energy eigenvalue
+with energy equal to 0?
+
+No.
+
+We have to wait until
+cosine gets sufficiently
+
+small and sine is increasing,
+so what does this curve do?
+
+It looks like this.
+
+It's again periodic with
+the appropriate period,
+
+but the amplitude
+of the deviation
+
+from the free particle
+is falling off
+
+as we go to higher
+and higher values.
+
+So we've taken this
+point and pushed it out.
+
+So what does this tell us?
+
+Well, remember that there
+is an energy eigenfunction
+
+with a given q and remember
+this is cosine of qL,
+
+there is an energy eigenvalue.
+
+There exists an
+energy eigenstate
+
+with an e and TL eigenstate
+for any E and q such
+
+that there exists a solution.
+
+And so what does that mean?
+
+Well, is there an energy
+eigenvalue with this value of E
+
+or this value of k?
+
+No.
+
+Right?
+
+Because here's the right-hand
+side and the left-hand side
+
+is any value in here.
+
+There's a q for which
+any left-hand side
+
+is any value between
+1 and minus 1.
+
+So there's no value of q you can
+pick so the left-hand side is
+
+equal to the right-hand
+side for the value of k.
+
+And similarly here,
+here, here, here, here,
+
+specifically for this
+value of k or this value
+
+of the energy, E minimum,
+there's one value of q.
+
+This one. q is equal to 0 where
+there is an energy eigenstate.
+
+So there's a minimum
+energy in the system.
+
+What about for this
+value of energy?
+
+Yeah.
+
+There's exactly
+one solution there,
+
+and actually if
+you're careful, it's
+
+2 because it's the
+cosine of qL. q
+
+could have been
+positive or negative.
+
+So we have a solution here
+with this value of energy
+
+and with this
+value of cosine qL.
+
+Any q that gives us this value
+of cosine qL is going to work,
+
+and that's one of two values.
+
+And similarly for
+each of these guys,
+
+there's a state for every
+value of energy in this region
+
+until we get here, and when we
+get here, this is E maximum.
+
+If we go to any higher
+energy, any higher k,
+
+then there's no solution for any
+value of q and any value of E.
+
+So what we get are these
+bands, continuous bands
+
+for any energy separated
+by gaps and then again
+
+continuous bands for any energy
+and bands for any energy.
+
+So all of these
+shaded in regions,
+
+any energy in this
+region corresponds
+
+to a state and similarly here.
+
+So here's the
+upshot of all this.
+
+We're going to study the details
+of this in detail next time.
+
+When we have a
+periodic potential,
+
+every energy
+eigenfunction is extended
+
+through the entire material.
+
+Every energy
+eigenfunction is extended
+
+across the entire lattice.
+
+None of them are localized.
+
+And that's like a free particle.
+
+However, not every energy
+is an allowed energy.
+
+Only some energies are allowed.
+
+Some energies do not
+correspond to allowed energy
+
+eigenfunctions eigenvalues,
+and some energies do.
+
+And they come in continuous
+bands of allowed energies
+
+and continuous gaps of
+disallowed energies.
+
+And it's going to turn out to be
+exactly this structure of bands
+
+and gaps, or band gaps,
+that is going to give us
+
+the structure of
+conductivity in metals
+
+and explain to us why we don't
+have conductivity in plastic.
+
+We'll pick up on that next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gVUpETtIFPE.txt b/gVUpETtIFPE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5735e3aa4d2179817e8d7558ba1b650ae2edc388
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gVUpETtIFPE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8891 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
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+to make a donation or to view additional
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+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+it's time to get back to learning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time to get back to learning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time to get back to learning a
+couple of announcements before we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of announcements before we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of announcements before we get
+started tomorrow there'll be a ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started tomorrow there'll be a ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started tomorrow there'll be a ten
+minute quiz in recitation based upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute quiz in recitation based upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute quiz in recitation based upon the
+content of homework one obviously is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of homework one obviously is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of homework one obviously is not
+gonna be a question identical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a question identical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a question identical to
+something you've done but it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've done but it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've done but it's gonna
+cover that subject matter so please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that subject matter so please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that subject matter so please
+don't bring in your attorney if I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bring in your attorney if I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bring in your attorney if I didn't
+ask a question that's identical to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a question that's identical to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a question that's identical to one
+that you've worked second thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've worked second thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've worked second thing we
+started talking about the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking about the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking about the periodic table
+and I believe that it's a hallmark of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I believe that it's a hallmark of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I believe that it's a hallmark of
+any educated person in the 21st century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any educated person in the 21st century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any educated person in the 21st century
+who's technically literate to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's technically literate to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's technically literate to know the
+periodic table by heart and so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table by heart and so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table by heart and so there
+will be another test it'll be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be another test it'll be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be another test it'll be on the
+23rd on the Thursday ten minutes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23rd on the Thursday ten minutes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23rd on the Thursday ten minutes you
+will be asked to write down the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be asked to write down the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be asked to write down the periodic
+table but you don't have to do the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table but you don't have to do the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table but you don't have to do the whole
+table we're gonna leave out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table we're gonna leave out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table we're gonna leave out the
+lanthanides and actinides so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanthanides and actinides so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanthanides and actinides so this is
+what its gonna look like you'll have s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what its gonna look like you'll have s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what its gonna look like you'll have s
+block P block and D block elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block P block and D block elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block P block and D block elements
+identical to this you can see this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to this you can see this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to this you can see this was
+September 18th if I could just ask if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 18th if I could just ask if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 18th if I could just ask if
+the people can fix the video it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people can fix the video it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people can fix the video it's just a
+little bit off set off to the left here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit off set off to the left here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit off set off to the left here
+so this is what you'll get you get ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what you'll get you get ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what you'll get you get ten
+minutes to fill it in and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to fill it in and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to fill it in and you know
+people grouse about it they say oh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people grouse about it they say oh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people grouse about it they say oh this
+is rote learning this went out at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rote learning this went out at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rote learning this went out at the
+end of the 19th century and so on and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the 19th century and so on and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the 19th century and so on and I
+say no I think any any of you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no I think any any of you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no I think any any of you should
+know that potassium lies under sodium I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that potassium lies under sodium I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that potassium lies under sodium I
+bet there are people in this room that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet there are people in this room that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet there are people in this room that
+know the lyrics to over a thousand songs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the lyrics to over a thousand songs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the lyrics to over a thousand songs
+know that number of every individual in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that number of every individual in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that number of every individual in
+the National Basketball Association so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the National Basketball Association so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the National Basketball Association so I
+think that learning some subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that learning some subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that learning some subset of
+elements is not unreasonable everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements is not unreasonable everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements is not unreasonable everybody's
+done it in the past they grouse about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it in the past they grouse about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it in the past they grouse about it
+when I assign it and they all do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I assign it and they all do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I assign it and they all do it
+within a minute and then they're proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a minute and then they're proud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a minute and then they're proud
+of it and they insist that I am in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and they insist that I am in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and they insist that I am in fact
+not afflict but rather induce you invite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not afflict but rather induce you invite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not afflict but rather induce you invite
+you to do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do the same thing
+but I don't want to leave out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't want to leave out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't want to leave out the
+lanthanides and actinides so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanthanides and actinides so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanthanides and actinides so we're gonna
+have contests for mnemonics so lanthanum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have contests for mnemonics so lanthanum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have contests for mnemonics so lanthanum
+cerium praseodymium and so on so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerium praseodymium and so on so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerium praseodymium and so on so here's
+an example of a mnemonic so there'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a mnemonic so there'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a mnemonic so there'd be
+two these contests one for lanthanides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two these contests one for lanthanides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two these contests one for lanthanides
+one for actinides submitted by email by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for actinides submitted by email by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for actinides submitted by email by
+5:00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5:00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5:00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time to my
+office to my email address so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office to my email address so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office to my email address so this is an
+example lazy college professors never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example lazy college professors never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example lazy college professors never
+produce efficiently and educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce efficiently and educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce efficiently and educated
+graduates to dramatically help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates to dramatically help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates to dramatically help
+executives trim yearly losses and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executives trim yearly losses and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executives trim yearly losses and this
+if you remember this phrase I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember this phrase I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember this phrase I don't know
+why you would but this will help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you would but this will help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you would but this will help you
+learn the lanthanides in order you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the lanthanides in order you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the lanthanides in order you can
+see that this obviously came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this obviously came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this obviously came from
+industry there's the reference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry there's the reference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry there's the reference to
+executives there's the slur against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executives there's the slur against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executives there's the slur against the
+Academy here lazy college professors I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy here lazy college professors I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy here lazy college professors I
+mean they have no idea how hard we work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they have no idea how hard we work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they have no idea how hard we work
+and look at this gigantic split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at this gigantic split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at this gigantic split
+infinitive to dramatically help we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitive to dramatically help we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitive to dramatically help we can
+do better so this is 309 won winners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better so this is 309 won winners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better so this is 309 won winners
+from previous years this is one clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from previous years this is one clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from previous years this is one clearly
+this was not referring to the 309
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was not referring to the 309
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was not referring to the 309
+professor you know there's a other ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor you know there's a other ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor you know there's a other ways
+to take chemistry at MIT in fact there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take chemistry at MIT in fact there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take chemistry at MIT in fact there's
+a whole chemistry department full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole chemistry department full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole chemistry department full of
+Loony chemistry professors now here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loony chemistry professors now here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loony chemistry professors now here's
+another one this one this one piqued my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one this one this one piqued my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one this one this one piqued my
+interest I thought this was you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest I thought this was you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest I thought this was you know I
+like the engineering Theory part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now this is the PSAC stones I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now this is the PSAC stones I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now this is the PSAC stones I've
+been doing this for many years and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing this for many years and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing this for many years and all
+of a sudden comes a sonnet there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden comes a sonnet there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden comes a sonnet there are
+fourteen F block elements and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourteen F block elements and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourteen F block elements and an
+Elizabethan sonnet contains fourteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabethan sonnet contains fourteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabethan sonnet contains fourteen
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+well okay this looks good and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay this looks good and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay this looks good and so there's
+the cerium praseodymium neodymium you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerium praseodymium neodymium you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerium praseodymium neodymium you
+know three stanzas four lines of piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know three stanzas four lines of piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know three stanzas four lines of piece
+with the rhyming couplet at the end but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rhyming couplet at the end but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rhyming couplet at the end but
+what's really shocking is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really shocking is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really shocking is when you
+compare this with this it's a based upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this with this it's a based upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this with this it's a based upon
+sonnet 57 because lanthanum is element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sonnet 57 because lanthanum is element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sonnet 57 because lanthanum is element
+57 this is really really good and I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+57 this is really really good and I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+57 this is really really good and I mean
+I wouldn't just give it to him because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't just give it to him because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't just give it to him because
+he wrote a sonnet but there were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote a sonnet but there were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote a sonnet but there were some
+key points here you see he mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key points here you see he mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key points here you see he mentioned
+smelting and as an extractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smelting and as an extractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smelting and as an extractive
+metallurgist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallurgist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallurgist
+that took the cake when he said smelting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that took the cake when he said smelting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that took the cake when he said smelting
+I said okay you got it so I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said okay you got it so I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said okay you got it so I think this
+is something too to think about well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something too to think about well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something too to think about well
+wait before we go to that one blank on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait before we go to that one blank on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait before we go to that one blank on
+that okay so the contest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so the contest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so the contest
+there's the prizes are neckties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the prizes are neckties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the prizes are neckties and
+ladies scarves with their they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladies scarves with their they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladies scarves with their they're very
+hot they're black with colored elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot they're black with colored elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot they're black with colored elements
+of the periodic table it's very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the periodic table it's very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the periodic table it's very nice
+don't laugh I'll bring samples next day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't laugh I'll bring samples next day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't laugh I'll bring samples next day
+they really look sharp very sharp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really look sharp very sharp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really look sharp very sharp and
+you know there's all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's all kinds of
+gift-giving coming down the road you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift-giving coming down the road you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift-giving coming down the road you
+never know when one of these could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never know when one of these could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never know when one of these could just
+do the trick so don't fail to enter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the trick so don't fail to enter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the trick so don't fail to enter and
+I will have office hours today starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will have office hours today starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will have office hours today starting
+about 3:30 to 4:30 go to Maya if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3:30 to 4:30 go to Maya if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3:30 to 4:30 go to Maya if you
+want to see me by all means go to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see me by all means go to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see me by all means go to your
+own recitation instructor as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own recitation instructor as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own recitation instructor as well so
+last day we were looking at some early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last day we were looking at some early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last day we were looking at some early
+taxonomy and then on to a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxonomy and then on to a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxonomy and then on to a little bit
+more about the interior of the atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the interior of the atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the interior of the atom and
+we looked at the representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at the representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at the representation of
+elements on the periodic table where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements on the periodic table where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements on the periodic table where we
+have the proton number Z which is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the proton number Z which is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the proton number Z which is equal
+to the number of electrons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the number of electrons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the number of electrons in the
+neutral atom and the atomic mass which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral atom and the atomic mass which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral atom and the atomic mass which
+is the sum of the proton number and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of the proton number and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of the proton number and the
+neutron number we talked about isotopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron number we talked about isotopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron number we talked about isotopes
+and and whatnot today I want to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and whatnot today I want to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and whatnot today I want to continue
+so far we've been looking at static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we've been looking at static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we've been looking at static
+elements but most people think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but most people think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but most people think of
+chemistry as involving reactions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry as involving reactions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry as involving reactions so
+let's look at dynamics reactions between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at dynamics reactions between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at dynamics reactions between
+chemicals so how do we describe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals so how do we describe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals so how do we describe a
+chemical reaction what are the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction what are the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction what are the rules
+well the first thing you do is you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first thing you do is you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first thing you do is you write
+an equation and the equation is subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation and the equation is subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation and the equation is subject
+to these constraints first of all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these constraints first of all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these constraints first of all we
+invoke dalton's law we invoke dalton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke dalton's law we invoke dalton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke dalton's law we invoke dalton's
+law of molar proportions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of molar proportions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of molar proportions
+dalton's law of molar proportions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dalton's law of molar proportions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dalton's law of molar proportions and
+secondly we write it's subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly we write it's subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly we write it's subject to
+conservation of mass conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of mass conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of mass conservation of
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+and I mean literally mass not mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean literally mass not mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean literally mass not mole
+number and let's look at this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and let's look at this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and let's look at this this is
+probably best seen by example so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably best seen by example so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably best seen by example so let's
+look at a simple one this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a simple one this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a simple one this is the
+calcination of limestone limestone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcination of limestone limestone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcination of limestone limestone is
+calcium carbonate and at about 900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium carbonate and at about 900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium carbonate and at about 900
+degrees centigrade calcium carbonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees centigrade calcium carbonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees centigrade calcium carbonate
+decomposes to give line or calcium oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposes to give line or calcium oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposes to give line or calcium oxide
+plus carbon dioxide and this is used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus carbon dioxide and this is used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus carbon dioxide and this is used as
+the first step for making a cement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step for making a cement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step for making a cement
+concrete and so when you think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete and so when you think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete and so when you think about how
+much cement concrete are consumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much cement concrete are consumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much cement concrete are consumed
+annually on the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annually on the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annually on the planet
+this becomes a considerable source point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes a considerable source point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes a considerable source point
+source of greenhouse gas emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of greenhouse gas emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of greenhouse gas emissions
+because you know carbon dioxide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know carbon dioxide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know carbon dioxide is
+implicated as a greenhouse gas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicated as a greenhouse gas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicated as a greenhouse gas and
+there's a huge amount of co2 that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge amount of co2 that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge amount of co2 that comes
+from this process this is also used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this process this is also used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this process this is also used in
+steelmaking and so on so anything on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steelmaking and so on so anything on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steelmaking and so on so anything on the
+left side of the equation is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side of the equation is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side of the equation is called a
+reactant and anything on the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant and anything on the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant and anything on the right side
+of the equation is called a product so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation is called a product so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation is called a product so
+the products react to give us reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products react to give us reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products react to give us reactants
+and just to show some of the hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to show some of the hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to show some of the hidden
+balance here here we have one mall I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance here here we have one mall I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance here here we have one mall I
+don't put a 1 in front we just take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put a 1 in front we just take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put a 1 in front we just take one
+for granted so there's one mole of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted so there's one mole of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted so there's one mole of
+calcium carbonate that gives us one mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium carbonate that gives us one mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium carbonate that gives us one mole
+of calcium oxide and one mole of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calcium oxide and one mole of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calcium oxide and one mole of carbon
+dioxide so here we have two moles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide so here we have two moles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide so here we have two moles and
+here we have one mole so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have one mole so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have one mole so what's the
+conservation of mass if we divide by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of mass if we divide by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of mass if we divide by the
+atomic masses here we will get 100 point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic masses here we will get 100 point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic masses here we will get 100 point
+1 grams of calcium carbonate and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 grams of calcium carbonate and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 grams of calcium carbonate and then
+discover that we have 56 point one grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that we have 56 point one grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that we have 56 point one grams
+of calcium oxide and 44 grams of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calcium oxide and 44 grams of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calcium oxide and 44 grams of carbon
+dioxide so clearly mass is conserved not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide so clearly mass is conserved not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide so clearly mass is conserved not
+mole numbers and if you have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole numbers and if you have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole numbers and if you have trouble
+balancing equations you can look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing equations you can look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing equations you can look in
+section 2.1 1 in the text and they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 2.1 1 in the text and they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 2.1 1 in the text and they go
+through some mechanics but now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some mechanics but now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some mechanics but now I want to
+look at what happens when things are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what happens when things are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what happens when things are not
+in proper proportions so another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in proper proportions so another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in proper proportions so another
+what happens if we put a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if we put a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if we put a bunch of
+elements compounds into a reactor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements compounds into a reactor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements compounds into a reactor but
+they're not in the balanced amounts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not in the balanced amounts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not in the balanced amounts and
+so for that I want to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that I want to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that I want to look at the
+production of titanium by the Kroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of titanium by the Kroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of titanium by the Kroll
+process and this involves the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and this involves the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and this involves the reaction
+of titanium tetrachloride with magnesium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of titanium tetrachloride with magnesium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of titanium tetrachloride with magnesium
+to form magnesium chloride plus titanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form magnesium chloride plus titanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form magnesium chloride plus titanium
+this was invented in 1937 by WJ crawl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was invented in 1937 by WJ crawl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was invented in 1937 by WJ crawl
+while he was still in Luxembourg he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while he was still in Luxembourg he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while he was still in Luxembourg he just
+before just before world war ii broke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before just before world war ii broke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before just before world war ii broke
+out he immigrated the united states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out he immigrated the united states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out he immigrated the united states and
+finished his career in the Pacific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished his career in the Pacific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished his career in the Pacific
+Northwest where he helped make huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwest where he helped make huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwest where he helped make huge
+quantities of titanium and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of titanium and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of titanium and this is
+performed this reaction is performed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed this reaction is performed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed this reaction is performed in
+a giant batch type reactor in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giant batch type reactor in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giant batch type reactor in which you
+feed titanium tetrachloride and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed titanium tetrachloride and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed titanium tetrachloride and
+magnesium and heat to about 900 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium and heat to about 900 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium and heat to about 900 degrees
+C and as the reaction goes we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and as the reaction goes we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and as the reaction goes we'll have
+some magnesium liquid sitting on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some magnesium liquid sitting on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some magnesium liquid sitting on top of
+magnesium chloride liquid and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium chloride liquid and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium chloride liquid and then
+chunks of titanium solid forming at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of titanium solid forming at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of titanium solid forming at the
+bottom with titanium chloride gas above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom with titanium chloride gas above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom with titanium chloride gas above
+and this is a really clever reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a really clever reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a really clever reaction
+because the teen ephedra chlorides a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the teen ephedra chlorides a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the teen ephedra chlorides a gas
+so it's obviously buoyant magnesium is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's obviously buoyant magnesium is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's obviously buoyant magnesium is a
+liquid but it's less dense than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid but it's less dense than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid but it's less dense than
+magnesium chloride so as these products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium chloride so as these products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium chloride so as these products
+form they continue to fall out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form they continue to fall out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form they continue to fall out of the
+way and keep this interface open so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and keep this interface open so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and keep this interface open so the
+reaction can keep going and at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction can keep going and at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction can keep going and at the end
+of the reaction you have the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction you have the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction you have the reactor
+consumed of 13:50 chloride magnesium you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed of 13:50 chloride magnesium you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed of 13:50 chloride magnesium you
+have salt on top and you have to attain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have salt on top and you have to attain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have salt on top and you have to attain
+'i'm on the bottom and this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'i'm on the bottom and this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'i'm on the bottom and this is what the
+stuff looks like this is a earlier this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff looks like this is a earlier this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff looks like this is a earlier this
+summer I was at a smelter in Japan the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer I was at a smelter in Japan the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer I was at a smelter in Japan the
+largest titanium smelter on the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest titanium smelter on the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest titanium smelter on the planet
+and this is coming out of one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is coming out of one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is coming out of one of these
+reactors this is about three meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors this is about three meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors this is about three meters
+across and both six meters tall this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and both six meters tall this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and both six meters tall this is
+titanium sponge that comes out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium sponge that comes out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium sponge that comes out of the
+bottom of this reactor and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of this reactor and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of this reactor and it's
+subsequently remelt it in a vacuum arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently remelt it in a vacuum arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently remelt it in a vacuum arc
+furnace and these are giant billets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace and these are giant billets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace and these are giant billets of
+solid titanium weighing tens of tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid titanium weighing tens of tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid titanium weighing tens of tons
+okay so let's say some young engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's say some young engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's say some young engineers
+on the job the first day and says okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the job the first day and says okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the job the first day and says okay
+let's put in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put in two
+kilograms of tickle and let's put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms of tickle and let's put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms of tickle and let's put in
+about 25 kilograms of mag I'm using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 25 kilograms of mag I'm using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 25 kilograms of mag I'm using the
+typical terms nobody says Stettin iam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical terms nobody says Stettin iam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical terms nobody says Stettin iam
+tetrachloride it's tickle this is mag I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrachloride it's tickle this is mag I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrachloride it's tickle this is mag I
+had a graduate student she was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a graduate student she was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a graduate student she was a
+brilliant PhD student of mine and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant PhD student of mine and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant PhD student of mine and she
+had two dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two dogs
+this is parenthetical and she and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is parenthetical and she and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is parenthetical and she and she
+loved metallurgy as I do and she named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved metallurgy as I do and she named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved metallurgy as I do and she named
+one of her dogs Maggie and one of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of her dogs Maggie and one of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of her dogs Maggie and one of her
+dogs Molly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs Molly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs Molly
+magnesium and molybdenum well you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium and molybdenum well you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium and molybdenum well you you
+have no sense of humor whatsoever either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no sense of humor whatsoever either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no sense of humor whatsoever either
+that or your dog lovers and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or your dog lovers and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or your dog lovers and you're
+offended by giving them metallic names I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offended by giving them metallic names I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offended by giving them metallic names I
+don't know all right so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know all right so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know all right so what happens
+what does this engineer give us what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this engineer give us what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this engineer give us what is
+the yield what is the yield okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yield what is the yield okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yield what is the yield okay so what
+we have to do is get back underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do is get back underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do is get back underneath
+this reaction and see what the molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction and see what the molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction and see what the molar
+quantities are so titanium tetrachloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities are so titanium tetrachloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities are so titanium tetrachloride
+magnesium I've got 200 kilograms here 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium I've got 200 kilograms here 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium I've got 200 kilograms here 25
+kilograms here and if I divide by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms here and if I divide by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms here and if I divide by the
+appropriate quantities I'll discover I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate quantities I'll discover I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate quantities I'll discover I
+have a little over a thousand moles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little over a thousand moles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little over a thousand moles of
+tickle and I've got about a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle and I've got about a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle and I've got about a thousand
+moles of mag but the reaction says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles of mag but the reaction says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles of mag but the reaction says I
+need twice as much mag as tickle if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need twice as much mag as tickle if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need twice as much mag as tickle if this
+reaction is going to go to completion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is going to go to completion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is going to go to completion
+and clearly this isn't twice that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearly this isn't twice that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearly this isn't twice that in
+fact it's even less that so we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's even less that so we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's even less that so we've got a
+problem here this is much less than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here this is much less than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here this is much less than two
+times ten fifty four so therefore a mag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times ten fifty four so therefore a mag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times ten fifty four so therefore a mag
+is the limiting reagent mag is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the limiting reagent mag is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the limiting reagent mag is the
+limiting reagent and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting reagent and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting reagent and that's going to
+gate the yield it's going to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate the yield it's going to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate the yield it's going to control the
+yield yields going to be throttled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield yields going to be throttled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield yields going to be throttled by
+magnesium so how much break how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium so how much break how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium so how much break how much
+titanium can I make I can only make as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium can I make I can only make as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium can I make I can only make as
+much titanium as is consumed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much titanium as is consumed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much titanium as is consumed by the
+available magnesium so if I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available magnesium so if I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available magnesium so if I look at the
+mole ratios on the reaction over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole ratios on the reaction over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole ratios on the reaction over there
+I'm going to find that I'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to find that I'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to find that I'll be able to
+consume at most ten hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume at most ten hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume at most ten hundred and
+twenty-nine over two right two moles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty-nine over two right two moles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty-nine over two right two moles of
+Magnusson one mole of tickle giving us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magnusson one mole of tickle giving us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magnusson one mole of tickle giving us
+one mol of tai and that's 515 moles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tickle consumed and then that produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle consumed and then that produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle consumed and then that produces
+515 moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+515 moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+515 moles
+titania and then I convert that to mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titania and then I convert that to mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titania and then I convert that to mass
+and that gives me twenty four point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives me twenty four point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives me twenty four point
+seven kilograms of titanium if I charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven kilograms of titanium if I charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven kilograms of titanium if I charge
+the reactor in this manner and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor in this manner and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor in this manner and of course
+I'm assuming a hundred percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming a hundred percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming a hundred percent
+completion of the reaction which we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion of the reaction which we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion of the reaction which we know
+is overly optimistic there may be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is overly optimistic there may be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is overly optimistic there may be some
+inefficient season at some point if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient season at some point if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient season at some point if you
+catch me in the hallway I can give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch me in the hallway I can give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch me in the hallway I can give you a
+sermon ad on what goes on inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sermon ad on what goes on inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sermon ad on what goes on inside that
+reactor okay so now the question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor okay so now the question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor okay so now the question is how
+do we know in the first place that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know in the first place that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know in the first place that this
+is a suitable reductant how do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a suitable reductant how do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a suitable reductant how do we know
+that mag will reduce titanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mag will reduce titanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mag will reduce titanium
+tetrachloride well for this we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrachloride well for this we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrachloride well for this we have to
+look inside the atom and as I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look inside the atom and as I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look inside the atom and as I'm going to
+do many times in 309 one we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do many times in 309 one we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do many times in 309 one we're going to
+start a unit like this with a history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a unit like this with a history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a unit like this with a history
+lesson so let's go back to the thrilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson so let's go back to the thrilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson so let's go back to the thrilling
+days of the end of the nineteenth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of the end of the nineteenth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of the end of the nineteenth
+century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+and just take stock what did we know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just take stock what did we know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just take stock what did we know at
+the end of the nineteenth century about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the nineteenth century about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the nineteenth century about
+the structure of the atom well first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the atom well first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the atom well first of
+all we knew that the atom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we knew that the atom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we knew that the atom is
+electrically neutral we knew that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically neutral we knew that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically neutral we knew that the
+negative charge is carried by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge is carried by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge is carried by some
+particles called electrons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles called electrons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles called electrons the
+furthermore that the electron has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore that the electron has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore that the electron has a very
+tiny mass in comparison to that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny mass in comparison to that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny mass in comparison to that of the
+overall atom I mean the atom has a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall atom I mean the atom has a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall atom I mean the atom has a tiny
+mass too but we're saying is compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass too but we're saying is compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass too but we're saying is compared to
+the total atomic mass the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total atomic mass the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total atomic mass the mass of the
+electron is tiny and secondly the bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is tiny and secondly the bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is tiny and secondly the bulk
+of the atom is positive if the atom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atom is positive if the atom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atom is positive if the atom is
+fixed mass the electrons tiny not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed mass the electrons tiny not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed mass the electrons tiny not
+massive then it must be the positives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive then it must be the positives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive then it must be the positives
+have all the mass and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the mass and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the mass and that's what we
+knew so the question then is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew so the question then is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew so the question then is what's the
+spatial distribution of charge inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial distribution of charge inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial distribution of charge inside
+the atom why do we want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom why do we want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom why do we want to know the
+answer to that question because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that question because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that question because that's
+going to give clues as to reactivity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give clues as to reactivity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give clues as to reactivity so
+what do we know about spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about spatial
+distribution well people took a stab at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution well people took a stab at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution well people took a stab at
+modeling it and the first model worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling it and the first model worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling it and the first model worth
+talking about is that of JJ Thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is that of JJ Thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is that of JJ Thompson
+JJ Thompson who published this model in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JJ Thompson who published this model in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JJ Thompson who published this model in
+1904 he was a professor of physics at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1904 he was a professor of physics at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1904 he was a professor of physics at
+Cambridge University and he was also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge University and he was also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge University and he was also the
+director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director
+the Cavendish laboratory I guess they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cavendish laboratory I guess they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cavendish laboratory I guess they
+would say laboratories so he was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say laboratories so he was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say laboratories so he was the
+director of the lab or authority and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of the lab or authority and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of the lab or authority and
+Cavendish made a fortune in the 1700s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cavendish made a fortune in the 1700s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cavendish made a fortune in the 1700s
+and willed it to Cambridge and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and willed it to Cambridge and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and willed it to Cambridge and so they
+established this laboratory in his name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established this laboratory in his name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established this laboratory in his name
+and here's the essence of what JJ said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the essence of what JJ said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the essence of what JJ said
+he said that the electrons were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said that the electrons were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said that the electrons were
+distributed throughout a uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed throughout a uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed throughout a uniformly
+charged positive sphere of atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged positive sphere of atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged positive sphere of atomic
+dimensions so electrons electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so electrons electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so electrons electrons
+distributed throughout electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed throughout electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed throughout electrons
+distributed throughout a uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed throughout a uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed throughout a uniformly
+charged uniformly charged positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged uniformly charged positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged uniformly charged positive
+sphere uniformly charge positive C R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere uniformly charge positive C R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere uniformly charge positive C R and
+I'll let me finish it off atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let me finish it off atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let me finish it off atomic
+dimensions so essentially you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so essentially you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so essentially you've got a
+positive ball which is identical to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive ball which is identical to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive ball which is identical to the
+size of the atom this was termed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the atom this was termed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the atom this was termed the
+plum pudding model plum pudding this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plum pudding model plum pudding this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plum pudding model plum pudding this is
+cultural bias of course this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural bias of course this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural bias of course this is a
+British term I've never eaten the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British term I've never eaten the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British term I've never eaten the stuff
+I don't know if I'd eat it if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if I'd eat it if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if I'd eat it if it were
+put in front of me but anyways the I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in front of me but anyways the I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in front of me but anyways the I'm
+told that it looks something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told that it looks something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told that it looks something like this
+that you have the custard with little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have the custard with little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have the custard with little
+fragments of plum inside so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments of plum inside so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments of plum inside so this is a
+positive sphere positive sphere of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive sphere positive sphere of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive sphere positive sphere of
+custard and inside our little negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custard and inside our little negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custard and inside our little negative
+bits this is the plum and these bits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits this is the plum and these bits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits this is the plum and these bits are
+in motion so the bulk of the atom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in motion so the bulk of the atom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in motion so the bulk of the atom is
+positive that's where the mass resides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that's where the mass resides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that's where the mass resides
+and you get these tiny little negatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get these tiny little negatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get these tiny little negatives
+running around so the negatives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around so the negatives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around so the negatives are
+these are negative they're physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are negative they're physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are negative they're physically
+small they're very light that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small they're very light that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small they're very light that is to say
+low mass they're mobile they're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low mass they're mobile they're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low mass they're mobile they're moving
+around and oh the way the worst thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and oh the way the worst thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and oh the way the worst thing is
+that JJ in 1897 did the pioneering work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that JJ in 1897 did the pioneering work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that JJ in 1897 did the pioneering work
+that got him the Nobel Prize he measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got him the Nobel Prize he measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got him the Nobel Prize he measured
+the charge to mass ratio of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge to mass ratio of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge to mass ratio of the electron
+but he didn't use the term electron he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he didn't use the term electron he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he didn't use the term electron he
+called this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this
+negative elemental particle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative elemental particle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative elemental particle the
+corpuscle he called it the corpuscle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpuscle he called it the corpuscle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpuscle he called it the corpuscle of
+electric charge and he kept referring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge and he kept referring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge and he kept referring to
+them as core puzzles I'm really glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as core puzzles I'm really glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as core puzzles I'm really glad
+that along came Johnstone Stoney who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that along came Johnstone Stoney who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that along came Johnstone Stoney who was
+an electro chemist right top noblest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electro chemist right top noblest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electro chemist right top noblest
+form of chemistry and as an electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of chemistry and as an electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of chemistry and as an electro
+chemist he chose the term for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist he chose the term for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist he chose the term for the
+element of electric charge the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of electric charge the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of electric charge the electron
+coming from the Greek word for amber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the Greek word for amber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the Greek word for amber
+because you know if you rub amber you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if you rub amber you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if you rub amber you
+get static charge so thank goodness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get static charge so thank goodness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get static charge so thank goodness
+Stoney triumphed otherwise we'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stoney triumphed otherwise we'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stoney triumphed otherwise we'd be
+talking about coal pus killer male you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about coal pus killer male you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about coal pus killer male you'd
+have C male you would have email alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have C male you would have email alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have C male you would have email alright
+so anyways so alright so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyways so alright so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyways so alright so we have a
+theory it's 1904 what's the method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory it's 1904 what's the method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory it's 1904 what's the method of
+science you have a theory what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science you have a theory what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science you have a theory what do you do
+put it to the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it to the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it to the test
+so who puts it to the test Ernest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who puts it to the test Ernest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who puts it to the test Ernest
+Rutherford Ernest Rutherford Ernest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford Ernest Rutherford Ernest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford Ernest Rutherford Ernest
+Rutherford he was a professor of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford he was a professor of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford he was a professor of physics
+at well as well but he was at Victoria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at well as well but he was at Victoria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at well as well but he was at Victoria
+University in Manchester Victoria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in Manchester Victoria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in Manchester Victoria
+University in Manchester just up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in Manchester just up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in Manchester just up the
+road from Cambridge both of these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road from Cambridge both of these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road from Cambridge both of these were
+in the UK in the early part of the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UK in the early part of the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UK in the early part of the 20th
+century and he conducted experiments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and he conducted experiments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and he conducted experiments to
+test the plum pudding model basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the plum pudding model basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the plum pudding model basically
+what he did is he took a very thin metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did is he took a very thin metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did is he took a very thin metal
+foil and he bombarded it with charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil and he bombarded it with charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil and he bombarded it with charged
+particles and here's the Rutherford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and here's the Rutherford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and here's the Rutherford
+experiment it's taken right out of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment it's taken right out of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment it's taken right out of your
+text but before I go into details a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text but before I go into details a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text but before I go into details a
+little bit more background about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more background about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more background about
+Rutherford Rutherford was an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford Rutherford was an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford Rutherford was an interesting
+person he was born in New Zealand and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person he was born in New Zealand and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person he was born in New Zealand and he
+came from a farming family his first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from a farming family his first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from a farming family his first
+generation to go to college grew up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation to go to college grew up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation to go to college grew up in
+the farms and and as such he was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farms and and as such he was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farms and and as such he was very
+skilled with machining is very handy he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled with machining is very handy he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled with machining is very handy he
+was a brilliant experimentalist that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a brilliant experimentalist that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a brilliant experimentalist that's
+not to say he wasn't a brilliant thinker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to say he wasn't a brilliant thinker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to say he wasn't a brilliant thinker
+but he had the gift of good mind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he had the gift of good mind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he had the gift of good mind and
+good hands like the two parts of the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good hands like the two parts of the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good hands like the two parts of the MIT
+logo two parts rolled into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logo two parts rolled into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logo two parts rolled into one
+he did his PhD he managed to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did his PhD he managed to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did his PhD he managed to get a
+fellowship and he came to the UK all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellowship and he came to the UK all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellowship and he came to the UK all the
+way from New Zealand he got his PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way from New Zealand he got his PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way from New Zealand he got his PhD
+under JJ Thompson at Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under JJ Thompson at Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under JJ Thompson at Cambridge
+and there he studied radiation coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there he studied radiation coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there he studied radiation coming
+from radioactive elements and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from radioactive elements and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from radioactive elements and he
+categorized two different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorized two different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorized two different types of
+radiation which he termed alpha and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation which he termed alpha and beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation which he termed alpha and beta
+and what he found was that the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he found was that the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he found was that the alpha
+radiation alpha radiation as he studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation alpha radiation as he studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation alpha radiation as he studied
+it was very very good at ionizing gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very very good at ionizing gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very very good at ionizing gases
+whereas beta radiation was not so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas beta radiation was not so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas beta radiation was not so good
+at ionizing gases on the other hand when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ionizing gases on the other hand when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ionizing gases on the other hand when
+it came to penetrating solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came to penetrating solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came to penetrating solids
+penetrating solids the alpha radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrating solids the alpha radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrating solids the alpha radiation
+was poor at penetrating solids whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was poor at penetrating solids whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was poor at penetrating solids whereas
+the beta radiation was very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta radiation was very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta radiation was very good at
+penetrating solids so you see this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrating solids so you see this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrating solids so you see this is
+formative information he understood the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formative information he understood the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formative information he understood the
+interaction of particles with matter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of particles with matter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of particles with matter and
+that's important to set the stage for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important to set the stage for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important to set the stage for
+the Rutherford experiment in Manchester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rutherford experiment in Manchester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rutherford experiment in Manchester
+about 10 years later he took a job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 years later he took a job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 years later he took a job
+teaching went to another part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching went to another part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching went to another part of the
+British Empire went to Canada got a job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Empire went to Canada got a job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Empire went to Canada got a job
+at McGill they worked for a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at McGill they worked for a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at McGill they worked for a little less
+than ten years at McGill where he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ten years at McGill where he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ten years at McGill where he did
+more work on these particles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work on these particles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work on these particles that
+radiates from radioactive elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiates from radioactive elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiates from radioactive elements and
+there he was able to identify the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he was able to identify the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he was able to identify the alpha
+particle as the helium nucleus it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle as the helium nucleus it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle as the helium nucleus it's
+helium denuded of both of its electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium denuded of both of its electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium denuded of both of its electrons
+so all that's left is the helium nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all that's left is the helium nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all that's left is the helium nucleus
+two protons two neutrons and for this he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two protons two neutrons and for this he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two protons two neutrons and for this he
+got the Nobel Prize 1908 1908 Nobel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the Nobel Prize 1908 1908 Nobel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the Nobel Prize 1908 1908 Nobel in
+Physics let me just check that yes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physics let me just check that yes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physics let me just check that yes no
+excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me
+he got it in chemistry and why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got it in chemistry and why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got it in chemistry and why I'm
+hesitating is in the early days of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitating is in the early days of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitating is in the early days of the
+20th century the nobles were first given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century the nobles were first given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century the nobles were first given
+in 1901 but we'll see as three oh nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1901 but we'll see as three oh nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1901 but we'll see as three oh nine
+one progressives people working almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one progressives people working almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one progressives people working almost
+on the same topic making new discoveries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same topic making new discoveries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same topic making new discoveries
+out of the same lab one of them might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the same lab one of them might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the same lab one of them might
+subsequently win the Nobel in Physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently win the Nobel in Physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently win the Nobel in Physics
+one might win it in chemistry because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might win it in chemistry because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might win it in chemistry because
+the the disciplines weren't as diverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the disciplines weren't as diverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the disciplines weren't as diverse
+as they are today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they are today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they are today
+so that's why I hesitate so he got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I hesitate so he got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I hesitate so he got the
+Nobel in chemistry which made him a hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel in chemistry which made him a hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel in chemistry which made him a hot
+property academically and so he got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property academically and so he got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property academically and so he got
+hired to come to the UK and got the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired to come to the UK and got the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired to come to the UK and got the job
+at Victoria University after bagging on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Victoria University after bagging on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Victoria University after bagging on
+Nobel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel in
+chemistry by the way his he didn't outdo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry by the way his he didn't outdo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry by the way his he didn't outdo
+his adviser JJ JJ already got his Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his adviser JJ JJ already got his Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his adviser JJ JJ already got his Nobel
+in 1906 for that work on the charge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1906 for that work on the charge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1906 for that work on the charge to
+mass ratio so let's give him his credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass ratio so let's give him his credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass ratio so let's give him his credit
+Nobel in Physics I rather suspect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel in Physics I rather suspect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel in Physics I rather suspect that
+JJ hadn't got his Nobel they probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JJ hadn't got his Nobel they probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JJ hadn't got his Nobel they probably
+would have been tough for Rutherford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been tough for Rutherford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been tough for Rutherford to
+get one since some of these guys sit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one since some of these guys sit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one since some of these guys sit on
+the committees but it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the committees but it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the committees but it's just a
+speculation nari so now let's get on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation nari so now let's get on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation nari so now let's get on and
+talk about the experiment so what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the experiment so what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the experiment so what we've
+got here is a source of alpha particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here is a source of alpha particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here is a source of alpha particles
+alpha particles are these helium nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles are these helium nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles are these helium nuclei
+and they are the result of radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are the result of radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are the result of radioactive
+decay so you've got polonium or thorium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay so you've got polonium or thorium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay so you've got polonium or thorium
+sitting inside this leaded box with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting inside this leaded box with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting inside this leaded box with one
+opening and so we've got a beam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening and so we've got a beam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening and so we've got a beam and
+these particles are of extremely high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles are of extremely high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles are of extremely high
+energy very very high energy and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy very very high energy and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy very very high energy and they
+strike a thin foil of metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike a thin foil of metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike a thin foil of metal and
+Rutherford tried various metals but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford tried various metals but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford tried various metals but the
+the famous experiment is attributed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the famous experiment is attributed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the famous experiment is attributed to
+the use of gold we've known since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of gold we've known since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of gold we've known since
+antiquity that you could take gold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquity that you could take gold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquity that you could take gold and
+you could hammer it to very very thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could hammer it to very very thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could hammer it to very very thin
+foil and in this case they had foil that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil and in this case they had foil that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil and in this case they had foil that
+was less than a micrometer thick this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was less than a micrometer thick this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was less than a micrometer thick this
+was a 600 nanometers thick very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a 600 nanometers thick very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a 600 nanometers thick very very
+thin and so the experiment was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin and so the experiment was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin and so the experiment was to
+bombard the foil with these alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombard the foil with these alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombard the foil with these alpha
+particles and then measure what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and then measure what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and then measure what happens
+to them so we have to be able to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them so we have to be able to detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them so we have to be able to detect
+them and so Rutherford had a fellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so Rutherford had a fellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so Rutherford had a fellow
+working in his lab by the name of Geiger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in his lab by the name of Geiger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in his lab by the name of Geiger
+and Geiger invented a detector it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Geiger invented a detector it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Geiger invented a detector it's
+called the scintillation screen he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the scintillation screen he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the scintillation screen he
+ultimately invented the Geiger counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately invented the Geiger counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately invented the Geiger counter
+that bears his name but he he built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bears his name but he he built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bears his name but he he built a
+scintillation screen which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scintillation screen which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scintillation screen which is
+essentially a cloth fiber that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a cloth fiber that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a cloth fiber that was
+covered with zinc sulfide and when zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered with zinc sulfide and when zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered with zinc sulfide and when zinc
+sulphide is hit by particles or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulphide is hit by particles or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulphide is hit by particles or by
+anything by radiation or by particles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything by radiation or by particles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything by radiation or by particles of
+greater than a certain critical energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than a certain critical energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than a certain critical energy
+there's a glow that's the from the Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a glow that's the from the Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a glow that's the from the Latin
+word scintilla okay spark so you sit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word scintilla okay spark so you sit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word scintilla okay spark so you sit you
+get graduate students or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get graduate students or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get graduate students or some other
+format she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format she
+labor and you have them sit in further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and you have them sit in further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and you have them sit in further
+scintillation screen and they count they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scintillation screen and they count they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scintillation screen and they count they
+count where these particles hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count where these particles hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count where these particles hit the
+screen and then what they did is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and then what they did is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and then what they did is they
+made a map of where the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a map of where the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a map of where the particles
+scattered once they struck the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered once they struck the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered once they struck the screen
+and here's what their findings were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's what their findings were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's what their findings were the
+finding the important findings of note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the important findings of note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the important findings of note
+are the following first of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the following first of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the following first of all the
+majority of the alpha particles were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the alpha particles were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the alpha particles were
+transmitted through the screen okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted through the screen okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted through the screen okay
+majority vast majority majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority vast majority majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority vast majority majority of
+alphas transmitted transmitted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas transmitted transmitted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas transmitted transmitted that
+means when I use the term transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means when I use the term transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means when I use the term transmitted
+that means passing through in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means passing through in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means passing through in the
+direction that they were originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that they were originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that they were originally
+traveling transmitted and some deflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling transmitted and some deflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling transmitted and some deflected
+through small angles deflected through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through small angles deflected through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through small angles deflected through
+small angles I'm gonna brief EI just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angles I'm gonna brief EI just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angles I'm gonna brief EI just put
+theta feet on what else to use theta for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta feet on what else to use theta for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta feet on what else to use theta for
+if not angle so deflected through small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not angle so deflected through small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not angle so deflected through small
+angles right that's the main thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles right that's the main thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles right that's the main thing that
+they observe but there's a second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they observe but there's a second thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they observe but there's a second thing
+and this was really really shocking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was really really shocking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was really really shocking a
+tiny fraction of the incident alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny fraction of the incident alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny fraction of the incident alpha
+particles were deflected through large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles were deflected through large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles were deflected through large
+angles by large angles I mean greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles by large angles I mean greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles by large angles I mean greater
+than 90 degrees essentially coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 90 degrees essentially coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 90 degrees essentially coming back
+in the direction from which they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction from which they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction from which they came
+okay so tiny fraction tiny fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so tiny fraction tiny fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so tiny fraction tiny fraction of
+alphas tiny fraction of incident alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas tiny fraction of incident alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas tiny fraction of incident alphas
+tiny fraction of incident alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny fraction of incident alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny fraction of incident alphas
+deflected through large angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that I mean greater than 90 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that I mean greater than 90 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that I mean greater than 90 degrees
+so this is called backscattering and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called backscattering and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called backscattering and in
+fact there's a technique of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's a technique of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's a technique of analysis
+used today that's called Rutherford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used today that's called Rutherford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used today that's called Rutherford
+backscattering where people actually saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backscattering where people actually saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backscattering where people actually saw
+that this is a a means of identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a a means of identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a a means of identifying
+the the substance the sample the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the substance the sample the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the substance the sample the
+scattering is an indication of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering is an indication of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering is an indication of the
+nature of the substance and this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the substance and this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the substance and this was a
+surprise because when you take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise because when you take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise because when you take a look at
+what that gold foil constitutes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that gold foil constitutes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that gold foil constitutes in the
+way of a resistance to a beam of charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of a resistance to a beam of charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of a resistance to a beam of charged
+particles of seven point six eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles of seven point six eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles of seven point six eight
+million electron volts when Rutherford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million electron volts when Rutherford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million electron volts when Rutherford
+when Rutherford learned of these results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Rutherford learned of these results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Rutherford learned of these results
+he said this is akin to having a 15-inch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said this is akin to having a 15-inch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said this is akin to having a 15-inch
+artillery shell deflect back from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artillery shell deflect back from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artillery shell deflect back from a
+piece of tissue paper to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of tissue paper to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of tissue paper to give you a
+sense of the relative scales if you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the relative scales if you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the relative scales if you took
+a 15 inch artillery shell moving at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 15 inch artillery shell moving at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 15 inch artillery shell moving at the
+velocity it typically goes that and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity it typically goes that and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity it typically goes that and take
+that amount of kinetic energy versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amount of kinetic energy versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amount of kinetic energy versus the
+resistive capacity of a sheet of tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive capacity of a sheet of tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive capacity of a sheet of tissue
+paper that's the scale that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that's the scale that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that's the scale that we're
+looking at here it was absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at here it was absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at here it was absolutely
+astonishing so they thought about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing so they thought about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing so they thought about this
+they said you know this cannot make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said you know this cannot make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said you know this cannot make
+sense from the standpoint of the plum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense from the standpoint of the plum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense from the standpoint of the plum
+pudding model you know this can't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pudding model you know this can't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pudding model you know this can't make
+sense because the plum pudding model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because the plum pudding model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because the plum pudding model
+says you've got uniformly distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you've got uniformly distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you've got uniformly distributed
+charge so if I've got positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so if I've got positive charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so if I've got positive charge
+uniformly distributed and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly distributed and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly distributed and look at the
+choice is a brilliant experiment he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is a brilliant experiment he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is a brilliant experiment he
+didn't shoot neutrals he shot alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't shoot neutrals he shot alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't shoot neutrals he shot alpha
+particles which have a charge of plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles which have a charge of plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles which have a charge of plus
+two so I've got plus twos zooming it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so I've got plus twos zooming it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so I've got plus twos zooming it at
+high energy against a wall of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy against a wall of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy against a wall of positive
+charge and most of the stuff goes flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and most of the stuff goes flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and most of the stuff goes flying
+through so you just say well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so you just say well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so you just say well this is
+like a bullet going through a pumpkin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bullet going through a pumpkin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bullet going through a pumpkin so
+what's the big deal but how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the big deal but how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the big deal but how do you
+explain some of these going way way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain some of these going way way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain some of these going way way back
+and that's when Rutherford says this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's when Rutherford says this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's when Rutherford says this
+can't be right I'm gonna come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be right I'm gonna come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be right I'm gonna come up with
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+I'm gonna come up with this model I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna come up with this model I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna come up with this model I'm
+gonna say that the positive charge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say that the positive charge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say that the positive charge is
+not uniformly distributed I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uniformly distributed I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uniformly distributed I'm going to
+say quite to the contrary the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say quite to the contrary the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say quite to the contrary the positive
+charge is concentrated at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is concentrated at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is concentrated at the
+in a tiny tiny tiny volume so I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a tiny tiny tiny volume so I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a tiny tiny tiny volume so I've got
+this tiny volume with in case of gold 79
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tiny volume with in case of gold 79
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tiny volume with in case of gold 79
+plus of charge and then I've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus of charge and then I've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus of charge and then I've got some
+electrons out here somewhere and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons out here somewhere and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons out here somewhere and the
+vast majority of the atom is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of the atom is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of the atom is nothing
+isn't this a lot like Democritus being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't this a lot like Democritus being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't this a lot like Democritus being
+and void being and void so now I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and void being and void so now I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and void being and void so now I've got
+my plus two little projectile coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my plus two little projectile coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my plus two little projectile coming in
+and plus two zooms right through but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plus two zooms right through but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plus two zooms right through but
+there's a positive seventy-nine so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a positive seventy-nine so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a positive seventy-nine so the
+positives deflect and so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives deflect and so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives deflect and so there's a
+little bit of deflection because plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of deflection because plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of deflection because plus
+repels Plus but once in a while one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repels Plus but once in a while one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repels Plus but once in a while one of
+these plus 2's comes in almost on axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these plus 2's comes in almost on axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these plus 2's comes in almost on axis
+and it gets whipped around by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets whipped around by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets whipped around by the
+columbic repulsive forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbic repulsive forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbic repulsive forces
+so that's Rutherford's explanation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's Rutherford's explanation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's Rutherford's explanation of
+this set of data oh by the way there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of data oh by the way there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of data oh by the way there's a
+third person there's Rutherford there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third person there's Rutherford there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third person there's Rutherford there's
+Geiger there's Marsden Marsden is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geiger there's Marsden Marsden is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geiger there's Marsden Marsden is an
+interesting character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting character
+Marsden was not too different from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marsden was not too different from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marsden was not too different from you
+Marsden was essentially a UROP he he'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marsden was essentially a UROP he he'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marsden was essentially a UROP he he'd
+left school for a couple of years he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left school for a couple of years he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left school for a couple of years he
+would see was he hadn't got his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see was he hadn't got his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see was he hadn't got his
+undergraduate degree yet he'd come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate degree yet he'd come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate degree yet he'd come back
+and Rutherford accepted him in his lab I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Rutherford accepted him in his lab I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Rutherford accepted him in his lab I
+think the man was something like 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the man was something like 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the man was something like 20
+years of age so he said to Mars and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of age so he said to Mars and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of age so he said to Mars and he
+said you don't want to take these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you don't want to take these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you don't want to take these data
+I'm going to give you the data set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you the data set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you the data set of
+the scattering angles of the atom so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering angles of the atom so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering angles of the atom so you
+just give me a model for this that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give me a model for this that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give me a model for this that's the
+assignment get busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment get busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment get busy
+so Marsden came up with a model and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Marsden came up with a model and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Marsden came up with a model and as
+you go through 802 and you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through 802 and you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through 802 and you understand
+electrostatics and electrodynamics you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics and electrodynamics you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics and electrodynamics you'd
+be able to do this analysis B is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do this analysis B is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do this analysis B is the
+assumed cross-section of the nucleus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed cross-section of the nucleus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed cross-section of the nucleus and
+then on either side is nothing so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on either side is nothing so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on either side is nothing so you've
+got a huge distance between center to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a huge distance between center to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a huge distance between center to
+center and so all Marsden is doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and so all Marsden is doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and so all Marsden is doing is
+asking what must be the if I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what must be the if I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what must be the if I've got a
+wall of nothing with spots of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall of nothing with spots of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall of nothing with spots of high
+positive charge and this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge and this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge and this is my
+scattering data what must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering data what must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering data what must be
+the relative size of the spots versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative size of the spots versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative size of the spots versus
+the nothing and he solved the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nothing and he solved the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nothing and he solved the problem
+and he concluded let's get his name on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he concluded let's get his name on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he concluded let's get his name on
+the board heck he deserves to have his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board heck he deserves to have his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board heck he deserves to have his
+name on the board Marsden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name on the board Marsden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name on the board Marsden
+so Marsden concluded by his analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Marsden concluded by his analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Marsden concluded by his analysis
+that the radius of the nucleus and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the radius of the nucleus and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the radius of the nucleus and this
+is a Rutherford by the way coining this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Rutherford by the way coining this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Rutherford by the way coining this
+term it's a nuclear model it's a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term it's a nuclear model it's a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term it's a nuclear model it's a nuclear
+model the radius of the nucleus as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the radius of the nucleus as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the radius of the nucleus as
+compared to the radius of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the radius of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the radius of the entire
+atom is on the order of about one to ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom is on the order of about one to ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom is on the order of about one to ten
+thousand one to ten thousand so indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand one to ten thousand so indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand one to ten thousand so indeed
+we are talking about a lot of void and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are talking about a lot of void and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are talking about a lot of void and a
+tiny little bit of extremely dense being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little bit of extremely dense being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little bit of extremely dense being
+so they published this and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they published this and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they published this and what's the
+result you think wow they finally solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result you think wow they finally solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result you think wow they finally solved
+it's terrific hooray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's terrific hooray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's terrific hooray
+no science they tear each other's eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no science they tear each other's eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no science they tear each other's eyes
+out the reaction to the model was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the reaction to the model was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the reaction to the model was
+strongly negative derision was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly negative derision was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly negative derision was the
+typical reaction they said look this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical reaction they said look this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical reaction they said look this is
+stupid first of all this thing can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid first of all this thing can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid first of all this thing can't
+sustain itself you've got a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain itself you've got a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain itself you've got a positive
+charge here with negative charge around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge here with negative charge around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge here with negative charge around
+it Coulomb's law says the negative will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Coulomb's law says the negative will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Coulomb's law says the negative will
+be attracted to the positive and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attracted to the positive and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attracted to the positive and I'll
+animal collapse so that's their first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal collapse so that's their first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal collapse so that's their first
+objection nuclear collapse everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objection nuclear collapse everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objection nuclear collapse everything
+all the electrons fall into the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know the data suggests that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the data suggests that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the data suggests that's what
+it is the problem is that the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the problem is that the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the problem is that the theory of
+the day can't explain it so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day can't explain it so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day can't explain it so of course
+theoreticians bristle you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoreticians bristle you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoreticians bristle you know it's
+Huxley that said you know whoa to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huxley that said you know whoa to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huxley that said you know whoa to the
+slang of a beautiful theory by an ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slang of a beautiful theory by an ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slang of a beautiful theory by an ugly
+fact yeah nuclear collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact yeah nuclear collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact yeah nuclear collapse
+so the columbic forces Coulomb Bacoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the columbic forces Coulomb Bacoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the columbic forces Coulomb Bacoor
+electrostatic forces draw I don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic forces draw I don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic forces draw I don't need
+to write it you know what it means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it you know what it means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it you know what it means the
+columbic forces end a story all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbic forces end a story all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbic forces end a story all right
+number two second was that even if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two second was that even if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two second was that even if it
+didn't collapse they said you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't collapse they said you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't collapse they said you've got a
+radiation problem you've got negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation problem you've got negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation problem you've got negative
+charge in motion and it's in a circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge in motion and it's in a circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge in motion and it's in a circular
+orbit and you know acceleration means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and you know acceleration means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and you know acceleration means
+either change of speed or change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either change of speed or change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either change of speed or change of
+direction you'll learn in 802 that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you'll learn in 802 that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you'll learn in 802 that if
+you have a charged body changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a charged body changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a charged body changing the
+correction that constitutes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction that constitutes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction that constitutes an
+acceleration and it will be accompanied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and it will be accompanied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and it will be accompanied
+by radiation radiation is the emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by radiation radiation is the emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by radiation radiation is the emission
+of energy and so again this thing will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy and so again this thing will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy and so again this thing will
+run out of gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of gas
+all right so an energy deficit energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so an energy deficit energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so an energy deficit energy
+deficit accelerating charge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit accelerating charge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit accelerating charge the
+accelerating negative charge because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating negative charge because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating negative charge because
+it's the negatives that are orbiting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the negatives that are orbiting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the negatives that are orbiting the
+positive center and that means radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radiation of energy and that energy has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation of energy and that energy has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation of energy and that energy has
+to come from inside the atom itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come from inside the atom itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come from inside the atom itself so
+on both counts they say this is uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both counts they say this is uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both counts they say this is uh this
+is no good it's no good well time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no good it's no good well time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no good it's no good well time
+marches on 1912 1912 interesting a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marches on 1912 1912 interesting a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marches on 1912 1912 interesting a young
+Danish scientist by the name of Niels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danish scientist by the name of Niels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danish scientist by the name of Niels
+Bohr he just finished his PhD in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bohr he just finished his PhD in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bohr he just finished his PhD in
+Copenhagen and he'd won himself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen and he'd won himself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen and he'd won himself a
+postdoctoral fellowship courtesy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoctoral fellowship courtesy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoctoral fellowship courtesy of the
+Carlsberg brewery foundation Carlsberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlsberg brewery foundation Carlsberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlsberg brewery foundation Carlsberg
+brewery for many years has sponsored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brewery for many years has sponsored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brewery for many years has sponsored
+scientific research through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific research through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific research through the
+Carlsberg foundation so Niels had a PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlsberg foundation so Niels had a PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlsberg foundation so Niels had a PhD
+and a Carlsberg Foundation fellowship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a Carlsberg Foundation fellowship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a Carlsberg Foundation fellowship
+and he decided well I'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he decided well I'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he decided well I'm interested in
+modern physics there's some conflict in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern physics there's some conflict in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern physics there's some conflict in
+the air one of the proponents is JJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air one of the proponents is JJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air one of the proponents is JJ
+Thompson one of the proponents is Ernest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson one of the proponents is Ernest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson one of the proponents is Ernest
+Rutherford I know what I'll do I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford I know what I'll do I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford I know what I'll do I'll
+spend six months with JJ and Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend six months with JJ and Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend six months with JJ and Cambridge
+and I'll spend six months with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll spend six months with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll spend six months with
+Rutherford in Manchester and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford in Manchester and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford in Manchester and that's what
+he set out to do so he goes to Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he set out to do so he goes to Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he set out to do so he goes to Cambridge
+and he spends six months with Thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he spends six months with Thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he spends six months with Thompson
+and then he heads up the up north and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he heads up the up north and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he heads up the up north and
+then he spends only three months in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he spends only three months in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he spends only three months in
+Manchester not because he didn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester not because he didn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester not because he didn't like
+Rutherford actually it was quite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford actually it was quite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford actually it was quite the
+contrary he fired preferred Rutherford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrary he fired preferred Rutherford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrary he fired preferred Rutherford
+to Thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Thompson
+but he got a teaching job and so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he got a teaching job and so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he got a teaching job and so he
+zoomed back to Denmark to assume his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoomed back to Denmark to assume his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoomed back to Denmark to assume his
+teaching duties and during the time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching duties and during the time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching duties and during the time if
+it's his interactions with the Thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's his interactions with the Thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's his interactions with the Thompson
+and Rutherford he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Rutherford he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Rutherford he
+I got to thinking about a way to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to thinking about a way to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to thinking about a way to explain
+the observations of Rutherford and so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations of Rutherford and so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations of Rutherford and so he
+finished the manuscript back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the manuscript back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the manuscript back in
+Copenhagen and Copenhagen he completes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen and Copenhagen he completes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen and Copenhagen he completes
+the manuscript and I'm gonna write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manuscript and I'm gonna write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manuscript and I'm gonna write a
+mess for manuscript completes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess for manuscript completes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess for manuscript completes the
+manuscript and submits this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscript and submits this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscript and submits this for
+publication it's a it's a paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication it's a it's a paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication it's a it's a paper that
+describes them a model to explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes them a model to explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes them a model to explain the
+results so you see how we're oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so you see how we're oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so you see how we're oscillating
+back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth
+JJ Thompson model the Rutherford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JJ Thompson model the Rutherford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JJ Thompson model the Rutherford
+experimental data now war comes with new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data now war comes with new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data now war comes with new
+improved model so obviously what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved model so obviously what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved model so obviously what's going
+to have to happen next is some more data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to happen next is some more data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to happen next is some more data
+to test Bohr's model so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test Bohr's model so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test Bohr's model so first of all
+let's take a look at how we conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at how we conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at how we conduct
+science I said Bohr came up with a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I said Bohr came up with a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I said Bohr came up with a model
+how do we find out about it that we read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we find out about it that we read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we find out about it that we read
+about it in the New York Times that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in the New York Times that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in the New York Times that we
+see it on the nightly news know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it on the nightly news know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it on the nightly news know people
+publish and this is the publication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish and this is the publication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish and this is the publication of
+Bohr's model it's in a journal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bohr's model it's in a journal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bohr's model it's in a journal a
+scientific journal it goes back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific journal it goes back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific journal it goes back to the
+1600s it's called philosophical magazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1600s it's called philosophical magazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1600s it's called philosophical magazine
+and Journal of science people just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Journal of science people just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Journal of science people just
+notice fill mag its 1913 its London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice fill mag its 1913 its London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice fill mag its 1913 its London
+Edinburgh and Dublin you see Ireland was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edinburgh and Dublin you see Ireland was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edinburgh and Dublin you see Ireland was
+part of the United Kingdom at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the United Kingdom at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the United Kingdom at that time
+so Dublin was a British city at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Dublin was a British city at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Dublin was a British city at the time
+this was published all right July 1913
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was published all right July 1913
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was published all right July 1913
+blow this up so on the constitution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow this up so on the constitution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow this up so on the constitution of
+atoms and molecules by n Bohr Doctor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and molecules by n Bohr Doctor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and molecules by n Bohr Doctor of
+Philosophy Copenhagen asterisk here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philosophy Copenhagen asterisk here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philosophy Copenhagen asterisk here and
+I've blown up the bottom of the page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've blown up the bottom of the page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've blown up the bottom of the page
+communicated by Professor Ernest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated by Professor Ernest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated by Professor Ernest
+Rutherford FRS fellow of the Royal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford FRS fellow of the Royal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford FRS fellow of the Royal
+Society so only a member of the Royal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society so only a member of the Royal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society so only a member of the Royal
+Society could read the paper into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society could read the paper into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society could read the paper into the
+proceedings into the session of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceedings into the session of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceedings into the session of the
+Society for subsequent publication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society for subsequent publication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society for subsequent publication and
+this was July 1913 so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was July 1913 so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was July 1913 so we're going to
+read we're going to read this together I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read we're going to read this together I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read we're going to read this together I
+want you to see how science is conducted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to see how science is conducted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to see how science is conducted
+so the introduction in order to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the introduction in order to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the introduction in order to explain
+the results of experiments on scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of experiments on scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of experiments on scattering
+of alpha rays by matter professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha rays by matter professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha rays by matter professor
+Rutherford and there's a footnote to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford and there's a footnote to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford and there's a footnote to the
+Rutherford model so if you go and read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford model so if you go and read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford model so if you go and read
+phil mags 669 1911 you'll see brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phil mags 669 1911 you'll see brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phil mags 669 1911 you'll see brother
+fertile as it's presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertile as it's presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertile as it's presented
+professor Rutherford has given a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Rutherford has given a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Rutherford has given a theory
+on of the structure of atoms according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on of the structure of atoms according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on of the structure of atoms according
+to this theory the atoms consist of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this theory the atoms consist of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this theory the atoms consist of a
+positively charged nucleus surrounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged nucleus surrounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged nucleus surrounded by
+a stream of electrons kept together by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stream of electrons kept together by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stream of electrons kept together by
+attractive forces from the nucleus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive forces from the nucleus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive forces from the nucleus the
+total negative charge of the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total negative charge of the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total negative charge of the electrons
+is equal to the positive charge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the positive charge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the positive charge of the
+nucleus further the nucleus is assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus further the nucleus is assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus further the nucleus is assumed
+to be the seat of the essential part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the seat of the essential part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the seat of the essential part of
+the mass of the atom and have linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the atom and have linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the atom and have linear
+dimensions exceedingly small compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions exceedingly small compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions exceedingly small compared
+with the linear dimensions of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the linear dimensions of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the linear dimensions of the whole
+atom this is beautiful writing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom this is beautiful writing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom this is beautiful writing it's
+crystal clear was written by someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal clear was written by someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal clear was written by someone
+almost a hundred years ago whose native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a hundred years ago whose native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a hundred years ago whose native
+language isn't English you can read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language isn't English you can read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language isn't English you can read this
+and you can learn because it's well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can learn because it's well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can learn because it's well
+written I invite you to read you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written I invite you to read you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written I invite you to read you know if
+you go to the library they have books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the library they have books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the library they have books
+they have all of this the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have all of this the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have all of this the number of
+electrons in an atom is deduced to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in an atom is deduced to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in an atom is deduced to be
+approximately equal to half the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to half the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to half the atomic
+weight great interest is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight great interest is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight great interest is to be
+attributed to this atom model that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to this atom model that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to this atom model that's
+scientific talk when someone says great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific talk when someone says great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific talk when someone says great
+interest that's a that's a euphemism for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest that's a that's a euphemism for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest that's a that's a euphemism for
+embroiled in controversy you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embroiled in controversy you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embroiled in controversy you know they
+don't say that nobody believes this they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say that nobody believes this they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say that nobody believes this they
+say great interest for as Rutherford has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say great interest for as Rutherford has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say great interest for as Rutherford has
+shown the assumption of the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown the assumption of the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown the assumption of the existence of
+nuclei as those in questions seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei as those in questions seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei as those in questions seems to be
+necessary in order to account for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary in order to account for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary in order to account for the
+results of the experiments on large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of the experiments on large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of the experiments on large
+angle scattering of the Alpha rays in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle scattering of the Alpha rays in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle scattering of the Alpha rays in an
+attempt to explain some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to explain some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to explain some of the
+properties of matter on the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of matter on the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of matter on the basis of
+this atom model we meet however with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this atom model we meet however with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this atom model we meet however with
+difficulties of a serious nature arising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties of a serious nature arising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties of a serious nature arising
+from the apparent instability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the apparent instability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the apparent instability of the
+system of electrons difficulties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of electrons difficulties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of electrons difficulties
+purposely avoided in atom models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely avoided in atom models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely avoided in atom models
+previously considered for instance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously considered for instance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously considered for instance in
+the one proposed by Sir JJ Thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one proposed by Sir JJ Thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one proposed by Sir JJ Thompson
+that's almost a slur it's almost saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's almost a slur it's almost saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's almost a slur it's almost saying
+there are difficulties and you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are difficulties and you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are difficulties and you didn't
+treat them either you just kind of swept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them either you just kind of swept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them either you just kind of swept
+them under the rug but now you're out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them under the rug but now you're out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them under the rug but now you're out
+there in full force with your knives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in full force with your knives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in full force with your knives
+sharpened you know if you're so smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharpened you know if you're so smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharpened you know if you're so smart
+why didn't you explain it alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't you explain it alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't you explain it alright so
+they go on and on and on and talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go on and on and on and talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go on and on and on and talking
+about stability but here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stability but here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stability but here's the
+brilliance here's where it comes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliance here's where it comes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliance here's where it comes the
+result of the discussion of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the discussion of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the discussion of these
+questions seems to be a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions seems to be a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions seems to be a general
+acknowledgments of the inadequacy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgments of the inadequacy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgments of the inadequacy of
+classical electrodynamics and describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical electrodynamics and describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical electrodynamics and describing
+the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior
+of systems of atomic size so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systems of atomic size so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systems of atomic size so he
+basically says you know what I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says you know what I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says you know what I can't
+explain this because classical physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this because classical physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this because classical physics
+doesn't work at atomic dimensions sis I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work at atomic dimensions sis I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work at atomic dimensions sis I
+plead guilty but your physics is useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plead guilty but your physics is useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plead guilty but your physics is useless
+at this length scale so we're even now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this length scale so we're even now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this length scale so we're even now
+let's start all over size dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start all over size dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start all over size dependent
+behavior that's what nanotechnology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that's what nanotechnology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that's what nanotechnology is
+the boat isn't it if everything is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat isn't it if everything is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat isn't it if everything is the
+same you know when you were a kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you know when you were a kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you know when you were a kid
+someone would say which has a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone would say which has a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone would say which has a higher
+boiling point a quart of water or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point a quart of water or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point a quart of water or a
+gallon of water and the answer is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon of water and the answer is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon of water and the answer is what
+water boils at 100 degrees C ha ha ha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water boils at 100 degrees C ha ha ha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water boils at 100 degrees C ha ha ha
+well guess what if I get you down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well guess what if I get you down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well guess what if I get you down to a
+cluster of about 30 water molecules the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster of about 30 water molecules the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster of about 30 water molecules the
+boiling point is a function of the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point is a function of the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point is a function of the size
+of the water droplet now that's new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the water droplet now that's new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the water droplet now that's new
+that's new but normally no so baura came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's new but normally no so baura came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's new but normally no so baura came
+way ahead of the game now let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way ahead of the game now let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way ahead of the game now let's take a
+look at the Bohr model of the atom let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Bohr model of the atom let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Bohr model of the atom let's
+see what's in there here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are the Bohr postulates and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the Bohr postulates and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the Bohr postulates and this
+stuff will be posted at at the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff will be posted at at the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff will be posted at at the website
+so you don't have to copy all that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to copy all that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to copy all that it's
+just taken out of the the reading of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taken out of the the reading of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taken out of the the reading of
+lecture notes so it's a planetary model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes so it's a planetary model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes so it's a planetary model
+and it involves a single electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it involves a single electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it involves a single electron
+orbiting a positively charged nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiting a positively charged nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiting a positively charged nucleus
+okay this is the Bohr model Bohr model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the Bohr model Bohr model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the Bohr model Bohr model
+of the atom its planetary or nuclear ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atom its planetary or nuclear ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atom its planetary or nuclear ok
+and it's got one electron only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got one electron only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got one electron only one
+electron only got to learn to crawl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron only got to learn to crawl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron only got to learn to crawl
+before you learn to run all right but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you learn to run all right but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you learn to run all right but it
+could be not just atomic hydrofoil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be not just atomic hydrofoil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be not just atomic hydrofoil
+Marsden told us that this distance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marsden told us that this distance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marsden told us that this distance here
+is about 10,000 so if we got a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 10,000 so if we got a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 10,000 so if we got a little
+speck here and even tinier speck here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speck here and even tinier speck here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speck here and even tinier speck here so
+this is not to scale so this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not to scale so this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not to scale so this distance
+here is R this is the radius of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is R this is the radius of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is R this is the radius of the
+orbit in which the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit in which the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit in which the electron
+travels and so we have the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels and so we have the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels and so we have the positive
+charge in the center I'm gonna just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge in the center I'm gonna just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge in the center I'm gonna just for
+convenience call that q1 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience call that q1 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience call that q1 and that's
+equal to the product of the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the product of the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the product of the proton
+number times e in other words this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number times e in other words this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number times e in other words this could
+be any one electron system you say wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any one electron system you say wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any one electron system you say wait
+a mo what's he talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mo what's he talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mo what's he talking about
+okay atomic hydrogen one proton one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay atomic hydrogen one proton one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay atomic hydrogen one proton one
+electron but I give you another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron but I give you another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron but I give you another one
+electron system you learned about ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron system you learned about ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron system you learned about ions
+last day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last day
+if helium loses an electron what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if helium loses an electron what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if helium loses an electron what do we
+have we have a helium nucleus and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have a helium nucleus and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have a helium nucleus and one
+electron so helium plus is a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so helium plus is a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so helium plus is a one
+electron system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron system
+what about lithium 2-plus that's a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about lithium 2-plus that's a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about lithium 2-plus that's a one
+electron system well my favorite is moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron system well my favorite is moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron system well my favorite is moon
+moon moon iam 110 plus that's a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon moon iam 110 plus that's a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon moon iam 110 plus that's a one
+electron system okay so all I do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron system okay so all I do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron system okay so all I do is I
+take into account that I've got all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account that I've got all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account that I've got all a
+positive charge whatever it is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge whatever it is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge whatever it is it's a
+nucleus and the negative charge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and the negative charge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and the negative charge is
+always Q two is always equal to minus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always Q two is always equal to minus e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always Q two is always equal to minus e
+cuz it's a one electron system you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's a one electron system you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's a one electron system you know
+who's buried in Grant's Tomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's buried in Grant's Tomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's buried in Grant's Tomb
+how many electrons and a one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many electrons and a one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many electrons and a one electron
+system right so there it is so this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so there it is so this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so there it is so this has
+got protons and neutrons but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got protons and neutrons but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got protons and neutrons but the
+neutrons it doesn't matter about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons it doesn't matter about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons it doesn't matter about the
+neutrons and don't ask me about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons and don't ask me about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons and don't ask me about what
+about the relative dimension of this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the relative dimension of this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the relative dimension of this at
+ten thousand one who cares it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand one who cares it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand one who cares it doesn't
+matter how big it is alright so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how big it is alright so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how big it is alright so what
+we're gonna do is we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do is we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do is we're going to go
+through the derivation of that next day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the derivation of that next day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the derivation of that next day
+but I think at this point is probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think at this point is probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think at this point is probably a
+good place to stop and I will I will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good place to stop and I will I will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good place to stop and I will I will go
+through the the actual line-by-line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the actual line-by-line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the actual line-by-line
+derivation not because I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation not because I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation not because I want to do
+derivation zin class I only do them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation zin class I only do them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation zin class I only do them on
+one condition and that is I want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one condition and that is I want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one condition and that is I want to be
+able to teach you what the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to teach you what the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to teach you what the assumptions
+are that underlie the points in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that underlie the points in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that underlie the points in the
+derivation but I'm not going to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation but I'm not going to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation but I'm not going to ask you
+to derive things but I'd ask you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive things but I'd ask you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive things but I'd ask you that
+you know since the class doesn't end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know since the class doesn't end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know since the class doesn't end
+until 11:55 there's no need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until 11:55 there's no need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until 11:55 there's no need to be
+gathering things up and snapping binders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering things up and snapping binders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering things up and snapping binders
+and so on I know you just you're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on I know you just you're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on I know you just you're you
+want to get on with life and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get on with life and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get on with life and you know
+you're on to the next thing and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on to the next thing and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on to the next thing and you're
+tuning out but you see how to click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning out but you see how to click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning out but you see how to click
+click click click click there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click click click click there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click click click click there's actually
+one or two people down here that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two people down here that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two people down here that are
+feigning interest you know I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feigning interest you know I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feigning interest you know I kind of
+like to let them hear so let's be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to let them hear so let's be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to let them hear so let's be good
+neighbors so anyways Bohr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors so anyways Bohr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors so anyways Bohr
+send it to the heights achieved only by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it to the heights achieved only by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it to the heights achieved only by
+Einstein born Einstein were considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein born Einstein were considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein born Einstein were considered
+the top two physicists in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top two physicists in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top two physicists in the world
+through the first part of the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the first part of the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the first part of the 20th
+century if you go to Denmark and you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century if you go to Denmark and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century if you go to Denmark and you you
+break a hundred dollar bill you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break a hundred dollar bill you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break a hundred dollar bill you're going
+to be given one of these undoubtedly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be given one of these undoubtedly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be given one of these undoubtedly the
+500 kronor note which is worth about 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 kronor note which is worth about 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 kronor note which is worth about 75
+80 dollars and it has Niels Bohr on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 dollars and it has Niels Bohr on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 dollars and it has Niels Bohr on it
+and if you look carefully it tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look carefully it tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look carefully it tries to
+give the sense of a of a one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the sense of a of a one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the sense of a of a one electron
+system and here's a young Niels Bohr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and here's a young Niels Bohr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and here's a young Niels Bohr
+here's Bohr with heissen Berg we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Bohr with heissen Berg we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Bohr with heissen Berg we'll talk
+about high Sandberg's uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about high Sandberg's uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about high Sandberg's uncertainty
+principle Heisenberg postdoc with Bohr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle Heisenberg postdoc with Bohr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle Heisenberg postdoc with Bohr
+these people all move from one capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people all move from one capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people all move from one capital
+to another this one here that's Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another this one here that's Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another this one here that's Einstein
+this is the two giants of modern physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the two giants of modern physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the two giants of modern physics
+Einstein and Bohr check out the hats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and Bohr check out the hats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and Bohr check out the hats
+there's there's a Homburg and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a Homburg and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a Homburg and there's a
+Borsalino really cool here's Bohr mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borsalino really cool here's Bohr mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borsalino really cool here's Bohr mixing
+it up with royalty there's a young Queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up with royalty there's a young Queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up with royalty there's a young Queen
+Elizabeth there's Prince Philip and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth there's Prince Philip and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth there's Prince Philip and this
+is some Danish royalty in the back never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some Danish royalty in the back never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some Danish royalty in the back never
+got invited to their place so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got invited to their place so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got invited to their place so I don't
+know them more like music he and Louis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know them more like music he and Louis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know them more like music he and Louis
+Armstrong or discussing quantization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Armstrong or discussing quantization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Armstrong or discussing quantization of
+the in the year 2000 the play by Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the year 2000 the play by Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the year 2000 the play by Michael
+Frayn Copenhagen is a set in Copenhagen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frayn Copenhagen is a set in Copenhagen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frayn Copenhagen is a set in Copenhagen
+and Nazi occupied Germany where Niels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Nazi occupied Germany where Niels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Nazi occupied Germany where Niels
+Bohr is in discussion with his former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bohr is in discussion with his former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bohr is in discussion with his former
+postdoc and student Werner Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoc and student Werner Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoc and student Werner Heisenberg
+and you can see the stage set here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the stage set here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the stage set here
+there's Bohr at the center and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Bohr at the center and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Bohr at the center and there's
+Heisenberg who's the one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg who's the one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg who's the one electron
+orbiting the center and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiting the center and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiting the center and then there's
+Bohr's wife who is the observer you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bohr's wife who is the observer you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bohr's wife who is the observer you know
+Heisenberg gave us the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg gave us the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg gave us the uncertainty
+principle which will visit later and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle which will visit later and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle which will visit later and so
+it's a very interesting play about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very interesting play about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very interesting play about you
+know the morality of developing nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the morality of developing nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the morality of developing nuclear
+weapons and what what does modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons and what what does modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons and what what does modern
+physics really have to give us a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics really have to give us a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics really have to give us a couple
+of other things about hydrogen hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other things about hydrogen hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other things about hydrogen hydrogen
+also had like other elements has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had like other elements has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had like other elements has
+isotopes so we already saw that in 1766
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes so we already saw that in 1766
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes so we already saw that in 1766
+Cavendish isolated atomic hydrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cavendish isolated atomic hydrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cavendish isolated atomic hydrogen and
+enunciated some of its properties he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enunciated some of its properties he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enunciated some of its properties he was
+in London and as I mentioned he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in London and as I mentioned he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in London and as I mentioned he he
+deeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeded
+fortune to the Cambridge University and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune to the Cambridge University and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune to the Cambridge University and
+the Cavendish lab is there to this day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cavendish lab is there to this day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cavendish lab is there to this day
+in the 1931 at Columbia University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1931 at Columbia University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1931 at Columbia University
+Harold Urey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harold Urey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harold Urey
+discovered the this isotope which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered the this isotope which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered the this isotope which has
+two as an atomic mass of of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two as an atomic mass of of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two as an atomic mass of of two
+deuterium and then in 1934 it was Ernest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deuterium and then in 1934 it was Ernest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deuterium and then in 1934 it was Ernest
+Rutherford at by not by the mid 30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford at by not by the mid 30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford at by not by the mid 30s
+JJ Thompson had retired and Rutherford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JJ Thompson had retired and Rutherford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JJ Thompson had retired and Rutherford
+was invited to occupy the the chair at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invited to occupy the the chair at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invited to occupy the the chair at
+the cabin and be the director of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cabin and be the director of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cabin and be the director of the
+Cavendish laboratory so he ended his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cavendish laboratory so he ended his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cavendish laboratory so he ended his
+career in Cambridge it is said of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career in Cambridge it is said of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career in Cambridge it is said of
+Rutherford it is said of Rutherford that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford it is said of Rutherford that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford it is said of Rutherford that
+he is a unique among Nobel Prize winners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is a unique among Nobel Prize winners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is a unique among Nobel Prize winners
+that when you look at what he did here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you look at what he did here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you look at what he did here
+with the experiment of the gold foil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the experiment of the gold foil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the experiment of the gold foil and
+how it was able to engender the insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it was able to engender the insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it was able to engender the insights
+of Bohr that yeah he got the Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bohr that yeah he got the Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bohr that yeah he got the Nobel Prize
+in 1908 for the decomposition or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1908 for the decomposition or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1908 for the decomposition or
+disintegration of matter but people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegration of matter but people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegration of matter but people
+generally say Rutherford did his best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally say Rutherford did his best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally say Rutherford did his best
+work after he got the Nobel Prize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work after he got the Nobel Prize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work after he got the Nobel Prize and
+here he is in 1934 with the discovery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he is in 1934 with the discovery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he is in 1934 with the discovery of
+tritium ah last comments hydrogen now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tritium ah last comments hydrogen now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tritium ah last comments hydrogen now
+here I'm using a little bit of license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm using a little bit of license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm using a little bit of license
+here we've been talking about atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've been talking about atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've been talking about atomic
+hydrogen H later on we'll learn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen H later on we'll learn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen H later on we'll learn that
+hydrogen as we typically encounter it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen as we typically encounter it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen as we typically encounter it is
+h2 the molecule and you've even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2 the molecule and you've even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2 the molecule and you've even
+doubtedly heard a lot in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubtedly heard a lot in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubtedly heard a lot in the in the
+public press and even in the political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public press and even in the political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public press and even in the political
+dialogue such as it is these days that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue such as it is these days that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue such as it is these days that
+the hydrogen might be a non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen might be a non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen might be a non
+environmentally friendly fuel and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally friendly fuel and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally friendly fuel and even
+Cavendish one of the things that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cavendish one of the things that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cavendish one of the things that he
+observed was that hydrogen could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed was that hydrogen could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed was that hydrogen could be
+combusted to produce water vapor so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combusted to produce water vapor so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combusted to produce water vapor so you
+might say well gee why don't we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well gee why don't we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well gee why don't we just
+power our cars with hydrogen and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power our cars with hydrogen and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power our cars with hydrogen and using
+an internal combustion chamber but in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an internal combustion chamber but in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an internal combustion chamber but in an
+internal combustion engine what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal combustion engine what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal combustion engine what happens
+is we don't have an oxygen tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we don't have an oxygen tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we don't have an oxygen tank
+we in fact borrow oxygen or we we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in fact borrow oxygen or we we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in fact borrow oxygen or we we we
+steal oxygen from the air free of charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal oxygen from the air free of charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal oxygen from the air free of charge
+but as you know air is only twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you know air is only twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you know air is only twenty
+percent oxygen the balance being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent oxygen the balance being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent oxygen the balance being
+nitrogen and so that nitrogen goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and so that nitrogen goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and so that nitrogen goes
+through the combustion chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the combustion chamber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the combustion chamber
+and although you think that ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although you think that ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although you think that ball
+nitrogen I mean it's it's an inert gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen I mean it's it's an inert gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen I mean it's it's an inert gas
+well if you get the combustion chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you get the combustion chamber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you get the combustion chamber
+hot enough in point of fact there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot enough in point of fact there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot enough in point of fact there are
+some reactions between nitrogen and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reactions between nitrogen and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reactions between nitrogen and the
+oxygen and so you make not only water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and so you make not only water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and so you make not only water
+vapor but you make some nitrous oxides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor but you make some nitrous oxides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor but you make some nitrous oxides
+NO x or NOx as is known and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NO x or NOx as is known and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NO x or NOx as is known and this is the
+precursor to smog so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to smog so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to smog so if you want to
+attack urban air quality this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack urban air quality this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack urban air quality this is
+probably moving in the wrong direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably moving in the wrong direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably moving in the wrong direction
+okay so people are talking about the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so people are talking about the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so people are talking about the use
+of hydrogen in fuel cells and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogen in fuel cells and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogen in fuel cells and we'll talk
+about fuel cells later in the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fuel cells later in the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fuel cells later in the semester
+and we do unit on redox reactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do unit on redox reactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do unit on redox reactions and
+electrochemistry but it's there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry but it's there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry but it's there are some
+issues here putting hydrogen hydrogen on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues here putting hydrogen hydrogen on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues here putting hydrogen hydrogen on
+board an automobile so one thing to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board an automobile so one thing to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board an automobile so one thing to have
+hydrogen in the tank but this put it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen in the tank but this put it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen in the tank but this put it on
+a vehicle and keep that vehicle crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vehicle and keep that vehicle crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vehicle and keep that vehicle crash
+worthy if the vehicle in the unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthy if the vehicle in the unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthy if the vehicle in the unfortunate
+circumstances of a collision has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances of a collision has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances of a collision has to be
+able to maintain the security of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to maintain the security of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to maintain the security of the
+hydrogen which means more mass which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen which means more mass which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen which means more mass which
+means a lot of the efficiency is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a lot of the efficiency is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a lot of the efficiency is being
+squandered what's the environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squandered what's the environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squandered what's the environmental
+impact of hydrogen production you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of hydrogen production you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of hydrogen production you get
+hydrogen on the hydrogen tree where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen on the hydrogen tree where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen on the hydrogen tree where do
+you get it electrolysis of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it electrolysis of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it electrolysis of water
+catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons
+well electrolysis of water consumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well electrolysis of water consumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well electrolysis of water consumes
+energy where does the energy come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy where does the energy come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy where does the energy come from
+it's electrical energy burn coal to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's electrical energy burn coal to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's electrical energy burn coal to make
+a little catalytic decomposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little catalytic decomposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little catalytic decomposition of
+methane to get the hydrogen where does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane to get the hydrogen where does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane to get the hydrogen where does a
+carbon go goes up the stack of co2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon go goes up the stack of co2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon go goes up the stack of co2 so
+one of the things that you can do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that you can do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that you can do is to
+become technically literate so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become technically literate so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become technically literate so that you
+can be part of the discussion and help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be part of the discussion and help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be part of the discussion and help
+formulate sensible policy put something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate sensible policy put something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate sensible policy put something
+on the road that metaphorically that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the road that metaphorically that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the road that metaphorically that we
+can all follow and last is cost last is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all follow and last is cost last is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all follow and last is cost last is
+cost hydrogen is not cheap so with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost hydrogen is not cheap so with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost hydrogen is not cheap so with that
+I think I'll leave it until Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/geKBtyDcZZY.txt b/geKBtyDcZZY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..53c32b570e13bf993e76f5f81e9be9277ccc9ca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/geKBtyDcZZY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so last time i reaiiy said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so last time i reaiiy said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so last time i reaiiy said the
+atomic sizes are interesting or useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic sizes are interesting or useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic sizes are interesting or useful
+to keep in mind because you want numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind because you want numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind because you want numbers
+for them which are somewhere like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them which are somewhere like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them which are somewhere like
+between 0.1 and 100 or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0.1 and 100 or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0.1 and 100 or something like
+that you and because then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you and because then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you and because then you have a
+sense for how big everything is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for how big everything is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for how big everything is and
+you're in the right ballpark if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the right ballpark if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the right ballpark if you have
+to remember a number and an exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember a number and an exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember a number and an exponent
+it's a little trickier and so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little trickier and so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little trickier and so I'm going
+to say something about atomic sizes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say something about atomic sizes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say something about atomic sizes in
+just a few minutes but the main things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few minutes but the main things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few minutes but the main things
+from the previous lecture were this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous lecture were this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous lecture were this
+relationship between the wavelength and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the wavelength and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the wavelength and
+the momentum which is true for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum which is true for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum which is true for both
+waves and particles or things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and particles or things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and particles or things that we
+think are wave-like like light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are wave-like like light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are wave-like like light and
+things that we think are particle like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we think are particle like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we think are particle like
+like electrons and so this unifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like electrons and so this unifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like electrons and so this unifying
+principle then I have a little question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle then I have a little question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle then I have a little question
+and that is suppose the wavelength for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is suppose the wavelength for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is suppose the wavelength for a
+particle is known and suppose we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is known and suppose we have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is known and suppose we have n
+particles and so if we say well each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and so if we say well each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and so if we say well each
+particle requires a volume of lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle requires a volume of lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle requires a volume of lambda
+cubed and there n particles and we stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and there n particles and we stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and there n particles and we stick
+them into a volume smaller than n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into a volume smaller than n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into a volume smaller than n times
+lambda cubed what's going to happen yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda cubed what's going to happen yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda cubed what's going to happen yes
+they well their identities get corrupted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they well their identities get corrupted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they well their identities get corrupted
+and the person who does that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the person who does that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the person who does that for the
+first time gets a Nobel Prize and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time gets a Nobel Prize and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time gets a Nobel Prize and that
+was Wolfgang ketterle and others so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Wolfgang ketterle and others so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Wolfgang ketterle and others so when
+you have quantum mechanical particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have quantum mechanical particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have quantum mechanical particles
+that are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are too
+together they lose their individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they lose their individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they lose their individual
+identity and so this is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and so this is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and so this is a very simple
+thing that any anybody who was beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that any anybody who was beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that any anybody who was beginning
+to understand quantum mechanics in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand quantum mechanics in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand quantum mechanics in the
+1920s would say well this is a puzzling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s would say well this is a puzzling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s would say well this is a puzzling
+thing maybe we should think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing maybe we should think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing maybe we should think about that
+it's really hard so it took a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard so it took a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard so it took a long time
+okay then a whole bunch of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then a whole bunch of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then a whole bunch of experiments
+led to the idea that we need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the idea that we need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the idea that we need to have a
+way for atoms to fill space and satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for atoms to fill space and satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for atoms to fill space and satisfy
+all the other stuff and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other stuff and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other stuff and that was
+Rutherford's planetary atom picture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford's planetary atom picture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford's planetary atom picture the
+problem with that is it does fill space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that is it does fill space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that is it does fill space
+but there's no way for the electron to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no way for the electron to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no way for the electron to
+continue orbiting around the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue orbiting around the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue orbiting around the nucleus
+because it will radiate its energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will radiate its energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will radiate its energy and
+fall into the nucleus and came over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into the nucleus and came over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into the nucleus and came over and
+so Bohr and Dubrow both had ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Bohr and Dubrow both had ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Bohr and Dubrow both had ways of
+fixing this and Bohr's way was simply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing this and Bohr's way was simply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing this and Bohr's way was simply to
+say the angular momentum is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the angular momentum is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the angular momentum is not just
+conserved but it has certain values an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved but it has certain values an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved but it has certain values an
+integer times H bar H bar is H over 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer times H bar H bar is H over 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer times H bar H bar is H over 2 pi
+and debris said well in order to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and debris said well in order to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and debris said well in order to keep
+the electron from annihilating itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron from annihilating itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron from annihilating itself
+since it's going around on a circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's going around on a circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's going around on a circular
+orbit of known circumference it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit of known circumference it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit of known circumference it there
+must be an integer number of wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be an integer number of wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be an integer number of wavelengths
+around that orbit now that's a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that orbit now that's a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that orbit now that's a much more
+physical and reasonable ad-hoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical and reasonable ad-hoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical and reasonable ad-hoc
+explanation but it's still ad hoc it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation but it's still ad hoc it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation but it's still ad hoc it
+assumes that the particles go are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes that the particles go are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes that the particles go are moving
+around circular orbits now I hinted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around circular orbits now I hinted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around circular orbits now I hinted that
+the way out of this is going to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way out of this is going to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way out of this is going to be that
+the particles aren't moving then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles aren't moving then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles aren't moving then we
+could still have angular momentum we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still have angular momentum we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still have angular momentum we can
+still have all sorts of useful stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have all sorts of useful stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have all sorts of useful stuff but
+they're not moving and we don't radiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not moving and we don't radiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not moving and we don't radiate
+the the energy of the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the energy of the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the energy of the particles
+and but that requires a completely new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but that requires a completely new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but that requires a completely new
+way of looking at particles in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at particles in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at particles in quantum
+mechanics and but but the thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and but but the thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and but but the thing about
+both the Bohr hypothesis and the dobrze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the Bohr hypothesis and the dobrze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the Bohr hypothesis and the dobrze
+how thought this is is that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how thought this is is that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how thought this is is that any
+sophomore who made such a proposal would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophomore who made such a proposal would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophomore who made such a proposal would
+be laughed at in the 1910 xx period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be laughed at in the 1910 xx period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be laughed at in the 1910 xx period
+because it's just ridiculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just ridiculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just ridiculous
+but the reason these hypotheses were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reason these hypotheses were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reason these hypotheses were
+taking seriously is that this planetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking seriously is that this planetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking seriously is that this planetary
+model with those Corrections explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with those Corrections explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with those Corrections explained
+the spectra of all one electron systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectra of all one electron systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectra of all one electron systems
+hydrogen helium plus lithium 2-plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen helium plus lithium 2-plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen helium plus lithium 2-plus
+uranium 91 plus all of them to better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium 91 plus all of them to better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium 91 plus all of them to better
+than measurement accuracy at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than measurement accuracy at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than measurement accuracy at the time
+and better than measurement accuracy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better than measurement accuracy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better than measurement accuracy for
+a long time after this was proposed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time after this was proposed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time after this was proposed so
+getting a whole bunch now a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a whole bunch now a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a whole bunch now a whole bunch
+is an infinite number actually of ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an infinite number actually of ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an infinite number actually of ten
+digit numbers makes you think well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit numbers makes you think well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit numbers makes you think well
+there's something here but here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something here but here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something here but here is
+nobody knows where here is except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows where here is except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows where here is except the
+numbers and the the idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and the the idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and the the idea of the
+planetary model with the fixes doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planetary model with the fixes doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planetary model with the fixes doesn't
+explain anything other than the spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain anything other than the spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain anything other than the spectral
+lines which is a lot but it it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines which is a lot but it it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines which is a lot but it it tells you
+there's something really good there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something really good there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something really good there okay
+I guess one thing I forgot to mention in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess one thing I forgot to mention in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess one thing I forgot to mention in
+the summary is that the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summary is that the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summary is that the energy levels
+that you get from the Bohr model are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get from the Bohr model are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get from the Bohr model are
+going to explain spectra if you say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explain spectra if you say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explain spectra if you say well
+the spectrum are transitions between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum are transitions between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum are transitions between
+these energy levels and that was also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these energy levels and that was also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these energy levels and that was also a
+brilliant suggestion and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant suggestion and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant suggestion and it was
+suggested by numerology okay but let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested by numerology okay but let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested by numerology okay but let us
+go back to work now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to work now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to work now
+we're going to talk about the two-slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the two-slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the two-slit
+experiment and I have two personal thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and I have two personal thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and I have two personal thing
+to report about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to report about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to report about that
+the first time I gave a talk it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time I gave a talk it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time I gave a talk it was
+going to be a 15-minute talk at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a 15-minute talk at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a 15-minute talk at a
+spectroscopy conference and so I did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy conference and so I did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy conference and so I did a
+practice talk and it had to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice talk and it had to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice talk and it had to do with the
+two-slit experiment and relationship to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-slit experiment and relationship to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-slit experiment and relationship to
+spectroscopy but I did a practice talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy but I did a practice talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy but I did a practice talk
+and it took two hours so I have a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it took two hours so I have a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it took two hours so I have a thing
+about the two level the two-slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the two level the two-slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the two level the two-slit
+experiment and I think I'm this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and I think I'm this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and I think I'm this lecture
+is going to be not two hours it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be not two hours it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be not two hours it's going
+to be on time okay so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on time okay so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on time okay so we're going to
+talk about the two-slit experiment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the two-slit experiment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the two-slit experiment and
+the important thing about the two-slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing about the two-slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing about the two-slit
+experiment is that it's mostly ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is that it's mostly ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is that it's mostly ordinary
+wave interference there's no question in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave interference there's no question in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave interference there's no question in
+quantum mechanics and so you know most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and so you know most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and so you know most
+of the hard stuff to to analyze is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hard stuff to to analyze is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hard stuff to to analyze is
+classical physics and I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics and I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics and I'm going to do
+the best I can with that but after after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best I can with that but after after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best I can with that but after after
+we get to understanding this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to understanding this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to understanding this problem
+there will be a surprise at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a surprise at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a surprise at the end
+which is a quantum surprise and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a quantum surprise and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a quantum surprise and it's
+something that absolutely requires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that absolutely requires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that absolutely requires a
+postulate of the first postulate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate of the first postulate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate of the first postulate of
+quantum mechanics some idea of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics some idea of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics some idea of what we
+are talking about here what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking about here what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking about here what are we
+allowed to know about a system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's something there okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something there okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something there okay and then
+I'm going to give you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you a little
+description of something which I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of something which I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of something which I think I
+have to call a semi classical optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to call a semi classical optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to call a semi classical optics
+uncertainty principle semi classical is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle semi classical is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle semi classical is
+or semi anything is usually quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or semi anything is usually quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or semi anything is usually quantum
+mechanics just a little bit mixed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics just a little bit mixed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics just a little bit mixed into
+something that was well understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was well understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was well understood
+before or that is very convenient to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before or that is very convenient to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before or that is very convenient to use
+and you only bring in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you only bring in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you only bring in quantum mechanics
+when you have to and it's the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have to and it's the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have to and it's the easiest
+thing to understand and that introduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to understand and that introduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to understand and that introduces
+the uncertainty principle and we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty principle and we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty principle and we get a
+taste of the first of several quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste of the first of several quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste of the first of several quantum
+mechanical postulates okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical postulates okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical postulates okay
+so let's start with the sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I should have taught giving you these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have taught giving you these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have taught giving you these
+sizes in the previous lecture but I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes in the previous lecture but I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes in the previous lecture but I was
+being mostly number free so the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being mostly number free so the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being mostly number free so the radius
+of a bore orbit is given by n over Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bore orbit is given by n over Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bore orbit is given by n over Z
+squared where Z is the charged integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared where Z is the charged integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared where Z is the charged integer
+charge on the nucleus times zero point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the nucleus times zero point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the nucleus times zero point
+five two nine two angstroms so half an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five two nine two angstroms so half an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five two nine two angstroms so half an
+angstrom is a big is the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom is a big is the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom is a big is the radius of
+basically any atom and this charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically any atom and this charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically any atom and this charge on
+the nucleus is well it gets smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus is well it gets smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus is well it gets smaller and
+this is a very useful thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very useful thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very useful thing the
+wavelength is given by n over C times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is given by n over C times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is given by n over C times
+three point three two angstroms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the the situation where n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the situation where n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the situation where n times
+the wavelength is equal to two and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength is equal to two and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength is equal to two and so we
+have n wavelengths around AB orbit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n wavelengths around AB orbit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n wavelengths around AB orbit and
+this is really the Debray hypothesis but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really the Debray hypothesis but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really the Debray hypothesis but
+again something which is on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again something which is on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again something which is on the order of
+something that you can remember and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can remember and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can remember and the
+energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well these energy levels are is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these energy levels are is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these energy levels are is V
+squared times 1326 electron volts over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times 1326 electron volts over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times 1326 electron volts over N
+squared okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay
+well we you know if we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we you know if we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we you know if we were talking
+about energies and joules or in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about energies and joules or in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about energies and joules or in any
+units you want it's likely to have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units you want it's likely to have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units you want it's likely to have a big
+exponent but this one is in electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent but this one is in electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent but this one is in electron
+volts and that's actually what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts and that's actually what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts and that's actually what's
+happening in electron is being attracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in electron is being attracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in electron is being attracted
+to a positive thing and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a positive thing and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a positive thing and there's a
+voltage basically a voltage difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage basically a voltage difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage basically a voltage difference
+and so that's another useful thing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's another useful thing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's another useful thing now
+this is e this I left out the bird and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is e this I left out the bird and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is e this I left out the bird and
+this red bird constant is a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this red bird constant is a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this red bird constant is a bunch of
+fundamental constants and since I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental constants and since I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental constants and since I'm a
+spectroscopy I think in terms of wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy I think in terms of wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy I think in terms of wave
+numbers reciprocal centimeters and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers reciprocal centimeters and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers reciprocal centimeters and for
+me that's energy its frequency it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that's energy its frequency it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that's energy its frequency it's it's
+everything but it you know anyway for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but it you know anyway for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but it you know anyway for
+hydrogen it's 109 seven six seven seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen it's 109 seven six seven seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen it's 109 seven six seven seven
+point five eight one for something with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five eight one for something with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five eight one for something with
+an infinite mass infinite mass nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite mass infinite mass nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite mass infinite mass nucleus
+it's 109 seven thirty seven point five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 109 seven thirty seven point five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 109 seven thirty seven point five
+three one five three reciprocal Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three one five three reciprocal Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three one five three reciprocal Center
+and this is the number that I have in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the number that I have in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the number that I have in my
+head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head
+and I use it in all sorts of places as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I use it in all sorts of places as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I use it in all sorts of places as
+you can imagine where and to get to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine where and to get to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine where and to get to any
+particular nucleus this is just our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular nucleus this is just our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular nucleus this is just our
+infinity mu nucleus or mu atom over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity mu nucleus or mu atom over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity mu nucleus or mu atom over the
+mass of the electron so and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the electron so and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the electron so and it turns out
+that almost everything except hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that almost everything except hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that almost everything except hydrogen
+is very close to this number and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very close to this number and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very close to this number and so this
+hardly matters but it does give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly matters but it does give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly matters but it does give you a
+little bit of difference a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of difference a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of difference a little bit of
+dependence on the nuclear mass okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on the nuclear mass okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on the nuclear mass okay so I
+said before that this rid berg equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before that this rid berg equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before that this rid berg equation
+or this this equation tells you nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this this equation tells you nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this this equation tells you nothing
+it tells you where all the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you where all the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you where all the energy levels
+are and anyone could tell you where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and anyone could tell you where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and anyone could tell you where the
+rest are so it's a pattern which is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest are so it's a pattern which is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest are so it's a pattern which is nice
+but a pattern which says okay if things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a pattern which says okay if things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a pattern which says okay if things
+are well behaved like hydrogen atom this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well behaved like hydrogen atom this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well behaved like hydrogen atom this
+is what the energy levels will be but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the energy levels will be but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the energy levels will be but
+life is difficult life is not with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is difficult life is not with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is difficult life is not with
+everything well-behaved and so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything well-behaved and so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything well-behaved and so this is a
+pattern which says I'm interested in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern which says I'm interested in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern which says I'm interested in how
+the real life is different from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real life is different from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real life is different from that
+pattern it's a way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern it's a way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern it's a way of thinking about
+structure and how we learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and how we learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and how we learn about
+structures information about the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures information about the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures information about the details
+of a molecule or an atom is encoded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a molecule or an atom is encoded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a molecule or an atom is encoded in
+the spectrum and this is the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum and this is the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum and this is the magic
+decoder or one of the magic decoders we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoder or one of the magic decoders we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoder or one of the magic decoders we
+use to begin to assemble the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to begin to assemble the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to begin to assemble the new
+insights this doesn't appear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights this doesn't appear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights this doesn't appear in
+textbooks in textbooks you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks in textbooks you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks in textbooks you get the
+equations you get the truth and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you get the truth and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you get the truth and you
+don't get any strange interpretations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get any strange interpretations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get any strange interpretations
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well that's that's we're getting from me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's that's we're getting from me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's that's we're getting from me
+you're getting strange interpretations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting strange interpretations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting strange interpretations
+and you'll have them throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll have them throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll have them throughout the
+course okay so now what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay so now what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay so now what we want to do is
+talk about the two-slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright let's just begin so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright let's just begin so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright let's just begin so here's a
+diagram and here we have a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and here we have a source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and here we have a source of
+light so it's a light bulb in your notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so it's a light bulb in your notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so it's a light bulb in your notes
+it's a candle here and and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a candle here and and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a candle here and and then we have
+two slits and the slits are separated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slits and the slits are separated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slits and the slits are separated by
+distance D and so this is the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance D and so this is the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance D and so this is the first one
+this one in the second slit is 2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in the second slit is 2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in the second slit is 2 and the
+distance between them is much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between them is much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between them is much larger
+than the width of each slit okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the width of each slit okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the width of each slit okay and now
+we go down to the screen and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go down to the screen and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go down to the screen and the
+distance from the slits to the screen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the slits to the screen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the slits to the screen is
+L and L is much much larger than D this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and L is much much larger than D this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and L is much much larger than D this
+means of course we're going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of course we're going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of course we're going to be using
+small angle approximation and and simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angle approximation and and simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angle approximation and and simple
+solutions because everything is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions because everything is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions because everything is much
+larger than something else and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than something else and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than something else and that's
+very convenient okay now I want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient okay now I want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient okay now I want to just
+put on axis this is the x axis and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on axis this is the x axis and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on axis this is the x axis and this
+is 0 and this is L and now the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 and this is L and now the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 and this is L and now the screen
+we're going to see something on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see something on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see something on the
+screen that looks like this I'm giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen that looks like this I'm giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen that looks like this I'm giving
+it away and the distance here is 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it away and the distance here is 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it away and the distance here is 0 and
+the distance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance here
+it's the z axis so we have the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the z axis so we have the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the z axis so we have the distance
+to the slit is is on the x axis and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the slit is is on the x axis and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the slit is is on the x axis and the
+the pattern the diffraction pattern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern the diffraction pattern is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern the diffraction pattern is
+on the z axis okay and this zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the z axis okay and this zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the z axis okay and this zero is
+right in the middle of the pattern it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the middle of the pattern it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the middle of the pattern it
+would correspond to this point mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would correspond to this point mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would correspond to this point mid
+here so what we want to do is calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what we want to do is calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what we want to do is calculate
+what's going to appear on the screen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to appear on the screen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to appear on the screen and
+I've already given it away what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already given it away what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already given it away what you see
+is a bunch of equally spaced intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bunch of equally spaced intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bunch of equally spaced intensity
+Maxima where we have constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima where we have constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima where we have constructive
+interference and in between we have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and in between we have less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and in between we have less
+constructive interference or destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference or destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference or destructive
+interference and we want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and we want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and we want to understand
+that now this is optics this is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now this is optics this is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now this is optics this is nothing
+nothing no quantum mechanics at all okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's look at this in more detail so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at this in more detail so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at this in more detail so
+we have the z axis and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+horizontal and we have a path to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and we have a path to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and we have a path to the
+screen and another path to the screen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and another path to the screen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and another path to the screen so
+what we're interested in is here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're interested in is here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're interested in is here's one
+slit here's the other slit and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit here's the other slit and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit here's the other slit and we have
+two parallel lines that meet at infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parallel lines that meet at infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parallel lines that meet at infinity
+which is where the screen is and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where the screen is and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where the screen is and what
+we're going to be interested in is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be interested in is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be interested in is what
+is the path difference between this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the path difference between this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the path difference between this one
+and this one okay so we have an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one okay so we have an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one okay so we have an angle
+which is given by the perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is given by the perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is given by the perpendicular to
+this right okay so this distance is D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right okay so this distance is D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right okay so this distance is D
+this distance is L and this angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance is L and this angle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance is L and this angle is
+Theta as is this angle okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta as is this angle okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta as is this angle okay and what
+we're interested in is this the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in is this the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in is this the extra
+path traveled by the lower slit and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path traveled by the lower slit and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path traveled by the lower slit and so
+we use trigonometry and we can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use trigonometry and we can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use trigonometry and we can figure
+that out and so Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out and so Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out and so Delta
+is the path difference Delta is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the path difference Delta is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the path difference Delta is equal to
+d sine-theta and in order for it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d sine-theta and in order for it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d sine-theta and in order for it to be
+constructive interference we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference we have to
+have this path difference to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this path difference to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this path difference to be an
+integer number of wavelengths now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer number of wavelengths now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer number of wavelengths now this
+is this is optics and so this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is optics and so this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is optics and so this is you
+know that's so something that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's so something that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's so something that we don't
+need quantum mechanics for we that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need quantum mechanics for we that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need quantum mechanics for we that we
+know we're going to get interference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're going to get interference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're going to get interference so
+we can now solve for where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now solve for where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now solve for where the
+constructive interference occurs and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference occurs and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference occurs and so
+we have theta and is equal to inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have theta and is equal to inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have theta and is equal to inverse
+sine and lambda over D but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine and lambda over D but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine and lambda over D but this is a
+small angle even though I drew it not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angle even though I drew it not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angle even though I drew it not as
+a small angle and so we can replace sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small angle and so we can replace sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small angle and so we can replace sine
+sine X by X or inverse of sine X but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine X by X or inverse of sine X but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine X by X or inverse of sine X but in
+an inverse of sine Y by Y and anyway we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverse of sine Y by Y and anyway we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverse of sine Y by Y and anyway we
+can we can say that the angles for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can say that the angles for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can say that the angles for
+constructive interference are given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference are given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference are given by
+and lambda over D ok so we've solved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lambda over D ok so we've solved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lambda over D ok so we've solved the
+diffraction we've derived the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction we've derived the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction we've derived the
+diffraction equation we've solved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction equation we've solved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction equation we've solved and
+now what we want to know is where do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we want to know is where do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we want to know is where do the
+spots occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots occur
+well they occur at Z equals 0 Z equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they occur at Z equals 0 Z equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they occur at Z equals 0 Z equals
+plus or minus L sine theta which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus L sine theta which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus L sine theta which is
+approximately equal to L over D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to L over D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to L over D and
+lambda ok so we have L times lambda over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda ok so we have L times lambda over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda ok so we have L times lambda over
+D times an integer so what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D times an integer so what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D times an integer so what we're going
+to see is on the screen is a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is on the screen is a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is on the screen is a series of
+bright lines for constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright lines for constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright lines for constructive
+interference and now they're not lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and now they're not lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and now they're not lines
+there it goes up and you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it goes up and you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it goes up and you know it's a
+it's a curve but we can measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a curve but we can measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a curve but we can measure the
+maximum of the intensity and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of the intensity and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of the intensity and we could
+say they're like this and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they're like this and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they're like this and they're
+equally spaced and they tell us things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally spaced and they tell us things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally spaced and they tell us things
+we knew we knew L we knew D we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew we knew L we knew D we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew we knew L we knew D we knew
+lambda okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda okay
+so there's nothing surprising and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's nothing surprising and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's nothing surprising and this
+is just optics okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just optics okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just optics okay
+so now suppose we go in and we cover one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now suppose we go in and we cover one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now suppose we go in and we cover one
+slit what happens yes the interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit what happens yes the interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit what happens yes the interference
+goes away and you could imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away and you could imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away and you could imagine that
+there would be a little sign if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be a little sign if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be a little sign if you
+covered the top slit the pattern would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered the top slit the pattern would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered the top slit the pattern would
+be skewed a little bit in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be skewed a little bit in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be skewed a little bit in the direction
+of the bottom slit and so there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bottom slit and so there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bottom slit and so there'll be a
+little bit of asymmetry but so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of asymmetry but so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of asymmetry but so you could
+actually know which slit your colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know which slit your colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know which slit your colleague
+covered so if both slits are open you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered so if both slits are open you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered so if both slits are open you
+have interference if one slit is covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have interference if one slit is covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have interference if one slit is covered
+you have no interference okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're getting into the realm of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting into the realm of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting into the realm of quantum
+mechanics now in quantum mechanics one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics now in quantum mechanics one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics now in quantum mechanics one
+of the things we do is we say suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we do is we say suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we do is we say suppose we
+did a perfect experiment maybe it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a perfect experiment maybe it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a perfect experiment maybe it's an
+experiment that's beyond what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that's beyond what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that's beyond what you're
+capable of doing with the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of doing with the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of doing with the present
+technology but you do the you can say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but you do the you can say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but you do the you can say I
+could measure positions and time as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could measure positions and time as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could measure positions and time as
+accurately as I want and this and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately as I want and this and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately as I want and this and one
+could also say that I could do this an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also say that I could do this an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also say that I could do this an
+infinite number of time I could do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of time I could do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of time I could do the
+same experiment an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same experiment an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same experiment an infinite number of
+times without quantum mechanics if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times without quantum mechanics if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times without quantum mechanics if you
+did the same experiment and if a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the same experiment and if a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the same experiment and if a number
+of times you get the same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times you get the same answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times you get the same answer
+infinite number of times but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of times but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of times but with
+quantum mechanics you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics you're going to
+discover you don't its probabilistic not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover you don't its probabilistic not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover you don't its probabilistic not
+deterministic and under certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic and under certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic and under certain
+conditions the range of probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions the range of probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions the range of probability of a
+the range over which you have a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range over which you have a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range over which you have a finite
+probability is very small it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is very small it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is very small it looks
+deterministic but IND and the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic but IND and the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic but IND and the perfect
+experiment business is is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment business is is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment business is is an interesting
+hypothesis but you don't you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis but you don't you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis but you don't you know you
+can imagine defining what is perfect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine defining what is perfect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine defining what is perfect in
+terms of what is intrinsically possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what is intrinsically possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what is intrinsically possible
+to achieve even if it's not currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve even if it's not currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve even if it's not currently
+possible okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what we want to do is
+decrease the intensity of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the intensity of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the intensity of the light
+that's going into the apparatus so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going into the apparatus so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going into the apparatus so that
+there is never more than one photon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is never more than one photon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is never more than one photon in
+the apparatus now never is a strong word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apparatus now never is a strong word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apparatus now never is a strong word
+and we could never do that and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could never do that and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could never do that and so that's
+not legal but we can say suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not legal but we can say suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not legal but we can say suppose we
+increased the we decrease the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the we decrease the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the we decrease the intensity
+so that for the time it takes for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that for the time it takes for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that for the time it takes for the
+photon to go from the slit to the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon to go from the slit to the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon to go from the slit to the screen
+which we know because we know the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know because we know the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know because we know the speed
+of light and for the intensity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light and for the intensity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light and for the intensity of the
+light which we can measure with a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light which we can measure with a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light which we can measure with a with
+an energy meter we can say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy meter we can say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy meter we can say the
+probability of there being more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of there being more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of there being more than one
+photon at a time in the apparatus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon at a time in the apparatus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon at a time in the apparatus is
+small as small as we want but not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as small as we want but not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as small as we want but not zero
+and so then we do the experiment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then we do the experiment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then we do the experiment and
+what we discover when we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we discover when we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we discover when we do the
+experiment is instead of having having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is instead of having having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is instead of having having a
+uniform intensity or some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform intensity or some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform intensity or some kind of
+continuously varying intensity on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously varying intensity on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously varying intensity on the
+detector screen we get a series of dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector screen we get a series of dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector screen we get a series of dots
+events the photon went in and the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events the photon went in and the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events the photon went in and the photon
+was a wave when it went in interfere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a wave when it went in interfere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a wave when it went in interfere
+with itself I'm sorry there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself I'm sorry there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself I'm sorry there was
+interference maybe and the photon died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference maybe and the photon died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference maybe and the photon died
+on this detector screen this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this detector screen this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this detector screen this is an
+example of destructive detection which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of destructive detection which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of destructive detection which
+is something that is very important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that is very important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that is very important in
+quantum mechanics because in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics because in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics because in quantum
+mechanics most measurements destroy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics most measurements destroy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics most measurements destroy the
+system or destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or destroy
+the state that the system was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+during the experiment so this business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the experiment so this business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the experiment so this business
+of what is the state of the system is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is the state of the system is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is the state of the system is a
+really important quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important quantum mechanical
+concept which you don't normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept which you don't normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept which you don't normally
+encounter in costume mechanics so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter in costume mechanics so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter in costume mechanics so anyway
+we send photons one at a time through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we send photons one at a time through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we send photons one at a time through
+the apparatus and we get something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apparatus and we get something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apparatus and we get something like
+this and we get something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we get something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we get something like this
+whether this lit both slits are open or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this lit both slits are open or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this lit both slits are open or
+one slit is covered so we do this and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one slit is covered so we do this and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one slit is covered so we do this and we
+do this for a long time and what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for a long time and what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for a long time and what we see
+is we see a lot of events and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we see a lot of events and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we see a lot of events and they're
+starting to arrange themselves where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to arrange themselves where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to arrange themselves where the
+interference fringes were supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference fringes were supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference fringes were supposed to be
+so this pattern only emerges after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this pattern only emerges after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this pattern only emerges after you
+allow a large number of photons to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow a large number of photons to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow a large number of photons to go
+into the apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the apparatus
+there's no way classical optics gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way classical optics gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way classical optics gives
+you that and so if that one slit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that and so if that one slit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that and so if that one slit is
+covered you get a uniform distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered you get a uniform distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered you get a uniform distribution
+of dots if both slits are open you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dots if both slits are open you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dots if both slits are open you get
+this kind of a distribution Wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now I ask you I'm going to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I ask you I'm going to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I ask you I'm going to ask you
+to vote on this so we do the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vote on this so we do the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vote on this so we do the experiment
+and I've sort of given away the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've sort of given away the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've sort of given away the answer
+but I still want you to vote on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I still want you to vote on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I still want you to vote on this
+what are the possible things so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the possible things so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the possible things so we know
+there's only one photon in the app runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one photon in the app runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one photon in the app runs
+at a time our concept of interference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time our concept of interference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time our concept of interference is
+light interfering with itself and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light interfering with itself and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light interfering with itself and this
+is a possibility that says well I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a possibility that says well I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a possibility that says well I think
+I know and here is another weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know and here is another weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know and here is another weak
+interference on top of constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+background this would reflect even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background this would reflect even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background this would reflect even
+though we decided that we would have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we decided that we would have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we decided that we would have one
+photon in the apparatus occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon in the apparatus occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon in the apparatus occasionally
+there are two and when there's two there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two and when there's two there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two and when there's two there
+could be interference and so we'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be interference and so we'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be interference and so we'd have
+some weak interference superimposed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weak interference superimposed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weak interference superimposed on
+the constant background now we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant background now we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant background now we get this
+100% modulated if you're in structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% modulated if you're in structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% modulated if you're in structure
+and the last thing is something else so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last thing is something else so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last thing is something else so
+now you have to transport your tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to transport your tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to transport your tie
+yourself back in time to around 1910 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself back in time to around 1910 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself back in time to around 1910 you
+haven't heard this lecture yeah but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't heard this lecture yeah but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't heard this lecture yeah but you
+do know what the experiment is and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know what the experiment is and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know what the experiment is and so
+what would you expect first no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you expect first no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you expect first no
+interference raise your hand I got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference raise your hand I got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference raise your hand I got one
+vote ooh I've got a few votes for no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote ooh I've got a few votes for no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote ooh I've got a few votes for no
+interference in 1910 that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference in 1910 that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference in 1910 that's what you
+would have said weak interference on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have said weak interference on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have said weak interference on top
+of constant background well that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constant background well that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constant background well that would
+be what you're hedging your bets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what you're hedging your bets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what you're hedging your bets in
+saying well the experiment isn't perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well the experiment isn't perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well the experiment isn't perfect
+and this is really the right answer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really the right answer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really the right answer but
+if someone was a little sloppy I'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone was a little sloppy I'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone was a little sloppy I'd get
+this raise your hands for this one what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this raise your hands for this one what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this raise your hands for this one what
+would you have said in 1910 I got nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you have said in 1910 I got nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you have said in 1910 I got nobody
+with the courage to say this you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the courage to say this you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the courage to say this you would
+have gotten a Nobel Prize if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten a Nobel Prize if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten a Nobel Prize if you could
+have defended it something else well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have defended it something else well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have defended it something else well
+maybe something else maybe the photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe something else maybe the photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe something else maybe the photons
+come in pairs or something something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in pairs or something something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in pairs or something something
+ridiculous so the correct answer is 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous so the correct answer is 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous so the correct answer is 100%
+modulated what people would have said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated what people would have said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated what people would have said in
+1910 is this some curmudgeons you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910 is this some curmudgeons you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910 is this some curmudgeons you know
+like the climate change deniers would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the climate change deniers would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the climate change deniers would
+would have said well there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have said well there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have said well there's a little
+bit of this or maybe it's at but I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this or maybe it's at but I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this or maybe it's at but I can't
+possibly accept that which is the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly accept that which is the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly accept that which is the truth
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well we won't belabor that any more okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we won't belabor that any more okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we won't belabor that any more okay
+so this means that one photon can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that one photon can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that one photon can
+interfere with itself it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with itself it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with itself it's a very
+disturbing idea but it leads to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing idea but it leads to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing idea but it leads to a
+critical idea in quantum mechanics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical idea in quantum mechanics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical idea in quantum mechanics in
+quantum mechanics the state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics the state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics the state of the
+system is described by some state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is described by some state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is described by some state
+function which is a function of position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is a function of position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is a function of position
+and time and so what happens is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time and so what happens is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time and so what happens is you
+prepare the system in some state you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare the system in some state you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare the system in some state you do
+something to it like it force it force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to it like it force it force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to it like it force it force
+it to go through two slits and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to go through two slits and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to go through two slits and then we
+get some new state function and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some new state function and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some new state function and then we
+detect it we get something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect it we get something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect it we get something else
+so the actual experiment is click the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the actual experiment is click the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the actual experiment is click the
+preparation and the click detection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation and the click detection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation and the click detection and
+somehow what is the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow what is the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow what is the nature of the
+experiment is expressed on this initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is expressed on this initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is expressed on this initial
+state of the system this is all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the system this is all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the system this is all very
+abstract but it's about interference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract but it's about interference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract but it's about interference so
+this guy had better have phase so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy had better have phase so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy had better have phase so we
+have a wave that can can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wave that can can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wave that can can can
+constructively or destructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively or destructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively or destructively
+interfere with itself so and so we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with itself so and so we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with itself so and so we start
+talking about things like amplitude or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the crucial word is amplitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the crucial word is amplitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the crucial word is amplitude and
+mostly when we detect things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly when we detect things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly when we detect things we're
+detecting probability this is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting probability this is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting probability this is always
+positive these guys can be positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive these guys can be positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive these guys can be positive and
+negative this is essential for quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative this is essential for quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative this is essential for quantum
+mechanics it's essential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics it's essential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics it's essential for
+understanding the two-slit experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the two-slit experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the two-slit experiment
+but we have to do an awful lot more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have to do an awful lot more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have to do an awful lot more to
+make all of this concrete okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well why don't we look at the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why don't we look at the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why don't we look at the classical
+wave equation actually we'll look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation actually we'll look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation actually we'll look at the
+classical wave equation next time but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical wave equation next time but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical wave equation next time but I
+will say that the solution to the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say that the solution to the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say that the solution to the wave
+equation is some function of X and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is some function of X and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is some function of X and T
+which has the form of a sign okay X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has the form of a sign okay X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has the form of a sign okay X
+minus Omega T so I'm doing this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega T so I'm doing this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega T so I'm doing this to
+introduce you to the crucial actors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to the crucial actors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to the crucial actors in
+this game which is amplitude wave number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game which is amplitude wave number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game which is amplitude wave number
+and frequency okay and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frequency okay and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frequency okay and this is a
+probability amplitude it's it can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability amplitude it's it can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability amplitude it's it can have
+either sign because you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either sign because you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either sign because you can see this
+sign function okay so this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign function okay so this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign function okay so this is this is a
+wave of frequency Omega propagating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave of frequency Omega propagating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave of frequency Omega propagating in
+the plus X direction okay now let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identify the crucial quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay wave length is the repeat distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay wave length is the repeat distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay wave length is the repeat distance
+so that if we said we have U of X and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if we said we have U of X and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if we said we have U of X and T
+it has to be equal to U of X plus lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's how we define the wave lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how we define the wave lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how we define the wave lengths
+and we discovered that the wave length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we discovered that the wave length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we discovered that the wave length
+has to be related to K times lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be related to K times lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be related to K times lambda is
+equal to PI because this part has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to PI because this part has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to PI because this part has to
+change by 2 pi in order for there to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change by 2 pi in order for there to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change by 2 pi in order for there to be
+an accurate exact replica of what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accurate exact replica of what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accurate exact replica of what we had
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+so we know that the wavelength is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that the wavelength is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that the wavelength is the
+repeat distance and K is 2 PI over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat distance and K is 2 PI over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat distance and K is 2 PI over
+lambda it's the way it's called the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda it's the way it's called the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda it's the way it's called the wave
+number and it's the number of waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and it's the number of waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and it's the number of waves
+complete waves that occur in two pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete waves that occur in two pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete waves that occur in two pi
+times the unit length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in 3d we have a vector as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in 3d we have a vector as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in 3d we have a vector as opposed to
+a number and that points in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number and that points in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number and that points in the
+direction of propagation of the wave now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know from quantum mechanics or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from quantum mechanics or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from quantum mechanics or from
+the experiments of that the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments of that the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments of that the wavelength
+is related to the momentum now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the momentum now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the momentum now there are
+several ways reasons for this from four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several ways reasons for this from four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several ways reasons for this from four
+waves m''d still be optics but it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves m''d still be optics but it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves m''d still be optics but it could
+have been relativistic optics because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been relativistic optics because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been relativistic optics because
+the Einstein proposed that the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Einstein proposed that the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Einstein proposed that the momentum
+is e over C but anyway so we put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e over C but anyway so we put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e over C but anyway so we put that
+together and we get the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we get the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we get the relationship
+between K and momentum now h-bar is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between K and momentum now h-bar is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between K and momentum now h-bar is H
+over 2 pi and so the wave number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 pi and so the wave number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 pi and so the wave number is
+large if the momentum is large and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large if the momentum is large and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large if the momentum is large and the
+wavelength is small if the momentum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is small if the momentum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is small if the momentum is
+large ok now what about the velocity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large ok now what about the velocity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large ok now what about the velocity so
+we have a wave and let's sit on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a wave and let's sit on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a wave and let's sit on this
+wave here and say ok we're now sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave here and say ok we're now sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave here and say ok we're now sitting
+on some point where the phase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some point where the phase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some point where the phase is
+constant I like to call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I like to call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I like to call this the
+stationary wave point a stationary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary wave point a stationary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary wave point a stationary phase
+point but that has other meanings so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but that has other meanings so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but that has other meanings so you
+just have to be careful with this so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to be careful with this so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to be careful with this so we
+want to know how fast this moves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how fast this moves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how fast this moves in
+space and so we say ok the phase is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so we say ok the phase is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so we say ok the phase is the
+phase of this function here and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of this function here and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of this function here and so it's
+K X Apple it'll fly on this - Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K X Apple it'll fly on this - Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K X Apple it'll fly on this - Omega T
+and we want to find how this moves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to find how this moves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to find how this moves in
+time this stationary phase now we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this stationary phase now we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this stationary phase now we could
+choose this to be zero we could choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this to be zero we could choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this to be zero we could choose a
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+you know this is zero this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is zero this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is zero this is this is
+some maximum but we can choose anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some maximum but we can choose anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some maximum but we can choose anything
+we want so let's make it zero and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want so let's make it zero and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want so let's make it zero and so
+then we can solve for X Phi as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can solve for X Phi as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can solve for X Phi as a
+function of T and that's Omega T over K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we want the phase velocity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we want the phase velocity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we want the phase velocity the
+velocity of this wave so we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of this wave so we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of this wave so we take the
+derivative with respect to T and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to T and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to T and so this
+is the velocity which we'll call C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the velocity which we'll call C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the velocity which we'll call C is
+equal to Omega over K that's that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Omega over K that's that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Omega over K that's that's true
+for light traveling in a vacuum this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for light traveling in a vacuum this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for light traveling in a vacuum this is
+called a dispersion relation whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a dispersion relation whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a dispersion relation whenever
+you do a calculation of waves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a calculation of waves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a calculation of waves in
+material the goal is to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the goal is to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the goal is to get the
+dispersion relation this is the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation this is the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation this is the simplest
+possible one because it says everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible one because it says everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible one because it says everybody
+at the same frequency I'm sorry that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same frequency I'm sorry that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same frequency I'm sorry that the
+there's a relationship between Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a relationship between Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a relationship between Omega and
+K so that everybody travels with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so that everybody travels with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so that everybody travels with the
+same speed if that didn't happen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same speed if that didn't happen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same speed if that didn't happen the
+waves would get out of phase with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves would get out of phase with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves would get out of phase with each
+other that's what's dispersion is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that's what's dispersion is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that's what's dispersion is okay
+so we have from simple optics basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have from simple optics basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have from simple optics basically
+everything we need and now the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we need and now the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we need and now the last
+thing is that the intensity of this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that the intensity of this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that the intensity of this wave
+is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay I X minus Omega G so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay I X minus Omega G so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay I X minus Omega G so this is
+the wave function it's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function it's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function it's something that
+has signs and this is the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has signs and this is the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has signs and this is the intensity
+which is proportional to this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is proportional to this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is proportional to this quantity
+we sum the amplitudes and then square we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sum the amplitudes and then square we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sum the amplitudes and then square we
+do this quantum mechanics all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this quantum mechanics all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this quantum mechanics all the time
+and this is like quantum mechanics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is like quantum mechanics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is like quantum mechanics in
+the sense that we have our fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that we have our fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that we have our fundamental
+building block which is something with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building block which is something with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building block which is something with
+phase and the relationship to the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and the relationship to the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and the relationship to the thing
+with phase of a thing with phase to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with phase of a thing with phase to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with phase of a thing with phase to the
+things which is probability is sum for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which is probability is sum for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which is probability is sum for
+the square yes I'm sorry okay that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square yes I'm sorry okay that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square yes I'm sorry okay that's a
+constant that's the the amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's the the amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's the the amplitude of
+that particular frequency and wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular frequency and wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular frequency and wave
+vector I'm sorry about the mess on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector I'm sorry about the mess on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector I'm sorry about the mess on the
+board okay all right we have enough time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board okay all right we have enough time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board okay all right we have enough time
+okay all right so this is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so this is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so this is sort of a
+taste of what you're going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste of what you're going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste of what you're going to be doing
+but now let's let's produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form of the uncertainty principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no we hear you you've heard about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we hear you you've heard about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we hear you you've heard about the
+uncertainty principle and it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle and it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle and it's a very
+important part of quantum mechanics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of quantum mechanics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of quantum mechanics but
+it's also something that you can have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also something that you can have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also something that you can have an
+optics and so again we resort to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics and so again we resort to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics and so again we resort to this
+simple idea of sending a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple idea of sending a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple idea of sending a particle
+through a slit and looking at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a slit and looking at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a slit and looking at what
+happens when we're here okay instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we're here okay instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we're here okay instead of
+having two slits we just have one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two slits we just have one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two slits we just have one but
+there are two important things the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two important things the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two important things the two
+edges of this lid are special because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of this lid are special because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of this lid are special because
+they're edges and so we can ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're edges and so we can ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're edges and so we can ask what
+about the interference between particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the interference between particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the interference between particles
+that was diffracted by this edge versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was diffracted by this edge versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was diffracted by this edge versus
+that edge and the same thing goes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge and the same thing goes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge and the same thing goes you
+get positive there you get constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get positive there you get constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get positive there you get constructive
+interference when the difference in path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference when the difference in path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference when the difference in path
+length is an integer number of waves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is an integer number of waves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is an integer number of waves and
+destructive interference when it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference when it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference when it's an
+integer it's a it's it's an odd integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer it's a it's it's an odd integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer it's a it's it's an odd integer
+number of half waves we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of half waves we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of half waves we're interested in
+the destructive interference so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the destructive interference so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the destructive interference so we
+analyze this in exactly the same way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze this in exactly the same way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze this in exactly the same way we
+did the two slit experiment and now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the two slit experiment and now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the two slit experiment and now this
+is the Z direction and this is the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Z direction and this is the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Z direction and this is the X
+direction and what you end up finding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and what you end up finding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and what you end up finding is
+that the uncertainty in the Z direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uncertainty in the Z direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uncertainty in the Z direction
+is going to be related to two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be related to two times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be related to two times
+lambda over Delta s times L well Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda over Delta s times L well Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda over Delta s times L well Delta s
+is the width of the slit this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the width of the slit this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the width of the slit this is the
+these are the and the width of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the and the width of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the and the width of so
+width of the image along the z-axis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the image along the z-axis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the image along the z-axis or
+the width of so we have a maximum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of so we have a maximum here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of so we have a maximum here
+and we have minima here and here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have minima here and here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have minima here and here and so
+this Delta Z is the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta Z is the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta Z is the distance between
+minima so we can say between minima we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima so we can say between minima we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima so we can say between minima we
+have the particle localized it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the particle localized it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the particle localized it's
+determine its position in space over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine its position in space over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine its position in space over the
+photon localize its position in space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon localize its position in space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon localize its position in space is
+uncertain by this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain by this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain by this quantity
+well what about its momentum and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what about its momentum and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what about its momentum and so now
+we just have to draw a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have to draw a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have to draw a little bit of
+conservation of momentum so so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of momentum so so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of momentum so so here we
+have the magnitude of the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the magnitude of the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the magnitude of the momentum
+starting from the middle of the slit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the middle of the slit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the middle of the slit and
+this magnitude is constant along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magnitude is constant along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magnitude is constant along a
+circle the magnitude so if we draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle the magnitude so if we draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle the magnitude so if we draw a
+line here this is got P and if we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here this is got P and if we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here this is got P and if we ask
+the leg here that's also P but now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leg here that's also P but now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leg here that's also P but now what
+we want to know is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know is what is the
+uncertainty of the momentum in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of the momentum in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of the momentum in the Z
+Direction Delta ez okay this is PZ this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction Delta ez okay this is PZ this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction Delta ez okay this is PZ this
+is the same sort of calculation we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same sort of calculation we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same sort of calculation we did
+before and what you find is Delta P C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and what you find is Delta P C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and what you find is Delta P C is
+equal approximately equal to magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal approximately equal to magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal approximately equal to magnitude
+of P lambda or Delta s and now we put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P lambda or Delta s and now we put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P lambda or Delta s and now we put in
+what the debry relationship here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the debry relationship here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the debry relationship here and we
+get that this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that this is equal to
+H over lambda lambda over D s which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H over lambda lambda over D s which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H over lambda lambda over D s which is
+equal to H or D s or D s in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H or D s or D s in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H or D s or D s in the Z
+Direction no D s is the slit width it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction no D s is the slit width it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction no D s is the slit width it is
+I got something wrong here in my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got something wrong here in my notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got something wrong here in my notes
+anyway the final result of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the final result of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the final result of this
+calculation is d Z is the P Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is d Z is the P Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is d Z is the P Z
+approximately equal to H sorry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to H sorry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to H sorry about the
+glitch here I don't know how to fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitch here I don't know how to fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitch here I don't know how to fix it
+right now and but what we if if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and but what we if if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and but what we if if this
+were done correctly we would have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done correctly we would have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done correctly we would have gotten
+this result this is an uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result this is an uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result this is an uncertainty
+principle if you try to measure Z and PZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle if you try to measure Z and PZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle if you try to measure Z and PZ
+simultaneously with classical optics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously with classical optics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously with classical optics you
+still would get something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still would get something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still would get something like this
+using the the relationship for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the the relationship for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the the relationship for for
+momentum that lambda is equal to H over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that lambda is equal to H over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that lambda is equal to H over
+P we got to use that but because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P we got to use that but because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P we got to use that but because of that
+relationship we get this result if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship we get this result if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship we get this result if you
+do a perfect experiment and you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a perfect experiment and you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a perfect experiment and you make
+this little smaller and smaller you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little smaller and smaller you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little smaller and smaller you make
+the uncertainty in the momentum larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty in the momentum larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty in the momentum larger
+and larger the best you can do is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this is actually a reasonable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is actually a reasonable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is actually a reasonable and
+rigorous derivation if I if I was if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous derivation if I if I was if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous derivation if I if I was if I
+had done it a little better but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done it a little better but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done it a little better but that
+I've never liked this introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never liked this introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never liked this introduction to
+the the uncertainty principle because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uncertainty principle because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uncertainty principle because it
+says well for the kind of experiment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well for the kind of experiment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well for the kind of experiment we
+thought about you can't do better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about you can't do better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about you can't do better than
+this well maybe there's a different kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well maybe there's a different kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well maybe there's a different kind
+of experiment it's it's sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiment it's it's sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiment it's it's sort of an
+artifact xual as opposed to a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact xual as opposed to a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact xual as opposed to a physical
+derivation now we care we will do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation now we care we will do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation now we care we will do a
+physical derivation of the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical derivation of the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical derivation of the uncertainty
+principle and it will have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and it will have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and it will have to do with
+the ability of to operates to commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability of to operates to commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability of to operates to commute
+with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other
+it's a purely mathematical definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a purely mathematical definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a purely mathematical definition
+but this is the first sign of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the first sign of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the first sign of the
+uncertainty principle now there's at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle now there's at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle now there's at the
+end of your notes there's a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of your notes there's a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of your notes there's a set of
+postulates for that that from which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates for that that from which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates for that that from which
+essentially all quantum mechanics can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially all quantum mechanics can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially all quantum mechanics can be
+derived now there are different sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived now there are different sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived now there are different sets of
+postulates proposed by different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates proposed by different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates proposed by different people
+but these are things that can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are things that can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are things that can't be
+proven there are things that you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven there are things that you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven there are things that you think
+is going to be true and then you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be true and then you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be true and then you look at
+the consequences and the first postulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences and the first postulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences and the first postulate
+says the state of a quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the state of a quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the state of a quantum mechanical
+system is completely specified they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is completely specified they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is completely specified they have
+function sigh of R and T that depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sigh of R and T that depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sigh of R and T that depends on
+the coordinates of the particle and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates of the particle and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates of the particle and on
+time this function called the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this function called the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this function called the way this
+wave function or the state function has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function or the state function has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function or the state function has
+the important property that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important property that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important property that this
+quantity times its the its complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity times its the its complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity times its the its complex
+conjugate integrated over the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate integrated over the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate integrated over the volume
+element is the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is the probability that the
+particle lies in the volume element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle lies in the volume element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle lies in the volume element
+centered at R at time T so we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at R at time T so we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at R at time T so we're saying
+there is a way a complete way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a way a complete way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a way a complete way of
+describing the state of the system it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the state of the system it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the state of the system it's
+a function it's not a bunch of discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function it's not a bunch of discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function it's not a bunch of discrete
+quantities like velocity and position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities like velocity and position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities like velocity and position
+and things are smeared out and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things are smeared out and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things are smeared out and what we
+want to do when we want to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do when we want to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do when we want to calculate
+anything we're going to be using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we're going to be using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we're going to be using this
+function and this function comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this function comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this function comes from
+the Schrodinger equation and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation and we're going
+to get to the shorter equation not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the shorter equation not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the shorter equation not in
+the next lecture I'm going to spend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture I'm going to spend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture I'm going to spend the
+next lecture really laboring the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture really laboring the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture really laboring the wave
+equation because the starting equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because the starting equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because the starting equation
+is just a tiny step beyond the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a tiny step beyond the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a tiny step beyond the wave
+equation so I've given you the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I've given you the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I've given you the five
+postulates you have not a clue what any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates you have not a clue what any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates you have not a clue what any
+of them mean except maybe a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them mean except maybe a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them mean except maybe a little bit
+about the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first one
+but what I don't want to do is give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I don't want to do is give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I don't want to do is give a
+lecture on the postulates I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on the postulates I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on the postulates I want to
+bring them into action when you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them into action when you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them into action when you need
+them because they'll mean much more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because they'll mean much more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because they'll mean much more and
+so you won't be asked to memorize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you won't be asked to memorize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you won't be asked to memorize the
+postulates you'll know when they when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates you'll know when they when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates you'll know when they when
+they are applicable and how to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are applicable and how to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are applicable and how to apply
+them so it's a little premature to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's a little premature to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's a little premature to say
+you understand the first postulate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the first postulate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the first postulate but
+that's what's at play here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's at play here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's at play here in the
+two-slit experiment and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-slit experiment and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-slit experiment and in this
+hand-waving derivation of the incerti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand-waving derivation of the incerti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand-waving derivation of the incerti
+principle so next time we will look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle so next time we will look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle so next time we will look at
+the wave equations ok thank you hey I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave equations ok thank you hey I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave equations ok thank you hey I
+finished on time this time that's a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished on time this time that's a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished on time this time that's a bad
+sign
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gkRRlmes_jE.txt b/gkRRlmes_jE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d7cdbd32d651e9de205d7a68ea98c44de061804
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gkRRlmes_jE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6259 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today's lecture is on intermolecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is on intermolecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is on intermolecular
+interactions and it's really one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and it's really one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and it's really one of
+these favorite topics where you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these favorite topics where you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these favorite topics where you know we
+can I can say well this is the origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can say well this is the origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can say well this is the origin of
+life how do gases actually condense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life how do gases actually condense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life how do gases actually condense and
+we we can build a really really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can build a really really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can build a really really simple
+theory for how gases condense based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory for how gases condense based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory for how gases condense based on
+what we know based on second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know based on second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know based on second order
+perturbation theory based on some hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory based on some hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory based on some hand
+waving stuff and it really is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving stuff and it really is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving stuff and it really is something
+from nothing but it's also an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from nothing but it's also an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from nothing but it's also an example of
+what we do in physical chemistry where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do in physical chemistry where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do in physical chemistry where
+we explain one phenomenon by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we explain one phenomenon by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we explain one phenomenon by taking
+something that seems to be unrelated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that seems to be unrelated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that seems to be unrelated and
+building a model around it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a model around it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a model around it and
+explaining this surprising thing and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining this surprising thing and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining this surprising thing and and
+that's what's going to happen today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's going to happen today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's going to happen today
+we'll talk more about that okay now last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about that okay now last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about that okay now last
+last time we talked about wave packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talked about wave packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talked about wave packet
+dynamics and and so with wave packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and and so with wave packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and and so with wave packet
+dynamics there's first the pluck how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics there's first the pluck how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics there's first the pluck how do
+you start the system in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start the system in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start the system in some
+superposition of eigenstates and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of eigenstates and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of eigenstates and then
+there's the evolution of the pluck which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the evolution of the pluck which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the evolution of the pluck which
+is which is usually some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is usually some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is usually some kind of
+particle like state it's that follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like state it's that follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like state it's that follows
+Newton's laws the center of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's laws the center of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's laws the center of the wave
+packet follows the Newton's laws for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet follows the Newton's laws for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet follows the Newton's laws for the
+position and the momentum but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and the momentum but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and the momentum but if you
+make a wave packet in a real molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a wave packet in a real molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a wave packet in a real molecule
+the molecule is going to be not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule is going to be not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule is going to be not a
+harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator
+and there will be an harmonic effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there will be an harmonic effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there will be an harmonic effects
+which causes the wave packet to deface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which causes the wave packet to deface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which causes the wave packet to deface
+but the center of the wave packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the center of the wave packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the center of the wave packet
+continues to move as if it were you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to move as if it were you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to move as if it were you know
+I'm in a simple potential and it candy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in a simple potential and it candy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in a simple potential and it candy
+phase and rephase and all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and rephase and all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and rephase and all sorts of
+complicated stuff and that can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated stuff and that can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated stuff and that can be very
+interesting now when you take the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now when you take the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now when you take the step
+from a diatomic molecule to a polyatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a diatomic molecule to a polyatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a diatomic molecule to a polyatomic
+molecule you have 3 and -6 oscillators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you have 3 and -6 oscillators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you have 3 and -6 oscillators
+cohabiting in the same house and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohabiting in the same house and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohabiting in the same house and they're
+going to interact and and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interact and and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interact and and so if you
+start a wave packet on one franck-condon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a wave packet on one franck-condon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a wave packet on one franck-condon
+brite mode because of nth harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brite mode because of nth harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brite mode because of nth harmonic
+interactions handled by perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions handled by perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions handled by perturbation
+theory between modes you start to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory between modes you start to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory between modes you start to get
+this wave packet leaking out into other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave packet leaking out into other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave packet leaking out into other
+modes and so the expectation value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and so the expectation value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and so the expectation value is
+going to exhibit a oscillating time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to exhibit a oscillating time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to exhibit a oscillating time
+dependence associated with the bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence associated with the bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence associated with the bright
+mode and some of the dark modes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and some of the dark modes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and some of the dark modes that are
+at harmonically coupled to the bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at harmonically coupled to the bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at harmonically coupled to the bright
+mode and it can get pretty complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and it can get pretty complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and it can get pretty complicated
+but you can understand all of it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can understand all of it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can understand all of it because
+you have perturbation theory and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have perturbation theory and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have perturbation theory and so you
+can you can say ok this time the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can say ok this time the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can say ok this time the wave
+packet is some amplitude of the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet is some amplitude of the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet is some amplitude of the initial
+wave packet is transferred to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packet is transferred to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packet is transferred to a
+different mode and when does that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mode and when does that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mode and when does that happen
+stationary phase it's it happens in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase it's it happens in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase it's it happens in this
+particular geometry and and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular geometry and and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular geometry and and so you can
+be asking ok when is this excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asking ok when is this excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asking ok when is this excitation
+transferring how strongly this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring how strongly this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring how strongly this is a very
+very complete picture and it's very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complete picture and it's very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complete picture and it's very much
+like classical mechanics because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like classical mechanics because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like classical mechanics because it's
+localized then we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized then we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized then we talked about
+landau-zener and the landau-zener is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landau-zener and the landau-zener is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landau-zener and the landau-zener is
+basically a simple idea that you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a simple idea that you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a simple idea that you also
+understand from real life and it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand from real life and it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand from real life and it has to
+do with how does a wave packet jump from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with how does a wave packet jump from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with how does a wave packet jump from
+one potential surface to another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one potential surface to another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one potential surface to another and
+again it's stationary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's stationary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's stationary phase
+at the at the inter nuclear distance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at the inter nuclear distance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at the inter nuclear distance of
+the curve crossing the wave packet has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve crossing the wave packet has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve crossing the wave packet has
+to decide which curve it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide which curve it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide which curve it's going to
+follow and it depends on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow and it depends on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow and it depends on the the
+velocity of the packet at the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the packet at the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the packet at the curve
+crossing and the difference in slopes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing and the difference in slopes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing and the difference in slopes of
+the two paths it has to choose between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two paths it has to choose between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two paths it has to choose between
+and all of this is very simple now I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of this is very simple now I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of this is very simple now I am
+trying to create an exam problem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create an exam problem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create an exam problem which
+is related to landau-zener and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to landau-zener and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to landau-zener and this is
+hard but if I succeed then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard but if I succeed then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard but if I succeed then you can
+expect to see it the last thing I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see it the last thing I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see it the last thing I talked
+about last lecture was the zewail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last lecture was the zewail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last lecture was the zewail
+pump-probe experiments and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump-probe experiments and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump-probe experiments and this is a
+beautifully graphical picture of how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully graphical picture of how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully graphical picture of how do
+you create something and then probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you create something and then probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you create something and then probe
+what's happening and again I hope that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening and again I hope that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening and again I hope that I
+can come up with something pictorial for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up with something pictorial for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up with something pictorial for
+the exam on visual problem okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam on visual problem okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam on visual problem okay
+now before I talk about intermolecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now before I talk about intermolecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now before I talk about intermolecular
+interactions I want to do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions I want to do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions I want to do a little bit
+of tying up loose ends you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tying up loose ends you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tying up loose ends you know about
+non-degenerate perturbation theory now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-degenerate perturbation theory now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-degenerate perturbation theory now
+there's another kind of perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another kind of perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another kind of perturbation
+theory called degenerate perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory called degenerate perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory called degenerate perturbation
+theory and this is when non degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and this is when non degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and this is when non degenerate
+perturbation Theory fails because H I J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory fails because H I J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory fails because H I J
+over zero it's greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over zero it's greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over zero it's greater than one
+well then you've got a problem you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then you've got a problem you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then you've got a problem you can't
+use ordinary perturbation theory you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use ordinary perturbation theory you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use ordinary perturbation theory you
+have to diagonalize you diagonalize at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to diagonalize you diagonalize at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to diagonalize you diagonalize at
+two pi two or you diagonalize all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pi two or you diagonalize all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pi two or you diagonalize all of the
+little cases where this is violated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cases where this is violated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cases where this is violated
+that's called degenerate perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called degenerate perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called degenerate perturbation
+theory and there's a little bit of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and there's a little bit of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and there's a little bit of an
+extra recipe for how do you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra recipe for how do you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra recipe for how do you put
+information about remote States into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about remote States into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about remote States into the
+part of the Hamiltonian you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the Hamiltonian you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the Hamiltonian you
+that's called the Van Vleck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the Van Vleck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the Van Vleck
+transformation and I'm not going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and I'm not going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and I'm not going to talk
+about it but basically you fix things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but basically you fix things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but basically you fix things up
+by diagonalizing a two by two or a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by diagonalizing a two by two or a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by diagonalizing a two by two or a three
+by three and then do ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three and then do ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three and then do ordinary
+perturbation theory and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory and then there's
+variational the variational model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational the variational model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational the variational model is
+something we've used mostly in a minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've used mostly in a minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've used mostly in a minimal
+basic minimum basis set for talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic minimum basis set for talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic minimum basis set for talking
+about diatomic molecules and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about diatomic molecules and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about diatomic molecules and in the
+variational model we diagonalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational model we diagonalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational model we diagonalize
+energies by mikta by optimizing mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies by mikta by optimizing mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies by mikta by optimizing mixing
+coefficients now perturbation theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients now perturbation theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients now perturbation theory is
+implicitly an infinite basis usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly an infinite basis usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly an infinite basis usually the
+infinity doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity doesn't matter
+because the interesting stuff comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the interesting stuff comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the interesting stuff comes in
+from relatively low lying levels and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from relatively low lying levels and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from relatively low lying levels and the
+infinite number of very faraway levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of very faraway levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of very faraway levels
+just modifies the energy levels a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just modifies the energy levels a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just modifies the energy levels a little
+bit and you don't have to worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and you don't have to worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and you don't have to worry about it
+a variational method you choose your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variational method you choose your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variational method you choose your own
+basis set now the choice of basis set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set now the choice of basis set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set now the choice of basis set is
+frequently dictated by convenience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently dictated by convenience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently dictated by convenience and
+the basis set is often not very large or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis set is often not very large or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis set is often not very large or
+not orthonormal and so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not orthonormal and so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not orthonormal and so there are
+problems with how do we deal with basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with how do we deal with basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with how do we deal with basis
+functions which are not orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are not orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are not orthonormal
+especially not orthogonal to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially not orthogonal to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially not orthogonal to each other
+and there's a transformation that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a transformation that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a transformation that you
+can do to make that work out I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do to make that work out I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do to make that work out I mean the
+additions the problem is basically where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additions the problem is basically where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additions the problem is basically where
+the secular equation is is this for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secular equation is is this for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secular equation is is this for the
+variational method and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational method and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational method and this is the
+overlap matrix and when the overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap matrix and when the overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap matrix and when the overlap
+matrix is not the unit matrix we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is not the unit matrix we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is not the unit matrix we have
+what's called the general generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the general generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the general generalized
+variational calculation and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational calculation and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational calculation and there are
+methods for handling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for handling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for handling that
+and I have often introduced those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have often introduced those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have often introduced those
+methods on a final exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those are just statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are just statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are just statements
+okay so variational is is not guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so variational is is not guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so variational is is not guaranteed
+to give the exact answer and it can't if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give the exact answer and it can't if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give the exact answer and it can't if
+you don't use an infinite basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't use an infinite basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't use an infinite basis
+perturbation theory implicitly uses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory implicitly uses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory implicitly uses this
+infinite basis and you should feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite basis and you should feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite basis and you should feel
+confident that you're getting close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that you're getting close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that you're getting close to
+the right answer and you you can know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer and you you can know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer and you you can know
+what sort of errors you're making okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of errors you're making okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of errors you're making okay
+yes that's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's correct
+okay but that's this is the the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's this is the the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's this is the the problem
+there is that you cannot include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that you cannot include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that you cannot include
+correlation in perturbation theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation in perturbation theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation in perturbation theory and
+and so there are things that are outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are things that are outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are things that are outside
+the the the the network of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the network of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the network of things that
+I've described and so correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've described and so correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've described and so correlation
+effects Worthy the particles have can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects Worthy the particles have can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects Worthy the particles have can
+move in some way that they know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in some way that they know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in some way that they know about
+each other that's very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other that's very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other that's very difficult to
+build in via perturbation theory but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build in via perturbation theory but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build in via perturbation theory but
+when we don't have correlation then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we don't have correlation then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we don't have correlation then
+perturbation theory makes an error and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory makes an error and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory makes an error and
+you know how big that error is okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how big that error is okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how big that error is okay and
+then we know that we we can diagonalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know that we we can diagonalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know that we we can diagonalize
+a matrix by some kind of unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix by some kind of unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix by some kind of unitary
+transformation and the columns of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and the columns of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and the columns of t
+dagger are the eigenvectors and the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger are the eigenvectors and the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger are the eigenvectors and the rows
+of t are the inverse rows of t dagger or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t are the inverse rows of t dagger or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t are the inverse rows of t dagger or
+the columns of t are the inverse and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of t are the inverse and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of t are the inverse and so
+if you want to make a wave packet where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to make a wave packet where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to make a wave packet where
+you have some initial state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some initial state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some initial state
+equals zero you want to express that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero you want to express that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero you want to express that as
+a linear combination of eigenstates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination of eigenstates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination of eigenstates and
+this sort of transformation provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of transformation provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of transformation provides
+that information if you know how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information if you know how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information if you know how to use
+it and you can get approximations to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you can get approximations to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you can get approximations to all
+of these elements of T dagger from non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these elements of T dagger from non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these elements of T dagger from non
+degenerate perturbation theory and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate perturbation theory and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate perturbation theory and on
+the second exam that was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second exam that was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second exam that was one of the
+things you didn't do very well on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you didn't do very well on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you didn't do very well on and so
+you can see that again all right ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that again all right ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that again all right ok so
+now we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to talk about
+intermolecular interactions and up until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermolecular interactions and up until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermolecular interactions and up until
+now we've been talking about isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've been talking about isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've been talking about isolated
+molecules and you have a lot of insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and you have a lot of insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and you have a lot of insights
+about how isolated molecules work or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how isolated molecules work or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how isolated molecules work or at
+least what kind of stuff you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least what kind of stuff you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least what kind of stuff you need to be
+able to make predictions about isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make predictions about isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make predictions about isolated
+molecules and perturbation theory is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and perturbation theory is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and perturbation theory is a
+very important tool in building that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important tool in building that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important tool in building that
+insight in almost every problem which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight in almost every problem which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight in almost every problem which is
+not an exactly soluble problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an exactly soluble problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an exactly soluble problem
+perturbation theory gives you at least a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory gives you at least a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory gives you at least a
+hand waving argument for what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand waving argument for what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand waving argument for what's going on
+everything we did with lcao MO is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we did with lcao MO is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we did with lcao MO is really
+based on perturbation theory or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on perturbation theory or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on perturbation theory or at least
+the interpretations especially when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpretations especially when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpretations especially when you
+go from homonuclear to heteronuclear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from homonuclear to heteronuclear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from homonuclear to heteronuclear and
+when we talk about what the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about what the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about what the various
+orbitals look like and why they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals look like and why they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals look like and why they look
+that way okay so perturbation theory can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way okay so perturbation theory can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way okay so perturbation theory can
+also be used to talk about we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be used to talk about we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be used to talk about we have two
+particles a and B and we have the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles a and B and we have the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles a and B and we have the origin
+of coordinates and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinates and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinates and so this is the
+coordinate for a and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate for a and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate for a and this is the
+coordinate for B and this is the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate for B and this is the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate for B and this is the inner
+new inter atomic coordinate and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new inter atomic coordinate and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new inter atomic coordinate and and so
+we're interested in what happens as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in what happens as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in what happens as a
+function of this inter nuclear just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this inter nuclear just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this inter nuclear just an
+inter atomic distance and can we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter atomic distance and can we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter atomic distance and can we use
+perturbation theory to be able to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory to be able to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory to be able to say
+something about that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about that in the
+as you betcha because basically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you betcha because basically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you betcha because basically we
+understand how these two molecules work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how these two molecules work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how these two molecules work
+and so we have to somehow build in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have to somehow build in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have to somehow build in some
+some insight into what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some insight into what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some insight into what is the
+interaction between these and then use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between these and then use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between these and then use
+perturbation theory to quantify it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory to quantify it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory to quantify it okay
+now this is a situation where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a situation where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a situation where we're
+going to say atoms a and B are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say atoms a and B are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say atoms a and B are our
+filled shell or whatever you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled shell or whatever you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled shell or whatever you want to
+call it they don't need to make another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it they don't need to make another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it they don't need to make another
+bond they're not going to bond to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond they're not going to bond to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond they're not going to bond to each
+other there is no covalent bond between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there is no covalent bond between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there is no covalent bond between
+a and B there is no charge on a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B there is no charge on a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B there is no charge on a and B
+there's no donor acceptor all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no donor acceptor all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no donor acceptor all of the
+things that we can understand by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can understand by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can understand by looking
+at individual systems they're all turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at individual systems they're all turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at individual systems they're all turned
+off these molecules do have energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off these molecules do have energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off these molecules do have energy
+levels and so if we could find some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so if we could find some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so if we could find some way
+to talk about the weak interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the weak interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the weak interaction
+between them well then we have the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them well then we have the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them well then we have the basis
+for perturbation theory because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for perturbation theory because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for perturbation theory because we have
+week and we have energy levels that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and we have energy levels that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and we have energy levels that we
+know for the two molecules and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for the two molecules and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for the two molecules and so if
+we're going to do perturbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do perturbation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do perturbation theory
+it'll be second order perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be second order perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be second order perturbation
+theory because we are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory because we are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory because we are going to be
+interested in how interaction of a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in how interaction of a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in how interaction of a with
+B causes excited states of B to mix into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B causes excited states of B to mix into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B causes excited states of B to mix into
+B and vice-versa and so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and vice-versa and so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and vice-versa and so one of the
+things you know about perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know about perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know about perturbation
+theory if you're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory if you're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory if you're talking about the
+ground state of a system and you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state of a system and you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state of a system and you do
+perturbation Theory what happens what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory what happens what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory what happens what
+happens to the energy levels if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the energy levels if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the energy levels if you
+we have for a second-order perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have for a second-order perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have for a second-order perturbation
+theory I'm sorry but if we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory I'm sorry but if we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory I'm sorry but if we're talking
+about the ground state then right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ground state then right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ground state then right and so
+that's the key we know that if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key we know that if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key we know that if we're
+going to do second-order perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do second-order perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do second-order perturbation
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+and we're going to be asking questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be asking questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be asking questions
+about molecules in their ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about molecules in their ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about molecules in their ground state
+they're going to be stabilized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be stabilized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be stabilized by
+interaction with other molecules it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with other molecules it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with other molecules it
+doesn't matter as long as there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter as long as there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter as long as there's no
+bonding interactions or very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding interactions or very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding interactions or very strong
+short-range interactions this sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-range interactions this sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-range interactions this sort of a
+problem is guaranteed to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is guaranteed to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is guaranteed to give
+stabilization of the ground state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization of the ground state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization of the ground state of the
+system and that's really a surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that's really a surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that's really a surprise
+because yes yes well okay and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yes yes well okay and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yes yes well okay and you know
+I'm not allowed to talk about statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not allowed to talk about statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not allowed to talk about statistic
+we can I can actually because we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can I can actually because we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can I can actually because we do it
+we now do some statistical mechanics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now do some statistical mechanics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now do some statistical mechanics in
+560 so you know a little bit and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+560 so you know a little bit and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+560 so you know a little bit and you
+know that that molecules like to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that molecules like to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that molecules like to be in
+the lowest energy levels and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy levels and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy levels and so we have
+these ground state molecules in a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ground state molecules in a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ground state molecules in a gas
+and they are we we understand they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are we we understand they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are we we understand they're
+isolated properties or we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated properties or we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated properties or we could
+understand and then what happens here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and then what happens here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and then what happens here
+somehow there's interactions between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow there's interactions between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow there's interactions between
+them and now first order perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and now first order perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and now first order perturbation
+theory that's all you're allowed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that's all you're allowed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that's all you're allowed to have
+a sign and but you're allowed to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign and but you're allowed to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign and but you're allowed to have a
+sign for diagonal elements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign for diagonal elements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign for diagonal elements of the
+perturbation operator and okay so will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation operator and okay so will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation operator and okay so will
+to you with this so we want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you with this so we want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you with this so we want to talk
+about a Hamiltonian for the system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a Hamiltonian for the system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a Hamiltonian for the system which
+is the Hamiltonian for particle a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Hamiltonian for particle a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Hamiltonian for particle a the
+Hamiltonian for particle B plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian for particle B plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian for particle B plus some
+interaction term between a and B okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the typical interaction between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the typical interaction between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the typical interaction between two
+particles is a dipole-dipole interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles is a dipole-dipole interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles is a dipole-dipole interaction
+if molecules have dipole moments then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if molecules have dipole moments then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if molecules have dipole moments then we
+already know something about what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know something about what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know something about what they
+want to do with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do with each other
+and from electricity and magnetism we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from electricity and magnetism we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from electricity and magnetism we
+know this isn't quantum mechanics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this isn't quantum mechanics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this isn't quantum mechanics we
+know that we can write a general formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we can write a general formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we can write a general formula
+for the dipole-dipole interaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the dipole-dipole interaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the dipole-dipole interaction so
+that's the general formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the general formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the general formula for the
+dipole-dipole interaction and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole-dipole interaction and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole-dipole interaction and it's a
+little more complicated than you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated than you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated than you would
+like because there's two terms and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like because there's two terms and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like because there's two terms and this
+one is kind of a puzzling term because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is kind of a puzzling term because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is kind of a puzzling term because
+you're projecting a dipole on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're projecting a dipole on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're projecting a dipole on the
+internet on the inter-atomic axis and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet on the inter-atomic axis and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet on the inter-atomic axis and so
+we'd like to be able to simplify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to be able to simplify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to be able to simplify this
+and we can simplify it by simply drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can simplify it by simply drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can simplify it by simply drawing
+some vectors corresponding to the dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vectors corresponding to the dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vectors corresponding to the dipole
+moments and so we have the dipoles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments and so we have the dipoles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments and so we have the dipoles
+oriented like that or we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented like that or we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented like that or we have the
+dipoles oriented like this or like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles oriented like this or like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles oriented like this or like this
+and like that now this is a reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like that now this is a reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like that now this is a reduction
+you know these are the simplified terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are the simplified terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are the simplified terms
+where these guys are are irrelevant or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these guys are are irrelevant or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these guys are are irrelevant or
+at least the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the you
+have to worry about the projections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about the projections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about the projections and
+we know that this is an attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this is an attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this is an attractive
+interaction this is an attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction this is an attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction this is an attractive
+interaction this is repulsive and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction this is repulsive and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction this is repulsive and this
+is repulsive and we know also by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is repulsive and we know also by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is repulsive and we know also by
+plugging into the formulas we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging into the formulas we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging into the formulas we know that
+the energy for this one is minus mu a mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy for this one is minus mu a mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy for this one is minus mu a mu
+v over 2 PI epsilon zero R cubed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v over 2 PI epsilon zero R cubed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v over 2 PI epsilon zero R cubed and
+this is minus the same stuff except a 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus the same stuff except a 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus the same stuff except a 4
+in the denominator so that means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the denominator so that means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the denominator so that means it's
+less attractive than this one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less attractive than this one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less attractive than this one minus
+means attractive and then we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means attractive and then we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means attractive and then we have two
+terms that resemble these except they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that resemble these except they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that resemble these except they're
+repulsive so there's four terms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's two terms that are attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two terms that are attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two terms that are attractive
+than two terms that are repulsive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two terms that are repulsive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two terms that are repulsive and
+the they come in pairs one positive one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the they come in pairs one positive one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the they come in pairs one positive one
+negative and so you might naively say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and so you might naively say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and so you might naively say
+well you can't win if the particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can't win if the particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can't win if the particles are
+randomly distributed and randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly distributed and randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly distributed and randomly
+oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented
+there will be no stabilization even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be no stabilization even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be no stabilization even with
+dipoles but that's not true because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles but that's not true because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles but that's not true because the
+molecules try to find a an orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules try to find a an orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules try to find a an orientation
+which is more stable than the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more stable than the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more stable than the sum of the
+energies without the dipoles and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies without the dipoles and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies without the dipoles and so
+maybe we could draw a picture and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we could draw a picture and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we could draw a picture and try to
+figure out well how that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so does anyone anybody want to tell give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does anyone anybody want to tell give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does anyone anybody want to tell give
+me guidance to a picture showing let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me guidance to a picture showing let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me guidance to a picture showing let's
+say four dipoles oriented and the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say four dipoles oriented and the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say four dipoles oriented and the corner
+of a square and what would be the stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a square and what would be the stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a square and what would be the stable
+arrangement for four dipoles oriented on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement for four dipoles oriented on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement for four dipoles oriented on
+the corners of a square okay right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corners of a square okay right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corners of a square okay right so we
+have two attractive interactions two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two attractive interactions two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two attractive interactions two
+more attractive interactions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more attractive interactions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more attractive interactions and then
+the non that there are repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non that there are repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non that there are repulsive
+interactions this way but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions this way but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions this way but we have
+nearest neighbors and they're stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors and they're stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors and they're stronger
+than the repulsive interactions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the repulsive interactions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the repulsive interactions and so
+for one layer that can win now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one layer that can win now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one layer that can win now
+we have another layer of four dipoles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have another layer of four dipoles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have another layer of four dipoles
+and if that layer is so so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that layer is so so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that layer is so so we have this
+another layer and and there before them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another layer and and there before them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another layer and and there before them
+and what would happen what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what would happen what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what would happen what would be the
+stable arrangement if if I have a dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable arrangement if if I have a dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable arrangement if if I have a dipole
+above this one is it going to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above this one is it going to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above this one is it going to be this
+way right and so the next layer all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right and so the next layer all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right and so the next layer all the
+dipoles are reversed and so you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles are reversed and so you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles are reversed and so you can you
+can conceive of an arrangement where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can conceive of an arrangement where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can conceive of an arrangement where the
+dipoles would adapt adopt a more stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles would adapt adopt a more stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles would adapt adopt a more stable
+arrangement and statistical mechanics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement and statistical mechanics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement and statistical mechanics or
+whatever you want to call it guides that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to call it guides that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to call it guides that
+and so we can say all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can say all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can say all right
+the ensemble of dipoles interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ensemble of dipoles interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ensemble of dipoles interacting with
+each other can arrange to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other can arrange to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other can arrange to be
+energetically stabilizing and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically stabilizing and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically stabilizing and so we can
+reduce the problem to just one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the problem to just one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the problem to just one one
+picture say this dipole or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture say this dipole or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture say this dipole or
+that dipole-dipole arrangement and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dipole-dipole arrangement and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dipole-dipole arrangement and do
+second-order perturbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order perturbation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order perturbation theory
+and that will be an over estimate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be an over estimate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be an over estimate of the
+stabilization but it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization but it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization but it will be
+proportional to the stabilization and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the stabilization and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the stabilization and so
+we can get what we need for a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get what we need for a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get what we need for a very
+complicated incident of our particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated incident of our particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated incident of our particle
+problem okay another thing that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay another thing that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay another thing that I want
+to ask you suppose you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you suppose you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you suppose you have two
+particles and they come together and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and they come together and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and they come together and so
+they come together with some kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come together with some kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come together with some kinetic
+energy and they can't get rid of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and they can't get rid of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and they can't get rid of that
+kinetic energy so they come apart now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy so they come apart now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy so they come apart now if
+you have three particles if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have three particles if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have three particles if something
+drives them together by mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives them together by mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives them together by mutual
+attraction then one particle can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction then one particle can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction then one particle can take
+away the excess energy can end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the excess energy can end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the excess energy can end up
+leaving leaving the two particles bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving leaving the two particles bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving leaving the two particles bound
+together that's how you make liquids so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that's how you make liquids so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that's how you make liquids so
+the driving force for the attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driving force for the attraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driving force for the attraction
+between atoms or molecules is somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between atoms or molecules is somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between atoms or molecules is somehow
+related to what we're going to we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to what we're going to we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to what we're going to we're
+going to derive here and that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to derive here and that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to derive here and that is the
+only way you make liquids from gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's really strange because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really strange because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really strange because we're
+going to be talking about energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about energy levels
+and interactions between molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interactions between molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interactions between molecules and
+somehow coming up with with a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow coming up with with a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow coming up with with a picture
+that leads to universal attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to universal attraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to universal attraction
+between molecules that are not charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between molecules that are not charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between molecules that are not charged
+not reactive not anything and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reactive not anything and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reactive not anything and they can
+they will always attract each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will always attract each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will always attract each other and
+that's the first step towards making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first step towards making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first step towards making
+liquids okay now the important thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids okay now the important thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids okay now the important thing in
+all of us is that the interactions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us is that the interactions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us is that the interactions are
+small compared to the energy levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to the energy levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to the energy levels of
+the individual molecules and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual molecules and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual molecules and so that's
+why we're doing perturbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so in perturbation theory we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in perturbation theory we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in perturbation theory we have
+NH 0 and the h0 is I gotta make sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH 0 and the h0 is I gotta make sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH 0 and the h0 is I gotta make sure I
+use consistent notation well I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use consistent notation well I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use consistent notation well I've
+already see I have inconsistent notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already see I have inconsistent notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already see I have inconsistent notation
+my notes but anyway okay so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my notes but anyway okay so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my notes but anyway okay so we have the
+Hamiltonian is the individual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is the individual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is the individual system
+Hamiltonians the sum of the two and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonians the sum of the two and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonians the sum of the two and the
+first order term is VAB and so whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order term is VAB and so whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order term is VAB and so whenever
+we can separate a system we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can separate a system we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can separate a system we know that
+the the way for the zero order wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way for the zero order wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way for the zero order wave
+functions our products of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions our products of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions our products of the
+eigenfunctions of H a and H B and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions of H a and H B and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions of H a and H B and the
+energy levels of zero on energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels of zero on energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels of zero on energy levels
+are the sum of the energy levels from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the sum of the energy levels from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the sum of the energy levels from
+hhb so we know that we can write H zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hhb so we know that we can write H zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hhb so we know that we can write H zero
+by a alpha B alpha oh so this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a alpha B alpha oh so this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a alpha B alpha oh so this guy
+AJ operates on M tie a and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AJ operates on M tie a and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AJ operates on M tie a and I think
+tweets this is a constant H B operates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweets this is a constant H B operates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweets this is a constant H B operates
+on Phi B and treats this as a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Phi B and treats this as a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Phi B and treats this as a constant
+and when you do that what you discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do that what you discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do that what you discover
+is that we get okay so these are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we get okay so these are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we get okay so these are our
+energy levels and these are our basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and these are our basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and these are our basis
+functions and we are off to the races
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is e zero and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is e zero and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is e zero and this is
+I for the system okay now the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I for the system okay now the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I for the system okay now the first
+thing we do in perturbation theory is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we do in perturbation theory is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we do in perturbation theory is we
+say let's look for the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's look for the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's look for the first order
+correction to the energy that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to the energy that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to the energy that's the
+diagonal matrix element of the H one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix element of the H one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix element of the H one
+term this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose we do have dipole moments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we do have dipole moments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we do have dipole moments on
+both particle a and particle B so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both particle a and particle B so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both particle a and particle B so that's
+the first order energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well this is just the dipole-dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is just the dipole-dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is just the dipole-dipole
+interaction and so we can take the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and so we can take the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and so we can take the the
+reduced formula we just going to regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced formula we just going to regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced formula we just going to regard
+VAB as mu a mu B over R cubed and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VAB as mu a mu B over R cubed and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VAB as mu a mu B over R cubed and so the
+energy is minus 1 over 2 pi epsilon zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is minus 1 over 2 pi epsilon zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is minus 1 over 2 pi epsilon zero
+R cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R cubed
+I left out the two pi epsilon0 on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I left out the two pi epsilon0 on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I left out the two pi epsilon0 on this
+formula but and and so skipping a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but and and so skipping a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but and and so skipping a couple
+of steps we have mu a mu expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps we have mu a mu expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps we have mu a mu expectation
+value of these so if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of these so if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of these so if there's a
+dipole-dipole interaction there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole-dipole interaction there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole-dipole interaction there will be
+a first order correction term and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first order correction term and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first order correction term and keep
+in mind that these guys can have sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that these guys can have sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that these guys can have sides
+and that sign does appear in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sign does appear in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sign does appear in the first
+order correction to the energy but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order correction to the energy but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order correction to the energy but but
+that's basically these pictures we drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically these pictures we drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically these pictures we drew
+here we have a dipole pointing this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a dipole pointing this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a dipole pointing this way
+and dipole pointing that way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dipole pointing that way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dipole pointing that way that's
+repulsive and that that's all so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive and that that's all so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive and that that's all so there's
+no surprises here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but the important thing is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the important thing is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the important thing is that the
+energy if we have two molecules with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy if we have two molecules with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy if we have two molecules with
+dipoles we get an interaction energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles we get an interaction energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles we get an interaction energy
+that we can calculate but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can calculate but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can calculate but the
+interesting thing is going to be when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is going to be when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is going to be when we
+have molecules where at least one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have molecules where at least one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have molecules where at least one of the
+molecules doesn't have a dipole then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules doesn't have a dipole then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules doesn't have a dipole then
+we're getting into the territory that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting into the territory that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting into the territory that we
+didn't think we understood so but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think we understood so but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think we understood so but we're
+continuing with the the problem where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing with the the problem where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing with the the problem where we
+do have dipoles I just might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have dipoles I just might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have dipoles I just might want to
+make sure that yeah okay so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that yeah okay so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that yeah okay so for the
+second order correction to the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order correction to the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order correction to the lowest
+energy level we have the sum over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level we have the sum over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level we have the sum over m
+which is two quantum numbers and M is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is two quantum numbers and M is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is two quantum numbers and M is
+not equal to the 0 0 state alpha is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to the 0 0 state alpha is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to the 0 0 state alpha is not
+0 beta is not zero sum over everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 beta is not zero sum over everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 beta is not zero sum over everything
+except the ground state and what we what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the ground state and what we what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the ground state and what we what
+we have is an integral of I am zero star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is an integral of I am zero star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is an integral of I am zero star
+the a be I 0 d squared over then 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a be I 0 d squared over then 0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a be I 0 d squared over then 0 0 0
+standard formula for second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard formula for second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard formula for second order
+perturbation Theory this is the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory this is the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory this is the ground
+state this is some excited state this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state this is some excited state this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state this is some excited state this is
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is squared and this is squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is squared and this is squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is squared and this is squared so
+this overall correction is negative now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this overall correction is negative now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this overall correction is negative now
+we can unpack all this and we can remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can unpack all this and we can remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can unpack all this and we can remove
+we can write the various terms in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write the various terms in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write the various terms in more
+instructive form and what we all have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive form and what we all have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive form and what we all have in
+the denominator will be e 0 well e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator will be e 0 well e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator will be e 0 well e
+a 0 minus e a alpha and plus e b 0 e 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0 minus e a alpha and plus e b 0 e 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0 minus e a alpha and plus e b 0 e 0
+b- e b beta and we can rearrange that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b- e b beta and we can rearrange that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b- e b beta and we can rearrange that so
+we have e 0 a+ e 0 b- e a alpha plus e e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have e 0 a+ e 0 b- e a alpha plus e e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have e 0 a+ e 0 b- e a alpha plus e e
+beta so we have the ground state energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so we have the ground state energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so we have the ground state energy
+and the known excited state energies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the known excited state energies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the known excited state energies and
+there's the difference between these so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the difference between these so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the difference between these so
+that that part is is simple and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that part is is simple and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that part is is simple and the
+matrix element also simplifies to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element also simplifies to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element also simplifies to the
+product of the dipole moments squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the dipole moments squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the dipole moments squared
+okay now suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just want to make sure that I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to make sure that I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to make sure that I'm doing
+this in the order that appears in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the order that appears in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the order that appears in the
+notes suppose mu a is not zero mu B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes suppose mu a is not zero mu B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes suppose mu a is not zero mu B is
+equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well then all these formulas go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well then all these formulas go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well then all these formulas go out
+the window because nominally we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window because nominally we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window because nominally we think
+well there's B doesn't have a dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's B doesn't have a dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's B doesn't have a dipole
+moment but suppose we have a particle B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but suppose we have a particle B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but suppose we have a particle B
+in an electric field the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an electric field the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an electric field the electric field
+will polarize B and if we have molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will polarize B and if we have molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will polarize B and if we have molecule
+a which has a dipole moment near B it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which has a dipole moment near B it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which has a dipole moment near B it
+will also polarize B and second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also polarize B and second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also polarize B and second order
+perturbation theory tells us how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory tells us how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory tells us how to
+handle that and so we get a formula the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle that and so we get a formula the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle that and so we get a formula the
+second order correction to the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order correction to the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order correction to the energy of
+B and we call this B comma induction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and we call this B comma induction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and we call this B comma induction and
+that's going to be U squared over 4pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be U squared over 4pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be U squared over 4pi
+squared epsilon zero squared are the six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared epsilon zero squared are the six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared epsilon zero squared are the six
+times some beta naught equal to zero of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some beta naught equal to zero of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some beta naught equal to zero of
+this squared matrix element interval sy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this squared matrix element interval sy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this squared matrix element interval sy
+B star beta mu B by B zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D tau V squared over e e:0 - e b beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D tau V squared over e e:0 - e b beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D tau V squared over e e:0 - e b beta
+now i just told you that the dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i just told you that the dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i just told you that the dipole
+moment for the permanent dipole moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment for the permanent dipole moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment for the permanent dipole moment
+for particle B is zero but this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for particle B is zero but this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for particle B is zero but this is not
+the permanent diet with the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permanent diet with the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permanent diet with the expectation
+value of the dipole moment this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the dipole moment this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the dipole moment this is an
+off diagonal matrix element of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal matrix element of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal matrix element of the
+dipole moment this is the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment this is the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment this is the transition
+dipole transition between V equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole transition between V equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole transition between V equals zero
+well between these the ground state of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well between these the ground state of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well between these the ground state of B
+and some excited state the beta excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some excited state the beta excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some excited state the beta excited
+state of B well we can write something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of B well we can write something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of B well we can write something
+like that because we know for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that because we know for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that because we know for all
+molecules there are transitions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules there are transitions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules there are transitions which
+are electric dipole allowed now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are electric dipole allowed now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are electric dipole allowed now they
+could be between electronically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be between electronically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be between electronically the
+ground state and an electronically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state and an electronically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state and an electronically
+excited state or the ground state and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state or the ground state and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state or the ground state and at
+vibrationally excited state so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrationally excited state so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrationally excited state so we know
+something about these we know the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about these we know the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about these we know the rules
+for when they're not zero and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when they're not zero and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when they're not zero and this is a
+perfectly reasonable thing because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable thing because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable thing because it
+says this is related to the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says this is related to the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says this is related to the transition
+of an observed the intensity of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an observed the intensity of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an observed the intensity of an
+observable transition and this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable transition and this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable transition and this should
+really start to make you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really start to make you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really start to make you a little bit
+appreciative of perturbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciative of perturbation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciative of perturbation theory
+because we're taking something which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're taking something which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're taking something which you
+can observe a transition strength and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can observe a transition strength and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can observe a transition strength and
+using it to describe an interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it to describe an interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it to describe an interaction
+between two marnik molecules so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two marnik molecules so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two marnik molecules so it's a
+relationship between two apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between two apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between two apparently
+unrelated phenomena physical chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated phenomena physical chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated phenomena physical chemistry
+is full of that you build a model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is full of that you build a model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is full of that you build a model and
+the model is telling you that certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is telling you that certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is telling you that certain
+things are related and how are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are related and how are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are related and how are they
+related well they're related by one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related well they're related by one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related well they're related by one of
+our to the six they're related by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our to the six they're related by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our to the six they're related by the
+strength of the dipole on one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the dipole on one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the dipole on one the
+permanent dipole on one and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent dipole on one and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent dipole on one and some
+transition intensity derived quantity on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition intensity derived quantity on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition intensity derived quantity on
+the other in that need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other in that need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other in that need
+and since the dipole we we say well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since the dipole we we say well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since the dipole we we say well this
+is a dipole-dipole interaction and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a dipole-dipole interaction and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a dipole-dipole interaction and it's
+the MUA the dipole on a is inducing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MUA the dipole on a is inducing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MUA the dipole on a is inducing a
+dipole on B it's not inducing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole on B it's not inducing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole on B it's not inducing anything
+it's using transition dipoles but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using transition dipoles but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using transition dipoles but it's
+creating something that looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating something that looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating something that looks like a
+permanent dipole and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent dipole and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent dipole and you have a
+dipole-dipole interaction but the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole-dipole interaction but the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole-dipole interaction but the only
+difference is that it's one of our R to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that it's one of our R to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that it's one of our R to
+the sixth because it's an induced dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're using transition well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're using transition well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're using transition well
+electric dipole transition moments there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric dipole transition moments there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric dipole transition moments there
+used to be two erasers so these electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be two erasers so these electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be two erasers so these electric
+dipole transition moments play to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole transition moments play to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole transition moments play to play
+the role of producing a dipole that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of producing a dipole that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of producing a dipole that can
+interact with the other dipole and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the other dipole and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the other dipole and so
+well do we need this well we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do we need this well we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do we need this well we don't
+really for if you had dipoles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for if you had dipoles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for if you had dipoles
+then the interaction would be 1 over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the interaction would be 1 over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the interaction would be 1 over R
+cubed but if one of the dipoles is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed but if one of the dipoles is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed but if one of the dipoles is 0
+then the interaction is 1 over R to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the interaction is 1 over R to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the interaction is 1 over R to the
+sixth and it's one of our the six times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth and it's one of our the six times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth and it's one of our the six times
+the permanent dipole of one and the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permanent dipole of one and the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permanent dipole of one and the this
+thing from perturbation Theory which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing from perturbation Theory which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing from perturbation Theory which is
+the induced dipole of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose you a equals zero and mu B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you a equals zero and mu B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you a equals zero and mu B
+equals zero will the particles interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero will the particles interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero will the particles interact
+with each other will attract each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other will attract each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other will attract each other
+and the answer is yes and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is yes and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is yes and it's going to
+be an induced dipole-induced dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an induced dipole-induced dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an induced dipole-induced dipole
+interaction which now since most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction which now since most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction which now since most people
+who talk right for general science have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who talk right for general science have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who talk right for general science have
+no clue about what quantum mechanics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no clue about what quantum mechanics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no clue about what quantum mechanics is
+they will talk about all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will talk about all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will talk about all sorts of
+fanciful things you get an institute is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fanciful things you get an institute is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fanciful things you get an institute is
+the a instantaneous fluctuation on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a instantaneous fluctuation on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a instantaneous fluctuation on one
+particle which creates an instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle which creates an instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle which creates an instantaneous
+fluctuation on the other particle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation on the other particle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation on the other particle and
+bam you've got stabilization well yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bam you've got stabilization well yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bam you've got stabilization well yeah
+maybe but you know this is just simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe but you know this is just simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe but you know this is just simple
+perturbation theory and and so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory and and so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory and and so I don't
+really need to actually write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to actually write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to actually write out
+everything because when you do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything because when you do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything because when you do that and
+you include the the for the second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you include the the for the second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you include the the for the second order
+perturbation expression for adequate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation expression for adequate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation expression for adequate
+particle a and particle B you get a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle a and particle B you get a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle a and particle B you get a term
+that looks just like this it has 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks just like this it has 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks just like this it has 1 over
+R to the sixth but it now involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R to the sixth but it now involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R to the sixth but it now involves
+transition moments on particle a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition moments on particle a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition moments on particle a and
+particle B nothing new you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle B nothing new you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle B nothing new you don't have to
+induce anything more you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce anything more you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce anything more you don't get
+another factor of 1 over R cubed you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another factor of 1 over R cubed you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another factor of 1 over R cubed you've
+already got that 1 over R to the 6 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to skip a lot of steps because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to skip a lot of steps because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to skip a lot of steps because
+their notes are really clear in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their notes are really clear in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their notes are really clear in there
+and we don't have a whole lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have a whole lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have a whole lot of time
+and so I'm just going to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm just going to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm just going to write down the
+result and now the the name of this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and now the the name of this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and now the the name of this term
+is called dispersion or London because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called dispersion or London because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called dispersion or London because a
+fellow by the name of London invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow by the name of London invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow by the name of London invented
+this and the energy level formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the energy level formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the energy level formula for
+this correction term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this correction term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this correction term
+is one over 4pi squared epsilon zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one over 4pi squared epsilon zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one over 4pi squared epsilon zero
+squared R to the sixth and then this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared R to the sixth and then this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared R to the sixth and then this sum
+of alpha equals one beta equals one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha equals one beta equals one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha equals one beta equals one to
+infinity in other words not alpha equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity in other words not alpha equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity in other words not alpha equals
+zero not beta equals zero and then sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero not beta equals zero and then sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero not beta equals zero and then sorry
+about that so we have a numerator which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so we have a numerator which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so we have a numerator which
+is the squared transition moment between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the squared transition moment between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the squared transition moment between
+the zero level of particle a and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero level of particle a and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero level of particle a and the
+alpha level and the zero level of B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha level and the zero level of B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha level and the zero level of B and
+the beta level we have the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta level we have the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta level we have the energy of the
+ground state and we have the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state and we have the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state and we have the energy of
+these excited States all of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these excited States all of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these excited States all of this stuff
+you know or at least you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or at least you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or at least you can
+parameterize it in terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize it in terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize it in terms of this
+strength of a transition and there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of a transition and there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of a transition and there's an
+explicit formula that relates the dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit formula that relates the dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit formula that relates the dipole
+moment to the energy to the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment to the energy to the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment to the energy to the intensity
+depending on what kind of experiment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what kind of experiment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what kind of experiment you
+do so I'm not going to take you through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so I'm not going to take you through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so I'm not going to take you through
+that but you know you can measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you know you can measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you know you can measure the
+intensity the the molar absorptivity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity the the molar absorptivity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity the the molar absorptivity or
+whatever you want that is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want that is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want that is related to
+this and so these are experimental e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so these are experimental e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so these are experimental e
+observable these are experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable these are experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable these are experimentally
+observable and usually the this infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable and usually the this infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable and usually the this infinite
+sum is dominated by the lowest allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is dominated by the lowest allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is dominated by the lowest allowed
+transition from the ground state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the ground state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the ground state and
+that can be an electronic transition or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be an electronic transition or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be an electronic transition or
+a vibrational transition so for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vibrational transition so for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vibrational transition so for a
+homonuclear molecule there isn't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homonuclear molecule there isn't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homonuclear molecule there isn't going
+to be an allowed vibrational transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an allowed vibrational transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an allowed vibrational transition
+so nitrogen and oxygen cannot talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nitrogen and oxygen cannot talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nitrogen and oxygen cannot talk to
+each other through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other through
+transition dipole vibrational transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition dipole vibrational transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition dipole vibrational transition
+dipoles because the dipole moment is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles because the dipole moment is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles because the dipole moment is not
+dependent on a nucleus but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on a nucleus but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on a nucleus but they have
+electronic transitions and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transitions and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transitions and so there's
+this electronic as opposed to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electronic as opposed to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electronic as opposed to a
+vibrational polarizability of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational polarizability of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational polarizability of the two
+and that's what gives rise to transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what gives rise to transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what gives rise to transit
+traction between n2 and o2 or n2 an end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traction between n2 and o2 or n2 an end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traction between n2 and o2 or n2 an end
+to so everything is knowable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so everything is knowable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so everything is knowable and
+predictable and even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable and even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable and even though the
+perturbation sum is infinite and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation sum is infinite and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation sum is infinite and even
+though we've made a gross approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we've made a gross approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we've made a gross approximation
+and say well we're just interested in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well we're just interested in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well we're just interested in in
+this sort of an interaction or this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of an interaction or this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of an interaction or this sort
+of an interaction and and we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an interaction and and we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an interaction and and we know that
+the true interaction will be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true interaction will be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true interaction will be less
+because there will be an average over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there will be an average over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there will be an average over
+all of the random orientations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the random orientations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the random orientations but
+there's going to be a lowest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a lowest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a lowest energy
+picture and you can get that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and you can get that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and you can get that from
+statistical mechanics and so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics and so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics and so you can do
+the configurational average over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configurational average over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configurational average over all
+possible orientations of all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible orientations of all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible orientations of all of the
+interacting particles and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting particles and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting particles and you can
+calculate this so that's that's beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this so that's that's beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this so that's that's beyond
+the level of this course but the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of this course but the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of this course but the engine
+of the calculation is this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so molecules are polarizable they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so molecules are polarizable they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so molecules are polarizable they
+react to an external electric field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to an external electric field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to an external electric field and
+there are several ways you can describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several ways you can describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several ways you can describe
+the defined polarizability one is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defined polarizability one is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defined polarizability one is to say
+well the polarizability let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the polarizability let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the polarizability let's call it
+alpha is equal to the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is equal to the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is equal to the second derivative
+of the energy with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy with respect to the
+electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the polarizability you know you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the polarizability you know you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the polarizability you know you also
+get from perturbation theory and so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from perturbation theory and so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from perturbation theory and so each
+of these terms or the energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these terms or the energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these terms or the energies
+associated with the interaction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the interaction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the interaction of a
+dipole with an electric field is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole with an electric field is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole with an electric field is the
+electric field times a dipole and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field times a dipole and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field times a dipole and so we
+have electric field squared we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electric field squared we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electric field squared we take the
+second derivative of that and we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of that and we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of that and we've got
+back to this so now here we here we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this so now here we here we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this so now here we here we come
+with intuition if I asked you to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with intuition if I asked you to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with intuition if I asked you to tell me
+the the vanderwaal's or the dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vanderwaal's or the dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vanderwaal's or the dispersion
+interaction between helium and helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between helium and helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between helium and helium
+and compare that to xenon the xenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compare that to xenon the xenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compare that to xenon the xenon
+would you be able to tell me so which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you be able to tell me so which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you be able to tell me so which
+one is stronger which one which pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is stronger which one which pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is stronger which one which pair of
+inert gases is stickier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert gases is stickier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert gases is stickier
+see none right why because the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see none right why because the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see none right why because the energy
+denominator for the first excited state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator for the first excited state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator for the first excited state
+is much lower for xenon than for helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what about large molecule versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about large molecule versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about large molecule versus
+small molecule do I need to provide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule do I need to provide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule do I need to provide a
+hint 3n minus 6 the more vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint 3n minus 6 the more vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint 3n minus 6 the more vibrational
+modes the more transitions are available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes the more transitions are available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes the more transitions are available
+for polarization and so again now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for polarization and so again now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for polarization and so again now we're
+talking about molecules which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about molecules which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about molecules which can be
+floppy and the floppy or the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floppy and the floppy or the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floppy and the floppy or the molecule
+they that means they they have low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that means they they have low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that means they they have low
+frequency vibrations you can polarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency vibrations you can polarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency vibrations you can polarize
+the daylights out of them and so large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the daylights out of them and so large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the daylights out of them and so large
+molecules are really sticky stickier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are really sticky stickier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are really sticky stickier
+than inert gasses because you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than inert gasses because you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than inert gasses because you have this
+dispersant interaction that brings them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersant interaction that brings them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersant interaction that brings them
+together and once they're together then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and once they're together then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and once they're together then
+they can do magic but the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do magic but the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do magic but the thing that
+drives the condensation or the formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives the condensation or the formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives the condensation or the formation
+of droplets or whatever is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of droplets or whatever is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of droplets or whatever is this
+dispersant interaction and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersant interaction and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersant interaction and it's
+universal every pair of molecules or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal every pair of molecules or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal every pair of molecules or
+atoms is going to attract each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms is going to attract each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms is going to attract each other and
+the strength is something that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength is something that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength is something that you can
+you can rate in terms of what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rate in terms of what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rate in terms of what you know
+about atomic and molecular properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about atomic and molecular properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about atomic and molecular properties
+and isn't that neat because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isn't that neat because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isn't that neat because you're
+saying the viscosity or whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the viscosity or whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the viscosity or whatever it is
+that are the property of a gas all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the property of a gas all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the property of a gas all of
+those things are related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are related to the
+properties of the individual atoms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the individual atoms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the individual atoms or
+molecules embedded in perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules embedded in perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules embedded in perturbation
+theory this is why I think perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory this is why I think perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory this is why I think perturbation
+theory is so wonderful because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is so wonderful because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is so wonderful because it
+enables you to relate different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to relate different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to relate different things
+and even if you're not going to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if you're not going to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if you're not going to evaluate
+the magnitudes of the terms you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitudes of the terms you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitudes of the terms you can make
+comparisons which are always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons which are always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons which are always going to be
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+kind of wonderful I mean you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wonderful I mean you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wonderful I mean you don't have
+to use the equations or you you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the equations or you you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the equations or you you just
+know that these particles will attract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that these particles will attract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that these particles will attract
+each other and the driving force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and the driving force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and the driving force is
+either a permanent or an induced dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a permanent or an induced dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a permanent or an induced dipole
+and the induced dipole will be strong if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the induced dipole will be strong if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the induced dipole will be strong if
+you have a strong transition to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a strong transition to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a strong transition to a
+low-lying state or a lot of strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-lying state or a lot of strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-lying state or a lot of strong
+transitions to a lot of low-lying States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions to a lot of low-lying States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions to a lot of low-lying States
+as you have in big molecules okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have in big molecules okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have in big molecules okay so I'm
+not positive what I'm gonna talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not positive what I'm gonna talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not positive what I'm gonna talk about
+on Friday it's probably gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday it's probably gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday it's probably gonna be
+photochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photochemistry
+but I may panic and do something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I may panic and do something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I may panic and do something else
+okay let's see you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hVerxuP4cFg.txt b/hVerxuP4cFg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b0c1342d05849c2e9b342ed2148f3e8bf4cb97b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hVerxuP4cFg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2051 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've briefly looked at graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've briefly looked at graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've briefly looked at graph
+isomorphism in the context of digraphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphism in the context of digraphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphism in the context of digraphs
+and it comes up an even more fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes up an even more fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes up an even more fundamental
+way really for simple graphs where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way really for simple graphs where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way really for simple graphs where the
+definition is a bit simpler so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is a bit simpler so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is a bit simpler so let's
+just look at this graph abstraction idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at this graph abstraction idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at this graph abstraction idea
+and how isomorphism connects with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how isomorphism connects with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how isomorphism connects with it
+this is an example of two different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of two different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of two different ways
+of drawing the same graph that is here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drawing the same graph that is here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drawing the same graph that is here's
+a 257 and there's 257 it's connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 257 and there's 257 it's connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 257 and there's 257 it's connected
+directly to 122 as here and also 257 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to 122 as here and also 257 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to 122 as here and also 257 is
+connected to 99 as here and if you check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to 99 as here and if you check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to 99 as here and if you check
+it's exactly the same six vertices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the same six vertices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the same six vertices in
+exactly the same seven eight edges but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same seven eight edges but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same seven eight edges but
+they're just drawn differently so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just drawn differently so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just drawn differently so we
+don't want to confuse a drawing of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to confuse a drawing of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to confuse a drawing of a
+graph like these two with the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph like these two with the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph like these two with the graph
+itself the graph itself consists of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself the graph itself consists of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself the graph itself consists of just
+the set of nodes and the set of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of nodes and the set of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of nodes and the set of edges
+and if you extracted that from these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you extracted that from these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you extracted that from these two
+diagrams you would get the same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams you would get the same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams you would get the same set of
+nodes in the same set of edges so same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in the same set of edges so same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in the same set of edges so same
+graph different layouts but here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph different layouts but here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph different layouts but here's a
+case where it's really the same layout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where it's really the same layout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where it's really the same layout
+you can see these two pictures if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see these two pictures if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see these two pictures if you
+ignore the labels are exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the labels are exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the labels are exactly the same
+with the two grays and the two grays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the two grays and the two grays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the two grays and the two grays and
+the red and red the difference now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red and red the difference now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red and red the difference now is
+that I've renamed the vertices so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've renamed the vertices so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've renamed the vertices so we've
+assigned different labels to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned different labels to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned different labels to those
+vertices and the connection between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and the connection between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and the connection between the
+two graphs now this graph with vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two graphs now this graph with vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two graphs now this graph with vertices
+which are integers in this graph with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are integers in this graph with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are integers in this graph with
+vertices that are the names of people is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that are the names of people is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that are the names of people is
+that they are isomorphic and but I some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are isomorphic and but I some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are isomorphic and but I some
+more fizz amines is that all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fizz amines is that all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fizz amines is that all that
+matters between two graphs are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters between two graphs are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters between two graphs are their
+connections and so graphs with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and so graphs with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and so graphs with the same
+connections among the same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections among the same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections among the same number of
+vertices are said to be isomorphic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are said to be isomorphic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are said to be isomorphic and
+more say more precisely two graphs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more say more precisely two graphs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more say more precisely two graphs are
+isomorphic when there's an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphic when there's an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphic when there's an edge
+preserving matching between their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving matching between their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving matching between their
+vertices matching meaning ejection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices matching meaning ejection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices matching meaning ejection
+between their vertices and edges Erving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between their vertices and edges Erving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between their vertices and edges Erving
+means that where there's an edge on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that where there's an edge on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that where there's an edge on one
+side there's an edge between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side there's an edge between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side there's an edge between the
+corresponding vertices on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding vertices on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding vertices on the other side
+look at an example here are two graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an example here are two graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an example here are two graphs
+and I claim that they are isomorphic on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I claim that they are isomorphic on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I claim that they are isomorphic on
+the Left we got a bunch of animals dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Left we got a bunch of animals dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Left we got a bunch of animals dog
+pig cow cat and on the right we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pig cow cat and on the right we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pig cow cat and on the right we have a
+bunch of animal foods hey corned beef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of animal foods hey corned beef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of animal foods hey corned beef
+tuna and it's a hint on how we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuna and it's a hint on how we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuna and it's a hint on how we're gonna
+do the matching so I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the matching so I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the matching so I'm going to tell you
+that the dog vertex on the Left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dog vertex on the Left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dog vertex on the Left
+corresponds to the beef vertex on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the beef vertex on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the beef vertex on the
+right so I'm defining a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm defining a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm defining a function of
+ejection from the vertices on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejection from the vertices on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejection from the vertices on the left
+in blue to the vertices on the right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blue to the vertices on the right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blue to the vertices on the right in
+red and F of dog is beef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and F of dog is beef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and F of dog is beef
+likewise F of cat cats eat tuna I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise F of cat cats eat tuna I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise F of cat cats eat tuna I'm
+gonna map cat to tuna and continuing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna map cat to tuna and continuing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna map cat to tuna and continuing for
+the remaining two vertices I'm gonna map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining two vertices I'm gonna map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining two vertices I'm gonna map
+cow to hey which is what they eat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cow to hey which is what they eat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cow to hey which is what they eat and
+pig to corn which is frequently what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pig to corn which is frequently what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pig to corn which is frequently what's
+fed to pigs okay so this is a bijection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed to pigs okay so this is a bijection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed to pigs okay so this is a bijection
+I'm you know it's a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm you know it's a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm you know it's a perfect
+correspondence between the four vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence between the four vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence between the four vertices
+on the left and the four vertices on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and the four vertices on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and the four vertices on the
+right but I have to check now that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I have to check now that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I have to check now that the
+edges are preserved what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are preserved what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are preserved what does that mean
+well let's do an example there's an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's do an example there's an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's do an example there's an edge
+on the left between dog and pig that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left between dog and pig that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left between dog and pig that
+means that there should be an edge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there should be an edge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there should be an edge on
+the right between where they go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right between where they go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right between where they go to the
+so there ought to be an edge between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there ought to be an edge between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there ought to be an edge between
+beef and corn because that's where dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beef and corn because that's where dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beef and corn because that's where dog
+and pig go and indeed there's an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pig go and indeed there's an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pig go and indeed there's an edge
+there so that part's good and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that part's good and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that part's good and you can
+check the others the other thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the others the other thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the others the other thing that we
+have to check on the left is since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to check on the left is since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to check on the left is since the
+edge preserving is an if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge preserving is an if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge preserving is an if and only if
+there's an edge on the right if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an edge on the right if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an edge on the right if and only
+if is the edge on the left that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if is the edge on the left that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if is the edge on the left that's the
+same as saying there's no edge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as saying there's no edge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as saying there's no edge on the
+left if and only if there's no edge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left if and only if there's no edge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left if and only if there's no edge on
+the right so let's check non edge is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right so let's check non edge is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right so let's check non edge is on
+the left there's no edge between cow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left there's no edge between cow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left there's no edge between cow and
+pig and indeed cow goes to hay and pig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pig and indeed cow goes to hay and pig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pig and indeed cow goes to hay and pig
+goes to corn and sure enough there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to corn and sure enough there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to corn and sure enough there is no
+edge on the right between hay and corn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge on the right between hay and corn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge on the right between hay and corn
+and you can check the remaining cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can check the remaining cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can check the remaining cases
+these two graphs are isomorphic and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two graphs are isomorphic and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two graphs are isomorphic and then
+that function f is in fact the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function f is in fact the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function f is in fact the edge
+preserving projection so stating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving projection so stating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving projection so stating it
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+an isomorphism between two graphs G 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an isomorphism between two graphs G 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an isomorphism between two graphs G 1
+and G 2 is a bijection between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G 2 is a bijection between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G 2 is a bijection between the
+vertices V 1 of G 1 in the vertices V 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices V 1 of G 1 in the vertices V 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices V 1 of G 1 in the vertices V 2
+G toe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G toe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G toe
+with the property that there's an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the property that there's an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the property that there's an edge
+UV in G 1 and E 1 edge if and only if f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV in G 1 and E 1 edge if and only if f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV in G 1 and E 1 edge if and only if f
+of U F of V is an edge in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U F of V is an edge in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U F of V is an edge in the second
+graph in E 2 and it's an if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph in E 2 and it's an if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph in E 2 and it's an if and only if
+that's edge preserving so if there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's edge preserving so if there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's edge preserving so if there's an
+edge here there's an edge there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge here there's an edge there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge here there's an edge there if
+there's no ledge on the left there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ledge on the left there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ledge on the left there's no
+edge on the right and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge on the right and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge on the right and that's the
+definition that's worth remembering um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that's worth remembering um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that's worth remembering um
+it's basically the same as the a digraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically the same as the a digraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically the same as the a digraph
+case except in the digraph case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case except in the digraph case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case except in the digraph case the
+edges have a direction so there's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges have a direction so there's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges have a direction so there's it
+wouldn't be an edge from u to V if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be an edge from u to V if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be an edge from u to V if and
+only if there's an edge from F of u to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if there's an edge from F of u to F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if there's an edge from F of u to F
+of V but since we don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V but since we don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V but since we don't have to worry
+about direction in the simple case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about direction in the simple case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about direction in the simple case the
+the definition gets slightly simpler um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition gets slightly simpler um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition gets slightly simpler um
+what about not an isomorphism how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about not an isomorphism how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about not an isomorphism how do you
+show the two graphs are not isomorphic I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the two graphs are not isomorphic I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the two graphs are not isomorphic I
+can show you the two graphs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show you the two graphs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show you the two graphs are
+isomorphic by simply telling you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphic by simply telling you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphic by simply telling you what
+the bisection between their vertices is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bisection between their vertices is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bisection between their vertices is
+and then it becomes a simple matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it becomes a simple matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it becomes a simple matter of
+checking whether the edges that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking whether the edges that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking whether the edges that should
+be there are there or not how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there are there or not how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there are there or not how do you
+figure out the two graphs are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the two graphs are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the two graphs are not
+isomorphic that there isn't any by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphic that there isn't any by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphic that there isn't any by
+ejection that edge preserves edges well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejection that edge preserves edges well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejection that edge preserves edges well
+for a start these both have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a start these both have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a start these both have four
+vertices so it's pasta perfect there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so it's pasta perfect there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so it's pasta perfect there are
+lots of my ejections between the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of my ejections between the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of my ejections between the four
+vertices on the left and the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on the left and the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on the left and the four
+vertices on the right why isn't there an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on the right why isn't there an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on the right why isn't there an
+edge preserving one well if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge preserving one well if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge preserving one well if you look at
+the graph on the left it's actually got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph on the left it's actually got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph on the left it's actually got
+two vertices of degree two marked in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vertices of degree two marked in red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vertices of degree two marked in red
+here there's a degree two vertex there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's a degree two vertex there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's a degree two vertex there's
+a degree two vertex and on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a degree two vertex and on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a degree two vertex and on the right
+every vertex is degree three if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex is degree three if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex is degree three if you
+check now one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check now one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check now one of the things that
+properties of isomorphism is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of isomorphism is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of isomorphism is that the
+the edges that come out of the red these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges that come out of the red these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges that come out of the red these
+two edges have to correspond to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two edges have to correspond to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two edges have to correspond to two
+edges that come out of wherever it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that come out of wherever it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that come out of wherever it's
+mapped to so a degree two vertex can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to so a degree two vertex can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to so a degree two vertex can
+only map to a degree two vertex there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only map to a degree two vertex there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only map to a degree two vertex there
+aren't any that's a proof that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't any that's a proof that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't any that's a proof that there
+can't be an isomorphism between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be an isomorphism between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be an isomorphism between the two
+graphs so in general the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so in general the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so in general the idea is that
+we're looking at properties that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at properties that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at properties that are
+preserved by isomorphism this is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved by isomorphism this is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved by isomorphism this is almost
+like a state machine invariant kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a state machine invariant kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a state machine invariant kind of
+idea so a property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so a property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so a property is
+preserved by isomorphism means that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved by isomorphism means that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved by isomorphism means that if
+two graphs if if graph one has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two graphs if if graph one has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two graphs if if graph one has the
+property and graph one is isomorphic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and graph one is isomorphic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and graph one is isomorphic to
+graph two then graph two has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph two then graph two has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph two then graph two has the
+property and clearly if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and clearly if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and clearly if there's a
+property that's preserved by isomorphism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that's preserved by isomorphism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that's preserved by isomorphism
+and one graph has it and the other graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one graph has it and the other graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one graph has it and the other graph
+doesn't have it that's a proof that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have it that's a proof that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have it that's a proof that they
+can't be isomorphic so what are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be isomorphic so what are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be isomorphic so what are some of
+these properties that are preserved by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties that are preserved by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties that are preserved by
+isomorphism well the number of nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphism well the number of nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphism well the number of nodes
+clearly there's got to be a by ejection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly there's got to be a by ejection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly there's got to be a by ejection
+so they have to have the same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have to have the same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have to have the same number of
+nodes they have to have the same number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes they have to have the same number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes they have to have the same number
+of edges for similar reasons because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges for similar reasons because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges for similar reasons because the
+edges are preserved an edge on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are preserved an edge on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are preserved an edge on one side
+corresponds to an edge on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to an edge on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to an edge on the other side
+other things that matter is we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that matter is we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that matter is we've just
+sort of made this argument that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of made this argument that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of made this argument that the
+degrees are preserved as a consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees are preserved as a consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees are preserved as a consequence
+of the preserving of the edges and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the preserving of the edges and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the preserving of the edges and all
+sorts of other structural properties are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of other structural properties are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of other structural properties are
+going to be preserved by isomorphism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be preserved by isomorphism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be preserved by isomorphism
+like for example the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example the existence of
+circular paths and distances between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular paths and distances between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular paths and distances between
+vertices and things like that those will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and things like that those will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and things like that those will
+all be properties that are preserved by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be properties that are preserved by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be properties that are preserved by
+isomorphism so that gives you a hook on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphism so that gives you a hook on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphism so that gives you a hook on
+trying to figure out whether or not two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out whether or not two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out whether or not two
+graphs are or are not isomorphic but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs are or are not isomorphic but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs are or are not isomorphic but in
+general there will be if you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general there will be if you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general there will be if you've got a
+graph with a few hundred or thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph with a few hundred or thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph with a few hundred or thousand
+vertices there are an awful lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices there are an awful lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices there are an awful lot of
+potential by ejections between them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential by ejections between them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential by ejections between them to
+check and the question is how do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and the question is how do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and the question is how do you do
+it it's a huge search that it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a huge search that it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a huge search that it can't
+really be effectively done exhaustively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be effectively done exhaustively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be effectively done exhaustively
+so what you look for is properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you look for is properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you look for is properties that
+are preserved by isomorphisms that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are preserved by isomorphisms that give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are preserved by isomorphisms that give
+you a guide so for example if the vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a guide so for example if the vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a guide so for example if the vertex
+if the graph on the left happens to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the graph on the left happens to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the graph on the left happens to have
+a degree 4 vertex and that degree 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a degree 4 vertex and that degree 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a degree 4 vertex and that degree 4
+vertex is adjacent to a degree 3 vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex is adjacent to a degree 3 vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex is adjacent to a degree 3 vertex
+then the adjacency of a degree 4 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the adjacency of a degree 4 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the adjacency of a degree 4 and a
+degree 3 is a typical property that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 3 is a typical property that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 3 is a typical property that's
+preserved by isomorphism so you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved by isomorphism so you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved by isomorphism so you know for
+sure that if there's gonna be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that if there's gonna be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that if there's gonna be a
+bijection between the first graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection between the first graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection between the first graph and
+the second graph this pair of adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second graph this pair of adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second graph this pair of adjacent
+vertices of degree 4 and degree 3 can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices of degree 4 and degree 3 can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices of degree 4 and degree 3 can
+only map to another pair of adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only map to another pair of adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only map to another pair of adjacent
+vertices in the second graph that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in the second graph that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in the second graph that also
+have degrees 4 and 3 so that will cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have degrees 4 and 3 so that will cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have degrees 4 and 3 so that will cut
+down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in
+normally the number of places that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally the number of places that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally the number of places that this
+given vertex can map to in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given vertex can map to in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given vertex can map to in the other
+graph and it gives you a some structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and it gives you a some structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and it gives you a some structure
+to use to try to narrow down the search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use to try to narrow down the search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use to try to narrow down the search
+for the number of isomorphisms and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the number of isomorphisms and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the number of isomorphisms and and
+where the isomorphism is and whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the isomorphism is and whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the isomorphism is and whether or
+not it exists so being having a degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it exists so being having a degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it exists so being having a degree
+for Jason to a degree 3 for example is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Jason to a degree 3 for example is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Jason to a degree 3 for example is a
+typical property that's preserved under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical property that's preserved under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical property that's preserved under
+isomorphism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphism
+but even so um if I give you two very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even so um if I give you two very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even so um if I give you two very
+large graphs and these are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large graphs and these are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large graphs and these are actually
+extracted graphs from some communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted graphs from some communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted graphs from some communication
+network an image of them it's very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network an image of them it's very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network an image of them it's very hard
+to tell whether or not they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell whether or not they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell whether or not they're
+isomorphic well you could guess because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphic well you could guess because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphic well you could guess because
+of course we took the same picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we took the same picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we took the same picture and
+copied it twice but if there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied it twice but if there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied it twice but if there was some
+subtle difference between these two like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle difference between these two like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle difference between these two like
+I erased one edge somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I erased one edge somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I erased one edge somewhere in the
+middle of that mess how would you figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of that mess how would you figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of that mess how would you figure
+out that the two graphs we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the two graphs we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the two graphs we're not
+isomorphic in that case and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphic in that case and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphic in that case and the answer
+is that like these np-complete problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that like these np-complete problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that like these np-complete problems
+there is no known procedure to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no known procedure to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no known procedure to check
+whether or not two graphs are isomorphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not two graphs are isomorphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not two graphs are isomorphic
+that is guaranteed to be efficient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is guaranteed to be efficient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is guaranteed to be efficient and
+to run in polynomial time on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run in polynomial time on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run in polynomial time on the other
+hand there are technical reasons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand there are technical reasons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand there are technical reasons that
+technical properties that says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical properties that says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical properties that says that
+graph isomorphism is not one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph isomorphism is not one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph isomorphism is not one of these
+np-complete problems unless P equals NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np-complete problems unless P equals NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np-complete problems unless P equals NP
+or something like that and so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and so that's one
+distinguishing characteristic of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing characteristic of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing characteristic of this
+problem the the important one is that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the the important one is that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the the important one is that as
+a matter of fact in practice there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of fact in practice there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of fact in practice there are
+some really good isomorphism programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really good isomorphism programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really good isomorphism programs
+around that will in in many cases figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that will in in many cases figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that will in in many cases figure
+out given two graphs whether or not they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out given two graphs whether or not they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out given two graphs whether or not they
+are isomorphic in time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are isomorphic in time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are isomorphic in time that's
+approximately the size of the two graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the size of the two graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the size of the two graphs
+so pragmatically graph isomorphism seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pragmatically graph isomorphism seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pragmatically graph isomorphism seems
+to be a manageable problem although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a manageable problem although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a manageable problem although
+theoretically you but you can't be sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically you but you can't be sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically you but you can't be sure
+that these efficient procedures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these efficient procedures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these efficient procedures that
+work most of the time are going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work most of the time are going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work most of the time are going to work
+always well known procedures in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always well known procedures in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always well known procedures in fact
+blow up exponentially on some example or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow up exponentially on some example or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow up exponentially on some example or
+another
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hkAONP0aC9w.txt b/hkAONP0aC9w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c41e91bf8d8e8c30ef0ac16778b3548a1a954bcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hkAONP0aC9w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2347 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you guys know
+the quiz is cumulative, right?
+
+Everything all the way
+back from lecture one,
+
+so I would look at all the
+lectures and all the P sets,
+
+and look at all the
+stuff that we taught you,
+
+so data structures,
+algorithms, everything.
+
+And at least be able to
+know, for every one of them,
+
+what's the name, what it does,
+and wants the running time.
+
+Proofs and how it does
+it might be harder,
+
+but these be able to
+call it as a black box
+
+and argue about
+the running times.
+
+So I have a dp problem, and
+I have a non-dp problem.
+
+Which problem would you
+like me to start with?
+
+OK.
+
+Do you guys know the saying, if
+a woodchucker would chuck wood,
+
+how much wood would
+a woodchucker chuck?
+
+Today we're going to chuck wood.
+
+So you have a piece of
+wood that is l meters long,
+
+and they have n markings.
+
+So say the first
+mark is at 3 meters,
+
+the second mark is at 5
+meters, so on, so forth.
+
+And 3, and 4, all
+the way up to mn.
+
+So we want to cut this piece
+of wood at all the markings.
+
+The thing is the woodchucker
+doesn't work for free.
+
+If you give it a piece
+of wood of length l,
+
+and you ask it to cut
+it at some marking,
+
+you're going to get two pieces
+of wood, length l1 and l2.
+
+The price for this
+is l1 times l2.
+
+So we like woodchucker,
+but woodchuckers would also
+
+like our wallets.
+
+So we want to cut
+this up by paying
+
+the minimum amount of money.
+
+Rings a bell?
+
+So I'll let you guys
+think for a minute,
+
+then I'll give you the running
+time, then we'll start talking.
+
+So we usually give you
+running times on quizzes.
+
+The running time is why you
+should know all the problems
+
+in their matching running times,
+because the moment we give you
+
+a running time you can
+automatically eliminate all
+
+the things that don't match,
+and just focus on a few things.
+
+So you're going to have to
+cut it at all the markings,
+
+eventually, but the order in
+which you cut is important.
+
+So if I cut here first, then
+I'm going to pay three times l
+
+minus 3, whereas if I
+cut in the middle first,
+
+I'm going to pay whatever this
+is, and 3 times l minus m3.
+
+So we're trying to
+decide the order.
+
+Does this look like
+any familiar problem?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+using dp, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: dp, that is good.
+
+I did say that we're going
+to start with a dp problem,
+
+so this is dp.
+
+It's a good start.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What?
+
+Not exactly.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, it is
+not like any problems
+
+on the recitations.
+
+So far recitations did
+prefixes and suffixes.
+
+We're going to solve this
+using a running time of n
+
+cubed, which is like
+the parenthesis problem.
+
+It should be what you said, but
+I don't know how to spell that,
+
+so we're going to
+go for this instead.
+
+So running n
+cubed-- the moment I
+
+said this you guys
+should know that this
+
+is the n cubed problem that
+we have in lecture notes.
+
+So make sure to have
+those on the cheat sheets,
+
+and try to understand
+them, right?
+
+OK, so given that
+I've said this,
+
+you should know
+the solution now.
+
+To make sure
+everyone is with me,
+
+we're going to go through
+the solution, whole.
+
+So what is a subproblem?
+
+AUDIENCE:Smaller piece of wood.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: Like how to cut it up.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So this is how you
+think of it informally.
+
+When you write it up,
+I want to see this.
+
+I want to see dp of
+something means something.
+
+So how you fill
+out your dp table.
+
+It's really useful to
+write this up on your exam
+
+before, because one, this will
+help you write the recursion
+
+correctly, and two, if
+the grader sees this
+
+they might skim over the
+recursion completely.
+
+And then you might
+have bugs there.
+
+We might not see them.
+
+Good for you.
+
+So this says how you're
+going to fill out the table.
+
+Right? dp of something
+equals something.
+
+What's in a dp table?
+
+Numbers.
+
+It's never how to do something.
+
+It's always the
+numbers, so it's always
+
+the maximum profit,
+or the minimum cost,
+
+or the shortest distance,
+or the longest something.
+
+So it's always a number.
+
+So what we do here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Start and dp, start
+location to the end location is
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so we're going
+to get the mean distance, right?
+
+We usually do i j k and
+whatever else it takes.
+
+So start to end is?
+
+AUDIENCE: The minimum
+cost of cutting that up.
+
+PROFESSOR: Minimum cost of
+cutting up the wood board
+
+from marking i, all
+the way to marking j.
+
+There's a tiny problem here,
+that the initial-- there's
+
+no problem for this big
+piece of wood, right?
+
+If I can only consider
+the board from i to j,
+
+so if I can only consider
+the board from marking 1
+
+to marking n, then
+I get to this.
+
+So this part and this
+part get left out.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+We add fake markings.
+
+Then 0 is 0, and
+mn plus 1 equals l.
+
+Very good.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+equally spaced?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+So these are numbers.
+
+If they were evenly spaced,
+I think there's an algorithm.
+
+You might come up with a
+math and say, you always
+
+cut it up like this.
+
+So while we solve this,
+you guys have candy, right?
+
+You should eat the candy and
+be energetic and everything.
+
+So min cost of
+cutting up the board
+
+from marking i to marking j.
+
+I like this.
+
+Have this on your
+exam if possible,
+
+because this will
+make our life easier,
+
+and it's going to
+make your life easier
+
+when you get to the
+next step, which
+
+is how do we compute dp of i j?
+
+So suppose I'm looking at
+the subboard from m1 to m4
+
+so I'm looking at only this.
+
+How do I compute the best way
+to cut the board from m1 to m4?
+
+What are my options?
+
+AUDIENCE: The locations
+you can cut it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+So in order to cut
+this up, I can either
+
+make a first cut at m2.
+
+So say I make my first
+cut here, and then I
+
+recursively cut
+this, and cut this.
+
+Or the other alternative
+is take the same guy-- m1,
+
+m2, m3, m4-- cut it at m3,
+and then recursively cut this,
+
+and recursively cut this.
+
+So I'm iterating over all the
+markings inside the board.
+
+Now suppose I'm
+cutting it-- yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] cutting
+both, or actually, never mind.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+when I recursed,
+
+that takes care of it.
+
+So suppose I'm looking
+at m1 through m4,
+
+and I'm cutting it at m2.
+
+What's the total cost?
+
+So what's the best way
+to cut, given that then I
+
+know I'm going to cut there?
+
+AUDIENCE: The sum of the dp's.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so it's the
+best way to cut m1 through m2,
+
+plus best way to
+cut m2 through m4,
+
+plus the price I'm paying
+for this cut, right?
+
+Not just the sum of the dp's.
+
+One more term.
+
+What's this term?
+
+AUDIENCE: 4 minus 1?
+
+Or the location of 4
+minus the location of 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: So,
+not quite, almost.
+
+So if I'm cutting a
+board into two pieces,
+
+the cost is the product of
+the length of the two pieces.
+
+m2 minus m1, times yes.
+
+OK, why did I bother doing this?
+
+Some people think better
+with concrete numbers.
+
+If that's the case, then
+give yourself an example.
+
+Write some numbers on
+your sheet of paper,
+
+then see what
+letters match to what
+
+numbers, and copy
+it up using letters.
+
+And there you go, you've
+solved the problem.
+
+So where are i and j here?
+
+AUDIENCE: i would be 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so this is i.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's j.
+
+PROFESSOR: Cool, so let's
+try to write it up, now.
+
+So in order to cut the board
+from i to j, what am I doing?
+
+So what am I computing?
+
+Usually the first word in
+your subproblem definition
+
+is the function that
+you're going to use.
+
+So it's minimum, and I'm
+going iterate over something.
+
+AUDIENCE: dp of i to--
+it has to be all of j.
+
+dp of i, j, and
+you're looking to--
+
+PROFESSOR: So I'm
+computing dp of i j.
+
+AUDIENCE: I know, of
+j minus [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: j minus i, then
+k j minus [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: There's a k, right?
+
+I need a new variable for where
+I'm going to cut up, right?
+
+So fortunately, we have a lot
+of letters in the alphabet,
+
+i, j, k, so on and
+so forth, l, m.
+
+AUDIENCE: i plus k.
+
+PROFESSOR: So let's say
+that k is the place where
+
+we cut, to make our life easy.
+
+So I'm going to have dp of
+
+AUDIENCE: Well i is
+the starting point.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK
+
+AUDIENCE: And then, the
+endpoint is i plus k, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: So what's k here?
+
+AUDIENCE: k is an actual number.
+
+It's not the offset,
+it's the actual number,
+
+so it should be i to k.
+
+It depends how you define k.
+
+PROFESSOR: So I'm going to
+make my life easy, and define k
+
+as exactly the marking
+at which I cut.
+
+k is this 2 here.
+
+And this is easier, trust me.
+
+OK, plus?
+
+AUDIENCE: k j?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, and?
+
+AUDIENCE: Cost of m--
+
+AUDIENCE: j minus i, m of
+k minus m of i times m of j
+
+minus m of k.
+
+PROFESSOR: Cool.
+
+Yeah, other way
+around-- doesn't matter.
+
+So now where does k go?
+
+We have to come up with
+numbers for the loop, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Between i and j.
+
+AUDIENCE: j minus i.
+
+AUDIENCE: Just for k in i to j.
+
+PROFESSOR: So if I have
+the board from 1 to 4,
+
+do I cut at 1?
+
+I can, but that's kind of weird.
+
+Because I'm recursing
+on the same subproblem.
+
+By the way, if you recurse
+to the same subproblem,
+
+what are you going to
+get as your running time?
+
+Infinite.
+
+So let's not do that.
+
+So we're going to go from?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So going
+from i would be bad.
+
+So i plus 1.
+
+2?
+
+AUDIENCE: j minus 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: Very good.
+
+AUDIENCE: Would it be m over
+i plus 1, because [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So k is which
+marking I'm cutting at.
+
+I never want to cut
+inside a marking.
+
+However, I don't even
+know these are integers.
+
+AUDIENCE: They wouldn't
+be called [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So k is
+which marking, i, j,
+
+and k are which
+marking I'm cutting at.
+
+These are the only
+discrete things I have.
+
+This board is all filled
+with real numbers.
+
+So if I want to
+cut somewhere here,
+
+that's a real number--
+I don't like that.
+
+I want to have integers.
+
+So my markings help
+me get integers.
+
+I only want to cut
+at the marking,
+
+so I always look at my problem
+in terms of which marking I'm
+
+cutting it.
+
+So this always
+iterates over markings.
+
+So this looks very much like
+the parentheses problem, right?
+
+Same subproblems, roughly
+the same recursion.
+
+Turns out that these
+problems, where
+
+you're not considering
+suffixes or prefixes,
+
+but rather you're
+considering substrings,
+
+are reasonably hard to come by,
+and reasonably hard to solve.
+
+So if we give these
+to you, chances
+
+are they're going to be exactly
+like the parentheses problem,
+
+except for the cost function.
+
+This isn't what we had in the
+parentheses problem, right?
+
+So you should be prepared
+to solve problems
+
+that look exactly like
+the paren problem,
+
+but might have a
+different cost function.
+
+And this is how we solve it.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: When you say that
+the complexity determines
+
+which type of dp
+example we use, does
+
+that mean that a
+problem can be solved
+
+using any of dp examples?
+
+It's just that the only thing
+that changes is the complexity.
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't
+think you can map
+
+every approach
+onto every problem.
+
+For example, if you tried
+to map prefixes onto this,
+
+you'd come up with
+a solution that
+
+doesn't look at all
+the possible choices,
+
+so your answer would
+be sub-optimal.
+
+So you'd come up with a fast,
+but incorrect algorithm.
+
+However, if you take the
+problem of find the longest
+
+increasing sub-sequence,
+you can definitely
+
+apply this technique to it.
+
+It's more general than
+suffixes or prefixes.
+
+So it's going to work, but
+it's going to be slower.
+
+So in theory, what
+you should do is,
+
+you have all these techniques.
+
+Given a problem, you
+try all the techniques.
+
+You see which ones apply,
+and out of those, you
+
+see which one gives you
+the best running time.
+
+In practice, if we give
+you the running time,
+
+you match it to the techniques
+that match the running time.
+
+You start backwards from
+the stuff that you know.
+
+OK.
+
+Does this problem make sense?
+
+Sweet.
+
+Now let's do a hard problem.
+
+Do people remember hashing?
+
+You have one minute
+to remember hashing
+
+while I erase the board.
+
+[LAUGHING]
+
+So suppose we want
+to implement the set.
+
+The way we're going to implement
+the set is, we have n elements.
+
+We're going to put
+them into the set,
+
+so for i goes from
+1 through n, we're
+
+going to insert element
+i, so first we're
+
+going to insert all the
+elements into the set.
+
+And then after that, given a
+random number, we want to see
+
+is it in the set, or not.
+
+So for some other number--
+I used n before, so let's
+
+use-- for some other number f,
+we want to see is f in the set,
+
+or is f not in the set?
+
+What data structure would
+you use normally for this?
+
+A hash table, right?
+
+You stick everything
+into a hash table,
+
+then you try to
+find the elements.
+
+If you find them,
+then you say yes.
+
+If not, then you say no.
+
+Well, it turns out
+that this would
+
+take more memory
+than what we have.
+
+So instead, we're
+going to do this.
+
+We're going to have a
+hash table of m bits.
+
+So these are m bits.
+
+And say we have a
+hash function that
+
+satisfies with uniform
+hashing, so given any element,
+
+the value is anywhere
+from 0 to m minus 1,
+
+and they're all independent.
+
+So the way we're going
+to insert an element
+
+is-- this table is T-- we're
+going to say that T of h of ai
+
+equals 1.
+
+So this is a table of bits.
+
+For every element
+we hash the element,
+
+and we set the
+corresponding bit to 1.
+
+So we're going to have some 1s,
+and some zeros in the table.
+
+Say if this is ai, it
+hashes somewhere here.
+
+OK so the question
+is, we inserted
+
+n elements into a
+table of size n.
+
+Given a new element, f, where
+f stands for false positive-- f
+
+is not one of the
+elements that we inserted.
+
+I want to know what's the
+probability that the set will
+
+say that the element is
+in the set, so basically,
+
+the probability of
+a false positive.
+
+AUDIENCE: So what are we
+doing about [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Nothing.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it chaining,
+is it open addressing?
+
+Does it even matter?
+
+PROFESSOR: So we're not
+inserting the elements
+
+into the table.
+
+This table only has bits.
+
+The elements are lost
+completely after we insert them.
+
+So the tradeoff is
+uses a lot less memory.
+
+Instead of having to
+store entire elements,
+
+you just store bits.
+
+On the downside you're going
+to have false positives.
+
+Because if I have a
+different element,
+
+say f, if it hashes
+to the same location,
+
+then the set is going to
+say, yeah, it's in the set.
+
+So you get false positives.
+
+Would you get false negatives?
+
+No, right?
+
+Because you start out
+with a table of 0's,
+
+and you only set
+the table to ones
+
+for the numbers
+that match to hashes
+
+of elements that are in the set.
+
+Did you have a question?
+
+OK.
+
+OK, do we understand
+the problem,
+
+before we attempt to solve it?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it probably 1/m?
+
+PROFESSOR: You'd wish, but no.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's less than n/m.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, I like that.
+
+So what are you thinking?
+
+AUDIENCE: If there are
+no collisions previously,
+
+then it would equal to n/m, but
+there are collisions, probably
+
+collisions.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, I'm going to
+open up a window in your head
+
+and tell everyone else the small
+steps you took to get here.
+
+So we have this new number f.
+
+How are we going to check
+if it's in the set or not?
+
+We're going to compute
+h of f, and we're
+
+going to check if t
+of h of f is 0 or 1.
+
+f is different from
+all the other elements.
+
+So its hash value is independent
+from all the other hash values
+
+we had before.
+
+We don't really care
+about this anymore,
+
+after we have the
+independence assumption.
+
+So h of f is just some
+random position in the table.
+
+So the question is, given some
+random position in the table,
+
+will that be a 0 or a 1?
+
+How do you know?
+
+If I knew how many 1's
+I have in the table--
+
+if I have k 1's in the table,
+and automatically this means n
+
+minus k 0's-- then what's the
+probability that h of f will
+
+point to a 1?
+
+AUDIENCE: k/m.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So the hash takes
+m possible values.
+
+k of them are 1's.
+
+So the probability that the hash
+is going to guess a 1 is k/m.
+
+So if we knew how many 1's we
+have, then this is the answer.
+
+We know that we're going to
+have at most n 1's-- that's what
+
+you're thinking, right?
+
+So k is definitely
+smaller or equal to n,
+
+so the answer definitely has to
+be smaller or equal than n/m.
+
+Now if you're in a
+rush, you might say,
+
+well, we inserted n
+elements, so we're definitely
+
+going to have n 1's here.
+
+That is not true.
+
+The hashes of all the
+elements are independent.
+
+So there is some probability
+that two elements will
+
+hash to the same value, and as
+the number of elements grows,
+
+that probability also grows.
+
+OK, so now by
+looking at this, we
+
+got rid of this
+part of the problem.
+
+We don't care that
+there's a new element.
+
+We don't care that
+it's a false positive.
+
+All that we care
+about is how many
+
+1's do we have in the table
+after inserting n values.
+
+Well, what's that?
+
+That's m times the probability
+that a slot in the table is 1.
+
+Right, the probability that the
+slot in the table is 1 is k/m.
+
+So if we know this probability,
+and we multiply it by m,
+
+then we get k.
+
+People still with me?
+
+AUDIENCE: And what does
+that variable represent, h?
+
+PROFESSOR: This is k.
+
+Represents that my
+handwriting sucks, basically.
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean, why do we
+do m times the probability.
+
+That's the the expected
+number of 1's in the table?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Yeah, this is E of k, I guess.
+
+So then our final answer
+is this thing divided by m.
+
+So the answer is the
+expected value of k,
+
+or you can just think of it as
+the average value of k, divided
+
+by m.
+
+So this is m times this
+probability, divided by m.
+
+So it is exactly
+this probability.
+
+So the thing that
+we want to focus on
+
+is, what's the probability
+that a random slot in the table
+
+is a 1?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's equal to
+1 minus the probability
+
+that it was never fixed.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly,
+the first thing we do.
+
+1 minus the probability
+that a slot is 0.
+
+This is easy, right,
+like it looks easy.
+
+But this makes a
+huge difference,
+
+because once we're here,
+well, a slot is zero
+
+if none of the
+insertions made it a one.
+
+And the insertions
+are all independent.
+
+So this is like,
+you're flipping a coin.
+
+What's the probability that
+after you flip it n times,
+
+you never get a head?
+
+So this is 1 minus
+
+AUDIENCE: 1 over m
+to the something.
+
+PROFESSOR: That--
+So a slot is 0 means
+
+that no number was
+inserted in it.
+
+We're inserting n numbers,
+so it's the probability
+
+that a single number
+was not necessarily
+
+in the slot, raised
+to the power of n.
+
+So we have n independent
+experiments, right?
+
+Every time you insert a
+number into the hash function,
+
+that's one experiment.
+
+The hash function gives
+you independent values
+
+for all the elements.
+
+So all the insertions are
+independent of each other.
+
+If, in a single insertion,
+you've hit that slot,
+
+then you've made
+it a 1-- game over.
+
+So the slot is only a zero
+if none of the insertions
+
+make it the 1.
+
+So you take the probability
+that the insertion doesn't
+
+make it a one, and you
+raise it to the power n,
+
+because that has to
+happen n times in order
+
+for the whole thing
+to be successful.
+
+And the probability
+that the number was not
+
+inserted in a slot is
+1 minus the probability
+
+that it was inserted.
+
+Right, we're doing this again.
+
+1 minus probability
+that a number hit.
+
+Well what this probability?
+
+Uniform hashing.
+
+AUDIENCE: 1/m
+
+PROFESSOR: 1/m.
+
+So this whole thing is 1 minus 1
+minus 1, over m to the power n.
+
+1 minus m minus 1,
+over m to the power n.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can we go
+through this again.
+
+From 1 minus probability
+of a slot is 0, to 1
+
+minus probability of a number
+was not inserted in a slot?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So first off, the
+point of the problem.
+
+It's our problem, right?
+
+Don't panic, don't be angry.
+
+You're not going to have
+some this hard on the exam.
+
+The point of this is, I want
+to go through probabilities
+
+a little bit, and I want
+to go through hashing
+
+and the math behind hashing.
+
+Because remembering
+that will be useful.
+
+OK, so now you said you're
+having trouble with this step?
+
+OK, so let's see.
+
+Let's do this here.
+
+So we have this
+table here, right?
+
+And we have n elements-- e1,
+e2, e3, all the way through en.
+
+How do we put them in the table?
+
+We hash each of them,
+and each of them maps
+
+to a random slot in the table.
+
+If these are the slots,
+then e1 might map here,
+
+e2 might map here,
+e3 might map here,
+
+e4 might map here,
+so on and so forth.
+
+So I have arrows, right?
+
+Every time I do a hash, that's
+going to set something to a 1.
+
+The numbers don't necessarily
+map to different slots,
+
+because each number, on its
+own, maps to a random slot.
+
+So these are all
+going to be ones.
+
+And everything
+else becomes zero.
+
+If no number maps
+to a slot, it is 0.
+
+OK, let's look at
+one slot, any slot.
+
+So let's say I'm looking
+at this slot over here.
+
+Can you guys see, by the way?
+
+OK, so let's look
+at this guy here.
+
+What's the probability
+that it's a 0?
+
+So the probability
+that the slot is
+
+a 0 is the probability that
+the first number didn't
+
+map to it-- otherwise
+it would be a 1-- e1
+
+didn't hash to that slot.
+
+e2 also couldn't match
+to that slot, right?
+
+So it's the probability that
+e1 didn't hash to the slot,
+
+and e2 didn't hash
+into slot, and e3
+
+didn't hash into the slot,
+so on so forth, right?
+
+All the way up until en
+didn't hash to the slot.
+
+This makes sense?
+
+Now these are all
+independent events,
+
+because all the hashes
+are independent,
+
+by the uniform
+hashing assumption.
+
+So then I can turn
+ands into products.
+
+So I can say that this
+equals to the probability
+
+that e1 didn't hash into the
+slot, times the probability
+
+that e2 didn't hash into the
+slot, times the probability
+
+that e3 didn't hash into the
+slot, so on and so forth,
+
+all the way to the probability
+that en didn't hash.
+
+So since I'm dealing with
+the same hash function,
+
+turns out that all the
+probabilities are the same.
+
+So there, the probability
+that some fixed number
+
+didn't hash, to the power n.
+
+So this is how I got
+from here to here.
+
+Probabilities and the
+properties of hashes and hashing
+
+assumptions.
+
+So you guys should have
+those on your cheat sheet,
+
+and maybe if you have time,
+review probabilities a bit.
+
+AUDIENCE: What is
+the probability
+
+that any given one
+doesn't hash, 1/m?
+
+So if e1 doesn't
+hash in that spot,
+
+isn't that probability 1/m?
+
+PROFESSOR: Not quite.
+
+You're close, but not quite.
+
+So you're saying that
+the probability that e1
+
+doesn't hash to
+this slot is 1/m?
+
+AUDIENCE: I guess
+it's 1 minus 1/m.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+The probability that
+it would hash here
+
+is 1/m, because it has
+to pick that one slot out
+
+of n possible slots.
+
+But if you're just
+saying, all I want
+
+is that it doesn't
+hash here, well, it
+
+means it can hash anywhere else.
+
+So it has m minus 1 options.
+
+It can go to any of
+those m minus 1 places,
+
+just not to that one place.
+
+So m minus 1 over m.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's interesting
+it went the other direction.
+
+Instead of saying, it's
+1, it's 1 minus it.
+
+Wouldn't it have been
+just as easy to go
+
+the other direction, or no?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+Not doing this makes
+the problem hard,
+
+so that's why we're doing it.
+
+This kind of flipping is
+easy to do conceptually,
+
+but it might make a hard problem
+into a really easy problem,
+
+or at least into
+a do-able problem.
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't it
+this the same thing?
+
+I guess maybe not totally.
+
+PROFESSOR: So it is exactly
+the same in terms of the math,
+
+but computing this without
+turning it into this
+
+is really hard.
+
+AUDIENCE: Any given
+slot is 1, isn't it
+
+kind of like what we just
+said, except if the probability
+
+of any one mapping is 1/m,
+mapping to a 1, right?
+
+And then you take
+1 over m raised
+
+to the n, that's the
+probability of it being a 1
+
+at that one place, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, not quite.
+
+Yeah.
+
+OK, so are we getting this?
+
+Somewhat?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So the probability
+of a false positive,
+
+you're saying that's what's
+the probability that you
+
+get the 1, if you actually
+should [INAUDIBLE] the 0.
+
+It's because multiple things
+mapped to that one slot, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: So the probability
+of a false positive
+
+is the probability that, given
+a new element, when we hash it
+
+we get the 1.
+
+The hash of that new element
+is independent of all
+
+the other hashes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Then why is
+it simple in probability
+
+that you get the 1?
+
+PROFESSOR: So if I
+have a new element,
+
+I'm going to compute
+its hash, and I'm
+
+going to look in the table.
+
+If I see a 1, I'm
+going to say, oh.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, it's
+a new element.
+
+OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+so it's something
+
+that was not in the set.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: Okay, cool.
+
+OK, so let's see if we can
+do a harder version of this.
+
+So this probability isn't
+great, but if we do one trick,
+
+we can make this really nice.
+
+And this puts together a trick
+called bloom filters that
+
+is used in all
+sorts of situations.
+
+So for Bloom filters, we
+still have n elements,
+
+and we still have
+a table of m bits.
+
+What changes this time is
+instead of having one function,
+
+we have k hash functions.
+
+So when we take an
+element and insert it,
+
+we're taking element i.
+
+The way to insert
+it is we're going
+
+to compute its hash value
+using all the hash functions,
+
+and set all the
+corresponding bits to 1.
+
+So insert ei becomes,
+for j in 1 through k,
+
+the table bit corresponding
+to the hash function, j,
+
+of the element is 1.
+
+So each element
+sets k bits to 1.
+
+Now how do we check if an
+element is in the table?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Since,
+for every element,
+
+we set all the corresponding
+k bits to 1, now when
+
+we have a new
+element, we're going
+
+to compute to the k positions,
+and if any of them is a 0,
+
+then we couldn't have possibly
+put that in the table.
+
+So all T of h j
+of f have to be 1.
+
+So for every element,
+we hashed it k times,
+
+and set the corresponding bits.
+
+If we have a new element, and
+by hashing we get here and here,
+
+but we also get here,
+and this guy was a zero,
+
+we know we definitely
+didn't put this in.
+
+So now what's the probability
+of a false positive?
+
+AUDIENCE: My first intuition is
+just raising that to a power.
+
+AUDIENCE: The probability
+that when you check--
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, I forgot to
+say something, by the way.
+
+The k hash functions-- I think
+they satisfy simple uniform
+
+hashing.
+
+I'm not sure if that's
+the right thing,
+
+but they all have independent
+values from each other.
+
+So they're all independent.
+
+So for any number you
+give, any hash function
+
+returns a value that's
+independent of all
+
+the other hash functions,
+and they're all 0
+
+through n minus 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why is not that
+just raised to something?
+
+Because we know the
+probability-- OK,
+
+actually we need to
+recalculate that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because it's the
+probability that all of them
+
+are 1, even though you
+haven't hashed yet.
+
+PROFESSOR: So the false
+positive, the probability
+
+of false positives
+is the probability
+
+that all the k slots that
+correspond to f are 1's, right?
+
+So, since the hash functions
+are all independent,
+
+this is the probability
+that one slot
+
+is the 1, raised to the power k.
+
+Right, because they're
+all independent slots.
+
+So it's the probability
+that one slot
+
+is a 1, raised to the power k.
+
+OK, so now what's
+the probability
+
+that one slot is a 1?
+
+It looks a lot like
+this problem, right?
+
+Except there's a tweak.
+
+How many times did we
+put the 1 in the table?
+
+So here, we put a 1 in the
+table for every element.
+
+So we have n sets, right?
+
+So n times we're going to
+set t of something to 1.
+
+Right?
+
+For every element,
+we have one set.
+
+We set one bit to 1.
+
+It might have been said
+before-- that's something else.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So here it's
+raised to the m k?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, pretty much.
+
+So here, for every element
+we hash it through all the k
+
+functions, and set the
+corresponding bits to 1.
+
+So one element generates
+k set operations,
+
+and we have n elements,
+so we set n k bits to 1.
+
+Does this make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can two hash functions
+point to the same slot?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sure.
+
+But they're all
+independent, and that's
+
+the only thing that matters.
+
+So every time we set the
+bit, which bit was set
+
+is independent of all
+the other bits we set,
+
+because all the hash
+functions are independent,
+
+and all the values are
+independent of each other.
+
+So this time, the table size is
+still m, so that didn't change.
+
+This time we set n bits to 1,
+this time we set n k bits to 1.
+
+So then the right thing
+to do is copy this answer,
+
+and replace n with n k.
+
+And if you have to
+write the proof,
+
+you'd copy-paste the proof
+and replace n with n k.
+
+So this is 1 minus m minus
+1, over m, times n k.
+
+And of course you should
+go through the whole thing
+
+in your head and convince
+yourselves that this is true.
+
+AUDIENCE: Does that say one
+of the elements is what?
+
+k, something?
+
+AUDIENCE: Sets.
+
+PROFESSOR: Bit sets.
+
+So one element sets k bits
+in the table, not necessarily
+
+different bits, just
+independent bits.
+
+So if you have n
+elements altogether,
+
+they set n times k bits.
+
+This thing gets run n times
+k times, whereas here,
+
+the set operation gets
+run n times in total.
+
+That's the difference
+in the two problems.
+
+Right here you have one
+function for each element,
+
+here you have k hash functions.
+
+This is hard, right?
+
+Well, it's the hardest
+hashing problem
+
+that I could think
+about and that
+
+makes us go through
+probabilities and through all
+
+the hash stuff.
+
+The problems on the exam will
+be easier, so one, don't panic.
+
+Two, review hashing,
+review probabilities.
+
+When I said, from the
+theory, this is what you get,
+
+if you didn't understand that
+then please review the theory.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why is
+it raised to the k?
+
+Because we did down there,
+if we replace n with n k,
+
+then we'd just get
+everything except.
+
+PROFESSOR: So this thing
+in here is the answer
+
+to the previous problem,
+except you take an n
+
+and you replace it with an n k.
+
+So this is the probability
+that one bit is set to 1.
+
+But here, when you're
+given an element,
+
+you're going to hash it through
+the k functions-- you take
+
+this guy-- you're going to hash
+it through the k functions,
+
+and you're going to
+check all the bits.
+
+So you're going to check k bits.
+
+So as long as any of the
+k bits is a zero, not
+
+a false positive.
+
+So we need all the
+k bits to be a 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, I see.
+
+AUDIENCE: What if the hash
+functions are dependent?
+
+PROFESSOR: Then
+become intractable.
+
+AUDIENCE: And what if they are?
+
+I think the in this problem,
+the way they are being hashed,
+
+that becomes
+dependent, because I
+
+think there were some problems
+where, if something is being
+
+hashed somewhere,
+then the probability--
+
+there could be
+hash functions that
+
+would put the other
+thing in the next slot.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, so you want
+to reduce these problems
+
+to independent hashing.
+
+If you look at the
+proofs, all the proofs
+
+assume uniform hashing,
+simple uniform,
+
+whatever it takes to get the
+math down to independence.
+
+Because this is the
+only thing that we
+
+know how to solve
+with probabilities.
+
+If everything is
+independent, then things
+
+multiply and add up in the right
+places, and everything is easy.
+
+If things are
+dependent, then proofs
+
+become really, really hard.
+
+So whenever you have
+dependent things,
+
+you want to find a way to reduce
+that to independent things.
+
+Is everyone tired,
+or do you guys really
+
+not like this problem?
+
+By the way, really
+cool trick-- so this
+
+turns out to be a
+lot better than that,
+
+and I think the
+optimal value of k
+
+is around square roots of log n.
+
+And that gives you some
+filters with a really low
+
+false positive rate.
+
+AUDIENCE: What do
+you mean by optimal?
+
+PROFESSOR: Minimize
+the false positives.
+
+So given n and m, pick a case
+so that this thing is minimized.
+
+AUDIENCE: What was
+the answer again?
+
+Or actually, regardless
+of that, what's
+
+the percentage of
+false positives?
+
+PROFESSOR: It depends on
+what your n and m are, right?
+
+The more bits you can afford
+
+AUDIENCE: But if
+maximize your k,
+
+you said you came up with
+some k that's maximized
+
+PROFESSOR: I think k is
+
+AUDIENCE: Square root of log n.
+
+AUDIENCE: So then
+if you use that.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's
+not do the math.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+It's really, really good.
+
+So these are used for all sorts
+of practical problems, all
+
+the way from branch predictors
+in processors, to databases.
+
+AUDIENCE: So is
+it better than 1%?
+
+Do you know that, at least?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh yeah, for
+practical uses, this gets you,
+
+I think to 1% of 1% of 1%.
+
+So usually, put a Bloom filter
+before a really expensive
+
+check, and the Bloom
+filter gets rid of most
+
+of the false positives.
+
+And then you have
+a few more where
+
+you do the more expensive check.
+
+Okay, does this make sense?
+
+Any questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you more optimal
+if you repeated this Bloom
+
+filter independently
+of the other one,
+
+with more hash functions
+in that memory structure?
+
+PROFESSOR: I think doubling
+the memory size is better.
+
+So two filters is the
+same as having two n bits.
+
+I think doubling gives you
+better results, always.
+
+OK, so general stuff.
+
+We're going to have a lot
+of conceptual questions,
+
+so please make sure, again,
+make sure that for everything
+
+that we did, go
+through the problem.
+
+Understand the problem, know
+that there is a solution.
+
+Know the running
+time, maybe know
+
+how to implement the solution.
+
+Don't worry so much
+about the proof.
+
+We're going to have
+some problems where
+
+you have to come up with
+new things on your own,
+
+so get a good night's
+sleep before the exam.
+
+Really, if you have
+five hours left,
+
+then you have to choose
+between sleeping five hours
+
+or reading notes
+for five hours--
+
+AUDIENCE: Drink caffeine.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's
+not going to help,
+
+so caffeine actually
+helps you stay up,
+
+but it decreases
+your performance.
+
+And so if you're on caffeine,
+you're not going to think.
+
+You can regurgitate stuff,
+but you can't think.
+
+So caffeinating yourself is a--
+
+AUDIENCE: I thought it was like
+it gives you concentration.
+
+PROFESSOR: So there's an optimum
+amount of sleep and caffeine
+
+combination.
+
+If you don't sleep and
+caffeinate yourself,
+
+I guarantee that
+you will not solve
+
+any of the problems that
+require new algorithms.
+
+AUDIENCE: Caffeine just squirts
+adrenaline in your brain.
+
+It doesn't do anything else.
+
+PROFESSOR: So the thing is the
+memory is going to be better.
+
+If all you're doing
+is memorization stuff,
+
+then it's going to be better.
+
+So you're going to do well on
+the pattern matching stuff.
+
+But when your
+brain is panicking,
+
+you're not going to come up
+with new solutions, right?
+
+Usually, you have a
+problem, a hard problem.
+
+You're thinking about it,
+and then at some point
+
+when you're relaxed, like
+when you're in the shower
+
+or when you wake up you're
+like, crap, I found a solution.
+
+So the brain finds
+solutions when it's relaxed,
+
+not when it's like, holy
+shit, holy shit, holy shit.
+
+And adrenaline gets
+it in that mood.
+
+That's what it does.
+
+And that's what caffeine
+does in the end.
+
+So a little bit of caffeine
+might help you get up
+
+and get you running,
+but don't caffeinate
+
+yourself to not sleep
+the entire night.
+
+That's probably going to make
+you bomb the hard questions.
+
+Good luck on Friday.
+
+Eat candy.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hmPiuS0PqCs.txt b/hmPiuS0PqCs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19138e03cf77d01420db3ce43c3199ea8c941a94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hmPiuS0PqCs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+We are given this circuit which consists of
+nine combinational modules connected as shown.
+
+The number in each block corresponds to the
+propagation delay (in microseconds) of that
+
+block.
+
+The first question we want to ask ourselves
+is what are the latency and throughput of
+
+this combinational circuit?
+
+The longest path through this circuit passes
+through two 3 microsecond modules, one 2 microsecond
+
+module, and two 1 microsecond modules.
+
+Therefore the latency = 2(3) + 1(2) + 2(1)
+= 10 microseconds.
+
+The throughput is 1/Latency = 1/(10 microseconds).
+
+Now we want to pipeline this circuit for maximum
+throughput.
+
+Recall that the clock period must allow enough
+time for the propagation delay of the pipeline
+
+register, plus the propagation delay of any
+combinational logic between the pipeline registers,
+
+plus the setup time of the pipeline register.
+
+Since our pipeline registers are ideal, the
+propagation delay and setup time of the pipeline
+
+registers is 0, so our clock period will be
+equal to the longest combinational logic delay
+
+between any pair of pipeline registers.
+
+To minimize the clock period, we want to add
+pipeline contours so that each pipeline stage
+
+can be clocked at the rate of our slowest
+component which is 3 microseconds.
+
+This means that within a single pipeline stage
+all combinational paths must have at most
+
+a propagation delay of 3 microseconds.
+
+Recall, that when pipelining a circuit, all
+outputs must have a pipeline register on them,
+
+so our first contour is drawn so as to cross
+the single output C(X).
+
+Each pipeline stage should have at most a
+latency of 3 microseconds.
+
+This means that the bottom right 1 microsecond
+module and the 3 microsecond module above
+
+it must be in separate pipeline stages so
+our next contour crosses between them.
+
+We then complete that contour by joining each
+end of the contour to one of the two ends
+
+of our original output contour.
+
+Every time a wire is crossed, that indicates
+that we are adding a pipeline register.
+
+There is more than one way of doing this because
+for example, the bottom three 1 units could
+
+all be in the same pipeline stage, or just
+the two rightmost bottom 1 unit components,
+
+or just the single bottom right 1 unit component.
+
+Let's try to pipeline this circuit in two
+different ways to make sure that we end up
+
+with the same latency and throughput results.
+
+For our first implementation, let's put the
+bottom right 1 unit in its own pipeline stage.
+
+Next we have a pipeline stage that includes
+our second row 3 unit.
+
+We can include the middle bottom 1 unit in
+this same pipeline stage because those two
+
+units are independent of each other and can
+be executed in parallel.
+
+Now we see that we have a bunch of 2 and 1
+unit components.
+
+We want to isolate these from the top left
+3 unit component, so we draw our final contour
+
+to isolate that 3 unit.
+
+Note that at this point all the remaining
+2 and 1 unit modules add up to at most 3 microseconds
+
+along any path in the second pipeline stage.
+
+This means that we are done and we do not
+need to add any further pipeline stages.
+
+So our pipelined circuit ended up with 4 pipeline
+stages and our clock period = 3 microseconds.
+
+This means that our pipelined latency is 4
+* T = 4 * 3 = 12 microseconds.
+
+Our throughput for the pipelined circuit is
+1/T = 1/(3 microseconds).
+
+Note that the latency of the pipelined circuit
+is actually slower than the combinational
+
+latency.
+
+This occurs because our pipelined implementation
+has some unused cycles in the last pipeline
+
+stage.
+
+However, our throughput is significantly better
+as a result of being able to now have our
+
+clock period equal to the length of the slowest
+component.
+
+Recall that we said that this was not the
+only way that we could draw our contours.
+
+Let's try an alternate solution.
+
+For our second solution, let's try to merge
+the bottom three 1 units into one pipeline
+
+stage.
+
+Next we need to isolate our middle 3.
+
+The remaining 2 and 1 unit components can
+all be merged into another pipeline stage.
+
+Finally, the top left 3 ends up in its own
+pipeline stage.
+
+As before we end up with 4 pipeline stages
+that can be clocked with a period of T = 3
+
+microseconds.
+
+This demonstrates that both component divisions
+end up with a latency of 12 microseconds and
+
+a throughput of 1/(3 microseconds).
+
+Now suppose you found pipelined replacements
+for the components marked 3 and 2 that had
+
+3 and 2 stages, respectively, and could be
+clocked at a 1 microsecond period.
+
+Using these replacements and pipelining for
+maximum throughput, what is the best achievable
+
+performance?
+
+With these new components that can each be
+clocked with a period of 1 microsecond, our
+
+clock period T goes down to 1 microsecond.
+
+The number of stages in our pipeline, however,
+now rises to 10 stages because these new components
+
+each have multiple pipeline stages in them.
+
+So our new latency is L = 10 * T = 10(1) = 10
+microseconds.
+
+The throughput is 1/T = 1/(1 microsecond).
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iWpQpPbo7rM.txt b/iWpQpPbo7rM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..efaf9773ef6203fe72dfb4823066bc40b0de77f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iWpQpPbo7rM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's turn to this world of initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's turn to this world of initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's turn to this world of initial
+coin offerings and so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin offerings and so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin offerings and so we're going to
+chat about it today and next Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat about it today and next Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat about it today and next Tuesday
+next Tuesday we'll come back to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Tuesday we'll come back to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Tuesday we'll come back to sort of
+the regulatory side of this and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory side of this and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory side of this and in fact
+there were some new new things out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some new new things out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some new new things out of
+the Securities and Exchange Commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Securities and Exchange Commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Securities and Exchange Commission
+even last week one initial coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even last week one initial coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even last week one initial coin
+offerings but we're going to spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings but we're going to spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings but we're going to spend a
+little time when I cos today and so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time when I cos today and so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time when I cos today and so of
+course we've we've talked about back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we've we've talked about back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we've we've talked about back to
+already and we'll talk about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and we'll talk about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and we'll talk about their
+characteristics what is an initial coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics what is an initial coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics what is an initial coin
+offering what is this new form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering what is this new form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering what is this new form of
+crowdfunding how to evaluate initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdfunding how to evaluate initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdfunding how to evaluate initial
+coin offerings and some of this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin offerings and some of this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin offerings and some of this will be
+familiar because it's how to and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar because it's how to and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar because it's how to and really
+evaluate any blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate any blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate any blockchain technology
+project in some regard and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in some regard and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in some regard and then I'm
+going to share some statistics and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to share some statistics and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to share some statistics and then
+hopefully wish you all happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully wish you all happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully wish you all happy
+Thanksgiving and call it a day so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving and call it a day so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving and call it a day so so the
+study questions was what's what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study questions was what's what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study questions was what's what is this
+new form of crowdfunding so anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new form of crowdfunding so anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new form of crowdfunding so anybody
+wouldn't tell me what what is it an IC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't tell me what what is it an IC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't tell me what what is it an IC
+o---- in the easiest way you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o---- in the easiest way you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o---- in the easiest way you're going
+home for Thanksgiving and somebody says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home for Thanksgiving and somebody says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home for Thanksgiving and somebody says
+what are you even studying and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you even studying and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you even studying and you say
+IC o---- is what isn't IC l it's a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC o---- is what isn't IC l it's a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC o---- is what isn't IC l it's a way
+to raise money with a crypto token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise money with a crypto token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise money with a crypto token
+pretty simple did anybody read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple did anybody read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple did anybody read the
+optional reading for today about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional reading for today about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional reading for today about the
+dude that actually and came up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude that actually and came up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude that actually and came up with this
+idea do you remember his name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea do you remember his name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea do you remember his name
+they are jr. Willett yeah yeah I mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are jr. Willett yeah yeah I mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are jr. Willett yeah yeah I mean in
+it I don't know if anybody watched the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I don't know if anybody watched the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I don't know if anybody watched the
+video but this this individual in 2010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video but this this individual in 2010
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video but this this individual in 2010
+came up with an idea of saying bitcoins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with an idea of saying bitcoins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with an idea of saying bitcoins
+out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there
+I mean Bitcoin was selling for like six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean Bitcoin was selling for like six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean Bitcoin was selling for like six
+ten cents a Bitcoin or something he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten cents a Bitcoin or something he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten cents a Bitcoin or something he said
+you know if you could if you could put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you could if you could put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you could if you could put
+something on top of Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on top of Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on top of Bitcoin
+I don't even know if we use the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even know if we use the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even know if we use the term
+smart contract but he did say if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart contract but he did say if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart contract but he did say if you can
+put an application on top of Bitcoin it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an application on top of Bitcoin it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an application on top of Bitcoin it
+was before Vitalik boot around camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was before Vitalik boot around camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was before Vitalik boot around camera
+along with ethereal he said you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with ethereal he said you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with ethereal he said you could
+raise a lot of money and he went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise a lot of money and he went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise a lot of money and he went to
+conference after conference and tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference after conference and tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference after conference and tried to
+convince people and there's even this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince people and there's even this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince people and there's even this
+one feedback where somebody said to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one feedback where somebody said to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one feedback where somebody said to him
+in an email exchange you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an email exchange you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an email exchange you're probably
+breaking the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the law
+this can't be legal but he couldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can't be legal but he couldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can't be legal but he couldn't get
+anybody to adopt this idea and he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody to adopt this idea and he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody to adopt this idea and he's not
+wealthy now either he missed the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy now either he missed the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy now either he missed the whole
+ICO wave but he was basically kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICO wave but he was basically kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICO wave but he was basically kind of
+the inventor of this initial coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inventor of this initial coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inventor of this initial coin
+offering saying that the technology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering saying that the technology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering saying that the technology of
+Bitcoin even the scripting language was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin even the scripting language was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin even the scripting language was
+enough that you could maybe raise money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you could maybe raise money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you could maybe raise money
+on top of Bitcoin with an application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of Bitcoin with an application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of Bitcoin with an application
+layer and we'll we'll sort through now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and we'll we'll sort through now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and we'll we'll sort through now
+I'm gonna see if I can do a little video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna see if I can do a little video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna see if I can do a little video
+for you this shouldn't be too hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you this shouldn't be too hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you this shouldn't be too hard for
+me so this is a two minute video of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so this is a two minute video of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so this is a two minute video of all
+the icos that have ever happened and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the icos that have ever happened and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the icos that have ever happened and and
+elementa syv shown you this picture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementa syv shown you this picture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementa syv shown you this picture but
+you know there wasn't much where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there wasn't much where we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there wasn't much where we are
+we in 2015 now nothing so you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in 2015 now nothing so you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in 2015 now nothing so you see the
+first ICO that they mark in there is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ICO that they mark in there is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ICO that they mark in there is is
+a theorem itself raised 18 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem itself raised 18 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem itself raised 18 million
+dollars yeah I apologize it's only gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars yeah I apologize it's only gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars yeah I apologize it's only gonna
+take two minutes but you're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two minutes but you're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two minutes but you're gonna see
+the whole history of icos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole history of icos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole history of icos
+and and then there's nothing it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then there's nothing it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then there's nothing it's really
+so you can see no country no official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see no country no official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see no country no official
+sector is really focused on this in 2016
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector is really focused on this in 2016
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector is really focused on this in 2016
+but then there's gonna be a big offering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there's gonna be a big offering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there's gonna be a big offering
+in the middle of 2016
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of 2016
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of 2016
+anybody know who that is Dow 168 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know who that is Dow 168 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know who that is Dow 168 million
+and it fails its spectacularly fails 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it fails its spectacularly fails 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it fails its spectacularly fails 50
+million of its stolen and it leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million of its stolen and it leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million of its stolen and it leads to
+the etherium fork and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etherium fork and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etherium fork and things like that
+but still not a lot and then by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still not a lot and then by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still not a lot and then by the
+summer of 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer of 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer of 17
+Katie bar or the door tezo sand quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katie bar or the door tezo sand quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katie bar or the door tezo sand quarter
+billion dollars fall coin a quarter a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars fall coin a quarter a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars fall coin a quarter a
+billion dollars and then oh I pulled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars and then oh I pulled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars and then oh I pulled the
+one that finished in 2017 I'm sorry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that finished in 2017 I'm sorry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that finished in 2017 I'm sorry so
+there's the the final chart that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the the final chart that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the the final chart that goes
+all the way through August now some say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way through August now some say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way through August now some say
+that it's not twenty eight billion some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not twenty eight billion some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not twenty eight billion some
+say it's twenty three billion because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's twenty three billion because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's twenty three billion because
+there's no really good figures but es
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no really good figures but es
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no really good figures but es
+raises 4.2 billion and telegram raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises 4.2 billion and telegram raises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises 4.2 billion and telegram raises
+1.7 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7 billion
+huge amounts of money and this isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amounts of money and this isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amounts of money and this isn't a
+period almost all of this was raised in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period almost all of this was raised in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period almost all of this was raised in
+in about twelve months from June of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about twelve months from June of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about twelve months from June of
+seventeen to June of eighteen coal at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventeen to June of eighteen coal at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventeen to June of eighteen coal at
+twenty five billion in that twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty five billion in that twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty five billion in that twelve
+months and now it's trickling off now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and now it's trickling off now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and now it's trickling off now
+it's less than a half a billion dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than a half a billion dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than a half a billion dollars
+a month but that twenty five billion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month but that twenty five billion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month but that twenty five billion in
+twelve months compares to venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve months compares to venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve months compares to venture
+capital and Simone you might help me but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and Simone you might help me but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and Simone you might help me but
+venture capital worldwide is about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital worldwide is about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital worldwide is about a
+hundred and fifty billion a year and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and fifty billion a year and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and fifty billion a year and in
+a twelve month period and I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a twelve month period and I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a twelve month period and I think the
+figures range from 125 two hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures range from 125 two hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures range from 125 two hundred
+seventy billion but so it just gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy billion but so it just gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy billion but so it just gives you
+a sense in this twelve month period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense in this twelve month period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense in this twelve month period
+it's give or take twenty percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's give or take twenty percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's give or take twenty percent of the
+size of all venture funds twenty to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of all venture funds twenty to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of all venture funds twenty to
+thirty percent roughly of all venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty percent roughly of all venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty percent roughly of all venture
+funds then again it's tailing off but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds then again it's tailing off but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds then again it's tailing off but
+it's significant if you can come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's significant if you can come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's significant if you can come up with
+an idea in these 12 months and raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea in these 12 months and raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea in these 12 months and raise the
+money junior will its idea you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money junior will its idea you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money junior will its idea you know this
+was this was the moment so what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this was the moment so what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this was the moment so what our
+initial coin offerings what's the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial coin offerings what's the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial coin offerings what's the more
+detailed characteristics well number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed characteristics well number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed characteristics well number one
+their proceeds that help build a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their proceeds that help build a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their proceeds that help build a network
+that's what Vitalik Butera actually did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Vitalik Butera actually did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Vitalik Butera actually did
+back in 2013 is when he published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 2013 is when he published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 2013 is when he published in
+2014 is when he went live but he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 is when he went live but he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 is when he went live but he was
+raising 18 million dollars hired a law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising 18 million dollars hired a law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising 18 million dollars hired a law
+firm big big law firm and I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm big big law firm and I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm big big law firm and I can't
+remember its Perkins or Skadden Arps but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember its Perkins or Skadden Arps but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember its Perkins or Skadden Arps but
+a big US law firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big US law firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big US law firm
+partnered up with a Canadian Joe Lubin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnered up with a Canadian Joe Lubin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnered up with a Canadian Joe Lubin
+who saw this potential in a 19 or 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who saw this potential in a 19 or 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who saw this potential in a 19 or 20
+year old kid who has great great writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old kid who has great great writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old kid who has great great writing
+skills you know a lot about Bitcoin he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills you know a lot about Bitcoin he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills you know a lot about Bitcoin he
+had been writing about it for a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been writing about it for a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been writing about it for a number
+of years but he also had a great idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years but he also had a great idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years but he also had a great idea
+moved off to Switzerland for regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved off to Switzerland for regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved off to Switzerland for regulatory
+and other reasons set up a foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other reasons set up a foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other reasons set up a foundation
+for tax and other reasons and did it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tax and other reasons and did it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tax and other reasons and did it in
+a very professional way but you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very professional way but you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very professional way but you can look
+at their sources and uses you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their sources and uses you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their sources and uses you can go
+back to the original offering and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the original offering and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the original offering and say
+they were willing to say what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were willing to say what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were willing to say what they were
+gonna use the 18 million dollars for law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use the 18 million dollars for law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use the 18 million dollars for law
+fees and Counting fees and the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees and Counting fees and the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees and Counting fees and the usual
+things you do when you start something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you do when you start something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you do when you start something
+so its proceeds to help build a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so its proceeds to help build a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so its proceeds to help build a network
+but just like that moment it was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just like that moment it was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just like that moment it was before
+the network could be used so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network could be used so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network could be used so there was
+pre functional we're gonna show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre functional we're gonna show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre functional we're gonna show
+statistics later but anybody want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics later but anybody want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics later but anybody want to
+take a gander in the last three months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a gander in the last three months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a gander in the last three months
+so this isn't back 2014 I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this isn't back 2014 I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this isn't back 2014 I'm talking
+about third quarter of 2018 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about third quarter of 2018 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about third quarter of 2018 what
+percentage of token offerings were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of token offerings were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of token offerings were
+offered before the network is functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered before the network is functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered before the network is functional
+fully functional st. Joleen 99 anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully functional st. Joleen 99 anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully functional st. Joleen 99 anybody
+else want to take a a argue argue with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else want to take a a argue argue with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else want to take a a argue argue with a
+lien just because he's a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lien just because he's a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lien just because he's a computer
+scientist Tom all right 95 all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist Tom all right 95 all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist Tom all right 95 all right so
+we go to a market so 95 99 does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to a market so 95 99 does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to a market so 95 99 does anybody
+want to say that more than 5% were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say that more than 5% were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say that more than 5% were
+functional no all right I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional no all right I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional no all right I'll give you
+the number later it's in between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number later it's in between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number later it's in between the two
+of you it's in between the two of ya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you it's in between the two of ya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you it's in between the two of ya
+so it's raising money before something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's raising money before something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's raising money before something
+is functional it's like raising the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is functional it's like raising the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is functional it's like raising the
+money for a Broadway play before you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for a Broadway play before you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for a Broadway play before you've
+got the actors and the script or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the actors and the script or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the actors and the script or it's
+even worse than that you don't even have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worse than that you don't even have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worse than that you don't even have
+the idea but usually you have an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea but usually you have an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea but usually you have an idea
+usually what percentage of icos are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually what percentage of icos are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually what percentage of icos are
+marketed on just an eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketed on just an eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketed on just an eye
+yeah anybody I have that statistic later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anybody I have that statistic later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anybody I have that statistic later
+- right right yeah but view what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- right right yeah but view what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- right right yeah but view what do you
+think I would think maybe obvious an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I would think maybe obvious an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I would think maybe obvious an
+idea maybe sixty percent sixty to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea maybe sixty percent sixty to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea maybe sixty percent sixty to
+seventy percent Sean ninety all right no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy percent Sean ninety all right no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy percent Sean ninety all right no
+it's in between the two yeah Rahim is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in between the two yeah Rahim is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in between the two yeah Rahim is a
+little closer it's about seventy five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little closer it's about seventy five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little closer it's about seventy five
+percent just an idea or at least is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent just an idea or at least is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent just an idea or at least is
+defined by a certain tracking Center so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by a certain tracking Center so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by a certain tracking Center so
+it's usually you have an idea you market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually you have an idea you market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually you have an idea you market
+it you raise some money or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you raise some money or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you raise some money or at least
+during these boom periods in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during these boom periods in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during these boom periods in the last
+fifteen months the development while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen months the development while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen months the development while
+open source is largely centralized but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open source is largely centralized but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open source is largely centralized but
+in fact in the last quarter in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in the last quarter in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in the last quarter in the last
+three months well over half isn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months well over half isn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months well over half isn't even
+open source technology any longer partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open source technology any longer partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open source technology any longer partly
+because it's so based on just an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so based on just an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so based on just an idea
+that people aren't publishing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people aren't publishing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people aren't publishing their
+source code until later they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code until later they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code until later they will
+eventually publish some source code but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually publish some source code but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually publish some source code but
+at the moment of the initial coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment of the initial coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment of the initial coin
+offering a majority don't even have open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering a majority don't even have open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering a majority don't even have open
+source software at that moment even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source software at that moment even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source software at that moment even
+though they say later they'll publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they say later they'll publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they say later they'll publish
+this software but even if it's open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this software but even if it's open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this software but even if it's open
+source it's highly centralized please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm gonna sell something these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna sell something these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna sell something these are the
+points you should use open source so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you should use open source so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you should use open source so
+there's a movement in technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a movement in technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a movement in technology and
+software development certainly was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software development certainly was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software development certainly was just
+started in the 1990s but it may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in the 1990s but it may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in the 1990s but it may have
+even been earlier but now it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even been earlier but now it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even been earlier but now it's very
+prevalent where you publish your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent where you publish your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent where you publish your
+software and everybody can see it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and everybody can see it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and everybody can see it so
+it's transparency in software that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transparency in software that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transparency in software that's
+called the open source movement in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the open source movement in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the open source movement in in
+the blockchain technology when Satoshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockchain technology when Satoshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockchain technology when Satoshi
+Nakamoto first published Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto first published Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto first published Bitcoin
+software in January of 2009 it was open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software in January of 2009 it was open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software in January of 2009 it was open
+source when it meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source when it meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source when it meant
+everybody could see the computer code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody could see the computer code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody could see the computer code
+and you could even it's actually was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could even it's actually was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could even it's actually was
+published under an MIT license which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published under an MIT license which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published under an MIT license which
+meant you didn't have to pay any fee to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant you didn't have to pay any fee to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant you didn't have to pay any fee to
+use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it
+zero fee you can copy it you can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero fee you can copy it you can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero fee you can copy it you can use the
+Bitcoin court software that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin court software that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin court software that's that's the
+definition that's kind of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that's kind of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that's kind of the best
+definition of open source because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of open source because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of open source because it's
+with an MIT license but it's it's truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an MIT license but it's it's truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an MIT license but it's it's truly
+open that's what I'm referencing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open that's what I'm referencing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open that's what I'm referencing here
+and the relevance is is that though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relevance is is that though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relevance is is that though
+there's a big open source movement in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big open source movement in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big open source movement in a
+lot of fields and and in blockchain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of fields and and in blockchain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of fields and and in blockchain and
+certainly in Bitcoin and the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in Bitcoin and the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in Bitcoin and the theory of
+network is open source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is open source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is open source
+many many developments and initial coiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many developments and initial coiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many developments and initial coiny
+offerings don't publish their code until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings don't publish their code until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings don't publish their code until
+months later they raise the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months later they raise the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months later they raise the money
+they're still developing their code did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still developing their code did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still developing their code did
+with me put their money in before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me put their money in before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me put their money in before the
+code is published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is published
+why do investors put money into any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do investors put money into any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do investors put money into any
+investment Sabrina what's it what's FOMO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment Sabrina what's it what's FOMO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment Sabrina what's it what's FOMO
+but you're missing at all right oh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're missing at all right oh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're missing at all right oh by
+the way Sabrina and talita I announced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way Sabrina and talita I announced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way Sabrina and talita I announced
+that anybody that was here today got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anybody that was here today got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anybody that was here today got
+double credit for participating right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double credit for participating right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double credit for participating right
+before Thanksgiving so just to let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Thanksgiving so just to let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Thanksgiving so just to let you
+know lived by that so fear of missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lived by that so fear of missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lived by that so fear of missing
+out why else do people invest in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out why else do people invest in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out why else do people invest in any
+investment even if you're just investing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment even if you're just investing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment even if you're just investing
+in Apple stock or to get returns to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Apple stock or to get returns to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Apple stock or to get returns to get
+a profit to take risk and a return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a profit to take risk and a return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a profit to take risk and a return
+British in one of the reasons I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British in one of the reasons I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British in one of the reasons I
+mentioned that one strategy of putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that one strategy of putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that one strategy of putting a
+body in an ICU is kind of going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body in an ICU is kind of going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body in an ICU is kind of going to the
+board and understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and understanding
+so I thought that that is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I thought that that is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I thought that that is kind of a
+pre-requisite for the investment I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-requisite for the investment I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-requisite for the investment I also
+happen to attend one second right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to attend one second right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to attend one second right here
+where there was a company for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was a company for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was a company for the
+Rockets which is founded by a well I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockets which is founded by a well I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockets which is founded by a well I got
+picked test they kind of evaluate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked test they kind of evaluate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked test they kind of evaluate these
+sports and run some simulations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports and run some simulations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports and run some simulations to
+verify whether they are doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify whether they are doing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify whether they are doing what
+they're supposed to be doing so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to be doing so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to be doing so I
+thought that it's kind of a prerequisite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you assume that you could always read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you assume that you could always read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you assume that you could always read
+the code to make the investment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code to make the investment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code to make the investment in the
+fall of 2017 and into the spring of 2018
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall of 2017 and into the spring of 2018
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall of 2017 and into the spring of 2018
+I would suggest that wasn't always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would suggest that wasn't always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would suggest that wasn't always the
+case in fact it usually was not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in fact it usually was not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in fact it usually was not the case
+I think if these things are to persist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if these things are to persist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if these things are to persist
+my prediction is you know you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my prediction is you know you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my prediction is you know you'll see
+more and more rigor in this marketplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more rigor in this marketplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more rigor in this marketplace
+oh I skipped promotores the people of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I skipped promotores the people of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I skipped promotores the people of
+starting it keeps some of the coins for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting it keeps some of the coins for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting it keeps some of the coins for
+themselves this is not that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves this is not that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves this is not that different
+from any venture capital round when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any venture capital round when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any venture capital round when
+you're raising money and you're selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're raising money and you're selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're raising money and you're selling
+equity or selling a preferred stock in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity or selling a preferred stock in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity or selling a preferred stock in
+something and you're you know this any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you're you know this any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you're you know this any
+of you taking a ventures course or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you taking a ventures course or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you taking a ventures course or if
+you worked in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you worked in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you worked in it
+you're gonna keep equity for yourself as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna keep equity for yourself as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna keep equity for yourself as
+well so this is just how much do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so this is just how much do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so this is just how much do you
+keep for yourself how much do you sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep for yourself how much do you sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep for yourself how much do you sell
+the public but just translate it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public but just translate it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public but just translate it to a
+new form of capital raising instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new form of capital raising instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new form of capital raising instead of
+it being applied to your equity you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being applied to your equity you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being applied to your equity you're
+applying it to your your this new form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying it to your your this new form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying it to your your this new form
+of fundraising they're fungible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fundraising they're fungible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fundraising they're fungible and
+transferable meaning you can sell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferable meaning you can sell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferable meaning you can sell them
+sometimes you can't sell them for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can't sell them for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can't sell them for a
+number of months technically speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of months technically speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of months technically speaking
+sometimes you can't sell them until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can't sell them until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can't sell them until the
+platform is is functioning but often you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform is is functioning but often you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform is is functioning but often you
+can still sell them by private agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still sell them by private agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still sell them by private agreement
+private arrangements in aetherium let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private arrangements in aetherium let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private arrangements in aetherium let me
+just mention something on a theorem when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention something on a theorem when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention something on a theorem when
+a theorem was first sold for 12 months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem was first sold for 12 months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem was first sold for 12 months
+the only record you had that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only record you had that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only record you had that you were
+purchasing aetherium was the email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing aetherium was the email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing aetherium was the email
+return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return
+from either Vitalik or others who said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from either Vitalik or others who said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from either Vitalik or others who said
+yes you're purchased it it wasn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you're purchased it it wasn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you're purchased it it wasn't even
+that you had a private key for 12 months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had a private key for 12 months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had a private key for 12 months
+you had an email confirmation but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had an email confirmation but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had an email confirmation but you
+could based on that email confirmation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could based on that email confirmation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could based on that email confirmation
+cell the right to the what later you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell the right to the what later you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell the right to the what later you
+would be issued and more specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be issued and more specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be issued and more specifically
+feels like you're not even getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like you're not even getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like you're not even getting the
+token you're not getting rights like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token you're not getting rights like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token you're not getting rights like
+that seems like a second order like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like a second order like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like a second order like
+really far removal from like even close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really far removal from like even close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really far removal from like even close
+to any form of a utility network is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any form of a utility network is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any form of a utility network is this
+an answer to this set yeah so isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer to this set yeah so isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer to this set yeah so isn't it
+because like a nerdy you execute mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like a nerdy you execute mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like a nerdy you execute mean
+like right now the coins aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right now the coins aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right now the coins aren't
+considered as a security and if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered as a security and if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered as a security and if you are
+doing ico then you can only sell it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing ico then you can only sell it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing ico then you can only sell it to
+the credit investors or bare selected if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit investors or bare selected if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit investors or bare selected if
+you are facing the US and you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are facing the US and you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are facing the US and you can do
+something how do we been like outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something how do we been like outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something how do we been like outside
+the US and so I think staff is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and so I think staff is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and so I think staff is like
+trying to see if like coins can at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see if like coins can at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see if like coins can at some
+point they can be security so like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they can be security so like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they can be security so like I
+think the purpose of sadness to I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the purpose of sadness to I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the purpose of sadness to I guess
+like you know like expand to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know like expand to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know like expand to cut
+basically investor base so that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically investor base so that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically investor base so that like
+more people can purchase so so you its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people can purchase so so you its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people can purchase so so you its
+GE right Sergey he's answer delved into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GE right Sergey he's answer delved into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GE right Sergey he's answer delved into
+the regulatory but I'm gonna say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory but I'm gonna say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory but I'm gonna say I'm
+gonna take it up a level from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take it up a level from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take it up a level from the
+regulatory what you said was accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory what you said was accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory what you said was accurate
+but there's a it's selling something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a it's selling something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a it's selling something for
+future delivery because the token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future delivery because the token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future delivery because the token
+currently is not usable just in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently is not usable just in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently is not usable just in the last
+quarter I'm talking about the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter I'm talking about the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter I'm talking about the last
+quarter of 2018 three quarters of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of 2018 three quarters of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of 2018 three quarters of the
+icos that were started or launched were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icos that were started or launched were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icos that were started or launched were
+just on an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on an idea
+so they hadn't yet written the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they hadn't yet written the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they hadn't yet written the code
+you a token wouldn't even be usable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a token wouldn't even be usable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a token wouldn't even be usable so
+you have some economic basis to say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some economic basis to say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some economic basis to say I'm
+trying to sell you something that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sell you something that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sell you something that will
+be a future delivery when Vitalik buddha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a future delivery when Vitalik buddha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a future delivery when Vitalik buddha
+ran even did aetherium you got an email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran even did aetherium you got an email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran even did aetherium you got an email
+it was not called a simple agreement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not called a simple agreement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not called a simple agreement for
+future token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future token
+so what's aft is but it was a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's aft is but it was a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's aft is but it was a simple
+email for a future token I mean it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email for a future token I mean it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email for a future token I mean it was
+in essence an economic arrangement where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence an economic arrangement where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence an economic arrangement where
+you exchange Bitcoin for an email and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exchange Bitcoin for an email and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exchange Bitcoin for an email and
+that email some 12 months later you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that email some 12 months later you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that email some 12 months later you
+would get a private key when the Genesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get a private key when the Genesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get a private key when the Genesis
+block happened and most of these still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block happened and most of these still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block happened and most of these still
+had to deal with that economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to deal with that economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to deal with that economic
+arrangement then a law firm here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement then a law firm here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement then a law firm here in
+Boston took an arrangement that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston took an arrangement that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston took an arrangement that was
+handled in securities offerings and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handled in securities offerings and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handled in securities offerings and they
+created something and they put out a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created something and they put out a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created something and they put out a in
+essence a legal white paper if you wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence a legal white paper if you wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence a legal white paper if you wish
+called a simple agreement for future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a simple agreement for future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a simple agreement for future
+tokens saft to try to address they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens saft to try to address they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens saft to try to address they
+thought they thought I think they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they thought I think they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they thought I think they were
+wrong by the way but they thought they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong by the way but they thought they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong by the way but they thought they
+were addressing a bunch of regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were addressing a bunch of regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were addressing a bunch of regulatory
+issues that somehow the saft this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that somehow the saft this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that somehow the saft this this
+would be maybe have to register under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be maybe have to register under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be maybe have to register under
+the securities laws in the US but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the securities laws in the US but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the securities laws in the US but when
+you finally got the token maybe later it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you finally got the token maybe later it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you finally got the token maybe later it
+would not have to be a registered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not have to be a registered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not have to be a registered
+security and they were trying to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and they were trying to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and they were trying to do a
+two-tiered arrangement but even before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-tiered arrangement but even before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-tiered arrangement but even before
+you got to the this Boston law firm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to the this Boston law firm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to the this Boston law firm that
+did this you still had the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this you still had the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this you still had the economic
+reality that you were trying to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality that you were trying to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality that you were trying to raise
+money today to get a token later and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money today to get a token later and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money today to get a token later and
+then the lawyers sort of got involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the lawyers sort of got involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the lawyers sort of got involved
+just try to I would say they were trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to I would say they were trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to I would say they were trying
+to get between the wallpaper and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get between the wallpaper and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get between the wallpaper and the
+wall of regulation and say we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall of regulation and say we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall of regulation and say we'll
+register the first thing we'll give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register the first thing we'll give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register the first thing we'll give it a
+fancy name we'll call it a saft we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy name we'll call it a saft we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy name we'll call it a saft we won't
+register the second thing when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register the second thing when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register the second thing when you
+finally get the token twelve months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally get the token twelve months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally get the token twelve months
+later I think they'll probably end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I think they'll probably end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I think they'll probably end up
+mistaken on that but I think that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistaken on that but I think that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistaken on that but I think that was
+the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we hit a couple other points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we hit a couple other points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we hit a couple other points
+scarcity is usually but not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarcity is usually but not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarcity is usually but not always
+foster through some monetary policy then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foster through some monetary policy then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foster through some monetary policy then
+we go back to Nakamoto consensus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to Nakamoto consensus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to Nakamoto consensus and
+Bitcoin what's the monetary policy there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin what's the monetary policy there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin what's the monetary policy there
+anybody remember that monetary I call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember that monetary I call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember that monetary I call it
+monetary policy but it's the control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy but it's the control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy but it's the control of
+the supply of the money supply so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply of the money supply so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply of the money supply so what's
+the money supply algorithm in Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money supply algorithm in Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money supply algorithm in Bitcoin
+Halon half there's a reward the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halon half there's a reward the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halon half there's a reward the Bitcoin
+monetary policy is a reward of anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy is a reward of anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy is a reward of anybody
+remember the reward today twelve and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the reward today twelve and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the reward today twelve and a
+half coins today it started at 50 coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half coins today it started at 50 coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half coins today it started at 50 coins
+every how many minutes ten minutes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every how many minutes ten minutes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every how many minutes ten minutes on
+average but every two hundred thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but every two hundred thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but every two hundred thousand
+blocks it haves so somewhere out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks it haves so somewhere out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks it haves so somewhere out in the
+22nd century it will cap at 21 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22nd century it will cap at 21 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22nd century it will cap at 21 million
+coins but way before that the monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins but way before that the monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins but way before that the monetary
+policy it's it's slowing and slowing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy it's it's slowing and slowing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy it's it's slowing and slowing and
+slowing the growth rate so embedded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing the growth rate so embedded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing the growth rate so embedded in
+the algorithm of Bitcoin is a monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm of Bitcoin is a monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm of Bitcoin is a monetary
+policy is it immutable how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy is it immutable how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy is it immutable how many people
+would say that's that's hard-coded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that's that's hard-coded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that's that's hard-coded and
+immutable not a hand how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable not a hand how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable not a hand how many people
+would say it's actually not immutable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it's actually not immutable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it's actually not immutable so
+what can change it the lien you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can change it the lien you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can change it the lien you didn't
+raise your hand either way yes I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand either way yes I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand either way yes I'm
+listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what has changed so elites pointing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has changed so elites pointing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has changed so elites pointing out
+not everybody will go along with the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everybody will go along with the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everybody will go along with the new
+monetary policy but I would note one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy but I would note one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy but I would note one
+aetherium they've changed their monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium they've changed their monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium they've changed their monetary
+policy two or three times and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy two or three times and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy two or three times and they
+haven't had to use a hard fork so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't had to use a hard fork so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't had to use a hard fork so
+they've changed their block reward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've changed their block reward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've changed their block reward and
+then changing a block reward by lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then changing a block reward by lowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then changing a block reward by lowering
+the block rewards by consensus they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block rewards by consensus they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block rewards by consensus they
+effectively are changing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively are changing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively are changing their
+monetary policy because they're changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy because they're changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy because they're changing
+there in essence their inflation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in essence their inflation rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in essence their inflation rate
+but most initial coin offerings have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most initial coin offerings have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most initial coin offerings have
+some algorithm some built in what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some algorithm some built in what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some algorithm some built in what we'll
+call money supply policy or monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call money supply policy or monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call money supply policy or monetary
+policy but not all of them do some if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy but not all of them do some if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy but not all of them do some if
+you read them closely they can issue as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read them closely they can issue as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read them closely they can issue as
+much as they want whenever they want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as they want whenever they want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as they want whenever they want and
+so forth but I'd say the majority have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but I'd say the majority have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but I'd say the majority have a
+monetary policy if this space if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy if this space if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy if this space if this
+world really took off a lot of monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world really took off a lot of monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world really took off a lot of monetary
+policy economists would study it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy economists would study it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy economists would study it but
+there's not a lot of deep research yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a lot of deep research yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a lot of deep research yet
+on what works what doesn't work it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what works what doesn't work it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what works what doesn't work it's
+kind of a playground or a sandbox if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a playground or a sandbox if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a playground or a sandbox if it
+were to ever take off as to exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to ever take off as to exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to ever take off as to exploring
+monic hard monetary policies Sean may go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monic hard monetary policies Sean may go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monic hard monetary policies Sean may go
+away started a Kickstarter so this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away started a Kickstarter so this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away started a Kickstarter so this looks
+like Kickstarter to you but doesn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Kickstarter to you but doesn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Kickstarter to you but doesn't just
+Kickstarter give you something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a big difference which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big difference which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big difference which is that
+Kickstarter you fix the price and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kickstarter you fix the price and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kickstarter you fix the price and you
+let the market determine the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the market determine the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the market determine the quality
+right and you arguably you fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you arguably you fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you arguably you fix the
+quantity and you let the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and you let the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and you let the market
+determine the price that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the price that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the price that's a big
+difference in those two and and the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in those two and and the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in those two and and the fact
+that there is serve a secondary market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know yes you can I mean I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yes you can I mean I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yes you can I mean I would
+argue it's a lot harder right and but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue it's a lot harder right and but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue it's a lot harder right and but it
+also is the case that you know what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is the case that you know what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is the case that you know what you
+know if I'm selling a new widget I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I'm selling a new widget I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I'm selling a new widget I know
+I'm gonna sell it for the early birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna sell it for the early birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna sell it for the early birds
+for 30 bucks right that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 30 bucks right that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 30 bucks right that's that's the
+price right here you're letting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price right here you're letting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price right here you're letting the
+auction is for the price not important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction is for the price not important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction is for the price not important
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so there are similarities to Kickstarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are similarities to Kickstarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are similarities to Kickstarter
+there's similarities to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's similarities to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's similarities to other
+crowdfunding mechanisms but there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdfunding mechanisms but there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdfunding mechanisms but there's also
+some real distinctions in terms of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real distinctions in terms of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real distinctions in terms of one
+of course this is all digital assets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this is all digital assets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this is all digital assets and
+Kickstarter often there's a service or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kickstarter often there's a service or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kickstarter often there's a service or a
+good a physical good or service you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a physical good or service you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a physical good or service you're
+getting but also what shamone does Hugo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting but also what shamone does Hugo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting but also what shamone does Hugo
+were you and then only on the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you and then only on the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you and then only on the secondary
+markets do the prices change isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets do the prices change isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets do the prices change isn't that
+the case you want to spit in ICO they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case you want to spit in ICO they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case you want to spit in ICO they'll
+be like oh here's a thousand coins for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like oh here's a thousand coins for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like oh here's a thousand coins for
+point one three four point one F that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one three four point one F that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one three four point one F that I
+guess varies based on the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess varies based on the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess varies based on the price
+fluctuations like in u.s. dollars if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations like in u.s. dollars if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations like in u.s. dollars if
+you're still thinking US dollars but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still thinking US dollars but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still thinking US dollars but
+like since you're using ether to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like since you're using ether to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like since you're using ether to pay for
+the ICO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're saying it's not really that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying it's not really that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying it's not really that
+prices variable until it gets to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices variable until it gets to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices variable until it gets to the
+secondary market but I would contend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary market but I would contend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary market but I would contend
+that one big difference between most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one big difference between most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one big difference between most of
+what's done on Kickstarter not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's done on Kickstarter not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's done on Kickstarter not
+everything but most and here is here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but most and here is here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but most and here is here the
+investors really are looking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors really are looking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors really are looking and
+anticipating profits and returns when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating profits and returns when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating profits and returns when I
+think of most people that are going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of most people that are going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of most people that are going into
+Kickstarter they're getting one product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kickstarter they're getting one product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kickstarter they're getting one product
+one one unit of something as a reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one unit of something as a reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one unit of something as a reward
+and they're not looking for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not looking for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not looking for a
+significant profit or appreciation they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant profit or appreciation they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant profit or appreciation they
+could may be modest but not super early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could may be modest but not super early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could may be modest but not super early
+birds yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds yeah
+so there's monetary policy and this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's monetary policy and this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's monetary policy and this last
+point that purchases really are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that purchases really are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that purchases really are
+anticipating profits through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating profits through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating profits through
+appreciation so that's kind of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation so that's kind of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation so that's kind of what I
+think of now howtoav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of now howtoav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of now howtoav
+valuate I see oh so you're not gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuate I see oh so you're not gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuate I see oh so you're not gonna be
+surprised by my first one it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by my first one it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by my first one it's what
+we've talked a lot about in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked a lot about in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked a lot about in this class
+assess the viability of the token use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess the viability of the token use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess the viability of the token use
+case like does it have make any sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case like does it have make any sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case like does it have make any sense
+does it make any sense do you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it make any sense do you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it make any sense do you need to
+use an append-only log with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use an append-only log with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use an append-only log with the
+consensus among a bunch of parties they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus among a bunch of parties they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus among a bunch of parties they
+can write to a ledger so append-only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write to a ledger so append-only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write to a ledger so append-only
+logs and consensus throw a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs and consensus throw a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs and consensus throw a bunch of
+cryptography in there too but and do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography in there too but and do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography in there too but and do you
+need a native token you know those basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a native token you know those basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a native token you know those basic
+fundamental economics that we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental economics that we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental economics that we've talked
+about a lot this semester hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot this semester hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot this semester hopefully
+we'll save you all from investing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll save you all from investing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll save you all from investing in
+really bad AI cos but beyond that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad AI cos but beyond that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad AI cos but beyond that which
+i think is over 50% of what you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think is over 50% of what you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think is over 50% of what you should
+do read the white paper I tell you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do read the white paper I tell you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do read the white paper I tell you if
+anybody can read the telegram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can read the telegram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can read the telegram
+The Telegraph white paper that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Telegraph white paper that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Telegraph white paper that they
+raise 1 point 7 billion and please tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise 1 point 7 billion and please tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise 1 point 7 billion and please tell
+me feel free to tell me what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me feel free to tell me what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me feel free to tell me what they are
+gonna use that money for because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use that money for because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use that money for because I've
+read it a number of times and I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it a number of times and I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it a number of times and I wouldn't
+I wouldn't invest in it because it felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't invest in it because it felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't invest in it because it felt
+like they could raise the money and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they could raise the money and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they could raise the money and do
+almost anything they want with it I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost anything they want with it I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost anything they want with it I mean
+it they're an incredible company they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they're an incredible company they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they're an incredible company they've
+got hundreds of millions of users and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got hundreds of millions of users and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got hundreds of millions of users and
+they have incredible resources to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have incredible resources to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have incredible resources to draw
+upon but I'm still not sure what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon but I'm still not sure what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon but I'm still not sure what they're
+using the the what I will ultimately be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the the what I will ultimately be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the the what I will ultimately be
+able to use the coin for what service I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use the coin for what service I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use the coin for what service I
+can get from the that and what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from the that and what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from the that and what they're
+using the money for so I would say read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the money for so I would say read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the money for so I would say read
+the white paper and if there's source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white paper and if there's source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white paper and if there's source
+code which is less than half the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code which is less than half the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code which is less than half the time
+their source code have somebody you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their source code have somebody you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their source code have somebody you
+trust read the source code if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust read the source code if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust read the source code if you can't
+read it you know who's the team just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it you know who's the team just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it you know who's the team just
+like any venture capital investor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any venture capital investor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any venture capital investor you
+want to know who's the team what's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know who's the team what's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know who's the team what's their
+history what's their experience and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history what's their experience and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history what's their experience and so
+forth but I kind of start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but I kind of start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but I kind of start with the
+economics and the white paper for before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and the white paper for before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and the white paper for before
+I get to the team and the website is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to the team and the website is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to the team and the website is
+their venture capital involvement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their venture capital involvement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their venture capital involvement and
+who and what which ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who and what which ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who and what which ones
+now VCS often will take part of the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now VCS often will take part of the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now VCS often will take part of the at
+this stage will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage will
+part of the equity and also part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the equity and also part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the equity and also part of the
+coin round so they're doing high bred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin round so they're doing high bred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin round so they're doing high bred
+investments it's very rare in now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments it's very rare in now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments it's very rare in now in
+November of 2018 that a venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November of 2018 that a venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November of 2018 that a venture
+capitalist will only take a part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist will only take a part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist will only take a part of the
+token round in late in the 17 they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token round in late in the 17 they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token round in late in the 17 they were
+still some that were just getting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still some that were just getting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still some that were just getting on the
+on this parade and taking parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this parade and taking parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this parade and taking parts of the
+top reap basically the pre round of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top reap basically the pre round of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top reap basically the pre round of the
+tokens but now they want they want part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens but now they want they want part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens but now they want they want part
+of the actual equity and tokens right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the actual equity and tokens right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the actual equity and tokens right
+but their first investment is either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their first investment is either a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their first investment is either a
+preferred or an equity you look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred or an equity you look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred or an equity you look like
+instrument winning investor like five to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument winning investor like five to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument winning investor like five to
+ten years and here's like and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten years and here's like and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten years and here's like and then
+adjust what is the observation is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust what is the observation is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust what is the observation is this
+might shorten the time frame for venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might shorten the time frame for venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might shorten the time frame for venture
+capitalists I would say yes during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists I would say yes during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists I would say yes during this
+2017 2018 period I don't know if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2017 2018 period I don't know if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2017 2018 period I don't know if that
+will persist but yes I think that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will persist but yes I think that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will persist but yes I think that for a
+venture capitalist saying well I can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capitalist saying well I can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capitalist saying well I can be
+taken out by selling the company I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken out by selling the company I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken out by selling the company I can
+be taken out of my investor determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taken out of my investor determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taken out of my investor determine
+how am I gonna sell my investment my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am I gonna sell my investment my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am I gonna sell my investment my
+take out I can take the company public I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out I can take the company public I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out I can take the company public I
+can sell the company or maybe I can ICO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sell the company or maybe I can ICO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sell the company or maybe I can ICO
+and if you can do it sooner and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can do it sooner and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can do it sooner and what
+happened a lot in in the fall of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened a lot in in the fall of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened a lot in in the fall of
+seventeen and into eighteen as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventeen and into eighteen as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventeen and into eighteen as many
+venture capitalists change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capitalists change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capitalists change their
+standard contracts and their standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard contracts and their standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard contracts and their standard
+documentation when they were investing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation when they were investing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation when they were investing
+in in startups to say also that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in startups to say also that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in startups to say also that they
+could participate in the IC around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could participate in the IC around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could participate in the IC around
+and that they could participate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they could participate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they could participate in the
+early rounds but if you're assessing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early rounds but if you're assessing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early rounds but if you're assessing an
+IC o---- and you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC o---- and you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC o---- and you're thinking about
+investing in it you want to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in it you want to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in it you want to know what
+venture capitalists are backing it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capitalists are backing it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capitalists are backing it and
+then a big thing that folks look at I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a big thing that folks look at I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a big thing that folks look at I
+put it fifth on the list as you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it fifth on the list as you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it fifth on the list as you can say
+is what's the community how many reddit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the community how many reddit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the community how many reddit
+posts medium posts how many are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posts medium posts how many are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posts medium posts how many are people
+were following in Bitcoin talk etc etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were following in Bitcoin talk etc etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were following in Bitcoin talk etc etc
+etc there's eight or ten of these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc there's eight or ten of these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc there's eight or ten of these these
+talk channels and I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk channels and I don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk channels and I don't know the
+ratios anymore but it used to be like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios anymore but it used to be like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios anymore but it used to be like if
+you could fly you could you could get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could fly you could you could get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could fly you could you could get to
+like seven to ten thousand folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like seven to ten thousand folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like seven to ten thousand folks
+following you on reddit and medium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following you on reddit and medium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following you on reddit and medium and
+everything you knew you could raise a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you knew you could raise a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you knew you could raise a
+successful ICO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful ICO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful ICO
+like in the heyday if you could get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the heyday if you could get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the heyday if you could get your
+numbers to a certain following then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to a certain following then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to a certain following then that
+was enough momentum to raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was enough momentum to raise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was enough momentum to raise your
+fifteen to thirty million dollars I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen to thirty million dollars I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen to thirty million dollars I
+think that's probably a little less so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's probably a little less so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's probably a little less so
+now what Tom this is just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what Tom this is just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what Tom this is just like a
+definition of the greater full theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the greater full theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the greater full theory
+right but not people believe that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but not people believe that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but not people believe that your
+your token is valuable right but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your token is valuable right but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your token is valuable right but if
+you're a momentum investor and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a momentum investor and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a momentum investor and you're
+just saying or if it's FOMO investing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying or if it's FOMO investing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying or if it's FOMO investing is
+Sabrina said you know to see how big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sabrina said you know to see how big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sabrina said you know to see how big the
+community is and is there an interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community is and is there an interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community is and is there an interest in
+it does this have a following is I set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does this have a following is I set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does this have a following is I set
+up neither maximalism realest I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up neither maximalism realest I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up neither maximalism realest I'm just
+I'm not know not trying to but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not know not trying to but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not know not trying to but this is a
+real economics if you had a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real economics if you had a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real economics if you had a hundred
+thousand people following in a community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people following in a community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people following in a community
+probably more likely it's a successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more likely it's a successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more likely it's a successful
+IC o---- in terms of raising money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC o---- in terms of raising money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC o---- in terms of raising money
+doesn't mean it's gonna be successful as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean it's gonna be successful as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean it's gonna be successful as
+a token later on here actually if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a token later on here actually if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a token later on here actually if you
+have that the person who's publishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the person who's publishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the person who's publishing
+the white paper has nothing posted he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white paper has nothing posted he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white paper has nothing posted he
+has never been there then he raises a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has never been there then he raises a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has never been there then he raises a
+little bit of suspicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of suspicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of suspicious
+you have to go on and do some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go on and do some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go on and do some more
+research on the paper it is a it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on the paper it is a it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on the paper it is a it is a
+way to see whether there's other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to see whether there's other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to see whether there's other people
+even tuning in and showing interest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even tuning in and showing interest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even tuning in and showing interest and
+it could be the greater full theory just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be the greater full theory just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be the greater full theory just
+because you know if Tim Draper or Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if Tim Draper or Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if Tim Draper or Mike
+Novogratz is invested who are both very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Novogratz is invested who are both very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Novogratz is invested who are both very
+savvy investors I'm very successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savvy investors I'm very successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savvy investors I'm very successful
+investors you might say do I want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors you might say do I want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors you might say do I want to be
+in or does that my time to say it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or does that my time to say it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or does that my time to say it's not
+to be in because they've already gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in because they've already gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in because they've already gotten
+the best of it either way I mean there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best of it either way I mean there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best of it either way I mean there's
+still good investors what's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still good investors what's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still good investors what's their
+monetary policy you know again how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy you know again how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy you know again how is it
+housing an effect can they is it one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing an effect can they is it one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing an effect can they is it one of
+the majority that has a fixed monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority that has a fixed monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority that has a fixed monetary
+policy or is it one of the minority that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy or is it one of the minority that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy or is it one of the minority that
+has no monetary policy at all how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no monetary policy at all how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no monetary policy at all how do
+they distribute the tokens and I mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they distribute the tokens and I mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they distribute the tokens and I mean in
+two ways basically some will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways basically some will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways basically some will actually
+disclose a cap table a capitalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclose a cap table a capitalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclose a cap table a capitalization
+table of the tokens the same way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of the tokens the same way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of the tokens the same way you can
+think of a capitalization table of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a capitalization table of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a capitalization table of
+equity but who owns the tokens pre sale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity but who owns the tokens pre sale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity but who owns the tokens pre sale
+and post sale so that's what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and post sale so that's what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and post sale so that's what I mean by
+token distribution are they keeping 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token distribution are they keeping 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token distribution are they keeping 10%
+for the founder or 80% for the founder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the founder or 80% for the founder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the founder or 80% for the founder
+might change your view on all of it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change your view on all of it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change your view on all of it but
+also token distribution is how are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also token distribution is how are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also token distribution is how are they
+selling it during what's usually a 30 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling it during what's usually a 30 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling it during what's usually a 30 to
+60 day period or 15 to 60 day period the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 day period or 15 to 60 day period the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 day period or 15 to 60 day period the
+longest that I am aware of is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest that I am aware of is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest that I am aware of is three
+hundred and fifty days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and fifty days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and fifty days
+Leo sold over three hundred and fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leo sold over three hundred and fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leo sold over three hundred and fifty
+days every day was a was a form of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days every day was a was a form of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days every day was a was a form of a
+Dutch auction it was a remarkable way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dutch auction it was a remarkable way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dutch auction it was a remarkable way
+that they sold 4.2 billion I doubt that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they sold 4.2 billion I doubt that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they sold 4.2 billion I doubt that
+anybody who did iOS at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who did iOS at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who did iOS at the beginning
+thought they were gonna raise over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they were gonna raise over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they were gonna raise over a
+billion dollars in fact they might maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars in fact they might maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars in fact they might maybe
+nobody thought they'd raise over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody thought they'd raise over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody thought they'd raise over a
+hundred million because they started in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred million because they started in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred million because they started in
+the summer of 17 but they didn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summer of 17 but they didn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summer of 17 but they didn't a
+distribution over 350 days most they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over 350 days most they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over 350 days most they
+were done over 15 60 days or so please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done over 15 60 days or so please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done over 15 60 days or so please
+captive similarity how Ric owes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captive similarity how Ric owes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captive similarity how Ric owes
+encounter for like do they go as equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter for like do they go as equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter for like do they go as equity
+on our revenue what's where do they fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our revenue what's where do they fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our revenue what's where do they fall
+so terrific question how or ico proceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so terrific question how or ico proceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so terrific question how or ico proceeds
+accounted for women who's our accountant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for women who's our accountant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for women who's our accountant
+Aviva all right no idea from Aviva I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aviva all right no idea from Aviva I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aviva all right no idea from Aviva I'm
+gonna try to answer it but anybody in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try to answer it but anybody in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try to answer it but anybody in a
+way what's the debit and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what's the debit and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what's the debit and what's the
+credit what's that you know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit what's that you know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit what's that you know if the
+t-account right we got T account over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-account right we got T account over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-account right we got T account over
+here is cash right cuz you receive cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is cash right cuz you receive cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is cash right cuz you receive cash
+when you sold something what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you sold something what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you sold something what's the
+credit item question mark what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit item question mark what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit item question mark what's that
+you think it's retained earnings yes do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it's retained earnings yes do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it's retained earnings yes do
+you think it's just retained earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it's just retained earnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it's just retained earnings
+they're selling nothing right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're selling nothing right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're selling nothing right so the
+question is is it earnings is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is it earnings is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is it earnings is it a
+revenue item when you sell it or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue item when you sell it or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue item when you sell it or some
+people book it as revenue so there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people book it as revenue so there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people book it as revenue so there's two
+ways you can book it you can you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can book it you can you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can book it you can you could
+also book it as a liability but but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also book it as a liability but but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also book it as a liability but but it's
+either a deferred revenue or a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a deferred revenue or a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a deferred revenue or a current
+revenue all right what could motivate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue all right what could motivate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue all right what could motivate
+you to book it as a deferred revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to book it as a deferred revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to book it as a deferred revenue
+instead of current revenue is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of current revenue is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of current revenue is if you
+what's that taxes so some book it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that taxes so some book it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that taxes so some book it is
+deferred revenue scuzz they don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deferred revenue scuzz they don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deferred revenue scuzz they don't want
+to book taxes and God knows whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to book taxes and God knows whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to book taxes and God knows whether
+that's really the right way to book it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the right way to book it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the right way to book it
+and others book it as right as a revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others book it as right as a revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others book it as right as a revenue
+item right now but I don't know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item right now but I don't know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item right now but I don't know of
+anybody whether they're booking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody whether they're booking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody whether they're booking is
+deferred revenues or current rep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deferred revenues or current rep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deferred revenues or current rep
+that wants to book it to trigger that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wants to book it to trigger that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wants to book it to trigger that
+it's a security so most most law firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a security so most most law firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a security so most most law firms
+that I understand that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I understand that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I understand that they're not
+they're not accountants but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not accountants but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not accountants but they don't
+want their clients to book it in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want their clients to book it in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want their clients to book it in a way
+that will make it look more like equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will make it look more like equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will make it look more like equity
+so it's either deferred revenue or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's either deferred revenue or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's either deferred revenue or
+current revenue some I've heard of call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current revenue some I've heard of call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current revenue some I've heard of call
+it a liability but I think that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a liability but I think that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a liability but I think that's the
+minority I don't know if it takes too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority I don't know if it takes too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority I don't know if it takes too
+much time to go through a use case to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time to go through a use case to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time to go through a use case to
+make these examples tangible if I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these examples tangible if I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these examples tangible if I'm I'm
+promising to deliver good then they the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promising to deliver good then they the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promising to deliver good then they the
+company is getting birthday tokens right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company is getting birthday tokens right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company is getting birthday tokens right
+how do you put it back again in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you put it back again in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you put it back again in the
+market so the question is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so the question is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so the question is what is the
+use case there's some use cases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use case there's some use cases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use case there's some use cases the
+token is issued and it's really for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token is issued and it's really for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token is issued and it's really for the
+community and some tokens come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and some tokens come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and some tokens come back to
+the company so a file storage file coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company so a file storage file coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company so a file storage file coin
+for instance they issued they raised 250
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance they issued they raised 250
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance they issued they raised 250
+some million dollars the equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some million dollars the equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some million dollars the equivalent of
+and in that case I think the token would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case I think the token would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case I think the token would
+be used within the community rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used within the community rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used within the community rather than
+back to the company so even like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the company so even like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the company so even like
+etherium when you use a theorem as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etherium when you use a theorem as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etherium when you use a theorem as a
+form of buying computing power it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of buying computing power it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of buying computing power it
+doesn't go back to the etherium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go back to the etherium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go back to the etherium
+foundation so the the the most dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation so the the the most dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation so the the the most dominant
+and that's why it really should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why it really should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why it really should be
+booked as current revenue because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booked as current revenue because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booked as current revenue because it's
+not even that the software provider is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even that the software provider is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even that the software provider is
+providing a service later the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a service later the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a service later the most
+dominant use case is like in aetherium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant use case is like in aetherium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant use case is like in aetherium
+that you're using the earth for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're using the earth for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're using the earth for other
+people in the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the network
+it's a monetary unit that's not coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a monetary unit that's not coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a monetary unit that's not coming
+back there are some where it comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there are some where it comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there are some where it comes back
+and then it's it's basically return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's it's basically return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's it's basically return to
+the corporate Treasury you so it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corporate Treasury you so it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corporate Treasury you so it's two
+different use two different models about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different use two different models about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different use two different models about
+lost year are you with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost year are you with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost year are you with me
+all right one way is is that it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right one way is is that it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right one way is is that it gets
+returned to the company that's the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned to the company that's the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned to the company that's the more
+narrow case usually it's you're selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow case usually it's you're selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow case usually it's you're selling
+a token that will be used and I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a token that will be used and I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a token that will be used and I'll give
+it to a lawn because the lawn gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a lawn because the lawn gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a lawn because the lawn gives me
+file storage Milan will give it to Tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file storage Milan will give it to Tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file storage Milan will give it to Tom
+because Tom gives the lawn file storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Tom gives the lawn file storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Tom gives the lawn file storage
+in aetherium it literally keeps going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in aetherium it literally keeps going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in aetherium it literally keeps going
+around and it doesn't get returned - it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and it doesn't get returned - it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and it doesn't get returned - it
+never gets burned and never gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gets burned and never gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gets burned and never gets
+extinguished and hand it back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguished and hand it back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguished and hand it back to the
+company the pricing strategy on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company the pricing strategy on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company the pricing strategy on that
+first issuance depends then on the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first issuance depends then on the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first issuance depends then on the value
+of if it's storage from the one you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if it's storage from the one you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if it's storage from the one you will
+story in theory it's its own theory I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story in theory it's its own theory I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story in theory it's its own theory I I
+think that a lot of this has been on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that a lot of this has been on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that a lot of this has been on
+speculation and a FOMO and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation and a FOMO and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation and a FOMO and things like
+that and a bubble account or eighteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and a bubble account or eighteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and a bubble account or eighteen
+month of bubble but on theory yes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month of bubble but on theory yes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month of bubble but on theory yes it
+should be to be an equilibrium it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to be an equilibrium it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to be an equilibrium it should
+be a discount to the future value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a discount to the future value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a discount to the future value of
+storage because today you're buying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage because today you're buying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage because today you're buying a
+token that you might be able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token that you might be able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token that you might be able to use
+tomorrow but because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow but because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow but because there's a
+probability weighting that you won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability weighting that you won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability weighting that you won't be
+able to use it if they don't complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use it if they don't complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use it if they don't complete
+the software if they don't complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software if they don't complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software if they don't complete the
+roll out it should sell it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll out it should sell it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll out it should sell it in
+equilibrium it should sell at a discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium it should sell at a discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium it should sell at a discount
+to its eventual utility value that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its eventual utility value that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its eventual utility value that would
+be where it would be an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+they're not determining what one unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not determining what one unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not determining what one unit of
+boy is good for right usually not some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy is good for right usually not some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy is good for right usually not some
+way papers do but usually not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way papers do but usually not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way papers do but usually not it's not
+just maybe think okay one unit will buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just maybe think okay one unit will buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just maybe think okay one unit will buy
+you one terabyte of storage now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one terabyte of storage now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one terabyte of storage now of
+course the balusters by size will depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the balusters by size will depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the balusters by size will depend
+on the electricity cost electricity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the electricity cost electricity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the electricity cost electricity and
+hardware and all that's not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware and all that's not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware and all that's not in the
+future I don't know in the supply system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future I don't know in the supply system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future I don't know in the supply system
+this is very hard to pin down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very hard to pin down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very hard to pin down the
+fundamental value of that coin in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental value of that coin in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental value of that coin in it
+like outside of how tennis care how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like outside of how tennis care how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like outside of how tennis care how big
+maybe it will be and all that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it will be and all that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it will be and all that stuff
+because here like you know the coin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here like you know the coin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here like you know the coin and
+they and the service that you get here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they and the service that you get here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they and the service that you get here
+you're asking let me say you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking let me say you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking let me say you're asking
+absolutely the right question it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely the right question it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely the right question it's one
+that I've been kicking around a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been kicking around a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been kicking around a little
+bit with a couple other faculty members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit with a couple other faculty members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit with a couple other faculty members
+in the finance group here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the finance group here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the finance group here with
+Antoinette and Leonid who have done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antoinette and Leonid who have done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antoinette and Leonid who have done a
+lot of research in this area and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of research in this area and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of research in this area and we're
+all like we're not sure exactly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all like we're not sure exactly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all like we're not sure exactly and
+these are some of the most world-class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some of the most world-class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some of the most world-class
+talented finance faculty like how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented finance faculty like how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented finance faculty like how do you
+really get to the value of a token one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get to the value of a token one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get to the value of a token one
+when they're so little written in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're so little written in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're so little written in these
+white papers about the specificity and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white papers about the specificity and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white papers about the specificity and I
+gave one reading which was Christians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave one reading which was Christians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave one reading which was Christians
+reading and I apologize cuz it has a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and I apologize cuz it has a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and I apologize cuz it has a lot
+of formulas and everything but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formulas and everything but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formulas and everything but you know
+he grapples with this where is it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he grapples with this where is it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he grapples with this where is it in
+equilibrium where what's the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where what's the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where what's the equilibrium
+price and the equilibrium price should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and the equilibrium price should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and the equilibrium price should
+be some discount to that future value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some discount to that future value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some discount to that future value of
+the service or the good and if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the service or the good and if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the service or the good and if there's
+more uncertainty of what that service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uncertainty of what that service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uncertainty of what that service
+are good it's almost has to be a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good it's almost has to be a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good it's almost has to be a greater
+discount and yet it appears that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount and yet it appears that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount and yet it appears that the
+market has been pricing it at of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market has been pricing it at of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market has been pricing it at of a
+premium too and I think I mean if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium too and I think I mean if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium too and I think I mean if you
+didn't take anything from Christians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't take anything from Christians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't take anything from Christians
+paper that's what I was trying to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that's what I was trying to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that's what I was trying to you
+know that that the market has been at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that the market has been at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that the market has been at a
+premium even though it probably should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium even though it probably should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium even though it probably should
+be discounted and that's why issuers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be discounted and that's why issuers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be discounted and that's why issuers
+that's why entrepreneurs have tapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why entrepreneurs have tapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why entrepreneurs have tapped
+into it because it's a form of cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it because it's a form of cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it because it's a form of cheap
+financing it's been been a remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing it's been been a remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing it's been been a remarkable
+area of cheap financing we look or enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of cheap financing we look or enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of cheap financing we look or enjoy
+like 50.1 it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 50.1 it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 50.1 it's actually
+whatever and it's no longer saft yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and it's no longer saft yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and it's no longer saft yeah
+wouldn't if it actually ever comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't if it actually ever comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't if it actually ever comes out
+so it's the idea that final point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the idea that final point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the idea that final point at
+that point would transition this to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point would transition this to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point would transition this to like
+realize revenue and then if I pay Zhaan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize revenue and then if I pay Zhaan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize revenue and then if I pay Zhaan
+you know three five coins or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know three five coins or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know three five coins or whatever
+the unit is for storage that he books at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit is for storage that he books at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit is for storage that he books at
+as like income and is taxed on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like income and is taxed on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like income and is taxed on that
+where's it has there been any thought is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's it has there been any thought is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's it has there been any thought is
+dead how dot if dawn is selling false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead how dot if dawn is selling false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead how dot if dawn is selling false
+yes he would have to book income as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes he would have to book income as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes he would have to book income as I
+understand it and that that you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it and that that you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it and that that you you're
+transferring a coin just like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring a coin just like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring a coin just like you're
+transferring a URL where a yen or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring a URL where a yen or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring a URL where a yen or a
+dollar and at the time the the the IRS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar and at the time the the the IRS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar and at the time the the the IRS
+has spoken to this five six years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has spoken to this five six years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has spoken to this five six years ago
+it's it's marked to market value the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's marked to market value the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's marked to market value the day
+that you you know in essence deliver the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you know in essence deliver the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you know in essence deliver the
+service and receive the coin I mean I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service and receive the coin I mean I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service and receive the coin I mean I'm
+not entirely sure what happens if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not entirely sure what happens if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not entirely sure what happens if you
+get the coin a day later but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the coin a day later but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the coin a day later but it's
+basically the mark market value at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the mark market value at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the mark market value at an
+exchange rate that day but back to Fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate that day but back to Fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate that day but back to Fiat
+always translated back to the fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always translated back to the fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always translated back to the fiat
+currency in in this case the US dollar I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency in in this case the US dollar I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency in in this case the US dollar I
+don't know I try to figure that out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I try to figure that out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I try to figure that out by
+next Tuesday because we get I cos twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Tuesday because we get I cos twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Tuesday because we get I cos twice
+I'll dig in and try to answer and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll dig in and try to answer and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll dig in and try to answer and if
+anybody else knows but the revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else knows but the revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else knows but the revenue
+models are very with thousands of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are very with thousands of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are very with thousands of these
+whether in essence file coins entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether in essence file coins entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether in essence file coins entire
+revenue model was the ICO no the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue model was the ICO no the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue model was the ICO no the second
+big piece of the revenue model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big piece of the revenue model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big piece of the revenue model is
+retaining some ownership so so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaining some ownership so so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaining some ownership so so let's
+look at ripple the company ripple the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at ripple the company ripple the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at ripple the company ripple the
+company though they did their Genesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company though they did their Genesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company though they did their Genesis
+block back in 2013 they basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block back in 2013 they basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block back in 2013 they basically
+distributed 20% of their tokens and kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed 20% of their tokens and kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed 20% of their tokens and kept
+eighty percent and subsequently they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty percent and subsequently they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty percent and subsequently they
+have been slowly selling and they're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been slowly selling and they're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been slowly selling and they're now
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+61% but their revenue model and XOR P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+61% but their revenue model and XOR P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+61% but their revenue model and XOR P is
+an essence selling the XOR P they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an essence selling the XOR P they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an essence selling the XOR P they only
+came up with a real use case of XOR P in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with a real use case of XOR P in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with a real use case of XOR P in
+2018 in a prototype called X rapid there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2018 in a prototype called X rapid there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2018 in a prototype called X rapid there
+had X current which was a messaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had X current which was a messaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had X current which was a messaging
+system prior that didn't need to use x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system prior that didn't need to use x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system prior that didn't need to use x
+RP at all so for four years you had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RP at all so for four years you had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RP at all so for four years you had no
+use of X or P as I understand it zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of X or P as I understand it zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of X or P as I understand it zero
+use today it's the second highest value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use today it's the second highest value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use today it's the second highest value
+cryptocurrency it's passed aetherium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency it's passed aetherium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency it's passed aetherium
+with the fall-off of the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fall-off of the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fall-off of the value of
+aetherium in Bitcoin and 18 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium in Bitcoin and 18 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium in Bitcoin and 18 billion
+dollars I couldn't tell you what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars I couldn't tell you what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars I couldn't tell you what it's
+worth I can tell you that's what coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth I can tell you that's what coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth I can tell you that's what coin
+market dot you know calm or cap says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market dot you know calm or cap says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market dot you know calm or cap says
+they're worth but but their revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're worth but but their revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're worth but but their revenue
+model is selling x RP in that case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is selling x RP in that case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is selling x RP in that case and
+so many of them the revenue models or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many of them the revenue models or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many of them the revenue models or
+the up ice the initial IC o---- keep a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up ice the initial IC o---- keep a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up ice the initial IC o---- keep a
+bucket whether you keep ten percent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket whether you keep ten percent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket whether you keep ten percent or
+in that case it was eighty percent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case it was eighty percent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case it was eighty percent and
+then try to monetize and sell it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then try to monetize and sell it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then try to monetize and sell it over
+time and even in aetherium which was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and even in aetherium which was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and even in aetherium which was in
+essence an IC o---- they kept about nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence an IC o---- they kept about nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence an IC o---- they kept about nine
+percent in the etherium foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent in the etherium foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent in the etherium foundation
+they're down to one percent ownership in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're down to one percent ownership in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're down to one percent ownership in
+the etherium foundation so they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etherium foundation so they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etherium foundation so they don't
+receive and when aetherium moves around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive and when aetherium moves around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive and when aetherium moves around
+the network the etherium foundation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network the etherium foundation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network the etherium foundation and
+vitalik bit around don't receive any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitalik bit around don't receive any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitalik bit around don't receive any of
+that but I'd have to look at file coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I'd have to look at file coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I'd have to look at file coin
+to see whether in essence they burn any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether in essence they burn any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether in essence they burn any
+in essence does any of it go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence does any of it go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence does any of it go back to the
+issuer I don't think so but I'll check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take this and then we'll move on in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this and then we'll move on in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this and then we'll move on in a
+couple statistics so who regulates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple statistics so who regulates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple statistics so who regulates the
+ICS we're going to talk a lot about on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICS we're going to talk a lot about on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICS we're going to talk a lot about on
+Tuesday after Thanksgiving when we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday after Thanksgiving when we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday after Thanksgiving when we can
+thank and eat some turkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank and eat some turkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank and eat some turkey
+so can we hold that for Tuesday but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can we hold that for Tuesday but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can we hold that for Tuesday but it
+really it really is depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it really is depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it really is depends on the
+jurisdiction here in the u.s. it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdiction here in the u.s. it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdiction here in the u.s. it would
+be the Securities and Exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the Securities and Exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the Securities and Exchange
+Commission but because most of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commission but because most of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commission but because most of these are
+our really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our really
+non-compliant securities offerings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-compliant securities offerings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-compliant securities offerings and
+last Friday the SEC put out a release I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Friday the SEC put out a release I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Friday the SEC put out a release I
+mean they put out many many releases but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they put out many many releases but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they put out many many releases but
+last Friday so maybe we'll put that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Friday so maybe we'll put that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Friday so maybe we'll put that up
+Sabrina and Thalia if you remind me I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sabrina and Thalia if you remind me I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sabrina and Thalia if you remind me I'll
+shoot you a link and we'll put it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot you a link and we'll put it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot you a link and we'll put it into
+canvas but it's only two or three pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas but it's only two or three pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas but it's only two or three pages
+but for the first sign that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the first sign that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the first sign that really
+talked about illegal securities offering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about illegal securities offering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about illegal securities offering
+so they use the word illegal and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they use the word illegal and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they use the word illegal and and
+they're starting to get to the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're starting to get to the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're starting to get to the place
+where they're shutting some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're shutting some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're shutting some of these
+down that we're not necessarily you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that we're not necessarily you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that we're not necessarily you know
+scammy or fraud II but they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scammy or fraud II but they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scammy or fraud II but they're just
+saying you didn't register but generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you didn't register but generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you didn't register but generally
+speaking it would be securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking it would be securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking it would be securities
+regulators if it's regulated and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators if it's regulated and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators if it's regulated and some
+jurisdictions it's not so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdictions it's not so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdictions it's not so this is the
+most important thing can you assess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing can you assess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing can you assess the
+value bility a token use case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value bility a token use case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value bility a token use case you
+remember my little slides but again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my little slides but again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my little slides but again it's
+the strategic questions and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strategic questions and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strategic questions and these are
+the same questions I'm asking you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same questions I'm asking you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same questions I'm asking you to
+think about in your final papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in your final papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in your final papers
+basically what's the value creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what's the value creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what's the value creation
+proposition or pain points what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition or pain points what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition or pain points what are
+competitors doing how our competitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors doing how our competitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors doing how our competitors
+facing off in this and if you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing off in this and if you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing off in this and if you're looking
+at any IC o---- just think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any IC o---- just think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any IC o---- just think about the
+competitive landscape some of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive landscape some of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive landscape some of them are
+quite populated with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite populated with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite populated with a lot of
+competition false storaged foul coin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition false storaged foul coin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition false storaged foul coin is
+not the only one so you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only one so you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only one so you look at the
+others and see how they're addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and see how they're addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and see how they're addressing
+the same issues and really why is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same issues and really why is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same issues and really why is a
+blockchain technology or native token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology or native token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology or native token
+even the solution and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the solution and then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the solution and then you get
+digging into it why do you need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging into it why do you need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging into it why do you need an
+append-only log what verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append-only log what verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append-only log what verification
+encrypt and networking cost iraq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt and networking cost iraq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt and networking cost iraq
+actually addressed what transactions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually addressed what transactions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually addressed what transactions are
+actually recorded on a ledger i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually recorded on a ledger i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually recorded on a ledger i mean
+these are the basic building blocks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the basic building blocks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the basic building blocks that
+if you take anything away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take anything away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take anything away
+hopefully it's this like one-page of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's this like one-page of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's this like one-page of
+questions to have some critical skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to have some critical skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to have some critical skills
+as you go off and somebody says well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go off and somebody says well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go off and somebody says well
+I've got this great blockchain idea or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this great blockchain idea or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this great blockchain idea or
+great tokens and then not to forget all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great tokens and then not to forget all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great tokens and then not to forget all
+the door and challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door and challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door and challenges
+that we still have scalability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we still have scalability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we still have scalability
+performance privacy security network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance privacy security network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance privacy security network
+coordination and interoperability I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination and interoperability I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination and interoperability I know
+and you say there's no challenges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say there's no challenges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say there's no challenges of
+interoperability but so you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperability but so you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperability but so you know these
+these I'm not going to re-review but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I'm not going to re-review but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I'm not going to re-review but
+they're gonna be in canvas if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna be in canvas if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna be in canvas if you want
+to grab them I mean this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grab them I mean this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grab them I mean this is the same
+conceptual framework for an ICO or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual framework for an ICO or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual framework for an ICO or even
+in a permission blockchain which I sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a permission blockchain which I sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a permission blockchain which I sense
+a lot of your thinking about doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of your thinking about doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of your thinking about doing so
+some statistics and then we'll close it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some statistics and then we'll close it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some statistics and then we'll close it
+out and these are just fun charts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and these are just fun charts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and these are just fun charts that
+will all be in canvas and I just went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all be in canvas and I just went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all be in canvas and I just went
+around finding different websites I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around finding different websites I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around finding different websites I
+don't know that you can trust any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that you can trust any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that you can trust any of
+these numbers but they're the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers but they're the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers but they're the best
+numbers out there so here here are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers out there so here here are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers out there so here here are some
+of the industries 23% is infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the industries 23% is infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the industries 23% is infrastructure
+that's five billion dollars of race but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's five billion dollars of race but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's five billion dollars of race but
+most of that most of that I think is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of that most of that I think is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of that most of that I think is the
+EOS I think that's called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EOS I think that's called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EOS I think that's called an
+infrastructure project infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure project infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure project infrastructure
+because AOS is trying to compete with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because AOS is trying to compete with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because AOS is trying to compete with
+etherium finance communication trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etherium finance communication trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etherium finance communication trading
+and investment payments you see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and investment payments you see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and investment payments you see some
+some consistency a lot of financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some consistency a lot of financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some consistency a lot of financial
+sector use cases gaming and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector use cases gaming and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector use cases gaming and then you're
+down to two and three percent slices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to two and three percent slices so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to two and three percent slices so
+they're just a little sense of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just a little sense of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just a little sense of some of
+the industries and again this will all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industries and again this will all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industries and again this will all
+be in canvas here's published i cos we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in canvas here's published i cos we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in canvas here's published i cos we
+peaked at about 500 a month four or 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaked at about 500 a month four or 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaked at about 500 a month four or 500
+a month in February through April we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month in February through April we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month in February through April we're
+down to about 200 a month now now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to about 200 a month now now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to about 200 a month now now this
+means published that doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means published that doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means published that doesn't mean
+they've necessarily raised we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've necessarily raised we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've necessarily raised we're just
+under about 5,000 that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under about 5,000 that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under about 5,000 that have been
+published maybe 3,000 give or take of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published maybe 3,000 give or take of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published maybe 3,000 give or take of
+race of money and only about half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race of money and only about half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race of money and only about half of
+those actually exist today or that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those actually exist today or that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those actually exist today or that you
+can find them somewhere in you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find them somewhere in you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find them somewhere in you know so
+forth the market this is the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth the market this is the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth the market this is the third
+quarter based on a website called ICO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter based on a website called ICO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter based on a website called ICO
+rating they publish a quarterly report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating they publish a quarterly report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating they publish a quarterly report
+I'm not saying it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying it's completely
+exhaustive 1.8 billion I see are raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustive 1.8 billion I see are raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustive 1.8 billion I see are raised
+down 78 percent from q2 just to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down 78 percent from q2 just to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down 78 percent from q2 just to give you
+a sense of the size but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of the size but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of the size but
+1 billion dollars of blockchain vici
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 billion dollars of blockchain vici
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 billion dollars of blockchain vici
+raised in the same quarter ICO surpassed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised in the same quarter ICO surpassed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised in the same quarter ICO surpassed
+VC investment in blockchain in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC investment in blockchain in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC investment in blockchain in the third
+quarter of 17 before that VC raised was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of 17 before that VC raised was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of 17 before that VC raised was
+higher and I think it's coming back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and I think it's coming back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and I think it's coming back and
+I it's a reasonable shot that in one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it's a reasonable shot that in one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it's a reasonable shot that in one or
+two more quarters the VC number will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more quarters the VC number will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more quarters the VC number will be
+higher than the ICO number but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the ICO number but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the ICO number but this is
+just a hunch as to where where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a hunch as to where where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a hunch as to where where we're
+headed some other statistics of the 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headed some other statistics of the 600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headed some other statistics of the 600
+that this this is one quarter about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this is one quarter about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this is one quarter about two
+hundred a month or 600 for the quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred a month or 600 for the quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred a month or 600 for the quarter
+that they tracked 84% on the etherium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they tracked 84% on the etherium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they tracked 84% on the etherium
+platform almost every data source I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform almost every data source I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform almost every data source I can
+find rages from 80 to 85% so it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find rages from 80 to 85% so it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find rages from 80 to 85% so it's still
+highly focused on a theory and platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly focused on a theory and platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly focused on a theory and platform
+and I would say as the as the ICO boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would say as the as the ICO boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would say as the as the ICO boom
+comes off it's probably also one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes off it's probably also one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes off it's probably also one of the
+reasons the etherium the price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons the etherium the price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons the etherium the price and
+valuation of aetherium has come off as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation of aetherium has come off as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation of aetherium has come off as
+well just because of the relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just because of the relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just because of the relationships
+only four percent of these 600 or 24 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four percent of these 600 or 24 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four percent of these 600 or 24 of
+them got listed on an exchange that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them got listed on an exchange that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them got listed on an exchange that they
+raised enough money but look at that 57%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised enough money but look at that 57%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised enough money but look at that 57%
+raise less than a hundred thousand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise less than a hundred thousand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise less than a hundred thousand a
+piece so it's highly concentrated in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so it's highly concentrated in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so it's highly concentrated in a
+small 67% of the dap i cos were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small 67% of the dap i cos were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small 67% of the dap i cos were
+unsuccessful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessful
+now whatever their measurement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now whatever their measurement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now whatever their measurement of
+unsuccessful they didn't raise money or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessful they didn't raise money or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessful they didn't raise money or
+they raised a little bit of money but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they raised a little bit of money but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they raised a little bit of money but
+the website went dark that's all within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website went dark that's all within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website went dark that's all within
+three months and again I can't speak to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months and again I can't speak to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months and again I can't speak to
+how they measure success but 76 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they measure success but 76 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they measure success but 76 percent
+were just an idea this is again based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just an idea this is again based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just an idea this is again based on
+ICO rating and one point three seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICO rating and one point three seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICO rating and one point three seven
+percent what you were at one percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent what you were at one percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent what you were at one percent
+your five percent but 1.7 percent had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your five percent but 1.7 percent had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your five percent but 1.7 percent had
+their code so three percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their code so three percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their code so three percent
+we're either fully ready or had their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're either fully ready or had their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're either fully ready or had their
+source code so you want to read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code so you want to read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code so you want to read the
+white paper if you're really curious but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white paper if you're really curious but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white paper if you're really curious but
+76 percent you might say how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 percent you might say how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 percent you might say how can you
+raise money on an idea this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise money on an idea this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise money on an idea this is really
+pre fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre fun
+and this is even after the markets kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is even after the markets kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is even after the markets kind
+of the bloom is off the Rose this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bloom is off the Rose this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bloom is off the Rose this is
+this third quarter 2018 here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this third quarter 2018 here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this third quarter 2018 here's the
+industries again for the third quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries again for the third quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries again for the third quarter
+exchanges and while its financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges and while its financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges and while its financial
+services trading so it's deeply financed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services trading so it's deeply financed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services trading so it's deeply financed
+a little bit health care and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit health care and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit health care and so forth
+and let's see if I think I have one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see if I think I have one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see if I think I have one or
+two more of these oh this is how they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more of these oh this is how they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more of these oh this is how they've
+done this is interesting to me this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this is interesting to me this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this is interesting to me this is
+the returns in the third quarter now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the returns in the third quarter now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the returns in the third quarter now I
+know this is actually before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is actually before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is actually before the
+sell-off for the last week and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell-off for the last week and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell-off for the last week and a half
+the only sector that went up is I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only sector that went up is I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only sector that went up is I don't
+even know which I cos these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know which I cos these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know which I cos these are the
+marketing and advertising everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing and advertising everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing and advertising everything
+else got clobbered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've been around markets for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been around markets for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been around markets for a long time
+three or four decades when you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four decades when you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four decades when you get this
+type of return picture there's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of return picture there's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of return picture there's gonna be
+fewer icos rather than more icos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer icos rather than more icos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer icos rather than more icos
+because you know it just keeps cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it just keeps cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it just keeps cutting
+down the investor enthusiasm I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the investor enthusiasm I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the investor enthusiasm I don't
+think it's FOMO anymore what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's FOMO anymore what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's FOMO anymore what's the
+opposite of foam what's that so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of foam what's that so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of foam what's that so all
+right so study questions for next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so study questions for next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so study questions for next
+Tuesday is just we're gonna go back to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday is just we're gonna go back to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday is just we're gonna go back to I
+co is talk a little bit about the scams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co is talk a little bit about the scams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co is talk a little bit about the scams
+and frauds we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frauds we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frauds we're going to talk about the
+Securities and Exchange Commission we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities and Exchange Commission we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities and Exchange Commission we've
+already talked a lot about their design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked a lot about their design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked a lot about their design
+features so it's it's going to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so it's it's going to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so it's it's going to be like
+going back to some of the regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to some of the regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to some of the regulatory
+things I'll try to look up on the foul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'll try to look up on the foul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'll try to look up on the foul
+coin questions as well we will drop one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin questions as well we will drop one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin questions as well we will drop one
+more reading in which is just this quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reading in which is just this quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reading in which is just this quick
+two pager from the sec from last Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pager from the sec from last Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pager from the sec from last Friday
+that's maybe worthwhile looking at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe worthwhile looking at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe worthwhile looking at and
+this is the best thing I could do to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best thing I could do to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best thing I could do to say
+Happy Thanksgiving I know it's a Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happy Thanksgiving I know it's a Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happy Thanksgiving I know it's a Bitcoin
+turkey blockchain Turkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey blockchain Turkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey blockchain Turkey
+and the like but well I do think it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like but well I do think it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like but well I do think it's an
+interesting thing I see OS or new means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing I see OS or new means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing I see OS or new means
+of crowdfunding and there's been so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crowdfunding and there's been so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crowdfunding and there's been so many
+different ways to raise money over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to raise money over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to raise money over
+centuries it's this is not equity it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries it's this is not equity it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries it's this is not equity it's
+not debt it's something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not debt it's something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not debt it's something else
+I don't know how much of it will last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how much of it will last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how much of it will last
+three and five years from now but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and five years from now but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and five years from now but the
+idea that you could pre-fund an idea a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you could pre-fund an idea a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you could pre-fund an idea a
+deferred revenue or some sort but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deferred revenue or some sort but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deferred revenue or some sort but it's
+kind of not your revenue is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of not your revenue is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of not your revenue is an
+interesting evolution in in the markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting evolution in in the markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting evolution in in the markets
+of finance but I think if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finance but I think if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finance but I think if you can't
+assess the viability of the use case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess the viability of the use case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess the viability of the use case and
+figure out what really is the benefit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what really is the benefit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what really is the benefit of
+the token economics it comes back to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the token economics it comes back to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the token economics it comes back to is
+there really a benefit to having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really a benefit to having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really a benefit to having a
+native token on a network for a good or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native token on a network for a good or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native token on a network for a good or
+service for file storage for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service for file storage for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service for file storage for
+ride-sharing and so forth then I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride-sharing and so forth then I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride-sharing and so forth then I think
+this will just be looked back decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will just be looked back decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will just be looked back decades
+from now people will look back and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now people will look back and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now people will look back and say
+well that was kind of a small little odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that was kind of a small little odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that was kind of a small little odd
+thing that happened back there in the 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happened back there in the 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happened back there in the 20
+teens but it might be I'm not I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teens but it might be I'm not I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teens but it might be I'm not I'm not
+I'm not all the way at a zero I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not all the way at a zero I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not all the way at a zero I think
+there might be a reason why folks want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a reason why folks want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a reason why folks want
+to have a native currency and native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a native currency and native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a native currency and native
+token to jumpstart a network and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token to jumpstart a network and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token to jumpstart a network and to
+motivate a network over time whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate a network over time whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate a network over time whether
+it's like swords and skins and shields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like swords and skins and shields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like swords and skins and shields
+in a gaming site the majority by SEOs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a gaming site the majority by SEOs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a gaming site the majority by SEOs
+though have failed already and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though have failed already and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though have failed already and because
+they keep failing so fast by I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep failing so fast by I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep failing so fast by I don't
+know by the end of this year or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know by the end of this year or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know by the end of this year or
+certainly by the middle of next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly by the middle of next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly by the middle of next year
+over 90 or 95% of them will have failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 90 or 95% of them will have failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 90 or 95% of them will have failed
+like if you take the whole total so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you take the whole total so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you take the whole total so it's
+pretty clear it's gonna come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear it's gonna come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear it's gonna come down
+there's gonna be less and less probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be less and less probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be less and less probably
+in this IC o---- thing it doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this IC o---- thing it doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this IC o---- thing it doesn't mean
+that that blockchain technology is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that blockchain technology is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that blockchain technology is over
+it just means that this kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just means that this kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just means that this kind of this
+wave I think will diminish so happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave I think will diminish so happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave I think will diminish so happy
+Thanksgiving is there a question before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving is there a question before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving is there a question before
+we all go to Thanksgiving and airports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all go to Thanksgiving and airports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all go to Thanksgiving and airports
+and trains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trains
+quick questions this any ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick questions this any ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick questions this any ice
+ownership of the company sighs it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership of the company sighs it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership of the company sighs it's
+purely fort okay we'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely fort okay we'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely fort okay we'll talk about this
+Tuesday the question is can you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday the question is can you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday the question is can you ever
+have an ownership right in in a token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an ownership right in in a token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an ownership right in in a token
+the the answer is yes you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the answer is yes you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the answer is yes you could
+structure to have voting rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to have voting rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to have voting rights
+governance rights dividend rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance rights dividend rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance rights dividend rights
+they're up a handful that have done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're up a handful that have done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're up a handful that have done that
+but after the DAO or Dow issuance which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after the DAO or Dow issuance which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after the DAO or Dow issuance which
+did give some governance rights and cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did give some governance rights and cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did give some governance rights and cash
+flow rights the SEC spoke to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow rights the SEC spoke to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow rights the SEC spoke to that in a
+paper one year ago or 15 months ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper one year ago or 15 months ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper one year ago or 15 months ago
+there's very few of them most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very few of them most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very few of them most of them
+are what you would call either utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what you would call either utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what you would call either utility
+tokens or service tokens where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens or service tokens where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens or service tokens where you have
+a right to get a service or a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right to get a service or a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right to get a service or a good
+usually from the rest of the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually from the rest of the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually from the rest of the network
+rather than back I'll check on file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than back I'll check on file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than back I'll check on file
+point but but the answer is yes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but but the answer is yes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but but the answer is yes you can
+do it but it's a rare case that does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but it's a rare case that does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but it's a rare case that does it
+so thank you Happy Thanksgiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you Happy Thanksgiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you Happy Thanksgiving
+thank you for all being in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for all being in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for all being in this class
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ik1gdNwHLiY.txt b/ik1gdNwHLiY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d336c2750c85af84e62c764ec540a5e6da3b8e99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ik1gdNwHLiY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10947 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to the midterm review of 1413
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the midterm review of 1413
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the midterm review of 1413
+so now as i mentioned before there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now as i mentioned before there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now as i mentioned before there will
+be three time types of questions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be three time types of questions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be three time types of questions in the
+exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam
+uh there will be true policy certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there will be true policy certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there will be true policy certain
+questions these are questions when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions these are questions when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions these are questions when
+you've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've given
+a statement and you're gonna ascertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statement and you're gonna ascertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statement and you're gonna ascertain
+whether the statement is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the statement is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the statement is true
+false or answer truman's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false or answer truman's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false or answer truman's essentially
+strictly true and it's always true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly true and it's always true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly true and it's always true or
+false it's strictly false and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false it's strictly false and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false it's strictly false and
+uh there's a counter example of division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a counter example of division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a counter example of division
+it's false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's false
+and on certain means like um without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on certain means like um without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on certain means like um without
+having further information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having further information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having further information
+uh you cannot actually answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you cannot actually answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you cannot actually answer the
+question necessarily you cannot really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question necessarily you cannot really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question necessarily you cannot really
+make a statement whether that say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a statement whether that say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a statement whether that say is
+true or thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or thoughts
+um in any of you what you do please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in any of you what you do please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in any of you what you do please
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+um explain your answers carefully so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um explain your answers carefully so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um explain your answers carefully so
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+writing true false uncertainty will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing true false uncertainty will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing true false uncertainty will
+almost truly or will surely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost truly or will surely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost truly or will surely
+not give you full credit you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not give you full credit you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not give you full credit you have to
+explain your answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain your answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain your answers
+it doesn't actually matter that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't actually matter that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't actually matter that much
+whether you get it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you get it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you get it right
+the statement is true or false uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement is true or false uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement is true or false uncertain
+as long as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as your
+answer is actually reasonable and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is actually reasonable and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is actually reasonable and sort
+of show some understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of show some understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of show some understanding of the
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+and you know so so and the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know so so and the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know so so and the quality of
+the answer is quite important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is quite important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is quite important
+we also wanted to write intuition so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also wanted to write intuition so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also wanted to write intuition so we
+do not want to just write some math um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not want to just write some math um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not want to just write some math um
+and nothing else you can use some math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing else you can use some math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing else you can use some math
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+clarify your answer or the like but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify your answer or the like but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify your answer or the like but you
+always need to provide a verbal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always need to provide a verbal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always need to provide a verbal uh
+explanation and some intuition and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation and some intuition and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation and some intuition and some
+explanation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of
+why you think um uh the answer might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you think um uh the answer might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you think um uh the answer might be
+or that statement might be true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that statement might be true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that statement might be true or
+false or answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false or answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false or answer
+from all the choice questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the choice questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the choice questions
+essentially you're giving uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you're giving uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you're giving uh different
+choices and you just pick one answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and you just pick one answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and you just pick one answer and
+no further explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no further explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no further explanation
+very simple and then there will be sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple and then there will be sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple and then there will be sort
+of piece outside questions that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of piece outside questions that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of piece outside questions that sort of
+you're familiar with either from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with either from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with either from like
+the psets or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the psets or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the psets or like
+previous um exams uh these will be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous um exams uh these will be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous um exams uh these will be quite
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+in the presets question they will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presets question they will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presets question they will be
+generally um not on the hardest side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally um not on the hardest side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally um not on the hardest side
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+we have so much time to do this there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so much time to do this there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so much time to do this there
+will be some algebra involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be some algebra involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be some algebra involved
+again please always explain your answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again please always explain your answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again please always explain your answers
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what materials are you responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what materials are you responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what materials are you responsible
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+uh you're responsible for the lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're responsible for the lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're responsible for the lectures
+talk to you and including lecture 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you and including lecture 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you and including lecture 12
+which is election on march 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is election on march 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is election on march 11
+uh up to uh slide 67 of lectures a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up to uh slide 67 of lectures a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up to uh slide 67 of lectures a lot
+more lecture the notes for a lecture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lecture the notes for a lecture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lecture the notes for a lecture the
+handout of the notes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout of the notes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout of the notes for
+um lectures 11 to 13. we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lectures 11 to 13. we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lectures 11 to 13. we're also
+responsible for recitations on p5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for recitations on p5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for recitations on p5
+recitations 6 which is the reservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations 6 which is the reservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations 6 which is the reservation
+that will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give
+which is quite similar to this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quite similar to this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quite similar to this one and
+uh seven this recitation various reviews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh seven this recitation various reviews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh seven this recitation various reviews
+that might be helpful um for some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be helpful um for some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be helpful um for some of you
+but there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no
+new material psets one to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new material psets one to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new material psets one to three
+um part of the deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um part of the deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um part of the deal
+and uh readings um start and non-start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh readings um start and non-start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh readings um start and non-start
+readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings
+citing in class are um only relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citing in class are um only relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citing in class are um only relevant to
+the extent that they appear in lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent that they appear in lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent that they appear in lectures
+and or recitation but to say like if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or recitation but to say like if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or recitation but to say like if i
+discuss a certain paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss a certain paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss a certain paper
+and the content of the paper content of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the content of the paper content of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the content of the paper content of
+the people that's discussed in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that's discussed in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that's discussed in the class
+it is relevant to you however on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is relevant to you however on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is relevant to you however on uh
+anything that's in the paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's in the paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's in the paper that
+doesn't appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't appear
+in the lecture it's not relevant doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture it's not relevant doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture it's not relevant doesn't
+like you're not going to ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're not going to ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're not going to ask me
+questions that sort of ask you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that sort of ask you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that sort of ask you about
+some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the
+details of the papers that you've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the papers that you've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the papers that you've never
+heard about in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about in class
+uh how do you get ready for the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you get ready for the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you get ready for the exam
+well um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um and you
+study study the lecture and presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study study the lecture and presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study study the lecture and presentation
+slides carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides carefully
+um you should um uh make sure you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you should um uh make sure you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you should um uh make sure you're
+familiar and comfortable with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and comfortable with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and comfortable with the
+presets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presets
+and the solutions make you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solutions make you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solutions make you understand
+and are able to solve the pizzas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are able to solve the pizzas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are able to solve the pizzas
+on your own great resource practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own great resource practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own great resource practices
+google's presets and exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google's presets and exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google's presets and exams
+um again uh readings uh starred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again uh readings uh starred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again uh readings uh starred and
+non-start are not required but they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-start are not required but they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-start are not required but they may
+sort of help you deepen your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of help you deepen your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of help you deepen your
+understanding of the material maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the material maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the material maybe
+sometimes collection works a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes collection works a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes collection works a little bit
+um dense and don't have that much detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dense and don't have that much detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dense and don't have that much detail
+so you sort of like try to consult them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you sort of like try to consult them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you sort of like try to consult them
+and try to understand materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to understand materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to understand materials
+are better but we won't ask you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are better but we won't ask you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are better but we won't ask you about
+the details of those readings um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of those readings um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of those readings um
+uh uh beyond what was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh beyond what was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh beyond what was um
+beyond those details that were always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond those details that were always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond those details that were always
+covered in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in class
+so let me now sort of review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me now sort of review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me now sort of review the
+material overall and sort of give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material overall and sort of give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material overall and sort of give you a
+sense of what are the kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what are the kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what are the kinds of things
+that we want you to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want you to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want you to know
+to be clear this is not exhaustive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be clear this is not exhaustive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be clear this is not exhaustive in
+the sense of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of life
+there are some other materials in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some other materials in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some other materials in the
+lecture slides that i'm not mentioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture slides that i'm not mentioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture slides that i'm not mentioning
+here what i'm trying to do is just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what i'm trying to do is just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what i'm trying to do is just give
+you a sense for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense for a lot of
+the most important key things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important key things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important key things that you
+should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know
+those will cover perhaps like 89 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will cover perhaps like 89 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will cover perhaps like 89 of the
+material that's actually potentially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that's actually potentially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that's actually potentially in
+the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam
+having said that you should uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having said that you should uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having said that you should uh uh uh
+surely go through the entire lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely go through the entire lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely go through the entire lecture
+slides and make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides and make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides and make sure
+to gather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the first um i think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first um i think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first um i think we
+discussed um these time preferences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed um these time preferences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed um these time preferences in
+particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the
+exponential discounting model here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential discounting model here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential discounting model here you
+should know what is the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know what is the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know what is the exponential
+discounting model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting model
+what is delta the time performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is delta the time performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is delta the time performance
+parameter in that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in that model
+but does it measure how can we estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does it measure how can we estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does it measure how can we estimate
+it assuming that an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it assuming that an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it assuming that an exponential
+discovery model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery model
+is correct further one of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct further one of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct further one of the main
+assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+of the exponential discount model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exponential discount model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exponential discount model
+and what evidence do we have against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what evidence do we have against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what evidence do we have against
+those assumptions so in lectures three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those assumptions so in lectures three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those assumptions so in lectures three
+and four and discuss those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four and discuss those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four and discuss those
+assumptions and the evidence against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and the evidence against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and the evidence against
+those assumptions in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after that we discussed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that we discussed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that we discussed the
+quasi-hyperbolic discounting model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic discounting model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic discounting model which
+is a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a relatively
+small modification of the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small modification of the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small modification of the exponential
+responding model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding model
+again you should know what is this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you should know what is this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you should know what is this model
+how it's different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's different from the
+exponential desktop model and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential desktop model and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential desktop model and of course
+the difference is that there's a present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that there's a present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that there's a present
+bias parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias parameter
+beta that is added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta that is added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta that is added
+to um to this model which measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to this model which measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to this model which measures
+um short-run discounting as of like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um short-run discounting as of like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um short-run discounting as of like how
+much weight you put on the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much weight you put on the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much weight you put on the present
+versus everything else that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus everything else that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus everything else that's in the
+future now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future now what
+empirical evidence um uh can we cause an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical evidence um uh can we cause an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical evidence um uh can we cause an
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+uh quasi-hyperbolic uh model explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quasi-hyperbolic uh model explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quasi-hyperbolic uh model explain
+better than the exponential discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the exponential discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the exponential discount
+model and why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and why is that
+you should be familiar with for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be familiar with for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be familiar with for example
+things like preference reversal for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like preference reversal for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like preference reversal for the
+magical commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical commitment
+why is that consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that consistent with the
+quasi-hyperbolic model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic model and
+and you know why is it not consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know why is it not consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know why is it not consistent
+with the exponential model of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the exponential model of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the exponential model of course
+that's what we discussed in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we discussed in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we discussed in the previous
+slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+to some of the assumptions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of the assumptions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of the assumptions of the
+exponential model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential model
+where for example uh one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where for example uh one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where for example uh one of the key
+assumptions are that there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are that there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are that there are no
+preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference
+reversals you just have that in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversals you just have that in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversals you just have that in detail
+then um of course you need to know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um of course you need to know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um of course you need to know in
+the quasi-hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quasi-hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quasi-hyperbolic
+discounting model what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting model what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting model what is this
+sophistication what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication what is
+so what is beta measure um whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is beta measure um whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is beta measure um whether it's
+beta hat measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta hat measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta hat measure
+what is full sophistication humanity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is full sophistication humanity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is full sophistication humanity and
+partial magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial magnitude
+and uh and so questions such as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so questions such as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so questions such as like
+that sophistication make people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sophistication make people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sophistication make people
+always better off and why or why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+further you should understand what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further you should understand what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further you should understand what is
+demand for equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for equipment
+uh who demands commitment when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who demands commitment when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who demands commitment when he
+doesn't so like are fully sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so like are fully sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so like are fully sophisticated
+or for united people or partial 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are the conditions under which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the conditions under which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the conditions under which
+somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+demands commitment and what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands commitment and what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands commitment and what kinds of
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+um uh do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh do not
+do demand commitment and what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do demand commitment and what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do demand commitment and what kinds of
+people benefit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people benefit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people benefit from
+doing so and in particular uh can people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so and in particular uh can people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so and in particular uh can people
+be worse off from being offered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worse off from being offered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worse off from being offered
+equipment device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment device
+and why is that or required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that or required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that or required
+next we discuss in quite a bit of detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we discuss in quite a bit of detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we discuss in quite a bit of detail
+on global applications from a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on global applications from a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on global applications from a range of
+different settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different settings
+um this is a lectures five and six so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a lectures five and six so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a lectures five and six so we
+want you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do
+to be familiar with those empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be familiar with those empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be familiar with those empirical
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+um you should understand where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you should understand where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you should understand where the
+quasi-hyperbolic model can explain or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic model can explain or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic model can explain or
+cannot explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot explain
+um some of the empirical evidence uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the empirical evidence uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the empirical evidence uh
+better than the exponential discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the exponential discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the exponential discovery
+model um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um
+um you know kind of like why why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know kind of like why why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know kind of like why why do we
+think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that
+why the hyperbolic model is is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the hyperbolic model is is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the hyperbolic model is is a good
+fit for some of the empirical examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit for some of the empirical examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit for some of the empirical examples
+that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have
+shown um then you need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown um then you need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown um then you need to be able to
+um solve problems uh similar followers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um solve problems uh similar followers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um solve problems uh similar followers
+to the problems in the problem sets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problems in the problem sets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problems in the problem sets that
+you've seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen before
+problem sets where people either like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets where people either like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets where people either like
+exponential miscounters or like for beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential miscounters or like for beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential miscounters or like for beta
+um delta equals theta equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um delta equals theta equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um delta equals theta equals
+1 and delta b like either one or 0.95 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and delta b like either one or 0.95 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and delta b like either one or 0.95 or
+close to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one
+because hyperbolic discounters um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because hyperbolic discounters um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because hyperbolic discounters um at
+ and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and like
+for the sophisticated portion of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sophisticated portion of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sophisticated portion of that
+agent how does one solve such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent how does one solve such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent how does one solve such
+problems of course we have plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of course we have plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of course we have plenty of
+practice already in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice already in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice already in the
+midterm examples also in some finals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm examples also in some finals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm examples also in some finals
+uh so you should um you should use um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you should um you should use um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you should um you should use um
+backwards to forward some uh reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards to forward some uh reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards to forward some uh reduction
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+iteration uh uh depending on the keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration uh uh depending on the keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration uh uh depending on the keys
+and sort of discuss this in slide 62
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of discuss this in slide 62
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of discuss this in slide 62
+of lecture screen 4 and slide 37 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lecture screen 4 and slide 37 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lecture screen 4 and slide 37 of
+lectures five and six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures five and six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures five and six
+uh there's also a recitation that covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's also a recitation that covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's also a recitation that covers
+that in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in detail
+so you should have plenty of practice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should have plenty of practice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should have plenty of practice of
+doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so
+now um let me now give you sort of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um let me now give you sort of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um let me now give you sort of some
+examples of like what are some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of like what are some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of like what are some examples
+of true false on certain questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of true false on certain questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of true false on certain questions
+and uh how should you answer them so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh how should you answer them so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh how should you answer them so let
+me sort of just read the statements for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me sort of just read the statements for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me sort of just read the statements for
+you and you can think about this for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you can think about this for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you can think about this for a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+and then i'm going to give you um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to give you um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to give you um the
+answer so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so i'm
+considering individuals to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering individuals to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering individuals to create a
+delta preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta preferences
+um who only differ by their present bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who only differ by their present bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who only differ by their present bias
+have like beta equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between zero and one and suppose there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one and suppose there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one and suppose there's
+a commitment savings device available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commitment savings device available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commitment savings device available
+the willingness to pay for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the willingness to pay for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the willingness to pay for this
+commitment device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device
+strictly decreases in beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly decreases in beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly decreases in beta
+now is that um true or false statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that um true or false statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that um true or false statements
+the answer is this statement is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is this statement is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is this statement is false
+now why is that well there's um again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is that well there's um again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is that well there's um again
+like if you just correct faults that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you just correct faults that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you just correct faults that's
+not gonna give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna give you
+uh for credit even if the fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for credit even if the fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for credit even if the fact the
+statement is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is false
+what you need to do is you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do is you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do is you need to
+provide some further explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide some further explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide some further explanation
+um ideally we you know provide us like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ideally we you know provide us like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ideally we you know provide us like a
+somewhat detailed explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat detailed explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat detailed explanation
+but yeah um you think's false uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah um you think's false uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah um you think's false uh if you
+provided several examples that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided several examples that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided several examples that should be
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+than just one uh in this case um why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just one uh in this case um why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just one uh in this case um why is
+it false well a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it false well a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it false well a
+individuals might be naive right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals might be naive right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals might be naive right so in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+people are fully naive they will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are fully naive they will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are fully naive they will not be
+willing to pay for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay for any
+anything for equipment devices so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything for equipment devices so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything for equipment devices so um
+regardless of the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the beta
+um willingness to pay will always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um willingness to pay will always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um willingness to pay will always be
+zero so usually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so usually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so usually not
+decreasing beta second the commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing beta second the commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing beta second the commitment
+device may just not be effective at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device may just not be effective at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device may just not be effective at all
+the commitment device is useful useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commitment device is useful useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commitment device is useful useless
+it doesn't matter what beta is nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter what beta is nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter what beta is nobody
+will demand equipment um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will demand equipment um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will demand equipment um
+anyway and finally even as individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and finally even as individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and finally even as individuals
+this is a little bit more uh trickier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit more uh trickier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit more uh trickier
+explanation and i wouldn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation and i wouldn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation and i wouldn't necessarily
+expect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you
+to know that answer but even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that answer but even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that answer but even if
+individuals are fully sophisticated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals are fully sophisticated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals are fully sophisticated and
+device is effective the commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is effective the commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is effective the commitment
+device is effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is effective
+willingness to pay and may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay and may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay and may not be
+strictly decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly decreasing
+in data and here's sort of an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in data and here's sort of an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in data and here's sort of an example
+well if beta equals zero or beta equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if beta equals zero or beta equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if beta equals zero or beta equals
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+then individuals would be willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then individuals would be willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then individuals would be willing to
+create zero for the commitment bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create zero for the commitment bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create zero for the commitment bias
+right because you know if they equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you know if they equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you know if they equal
+zero they don't care about the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero they don't care about the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero they don't care about the future
+beta equals one they just don't need any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta equals one they just don't need any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta equals one they just don't need any
+commitment devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices
+um but in between the the willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in between the the willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in between the the willingness to
+pay might be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay might be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay might be positive
+for beta speed between zero and one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for beta speed between zero and one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for beta speed between zero and one that
+essentially means that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially means that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially means that um
+willingness debate would be sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness debate would be sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness debate would be sort of an
+inverse u in beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse u in beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse u in beta
+again that's a bit of a tricky answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's a bit of a tricky answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's a bit of a tricky answer
+like with the bullet point you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with the bullet point you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with the bullet point you didn't
+necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily
+expect you um to know that answer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you um to know that answer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you um to know that answer but
+you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to
+to say or to answer a reason one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say or to answer a reason one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say or to answer a reason one or
+reason two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason two
+of a specific case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a specific case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a specific case
+um second example uh statement fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second example uh statement fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second example uh statement fully
+sophisticated individuals can experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated individuals can experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated individuals can experience
+large welfare losses from their present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large welfare losses from their present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large welfare losses from their present
+bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the answer is this is true why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is this is true why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is this is true why is that
+let me think about this for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the answer is that awareness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the answer is that awareness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the answer is that awareness of
+present bias that is like sophistication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias that is like sophistication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias that is like sophistication
+does not remove press bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not remove press bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not remove press bias
+even if people are sophisticated um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if people are sophisticated um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if people are sophisticated um uh
+you know the present bias is still there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the present bias is still there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the present bias is still there
+there might be some commitment devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some commitment devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some commitment devices
+some ways in which people are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways in which people are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways in which people are able to
+overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome
+their uh the losses associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh the losses associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh the losses associated with
+present bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias
+but in the absence of commitment devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the absence of commitment devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the absence of commitment devices
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+people may still make suboptimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people may still make suboptimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people may still make suboptimal
+decisions and some of these decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and some of these decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and some of these decisions
+uh might in fact induce large welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might in fact induce large welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might in fact induce large welfare
+use we discussed some examples in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use we discussed some examples in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use we discussed some examples in class
+uh it's a numerical example you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a numerical example you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a numerical example you can see
+that sophisticated people might actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sophisticated people might actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sophisticated people might actually
+be worse off than many people that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worse off than many people that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worse off than many people that could
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+um suffer quite a bit from or similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suffer quite a bit from or similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suffer quite a bit from or similar to
+large welfare losses the present bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large welfare losses the present bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large welfare losses the present bias
+all of this is evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this is evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this is evaluated
+by their long-running chill ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their long-running chill ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their long-running chill ideas and
+like if somebody makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if somebody makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if somebody makes
+uh choices for the future um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh choices for the future um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh choices for the future um uh
+where the data is not relevant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the data is not relevant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the data is not relevant uh
+compared to this with that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to this with that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to this with that kind of
+wealth of criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth of criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth of criteria
+uh people might be a lot worse up due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people might be a lot worse up due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people might be a lot worse up due to
+their welfare uh due to their present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their welfare uh due to their present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their welfare uh due to their present
+bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias
+okay here's example number three present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's example number three present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's example number three present
+bias individuals always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias individuals always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias individuals always have
+positive demand for commitment devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive demand for commitment devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive demand for commitment devices
+again the statement is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the statement is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the statement is false
+why is that and you kind of discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that and you kind of discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that and you kind of discussed
+this already in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already in the previous
+questions and let me still be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and let me still be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and let me still be very
+explicit there's sort of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit there's sort of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit there's sort of three
+conditions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that
+must be met for positive demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be met for positive demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be met for positive demand for
+equipment and discuss this in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and discuss this in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and discuss this in class
+uh the person must be present biased or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the person must be present biased or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the person must be present biased or
+have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+force or some self-control problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force or some self-control problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force or some self-control problems
+individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals
+that person might be aware of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person might be aware of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person might be aware of their
+present bias so they can't be fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias so they can't be fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias so they can't be fully
+naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive
+they could be partially naive but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be partially naive but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be partially naive but they
+can't be fully naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be fully naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be fully naive
+and the individual must perceive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the individual must perceive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the individual must perceive the
+commitment devices effective in helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices effective in helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices effective in helping
+uh overcome the self-control problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh overcome the self-control problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh overcome the self-control problem
+that's to say if somebody is offered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to say if somebody is offered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to say if somebody is offered a
+commitment device and that commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device and that commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device and that commitment
+device is useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is useless
+well there's going to not be any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's going to not be any uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's going to not be any uh
+demand for equipment particularly if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for equipment particularly if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for equipment particularly if the
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+perceives that the commitment devices is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceives that the commitment devices is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceives that the commitment devices is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+useless notice that that person might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless notice that that person might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless notice that that person might
+actually perceive the commitment device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually perceive the commitment device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually perceive the commitment device
+to be effective when reality is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be effective when reality is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be effective when reality is not so
+they might have some positive demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might have some positive demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might have some positive demand for
+commitment even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment even if the
+commitment device is in reality useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device is in reality useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device is in reality useless
+because their beliefs are wrong because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their beliefs are wrong because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their beliefs are wrong because
+of essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of essentially
+um some form of partial retail um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some form of partial retail um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some form of partial retail um
+but it cannot be that the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it cannot be that the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it cannot be that the person
+perceives the commitment device as not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceives the commitment device as not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceives the commitment device as not
+effective because then the person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective because then the person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective because then the person who
+does not demand it in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not demand it in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not demand it in the first place
+now that's my that makes now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's my that makes now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's my that makes now the
+statement false when only the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement false when only the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement false when only the first
+condition of the three is met as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of the three is met as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of the three is met as
+like the person's only prison bias then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the person's only prison bias then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the person's only prison bias then
+you cannot be sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot be sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot be sure
+um that there will be positive demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that there will be positive demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that there will be positive demand
+for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um
+commitment right and so the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment right and so the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment right and so the statement
+um uh as it is said is false because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh as it is said is false because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh as it is said is false because
+we said sort of like always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said sort of like always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said sort of like always have
+positive demand for commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive demand for commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive demand for commitment
+if it were without the always then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were without the always then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were without the always then you
+know you could also answer like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could also answer like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could also answer like
+uncertainty because then you would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty because then you would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty because then you would say
+well it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it depends on
+the an ibt or on the sophistication or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the an ibt or on the sophistication or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the an ibt or on the sophistication or
+it depends on how effective the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on how effective the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on how effective the
+commitment device is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device is
+but the way the statement is written it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the way the statement is written it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the way the statement is written it
+says like always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says like always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says like always
+and so now you can easily come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now you can easily come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now you can easily come up with
+some common examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some common examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some common examples
+that show that the statement in fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show that the statement in fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show that the statement in fact is
+false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the second topic um that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the second topic um that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the second topic um that we
+discussed after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed after
+time preferences was risk preferences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time preferences was risk preferences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time preferences was risk preferences in
+particular expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular expected
+utility so here you know um you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility so here you know um you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility so here you know um you need to
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+clear understanding of what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear understanding of what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear understanding of what is the
+expected utility model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility model
+what is risk aversion why are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is risk aversion why are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is risk aversion why are people
+risk averse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk averse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk averse
+how is risk conversion specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is risk conversion specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is risk conversion specifically
+modeled in the expected utility model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled in the expected utility model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled in the expected utility model
+what is the expected monetary value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the expected monetary value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the expected monetary value
+and also things like what is concavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also things like what is concavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also things like what is concavity
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+what does concavity have to do what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does concavity have to do what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does concavity have to do what is
+the expected utility versus the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected utility versus the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected utility versus the expected
+monetary value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary value
+and what does the concavity imply for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does the concavity imply for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does the concavity imply for
+risk aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion
+in the expected utility model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the expected utility model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the expected utility model
+then next how can we measure the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then next how can we measure the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then next how can we measure the risk
+conversion within the expected utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion within the expected utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion within the expected utility
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+in particular we discussed uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we discussed uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we discussed uh three
+types of ways of measuring risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of ways of measuring risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of ways of measuring risk
+conversion we discussed certainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion we discussed certainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion we discussed certainty
+equivalence we discussed choices from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence we discussed choices from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence we discussed choices from
+gambles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambles
+we also discussed um insurance choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also discussed um insurance choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also discussed um insurance choices
+uh this is the sit in our paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the sit in our paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the sit in our paper
+and then we discuss what is problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we discuss what is problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we discuss what is problematic
+about the estimates of risk aversion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the estimates of risk aversion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the estimates of risk aversion in
+the expected utility model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected utility model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected utility model
+in particular we discussed evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we discussed evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we discussed evidence that
+found that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that this
+tends to be substantial small scale risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be substantial small scale risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be substantial small scale risk
+conversions will give people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions will give people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions will give people
+small gambles they tend to be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small gambles they tend to be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small gambles they tend to be quite
+visceral so they tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visceral so they tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visceral so they tend to be
+have a very quite high gamma but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very quite high gamma but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very quite high gamma but you
+know we know also from large scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know also from large scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know also from large scale
+choices that the risk erosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that the risk erosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that the risk erosion
+uh intend cannot be actually that high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intend cannot be actually that high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intend cannot be actually that high
+or when people make these choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or when people make these choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or when people make these choices
+people leave their house every day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people leave their house every day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people leave their house every day and
+engage in quite a few um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in quite a few um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in quite a few um
+risks in the long run they hold stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks in the long run they hold stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks in the long run they hold stocks
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+that must mean that their long run when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must mean that their long run when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must mean that their long run when
+using the longer choices that implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the longer choices that implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the longer choices that implies
+essentially a relatively low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a relatively low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a relatively low
+gamma now since the expected utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma now since the expected utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma now since the expected utility
+model only has like one parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model only has like one parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model only has like one parameter
+it cannot explain both of those features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot explain both of those features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot explain both of those features
+and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of
+endure this um trouble so it sets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endure this um trouble so it sets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endure this um trouble so it sets you
+when you if you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you if you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you if you try to
+match a small scale risk aversion then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match a small scale risk aversion then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match a small scale risk aversion then
+you need to have a very large camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have a very large camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have a very large camera
+high gamma if you try to match large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high gamma if you try to match large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high gamma if you try to match large
+scale risk vision you need to have a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale risk vision you need to have a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale risk vision you need to have a low
+gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+and that sort of brings uh trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sort of brings uh trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sort of brings uh trouble
+because you can't just explain both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't just explain both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't just explain both of
+those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things
+and sort of matthew rayburn and raymond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of matthew rayburn and raymond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of matthew rayburn and raymond
+and thaler as well as recitation four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thaler as well as recitation four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thaler as well as recitation four
+um discuss this phenomenon this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um discuss this phenomenon this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um discuss this phenomenon this issue
+and in quite a bit of detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next we discuss conneman and versky's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we discuss conneman and versky's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we discuss conneman and versky's uh
+1979 prospect theory this is a seminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1979 prospect theory this is a seminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1979 prospect theory this is a seminal
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+and uh if you should if you remember uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you should if you remember uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you should if you remember uh
+just a few papers from this class this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few papers from this class this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few papers from this class this
+is one of the papers that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the papers that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the papers that you should
+really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um
+know about so what evidence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about so what evidence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about so what evidence is
+inconsistent with respect to utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent with respect to utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent with respect to utility
+well in particular so there's several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in particular so there's several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in particular so there's several
+things in there but we discuss mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in there but we discuss mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in there but we discuss mostly
+one feature which is risk aversion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one feature which is risk aversion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one feature which is risk aversion in
+the game domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game domain
+and risk lovingness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the last domain and so now what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last domain and so now what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last domain and so now what are
+the most important points from conor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important points from conor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important points from conor
+maynard percy's prospect theory this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maynard percy's prospect theory this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maynard percy's prospect theory this is
+sort of the proposed alternative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the proposed alternative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the proposed alternative to
+expected utility system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility system
+slide 3 of 51 of lecture nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 3 of 51 of lecture nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 3 of 51 of lecture nine
+well there's three features discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's three features discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's three features discussed
+there one is like changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there one is like changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there one is like changes
+rather than levels or the arguments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than levels or the arguments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than levels or the arguments of
+the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility function
+then there's lots of version so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's lots of version so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's lots of version so there's
+a kink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kink
+of the utility function around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the utility function around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the utility function around the
+reference point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point
+and there's the diminishing sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the diminishing sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the diminishing sensitivity
+meaning there's um the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning there's um the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning there's um the utility function
+is concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is concave
+in the game domain when it's above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the game domain when it's above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the game domain when it's above the
+reference point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point
+and is convex and velocity mainly below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is convex and velocity mainly below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is convex and velocity mainly below
+the reference point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference point
+okay so now um what does this propose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um what does this propose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um what does this propose
+uh alternative volatility or value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh alternative volatility or value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh alternative volatility or value
+function look like how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function look like how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function look like how does it
+incorporate the three features again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate the three features again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate the three features again we
+sort of discussed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of discussed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of discussed this
+um and that's the utility function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's the utility function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's the utility function in
+lecture nine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture nine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture nine that
+talks about this in detail or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about this in detail or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about this in detail or the
+lecture talks about this utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture talks about this utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture talks about this utility
+function in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in detail
+one key question here then is like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one key question here then is like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one key question here then is like how
+is the reference point determined what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reference point determined what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reference point determined what
+are some candidate reference points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some candidate reference points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some candidate reference points
+so one candidate would be the status quo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one candidate would be the status quo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one candidate would be the status quo
+another reference point uh candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reference point uh candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reference point uh candidate
+would be expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be expectation
+but there could be also other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there could be also other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there could be also other things
+such as goal and aspirations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as goal and aspirations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as goal and aspirations
+uh recitation five discusses this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recitation five discusses this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recitation five discusses this a
+little bit um not in too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um not in too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um not in too much
+detail now then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail now then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail now then um
+we discussed empirical evidence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed empirical evidence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed empirical evidence in
+particular what empirical evidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what empirical evidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what empirical evidence of
+philosophers do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers do we have
+we talked about small-scale gambles we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about small-scale gambles we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about small-scale gambles we
+talked about the endowment in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the endowment in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the endowment in fact in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+and then we discussed some applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we discussed some applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we discussed some applications
+in lecture nine so what are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture nine so what are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture nine so what are these
+applications we discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications we discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications we discuss
+labor supply the housing market stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor supply the housing market stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor supply the housing market stocks
+american running and golf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american running and golf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american running and golf
+so you should be um familiar with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should be um familiar with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should be um familiar with these
+empirical applications from lecture nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical applications from lecture nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical applications from lecture nine
+you should in particular understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should in particular understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should in particular understand why
+reference dependent preferences can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference dependent preferences can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference dependent preferences can
+explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+some of the empirical evidence um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the empirical evidence um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the empirical evidence um uh the
+issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+better than the expected utility models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the expected utility models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the expected utility models
+you should understand you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should understand you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should understand you know
+is some of the evidence that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some of the evidence that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some of the evidence that we see
+consistent with the expected utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the expected utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the expected utility
+model and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and why
+if not why not and why is the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not why not and why is the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not why not and why is the reference
+dependent model or would in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent model or would in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent model or would in particular
+which feature of the reference dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which feature of the reference dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which feature of the reference dependent
+model can explain false what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model can explain false what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model can explain false what are the
+features again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features again
+uh changes rather than levels um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh changes rather than levels um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh changes rather than levels um sort of
+some reference point reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reference point reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reference point reference
+dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+the loss aversion and diminishing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loss aversion and diminishing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loss aversion and diminishing with
+sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity
+and so which feature is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so which feature is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so which feature is actually
+important in explaining things we focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in explaining things we focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in explaining things we focus
+mostly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly on
+loss aversion what is not relevant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss aversion what is not relevant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss aversion what is not relevant is
+uh the deal or no deal evidence and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the deal or no deal evidence and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the deal or no deal evidence and the
+paperback piercing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperback piercing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperback piercing
+there's a couple of slides at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of slides at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of slides at the end of
+lecture nine that i didn't really cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture nine that i didn't really cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture nine that i didn't really cover
+or didn't cover at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or didn't cover at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or didn't cover at all
+so you were not going to ask any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you were not going to ask any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you were not going to ask any
+questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that
+um so now how do you solve problems from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now how do you solve problems from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now how do you solve problems from
+reference dependent preferences you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference dependent preferences you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference dependent preferences you can
+see problem set three uh question number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see problem set three uh question number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see problem set three uh question number
+one had some questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one had some questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one had some questions about this
+and again there's additional pieces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again there's additional pieces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again there's additional pieces and
+exam questions uh that you can practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam questions uh that you can practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam questions uh that you can practice
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+quite a few of those kinds of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few of those kinds of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few of those kinds of questions
+now um here's sort of some an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um here's sort of some an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um here's sort of some an example of
+a multiple choice question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiple choice question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiple choice question
+here's a so mattie wrote this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a so mattie wrote this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a so mattie wrote this question
+so maddie in fact appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maddie in fact appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maddie in fact appears
+uh the question is um maddie is writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the question is um maddie is writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the question is um maddie is writing
+a problem set for 1413
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem set for 1413
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem set for 1413
+she gets you to know the ufq from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she gets you to know the ufq from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she gets you to know the ufq from the
+number of questions she writes she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of questions she writes she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of questions she writes she has
+reference dependent preferences around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference dependent preferences around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference dependent preferences around
+the goal of writing 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of writing 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of writing 10
+questions tennis or often points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions tennis or often points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions tennis or often points
+reference points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference points
+if you normalize the utility of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you normalize the utility of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you normalize the utility of 10
+questions to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to zero
+which of the following would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of the following would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of the following would be
+consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with
+loss solution i'll let you have a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss solution i'll let you have a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss solution i'll let you have a look
+at this so there's option a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this so there's option a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this so there's option a
+u of a equals minus 2 u of 12 equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of a equals minus 2 u of 12 equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of a equals minus 2 u of 12 equals 1
+u of 8 a number b option b and u of 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of 8 a number b option b and u of 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of 8 a number b option b and u of 8
+equals minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus 2
+u of 12 equals 2 and then c is option c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of 12 equals 2 and then c is option c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of 12 equals 2 and then c is option c
+is u of 8 equals minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is u of 8 equals minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is u of 8 equals minus 1
+and u of 12 equals 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u of 12 equals 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u of 12 equals 2.
+um so which of those answers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so which of those answers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so which of those answers is
+consistent with loss division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with loss division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with loss division
+the answer is option a now why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is option a now why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is option a now why is that
+well lots of aversion sort of implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well lots of aversion sort of implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well lots of aversion sort of implies
+that losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that losses
+hurt more than gains help so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt more than gains help so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt more than gains help so with
+preferences as an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences as an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences as an a
+maddie would have the utility of cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maddie would have the utility of cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maddie would have the utility of cost of
+two from falling short of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from falling short of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from falling short of her
+goal of two questions but only a gain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of two questions but only a gain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of two questions but only a gain of
+one util um from exceeding our goal by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one util um from exceeding our goal by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one util um from exceeding our goal by
+two questions right so the goal the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two questions right so the goal the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two questions right so the goal the the
+gain of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of um
+uh uh uh exceeding of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh exceeding of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh exceeding of being
+a two question above um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two question above um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two question above um
+uh so being two questions above gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so being two questions above gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so being two questions above gives
+you some gain of one util
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some gain of one util
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some gain of one util
+but the utility cost of falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the utility cost of falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the utility cost of falling
+shortness two is twice as large which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortness two is twice as large which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortness two is twice as large which
+just tends to be kind of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tends to be kind of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tends to be kind of like the
+evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that
+we see in los aversion and the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in los aversion and the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in los aversion and the other two
+examples don't have that so really only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples don't have that so really only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples don't have that so really only
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+answer number eight is is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer number eight is is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer number eight is is correct
+um second question maddie is walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second question maddie is walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second question maddie is walking
+home and passes a bakery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and passes a bakery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and passes a bakery
+unexpectedly she decides to buy a pastry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpectedly she decides to buy a pastry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpectedly she decides to buy a pastry
+for example she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example she
+sticks up the pastry and it looks really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks up the pastry and it looks really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks up the pastry and it looks really
+nice prior to purchasing the pastry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice prior to purchasing the pastry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice prior to purchasing the pastry
+her maximum willingness to pay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her maximum willingness to pay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her maximum willingness to pay for the
+pastry was p zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pastry was p zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pastry was p zero
+then she runs into allen's previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then she runs into allen's previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then she runs into allen's previous
+excellent ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent ta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent ta
+who asks to buy the pastry for her she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who asks to buy the pastry for her she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who asks to buy the pastry for her she
+offers in the lowest price she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers in the lowest price she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers in the lowest price she is
+willing to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to accept
+p1 which of the following comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1 which of the following comparisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1 which of the following comparisons
+between p0 and p1 is consistent with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between p0 and p1 is consistent with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between p0 and p1 is consistent with an
+adobe effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adobe effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adobe effect
+p0 larger than p1 p0 equals p1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p0 larger than p1 p0 equals p1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p0 larger than p1 p0 equals p1
+or p0 smaller than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the answer is answer number c why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is answer number c why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is answer number c why is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+well the endowment effect says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the endowment effect says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the endowment effect says that
+people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+um when their willingness to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when their willingness to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when their willingness to to
+pay this in this case p0 is smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay this in this case p0 is smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay this in this case p0 is smaller than
+their willingness to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their willingness to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their willingness to accept
+when they're selling something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're selling something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're selling something that is
+to say being endowed with an item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say being endowed with an item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say being endowed with an item
+in this case like a pastry increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case like a pastry increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case like a pastry increases
+one's willingness to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's willingness to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's willingness to pay
+that is to say um if somebody asks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say um if somebody asks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say um if somebody asks you
+to sell something that you own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell something that you own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell something that you own
+um you ask for more money than uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you ask for more money than uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you ask for more money than uh you're
+willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay
+in the first place when you don't own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place when you don't own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place when you don't own
+the item and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the item and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the item and so
+the endowment effect will then predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endowment effect will then predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endowment effect will then predict
+that or the endowment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or the endowment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or the endowment effect
+entails that now p1 equals is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entails that now p1 equals is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entails that now p1 equals is larger
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+p0 which is stands for number of scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p0 which is stands for number of scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p0 which is stands for number of scenes
+so maddie values the pace two more after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maddie values the pace two more after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maddie values the pace two more after
+she has spotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has spotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has spotted
+um uh compared to like prior to buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh compared to like prior to buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh compared to like prior to buying
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the third broad um set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the third broad um set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the third broad um set of
+preferences that we discussed were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences that we discussed were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences that we discussed were
+social preferences we didn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social preferences we didn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social preferences we didn't quite
+finish with this so we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish with this so we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish with this so we're not going to
+cover everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover everything
+in particular not lecture 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular not lecture 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular not lecture 13
+and the estimation part of like social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the estimation part of like social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the estimation part of like social
+preferences which will be in part from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences which will be in part from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences which will be in part from
+or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from
+choices which will be at reset four you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices which will be at reset four you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices which will be at reset four you
+should understand what social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should understand what social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should understand what social
+preferences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are
+you should also understand how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should also understand how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should also understand how can we
+measure um social preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure um social preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure um social preference
+preferences in lab games we discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences in lab games we discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences in lab games we discuss the
+length the dictator game the ultimatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length the dictator game the ultimatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length the dictator game the ultimatum
+game and the trust game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and the trust game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and the trust game
+um you should also be broadly familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you should also be broadly familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you should also be broadly familiar
+not in detail but probably familiar what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in detail but probably familiar what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in detail but probably familiar what
+evidence do we typically find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence do we typically find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence do we typically find in
+dictator and ultimatum games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator and ultimatum games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator and ultimatum games
+um for in for instance in dictator games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for in for instance in dictator games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for in for instance in dictator games
+people tend to give something like 20 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to give something like 20 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to give something like 20 to
+30 percent of their their share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 percent of their their share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 percent of their their share
+um people tend to be quite nice in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people tend to be quite nice in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people tend to be quite nice in those
+games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games
+now then we discuss then like given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then we discuss then like given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then we discuss then like given that
+evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+given that people look quite nice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that people look quite nice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that people look quite nice in
+these types of games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of games
+people also there's also some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also there's also some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also there's also some other
+evidence people give and share to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence people give and share to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence people give and share to
+charity or things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charity or things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charity or things like that
+now do we think that is evidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do we think that is evidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do we think that is evidence of
+people being generally nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people being generally nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people being generally nice to
+others because of poor altruism uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others because of poor altruism uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others because of poor altruism uh
+or um if not why not we discussed sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um if not why not we discussed sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um if not why not we discussed sort
+of three sets of evidence in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three sets of evidence in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three sets of evidence in particular
+we discussed uh the costly exit or exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed uh the costly exit or exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed uh the costly exit or exit
+options in dictator games where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options in dictator games where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options in dictator games where people
+essentially when they're able to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially when they're able to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially when they're able to leave
+the dictator game the rather sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictator game the rather sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictator game the rather sort of
+leave i'm not give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave i'm not give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave i'm not give
+to keep the money or are they willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the money or are they willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the money or are they willing to
+pay some small amount of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay some small amount of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay some small amount of money
+to leave the dictator game of not having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave the dictator game of not having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave the dictator game of not having
+to to face some other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to face some other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to face some other person
+but they didn't feel compelled to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they didn't feel compelled to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they didn't feel compelled to give
+to others there was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to others there was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to others there was the
+option of hiding behind a computer so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option of hiding behind a computer so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option of hiding behind a computer so if
+a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer
+if you are a computer gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are a computer gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are a computer gives you the
+option to hide behind the computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option to hide behind the computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option to hide behind the computer and
+to be mean to others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be mean to others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be mean to others
+you might um take advantage of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might um take advantage of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might um take advantage of that and
+actually be meaner than you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be meaner than you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be meaner than you would be
+otherwise so like altruism more people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so like altruism more people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so like altruism more people's
+giving tends to go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving tends to go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving tends to go down
+quite a bit when they're able to hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit when they're able to hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit when they're able to hide
+behind the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the computer
+and then there's uh so both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's uh so both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's uh so both of those
+types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of
+pieces of evidence are evidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of evidence are evidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of evidence are evidence of
+social image being important in giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social image being important in giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social image being important in giving
+people care a lot about what others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people care a lot about what others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people care a lot about what others
+think in particular what others think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in particular what others think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in particular what others think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+them and they want don't want to upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they want don't want to upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they want don't want to upset
+others and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and
+so if they're able to avoid those kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they're able to avoid those kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they're able to avoid those kinds
+of situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of situation
+um they might be able to they might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they might be able to they might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they might be able to they might want
+to do that which would suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that which would suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that which would suggest that
+it's not really that they want others to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really that they want others to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really that they want others to
+do well in the sense that they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well in the sense that they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well in the sense that they really
+want others to have money or have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want others to have money or have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want others to have money or have more
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+than before but rather it's because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than before but rather it's because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than before but rather it's because of
+social pressure or social image concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social pressure or social image concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social pressure or social image concerns
+people might um given dictator or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might um given dictator or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might um given dictator or
+ultimatum games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimatum games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimatum games
+moreover there's some evidence of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover there's some evidence of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover there's some evidence of like
+self-image about people caring about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-image about people caring about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-image about people caring about
+their uh what they think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh what they think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh what they think about
+themselves they want to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they want to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they want to think of
+themselves as being a good person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves as being a good person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves as being a good person
+and so the evidence of the moral wiggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the evidence of the moral wiggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the evidence of the moral wiggle
+room seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room seems to
+suggest that these concerns are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that these concerns are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that these concerns are quite
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+in particular people are engaging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular people are engaging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular people are engaging in
+some behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some behavior
+um where they sort of delude themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where they sort of delude themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where they sort of delude themselves
+that they are in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are in fact
+nice when in reality um they're not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice when in reality um they're not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice when in reality um they're not so
+that's discussed in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's discussed in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's discussed in detail
+in the lecture again we will not ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture again we will not ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture again we will not ask you
+to be kind of familiar with this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kind of familiar with this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kind of familiar with this type of
+evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+um and you should be familiar why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you should be familiar why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you should be familiar why that
+sort of tells us that people are perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tells us that people are perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tells us that people are perhaps
+not as nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as nice
+as you might have thought they are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might have thought they are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might have thought they are just
+coming from like dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from like dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from like dictator
+ultimatum games or from like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimatum games or from like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimatum games or from like um
+donations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donations
+we will not ask you about models that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will not ask you about models that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will not ask you about models that
+estimate social preferences that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate social preferences that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate social preferences that will be
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+from support so don't worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from support so don't worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from support so don't worry about that
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+stuff on like charnes and raven that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on like charnes and raven that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on like charnes and raven that's
+there we will not ask you about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we will not ask you about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we will not ask you about that
+okay so then um here's a another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then um here's a another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then um here's a another example
+of the true false uncertain question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the true false uncertain question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the true false uncertain question
+statement if a person gives a zero in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement if a person gives a zero in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement if a person gives a zero in a
+dictator game this is evidence that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game this is evidence that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game this is evidence that this
+person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is
+selfish um now uh the answer is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish um now uh the answer is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish um now uh the answer is false
+i think if you answered uncertain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think if you answered uncertain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think if you answered uncertain that
+would also be fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also be fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also be fine
+uh why is that well the person might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why is that well the person might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why is that well the person might
+give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give
+zero uh to the other person in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh to the other person in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh to the other person in the
+dictator game and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game and then
+uh donates the money to someone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh donates the money to someone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh donates the money to someone in
+greater need right and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater need right and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater need right and then that
+person's in fact really quite nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's in fact really quite nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's in fact really quite nice
+um second the person might be very poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second the person might be very poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second the person might be very poor
+relative to the other person in the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the other person in the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the other person in the game
+so her marginal utility is just very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so her marginal utility is just very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so her marginal utility is just very
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+so now even if you have like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now even if you have like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now even if you have like you know
+equal weights to like your own utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal weights to like your own utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal weights to like your own utility
+and the other person's utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other person's utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other person's utility
+um uh since the marginal utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh since the marginal utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh since the marginal utility of
+giving ten dollars to yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving ten dollars to yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving ten dollars to yourself
+compared to the other person is way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the other person is way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the other person is way
+higher than uh the other person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than uh the other person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than uh the other person's
+marginal utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility
+you might just give everybody everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might just give everybody everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might just give everybody everything
+to yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yourself
+um and that doesn't mean you don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that doesn't mean you don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that doesn't mean you don't care
+about others it just means like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about others it just means like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about others it just means like
+in fact even if you were um uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact even if you were um uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact even if you were um uh sort of
+like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+social planner um you would give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social planner um you would give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social planner um you would give it to
+that person because that person is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person because that person is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person because that person is like
+a huge need or the rich person just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge need or the rich person just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge need or the rich person just
+might not really need that money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not really need that money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not really need that money
+i'm looking at this more closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at this more closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at this more closely
+actually i think uncertain would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i think uncertain would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i think uncertain would be a
+better answer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better answer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better answer here
+not false i just wrote this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not false i just wrote this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not false i just wrote this question
+fairly quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly quickly
+so if the question says um if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the question says um if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the question says um if the
+question instead were to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question instead were to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question instead were to say
+this is conclusive evidence that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is conclusive evidence that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is conclusive evidence that this
+person is selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is selfish
+um then you know um it would be false or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you know um it would be false or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you know um it would be false or
+this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be
+this is clearly evidence or this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is clearly evidence or this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is clearly evidence or this person
+must be selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be selfish
+um you know that would be false the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know that would be false the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know that would be false the way
+it's written right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written right now
+it's rather sort of uncertain because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rather sort of uncertain because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rather sort of uncertain because we
+just don't quite know it could be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't quite know it could be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't quite know it could be that
+the person is really selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person is really selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person is really selfish
+um uh uh or you know it could be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh or you know it could be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh or you know it could be that
+the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person
+um it could be the this evidence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it could be the this evidence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it could be the this evidence of the
+person is selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is selfish
+but it could be the other two reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could be the other two reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could be the other two reasons
+that i just mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i just mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i just mentioned
+uh okay so now um finally i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so now um finally i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so now um finally i'm going to
+give you a long question or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a long question or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a long question or
+example of a long question and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a long question and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a long question and this is
+the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of
+laptop policies we talked about this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop policies we talked about this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop policies we talked about this a
+little bit earlier in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit earlier in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit earlier in in
+in class in fact in the first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class in fact in the first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class in fact in the first lecture
+and we had the first problem said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had the first problem said about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had the first problem said about
+this and this is sort of like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is sort of like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is sort of like an
+algebraic version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic version of
+that kind of question so assume uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of question so assume uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of question so assume uh
+the 1413 students are present biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1413 students are present biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1413 students are present biased
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+uh beta smaller than one and delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh beta smaller than one and delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh beta smaller than one and delta
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+all students have the same beta smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all students have the same beta smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all students have the same beta smaller
+than one and delta equals zeros but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and delta equals zeros but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and delta equals zeros but they
+differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ
+in uh the value they derive using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh the value they derive using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh the value they derive using
+laptops in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops in class
+yeah l is constant for each student from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah l is constant for each student from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah l is constant for each student from
+class to class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to class
+but uniformly distribute across students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uniformly distribute across students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uniformly distribute across students
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+on the interval between zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the interval between zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the interval between zero and one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so there's you know uh some people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's you know uh some people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's you know uh some people have
+a huge value of using the laptop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge value of using the laptop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge value of using the laptop in
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+and and others um uh do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and others um uh do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and others um uh do not
+each lecture generates no immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each lecture generates no immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each lecture generates no immediate
+utility so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility so it's
+neither fun nor like annoying with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither fun nor like annoying with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither fun nor like annoying with like
+but it does give a benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does give a benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does give a benefit
+a future benefit of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a future benefit of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a future benefit of v
+okay so like you might learn something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so like you might learn something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so like you might learn something
+or some some things that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some some things that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some some things that might be
+valuable to you in the future using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable to you in the future using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable to you in the future using a
+laptop reduces the longwood benefit by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop reduces the longwood benefit by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop reduces the longwood benefit by
+deep this might be you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep this might be you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep this might be you know like
+distractions in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distractions in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distractions in particular
+so you might be distracted during class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might be distracted during class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might be distracted during class
+when you use a laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use a laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use a laptop
+so the the future benefits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the future benefits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the future benefits are
+diminished by that maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished by that maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished by that maybe you
+said something really insightful even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said something really insightful even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said something really insightful even
+pay attention um and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention um and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention um and so now
+um the benefits is b minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the benefits is b minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the benefits is b minus
+d if you use a laptop both b and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d if you use a laptop both b and d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d if you use a laptop both b and d
+are the same for all students so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same for all students so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same for all students so there's
+no variation variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no variation variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no variation variation
+across students there the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across students there the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across students there the only
+variations coming from like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations coming from like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations coming from like some
+students who really really like using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who really really like using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who really really like using
+laptops for various reasons perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops for various reasons perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops for various reasons perhaps
+because you know they like to sort the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know they like to sort the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know they like to sort the
+internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet
+perhaps they really need um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps they really need um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps they really need um uh
+of using laptops because that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using laptops because that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using laptops because that allows
+them to take proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to take proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to take proper
+notes so in summary a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so in summary a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so in summary a student
+uses a laptop in class uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses a laptop in class uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses a laptop in class uh sorry
+a student that uses the laptop in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student that uses the laptop in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student that uses the laptop in class
+gets immediate utility l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets immediate utility l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets immediate utility l
+and future undiscounted utility of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and future undiscounted utility of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and future undiscounted utility of v
+minus d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus d
+and a student who does not use a laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a student who does not use a laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a student who does not use a laptop
+gets immediate until d of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets immediate until d of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets immediate until d of zero
+and future discounted utility of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and future discounted utility of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and future discounted utility of v
+so um and now the social planner is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and now the social planner is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and now the social planner is not
+present bias and seeks to maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias and seeks to maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias and seeks to maximize the
+utility of 1413 students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of 1413 students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of 1413 students
+from his perspective okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first question show that students are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question show that students are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question show that students are
+just indifferent between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just indifferent between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just indifferent between
+using and not uh not using their laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using and not uh not using their laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using and not uh not using their laptop
+in the current class if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the current class if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the current class if
+l equals beta times b explain why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals beta times b explain why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals beta times b explain why
+students with lower values of l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students with lower values of l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students with lower values of l
+so that's like l being lower than beta d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's like l being lower than beta d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's like l being lower than beta d
+don't use laptops but students with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use laptops but students with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use laptops but students with
+higher values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher values of
+l so l exceeds beta d do use laptops in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so l exceeds beta d do use laptops in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so l exceeds beta d do use laptops in
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+okay so now what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what we're going to do is
+we're going to write down the utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write down the utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write down the utilities
+from the two choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the two choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the two choices
+uh that's essentially already given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's essentially already given in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's essentially already given in
+the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in
+in the explanation except for that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the explanation except for that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the explanation except for that we
+need to be careful where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be careful where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be careful where
+where the beta comes in right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the beta comes in right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the beta comes in right so if
+students use a laptop in class they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students use a laptop in class they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students use a laptop in class they get
+the immediate benefit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immediate benefit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immediate benefit of
+l and then in the future they get what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l and then in the future they get what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l and then in the future they get what's
+discounted by beta which is beta times v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted by beta which is beta times v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted by beta which is beta times v
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+d right because both b and d are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d right because both b and d are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d right because both b and d are very
+far in the future these are the benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in the future these are the benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in the future these are the benefits
+or the diminished benefits v minus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the diminished benefits v minus e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the diminished benefits v minus e
+that they get in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they get in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they get in the future
+l is in the present so there's no beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l is in the present so there's no beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l is in the present so there's no beta
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+instead if somebody uses no laptop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead if somebody uses no laptop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead if somebody uses no laptop the
+students get zero so there's no laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students get zero so there's no laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students get zero so there's no laptop
+benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits
+in the present and the benefits in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the present and the benefits in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the present and the benefits in the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+are the value of the lecture in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the value of the lecture in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the value of the lecture in the
+future is undiminished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is undiminished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is undiminished
+which means essentially it's just v so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means essentially it's just v so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means essentially it's just v so
+the the person just gets zero plus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the person just gets zero plus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the person just gets zero plus beta
+times v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now students who are indifferent and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now students who are indifferent and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now students who are indifferent and by
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+um have the same utility of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have the same utility of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have the same utility of using
+laptops and using no laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops and using no laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops and using no laptop
+so we can essentially just equate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can essentially just equate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can essentially just equate those
+two things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things uh
+um it's you know notice that like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's you know notice that like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's you know notice that like the
+beta times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta times
+d is always there so it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d is always there so it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d is always there so it's sort of
+possession just cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possession just cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possession just cancels
+and then what we get is the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what we get is the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what we get is the person
+that's indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's indifferent
+for that person l equals beta times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that person l equals beta times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that person l equals beta times the
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+now students that choose not to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now students that choose not to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now students that choose not to use
+laptops will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops will have
+low evaluations l of using the laptops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low evaluations l of using the laptops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low evaluations l of using the laptops
+while students that choose to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while students that choose to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while students that choose to use the
+laptops will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops will
+have high l right if the l is really if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have high l right if the l is really if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have high l right if the l is really if
+if l is very large then it exceeds beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if l is very large then it exceeds beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if l is very large then it exceeds beta
+times d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times d
+if l is very small then l does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if l is very small then l does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if l is very small then l does not
+exceed is smaller than b and times c so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed is smaller than b and times c so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed is smaller than b and times c so
+given sort of the indifference condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given sort of the indifference condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given sort of the indifference condition
+we have essentially as i just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have essentially as i just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have essentially as i just said
+students that do not use the laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that do not use the laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that do not use the laptop
+l is smaller than beta times t and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l is smaller than beta times t and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l is smaller than beta times t and
+students that use the laptop for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that use the laptop for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that use the laptop for them
+l is larger than beta times t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay now on question number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now on question number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now on question number two
+now consider the policy that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now consider the policy that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now consider the policy that allows
+students to use laptops only if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to use laptops only if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to use laptops only if they
+sign up in advance to sit in a laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up in advance to sit in a laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up in advance to sit in a laptop
+section it's a little bit different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section it's a little bit different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section it's a little bit different than
+we had in class but it's a version or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had in class but it's a version or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had in class but it's a version or
+something that i also considered in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that i also considered in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that i also considered in fact
+in previous years that that was what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in previous years that that was what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in previous years that that was what was
+used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+now the question here is why is l larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question here is why is l larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question here is why is l larger
+equal than d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal than d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal than d
+not l is larger equal than beta d the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not l is larger equal than beta d the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not l is larger equal than beta d the
+threshold for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold for
+opting into the laptop section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opting into the laptop section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opting into the laptop section
+okay so now this is a choice where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now this is a choice where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now this is a choice where
+people choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people choose
+not for the present whether when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for the present whether when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for the present whether when they
+come to class whether they want to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to class whether they want to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to class whether they want to use a
+laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop
+right now but instead they sign up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now but instead they sign up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now but instead they sign up in
+advance to sit in a laptop section for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance to sit in a laptop section for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance to sit in a laptop section for
+the rest of the semester so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the semester so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the semester so essentially
+people are in the present and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in the present and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in the present and they
+choose for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose for the future
+um whether they can use laptops in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whether they can use laptops in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whether they can use laptops in class
+now the utility is now different and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the utility is now different and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the utility is now different and the
+key difference is that the laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key difference is that the laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key difference is that the laptop
+benefits are now in the future right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits are now in the future right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits are now in the future right so
+the utility of using a laptop now again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility of using a laptop now again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility of using a laptop now again
+is zero in the presence this is again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero in the presence this is again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero in the presence this is again we
+make choices for in the present for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make choices for in the present for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make choices for in the present for the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+this will be no utility in the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be no utility in the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be no utility in the present
+there's no lecture right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no lecture right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no lecture right now
+no the benefits of the like um and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the benefits of the like um and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the benefits of the like um and in
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+um uh everything is discounted by beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh everything is discounted by beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh everything is discounted by beta
+now because the person is present biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because the person is present biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because the person is present biased
+potentially so it's beta times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially so it's beta times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially so it's beta times
+l plus v minus d the utility of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l plus v minus d the utility of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l plus v minus d the utility of not
+using a laptop is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a laptop is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a laptop is just
+zero again like in the present nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero again like in the present nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero again like in the present nothing
+happens and then in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and then in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and then in the future
+the benefits as before a beta times b so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits as before a beta times b so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits as before a beta times b so
+the only thing if you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing if you compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing if you compare
+um this choice or this just these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this choice or this just these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this choice or this just these two
+options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options
+the previous version is the l now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous version is the l now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous version is the l now is
+discounted by beta but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted by beta but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted by beta but
+but before it was not let me just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before it was not let me just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before it was not let me just go
+back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here
+so here you see um the l was like sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you see um the l was like sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you see um the l was like sort
+of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+here you see the l is um not discounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see the l is um not discounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see the l is um not discounted
+by beta this is when people make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by beta this is when people make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by beta this is when people make
+choices for the present instead here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the present instead here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the present instead here now
+the l is discounted by beta because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l is discounted by beta because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l is discounted by beta because that
+choice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is
+uh the laptop benefits are in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the laptop benefits are in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the laptop benefits are in the future
+now we can do the same thing as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can do the same thing as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can do the same thing as before
+threshold for opting in is defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold for opting in is defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold for opting in is defined as
+like or you can say this is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or you can say this is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or you can say this is essentially
+the indifference conditions you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indifference conditions you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indifference conditions you just
+equalize that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalize that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalize that you
+um the utility of using laptop or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the utility of using laptop or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the utility of using laptop or not
+using the laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the laptop
+and what you now get is that if l is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you now get is that if l is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you now get is that if l is
+larger than d or larger equals indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than d or larger equals indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than d or larger equals indeed
+then the person uses the laptop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the person uses the laptop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the person uses the laptop and
+other otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other otherwise
+they do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now why does the threshold not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why does the threshold not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why does the threshold not change
+from beta d to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from beta d to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from beta d to
+sorry from beta times d to d well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry from beta times d to d well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry from beta times d to d well
+because um when laptop use can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um when laptop use can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um when laptop use can only
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+in the future all benefits and costs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future all benefits and costs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future all benefits and costs are
+discounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted
+at the same rate and that rate as beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay question number three assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay question number three assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay question number three assume
+there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+laptop policy at all show that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop policy at all show that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop policy at all show that if
+beta times d smaller than l and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta times d smaller than l and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta times d smaller than l and smaller
+than d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than d
+the student engages in preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student engages in preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student engages in preference
+reversals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversals
+she perverse prefers not to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she perverse prefers not to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she perverse prefers not to use the
+laptop in future classes but changes her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop in future classes but changes her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop in future classes but changes her
+mind when she's actually sitting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind when she's actually sitting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind when she's actually sitting on
+those future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those future
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+that's sort of essentially the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of essentially the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of essentially the typical
+behavior of present biased people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of present biased people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of present biased people
+that when they're present bias for at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when they're present bias for at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when they're present bias for at
+least some parameter or constellations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some parameter or constellations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some parameter or constellations
+uh people engage in present bias so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people engage in present bias so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people engage in present bias so
+let's do the math let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the math let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the math let's see
+what comes out here so when thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes out here so when thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes out here so when thinking
+about future laptop use the student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about future laptop use the student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about future laptop use the student
+student's problem is identical to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student's problem is identical to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student's problem is identical to the
+problem in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in part
+b sorry in part two why is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sorry in part two why is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sorry in part two why is that well
+because she discounts um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she discounts um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she discounts um uh
+time of both one and two periods in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of both one and two periods in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of both one and two periods in
+advance by beta essentially everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance by beta essentially everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance by beta essentially everything
+is in the future so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the future so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the future so you just
+discounts everything by beta that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounts everything by beta that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounts everything by beta that's
+exactly kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly kind of the
+the choice that we um just have so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice that we um just have so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice that we um just have so when
+thinking about future classes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about future classes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about future classes we're
+thinking about opting in into a laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about opting in into a laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about opting in into a laptop
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+uh the person makes a choice for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the person makes a choice for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the person makes a choice for the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+so here um uh uh which thinks about any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here um uh uh which thinks about any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here um uh uh which thinks about any
+future choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future choices
+um uh what really matters is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what really matters is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what really matters is essentially
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+the value of the laptop is in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the laptop is in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the laptop is in the future
+i mean back in like part two that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean back in like part two that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean back in like part two that we
+just solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solved
+um uh now uh we know from part two if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh now uh we know from part two if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh now uh we know from part two if
+that if l equals uh smaller than d then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if l equals uh smaller than d then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if l equals uh smaller than d then
+she would like to not use the laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she would like to not use the laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she would like to not use the laptop
+right so we just uh solve for that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we just uh solve for that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we just uh solve for that in
+part number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part number two
+um but from part number one we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but from part number one we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but from part number one we know that
+beta if being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta if being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta if being a
+d is smaller than l she will end up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d is smaller than l she will end up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d is smaller than l she will end up uh
+using that when she's actually sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that when she's actually sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that when she's actually sitting
+in the future class that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future class that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future class that is to say
+if she has a choice in any given class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she has a choice in any given class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she has a choice in any given class
+and shows up in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shows up in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shows up in class
+she will say oh like using a laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she will say oh like using a laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she will say oh like using a laptop
+would be great same will be true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be great same will be true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be great same will be true for
+phones by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones by the way
+um and when she has a choice any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and when she has a choice any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and when she has a choice any given
+class that happens right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that happens right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that happens right now
+if beta b equals smaller than l she will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if beta b equals smaller than l she will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if beta b equals smaller than l she will
+end up using the laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up using the laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up using the laptop
+in class so that implies essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class so that implies essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class so that implies essentially
+like a preference reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a preference reversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a preference reversal
+using these parameter assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these parameter assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these parameter assumptions
+she prefers not to use the laptop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she prefers not to use the laptop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she prefers not to use the laptop in
+future classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future classes
+but switches her mind or changes her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but switches her mind or changes her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but switches her mind or changes her
+mind when she's actually sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind when she's actually sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind when she's actually sitting in
+those future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those future
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay question number four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay question number four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay question number four
+explain why the fraction one minus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why the fraction one minus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why the fraction one minus beta
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+of the class uses a laptop in part one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class uses a laptop in part one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class uses a laptop in part one
+but fraction one minus d of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fraction one minus d of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fraction one minus d of the class
+uses the laptop and part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the laptop and part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the laptop and part
+d at part two why does a smaller share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d at part two why does a smaller share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d at part two why does a smaller share
+of the class use their laptop in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class use their laptop in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class use their laptop in part
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now we're just essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we're just essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we're just essentially
+comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing
+part one and part two and i'm gonna look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one and part two and i'm gonna look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one and part two and i'm gonna look
+at like what fraction of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like what fraction of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like what fraction of people are
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+using the laptop so we can sort of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the laptop so we can sort of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the laptop so we can sort of do
+the math version and think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math version and think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math version and think about like
+why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that
+answer makes sense so in part one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer makes sense so in part one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer makes sense so in part one a
+student uses the laptop if l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student uses the laptop if l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student uses the laptop if l
+equals larger is larger than beta times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals larger is larger than beta times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals larger is larger than beta times
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+if f is the cdf of of of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f is the cdf of of of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f is the cdf of of of um
+l and and and sort of and then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l and and and sort of and then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l and and and sort of and then so
+there's a period missing but to define f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a period missing but to define f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a period missing but to define f
+uh as the cdf of l and then given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as the cdf of l and then given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as the cdf of l and then given the
+uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform
+um uh distribution uh the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh distribution uh the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh distribution uh the probability
+of l being larger than beta d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l being larger than beta d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l being larger than beta d
+is one minus the the the cdf one minus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one minus the the the cdf one minus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one minus the the the cdf one minus f
+of beta delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta delta
+which is since it's uniform it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is since it's uniform it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is since it's uniform it's just
+one minus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus beta
+d now likewise in part two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d now likewise in part two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d now likewise in part two
+a student uses a laptop if l it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student uses a laptop if l it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student uses a laptop if l it gets
+larger than d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than d
+so we have um the probability of l being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have um the probability of l being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have um the probability of l being
+larger than d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than d
+it's one minus the cdf or f of d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one minus the cdf or f of d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one minus the cdf or f of d
+which is one minus d so a smaller share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one minus d so a smaller share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one minus d so a smaller share
+uses the laptop in part two because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the laptop in part two because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the laptop in part two because the
+benefit of using laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of using laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of using laptop
+is delayed and hence discounted by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delayed and hence discounted by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delayed and hence discounted by um
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+so you know why is that well essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know why is that well essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know why is that well essentially
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+think about it like this if somebody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it like this if somebody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it like this if somebody has
+beta equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta equals
+one which is kind of equivalent to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is kind of equivalent to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is kind of equivalent to like
+part two of people make choices for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part two of people make choices for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part two of people make choices for the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+if you use a laptop store a share of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use a laptop store a share of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use a laptop store a share of
+people will like the laptop because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will like the laptop because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will like the laptop because
+or you would like to use the laptop when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you would like to use the laptop when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you would like to use the laptop when
+making choices for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making choices for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making choices for the future
+not because of self-control problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because of self-control problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because of self-control problems
+alike but just because they find laptops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alike but just because they find laptops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alike but just because they find laptops
+really helpful and taking notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful and taking notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful and taking notes
+now if then a person in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if then a person in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if then a person in addition
+is present bias and makes a choice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is present bias and makes a choice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is present bias and makes a choice for
+the present that enhances the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present that enhances the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present that enhances the short run
+um benefits because now the l is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um benefits because now the l is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um benefits because now the l is not
+discounted by beta anymore and now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted by beta anymore and now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted by beta anymore and now it's
+essentially it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's um
+uh uh uh it's given sort of the benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh it's given sort of the benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh it's given sort of the benefit
+it's it's in the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's in the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's in the present
+and everything else beta is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything else beta is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything else beta is in the
+future and so that means essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and so that means essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and so that means essentially
+that when makeshift making choices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when makeshift making choices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when makeshift making choices for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+present the present benefits the l gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present the present benefits the l gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present the present benefits the l gets
+more weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more weight
+relative to everything else which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to everything else which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to everything else which is
+against the weight of beta less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the weight of beta less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the weight of beta less than one
+and so now if you were ready and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now if you were ready and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now if you were ready and when
+making choices for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making choices for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making choices for the future
+um choose a laptop anyway that implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um choose a laptop anyway that implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um choose a laptop anyway that implies
+that um you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you also
+should choose the laptop for the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should choose the laptop for the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should choose the laptop for the present
+essentially anybody who chooses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially anybody who chooses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially anybody who chooses the
+laptop for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop for the future
+will also choose the laptop for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also choose the laptop for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also choose the laptop for the
+present and now there are some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and now there are some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and now there are some people
+essentially who don't have like huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially who don't have like huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially who don't have like huge
+variation they might not choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation they might not choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation they might not choose the
+laptop for the future but they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop for the future but they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop for the future but they might
+choose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose it
+they will choose it for the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will choose it for the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will choose it for the present
+because of their present bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of their present bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of their present bias
+and therefore then the fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore then the fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore then the fraction of
+people who choose for the present will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who choose for the present will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who choose for the present will
+be larger than the fraction of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be larger than the fraction of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be larger than the fraction of people
+who choose for the future which we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who choose for the future which we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who choose for the future which we just
+showed using semialgebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then finally why would the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then finally why would the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then finally why would the social
+planner prefer the opt-in policy to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner prefer the opt-in policy to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner prefer the opt-in policy to both
+the policy of allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy of allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy of allowing
+students to choose whether to use their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to choose whether to use their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to choose whether to use their
+laptops and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops and
+to banning laptops all together all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to banning laptops all together all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to banning laptops all together all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so let's think about to this the opt-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about to this the opt-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about to this the opt-in
+policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy
+um what does that really um entail well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what does that really um entail well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what does that really um entail well
+the opt-in policy as we said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opt-in policy as we said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opt-in policy as we said is
+the present the the planner is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present the the planner is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present the the planner is not
+present bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias
+so the planner would only want uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the planner would only want uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the planner would only want uh
+students with l being larger than d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students with l being larger than d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students with l being larger than d
+to use laptops and so the updating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use laptops and so the updating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use laptops and so the updating
+policy as we just showed above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy as we just showed above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy as we just showed above
+achieves this so that's great under like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves this so that's great under like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves this so that's great under like
+a free choice policy instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free choice policy instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free choice policy instead
+students with beta um times d smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students with beta um times d smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students with beta um times d smaller
+than l smaller and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than l smaller and d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than l smaller and d
+will sort of optimally use their laptops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sort of optimally use their laptops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sort of optimally use their laptops
+and the social planner does not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the social planner does not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the social planner does not like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+on the other hand banning laptops all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand banning laptops all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand banning laptops all
+together is suboptimal because welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is suboptimal because welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is suboptimal because welfare
+is gained by allowing the students with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gained by allowing the students with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gained by allowing the students with
+the highest valuations with what alec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest valuations with what alec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest valuations with what alec
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+sorry l larger than d to use laptops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry l larger than d to use laptops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry l larger than d to use laptops
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so banning laptops is not great because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so banning laptops is not great because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so banning laptops is not great because
+essentially there's some people really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially there's some people really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially there's some people really
+would love to use that app that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love to use that app that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love to use that app that's
+regardless of present bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of present bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of present bias
+and um not allowing that is not great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um not allowing that is not great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um not allowing that is not great
+free choice is not great because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free choice is not great because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free choice is not great because
+essentially once you let people choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially once you let people choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially once you let people choose
+any given day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given day
+temptation will sort of kick in and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptation will sort of kick in and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptation will sort of kick in and some
+people will suboptimally use their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will suboptimally use their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will suboptimally use their
+laptops and just surf on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops and just surf on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops and just surf on the internet
+all day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all day
+uh or all class and not learn very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or all class and not learn very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or all class and not learn very much
+and instead so the policy where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead so the policy where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead so the policy where people
+opt in for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt in for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt in for the future
+um essentially uh achieve sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um essentially uh achieve sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um essentially uh achieve sort of the
+the the objective of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the objective of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the objective of the
+social planner who wants only students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social planner who wants only students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social planner who wants only students
+with l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with l
+larger than d to use their laptops um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than d to use their laptops um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than d to use their laptops um
+and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the
+social planner will be happy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social planner will be happy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social planner will be happy and
+therefore prefer that policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore prefer that policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore prefer that policy
+over both free choice and over banning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over both free choice and over banning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over both free choice and over banning
+um laptops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's the end that's all i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the end that's all i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the end that's all i have
+to say um about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say um about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say um about
+getting ready for the exam again i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ready for the exam again i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ready for the exam again i think
+you should prepare well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should prepare well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should prepare well
+try to look at the materials please ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to look at the materials please ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to look at the materials please ask
+any questions in case things aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions in case things aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions in case things aren't
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+again i have office hours on friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+april
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well third um uh at 4 30 to 6 i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well third um uh at 4 30 to 6 i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well third um uh at 4 30 to 6 i
+emailed you about that luke also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emailed you about that luke also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emailed you about that luke also has
+office hours from 1 30 to 3 30.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours from 1 30 to 3 30.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours from 1 30 to 3 30.
+um again that's in my email um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again that's in my email um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again that's in my email um if you
+have questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions
+um please let us know in particular on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um please let us know in particular on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um please let us know in particular on
+piazza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piazza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piazza
+or during office hours but in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or during office hours but in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or during office hours but in any case
+please do not worry too much about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do not worry too much about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do not worry too much about the
+exam try your best and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam try your best and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam try your best and
+you will do great but you know even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will do great but you know even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will do great but you know even if
+you don't do great you'll be fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do great you'll be fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do great you'll be fine
+you will pass this class as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will pass this class as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will pass this class as long as you
+take the exam and write something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the exam and write something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the exam and write something that
+is remotely reasonable thank you so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remotely reasonable thank you so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remotely reasonable thank you so much
+and i look forward to seeing you all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look forward to seeing you all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look forward to seeing you all in
+class soon
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/it2cbR7meZw.txt b/it2cbR7meZw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b5122bcb83b9bea3f64bbc029f425002f452936
--- /dev/null
+++ b/it2cbR7meZw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7482 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I wanted to do today is reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I wanted to do today is reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I wanted to do today is reverse
+engineer the iron chromium system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer the iron chromium system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer the iron chromium system we
+started playing with the IR iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started playing with the IR iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started playing with the IR iron
+chromium system last time and so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium system last time and so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium system last time and so it's a
+nice nice place to uh pick up so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice nice place to uh pick up so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice nice place to uh pick up so I've
+got thermal here open and I I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got thermal here open and I I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got thermal here open and I I suppose
+you can probably see it and what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can probably see it and what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can probably see it and what I'm
+going to do is I'm going to start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to start by
+loading the iron chromium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system so I think uh thermocook should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so I think uh thermocook should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so I think uh thermocook should
+run a little faster today than it did on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a little faster today than it did on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a little faster today than it did on
+Friday KN on wood because I already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday KN on wood because I already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday KN on wood because I already have
+the thing running so I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing running so I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing running so I'm going to take
+chromium I'm gonna take iron you see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium I'm gonna take iron you see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium I'm gonna take iron you see how
+I'm in the Fe demo iron demo database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in the Fe demo iron demo database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in the Fe demo iron demo database
+and when I hit perform tree it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I hit perform tree it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I hit perform tree it's going
+to do its generic thing which is after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do its generic thing which is after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do its generic thing which is after
+it defines the system it calculates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it defines the system it calculates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it defines the system it calculates the
+phase diagram and then it's to plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram and then it's to plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram and then it's to plot the
+face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram and I'm going to then take us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and I'm going to then take us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and I'm going to then take us to
+where we left off on Friday which is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we left off on Friday which is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we left off on Friday which is I'm
+going to create a simplified version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create a simplified version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create a simplified version of
+the space diagram where I turn off all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space diagram where I turn off all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space diagram where I turn off all
+but the BCC and the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the BCC and the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the BCC and the liquid
+phases and then recompute the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram has anyone had any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram has anyone had any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram has anyone had any
+trouble running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble running
+thermod good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermod good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermod good
+today is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is the the
+last day which I'm going to spend um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last day which I'm going to spend um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last day which I'm going to spend um
+running software in in front of you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running software in in front of you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running software in in front of you in
+lecture so uh For Better or Worse you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so uh For Better or Worse you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so uh For Better or Worse you
+know I I want you to learn how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I want you to learn how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I want you to learn how the
+software works and to be familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software works and to be familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software works and to be familiar with
+it and so we're spending a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so we're spending a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so we're spending a little more
+time on Wednesday as a reminder we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on Wednesday as a reminder we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on Wednesday as a reminder we are
+going to have a guest lecture from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a guest lecture from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a guest lecture from
+Professor Olson who's going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Olson who's going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Olson who's going to tell you
+about how this sort of software is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this sort of software is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this sort of software is used
+in the real world and has led to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world and has led to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world and has led to some
+really nice developments throughout his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice developments throughout his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice developments throughout his
+career and then on Friday we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career and then on Friday we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career and then on Friday we're going to
+be on to new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on to new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on to new
+material back on the board as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+were so what it's doing is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so what it's doing is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so what it's doing is it's
+calculating the Gibs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the Gibs free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the Gibs free
+energy as a function of composition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of composition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of composition and
+phase that is it's drawing those F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase that is it's drawing those F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase that is it's drawing those F
+energy composition diagrams and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy composition diagrams and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy composition diagrams and then it
+is doing the tot rope construction or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing the tot rope construction or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing the tot rope construction or if
+you like the inverse hole construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like the inverse hole construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like the inverse hole construction
+and find in all the ti lines and coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find in all the ti lines and coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find in all the ti lines and coming
+up with the pH diagram okay well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the pH diagram okay well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the pH diagram okay well that's
+nice but I'm going to simplify this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice but I'm going to simplify this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice but I'm going to simplify this I'm
+going to reveal the hidden spinodal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reveal the hidden spinodal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reveal the hidden spinodal so
+I'm going to go to phases and phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go to phases and phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go to phases and phase
+Constitution I'm going to turn off Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution I'm going to turn off Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution I'm going to turn off Sigma
+and then I'm going to turn off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to turn off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to turn off this
+tinite phase this FCC phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinite phase this FCC phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinite phase this FCC phase of
+iron just to make it really simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron just to make it really simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron just to make it really simple and
+I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recompute so while I'm waiting for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute so while I'm waiting for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute so while I'm waiting for the
+this I'm actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm actually going to
+um Jump Ahead a little bit save some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Jump Ahead a little bit save some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Jump Ahead a little bit save some
+time so what we're going to see is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so what we're going to see is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so what we're going to see is we're
+going to see a simplified version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see a simplified version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see a simplified version of the
+face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram and we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and we're going to talk about
+modeling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling it
+modeling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simplified iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified iron
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+chromium this this lecture is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium this this lecture is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium this this lecture is all about
+modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+all right what it means to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what it means to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what it means to build a
+model so let's draw the face diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so let's draw the face diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so let's draw the face diagram
+that you're going to see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to see when
+therock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therock
+um finishes being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um finishes being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um finishes being
+slow and I want to draw call your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and I want to draw call your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and I want to draw call your
+attention to some Salient points so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to some Salient points so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to some Salient points so the
+first thing you're going to see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you're going to see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you're going to see is
+you're going to have iron and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have iron and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have iron and you're
+going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chromium and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spinodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinodal
+region and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and then we're going to
+have a lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like two-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region something like that so this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region something like that so this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region something like that so this here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+Alpha or BCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha or BCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha or BCC
+structure this here is liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're going to have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spinodal and that happens at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinodal and that happens at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinodal and that happens at
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+around um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin and right
+around the middle of the composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the middle of the composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the middle of the composition
+range then we're going to have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range then we're going to have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range then we're going to have our
+melting point chromium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+melts at T melt of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts at T melt of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts at T melt of
+chromium equals 2180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium equals 2180
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium equals 2180
+Kelvin it's the melting point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin it's the melting point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin it's the melting point of
+chromium and we're going to have iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium and we're going to have iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium and we're going to have iron
+melts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts
+at T melt iron around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T melt iron around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T melt iron around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin so that's that's what we hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin so that's that's what we hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin so that's that's what we hope to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+let me go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go back to
+theracal good there we go you guys see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theracal good there we go you guys see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theracal good there we go you guys see
+that just going to make some changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just going to make some changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just going to make some changes
+here I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to
+uh plot as function of mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plot as function of mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plot as function of mole
+fraction and uh I would like to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction and uh I would like to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction and uh I would like to plot
+things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um
+well right now it has uh iron as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right now it has uh iron as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right now it has uh iron as the
+independent axis um I drew it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent axis um I drew it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent axis um I drew it as
+chromium but you can imagine how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium but you can imagine how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium but you can imagine how that
+looks and I'm going to um uh what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks and I'm going to um uh what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks and I'm going to um uh what am I
+going to do what am I going to do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do what am I going to do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do what am I going to do um
+I'll Rec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compute working hard that was an entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute working hard that was an entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute working hard that was an entry
+it said working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard all right so so my question for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard all right so so my question for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard all right so so my question for you
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um while this is working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see it has to recompute because the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it has to recompute because the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it has to recompute because the X
+mole fraction of iron is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole fraction of iron is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole fraction of iron is actually a
+different set of numbers than mass in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of numbers than mass in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of numbers than mass in a
+mass present of iron and although it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass present of iron and although it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass present of iron and although it
+could just apply a linear transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just apply a linear transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just apply a linear transformation
+it doesn't know how to do that so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't know how to do that so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't know how to do that so it
+recones the whole thing okay we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recones the whole thing okay we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recones the whole thing okay we're going
+to we're going to switch back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we're going to switch back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we're going to switch back to the
+board and talk about building the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and talk about building the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and talk about building the model
+so now we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to talk about
+building a model what is needed to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a model what is needed to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a model what is needed to model
+this face diagram what does that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean what does that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by
+building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model for Pure iron start by building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for Pure iron start by building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for Pure iron start by building a
+model for Pure iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fe and so what does uh what does pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe and so what does uh what does pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe and so what does uh what does pure
+iron need to do pure iron needs to melt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron need to do pure iron needs to melt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron need to do pure iron needs to melt
+at 18 T Kelvin right that's how pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 18 T Kelvin right that's how pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 18 T Kelvin right that's how pure
+iron should behave so we need our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron should behave so we need our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron should behave so we need our model
+to capture that we need our model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture that we need our model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture that we need our model to
+capture melting at 1810
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture melting at 1810
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture melting at 1810
+Kelvin all right so so what do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin all right so so what do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin all right so so what do we need
+for that what do we need for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need to melt at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to melt at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to melt at
+TM so what that means is that the Gibs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM so what that means is that the Gibs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM so what that means is that the Gibs
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+energy of iron in the alpha phase as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of iron in the alpha phase as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of iron in the alpha phase as a
+function of temperature and the Gibs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature and the Gibs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature and the Gibs
+free energy in the liquid phase for iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy in the liquid phase for iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy in the liquid phase for iron
+as a function of temperature these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of temperature these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of temperature these
+curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+at t m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t m
+or I should say t melt of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I should say t melt of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I should say t melt of
+iron so if we have platic gives free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives
+temperature and here I have the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point in general have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that for the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that for the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that for the alpha
+phase and that for the liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and that for the liquid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and that for the liquid phase
+where they crossed at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nothing and we know we know that Gibbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and we know we know that Gibbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and we know we know that Gibbs
+equals H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals H
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+TS and we know how to model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS and we know how to model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS and we know how to model the
+temperature dependence of these or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence of these or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence of these or not
+even model we know how to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even model we know how to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even model we know how to calculate the
+temperature dependence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence of
+these right so what we're going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right so what we're going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right so what we're going to end
+up doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up doing
+is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to
+model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the
+temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dependence of H and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of H and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of H and
+S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S
+and the transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantities that is the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enthalpy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy on
+melting at The Melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting at The Melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting at The Melting
+Point the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point the change in
+entropy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy on
+melting at the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting at the melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting at the melting
+point and that of course is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that of course is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that of course is equal to the
+change in entropy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in entropy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in entropy on
+melting at The Melting Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting at The Melting Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting at The Melting Point
+divided by the melting point right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the melting point right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the melting point right so I
+have the eny change the entropy change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the eny change the entropy change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the eny change the entropy change
+and the melting point temperature and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the melting point temperature and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the melting point temperature and if
+you give me any two I'll tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me any two I'll tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me any two I'll tell you the
+third via this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's take these one at a time enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take these one at a time enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take these one at a time enthalpy
+and entropy what do I need to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entropy what do I need to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entropy what do I need to build
+those models what data do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need I'm going to draw this fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I'm going to draw this fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I'm going to draw this fairly
+generically here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically here's
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+enthalpy right this is modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h of t for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of t for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of t for
+Pure iron that's what we're doing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pure iron that's what we're doing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pure iron that's what we're doing we're
+modeling h of t for Pure iron so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling h of t for Pure iron so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling h of t for Pure iron so I'm
+going to draw um the melting point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw um the melting point right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw um the melting point right
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+middle t- melt guess I'll keep the iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle t- melt guess I'll keep the iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle t- melt guess I'll keep the iron
+label t- melt of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label t- melt of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label t- melt of
+iron and let's say that it looks as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron and let's say that it looks as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron and let's say that it looks as
+follows let's say it looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what happens at the melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happens at the melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happens at the melting point
+to the enthalpy how should this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look should jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look should jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look should jump
+upwards that's right there's an eny of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards that's right there's an eny of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards that's right there's an eny of
+melting right a specific heat of melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting right a specific heat of melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting right a specific heat of melting
+and then it continues on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it continues on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it continues on its
+way so this here this here is the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so this here this here is the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so this here this here is the alpha
+phase and we know that in principle I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and we know that in principle I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and we know that in principle I
+can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine
+the enthalpy of the alpha phase being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy of the alpha phase being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy of the alpha phase being a
+function and continues in practice this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and continues in practice this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and continues in practice this
+might be increasingly hard to measure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be increasingly hard to measure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be increasingly hard to measure or
+to calculate and here's the liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate and here's the liquid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate and here's the liquid phase
+and I can of course imagine this being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can of course imagine this being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can of course imagine this being
+as a a function that continues but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a a function that continues but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a a function that continues but
+becomes increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes increasingly
+inaccessible and let's mark some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible and let's mark some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible and let's mark some
+features on this so first of all I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features on this so first of all I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features on this so first of all I want
+to start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+marking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking
+25°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25°
+C why do I want to Mark 25° C that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C why do I want to Mark 25° C that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C why do I want to Mark 25° C that there
+is H of the alpha phase for Pure iron at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+298 right at 298 Kelvin that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enthalpy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+standard in the standard State 298
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard in the standard State 298
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard in the standard State 298
+Kelvin 1 atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+come back to that in a second all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that in a second all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that in a second all right
+so that's that's a data point that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slope the slope of this curve DH Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope the slope of this curve DH Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope the slope of this curve DH Alpha
+DT at fixed pressure equals the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT at fixed pressure equals the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT at fixed pressure equals the heat
+capacity of the alpha phase which is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of the alpha phase which is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of the alpha phase which is of
+course temperature independent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course temperature independent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course temperature independent in
+general that's the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general that's the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general that's the slope
+likewise the slope up here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise the slope up here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise the slope up here right
+slope VH liquid DT at fixed pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope VH liquid DT at fixed pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope VH liquid DT at fixed pressure
+equals the heat capacity in the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase that's that
+slope and we have the transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and we have the transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and we have the transformation
+quantity so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that jump in enthalpy is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that jump in enthalpy is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that jump in enthalpy is the
+transformation enthropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enthalpy Delta H Alpha to liquid at The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy Delta H Alpha to liquid at The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy Delta H Alpha to liquid at The
+Melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melting
+Point okay so now we have on this plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay so now we have on this plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay so now we have on this plot
+all of the data that we need to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the data that we need to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the data that we need to build
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+model we need a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we need a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we need a reference
+point we need heat capacities that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we need heat capacities that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we need heat capacities that we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+integrate and we need to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and we need to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and we need to know what the
+transformation quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation quantities
+are so for instance if I asked you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so for instance if I asked you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so for instance if I asked you what
+is the enthalpy at this temperature for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the enthalpy at this temperature for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the enthalpy at this temperature for
+iron right you would start here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron right you would start here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron right you would start here at the
+reference data you would integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference data you would integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference data you would integrate the
+heat capacity up until the melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity up until the melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity up until the melting point
+then you would add the transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would add the transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would add the transformation
+quantity and then you would continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and then you would continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and then you would continue
+integrating the enthalpy up and until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the enthalpy up and until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the enthalpy up and until
+the desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature now something I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature now something I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature now something I want to
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+out the enthalpy in the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State this is set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this is set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this is set to
+zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convention there's no such thing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention there's no such thing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention there's no such thing as a
+zero of energy in the universe so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of energy in the universe so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of energy in the universe so we can
+always set set zeros event be wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always set set zeros event be wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always set set zeros event be wherever
+we like and so by convention we set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like and so by convention we set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like and so by convention we set it
+to zero for elements at 298 Kelvin at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero for elements at 298 Kelvin at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero for elements at 298 Kelvin at
+one atmosphere so it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atmosphere so it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atmosphere so it doesn't really
+matter you know this point here it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you know this point here it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you know this point here it'll
+end up being zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being zero and
+um and this is a preview of something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is a preview of something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is a preview of something to
+come later so don't worry too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come later so don't worry too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come later so don't worry too much about
+this statement but if Pier if the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+component is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compound let's say that my pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound let's say that my pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound let's say that my pure
+component is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is
+um is silicon oxide and I'm making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is silicon oxide and I'm making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is silicon oxide and I'm making a
+phase diagram for a glassy system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram for a glassy system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram for a glassy system for
+instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance
+then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we
+use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the
+standard enthalpy of formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again don't worry too much about this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again don't worry too much about this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again don't worry too much about this um
+we're going to come back to reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come back to reacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come back to reacting
+heterogeneous systems in in about a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous systems in in about a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous systems in in about a week
+and a half or two weeks and we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half or two weeks and we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half or two weeks and we'll use
+this more and more all right so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more and more all right so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more and more all right so now I
+have a model for the eny good let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a model for the eny good let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a model for the eny good let's
+model the entropy and this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the entropy and this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the entropy and this is going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similar again um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+St for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St for
+Pure iron let me go a little bit faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pure iron let me go a little bit faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pure iron let me go a little bit faster
+here so likewise uh I'm going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so likewise uh I'm going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so likewise uh I'm going to have a
+melting point I'm going to have let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point I'm going to have let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point I'm going to have let's
+say 25 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 25 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 25 degrees
+C and I'm going to have some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this pen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pen is
+dying right so Andre B goes like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying right so Andre B goes like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying right so Andre B goes like that
+and then there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's going to be a
+transformation entropy and then entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation entropy and then entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation entropy and then entropy
+will continue to go like that and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue to go like that and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue to go like that and I have
+Alpha phase and I have liquid phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha phase and I have liquid phase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha phase and I have liquid phase and
+in general this function continues in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general this function continues in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general this function continues in
+general this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this function
+continues and as before I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy transformation
+entropy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy standard entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anding the standard State and I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anding the standard State and I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anding the standard State and I have my
+slopes slope DS Alpha DT at fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes slope DS Alpha DT at fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes slope DS Alpha DT at fixed
+pressure equals CP Alpha over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure equals CP Alpha over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure equals CP Alpha over
+T we know that and similarly we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T we know that and similarly we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T we know that and similarly we have
+slope DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope DS
+liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+DT P equals CP liquid over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT P equals CP liquid over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT P equals CP liquid over
+T all right and so here again we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T all right and so here again we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T all right and so here again we have a
+picture of all the data that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of all the data that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of all the data that we need to
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+entropy as a function of temperature for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy as a function of temperature for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy as a function of temperature for
+Pure iron a reference value the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pure iron a reference value the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pure iron a reference value the heat
+capacity data which gives me the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity data which gives me the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity data which gives me the slope
+and that is how to integrate this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is how to integrate this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is how to integrate this curve
+and transformation quantities and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transformation quantities and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transformation quantities and as
+before if I needed to find the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if I needed to find the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if I needed to find the entropy
+at that temperature I would start here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that temperature I would start here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that temperature I would start here I
+would integrate up I would transform I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would integrate up I would transform I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would integrate up I would transform I
+continue integrating up I would find my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value so let me summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the
+data right hold on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry with this enthalpy model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry with this enthalpy model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry with this enthalpy model
+and this entropy model I now have fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this entropy model I now have fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this entropy model I now have fully
+established the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established the
+model or at least the types of data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model or at least the types of data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model or at least the types of data that
+I need to model this system that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to model this system that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to model this system that's an
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+Point what data do I need data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point what data do I need data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point what data do I need data
+needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+pure iron what sorts of data do I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure iron what sorts of data do I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure iron what sorts of data do I need
+well I need standard State data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+standard State data that is s notot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard State data that is s notot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard State data that is s notot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta H
+form 298 which again for an element it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form 298 which again for an element it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form 298 which again for an element it
+doesn't have to form it's already formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to form it's already formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to form it's already formed
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+zero I need heat capacity data right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I need heat capacity data right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I need heat capacity data right
+heat capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity
+so I need CP of the alpha phase as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need CP of the alpha phase as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need CP of the alpha phase as a
+function of temperature and I need CP as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature and I need CP as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature and I need CP as
+a liquid phase as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liquid phase as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liquid phase as a function of
+temperature and I need transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data transformation so I need Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data transformation so I need Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data transformation so I need Delta H
+Alpha 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2
+liquid at T of melting and I need Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid at T of melting and I need Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid at T of melting and I need Delta
+s transformation Alpha the liquid at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s transformation Alpha the liquid at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s transformation Alpha the liquid at T
+melting or alternatively I just need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting or alternatively I just need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting or alternatively I just need the
+melting point right I need two of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three so this is the type of data that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+down these three numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here this is a triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+two are independent so I only need two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are independent so I only need two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are independent so I only need two
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those what about the heat capacity data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those what about the heat capacity data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those what about the heat capacity data
+heat capacity data this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modeled as pols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for
+example I can have this model CP Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I can have this model CP Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I can have this model CP Alpha
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+equals a + b t + C over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a + b t + C over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a + b t + C over
+t^2 right and I'm also going to have CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 right and I'm also going to have CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 right and I'm also going to have CP
+liquid temperature equals a plus b t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid temperature equals a plus b t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid temperature equals a plus b t
+plus C over t^ 2 it's just a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now I need to be careful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I need to be careful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I need to be careful because
+these are different phases so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are different phases so in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are different phases so in general
+these coefficients are not the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coefficients are not the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coefficients are not the same so
+I'll label them a of alpha B of alpha C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll label them a of alpha B of alpha C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll label them a of alpha B of alpha C
+of alpha a of liquid B of liquid C of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquid right and again if I let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid right and again if I let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid right and again if I let's say
+I'm given the enthalpy of transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm given the enthalpy of transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm given the enthalpy of transformation
+and the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature I can simply calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I can simply calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I can simply calculate the
+entropy of transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how do I get this data how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do I get this data how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do I get this data how do I
+get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data so let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thermocook so here's thermaco and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermocook so here's thermaco and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermocook so here's thermaco and what
+I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is
+um get thermaco to give us some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff so the first thing I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so the first thing I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so the first thing I'm going to do
+is I'm going to rename some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to rename some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to rename some of these
+objects so this I'm going to call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so this I'm going to call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so this I'm going to call the
+phase uh phase diagram calculator this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase uh phase diagram calculator this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase uh phase diagram calculator this
+is just um to maintain sanity you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just um to maintain sanity you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just um to maintain sanity you don't
+need to do this phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do this phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do this phase diagram
+plot and then I'm going to uh create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and then I'm going to uh create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and then I'm going to uh create a
+new equilibrium calculator and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new equilibrium calculator and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new equilibrium calculator and this is
+going to calculate the quantities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to calculate the quantities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to calculate the quantities of
+pure iron for me as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure iron for me as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure iron for me as a function of
+temperature I'm going to rename it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I'm going to rename it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I'm going to rename it I'm
+going to rename it pure iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rename it pure iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rename it pure iron
+Cal so what I'm going to do here is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cal so what I'm going to do here is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cal so what I'm going to do here is I'm
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+to make this mole fraction and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this mole fraction and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this mole fraction and I'm going
+to make it pure iron and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it pure iron and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it pure iron and I'm going to
+calculate the properties along one axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the properties along one axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the properties along one axis
+and that axis will be temperature so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that axis will be temperature so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that axis will be temperature so I'm
+calculating the properties of pure iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the properties of pure iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the properties of pure iron
+mole fraction XF equal 1 along one axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole fraction XF equal 1 along one axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole fraction XF equal 1 along one axis
+and that axis is temperature and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that axis is temperature and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that axis is temperature and this
+will calculate all the thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will calculate all the thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will calculate all the thermodynamic
+properties for me I'm going to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for me I'm going to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for me I'm going to create a
+plot here so I can plot and view some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot here so I can plot and view some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot here so I can plot and view some of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+properties so let me call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so let me call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so let me call this
+um pure iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pure iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pure iron
+plot and I'll start by plotting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and I'll start by plotting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and I'll start by plotting on the
+xaxis temperature and the y- axis gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaxis temperature and the y- axis gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaxis temperature and the y- axis gives
+energy and we'll do this for All Phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and we'll do this for All Phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and we'll do this for All Phases
+perform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the
+tree so now the system is is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so now the system is is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so now the system is is already
+calculated the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the phase
+diagram and so that's that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and so that's that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and so that's that's not
+changing but I added this new calculator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing but I added this new calculator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing but I added this new calculator
+here which is calculating some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is calculating some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is calculating some
+properties of pure iron and it finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of pure iron and it finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of pure iron and it finished
+so look this is the GBS free energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look this is the GBS free energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look this is the GBS free energy of
+pure iron as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure iron as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure iron as a function of
+temperature and it's plotted for All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and it's plotted for All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and it's plotted for All
+Phases meaning the blue data is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phases meaning the blue data is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phases meaning the blue data is for the
+BCC phase and the Red Data is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC phase and the Red Data is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC phase and the Red Data is for the
+liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase
+these are two different curves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two different curves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two different curves the
+differen is the Kink there is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differen is the Kink there is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differen is the Kink there is a little
+subtle it's not very obvious but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle it's not very obvious but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle it's not very obvious but um
+these two curves do intercept at The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two curves do intercept at The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two curves do intercept at The
+Melting Point as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melting Point as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melting Point as they
+should let's calate and plot let's plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should let's calate and plot let's plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should let's calate and plot let's plot
+enthalpy instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enthalpy I'll plot for All Phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy I'll plot for All Phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy I'll plot for All Phases
+perform ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform ah
+cool this is now enthalpy of iron as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool this is now enthalpy of iron as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool this is now enthalpy of iron as a
+function of aperture with the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of aperture with the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of aperture with the two
+different phases marked in two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phases marked in two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phases marked in two different
+colors I have a point to make here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors I have a point to make here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors I have a point to make here which
+is uh you know this looks real this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you know this looks real this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you know this looks real this
+looks real this looks real this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks real this looks real this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks real this looks real this looks
+real and then it gets zeroed right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and then it gets zeroed right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and then it gets zeroed right the
+zero is not real that's simply uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is not real that's simply uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is not real that's simply uh the
+the program representing to you the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program representing to you the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program representing to you the fact
+that it doesn't have any more data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't have any more data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't have any more data
+beyond that point so it doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that point so it doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that point so it doesn't know
+what the enthalpy of solid out iron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the enthalpy of solid out iron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the enthalpy of solid out iron is
+at temperatures in which liquid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at temperatures in which liquid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at temperatures in which liquid is
+stable so here's the empy of solid iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so here's the empy of solid iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so here's the empy of solid iron
+here's the transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the transformation
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+right and there's the enthropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there's the enthropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there's the enthropy
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+of liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of liquid
+iron that's neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron that's neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron that's neat
+um okay how do I estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay how do I estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay how do I estimate the
+transformation enthalpy that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation enthalpy that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation enthalpy that is the
+enthalpy of melting iron from this plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of melting iron from this plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of melting iron from this plot
+does anybody know how I do that easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know how I do that easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know how I do that easily
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quickly uh maybe enthalpy over tempature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh like heat over temperature which like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like heat over temperature which like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like heat over temperature which like
+enthalpy here well the y- axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy here well the y- axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy here well the y- axis is
+already enthalpy so how do I measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already enthalpy so how do I measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already enthalpy so how do I measure the
+transformation eny like the we go like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation eny like the we go like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation eny like the we go like
+to the temperature at the melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the temperature at the melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the temperature at the melting point
+and take the two values yeah so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the two values yeah so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the two values yeah so I'm just
+gonna Mouse over right your boss is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna Mouse over right your boss is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna Mouse over right your boss is
+hovering over you you need an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hovering over you you need an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hovering over you you need an answer
+quickly here we go you see can you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly here we go you see can you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly here we go you see can you guys
+see how I Mouse over it's giving me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how I Mouse over it's giving me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how I Mouse over it's giving me the
+the value at the cursor folks can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value at the cursor folks can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value at the cursor folks can see
+that so I'm going to say 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'm going to say 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'm going to say 70
+2,416 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+58445 that's it that's my estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+58445 that's it that's my estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+58445 that's it that's my estimate of
+the transformation eny and I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation eny and I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation eny and I'll say
+maybe that's good to two digits so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's good to two digits so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's good to two digits so I'm
+not going to carry five digits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to carry five digits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to carry five digits of
+significant figures I'll carry two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures I'll carry two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures I'll carry two
+digits so if someone asked you for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits so if someone asked you for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits so if someone asked you for the
+transformation eny from this data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation eny from this data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation eny from this data from
+this plot and asked you you were in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot and asked you you were in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot and asked you you were in a
+hurry you just Mouse over or take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurry you just Mouse over or take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurry you just Mouse over or take a
+ruler or any other method of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler or any other method of doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler or any other method of doing this
+and estimate the value cool all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and estimate the value cool all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and estimate the value cool all right
+what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about
+entropy entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy entropy
+right there's the entropy plotted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's the entropy plotted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's the entropy plotted for
+system I'll plot for All Phases just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I'll plot for All Phases just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I'll plot for All Phases just so
+it'll colorize those two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll colorize those two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll colorize those two different
+phases great similarly the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases great similarly the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases great similarly the entropy
+increases with temperature it jumps up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases with temperature it jumps up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases with temperature it jumps up
+when you melt and it continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you melt and it continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you melt and it continues
+increasing with temperature and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing with temperature and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing with temperature and as
+before if you wanted to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if you wanted to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if you wanted to calculate the
+transformation entropy sorry I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation entropy sorry I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation entropy sorry I didn't
+mean calculate if you wanted to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean calculate if you wanted to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean calculate if you wanted to estimate
+the transformation entropy just Mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation entropy just Mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation entropy just Mouse
+over it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+99- 992 so let's say the en entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99- 992 so let's say the en entropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99- 992 so let's say the en entropy of
+melting iron is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting iron is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting iron is is
+seven and I'm going to uh look that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and I'm going to uh look that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and I'm going to uh look that
+up everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+appendix appendix C phase transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appendix appendix C phase transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appendix appendix C phase transformation
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+elements iron BCC to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements iron BCC to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements iron BCC to
+liquid Delta s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid Delta s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid Delta s of
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+7.6 not bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.6 not bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.6 not bad
+right so we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ballpark let's say I want to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark let's say I want to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark let's say I want to get the
+heat capacity this I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity this I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity this I'm going to have to
+work a little bit harder because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work a little bit harder because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work a little bit harder because um
+thermocalc unfortunately does not output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermocalc unfortunately does not output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermocalc unfortunately does not output
+heat heat capacity data it does output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat heat capacity data it does output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat heat capacity data it does output
+enthalpy however so I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy however so I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy however so I'm going to show
+you how I'm going to estimate the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how I'm going to estimate the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how I'm going to estimate the heat
+capacity I'm going to grab this enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity I'm going to grab this enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity I'm going to grab this enthalpy
+data I'm going to grab it as follows I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I'm going to grab it as follows I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I'm going to grab it as follows I'm
+going to create a new successor from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create a new successor from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create a new successor from the
+pure iron calculator it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure iron calculator it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure iron calculator it's going to be
+called the table renderer I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the table renderer I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the table renderer I'm going to
+rename this I'm going to call it pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rename this I'm going to call it pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rename this I'm going to call it pure
+iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron
+table and I'm going to ask the table to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and I'm going to ask the table to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and I'm going to ask the table to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+enthalpy of the system as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of the system as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of the system as a function of
+temperature there we have it those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature there we have it those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature there we have it those are
+the numbers now I'm going to right click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers now I'm going to right click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers now I'm going to right click
+I'm going to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to save
+as and um I've already gone through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as and um I've already gone through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as and um I've already gone through this
+exercise but as you can see Iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise but as you can see Iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise but as you can see Iron
+enthalpy okay so I saved as I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy okay so I saved as I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy okay so I saved as I'm going to
+save over iron enthalpy text so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save over iron enthalpy text so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save over iron enthalpy text so now I
+have that data on my hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that data on my hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that data on my hard
+drive now I'm going to go over into a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive now I'm going to go over into a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive now I'm going to go over into a um
+data analysis software of my choice this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis software of my choice this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis software of my choice this
+case it's going to be matlb so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's going to be matlb so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's going to be matlb so now I'm
+in mat lab if you don't use mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mat lab if you don't use mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mat lab if you don't use mat lab
+that's fine you can use Excel or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine you can use Excel or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine you can use Excel or
+Mathematica or igore or any program you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematica or igore or any program you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematica or igore or any program you
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+python whatever you're comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python whatever you're comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python whatever you're comfortable with
+import data and I'm going to import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import data and I'm going to import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import data and I'm going to import
+chromium enthalpy do text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I don't know whether um whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't know whether um whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't know whether um whether
+this shows the import window whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows the import window whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows the import window whether you
+zoom is sharing the import window in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom is sharing the import window in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom is sharing the import window in
+fact um probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact um probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact um probably
+isn't so never mind that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't so never mind that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't so never mind that I'm going to
+import an object chromium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import an object chromium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import an object chromium
+enthalpy great and now I have in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy great and now I have in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy great and now I have in my
+workspace an object called chromium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workspace an object called chromium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workspace an object called chromium
+enthalpy can you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let me dock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this that's better okay so I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's better okay so I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's better okay so I have an
+object called chromium eny let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object called chromium eny let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object called chromium eny let's see how
+it looks plot chromium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enthalpy let me dock this plot so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy let me dock this plot so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy let me dock this plot so that
+you guys can see it there we go you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can see it there we go you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can see it there we go you see
+this you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot doesn't look so good because um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot doesn't look so good because um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot doesn't look so good because um the
+data is not ordered by temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is not ordered by temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is not ordered by temperature so
+let's let's plot it with a point line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's plot it with a point line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's plot it with a point line
+style instead so we don't have to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style instead so we don't have to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style instead so we don't have to see
+that jump that looks much better okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that jump that looks much better okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that jump that looks much better okay so
+now we have chromium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eny all right what am I going to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eny all right what am I going to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eny all right what am I going to do now
+what should I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what should I do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what should I do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what should I do now
+I'm going to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so it's going to bring up a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it's going to bring up a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it's going to bring up a curve
+fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting
+utility give it just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second okay so here's mat lab's curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay so here's mat lab's curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay so here's mat lab's curve
+fitting utility lots of programs have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting utility lots of programs have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting utility lots of programs have
+something like this um and you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this um and you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this um and you see what
+I'm doing here got the data and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing here got the data and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing here got the data and I'm
+going to fit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fit it
+to second order polinomial and for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to second order polinomial and for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to second order polinomial and for now
+I'm going to just fit um well it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just fit um well it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just fit um well it doesn't
+make sense to fit both phases because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to fit both phases because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to fit both phases because we
+don't expect both phases uh to fit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect both phases uh to fit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect both phases uh to fit to
+one model because they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one model because they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one model because they're different
+phases so I'm going to stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with this a low temperature phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this a low temperature phase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this a low temperature phase and
+that means that I'm fitting the enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that I'm fitting the enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that I'm fitting the enthalpy
+as a function of temperature for um oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of temperature for um oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of temperature for um oh
+I'm doing chromium here aren't I not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing chromium here aren't I not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing chromium here aren't I not not
+Iron same applies I'm fitting enthropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iron same applies I'm fitting enthropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iron same applies I'm fitting enthropy
+versus temperature for the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus temperature for the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus temperature for the low
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+okay so this fits pretty well it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this fits pretty well it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this fits pretty well it's the
+second order right fits pretty well to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order right fits pretty well to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order right fits pretty well to a
+second order polinomial I don't see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order polinomial I don't see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order polinomial I don't see a
+need to to go to a higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polinomial what if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial what if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial what if I
+instead wanted to fit the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead wanted to fit the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead wanted to fit the liquid
+phase let me exclude all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the low temperature phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data would you recommend fitting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data would you recommend fitting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data would you recommend fitting this
+data to a first over polinomial or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to a first over polinomial or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to a first over polinomial or a
+secondary polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first order because it's line yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order because it's line yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order because it's line yeah this
+looks like the quadratic term is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the quadratic term is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the quadratic term is really
+supposed to this here so quadratic term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to this here so quadratic term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to this here so quadratic term
+is really not needed and if you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really not needed and if you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really not needed and if you you can
+actually see this in the fitting results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see this in the fitting results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see this in the fitting results
+and the the the value assumed for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the value assumed for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the value assumed for the
+quadratic term which is close to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic term which is close to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic term which is close to zero
+and the uncertainty in the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uncertainty in the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uncertainty in the quadratic
+term which is large so I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is large so I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is large so I think that the
+liquid phase in this particular material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase in this particular material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase in this particular material
+is better fit the eny versus temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better fit the eny versus temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better fit the eny versus temperature
+being a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a straight line
+and what is the slope of that line by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the slope of that line by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the slope of that line by
+the way what's the slope of eny versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature the slope of eny versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature uh heat capacity at pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh heat capacity at pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh heat capacity at pressure
+yeah it's a heat capacity so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a heat capacity so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a heat capacity so what is
+this fitting routine telling me it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fitting routine telling me it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fitting routine telling me it's
+saying telling me that the heat capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying telling me that the heat capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying telling me that the heat capacity
+of liquid iron is 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that sounds about right look back in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds about right look back in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds about right look back in my
+uh table here and you can look up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh table here and you can look up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh table here and you can look up the
+data obviously online you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data obviously online you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data obviously online you don't need to
+have the book handy although having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the book handy although having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the book handy although having the
+book handy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book handy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book handy is
+Handy um and let's see does it have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Handy um and let's see does it have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Handy um and let's see does it have the
+heat capacity of liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity of liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity of liquid
+iron well unfortunately it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron well unfortunately it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron well unfortunately it doesn't have
+the heat capacity of elements at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat capacity of elements at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat capacity of elements at high
+temperature but you know you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but you know you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but you know you'll find
+numbers between 45 and 50 are typical of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers between 45 and 50 are typical of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers between 45 and 50 are typical of
+liquid Metals great okay now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid Metals great okay now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid Metals great okay now I want to
+make a note here about um about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a note here about um about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a note here about um about this
+procedure and then we'll move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and then we'll move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and then we'll move on to
+modeling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the
+solutions so what have I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so what have I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so what have I just
+done I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I've
+modeled the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dependence of H that's what I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of H that's what I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of H that's what I've done
+right I've modeled it as follows H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I've modeled it as follows H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I've modeled it as follows H
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well if you're mat lab it calls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're mat lab it calls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're mat lab it calls the
+polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+coefficients by indices P so it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients by indices P so it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients by indices P so it does
+this I've modeled it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this that's where mat lab spits out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's where mat lab spits out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's where mat lab spits out
+other programs spit out similar things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other programs spit out similar things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other programs spit out similar things
+but what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I
+want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this right I want this that's the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right I want this that's the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right I want this that's the heat
+capacity data so what's the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity data so what's the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity data so what's the derivative
+of this polinomial it's 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this polinomial it's 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this polinomial it's 2
+p1t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P2 right and I want to model my heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 right and I want to model my heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 right and I want to model my heat
+capacity as a plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity as a plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity as a plus b
+t by inspection I see that twice times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t by inspection I see that twice times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t by inspection I see that twice times
+my polinomial my quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and my linear coefficient that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is
+as in mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lab and this is my heat capacity model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again we're gaining a little proficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're gaining a little proficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're gaining a little proficiency
+here with modeling and data analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with modeling and data analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with modeling and data analysis and
+flipping back and forth between software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping back and forth between software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping back and forth between software
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+forth all right so let's say that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth all right so let's say that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth all right so let's say that I've
+done building my model for Pure iron I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done building my model for Pure iron I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done building my model for Pure iron I
+do that for all the phases of iron I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that for all the phases of iron I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that for all the phases of iron I
+grab the transformation quantities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab the transformation quantities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab the transformation quantities and
+then I'm going to build my model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um for chromium right similar procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for chromium right similar procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for chromium right similar procedure
+and then I need to build my solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+models so let's start with the spinolo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase and let's Model A simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regular with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular with one
+adjustable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameter right Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter right Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter right Delta H
+mix equals a KN X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix equals a KN X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix equals a KN X1
+X2 one adjustable parameter right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 one adjustable parameter right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 one adjustable parameter right you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that all right so now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so now we're going to
+grab that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab that data
+from thermal calc how do we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculate the properties of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the properties of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the properties of the system
+now at a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at a fixed
+temperature as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature as a function of
+composition mole fraction iron from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition mole fraction iron from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition mole fraction iron from 0 to
+one at a fixed temperature what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a fixed temperature what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a fixed temperature what
+temperature this over here is a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this over here is a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this over here is a solid
+solution region let's plot it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution region let's plot it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution region let's plot it in the
+solid solution region let's plot it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solution region let's plot it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solution region let's plot it at
+1,00 Kelvin that's a nice round number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,00 Kelvin that's a nice round number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,00 Kelvin that's a nice round number
+so I'm going to PL at 1,00 Kelvin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to PL at 1,00 Kelvin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to PL at 1,00 Kelvin the
+thermodynamics of this system as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics of this system as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics of this system as a
+function of iron composition I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of iron composition I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of iron composition I'll call
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+10000k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10000k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10000k
+calculator and then I want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator and then I want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator and then I want to be able to
+plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+that so I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that call that slow is what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that call that slow is what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that call that slow is what I'm going to
+call that call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that call that
+1,000k plot and what I'm going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000k plot and what I'm going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000k plot and what I'm going to want
+to plot is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot is the
+enthalpy right I want to fit a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy right I want to fit a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy right I want to fit a simple
+regular solution model which means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular solution model which means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular solution model which means I
+need the enthalpy as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+composition H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neat you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that now how would I go about fitting my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now how would I go about fitting my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now how would I go about fitting my
+simple regular model to this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somebody how would I go about fitting my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody how would I go about fitting my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody how would I go about fitting my
+simple regular model of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data I'm G to do by I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's quicker I could export it and fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quicker I could export it and fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quicker I could export it and fit
+in mat lab I'm going to do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mat lab I'm going to do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mat lab I'm going to do it by
+I this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is
+xfe right around 50/50 is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xfe right around 50/50 is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xfe right around 50/50 is kind of a
+special point the data kind of looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special point the data kind of looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special point the data kind of looks
+like that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that this is
+enthalpy the straight line connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy the straight line connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy the straight line connecting
+those two end points is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X not Fe I'm going to read that off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X not Fe I'm going to read that off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X not Fe I'm going to read that off
+that's about 24.8 jewles uh kles per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about 24.8 jewles uh kles per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about 24.8 jewles uh kles per
+mole we read that off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole we read that off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole we read that off the
+plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+sorry H H knot of chromium I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry H H knot of chromium I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry H H knot of chromium I'm going to
+read that off that was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that off that was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that off that was about
+19.5 K per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole and
+H at X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H at X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H at X
+chromium equal 12 was about 29
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium equal 12 was about 29
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium equal 12 was about 29
+kles per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mole and I can see just geometrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole and I can see just geometrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole and I can see just geometrically
+that this height here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this height here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this height here this is
+0.5 squared * a because that's simply X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 squared * a because that's simply X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 squared * a because that's simply X1
+X2 a where X1 and X2 are both 0. five so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 a where X1 and X2 are both 0. five so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 a where X1 and X2 are both 0. five so
+I can just read right off the plot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just read right off the plot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just read right off the plot that
+aot for the BCC phase is about 28 K per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mole you can get all that um simply from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole you can get all that um simply from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole you can get all that um simply from
+mousing Over the plot and pulling these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mousing Over the plot and pulling these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mousing Over the plot and pulling these
+numbers out to two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers out to two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers out to two or three
+digits right alternatively you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could alternatively you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could alternatively you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could alternatively you
+could export
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data and fit it you could do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and fit it you could do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and fit it you could do that you
+could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do
+that right and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise
+build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+model for liquid phase right we build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for liquid phase right we build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for liquid phase right we build a
+model for the BC phase BCC phase we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for the BC phase BCC phase we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for the BC phase BCC phase we're
+going to likewise build a model for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to likewise build a model for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to likewise build a model for the
+liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now we have a model for Pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now we have a model for Pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now we have a model for Pure
+chromium we have a model for Pure iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium we have a model for Pure iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium we have a model for Pure iron
+we have a model for the liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a model for the liquid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a model for the liquid phase
+solution we have a model for the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we have a model for the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we have a model for the solid
+phase solution what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase solution what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase solution what do I do
+next at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we
+draw free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw free
+energy composition diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+find common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tangents if any if there are any right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangents if any if there are any right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangents if any if there are any right
+so I have two phases I have Alpha which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have two phases I have Alpha which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have two phases I have Alpha which
+is X of chromium mu chromium KN in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X of chromium mu chromium KN in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X of chromium mu chromium KN in the
+alpha phase plus X of iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha phase plus X of iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha phase plus X of iron
+mu iron KN in the alpha phase phase plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu iron KN in the alpha phase phase plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu iron KN in the alpha phase phase plus
+the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution
+model the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the alpha
+phase I have the liquid phase this is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase I have the liquid phase this is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase I have the liquid phase this is X
+chromium mu chromium not in liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium mu chromium not in liquid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium mu chromium not in liquid phase
+plus X iron mu iron not in liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X iron mu iron not in liquid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X iron mu iron not in liquid phase
+plus the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the solution
+model these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model these
+terms these are the pure component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms these are the pure component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms these are the pure component
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and those of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those of course
+include reference State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes because we've built in to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes because we've built in to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes because we've built in to those
+models the fact that these materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models the fact that these materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models the fact that these materials
+melt right or maybe there's other state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt right or maybe there's other state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt right or maybe there's other state
+changes for the pure materials we built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes for the pure materials we built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes for the pure materials we built
+that in and these are the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in and these are the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in and these are the solution
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is it from this you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is it from this you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is it from this you get the
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+diagram so to pull way back we have pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so to pull way back we have pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so to pull way back we have pure
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+models we have solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+models those feed into the free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models those feed into the free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models those feed into the free energy
+composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagrams and those result in the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagrams this is thermodynamics right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams this is thermodynamics right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams this is thermodynamics right
+this is what we're trying to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're trying to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're trying to work on
+this semester so this problem set which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester so this problem set which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester so this problem set which
+is out and is due Friday was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out and is due Friday was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out and is due Friday was going to
+include um all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include um all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include um all three
+aspects building the models plotting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects building the models plotting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects building the models plotting the
+models and solving the phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and solving the phase diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and solving the phase diagrams
+using this web based app but instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this web based app but instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this web based app but instead
+because the web based app is funky we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the web based app is funky we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the web based app is funky we're
+going to limit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to just that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part and with the remaining minutes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and with the remaining minutes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and with the remaining minutes I
+I'd like to try to show you what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to try to show you what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to try to show you what you're
+missing because I was able to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing because I was able to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing because I was able to get this
+um this web based version to play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this web based version to play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this web based version to play a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+nicely so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+show an animation of how this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works so never mind all this data entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so never mind all this data entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so never mind all this data entry
+this data entry screen you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data entry screen you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data entry screen you're going to
+see in a minute because um you won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in a minute because um you won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in a minute because um you won't be
+using it but I'm going going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it but I'm going going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it but I'm going going to
+simulate a TW lens system which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate a TW lens system which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate a TW lens system which is like
+the one you were asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you were asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you were asked to
+do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the
+preset two lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preset two lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preset two lens
+system it's loading it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's loading it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's loading it's
+loading so this is a screen where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading so this is a screen where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading so this is a screen where you
+would enter all the parameters for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would enter all the parameters for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would enter all the parameters for a
+model that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that you've
+built and here can you see this can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and here can you see this can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and here can you see this can you
+see the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the two
+plots what this program is going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots what this program is going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots what this program is going to do
+it's plotting the Gibs free energy as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plotting the Gibs free energy as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plotting the Gibs free energy as a
+function of composition for three phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of composition for three phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of composition for three phases
+now three phases in the last 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now three phases in the last 15 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now three phases in the last 15 minutes
+we've been working on a two-phase Model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working on a two-phase Model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working on a two-phase Model
+now we have a three-phase model liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a three-phase model liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a three-phase model liquid
+Alpha and beta and it's going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta and it's going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta and it's going to show
+you the free energy composition diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the free energy composition diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the free energy composition diagrams
+at a series of temperatures and at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a series of temperatures and at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a series of temperatures and at each
+temperature it's going to determine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it's going to determine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it's going to determine if
+there are any common tangents and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are any common tangents and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are any common tangents and if
+there are it's going to draw that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are it's going to draw that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are it's going to draw that as a
+TI line on the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI line on the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI line on the phase
+diagram and we have this animated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and we have this animated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and we have this animated so
+that effectively it sweeps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that effectively it sweeps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that effectively it sweeps the
+temperature and paints the phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and paints the phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and paints the phase diagram
+so the red arrow down here indicates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the red arrow down here indicates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the red arrow down here indicates the
+temperature and right now we are in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and right now we are in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and right now we are in an
+alpha phase region but you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha phase region but you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha phase region but you're going to
+see the beta phase is starting to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the beta phase is starting to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the beta phase is starting to become
+more and more competitive and at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more competitive and at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more competitive and at some
+point it develops a common tangent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it develops a common tangent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it develops a common tangent with
+the alpha phase when component one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha phase when component one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha phase when component one
+transforms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms to
+Beta there it's actually happening now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta there it's actually happening now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta there it's actually happening now
+the common tangent is so tetiny tiny you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common tangent is so tetiny tiny you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common tangent is so tetiny tiny you
+can't really see it very clearly we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really see it very clearly we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really see it very clearly we have
+it marked in red and we have these gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it marked in red and we have these gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it marked in red and we have these gray
+lines indicating its extent and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines indicating its extent and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines indicating its extent and you see
+what's happening is that two phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is that two phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is that two phase
+region is being painted across the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is being painted across the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is being painted across the phase
+diagram now believe it or not we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram now believe it or not we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram now believe it or not we're in
+the beta phase this whole system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta phase this whole system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta phase this whole system is
+stable as a beta phase solid solution at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable as a beta phase solid solution at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable as a beta phase solid solution at
+all compositions the alpha phase is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all compositions the alpha phase is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all compositions the alpha phase is now
+no longer stable for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer stable for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer stable for any
+composition and liquid is now about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and liquid is now about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and liquid is now about to
+become relevant what's going to melt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become relevant what's going to melt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become relevant what's going to melt
+first is the stuff on the left the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is the stuff on the left the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is the stuff on the left the green
+line is going to become the favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is going to become the favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is going to become the favorable
+phase for the stuff on the left right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase for the stuff on the left right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase for the stuff on the left right
+around now and we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around now and we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around now and we're going to get
+another series of common tangents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another series of common tangents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another series of common tangents that
+sweep across the phase diagram as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep across the phase diagram as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep across the phase diagram as the
+system melts from left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and there we have it that thing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there we have it that thing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there we have it that thing on
+the L on the bottom um we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L on the bottom um we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L on the bottom um we don't have
+such a high temperature Point density I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a high temperature Point density I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a high temperature Point density I
+think we're stepping in every 20 Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're stepping in every 20 Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're stepping in every 20 Kelvin
+steps so the density of tha lines isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so the density of tha lines isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so the density of tha lines isn't
+as high as you might like for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as high as you might like for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as high as you might like for a
+published phase diagram but nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published phase diagram but nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published phase diagram but nevertheless
+you can see this is a two lens system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this is a two lens system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this is a two lens system
+three phases two two lenses okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phases two two lenses okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phases two two lenses okay that's
+where I wanted to get to for today I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I wanted to get to for today I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I wanted to get to for today I'm
+going to stop recording and I'm happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stop recording and I'm happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stop recording and I'm happy to
+take questions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jC96H8qT3DQ.txt b/jC96H8qT3DQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d99655afca67b0f6da2329d5ae4a4d4fcd30a0ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jC96H8qT3DQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701 so in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701 so in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701 so in this lecture
+we want to talk about asymptotic freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to talk about asymptotic freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to talk about asymptotic freedom
+about confinement and also the running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about confinement and also the running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about confinement and also the running
+of the strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the strength
+of the strong force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the strong force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the strong force
+in the recitation we already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the recitation we already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the recitation we already talked
+about vacuum polarization in qed and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vacuum polarization in qed and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vacuum polarization in qed and how
+it relates to qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it relates to qcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it relates to qcd
+um so here we are just going to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here we are just going to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here we are just going to remind
+ourselves again about what has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves again about what has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves again about what has been
+discussed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed here
+so loop contributions in qd they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so loop contributions in qd they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so loop contributions in qd they make
+the effective charge a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective charge a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective charge a function of the
+momentum transfer q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum transfer q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum transfer q
+so the coupling strength increases with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the coupling strength increases with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the coupling strength increases with
+larger values of q square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger values of q square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger values of q square
+so a leading order you find you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a leading order you find you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a leading order you find you have to
+consider this diagram and you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this diagram and you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this diagram and you find
+that there are the corrections coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are the corrections coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are the corrections coming
+from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um
+from this kind of from this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this kind of from this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this kind of from this kind of
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+m here is the mass of the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m here is the mass of the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m here is the mass of the particle
+involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+in this correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but as you know in perturbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you know in perturbation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you know in perturbation theory
+you have to consider all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to consider all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to consider all possible
+diagrams and this is being done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and this is being done here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and this is being done here
+so if you consider those higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you consider those higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you consider those higher order
+diagrams you can rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams you can rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams you can rewrite
+the running of the qed coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running of the qed coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running of the qed coupling
+as the coupling at q square of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the coupling at q square of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the coupling at q square of zero
+divided by one minus this contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by one minus this contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by one minus this contribution
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+great so there's one there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so there's one there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so there's one there's a couple of
+things to note um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to note um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to note um
+so there's a one minus a factor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a one minus a factor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a one minus a factor here
+um and then there's also the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then there's also the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then there's also the definition
+or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the
+you know fixed point of the coupling as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fixed point of the coupling as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fixed point of the coupling as
+being used as zero q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used as zero q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used as zero q
+square so that's possible in qed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so that's possible in qed but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so that's possible in qed but
+that will not be possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will not be possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will not be possible
+in qcd because at momentum transfer 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in qcd because at momentum transfer 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in qcd because at momentum transfer 0
+the coupling is going to be infinite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling is going to be infinite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling is going to be infinite so
+it's not well defined and we cannot use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not well defined and we cannot use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not well defined and we cannot use
+perturbation theory at this at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory at this at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory at this at this
+value as either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value as either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value as either
+okay good um so in qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good um so in qcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good um so in qcd
+we have not just one diagram like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have not just one diagram like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have not just one diagram like the
+one we just saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we just saw before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we just saw before
+but we also have to consider the glue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also have to consider the glue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also have to consider the glue
+and self-coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and self-coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and self-coupling
+diagram so we have contributions of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so we have contributions of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so we have contributions of this
+sort so i spare you from the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort so i spare you from the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort so i spare you from the calculation
+but you find um that the cleon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you find um that the cleon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you find um that the cleon
+contribution has an opposite effect um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution has an opposite effect um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution has an opposite effect um
+so it's producing some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's producing some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's producing some sort of
+anti-screening or camouflaging of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-screening or camouflaging of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-screening or camouflaging of this
+of the color charge and so you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the color charge and so you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the color charge and so you find
+if you calculate this in a very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you calculate this in a very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you calculate this in a very similar
+way as you did just before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as you did just before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as you did just before we
+did just before for qed um you find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did just before for qed um you find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did just before for qed um you find this
+kind of correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of correction
+so here you have to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you have to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you have to define
+or fix the strength of the coupling at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fix the strength of the coupling at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fix the strength of the coupling at a
+specific scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific scale
+and you see that you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that you have this
+contribution here there's a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution here there's a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution here there's a plus
+here but this factor here which is 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but this factor here which is 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but this factor here which is 11
+times the number of colors involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of colors involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of colors involved
+minus two times the number of flavors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two times the number of flavors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two times the number of flavors
+involved those numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved those numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved those numbers are
+3 and 6. so since 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and 6. so since 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and 6. so since 11
+times n is larger than 2 times f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n is larger than 2 times f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n is larger than 2 times f
+this becomes positive here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes positive here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes positive here and so
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+the coupling decreases the coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling decreases the coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling decreases the coupling
+decreases with q square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases with q square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases with q square
+all right since it decreases with q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right since it decreases with q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right since it decreases with q
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+um at very very high q square the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at very very high q square the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at very very high q square the
+coupling becomes zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling becomes zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling becomes zero
+and that's the origin of asymptotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the origin of asymptotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the origin of asymptotic
+freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom
+in the limit of very large q square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strongly charged particles color charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly charged particles color charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly charged particles color charged
+particles become very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles become very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles become very
+number free that's also the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number free that's also the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number free that's also the reason why
+at very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very high
+energies we can use qcdr we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies we can use qcdr we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies we can use qcdr we can
+make calculations in qcd using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make calculations in qcd using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make calculations in qcd using the
+feminine calculus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminine calculus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminine calculus or
+perturbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory
+in the other direction um if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other direction um if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other direction um if you go to
+very low q square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low q square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low q square
+those methods and tools are not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those methods and tools are not possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those methods and tools are not possible
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+and quarks and clue ones are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quarks and clue ones are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quarks and clue ones are actually
+confined you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined you can
+not produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not produce a
+non-color thing that states by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-color thing that states by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-color thing that states by
+themselves you cannot have a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves you cannot have a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves you cannot have a free
+gluon or free quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look at this running a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at this running a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at this running a little
+bit more so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more so we have this
+annoying alpha s of a function of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying alpha s of a function of q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying alpha s of a function of q
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+you can get rid of this actually by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get rid of this actually by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get rid of this actually by
+redefining the parameter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefining the parameter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefining the parameter here
+and using this lambda parameter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using this lambda parameter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using this lambda parameter or
+lambda qcd as it's oft called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda qcd as it's oft called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda qcd as it's oft called
+or lambda color as it's called here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lambda color as it's called here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lambda color as it's called here
+under c when we do this we can rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under c when we do this we can rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under c when we do this we can rewrite
+the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations
+so we find that there is no dependency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we find that there is no dependency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we find that there is no dependency
+anymore of the scale involved and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore of the scale involved and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore of the scale involved and we
+don't have to find this fixed point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to find this fixed point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to find this fixed point
+we still have the dependency of 11n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have the dependency of 11n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have the dependency of 11n
+minus 2f and then this log dependency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2f and then this log dependency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2f and then this log dependency of
+on q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on q
+square over this specific scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square over this specific scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square over this specific scale
+so the strength of the coupling is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the strength of the coupling is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the strength of the coupling is with
+this definition defined for any value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition defined for any value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition defined for any value of
+q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+square finding this lambda qt is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square finding this lambda qt is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square finding this lambda qt is kind of
+complicated because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because
+if you go to very low q square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to very low q square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to very low q square
+calculations and experiments cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and experiments cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and experiments cannot be
+easily be compared anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily be compared anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily be compared anymore
+so we find that lambda qcd is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we find that lambda qcd is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we find that lambda qcd is in the
+order of 100 to 500 mb okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 100 to 500 mb okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 100 to 500 mb okay
+um here are experimental measurements so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here are experimental measurements so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here are experimental measurements so
+alpha the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha the
+strength of the strong interaction have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the strong interaction have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the strong interaction have
+been measured in many experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been measured in many experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been measured in many experiments
+you can measure this for example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure this for example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure this for example in the
+case of tau leptons where there's hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of tau leptons where there's hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of tau leptons where there's hot
+ones being produced and therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones being produced and therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones being produced and therefore you
+have sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sensitivity
+to alpha s you can use bound states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to alpha s you can use bound states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to alpha s you can use bound states
+um deep inelastic scattering experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um deep inelastic scattering experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um deep inelastic scattering experiments
+and pdfs fits can be used in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pdfs fits can be used in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pdfs fits can be used in order to
+constrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+alpha s we can use e plus minus physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha s we can use e plus minus physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha s we can use e plus minus physics
+and look at the distribution of jets we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the distribution of jets we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the distribution of jets we
+saw that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that the
+additional radiation of a chlorine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional radiation of a chlorine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional radiation of a chlorine is
+sensitive to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the
+to this vertex of a quark radiating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this vertex of a quark radiating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this vertex of a quark radiating a
+plun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plun
+and therefore to the strength of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore to the strength of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore to the strength of the of
+qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd
+um you find that those experiments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you find that those experiments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you find that those experiments are
+all in reasonable agreement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in reasonable agreement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in reasonable agreement this
+this line here indicates now the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line here indicates now the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line here indicates now the average
+value at a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at a specific
+value specific scale and typically when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value specific scale and typically when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value specific scale and typically when
+people compare measurements they use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people compare measurements they use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people compare measurements they use the
+scale of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of the
+z boson mass about 90 gb in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z boson mass about 90 gb in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z boson mass about 90 gb in order to
+compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare
+the values you can see here the running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values you can see here the running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values you can see here the running
+of alpha s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha s
+the running of the strong coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running of the strong coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running of the strong coupling
+assumption of q and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption of q and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption of q and you see
+the behavior of asymptotic freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of asymptotic freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of asymptotic freedom
+meaning that the coupling becomes small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the coupling becomes small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the coupling becomes small
+at very large value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very large value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very large value of
+q and very large in the small values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and very large in the small values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and very large in the small values of
+content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content
+all right so that's it for asymptotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's it for asymptotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's it for asymptotic
+freedom and the running of alpha s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and the running of alpha s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and the running of alpha s
+we have a little bit more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a little bit more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a little bit more of a
+discussion in qcd before we enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in qcd before we enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in qcd before we enter the
+next chapter
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jQdf2XgbLZo.txt b/jQdf2XgbLZo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a47133b03a584b4f82b20444f47fc8199daf24f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jQdf2XgbLZo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13139 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay are there any of those forms still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are there any of those forms still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are there any of those forms still
+out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now
+that we've done the really exciting part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've done the really exciting part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've done the really exciting part
+let's let let's try uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let let's try uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let let's try uh
+let's try saying something about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try saying something about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try saying something about what
+this what this course is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what this course is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what this course is about
+um and why you bothered to try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and why you bothered to try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and why you bothered to try to get
+yourself lotteried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself lotteried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself lotteried
+in many many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other forms last chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other forms last chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other forms last chance
+many many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many
+MIT courses are of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses are of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses are of the form
+you know when you're going to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you're going to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you're going to go to the
+first class you get the syllabus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first class you get the syllabus you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first class you get the syllabus you
+look at the list of topics you say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the list of topics you say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the list of topics you say I
+don't know anything about these topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know anything about these topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know anything about these topics
+but I sure hope that by the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I sure hope that by the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I sure hope that by the end of the
+course I know something about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I know something about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I know something about these
+topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+intro psych class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro psych class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro psych class is
+different from that because if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from that because if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from that because if you take
+a look at the list of of topics in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the list of of topics in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the list of of topics in the
+course which you can find by the way on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course which you can find by the way on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course which you can find by the way on
+the back page of the syllabus but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back page of the syllabus but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back page of the syllabus but you
+don't need to go looking for it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to go looking for it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to go looking for it right
+now you will discover you know memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you will discover you know memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you will discover you know memory
+learning cognition emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning cognition emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning cognition emotion
+um uh personality intelligence a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh personality intelligence a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh personality intelligence a whole
+set of topics that you already have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of topics that you already have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of topics that you already have some
+notion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion about
+there are terms that you use in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are terms that you use in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are terms that you use in in in
+everyday speech that you can converse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday speech that you can converse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday speech that you can converse
+about perfectly happily the job of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about perfectly happily the job of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about perfectly happily the job of this
+course is to dig behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is to dig behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is to dig behind
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the uh what what you would know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh what what you would know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh what what you would know in
+what's known as Folk psychology folk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as Folk psychology folk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as Folk psychology folk
+psychology is a uh a term coined in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology is a uh a term coined in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology is a uh a term coined in the
+19th century to refer to the psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century to refer to the psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century to refer to the psychology
+that folk know as opposed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that folk know as opposed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that folk know as opposed to the
+psychology that one would learn in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology that one would learn in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology that one would learn in the
+in the academy like you are here it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the academy like you are here it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the academy like you are here it what
+we used to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to say
+actually when when the term was defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when when the term was defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when when the term was defined
+for me in graduate school I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me in graduate school I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me in graduate school I think
+somebody said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody said
+um folk psychology that's the psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um folk psychology that's the psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um folk psychology that's the psychology
+that your grandmother knows that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your grandmother knows that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your grandmother knows that doesn't
+work so well because your grandmother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so well because your grandmother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so well because your grandmother
+May well have a PhD in Psychology these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May well have a PhD in Psychology these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May well have a PhD in Psychology these
+days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+folk psychology is what the psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folk psychology is what the psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folk psychology is what the psychology
+that you would know without bothering to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would know without bothering to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would know without bothering to
+take a course like that this like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a course like that this like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a course like that this like the
+psychology you just pick up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology you just pick up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology you just pick up on the
+street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this course is designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is designed to
+go beyond go beyond that well yeah let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go beyond go beyond that well yeah let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go beyond go beyond that well yeah let
+me let me let me uh dig up an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me let me uh dig up an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me let me uh dig up an example
+let me close the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+so let's as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um as as an example I could assert oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as as an example I could assert oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as as an example I could assert oh
+let's see I I need uh I need a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I I need uh I need a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I I need uh I need a person
+well that's this is this is why one sits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's this is this is why one sits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's this is this is why one sits
+in the front right you're a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the front right you're a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the front right you're a person
+that's very good what's your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very good what's your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very good what's your name
+Your Mark okay who is that woman sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your Mark okay who is that woman sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your Mark okay who is that woman sitting
+next to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to you
+this is Laura okay I could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Laura okay I could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Laura okay I could say
+that Mark loves Laura it may or may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mark loves Laura it may or may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mark loves Laura it may or may not
+be true for all I know Marcus it is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true for all I know Marcus it is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true for all I know Marcus it is true
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh
+um well this is this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well this is this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well this is this is going to be a
+more interesting example than sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting example than sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting example than sometimes
+um but all right if I assert that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but all right if I assert that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but all right if I assert that um
+that that Mark loves Laura without much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Mark loves Laura without much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Mark loves Laura without much
+knowledge of either Mark or Laura here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of either Mark or Laura here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of either Mark or Laura here
+you have this is not a sentence that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this is not a sentence that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this is not a sentence that's a
+that that's a that that's hard for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a that that's hard for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a that that's hard for you
+to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand
+um but what is it that we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what is it that we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what is it that we're we're
+actually talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talking about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so what you know what what all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you know what what all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you know what what all right
+what's love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's love
+um I think I didn't check I was gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I didn't check I was gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I didn't check I was gonna
+check this morning but I I didn't check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this morning but I I didn't check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this morning but I I didn't check
+I think that the probably the the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that the probably the the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that the probably the the line
+you would get in in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get in in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get in in uh
+um in a dictionary would assert that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a dictionary would assert that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a dictionary would assert that
+love is an emotion and then it would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love is an emotion and then it would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love is an emotion and then it would go
+on to describe what kind of an emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to describe what kind of an emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to describe what kind of an emotion
+is but it's a it's an odd emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but it's a it's an odd emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but it's a it's an odd emotion
+um if it is an emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it is an emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it is an emotion
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if you think about other emotions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about other emotions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about other emotions that
+are pretty straightforward let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty straightforward let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty straightforward let's say
+sadness or happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadness or happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadness or happiness
+um to give two straightforward examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to give two straightforward examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to give two straightforward examples
+you know what sadness and happiness feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what sadness and happiness feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what sadness and happiness feel
+like they have a distinctive feeling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they have a distinctive feeling to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they have a distinctive feeling to
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+um there is a distinctive feeling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is a distinctive feeling to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is a distinctive feeling to
+being in love there's no doubt that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in love there's no doubt that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in love there's no doubt that that
+there's a feeling aspect It's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a feeling aspect It's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a feeling aspect It's actually
+an interesting question why we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting question why we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting question why we use the
+same word feeling to talk about feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same word feeling to talk about feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same word feeling to talk about feeling
+in love and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in love and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in love and
+feeling the table what what is it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling the table what what is it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling the table what what is it what
+what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+what's the commonality there but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the commonality there but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the commonality there but the
+feeling of being in love is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling of being in love is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling of being in love is not
+in the same is not simple in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same is not simple in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same is not simple in the same
+way that the feeling of sadness or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the feeling of sadness or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the feeling of sadness or the
+feeling of happiness is for instance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling of happiness is for instance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling of happiness is for instance you
+can be sad or happy in love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be sad or happy in love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be sad or happy in love
+right that you you can you can be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you you can you can be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you you can you can be in
+love and the experience of that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and the experience of that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and the experience of that could be
+either sad or happy the experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either sad or happy the experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either sad or happy the experience of
+being sad cannot be either sad or sad is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being sad cannot be either sad or sad is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being sad cannot be either sad or sad is
+sad it's innocent in some sense an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad it's innocent in some sense an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad it's innocent in some sense an
+atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic
+um sensation in a way that that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sensation in a way that that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sensation in a way that that uh that
+love does not appear to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love does not appear to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love does not appear to be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you can wake up in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can wake up in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can wake up in the morning
+feeling sad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling sad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling sad
+disembodied sort of sadness or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disembodied sort of sadness or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disembodied sort of sadness or
+disembodied sort of happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disembodied sort of happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disembodied sort of happiness
+can't really it's hard to imagine what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really it's hard to imagine what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really it's hard to imagine what
+it would be to wake up and say I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be to wake up and say I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be to wake up and say I feel
+love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+it's not clear that that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear that that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear that that makes
+it sort of a quasi-religious sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of a quasi-religious sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of a quasi-religious sense that
+you could get to it you know I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could get to it you know I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could get to it you know I feel
+loved for the whole universe or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved for the whole universe or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved for the whole universe or
+something like that's lovely but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that's lovely but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that's lovely but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you see you see the distinction so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you see the distinction so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you see the distinction so maybe
+it's not an emotion in the simple sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an emotion in the simple sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an emotion in the simple sense
+that sadness or happiness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sadness or happiness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sadness or happiness is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+maybe it's a way of thinking about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a way of thinking about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a way of thinking about your
+current state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state
+you know I feel happy and my heart is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I feel happy and my heart is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I feel happy and my heart is
+pounding and I'm sitting next to oh god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounding and I'm sitting next to oh god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounding and I'm sitting next to oh god
+I've forgotten her name already uh Laura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've forgotten her name already uh Laura
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've forgotten her name already uh Laura
+Lara no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lara no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lara no you
+l-a-r-a Lara and Mark they both have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l-a-r-a Lara and Mark they both have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l-a-r-a Lara and Mark they both have two
+they have two letters in common That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have two letters in common That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have two letters in common That's
+the basis for this relationship the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis for this relationship the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis for this relationship the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+where was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where was I
+um the uh you're not gonna wake up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh you're not gonna wake up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh you're not gonna wake up
+feeling a disembodied sense of love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling a disembodied sense of love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling a disembodied sense of love
+maybe you're thinking maybe what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're thinking maybe what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're thinking maybe what it is
+is a thought about the state that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thought about the state that you
+ 
+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+atomic cognition because it has this
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+
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+atomic cognition because it has this
+aspect of feeling to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of feeling to it
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+aspect of feeling to it
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+um
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+um
+that that other cognitions don't like
+
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+that that other cognitions don't like
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+um
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what's the capital capital of Equatorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the capital capital of Equatorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the capital capital of Equatorial
+Guinea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guinea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guinea
+I have no idea but it's a thought that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no idea but it's a thought that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no idea but it's a thought that I
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+ align:start position:0%
+I can think about that fact it doesn't
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+
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+I can think about that fact it doesn't
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+ align:start position:0%
+carry with it any deep feeling unless it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+turns out to be a question on the final
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+
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+exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+um
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+um
+the um but you can have thoughts that
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+
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+aren't aren't colored in this emotional
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+kind of a way so it's not a simple
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a way so it's not a simple
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+ align:start position:0%
+cognition
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+um it might be more useful to call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it might be more useful to call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it might be more useful to call it a
+motivation than to call it a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation than to call it a um
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation than to call it a um
+an emotion motivations are like emotions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emotion motivations are like emotions
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emotion motivations are like emotions
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+in the sense of having this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense of having this
+affective affect is the sort of jargony
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+affective affect is the sort of jargony
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+affective affect is the sort of jargony
+term for for feeling
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+term for for feeling
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for for feeling
+um this affective component to it
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+ align:start position:0%
+um this affective component to it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this affective component to it
+um but the sorts of things that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the sorts of things that get
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the sorts of things that get
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about as motivations are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about as motivations are things
+like thirst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thirst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thirst
+so it being warm I'm thirsty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it being warm I'm thirsty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it being warm I'm thirsty
+that's a faintly unpleasant State and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a faintly unpleasant State and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a faintly unpleasant State and I
+a motivation is something that motivates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a motivation is something that motivates
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a motivation is something that motivates
+me to do something to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do something to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do something to change
+uh to change my state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you know hunger another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know hunger another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know hunger another
+another good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another good example
+so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is
+what kind of motivation would love Be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of motivation would love Be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of motivation would love Be
+Love might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+an object of some sort and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I knew I shouldn't have caught that cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew I shouldn't have caught that cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew I shouldn't have caught that cold
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+that third grader in my house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it's a motivation that if love is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a motivation that if love is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a motivation that if love is a
+motivation what it's motivating you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation what it's motivating you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation what it's motivating you to
+do is to
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+ align:start position:0%
+do is to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to
+perhaps get closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps get closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps get closer
+um to uh to possess the object of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to uh to possess the object of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to uh to possess the object of design
+now Mark and Lara busy sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Mark and Lara busy sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Mark and Lara busy sitting there
+saying oh boy that doesn't sound so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh boy that doesn't sound so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh boy that doesn't sound so good
+but love of course can be used not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but love of course can be used not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but love of course can be used not just
+in the mark and Lara sense but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mark and Lara sense but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mark and Lara sense but you know
+you can love your laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can love your laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can love your laptop
+or something like that and and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and and you know
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we won't go there Mark it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't go there Mark it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't go there Mark it's okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but but that does lead you those are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but that does lead you those are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but that does lead you those are two
+clearly sort of different senses of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly sort of different senses of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly sort of different senses of of
+love and and or at least your your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and and or at least your your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and and or at least your your your
+chortling suggests that you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chortling suggests that you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chortling suggests that you think of
+them in different senses you might ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in different senses you might ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in different senses you might ask
+what love is for yeah the motive if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what love is for yeah the motive if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what love is for yeah the motive if
+thirst is if thirst is a motivation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirst is if thirst is a motivation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirst is if thirst is a motivation it's
+because you need liquid in order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need liquid in order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need liquid in order to be
+alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive
+right and you don't drink stuff you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you don't drink stuff you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you don't drink stuff you're
+going to be dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dead
+um what's love well the the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's love well the the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's love well the the usual
+answers to that these days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to that these days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to that these days and
+psychology would come out of the chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology would come out of the chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology would come out of the chunk
+of psychology that's called evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of psychology that's called evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of psychology that's called evolutionary
+psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology
+that sees these core motivations if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sees these core motivations if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sees these core motivations if you
+like as things that evolved over the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as things that evolved over the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as things that evolved over the um
+history of the species and of life in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the species and of life in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the species and of life in
+general to serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general to serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general to serve
+um useful purposes for the organism in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um useful purposes for the organism in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um useful purposes for the organism in
+this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+um Love is presumably in service of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Love is presumably in service of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Love is presumably in service of that
+great evolution missionary good which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great evolution missionary good which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great evolution missionary good which is
+to get your genes into the Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your genes into the Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your genes into the Next
+Generation that the goal that your goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation that the goal that your goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation that the goal that your goal
+if you're a thorough going evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a thorough going evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a thorough going evolutionary
+psychologist your goal in life basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist your goal in life basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist your goal in life basically
+is to get genes into the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to get genes into the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to get genes into the next
+um generation to perpetuate your genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um generation to perpetuate your genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um generation to perpetuate your genes
+and you know the the the sex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the the the sex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the the the sex and
+reproduction thing is a good way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction thing is a good way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction thing is a good way to do
+that it's not the only way to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not the only way to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not the only way to do that
+it's important to note how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to note how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to note how many of you
+are only children well actually let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only children well actually let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only children well actually let's go
+the other way how many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way how many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way how many of you have
+siblings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings
+okay one way for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one way for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one way for you to
+gain this sort of evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain this sort of evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain this sort of evolutionary
+immortality of getting your genes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immortality of getting your genes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immortality of getting your genes into
+the next generation is to be a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next generation is to be a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next generation is to be a really
+good aunt or uncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good aunt or uncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good aunt or uncle
+right you protect and preserve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you protect and preserve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you protect and preserve that
+little niece or nephew of yours and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little niece or nephew of yours and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little niece or nephew of yours and
+they're carrying a bundle of your jeans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're carrying a bundle of your jeans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're carrying a bundle of your jeans
+too so it's not that that that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so it's not that that that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so it's not that that that you know
+having and and raising children is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having and and raising children is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having and and raising children is the
+only evolutionary route to uh uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only evolutionary route to uh uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only evolutionary route to uh uh to the
+future but it it is a good one and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future but it it is a good one and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future but it it is a good one and um
+and and the love business would seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the love business would seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the love business would seem to
+be related to that but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be related to that but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be related to that but it's not
+necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if you think about it well all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it well all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it well all right
+spiders let's think of spiders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiders let's think of spiders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiders let's think of spiders
+um spiders the the reproduction thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um spiders the the reproduction thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um spiders the the reproduction thing
+works fine with spiders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works fine with spiders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works fine with spiders
+um it's not clear it's not clear how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not clear it's not clear how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not clear it's not clear how
+much love and romance there is involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much love and romance there is involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much love and romance there is involved
+here it's not clear for a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's not clear for a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's not clear for a couple of
+reasons one of them is it's very unclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons one of them is it's very unclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons one of them is it's very unclear
+what's going on in the mind of an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in the mind of an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in the mind of an animal
+in general you just don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general you just don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general you just don't have any
+access in fact or at least you have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access in fact or at least you have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access in fact or at least you have only
+the barest of sort of inferential access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barest of sort of inferential access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barest of sort of inferential access
+in fact I don't have any access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I don't have any access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I don't have any access to
+what's going on inside your mind it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on inside your mind it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on inside your mind it is
+an assumption on my part that you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assumption on my part that you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assumption on my part that you guys
+have mental lives like mine you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mental lives like mine you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mental lives like mine you could be
+with the philosophers what is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the philosophers what is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the philosophers what is in
+philosopher jargon you could all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher jargon you could all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher jargon you could all be
+zombies which in if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zombies which in if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zombies which in if you're doing
+philosophy means you're things that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy means you're things that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy means you're things that look
+human behave like they're human but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human behave like they're human but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human behave like they're human but
+aren't human because there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't human because there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't human because there's nothing
+happening in there if there's no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in there if there's no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in there if there's no you
+know you could be cunningly designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could be cunningly designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could be cunningly designed
+machines I don't know that but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines I don't know that but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines I don't know that but it's a
+useful assumption uh that that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful assumption uh that that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful assumption uh that that your
+mental life and my mental life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental life and my mental life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental life and my mental life is
+similar it is not a terribly useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar it is not a terribly useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar it is not a terribly useful
+assumption that my mental life and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that my mental life and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that my mental life and the
+spider's mental life are similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider's mental life are similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider's mental life are similar
+um and in any case if you look at spider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in any case if you look at spider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in any case if you look at spider
+um Behavior it doesn't look much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Behavior it doesn't look much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Behavior it doesn't look much like
+romantic love I mean the guy spends most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic love I mean the guy spends most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic love I mean the guy spends most
+of his time trying to avoid being killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his time trying to avoid being killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his time trying to avoid being killed
+by the by the females by who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the by the females by who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the by the females by who is
+typically much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically much bigger
+he does a variety of courtships we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does a variety of courtships we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does a variety of courtships we'll
+talk about this later in the term but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this later in the term but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this later in the term but I
+cannot resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot resist
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+their variety of spider species where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their variety of spider species where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their variety of spider species where
+they did where the spider does engage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did where the spider does engage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did where the spider does engage in
+a lot of courtship Behavior the male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of courtship Behavior the male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of courtship Behavior the male
+spider he brings her presence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider he brings her presence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider he brings her presence
+um like he brings her a dead fly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like he brings her a dead fly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like he brings her a dead fly the
+reason he brings her a dead fly is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason he brings her a dead fly is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason he brings her a dead fly is if
+she's busy chowing down on the Dead Fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's busy chowing down on the Dead Fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's busy chowing down on the Dead Fly
+she doesn't bite his little head off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she doesn't bite his little head off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she doesn't bite his little head off
+um and it's all it's not desperately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's all it's not desperately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's all it's not desperately
+romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic
+um but in any case it does work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in any case it does work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in any case it does work
+perfectly well for reproduction it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly well for reproduction it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly well for reproduction it
+suggests that there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that there might be
+when you're talking about love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking about love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking about love
+Lane uh potential mates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lane uh potential mates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lane uh potential mates
+to be made between love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be made between love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be made between love
+and and uh well lust or some sort of sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh well lust or some sort of sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh well lust or some sort of sex
+drive or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive or something like that
+um there is evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is evidence
+um at a neurochemical level that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at a neurochemical level that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at a neurochemical level that these
+are distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are distinct
+um the chemical Pathways in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the chemical Pathways in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the chemical Pathways in the brain
+that are involved in romantic love seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are involved in romantic love seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are involved in romantic love seem
+to be those that are also involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be those that are also involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be those that are also involved in
+parent-child bonds of attachment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent-child bonds of attachment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent-child bonds of attachment
+they involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they involve
+um chemicals like well they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chemicals like well they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chemicals like well they're they're
+your brain generates opioid chemicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain generates opioid chemicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain generates opioid chemicals
+um which are like opium which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which are like opium which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which are like opium which is why
+opium is is a powerful uh drug when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opium is is a powerful uh drug when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opium is is a powerful uh drug when
+taken externally of taken from the from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken externally of taken from the from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken externally of taken from the from
+the outside but in any case the um bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside but in any case the um bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside but in any case the um bonds
+of Love involve those those chemicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Love involve those those chemicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Love involve those those chemicals
+um the bonds of lust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the bonds of lust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the bonds of lust
+um involve things like testosterone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um involve things like testosterone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um involve things like testosterone and
+other androgens and estrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other androgens and estrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other androgens and estrogens
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that they may have talked about at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they may have talked about at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they may have talked about at
+endless length in high school biology or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless length in high school biology or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless length in high school biology or
+something of that sort but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of that sort but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of that sort but there's
+evidence that these are separate how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that these are separate how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that these are separate how did
+they come to together well evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come to together well evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come to together well evolutionary
+psychologists suggest that the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists suggest that the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists suggest that the link
+might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+that if you bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you bring
+um uh if you bring love to bear this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if you bring love to bear this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if you bring love to bear this
+romantic bonding this attachment to Bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic bonding this attachment to Bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic bonding this attachment to Bear
+then you've got pairs of um of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've got pairs of um of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've got pairs of um of people
+who stick around stick to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who stick around stick to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who stick around stick to each other
+in ways that are good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that are good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that are good for
+um the beginning and raising of children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the beginning and raising of children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the beginning and raising of children
+and that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that maybe
+um this bonding between parent and child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this bonding between parent and child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this bonding between parent and child
+got co-opted into being romantic love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got co-opted into being romantic love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got co-opted into being romantic love
+between potential mates another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between potential mates another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between potential mates another way of
+putting it would be to say well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it would be to say well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it would be to say well maybe
+romantic love exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic love exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic love exists
+straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+straight just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight just
+is not compatible with civilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not compatible with civilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not compatible with civilization
+if people are just simply acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people are just simply acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people are just simply acting on
+their uh you know evolutionarily based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh you know evolutionarily based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh you know evolutionarily based
+desire to mate it's hard to run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to mate it's hard to run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to mate it's hard to run a
+civilization it's hard to run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization it's hard to run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization it's hard to run a
+university for instance because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university for instance because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university for instance because people
+are busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are busy
+so what you've got to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you've got to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you've got to do
+what you've got to do is if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've got to do is if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've got to do is if you're going
+to run a civilization you have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run a civilization you have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run a civilization you have to find
+some way to channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to channel
+that sex drive into other activities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sex drive into other activities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sex drive into other activities so
+that the rest of civilization can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rest of civilization can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rest of civilization can can
+keep going now if you start talking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going now if you start talking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going now if you start talking in
+those terms you're talking in terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms you're talking in terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms you're talking in terms that
+you will see are very much like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see are very much like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see are very much like what
+Freud said Freud argued that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud said Freud argued that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud said Freud argued that um
+uh that things like romantic love are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that things like romantic love are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that things like romantic love are
+necessary in order to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary in order to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary in order to have a
+civilization and the absence that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization and the absence that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization and the absence that that
+uh yeah if you're a spider you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah if you're a spider you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah if you're a spider you don't
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+um you don't need romantic love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't need romantic love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't need romantic love
+um but you're also not going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you're also not going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you're also not going to have
+well spider civilization is is somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well spider civilization is is somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well spider civilization is is somewhat
+um somewhat more limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somewhat more limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somewhat more limited
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um how does Laura know that Mark loves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how does Laura know that Mark loves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how does Laura know that Mark loves
+her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her
+well he said so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he said so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he said so
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+cool I can say so too right I love you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I can say so too right I love you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I can say so too right I love you
+um I might I might even sort of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I might I might even sort of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I might I might even sort of kind of
+mean it in this sort of generic I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it in this sort of generic I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it in this sort of generic I love
+all of humanity kind of sense but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of humanity kind of sense but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of humanity kind of sense but it's
+obviously different now uh there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously different now uh there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously different now uh there there
+are various other ways that he can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various other ways that he can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various other ways that he can be
+indicating the fact that he is in love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating the fact that he is in love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating the fact that he is in love
+with her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her
+um but she's gotta figure this out is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but she's gotta figure this out is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but she's gotta figure this out is he
+really in love with me or is he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in love with me or is he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in love with me or is he just
+kinda actually he's got to figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinda actually he's got to figure it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinda actually he's got to figure it out
+too am I really in love with her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too am I really in love with her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too am I really in love with her
+her act of perception it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her act of perception it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her act of perception it would be
+perfectly possible for her to be wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly possible for her to be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly possible for her to be wrong
+right she looks at him she thinks he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right she looks at him she thinks he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right she looks at him she thinks he's
+in love with me and he's thinking I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in love with me and he's thinking I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in love with me and he's thinking I'm
+not in love with her I'm just faking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in love with her I'm just faking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in love with her I'm just faking you
+know right could be now could it go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right could be now could it go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right could be now could it go the
+other way could he be thinking I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way could he be thinking I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way could he be thinking I'm in
+love with her and it not be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love with her and it not be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love with her and it not be true
+I'm is is that logically is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm is is that logically is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm is is that logically is that
+logically possible now and who could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically possible now and who could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically possible now and who could
+tell you that it wasn't true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that it wasn't true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that it wasn't true
+your mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mother
+you don't really love her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really love her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really love her
+well you know you probably wouldn't buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know you probably wouldn't buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know you probably wouldn't buy
+that anymore but you would have once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anymore but you would have once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anymore but you would have once
+um if you plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's see how we gonna do this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see how we gonna do this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see how we gonna do this all
+right well this is age I know this axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well this is age I know this axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well this is age I know this axis
+is age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is age
+um so if you plot the percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you plot the percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you plot the percentage of
+people who say you at you ask kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who say you at you ask kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who say you at you ask kids
+who knows your inner emotions the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows your inner emotions the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows your inner emotions the best
+um you or you can give it an open-ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you or you can give it an open-ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you or you can give it an open-ended
+question but the real categories are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but the real categories are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but the real categories are you
+or Mom and Dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Mom and Dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Mom and Dad
+um it turns out so if this is you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it turns out so if this is you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it turns out so if this is you and
+this is Mom and Dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Mom and Dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Mom and Dad
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function
+crosses the 50 point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses the 50 point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses the 50 point
+at the surprisingly late age of early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the surprisingly late age of early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the surprisingly late age of early
+adolescence before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adolescence before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adolescence before that
+um the majority of kids are will assert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the majority of kids are will assert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the majority of kids are will assert
+that Mom and Dad know their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mom and Dad know their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mom and Dad know their
+um emotions better than they themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um emotions better than they themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um emotions better than they themselves
+know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it
+that be the case well it's it's not it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again once you have kids of your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again once you have kids of your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again once you have kids of your own
+because you're looking at your kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're looking at your kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're looking at your kid
+um and and you know you're like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you know you're like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you know you're like your
+your four-year-old kid and your kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your four-year-old kid and your kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your four-year-old kid and your kids
+doing yeah and you say gotta go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing yeah and you say gotta go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing yeah and you say gotta go to the
+bathroom no I've got to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom no I've got to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom no I've got to go to the
+bathroom you gotta go to the bathroom uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom you gotta go to the bathroom uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom you gotta go to the bathroom uh
+I don't have to go to the bathroom you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have to go to the bathroom you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have to go to the bathroom you
+sure you don't have to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you don't have to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you don't have to go to the
+bathroom no no okay I guess you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom no no okay I guess you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom no no okay I guess you don't
+have to go to the bathroom let's all get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go to the bathroom let's all get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go to the bathroom let's all get
+in the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and so if the kid is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so if the kid is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so if the kid is a little
+self-reflective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reflective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reflective
+he thinks hey wait a minute first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thinks hey wait a minute first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thinks hey wait a minute first of all
+not only do I have to go to the bathroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only do I have to go to the bathroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only do I have to go to the bathroom
+but you know Mom and Dad they like knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know Mom and Dad they like knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know Mom and Dad they like knew
+that before I did that cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before I did that cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before I did that cool
+that's also a little scary because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also a little scary because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also a little scary because
+I thought a whole bunch of other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought a whole bunch of other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought a whole bunch of other things
+I wonder if they know those things too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wonder if they know those things too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wonder if they know those things too
+eventually you figure out not I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you figure out not I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you figure out not I didn't
+know that stuff which is just as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that stuff which is just as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that stuff which is just as well
+for all concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all concerned
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the returning to the love example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the returning to the love example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the returning to the love example the
+point is that you need to know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that you need to know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that you need to know that you
+need to perform an act of perception to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to perform an act of perception to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to perform an act of perception to
+decline decide that somebody else loves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline decide that somebody else loves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline decide that somebody else loves
+you and you need to do do an act of sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you need to do do an act of sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you need to do do an act of sort
+of self-perception to decide that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of self-perception to decide that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of self-perception to decide that you
+love somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love somebody else
+um you might also ask yourself at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you might also ask yourself at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you might also ask yourself at that
+point well what is it that you love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point well what is it that you love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point well what is it that you love
+physical attributes that's considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical attributes that's considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical attributes that's considered
+sort of crass and you know even worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of crass and you know even worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of crass and you know even worse
+would be to say I love her for her money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to say I love her for her money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to say I love her for her money
+and possessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and possessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and possessions
+all right that sounds terrible but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that sounds terrible but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that sounds terrible but if
+you ask yourself what are you watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask yourself what are you watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask yourself what are you watching
+on TV there's a continuous pairing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on TV there's a continuous pairing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on TV there's a continuous pairing of
+love sex and cars soda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love sex and cars soda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love sex and cars soda
+anything right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what you know that I can't think of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know that I can't think of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know that I can't think of any
+particular ads at the moment because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular ads at the moment because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular ads at the moment because I
+don't watch enough TV I'll ask my kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't watch enough TV I'll ask my kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't watch enough TV I'll ask my kids
+if they're any good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're any good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're any good
+Texan soda ads on at the moment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texan soda ads on at the moment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texan soda ads on at the moment but
+there certainly have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there certainly have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there certainly have been
+um in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in any case
+typically we say things like you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we say things like you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we say things like you know I
+love her for her mind or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love her for her mind or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love her for her mind or something like
+that now you could can you could love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now you could can you could love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now you could can you could love
+your laptop for its mind too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your laptop for its mind too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your laptop for its mind too
+um it doesn't seem to be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it doesn't seem to be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it doesn't seem to be quite
+the uh the the the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the the the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the the the same thing
+um now all right so there's a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now all right so there's a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now all right so there's a question
+of what it is that you might love where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what it is that you might love where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what it is that you might love where
+is that love if um in you does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that love if um in you does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that love if um in you does that
+question make any sort of sense well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question make any sort of sense well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question make any sort of sense well
+there's a traditional answer to that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a traditional answer to that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a traditional answer to that if
+you asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you asked
+um where love lives the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where love lives the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where love lives the sort of
+conventional out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional out there
+um in several hundred years ago probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in several hundred years ago probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in several hundred years ago probably
+would be simpler kind of answer would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liver is good too but that that's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver is good too but that that's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver is good too but that that's only
+if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're
+the the cool white virgin snows upon my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cool white virgin snows upon my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cool white virgin snows upon my
+heart have abated the arter of my liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart have abated the arter of my liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart have abated the arter of my liver
+says the prince guy in in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the prince guy in in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the prince guy in in in in
+Shakespeare's um Tempest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare's um Tempest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare's um Tempest
+um there's this notion that that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's this notion that that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's this notion that that very
+much a folk psychological notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a folk psychological notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a folk psychological notion that
+emotions are resident in the viscera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions are resident in the viscera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions are resident in the viscera
+um and that makes a degree of sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that makes a degree of sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that makes a degree of sense
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+um when you see the object of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you see the object of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you see the object of your
+heart's desire you know it's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart's desire you know it's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart's desire you know it's your
+heart's desire because your heart goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart's desire because your heart goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart's desire because your heart goes
+thump right now you think that if love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thump right now you think that if love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thump right now you think that if love
+is localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is localized
+um you know if there is some chunk of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if there is some chunk of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if there is some chunk of of
+you that is it is your love for whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that is it is your love for whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that is it is your love for whoever
+this significant other might be where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this significant other might be where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this significant other might be where is
+that likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that likely to be
+brain somebody muttered up there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain somebody muttered up there yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain somebody muttered up there yeah
+it's probably in your brain um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably in your brain um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably in your brain um you can
+imagine why that was a hard notion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine why that was a hard notion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine why that was a hard notion to
+come by because you know you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come by because you know you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come by because you know you look at the
+object of your desire and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of your desire and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of your desire and you don't
+suddenly say ah my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly say ah my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly say ah my head
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and you probably won't be saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you probably won't be saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you probably won't be saying
+rain-shaped chocolates to anybody at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain-shaped chocolates to anybody at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain-shaped chocolates to anybody at
+Valentine's Day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valentine's Day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valentine's Day
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it is a it is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a it is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a it is an interesting
+question to ask whether or not all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask whether or not all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask whether or not all right
+brain maybe is it localized enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain maybe is it localized enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain maybe is it localized enough that
+there's some little piece of brain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some little piece of brain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some little piece of brain that
+we could go to and say you know Mark's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could go to and say you know Mark's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could go to and say you know Mark's
+love for Lara is there and if we went in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love for Lara is there and if we went in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love for Lara is there and if we went in
+and pulled that board out of out of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pulled that board out of out of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pulled that board out of out of his
+uh out of his computer that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh out of his computer that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh out of his computer that you know
+he'd know who Laura was and he'd know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd know who Laura was and he'd know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd know who Laura was and he'd know
+everything else but he just wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else but he just wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else but he just wouldn't be
+in love anymore is that local is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in love anymore is that local is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in love anymore is that local is that
+level of localization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of localization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of localization
+um plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plausible
+um is the love normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the love normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the love normal
+is his love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his love
+Mark loves Lara for her mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark loves Lara for her mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark loves Lara for her mind
+um is that normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that normal
+suppose he loved her for her foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose he loved her for her foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose he loved her for her foot
+would that be normal what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be normal what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be normal what's the
+difference why would one be and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference why would one be and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference why would one be and if it
+wasn't normal who gets to decide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't normal who gets to decide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't normal who gets to decide that
+it's normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's normal
+do we as a community get to decide does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we as a community get to decide does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we as a community get to decide does
+does the family get to decide is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the family get to decide is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the family get to decide is there
+some objective way to decide whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some objective way to decide whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some objective way to decide whether
+something is or is not normal and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is or is not normal and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is or is not normal and if
+it's not normal what do we get to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not normal what do we get to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not normal what do we get to do
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+do we get to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get to um
+uh you know if it's not if if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know if it's not if if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know if it's not if if it's not
+normal and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and uh
+would drugs fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would drugs fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would drugs fix it
+um would surgery fix it would some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would surgery fix it would some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would surgery fix it would some sort
+of therapy fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of therapy fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of therapy fix it
+um look well you look you can see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um look well you look you can see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um look well you look you can see what's
+going on here from a simple uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here from a simple uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here from a simple uh sort of
+statement like you know Mark loves Laura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement like you know Mark loves Laura
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement like you know Mark loves Laura
+we can get to essentially any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get to essentially any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get to essentially any of the
+sort of topics that will show up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of topics that will show up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of topics that will show up in a
+course like this any of you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course like this any of you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course like this any of you could have
+done we we wouldn't have had to use love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we we wouldn't have had to use love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we we wouldn't have had to use love
+as the particular example behind any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the particular example behind any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the particular example behind any of
+these things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that we
+um use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um use
+perfectly comfortably in everyday life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly comfortably in everyday life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly comfortably in everyday life
+is a large set of very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a large set of very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a large set of very interesting
+questions only a very few of which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions only a very few of which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions only a very few of which of
+course I can manage too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I can manage too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I can manage too
+address in an introductory level course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address in an introductory level course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address in an introductory level course
+but the goal here would be to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the goal here would be to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the goal here would be to give you
+some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of
+um overview of the sorts of topics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um overview of the sorts of topics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um overview of the sorts of topics and
+the sorts of answers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorts of answers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorts of answers that
+um modern academic psychology has uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um modern academic psychology has uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um modern academic psychology has uh has
+come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with
+um the way that we do that is through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way that we do that is through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way that we do that is through
+lectures through recitations which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures through recitations which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures through recitations which are
+uh not should not be treated as optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not should not be treated as optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not should not be treated as optional
+we expect you to be there they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect you to be there they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect you to be there they're not
+just like reviews for the exam or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like reviews for the exam or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like reviews for the exam or you
+know there aren't problem sets in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there aren't problem sets in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there aren't problem sets in an
+introductory site class the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory site class the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory site class the way they
+would be in chemistry or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in chemistry or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in chemistry or something
+you're expected to be there they're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're expected to be there they're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're expected to be there they're an
+integral part of the course and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral part of the course and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral part of the course and there's
+the textbook it's a good idea to to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook it's a good idea to to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook it's a good idea to to look
+at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it
+um I won't go into a lot more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I won't go into a lot more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I won't go into a lot more detail
+about the mechanics of the course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mechanics of the course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mechanics of the course the
+syllabus will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus will tell you
+um most of what you want to know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most of what you want to know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most of what you want to know and
+it's a really good idea to actually take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really good idea to actually take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really good idea to actually take
+a look at the syllabus and take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the syllabus and take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the syllabus and take a look
+at the writing assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the writing assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the writing assignments
+um because you know they have due dates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you know they have due dates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you know they have due dates
+attached to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to them
+and and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and things like that
+um I will answer any uh blazingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I will answer any uh blazingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I will answer any uh blazingly
+mechanical questions about the course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical questions about the course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical questions about the course if
+if they have occurred to anybody at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have occurred to anybody at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have occurred to anybody at the
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+otherwise I will plunge into the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I will plunge into the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I will plunge into the brain
+in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after satisfying my thirst motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after satisfying my thirst motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after satisfying my thirst motivation
+yet more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet more
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um okay let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay let me say
+that the sort of ideological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sort of ideological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sort of ideological
+grounding of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding of this course
+is that the course like academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the course like academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the course like academic
+psychology generally is materialist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology generally is materialist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology generally is materialist in
+its in its ideology what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its in its ideology what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its in its ideology what does that mean
+what that means is that um the mind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that um the mind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that um the mind is
+what the brain does and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the brain does and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the brain does and uh
+that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have
+thoughts if you have feelings if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts if you have feelings if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts if you have feelings if you
+have memories that they these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have memories that they these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have memories that they these things
+arise out of the brain this is not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise out of the brain this is not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise out of the brain this is not to
+say they are necessarily that they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they are necessarily that they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they are necessarily that they did
+if if we wanted to teach a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we wanted to teach a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we wanted to teach a straight
+Neuroscience course we just teach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience course we just teach you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience course we just teach you
+about the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the brain
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but it is to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is to say that
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it is in distinction to another old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in distinction to another old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in distinction to another old
+philosophical position which is dualism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical position which is dualism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical position which is dualism
+which says that the mind is somehow an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that the mind is somehow an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that the mind is somehow an
+immaterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immaterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immaterial
+something that is separate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is separate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is separate from the
+brain it interacts with you it interacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain it interacts with you it interacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain it interacts with you it interacts
+with your uh with your with your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your uh with your with your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your uh with your with your body
+but is is separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is is separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is is separate
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the reason for talking about the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for talking about the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for talking about the brain
+for this lecture in the chunk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this lecture in the chunk of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this lecture in the chunk of the
+next lecture is this notion that um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture is this notion that um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture is this notion that um the
+the mind is what the uh um what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mind is what the uh um what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mind is what the uh um what the
+brain does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain does and
+um well if we want to find out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well if we want to find out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well if we want to find out what the
+brain does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain does
+Let's see we could make a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see we could make a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see we could make a little bit of
+a list here you go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list here you go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list here you go up
+oh we got to get rid of a little more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we got to get rid of a little more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we got to get rid of a little more of
+whatever that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that was
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so I uh do I have a copy of the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I uh do I have a copy of the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I uh do I have a copy of the handout
+here somewhere yes okay so I can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somewhere yes okay so I can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somewhere yes okay so I can ask
+because it just has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it just has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it just has
+four broad classes of methods on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four broad classes of methods on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four broad classes of methods on the
+handout without describing them um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout without describing them um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout without describing them um how
+might we go about finding out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might we go about finding out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might we go about finding out what the
+uh what the brain does oh this reminds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the brain does oh this reminds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the brain does oh this reminds
+me to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to say
+anytime during the course of the term if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime during the course of the term if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime during the course of the term if
+you got a question comment or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a question comment or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a question comment or whatever
+feel free to raise your hand and and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to raise your hand and and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to raise your hand and and um
+I will attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will attempt to
+um answer it if I think we're being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um answer it if I think we're being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um answer it if I think we're being
+hopelessly uh you know diverted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopelessly uh you know diverted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopelessly uh you know diverted from
+where I think we need to get in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I think we need to get in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I think we need to get in the
+lecture I may have to cut off discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I may have to cut off discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I may have to cut off discussion
+but I I'm more than happy to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I'm more than happy to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I'm more than happy to have the
+opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity
+um so don't just because it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so don't just because it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so don't just because it's a great
+big lecture don't feel that you just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big lecture don't feel that you just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big lecture don't feel that you just got
+to sit there and not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit there and not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit there and not um
+not do anything interactive like raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do anything interactive like raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do anything interactive like raise
+your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand
+um of course if you raise your hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course if you raise your hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course if you raise your hand you
+might end up exposing the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might end up exposing the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might end up exposing the details of
+your romantic engagements with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your romantic engagements with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your romantic engagements with the
+person sitting next to you but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person sitting next to you but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person sitting next to you but that's a
+risk you'll have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk you'll have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk you'll have to take
+um anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway
+if uh if you wanted to find out how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh if you wanted to find out how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh if you wanted to find out how the
+mind how the brain worked what the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind how the brain worked what the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind how the brain worked what the brain
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+how can you go how could we go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you go how could we go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you go how could we go about
+doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that
+anybody got yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you could cut the brain open look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could cut the brain open look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could cut the brain open look at it
+okay that that's that's uh that's option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that that's that's uh that's option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that that's that's uh that's option
+zero on my list of one to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on my list of one to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on my list of one to four
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+no it's not not because it's um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not not because it's um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not not because it's um it's
+trivial in any sense but I'm I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial in any sense but I'm I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial in any sense but I'm I'm looking
+for techniques that get more at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for techniques that get more at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for techniques that get more at the
+function than at the structure but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function than at the structure but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function than at the structure but there
+is a certain amount that you do learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a certain amount that you do learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a certain amount that you do learn
+from just looking at the structure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just looking at the structure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just looking at the structure in
+fact Descartes one of the founders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact Descartes one of the founders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact Descartes one of the founders of
+the dualist view looked at the anatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dualist view looked at the anatomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dualist view looked at the anatomy
+of the brain thought you know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain thought you know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain thought you know if the
+immaterial mind and soul are interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immaterial mind and soul are interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immaterial mind and soul are interacting
+with the brain well the brain is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the brain well the brain is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the brain well the brain is a
+doubled structure right it's got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled structure right it's got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled structure right it's got these
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+sort of symmetrical hemispheres the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of symmetrical hemispheres the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of symmetrical hemispheres the that
+interaction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between
+um the immaterial soul and the body must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the immaterial soul and the body must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the immaterial soul and the body must
+be at one point he looked at the anatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at one point he looked at the anatomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at one point he looked at the anatomy
+saw the pineal gland which is a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the pineal gland which is a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the pineal gland which is a piece of
+brain lying on the midline and thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain lying on the midline and thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain lying on the midline and thought
+because there's only one of those that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's only one of those that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's only one of those that
+must be the point so you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the point so you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the point so you can make
+inferences from structure alone that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences from structure alone that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences from structure alone that
+particular inference is wrong but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular inference is wrong but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular inference is wrong but
+um but you could do it yes the person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you could do it yes the person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you could do it yes the person in
+front there yes you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay MRI we will make that into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay MRI we will make that into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay MRI we will make that into the
+larger category of of Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger category of of Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger category of of Imaging
+techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+for psych purposes the most uh dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for psych purposes the most uh dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for psych purposes the most uh dramatic
+version of this is so-called fmri for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this is so-called fmri for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this is so-called fmri for
+functional magnetic resonance imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional magnetic resonance imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional magnetic resonance imaging
+this is the new entry on the list really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the new entry on the list really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the new entry on the list really
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a remarkable breakthrough in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a remarkable breakthrough in the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a remarkable breakthrough in the time
+that I've been teaching this course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been teaching this course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been teaching this course is
+the ability to now look at the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to now look at the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to now look at the structure
+and some aspects of the function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some aspects of the function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some aspects of the function of the
+brain in intact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain in intact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain in intact
+um you know alive awake human beings you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know alive awake human beings you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know alive awake human beings you
+simply couldn't do that anymore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply couldn't do that anymore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply couldn't do that anymore and
+that's a remarkable well it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a remarkable well it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a remarkable well it's a
+remarkable Boon for psychology and and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable Boon for psychology and and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable Boon for psychology and and a
+huge advance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge advance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge advance for
+um medicine so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um medicine so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um medicine so for instance
+um if you had a brain tumor there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you had a brain tumor there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you had a brain tumor there are
+symptoms of having a brain tumor but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms of having a brain tumor but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms of having a brain tumor but the
+only way to find out if you actually had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to find out if you actually had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to find out if you actually had
+a tumor because you'd want to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tumor because you'd want to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tumor because you'd want to take this
+tumor out if you could the only way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor out if you could the only way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor out if you could the only way to
+find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out
+um yeah a generation ago was to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah a generation ago was to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah a generation ago was to to do
+exploratory surgery and and open up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploratory surgery and and open up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploratory surgery and and open up the
+brain and see where the thing was now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and see where the thing was now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and see where the thing was now
+you'd be in an MR scanner you know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be in an MR scanner you know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be in an MR scanner you know by
+the end of the day and and and we'd know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day and and and we'd know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day and and and we'd know
+um so yes very useful technique um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yes very useful technique um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yes very useful technique um
+you're gonna offer me another one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we'll we'll put this under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll we'll put this under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll we'll put this under the
+category of lesions brain damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of lesions brain damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of lesions brain damage
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if this is the newest that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is the newest that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is the newest that this is
+probably the oldest of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the oldest of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the oldest of the of the
+um basic techniques if you damage brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basic techniques if you damage brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basic techniques if you damage brains
+um in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the same way
+uh you end up getting symptoms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you end up getting symptoms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you end up getting symptoms that are
+similar across people and even across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar across people and even across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar across people and even across
+species in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species in um
+in many cases and that is a tip-off that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases and that is a tip-off that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases and that is a tip-off that
+um first of all that the brain has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first of all that the brain has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first of all that the brain has
+something to do with mental life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with mental life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with mental life and
+that specific bits of brain have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specific bits of brain have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specific bits of brain have
+specific things to do with specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific things to do with specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific things to do with specific
+aspects of mental life the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of mental life the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of mental life the real
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+advances in this sort of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in this sort of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in this sort of research
+um and this sort of understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this sort of understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this sort of understanding of the
+brain came oh I guess mid to late 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain came oh I guess mid to late 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain came oh I guess mid to late 19th
+century when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century when
+um with advances both in medicine and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with advances both in medicine and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with advances both in medicine and in
+uh I suppose what you could call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I suppose what you could call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I suppose what you could call
+military technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military technology
+in earlier times if you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in earlier times if you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in earlier times if you got a
+penetrating wound to the brain odds were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrating wound to the brain odds were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrating wound to the brain odds were
+that you were simply going to be dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were simply going to be dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were simply going to be dead
+um but by the mid to late 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but by the mid to late 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but by the mid to late 19th century
+people were surviving with penetrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were surviving with penetrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were surviving with penetrating
+brain injuries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain injuries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain injuries
+came clean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came clean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came clean and
+um uh bullets were um could be leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh bullets were um could be leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh bullets were um could be leaving
+comparatively small lesions and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively small lesions and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively small lesions and so it
+became increasingly clear that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became increasingly clear that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became increasingly clear that different
+bits of brain damage did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of brain damage did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of brain damage did
+um different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different things
+um let me find myself a place to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me find myself a place to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me find myself a place to draw
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+picture here I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here I need
+I need a brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here we go one quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go one quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go one quick
+this is your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your brain
+just to orient things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+front back bottom top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front back bottom top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front back bottom top
+um if I'm facing that way this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I'm facing that way this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I'm facing that way this would be
+looking at the outside surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the outside surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the outside surface of the
+left hemisphere there right you got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hemisphere there right you got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hemisphere there right you got two
+cerebral hemispheres about this size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebral hemispheres about this size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebral hemispheres about this size
+stuck inside your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck inside your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck inside your head
+um this is uh the brain's got lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is uh the brain's got lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is uh the brain's got lots of
+wrinkles there are a couple of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkles there are a couple of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkles there are a couple of large
+ones that I'm drawing here for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that I'm drawing here for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that I'm drawing here for my
+purposes because the the cerebral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes because the the cerebral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes because the the cerebral
+hemispheres are are conventionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres are are conventionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres are are conventionally
+divided up into four lobes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided up into four lobes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided up into four lobes
+um the terms for which are written on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the terms for which are written on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the terms for which are written on
+the handout so I can just give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout so I can just give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout so I can just give you the
+initials rather than writing out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initials rather than writing out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initials rather than writing out the
+whole thing conveniently the frontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing conveniently the frontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing conveniently the frontal
+lobe is at the front after that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe is at the front after that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe is at the front after that you just
+simply have to learn them temporal lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply have to learn them temporal lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply have to learn them temporal lobe
+down at the bottom occipital lobe at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at the bottom occipital lobe at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at the bottom occipital lobe at the
+back and the parietal lobe on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and the parietal lobe on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and the parietal lobe on the other
+side of this big Central sulcus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of this big Central sulcus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of this big Central sulcus that
+divides the frontal from the parietal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides the frontal from the parietal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides the frontal from the parietal
+um lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lobe
+what was found I think originally in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was found I think originally in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was found I think originally in the
+franco-prussian war if memory serves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franco-prussian war if memory serves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franco-prussian war if memory serves
+1870s was that if you got whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1870s was that if you got whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1870s was that if you got whoops
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+lesions to the back of the the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions to the back of the the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions to the back of the the brain
+here to the cortex so the wrinkled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to the cortex so the wrinkled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to the cortex so the wrinkled
+outside surface is known as cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside surface is known as cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside surface is known as cortex
+that's from the Latin word for cork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's from the Latin word for cork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's from the Latin word for cork
+which is what anatomists thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what anatomists thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what anatomists thought it
+looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like
+um if you get lesions back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you get lesions back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you get lesions back here
+um you get problems with your vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you get problems with your vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you get problems with your vision
+very specifically and if you get um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specifically and if you get um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specifically and if you get um if
+you got a great big lesion that took out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a great big lesion that took out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a great big lesion that took out
+the entire occipital cortex on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire occipital cortex on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire occipital cortex on both
+sides you'd be functionally blind but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides you'd be functionally blind but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides you'd be functionally blind but if
+you got a small lesion let's say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a small lesion let's say in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a small lesion let's say in the
+left hemisphere you would have a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hemisphere you would have a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hemisphere you would have a small
+region of blindness and it would always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of blindness and it would always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of blindness and it would always
+be on the right side of the visual world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the right side of the visual world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the right side of the visual world
+um and that's relative to where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's relative to where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's relative to where you're
+actually looking look at fixating at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looking look at fixating at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looking look at fixating at the
+moment so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so if I
+say it on this guy there who I'm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it on this guy there who I'm now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it on this guy there who I'm now
+staring at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staring at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staring at
+um then if I had a lesion in my left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then if I had a lesion in my left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then if I had a lesion in my left
+hemisphere some region out here I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere some region out here I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere some region out here I would
+be blind if the lesion was in my right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be blind if the lesion was in my right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be blind if the lesion was in my right
+hemisphere the blind region would be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere the blind region would be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere the blind region would be on
+the on the opposite side on the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the opposite side on the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the opposite side on the um
+on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left
+um that's the sort of thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the sort of thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the sort of thing that you
+could discover from lesion studies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could discover from lesion studies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could discover from lesion studies and
+um so lesions happen when you get brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so lesions happen when you get brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so lesions happen when you get brain
+injury from say a bullet lesions happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injury from say a bullet lesions happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injury from say a bullet lesions happen
+from Strokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Strokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Strokes
+um one of the great advances one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the great advances one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the great advances one of the
+great advantages to Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great advantages to Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great advantages to Imaging
+Technologies is that in the 1870s or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies is that in the 1870s or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies is that in the 1870s or
+even until quite recently the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even until quite recently the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even until quite recently the only way
+you knew about where the lesion exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew about where the lesion exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew about where the lesion exactly
+was was if the patient died and came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was if the patient died and came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was if the patient died and came to
+autopsy you could look at the brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autopsy you could look at the brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autopsy you could look at the brain and
+look what was damaged now you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what was damaged now you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what was damaged now you can look
+at that brain in an intact individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that brain in an intact individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that brain in an intact individual
+and see where the um see where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see where the um see where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see where the um see where the
+damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage
+um where the damage might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where the damage might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where the damage might be
+um so damage to the brain can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so damage to the brain can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so damage to the brain can tell you
+something about it's got the drawback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it's got the drawback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it's got the drawback
+that you're you're trying to infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're you're trying to infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're you're trying to infer
+normal function from an abnormal brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal function from an abnormal brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal function from an abnormal brain
+at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point
+um and that's uh not perfectly not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's uh not perfectly not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's uh not perfectly not not
+perfectly straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly straightforward
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but it does provide and is perhaps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does provide and is perhaps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does provide and is perhaps the
+oldest technique for providing lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldest technique for providing lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldest technique for providing lots of
+information yes you're about to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information yes you're about to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information yes you're about to give me
+another method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another method
+um okay behavior is is item well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay behavior is is item well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay behavior is is item well if
+that's zero then a behavior is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's zero then a behavior is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's zero then a behavior is going to
+be uh five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh five
+um and we'll spend an awful lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we'll spend an awful lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we'll spend an awful lot of the
+course talking about behavioral measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course talking about behavioral measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course talking about behavioral measures
+but in Behavior you know without going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in Behavior you know without going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in Behavior you know without going
+in and and doing something with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rain as a black box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain as a black box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain as a black box
+at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point
+um yeah it may tell you something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it may tell you something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it may tell you something about
+the brain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain in
+connection with the rest of this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with the rest of this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with the rest of this but
+we're looking for techniques that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for techniques that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for techniques that are
+specifically about studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically about studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically about studying
+brain itself yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wake surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I know this sounds cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know this sounds cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know this sounds cool
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+keep going I'm aware we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going I'm aware we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going I'm aware we're
+what did you happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's this what's the surgery part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can I I can feel it I'm just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I I can feel it I'm just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I I can feel it I'm just trying to
+see if I'm if there's a six here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I'm if there's a six here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I'm if there's a six here that
+I'm just not thinking of that that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just not thinking of that that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just not thinking of that that would
+be cool otherwise I can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah actually that's one I didn't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah actually that's one I didn't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah actually that's one I didn't put
+in typically which is that you can go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in typically which is that you can go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in typically which is that you can go in
+and start infusing stuff uh into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start infusing stuff uh into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start infusing stuff uh into
+chemicals into the brain and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals into the brain and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals into the brain and and
+changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing
+um Behavior I um do I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Behavior I um do I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Behavior I um do I want to say
+anything more about that at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll use that one thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use that one thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use that one thank you
+we'll call this stimulation in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call this stimulation in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call this stimulation in general
+uh stim you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stim you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stim you
+Nation you can go in and stimulate brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nation you can go in and stimulate brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nation you can go in and stimulate brain
+so that I was gonna I was I was gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I was gonna I was I was gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I was gonna I was I was gonna do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um and segue from from the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and segue from from the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and segue from from the chemical
+stimulation to electrical stimulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation to electrical stimulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation to electrical stimulation
+but you got there for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you got there for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you got there for me
+um you can go in and stimulate the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can go in and stimulate the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can go in and stimulate the brain
+electrically in rats but you can also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically in rats but you can also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically in rats but you can also do
+this in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in humans
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah in fact uh so back in the 1950s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in fact uh so back in the 1950s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in fact uh so back in the 1950s
+um Wilder Penfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Wilder Penfield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Wilder Penfield
+psychologist is working with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist is working with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist is working with um
+some neurosurgeons up in Montreal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some neurosurgeons up in Montreal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some neurosurgeons up in Montreal and
+what they were doing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were doing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were doing was
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+they were doing neurosurgery on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were doing neurosurgery on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were doing neurosurgery on
+um patients with intractable epilepsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um patients with intractable epilepsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um patients with intractable epilepsy
+epilepsy is a an electrical storm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epilepsy is a an electrical storm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epilepsy is a an electrical storm in the
+brain basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain basically
+um and um and often is started by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um and often is started by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um and often is started by a
+piece of abnormal or damaged tissue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of abnormal or damaged tissue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of abnormal or damaged tissue that
+acts as a generator and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts as a generator and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts as a generator and then when
+sort of an abnormal electrical activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an abnormal electrical activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an abnormal electrical activity
+spreads from that point of generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads from that point of generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads from that point of generation
+across the across the brain or across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the across the brain or across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the across the brain or across
+some chunk of the brain and causes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some chunk of the brain and causes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some chunk of the brain and causes a
+seizure lapse of awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seizure lapse of awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seizure lapse of awareness
+the sort of symptoms that you get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of symptoms that you get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of symptoms that you get in
+epilepsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epilepsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epilepsy
+often this is controllable by drugs but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often this is controllable by drugs but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often this is controllable by drugs but
+in some cases it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases it's not
+the treatments of uh that can be tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatments of uh that can be tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatments of uh that can be tried
+is to go in and try to lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to go in and try to lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to go in and try to lesion
+this little chunk of brain if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little chunk of brain if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little chunk of brain if you take
+out the generator you can often reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the generator you can often reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the generator you can often reduce
+the um the severity or eliminate the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the severity or eliminate the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the severity or eliminate the uh
+eliminate the seizures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the seizures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the seizures
+um but if you're gonna take brain tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if you're gonna take brain tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if you're gonna take brain tissue
+out you got to be really careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you got to be really careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you got to be really careful
+um because well actually where I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because well actually where I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because well actually where I put
+this as a is a is a pretty good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a is a is a pretty good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a is a is a pretty good example
+we knew from lesion studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew from lesion studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew from lesion studies
+going back again into the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back again into the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back again into the 19th century
+that areas around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that areas around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that areas around here
+um were that go by names like broca and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um were that go by names like broca and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um were that go by names like broca and
+Wernicke's area which are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wernicke's area which are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wernicke's area which are um
+the names of 19th century neurologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the names of 19th century neurologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the names of 19th century neurologists
+actually vitally import ant in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually vitally import ant in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually vitally import ant in the
+production and understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and understand
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those areas exist in the left hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those areas exist in the left hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those areas exist in the left hemisphere
+of the brain so this is a left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain so this is a left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain so this is a left
+hemisphere of the brain that'll work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere of the brain that'll work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere of the brain that'll work
+work fine and if they're damaged by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work fine and if they're damaged by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work fine and if they're damaged by
+stroke you will have trouble with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke you will have trouble with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke you will have trouble with
+understanding language or um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding language or um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding language or um or
+producing language or both depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing language or both depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing language or both depends on
+the exact nature of the stroke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact nature of the stroke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact nature of the stroke
+um but very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but very very
+bad lesions to have so if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad lesions to have so if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad lesions to have so if you were to
+discover that the um the epileptogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that the um the epileptogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that the um the epileptogenic
+focus the piece of bad tissue was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus the piece of bad tissue was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus the piece of bad tissue was
+sitting in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in there
+um you would say look I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you would say look I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you would say look I'm sorry
+the you know we don't want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know we don't want to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know we don't want to do this
+surgery because while I could perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery because while I could perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery because while I could perhaps
+reduce the frequency of your seizures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the frequency of your seizures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the frequency of your seizures
+um it's going to mean that you're you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's going to mean that you're you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's going to mean that you're you've
+got real problems with language and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got real problems with language and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got real problems with language and that
+trade-off is not worth it on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off is not worth it on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off is not worth it on the other
+hand if if the generator was here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if if the generator was here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if if the generator was here
+um say look I can reduce the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say look I can reduce the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say look I can reduce the the
+frequency of your seizures and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of your seizures and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of your seizures and you'll
+have a a relatively small area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a relatively small area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a relatively small area of
+blindness out in the uh right visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness out in the uh right visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness out in the uh right visual
+field somewhere say look I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field somewhere say look I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field somewhere say look I'm not
+thrilled about being blind in some part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrilled about being blind in some part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrilled about being blind in some part
+of my visual field but that trade-off is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my visual field but that trade-off is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my visual field but that trade-off is
+worth it so you need to know where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth it so you need to know where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth it so you need to know where you
+are in the brain in order to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the brain in order to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the brain in order to do this
+sort of surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of surgery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of surgery
+and what Penfield did was to stimulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what Penfield did was to stimulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what Penfield did was to stimulate
+the brain of awake individuals in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain of awake individuals in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain of awake individuals in effect
+to ask you know what's this bit of brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you know what's this bit of brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you know what's this bit of brain
+doing now how can you do that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now how can you do that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now how can you do that doesn't
+that kind of hurt a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of hurt a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of hurt a lot
+um the answer is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the answer is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the answer is that
+um they're under local anesthetic to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're under local anesthetic to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're under local anesthetic to get
+through the skull and the outer surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the skull and the outer surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the skull and the outer surface
+the the membranes across the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the membranes across the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the membranes across the surface of
+the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the
+um of the brain uh because in case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the brain uh because in case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the brain uh because in case you
+hadn't noticed you know digging holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't noticed you know digging holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't noticed you know digging holes
+with a sharp stick in your skull really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sharp stick in your skull really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sharp stick in your skull really
+hurts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts
+um but once you get to brain there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but once you get to brain there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but once you get to brain there are
+no pain receptors in the brain itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no pain receptors in the brain itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no pain receptors in the brain itself
+there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing
+um once once you've got the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um once once you've got the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um once once you've got the brain
+exposed you can do anything you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed you can do anything you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed you can do anything you want to
+the brain and and and and the Brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain and and and and the Brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain and and and and the Brain
+won't particularly complain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't particularly complain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't particularly complain
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I don't suggest you try this but um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't suggest you try this but um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't suggest you try this but um but
+you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could
+um now why well let's step back why have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now why well let's step back why have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now why well let's step back why have
+pain receptors at all what what's pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain receptors at all what what's pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain receptors at all what what's pain
+good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah Pain's there to keep you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah Pain's there to keep you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah Pain's there to keep you from
+hurting yourself yeah if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting yourself yeah if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting yourself yeah if you don't have
+pain and your hands on the hot stove you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain and your hands on the hot stove you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain and your hands on the hot stove you
+say oh I'm cooking my hand that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh I'm cooking my hand that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh I'm cooking my hand that's you
+know big deal in fact people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know big deal in fact people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know big deal in fact people who are
+there are rare cases of people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are rare cases of people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are rare cases of people who are
+congenitally insensitive to pain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congenitally insensitive to pain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congenitally insensitive to pain and
+it's it's bad news they end up injuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's bad news they end up injuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's bad news they end up injuring
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+um that being the case why not have pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that being the case why not have pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that being the case why not have pain
+receptors in your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know if you sort of thinking sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you sort of thinking sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you sort of thinking sort of
+evolutionary terms by the time the bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary terms by the time the bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary terms by the time the bear
+is chewing on your brain you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is chewing on your brain you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is chewing on your brain you know
+you might as well just kind of go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might as well just kind of go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might as well just kind of go with
+the experience because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had her much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had her much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had her much
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the advantage here is that you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the advantage here is that you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the advantage here is that you can go
+in and stimulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and stimulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and stimulate
+um brain tissue and it's not a bad it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um brain tissue and it's not a bad it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um brain tissue and it's not a bad it's
+it's somewhat from the sound of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhat from the sound of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhat from the sound of a
+somewhat uncanny experience but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat uncanny experience but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat uncanny experience but it's not
+an unpleasant experience and so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unpleasant experience and so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unpleasant experience and so all
+right so what Penfield did you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what Penfield did you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what Penfield did you know
+stick a little electrode say here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick a little electrode say here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick a little electrode say here and
+and put a little electrical current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put a little electrical current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put a little electrical current
+there and what the patient would report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what the patient would report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what the patient would report
+if it was here this is to the parietal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was here this is to the parietal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was here this is to the parietal
+side of this big Central sulcus what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of this big Central sulcus what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of this big Central sulcus what the
+bro what the what the patient would uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bro what the what the patient would uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bro what the what the patient would uh
+report is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report is
+I I feel it it feels like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I feel it it feels like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I feel it it feels like you're
+touching my foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching my foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching my foot
+okay move the electrode a little bit oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay move the electrode a little bit oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay move the electrode a little bit oh
+now it feels like you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it feels like you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it feels like you're sort of
+touching me in my the middle of my back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching me in my the middle of my back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching me in my the middle of my back
+um you know now it feels like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know now it feels like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know now it feels like you're
+touching my hand no no that's the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching my hand no no that's the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching my hand no no that's the end of
+my nose and what what Penfield found was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my nose and what what Penfield found was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my nose and what what Penfield found was
+that the surface of body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the surface of body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the surface of body
+was lay out across the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was lay out across the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was lay out across the surface of the
+brain in in the left hemisphere would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain in in the left hemisphere would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain in in the left hemisphere would
+actually be the surface of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be the surface of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be the surface of the right
+side of the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what that is
+um and and it is feet up head down as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and it is feet up head down as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and it is feet up head down as I
+recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+that chunk of brain which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chunk of brain which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chunk of brain which is called
+somatosensory cortex the terms on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatosensory cortex the terms on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatosensory cortex the terms on the
+handout somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout somewhere
+um represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the skin now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin now uh
+I haven't drawn a terribly realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't drawn a terribly realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't drawn a terribly realistic
+picture here but the actual map is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here but the actual map is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here but the actual map is
+hugely distorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely distorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely distorted
+yes it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's something
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+oh don't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh don't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh don't do that
+pay no attention to the man behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay no attention to the man behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay no attention to the man behind the
+curtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curtain
+um anyway okay so this this map known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway okay so this this map known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway okay so this this map known as
+the homunculus for the little man in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homunculus for the little man in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homunculus for the little man in the
+head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head
+um the sensory homunculus specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the sensory homunculus specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the sensory homunculus specifically
+is is massively distorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is massively distorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is massively distorted
+um some chunks of your skin are heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some chunks of your skin are heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some chunks of your skin are heavily
+over represented in the brain some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over represented in the brain some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over represented in the brain some are
+heavily underrepresented so what's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily underrepresented so what's over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily underrepresented so what's over
+represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented
+hands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and
+face and on the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and on the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and on the face
+lips lips and tongue and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lips lips and tongue and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lips lips and tongue and things like
+that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somewhere in gleman I'm I'm like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in gleman I'm I'm like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in gleman I'm I'm like in the
+chapter you'll read tonight with luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter you'll read tonight with luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter you'll read tonight with luck
+um there's a picture people love making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a picture people love making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a picture people love making
+little models of the homunculus right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little models of the homunculus right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little models of the homunculus right so
+to project it back out into the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to project it back out into the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to project it back out into the world
+and and what would it look like if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what would it look like if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what would it look like if this
+was a one for one mapping and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a one for one mapping and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a one for one mapping and you get
+this guy with you know huge lips and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy with you know huge lips and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy with you know huge lips and
+huge hands and a little tiny back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge hands and a little tiny back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge hands and a little tiny back
+um and the way to get a feeling for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the way to get a feeling for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the way to get a feeling for this
+is to ask yourself if you were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to ask yourself if you were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to ask yourself if you were trying to
+figure out uh what something felt like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out uh what something felt like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out uh what something felt like
+how would you go about doing that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you go about doing that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you go about doing that well
+you would go and explore it with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would go and explore it with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would go and explore it with your
+hands a little kid less restrained than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands a little kid less restrained than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands a little kid less restrained than
+you would also probably put it in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would also probably put it in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would also probably put it in its
+mouth and and feel it that way what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth and and feel it that way what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth and and feel it that way what what
+you wouldn't do is you know rub it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't do is you know rub it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't do is you know rub it
+against your back or something like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against your back or something like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against your back or something like uh
+like that because it's the hands and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that because it's the hands and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that because it's the hands and the
+lips and stuff that have the very dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lips and stuff that have the very dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lips and stuff that have the very dense
+um sensory skin receptors and and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sensory skin receptors and and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sensory skin receptors and and it's
+sparser in your on your back now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparser in your on your back now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparser in your on your back now you
+will also you you can test the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also you you can test the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also you you can test the the
+prudary of your introductory psych text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prudary of your introductory psych text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prudary of your introductory psych text
+by checking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by checking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by checking out
+um whether the homunculus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whether the homunculus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whether the homunculus is
+anatomically correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomically correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomically correct
+um the the genitalia are well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the genitalia are well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the genitalia are well
+represented in the sensory homunculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in the sensory homunculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in the sensory homunculus
+also my recollection is that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also my recollection is that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also my recollection is that they are
+well represented in glitman there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well represented in glitman there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well represented in glitman there are
+texts where it's kind of oh I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts where it's kind of oh I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts where it's kind of oh I have
+actually there's one great version where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's one great version where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's one great version where
+he uh where where the uh homunculus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh where where the uh homunculus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh where where the uh homunculus is
+wearing like a little uh a towel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing like a little uh a towel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing like a little uh a towel
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I've seen that once that was cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um you're touching them on their skin uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're touching them on their skin uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're touching them on their skin uh
+if you go around to the uh to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go around to the uh to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go around to the uh to the right
+hemisphere they'd feel the stimulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere they'd feel the stimulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere they'd feel the stimulation
+down the left side of the body go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the left side of the body go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the left side of the body go to the
+other side of this uh into the frontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of this uh into the frontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of this uh into the frontal
+lobe and instead of saying oh I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe and instead of saying oh I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe and instead of saying oh I feel
+like you're you're touching my my leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're you're touching my my leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're you're touching my my leg
+um the leg would twitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the leg would twitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the leg would twitch
+place it is right yes left hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it is right yes left hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it is right yes left hemisphere
+right leg or you move a little further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right leg or you move a little further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right leg or you move a little further
+the arm would twitch or just one muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arm would twitch or just one muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arm would twitch or just one muscle
+in the arm or something like that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the arm or something like that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the arm or something like that here
+you've got a motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a motor
+homunculus laid out across the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homunculus laid out across the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homunculus laid out across the uh the
+across motor cortex and this chunk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across motor cortex and this chunk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across motor cortex and this chunk of
+the brain is important in the generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain is important in the generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain is important in the generation
+of voluntary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voluntary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voluntary
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+movements again it's a distorted map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements again it's a distorted map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements again it's a distorted map
+hands very overrepresented if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands very overrepresented if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands very overrepresented if you're a
+monkey feet are very overrepresented but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey feet are very overrepresented but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey feet are very overrepresented but
+you who cannot hang upside down from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who cannot hang upside down from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who cannot hang upside down from a
+tree by your feet or your tail or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree by your feet or your tail or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree by your feet or your tail or
+whatever your feet are comparatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever your feet are comparatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever your feet are comparatively
+um impoverished in their represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um impoverished in their represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um impoverished in their represent
+representation tongue and and and vocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation tongue and and and vocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation tongue and and and vocal
+apparatus heavily over represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus heavily over represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus heavily over represented
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so same sort of story sensory and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so same sort of story sensory and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so same sort of story sensory and um
+and motor now these days you don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and motor now these days you don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and motor now these days you don't even
+need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+um uh go and cut open the skull to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh go and cut open the skull to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh go and cut open the skull to do
+this sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of thing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transcranial magnetic stimulation or TMS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcranial magnetic stimulation or TMS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcranial magnetic stimulation or TMS
+for short involves generating a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for short involves generating a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for short involves generating a large
+magnetic field close to the skull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field close to the skull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field close to the skull
+um as your physics background will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as your physics background will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as your physics background will tell
+you that generates an electrical field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that generates an electrical field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that generates an electrical field
+if you've shaped the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've shaped the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've shaped the magnetic field
+right you can generate an electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can generate an electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can generate an electrical
+field underneath in the brain tissue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field underneath in the brain tissue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field underneath in the brain tissue and
+basically produce the same sort of brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically produce the same sort of brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically produce the same sort of brain
+stimulation that you would that Penfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation that you would that Penfield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation that you would that Penfield
+was producing in an open skull with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was producing in an open skull with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was producing in an open skull with the
+same results Nancy kanwisher who's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same results Nancy kanwisher who's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same results Nancy kanwisher who's a a
+professor in the uh Department here used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in the uh Department here used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in the uh Department here used
+to be up at Harvard got on the front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be up at Harvard got on the front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be up at Harvard got on the front of
+the Harvard Gazette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Harvard Gazette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Harvard Gazette
+for teaching her intro class with a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for teaching her intro class with a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for teaching her intro class with a a
+TMS stimulator in hand and say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TMS stimulator in hand and say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TMS stimulator in hand and say you know
+want to see where my motor cortex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+I know I'm not going to do that sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I'm not going to do that sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I'm not going to do that sorry
+the reason I'm not going to do that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I'm not going to do that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I'm not going to do that by
+the way is I'm a chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is I'm a chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is I'm a chicken
+it's TMS is undoubtedly it almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's TMS is undoubtedly it almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's TMS is undoubtedly it almost
+undoubtedly safe you know lots of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoubtedly safe you know lots of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoubtedly safe you know lots of people
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+um but it sounds too much like things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it sounds too much like things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it sounds too much like things
+that I learned about when I was taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I learned about when I was taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I learned about when I was taking
+intro psych that were used to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro psych that were used to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro psych that were used to generate
+epileptic Foci in you know like rats you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epileptic Foci in you know like rats you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epileptic Foci in you know like rats you
+know let's stimulate and now the rat's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let's stimulate and now the rat's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let's stimulate and now the rat's
+got epilepsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got epilepsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got epilepsy
+I don't and it doesn't seem to happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't and it doesn't seem to happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't and it doesn't seem to happen in
+TMS but I'm a chicken when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TMS but I'm a chicken when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TMS but I'm a chicken when it comes to
+my brain yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um could I um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um could I um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um could I um
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+where we'll find out if I can spell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll find out if I can spell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll find out if I can spell
+homunculus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homunculus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homunculus uh
+Paul's in a urine oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul's in a urine oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul's in a urine oh
+you home monk yes it must be home monk U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you home monk yes it must be home monk U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you home monk yes it must be home monk U
+plus one of the reasons for handouts by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one of the reasons for handouts by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one of the reasons for handouts by
+the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+um is so that when people ask me can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is so that when people ask me can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is so that when people ask me can I
+please spell it it's on the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please spell it it's on the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please spell it it's on the handout
+somewhere because the answer is no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere because the answer is no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere because the answer is no I
+can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the homunculus derived from the Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the homunculus derived from the Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the homunculus derived from the Latin
+for a little man in the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little man in the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little man in the head
+um but and and I apologize to the women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but and and I apologize to the women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but and and I apologize to the women
+I was trying to figure out today what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was trying to figure out today what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was trying to figure out today what
+what what what the little woman in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what the little woman in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what the little woman in the
+head would be but my Latin has waned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head would be but my Latin has waned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head would be but my Latin has waned
+since I took it in college maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I took it in college maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I took it in college maybe it's
+the femunculus I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the femunculus I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the femunculus I'm not sure
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but in any case that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any case that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any case that's
+um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the so and then the stimulation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so and then the stimulation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so and then the stimulation that
+that's that's stimulation techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's stimulation techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's stimulation techniques
+um I still I'm I'm shopping for one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I still I'm I'm shopping for one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I still I'm I'm shopping for one more
+useful technique here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful technique here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful technique here
+anybody care to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody care to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody care to
+offer me another uh another technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer me another uh another technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer me another uh another technique
+for figuring out what's going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for figuring out what's going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for figuring out what's going on in the
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well the case studies are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well the case studies are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well the case studies are typically
+these lesion studies right somebody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lesion studies right somebody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lesion studies right somebody has
+something wrong with them and we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with them and we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with them and we try to
+figure out what's wrong with them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's wrong with them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's wrong with them that
+goes way back by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes way back by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes way back by the way
+um the early efforts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the early efforts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the early efforts to
+figure out what bits of brain did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what bits of brain did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what bits of brain did
+um come from the uh phrenologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um come from the uh phrenologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um come from the uh phrenologists
+early 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 19th century
+from all o g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all o g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all o g
+um if you know anything about phrenology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you know anything about phrenology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you know anything about phrenology
+you learned it from the Cartoon Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned it from the Cartoon Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned it from the Cartoon Network
+right because you watched Bugs Bunny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you watched Bugs Bunny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you watched Bugs Bunny
+beat Elmer Fudd over the head right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat Elmer Fudd over the head right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat Elmer Fudd over the head right and
+then the bumps showed up and you felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the bumps showed up and you felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the bumps showed up and you felt
+the bumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bumps
+ah looking at me like what's he talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah looking at me like what's he talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah looking at me like what's he talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+right or or you know it because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or or you know it because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or or you know it because there's
+a wide any of these umpteen cartoons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wide any of these umpteen cartoons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wide any of these umpteen cartoons
+um or or sculptures where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or or sculptures where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or or sculptures where you have a
+head that's got little functions all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head that's got little functions all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head that's got little functions all
+over it right you know like this is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it right you know like this is yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it right you know like this is yeah
+yeah okay good somebody's I'm not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay good somebody's I'm not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay good somebody's I'm not just
+making up weird stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making up weird stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making up weird stuff
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the the the phrenologists believed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the phrenologists believed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the phrenologists believed that
+the shape of the skull reflected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the skull reflected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the skull reflected the
+underlying shape of the um uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying shape of the um uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying shape of the um uh of the
+brain that bigger meant more of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that bigger meant more of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that bigger meant more of that
+particular function which is rather like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular function which is rather like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular function which is rather like
+this I mean it's not a completely wacko
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean it's not a completely wacko
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean it's not a completely wacko
+assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+um and um and they then use a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um and they then use a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um and they then use a sort of a
+case study system to try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study system to try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study system to try to figure out
+what different parts of the brain did so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what different parts of the brain did so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what different parts of the brain did so
+um if you wanted to know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you wanted to know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you wanted to know where
+criminality was in the brain you go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminality was in the brain you go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminality was in the brain you go and
+find yourself some criminals and check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find yourself some criminals and check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find yourself some criminals and check
+where they got big chunks of their brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they got big chunks of their brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they got big chunks of their brain
+and that's where those sort of maps came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where those sort of maps came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where those sort of maps came
+from it's a rather ad hoc sounding kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it's a rather ad hoc sounding kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it's a rather ad hoc sounding kind
+of process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of process
+um now uh so amativeness lust is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now uh so amativeness lust is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now uh so amativeness lust is
+typically located back here the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically located back here the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically located back here the reason
+it's located back here is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's located back here is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's located back here is because
+spurtzheim one of the founders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spurtzheim one of the founders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spurtzheim one of the founders of
+phrenology had in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrenology had in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrenology had in his
+um uh care a how did he describe it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh care a how did he describe it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh care a how did he describe it I
+think he's she's described as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he's she's described as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he's she's described as a
+passionate Widow and every time he puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate Widow and every time he puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate Widow and every time he puts
+his birth time put her his hand on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his birth time put her his hand on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his birth time put her his hand on the
+back of her neck it became red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of her neck it became red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of her neck it became red and
+inflamed and he therefore concluded that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflamed and he therefore concluded that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflamed and he therefore concluded that
+that's where lust lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where lust lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where lust lived
+it turns out though that if you read old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out though that if you read old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out though that if you read old
+phrenology text the original phrenology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrenology text the original phrenology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrenology text the original phrenology
+text they read not unlike introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text they read not unlike introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text they read not unlike introductory
+psych text or introductory you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psych text or introductory you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psych text or introductory you know
+brain science text with a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain science text with a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain science text with a few
+unfortunate assumptions like the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate assumptions like the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate assumptions like the notion
+that skull shape reflects underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that skull shape reflects underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that skull shape reflects underlying
+brain shape which it does not very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain shape which it does not very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain shape which it does not very well
+um there was yes pink person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay well that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well that's so
+um we'll put the looking at the sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll put the looking at the sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll put the looking at the sales
+part on under the anatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part on under the anatomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part on under the anatomy
+my wife would hate this my wife is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife would hate this my wife is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife would hate this my wife is a
+neuroanatomist that's what she does for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomist that's what she does for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomist that's what she does for
+a living she would want many categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a living she would want many categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a living she would want many categories
+for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+um all by itself but yes so you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all by itself but yes so you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all by itself but yes so you can go
+look at um certainly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at um certainly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at um certainly as
+um well you can use this in a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well you can use this in a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well you can use this in a number of
+contexts if you're going to go stimulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts if you're going to go stimulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts if you're going to go stimulate
+these days if you're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days if you're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days if you're going to go
+stimulate brain cells you might be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate brain cells you might be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate brain cells you might be doing
+it on a slice of brain in a dish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a slice of brain in a dish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a slice of brain in a dish
+um to see how it's connected to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to see how it's connected to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to see how it's connected to the next
+one and you would be looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you would be looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you would be looking at the
+individual cells under a microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual cells under a microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual cells under a microscope
+while you were doing that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a
+another candid candidate for five but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another candid candidate for five but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another candid candidate for five but uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but I will actually if you take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will actually if you take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will actually if you take a look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+um that allows me to make a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that allows me to make a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that allows me to make a somewhat
+different point on the handouts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point on the handouts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point on the handouts the
+writing assignments that you get in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing assignments that you get in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing assignments that you get in this
+course this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this year
+will um uh have as their starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will um uh have as their starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will um uh have as their starting point
+readings that live on the on the Stellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings that live on the on the Stellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings that live on the on the Stellar
+website for the course oh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website for the course oh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website for the course oh they
+particularly will if I ever give Mara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly will if I ever give Mara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly will if I ever give Mara
+the disc to put them up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disc to put them up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disc to put them up there
+um I'll have to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll have to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll have to remember that
+um the one that's on for this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the one that's on for this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the one that's on for this lecture
+this if one wanted to write based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if one wanted to write based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if one wanted to write based
+starting from this lecture uh it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from this lecture uh it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from this lecture uh it is
+actually a genetic study turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a genetic study turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a genetic study turns out that
+there are two flavors of bowl out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two flavors of bowl out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two flavors of bowl out there
+little rodent-like animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rodent-like animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rodent-like animal
+um some bowls are promiscuous some voles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some bowls are promiscuous some voles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some bowls are promiscuous some voles
+are not promiscuous they just hang out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not promiscuous they just hang out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not promiscuous they just hang out
+with one I guess Lady Vols that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one I guess Lady Vols that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one I guess Lady Vols that's a
+basketball team isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball team isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball team isn't it
+anyway the I guess they're balls not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the I guess they're balls not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the I guess they're balls not
+voles anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voles anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voles anyway
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the claim of a new paper this year is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim of a new paper this year is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim of a new paper this year is
+that um manipulation of a single Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um manipulation of a single Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um manipulation of a single Gene
+is is able to turn promiscuous voles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is able to turn promiscuous voles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is able to turn promiscuous voles
+into faithful voles so in that sense yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into faithful voles so in that sense yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into faithful voles so in that sense yes
+absolutely genetics are a new tool for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely genetics are a new tool for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely genetics are a new tool for
+for getting to this it's not what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting to this it's not what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting to this it's not what I'm
+fishing for I'll take one more bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing for I'll take one more bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing for I'll take one more bit of
+fishing Expedition and then I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing Expedition and then I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing Expedition and then I'll just
+all right that'll be that's that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that'll be that's that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that'll be that's that's fine
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in Vol land yes it's the male Bulls who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Vol land yes it's the male Bulls who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Vol land yes it's the male Bulls who
+are promiscuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I mean and they're manipulating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean and they're manipulating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean and they're manipulating the
+the the sexual behavior of the male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sexual behavior of the male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sexual behavior of the male
+voles the female Bulls don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voles the female Bulls don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voles the female Bulls don't have the
+the big a symmetry the the two species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big a symmetry the the two species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big a symmetry the the two species
+of voles don't have the big asymmetry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voles don't have the big asymmetry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voles don't have the big asymmetry in
+their behavior to start with apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior to start with apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior to start with apparently
+so yeah I think it's it's a guy thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I think it's it's a guy thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I think it's it's a guy thing
+more on that later in the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on that later in the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on that later in the term
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah reading brain signals we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah reading brain signals we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah reading brain signals we'll we'll
+call that recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that recording
+um in some fashion or other if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in some fashion or other if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in some fashion or other if you can
+stick an electrode into the brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick an electrode into the brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick an electrode into the brain and
+stimulate you can also stick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate you can also stick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate you can also stick up
+electrode into the brain and uh record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode into the brain and uh record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode into the brain and uh record
+from brain tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from brain tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from brain tissue
+and ask what a particular uh cell or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask what a particular uh cell or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask what a particular uh cell or
+bunch of cells are are doing you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of cells are are doing you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of cells are are doing you can do
+this at a large scale level in um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at a large scale level in um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at a large scale level in um you
+know walking around human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know walking around human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know walking around human beings
+um or Animals by putting electrodes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or Animals by putting electrodes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or Animals by putting electrodes on
+the skull you can read masked activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skull you can read masked activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skull you can read masked activities
+of large numbers of neurons off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of large numbers of neurons off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of large numbers of neurons off the
+surface of the skull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the skull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the skull
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and um that that's a so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um that that's a so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um that that's a so-called
+electroencephalogram EEG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroencephalogram EEG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroencephalogram EEG
+um but uh and that's very useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh and that's very useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh and that's very useful for
+instance in telling the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in telling the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in telling the difference
+between different wake and sleep States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different wake and sleep States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different wake and sleep States
+if you are deeply asleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are deeply asleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are deeply asleep
+the sort of sleep that when the alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of sleep that when the alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of sleep that when the alarm
+clock goes off you know where am I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock goes off you know where am I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock goes off you know where am I if
+you look at the EEG you find big slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the EEG you find big slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the EEG you find big slow
+waves all the cells are active and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves all the cells are active and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves all the cells are active and then
+all the cells are quiet and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cells are quiet and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cells are quiet and they're all
+firing together when you're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing together when you're um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing together when you're um
+and looking at a uh an awake individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at a uh an awake individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at a uh an awake individual
+the the waveform is much uh smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the waveform is much uh smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the waveform is much uh smaller
+amplitude and higher frequency because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and higher frequency because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and higher frequency because
+you know the the calculus piece of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the calculus piece of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the calculus piece of your
+brain is currently napping and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is currently napping and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is currently napping and the
+psychology piece is wide awake and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology piece is wide awake and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology piece is wide awake and and
+and various bits are doing things out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various bits are doing things out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various bits are doing things out of
+synchrony with each other so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrony with each other so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrony with each other so you can see
+that from Mass recordings but if you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from Mass recordings but if you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from Mass recordings but if you now
+go and stick an electrode let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and stick an electrode let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and stick an electrode let's let's
+suppose we go and stick an electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we go and stick an electrode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we go and stick an electrode
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+well this let's take the same cell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this let's take the same cell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this let's take the same cell that
+that you know I stimulate here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know I stimulate here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know I stimulate here and the
+the the the patient said you know I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the patient said you know I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the patient said you know I feel
+that in my toe If instead of stimulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in my toe If instead of stimulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in my toe If instead of stimulating
+you record you find out that that cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you record you find out that that cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you record you find out that that cell
+doesn't change its Behavior at all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change its Behavior at all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change its Behavior at all over
+a huge range of possible things that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge range of possible things that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge range of possible things that the
+organism could be doing but if you poke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism could be doing but if you poke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism could be doing but if you poke
+the toe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toe
+that cell says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cell says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cell says
+here I am I'm I'm interested in that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I am I'm I'm interested in that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I am I'm I'm interested in that and
+exactly that you go poke the armpit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that you go poke the armpit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that you go poke the armpit or
+something the cell doesn't care you poke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the cell doesn't care you poke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the cell doesn't care you poke
+the other you know the next toe over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other you know the next toe over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other you know the next toe over the
+cell doesn't care you poke one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell doesn't care you poke one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell doesn't care you poke one
+particular toe let us say that cell will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular toe let us say that cell will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular toe let us say that cell will
+care take a cell out here somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care take a cell out here somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care take a cell out here somewhere
+and um that cell will care only if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um that cell will care only if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um that cell will care only if you
+put visual stimuli in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put visual stimuli in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put visual stimuli in a particular
+little spot in the right side of visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little spot in the right side of visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little spot in the right side of visual
+space in a very particular part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in a very particular part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in a very particular part of
+visual space move over a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual space move over a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual space move over a little bit and
+it'll want stimulation in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll want stimulation in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll want stimulation in a different
+piece of visual space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of visual space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of visual space
+move elsewhere in the brain and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move elsewhere in the brain and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move elsewhere in the brain and now
+rather than liking say just something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than liking say just something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than liking say just something
+simple like a line moving around a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple like a line moving around a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple like a line moving around a cell
+down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here
+um this is typically done in things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is typically done in things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is typically done in things like
+monkeys and so that cell might be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys and so that cell might be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys and so that cell might be very
+interested if you show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested if you show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested if you show it
+the hand of a monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand of a monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand of a monkey
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ah sells thrilled show it you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah sells thrilled show it you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah sells thrilled show it you know a
+hunk of chalk I don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunk of chalk I don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunk of chalk I don't care
+um you know nearby one might like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know nearby one might like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know nearby one might like the
+face of a monkey and so on so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of a monkey and so on so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of a monkey and so on so you can
+find out what individual cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what individual cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what individual cells are
+interested in by recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in by recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in by recording
+their activity there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their activity there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their activity there are some
+significant drawbacks to this which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant drawbacks to this which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant drawbacks to this which is
+that you can only one of them is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can only one of them is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can only one of them is that
+you can only sample from a tiny fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only sample from a tiny fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only sample from a tiny fraction
+of the cells even in an area that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cells even in an area that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cells even in an area that you
+are interested in how many cells do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in how many cells do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in how many cells do you
+think how many neurons do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think how many neurons do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think how many neurons do you think
+there are in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in the brain
+so the the the answer is yes a lot is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the the answer is yes a lot is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the the answer is yes a lot is is
+a good answer but the answer is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good answer but the answer is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good answer but the answer is going to
+be expressed in terms of 10 to the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be expressed in terms of 10 to the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be expressed in terms of 10 to the X
+what's X would you guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the 24s are a little high and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the 24s are a little high and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the 24s are a little high and the
+nines are a little low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nines are a little low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nines are a little low
+um when I asked this question when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when I asked this question when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when I asked this question when I was
+in graduate school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graduate school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graduate school
+um I got the the answer that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I got the the answer that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I got the the answer that there are
+uh a pro Nobody Knows the answer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a pro Nobody Knows the answer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a pro Nobody Knows the answer for
+sure because you know how who's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure because you know how who's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure because you know how who's going to
+go and count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and count
+um that oops that there are 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that oops that there are 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that oops that there are 10 to the
+12th neurons in the brain and of these I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th neurons in the brain and of these I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th neurons in the brain and of these I
+didn't even tell you on this picture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even tell you on this picture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even tell you on this picture but
+here we can draw a tail on this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can draw a tail on this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can draw a tail on this thing
+um hanging off the back of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hanging off the back of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hanging off the back of the brain
+sort of underneath the back is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of underneath the back is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of underneath the back is is the
+cerebellum it means little brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum it means little brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum it means little brain
+um important in learning and motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um important in learning and motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um important in learning and motor
+control sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control sorts of things
+um we're not going to say much about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're not going to say much about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're not going to say much about it
+here sadly but what my professor said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sadly but what my professor said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sadly but what my professor said
+was there are oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there are oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there are oops
+10 to the 12th neurons in the brain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 12th neurons in the brain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 12th neurons in the brain of
+these 10 to the 13th are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 10 to the 13th are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 10 to the 13th are in the
+cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum
+uh the the quick on the uptake crowd uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the quick on the uptake crowd uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the quick on the uptake crowd uh
+picked up that there's a problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up that there's a problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up that there's a problem here
+right what he was trying to tell me was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what he was trying to tell me was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what he was trying to tell me was
+not that he didn't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that he didn't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that he didn't understand
+um math but that look we don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um math but that look we don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um math but that look we don't even
+really know to an order of magnitude how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know to an order of magnitude how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know to an order of magnitude how
+many cells there are in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cells there are in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cells there are in the brain
+um but that Lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that Lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that Lots
+on this order how many cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this order how many cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this order how many cells
+sell cord from in um in a study of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell cord from in um in a study of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell cord from in um in a study of some
+function in the brain you know heroic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the brain you know heroic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the brain you know heroic
+single unit single cell recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single unit single cell recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single unit single cell recording
+studies might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies might have
+um uh you know on the order of 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know on the order of 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know on the order of 10 to the
+second 100 cells recorded from moreover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second 100 cells recorded from moreover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second 100 cells recorded from moreover
+if you're going to stick an electrode in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to stick an electrode in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to stick an electrode in
+the brain the cells that it encounters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain the cells that it encounters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain the cells that it encounters
+are going to be biased by things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be biased by things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be biased by things like
+size you're more likely to get big sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size you're more likely to get big sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size you're more likely to get big sales
+than little cells and big cells do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than little cells and big cells do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than little cells and big cells do
+things that are different than little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are different than little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are different than little
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+um do in the brain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do in the brain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do in the brain so
+it's not you can imagine that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you can imagine that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you can imagine that it would
+be difficult to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be difficult to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be difficult to figure out
+um what your laptop did by recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what your laptop did by recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what your laptop did by recording
+from I you know single components on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I you know single components on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I you know single components on the
+motherboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motherboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motherboard
+um that wouldn't be particularly easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that wouldn't be particularly easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that wouldn't be particularly easy
+um it gets significantly worse when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it gets significantly worse when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it gets significantly worse when you
+try to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to uh
+um do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do that
+in in the brain as a as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the brain as a as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the brain as a as a whole
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the best the things we know best about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best the things we know best about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best the things we know best about
+in the brain are things where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain are things where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain are things where we can
+bring all of these techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring all of these techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring all of these techniques
+bare and get um what what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare and get um what what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare and get um what what would be
+called converging evidence converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called converging evidence converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called converging evidence converging
+data on it um evidence from multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on it um evidence from multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on it um evidence from multiple
+different sources and then corroborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources and then corroborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources and then corroborate
+that by looking at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by looking at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by looking at at
+um Behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Behavioral
+behavioral measures oh let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral measures oh let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral measures oh let me say
+um well all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well all right
+this this is the moment in the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the moment in the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the moment in the lecture
+where my wife where where I I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my wife where where I I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my wife where where I I really
+feel my wife looking over my shoulder in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel my wife looking over my shoulder in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel my wife looking over my shoulder in
+two minutes I will polish off the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minutes I will polish off the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minutes I will polish off the rest
+of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so that's just the surface of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just the surface of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just the surface of the brain
+right you know the the brain is a 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know the the brain is a 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know the the brain is a 3D
+structure one way to to very grossly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure one way to to very grossly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure one way to to very grossly
+think about the the overall structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the the overall structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the the overall structure of
+the brain is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain is that
+um if there's cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if there's cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if there's cortex
+that lying underneath cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lying underneath cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lying underneath cortex
+is what but if are a bunch of structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what but if are a bunch of structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what but if are a bunch of structures
+that often get called limbic structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that often get called limbic structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that often get called limbic structures
+this is really an outdated term it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really an outdated term it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really an outdated term it comes
+from the word for ring and it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the word for ring and it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the word for ring and it was the
+notion that there was a circuit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that there was a circuit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that there was a circuit of
+structures lying under the brain under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures lying under the brain under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures lying under the brain under
+the cortex but there's a a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex but there's a a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex but there's a a collection of
+structures whose who will show up later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures whose who will show up later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures whose who will show up later
+in the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the term
+um with names like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with names like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with names like the
+amygdala from the Latin for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amygdala from the Latin for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amygdala from the Latin for
+um almond uh hippocampus Latin for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um almond uh hippocampus Latin for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um almond uh hippocampus Latin for
+almond or Greek for almond I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almond or Greek for almond I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almond or Greek for almond I'm not sure
+at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+hippocampus from the word for seahorse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus from the word for seahorse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus from the word for seahorse
+not because you have almonds or sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because you have almonds or sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because you have almonds or sea
+horses in your brain but because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses in your brain but because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses in your brain but because the
+shapes of these things are faintly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of these things are faintly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of these things are faintly
+reminiscent of such things out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscent of such things out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscent of such things out in the
+real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world
+um and other structures that turn out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and other structures that turn out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and other structures that turn out to
+be vitally important in emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be vitally important in emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be vitally important in emotional
+um in your emotional life and in um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in your emotional life and in um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in your emotional life and in um in
+memory hippocampus will show up later as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory hippocampus will show up later as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory hippocampus will show up later as
+as as critical in memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as critical in memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as critical in memory
+underneath there and heading on down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath there and heading on down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath there and heading on down
+into spinal cord oh I don't know let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into spinal cord oh I don't know let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into spinal cord oh I don't know let's
+call it the core today or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the core today or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the core today or something
+um are a set of structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are a set of structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are a set of structures
+um that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh
+well we tend to spend a lot of time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we tend to spend a lot of time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we tend to spend a lot of time in
+Psychology talking about the cool stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology talking about the cool stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology talking about the cool stuff
+happening up in the cortex and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening up in the cortex and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening up in the cortex and stuff
+like that but the stuff you really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but the stuff you really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but the stuff you really don't
+want to lose the stuff we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to lose the stuff we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to lose the stuff we don't know
+about from lesion studies is down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about from lesion studies is down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about from lesion studies is down here
+because something in your brain has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because something in your brain has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because something in your brain has to
+say to your heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to your heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to your heart
+beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat
+beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that piece of brain goes you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of brain goes you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of brain goes you've got
+really big trouble there's another piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big trouble there's another piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big trouble there's another piece
+down there that says time to breathe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there that says time to breathe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there that says time to breathe
+time to breathe again I mean it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to breathe again I mean it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to breathe again I mean it's not
+glamorous work but you know somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glamorous work but you know somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glamorous work but you know somebody
+so there's a whole set of stuff here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a whole set of stuff here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a whole set of stuff here
+running vegetative processes and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running vegetative processes and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running vegetative processes and also
+important not not just for you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important not not just for you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important not not just for you know
+pacemaker kinds of things but also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacemaker kinds of things but also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacemaker kinds of things but also for
+General uh issues of arousal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General uh issues of arousal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General uh issues of arousal
+um and and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and um
+sleep and wakefulness those sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep and wakefulness those sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep and wakefulness those sort of
+things uh so that is an embarrassingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh so that is an embarrassingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh so that is an embarrassingly
+brief tour of of of of the you can spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief tour of of of of the you can spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief tour of of of of the you can spend
+your life on neuroanatomy trust me my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life on neuroanatomy trust me my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life on neuroanatomy trust me my
+wife does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife does
+um we'll come back and talk about single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll come back and talk about single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll come back and talk about single
+cells on Tuesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jY-Mu6XQ3NU.txt b/jY-Mu6XQ3NU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..64767400ad9d36c115e25f7b47e9a4622083c16f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jY-Mu6XQ3NU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh this is a talk about one Topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this is a talk about one Topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this is a talk about one Topic
+in the linear alge book that that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the linear alge book that that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the linear alge book that that people
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+appreciated uh and that's the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciated uh and that's the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciated uh and that's the four
+fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+subspaces so in doing it we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces so in doing it we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces so in doing it we'll
+understand better what a Subspace is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand better what a Subspace is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand better what a Subspace is and
+these four are associated with a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four are associated with a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four are associated with a matrix
+so we start with a matrix and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start with a matrix and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start with a matrix and I want to
+describe its colum space and its row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe its colum space and its row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe its colum space and its row
+space those may be not new to you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space those may be not new to you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space those may be not new to you the
+null spaces of the Matrix and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null spaces of the Matrix and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null spaces of the Matrix and it's
+transposed that superscript t means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed that superscript t means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed that superscript t means that
+the transpose exchanges the rows makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose exchanges the rows makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose exchanges the rows makes
+them the columns and the columns become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the columns and the columns become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the columns and the columns become
+the rows so that's a trans space so have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows so that's a trans space so have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows so that's a trans space so have
+two matrices they each have a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrices they each have a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrices they each have a column
+space and a row space so four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and a row space so four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and a row space so four
+fundamental subspaces and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental subspaces and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental subspaces and then this
+great first fact about linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great first fact about linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great first fact about linear algebra
+about the row rank equaling the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the row rank equaling the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the row rank equaling the column
+rank so a matrix just has one rank well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank so a matrix just has one rank well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank so a matrix just has one rank well
+let's go just just to say where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go just just to say where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go just just to say where this
+these topics apply the most in a for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics apply the most in a for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics apply the most in a for for
+square Square matrices where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square Square matrices where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square Square matrices where you have
+maybe 12 equations in 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 12 equations in 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 12 equations in 12
+unknowns M and N the the the row count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns M and N the the the row count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns M and N the the the row count
+and the column count are the same those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the column count are the same those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the column count are the same those
+are normal in physics and Engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are normal in physics and Engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are normal in physics and Engineering
+you're trying to find the stress on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to find the stress on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to find the stress on a
+structure or there there you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or there there you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or there there you have a
+square Matrix that's usually invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square Matrix that's usually invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square Matrix that's usually invertible
+well the four fundamental subspaces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the four fundamental subspaces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the four fundamental subspaces are
+still there but two of them are empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there but two of them are empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there but two of them are empty
+the null spaces I'm thinking this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null spaces I'm thinking this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null spaces I'm thinking this Matrix
+is invertible so the null space is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invertible so the null space is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invertible so the null space is only
+the zero vector and same for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero vector and same for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero vector and same for the
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+so that that solving ax equal B is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that solving ax equal B is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that solving ax equal B is a
+separate and and fundamental problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and and fundamental problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and and fundamental problem
+here are the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the more
+statistics like regression like leas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics like regression like leas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics like regression like leas
+squares and data science now so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and data science now so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and data science now so many
+applications so I thought data science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so I thought data science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so I thought data science
+is so big that it would be worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so big that it would be worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so big that it would be worth
+focusing again on this case where a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing again on this case where a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing again on this case where a is a
+rectangular Matrix the rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular Matrix the rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular Matrix the rectangular
+Matrix couldn't have an inverse on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix couldn't have an inverse on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix couldn't have an inverse on both
+sides because because on one side you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides because because on one side you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides because because on one side you
+put m byn m by m and on the other side n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put m byn m by m and on the other side n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put m byn m by m and on the other side n
+byn it can't be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn it can't be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn it can't be the
+same and but there is something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and but there is something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and but there is something called
+the pseudo inverse that that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pseudo inverse that that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pseudo inverse that that's a little
+Advanced but you'll see what it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced but you'll see what it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced but you'll see what it's about
+so we're we're in the data science world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're we're in the data science world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're we're in the data science world
+oh and I thought I'd show a picture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and I thought I'd show a picture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and I thought I'd show a picture the
+big picture of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big picture of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big picture of linear
+algebra before and then you'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra before and then you'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra before and then you'll see it
+again when you know more about it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when you know more about it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when you know more about it but
+this is the picture that we're aiming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the picture that we're aiming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the picture that we're aiming to
+understand the the column space is up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the the column space is up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the the column space is up on
+the top right and the row spaces on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top right and the row spaces on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top right and the row spaces on the
+top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+left and again for an invertible Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and again for an invertible Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and again for an invertible Matrix
+those that's the whole space that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that's the whole space that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that's the whole space that's the
+whole space but for for data science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole space but for for data science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole space but for for data science
+matrices we have null spaces and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices we have null spaces and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices we have null spaces and those
+are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+two with a capital N for null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two with a capital N for null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two with a capital N for null
+space uh and you'll see what those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh and you'll see what those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh and you'll see what those are
+so that they complete the picture this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they complete the picture this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they complete the picture this a
+just a lovely picture of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a lovely picture of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a lovely picture of the the
+subspaces associated with the Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces associated with the Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces associated with the Matrix a
+okay so I'll you'll see this again when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll you'll see this again when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll you'll see this again when
+we know when we've gone into each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know when we've gone into each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know when we've gone into each of the
+four so here's the first the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so here's the first the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so here's the first the column
+space of a matrix so I have to take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a matrix so I have to take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a matrix so I have to take an
+example so there's a matrix that has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so there's a matrix that has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so there's a matrix that has two
+rows and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and three
+columns and we'll find the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and we'll find the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and we'll find the four
+subspaces for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces for that
+Matrix okay so the first one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay so the first one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay so the first one is the
+column space so what does the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space so what does the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space so what does the column
+space mean if it's all so the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space mean if it's all so the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space mean if it's all so the columns
+are column vectors 14 that's a vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are column vectors 14 that's a vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are column vectors 14 that's a vector in
+two-dimensional space 25 is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space 25 is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space 25 is a different
+Vector 36 is another Vector all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector 36 is another Vector all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector 36 is another Vector all in
+two-dimensional space and we take their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space and we take their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space and we take their
+combinations all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations all
+combinations of V1 time the First Column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of V1 time the First Column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of V1 time the First Column
+V2 * the second V3 * the 3 that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 * the second V3 * the 3 that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 * the second V3 * the 3 that's a
+fundamental operation of linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental operation of linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental operation of linear algebra
+multiplying a matrix by a vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a matrix by a vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a matrix by a vector and
+notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that
+I don't do it the dot product the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't do it the dot product the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't do it the dot product the
+standard way I do it the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way I do it the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way I do it the linear
+combination way writing this keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination way writing this keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination way writing this keeping
+keeping vectors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping vectors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping vectors in the
+picture combination of of that and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture combination of of that and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture combination of of that and we
+want to find if I allow V1 and V2 and V3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find if I allow V1 and V2 and V3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find if I allow V1 and V2 and V3
+to be any numbers all numbers for all V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be any numbers all numbers for all V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be any numbers all numbers for all V1
+V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2
+V3 each each choice gives us a point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 each each choice gives us a point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 each each choice gives us a point and
+the each which is in in two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the each which is in in two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the each which is in in two-dimensional
+space here because these are vectors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space here because these are vectors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space here because these are vectors or
+have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two
+components and if we take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and if we take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and if we take all
+combinations all the v's possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations all the v's possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations all the v's possible that
+will fill up a plane and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fill up a plane and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fill up a plane and in this
+case there's only the XY all the vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there's only the XY all the vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there's only the XY all the vectors
+are in the XY plane and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the XY plane and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the XY plane and those
+combinations will just fill the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations will just fill the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations will just fill the plane
+because 14 is in a independent direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 14 is in a independent direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 14 is in a independent direction
+from 25 actually just the combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 25 actually just the combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 25 actually just the combinations
+of 1 14 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 14 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 14 and
+25 will fill the plane you've got to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 will fill the plane you've got to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 will fill the plane you've got to see
+that you got to picture that in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you got to picture that in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you got to picture that in your
+mind the vector 14 points somewhere the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind the vector 14 points somewhere the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind the vector 14 points somewhere the
+vector 25 points somewhere else and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector 25 points somewhere else and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector 25 points somewhere else and the
+combinations of those two give all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those two give all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those two give all the
+vectors in between and all the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in between and all the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in between and all the negative
+vectors because the v's could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors because the v's could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors because the v's could be
+negative numbers so the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative numbers so the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative numbers so the first two
+already fill the whole XY plane and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already fill the whole XY plane and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already fill the whole XY plane and so
+that's the column space for this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the column space for this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the column space for this Matrix
+is the whole plane so that's kind of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the whole plane so that's kind of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the whole plane so that's kind of you
+know an extreme case we we got the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an extreme case we we got the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an extreme case we we got the whole
+XY plane and and as it says at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plane and and as it says at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plane and and as it says at the
+bottom the first two columns are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom the first two columns are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom the first two columns are already
+in different directions they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different directions they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different directions they would have
+their combinations would produce a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their combinations would produce a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their combinations would produce a whole
+plane just with the first two and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane just with the first two and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane just with the first two and the
+third is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third is a little
+extra okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra okay
+good for the column space so next space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for the column space so next space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for the column space so next space
+for this same Matrix is the row space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this same Matrix is the row space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this same Matrix is the row space
+but I like that letter C and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I like that letter C and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I like that letter C and I don't
+want to introduce a brand new letter if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to introduce a brand new letter if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to introduce a brand new letter if
+I don't have to so what I do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have to so what I do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have to so what I do is
+transpose The Matrix transpose means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose The Matrix transpose means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose The Matrix transpose means the
+Matrix gets turned on its side and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix gets turned on its side and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix gets turned on its side and the
+14 was the first column and now it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 was the first column and now it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 was the first column and now it's the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+row and so now I have a a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and so now I have a a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and so now I have a a different
+shape Matrix it has three rows and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape Matrix it has three rows and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape Matrix it has three rows and two
+columns and now I'm taking combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and now I'm taking combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and now I'm taking combinations
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+those and what do I get that here here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and what do I get that here here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and what do I get that here here's
+a good example I have two columns two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good example I have two columns two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good example I have two columns two
+vectors A1 and A2 and they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors A1 and A2 and they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors A1 and A2 and they are in
+threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional
+space so one vector in three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so one vector in three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so one vector in three-dimensional
+space is just along a line and if I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is just along a line and if I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is just along a line and if I took
+all the mul If I multiply by anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the mul If I multiply by anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the mul If I multiply by anything
+I'd get the whole line but it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd get the whole line but it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd get the whole line but it would be
+just a line but now I throw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a line but now I throw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a line but now I throw in the
+second column that by itself would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second column that by itself would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second column that by itself would give
+me a line in another Direction but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a line in another Direction but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a line in another Direction but when
+I take all points on one line plus all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take all points on one line plus all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take all points on one line plus all
+points on the other line I fill a I fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the other line I fill a I fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the other line I fill a I fill
+a plane a two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane a two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane a two-dimensional
+plane I nearly said the whole space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane I nearly said the whole space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane I nearly said the whole space but
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+wrong so the the row space here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so the the row space here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so the the row space here is a
+two-dimensional space a plane inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space a plane inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space a plane inside
+3D these these all these columns have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D these these all these columns have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D these these all these columns have
+three components so they're vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three components so they're vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three components so they're vectors in
+threedimensional space so we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional space so we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional space so we're in the
+the space we live in 3D but the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space we live in 3D but the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space we live in 3D but the the uh
+A1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 and
+A2 and their combinations fill a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 and their combinations fill a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 and their combinations fill a plane
+in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+space that that so the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that that so the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that that so the this is the
+second of our four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of our four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of our four
+subspaces and and you you can read below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces and and you you can read below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces and and you you can read below
+when I'm taking negative combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm taking negative combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm taking negative combinations
+that gives me the vectors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me the vectors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me the vectors in the
+opposite direction they can V1 and V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction they can V1 and V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction they can V1 and V2
+can be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be any
+numbers decimals fractions whatever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers decimals fractions whatever so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers decimals fractions whatever so
+here's a picture of this space I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture of this space I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture of this space I like
+this picture I think it's got just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture I think it's got just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture I think it's got just about
+the right number of vectors to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right number of vectors to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right number of vectors to show you
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+combinations this is only whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations this is only whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations this is only whatever it is
+25 combinations or something uh no just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 combinations or something uh no just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 combinations or something uh no just
+20 so we have 20 points but there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 so we have 20 points but there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 so we have 20 points but there that's
+enough I think to visualize the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I think to visualize the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I think to visualize the whole
+plane is if if our a if we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is if if our a if we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is if if our a if we take a
+fraction of those we fill in that inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of those we fill in that inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of those we fill in that inside
+but also we take three times them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also we take three times them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also we take three times them and
+four any number times these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four any number times these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four any number times these particular
+vectors and that'll they'll go outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and that'll they'll go outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and that'll they'll go outside
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the part I've drawn so I've drawn a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part I've drawn so I've drawn a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part I've drawn so I've drawn a part
+of the row space of the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the row space of the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the row space of the Matrix
+combinations of the rows and I've drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the rows and I've drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the rows and I've drawn
+drawn in marked out 25 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn in marked out 25 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn in marked out 25 20
+combinations uh or maybe only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations uh or maybe only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations uh or maybe only
+16 uh yeah but you know it's enough for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 uh yeah but you know it's enough for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 uh yeah but you know it's enough for
+us to imagine what the whole filled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to imagine what the whole filled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to imagine what the whole filled in
+plane would look like okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane would look like okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane would look like okay so that's the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+key space the row space now only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key space the row space now only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key space the row space now only two
+more spaces to go in this example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more spaces to go in this example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more spaces to go in this example the
+null space what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space what does that
+mean again it's a space of vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean again it's a space of vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean again it's a space of vectors and
+in this the null space of the Matrix has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this the null space of the Matrix has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this the null space of the Matrix has
+all the vectors X that give ax equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vectors X that give ax equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vectors X that give ax equals z
+that's if you know all those then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's if you know all those then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's if you know all those then that
+that's a natural bunch of vectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a natural bunch of vectors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a natural bunch of vectors so
+here we have to solve ax equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have to solve ax equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have to solve ax equals
+0 so there's you see the a matrix the 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so there's you see the a matrix the 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so there's you see the a matrix the 1
+2 3 4 5 six and you see the X vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 six and you see the X vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 six and you see the X vector and
+you see the com the multiple so I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the com the multiple so I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the com the multiple so I did
+multiplication and I've got uh dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and I've got uh dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and I've got uh dot
+product there and now I'm setting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product there and now I'm setting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product there and now I'm setting to
+zero do you see any X1 and X2 and X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero do you see any X1 and X2 and X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero do you see any X1 and X2 and X3
+that work that get the I have two equ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work that get the I have two equ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work that get the I have two equ
+equ both with zero on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ both with zero on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ both with zero on the right hand
+side and they have a solution because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and they have a solution because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and they have a solution because I
+have three unknown two equations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three unknown two equations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three unknown two equations so
+there should be some Freedom here and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be some Freedom here and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be some Freedom here and uh
+there the bottom line of this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the bottom line of this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the bottom line of this slide
+gives the gives the answer uh if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the gives the answer uh if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the gives the answer uh if I take
+one of the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the First
+Column - 2 of the 2 + 1 of the 3 I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column - 2 of the 2 + 1 of the 3 I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column - 2 of the 2 + 1 of the 3 I get
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+and that means uh I found something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means uh I found something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means uh I found something in
+the null space do you see that going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space do you see that going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space do you see that going
+back to the Matrix if I add 14 and 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the Matrix if I add 14 and 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the Matrix if I add 14 and 36
+that gives me 410 and that's just twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me 410 and that's just twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me 410 and that's just twice
+25 so that line of vectors through 1 - 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 so that line of vectors through 1 - 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 so that line of vectors through 1 - 2
+1 is the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is the null
+space if you've got the null space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if you've got the null space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if you've got the null space and
+that's what elimination and linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what elimination and linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what elimination and linear
+algebra finds this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra finds this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra finds this
+solution uh one more space to go and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh one more space to go and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh one more space to go and it
+is a little special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little special
+because the only contains the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the only contains the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the only contains the zero
+Vector so again I'm TR this is the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so again I'm TR this is the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so again I'm TR this is the null
+space of a transpose so I flipped those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a transpose so I flipped those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a transpose so I flipped those
+rows and made them columns again in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and made them columns again in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and made them columns again in a
+transpose now I have three equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose now I have three equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose now I have three equations and
+only two unknowns and there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two unknowns and there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two unknowns and there could be
+solution if I had three equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if I had three equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if I had three equations and
+two unknowns there could there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknowns there could there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknowns there could there's always
+the zero solution and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero solution and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero solution and in this case
+that's all there is that's all there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all there is that's all there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all there is that's all there is
+those two columns are in one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two columns are in one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two columns are in one two three
+is a that column is a vector in 3D 456
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a that column is a vector in 3D 456
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a that column is a vector in 3D 456
+points another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points another
+way and and any combination is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and and any combination is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and and any combination is just
+going to have some part of 1 two 3 some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some part of 1 two 3 some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some part of 1 two 3 some
+part of 4 five6 the only way to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of 4 five6 the only way to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of 4 five6 the only way to get to
+the zero Vector is to have zero of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero Vector is to have zero of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero Vector is to have zero of each
+so the only solution to these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only solution to these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only solution to these three
+equations with two unknowns is zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with two unknowns is zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with two unknowns is zero and
+zero so the null space of a transpose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the null space of a transpose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the null space of a transpose in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+example was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was
+uh pretty small it's got one vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pretty small it's got one vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pretty small it's got one vector in
+it though the zero Vector but that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it though the zero Vector but that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it though the zero Vector but that's all
+so now we've done the four spaces may I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've done the four spaces may I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've done the four spaces may I
+bring back the picture and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring back the picture and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring back the picture and you'll see
+how they fit again so this is the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they fit again so this is the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they fit again so this is the column
+space let's review the column space had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space let's review the column space had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space let's review the column space had
+two columns in it it didn't need all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two columns in it it didn't need all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two columns in it it didn't need all
+three columns of a it just had two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns of a it just had two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns of a it just had two two
+columns and and their combinations which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and and their combinations which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and and their combinations which
+picked up the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up the third
+column so it was Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so it was Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so it was Dimension
+two this space this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this space this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this space this Matrix
+has R is the letter R stands for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has R is the letter R stands for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has R is the letter R stands for the
+rank of the Matrix and that's the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank of the Matrix and that's the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank of the Matrix and that's the number
+of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent
+columns and in this case you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and in this case you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and in this case you remember
+there were two the third one wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two the third one wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two the third one wasn't
+important and it also this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and it also this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and it also this is a
+beautiful fact that same R is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful fact that same R is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful fact that same R is the number
+of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent
+rows and you remember this Matrix had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and you remember this Matrix had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and you remember this Matrix had
+just two rows and they were independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two rows and they were independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two rows and they were independent
+so rank is two we can find the rank from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rank is two we can find the rank from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rank is two we can find the rank from
+the column space or we can find the rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column space or we can find the rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column space or we can find the rank
+from the row space and the Beautiful bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the row space and the Beautiful bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the row space and the Beautiful bit
+of mathematics is that they the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematics is that they the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematics is that they the the
+number of vectors you need is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vectors you need is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vectors you need is the same
+and then the null space of a we I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the null space of a we I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the null space of a we I think
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+found one vector perpendicular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found one vector perpendicular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found one vector perpendicular the
+rows and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and uh
+the no space of a transpose might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no space of a transpose might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no space of a transpose might have
+been zero in that case or vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been zero in that case or vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been zero in that case or vice versa
+anyway we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we have
+found all the the pictures all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found all the the pictures all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found all the the pictures all the
+numbers that go with the example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that go with the example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that go with the example but
+here you're seeing not an example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're seeing not an example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're seeing not an example but
+the big picture this is the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big picture this is the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big picture this is the fundamental
+picture of linear algebra in I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of linear algebra in I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of linear algebra in I've
+learned that in that in reading that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that in that in reading that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that in that in reading that
+section of my textbook students really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of my textbook students really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of my textbook students really
+bring things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring things
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+okay so let's see what do I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see what do I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see what do I want to say
+next about these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next about these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next about these four
+subspaces apart from recommending that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces apart from recommending that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces apart from recommending that
+you take some Matrix yourself and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take some Matrix yourself and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take some Matrix yourself and figure
+out the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the four
+subspaces so here's the fact that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces so here's the fact that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces so here's the fact that I've
+been talking about the column rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about the column rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about the column rank
+equaling the row Rank and that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equaling the row Rank and that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equaling the row Rank and that that's a
+beautiful but not obvious fact if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful but not obvious fact if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful but not obvious fact if if you
+had a 50 by 70 M Matrix well just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a 50 by 70 M Matrix well just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a 50 by 70 M Matrix well just
+finding how many independent colums and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding how many independent colums and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding how many independent colums and
+how many independent rows would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many independent rows would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many independent rows would be a
+challenge but the numbers would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge but the numbers would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge but the numbers would be the
+same the number of independent columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the number of independent columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the number of independent columns
+equals the number of independent rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the number of independent rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the number of independent rows
+that's just linear algebra magic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just linear algebra magic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just linear algebra magic and
+that number we call R so that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number we call R so that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number we call R so that sort of
+measures the real size of the Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the real size of the Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the real size of the Matrix and
+uh I every uh textbook has to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I every uh textbook has to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I every uh textbook has to prove that
+and I like to build it out of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I like to build it out of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I like to build it out of this uh
+factorization for me factorizations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization for me factorizations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization for me factorizations are
+fundamental to linear algebra for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental to linear algebra for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental to linear algebra for for
+everybody really and uh so I can I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody really and uh so I can I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody really and uh so I can I I'll
+come back in a on another day maybe to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back in a on another day maybe to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back in a on another day maybe to
+talk about that factorization but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that factorization but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that factorization but the
+rank is two here your here our friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank is two here your here our friendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank is two here your here our friendly
+Matrix a and it we divided it into we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a and it we divided it into we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a and it we divided it into we
+took the independent columns 14 and 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the independent columns 14 and 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the independent columns 14 and 25
+as the C Matrix and then the r Matrix we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the C Matrix and then the r Matrix we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the C Matrix and then the r Matrix we
+just filled in to get the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just filled in to get the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just filled in to get the right
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+and the two was the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two was the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two was the number of
+independent columns and two is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns and two is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns and two is the
+number of independent rows so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of independent rows so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of independent rows so this this
+AAL CR gives a beautiful proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAL CR gives a beautiful proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAL CR gives a beautiful proof of
+that Dimension theorem dimension of row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Dimension theorem dimension of row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Dimension theorem dimension of row
+space equal dimension of column space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space equal dimension of column space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space equal dimension of column space so
+that's just a nice part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theory okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory okay
+now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we going to use the what we just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to use the what we just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to use the what we just the
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+subspaces it's everybody now knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces it's everybody now knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces it's everybody now knows the
+row space and the column space have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space and the column space have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space and the column space have the
+same Dimension r and if I take something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Dimension r and if I take something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Dimension r and if I take something
+in the row space multiply by a it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the row space multiply by a it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the row space multiply by a it's in
+the column space of course everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column space of course everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column space of course everything
+when I multiply by a is in the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply by a is in the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply by a is in the column
+fills the column space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills the column space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills the column space
+and the for that part of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the for that part of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the for that part of the problem
+from row space to column space from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from row space to column space from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from row space to column space from uh
+space of of Dimension R to a space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of of Dimension R to a space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of of Dimension R to a space of
+Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension
+R The Matrix is in in verble every and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R The Matrix is in in verble every and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R The Matrix is in in verble every and
+and I give a proof that you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I give a proof that you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I give a proof that you don't need
+but but that's a sign of an invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but that's a sign of an invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but that's a sign of an invertible
+Matrix when every every uh Vector goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix when every every uh Vector goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix when every every uh Vector goes
+all vectors go to all different vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vectors go to all different vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vectors go to all different vectors
+here go to different vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here go to different vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here go to different vectors
+here and that's from row space to column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's from row space to column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's from row space to column
+space that's that's a key that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's that's a key that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's that's a key that's that's
+the heart of the Matrix is the part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of the Matrix is the part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of the Matrix is the part that
+that goes that actually does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes that actually does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes that actually does something
+nonzero that takes the row space to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero that takes the row space to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero that takes the row space to the
+column space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space and
+then you can think about the Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can think about the Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can think about the Matrix that
+brings it back just undoes this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings it back just undoes this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings it back just undoes this and
+that's called the pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the pseudo
+inverse and its symbol is a with a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and its symbol is a with a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and its symbol is a with a plus
+sign or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign or a
+dagger so that's a kind of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger so that's a kind of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger so that's a kind of new
+newish le less less familiar idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newish le less less familiar idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newish le less less familiar idea
+that because the Matrix a between row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because the Matrix a between row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because the Matrix a between row
+space and column space the null space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and column space the null space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and column space the null space is
+not in the picture for this slide just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the picture for this slide just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the picture for this slide just
+between rows row space and column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between rows row space and column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between rows row space and column
+space that that's a perfect match those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that that's a perfect match those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that that's a perfect match those
+two spaces so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two spaces so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two spaces so there's
+a m Matrix that brings me backwards an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a m Matrix that brings me backwards an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a m Matrix that brings me backwards an
+inverse Matrix but it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Matrix but it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Matrix but it's called the
+pseudo inverse because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo inverse because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo inverse because
+I'm ignoring any null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm ignoring any null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm ignoring any null
+spaces so it doesn't it's not a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces so it doesn't it's not a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces so it doesn't it's not a true
+inverse because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse because
+you're a true inverse shouldn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a true inverse shouldn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a true inverse shouldn't have a
+null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space
+there okay now application so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay now application so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay now application so I've
+discussed the four subspaces and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the four subspaces and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the four subspaces and I
+suggest you figure out what they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest you figure out what they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest you figure out what they might
+be for some other Matrix but now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for some other Matrix but now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for some other Matrix but now I want
+to use that idea in a the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that idea in a the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that idea in a the most
+important type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important type of
+application for statistics it even has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application for statistics it even has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application for statistics it even has
+two names statistics people call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two names statistics people call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two names statistics people call it
+regression and linear algebra people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression and linear algebra people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression and linear algebra people
+call it leas squares and uh that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it leas squares and uh that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it leas squares and uh that's the
+problem there make find the vector X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there make find the vector X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there make find the vector X
+that makes axus b as short as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes axus b as short as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes axus b as short as possible
+minimizes the length if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizes the length if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizes the length if there's a
+solution to ax equal B then we take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to ax equal B then we take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to ax equal B then we take that
+X and we get ax - B would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and we get ax - B would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and we get ax - B would be
+zero but when we have null spaces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but when we have null spaces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but when we have null spaces and
+things around uh we may not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things around uh we may not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things around uh we may not be able to
+get ax equal B but what we can get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ax equal B but what we can get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ax equal B but what we can get and
+do get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do get is
+that equation a transpose time a * x = a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation a transpose time a * x = a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation a transpose time a * x = a
+transpose time B in other words you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose time B in other words you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose time B in other words you
+could see actually by Calculus if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see actually by Calculus if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see actually by Calculus if you
+took the derivative of ax minus b^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the derivative of ax minus b^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the derivative of ax minus b^ 2
+because you always take derivatives if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you always take derivatives if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you always take derivatives if
+you're minimizing something and set them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're minimizing something and set them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're minimizing something and set them
+to zero it would lead to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero it would lead to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero it would lead to that
+equation that square makes it brings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that square makes it brings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that square makes it brings in
+an a transpose and and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a transpose and and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a transpose and and that's the
+equation you get so that's the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you get so that's the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you get so that's the equation
+that LE squares problems have to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that LE squares problems have to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that LE squares problems have to solve
+yeah yeah that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that and that
+it's it's uh one of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's uh one of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's uh one of the fundamental
+equations of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of linear
+algebra okay and and uh so what what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra okay and and uh so what what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra okay and and uh so what what I'm
+saying down here is there's one X hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying down here is there's one X hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying down here is there's one X hat
+now I'm calling the solution here x hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm calling the solution here x hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm calling the solution here x hat
+uh because it uh I'm not solving ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because it uh I'm not solving ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because it uh I'm not solving ax
+equal B I'm solving this easier I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal B I'm solving this easier I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal B I'm solving this easier I made
+more solutions or created some solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more solutions or created some solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more solutions or created some solutions
+when I multiply both sides by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply both sides by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply both sides by a
+transpose so the solutions Solutions now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so the solutions Solutions now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so the solutions Solutions now
+are called X hat and there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called X hat and there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called X hat and there's one
+solution in the null space there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in the null space there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in the null space there's one
+solution X hat in the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution X hat in the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution X hat in the row
+space because the row space and column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because the row space and column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because the row space and column
+we have th this is R equations in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have th this is R equations in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have th this is R equations in our
+unknowns and it's got a got a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and it's got a got a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and it's got a got a unique
+solution X hat that that X hat is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution X hat that that X hat is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution X hat that that X hat is the
+goal that's the answer to the regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal that's the answer to the regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal that's the answer to the regression
+problem the least squares problem X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the least squares problem X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the least squares problem X
+hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat
+solves makes ax minus b as small as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves makes ax minus b as small as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves makes ax minus b as small as we
+can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make
+it that's that's the least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's that's the least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's that's the least squares
+problem least squares small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem least squares small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem least squares small
+square and uh so that's the one we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and uh so that's the one we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and uh so that's the one we're
+after okay uh just to finish up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after okay uh just to finish up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after okay uh just to finish up on the
+pseudo inverse which is a cool idea let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo inverse which is a cool idea let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo inverse which is a cool idea let
+me come back to the main slide of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me come back to the main slide of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me come back to the main slide of the
+whole talk the four subspaces and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole talk the four subspaces and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole talk the four subspaces and ask
+what the the pseudo inverse does you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the pseudo inverse does you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the pseudo inverse does you
+remember what the Matrix a does it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the Matrix a does it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the Matrix a does it takes
+a vector in the row space multiply by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector in the row space multiply by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector in the row space multiply by a
+you get something in the column space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get something in the column space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get something in the column space
+something in the null space you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the null space you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the null space you multiply
+by a and you get zero now we want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a and you get zero now we want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a and you get zero now we want to go
+backwards so the beauty is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so the beauty is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so the beauty is that this
+part which is what we want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which is what we want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which is what we want to just
+reverse is uh uh those have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse is uh uh those have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse is uh uh those have the same
+Dimension so we're fundamentally looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension so we're fundamentally looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension so we're fundamentally looking
+at a square Matrix which has an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a square Matrix which has an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a square Matrix which has an inverse
+when we're up top so that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're up top so that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're up top so that's what the
+pseudo in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo in
+is it takes the the Y back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it takes the the Y back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it takes the the Y back to
+X and what does it do to these sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and what does it do to these sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and what does it do to these sends
+them to zero just the way a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to zero just the way a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to zero just the way a transpose
+does so you the pseudo inverse gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so you the pseudo inverse gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so you the pseudo inverse gives the
+correct inverse up here where the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct inverse up here where the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct inverse up here where the real
+action is and down here where matri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is and down here where matri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is and down here where matri
+where vectors are sent to zero can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where vectors are sent to zero can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where vectors are sent to zero can't
+bring them back from zero they're de but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them back from zero they're de but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them back from zero they're de but
+so every Vector here goes goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every Vector here goes goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every Vector here goes goes to zero
+so that's the pseudo inverse it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the pseudo inverse it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the pseudo inverse it has the
+has all the the four sub spaces are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all the the four sub spaces are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all the the four sub spaces are just
+reversed right to left and uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed right to left and uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed right to left and uh it's a
+useful idea not the most basic idea it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful idea not the most basic idea it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful idea not the most basic idea it
+doesn't show up in all courses but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't show up in all courses but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't show up in all courses but when
+we had the four subspaces here it was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the four subspaces here it was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the four subspaces here it was so
+easy to tell you what the sudo inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to tell you what the sudo inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to tell you what the sudo inverse
+is so it just takes just so neat with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so it just takes just so neat with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so it just takes just so neat with
+this figure ites takes each Vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this figure ites takes each Vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this figure ites takes each Vector in
+the column space back to the vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column space back to the vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column space back to the vector in
+the row space where it came from so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row space where it came from so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row space where it came from so
+that's a plus the pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a plus the pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a plus the pseudo
+inverse okay thank you that's the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse okay thank you that's the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse okay thank you that's the four
+subspaces of any Matrix and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces of any Matrix and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces of any Matrix and you'll
+remember that if the Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that if the Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that if the Matrix is
+invertible uh square and invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible uh square and invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible uh square and invertible
+these two spaces are gone and we simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two spaces are gone and we simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two spaces are gone and we simply
+have uh the row space and the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh the row space and the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh the row space and the column
+space are both the full space and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space are both the full space and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space are both the full space and we
+have a perfect onetoone exchange then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a perfect onetoone exchange then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a perfect onetoone exchange then
+luckily a lot of matrices are invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily a lot of matrices are invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily a lot of matrices are invertible
+but this covers the case of matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this covers the case of matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this covers the case of matrices
+invertible or not square or not every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible or not square or not every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible or not square or not every
+Matrix has got those four fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix has got those four fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix has got those four fundamental
+subspaces thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jZdTVL5Ty-U.txt b/jZdTVL5Ty-U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f0c510f80551371f66329052bc7f20a7b12519e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jZdTVL5Ty-U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11592 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so last time we finished up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so last time we finished up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so last time we finished up with
+the uh sort of example of um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh sort of example of um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh sort of example of um uh the
+auction example the sort of extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction example the sort of extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction example the sort of extended
+auction example and that was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction example and that was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction example and that was a little
+bit of a you know sort of side trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a you know sort of side trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a you know sort of side trick
+into auction Theory um but uh we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into auction Theory um but uh we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into auction Theory um but uh we'll go
+back now to probability and sort of pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back now to probability and sort of pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back now to probability and sort of pick
+up where we left off and we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up where we left off and we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up where we left off and we were talking
+about moments of distributions and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about moments of distributions and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about moments of distributions and about
+expectation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particular so uh what if instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so uh what if instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so uh what if instead of
+wanting to know a certain feature of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to know a certain feature of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to know a certain feature of a
+distribution of X say the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of X say the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of X say the expectation of
+X we instead are interested in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we instead are interested in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we instead are interested in that
+feature say the expectation of some dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature say the expectation of some dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature say the expectation of some dis
+of some um function of X okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some um function of X okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some um function of X okay so for
+instance we know what the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance we know what the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance we know what the distribution
+of X is we really care about y okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is we really care about y okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is we really care about y okay this
+other random variable Y which is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other random variable Y which is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other random variable Y which is equal
+to G of X and maybe we don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to G of X and maybe we don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to G of X and maybe we don't care about
+the entire distribution of Y we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire distribution of Y we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire distribution of Y we just
+care about some feature of it like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about some feature of it like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about some feature of it like the
+expectation how can we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation how can we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation how can we find the
+expectation of Y well we know one sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Y well we know one sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Y well we know one sort
+of Surefire way to do it we can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Surefire way to do it we can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Surefire way to do it we can figure
+out how Y is distributed we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how Y is distributed we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how Y is distributed we know how to
+do that right so if we know how X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that right so if we know how X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that right so if we know how X is
+distributed and we know Y is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and we know Y is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and we know Y is a function
+of X then we just use you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X then we just use you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X then we just use you know sort of
+our knowledge of functions of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our knowledge of functions of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our knowledge of functions of random
+variables to figure that out okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to figure that out okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to figure that out okay and
+then we can compute the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can compute the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can compute the expectation of
+that new distribution no problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new distribution no problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new distribution no problem but
+there might be an easier way in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be an easier way in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be an easier way in a lot of
+cases you know this can be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you know this can be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you know this can be sort of
+mathematically you know messy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically you know messy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically you know messy or
+difficult and U maybe we don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and U maybe we don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and U maybe we don't care
+about the whole distribution maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the whole distribution maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the whole distribution maybe we
+only care about the expectation so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about the expectation so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about the expectation so we
+don't really need uh the the PDF of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need uh the the PDF of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need uh the the PDF of Y
+all we care about is the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we care about is the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we care about is the expectation of
+Y and so uh in cases like that it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and so uh in cases like that it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and so uh in cases like that it might
+be just easier to use this uh formula so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just easier to use this uh formula so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just easier to use this uh formula so
+what this tells us is that that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tells us is that that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tells us is that that uh we
+can compute the expectation of Y where Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute the expectation of Y where Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute the expectation of Y where Y
+is a function of another random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of another random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of another random variable
+x uh in this fashion here so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh in this fashion here so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh in this fashion here so this is the
+sort of uh old way that we knew how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh old way that we knew how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh old way that we knew how to
+compute it but it might be cumbersome or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it but it might be cumbersome or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it but it might be cumbersome or
+you know too much trouble but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know too much trouble but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know too much trouble but in fact
+all we need to do is use this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we need to do is use this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we need to do is use this formula
+okay so it's we just integrate over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's we just integrate over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's we just integrate over the
+support of x g of X and then the PDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of x g of X and then the PDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of x g of X and then the PDF of
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let me uh do an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me uh do an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me uh do an example
+where we're going to do that exact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to do that exact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to do that exact uh
+calculation okay okay so this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation okay okay so this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation okay okay so this example
+it's called the St Petersburg Paradox it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the St Petersburg Paradox it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the St Petersburg Paradox it
+is a classic example SLP Paradox and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a classic example SLP Paradox and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a classic example SLP Paradox and
+probability Theory um been sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Theory um been sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Theory um been sort of
+taught to students of probability theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught to students of probability theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught to students of probability theory
+for centuries probably uh and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for centuries probably uh and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for centuries probably uh and this
+example is first discussed by 18th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is first discussed by 18th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is first discussed by 18th
+century Swiss mathematician uh Nicholas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century Swiss mathematician uh Nicholas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century Swiss mathematician uh Nicholas
+bernui okay and published in the St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bernui okay and published in the St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bernui okay and published in the St
+Petersburg Academy proceedings uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Petersburg Academy proceedings uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Petersburg Academy proceedings uh in
+1738 that's where it got its name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1738 that's where it got its name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1738 that's where it got its name
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um the name beri does that sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the name beri does that sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the name beri does that sound
+familiar yeah so I don't know if I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar yeah so I don't know if I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar yeah so I don't know if I I
+can't remember if I defined a beri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember if I defined a beri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember if I defined a beri
+distribution in this uh class or not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in this uh class or not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in this uh class or not but
+a beri distribution is just a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beri distribution is just a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beri distribution is just a special
+case of the binomial distribution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the binomial distribution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the binomial distribution so
+remember binomial distribution we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember binomial distribution we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember binomial distribution we can
+think of as n coin flips where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as n coin flips where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as n coin flips where the
+probability of a success on each coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a success on each coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a success on each coin
+flip is p okay and they're independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip is p okay and they're independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip is p okay and they're independent
+where beri distribution is just one coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where beri distribution is just one coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where beri distribution is just one coin
+flip so it's just a a binomial where n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip so it's just a a binomial where n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip so it's just a a binomial where n
+equals one okay that's a beri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one okay that's a beri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one okay that's a beri
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+okay so here's the game I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the game I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the game I'm going to
+propose a game to you and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose a game to you and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose a game to you and I'm going to
+be I'm going to ask you how much you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I'm going to ask you how much you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I'm going to ask you how much you'd
+be willing to pay me to play this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be willing to pay me to play this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be willing to pay me to play this game
+okay I flip a Fair coin until it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I flip a Fair coin until it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I flip a Fair coin until it comes
+up heads and if the number of flips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up heads and if the number of flips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up heads and if the number of flips
+necessary is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary is
+X I pay you two2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I pay you two2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I pay you two2 to the
+X okay so how much would you be willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so how much would you be willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so how much would you be willing
+to to pay me to play this game does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to pay me to play this game does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to pay me to play this game does
+anyone want to sort of venture I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to sort of venture I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to sort of venture I'm not
+going to hold you to it by the way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hold you to it by the way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hold you to it by the way I'm
+not going to com you're not committing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to com you're not committing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to com you're not committing
+to play this game for me but how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play this game for me but how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play this game for me but how how
+much do you think you might be willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do you think you might be willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do you think you might be willing
+to pay me to play the game yeah I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay me to play the game yeah I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay me to play the game yeah I would
+find the expectation of X oh no without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the expectation of X oh no without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the expectation of X oh no without
+doing any calculations we'll do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any calculations we'll do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any calculations we'll do the
+calculations in a second yeah um I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations in a second yeah um I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations in a second yeah um I would
+pay a dollar because there's a 5050
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a dollar because there's a 5050
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a dollar because there's a 5050
+chance that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that I could
+double yeah there's there's also a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double yeah there's there's also a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double yeah there's there's also a small
+chance you could get ,000 though right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance you could get ,000 though right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance you could get ,000 though right
+or more ibe more than a thousand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more ibe more than a thousand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more ibe more than a thousand you
+know but okay fine you'd be willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but okay fine you'd be willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but okay fine you'd be willing to
+pay a dollar yeah any other um infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a dollar yeah any other um infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a dollar yeah any other um infinite
+exemp of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemp of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemp of
+Mer no you're you're giving away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mer no you're you're giving away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mer no you're you're giving away the
+punchline but you're absolutely right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punchline but you're absolutely right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punchline but you're absolutely right so
+um so we'll come we'll come back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we'll come we'll come back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we'll come we'll come back to your
+answer in a second so the the I if to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in a second so the the I if to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in a second so the the I if to be
+honest to be perfectly honest if I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest to be perfectly honest if I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest to be perfectly honest if I said
+would you be you know how much you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you be you know how much you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you be you know how much you would
+you be willing to pay this pay me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be willing to pay this pay me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be willing to pay this pay me to
+play this game you'd give me a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this game you'd give me a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this game you'd give me a number
+much less than infinity to play play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than infinity to play play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than infinity to play play the
+game right okay so maybe maybe I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game right okay so maybe maybe I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game right okay so maybe maybe I get
+someone who's willing to pay me a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's willing to pay me a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's willing to pay me a dollar
+maybe I get someone who's willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I get someone who's willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I get someone who's willing to pay
+me5 dollar something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me5 dollar something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me5 dollar something like that
+okay so let's actually compute what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's actually compute what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's actually compute what the
+expected winnings of this game are okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected winnings of this game are okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected winnings of this game are okay
+oh and by the way what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and by the way what's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and by the way what's this
+distribution I can't remember so you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I can't remember so you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I can't remember so you saw
+it on a problem set right um I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a problem set right um I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a problem set right um I can't
+remember whether the problem set or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember whether the problem set or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember whether the problem set or
+whether in any other time I've told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether in any other time I've told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether in any other time I've told you
+what the name of it is it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the name of it is it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the name of it is it's called the
+geometric distribution okay so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric distribution okay so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric distribution okay so it's just
+a coin flip until you get one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coin flip until you get one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coin flip until you get one one
+success okay and how many how many coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success okay and how many how many coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success okay and how many how many coin
+flips are there until you get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips are there until you get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips are there until you get to that
+success Okay so makes sense I think at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success Okay so makes sense I think at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success Okay so makes sense I think at
+least uh uh I I'll make that claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least uh uh I I'll make that claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least uh uh I I'll make that claim
+initially it makes sense that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially it makes sense that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially it makes sense that you should
+be willing to pay your expected winnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be willing to pay your expected winnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be willing to pay your expected winnings
+for this game okay so let's calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this game okay so let's calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this game okay so let's calculate
+the expected winnings and see what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected winnings and see what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected winnings and see what you
+guys are willing you know see if you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are willing you know see if you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are willing you know see if you'd
+be willing to pay me that um to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be willing to pay me that um to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be willing to pay me that um to play
+this game so let X be the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game so let X be the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game so let X be the number of
+flips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+required and um note that X has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required and um note that X has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required and um note that X has this
+geometric distance distribution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric distance distribution with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric distance distribution with
+probability. 5 uh I can look up uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability. 5 uh I can look up uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability. 5 uh I can look up uh in
+some table of distributions what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some table of distributions what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some table of distributions what the
+expectation of X is and it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X is and it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X is and it's equal to
+two I can also calculate it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I can also calculate it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I can also calculate it the
+calculation that I would go through is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that I would go through is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that I would go through is a
+little fussy so I won't bother doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fussy so I won't bother doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fussy so I won't bother doing it
+but but you you can calculate what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you you can calculate what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you you can calculate what this
+expectation is okay um or you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is okay um or you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is okay um or you could just
+look it up in a table of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up in a table of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up in a table of uh
+PDFs okay and we'll need that uh figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs okay and we'll need that uh figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs okay and we'll need that uh figure
+in a second okay and then we define y a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second okay and then we define y a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second okay and then we define y a
+new random variable y to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new random variable y to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new random variable y to be equal to the
+winnings in this game okay and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winnings in this game okay and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winnings in this game okay and so that's
+just equal to 2 raised to the X power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to 2 raised to the X power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to 2 raised to the X power
+Okay so we've got two random variables X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've got two random variables X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've got two random variables X
+this one has a geometric distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has a geometric distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has a geometric distribution
+and a y we don't know exactly what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a y we don't know exactly what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a y we don't know exactly what that
+distribution of Y is but we we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of Y is but we we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of Y is but we we can
+calculate its expectation with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate its expectation with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate its expectation with the
+formula I just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I just put
+up okay so in particular this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so in particular this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so in particular this is the uh
+this is the um discret analog of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the um discret analog of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the um discret analog of the
+formula we just had up a couple of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we just had up a couple of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we just had up a couple of uh
+slides ago if we're interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides ago if we're interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides ago if we're interested in the
+expectation of Y where Y is a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Y where Y is a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Y where Y is a um
+function of random variable X and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of random variable X and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of random variable X and we
+have the PDF of the random variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the PDF of the random variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the PDF of the random variable X
+and we don't have the PDF of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have the PDF of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have the PDF of the random
+variable y we can just use this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable y we can just use this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable y we can just use this formula
+okay so that's what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what we'll
+do and so let's plug in this is the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and so let's plug in this is the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and so let's plug in this is the PDF
+X it's just 12 raised to the X power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X it's just 12 raised to the X power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X it's just 12 raised to the X power
+right on your problem set that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on your problem set that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on your problem set that's what
+you got when you did a problem similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got when you did a problem similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got when you did a problem similar
+to this and then we multiply it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and then we multiply it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and then we multiply it by the
+function uh R ofx which is 2 to the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh R ofx which is 2 to the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh R ofx which is 2 to the X
+and we sum up over all possible values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we sum up over all possible values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we sum up over all possible values
+of X okay so all possible values of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X okay so all possible values of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X okay so all possible values of X
+there could I mean it we we have to sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could I mean it we we have to sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could I mean it we we have to sum
+we have to this this is an infinite some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to this this is an infinite some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to this this is an infinite some
+because we don't you know there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't you know there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't you know there is some
+tiny probability that we could just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny probability that we could just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny probability that we could just be
+flipping this coin forever before we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping this coin forever before we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping this coin forever before we get
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+right and so um we're adding this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so um we're adding this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so um we're adding this up
+over you know from x equals 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over you know from x equals 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over you know from x equals 1 to
+infinity and uh when we multiply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and uh when we multiply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and uh when we multiply this
+out we just get that that's one we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we just get that that's one we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we just get that that's one we're
+adding up one uh infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up one uh infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up one uh infinite number of
+times we get infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we get infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we get infinity
+okay so this is sort of uh maybe kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is sort of uh maybe kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is sort of uh maybe kind of
+a surprising result and certainly if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surprising result and certainly if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surprising result and certainly if you
+buy my argument that you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy my argument that you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy my argument that you should be
+willing to pay your expected winnings to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay your expected winnings to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay your expected winnings to
+play this game this result doesn't sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this game this result doesn't sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this game this result doesn't sound
+right at all because you're not no one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at all because you're not no one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at all because you're not no one's
+willing to pay me anything close to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay me anything close to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay me anything close to an
+infinite amount of money to play this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game okay so that's the Paradox but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game okay so that's the Paradox but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game okay so that's the Paradox but is
+it really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really a
+paradox and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox and the answer
+is economists not to not to economist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is economists not to not to economist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is economists not to not to economist
+okay so economists know that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so economists know that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so economists know that people have
+diminishing marginal utility of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal utility of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal utility of money
+this is uh sort of equivalent to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh sort of equivalent to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh sort of equivalent to being
+risk averse okay so the the the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk averse okay so the the the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk averse okay so the the the this is
+sort of another way of describing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of another way of describing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of another way of describing a
+utility function with risk aversion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function with risk aversion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function with risk aversion so
+economists know that people have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists know that people have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists know that people have a
+diminishing marginal utility of money so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal utility of money so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal utility of money so
+in other words their valuation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words their valuation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words their valuation of
+additional money decreases is the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional money decreases is the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional money decreases is the amount
+of money they have increases so if I win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money they have increases so if I win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money they have increases so if I win
+$50,000 in Lottery that's going to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50,000 in Lottery that's going to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50,000 in Lottery that's going to mean
+a lot more to me than it would to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more to me than it would to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more to me than it would to
+Michael Bloomberg okay I mean it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Bloomberg okay I mean it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Bloomberg okay I mean it's just
+sort of tiny little rounding error in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tiny little rounding error in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tiny little rounding error in
+his in his uh uh wealth okay and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his in his uh uh wealth okay and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his in his uh uh wealth okay and so this
+is this is sort of a well-known well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is sort of a well-known well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is sort of a well-known well
+documented um sort of facet of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented um sort of facet of people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented um sort of facet of people's
+you know utility functions or valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know utility functions or valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know utility functions or valuation
+of money they um they care less about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money they um they care less about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money they um they care less about an
+increment of money the more money they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment of money the more money they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment of money the more money they
+have Okay so what we really should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Okay so what we really should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Okay so what we really should have
+been doing is instead of calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing is instead of calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing is instead of calculating
+expected winnings for this game we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected winnings for this game we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected winnings for this game we
+should have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been
+calculating our valuation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating our valuation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating our valuation of the
+expected winnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected winnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected winnings
+right so we'll just arbitrarily so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we'll just arbitrarily so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we'll just arbitrarily so
+basically what diminishing marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what diminishing marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what diminishing marginal
+utility of money uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implies is that your utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies is that your utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies is that your utility
+function as a function of money the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as a function of money the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as a function of money the the
+amount of money you have is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money you have is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money you have is going to be
+increasing but at a decreasing rate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing but at a decreasing rate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing but at a decreasing rate okay
+so that's that's what diminishing margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's what diminishing margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's what diminishing margin
+utility is going to imply so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is going to imply so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is going to imply so let's just
+come up with some arbitrary functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with some arbitrary functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with some arbitrary functional
+form that looks kind of like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that looks kind of like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that looks kind of like this and
+that's that will say is our valuation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that will say is our valuation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that will say is our valuation of
+the winnings of this game okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winnings of this game okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winnings of this game okay and so
+what I came up with was a log of Y okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I came up with was a log of Y okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I came up with was a log of Y okay
+and you could use many other different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could use many other different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could use many other different
+kind of umun functions that have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of umun functions that have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of umun functions that have this
+General shape so now we have a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General shape so now we have a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General shape so now we have a third
+random variable Z and Z is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Z and Z is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Z and Z is going to be
+the valuation of the winnings and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valuation of the winnings and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valuation of the winnings and just
+we're assuming it's log of Y and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming it's log of Y and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming it's log of Y and um and
+then if I plug in X here it's just log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I plug in X here it's just log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I plug in X here it's just log
+of 2 to the X okay and so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 to the X okay and so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 to the X okay and so now let's
+calculate let's use the formula again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate let's use the formula again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate let's use the formula again
+and calculate the expectation of Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculate the expectation of Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculate the expectation of Z and
+see what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we
+get so expectation of Z is just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so expectation of Z is just equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so expectation of Z is just equal to
+the sum from x = 1 to Infinity of log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from x = 1 to Infinity of log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from x = 1 to Infinity of log of
+2 the X that's the that's the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the X that's the that's the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the X that's the that's the function
+uh that you know we've defined as z uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you know we've defined as z uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you know we've defined as z uh
+times the PDF of X which is/ 12 to the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the PDF of X which is/ 12 to the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the PDF of X which is/ 12 to the X
+still and we can rewrite this as log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still and we can rewrite this as log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still and we can rewrite this as log of
+uh 2 * the sum of x to the uh times 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 * the sum of x to the uh times 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 * the sum of x to the uh times 12
+to the X and then if we just just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X and then if we just just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X and then if we just just use
+this sort of formula for an infinite um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of formula for an infinite um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of formula for an infinite um
+series we get that that is equal to 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series we get that that is equal to 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series we get that that is equal to 2 *
+log of 2 okay that's a lot less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinity okay so that's the sa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity okay so that's the sa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity okay so that's the sa
+Petersburg Paradox but just keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Petersburg Paradox but just keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Petersburg Paradox but just keep in mind
+it's only a paradox uh unless you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a paradox uh unless you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a paradox uh unless you know a
+little bit of economics and then it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of economics and then it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of economics and then it then
+it makes perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes perfect
+sense okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay
+questions no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now back to expectation and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now back to expectation and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now back to expectation and it's
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+be so we've seen we've seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so we've seen we've seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so we've seen we've seen the
+definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of
+expectation and um we have um uh talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and um we have um uh talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and um we have um uh talked
+about how to compute expectations we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to compute expectations we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to compute expectations we've
+talked about how to we just saw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how to we just saw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how to we just saw an
+example how to compute expectation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how to compute expectation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how to compute expectation of a
+function of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a random
+variable and uh it's going to be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and uh it's going to be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and uh it's going to be useful
+for us uh to sort of list a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us uh to sort of list a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us uh to sort of list a whole bunch
+of properties expectation that will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of properties expectation that will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of properties expectation that will make
+expectation uh Computing expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation uh Computing expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation uh Computing expectations
+easier and in particular is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier and in particular is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier and in particular is going to
+make sort of computing expectations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sort of computing expectations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sort of computing expectations of
+functions of certain random variables a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of certain random variables a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of certain random variables a
+lot easier okay so let's go through uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot easier okay so let's go through uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot easier okay so let's go through uh
+the list of expectations properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of expectations properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of expectations properties of
+expectation so the first one um is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so the first one um is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so the first one um is just
+that and this may seem uh pretty obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this may seem uh pretty obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this may seem uh pretty obvious
+the expectation of a constant as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of a constant as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of a constant as opposed
+to a random variable is just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a random variable is just equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a random variable is just equal to
+that constant okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I mean that seems not very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean that seems not very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean that seems not very useful
+and it seems obvious but in fact we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems obvious but in fact we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems obvious but in fact we'll
+sort of use this fact kind of implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of use this fact kind of implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of use this fact kind of implicitly
+all the time um we'll I'll remind you oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time um we'll I'll remind you oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time um we'll I'll remind you oh
+this thing is a constant so it can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is a constant so it can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is a constant so it can come
+outside the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the expectation
+okay um let's see or its expectation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let's see or its expectation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let's see or its expectation is
+equal to itself okay the second property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to itself okay the second property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to itself okay the second property
+is that if we have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if we have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if we have a linear
+transformation of the random variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the random variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the random variable X
+so Y is is equal to ax plus b then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Y is is equal to ax plus b then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Y is is equal to ax plus b then the
+expectation of Y is just equal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Y is just equal to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Y is just equal to that
+same linear function of the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same linear function of the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same linear function of the expectation
+of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay number three um suppose we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay number three um suppose we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay number three um suppose we have a
+bunch of random variables X1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of random variables X1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of random variables X1 through
+xn and Y is equal to the sum of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn and Y is equal to the sum of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn and Y is equal to the sum of those
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+variables then the expectation of Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables then the expectation of Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables then the expectation of Y is
+equal to the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the
+expectations okay so this is also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations okay so this is also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations okay so this is also going
+to be super useful we'll use it um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be super useful we'll use it um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be super useful we'll use it um you
+know many times and I want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know many times and I want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know many times and I want to point out
+something very important about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very important about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very important about this
+property which is that I haven't said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which is that I haven't said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which is that I haven't said
+anything about the X's so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the X's so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the X's so in particular
+I haven't said that the X's needed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't said that the X's needed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't said that the X's needed to be
+independent and in fact they don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and in fact they don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and in fact they don't need
+to be independent okay so this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be independent okay so this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be independent okay so this is true
+with any X1 through xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the fourth property is kind of a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the fourth property is kind of a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the fourth property is kind of a um
+combination of number two and number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of number two and number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of number two and number
+three and that's just saying let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and that's just saying let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and that's just saying let's say
+you have a linear combination an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a linear combination an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a linear combination an
+arbitrary linear combination of a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary linear combination of a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary linear combination of a bunch
+of uh x a bunch of X random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh x a bunch of X random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh x a bunch of X random variables
+then the expectation of that linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the expectation of that linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the expectation of that linear
+combination is the linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is the linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is the linear combination of
+the expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number five uh if um X and Y are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number five uh if um X and Y are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number five uh if um X and Y are
+independent then we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then we have that
+expectation of X Y the the product of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X Y the the product of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X Y the the product of X
+and Y is equal to the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y is equal to the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y is equal to the product of the
+expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so in addition to so we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in addition to so we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in addition to so we've been
+talking about expectation expectation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about expectation expectation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about expectation expectation is
+will be the most important moment of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the most important moment of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the most important moment of a
+distrib distribution that we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distrib distribution that we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distrib distribution that we are going
+to be concerned with but it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be concerned with but it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be concerned with but it's not the
+only moment of a distribution that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only moment of a distribution that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only moment of a distribution that we
+care about so in addition to describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about so in addition to describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about so in addition to describing
+the location or center of a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location or center of a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location or center of a distribution
+um we often uh would like to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we often uh would like to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we often uh would like to describe
+how spread out it is okay and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how spread out it is okay and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how spread out it is okay and there's a
+moment for that it's called variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment for that it's called variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment for that it's called variance
+okay so here is the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is the definition of the
+variance of the random variable X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the random variable X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the random variable X so
+it's just equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just equal to the
+expectation of xus mu it s and here mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of xus mu it s and here mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of xus mu it s and here mu
+I'm just using mu to stand for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just using mu to stand for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just using mu to stand for the
+expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we we're creating this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we we're creating this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we we're creating this new
+random variable which is just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable which is just equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable which is just equal to
+the squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squar
+deviation between X and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation between X and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation between X and its
+expectation okay and then we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation okay and then we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation okay and then we're taking
+the expectation of that new random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of that new random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of that new random
+variable and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and that's the
+variance okay okay I'll I'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance okay okay I'll I'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance okay okay I'll I'll sort of
+give you some more examples that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some more examples that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some more examples that you
+know we'll we'll sort of deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll we'll sort of deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll we'll sort of deal with
+variance in in a variety of ways uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in in a variety of ways uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in in a variety of ways uh
+where you know I think you'll you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know I think you'll you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know I think you'll you'll get
+a good intuitive sense of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay A a note a note about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay A a note a note about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay A a note a note about sort of
+terminology and notation uh we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology and notation uh we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology and notation uh we often
+denote the variance of X with the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote the variance of X with the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote the variance of X with the uh
+Greek symbol Sigma squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and note also that variance is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and note also that variance is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and note also that variance is an
+expectation so many of the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so many of the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so many of the properties of
+variance will follow from the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance will follow from the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance will follow from the fact that
+it's an expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so just like uh we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so just like uh we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so just like uh we went
+through the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the properties of
+expectation we'll we'll go through sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we'll we'll go through sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we'll we'll go through sort
+of a series of properties of variance as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so the first one is that variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the first one is that variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the first one is that variance
+of any random variable able is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any random variable able is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any random variable able is less than
+or equal to zero so why is that can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to zero so why is that can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to zero so why is that can just
+look at the definition of variance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the definition of variance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the definition of variance and
+see that it's uh the the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's uh the the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's uh the the thing that's
+inside the expectation is always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the expectation is always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the expectation is always going
+to be nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be nonzero
+okay so you're taking the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're taking the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're taking the expectation of
+something that's never that's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's never that's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's never that's never
+negative um then it's it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative um then it's it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative um then it's it's not going to
+be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+either uh the a variance of a where a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either uh the a variance of a where a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either uh the a variance of a where a is
+a constant is equal to zero okay again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant is equal to zero okay again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant is equal to zero okay again
+you just think back to the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just think back to the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just think back to the formula for
+variance and we remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and we remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and we remember that
+expectation of a constant is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a constant is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a constant is equal to
+that constant so then you just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constant so then you just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constant so then you just sort of
+plug in that constant and you you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in that constant and you you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in that constant and you you get
+that the uh variance of a constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh variance of a constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh variance of a constant is
+going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay so remember that if we took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so remember that if we took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so remember that if we took a
+random variable X and we transformed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable X and we transformed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable X and we transformed it
+linearly then the expectation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly then the expectation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly then the expectation of that
+transformed random variable was was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed random variable was was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed random variable was was the
+sort of the linear transformation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the linear transformation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the linear transformation of the
+expectation well something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation well something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation well something different
+happens with the variance of that random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with the variance of that random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with the variance of that random
+variable so in particular if we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so in particular if we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so in particular if we take a
+random variable and we transform it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and we transform it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and we transform it
+linearly the variance um is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly the variance um is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly the variance um is just
+multiplied by the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the square of the
+coefficient on X and it it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient on X and it it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient on X and it it's not
+affected At All by uh this additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected At All by uh this additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected At All by uh this additive
+constant B okay so what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant B okay so what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant B okay so what's going on here
+well basically uh the variance remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well basically uh the variance remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well basically uh the variance remember
+think back to the interpretation I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back to the interpretation I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back to the interpretation I gave
+you for variance or the motivation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for variance or the motivation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for variance or the motivation I
+gave you for variance a second ago which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you for variance a second ago which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you for variance a second ago which
+is that it measured how spread out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it measured how spread out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it measured how spread out a
+distribution is and so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is and so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is and so if you have a
+measure of how spread out a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of how spread out a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of how spread out a distribution
+is and you just shift the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and you just shift the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and you just shift the distribution
+by a constant you would hope that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a constant you would hope that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a constant you would hope that that
+that measure doesn't change and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measure doesn't change and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measure doesn't change and it
+doesn't um but if you um multiply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't um but if you um multiply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't um but if you um multiply that
+distribution multiply that random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution multiply that random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution multiply that random
+variable by a constant uh a in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable by a constant uh a in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable by a constant uh a in this case
+uh then in fact the the measure of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then in fact the the measure of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then in fact the the measure of how
+spread out it is does change because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out it is does change because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out it is does change because you
+multiply a a random variable by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a a random variable by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a a random variable by a
+constant and it it sort of spreads it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and it it sort of spreads it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and it it sort of spreads it
+out or shrinks it down and in fact for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or shrinks it down and in fact for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or shrinks it down and in fact for
+variance that's the factor by which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that's the factor by which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that's the factor by which it
+spreads it out or shrinks it down it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads it out or shrinks it down it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads it out or shrinks it down it's
+the square of the the multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the the multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the the multiplicative
+constant okay does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense oh I guess I just said this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense oh I guess I just said this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense oh I guess I just said this in
+other words a shift shift a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words a shift shift a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words a shift shift a distribution
+and its variance doesn't change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its variance doesn't change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its variance doesn't change so
+shifting uh corresponds to adding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting uh corresponds to adding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting uh corresponds to adding a
+constant to it okay you shift a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant to it okay you shift a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant to it okay you shift a
+distribution its variance doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution its variance doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution its variance doesn't change
+you shrink or spread out a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shrink or spread out a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shrink or spread out a distribution
+and its variance changes by the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its variance changes by the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its variance changes by the square
+of the multiplicative Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh property number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh property number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh property number
+four so let's suppose we have um a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so let's suppose we have um a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so let's suppose we have um a bunch
+of random variables X and we add them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random variables X and we add them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random variables X and we add them up
+to create a new random variable y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a new random variable y the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a new random variable y the
+variance of Y is equal to the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of Y is equal to the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of Y is equal to the sum of the
+variances of the X's but that's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances of the X's but that's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances of the X's but that's only
+true if the X's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if the X's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if the X's are
+independent okay so remember when I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay so remember when I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay so remember when I had
+we had a very similar property for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a very similar property for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a very similar property for
+expectation we did not require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we did not require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we did not require
+Independence there we we require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence there we we require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence there we we require
+Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence
+here why is why is that I'm not sure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why is why is that I'm not sure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why is why is that I'm not sure if
+I can give you a good I mean you can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can give you a good I mean you can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can give you a good I mean you can I
+can show you mathematically why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show you mathematically why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show you mathematically why that's
+true but I mean I'm not sure I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but I mean I'm not sure I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but I mean I'm not sure I could
+give you a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a good
+intuition uh yeah actually there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition uh yeah actually there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition uh yeah actually there
+probably is a sort of a geomet geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably is a sort of a geomet geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably is a sort of a geomet geometric
+intuition I could give you but I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition I could give you but I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition I could give you but I might
+have to think about it for a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about it for a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about it for a couple
+minutes so it would be coherent so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then property number five um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then property number five um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then property number five um is
+again sort of a combination of three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again sort of a combination of three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again sort of a combination of three and
+four we have a sort of an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four we have a sort of an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four we have a sort of an arbitrary
+linear transformation of the x's and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation of the x's and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation of the x's and the
+variance of the resulting um random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the resulting um random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the resulting um random
+variable is just going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is just going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is just going to be equal to
+the sum of the variances where each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the variances where each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the variances where each
+variance is multiplied by the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is multiplied by the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is multiplied by the square of
+the multiplicative factor in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplicative factor in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplicative factor in in the
+linear uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear uh
+combination okay and again here the X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination okay and again here the X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination okay and again here the X's
+have to be independent for this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true and then finally the sixth property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and then finally the sixth property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and then finally the sixth property
+is that the variance of X is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the variance of X is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the variance of X is equal to
+the expectation of x s minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of x s minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of x s minus the
+expectation of X quantity squ and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X quantity squ and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X quantity squ and this
+is pretty easy to prove if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty easy to prove if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty easy to prove if you just
+start from the s definition of variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from the s definition of variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from the s definition of variance
+um it's not too difficult to show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not too difficult to show this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not too difficult to show this
+and um this can be a pretty useful uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this can be a pretty useful uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this can be a pretty useful uh
+property when we're Computing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property when we're Computing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property when we're Computing if you
+need to compute the variance of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to compute the variance of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to compute the variance of a a
+random variable sometimes uh Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable sometimes uh Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable sometimes uh Computing
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+expectation um the sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation um the sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation um the sorry the
+expectation squared and the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation squared and the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation squared and the expectation
+of of X um the expectation of X squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of X um the expectation of X squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of X um the expectation of X squar
+and the expectation of X quantity squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expectation of X quantity squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expectation of X quantity squar
+can be an easier thing to do than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be an easier thing to do than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be an easier thing to do than uh
+Computing the variance so anyhow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the variance so anyhow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the variance so anyhow this
+can be useful formula for that reason uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be useful formula for that reason uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be useful formula for that reason uh
+calculating expectation of x s we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating expectation of x s we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating expectation of x s we just
+use the previous formula FX GX DX yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the previous formula FX GX DX yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the previous formula FX GX DX yep
+yep yep so you can do you can do it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep so you can do you can do it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep so you can do you can do it in a
+variety of ways uh one is you can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of ways uh one is you can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of ways uh one is you can figure
+out what the distribution of X squ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the distribution of X squ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the distribution of X squ is
+and compute its expectation or we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute its expectation or we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute its expectation or we can
+use the formula that we saw at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the formula that we saw at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the formula that we saw at the
+beginning of the the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the the lecture
+yep okay questions about properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variance okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance okay
+okay and then I also want to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I also want to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I also want to introduce
+standard deviation so standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation so standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation so standard deviation
+we're we're not going to use as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're not going to use as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're not going to use as much as
+variance but uh sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance but uh sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance but uh sometimes it's
+convenient for our measure of dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient for our measure of dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient for our measure of dispersion
+of a distribution to have the same units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a distribution to have the same units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a distribution to have the same units
+as the random variable itself okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the random variable itself okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the random variable itself okay and
+so for this reason we so variance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this reason we so variance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this reason we so variance the
+units of variance are the units of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of variance are the units of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of variance are the units of the
+the uh random variable squared and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh random variable squared and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh random variable squared and here
+um what we do is we just Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we do is we just Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we do is we just Define the
+standard deviation to be the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation to be the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation to be the square root
+of the variance okay and um that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variance okay and um that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variance okay and um that's going
+to have the same units as the the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the same units as the the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the same units as the the random
+variable itself okay so you know in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable itself okay so you know in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable itself okay so you know in in
+in a lot of ways standard deviation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of ways standard deviation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of ways standard deviation and
+variance are I mean you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance are I mean you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance are I mean you know they're
+they're obviously one's a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're obviously one's a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're obviously one's a function of
+the other but you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other but you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other but you know they're
+essentially equivalent ways of measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially equivalent ways of measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially equivalent ways of measuring
+the dispersion of a a distribution uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispersion of a a distribution uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispersion of a a distribution uh
+and sometimes it's easier to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it's easier to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it's easier to use
+standard deviation and sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation and sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation and sometimes it's
+easier to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to use
+variant okay so just so you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition okay now the we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition okay now the we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition okay now the we can do
+something similar so at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar so at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar so at the very
+beginning of the lecture I gave you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the lecture I gave you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the lecture I gave you the
+formula for how to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for how to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for how to calculate the
+expectation of a function of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a function of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a function of a random
+variable and um I said uh well I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and um I said uh well I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and um I said uh well I said
+sometimes that's a lot easier to do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that's a lot easier to do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that's a lot easier to do uh
+than than actually figuring out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than actually figuring out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than actually figuring out what the
+PDF of that function the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of that function the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of that function the random variable
+is and then using that to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then using that to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then using that to calculate the
+expectation well sometimes we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation well sometimes we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation well sometimes we might
+might want a shortcut for calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want a shortcut for calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want a shortcut for calculating
+variance as well and we can basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance as well and we can basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance as well and we can basically
+just use uh you know apply the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use uh you know apply the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use uh you know apply the results
+of expectation of a function of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expectation of a function of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expectation of a function of a random
+variable and the fact that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and the fact that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and the fact that uh the
+variance is in fact an expectation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is in fact an expectation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is in fact an expectation to
+get a formula for the variance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a formula for the variance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a formula for the variance of a
+function of a random variable okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a random variable okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a random variable okay so
+variance of Y is just equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of Y is just equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of Y is just equal to the
+expectation of y^2 minus the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of y^2 minus the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of y^2 minus the expectation
+of Y quantity squared and that's uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y quantity squared and that's uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y quantity squared and that's uh one
+of the properties I just told you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the properties I just told you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the properties I just told you okay
+but we let's suppose we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we let's suppose we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we let's suppose we don't want to
+calculate the expectation we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the expectation we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the expectation we don't want
+to calculate this distribution this PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate this distribution this PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate this distribution this PDF
+okay and so what we want to do instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what we want to do instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what we want to do instead
+is just uh plug in the formula R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just uh plug in the formula R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just uh plug in the formula R
+ofx and um calculate the the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx and um calculate the the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx and um calculate the the expectation
+of that instead and so the using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that instead and so the using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that instead and so the using the
+formula for expectation of a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for expectation of a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for expectation of a function of
+a random variable we get that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable we get that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable we get that the
+variance is equal to this minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is equal to this minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is equal to this minus
+this okay so this is just combining to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so this is just combining to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so this is just combining to
+combining kind of the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining kind of the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining kind of the definition of
+variance and this property of variance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and this property of variance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and this property of variance I
+just showed you with the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you with the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you with the expectation of
+a function of a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of a random variable
+combining all those things together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining all those things together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining all those things together to
+get this formula okay so now let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this formula okay so now let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this formula okay so now let's uh
+let me Define another quantity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me Define another quantity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me Define another quantity that
+especially as we sort of move into um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as we sort of move into um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as we sort of move into um
+you know linear regression and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know linear regression and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know linear regression and other
+kinds of U models uh you know uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of U models uh you know uh other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of U models uh you know uh other
+kinds of models that include sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of models that include sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of models that include sort of
+multiple random variables uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple random variables uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple random variables uh this is
+sort of a concept that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a concept that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a concept that's going to be
+very useful for us okay and the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for us okay and the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for us okay and the concept
+is conditional expectation so what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conditional expectation so what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conditional expectation so what is a
+conditional expectation a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation a conditional
+expectation is just simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is just simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is just simply the
+expectation of a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a conditional
+distribution so remember a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so remember a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so remember a couple of
+lectures ago we sort of figured out we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago we sort of figured out we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago we sort of figured out we
+had a joint distribution and we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a joint distribution and we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a joint distribution and we talked
+about Computing a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Computing a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Computing a conditional
+distribution it was just taking a slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it was just taking a slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it was just taking a slice
+and then sort of blowing it up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sort of blowing it up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sort of blowing it up like
+normalizing it so that it it uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing it so that it it uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing it so that it it uh um
+integrated to one so that's a condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated to one so that's a condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated to one so that's a condition
+distribution and um the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and um the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and um the the sort of
+notion of a conditional expectation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a conditional expectation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a conditional expectation is
+going to be useful going forward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be useful going forward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be useful going forward and
+that is just the expectation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just the expectation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just the expectation of that
+conditional distribution okay so in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional distribution okay so in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional distribution okay so in some
+sense it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it
+isn't it's not quite A New Concept it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it's not quite A New Concept it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it's not quite A New Concept it's
+just the expectation of a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the expectation of a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the expectation of a distribution
+we knew already existed but um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew already existed but um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew already existed but um there's
+you know if we think of uh the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if we think of uh the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if we think of uh the um
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+distribution more broadly as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution more broadly as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution more broadly as a function
+of the conditioning variable then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conditioning variable then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conditioning variable then we can
+also think of the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think of the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think of the conditional
+expectation as a function of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation as a function of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation as a function of this
+conditioning variable okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning variable okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning variable okay and that's
+going to be sort of a useful thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sort of a useful thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sort of a useful thing for
+us when we're sort of building these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us when we're sort of building these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us when we're sort of building these
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+models okay so this is the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models okay so this is the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models okay so this is the definition
+it's just expectation of why given X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just expectation of why given X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just expectation of why given X is
+equal to the integral of Y times the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral of Y times the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral of Y times the the
+conditional distribution of of Y given X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional distribution of of Y given X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional distribution of of Y given X
+okay so nothing nothing particularly new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so nothing nothing particularly new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so nothing nothing particularly new
+there the thing that's new about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the thing that's new about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the thing that's new about this is
+how I want you to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I want you to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I want you to think about this
+quantity okay so note that expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity okay so note that expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity okay so note that expectation
+of Y given X is a function of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y given X is a function of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y given X is a function of the random
+variable X okay if I plug in a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X okay if I plug in a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X okay if I plug in a specific
+realization for X it's no longer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization for X it's no longer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization for X it's no longer a
+function of X but if we keep you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X but if we keep you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X but if we keep you know if
+we sort of uh leave it in this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of uh leave it in this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of uh leave it in this sort of
+general form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form
+then X it's a function of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then X it's a function of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then X it's a function of the random
+variable X and what do we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X and what do we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X and what do we know about
+functions of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of random
+variables they are also random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables they are also random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables they are also random variables
+right so X is a random variable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so X is a random variable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so X is a random variable that
+means the expectation of Y conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the expectation of Y conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the expectation of Y conditional
+on X is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+okay and then if as I said if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then if as I said if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then if as I said if we just
+plug in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in a
+particular um real ization for X then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um real ization for X then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um real ization for X then
+it's just a number then it's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a number then it's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a number then it's just an
+expectation just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation just a
+number okay so this distinction might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay so this distinction might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay so this distinction might
+seem a little odd to you what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem a little odd to you what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem a little odd to you what I'm going
+to do is I'm going to give you a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is I'm going to give you a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is I'm going to give you a couple
+of um uh laws involving conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um uh laws involving conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um uh laws involving conditional
+expectation and then we'll do an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and then we'll do an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and then we'll do an example
+and I hope the example will sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope the example will sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope the example will sort of uh
+not only make this distinction a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only make this distinction a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only make this distinction a little
+clear but also give you some idea of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear but also give you some idea of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear but also give you some idea of why
+this might a useful concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so the first um the first law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so the first um the first law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so the first um the first law
+that I'm going to tell you is the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to tell you is the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to tell you is the law of
+iterated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated
+expectations so remember that um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations so remember that um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations so remember that um so
+think now of the expectation of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think now of the expectation of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think now of the expectation of Y
+conditional on X being a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on X being a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on X being a random variable
+because it's a function of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a function of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a function of random
+variables and so we can talk about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so we can talk about its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so we can talk about its
+expectation because it itself is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation because it itself is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation because it itself is a
+random variable so the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable so the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable so the expectation of
+the expectation of Y given X is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of Y given X is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of Y given X is equal to
+the expectation of Y that's the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of Y that's the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of Y that's the that's
+the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here does this seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does this seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does this seem
+mysterious yeah yeah it is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious yeah yeah it is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious yeah yeah it is a little
+mysterious the the proof is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious the the proof is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious the the proof is actually
+pretty straightforward um but uh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward um but uh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward um but uh I don't
+I don't think it's necessary for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think it's necessary for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think it's necessary for me to
+show it but um the the the proof is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it but um the the the proof is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it but um the the the proof is not
+the hard part the hard part is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard part the hard part is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard part the hard part is sort of
+wrapping your mind around the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapping your mind around the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapping your mind around the fact that
+we're treating this conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're treating this conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're treating this conditional
+expectation as a random variable it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation as a random variable it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation as a random variable it's a
+function of a random variable so it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a random variable so it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a random variable so it is a
+random variable and so we can also take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and so we can also take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and so we can also take
+the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of
+it okay so it's a little I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so it's a little I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so it's a little I don't know
+it's a little subtle I guess but like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little subtle I guess but like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little subtle I guess but like I
+said I'll I'll do an example in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I'll I'll do an example in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I'll I'll do an example in a couple
+minutes and I hope that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and I hope that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and I hope that will
+help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and uh well secondly the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh well secondly the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh well secondly the definition
+of conditional variance fall follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conditional variance fall follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conditional variance fall follows
+from that of variance and conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that of variance and conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that of variance and conditional
+expectation and then the second law the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and then the second law the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and then the second law the
+law of total variance um the second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of total variance um the second law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of total variance um the second law
+I'm going to tell you is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you is that the
+variance of the expectation of Y given X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the expectation of Y given X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the expectation of Y given X
+is equal to the expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the expectation of the
+variance of Y given X or sorry plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of Y given X or sorry plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of Y given X or sorry plus the
+expectation the variance of uh y given X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation the variance of uh y given X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation the variance of uh y given X
+is equal to the variance of Y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the variance of Y the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the variance of Y the
+unconditional variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional variance of
+Y okay so now we have two laws that tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y okay so now we have two laws that tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y okay so now we have two laws that tell
+us how to compute unconditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us how to compute unconditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us how to compute unconditional
+expectation and variance of y when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and variance of y when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and variance of y when we
+have a sort of we just have conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moments okay so here are the two here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments okay so here are the two here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments okay so here are the two here
+are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two
+laws okay so just sort of keep those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws okay so just sort of keep those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws okay so just sort of keep those in
+the back of your mind you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of your mind you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of your mind you don't have to
+memorize them but um keep those in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize them but um keep those in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize them but um keep those in the
+back of your mind as we go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of your mind as we go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of your mind as we go through this
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so I have a former student um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so I have a former student um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so I have a former student um
+and he moved to New York City after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he moved to New York City after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he moved to New York City after
+graduating from MIT and he started an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduating from MIT and he started an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduating from MIT and he started an
+innovation incubator okay so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation incubator okay so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation incubator okay so suppose
+he's been doing this for a few years in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's been doing this for a few years in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's been doing this for a few years in
+reality I think he's only been doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality I think he's only been doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality I think he's only been doing it
+for about a year and a half but suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about a year and a half but suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about a year and a half but suppose
+he's been doing it for a few years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's been doing it for a few years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's been doing it for a few years and
+uh has kept track of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has kept track of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has kept track of the number of
+patents produced every year in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents produced every year in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents produced every year in his
+incubator okay and he knows that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubator okay and he knows that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubator okay and he knows that the
+expectation of n here n is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of n here n is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of n here n is the number of
+patents the expectation of n is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents the expectation of n is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents the expectation of n is equal to
+two and the variance of n is also equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the variance of n is also equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the variance of n is also equal
+to two Okay so he doesn't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two Okay so he doesn't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two Okay so he doesn't know the
+distribution of patents he just knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of patents he just knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of patents he just knows
+what the expectation and the variance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then let's also suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then let's also suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then let's also suppose that
+each patent is a commercial success with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each patent is a commercial success with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each patent is a commercial success with
+prob probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prob probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prob probability
+point2 and we'll assume that um we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point2 and we'll assume that um we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point2 and we'll assume that um we'll
+assume Independence across patents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now Suppose there are five patents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now Suppose there are five patents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now Suppose there are five patents
+this year coming out of his incubator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year coming out of his incubator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year coming out of his incubator
+what is the probability that three are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability that three are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability that three are
+commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial
+successes so how would we even think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes so how would we even think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes so how would we even think
+about approaching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem so all I told you is a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so all I told you is a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so all I told you is a couple of
+moments of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of the
+distribution with which the the patents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with which the the patents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with which the the patents
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+generated okay and then I also told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated okay and then I also told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated okay and then I also told you
+this piece which is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crucial what's the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial what's the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial what's the probability that
+three out of the five patents produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three out of the five patents produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three out of the five patents produced
+this year are going to be commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year are going to be commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year are going to be commercial
+successes any guesses on how we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes any guesses on how we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes any guesses on how we might
+proceed could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed could
+be the number of ways that we can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the number of ways that we can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the number of ways that we can choose
+three out of the five p and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three out of the five p and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three out of the five p and then the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+that probility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probility
+suced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suced
+point probability that of suceed yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point probability that of suceed yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point probability that of suceed yes so
+so this so your answer was almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this so your answer was almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this so your answer was almost
+entirely correct but it was kind of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely correct but it was kind of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely correct but it was kind of more
+detailed than I was looking for and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed than I was looking for and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed than I was looking for and it
+but that's fine we'll get to we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's fine we'll get to we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's fine we'll get to we'll get
+to that detail in a second what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that detail in a second what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that detail in a second what the
+Insight that you had that let you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight that you had that let you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight that you had that let you sort
+of up with that calculation was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of up with that calculation was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of up with that calculation was that the
+you figured out what the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figured out what the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figured out what the conditional
+distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of
+successes conditional on N was okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes conditional on N was okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes conditional on N was okay you
+might not have even realized that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have even realized that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have even realized that's what
+you were doing but that's what you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were doing but that's what you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were doing but that's what you did
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um this was the this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this was the this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this was the this was the
+important Insight that s conditional on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Insight that s conditional on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Insight that s conditional on
+N being equal to some little n is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N being equal to some little n is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N being equal to some little n is just
+equal to is binomial with parameters n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to is binomial with parameters n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to is binomial with parameters n
+and0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 where did that come from let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 where did that come from let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 where did that come from let's go back
+so each patent is a commercial success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each patent is a commercial success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each patent is a commercial success
+with probability point2 and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability point2 and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability point2 and we can
+assume Independence so each patent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume Independence so each patent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume Independence so each patent is
+like a coin flip where the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a coin flip where the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a coin flip where the probability
+of his success is point2 we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his success is point2 we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his success is point2 we're assuming
+Independence what is that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence what is that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence what is that that's a
+binomial distribution okay so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial distribution okay so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial distribution okay so basically
+just based on this based on my verbal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just based on this based on my verbal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just based on this based on my verbal
+description you had to make the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description you had to make the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description you had to make the sort of
+leap the the um you know sort of U I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap the the um you know sort of U I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap the the um you know sort of U I
+don't know intellectual leap that what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know intellectual leap that what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know intellectual leap that what I
+was saying is that successes conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying is that successes conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying is that successes conditional
+on number of patents has a binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on number of patents has a binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on number of patents has a binomial
+distribution with n uh parameters n and0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with n uh parameters n and0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with n uh parameters n and0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this case uh what I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this case uh what I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this case uh what I'm saying
+is uh the the question is asking what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the the question is asking what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the the question is asking what's
+the probability that there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that there are three
+successes given that there are are five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes given that there are are five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes given that there are are five
+patents and that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents and that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents and that's just the
+probability that a binomial random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a binomial random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a binomial random
+variable with uh parameters n and0 2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable with uh parameters n and0 2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable with uh parameters n and0 2 or
+five and0 2 I guess is equal to three so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and0 2 I guess is equal to three so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and0 2 I guess is equal to three so
+the probability that s is equal to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that s is equal to 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that s is equal to 3
+given that n is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that n is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that n is equal to
+5 is just equal to I'm just plugging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 is just equal to I'm just plugging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 is just equal to I'm just plugging
+into the binomial formula here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay make
+sense sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense sort of
+okay okay so now we can uh answer so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now we can uh answer so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now we can uh answer so now
+that we've had this Insight that we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've had this Insight that we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've had this Insight that we we
+figured out what the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out what the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out what the conditional
+distribution of successes conditional on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of successes conditional on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of successes conditional on
+patents is we've had that insight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents is we've had that insight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents is we've had that insight and
+now we can uh sort of do a lot more with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can uh sort of do a lot more with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can uh sort of do a lot more with
+that okay oh and by the way that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay oh and by the way that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay oh and by the way that's uh
+equal to 5% okay Suppose there are five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 5% okay Suppose there are five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 5% okay Suppose there are five
+patents this year what's the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents this year what's the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents this year what's the expected
+number of commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+successes do the same thing for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes do the same thing for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes do the same thing for every
+number of success from Z to five andp by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of success from Z to five andp by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of success from Z to five andp by
+their probability take the yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their probability take the yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their probability take the yes that's
+right so there are a couple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there are a couple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there are a couple different
+ways you could do this so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you could do this so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you could do this so you could
+actually just go through and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just go through and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just go through and figure out
+the probability for zero successes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability for zero successes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability for zero successes one
+success two successes three you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success two successes three you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success two successes three you know and
+then use the expectation formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use the expectation formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use the expectation formula and
+compute it that's not exactly how I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it that's not exactly how I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it that's not exactly how I did
+it but that would work perfectly fine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but that would work perfectly fine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but that would work perfectly fine so
+what I did instead is I knew off the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did instead is I knew off the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did instead is I knew off the top
+of my head that the um that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my head that the um that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my head that the um that the
+expectation of a binomial random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a binomial random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a binomial random
+variable was equal to NP okay where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable was equal to NP okay where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable was equal to NP okay where the
+parameters the two parameters are n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the two parameters are n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the two parameters are n and
+p I happen to know that um proving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p I happen to know that um proving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p I happen to know that um proving that
+is you know actually a again sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know actually a again sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know actually a again sort of a
+fussy uh calculation but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fussy uh calculation but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fussy uh calculation but you can
+actually I'll just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'll just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'll just go
+ahead but you can uh compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead but you can uh compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead but you can uh compute the
+expectation in general of a brly random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation in general of a brly random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation in general of a brly random
+variable and then add it up end time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and then add it up end time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and then add it up end time
+so the expectation of one coin flip um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expectation of one coin flip um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expectation of one coin flip um
+you know being a success is 02 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know being a success is 02 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know being a success is 02 that's
+the beri and then since there are five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beri and then since there are five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beri and then since there are five
+of them you just add that up five times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them you just add that up five times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them you just add that up five times
+using one of the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using one of the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using one of the properties of
+expectation that we saw before okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that we saw before okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that we saw before okay so
+this is this gives you a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this gives you a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this gives you a sort of a
+different way to get the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to get the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to get the the uh
+expectation and third way you could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and third way you could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and third way you could get
+the expectation is you just know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation is you just know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation is you just know this is
+binomial and you look up the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial and you look up the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial and you look up the expectation
+for binomial in a book okay that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for binomial in a book okay that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for binomial in a book okay that's a
+third way you can do it and so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third way you can do it and so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third way you can do it and so you get
+NP and then in this case n is equal to 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP and then in this case n is equal to 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP and then in this case n is equal to 5
+and P is equal to 02 you multiply them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P is equal to 02 you multiply them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P is equal to 02 you multiply them
+and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense Okay now what's the unconditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense Okay now what's the unconditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense Okay now what's the unconditional
+expected number of commercial successes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of commercial successes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of commercial successes
+so every all the calculations we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every all the calculations we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every all the calculations we've done
+so far are conditional on N being equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far are conditional on N being equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far are conditional on N being equal
+to five but we want to know next year we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five but we want to know next year we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five but we want to know next year we
+don't know how many patents are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many patents are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many patents are going to
+be produced and what we want to know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be produced and what we want to know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be produced and what we want to know is
+you know maybe uh you know my students's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe uh you know my students's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe uh you know my students's
+putting together his budget for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together his budget for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together his budget for the
+incubator and he's like trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubator and he's like trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubator and he's like trying to figure
+out how much to charge you know and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how much to charge you know and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how much to charge you know and and
+he gets a certain percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets a certain percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets a certain percentage of
+commercial successes and so forth so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial successes and so forth so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial successes and so forth so he
+has to be able to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be able to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be able to compute the
+unconditional expected number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional expected number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional expected number of
+commercial successes because he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial successes because he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial successes because he doesn't
+know what n next year is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what n next year is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what n next year is going to
+be okay yes he knows the expected number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay yes he knows the expected number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay yes he knows the expected number
+of patents is two use that he yes he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patents is two use that he yes he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patents is two use that he yes he
+exactly that's exactly right he will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's exactly right he will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's exactly right he will use
+that but how does he use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but how does he use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but how does he use
+that the bom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bom
+distribution uh more or less yeah two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh more or less yeah two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh more or less yeah two
+times2 yes so but but how how did how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times2 yes so but but how how did how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times2 yes so but but how how did how
+did you guys come up with that expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you guys come up with that expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you guys come up with that expect
+the number of pens is two expect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of pens is two expect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of pens is two expect the
+probably the sucess the law I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the sucess the law I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the sucess the law I think the
+I think what you're trying to say is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what you're trying to say is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what you're trying to say is the
+law of iterated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of iterated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of iterated
+expectations so yes exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what is so how do we use the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is so how do we use the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is so how do we use the law
+of itera expect so now does this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of itera expect so now does this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of itera expect so now does this does
+this now make the law of iterated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now make the law of iterated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now make the law of iterated
+expectations feel a little bit more make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations feel a little bit more make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations feel a little bit more make
+make a little bit more sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little bit more sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little bit more sense because
+that's the calculation you kind of did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the calculation you kind of did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the calculation you kind of did
+in your head right without even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your head right without even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your head right without even
+realizing you were using the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing you were using the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing you were using the law of
+iterated expectations so let's use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated expectations so let's use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated expectations so let's use the
+law of iterated expectations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of iterated expectations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of iterated expectations the
+unconditional expectation of s is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional expectation of s is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional expectation of s is equal
+to the expectation of the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the expectation of the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the expectation of the expectation of
+s conditional on N okay N is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s conditional on N okay N is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s conditional on N okay N is a random
+variable here we haven't we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable here we haven't we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable here we haven't we don't know
+what the realization is we're treating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the realization is we're treating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the realization is we're treating
+it as a random variable so that is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a random variable so that is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a random variable so that is just
+equal to well we plug in the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to well we plug in the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to well we plug in the formula for
+the expectation of a binomial it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of a binomial it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of a binomial it's just
+equal to NP but here I'm using capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to NP but here I'm using capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to NP but here I'm using capital N
+to emphasize the fact that this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize the fact that this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize the fact that this is still
+a random variable yep does this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable yep does this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable yep does this theorem
+hold for like joint distributions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold for like joint distributions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold for like joint distributions um
+with or distributions that have similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with or distributions that have similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with or distributions that have similar
+variables are sort of not independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are sort of not independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are sort of not independent
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah I mean this this yes I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah I mean this this yes I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah I mean this this yes I mean this
+this holds for all you need is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this holds for all you need is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this holds for all you need is the
+conditional distribution yeah so it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional distribution yeah so it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional distribution yeah so it yeah
+it's it's General it's it you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's General it's it you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's General it's it you don't have
+to have random variables that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have random variables that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have random variables that are
+independent well yeah I mean in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent well yeah I mean in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent well yeah I mean in this
+particular example I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example I'm using
+Independence to get the binomial but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence to get the binomial but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence to get the binomial but
+that's not relevant to the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not relevant to the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not relevant to the law of
+iterated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated
+expectations okay so here I'm still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations okay so here I'm still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations okay so here I'm still
+using capital N because we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using capital N because we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using capital N because we're still
+thinking of capital n as a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of capital n as a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of capital n as a random
+variable okay so the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay so the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay so the expectation of
+capital n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n *
+p is just equal to well we saw some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is just equal to well we saw some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is just equal to well we saw some
+properties of expectation that tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of expectation that tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of expectation that tell us
+if we have a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a constant
+p uh that and we we're multiplying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh that and we we're multiplying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh that and we we're multiplying a
+random variable by that constant well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable by that constant well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable by that constant well
+the expectation of that new random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of that new random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of that new random
+variable is just we can bring the the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is just we can bring the the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is just we can bring the the um
+a constant outside the expectation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant outside the expectation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant outside the expectation right
+that was what property was that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was what property was that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was what property was that I don't
+know property three of expectations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know property three of expectations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know property three of expectations or
+something and so we do that so P we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and so we do that so P we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and so we do that so P we just
+plug in P is equal to 0 2 okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in P is equal to 0 2 okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in P is equal to 0 2 okay and that
+comes outside the expectation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes outside the expectation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes outside the expectation because
+it's just a constant we're allowed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a constant we're allowed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a constant we're allowed to do
+that and then we have expectation of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we have expectation of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we have expectation of n
+we were told at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were told at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were told at the beginning of the
+problem that um the my student knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that um the my student knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that um the my student knows the
+expectation of n he can plug that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of n he can plug that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of n he can plug that in
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+done okay make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he'd also like to know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd also like to know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd also like to know something about
+how volatile his income is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how volatile his income is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how volatile his income is going to be
+next year so he cares about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year so he cares about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year so he cares about the
+expectation but he also cares maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation but he also cares maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation but he also cares maybe
+about you know probability that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know probability that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know probability that he's
+going to get no income or probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get no income or probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get no income or probability
+he's going to get a ton of income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to get a ton of income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to get a ton of income and
+the variance is going to tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance is going to tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance is going to tell us
+something about that it's tells us how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about that it's tells us how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about that it's tells us how
+spread out the the distribution of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out the the distribution of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out the the distribution of his
+income for next year is going to be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income for next year is going to be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income for next year is going to be okay
+and so how do we calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how do we calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how do we calculate the
+unconditional variance of number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional variance of number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional variance of number of
+commer commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+successes the law the law of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes the law the law of total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes the law the law of total
+variance exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance exactly
+okay there we go so the variance of s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there we go so the variance of s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there we go so the variance of s is
+just equal to the variance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to the variance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to the variance of the
+expectation of s conditional on N plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of s conditional on N plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of s conditional on N plus
+the expectation of the variance of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of the variance of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of the variance of s
+conditional on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on
+N somehow that sounded funny but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N somehow that sounded funny but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N somehow that sounded funny but I think
+I said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said it
+correctly Okay so now we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly Okay so now we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly Okay so now we're going to do
+something similar to what we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar to what we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar to what we did before
+we're um actually in this case I put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're um actually in this case I put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're um actually in this case I put in
+a little piece that you probably don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little piece that you probably don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little piece that you probably don't
+know off the top I knew it off the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know off the top I knew it off the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know off the top I knew it off the top
+of my head because I've been teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my head because I've been teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my head because I've been teaching
+probability for years you probably don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for years you probably don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for years you probably don't
+know off the top of your head that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know off the top of your head that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know off the top of your head that the
+variance of a binomial random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of a binomial random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of a binomial random variable
+is n * P * 1 minus P okay um so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n * P * 1 minus P okay um so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n * P * 1 minus P okay um so here we
+plug in the expectation of the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in the expectation of the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in the expectation of the binomial
+random variable n * P again keeping n as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable n * P again keeping n as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable n * P again keeping n as
+a as a uh Capital to to emphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a uh Capital to to emphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a uh Capital to to emphasize that
+it's a random variable and then we plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a random variable and then we plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a random variable and then we plug
+in the variance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the variance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the variance of a
+binomial so n capital n * P * 1 minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial so n capital n * P * 1 minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial so n capital n * P * 1 minus p
+and then we take the variance of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we take the variance of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we take the variance of that
+first thing the expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing the expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing the expectation of the
+second thing we use now properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing we use now properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing we use now properties of
+variance and expectation to like pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and expectation to like pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and expectation to like pull
+things outside of the variance in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things outside of the variance in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things outside of the variance in the
+expectation okay so here we pull out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation okay so here we pull out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation okay so here we pull out the
+. 2 the p is equal to0 2 we pull it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+. 2 the p is equal to0 2 we pull it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+. 2 the p is equal to0 2 we pull it out
+the front but we've got to square it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front but we've got to square it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front but we've got to square it
+remember that okay so we've got 0 2^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that okay so we've got 0 2^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that okay so we've got 0 2^ 2
+time the variance of n plus and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the variance of n plus and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the variance of n plus and then we
+just bring out P * 1 minus P out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bring out P * 1 minus P out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bring out P * 1 minus P out of the
+expectation because it's just a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation because it's just a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation because it's just a it's a
+constant we can do that so we get 2 * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we can do that so we get 2 * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we can do that so we get 2 * 1
+-2 * expectation of N and then uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 * expectation of N and then uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 * expectation of N and then uh you
+plug in what the variance of n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in what the variance of n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in what the variance of n the
+unconditional variance of N and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional variance of N and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional variance of N and the
+unconditional expectation of n is into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional expectation of n is into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional expectation of n is into
+the formula and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula and you get
+point4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point4
+okay does this seem like magic can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does this seem like magic can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does this seem like magic can you
+say something about the intuition behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something about the intuition behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something about the intuition behind
+the LA P variance Pro probably not okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LA P variance Pro probably not okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LA P variance Pro probably not okay
+the intuition the intuition behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition the intuition behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition the intuition behind the
+law of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of total
+variance like why does it make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance like why does it make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance like why does it make sense
+that it has those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts
+no I don't think I can does anyone have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't think I can does anyone have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't think I can does anyone have
+any intuition for the law of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variance maybe I'll maybe I'll ponder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance maybe I'll maybe I'll ponder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance maybe I'll maybe I'll ponder
+that I mean it's it's a it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean it's it's a it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean it's it's a it's a very
+reasonable question but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable question but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable question but it's not
+something I've ever formed an intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I've ever formed an intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I've ever formed an intuition
+about so I just I just think oh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so I just I just think oh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so I just I just think oh it's
+useful and I can plug in and use it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and I can plug in and use it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and I can plug in and use it yeah
+um I sort of thinks that the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I sort of thinks that the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I sort of thinks that the expectation
+of the variance is itself is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variance is itself is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variance is itself is kind of
+like a mean kind of thing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mean kind of thing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mean kind of thing and the
+variance of expectation is how much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of expectation is how much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of expectation is how much is
+the Ving from the mean and like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ving from the mean and like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ving from the mean and like if you
+add those two together so it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add those two together so it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add those two together so it's a it's a
+so you're saying it's some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're saying it's some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're saying it's some kind of a
+decomposition yeah I mean that's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition yeah I mean that's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition yeah I mean that's got to
+be the case it's some specific kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case it's some specific kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case it's some specific kind of
+decomposition of the variants coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of the variants coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of the variants coming
+from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different
+sources yeah yeah that's probably right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources yeah yeah that's probably right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources yeah yeah that's probably right
+um yeah and whether I can say anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah and whether I can say anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah and whether I can say anything
+you know more more specific now I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more more specific now I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more more specific now I'm not
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay Okay so we've been talking we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay Okay so we've been talking we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay Okay so we've been talking we've
+talked a fair amount about uh moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a fair amount about uh moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a fair amount about uh moments of
+single of you know univariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single of you know univariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single of you know univariate
+distributions so we talked about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions so we talked about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions so we talked about um
+expectation and we talked about variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and we talked about variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and we talked about variance
+and mentioned standard deviation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mentioned standard deviation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mentioned standard deviation um
+but we often are interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we often are interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we often are interested in the
+relationship between random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between random variables
+that's what we do a lot of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we do a lot of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we do a lot of in
+econometric that's what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometric that's what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometric that's what happens in
+multivariate statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate statistics
+Etc and um we have a moment of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and um we have a moment of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and um we have a moment of an
+important moment of joint distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important moment of joint distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important moment of joint distributions
+to describe one aspect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe one aspect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe one aspect of the
+relationship between random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between random variables
+and that's covariance and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's covariance and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's covariance and basically
+co-variance is a way to describe how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance is a way to describe how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance is a way to describe how
+closely associ iated to random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely associ iated to random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely associ iated to random variables
+are okay when we get to properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay when we get to properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay when we get to properties that
+that'll give you sort of a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll give you sort of a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll give you sort of a little bit
+more information about how to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information about how to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information about how to interpret
+covariant um but the you know the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant um but the you know the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant um but the you know the way to
+think about co-variance I suppose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about co-variance I suppose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about co-variance I suppose is
+just that if two random variables are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that if two random variables are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that if two random variables are um
+you know are independent so if two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are independent so if two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are independent so if two
+random variables are independent we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables are independent we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables are independent we'll
+see in a second uh their uh covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in a second uh their uh covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in a second uh their uh covariance
+is equal to zero and if two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero and if two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero and if two random
+variables are very closely related uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are very closely related uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are very closely related uh
+then they're going to have um a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're going to have um a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're going to have um a high
+covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance
+okay so how do we Define covariance well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we Define covariance well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we Define covariance well
+we Define it as the expectation of x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define it as the expectation of x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define it as the expectation of x -
+mu subx * y - mu suby so that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu subx * y - mu suby so that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu subx * y - mu suby so that that uh
+function the expectation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the expectation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the expectation of that
+function of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables and we often denote it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and we often denote it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and we often denote it with a
+sigma sub XY okay what I'm not sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma sub XY okay what I'm not sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma sub XY okay what I'm not sure I
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+well that's how we I should just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's how we I should just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's how we I should just say
+that's how we often denote it you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we often denote it you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we often denote it you might
+think it might make sense to denote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it might make sense to denote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it might make sense to denote it
+Sigma squ sub XY but this is how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squ sub XY but this is how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squ sub XY but this is how we
+often denote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often denote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often denote it
+okay okay and then we also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and then we also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and then we also have a
+standardized version of this called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized version of this called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized version of this called
+correlation so a correlation we'll often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation so a correlation we'll often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation so a correlation we'll often
+use the a row to devot to denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the a row to devot to denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the a row to devot to denote
+correlation so either row of XY or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation so either row of XY or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation so either row of XY or
+sometimes row sub XY we use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes row sub XY we use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes row sub XY we use that
+notation as well and and that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation as well and and that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation as well and and that's just
+equal to the co-variance divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the co-variance divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the co-variance divided by the
+square root of the variance of X and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the variance of X and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the variance of X and the
+square root times the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root times the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root times the square root of the
+variance of Y okay so we'll see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of Y okay so we'll see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of Y okay so we'll see some
+things about properties of a correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about properties of a correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about properties of a correlation
+and sort of its relationship with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of its relationship with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of its relationship with
+covariance in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance in a
+second okay well here's I guess here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay well here's I guess here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay well here's I guess here's
+the first bit of that so um we this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first bit of that so um we this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first bit of that so um we this is
+just sort of terminology we say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of terminology we say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of terminology we say that the
+random variables X and Y are positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables X and Y are positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables X and Y are positive
+positively correlated if row is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively correlated if row is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively correlated if row is greater
+than zero and we say they're negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero and we say they're negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero and we say they're negatively
+correlated if row is less than zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated if row is less than zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated if row is less than zero and
+we say that uh they're uncorrelated if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that uh they're uncorrelated if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that uh they're uncorrelated if
+row is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay and for some reason we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and for some reason we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and for some reason we don't have
+similar terminology with covariant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar terminology with covariant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar terminology with covariant but
+it doesn't it actually doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't it actually doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't it actually doesn't matter
+this is sort of equivalent to what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of equivalent to what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of equivalent to what you
+know we don't call something uncared or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't call something uncared or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't call something uncared or
+something like that we just call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that we just call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that we just call it
+uncorrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated
+okay so let's go through some properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go through some properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go through some properties
+of covariance and correlation as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of covariance and correlation as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of covariance and correlation as well so
+first of all you might have noticed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you might have noticed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you might have noticed that
+from the the uh the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the uh the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the uh the definition of
+covariance that it was very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance that it was very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance that it was very similar to
+the definition of variance but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of variance but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of variance but it
+involved two variables and in fact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved two variables and in fact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved two variables and in fact uh
+the co-variance if you plug in X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co-variance if you plug in X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co-variance if you plug in X and
+itself into the co-variance formula you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself into the co-variance formula you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself into the co-variance formula you
+just get uh the variance of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get uh the variance of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get uh the variance of X
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh you might also notice from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might also notice from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might also notice from the
+definition that um you can you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that um you can you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that um you can you know sort
+of switch the uh places of X and Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of switch the uh places of X and Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of switch the uh places of X and Y and
+you're still going to get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value so the when we saw properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so the when we saw properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so the when we saw properties of
+variance there was a property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance there was a property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance there was a property of
+variance at the very end that I said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance at the very end that I said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance at the very end that I said is
+sometimes useful for calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes useful for calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes useful for calculating
+variance and it's pretty easy to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and it's pretty easy to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and it's pretty easy to prove
+well this is sort of the counterpart for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is sort of the counterpart for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is sort of the counterpart for
+co-variance so you can show uh not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance so you can show uh not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance so you can show uh not too
+and it's not too difficult you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not too difficult you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not too difficult you can show
+that the covariance of X and Y is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the covariance of X and Y is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the covariance of X and Y is equal
+to the expectation of x * y minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the expectation of x * y minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the expectation of x * y minus the
+expectation of x times the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x times the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x times the expectation
+of Y okay so remember the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y okay so remember the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y okay so remember the the sort of
+counterpart for that for variance was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart for that for variance was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart for that for variance was
+that the variance of X was equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the variance of X was equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the variance of X was equal to the
+expectation of X2 minus the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X2 minus the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X2 minus the expectation
+of X quantity squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay uh if we have two random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh if we have two random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh if we have two random variables
+X and they're independent that implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and they're independent that implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and they're independent that implies
+that their covariances equal to zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their covariances equal to zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their covariances equal to zero so
+if you have two random variables whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two random variables whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two random variables whose
+covariance is equal to zero you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance is equal to zero you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance is equal to zero you that
+does not in fact imply that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not in fact imply that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not in fact imply that they're
+independent um although in most cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent um although in most cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent um although in most cases
+that we're going to see in this class um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to see in this class um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to see in this class um
+uh random variables with covariant zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh random variables with covariant zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh random variables with covariant zero
+will be independent but that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be independent but that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be independent but that the
+implication definitely does not go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication definitely does not go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication definitely does not go the
+other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay um so this is a property um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay um so this is a property um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay um so this is a property um
+having to do with uh sort of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with uh sort of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with uh sort of linear
+transformations of random variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of random variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of random variables so
+you take uh X and um transform it uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take uh X and um transform it uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take uh X and um transform it uh you
+know sort of linearly transform it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of linearly transform it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of linearly transform it and
+take Y and linearly transform it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Y and linearly transform it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Y and linearly transform it uh
+using different constants and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using different constants and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using different constants and the
+co-variance of X and Y gets multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance of X and Y gets multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance of X and Y gets multiplied
+by the coefficients on um on X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the coefficients on um on X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the coefficients on um on X and Y
+okay the additive um the additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the additive um the additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the additive um the additive
+constants uh B and D don't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants uh B and D don't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants uh B and D don't do anything
+to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+co-variance ah so remember when we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance ah so remember when we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance ah so remember when we saw
+uh properties of variance we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh properties of variance we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh properties of variance we said that
+if if x well we actually saw this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if x well we actually saw this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if x well we actually saw this in the
+in a more general form for X um one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more general form for X um one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more general form for X um one up
+through xn but in you know if we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through xn but in you know if we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through xn but in you know if we only
+had two x's we saw a property that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two x's we saw a property that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two x's we saw a property that said
+if x and X1 and X2 are independent then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x and X1 and X2 are independent then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x and X1 and X2 are independent then
+the variance of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of the the
+uh sorry the variance of the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry the variance of the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry the variance of the sum of the
+X's is equal to uh the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's is equal to uh the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's is equal to uh the sum of the
+variances but only if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances but only if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances but only if they're
+independent okay here this gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay here this gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay here this gives us a
+formula for at least in the case of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for at least in the case of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for at least in the case of two
+uh random variables for calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh random variables for calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh random variables for calculating the
+variance of the sum when they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the sum when they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the sum when they're not
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+okay okay the seventh uh property I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay the seventh uh property I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay the seventh uh property I want
+to mention is that a row is always less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention is that a row is always less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention is that a row is always less
+than or equal to one in absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to one in absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to one in absolute value
+okay so row goes from negative one uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so row goes from negative one uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so row goes from negative one uh to
+positive one and it's it's actually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive one and it's it's actually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive one and it's it's actually it
+can be very handy uh to have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very handy uh to have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very handy uh to have so
+co-variance can be uh greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance can be uh greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance can be uh greater than one
+or less than negative 1 and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less than negative 1 and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less than negative 1 and sometimes
+it's handy to have sort of a this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's handy to have sort of a this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's handy to have sort of a this kind
+of units free um moment that describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of units free um moment that describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of units free um moment that describes
+how closely associated two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how closely associated two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how closely associated two random
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+are and in particular if the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and in particular if the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and in particular if the absolute
+value of row is equal to one so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of row is equal to one so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of row is equal to one so it's
+either equal to one or negative 1 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either equal to one or negative 1 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either equal to one or negative 1 um
+then that implies that Y is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that implies that Y is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that implies that Y is a linear
+transformation of X and and actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of X and and actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of X and and actually the
+implication goes the other way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication goes the other way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication goes the other way as
+well okay so basically if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so basically if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so basically if you have two
+random variables and they're perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and they're perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and they're perfectly
+correlated either with correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated either with correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated either with correlation
+coefficient one or negative 1 then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient one or negative 1 then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient one or negative 1 then you
+know that there is a linear relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there is a linear relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there is a linear relationship
+between those two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two random
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so now with all of these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now with all of these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now with all of these sort of
+definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions
+properties tools and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties tools and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties tools and things like that
+under our belt I am going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under our belt I am going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under our belt I am going to give you a
+little preview of regression so still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little preview of regression so still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little preview of regression so still
+we're going to talk about in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about in the next
+couple of minutes we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of minutes we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of minutes we're going to talk
+about linear regression it's still going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linear regression it's still going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linear regression it's still going
+to be in the context of probability um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the context of probability um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the context of probability um
+so I'm we're not we're not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm we're not we're not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm we're not we're not actually
+talking about estimating the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about estimating the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about estimating the parameters
+of a linear regression yet we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a linear regression yet we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a linear regression yet we'll get
+there um we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um we're going to talk about
+linear regression in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression in the context of
+probability but I hope this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but I hope this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but I hope this is going to
+give you a little bit of a sense for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little bit of a sense for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little bit of a sense for uh
+what um you know what's what's coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um you know what's what's coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um you know what's what's coming up
+in this class what's what's uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class what's what's uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class what's what's uh what
+we're going to be covering um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be covering um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be covering um you know
+sort of in the weeks to come okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in the weeks to come okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in the weeks to come okay so
+let's suppose we have two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose we have two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose we have two random
+variables X and Y and uh there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X and Y and uh there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X and Y and uh there the
+expectation we're going to denote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we're going to denote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we're going to denote the
+expectation of X as Mu subx and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X as Mu subx and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X as Mu subx and the
+expectation of Y as Mu suby and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Y as Mu suby and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Y as Mu suby and uh
+likewise we're going to denote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise we're going to denote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise we're going to denote the
+variances of X and Y in a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances of X and Y in a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances of X and Y in a sort of
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+way and row subx y the correlation uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and row subx y the correlation uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and row subx y the correlation uh is
+just um you know sort of equal to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um you know sort of equal to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um you know sort of equal to um
+sort of the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition well I just told you that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition well I just told you that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition well I just told you that if
+the correlation was equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation was equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation was equal to one
+actually I didn't tell you this but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I didn't tell you this but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I didn't tell you this but this
+is true I told you something close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true I told you something close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true I told you something close to
+this if the correlation is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if the correlation is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if the correlation is equal to 1
+then Y is equal to a + BX with B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Y is equal to a + BX with B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Y is equal to a + BX with B
+positive and if row is equal to 1 then Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and if row is equal to 1 then Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and if row is equal to 1 then Y
+is equal to a plus BX be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a plus BX be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a plus BX be
+negative okay so I told you that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay so I told you that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay so I told you that there
+is a linear relationship if the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear relationship if the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear relationship if the absolute
+value of this is equal to one so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this is equal to one so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this is equal to one so this
+just gives you a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+information if row is less strictly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if row is less strictly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if row is less strictly less
+than one in absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one in absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one in absolute
+value then we can't write Y and X as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then we can't write Y and X as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then we can't write Y and X as a
+linear combination of each other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of each other okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of each other okay
+but what we can do is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we can do is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we can do is we can
+write y as a linear function of X Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write y as a linear function of X Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write y as a linear function of X Plus
+another random variable and we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another random variable and we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another random variable and we'll call
+that other random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+okay so here we've got a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we've got a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we've got a random variable
+U that we tacked on here uh we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that we tacked on here uh we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that we tacked on here uh we'll talk
+about the interpretation of it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the interpretation of it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the interpretation of it in a
+second um but what can we say about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second um but what can we say about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second um but what can we say about it
+can we say anything about how you is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we say anything about how you is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we say anything about how you is how
+you behave or what its properties are or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you behave or what its properties are or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you behave or what its properties are or
+anything like that well it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that well it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that well it depends on
+how we Define Alpha and beta okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we Define Alpha and beta okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we Define Alpha and beta okay so
+let's suppose that just falling out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that just falling out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that just falling out of
+the sky we're told that we should define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky we're told that we should define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky we're told that we should define
+beta as row sub XY * Sigma sub y over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta as row sub XY * Sigma sub y over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta as row sub XY * Sigma sub y over
+Sigma sub X you don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma sub X you don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma sub X you don't have to worry
+about where this comes from at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where this comes from at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where this comes from at this
+point and let's say we were told that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and let's say we were told that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and let's say we were told that we
+should Define Alpha as Mu suby minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should Define Alpha as Mu suby minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should Define Alpha as Mu suby minus
+beta mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta mu
+subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then U has the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then U has the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then U has the following
+properties um U sorry youu defined as y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties um U sorry youu defined as y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties um U sorry youu defined as y
+minus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha
+oh I think that's supposed to be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I think that's supposed to be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I think that's supposed to be minus
+beta yeah so U is equal to Yus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta yeah so U is equal to Yus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta yeah so U is equal to Yus Alpha
+minus beta X has the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus beta X has the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus beta X has the following
+properties the expectation of U is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties the expectation of U is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties the expectation of U is equal
+to zero and the co-variance between X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and the co-variance between X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and the co-variance between X
+and U is also equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U is also equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U is also equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay so you don't have to take my word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you don't have to take my word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you don't have to take my word
+for it uh you can show these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it uh you can show these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it uh you can show these two things
+pretty easily using properties of EXP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easily using properties of EXP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easily using properties of EXP
+expectation variance and co-variance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation variance and co-variance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation variance and co-variance uh
+that we've seen and so maybe that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen and so maybe that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen and so maybe that will
+be on the problem set that I need to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the problem set that I need to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the problem set that I need to put
+together this afternoon so you may see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this afternoon so you may see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this afternoon so you may see
+that soon okay but basically if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that soon okay but basically if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that soon okay but basically if we
+Define Alpha and beta this way then U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define Alpha and beta this way then U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define Alpha and beta this way then U
+has those properties okay so what how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has those properties okay so what how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has those properties okay so what how do
+we how do we think about x y u how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we how do we think about x y u how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we how do we think about x y u how do we
+think about their relationship in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about their relationship in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about their relationship in in a
+case like this y um what is the coari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case like this y um what is the coari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case like this y um what is the coari
+between X and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X and of
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+uh is there so the co varience between X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is there so the co varience between X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is there so the co varience between X
+and a function of x uh it it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a function of x uh it it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a function of x uh it it just
+depends on the function there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the function there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the function there's nothing
+I can say generally about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say generally about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say generally about it
+yeah okay so um then in in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so um then in in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so um then in in the in the
+case that I have um sort of discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that I have um sort of discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that I have um sort of discussed
+here uh the alpha and beta have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh the alpha and beta have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh the alpha and beta have a
+particular name they're called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular name they're called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular name they're called the
+regression coefficients okay in a by VAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression coefficients okay in a by VAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression coefficients okay in a by VAR
+regression and the way that we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression and the way that we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression and the way that we think
+about um the way that we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um the way that we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um the way that we think about the
+relationship among these random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship among these random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship among these random
+variables is that we think of alpha plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is that we think of alpha plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is that we think of alpha plus
+beta X as the part of Y we're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta X as the part of Y we're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta X as the part of Y we're sort of
+decomposing the variation that we see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposing the variation that we see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposing the variation that we see in
+y and we think of alpha plus beta X as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and we think of alpha plus beta X as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and we think of alpha plus beta X as
+the part of y That's explained by X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of y That's explained by X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of y That's explained by X and
+U as the part that's unexplained by X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U as the part that's unexplained by X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U as the part that's unexplained by X
+okay and where why how do we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and where why how do we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and where why how do we get this
+interpretation well in particular notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation well in particular notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation well in particular notice
+that we've chosen Alpha and beta so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've chosen Alpha and beta so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've chosen Alpha and beta so that
+covariance of X and U is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance of X and U is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance of X and U is equal to zero
+okay so we we really you know the the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we we really you know the the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we we really you know the the um
+X and U are sort of um you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and U are sort of um you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and U are sort of um you know they
+have covariant zero it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have covariant zero it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have covariant zero it means that
+they're completely uncorrelated uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're completely uncorrelated uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're completely uncorrelated uh they
+don't have um yeah I don't know how else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have um yeah I don't know how else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have um yeah I don't know how else
+to explain it exactly and so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain it exactly and so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain it exactly and so the the the
+um you know you know the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you know the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you know the the sort of
+part of the variation that we see in e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the variation that we see in e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the variation that we see in e
+in y uh that is explained by this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in y uh that is explained by this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in y uh that is explained by this sort
+of linear function of X is you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear function of X is you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear function of X is you know sort
+of the the um you know I don't know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the um you know I don't know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the um you know I don't know or
+or that's well how do I say this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that's well how do I say this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that's well how do I say this the
+we're decomposing the variation we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're decomposing the variation we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're decomposing the variation we see
+in y into the part that's explained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in y into the part that's explained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in y into the part that's explained by
+this linear uh function of X and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear uh function of X and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear uh function of X and this
+sort of uncorrelated part and we're we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uncorrelated part and we're we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uncorrelated part and we're we
+typically think of youu in a regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically think of youu in a regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically think of youu in a regression
+context as being the error term okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context as being the error term okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context as being the error term okay so
+anyhow this doesn't you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow this doesn't you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow this doesn't you don't have to
+understand or sort of completely have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand or sort of completely have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand or sort of completely have
+you know a clear intuition of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a clear intuition of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a clear intuition of what's
+going on here but this is one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here but this is one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here but this is one way to
+think about uh linear regression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh linear regression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh linear regression and
+we'll see other ways um later on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see other ways um later on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see other ways um later on in the
+semester okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+no okay so uh I have two other quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so uh I have two other quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so uh I have two other quick
+things to go through and uh these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to go through and uh these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to go through and uh these are
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+inequalities involving uh probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities involving uh probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities involving uh probabilities
+and uh distributions of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh distributions of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh distributions of random
+variables that do come in handy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that do come in handy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that do come in handy from
+time to time okay uh the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to time okay uh the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to time okay uh the first one is
+called the Markov inequality so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Markov inequality so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Markov inequality so let's
+suppose you have a random variable X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a random variable X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a random variable X and
+it's always non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always non-
+negative then for any uh t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then for any uh t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then for any uh t
+any constant T that's positive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any constant T that's positive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any constant T that's positive the
+probability that X is greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is greater than or
+equal to that uh constant T is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that uh constant T is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that uh constant T is less than
+or equal to the expectation of X over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the expectation of X over T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the expectation of X over T
+okay so basically how much probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically how much probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically how much probability
+is out in the right tail of this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out in the right tail of this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out in the right tail of this random
+variable X is bounded by the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X is bounded by the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X is bounded by the expectation
+some function of the expectation of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of the expectation of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of the expectation of X
+okay which I guess makes sense right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which I guess makes sense right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which I guess makes sense right I
+mean if you know it the expectation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you know it the expectation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you know it the expectation is a
+function of you know sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of you know sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of you know sort of the the
+probability density in all parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density in all parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density in all parts of the
+support and so if you have sort of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and so if you have sort of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and so if you have sort of a lot
+of probability out in the right tail um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probability out in the right tail um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probability out in the right tail um
+then that's going to pull the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's going to pull the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's going to pull the
+expectation out so it's not surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation out so it's not surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation out so it's not surprising
+that the there is this relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the there is this relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the there is this relationship
+between the probability and the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the probability and the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the probability and the right
+tail and the expectation so let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail and the expectation so let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail and the expectation so let me draw
+just a couple of pictures so what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a couple of pictures so what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a couple of pictures so what the
+mark of uh inequality tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark of uh inequality tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark of uh inequality tells us
+let's suppose we have a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose we have a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose we have a uniform
+distribution over on the left and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over on the left and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over on the left and the
+uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform
+distribution um let's see the mark of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um let's see the mark of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um let's see the mark of
+inequality tells us the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality tells us the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality tells us the probability that
+the uh uniform distribution or the the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uniform distribution or the the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uniform distribution or the the a
+random variable with that uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with that uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with that uniform
+distribution is going to be greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is going to be greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is going to be greater than
+T is bounded that that slice of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is bounded that that slice of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is bounded that that slice of the
+distribution is bounded above by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is bounded above by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is bounded above by the
+expectation of that distribution divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of that distribution divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of that distribution divided
+by T okay and the same thing is true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T okay and the same thing is true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T okay and the same thing is true for
+you know any shape of non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any shape of non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any shape of non- negative
+random variable so do keep in in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable so do keep in in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable so do keep in in mind
+that the mark of inequality is only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mark of inequality is only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mark of inequality is only for
+random variables that are always non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables that are always non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables that are always non-
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+okay but this is going to be true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is going to be true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is going to be true for
+any any non- negative random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any non- negative random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any non- negative random variable
+for which expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which expectation
+exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists
+okay the second inequality is the chbby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the second inequality is the chbby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the second inequality is the chbby
+Chev inequality so for chubby Chev uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chev inequality so for chubby Chev uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chev inequality so for chubby Chev uh we
+need that X is a random variable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that X is a random variable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that X is a random variable uh
+whose variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose variance
+exists and uh but it doesn't need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and uh but it doesn't need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and uh but it doesn't need to be
+a non- negative random variable then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non- negative random variable then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non- negative random variable then for
+any constant T greater than zero uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any constant T greater than zero uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any constant T greater than zero uh we
+have that the probability that x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the probability that x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the probability that x minus
+the expectation absolute value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation absolute value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation absolute value is
+greater than or equal to T is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to T is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to T is less than
+or equal to the variance of X over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the variance of X over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the variance of X over
+t^2 okay so basically what the chubby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 okay so basically what the chubby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 okay so basically what the chubby
+Chev inequality is doing is it's putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chev inequality is doing is it's putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chev inequality is doing is it's putting
+bounds on both tails of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on both tails of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on both tails of the
+distribution and I'll I have pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and I'll I have pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and I'll I have pictures
+for that as well okay so it's putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that as well okay so it's putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that as well okay so it's putting
+bounds on both tails of the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on both tails of the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on both tails of the distribution
+and those bounds are a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those bounds are a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those bounds are a function of the
+variance okay so basically if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance okay so basically if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance okay so basically if you have a
+uh if you have a um a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a um a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a um a random variable
+with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an
+expectation and you know expectation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and you know expectation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and you know expectation and
+variance exists basically if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance exists basically if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance exists basically if you look
+more than T away from the expectation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than T away from the expectation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than T away from the expectation on
+in both tals and you sort of add up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both tals and you sort of add up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both tals and you sort of add up that
+probability that's more than T away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that's more than T away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that's more than T away from
+the expectation in both tals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation in both tals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation in both tals that
+probability is going to be bounded above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is going to be bounded above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is going to be bounded above
+by the variance of X over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the variance of X over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the variance of X over
+t^2 use two Markov inequalities can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 use two Markov inequalities can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 use two Markov inequalities can we
+sort of Define like an asymmetric chubby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Define like an asymmetric chubby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Define like an asymmetric chubby
+sh uh I believe that is true so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh uh I believe that is true so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh uh I believe that is true so the
+chabby Chev inequality can be derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chabby Chev inequality can be derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chabby Chev inequality can be derived
+from The Mark of inequality so it so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from The Mark of inequality so it so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from The Mark of inequality so it so my
+guess is you could you could derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is you could you could derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is you could you could derive
+other flavors of the chubby chub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other flavors of the chubby chub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other flavors of the chubby chub
+inequality as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality as well
+yeah yep okay so that's it we'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yep okay so that's it we'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yep okay so that's it we'll call it
+a day and we'll start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day and we'll start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day and we'll start talking
+about the sample mean next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jjZM88ku-7k.txt b/jjZM88ku-7k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8e6fb4acd402296206d16aed8c5a59649b948a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jjZM88ku-7k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2548 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so
+let's get started.
+
+I just wanted to
+make one announcement
+
+before we start the lecture.
+
+So Prof.
+
+Zwiebach is a way again today,
+which is why I'm lecturing.
+
+And his office hours he's
+obviously not going to have,
+
+but Prof.
+
+Harrow has kindly agreed
+to take them over.
+
+So today I'll have office hours
+four to five, and then Prof.
+
+Harrow will have office
+hours afterwards five to six.
+
+So feel free to
+come and talk to us.
+
+So today we're going to
+try and cover a few things.
+
+So we're going to spend a
+little bit of time talking about
+
+eigenvalues and vectors,
+which we've-- finishing this
+
+discussion from last time.
+
+Then we'll talk about inner
+products and inner product
+
+spaces.
+
+And then we'll
+talk about-- we'll
+
+introduce Dirac's
+notation, some of which
+
+we've already been using.
+
+And then, depending
+on time, we'll
+
+also talk a little bit more
+about linear operators.
+
+OK?
+
+So let's start with
+where we were last time.
+
+So we were talking about
+T-invariant subspaces.
+
+So we had U is a
+T-invariant subspace
+
+if the following is satisfied.
+
+If T of U is equal to--
+if this thing, which
+
+is all vectors that are
+generated by T from vectors
+
+that live in U. So if
+T is inside U itself.
+
+OK?
+
+And we can define this in
+general for any U. However,
+
+one class of these invariant
+subspaces are very useful.
+
+So if we take U to
+be one dimensional.
+
+OK/ and so that really means
+that U I can write as some
+
+whatever field I'm defining
+my vector space over.
+
+Every element of this subspace
+U is just some scalar multiple
+
+of a single vector U. So this
+is a one dimensional thing.
+
+Now if we have a T-invariant
+subspace of this one--
+
+if this is going to be
+a T-invariant objective,
+
+then we get a very
+simple equation
+
+that you've seen before.
+
+So we're taking all vectors
+in U acting on them with T,
+
+and if it stays
+within U, then it
+
+has to be able to be
+written like this.
+
+So we have some operator
+acting on our vector space
+
+producing something in
+the same vector space,
+
+just rescaling it.
+
+OK?
+
+For sum lambda, which
+we haven't specified.
+
+And you've seen
+this equation before
+
+in terms of matrices
+and vectors, right?
+
+This is an eigenvalue equation.
+
+So these are eigenvalues
+and these are eigenvectors.
+
+But now they're just
+an abstract version
+
+of what you've discussed before.
+
+And we'll come back
+to this in a moment.
+
+One thing that we just
+defined at the end
+
+is the spectrum of an operator.
+
+The spectrum of T is
+equal to all eigenvalues
+
+of that operator.
+
+And so later on
+these will become--
+
+this object will
+become important.
+
+Let's just concentrate on this
+and ask what does it mean.
+
+So if we have lambda
+being an eigenvalues,
+
+what does that tell us?
+
+What does this equation tell us?
+
+Well, it tells us that
+on U. So all I'm doing
+
+is taking this term over to
+the other side of the equation
+
+and inserting the
+identity operator I.
+
+So this is in itself
+an operator now, right?
+
+And so this tells us also that
+this operator, because it maps
+
+something that's non-zero
+to the null vector, this
+
+is not injective, OK?
+
+And you can even write the
+null space of T-- of T minus I
+
+lambda is equal to
+all eigenvectors
+
+with eigenvalue lambda.
+
+OK?
+
+So every eigenvector
+with eigenvalue lambda,
+
+T acting on it is just going
+to give me lambda times
+
+the eigenvector again,
+and so this will vanish.
+
+So for all eigenvectors
+with that eigenvalue.
+
+And we've previously seen that,
+if something is not injective,
+
+it's also not invertible, right?
+
+So this lets us write
+something quite nice down.
+
+So there's a theorem.
+
+Let me write it out.
+
+So if we let T is in the space
+of linear operators acting
+
+on this vector
+space v, and we have
+
+a set of eigenvalues, lambda
+1, lambda 2, lambda n,
+
+distinct eigenvalues,
+eigenvalues of T,
+
+and the corresponding
+eigenvectors, which
+
+we will call U. OK, so the
+sum set U1, U2, up to Un
+
+with the correspondence
+by their label.
+
+So then we know that
+this list is actually
+
+a linearly independent set.
+
+So we can prove this
+one very quickly.
+
+So let's do that.
+
+So let's assume it's false.
+
+So the proof is y contradiction,
+so assume it's false.
+
+And what does that mean?
+
+Well, that means that there
+is a non-trivial relation.
+
+I could write down some relation
+C1U1 plus C2U2 plus CkUk
+
+equals 0 without
+all the C's being 0.
+
+And what we'll do
+is we'll actually
+
+say OK, let's do let--
+so we'll let there
+
+be a k, a value of k that's
+less than or equal to n, such
+
+that this holds for
+Ci not equal to 0.
+
+So we're postulating that
+there is some linear dependence
+
+on some of these things.
+
+So what we can do is
+then act on this vector
+
+here with T minus lambda k times
+the identity acting on this.
+
+So this is C1U1 plus
+dot dot dot plus CkUk.
+
+OK?
+
+And what do we get here?
+
+So we're going to get, if
+act on this piece of it,
+
+this is an eigenvector,
+so T acting on this one
+
+would just give us
+lambda 1, right?
+
+And so we're going to get
+products of lambda 1 minus
+
+lambda k for this
+piece, et cetera.
+
+So this will give us C1 lambda
+1 minus lambda k U1 plus dot dot
+
+dot up to the Ck minus
+1 lambda k minus 1
+
+minus lambda k Uk minus 1.
+
+And then when we act
+on this one here,
+
+so this one has an eigenvalue--
+the eigenvalue corresponding
+
+to the eigenvector is lambda k,
+so that last term gets killed.
+
+So we get plus 0 lots of Uk.
+
+And we know this is still 0.
+
+And now we've
+established, in fact,
+
+these things here
+are just numbers.
+
+All of these things.
+
+So we've actually
+written down a relation
+
+that involves less than k.
+
+Actually, I should
+have said this.
+
+Let there be a least k
+less than or equal to,
+
+and such that we have
+linear dependence.
+
+But what we've just shown
+is that, in fact, there's
+
+a smaller space that's also
+linear independent, right?
+
+So we've contradicted what
+we assumed to start with.
+
+And you can just repeat
+this procedure, OK?
+
+And so this is a contradiction.
+
+And so, in fact, there must
+be no non-trivial relation
+
+even for k equals n
+between these vectors, OK?
+
+Another brief
+theorem that we won't
+
+prove, although we'll sort of
+see why it works in a moment,
+
+is, again, for T in linear
+operators on v with v
+
+being a finite dimensional
+complex vector space.
+
+OK?
+
+There is at least
+one eigenvalue.
+
+So I guess for this-- so T
+has at least one eigenvalue.
+
+Now remember, in
+the last lecture,
+
+we looked at a matrix,
+two by two matrix, that
+
+was rotations in the
+xy-plane and found
+
+there were, in fact,
+no eigenvalues.
+
+But that's because we were
+looking at a real vector space.
+
+So we were looking at
+rotations of the real plane.
+
+So this is something
+that you can prove.
+
+We will see why it's true,
+but we won't prove it.
+
+And so one way of saying
+this is to go to a basis.
+
+And so everything we've said
+so far about eigenvalues
+
+and eigenvectors has
+not been referring
+
+to any particular basis.
+
+And in fact, eigenvalues
+are basis independent.
+
+But we can use a basis.
+
+And then we have matrix
+representations of operators
+
+that we've talked about.
+
+And sort of this
+operator equation,
+
+or the operator statement
+that T minus lambda
+
+I-- so as operator statement
+T minus lambda I U equals 0
+
+is equivalent to saying that--
+well, we've said it here.
+
+We said that it's
+equivalent to saying
+
+that it's not invertible.
+
+This operator is not invertible.
+
+But that's also
+equivalent to saying
+
+that the matrix representation
+of it in any basis
+
+is not invertible.
+
+And by here we just mean
+inverses as in the inverses
+
+that you've taken the many
+matrices in your lives.
+
+And so what that means then,
+if-- I'm sure you remember.
+
+If a matrix is not
+invertible, that
+
+means it has a
+vanishing determinant.
+
+So it has debt of this.
+
+Now you can think
+of this as a matrix.
+
+This determinant has to be 0.
+
+And remembering we can
+write this thing out.
+
+And so it has lambdas
+on the diagonal,
+
+and then whatever entries
+T has wherever it wants.
+
+This just gives us a
+polynomial in lambda, right?
+
+So this gives us some f of
+lambda, which is a polynomial.
+
+And if you remember,
+this is called
+
+the characteristic polynomial.
+
+Characteristic.
+
+Right?
+
+And so we can write it, if we
+want, as just some f of lambda
+
+is equal to just,
+in this case, it's
+
+going to be just lambda
+minus some lambda 1.
+
+I have to be able to
+write it like this.
+
+I can just break it
+up into these terms
+
+here, where the lambda I's,
+the 0's of this polynomial
+
+are, in general, complex
+and can be repeated.
+
+Now what can happen is that
+you have, in the worst case --
+
+I don't know if it's the
+worst case, but in one case,
+
+you could have all of
+the singularities--
+
+all of the the 0's
+being at the same place.
+
+And you could have a eigenvalue
+that is in full degenerate
+
+here.
+
+Right?
+
+So if we, say, have
+lambda 1 occurring twice
+
+in this sequence, then we set
+out to a degenerate eigenvalue.
+
+And in principle, you could
+have just a single eigenvalue
+
+that's in full degenerate.
+
+But you can always write this.
+
+There has to be one
+lambda there at least,
+
+one lambda I there at least.
+
+And so you can see why
+this is true, right?
+
+Now if you're in a
+real vector space,
+
+you don't get to say that,
+because this polynomial may
+
+only have complex
+roots, and they're not
+
+part of the space
+you're talking about.
+
+OK?
+
+So it can be repeated, and
+this is called degeneracy.
+
+OK, so are there any questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you turn it?
+
+It should be lambda
+I minus T, just so
+
+that it matches the next line.
+
+PROFESSOR: Thank you, OK.
+
+Thank you.
+
+I could have flipped the sign
+on the next line as well.
+
+So any other questions?
+
+No?
+
+OK, so let's move on and we
+can talk about inner products.
+
+And so first, what
+is an inner product?
+
+So an inner product is a map,
+but it's a very specific map.
+
+So an inner product
+on a vector space V
+
+is a map from V cross
+V to the field, F.
+
+And that's really
+what it's going to be.
+
+Now who has seen an
+inner product somewhere?
+
+OK, what do we call it?
+
+AUDIENCE: Dot product.
+
+PROFESSOR: Dot product, right.
+
+So we can learn a
+lot from thinking
+
+about this simple case, so
+the motivation for thinking
+
+about this is really
+the dot product.
+
+So we have a vector space Rn.
+
+OK?
+
+And on that vector space, we
+might have two vectors, a,
+
+which I'm going to write as a1.
+
+a2 dot dot dot.
+
+a2 dot dot dot. an, and b.
+
+So we have two vectors, and
+these are in vector space V.
+
+Then we can define
+the dot product, which
+
+is an example of one
+of these in a product.
+
+So a dot b.
+
+We can even put little
+vectors over these.
+
+And so our definitions that
+we've used for many years
+
+is that this is a1 b1 plus
+a2 b2 plus dot dot dot an bn.
+
+And you see that this
+does what we want it.
+
+So it takes two vectors which
+live in our vector space.
+
+And from that, you
+get a number, right?
+
+So this lives in R.
+
+So this is a nice
+example in a product.
+
+And we can look at what
+properties it gives us.
+
+So what do we know
+about this dot product?
+
+Well, we know some properties
+that it has is that a dot b.
+
+So it doesn't care which order
+you give the arguments in,
+
+all right?
+
+Also, if I take
+the same vector, I
+
+know that this is got to be
+greater than or equal to 0,
+
+right?
+
+Because this is going
+to be our length.
+
+And the only case where it's
+0 is when the vector is 0.
+
+Well we can write this.
+a dotted in to, say,
+
+b to 1 b1 plus b to 1 b2.
+
+So this b2's are real numbers,
+and these b's are vectors,
+
+right?
+
+So this thing we can just
+write is equal to b to one
+
+a dot b1 plus b to 2 a do b2.
+
+And make them
+vectors everywhere.
+
+OK, so we've got
+three nice properties.
+
+And you can write
+down more if you want,
+
+but this will be enough for us.
+
+And the other thing that
+we can do with this is we
+
+can define the length
+of a vector, right?
+
+So we can say this is for
+this defines a length.
+
+And more generally, we only call
+this the norm of the vector.
+
+And that, of course, you
+know is that mod a squared is
+
+just equal to a
+dot a, all right?
+
+So this is our
+definition of the norm.
+
+OK so this definition over
+here is really by no means
+
+unique in satisfying
+these properties.
+
+So if I wrote down something
+where, instead of just say
+
+a1 b1 plus a1 b2 et cetera, I
+wrote down some positive number
+
+times a1 b1 times some
+other positive number a2 b2,
+
+et cetera, that would also
+satisfy all of these properties
+
+up here.
+
+So it's not unique.
+
+And so you could
+consider another
+
+the dot product,
+which we would write
+
+as just c1 a1 b1 plus c2 a2
+b2 plus some cn an bn, where
+
+the c's are just
+positive real numbers.
+
+That would satisfy
+all of the things
+
+that we know about our
+standard dot product.
+
+But for obvious reasons,
+we don't choose to do this,
+
+because it's not a
+very natural definition
+
+to put these random
+positive numbers along here.
+
+But we could.
+
+And I guess one
+other thing that we
+
+have is the Schwarz inequality.
+
+And so this is the a dot b.
+
+So the absolute value of
+the dot product of a dot b
+
+is less than or
+equal to the product
+
+of the norms of
+the vectors, right?
+
+And so one of the
+problems in the piece
+
+is to consider this in
+the more abstract sense,
+
+but this is very easy to
+show for real vectors, right?
+
+So this is all very nice.
+
+So we've talked about Rn.
+
+What we really are
+going to worry about
+
+is complex vector spaces.
+
+And so there we have
+a little problem.
+
+And the problem
+comes in defining
+
+what we mean by a normal, right?
+
+Because if I say now that this
+vector has complex components
+
+and write this
+thing here, I'm not
+
+guaranteed that this is
+a real number, right?
+
+And so I need to be
+a little bit careful.
+
+So let's just talk
+about complex spaces.
+
+And we really want to have a
+useful definition of a length.
+
+So let's let z be in this thing,
+in interdimensional complex
+
+space.
+
+So really my z is equal
+to z1 z2 zn, where
+
+the zI line as
+being in c, right?
+
+So how can define a
+link for this object?
+
+Well, we have to do it
+sort of in two steps.
+
+So already know how
+to define the length
+
+for a complex number, right?
+
+It's just the absolute
+value, the distance
+
+from the origin in
+the complex plane.
+
+But now we need to
+do this in terms
+
+of a more complicated
+vector space.
+
+And so we can really
+think of this as
+
+equal to the sum of the squares
+of z1, of the absolute values
+
+of these complex numbers.
+
+OK?
+
+Which if we write it out,
+looks like z1 star z1 plus.
+
+OK?
+
+And so we should now, thinking
+about the inner product,
+
+we should be thinking
+that the appearance
+
+of complex conjugation is
+not entirely unnatural.
+
+So if we ask about the
+length of a vector here,
+
+then that's going to arise
+from an inner product.
+
+OK?
+
+This object we want to arise
+from our inner product.
+
+So we can now define our general
+in a product with the following
+
+axioms.
+
+So firstly, we want to basically
+maintain the properties
+
+that we've written down
+here, because we don't want
+
+to make our dot product not
+being in an inner product
+
+anymore.
+
+That'd be kind of silly.
+
+So let's define our inner
+product in the following way.
+
+I'm going to write it
+in a particular way.
+
+So the inner product is
+going to be, again, a map.
+
+And it's going to take our
+vector space, two elements
+
+of the vector
+space to the field.
+
+And I'm in a complex
+vector space.
+
+So it's a map that I'm
+going to right like
+
+this that takes v cross v to c.
+
+OK?
+
+And what I mean here is you put
+the two elements of your vector
+
+space in these positions
+in this thing, OK?
+
+And so really a b is
+what I mean by this.
+
+Where a and b-- so let
+me write it this way.
+
+So this thing is in c for a
+and b are in the v, right?
+
+So these things
+dots are where I'm
+
+going to plug-in my vectors.
+
+And so this inner product
+should satisfy some axioms.
+
+And they look very much like
+what we've written here.
+
+So the first one is a
+slight modification.
+
+We want that a b is
+equal not to b a,
+
+but to its complex
+conjugate, OK?
+
+And this is related to
+what I was discussing here.
+
+But from this, we can see that
+the product of a with itself
+
+is always real, because it
+and its complex conjugate
+
+are the same.
+
+So we know that a a is real.
+
+And we're also going
+to demand a definition
+
+of this inner a
+product that this
+
+is greater than or equal to 0.
+
+And it's only 0 if a equals 0.
+
+Right?
+
+So that's pretty much unchanged.
+
+And then we want the same
+sort of distributivity.
+
+We do want to have that a
+inner producted with B to 1 b
+
+plus B to 2 b2 should be equal
+to B to 1 a b1 plus B to 2
+
+a b2 where the [INAUDIBLE] are
+just complex numbers, right?
+
+And that's what we
+need to ask of this.
+
+And then we can make a
+sensible definitions of it
+
+that will give us a
+useful norm as well.
+
+Now I'll just make one remark.
+
+This notation here,
+this is due to Dirac.
+
+And so it's very
+prevalent in physics.
+
+You will see in most purely
+mathematical literature
+
+you will see this
+written just like this.
+
+So let me write it as a b and
+put these things in explicitly.
+
+And sometimes you'll even see
+a combination of these written
+
+like this, OK/ But they
+all mean the same thing.
+
+Compared to what
+we've written up here,
+
+this seems a little asymmetric
+between the two items, right?
+
+Well firstly, these
+are isometric.
+
+And then down here
+we've shown something
+
+about that we demand something
+about the second argument,
+
+but we don't demand the same
+thing about the first argument.
+
+So why not?
+
+Can anyone see?
+
+I guess what we would demand
+is exactly the same thing
+
+the other way around.
+
+So we would demand
+another thing that
+
+would be sort of alpha
+1 a plus alpha 2 a2 b
+
+is equal to-- well,
+something like this.
+
+Well, we would
+actually demand this.
+
+a1 b.
+
+But I don't actually
+need to demand that,
+
+because that follows
+from number one, right?
+
+I take axiom one,
+apply it to this,
+
+and I automatically
+get this thing here.
+
+OK?
+
+And notice what's
+arisen is-- actually
+
+let's just go through
+that, because you really
+
+do want to see these complex
+conjugates appearing here,
+
+because they are important.
+
+So this follows.
+
+So 1 plus 3, imply this.
+
+Let's just do this.
+
+So let's start with
+this expression
+
+and start with this piece.
+
+And we know that
+this will then be
+
+given by axiom one by b alpha
+1 a 1 plus alpha 2 a2 complex
+
+conjugate, all right?
+
+And then by this linearity
+of the second argument
+
+we can now distribute
+this piece, right?
+
+We can write this is alpha
+1 b a1 plus alpha 2 b a2,
+
+all complex conjugated.
+
+Which let's put
+all the steps in.
+
+Is alpha 1 star
+and this one star.
+
+And then, again, by the first
+argument, by the first axiom,
+
+we can flip these and get rid
+of the complex conjugation.
+
+And that gives us this
+one up here, right?
+
+So we only need to define
+this linearity, distributive
+
+property on one
+side of this thing.
+
+We could have chosen to define
+it here and wouldn't have
+
+needed that one, but we didn't.
+
+OK, so let's look at
+a couple of examples.
+
+And the first one is a
+finite dimensional example.
+
+And we're going to
+take v is equal to cn.
+
+And our definition
+is going to be
+
+a pretty natural
+generalization of what
+
+we've written down before.
+
+So a and b are elements of cn.
+
+And this is just
+going to be a1 star
+
+b1 plus a2 star b2
+plus an star bn.
+
+Another piece of chalk.
+
+So the only difference from dot
+product in real vector space
+
+is that we've put this
+complex conjugates here.
+
+And that you can check
+satisfies all of these axioms.
+
+Another example is
+actually an example
+
+of an infinite
+dimensional vector space.
+
+Let's take v is the set
+of all complex functions,
+
+all f of x that are in c with x
+living in some finite interval.
+
+OK?
+
+And so a natural norm to
+define on this space-- and this
+
+is something that we
+can certainly talk about
+
+in recitations-- is that if
+I have f and g in this vector
+
+space v, then f g
+I'm going to define--
+
+this is my definition of
+what the dot product is--
+
+is the integral from 0 to
+l f star of x g of x dx.
+
+OK?
+
+If you think of this as
+arising from evaluating
+
+f at a set of discrete
+points where you've
+
+got a finite dimensional
+vector space,
+
+and then letting the space
+between those points go to 0,
+
+this is kind of the
+natural thing to arise.
+
+It's really an integral
+as a limit of a sum.
+
+And over here, of course,
+I could write this one
+
+as just the sum over
+i of ai star bi.
+
+i equals 1 to n.
+
+And so this is the integral
+is infinite dimensional
+
+generalization of the
+sum, and so we have this.
+
+And that might be something
+to talk about in recitations.
+
+OK?
+
+So we've gone from
+having just a vector
+
+space to having a
+vector space where we've
+
+added this new operation on it,
+this inner product operation.
+
+And that lets us do things
+that we couldn't do before.
+
+So firstly, it lets us
+talk about orthogonality.
+
+Previously we couldn't
+ask any question
+
+about two objects
+within our vector space.
+
+This let's us ask a
+question about two objects.
+
+So if we have the inner product
+a b in some vector space V,
+
+then if this is 0, we
+say they're orthogonal.
+
+We say that the vectors
+a and b are orthogonal.
+
+And I'm sure you know
+what orthogonal means
+
+in terms of Rn, but this
+is just the statement
+
+of what it means in a
+abstract vector space.
+
+This is the definition
+of orthogonality.
+
+So this is one thing if
+we have a set of vectors.
+
+e1 e2 en, such that ei ej is
+equal to delta ij, chronic
+
+to delta ij, this
+set is orthonormal.
+
+Again, a word you've
+seen many times.
+
+OK, so we can also define
+the components of vectors
+
+now in basis dependent way.
+
+We're going to choose ei to be
+a set of vectors in our vector
+
+space V. We previously
+had things that
+
+form a basis, a basis
+of V. And if we also
+
+demand that they're
+orthonormal, then we can-- well,
+
+we can always decompose
+any vector in V
+
+in terms of its basis, right?
+
+But if it's also
+orthonormal, then we
+
+can write a, which is
+a is some vector in V.
+
+a is equal to the sum over i
+equals 1 to n of some ai ei.
+
+So we can do that for any basis.
+
+But then we can take this vector
+and form its inner product
+
+with the basis vectors.
+
+So we can look at
+what ek a is, right?
+
+So we have our basis vectors
+ek, and we take one of them
+
+and we dot product it
+into this vector here.
+
+And this is
+straightforward to c.
+
+This is going to be equal to
+the sum over i equals 1 to n ai.
+
+And then it's going to be the
+inner product of ek with ei,
+
+right?
+
+Because of this
+distributive property here.
+
+OK?
+
+But we also know that, because
+this is an orthonormal basis,
+
+this thing here is a delta
+function, delta ik, right?
+
+And so I can, in fact,
+do this sum, and I get
+
+and this is equal to ak.
+
+And so we've
+defined what we mean
+
+by a component of this
+vector in this basis ei.
+
+They're defined by
+this inner product.
+
+So we can also talk
+about the norm, which
+
+I think, unsurprisingly, we
+are going to take the norm
+
+to be, again, equal to
+this, just as we did in Rn,
+
+but now it's the more general
+definition of my inner product
+
+that defines our norm.
+
+And because of our
+axiom-- so because
+
+of number two in particular,
+this is a sensible norm.
+
+It's always going to be
+greater than or equal to 0.
+
+OK?
+
+And conveniently we can also
+change this Schwarz inequality.
+
+So instead of the one
+that's specific to Rn,
+
+that becomes a b.
+
+All right, so let's
+cross that one out.
+
+This is what it becomes.
+
+And in the current
+p set, you've got
+
+to prove this is true, right?
+
+We can also write down
+a triangle inequality,
+
+which is really something
+that norms should satisfy.
+
+So the norm of a plus
+b should be less than
+
+or equal to the norm of
+a plus the norm of b.
+
+And the R3 version of
+this is the longest side
+
+of a triangle is shorter than
+the two shorter sides, right?
+
+So this is fine.
+
+OK, so you might
+ask why we're doing
+
+all of this seemingly
+abstract mathematics.
+
+Well, so now we're in a
+place where we can actually
+
+talk about the space where
+all of our quantum states
+
+are going to live.
+
+And so these inner
+product space--
+
+these vector spaces that
+we've given an inner product.
+
+We can call them
+inner product spaces.
+
+So we have a vector space
+with an inner product
+
+is actually we call
+a Hilbert space.
+
+And so this needs
+a little qualifier.
+
+So if this is a finite
+dimensional vector space,
+
+then this is straight.
+
+It is just a Hilbert space.
+
+Let me write it here.
+
+So let's write it as a
+finite dimensional vector
+
+space with an inner
+product is a Hilbert space.
+
+But if we have an infinite
+dimensional vector space,
+
+we need to be a
+little bit careful.
+
+For an infinite
+dimensional vector space,
+
+we again need an inner product.
+
+We need to make sure that
+this space is complete.
+
+OK?
+
+And this is a kind
+of technical point
+
+that I don't want to
+spend too much time on,
+
+but if you think about-- well,
+let me just write it down.
+
+Vector space.
+
+Let me write it here.
+
+And I haven't defined what this
+complete vector space means.
+
+But if we have an infinite
+dimensional vector
+
+space that is complete
+or we make it complete,
+
+then we have an inner product.
+
+We also get a Hilbert space.
+
+And all of quantum mechanical
+states live in a Hilbert space.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, that's true.
+
+So how's that?
+
+So we need to define what we
+mean by complete though, right?
+
+So I don't want to
+spend much time on this.
+
+But we can just do an example.
+
+If we take the space of-- let V
+equal the space of polynomials
+
+on an interval 0 to L, say.
+
+So this means I've got all pn's.
+
+P0 plus p1x plus pn xn.
+
+There are things that will
+live in the completed vector
+
+space that are not
+of this form here.
+
+So for example, if I
+take n larger and larger,
+
+I could write down
+this polynomial.
+
+I could write pn of x is the sum
+over i equals 1 up to n of i--
+
+x to the i over i
+factorial, right?
+
+And all of pn's live in
+this space of polynomials.
+
+But their limit,
+as n becomes large,
+
+there's a sequence of these
+call it a cushy sequence
+
+that, as n goes to infinity,
+I generate something
+
+that's actually
+not a polynomial.
+
+So I generate e
+of x, which lives
+
+in the completion of this,
+but itself not a polynomial.
+
+Don't worry about this
+too much, but in order
+
+to really define
+a Hilbert space,
+
+we have to be a
+little bit careful
+
+for infinite dimensional cases.
+
+OK, so a few more things
+that we can do to talk about.
+
+Well how do we make
+a orthonormal basis?
+
+So I presume you've all
+heard of Gram-Schmidt?
+
+The Gram-Schmidt procedure?
+
+Yep.
+
+OK, so that's how we
+make a orthonormal basis.
+
+And just the way
+you do it in R3,
+
+you do it the same way in
+your arbitrary vector space.
+
+So we have the
+Gram-Schmidt procedure.
+
+So you can define this-- so we
+have a list v1, v2, vn are just
+
+vectors in our vector space
+that are linearly independent.
+
+So we can construct
+another list.
+
+There's also orthonormal, so
+it's a very useful thing for us
+
+to have.
+
+And so you could define
+this recursively.
+
+You can just write
+that ej is equal to vj
+
+minus the sum over
+i less than j of ei.
+
+So this thing divided
+by its length.
+
+And so by the sum,
+you're orthogonalizing
+
+ej versus all of the previous
+ei's that you've already
+
+defined.
+
+And then you normalize it by
+dividing by its length, right?
+
+So that's something
+that's very useful.
+
+And the last thing I want to
+say about these inner product
+
+spaces is that we can use them--
+these inner products at least,
+
+is that we can use them to
+find the orthogonal complement
+
+of something, of
+anything really.
+
+So let's let u-- so we
+have a vector space V,
+
+and I can just choose some
+things in that and make a set.
+
+So u is the set of
+v that are in V.
+
+So it doesn't need
+to be a subspace.
+
+It's just a set.
+
+For example, if v
+Rn, I could just
+
+choose vectors pointing
+along two directions,
+
+and that would give me my set.
+
+But that's not a subspace,
+because it doesn't contain
+
+some multiple of this
+vector times some multiple
+
+of this vector, which would
+be pointing over here.
+
+So this is just a set so far.
+
+We can define u
+perpendicular, which
+
+we'll call the orthogonal
+complement of u.
+
+And this is defined
+as u perpendicular
+
+is equal to the set
+of v's in V such
+
+that v u is equal to 0 for
+all u in U. All of the things
+
+that live in this space are
+orthogonal to everything
+
+that lives in U. OK
+
+And in fact, this one is
+a subspace automatically.
+
+So it is a vector space.
+
+So if I took my example of
+choosing the x direction and y
+
+direction for my set here,
+then everything perpendicular
+
+to the x direction
+and y direction
+
+is actually everything
+perpendicular to the xy-plane,
+
+and so that is actually
+a subspace of R3.
+
+And so there's a nice theorem
+that you can think about,
+
+but it's actually
+kind of obvious.
+
+So if u is a subspace,
+then I can actually
+
+write that V is equal
+to the direct sum of U
+
+plus its orthogonal
+complement, OK?
+
+So that one's kind of fairly
+straightforward to prove,
+
+but we won't do it now.
+
+OK, so in the last
+little bit, I want
+
+to talk more about this
+notation that I've introduced,
+
+that Dirac introduced.
+
+What can we say?
+
+If I can find a
+[INAUDIBLE] here.
+
+Are there any
+questions about this?
+
+Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: So when we find space
+and the idea of basis balance,
+
+why is that [INAUDIBLE]
+decompose things
+
+into plane waves when we're
+not actually [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: So it's because
+it's-- basically it works.
+
+Mathematically,
+we're doing things
+
+that are not quite legitimate.
+
+And so we can generalize the
+Hilbert space a little bit,
+
+such that these non
+normalizable things can
+
+live in this generalized space.
+
+But really the answer
+is that it works,
+
+but no physical system is going
+to correspond to something
+
+like that.
+
+So if I take plane
+waves, that's not
+
+a physically realizable thing.
+
+It gives us an easy
+way to, instead
+
+of talking about
+some wave packet
+
+that some superposition
+of plane waves,
+
+we can talk about the
+plane waves by themselves
+
+and then form the wave packet
+afterwards, for example.
+
+Does that answer the question
+a little bit at least?
+
+Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: If p could be written
+as a sum of U [INAUDIBLE],
+
+why is U not [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, just
+think about the case
+
+that I was talking about.
+
+So if we're looking
+at R3 and we take
+
+U to be the set the unit
+vector in the x direction,
+
+the unit vector in
+the y direction,
+
+that's not a
+subspace, as I said,
+
+because I can take the unit
+vector in the x direction
+
+plus the unit vector
+in the y direction.
+
+It goes in the 45
+degree direction.
+
+And it's not in the things
+I've written down originally.
+
+So then if I talk
+about the subspace,
+
+the things spanned by x hat and
+y hat, then I have a subspace.
+
+It's the whole xy-plane.
+
+And the things are
+orthogonal to it
+
+in R3 are just the things
+proportion to z hat.
+
+And so then I've got the
+things in this x hat and y hat,
+
+and the thing that's
+in here is z hat.
+
+And so that really is the basis
+for my R3 that I started with.
+
+That contains everything.
+
+And more generally, the reason
+I need to make this a subspace
+
+is just because-- so I define
+U by some set of vectors
+
+that I'm putting into it.
+
+The things that are
+orthogonal to that
+
+are automatically
+already everything
+
+that's orthogonal
+to it, so there's
+
+no combination of the things
+in the orthogonal complement
+
+that's not already
+in that complement.
+
+Because I'm saying that
+this is everything in V
+
+that's orthogonal to these
+things in this subspace.
+
+So I could write down
+some arbitrary vector v,
+
+and I could aways write
+it as a projection
+
+onto things that live
+in here and things
+
+that don't live in
+this one, right?
+
+And what I'm doing by
+defining this complement is
+
+I'm getting rid of the bits
+that are proportional to things
+
+in this, OK?
+
+All right any-- yep?
+
+AUDIENCE: So an
+orthogonal complement
+
+is automatically a subspace?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: But that
+doesn't necessarily
+
+mean that any random collection
+of vectors is a subspace.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+All right, so let's
+move on and talk
+
+about the Dirac's notation.
+
+And let's do it here.
+
+So three or four
+lectures ago, we
+
+started talking
+about these objects,
+
+and we were calling
+them kets, right?
+
+And they were things that
+live in our vector space V.
+
+So these are just a way of
+writing down our vectors, OK?
+
+So when I write down
+the inner product,
+
+which we have on the wall
+above, one of the bits of it
+
+looks lot like this.
+
+So we can really think of
+a b, the b being a ket.
+
+We know that b is a
+vector, and here we're
+
+writing in a particular
+way of writing things
+
+in terms of a ket.
+
+And what we can do
+is actually think
+
+about breaking this
+object, this inner product
+
+up into two pieces.
+
+So remember the dot product is
+taking two vectors, a and b.
+
+One of them, we already have
+written it like a vector,
+
+because a ket is a vector.
+
+What Dirac did in breaking
+this up is he said,
+
+OK, well this
+thing is a bracket,
+
+and so he's going to call this
+one a ket, and this is a bra.
+
+So this object
+with something it.
+
+The things inside
+these you should
+
+think of as just
+labeling these things.
+
+OK?
+
+Now we already know
+this thing here.
+
+So these kets are
+things that live
+
+in-- I should say this
+is direct notation.
+
+OK, so we already
+know these kets
+
+are things that live
+in the vector space.
+
+But what are the bras?
+
+Well, they're not vectors
+in V. So b is a vector,
+
+so maybe I should've
+called this one
+
+b to be a little less confusing.
+
+So b is a ket, and
+this is something
+
+that lives in our
+vector space V.
+
+This inner product we're writing
+in terms of bra and a ket.
+
+The bra, what does
+it actually do?
+
+So I'm going to use it to
+make this inner product.
+
+And so what it's doing
+is it's taking a vector
+
+and returning a complex number.
+
+The inner product takes
+v cross v goes to c.
+
+But if I think of it as the
+action of this bra on this ket,
+
+then the action is that
+this bra eats a vector
+
+and spits back a
+complex number, OK?
+
+So a is actually a map.
+
+OK?
+
+So these bras live in
+a very different place
+
+than the kets do.
+
+Although they are going to
+be very closely related.
+
+So firstly, it's not in V. You
+should be careful if you ever
+
+say that, because
+it's not right.
+
+We actually say that it
+belongs to a dual space, which
+
+we label as V star, because it
+is very dependent on V, right?
+
+It's mapped from V to c.
+
+And I shouldn't even say
+this is a linear map.
+
+Now what is V star?
+
+Well, at the moment
+it's just the space
+
+of all linear maps from V to c.
+
+Me But it itself
+is a vector space.
+
+So we can define
+addition of these maps.
+
+We can define addition on V star
+and also a scalar modification
+
+of these maps.
+
+And so what that means is
+that I can define some bra
+
+w That's equal to alpha lots
+of another one plus B to b.
+
+And all of these live
+in this V star space.
+
+Let me write that explicitly.
+
+So a b and w live in V star, OK?
+
+And the way we define
+this is actually
+
+through the inner product.
+
+We define it such
+that-- so I take
+
+all vectors v in the
+vector space big V,
+
+and the definition of
+w is that this holds.
+
+And then basically
+from the properties
+
+of the inner product, you
+inherit the vector structure,
+
+the vector space structure.
+
+So this tells us V
+star is a vector space.
+
+Let's go over here.
+
+And there's actually
+a correspondence
+
+between the objects in the
+original vector space V
+
+and those that live in V star.
+
+So we can say for
+any v in V, there's
+
+a unique-- I should
+write it like this.
+
+Any ket v in the
+vector space, there
+
+is a unique bra, which I'm
+also going to label by v,
+
+and this lives in V star.
+
+And so we can show uniqueness
+by assuming it doesn't work.
+
+So let's assume that
+there exists a v and a v
+
+prime in here such
+that v-- so we'll
+
+assume that this
+one is not unique,
+
+but there are two
+things, v and v prime.
+
+And then we can
+construct-- from this,
+
+I can take this over
+to this side here,
+
+and I just get that
+v w minus v prime w
+
+is equal to 0, which I
+can then use the skew
+
+symmetry of these
+objects to write
+
+as w v minus w v prime star.
+
+So I've just changed the
+order of both of them.
+
+And then I can use
+the property of kets.
+
+I can combine them linearly.
+
+So I know this is equal
+to w v minus v prime star.
+
+And essentially,
+that's it, because I
+
+know this has to be true for
+every w in the vector space V.
+
+So this thing is equal to 0.
+
+And so the only thing that can
+annihilate every other vector
+
+is going to be 0 for
+my definition, in fact,
+
+of the inner product.
+
+So this implies
+that v minus v prime
+
+equals 0, the null vector, which
+implies that v equals v prime.
+
+So our assumption was wrong,
+and so this is unique.
+
+OK, let's see.
+
+And so we actually
+have really a one
+
+to one correspondence between
+things in the vector space
+
+and things in the
+joule space, OK?
+
+And so we can actually
+label the bras
+
+by the same thing that's
+labeling the kets.
+
+So I can really do what I've
+done in the top line up there
+
+and have something--
+everything is labeled
+
+by the same little v. Both
+the thing in the big vector
+
+space, big V, and
+the thing in V star
+
+are label by the same thing.
+
+And more generally,
+I could say that v--
+
+so there's a correspondence
+between this thing
+
+and this thing.
+
+And notice the stars
+appearing here.
+
+They came out of how we
+define the inner product.
+
+OK, so really, in fact, any
+linear map you write down,
+
+any linear map like this
+defines one of these bras,
+
+because every linear
+map that takes
+
+to V to c lives in V star.
+
+So there has to be an element
+that corresponds to it.
+
+And just if you want
+to think about kind
+
+of a concrete way of
+talking about these,
+
+I can think of-- if I think
+of this as a column vector,
+
+v1 to vn, the way I should
+think about the bras
+
+is that they are really what you
+want to write as row vectors.
+
+And they may have to have
+the conjugates of the thing.
+
+The components are conjugated.
+
+OK, and now you can ask what
+the dot product looks like.
+
+Alpha v is then just this
+matrix multiplication.
+
+But it's matrix multiplication
+of an n by 1 thing
+
+by 1 by n thing.
+
+Alpha 1 star alpha 2 star alpha
+n star times this one here.
+
+So v1 vn.
+
+And this is now just
+matrix multiplication.
+
+I guess I can
+write it like this.
+
+So they're really,
+really quite concrete.
+
+They're as concrete
+as the kets are.
+
+So you can construct
+them as vectors
+
+like strings of
+numbers in this way.
+
+So I guess we should finish.
+
+So I didn't get to talk
+about linear operators,
+
+but we will resume
+there next week.
+
+Are there any questions about
+this last stuff or anything?
+
+No?
+
+OK.
+
+So you next week, or see
+you tomorrow, some of you.
+
+Thanks.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/juGgfHsO-xM.txt b/juGgfHsO-xM.txt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..42f96a78d4606bbdedbc99d731e3953bdbeaabd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/juGgfHsO-xM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the binomial theorem uh extends to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial theorem uh extends to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial theorem uh extends to a
+thing called the multinomial theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called the multinomial theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called the multinomial theorem
+whereas instead of taking a product of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas instead of taking a product of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas instead of taking a product of a
+sum of two things you take the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two things you take the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two things you take the product
+of a sum of K things to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sum of K things to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sum of K things to get the
+multinomial theorem and what underlies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinomial theorem and what underlies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinomial theorem and what underlies
+it is a rule that we're going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a rule that we're going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a rule that we're going to call
+the bookkeeper Rule and here's why so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bookkeeper Rule and here's why so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bookkeeper Rule and here's why so
+the bookkeeper rule is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bookkeeper rule is about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bookkeeper rule is about the
+question of look at the word bookkeeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of look at the word bookkeeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of look at the word bookkeeper
+and ask how many different ways are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask how many different ways are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask how many different ways are
+there to scramble the letters in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to scramble the letters in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to scramble the letters in this
+word that actually are distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that actually are distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that actually are distinguish
+the point being that the two o's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point being that the two o's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point being that the two o's are
+indistinguishable so the order in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable so the order in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable so the order in which
+they appear doesn't matter likewise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appear doesn't matter likewise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appear doesn't matter likewise the
+three E's and the 2ks well how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three E's and the 2ks well how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three E's and the 2ks well how do we
+answer this question the simple way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question the simple way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question the simple way to
+do it to begin with is to label all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it to begin with is to label all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it to begin with is to label all of
+the uh dist indistinguishable letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh dist indistinguishable letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh dist indistinguishable letters
+with subscripts to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with subscripts to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with subscripts to make them
+distinguishable so I'm going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable so I'm going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable so I'm going to put
+subscripts one and two on the O's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts one and two on the O's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts one and two on the O's one
+and two on the ks and one two and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two on the ks and one two and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two on the ks and one two and three
+on the E now all the 10 letters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the E now all the 10 letters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the E now all the 10 letters are
+distinguishable and if I ask how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable and if I ask how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable and if I ask how many
+ways are there to permute these 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways are there to permute these 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways are there to permute these 10
+letters the answer we know by the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters the answer we know by the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters the answer we know by the uh
+product rule is simp by the generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule is simp by the generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule is simp by the generalized
+product rule is simply 10 factorial now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule is simply 10 factorial now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule is simply 10 factorial now
+my strategy is going to be to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my strategy is going to be to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my strategy is going to be to use the
+division rule to uh count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division rule to uh count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division rule to uh count the number of
+patterns of the word of the letters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of the word of the letters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of the word of the letters in
+the word with no subscripts the way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word with no subscripts the way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word with no subscripts the way I'm
+going to do that is take one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that is take one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that is take one of these
+subscripted words and erase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripted words and erase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripted words and erase the
+subscript so I'm going to map it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript so I'm going to map it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript so I'm going to map it to the
+same permutation of letters with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same permutation of letters with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same permutation of letters with no
+subscripts I've just done that here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts I've just done that here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts I've just done that here I've
+taken an arbitrary permutation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken an arbitrary permutation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken an arbitrary permutation of the
+subscripted word uh and then I've erased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripted word uh and then I've erased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripted word uh and then I've erased
+the subscripts and Consolidated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subscripts and Consolidated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subscripts and Consolidated the
+letters and I wind up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and I wind up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and I wind up with this
+permutation okay now if I want to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation okay now if I want to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation okay now if I want to count
+the number of unscript subscripted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of unscript subscripted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of unscript subscripted
+permutations then I simply figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations then I simply figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations then I simply figure out
+that this mapping is K to one and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this mapping is K to one and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this mapping is K to one and I'm
+going to then divide by K well how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to then divide by K well how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to then divide by K well how many
+to one is it well how many subscripted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one is it well how many subscripted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one is it well how many subscripted
+words map to this given pattern the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words map to this given pattern the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words map to this given pattern the
+answer is the subscripts on the O's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is the subscripts on the O's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is the subscripts on the O's
+don't matter so there's two possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't matter so there's two possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't matter so there's two possible
+orders in which those subscripts might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders in which those subscripts might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders in which those subscripts might
+appear subscripts on the K's don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear subscripts on the K's don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear subscripts on the K's don't
+matter there's two possible orders in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter there's two possible orders in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter there's two possible orders in
+which those subscripts might appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which those subscripts might appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which those subscripts might appear
+subscripts on the EAS don't matter three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts on the EAS don't matter three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts on the EAS don't matter three
+possible orders or three factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible orders or three factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible orders or three factorial
+possible orders that the subscripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible orders that the subscripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible orders that the subscripts
+might occur in the E the net result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might occur in the E the net result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might occur in the E the net result is
+that with two o's 2 K's and three e the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with two o's 2 K's and three e the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with two o's 2 K's and three e the
+mapping is two factorial by 2 factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping is two factorial by 2 factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping is two factorial by 2 factorial
+by 3 factorial to one and that instantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 3 factorial to one and that instantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 3 factorial to one and that instantly
+gives us by the division rule the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us by the division rule the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us by the division rule the total
+number of permutations of the letters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of permutations of the letters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of permutations of the letters in
+the word bookkeeper is 10 factorial over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word bookkeeper is 10 factorial over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word bookkeeper is 10 factorial over
+2 factorial * 2 factorial time 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 factorial * 2 factorial time 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 factorial * 2 factorial time 3
+factorial more generally by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial more generally by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial more generally by the same
+reasoning if I look at a sequence of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning if I look at a sequence of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning if I look at a sequence of n
+letters of which N1 are A's and N2 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters of which N1 are A's and N2 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters of which N1 are A's and N2 are
+B's up through NK are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's up through NK are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's up through NK are
+Z's then the number of permutations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z's then the number of permutations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z's then the number of permutations of
+those letters with the repeated A's B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those letters with the repeated A's B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those letters with the repeated A's B's
+and Z's is n factorial / N1 factorial *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z's is n factorial / N1 factorial *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z's is n factorial / N1 factorial *
+N2 factorial through n k factorial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 factorial through n k factorial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 factorial through n k factorial and
+this formula occur occurs so often that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula occur occurs so often that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula occur occurs so often that
+it has a name it's called a multinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a name it's called a multinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a name it's called a multinomial
+Coe there's a name for it written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coe there's a name for it written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coe there's a name for it written in
+this format n over N1 N2 through NK um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this format n over N1 N2 through NK um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this format n over N1 N2 through NK um
+you could start to say n choose N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could start to say n choose N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could start to say n choose N1
+choose N2 choose NK if you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose N2 choose NK if you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose N2 choose NK if you're thinking
+about how we pronounce the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we pronounce the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we pronounce the binomial
+coefficients uh and the convention is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients uh and the convention is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients uh and the convention is
+that the sum of the n i is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of the n i is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of the n i is supposed to
+be equal to the nuer Ator n this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the nuer Ator n this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the nuer Ator n this is
+called a multinomial coefficient so n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a multinomial coefficient so n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a multinomial coefficient so n
+factorial divided by this product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial divided by this product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial divided by this product of
+factorials is written in somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorials is written in somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorials is written in somewhat
+shorter notation without the factorials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter notation without the factorials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter notation without the factorials
+uh as a multinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a multinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a multinomial
+coefficient um binomial coefficients by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient um binomial coefficients by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient um binomial coefficients by
+the way were special case when we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way were special case when we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way were special case when we write
+n choose K if we wrote it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n choose K if we wrote it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n choose K if we wrote it as a
+multinomial coefficient you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinomial coefficient you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinomial coefficient you'd have to
+write it as n choose K and then choose n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as n choose K and then choose n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as n choose K and then choose n
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+K so we can apply this to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so we can apply this to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so we can apply this to think about
+uh Coe about words and coefficients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Coe about words and coefficients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Coe about words and coefficients in
+expanding um things that are more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding um things that are more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding um things that are more than
+binomials so let's look at expanding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomials so let's look at expanding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomials so let's look at expanding a
+quint quintal uh a sum of five things e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quint quintal uh a sum of five things e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quint quintal uh a sum of five things e
+m s t and Y and I raise that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m s t and Y and I raise that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m s t and Y and I raise that to the
+seventh power so that means in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh power so that means in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh power so that means in these
+products of seven of these terms I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of seven of these terms I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of seven of these terms I'm
+looking at words of length seven whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at words of length seven whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at words of length seven whose
+components are the letters e m s t and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are the letters e m s t and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are the letters e m s t and Y
+and if I so if I multiplied this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I so if I multiplied this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I so if I multiplied this out
+applying the distributive law I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the distributive law I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the distributive law I would
+wind up with 5 to the 7th terms each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up with 5 to the 7th terms each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up with 5 to the 7th terms each of
+them consisting of a permutation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them consisting of a permutation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them consisting of a permutation of the
+letters e m s t and Y and if I ask um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters e m s t and Y and if I ask um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters e m s t and Y and if I ask um
+what's the coefficient in that expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the coefficient in that expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the coefficient in that expansion
+of the term e Ms Cub T it's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the term e Ms Cub T it's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the term e Ms Cub T it's exactly the
+number of ways of permuting these five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways of permuting these five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways of permuting these five
+letters um uh a word of length seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters um uh a word of length seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters um uh a word of length seven
+made out of these five letters with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of these five letters with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of these five letters with
+three occurrences of s in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three occurrences of s in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three occurrences of s in other words
+the coefficient of EMS Cub Ty in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of EMS Cub Ty in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of EMS Cub Ty in this
+product is the number of ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is the number of ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is the number of ways of
+rearranging the letters in this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging the letters in this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging the letters in this sequence
+of seven it's the word systems which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seven it's the word systems which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seven it's the word systems which is
+why we chose it to be rememberable how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we chose it to be rememberable how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we chose it to be rememberable how
+many ways are there to rearrange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways are there to rearrange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways are there to rearrange the
+letters in the word systems by the multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters in the word systems by the multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters in the word systems by the multi
+by the bookkeeper rule there are seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the bookkeeper rule there are seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the bookkeeper rule there are seven
+choose 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose 1 1
+311 okay let's do another example what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+311 okay let's do another example what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+311 okay let's do another example what's
+the coefficient of B A cubed n^ 2 if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of B A cubed n^ 2 if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of B A cubed n^ 2 if I
+expand this trinomial B+ a + n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this trinomial B+ a + n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this trinomial B+ a + n to the
+6th power well now again I have 3 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6th power well now again I have 3 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6th power well now again I have 3 to the
+6th terms how many of them involve a B3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6th terms how many of them involve a B3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6th terms how many of them involve a B3
+A's and 2 n's by the bookkeeper rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's and 2 n's by the bookkeeper rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's and 2 n's by the bookkeeper rule
+it's the number of ways well it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the number of ways well it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the number of ways well it's the
+number of ways of rearranging the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways of rearranging the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways of rearranging the
+letters in the word banana and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters in the word banana and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters in the word banana and by the
+bookkeeper rule that's six with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeper rule that's six with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeper rule that's six with
+subscripts one three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts one three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts one three and
+two so more generally where this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so more generally where this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so more generally where this is what
+the multinomial theorem says if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multinomial theorem says if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multinomial theorem says if I look
+at the coefficient of uh the term uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the coefficient of uh the term uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the coefficient of uh the term uh a
+product of XI to the RIS in an expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of XI to the RIS in an expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of XI to the RIS in an expansion
+of a k of a k nomial a sum of K distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a k of a k nomial a sum of K distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a k of a k nomial a sum of K distinct
+variables rage to the nth power now I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables rage to the nth power now I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables rage to the nth power now I've
+got if I expanded this out using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got if I expanded this out using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got if I expanded this out using the
+distributive law without collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive law without collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive law without collecting
+terms I'd have K to the N terms Each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms I'd have K to the N terms Each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms I'd have K to the N terms Each of
+which was a permutation of the x1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a permutation of the x1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a permutation of the x1s
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+xks um with repeats and then if I ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xks um with repeats and then if I ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xks um with repeats and then if I ask
+how many of those uh products of any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of those uh products of any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of those uh products of any of
+these K variables have this many x1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these K variables have this many x1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these K variables have this many x1s
+this many x2s through this many x rkss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many x2s through this many x rkss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many x2s through this many x rkss
+uh this many xks I'm asking again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this many xks I'm asking again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this many xks I'm asking again a
+bookkeeper question and the answer is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeper question and the answer is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeper question and the answer is n
+choose R1 R2 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose R1 R2 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose R1 R2 through
+RK so now we're ready for the record to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RK so now we're ready for the record to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RK so now we're ready for the record to
+State the general multinomial formula if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the general multinomial formula if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the general multinomial formula if
+I take a sum of K terms a k nomial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take a sum of K terms a k nomial to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take a sum of K terms a k nomial to
+the nth power then expressing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth power then expressing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth power then expressing it in
+concise notation it's the sum over R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concise notation it's the sum over R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concise notation it's the sum over R1
+through RK summing to n of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through RK summing to n of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through RK summing to n of the
+multinomial co coefficient n R1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinomial co coefficient n R1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinomial co coefficient n R1 through
+RK times this product of XIs I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RK times this product of XIs I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RK times this product of XIs I'm not
+putting a uh highlighted box around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a uh highlighted box around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a uh highlighted box around it
+because this is not a formula which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is not a formula which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is not a formula which is
+particularly important to memorize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important to memorize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important to memorize and
+it's clearly all clogged up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clearly all clogged up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clearly all clogged up with
+subscripts but nevertheless it's good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts but nevertheless it's good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts but nevertheless it's good to
+have sometimes for the the record and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sometimes for the the record and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sometimes for the the record and
+next week we will continue with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we will continue with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we will continue with this
+theme about the connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme about the connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme about the connection between
+counting and algebra and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting and algebra and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting and algebra and in particular
+uh not only ordinary polinomial as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not only ordinary polinomial as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not only ordinary polinomial as we've
+been looking at here with a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been looking at here with a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been looking at here with a product of
+sums but in fact infinite polinomial or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums but in fact infinite polinomial or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums but in fact infinite polinomial or
+infinite series when we take up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite series when we take up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite series when we take up
+generating functions next week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ke3SL_R92ys.txt b/ke3SL_R92ys.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c2baab6f813d55506079ebf51b58b0af64cc2ae7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ke3SL_R92ys.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2022 @@
+All right.
+Good morning,
+
+all.
+
+You have two handouts,
+lecture notes and an article on
+
+mixed signal chips.
+A mixed signal stands for
+
+circuits that have both analog
+and digital components to them.
+
+The reason I am giving you the
+handout is that Lab 4 and also
+
+your last homework involve
+designing and building a mixed
+
+signal circuit.
+It's a real fun exercise.
+
+And I just wanted to tell you
+that from past experience people
+
+who have taken 6.002 often view
+the last lab as the single most
+
+fun thing they did in all of
+6.002.
+
+So, as you go into Lab 4,
+you should be telling yourself
+
+I should be having fun,
+I should be having,
+
+I should be having fun.
+You have to positively psych
+
+yourself.
+Otherwise, it's going to go by.
+
+And then you're going to say
+boy, that was fun,
+
+I wish I had savored the moment
+as I was doing it.
+
+All right.
+Let's see.
+
+What do we do today?
+Today's lecture is actually
+
+going to be a fair amount of
+fun.
+
+We are going to blast through a
+bunch of fun things.
+
+And some things that you will
+be quite unprepared for.
+
+Until now, in the last two
+lectures with op amps we talked
+
+about negative feedback.
+That is applying some portion
+
+of the output voltage to the
+negative input so that I could
+
+control this high strung device,
+my op amp.
+
+Today, what we are going to do
+is try to get a handle on what
+
+happens if we use positive
+feedback.
+
+It's the usual curious child.
+You tell them to do this,
+
+and of course they're going to
+try to do this as well.
+
+And we are going to try to do
+that and see what happens and
+
+look to see if we can build some
+useful circuits.
+
+Today --
+
+As motivation,
+let me do a quick review of a
+
+circuit that should now become
+affixed in your brains in a
+
+standard pattern.
+This is a circuit that gives
+
+you negative feedback.
+
+R1 and R2.
+
+And I apply a vIN.
+By now you should be able to
+
+look at this pattern.
+And this is your inverting
+
+amplifier pattern.
+So, you should be able to write
+
+down by inspection this is
+simply vIN or the minus vIN
+
+times R2 divided by R1.
+This is an amplifier whose gain
+
+is controlled by the ratio of R2
+and R1.
+
+This is a negative feedback
+circuit because it is always fun
+
+to do the intuition thing and
+say that look,
+
+if this voltage tends to go
+more positive than I care then
+
+this negative input goes more
+positive than I care.
+
+If that goes more positive then
+the negative input v minus
+
+becomes more positive in the
+plus input which yanks the
+
+output down.
+So, there is a nice
+
+counteracting force that keeps
+the output stable.
+
+Let's look at this circuit.
+Being curious engineers,
+
+let's look at the opposite here
+where I give myself some
+
+positive feedback in this op
+amp.
+
+And it is going to be
+interesting to analyze this
+
+because what we find out on the
+face of it is not quite actually
+
+how it behaves.
+We are going to spend most of
+
+the lecture today on
+understanding the dynamics of
+
+circuits that look like this and
+to see if we can build some fun
+
+and interesting circuits and
+systems based on this kind of
+
+positive feedback.
+It is positive feedback because
+
+I am feeding back a portion of
+the output to the positive
+
+input.
+And you should be able to stare
+
+at this and already begin to
+intuit what should happen to
+
+this.
+Let's think about it.
+
+This is zero.
+Remember, with positive
+
+feedback, the famous v plus is
+equal to v minus method doesn't
+
+apply anymore.
+Let's apply very simple
+
+analyses.
+If this is zero,
+
+let's say for example that this
+output tends to go a little bit
+
+more positive.
+This output,
+
+due to some noise or
+perturbation,
+
+tends to go up a little bit.
+If that goes up a little bit
+
+then because of feedback this
+node tends to go up a little
+
+bit.
+If this node tends to go up a
+
+little bit this exacerbates the
+positive input here and this one
+
+goes cachunk,
+whacks into the positive rail.
+
+Let's take the other point of
+view and look at it intuitively.
+
+What if this one tries to droop
+a little bit?
+
+If it droops a little bit then
+the input at the plus terminal
+
+droops a little bit.
+If that tends to go down a
+
+little bit, that makes the
+output droop further and it goes
+
+and hits into the negative rail.
+I can see that this circuit
+
+wants to hammer into the
+positive rail or hammer into the
+
+negative rail because of the
+positive feedback.
+
+It is like if you give
+incredibly positive feedback all
+
+the time, and by positive
+feedback I mean feedback
+
+encouraging the child to do
+whatever the child is doing.
+
+It could be if he does bad
+stuff you give a lot of positive
+
+feedback or good stuff you give
+a lot of positive feedback then
+
+you are guaranteed to have a
+very good child or a very bad
+
+child.
+You are not going to have
+
+anybody in the middle.
+Same way here.
+
+By giving positive feedback
+you're going to drive this into
+
+the positive rail or drive this
+into the negative rail.
+
+Now, I am going to analyze this
+in two steps.
+
+First I am going to analyze
+this using a method you've seen
+
+before which is replace the op
+amp with its equivalent circuit
+
+and analyze it statically.
+And by analyzing it statically
+
+we are going to show that the
+simple static analysis will
+
+yield the following expression.
+I put this in quotes,
+
+well, for a reason you will see
+shortly.
+
+When I apply a plain and simple
+static analysis here is what I
+
+find.
+Let's go ahead with the
+
+analysis and see what is
+basically different about these
+
+two.
+And, first of all,
+
+I will confirm for you that our
+naive analysis we have seen so
+
+far will give rise to that
+expression.
+
+So, let's go ahead and analyze
+that circuit.
+
+And to analyze that circuit
+what I will do is replace the op
+
+amp with its equivalent circuit.
+If you remember the op amp is
+
+characterized by the following
+circuit, A times v+ minus v-,
+
+vOUT.
+This is the equivalent circuit
+
+of my op amp.
+And let me just impose that
+
+external circuit on this op amp.
+I have grounded my v- terminal.
+
+My v+ terminal goes through a
+resistor and a supply,
+
+the v into ground,
+it's the resistance R1.
+
+This terminal goes to the
+output through a resistor R2.
+
+So, this is the equivalent
+circuit.
+
+And I can apply the same
+good-old techniques I have
+
+learned about all through this
+course to this circuit and see
+
+what vOUT looks like.
+Very simply,
+
+vOUT is this expression here A
+times v+ minus v-.
+
+And because of my ground
+connection v- is zero.
+
+Then let me go ahead and
+replace v+ with the voltage that
+
+relates vOUT and vIN.
+What is v+?
+
+v+ is simply the current
+through this part of the
+
+circuit, the current flowing
+here times the resistance R1.
+
+That gives me the drop across
+R1.
+
+And to that I add vIN and that
+will give me V+.
+
+And then of course I multiply
+this by the gain here.
+
+So, let me write down that
+expression.
+
+The current through this is
+simply vOUT minus vIN.
+
+That is the voltage drop
+between these two points.
+
+I divide that by the resistance
+R1 plus R2.
+
+That gives me the current
+flowing through here.
+
+That times R1 is the drop
+across resistor R1.
+
+And to that I add vIN and that
+gives me the voltage v+.
+
+So, this is v+.
+That is simply vIN plus the
+
+drop across the resistance R1.
+Let me shuffle things around
+
+and put all the vOUT terms on
+this side here.
+
+I get a 1+ for that vOUT and
+let me move AR1 divided by R1
+
+plus R2 to the left-hand side.
+And I pick up a minus sign.
+
+So, I get AR1 divide by R1 plus
+R2.
+
+I pick up that.
+And on the left-hand sign I end
+
+up with vIN, and my vIN here is
+a function of the vIN that I
+
+have here.
+I have an A multiplying both
+
+the vINs.
+And then I get a one for this
+
+vIN here and there is a minus
+sign, so I get a minus R1
+
+divided by R1+R2.
+That is the expression that I
+
+have.
+Let me go ahead and simplify
+
+that a little further and move
+this whole thing down here.
+
+That gives me my expression as
+a function of vIN.
+
+What I will do is,
+let me continue here.
+
+vOUT=vIN A(1-R1/(R1+R2)).
+By the way, you may be
+
+wondering why I am going through
+so laboriously what is seemingly
+
+a very simple exercise.
+The reason I want to do is it I
+
+want to very carefully show you
+that the result produced by this
+
+exercise is exactly that.
+No magic here.
+
+No cheating.
+We are going to get exactly
+
+that.
+And then stare at it and say
+
+huh, how did that happen?
+And then we are going to try to
+
+figure out how it actually
+behaves following that.
+
+I divide this by 1-AR1/(R1+R2).
+And by now you should be
+
+familiar with the technique of
+ignoring small numbers when I
+
+have a big number next to it.
+So, AR1/(R1+R2) can be very
+
+much larger than one because A
+is very large.
+
+So, I can ignore my one there.
+And then what I am going to do
+
+is multiply the numerator and
+denominator by R1+R2.
+
+Oh, this A and this A is going
+to cancel out.
+
+This A and this A will then
+cancel out.
+
+And then I multiply the
+numerator and denominator by
+
+R1+R2, so this R1+R2 vanishes.
+I get R1+R2 here.
+
+R1+R2 minus R1 is simply R2.
+And then down here I get a R1
+
+and then I have a minus sign out
+there.
+
+Notice that vOUT we have found
+to be equal to vIN R2 divided by
+
+R1.
+That is not wrong.
+
+That is correct.
+Technically that is correct.
+
+But you will see in a few
+seconds that in practice that
+
+that's rarely what you are going
+to see happen.
+
+And we will try to understand
+why that is so.
+
+What we have done so far,
+if you stare at these two
+
+panels here, first of all,
+we know that the inverting
+
+amplifier has the expression for
+vOUT up there.
+
+And through this laborious
+exercise we have also shown that
+
+even with positive feedback,
+if I take a static view of the
+
+circuit --
+If I take a snapshot of the
+
+circuit and simply analyze it as
+a static circuit,
+
+I get the same expression vOUT.
+But what we are going to do is
+
+when I explain to you that look,
+a small perturbation in vOUT is
+
+going to drive the op amp to the
+positive and negative rail,
+
+that is where the insight
+begins to show.
+
+That if everything were magical
+and I could somehow exactly keep
+
+things just so that will be
+true.
+
+I will be able to build that
+positive feedback circuit where
+
+the output is equal to R2/R1
+vIN.
+
+But remember even the slightly
+amount of perturbation is going
+
+to send the op amp scurrying off
+to the positive rail or the
+
+negative rail.
+How do we analyze that?
+
+How do we analyze the behavior
+of a circuit that based on a
+
+small perturbation begins to
+move one place or another?
+
+We want to analyze the dynamics
+of the op amp.
+
+And to analyze the dynamics
+what I need to do is give you a
+
+slightly more detailed view of
+the operational amplifier.
+
+If the operational amplifier is
+not moving instantaneously
+
+between the plus and minus rail,
+I need to give you a more
+
+detailed model that encapsulates
+the behavior of the op amp.
+
+And so let me do that.
+If you want to study the
+
+dynamics of an op amp --
+By dynamics I mean how an op
+
+amp moves as I perturb the input
+or the output and so on.
+
+To capture the dynamics of the
+op amp we build a slightly more
+
+involved circuit,
+so v+ and v-.
+
+This is what we've seen before,
+two terminals and dependent
+
+source that amplifies the
+difference input here by a large
+
+amount.
+Instead what we are going to do
+
+here is something slightly
+different and interpose the
+
+following circuit in the middle
+here.
+
+This is a model of the dynamics
+of an op amp.
+
+We are going to impose a small
+RC circuit in here.
+
+This is R.
+This is C.
+
+And I am going to call the
+voltage across the capacitor v*.
+
+Notice what I have done is
+rather than say this is Av+
+
+minus v- I am breaking it apart
+in two dependent sources,
+
+the first dependent source,
+which is simply v+ minus v-,
+
+and there is a RC time constant
+surrounding it and then here I
+
+simply add on my gain Av*.
+Notice that if it turned out
+
+that the resistance here,
+for example,
+
+was zero then v+ minus v- would
+appear across v* and this would
+
+be A(v+ - v-),
+what you have seen before.
+
+It is always good to take a
+look at circuits and look at
+
+what happens when some component
+goes to an extreme value.
+
+This would give you your basic
+op amp circuit.
+
+What I would like to do next is
+analyze the following circuit to
+
+understand how positive and
+negative feedback work together.
+
+And by understanding that then
+be able to explain how a
+
+positive feedback circuit works
+or a negative feedback circuit
+
+works.
+Here is what I will do.
+
+This part simply corresponds to
+my positive feedback circuit,
+
+R2, R1.
+So, that is my positive
+
+feedback circuit.
+And I will do the same thing on
+
+this side.
+
+All I am doing is applying both
+a positive feedback through R2
+
+and R1 and negative feedback
+through R4 and R3 and
+
+representing the dynamics of the
+op amp and then standing back
+
+and ee, all right,
+let's see what happens to you.
+
+So, I am sticking positive
+feedback, negative feedback,
+
+the dynamics of the op amp here
+and let's see what happens.
+
+What I would like to do is
+impose this circuit on top of
+
+this op amp model.
+To save myself some effort,
+
+let me just go ahead and modify
+this circuit directly.
+
+I get an R2 here,
+an R1 here, and then up here I
+
+get an R4, R3 here.
+The math is going to be just a
+
+little bit grubby but the result
+is actually pretty spectacular.
+
+So, all I have done is replace
+the op amp with its internal
+
+circuit out here.
+And now we are going to take a
+
+look at what happens to op amp
+dynamics when there is a small
+
+perturbation.
+Let's develop an equation of
+
+this circuit containing a
+capacitor using techniques that
+
+we already know.
+Just to give you some insight
+
+into what you're going to see,
+notice that if I make a small
+
+perturbation in the voltage
+across the capacitor,
+
+let's say I make a small
+perturbation to the capacitor
+
+voltage let's say by applying
+some initial condition kind of
+
+thing onto the capacitor.
+Then let's say that the output
+
+changes to some value K.
+So, the change on the capacitor
+
+must have been K divided by A.
+And what you are going to see
+
+is what happens to the op amp
+when the initial condition on
+
+the capacitor is such that this
+output gets perturbed to the
+
+value K.
+Let's write an equation for
+
+this little circuit and see what
+happens.
+
+Recall our goal was to
+understand what happens when I
+
+perturbed the output a little
+bit.
+
+Here I perturbed the output
+such that its value goes to K.
+
+And I can perturb the output by
+changing what happens at the
+
+capacitor.
+Let me write the equation for
+
+this circuit now and then to
+understand what happens to this
+
+capacitor circuit if I let go
+after giving it a small
+
+perturbation.
+What I am going to do is let me
+
+start by writing the good old
+equation for this little circuit
+
+here.
+And that equation is simply the
+
+voltage here v+ minus v- equals
+the voltage across the RC.
+
+So, v+ minus v- will be equal
+to the voltage drop across the
+
+resistor plus that across the
+capacitor.
+
+The voltage across the
+capacitor is v*.
+
+The voltage across the resistor
+is the current through the
+
+capacitor C dv*/dt times R.
+So, v* plus RC dv/dt is equal
+
+to v+ minus v-.
+RC dv*/dt plus v* is v+ minus
+
+v-.
+You have done this millions of
+
+times before,
+but yet again.
+
+This voltage here is equal to
+the drop across these two,
+
+and the drop across these two
+is v*, the drop across C,
+
+plus the current through the
+capacitor C dv/dt times the
+
+resistance R.
+Or you can apply the node
+
+method as well and get the same
+expression.
+
+Now, we also know here that vO
+divided by A is v*.
+
+I can go ahead and replace this
+guy here, v* by vO divided by A.
+
+RC/A dvO/dt.
+Recall, I want the dynamics of
+
+vO so let me just get an
+expression in vO.
+
+So, I get vO divided by A plus
+v+ minus v- equals.
+
+Now, I want an expression in
+vO, an equation in vO,
+
+so I need to express v+ and v-
+in terms of vO.
+
+What are these expressions?
+The expression for v- is vO and
+
+this voltage divider,
+so it's vOR3/(R3+R4).
+
+And just for simplicity,
+let me call this some constant
+
+gamma minus.
+This is some fraction
+
+R3/(R3+R4).
+And let me call that fraction
+
+gamma minus.
+Similarly, v+ is vO R1/(R1+R2).
+
+And let me call that gamma
+plus.
+
+All I am doing is replacing v+
+and v- in terms of vO.
+
+So, effectively,
+what I have here is v+ is some
+
+fraction of vO.
+That's the best intuitive way
+
+of thinking about it,
+some fraction of vO.
+
+And v- is some fraction of vO
+as well.
+
+And I just stick these.
+I now have an expression in vO.
+
+Don't get psyched by gamma plus
+and gamma minus.
+
+Simply read this as if it is an
+F1 and F2 if you would like.
+
+So, vO times some fraction
+minus vO times some other
+
+fraction.
+I am feeding back some fraction
+
+of the output to the positive
+and to the negative terminals.
+
+Then, just moving things around
+a little bit,
+
+dividing throughout by A
+divided by RC.
+
+So, I divided by A divided by
+RC.
+
+Plus vO divided by RC.
+And what I am going to do here
+
+in a second, vO gamma plus minus
+gamma minus.
+
+And I have multiplied by A
+divided by RC throughout.
+
+Finally, collecting all the vO
+terms I get vO times one divided
+
+by RC plus A divided by RC.
+I got a plus sign here so I
+
+will just reverse these two guys
+in there, gamma minus minus
+
+gamma plus equals zero.
+All I have done here is simply
+
+grunged through some math to
+express this equation in terms
+
+of vO.
+And just to make it even
+
+simpler, I will just replace
+this thing by one divided by T,
+
+much as we did for first order
+equations.
+
+What I end up with is
+dvO/dt+vO/T=0.
+
+Despite all the grubbiness,
+I end up with something that is
+
+very, very familiar to all of
+us.
+
+I went through a bunch of
+gyrations to substitute for v+,
+
+v- and v*, but at the end of
+the day I got the simple
+
+expression which was
+dvO/dt+vO/T=0.
+
+Where capital T is the time
+constant of the circuit,
+
+and the time constant of the
+circuit relates to the
+
+expression in there
+1/RC+A/RC(gamma minus - gamma
+
+plus).
+The gamma minus and gamma plus
+
+are the respective portions of
+the output fed back to the
+
+negative input and the positive
+input.
+
+Now, as we all know,
+based on very simple intuition
+
+that we can completely predict
+the behavior of a first order of
+
+an RC circuit once we know what
+the initial condition of the
+
+capacitor is and once you know
+the time constant.
+
+That's it.
+We know, we are masters at the
+
+fact that the capacitor is going
+to behave like this.
+
+It is going to be exponential.
+And I do know that the time
+
+constant capital T.
+What's here?
+
+It is simply the initial
+condition.
+
+There is no drive input.
+I am not driving this with any
+
+input here.
+There is no input drive
+
+anywhere here.
+This is simply the natural
+
+dynamics of the system.
+And, recall,
+
+I start off with bumping the
+capacitor voltage such that the
+
+output starts off being K.
+That is it.
+
+You should be able to write
+down this expression and the
+
+form of the response simply
+based on this.
+
+So, this is what I bumped up
+the output to be by perturbing
+
+the capacitor voltage.
+My output response based on
+
+this equation is going to look
+like that.
+
+Let's try to understand what
+that means.
+
+It is actually quite a lot of
+fun.
+
+How do we plot that response?
+You all learned that the way to
+
+plot the response is plot the
+initial value,
+
+plot the final value,
+and go cachoock,
+
+right?
+It's pretty simple.
+
+I am going to start at K.
+I know that.
+
+I am going to start at K and I
+am going to go and find out what
+
+the steady state value is.
+Here is where the interesting
+
+stuff comes in.
+The final value on the
+
+capacitor depends a lot on
+whether T is positive or
+
+negative.
+In my RC circuits that I looked
+
+at what was T?
+In the very simple RC circuit
+
+we looked at what was capital T?
+What was the time constant?
+
+RC.
+This was RC.
+
+This was a positive quantity.
+When capital T is positive my
+
+output is going to look like
+this.
+
+When T is positive.
+And T is positive when this
+
+expression is positive.
+And if A is so large that I can
+
+ignore the 1/RC term,
+if A is very,
+
+very large and I can ignore the
+left-hand term here then T is
+
+positive when gamma minus is
+greater than gamma plus.
+
+So, when gamma minus is greater
+than gamma plus,
+
+I have a stable circuit,
+this is the good-old stuff we
+
+have seen before.
+Now things begin to make sense.
+
+Intuitively,
+what am I saying here?
+
+All the gammas and other pieces
+of crapola aside,
+
+what am I really saying here in
+English?
+
+What I am saying here is that
+if the portion of the output fed
+
+to the negative input is greater
+than that fed to the positive
+
+input then I have net negative
+feedback.
+
+I have net negative feedback.
+I am feeding the output back to
+
+both the positive and negative
+inputs.
+
+And if my negative input has a
+stronger effect then I am going
+
+to see the op amp output decay
+down to a value that I expect
+
+which is going to be zero.
+Notice that since I am not
+
+applying any input here,
+I expect the stable point for
+
+this to be output going to zero.
+I don't have any input there.
+
+Let's take a look at another
+situation.
+
+What happens when the opposite
+is true?
+
+What happens when gamma minus
+is less than gamma plus?
+
+When I feedback more,
+what happens when I do this,
+
+when gamma plus is greater than
+gamma minus?
+
+The opposite is true.
+This means that I am feeding
+
+back more to the positive input.
+A bigger proportion goes to the
+
+positive than the negative.
+What happens then?
+
+Then what happens is capital T
+becomes negative.
+
+We cannot see this happening on
+the RC circuit because capital T
+
+is equal to RC,
+but here we have a more
+
+complicated circuit and capital
+T can go negative.
+
+If capital T goes negative then
+this whole thing in the exponent
+
+there goes positive.
+If that goes positive what
+
+should the output look like?
+It should take off into
+
+never-never land.
+There we go.
+
+I start off at zero and a make
+a small perturbation,
+
+and the output should go as t
+divided by capital T.
+
+The dynamics of this it goes
+berserk, so it is net positive
+
+feedback.
+This is called a stable
+
+situation.
+This is unstable.
+
+What happens when capital T
+goes to infinity?
+
+When capital T goes to
+infinity, spend five seconds
+
+thinking about what it means
+physically.
+
+What does it mean for the time
+constant of an RC circuit to go
+
+to infinity?
+That means that your R and C
+
+are very, very,
+very large.
+
+That means that circuit is
+going to be very,
+
+very sluggish.
+Think elephant.
+
+A big time constant.
+I want to move a leg.
+
+It takes a while to do that.
+Think big.
+
+Big time constant.
+So, everything is going to
+
+happen really slowly.
+It's like moving in molasses.
+
+Big time constant.
+Everything is going to happen
+
+really, really slowly.
+If gamma minus is greater than
+
+gamma plus with a huge time
+constant it is going to look
+
+like this.
+And the output is going to look
+
+like this.
+I make T even larger.
+
+All right.
+It is going to like this.
+
+I make these so large that T
+tends to zero,
+
+T tends to infinity in which
+case I get this situation.
+
+The output goes dah.
+OK?
+
+Very slow.
+Very lethargic.
+
+Big time constant.
+T tends to infinity.
+
+And so if this is stable,
+this is unstable,
+
+this is called corresponding
+neutral.
+
+And there is a mechanical
+analog to all of this.
+
+You can show that this
+situation is akin to let's say I
+
+had a physical well of the sort
+and I had a ball in there.
+
+I let the ball go.
+Then the ball will come down
+
+here and settle down in a stable
+state.
+
+Any small perturbation of the
+ball will get it to come down
+
+and settle down here.
+The unstable situation is this
+
+situation where I have a ball
+sitting up here where any small
+
+perturbation will get it to zip
+down to a positive rail or to a
+
+negative rail.
+So, this is an unstable
+
+equilibrium situation.
+And exactly the reason we got
+
+this analysis in the static
+situation is that this can
+
+happen.
+If I do this circuit here and
+
+don't perturb it then I could
+get the output sitting at zero,
+
+but the slightest perturbation,
+boom, it is going to fall down
+
+or go up.
+What about the neutral
+
+equilibrium state?
+That can be modeled like a
+
+table top and the ball is here.
+It doesn't matter where you go.
+
+There you are.
+How many people saw the
+
+Buckaroo Bonzi thing?
+Possibly well before your time.
+
+OK.
+I have this table here.
+
+No matter what I do to it,
+it just goes and settles down
+
+where it is, and that is neutral
+equilibrium.
+
+But what this gives you is a
+fun view of the dynamics of the
+
+operational amplifier as I make
+small perturbations to it.
+
+And the even more interesting
+thing here is you have the tools
+
+based on your first order RC
+analysis to analyze the dynamics
+
+of a simple op amp circuit.
+OK, so much for theory.
+
+Now let's get to some action
+here.
+
+All right.
+Fine.
+
+That is really pretty,
+good and so on,
+
+but what can you do for me?
+What good does this property do
+
+for me?
+What can I build?
+
+What we will do is look at the
+op amp circuit and focus on the
+
+situation where I have net
+positive feedback.
+
+In particular just look at this
+circuit with R1 and R2 and send
+
+both to infinity.
+So, I have no negative feedback
+
+and I ground this terminal here
+and take a look at what happens
+
+to a circuit with positive
+feedback and see if I can build
+
+some interesting circuits.
+What you are going to do is
+
+build on a circuit called the
+basic comparator.
+
+What is that?
+If I have an op amp that looks
+
+like this, and remember a VS
+rail and minus VS supply there,
+
+this is v+, this is v-,
+I can build a very basic
+
+comparator by doing the
+following.
+
+All the circuits I am going to
+show you are going to build on
+
+this basic little circuit.
+What I am going to do is
+
+consider applying an input to
+the v- terminal,
+
+applying some sort of an input
+and taking a look at how the
+
+output behaves.
+So, I apply some input vIN.
+
+And if I just do that,
+if this is v+ minus v- here
+
+then I am going to get something
+that goes like this.
+
+That is when this is positive
+here then this guy is going to
+
+go to the VS rail and this guy
+is going to go to the minus VS
+
+rail.
+In terms of the,
+
+if I plot the same thing,
+in terms of vIN,
+
+and this is vOUT,
+if I plot the thing in terms of
+
+vIN then notice that as vIN
+increases this guy should go to
+
+a negative rail.
+So, in terms of vIN it looks
+
+like this.
+What this says is that as the
+
+input becomes more and more
+positive applied to v- then the
+
+output goes to minus VS,
+and if the input becomes more
+
+and more negative then the
+output goes to VS.
+
+This is what is called a very
+basic comparator circuit.
+
+It compares the two inputs and
+goes up if the input is in one
+
+direction and goes to the other
+rail if the input is in the
+
+opposite direction.
+So supposing I feed this- I can
+
+plot this is a function of time.
+Let's say I plot vIN.
+
+Let's say I feed some vIN here.
+Let me just call this.
+
+I feed some vIN to this circuit
+here, then what do you expect
+
+the output to look like,
+the output wave form?
+
+For all positive vINs the
+output is negative.
+
+So, my output vO is going to be
+negative as long as vIN is
+
+positive.
+And when vIN becomes negative
+
+this one shoots up and behaves
+like this.
+
+This is minus VS.
+That is plus VS.
+
+This is my input vIN.
+Then this guy is going to be my
+
+output.
+As vIN is positive output slams
+
+to the negative rail.
+When vIN becomes negative the
+
+output slams to the positive
+rail.
+
+So, that is quite nice.
+And so such a circuit is pretty
+
+useful to me.
+Let's say, for example,
+
+I want to build a little
+digital circuit that is fed ones
+
+and zeros.
+I can use a comparator to turn
+
+my vIN voltage into a sequence
+of ones and zeros.
+
+When vIN is positive I produce
+a zero and when vIN is negative
+
+I produce a one.
+I can get this one,
+
+zero, one, zero sequence coming
+out corresponding to the values
+
+of vIN being greater or less
+than zero.
+
+Now, one problem with something
+like this is that this circuit
+
+can be quite messy in the
+following situation.
+
+Suppose I superimpose a small
+amount of noise in vIN.
+
+In particular,
+let's say that I have some
+
+amount of noise on vIN.
+I get a bunch of noise sitting
+
+around here.
+What happens is that at this
+
+point where the value goes
+negative, I do bump up.
+
+But when for a second I have my
+input going above zero again --
+
+-- this output comes down again
+and out here it goes up again.
+
+I get this nasty behavior at
+the point where the input is
+
+around zero.
+When the input is around zero,
+
+the input is meandering around
+zero because of noise,
+
+I get a huge amount of up and
+down glitches on the output.
+
+That's not very nice.
+And we will do a little circuit
+
+that attempts to fix that little
+problem.
+
+What we are going to do is use
+positive feedback.
+
+And I am going to build you a
+circuit that shows that we can
+
+eliminate this for small noise
+on the input.
+
+So, let's build the following
+circuit.
+
+So I still feed vi to the
+negative input,
+
+but this time around I give it
+some positive feedback.
+
+So, I give it some positive
+feedback.
+
+And what I am going to do is
+feedback a portion of vO to the
+
+positive input.
+This is positive feedback.
+
+And, in particular,
+let's assume that VS equals 12
+
+volts.
+And to the negative one I
+
+connect -VS.
+This guy is going to go between
+
+12 and -12.
+And correspondingly because
+
+these two are equal this one is
+going to go between 6 and -6.
+
+This is going to be a 12 or
+-12.
+
+Remember, the top rail and the
+bottom rail.
+
+And this one is going to be a
++6 or -6.
+
+And let's understand how this
+circuit works when I apply an
+
+input vIN.
+Let's start by saying that
+
+assume my input is zero for a
+moment.
+
+And let's say my output starts
+off being 12 volts.
+
+The output is 12 volts then the
+input here is going to be 6
+
+volts.
+In this case v+ is going to be
+
+6 volts.
+The output is 12,
+
+v+ is going to be 6 volts.
+And my circuit is sitting out
+
+there doing nothing.
+Now, this started off being
+
+zero.
+Let's say vIN increases.
+
+As vIN begins to increase what
+happens?
+
+Well, nothing until vIN reaches
+6 volts.
+
+Since this is 6,
+vIN has to go up to 6 volts,
+
+has to equal this voltage
+before I can flip the circuit.
+
+What happens when vIN is
+greater than 6 volts,
+
+if vIN goes above 6 then I have
+more voltage on a negative
+
+terminal than the positive so
+the op amp flips its state.
+
+And vO gets to -12 volts.
+When vi goes above 6,
+
+vO gets to 12 volts.
+And what does v+ go to?
+
+In this state v+ goes to half
+of -12 which is -6 volts.
+
+Now, this guy is sitting at -6
+and this guy is sitting at -12.
+
+If this one keeps rising
+nothing happens,
+
+so output can stay at -12.
+So I am pretty safe.
+
+Then let's say v begins to come
+down.
+
+As v begins to come down,
+does anything happen when v
+
+gets to 6 again?
+If v is equal to 6 what
+
+happens?
+Nothing because this is at -6
+
+now.
+So, there is still a huge net
+
+negative voltage here from v+ to
+v-.
+
+And so therefore I sit at -12.
+Oh, well, I keep coming down
+
+until I reach -6.
+When I reach -6 here these two
+
+become equal.
+And what happens when this
+
+becomes less than -6?
+v- becomes less than -6.
+
+If this one goes below this
+voltage, this is -6 and this is
+
+-7.
+There is a net positive voltage
+
+between v+ and v-,
+so this output swings to the
+
+positive rail like so.
+We will spend a lot more time
+
+on this in the next few minutes
+to really hammer the point home.
+
+What is interesting about this
+is that even though the moment
+
+vi became more than 6,
+I swung to the positive rail,
+
+and then I had to go all the
+way back down to -6 before I
+
+could change state.
+I had to go way down before it
+
+could flip again.
+How can we make use of that?
+
+Well, let me draw you a little
+vi versus vO diagram and then
+
+talk about how that can be
+useful to us.
+
+This is vi, this is vO,
+this is zero.
+
+Let's say this is 12,
+-12, -6, +6.
+
+Let's plot that on the screen
+and see what it looks like.
+
+As I told you,
+the output was at 12 volts to
+
+begin with and my input was at
+zero.
+
+So, my input kept increasing.
+When the input hit +6 what
+
+happened to my output?
+My output swung down to -12.
+
+As the input kept increasing
+nothing happened.
+
+This was step one,
+this was step two,
+
+step three.
+My input kept increasing and
+
+output stayed at -12 volts.
+Then what I said was well,
+
+let's bring the input down.
+So, my input began to go down,
+
+step four, became more and more
+negative.
+
+Nothing happened until I
+reached -6.
+
+When I reached -6 I swung
+positive, step five.
+
+Again, one, two,
+three, four,
+
+five.
+I am going up here.
+
+It came up here.
+And nothing happens until I
+
+reach -6, but at -6 boom,
+I switch to the positive rail.
+
+And as I get more and more
+negative I stay there.
+
+Then again, as I start
+increasing again,
+
+nothing happens until I reach
++6.
+
+Think of that as your seventh
+step.
+
+What is spectacular about this
+is that I seem to have a circuit
+
+that now has some knowledge of
+where it came.
+
+If it is coming from here it
+switches at +6,
+
+but if it is coming from here
+it switches at -6.
+
+So, there seems to be sort of a
+lag in the behavior of the
+
+circuit or some memory property
+in the circuit.
+
+This kind of behavior is called
+hysteresis.
+
+The word comes from magnetic
+circuits where,
+
+or rather elements that you're
+trying to magnetize.
+
+Where if you take a magnet and
+move it over a piece of metal it
+
+may leave some residual
+magnetism in it.
+
+And, in the same way,
+that is called hysteresis.
+
+Same way here.
+As the voltage increases it
+
+seems to leave some residual in
+the circuit so that it effects
+
+when it shifts.
+The good news with this is that
+
+now, if I take the same kind of
+noisy wave form that I had
+
+before and do this --
+If this is vi then what is
+
+going to happen is for vO I am
+going to be negative at this
+
+point.
+Nothing happens here because I
+
+have to get to -6 or +6 before
+something happens.
+
+Out here I get to -6 and I
+switch state and go up to +12.
+
+And then this one comes up
+above -6 very slightly out
+
+there.
+Nothing happens because the
+
+next change will happen only
+when the input goes to +6.
+
+So, if eventually the input
+gets to +6 and then I am going
+
+to change state again.
+It is actually a really cool
+
+property and something that is
+completely non-obvious.
+
+In the last 30 seconds let me
+show you a quick demo.
+
+And, based on this property of
+hysteresis, I have actually
+
+built a little circuit.
+Let me do that first.
+
+Notice here that I am showing
+you the input on the X axis vi
+
+and vO on the Y axis.
+Notice how the output switches
+
+at +6 volts and switches at a -6
+volts to +12 or -12.
+
+That's the hysteresis property.
+And we can actually use this
+
+property to build a clock
+circuit, which is on page 9,
+
+build an oscillator that sits
+there and oscillates by itself.
+
+And you will see details of
+that in recitation tomorrow.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kgaJf-mQSAE.txt b/kgaJf-mQSAE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fb8f4ace0536d31ad1dfda0f95fd186be7a70ab7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kgaJf-mQSAE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reason why we want to sequence DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why we want to sequence DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why we want to sequence DNA
+is uh is for the simple reason that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is for the simple reason that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is for the simple reason that uh
+DNA uh contains the basic instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA uh contains the basic instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA uh contains the basic instruction
+set for the basis of Life uh cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set for the basis of Life uh cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set for the basis of Life uh cells
+replicate on their own and in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate on their own and in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate on their own and in order to
+replicate or make copies of themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate or make copies of themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate or make copies of themselves
+they have to have an instruction set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to have an instruction set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to have an instruction set and
+that instruction set codes or encodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instruction set codes or encodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instruction set codes or encodes
+for all of the machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of the machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of the machinery
+that the cell has to assemble and build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cell has to assemble and build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cell has to assemble and build
+the human genome is three billion bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human genome is three billion bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human genome is three billion bases
+of DNA which encodes for an in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA which encodes for an in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA which encodes for an in
+incredibly complicated machine which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly complicated machine which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly complicated machine which is
+ourselves and we want to know how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and we want to know how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and we want to know how that
+came to be and what that represents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to be and what that represents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to be and what that represents and
+so that's all somehow in that DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all somehow in that DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all somehow in that DNA
+sequence a simple way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a simple way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a simple way of thinking about
+a DNA sequencer is that it's a decoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DNA sequencer is that it's a decoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DNA sequencer is that it's a decoding
+machine uh the genome uh has uh codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh the genome uh has uh codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh the genome uh has uh codes
+information in a string of B DNA bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in a string of B DNA bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in a string of B DNA bases
+and the trick is is to identify what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trick is is to identify what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trick is is to identify what's
+the order of those bases in a strand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of those bases in a strand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of those bases in a strand or
+a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DNA what the DNA sequencer does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA what the DNA sequencer does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA what the DNA sequencer does is it
+takes a sample of DNA that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a sample of DNA that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a sample of DNA that's been
+fragmented into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented into
+pieces it sucks up those samples uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces it sucks up those samples uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces it sucks up those samples uh it's
+a multi-headed pipetter 96 pipet chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-headed pipetter 96 pipet chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-headed pipetter 96 pipet chips
+sucks up the sample moves over to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucks up the sample moves over to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucks up the sample moves over to where
+the samples are are actually introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the samples are are actually introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the samples are are actually introduced
+into the gel which is the uh working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the gel which is the uh working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the gel which is the uh working
+component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+machine and then after that the samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and then after that the samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and then after that the samples
+are separated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are separated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are separated by
+electroforesis and then the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroforesis and then the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroforesis and then the different
+pieces are detected by a fluoresence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces are detected by a fluoresence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces are detected by a fluoresence
+based detector and then the signals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based detector and then the signals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based detector and then the signals are
+processed uh and converted into one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed uh and converted into one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed uh and converted into one of
+the four DNA bases so it's a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four DNA bases so it's a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four DNA bases so it's a machine
+that decodes the chemical sequence into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decodes the chemical sequence into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decodes the chemical sequence into
+a four base digital sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four base digital sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four base digital sequence
+what we're trying to refine uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to refine uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to refine uh with the
+DNA sequencer is uh trying to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA sequencer is uh trying to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA sequencer is uh trying to improve
+its performance uh make it a much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its performance uh make it a much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its performance uh make it a much better
+machine it's going to be commercially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine it's going to be commercially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine it's going to be commercially uh
+available uh in in the next year um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available uh in in the next year um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available uh in in the next year um but
+uh rather than improving the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rather than improving the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rather than improving the DNA
+sequencer itself we want to improve uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencer itself we want to improve uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencer itself we want to improve uh
+the technologies that are associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies that are associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies that are associated
+with how to prepare sample for DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how to prepare sample for DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how to prepare sample for DNA
+sequencing as well as take what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing as well as take what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing as well as take what we've
+learned about building machines such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about building machines such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about building machines such as
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+and uh building other kinds of machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh building other kinds of machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh building other kinds of machines
+uh designed to study other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh designed to study other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh designed to study other kinds of
+biological problems a bioengineering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological problems a bioengineering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological problems a bioengineering is
+just is breaking open as a field um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is breaking open as a field um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is breaking open as a field um it's
+breaking open because biology in itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking open because biology in itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking open because biology in itself
+which is the scientific basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the scientific basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the scientific basis for
+bioengineering uh is undergoing a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering uh is undergoing a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering uh is undergoing a major
+change or a major Revolution uh caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or a major Revolution uh caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or a major Revolution uh caused
+mainly because we were able to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly because we were able to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly because we were able to have
+sequenced genomes now but now we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequenced genomes now but now we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequenced genomes now but now we want to
+know what that means and uh how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that means and uh how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that means and uh how we can
+use use that information and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use use that information and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use use that information and that's
+where bioengineers come in
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/l6Bf5ktvM_g.txt b/l6Bf5ktvM_g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab83bc5d6f34d05ee2cdbc6b0d4e136c8999a0d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/l6Bf5ktvM_g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2471 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: --
+
+10 seconds to answer the
+first clicker question.
+
+As you can see we're having
+another competition today, so
+
+see if you can beat out Justin's
+recitation and get
+
+the most correct today.
+
+So, this is a topic from Friday,
+which is asking us
+
+which of the following
+molecules are
+
+free radical species.
+
+OK.
+
+So it looks like most and you
+got it, that it's o h.
+
+Let's quickly go over why that
+is just in case you weren't
+
+one of that 74%.
+
+So, if we're looking at o h
+versus c o, what are we
+
+looking at to decide if we
+have a radical here?
+
+Valence electrons.
+
+So we have 6 plus 1 in terms
+of o h, that's 7, versus
+
+having 4 plus 6, which is 10.
+
+Specifically, what
+do we look for in
+
+terms of valence electrons?
+
+Odd numbers.
+
+So, we have a radical here with
+o h, whereas we have an
+
+even number of valence electrons
+for c o, so that's
+
+not a radical, in terms of
+what we know how to think
+
+about so far, which is using
+our Lewis structures to
+
+determine that.
+
+All right.
+
+So that's a little review from
+Friday, let's move on to
+
+today's lecture.
+
+In terms of what we're going
+to be talking about today,
+
+we're going to finish up with
+talking about polar covalent
+
+bonds, and finish up
+with discussing the
+
+idea of polar molecules.
+
+And then we'll move on to start
+talking about well, we
+
+know how to draw our Lewis
+structures, how can we use
+
+those Lewis structures to think
+about the actual shapes
+
+of molecules.
+
+So, first thinking about our
+polar covalent bonds.
+
+What we had established is if we
+have a case where we have a
+
+covalent bond, but there's
+unequal sharing of electrons
+
+between the two atoms, namely
+because they have different
+
+electronegativities, what we see
+is we have a polar bond or
+
+a polar covalent bond where one
+of the atoms is going to
+
+pull away more of the electron
+density from that bond, giving
+
+it that partial negative charge
+where the other atom is
+
+going to end up with a partial
+positive charge.
+
+In terms of thinking about
+well, what do we call a
+
+covalent bond versus a polar
+covalent bond versus a purely
+
+ionic bond, it turns out that
+the distinction is a little
+
+bit fuzzy, it's not a clear
+line, but in terms of talking
+
+about things in general, and
+especially in thinking about
+
+problems for this course, what
+we're going to say is if you
+
+have an electronegativity or chi
+difference between the two
+
+atoms that is greater than 0 .
+
+4, and less than 1 .
+
+7, and we're talking about the
+Pauling electronegativity
+
+scale here, which is what's
+used throughout your book.
+
+If you have a difference in
+electronegativity anywhere in
+
+that range, we'll have what we
+call a polar covalent bond
+
+between those two atoms.
+
+So, for example, if we compare
+the chi values for hydrogen
+
+versus carbon, we see
+they only have a
+
+difference of 0.4 .
+
+0.4 is not greater than 0.4 .
+
+So we would not call this a c h
+bond, we would not say it's
+
+polar covalent, we would
+just call it covalent.
+
+In contrast, if we talk about
+a carbon oxygen bond, now we
+
+have a chi difference of 0.8 ,
+so that is greater than 0.4 ,
+
+so we'll call carbon oxygen
+bond polar covalent.
+
+We can extend this idea of
+talking about these polar
+
+covalent bonds to thinking
+about an entire molecule.
+
+I'm sure you've all heard of
+the term a polar molecule
+
+versus a non-polar molecule, and
+essentially, when we talk
+
+about having a polar molecule,
+what we're saying is that
+
+there's is a net non-zero
+dipole moment
+
+within the whole molecule.
+
+So essentially, what we have
+to do is combine all of the
+
+individual bonds to think about
+the molecule as a whole.
+
+So, let's take an example of
+carbon dioxide here, or c o 2.
+
+Very soon in the lecture you'll
+learn how to predict
+
+shapes based on Lewis
+structures.
+
+So you will quickly see that
+this is a linear molecule.
+
+We can think about the
+2 bonds within it.
+
+There's two carbon oxygen bonds,
+and we know that there
+
+is a dipole in that
+bond, which is
+
+going toward the oxygen.
+
+Remember, in chemistry we always
+draw the arrow, we're
+
+always interested in what those
+electrons are doing.
+
+So if we draw in the bond
+dipoles, and you can draw
+
+these into your notes, you want
+to draw an arrow towards
+
+the oxygen in each case.
+
+But we're not just interested
+here in thinking about do we
+
+have a polar bond, we actually
+want to know in general do we
+
+have a polar molecule.
+
+So, looking at c o 2 as a whole,
+do you think we have a
+
+polar or a non-polar
+molecule here?
+
+Non-polar.
+
+OK, very good for all of you
+that said non-polar.
+
+The reason it's non-polar is
+we simply have two equal
+
+vectors in opposite directions,
+so they cancel
+
+each other out.
+
+The net effect is that
+we have a 0 dipole
+
+moment in the c o molecule.
+
+In contrast, we can
+look at h 2 o.
+
+H 2 o actually has this bent
+shape, and again, we'll see
+
+very soon and how to predict
+that h 2 o has a bent shape,
+
+that water is bent.
+
+And again, we do have dipole
+moments -- we have bonds where
+
+there is a polar bond and we
+should point our arrow toward
+
+the oxygen, because electron
+density is being pulled from
+
+the hydrogen atoms
+to the oxygen.
+
+And again, we can cancel some
+of these vectors out, but we
+
+still have a net dipole moment
+that is going to be going up
+
+if we think about combining
+these 2 vectors here.
+
+So, what we would say, which
+is what we know from
+
+everything we've always
+heard, which is that
+
+water is a polar molecule.
+
+So, this is a great
+way to think about
+
+molecules in general.
+
+It's very easy to think about
+if those vectors cancel each
+
+other out or if they're additive
+when we're talking
+
+about just single bonds, so we
+have two atoms or if we have
+
+just three atoms, as we do
+in these cases here.
+
+But it turns out, a lot of the
+molecules we consider are
+
+actually much, much,
+much larger than
+
+just a couple of atoms.
+
+So we can't often think about
+canceling all the different
+
+vectors out.
+
+And in general, when we're
+talking about these really
+
+large molecules, whether
+they're large organic
+
+molecules or we're talking about
+proteins, which can have
+
+thousands of atoms in them,
+instead of adding up all those
+
+individual polar bonds, what
+we do is we talk about the
+
+number of polar groups that it
+will have in the molecule.
+
+So we can think about a protein,
+for example, as
+
+having a lot of different polar
+groups or one that has
+
+not too many polar
+side groups.
+
+That's one way you hear people
+talking about proteins, and
+
+that has a lot to do with their
+solubility in water, and
+
+also about how the protein's
+going to fold.
+
+But let's look at a little bit
+about less complicated example
+
+than a protein with thousands
+of different atoms.
+
+Let's instead consider a couple
+of vitamins here, which
+
+instead have a few dozen
+different atoms in them.
+
+Specifically, let's look at
+vitamin A and vitamin B9.
+
+Does anyone know another
+name for vitamin B9?
+
+I don't think I hear it -- does
+anyone say folic acid.
+
+It's also sometimes called
+vitamin M. It's one of the
+
+vitamin B9 vitamins, there's
+actually other forms of
+
+vitamin B9, but this is
+one of the big ones
+
+that you hear about.
+
+Hopefully you're all very
+familiar with folic acid,
+
+because it's an important
+vitamin to take, especially if
+
+you're a woman, especially if
+there's any chance you ever
+
+might become pregnant in any
+kind of near future time, by
+
+accident or on purpose.
+
+And the reason for this is
+because folic acid deficiency
+
+in pregnant women leads to
+neural tube defects in babies,
+
+and your brain develops very,
+very, very early in pregnancy,
+
+the brain of an embryo.
+
+So it turns out that a lot of
+women don't realize they're
+
+pregnant while the fetus' brain
+is developing, and if
+
+these women are not getting
+enough folic acid, you can end
+
+up with spina bifida, which is
+an absolutely devastating and
+
+very preventable disease or
+other neural tube defects.
+
+So hopefully, if you're not
+familiar with folic acid,
+
+you'll become familiar at least
+within the next 10 or 15
+
+years or so before you're
+thinking about maybe, on
+
+purpose, becoming pregnant
+at some time.
+
+Vitamin A you probably all
+heard about growing up,
+
+getting enough of your carrots
+so you can see at night.
+
+Vitamin A is important
+for eye health.
+
+But just looking at the
+structure of these two
+
+molecules, knowing what we
+know so far about general
+
+chemistry, we can already say
+a lot about how these are
+
+going to function the body
+or how they'll be
+
+treated in the body.
+
+And specifically, let's take a
+look at which of these two
+
+molecules has more polar bonds
+and see what that tells us.
+
+So take a look at your two
+structures and tell me which
+
+has, between folic acid and
+vitamin A, more polar groups
+
+within the vitamin.
+
+And this should go pretty
+quickly since you don't need
+
+to have an exact number, we're
+just looking and glancing and
+
+seeing which has more.
+
+So let's take 10 seconds
+on this.
+
+All right, great.
+
+So most you said folic acid or
+vitamin B9, so let's switch
+
+back to our notes and
+take a look at why.
+
+So vitamin B9 has more
+polar bonds.
+
+It's very easy to see, once I
+highlight, that it's not even
+
+a close call at all.
+
+We have a bunch of different
+polar bonds in B9 versus just
+
+one in vitamin A. Remember, the
+c h bond we're not calling
+
+polar covalent because it only
+has an electronegativity
+
+difference of 0.4 between
+the two atoms.
+
+So what we know is that vitamin
+B9, folic acid, is
+
+more polar.
+
+Remember, we also just said that
+water is polar, so would
+
+we say that B9 is water
+or fat soluble?
+
+It's going to be water soluble
+-- everyone knows the saying,
+
+"like dissolves like."
+B9 is going to
+
+be very water soluble.
+
+This actually is very important
+if you think about
+
+taking your vitamins.
+
+This means if it's water
+soluble, any vitamins that are
+
+water soluble, and now you
+should to be able to look at
+
+the structure of any vitamin and
+tell me, for example, that
+
+vitamin C is water soluble,
+that folic
+
+acid is water soluble.
+
+If you take these vitamins, what
+happens is that they're
+
+very quickly and easily excreted
+into your urine.
+
+So, for example, some people
+like to take mega doses of
+
+vitamin C. What really happens
+is that you have a mega dose
+
+of vitamin C in your urine,
+it doesn't stick around
+
+long in your body.
+
+So it doesn't help and
+just take all of your
+
+vitamin C at once.
+
+That's why it's important to eat
+balanced meals throughout
+
+the day, you need to be getting
+a constant supply of
+
+these water soluble vitamins.
+
+The same is for folic acid, you
+can't just take it once a
+
+month, you need to be taking it
+regularly in order that you
+
+keep the stores up in your body,
+otherwise you're going
+
+to excrete it, you're going to
+get rid of it very quickly.
+
+In contrast, if we think about
+vitamin A, is this going to be
+
+water soluble or fat soluble?
+
+Yup, so this is the fat
+soluble vitamin.
+
+Vitamin E is another big one
+that's fat soluble that gets a
+
+lot of press in terms of being
+an important vitamin to take.
+
+We can think about what it means
+when a vitamin is fat
+
+soluble instead of
+water soluble.
+
+Well, now it's not going to get
+excreted out of our body
+
+so quickly, so we actually can
+build up amounts of vitamin A
+
+vitamin E, for example, but that
+can also pose a problem
+
+if you think about biologically
+what's happening.
+
+And up here I just show two
+different supplements that I
+
+found on the internet.
+
+This is One A Day vitamin, it
+has about 100% of what you
+
+need of everything.
+
+And then this vitamin is one
+that I found that's supposed
+
+to really help you with your
+eye health, if you have bad
+
+vision instead of glasses, they
+suggest that you try this
+
+vitamin here.
+
+And what you can see is that it
+has five times your daily
+
+value of vitamin A, and 13 times
+what you need of vitamin
+
+E. Is this a good idea?
+
+No.
+
+Basically, you are just building
+up more and more and
+
+more of these fat soluble
+vitamins into your body.
+
+And there have been studies that
+have come out recently
+
+trying to look at the health
+benefits of vitamin E, and in
+
+some of these studies they give
+these mega doses, and
+
+instead what they find is
+increased bleeding in these
+
+patients, an increase in overall
+different types of
+
+death that can be happening.
+
+You want to take your vitamins,
+it's very important,
+
+but you don't want it just
+build up, and you want to
+
+think about is the vitamin that
+I'm going and getting 800
+
+times what I need a day, is that
+a water soluble vitamin
+
+or a fat soluble vitamin, and
+using your chemistry, you
+
+should be able to very quickly
+take a quick look at that
+
+structure and figure out what
+kind of a vitamin that is.
+
+All right.
+
+So that's just one reason we
+would want to be able to think
+
+about polarity is thinking about
+whether something is
+
+very water soluble or not.
+
+Let's think about some other
+things that have to do with
+
+polarity and then can tell us
+a lot of other information.
+
+So let's move on to talking
+about the shapes of molecules.
+
+And the shapes of molecules is
+very important for a number of
+
+different properties when we're
+thinking about chemical
+
+reactions and reactions that
+take place in the body.
+
+When we talk about shapes of
+molecules, we're talking about
+
+the geometry of that molecule.
+
+And the geometry influences
+all of its different
+
+properties, including things
+like melting point or boiling
+
+point, it's reactivity.
+
+We just saw when talking about
+polar molecules, that it
+
+influences whether or
+not the molecule
+
+itself is polar or apolar.
+
+It's also really important when
+we talk about biology.
+
+Shape is particularly important
+when you think about
+
+enzymes having an active site
+where a molecule needs to fit
+
+perfectly into the active
+site, it does that
+
+because of its shape.
+
+A quick example that we can
+think about is with sucrose.
+
+Does anyone know what
+sucrose is?
+
+It's just table sugar -- sucrose
+is that crystal in
+
+sugar that we hopefully use in
+most of our sugar intake as
+
+sweeteners.
+
+A lot of times we use corn
+syrup, which is often not
+
+sucrose and which tends to be
+not always as good for us,
+
+although anything in too much
+excess is obviously a
+
+non-ideal situation.
+
+But in order for us to use the
+energy from sucrose, sucrose
+
+is made up of two individual
+sugar monomers.
+
+It's made up of a monomer of
+glucose and one of fructose, a
+
+6 and a 5 membered ring, so in
+order for our body to use it,
+
+we need to break it into
+with its monomers.
+
+And if we that, we can do it by
+what's called hydrolysis --
+
+sucrose and water breaks down
+into its two monomers, now our
+
+body can use it.
+
+The problem is this process
+takes on the order of 10 or
+
+maybe 100 years in order for us
+to get enough of the sugar
+
+broken down.
+
+That's why we need an enzyme
+molecule, and the enzyme in
+
+our body is called sucrase.
+
+Sucrase breaks down sucrose, it
+catalyzes that reaction, so
+
+it happens very quickly.
+
+And the key is, and here's a
+ball and stick shape of what
+
+sucrose looks like.
+
+It needs to fit exactly
+into that active site.
+
+When it does, it combines into
+the enzyme, the enzyme can
+
+then catalyze the hydrolysis or
+the breaking apart of those
+
+two individual monomers into
+its separate pieces.
+
+And then it let's go of the
+glucose and the fructose, and
+
+we get our enzyme back again,
+and something else combined
+
+into that active site.
+
+So, this is one very simple
+example of why molecular shape
+
+is very important.
+
+A lot of times you're thinking
+about small molecules
+
+interacting with proteins or
+interacting with other
+
+molecules, and you want to think
+about the shape of that
+
+molecule to think about how that
+interaction is going to
+
+take place.
+
+So what we're going to use to
+think about molecular shape or
+
+molecular geometry is what's
+called valence shell electron
+
+repulsion or vsper theory.
+
+And this theory is very
+convenient for us to be
+
+thinking about because we are
+now masters of drawing Lewis
+
+structures, and vesper theory is
+based on Lewis structures,
+
+and also the principle that when
+we have valence electron
+
+pairs, they're going to
+repel each other.
+
+This make sense any time you
+have negatively-charged
+
+electrons, you want to get them
+as far away from each
+
+other as possible
+because they're
+
+all negatively charged.
+
+And the other principle is that
+the geometry around that
+
+central atom, which you've
+identified as the central atom
+
+in the Lewis structure, is
+going to be such that it
+
+minimizes the repulsion between
+those either bonding
+
+electrons or the
+electron pairs.
+
+So when we talk about vsper
+there's a special nomenclature
+
+that we do use, and in vsper we
+have a -- does anyone know
+
+what a means in vsper theory?
+
+It's a central atom.
+
+What about x?
+
+So this is actually the
+bonding, any bonding
+
+atom you call x.
+
+And then we have e, which
+is equal to lone pairs.
+
+So e is a lone pair -- e is not
+a lone pair electron, so
+
+if you have two electrons,
+that's one lone pair.
+
+All right.
+
+So there are some guidelines
+that we use when we're coming
+
+up with these vsper
+geometries.
+
+The first thing we talk about is
+the steric number, which we
+
+use to predict what that
+geometry will be.
+
+When we're talking about steric
+number, all we're
+
+talking about is adding together
+the number we have of
+
+bonded atoms, plus the
+number of lone pairs.
+
+So, essentially were just adding
+x to e and that gives
+
+us our steric number.
+
+So, for example, if we look at
+this molecule, which is a x 2
+
+e, what is the steric
+number here?
+
+Yeah, it's 3, so we have
+a steric number of 3.
+
+Something that I want to point
+out is that we could have a
+
+different molecule, which is
+also a x 2 e, but in this case
+
+we have a double bond between
+the central atom and one of
+
+the x atoms here, and what I
+want to point out is in vsper
+
+theory we treat bonds as bonds,
+we don't worry about if
+
+they're single or they're double
+or they're triple.
+
+So again, we call this a x 2
+e, this again, has a steric
+
+number of 3.
+
+So what's important in terms of
+vsper theory is the number
+
+of atoms bonded to
+a central atom.
+
+What's not important is the
+types of bonds that we're
+
+dealing with.
+
+A few other guidelines I want to
+mention is first of all, to
+
+think about resonance
+structures.
+
+So on Friday we were talking
+about the chromate anion, and
+
+we said that here are two of its
+resonance structures here,
+
+but that we could actually
+draw four more resonance
+
+structures, and I just want to
+point out when you take a
+
+molecule that has many different
+resonance structures
+
+and you want to draw its vsper,
+it's Lewis structure
+
+and its vsper geometry, you
+can take any single one of
+
+those resonance structures, it
+doesn't matter, you'll all end
+
+up with the same geometry.
+
+And lastly, if we're talking
+about a molecule that has more
+
+than one central atom, which is
+what we're very, very often
+
+doing, you need to deal with
+each one separately.
+
+So for example, with methanol
+here, we have a carbon, which
+
+is a central atom, and we also
+have an oxygen, which is a
+
+central atom, you need to talk
+about the geometry separately,
+
+we don't talk about
+the geometry
+
+of the entire molecule.
+
+So, let's go ahead and look at
+some of these vsper examples,
+
+and Professor Drennan is going
+to help demonstrate what some
+
+of these are with some
+models here.
+
+So the first case we're going
+to talk about is without any
+
+lone pairs -- this is the most
+straightforward case.
+
+And our first case that we can
+have is a x 3, which is going
+
+to have a linear shape, and that
+will have a bond angle of
+
+a 180 degrees.
+
+The next case that we can
+talk about is trigonal
+
+planar or a x 3.
+
+Now, you do need to know
+these geometry, you
+
+need to know the names.
+
+A lot of them are very
+easy to remember.
+
+I expect not too many of you
+will get linear incorrect.
+
+Also, trigonal planar,
+pretty easy.
+
+Trigonal, it has 3 atoms around
+the central atom and
+
+the molecule is planar.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, what is the bond
+angle for this geometry?
+
+120.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+Great.
+
+So, next we can think about a x
+4, and this is what's called
+
+a tetrahedral geometry.
+
+If you're trying to remember
+this name you can think of
+
+each of those bonding atoms
+as being in the corner of
+
+tetrahedron.
+
+One thing I want to point out is
+you're seeing some notation
+
+we haven't used before in this
+class where you have a wedge
+
+coming out at you, and you also
+have a dashed line to one
+
+of those bonds.
+
+Any time you see a wedge in a
+Lewis structure, it means that
+
+it's coming out at you -- it's
+either coming out of the
+
+screen or it's coming
+out of your paper.
+
+And any time you see a dashed
+line here, which might be
+
+easier to see in your notes,
+that means that the bond is
+
+actually going into the page or
+into the screen or into the
+
+blackboard.
+
+PROFESSOR: And what are the
+angles for a tetrahedral?
+
+PROFESSOR: All right,
+so they're 1 0 9 .
+
+5.
+
+Pretty close.
+
+So that's as far away as those
+bonds can get from each other
+
+would be 109 .
+
+5 degrees.
+
+The next case we
+have is a x 5.
+
+That is what we call trigonal
+bipyramidal.
+
+Again, we have trigonal, because
+we have those 3 bonds
+
+in the center, and if you can
+picture putting walls between
+
+all those bonds, you can see
+there's a pyramid on the top
+
+and a pyramid on the bottom,
+so bipyramidal.
+
+PROFESSOR: And there are 2 sets
+of angles here, what are
+
+the angles for equatorial
+atoms?
+
+120.
+
+And then for axial?
+
+90.
+
+PROFESSOR: And again, axial,
+those are just the ones in the
+
+axis, and equatorial
+if you put your
+
+globe around the equator.
+
+So the last case we
+have is a x 6.
+
+A x 6 is what we call octahedral
+-- you can picture
+
+each of those bonded atoms as
+a corner of an octahedron.
+
+PROFESSOR: And what are
+the angles in this,
+
+this one set of angles?
+
+90.
+
+PROFESSOR: Great.
+
+So, 90 degrees.
+
+All right.
+
+So this is all straightforward
+when we're just thinking about
+
+different molecular shapes that
+don't have any lone pairs
+
+in them, but once we start
+having lone pairs, we now need
+
+to think about how those
+lone pairs are going
+
+to affect the geometry.
+
+But before we do that, let's
+talk about some examples of
+
+molecules without lone pairs.
+
+So the first case is what we saw
+at the beginning of class,
+
+carbon dioxide, and we said that
+that was linear, and now
+
+we know why it's linear -- it
+has a formula of a x 2, and an
+
+s n number of 2.
+
+And that's a bond angle
+of 180 degrees.
+
+So, you can tell us about
+borane, borane is a x 3.
+
+PROFESSOR: And what
+is the geometry?
+
+And the angle?
+
+120.
+
+Feel free to yell out very
+loudly, we want people in
+
+OpenCourseWare to hear the
+answers coming from the room.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So the next case we're going
+to look at is c h 4 or
+
+methane, and let's do a clicker
+question here to make
+
+sure everyone is remembering
+these geometries.
+
+And this should be very quick,
+and try to not turn the page
+
+back one, and tell us in
+10 seconds here what
+
+the geometry is.
+
+98%, that is a new record.
+
+Very good.
+
+Tetrahedral.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right, while I'm
+holding carbon dioxide in
+
+one hand and methane in the
+other hand, I just want to do
+
+an additional plug for the
+energy debate tonight.
+
+So there will be representatives
+from both
+
+presidential campaigns that
+are going to be there to
+
+answer questions.
+
+And I'm not sure of the exact
+format, I'm not sure whether
+
+all audience members are
+going to be able to ask
+
+questions or not.
+
+I'm not sure if I'm going to be
+there, I'm supposed to be
+
+giving a talk actually,
+ironically, about energy at
+
+the same time.
+
+But if I can't make it and
+you're allowed to ask
+
+questions, I'd like you to
+ask a question for me.
+
+So, my lab looks at enzymes that
+remove carbon monoxide
+
+and carbon dioxide from
+the environment.
+
+And I have an energy initiative
+grant to do this,
+
+because MIT recognizes that an
+important part of any energy
+
+initiative is thinking about
+lowering pollutants and
+
+greenhouse gases.
+
+So, I heard on Thursday at the
+debate when Governor Sarah
+
+Palin was asked directly if
+she really doesn't think
+
+there's any connection between
+global warming and any
+
+man-made activities, that she
+said, well, you know, it could
+
+be just regular temperature
+fluctuations, and she doesn't
+
+want to point any fingers.
+
+So, she's not quite sure.
+
+I also learned on Thursday that
+she will head the energy
+
+initiative in a McCain/Palin
+White House.
+
+So, if you go to this debate,
+I would like you to ask what
+
+is your plan for sequestering
+carbon dioxide and other
+
+greenhouse gases.
+
+You can ask both candidates,
+and please let me know what
+
+the answer is, because I think
+that's a really important
+
+question -- here we have carbon
+dioxide, here we have
+
+methane, we need to be thinking
+
+about greenhouse gases.
+
+PROFESSOR: You can also throw
+in the question that you do
+
+know this is tetrahedral
+and 109 .
+
+5 degrees -- show your chemistry
+knowledge here.
+
+All right, and let's keep
+showing that we know our
+
+geometries, let's
+look at p c l 5.
+
+PROFESSOR: And what
+is geometry here?
+
+Yup.
+
+And the angles?
+
+120 and 90.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, 120 equatorial,
+and 90 axial.
+
+And last we have s f 6.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, what is
+the geometry here?
+
+Octahedral.
+
+And angle?
+
+90.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right, so there's
+our set of examples,
+
+one for each for those shapes
+or geometries that have no
+
+lone pairs.
+
+And now let's think a little
+bit about once we do have
+
+molecules with lone pairs.
+
+And the biggest point to keep
+in mind when we're comparing
+
+lone pair electrons with bonding
+electrons or electrons
+
+in bonds, is that when you have
+electrons in bonds they
+
+have less spatial distribution
+than lone pairs.
+
+So that's just a way of saying
+that electrons and bonds, they
+
+take up less space.
+
+So, when we think about lone
+pair electrons, they're taking
+
+up more space and this means
+that they're going to
+
+experience more repulsion in
+thinking about the lone pair
+
+electrons with either other lone
+pair electrons or with
+
+bonding electrons.
+
+So let's think a second
+about the order that
+
+this will be in.
+
+The biggest repulsion we would
+feel is if we have two
+
+different lone pair electrons
+or lone pairs.
+
+They're going to have
+the most repulsion.
+
+In the middle is if we're
+talking about a lone pair with
+
+a bonding pair.
+
+And then the least repulsion
+is going to be between two
+
+bonds or two bonding
+pairs of electrons.
+
+So, let's look at an example
+of where this comes up.
+
+So the first example I'm going
+to talk about is a molecule
+
+that has the geometry of a
+seesaw shape, and once we get
+
+to having Professor Drennan
+actually show you that shape,
+
+you will never forget.
+
+See-saw, that's going to
+be one of the easy
+
+geometries to remember.
+
+But the first thing that we need
+to consider in terms of
+
+the shape, which starts, if you
+picture first of all, and
+
+these models sometimes don't
+quite stay together, we could
+
+actually have two different
+possibilities.
+
+The first is the idea that we
+could have an axial lone pair,
+
+and the second is the
+possibility that we could have
+
+an equatorial lone pair.
+
+And we could consider both, and
+we should be able to use
+
+our vsper principles to think
+about which one is actually
+
+going to happen.
+
+So if we think about having an
+axial lone pair here, that
+
+would mean that these lone pair
+electrons are going to be
+
+within 90 degrees of three
+different loan pairs, and
+
+actually we'll see later, it
+will be more than 90 because
+
+they're actually going
+to push them down.
+
+But in terms of considering
+how many bonding electron
+
+pairs they'll repel strongly,
+what we care about is anything
+
+within 90 degrees initially.
+
+So, what we would see with the
+axial lone pair is that we
+
+have three lone pairs
+that we're going to
+
+very strongly repel.
+
+Now would you tell me, if we
+think about an equatorial lone
+
+pair, how many different bonding
+electrons or a bonding
+
+pairs that will strongly
+repel if we have an
+
+equatorial lone pair?
+
+So you might need to look at
+your notes to actually compare
+
+these two before you submit
+your answer up here.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's take 10 seconds on that.
+
+OK, strong showing with the
+clicker questions today.
+
+It's going to be a tight race
+for clicker competition.
+
+It's correct that the equatorial
+is, in fact, has
+
+two, only two that it
+strongly repels.
+
+So, actually it's probably
+easier to look at Professor
+
+Drennan's model here
+to see that.
+
+So it's where the equatorial
+lone pair is that is the
+
+actual seesaw geometry.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, how many of you
+had seesaws in playgrounds
+
+when you were growing up?
+
+Oh, a lot of people.
+
+I know that they're not
+considered totally safe
+
+anymore, so some of them
+are going away.
+
+So this is seesaw.
+
+Now you should never
+forget it.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right, so seesaw,
+we've got seesaw.
+
+Just to point out a
+few more shapes.
+
+We took one out, we replaced one
+bond with a lone pair in
+
+terms of seesaw.
+
+If we have a x 3 e
+2 now we have two
+
+equatorial lone pairs.
+
+This is called the T-shaped
+
+PROFESSOR: T-shaped.
+
+PROFESSOR: See, these aren't
+too hard to remember the
+
+geometries, the geometry
+names.
+
+And we also can think about
+if we have a x 4 e 2.
+
+So now in order to get our lone
+pairs as far away from
+
+each other as possible, they're
+going to be on the
+
+axial position, and this is
+called square planer.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, this is easy to
+remember, square, also planar.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So, let's talk a little bit
+now about what the actual
+
+angles are between bonds
+when now we have
+
+these lone pairs present.
+
+And remember, what we said is
+when we have a lone pair of
+
+electrons, they actually are
+going to have more repulsion
+
+than if we just have
+a c h bond or a
+
+bonded pair of a electrons.
+
+So essentially what that means
+is that in molecules that have
+
+lone pair electrons, so for
+example, if we look at n h 3
+
+or ammonia versus methane here,
+and Professor Drennan is
+
+showing those models
+to you here.
+
+What you end up seeing is
+actually that the bonding
+
+angle in n h 3 between the
+n h bonds is smaller.
+
+And you can't see it with these
+models because these are
+
+not actual lone pairs.
+
+But if they were actually
+repelling each other, they
+
+would be pushing those bonds as
+far away as possible, and
+
+instead of being 109 .
+
+5, you'd see that the
+angle is now 106 .
+
+7.
+
+So it's a smaller angle between
+bonds, because you
+
+have more repulsion from
+those lone pairs
+
+pushing those bonds down.
+
+We can also think about the
+influence of atomic size in
+
+terms of this effect.
+
+So first of all, what happens to
+atomic size as you go down
+
+the periodic table?
+
+Good, it increases.
+
+So we have size increasing as we
+go down the periodic table.
+
+Phosphorous is right underneath
+nitrogen on the
+
+periodic table, so phosphorous
+is going to
+
+be bigger than nitrogen.
+
+In terms of picturing what
+happens with those lone pairs,
+
+when we have a larger atom, the
+orbitals are also going to
+
+be larger, they can take
+up more space.
+
+That means these electrons, this
+lone pair electrons are
+
+going to take up more space.
+
+This means they're going to
+push away those bonding
+
+electrons even more.
+
+So would you expect the
+bond to be larger or
+
+smaller for p h 3?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It's going
+to be smaller.
+
+So, what we see is that angles
+between bonded atoms actually
+
+decrease as you go down a column
+on the periodic table.
+
+So the actual angles for p h 3
+are now going to be really
+
+quite a bit smaller,
+they're 93 .
+
+3 degrees.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's create a list for
+ourselves in terms of all the
+
+geometries that we can have now
+that we're dealing with
+
+lone pairs.
+
+One thing I want to point out
+in terms of remembering the
+
+names of the different
+geometries, when you're naming
+
+a geometry, the geometry name,
+for example, when we looked at
+
+square planar, we're only
+actually naming where the
+
+bonds are, where actual
+atoms are.
+
+The name doesn't really depend
+on the lone pairs.
+
+And also, when you draw a
+geometry, you don't always
+
+have to draw the lone pairs in,
+but you have to remember
+
+that the lone pairs are very
+much affecting the angles
+
+within your molecule and
+also the actual shape.
+
+So, for example, let's start
+talking about different types
+
+that have lone pairs in it.
+
+First of all, thinking about a
+x 2 e, so we have one lone
+
+pair, and the geometry here is
+bent, and I want you, thinking
+
+about lone pair repulsion, to
+tell us what you think the
+
+angle between these bonds
+are going to be?
+
+And let's take 10
+seconds on that.
+
+OK, good.
+
+75%, that's not bad.
+
+Let's think about why.
+
+It's going to be less than 120
+degrees, because we know that
+
+normally in a trigonal planar
+situation, we have an angle of
+
+120 degrees.
+
+And since lone pairs are going
+to cause more repulsion, we're
+
+actually pushing down these
+two bonds here closer
+
+together, so what we end up
+seeing is that they're going
+
+to be less than 120 degrees.
+
+And it depends on the actual
+molecule what the exact angles
+
+are going to be, so you never
+have to learn the exact angles
+
+in terms of lone pair electrons,
+you just need to be
+
+able to tell us if the bond
+angle is going to be less than
+
+120 degrees.
+
+So let's look at another example
+here, a x 3 with one
+
+lone pair, e.
+
+This is called trigonal
+pyramidal.
+
+Again, you have trigonal because
+there's three atoms
+
+bonded to the central
+atom, and this looks
+
+like a pyramid here.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, what would
+the angle of this be?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: I think I heard it.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think so, too.
+
+Less than 109 .
+
+5.
+
+Let's take another example,
+a x 2 e 2.
+
+This is also bent.
+
+Tell us what the geometry -- we
+told you the geometry, tell
+
+us what the bond angle
+is going to be
+
+between these bonds.
+
+So, let's take 10
+seconds on this.
+
+Let's re-poll F 4.
+
+So 10 seconds again.
+
+All right.
+
+In about 10 seconds, Darcy,
+in 10 seconds we'll
+
+hit the next side.
+
+OK, so it's less than 109 .
+
+5 degrees now.
+
+So some of you wrote that it was
+less than 120 degrees, and
+
+we can think about if we switch
+back to the class notes
+
+the difference here.
+
+So even though, so this is now
+going to be less than 109 .
+
+5, if we looked at the case we
+had bent in the first case,
+
+that started with 120 and one
+of those bonds was replaced
+
+with a lone pair, but now we
+have two lone pairs here, so
+
+now what we're going to see is
+that the two bents are not, in
+
+fact, equal.
+
+The bent where you started with
+the tetrahedral shape is
+
+actually going to be
+less than 109 .
+
+5, and Professor Drennan can
+maybe show us that with the
+
+models here.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's a little had to
+see, actually, between the
+
+two, but I think it's easier
+to see on this, that if you
+
+consider the sort of starting
+place for the two, if you look
+
+at the bottom set and you put
+orbitals, so it also depends
+
+on your starting geometry.
+
+It can be bent if take off these
+bonds on the top, but it
+
+depends on what the starting
+geometries were.
+
+And so you will go with your
+starting geometry,
+
+if it was 109 .
+
+5, it'll be less than that.
+
+If it's 120, then it's
+less than that.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, this is a good
+case of where, even when you
+
+have the geometry the same, you
+need to think about how
+
+many lone pairs you're dealing
+with in your molecule, and
+
+think about what would the
+geometry be if I just pictured
+
+those lone pairs in there as
+bonds and then push them even
+
+closer together so that it's
+less than that actual angle.
+
+OK, let's talk about a x 4 e,
+and that is what we call the
+
+seesaw shape.
+
+PROFESSOR: And so, what
+difference in angles are you
+
+going to have?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yup.
+
+PROFESSOR 2: So, two sets again,
+one is less than 120,
+
+and one is going to
+be less than 90.
+
+So, let's look at a x 3 e 2,
+you'll notice there's a lot
+
+more combinations we can get
+to once we're talking about
+
+lone pairs.
+
+This is called T-shaped, and we
+had briefly discussed that
+
+but not mention what the
+angles would be.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, what angle
+would you have here?
+
+Yup.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right, great.
+
+Less than 90 degrees.
+
+So, we'll start a new page here
+and talk about a x 2 e 3,
+
+and we'll let you tell us
+what this geometry is.
+
+Yup, so I hear a lot of
+linear out there.
+
+And you need to keep in mind
+we give the names based on
+
+where the actual bonds are, not
+where the lone pairs are,
+
+even though the lone pairs, of
+course, affect the structure
+
+in the geometry.
+
+PROFESSOR: The angle?
+
+STUDENT: 180.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yup, 180.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, it's exactly
+180 here, not less than.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, for a x 5 e, what
+we have here is called
+
+square pyramidal.
+
+This is square because of the
+four square at the bottom of
+
+your pyramid, then you can
+picture the pyramid as you go
+
+to the top.
+
+PROFESSOR: And so what angles
+would you have here?
+
+Yup, less than 90.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, less
+than 90, great.
+
+All right, there are more.
+
+So, our next combination that
+we can think about is if we
+
+have four bonded atoms and two
+lone pairs, a x 4 e 2, that's
+
+going to be called
+square planar.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, again, we have
+square and it's planar.
+
+And so what are your
+angles here?
+
+Yup, exactly 90.
+
+PROFESSOR: So next let's
+look at a x 3 e 3.
+
+This is what we call T-shape,
+this is also T-shape.
+
+PROFESSOR: And angle here?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yup, I think we heard
+less than, it's less
+
+than 90 degrees.
+
+And let's look at a x 2 e 4, and
+again, you guys can tell
+
+us what this geometry
+is, first of all.
+
+Yup, it's linear.
+
+So, we have lots of different
+ways we can get to a linear
+
+molecule, some of which have
+lots of lone pairs, some of
+
+which have no lone
+pairs at all.
+
+This is linear and
+a 180 degrees.
+
+All right.
+
+So we'll do just a few examples
+to show you some
+
+actual molecules that have
+these geometries.
+
+We won't go through all of
+them, because as we saw,
+
+there's lots of different
+combinations we can have once
+
+we start getting into
+lone pairs.
+
+The first we'll look at is water
+here, and water is a
+
+good one to look at because we
+had seen that at the beginning
+
+of class here when
+we were talking
+
+about all polar molecules.
+
+When we talk about the formula
+type of water, what when you
+
+say the formula type is?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: A x 2 e 2,
+that's correct.
+
+And what is the geometry
+of water?
+
+It's bent.
+
+So what we saw at the beginning
+of class is water is
+
+bent and now you can see why and
+should be able to predict
+
+that yourself.
+
+I just want to mention that if
+you look, and depending on the
+
+edition of the book you have,
+in one edition it's called
+
+bent, in the other edition
+it's called angular.
+
+We'll call it bent, but just
+remember that bent and
+
+angular, they're the
+same geometry.
+
+Let's look at another
+example, s f 4.
+
+And here it is drawn here.
+
+What is the formula
+type for s f 4?
+
+I think I heard it, a x 4 e.
+
+And the geometry?
+
+Seesaw, good.
+
+All right, we never get seesaw
+wrong, that's the easy
+
+give-away one.
+
+All right, what about b r f 3?
+
+This is the shape here.
+
+What is the geometry for b f 3
+-- the original geometry, not
+
+the new geometry here?
+
+What was that?
+
+STUDENT: T.
+
+PROFESSOR: T-shaped,
+that's right.
+
+B f 3 is T-shaped.
+
+All right, so let's
+look at xenon f 2.
+
+That's going to have a formula
+type of a x 2 e 3, if we
+
+actually look at the Lewis
+structure here.
+
+So if you think about what the
+geometry is, and you should
+
+just be able to look at this
+and see, what would you say
+
+the geometry of xenon f 2 is?
+
+STUDENT: Linear.
+
+PROFESSOR: Linear, good.
+
+All right.
+
+And let's try one more here,
+which is a x 4 e 2, or a xenon
+
+f 4 -- very explosive,
+but a good example.
+
+STUDENT: Square planar.
+
+PROFESSOR: Square planar,
+all right, great.
+
+So, in general, when we think
+about vsper theory, even
+
+though it doesn't talk about or
+tell us anything about the
+
+energies of these different
+shapes, it's very useful in
+
+making a first approximation
+and coming very close to
+
+thinking about what the actual
+shapes of molecules are.
+
+So one thing I want to point
+out in terms of what you're
+
+responsible for is you should
+be able to fill out one of
+
+these charts with only seeing
+the labels up here -- tell us
+
+the formula type, tell us the
+steric number, tell us the
+
+geometry, you should be able to
+draw the Lewis structure,
+
+you already know how to
+do that, and also
+
+talk about the angles.
+
+So, as you finish up your
+problem-set, you can, I think
+
+now, get through just
+about all of it.
+
+You can do now this part
+with the geometry.
+
+So, we'll see you on Wednesday
+-- we're going to get out a
+
+little bit early today.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lF-7mmPHhG0.txt b/lF-7mmPHhG0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b5c254b8d513bb5355ae7fc2ec1441b8e4a3848
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lF-7mmPHhG0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,460 @@
+KENDRA PUGH: Today I'd like
+to talk to about poles.
+
+Last time I ended up talking
+to you about LTI
+
+representations and
+manipulations.
+
+And, in particular, I want to
+emphasize the relationship
+
+between feedforward and feedback
+systems, in order to
+
+segway us into the poles..
+
+Using what we know about that
+relationship, we can find the
+
+base of a geometric sequence.
+
+And that geometric sequence
+actually represents the
+
+long-term response of our
+system to a unit sample
+
+response or a delta.
+
+That value is also what
+we refer to the poles.
+
+At this point, I'll go over how
+to solve for them and very
+
+basic properties of them.
+
+So that we can use the
+information that we have about
+
+the poles to try to actually
+predict the future or look at
+
+the long-term behavior
+of our system.
+
+First a quick review.
+
+Last time we talked about
+feedforward systems.
+
+And, in particular, I want to
+emphasize the fact that if you
+
+have a transient input to your
+feedforward system, you're
+
+going to end up with a
+transient response.
+
+There's no method by which a
+feedforward system can retain
+
+information over more than the
+amount of time steps that you
+
+feed information into it.
+
+Feedback systems, on the other
+hand, represent a persistent
+
+response to a transient input.
+
+Because you're working with a
+feedback system information
+
+that you put in can be reflected
+in more than one
+
+time step and possibly multiple
+time steps, depending
+
+upon how many delays
+you have working in
+
+your feedback system.
+
+Last time I also drew out
+the relationship between
+
+feedforward and feedback
+systems.
+
+You can actually turn a feedback
+system or talk about
+
+a feedback system in terms of
+a feedforward system that
+
+takes infinite samples of the
+input and feeds them through a
+
+summation that takes infinite
+delays through your system.
+
+You can represent
+that translation
+
+using a geometric sequence.
+
+The basis of that geometric
+sequence is the object that
+
+we're going to use in order
+to predict the future.
+
+And that's what we're
+talking about when
+
+we talk about poles.
+
+You can have multiple geometric
+sequences involved
+
+in actually determining
+the long-term
+
+behaviors of your system.
+
+If you only have one, then
+things are pretty simple.
+
+You find your system function.
+
+You find the value associated
+with p0 in this expression.
+
+It's OK if there's some sort
+of scalar on the outside of
+
+this expression.
+
+We're working with linear time
+and variance systems, so that
+
+scalar is going to affect
+the initial
+
+response to your system.
+
+But in terms of a long
+term behavior, it
+
+doesn't matter as much.
+
+So don't worry about
+it right now.
+
+Relatedly, if you're solving
+for these expressions in
+
+second or higher order systems,
+you're going to end
+
+up having to solve partial
+fractions.
+
+You can do this.
+
+And in part, one of the reasons
+that you would want to
+
+do this is so that you can get
+out those scalars, if you're
+
+going to be talking about the
+very short-term response to
+
+something, like a
+transient input.
+
+We're not going to be
+too interested in
+
+those in this course.
+
+We're mostly going
+to be talking
+
+about long-term response.
+
+So we can get around the fact
+the we're dealing with a
+
+higher order of systems and not
+solving partial fractions
+
+by substituting in for an
+expression called z, which
+
+actually represents the inverse
+power of R and then
+
+solving for the roots
+of that equation.
+
+If you substitute z in for 1
+over R in this denominator and
+
+then solve for the root
+associated with that
+
+expression, you'll get
+the same result.
+
+You'll actually end
+up out with p0.
+
+All right.
+
+So now we know how to find the
+pole or multiple poles, if
+
+we're interested in
+multiple poles.
+
+What do we do now?
+
+I still haven't gone over how
+to figure out the long-term
+
+behavior of your system.
+
+The first thing you do is look
+at the magnitude of all the
+
+poles that you've solved for and
+select the poles with the
+
+largest magnitude.
+
+If there are multiple poles with
+the same magnitude, then
+
+you'll end up looking
+at all of them.
+
+If you have different properties
+than the ones here,
+
+you can end up with some, you
+know, complex behavior.
+
+I would not worry about
+that too much.
+
+Or I would ask a professor
+or TA when that happens.
+
+But in the general sense, if
+your dominant pole has a
+
+magnitude greater than 1, then
+you're going to see long-term
+
+divergence in your system.
+
+This make sense if you
+think about it.
+
+If at every time step your
+unit sample response is
+
+multiplied by a value that is
+greater than 1, then it's
+
+going to increase.
+
+And, in fact, the extent to
+which the magnitude of your
+
+dominant pole is greater than
+1 is going to determine your
+
+rate of increase and also
+determine how fast your
+
+envelope explodes.
+
+Similarly, if the magnitude of
+your dominant pole is less
+
+than 1, then in response to a
+unit sample input or a delta,
+
+your system's going
+to converge.
+
+This also makes sense
+intuitively.
+
+If you are progressively
+multiplying the values in your
+
+system by a scalar that is less
+than 1, then eventually
+
+you're going to end up
+converging to 0.
+
+To cover the only category we
+haven't talked about, if your
+
+dominant pole is actually equal
+in magnitude to 1, then
+
+you're not going to see
+convergence or divergence.
+
+And this is one of the places in
+which the magnitude of the
+
+scalar that you end up
+multiplying your system by can
+
+become relevant.
+
+We're not going to focus on
+this situation too much.
+
+But it's good to know what
+actually happens when the
+
+magnitude of your dominant
+pole is equal to 1.
+
+The other feature that we're
+interested in when we're
+
+looking at the dominant pole of
+a system is if we were to
+
+represent the dominant pole in
+this form, what the angle
+
+associated with that pole is, if
+you were to graph that pole
+
+on the complex plane using
+polar coordinates.
+
+If your pole stays on the real
+axis, or if your pole does not
+
+have a complex component, then
+you'll see one of two things.
+
+The first thing that it's
+possible for you to see is
+
+that you'll get absolutely
+non-alternating behavior.
+
+Your system response stays on
+one side of the x-axis and
+
+either converges, diverges,
+or remains constant as a
+
+consequence of input
+of the unit sample.
+
+And you won't see any
+sort of alternating
+
+or oscillating behavior.
+
+This only happens when
+your dominant
+
+pole is real and positive.
+
+If you're dominant pole is real
+and negative, this also
+
+means that it's still on
+the real axis, but
+
+its value is negative.
+
+So if you're looking at polar
+coordinates, it's going to
+
+have an angle pi associated
+with it.
+
+This means you get alternating
+behavior.
+
+And what I mean when I say
+alternating behavior is that
+
+your unit sample response is
+going to jump across the
+
+x-axis at every time step.
+
+This is also equivalent to
+having a period of 2.
+
+The other situation you can run
+into is that this angle is
+
+neither 0 nor pi.
+
+And at that point you're going
+to be talking about
+
+oscillatory behavior or a
+sinusoidal response that
+
+retains its edges at the
+envelope of your function.
+
+In order to find the period, or
+in order to find the amount
+
+of time it takes for your unit
+sample response to complete
+
+one period, you're going to take
+the angle associated with
+
+your dominant pole and
+divide 2pi by it.
+
+This is the general equation
+for a period.
+
+This covers the basics of what
+you want to do once you
+
+already have your poles.
+
+Next time I'm actually going
+to solve a pole problem and
+
+show you what the long-term
+response looks like and also
+
+talk about some things about
+poles that I've pretty much
+
+skimmed over.
+
+And at that point you should be
+able to solve and look at
+
+poles for yourself.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lbqiVx7_eDo.txt b/lbqiVx7_eDo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bdea69ec5c83994d7d687101a7108413b9154eca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lbqiVx7_eDo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+wonder why it changes so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such cool projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+man jeez yeah I spent uh probably way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man jeez yeah I spent uh probably way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man jeez yeah I spent uh probably way
+too much time but I I was happy to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much time but I I was happy to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much time but I I was happy to do so
+yeah exactly was happy to do so but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly was happy to do so but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly was happy to do so but um
+I'm now I'm just now concerning myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now I'm just now concerning myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now I'm just now concerning myself
+with the final exam I have tomorrow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the final exam I have tomorrow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the final exam I have tomorrow and
+realizing perhaps I spent a couple too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing perhaps I spent a couple too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing perhaps I spent a couple too
+many too many minutes so I have I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many too many minutes so I have I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many too many minutes so I have I have
+to go on work on another presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on work on another presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on work on another presentation
+for tomorrow no same here you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tomorrow no same here you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tomorrow no same here you have an
+exam tomorrow I have a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam tomorrow I have a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam tomorrow I have a final
+Presentation tomorrow yeah from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Presentation tomorrow yeah from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Presentation tomorrow yeah from the
+Patrick Winston class from the GST class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick Winston class from the GST class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick Winston class from the GST class
+from the ECS computer science
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lmYzkVOfuqs.txt b/lmYzkVOfuqs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e38d7b63552a21318444c9b9f5b5eb3a43c6151
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lmYzkVOfuqs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14170 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here we are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+afternoon so we have done chemical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kinetics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics and
+U today again with with chemical kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U today again with with chemical kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U today again with with chemical kinetic
+we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going
+to uh approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh approach
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the truly non equilibrium thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truly non equilibrium thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truly non equilibrium thermodynamics
+topics including on Sager relations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics including on Sager relations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics including on Sager relations that
+will we will introduce uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we will introduce uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we will introduce uh
+today from the chemical kinetics point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today from the chemical kinetics point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today from the chemical kinetics point
+of view so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view so let
+me remind you of where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+were and also it will allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and also it will allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and also it will allow us to
+introduce uh some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce uh some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce uh some new
+ideas on things that we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas on things that we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas on things that we already
+know so consider a a a single chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so consider a a a single chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so consider a a a single chemical
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+mechanism which we have learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism which we have learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism which we have learned
+to represent by this equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent by this equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent by this equation here
+stochiometric coefficients and symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric coefficients and symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric coefficients and symbols
+so the chemical compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the chemical compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the chemical compounds
+and this is the way we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+written the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the reaction
+rates or more precisely the rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates or more precisely the rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates or more precisely the rates of
+change of the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates and just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reminder these are the concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder these are the concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder these are the concentrations
+stochiometric coefficients of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric coefficients of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric coefficients of the
+forward and backward half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and backward half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and backward half
+reactions these are the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions these are the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions these are the reaction
+constants and the reactant for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and the reactant for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and the reactant for the
+reaction constants we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction constants we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction constants we
+have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh
+developed two equivalent ways of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed two equivalent ways of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed two equivalent ways of writing
+them one in terms of the arous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one in terms of the arous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one in terms of the arous
+activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy and the other in terms of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um equilibrium constants of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um equilibrium constants of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um equilibrium constants of the uh
+forward than backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward than backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward than backward
+reactions half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+okay and of course the the net reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course the the net reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course the the net reaction
+rate is the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is the difference between the
+forward and the backward we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and the backward we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and the backward we
+Define uh this ratio and the logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define uh this ratio and the logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define uh this ratio and the logarithm
+of this ratio we call the degree of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this ratio we call the degree of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this ratio we call the degree of this
+equilibrium and we have seen examples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and we have seen examples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and we have seen examples in
+which this degree of dis equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this degree of dis equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this degree of dis equilibrium
+builds up as the uh chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds up as the uh chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds up as the uh chemical
+uh Dynamics doesn't isn't fast enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Dynamics doesn't isn't fast enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Dynamics doesn't isn't fast enough to
+catch up and maintain equilibrium for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up and maintain equilibrium for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up and maintain equilibrium for
+example in the nozal expansions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the nozal expansions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the nozal expansions that we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seen now we can write this difference uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen now we can write this difference uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen now we can write this difference uh
+also by using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also by using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also by using this
+ratio in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio in this
+way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we
+Factor Epsilon plus out and inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor Epsilon plus out and inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor Epsilon plus out and inside
+remains Epsilon minus over Epsilon plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains Epsilon minus over Epsilon plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains Epsilon minus over Epsilon plus
+which is e to Theus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is e to Theus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is e to Theus the
+Affinity or we can Factor also Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity or we can Factor also Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity or we can Factor also Epsilon
+Min do minus and then this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min do minus and then this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min do minus and then this is the
+equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+clearly this shows that the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly this shows that the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly this shows that the reaction
+rates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are
+functions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the affinities of of of each reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affinities of of of each reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affinities of of of each reaction is
+is a function of its own Affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of its own Affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of its own Affinity
+through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this
+exponential but it is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential but it is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential but it is also a
+function of a bunch of other stuff which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a bunch of other stuff which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a bunch of other stuff which
+is included in here and in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is included in here and in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is included in here and in these
+concentrations so it is it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations so it is it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations so it is it is not
+correct to say that the uh reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct to say that the uh reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct to say that the uh reaction
+rates are functions of the Affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are functions of the Affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are functions of the Affinity
+period they're also function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period they're also function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period they're also function of the
+affinities this is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities this is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities this is important
+because in a moment we will see that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a moment we will see that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a moment we will see that you
+may want to uh construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to uh construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to uh construct
+other relations between rates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+affinities you can also do uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities you can also do uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities you can also do uh the
+following you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following you can uh
+divide the rate reaction rate by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide the rate reaction rate by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide the rate reaction rate by the
+Affinity of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therefore it would uh this would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it would uh this would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it would uh this would look
+like uh and if I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh and if I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh and if I write
+Epsilon dot J equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon dot J equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon dot J equals
+L JJ y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L JJ y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L JJ y
+j it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j it
+looks like uh a linear relation that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like uh a linear relation that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like uh a linear relation that it
+is not linear because the LJ JS depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not linear because the LJ JS depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not linear because the LJ JS depend
+on the affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the affinity
+and depend on bunch of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff nevertheless
+this uh ratio this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh ratio this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh ratio this
+L proportionality constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L proportionality constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L proportionality constant
+between which constant is not between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between which constant is not between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between which constant is not between
+rate and Affinity can also be viewed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and Affinity can also be viewed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and Affinity can also be viewed as
+if you do the substitutions as except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do the substitutions as except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do the substitutions as except
+for the gas constant the denominator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the gas constant the denominator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the gas constant the denominator is
+this is the logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the logarithmic
+mean of the forward and the backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of the forward and the backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of the forward and the backward
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+okay now we are interested in seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we are interested in seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we are interested in seeing
+what happens if we are near equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if we are near equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if we are near equilibrium
+you know that at equilibrium the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that at equilibrium the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that at equilibrium the
+Affinity is equal to zero so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity is equal to zero so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity is equal to zero so if we
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh so the
+Affinity uh is small positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity uh is small positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity uh is small positive or
+negative but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but
+small then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then
+we can linearize these Expressions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can linearize these Expressions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can linearize these Expressions here
+e to the e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the e to the minus
+X the first linear approximation is 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the first linear approximation is 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the first linear approximation is 1 -
+x or e to the x is uh 1+ X in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x or e to the x is uh 1+ X in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x or e to the x is uh 1+ X in either
+case this linearizes becomes just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+affinity and so we get an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity and so we get an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity and so we get an expression
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but
+with the coefficient now being the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the coefficient now being the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the coefficient now being the value
+at y equal Zer in the taor series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at y equal Zer in the taor series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at y equal Zer in the taor series
+expansion you have to take the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion you have to take the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion you have to take the constant
+terms and evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and evaluate
+it evaluate them where do you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it evaluate them where do you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it evaluate them where do you do the
+expansion about in this in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion about in this in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion about in this in this case
+it's when the Affinity is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when the Affinity is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when the Affinity is equal to zero
+and when the Affinity is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the Affinity is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the Affinity is equal to zero
+the Epsilon plus and minus 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epsilon plus and minus 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epsilon plus and minus 10 to the
+same value which is epsilon0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same value which is epsilon0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same value which is epsilon0 the
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+value which is also so since they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is also so since they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is also so since they are
+equal also their mean even even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal also their mean even even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal also their mean even even the
+logarithmic mean are is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal and you can Al also Express that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and you can Al also Express that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and you can Al also Express that
+if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use
+this definition down here and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition down here and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition down here and what we
+have done in the previous lecture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done in the previous lecture uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done in the previous lecture uh
+lectures you can also connect it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures you can also connect it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures you can also connect it to the
+um concentration at equilibrium of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um concentration at equilibrium of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um concentration at equilibrium of the
+activated con uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+Okay so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've
+linearized now we have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized now we have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized now we have a linear
+relation and if we substitute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and if we substitute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and if we substitute this
+linear relation the expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear relation the expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear relation the expression for the
+entropy rate of change of the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy rate of change of the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy rate of change of the entropy
+which for a closed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for a closed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for a closed um
+system is also is also the entrop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is also is also the entrop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is also is also the entrop
+entropy produced by reversibility so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy produced by reversibility so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy produced by reversibility so it
+has to be greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be greater than
+zero you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh it becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it becomes the
+square it's a constant this L uh times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it's a constant this L uh times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it's a constant this L uh times
+um the Affinity Square I mean yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Affinity Square I mean yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Affinity Square I mean yes the
+Affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh squared or the inverse of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh squared or the inverse of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh squared or the inverse of L
+times the rate squar this is why we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the rate squar this is why we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the rate squar this is why we can
+identify the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the inverse of
+this ratio L as a sort of a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio L as a sort of a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio L as a sort of a chemical
+resistance uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance uh to
+um going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the the
+higher this it means the lower the L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher this it means the lower the L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher this it means the lower the L and
+therefore for a given dise equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore for a given dise equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore for a given dise equilibrium
+because the Affinity is dise equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Affinity is dise equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Affinity is dise equilibrium
+for a given dise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given dise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given dise
+equilibrium you have uh lesser rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium you have uh lesser rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium you have uh lesser rate
+towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now in practice we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now in practice we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now in practice we have
+seen like in this example that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen like in this example that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen like in this example that we've
+discussed few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed few
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+hydrogen the detailed kinetic mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen the detailed kinetic mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen the detailed kinetic mechanism
+contains a lot of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a lot of chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a lot of chemical
+reactions and you need them in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and you need them in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and you need them in order to
+describe the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the the
+Dynamics however you may notice that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics however you may notice that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics however you may notice that uh
+these reactions are not all independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions are not all independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions are not all independent
+of one another just for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example uh here if you take uh the 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh here if you take uh the 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh here if you take uh the 11
+and the 14 reaction and subtract them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 14 reaction and subtract them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 14 reaction and subtract them
+it gives you the same result as if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you the same result as if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you the same result as if you
+take the first and the third reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the first and the third reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the first and the third reaction
+and you subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you subtract
+them so they are lineally combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so they are lineally combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so they are lineally combined
+they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent and there may be uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and there may be uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and there may be uh there
+are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many
+other U linear dependencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other U linear dependencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other U linear dependencies
+here so let's go back so up to here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's go back so up to here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's go back so up to here is
+the same slide that we were on uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same slide that we were on uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same slide that we were on uh a
+minute ago this is the new part so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago this is the new part so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago this is the new part so in
+the idea is that now we have a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that now we have a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that now we have a complex
+chemical uh detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical uh detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical uh detailed
+scheme or a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme or a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme or a reaction
+Network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it contains a lot of linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it contains a lot of linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it contains a lot of linearly
+dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent
+reactions that means that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that means that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that means that we can
+identify a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a subset
+of linearly independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linearly independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linearly independent
+ones with respect to which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can um write all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+others so let's suppose that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so let's suppose that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so let's suppose that the
+stochiometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric
+coefficients now here I'm running out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients now here I'm running out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients now here I'm running out of
+symbol so instead of new I'm using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol so instead of new I'm using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol so instead of new I'm using this
+other uh letter that I wish uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh letter that I wish uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh letter that I wish uh your
+Greek colleague was here today because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek colleague was here today because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek colleague was here today because I
+forget what the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget what the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget what the name
+is in any case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in any case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in any case it's
+a this is the doomric coefficients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is the doomric coefficients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is the doomric coefficients of
+the linearly independent mechanism with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linearly independent mechanism with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linearly independent mechanism with
+respect to which I can write all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to which I can write all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to which I can write all the
+other ones so all the other uh schemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones so all the other uh schemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones so all the other uh schemes
+for example in the 24 for hydrogen are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the 24 for hydrogen are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the 24 for hydrogen are
+linear combinations so these X are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations so these X are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations so these X are the
+linear combination coefficients of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination coefficients of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination coefficients of the
+independent ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent ones
+and due to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and due to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and due to the uh
+linearity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity of the
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+the the affinities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the affinities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the affinities
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+defined also the Affinity of the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined also the Affinity of the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined also the Affinity of the J
+reaction is the same combination of with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is the same combination of with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is the same combination of with
+the same linear coefficients of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same linear coefficients of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same linear coefficients of the
+affinities of the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities of the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities of the independent
+ones and so when you substitute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and so when you substitute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and so when you substitute this
+into the expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the expression for
+the rate of entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of entropy
+change which for many reactions is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change which for many reactions is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change which for many reactions is the
+sum of the products of of the rate times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the products of of the rate times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the products of of the rate times
+the affinity for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affinity for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affinity for each
+reaction that substitution plus plus a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that substitution plus plus a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that substitution plus plus a a
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of switch of summation symbols and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and recognizing that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and recognizing that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and recognizing that this
+one I'm sorry that this uh that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm sorry that this uh that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm sorry that this uh that this
+linear combination of the rates is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the rates is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the rates is also
+uh the rate of the independent reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the rate of the independent reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the rate of the independent reaction
+turns out that this summation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this summation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this summation which
+before had the 24 terms now as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before had the 24 terms now as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before had the 24 terms now as the
+minimum number of terms which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum number of terms which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum number of terms which is the
+number of independent reactions their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of independent reactions their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of independent reactions their
+rates and their affinities it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and their affinities it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and their affinities it's the same
+product of rate and an affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got and above is just a reminder what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got and above is just a reminder what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got and above is just a reminder what
+was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the
+essential of in the previous slide so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential of in the previous slide so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential of in the previous slide so if
+we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep
+U uh going and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh going and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh going and
+substitute um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh again the the expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again the the expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again the the expression for
+the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for
+the affinities of the J reaction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affinities of the J reaction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affinities of the J reaction in
+terms of the of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the of these
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+Upsilon Affinity of the independent ons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upsilon Affinity of the independent ons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upsilon Affinity of the independent ons
+you come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+therefore you have a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you have a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you have a a a
+quadratic form in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic form in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic form in
+the uh coefficients of the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh coefficients of the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh coefficients of the linear
+combination that couple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that couple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that couple and
+combine uh the L's so the ratio rate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine uh the L's so the ratio rate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine uh the L's so the ratio rate to
+Affinity of the single non indpendent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity of the single non indpendent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity of the single non indpendent
+reactions okay so this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions okay so this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions okay so this linear
+combination if you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh not linear this is a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not linear this is a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not linear this is a quadratic
+combination of the L's if you notice uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the L's if you notice uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the L's if you notice uh
+is symmetric because if you change K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric because if you change K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric because if you change K and
+L it doesn't it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L it doesn't it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L it doesn't it doesn't
+change all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all
+right so we come up with the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we come up with the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we come up with the fact that
+the entropy production is a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy production is a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy production is a quadratic
+form in the affinities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in the affinities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in the affinities of the
+independent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh
+reactions and the Matrix of the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and the Matrix of the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and the Matrix of the U
+quadratic form is non- negative that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic form is non- negative that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic form is non- negative that's
+required by the fact that you need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required by the fact that you need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required by the fact that you need that
+to be non negative to satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be non negative to satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be non negative to satisfy the
+principle of entropy non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of entropy non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of entropy non
+decrease and it is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetric if you take this Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric if you take this Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric if you take this Matrix and
+take the its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverse you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse you
+can uh re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh re
+right uh this double summation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh this double summation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh this double summation in
+instead of in Terms of the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of in Terms of the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of in Terms of the quadratic
+form in the affinities it's a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in the affinities it's a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in the affinities it's a quadratic
+form in the rates of the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in the rates of the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in the rates of the independent
+reactions where the coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions where the coefficients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions where the coefficients are
+these and these RS are some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and these RS are some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and these RS are some sort of
+generalized uh resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now these independent mechanisms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coupled via these um linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled via these um linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled via these um linear
+combinations so if you try to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations so if you try to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations so if you try to write the
+rate of uh each one it is uh not any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of uh each one it is uh not any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of uh each one it is uh not any
+longer just uh dependent on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer just uh dependent on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer just uh dependent on its
+Affinity it depends also on the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling
+uh is important and is typical of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is important and is typical of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is important and is typical of uh of
+non equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behavior and we will see more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and we will see more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and we will see more about this
+because that's a a good introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a a good introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a a good introduction to
+what happens in in many other phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in in many other phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in in many other phenomena
+for non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for non
+equilibrium of course I mean so far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium of course I mean so far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium of course I mean so far we
+didn't believe linearize yet but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't believe linearize yet but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't believe linearize yet but of
+course we can linearize again we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we can linearize again we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we can linearize again we can
+assume that we go near equilibrium where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that we go near equilibrium where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that we go near equilibrium where
+all the affinities are go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the affinities are go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the affinities are go to
+zero so that's the linearization that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that's the linearization that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that's the linearization that we
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+before and this is the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and this is the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and this is the linear
+combination of the rates so the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the rates so the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the rates so the rate of
+the independent reactions becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent reactions becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent reactions becomes
+summation like this and if you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation like this and if you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation like this and if you keep
+going in the end you find that it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a
+summation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of
+the those affinities times these um sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those affinities times these um sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those affinities times these um sort
+of generalized inverse resistance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generalized inverse resistance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generalized inverse resistance so
+let's call it the generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it the generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it the generalized
+conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+symmetric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again the rate of entropy production is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the rate of entropy production is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the rate of entropy production is
+a quadratic form either in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quadratic form either in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quadratic form either in the
+affinities or in the Rays this time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities or in the Rays this time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities or in the Rays this time it
+is a real quadratic form up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a real quadratic form up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a real quadratic form up
+here I sort of were a bit sloppy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I sort of were a bit sloppy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I sort of were a bit sloppy in
+saying it's quadratic form but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's quadratic form but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's quadratic form but
+um these coefficients uh may also depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these coefficients uh may also depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these coefficients uh may also depend
+on the affinities when you're far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the affinities when you're far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the affinities when you're far from
+equilibrium so it's not really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so it's not really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so it's not really a
+quadratic dependence when you're off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic dependence when you're off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic dependence when you're off
+equilibrium whereas when you linearize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium whereas when you linearize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium whereas when you linearize
+then it becomes a a a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form and these properties here since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and these properties here since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and these properties here since
+they are evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are evaluated at
+equilibrium they are equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium they are equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium they are equilibrium
+properties so if you want to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so if you want to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so if you want to measure
+them for example in a molecular Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for example in a molecular Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for example in a molecular Dynamic
+simulation you would have to wait uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation you would have to wait uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation you would have to wait uh uh
+you you have to to to go and wait for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have to to to go and wait for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have to to to go and wait for
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+uh identify an equilibrium state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh identify an equilibrium state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh identify an equilibrium state in
+order to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to evaluate
+this which makes it easy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which makes it easy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which makes it easy because
+equilibrium is is is reached quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is is is reached quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is is is reached quickly
+because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of
+collisions and uh uh and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and uh uh and so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and uh uh and so these
+are easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easily
+measurable Properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable Properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable Properties
+or since we know if we have the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or since we know if we have the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or since we know if we have the full
+reaction mechanism like the 25 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction mechanism like the 25 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction mechanism like the 25 24
+reactions for hydrogen then you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions for hydrogen then you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions for hydrogen then you you can
+infer these values from those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer these values from those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer these values from those uh
+rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let's step back one moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's step back one moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's step back one moment
+and assume we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have uh developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+for uh reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh reaction
+rates and all we know is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and all we know is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and all we know is from the
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+balance this expression which is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance this expression which is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance this expression which is one of
+the first that we derived on indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first that we derived on indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first that we derived on indeed
+chemical reactions because remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions because remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions because remember the
+Affinity is the derivative of s with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity is the derivative of s with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity is the derivative of s with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+Epsilon so this is simply the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so this is simply the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so this is simply the rate of
+change the derivative of s with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the derivative of s with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the derivative of s with respect
+to T which here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T which here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T which here
+is taken to be the entropy produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken to be the entropy produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken to be the entropy produced by
+reversibility because we are consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility because we are consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility because we are consider
+considering the isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the isolated
+system okay so that is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constraint it's part of our model with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint it's part of our model with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint it's part of our model with
+which we like to describe properties uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we like to describe properties uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we like to describe properties uh
+even far from equilibrium from chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even far from equilibrium from chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even far from equilibrium from chemical
+equilibrium but assuming a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium but assuming a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium but assuming a sort of a
+pseudo equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we also know that at maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we also know that at maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we also know that at maximum
+entropy which is stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy which is stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy which is stable equilibrium
+chemical equilibrium the affinities must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium the affinities must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium the affinities must
+be equal to zero and now suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to zero and now suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to zero and now suppose that
+our Theory we want to develop a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Theory we want to develop a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Theory we want to develop a theory
+in which the rates are functions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the rates are functions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the rates are functions of the
+affinities and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else or maybe some other parameters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else or maybe some other parameters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else or maybe some other parameters that
+can be kept constant while you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be kept constant while you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be kept constant while you change
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+affinities clearly when you are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities clearly when you are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities clearly when you are at
+equilibrium the net rate must be zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the net rate must be zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the net rate must be zero so
+you want this function to be zero when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want this function to be zero when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want this function to be zero when
+the argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument is
+zero and this this argument is a is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this this argument is a is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this this argument is a is a is
+a vector so that's why it's bold phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector so that's why it's bold phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector so that's why it's bold phase
+so this zero this is a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this zero this is a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this zero this is a list of
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that you can substitute that into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can substitute that into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can substitute that into the
+expression for the entropy and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the entropy and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the entropy and you get
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+entropy uh rate of change is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh rate of change is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh rate of change is also a
+function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the
+Affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity
+now you linearize linearize around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you linearize linearize around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you linearize linearize around
+equilibrium this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+postulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulated
+constitutive equation which presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive equation which presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive equation which presumably
+should represent uh our rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we
+do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the
+linear uh tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear uh tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear uh tailor
+series and we will stop at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and we will stop at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and we will stop at the first
+term that is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay so the first term is zero this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so the first term is zero this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so the first term is zero this
+should be a bold phase zero okay then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a bold phase zero okay then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a bold phase zero okay then we
+have plus the first derivative evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plus the first derivative evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plus the first derivative evaluated
+at zero this is also another bold uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero this is also another bold uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero this is also another bold uh and
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+multiplied by y so this is the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by y so this is the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by y so this is the linear
+term plus dot dot dot dot because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term plus dot dot dot dot because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term plus dot dot dot dot because in
+fact this is already um different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this is already um different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this is already um different from
+zero I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I'm going to call
+this partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partial
+derivative H is L our generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative H is L our generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative H is L our generalized
+conductivity the inverse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity the inverse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity the inverse of the
+resistance matrix it's a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance matrix it's a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance matrix it's a matrix
+and it's a matrix that we can also write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a matrix that we can also write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a matrix that we can also write
+as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the
+Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian
+matrix uh of the various uh rates as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix uh of the various uh rates as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix uh of the various uh rates as
+functions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the
+various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+affinities big Matrix to be evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities big Matrix to be evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities big Matrix to be evaluated at
+Y is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Zer then you take these expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer then you take these expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer then you take these expression
+substitute it into the expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute it into the expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute it into the expression for
+the entropy production and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy production and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy production and get
+that the entropy production is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the entropy production is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the entropy production is a
+quadratic form in the affinities with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic form in the affinities with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic form in the affinities with
+the metrix of the generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metrix of the generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metrix of the generalized
+conductivity set to serve as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity set to serve as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity set to serve as
+coefficients of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of that
+form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that
+requires that being this the dominating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires that being this the dominating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires that being this the dominating
+term in the our expansion these Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the our expansion these Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the our expansion these Matrix
+must be non- negative in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be non- negative in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be non- negative in order to
+satisfy the principle of entropy non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the principle of entropy non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the principle of entropy non
+decre non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decrease you may also do uh the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease you may also do uh the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease you may also do uh the linear
+expansion of this expression here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of this expression here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of this expression here for
+the entropy with respect to again to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy with respect to again to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy with respect to again to Y
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+equilibrium if if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium if if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium if if you do
+that you get the the term at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get the the term at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get the the term at equilibrium
+is zero because the affinities are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero because the affinities are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero because the affinities are zero
+you put zero here you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put zero here you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put zero here you get
+zero the first derivative of s uh dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the first derivative of s uh dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the first derivative of s uh dot
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+Y uh at equilibrium is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y uh at equilibrium is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y uh at equilibrium is also
+zero when you evaluate it you here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when you evaluate it you here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when you evaluate it you here is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluation so you you have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation so you you have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation so you you have to take
+derivative properly of this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative properly of this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative properly of this expression
+here with respect to the Y's and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with respect to the Y's and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with respect to the Y's and it's
+better to do them with the indexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to do them with the indexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to do them with the indexes
+otherwise you sort of Miss uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+details so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details so it
+the S with respect to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S with respect to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S with respect to y
+j it picks up from this summation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j it picks up from this summation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j it picks up from this summation the
+Epsilon J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon J
+plus the summation of the Yi times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the summation of the Yi times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the summation of the Yi times the
+derivative of Epsilon I with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of Epsilon I with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of Epsilon I with respect to
+YJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YJ
+and at equilibrium the epsilons are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at equilibrium the epsilons are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at equilibrium the epsilons are zero
+the Y are zero so this is zero that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y are zero so this is zero that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y are zero so this is zero that is
+why this first term that the linear term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this first term that the linear term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this first term that the linear term
+in the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the entropy
+disappears showing that indeed indeed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears showing that indeed indeed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears showing that indeed indeed uh
+we are at at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are at at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are at at a
+maximum or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimum the derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum the derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum the derivative is
+zero and then we go to the second uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then we go to the second uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then we go to the second uh
+term in the tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expansion so this is the general one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion so this is the general one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion so this is the general one but
+then you remember that the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you remember that the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you remember that the coefficient
+has to be evaluated at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be evaluated at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be evaluated at zero
+so you have to evaluate this hestian of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to evaluate this hestian of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to evaluate this hestian of
+this Matrix of the second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients second order
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+uh and so you take uh it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so you take uh it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so you take uh it's the
+derivative with respect to YK of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to YK of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to YK of this
+first derivative so you get derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative so you get derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative so you get derivative
+of Epsilon J with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Epsilon J with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Epsilon J with respect to
+YK then from the summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YK then from the summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YK then from the summation
+uh corresponding to the YK you pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh corresponding to the YK you pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh corresponding to the YK you pick up
+the cor coefficient that multiplies y k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cor coefficient that multiplies y k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cor coefficient that multiplies y k
+is partial of Epsilon K respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is partial of Epsilon K respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is partial of Epsilon K respect to
+YJ and then the summation also has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YJ and then the summation also has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YJ and then the summation also has some
+leftovers which are the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftovers which are the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftovers which are the second
+derivatives of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the
+epsilons however when you evaluate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons however when you evaluate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons however when you evaluate them
+at equilibrium these are zero so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium these are zero so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium these are zero so the
+summation disappears but these ones do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation disappears but these ones do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation disappears but these ones do
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+notice that the these is not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the these is not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the these is not equal to
+that because one is derivative of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because one is derivative of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because one is derivative of J
+respect to K the other is derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to K the other is derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to K the other is derivative of
+K with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K with respect to
+J so essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so essentially you
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+with these Matrix here plus it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these Matrix here plus it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these Matrix here plus it's
+transpose when you switch the uh i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose when you switch the uh i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose when you switch the uh i j
+with K you get the transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+clearly the sum of the Matrix plus it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the sum of the Matrix plus it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the sum of the Matrix plus it's
+transposed is a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed is a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed is a symmetric
+Matrix which satisfies the fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which satisfies the fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which satisfies the fact that we
+know like Schwarz theorem of second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like Schwarz theorem of second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like Schwarz theorem of second
+derivatives that they're symmetric it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives that they're symmetric it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives that they're symmetric it
+doesn't depend on the order so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on the order so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on the order so that that
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+okay so we get the same expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in addition
+to uh non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh non-
+negativity there is an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity there is an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity there is an additional
+constraint that U was U proved and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that U was U proved and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that U was U proved and we
+will try to see how we get there U as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to see how we get there U as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to see how we get there U as we
+go on was proved by on Sager in 1931 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on was proved by on Sager in 1931 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on was proved by on Sager in 1931 for
+which he got Nobel Prize in 68 and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he got Nobel Prize in 68 and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he got Nobel Prize in 68 and uh
+which he used the statistical uh U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he used the statistical uh U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he used the statistical uh U
+considerations to show that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations to show that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations to show that this
+Matrix needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetric and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and this
+symmetry is not a trivial result it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is not a trivial result it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is not a trivial result it's
+actually the basis for a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the basis for a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the basis for a number of
+rationalizations of uh coupled non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalizations of uh coupled non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalizations of uh coupled non
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+phenomena that are used in variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena that are used in variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena that are used in variety of
+applications of which we will touch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of which we will touch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of which we will touch a
+few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+as we go on and until the end of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go on and until the end of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go on and until the end of of the
+course few lectures that we are left are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course few lectures that we are left are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course few lectures that we are left are
+going to be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be all
+around uh seeing the consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh seeing the consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh seeing the consequences of
+this important uh result in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this important uh result in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this important uh result in addition to
+seeing how you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing how you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing how you could
+uh prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it now this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now this is just
+a reminder of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple mathematics of when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple mathematics of when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple mathematics of when you have a
+system like for a two for a 2X two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like for a two for a 2X two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like for a two for a 2X two uh
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+L what is the consequence if the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L what is the consequence if the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L what is the consequence if the Matrix
+is symmetric and positive and positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric and positive and positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric and positive and positive
+semide definite or non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative and also by by seeing that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and also by by seeing that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and also by by seeing that uh
+seeing this um more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this um more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this um more
+explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly
+uh these relations will uh we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these relations will uh we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these relations will uh we will
+return to these relations Al not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to these relations Al not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to these relations Al not only
+for chemistry like here but later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for chemistry like here but later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for chemistry like here but later on
+also we will have couple defects and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we will have couple defects and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we will have couple defects and we
+will typically take them two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will typically take them two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will typically take them two by two
+because uh it's already complicated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it's already complicated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it's already complicated with
+two and uh going with more um you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and uh going with more um you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and uh going with more um you have
+to first have understood the two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to first have understood the two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to first have understood the two and
+then go to more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the linear
+relation so it says that the Affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so it says that the Affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so it says that the Affinity
+that the the rate of reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the rate of reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the rate of reaction
+One H is proportional to the uh as a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One H is proportional to the uh as a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One H is proportional to the uh as a is
+partly due to the to the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly due to the to the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly due to the to the fact that
+reaction one is in dise equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction one is in dise equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction one is in dise equilibrium
+absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute
+one but also it's coupled with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but also it's coupled with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but also it's coupled with the
+disequilibrium of reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disequilibrium of reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disequilibrium of reaction
+to so in some extreme cases you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so in some extreme cases you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so in some extreme cases you might
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+a a reaction one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a reaction one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a reaction one that
+advances not due to its own degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances not due to its own degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances not due to its own degree of
+dise equilibrium but due to the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dise equilibrium but due to the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dise equilibrium but due to the degree
+of dise equilibrium of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction and you may rewrite this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and you may rewrite this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and you may rewrite this system
+of equations in various ways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations in various ways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations in various ways you can
+solve solve it so you can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve solve it so you can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve solve it so you can write the
+affinities as functions of the rates or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities as functions of the rates or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities as functions of the rates or
+you can do something in between in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do something in between in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do something in between in which
+say the the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the the rate of
+one is U given by its own coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is U given by its own coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is U given by its own coefficient
+times its own Affinity Plus something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times its own Affinity Plus something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times its own Affinity Plus something
+that relates it to the rate of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relates it to the rate of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relates it to the rate of the other
+equation the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the other
+reaction okay now when a a matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction okay now when a a matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction okay now when a a matrix is
+positive semide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite it
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the elements of on the diagonal are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the elements of on the diagonal are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the elements of on the diagonal are
+are non negative it means that the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are non negative it means that the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are non negative it means that the igen
+values are non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are non-
+negative therefore also the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative therefore also the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative therefore also the product of
+the igen values which is the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values which is the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values which is the determinant
+is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+negative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the
+sum which is the trace of the Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum which is the trace of the Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum which is the trace of the Matrix is
+not negative and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the rate of entropy production is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rate of entropy production is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rate of entropy production is a
+quadratic form of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic form of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic form of this
+Matrix and a quadratic form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and a quadratic form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and a quadratic form is
+written uh General this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way uh however if you write it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh however if you write it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh however if you write it in this
+way you notice that this um um double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you notice that this um um double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you notice that this um um double
+product in in the middle may not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in in the middle may not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in in the middle may not have a
+a definite sign because the affinities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a definite sign because the affinities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a definite sign because the affinities
+can be positive and negative so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be positive and negative so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be positive and negative so because
+y1 is positive and Y2 is negative this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 is positive and Y2 is negative this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 is positive and Y2 is negative this
+is negative and so you have a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term so there are ways like we did also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so there are ways like we did also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so there are ways like we did also
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+brown theorem to write quadratic form in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown theorem to write quadratic form in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown theorem to write quadratic form in
+canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical
+forms either in terms of the affinities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms either in terms of the affinities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms either in terms of the affinities
+or in terms of the rates so that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in terms of the rates so that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in terms of the rates so that it's
+essentially a sum of squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a sum of squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a sum of squares
+multiply it by positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by positive
+coefficients and so you make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and so you make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and so you make sure that
+uh you I mean if you can manage to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you I mean if you can manage to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you I mean if you can manage to write
+it this way you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way you have
+proved that you are in in shape in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that you are in in shape in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that you are in in shape in in
+terms of non- negativity of the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+production sorry so the proof uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production sorry so the proof uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production sorry so the proof uh that
+onager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onager
+gave is a requires some statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave is a requires some statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave is a requires some statistical
+mechanics and I might be able to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and I might be able to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and I might be able to give
+some hints about it later on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hints about it later on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hints about it later on but
+um hopefully it will be given in some U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hopefully it will be given in some U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hopefully it will be given in some U
+later versions of this course when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later versions of this course when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later versions of this course when
+Professor Constantino will will join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Constantino will will join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Constantino will will join
+in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the
+moment let us uh prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment let us uh prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment let us uh prove it
+from uh this principle of Maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh this principle of Maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh this principle of Maximum
+entropy production rate proposed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy production rate proposed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy production rate proposed by
+Ziggler around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ziggler around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ziggler around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+58 which is simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+58 which is simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+58 which is simple
+enough and uh doesn't contain any uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and uh doesn't contain any uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and uh doesn't contain any uh any
+a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+uh physics accept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh physics accept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh physics accept the
+idea that um when a system is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that um when a system is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that um when a system is in
+a non equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State we already know that it tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State we already know that it tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State we already know that it tends to
+reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach
+equilibrium developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium developing
+entropy uh until it gets this entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh until it gets this entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh until it gets this entropy
+gets to the maximum allowed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to the maximum allowed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to the maximum allowed by the
+constraints for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints for example
+the energy if the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy if the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy if the system is
+isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated
+uh but this is not about uh the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this is not about uh the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this is not about uh the fact
+that the entropy increases it's the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the entropy increases it's the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the entropy increases it's the fact
+that the system when it is in non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system when it is in non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system when it is in non
+equilibrium uh searches for the path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh searches for the path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh searches for the path of
+U steepest Ascent in the entropy Allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U steepest Ascent in the entropy Allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U steepest Ascent in the entropy Allowed
+by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+constraints so it's like you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints so it's like you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints so it's like you need to
+climb a mountain and go to the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb a mountain and go to the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb a mountain and go to the maximum
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+entropy there are many path that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy there are many path that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy there are many path that you can
+choose in order to climb that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose in order to climb that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose in order to climb that
+mountain okay uh it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain okay uh it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain okay uh it turns out the
+systems like to go there in the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems like to go there in the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems like to go there in the most
+direct way as possible of course there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct way as possible of course there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct way as possible of course there
+are constraints like the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are constraints like the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are constraints like the internal
+structure of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of your
+system the molecules the collisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the molecules the collisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the molecules the collisions and
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here the idea is is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the idea is is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the idea is is the following
+what are the constraints for a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the constraints for a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the constraints for a chemical
+chemical reacting system they we take as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reacting system they we take as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reacting system they we take as
+a constraint this equation which comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constraint this equation which comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constraint this equation which comes
+from the entropy balance plus our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the entropy balance plus our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the entropy balance plus our model
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and
+then we we we make an assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we we we make an assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we we we make an assumption
+like we did before where okay we want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did before where okay we want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did before where okay we want a
+theory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in
+which the rates are uh linearly related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the rates are uh linearly related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the rates are uh linearly related
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+affinities so I want a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities so I want a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities so I want a linear
+theory that means that the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that means that the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that means that the entropy
+production is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production is given by
+this quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quadratic
+form and when we take the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and when we take the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and when we take the derivative
+respect to Affinity we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Affinity we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Affinity we have this
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay H notice l i j and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay H notice l i j and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay H notice l i j and
+lji uh I am not I do not know uh if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lji uh I am not I do not know uh if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lji uh I am not I do not know uh if they
+are equal or not I'm not assuming I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal or not I'm not assuming I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal or not I'm not assuming I want
+to prove that if you assume that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that if you assume that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that if you assume that this
+rate of entropy production is maximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of entropy production is maximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of entropy production is maximal
+subject to that constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to that constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to that constraint
+then we prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we prove the
+Symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now the method for uh maximizing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the method for uh maximizing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the method for uh maximizing is
+simple we know it it's the lrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we know it it's the lrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we know it it's the lrange
+multipliers method we have only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers method we have only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers method we have only one
+constraint which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint which is this
+one so you Maxim you in order to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you Maxim you in order to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you Maxim you in order to take
+the constrained maximum you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constrained maximum you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constrained maximum you take the
+maximum the unconstrained maximum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum the unconstrained maximum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum the unconstrained maximum of
+your function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your function
+minus the undetermined lrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the undetermined lrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the undetermined lrange
+multiplier multiplied by uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier multiplied by uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier multiplied by uh the
+constraint written in in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint written in in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint written in in the form
+something is equal to zero so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is equal to zero so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is equal to zero so this is
+equivalent to that equation set equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to that equation set equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to that equation set equal to
+zero so it's the left hand side of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's the left hand side of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's the left hand side of that
+equation okay and then all you do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay and then all you do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay and then all you do is to
+take the derivative of this with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of this with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of this with respect
+to the affinities and the set it equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the affinities and the set it equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the affinities and the set it equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and so the affinities are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so the affinities are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so the affinities are in
+here in here and in here so we get three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in here and in here so we get three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in here and in here so we get three
+terms one is multiplied by one and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms one is multiplied by one and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms one is multiplied by one and one
+by minus Lambda so one minus Lambda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by minus Lambda so one minus Lambda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by minus Lambda so one minus Lambda of
+the derivative of s with respect to y s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of s with respect to y s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of s with respect to y s
+dot with respect to Y plus this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term uh which uh contributes an Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh which uh contributes an Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh which uh contributes an Epsilon
+Dot time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot time
+Lambda okay so you set that equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay so you set that equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay so you set that equal to
+zero you get this relation which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you get this relation which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you get this relation which says
+Okay then if you want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay then if you want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay then if you want to do that
+maximization your rates must be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization your rates must be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization your rates must be equal to
+Lambda minus one / Lambda times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda minus one / Lambda times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda minus one / Lambda times this
+derivative this is called Ziggler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative this is called Ziggler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative this is called Ziggler
+orthogonality principle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality principle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality principle and
+we'll try to interpret that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to interpret that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to interpret that
+in in a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a while
+for for the moment uh this is the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the moment uh this is the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the moment uh this is the result
+in terms of the lrange multiplier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the lrange multiplier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the lrange multiplier and
+then as typical in the in the method you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as typical in the in the method you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as typical in the in the method you
+substitute this back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute this back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute this back into the
+constraint in order to find the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint in order to find the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint in order to find the value
+for the LR multiplier so you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the LR multiplier so you take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the LR multiplier so you take this
+one substitute it back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one substitute it back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one substitute it back into the
+constraint which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and do the
+things carefully so when this derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things carefully so when this derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things carefully so when this derivative
+is written up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written up
+here and it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it has the
+L's plus the transpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L's plus the transpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L's plus the transpose of
+L but now these are multiplied by ep y y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L but now these are multiplied by ep y y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L but now these are multiplied by ep y y
+i and YJ under a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and YJ under a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and YJ under a double
+summation if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation if you
+switch the I and JS here things don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch the I and JS here things don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch the I and JS here things don't
+change because of the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change because of the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change because of the double
+summation there therefore for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation there therefore for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation there therefore for
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+twice this double summation here with of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice this double summation here with of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice this double summation here with of
+just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L but this double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L but this double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L but this double
+summation written this way is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation written this way is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation written this way is the
+entropy production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy production
+rate okay so we got entropy production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate okay so we got entropy production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate okay so we got entropy production
+rate is equal Lambda minus 1 / Lambda *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is equal Lambda minus 1 / Lambda *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is equal Lambda minus 1 / Lambda *
+T ice the right all right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T ice the right all right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T ice the right all right so that
+imposes that this combination must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposes that this combination must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposes that this combination must be
+equ Al to one and therefore Lambda you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ Al to one and therefore Lambda you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ Al to one and therefore Lambda you
+get it when Lambda is equal to two so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it when Lambda is equal to two so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it when Lambda is equal to two so we
+found the lrange multiplier Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the lrange multiplier Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the lrange multiplier Lambda is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+two and we can substitute it substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and we can substitute it substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and we can substitute it substitute
+it into result and so the result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into result and so the result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into result and so the result of the
+maximization is that is this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization is that is this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization is that is this expression
+here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the
+orthogonality um coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is2 finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we can substitute into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can substitute into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can substitute into
+here our assumption for Epsilon dot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here our assumption for Epsilon dot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here our assumption for Epsilon dot so
+this is for the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for the left hand
+side and this is for the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and this is for the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and this is for the right hand
+side and you get this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here then you move things left and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then you move things left and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then you move things left and right
+so to keep uh the this the summation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to keep uh the this the summation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to keep uh the this the summation of
+the ljs together and and leave the lji
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ljs together and and leave the lji
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ljs together and and leave the lji
+on the other side and here is the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side and here is the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side and here is the final
+result that this summation must be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that this summation must be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that this summation must be equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+zero and it has to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it has to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it has to be equal to
+zero wherever your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero wherever your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero wherever your
+theory applies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory applies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory applies that
+means uh in any of the non-e equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh in any of the non-e equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh in any of the non-e equilibrium
+States so for our arbitrary choices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so for our arbitrary choices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so for our arbitrary choices of
+the affinities and remember here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affinities and remember here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affinities and remember here the
+affinities are many because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities are many because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities are many because you have
+several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several
+reactions that are coupled like uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that are coupled like uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that are coupled like uh like
+the like we've seen in the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like we've seen in the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like we've seen in the example
+so among the various choices you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so among the various choices you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so among the various choices you can
+select one for example in which only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select one for example in which only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select one for example in which only one
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+reactions is that um is off equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions is that um is off equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions is that um is off equilibrium
+and the others are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the others are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the others are at
+equilibrium that therefore picks up only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that therefore picks up only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that therefore picks up only
+one term in this summation and imposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term in this summation and imposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term in this summation and imposes
+that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh
+coefficients uh must be zero and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients uh must be zero and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients uh must be zero and so that
+proves uh the symmetry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh so we prove that at least you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so we prove that at least you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so we prove that at least you get
+you get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get on
+sag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sag
+symmetry if you accept the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry if you accept the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry if you accept the principle of
+Maximum entry production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it's
+uh not sure you can do it also in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not sure you can do it also in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not sure you can do it also in the
+reverse in other words is is this and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse in other words is is this and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse in other words is is this and if
+and only if theorem uh not so sure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if theorem uh not so sure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if theorem uh not so sure in
+other words does uh on Sager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words does uh on Sager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words does uh on Sager
+reciprocity reciprocity prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity reciprocity prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity reciprocity prove the
+principle of Maximum ENT production rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of Maximum ENT production rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of Maximum ENT production rate
+well I think it probably need a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this is
+Ziggler and this is the pictorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ziggler and this is the pictorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ziggler and this is the pictorial
+um representation of its of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um representation of its of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um representation of its of his
+orthogonality relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and this
+plot wants to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+represent on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent on a
+plane um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane um the uh
+affinities so for example suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities so for example suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities so for example suppose you
+are in this point here it represents a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this point here it represents a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this point here it represents a a
+non equilibrium state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non equilibrium state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non equilibrium state
+in which the Affinity of reaction one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the Affinity of reaction one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the Affinity of reaction one is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+much the center is zero and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the center is zero and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the center is zero and that's
+equilibrium and the Affinity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and the Affinity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and the Affinity of the
+second reaction is is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second reaction is is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second reaction is is this
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+okay here the rate of entropy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here the rate of entropy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here the rate of entropy uh
+production so the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so the quadratic
+form has a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form has a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form has a certain
+value different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value different than
+zero and these Contour plots represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and these Contour plots represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and these Contour plots represent
+all other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other
+non equilibrium states that have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non equilibrium states that have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non equilibrium states that have that
+same value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same value of the
+entropy As you move further from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy As you move further from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy As you move further from
+equilibrium the entropy goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the entropy goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the entropy goes
+up as you go towards equilibrium the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as you go towards equilibrium the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as you go towards equilibrium the
+entropy goes down so you may think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy goes down so you may think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy goes down so you may think of
+those U uh contour lines as those of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those U uh contour lines as those of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those U uh contour lines as those of an
+ellipsoid that is touching zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium the red curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the red curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the red curves
+represent uh the gradients of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent uh the gradients of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent uh the gradients of these
+Contours so these are these curves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours so these are these curves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours so these are these curves are
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal
+to uh the constant entropy Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the constant entropy Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the constant entropy Contour
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+right the expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gradient is the gradient is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is the gradient is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is the gradient is like a
+generalized derivative so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized derivative so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized derivative so uh the
+derivative of s dot with respect to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of s dot with respect to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of s dot with respect to Y
+Vector this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gradient and if I plot the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and if I plot the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and if I plot the gradient
+uh it has it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has it is a
+vector which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orthogonal I plot it here so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal I plot it here so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal I plot it here so it's
+orthogonal to uh the curve for which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to uh the curve for which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to uh the curve for which it
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+okay now what the Ziggler principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what the Ziggler principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what the Ziggler principle
+orthogonality relation says is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality relation says is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality relation says is that I
+take this Vector which is the gr take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this Vector which is the gr take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this Vector which is the gr take
+half of it and that gives me the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of it and that gives me the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of it and that gives me the uh
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+Vector the Epsilon dot is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the Epsilon dot is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the Epsilon dot is the right
+Vector is just a half of the the red is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is just a half of the the red is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is just a half of the the red is
+the half of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half of the of the
+black and this Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and this Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and this Vector
+here uh let me now last step move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh let me now last step move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh let me now last step move it
+back to uh the to to here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to uh the to to here to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to uh the to to here to the
+zero so then on the same plot I am now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so then on the same plot I am now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so then on the same plot I am now
+reading on this axis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading on this axis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading on this axis the
+one component so that is the rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one component so that is the rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one component so that is the rate of the
+first reaction and on this other axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reaction and on this other axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reaction and on this other axis
+the second component so that's the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second component so that's the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second component so that's the rate
+of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction and what this shows is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and what this shows is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and what this shows is that uh
+yeah you know if uh if you didn't if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know if uh if you didn't if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know if uh if you didn't if you
+had only one reaction and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had only one reaction and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had only one reaction and one
+Affinity uh the proportionality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity uh the proportionality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity uh the proportionality is
+typically that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the rate and the Affinity have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate and the Affinity have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate and the Affinity have the same
+sign so if uh uh if Y is is neg is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so if uh uh if Y is is neg is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so if uh uh if Y is is neg is
+positive um Epsilon one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive um Epsilon one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive um Epsilon one is
+positive and the their relation is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and the their relation is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and the their relation is uh
+like take instead of this system here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like take instead of this system here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like take instead of this system here
+instead of having 2 by two just one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having 2 by two just one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having 2 by two just one by
+one it's simply the proportionality l11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's simply the proportionality l11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's simply the proportionality l11
+is the direct proportionality and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the direct proportionality and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the direct proportionality and it
+says that the rate of one is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the rate of one is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the rate of one is is
+proportional to and also if you had only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to and also if you had only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to and also if you had only
+two reaction two the rate of reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reaction two the rate of reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reaction two the rate of reaction
+two is proportional to its degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is proportional to its degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is proportional to its degree of
+dise equilibrium same sign because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dise equilibrium same sign because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dise equilibrium same sign because we
+said that these L's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive but here you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but here you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but here you see the
+coupling makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling makes it
+so so the cross the off diagonal ter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the cross the off diagonal ter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the cross the off diagonal ter
+makes it so in this particular region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it so in this particular region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it so in this particular region of
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states that look at reaction two it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that look at reaction two it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that look at reaction two it has
+a positive Affinity but as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive Affinity but as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive Affinity but as a result of
+the cap gets a negative reaction rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cap gets a negative reaction rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cap gets a negative reaction rate so
+these off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these off diagonal
+terms may actually uh Drive the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms may actually uh Drive the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms may actually uh Drive the system
+in uh somewhat unexpected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh somewhat unexpected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh somewhat unexpected
+Direction something that if it were by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction something that if it were by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction something that if it were by
+itself would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself would
+violate the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate the uh the
+entropy non decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy non decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy non decrease
+principle because if I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle because if I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle because if I didn't
+have also the other terms and only this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also the other terms and only this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also the other terms and only this
+one uh it's so if I have only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh it's so if I have only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh it's so if I have only one
+reaction it is impossible that the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction it is impossible that the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction it is impossible that the rate
+be in the opposite sign of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the opposite sign of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the opposite sign of the
+Affinity okay so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity okay so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity okay so that is
+the at least in the business of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at least in the business of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at least in the business of
+reactions chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions uh the importance of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions uh the importance of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions uh the importance of these
+coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and it is
+actually for things like these for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for things like these for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for things like these for many
+aspects of this chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of this chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of this chemistry
+of equilibrium that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equilibrium that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equilibrium that
+uh also IIA pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also IIA pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also IIA pin
+has gotten Nobel Prize forget now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gotten Nobel Prize forget now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gotten Nobel Prize forget now what
+year um but I want to just that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year um but I want to just that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year um but I want to just that I
+mention him I want to also mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention him I want to also mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention him I want to also mention that
+if you're doing your PhD thesis in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing your PhD thesis in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing your PhD thesis in the
+field of thermodynamics whatever field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of thermodynamics whatever field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of thermodynamics whatever field
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+thermodynamics uh make sure you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics uh make sure you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics uh make sure you apply
+for theia PR Goin prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for theia PR Goin prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for theia PR Goin prize
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+thermodynamics which is held every two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics which is held every two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics which is held every two
+years and uh it's um it's a prestigious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and uh it's um it's a prestigious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and uh it's um it's a prestigious
+thing doesn't bring a lot of money but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing doesn't bring a lot of money but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing doesn't bring a lot of money but
+it's it gives you some Prestige and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it gives you some Prestige and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it gives you some Prestige and you
+may look up uh the website of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may look up uh the website of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may look up uh the website of the of the
+prize and see what the previous winners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize and see what the previous winners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize and see what the previous winners
+are uh very diverse and very um high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh very diverse and very um high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh very diverse and very um high
+level set of uh of guys who most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level set of uh of guys who most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level set of uh of guys who most of
+which are now uh renowned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are now uh renowned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are now uh renowned
+professors World worldwide because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors World worldwide because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors World worldwide because it's
+like an international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's do a little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+switch first of all it sound like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch first of all it sound like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch first of all it sound like like
+sounds like a switch back and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like a switch back and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like a switch back and then it
+will be a switch forward so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a switch forward so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a switch forward so let's go
+back to heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to heat
+transfer and this is a a slide that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and this is a a slide that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and this is a a slide that more
+or less we have already seen maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less we have already seen maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less we have already seen maybe not
+exactly in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fashion you take a a onedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion you take a a onedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion you take a a onedimensional
+fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid
+element subject to a gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element subject to a gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element subject to a gradient of
+temperature so it's it's fluid element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so it's it's fluid element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so it's it's fluid element
+on one side as one temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side as one temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side as one temperature so
+there's a heat interaction at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a heat interaction at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a heat interaction at one
+temperature with the fluid element on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature with the fluid element on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature with the fluid element on
+its left and another heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interaction at a different temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction at a different temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction at a different temperature
+slightly different temperature with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different temperature with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different temperature with the
+element on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element on the
+right and for the moment let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and for the moment let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and for the moment let's assume
+that this is in a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is in a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is in a steady
+state so let's do the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balance and we do the energy balance per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and we do the energy balance per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and we do the energy balance per
+unit of area of the surface of of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of area of the surface of of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of area of the surface of of um
+interaction between these adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements so zero because we are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so zero because we are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so zero because we are at
+steady state so there is no accumulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state so there is no accumulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state so there is no accumulation
+of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy
+um otherwise here it would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um otherwise here it would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um otherwise here it would be the
+derivative of uh of the energy per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of uh of the energy per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of uh of the energy per unit
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+divided with respect to time but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided with respect to time but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided with respect to time but it's
+zero because we are assuming steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because we are assuming steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because we are assuming steady
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal
+to the heat flux I'm going I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the heat flux I'm going I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the heat flux I'm going I'm using
+here the notation of heat transfer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the notation of heat transfer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the notation of heat transfer so
+qou Prime is the typical notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qou Prime is the typical notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qou Prime is the typical notation for
+heat transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and then we have a heat flux at X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we have a heat flux at X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we have a heat flux at X
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+DX so you may recognize this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so you may recognize this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so you may recognize this is the
+incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the increment of of the function Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the increment of of the function Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the increment of of the function Q
+Prime is a function of X so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is a function of X so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is a function of X so this is the
+partial of Q Prime with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of Q Prime with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of Q Prime with respect to X
+time DX and it is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and then we do the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then we do the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then we do the entropy
+balance remember we're doing the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance remember we're doing the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance remember we're doing the balance
+for this element in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+center so here we have to account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center so here we have to account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center so here we have to account for
+here I multiplied by a okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I multiplied by a okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I multiplied by a okay so we have
+to account for the entropy coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for the entropy coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for the entropy coming in
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+left which is Q dot over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+uh and qou Prime is Q do over a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and qou Prime is Q do over a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and qou Prime is Q do over a is the
+flux so this is the heat rate per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+area minus the uh entropy that goes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area minus the uh entropy that goes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area minus the uh entropy that goes uh
+out on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the other
+side and this is Q Prime divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and this is Q Prime divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and this is Q Prime divided by the
+temperature which prevails there which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which prevails there which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which prevails there which
+is different slightly but different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different slightly but different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different slightly but different
+different and then plus the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and then plus the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and then plus the entropy
+produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by
+irreversibility so here I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility so here I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility so here I'm going
+denoting this lower case s with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoting this lower case s with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoting this lower case s with the
+triple prime is entropy generated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple prime is entropy generated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple prime is entropy generated by
+reversibility per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility per unit
+volume and the dot is the right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and the dot is the right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and the dot is the right so
+that's soon we will go actually already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's soon we will go actually already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's soon we will go actually already
+here we give a a a special symbol for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we give a a a special symbol for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we give a a a special symbol for
+that so we use from one from now on when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we use from one from now on when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we use from one from now on when
+we you see Sigma it's not it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you see Sigma it's not it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you see Sigma it's not it's not the
+stress tensor it's not the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress tensor it's not the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress tensor it's not the surface
+tension it's the rate of entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension it's the rate of entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension it's the rate of entropy
+production per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production per
+unit sometimes different fields uh use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sometimes different fields uh use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sometimes different fields uh use
+the same symbol for different purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same symbol for different purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same symbol for different purposes
+but uh there is only one Greek alphabet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from this
+one if you do properly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you do properly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you do properly this
+uh use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use this
+and recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recognize the
+incremental TX plus DX minus TX ided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental TX plus DX minus TX ided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental TX plus DX minus TX ided by
+DX that's the derivative of t with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX that's the derivative of t with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX that's the derivative of t with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+X and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the
+denominator um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator um
+here you can neglect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can neglect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can neglect the
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+of and so this denominator you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and so this denominator you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and so this denominator you can
+simply call it t^ s that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply call it t^ s that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply call it t^ s that's why the
+approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate
+symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol
+okay okay so we like uh to write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we like uh to write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we like uh to write this as
+a so the entropy production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so the entropy production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so the entropy production
+rate you we write to write it as the as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you we write to write it as the as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you we write to write it as the as
+the flux heat flux times this gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux heat flux times this gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux heat flux times this gradient
+of the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inverse
+temperature this will is analogous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this will is analogous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this will is analogous and
+this is why we we are doing it now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why we we are doing it now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why we we are doing it now it's
+analogous to the chemical um um idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to the chemical um um idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to the chemical um um idea
+that right entropy production rates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right entropy production rates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right entropy production rates are
+given by a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by a product
+of reaction rate times an affinity if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaction rate times an affinity if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaction rate times an affinity if
+you interpret this gradient of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you interpret this gradient of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you interpret this gradient of uh the
+inverse temperature as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse temperature as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse temperature as the
+Affinity or the degree of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity or the degree of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity or the degree of this
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+in with respect to heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with respect to heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with respect to heat
+transfer then you have a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer then you have a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer then you have a similar
+concept and we have already discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and we have already discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and we have already discussed
+this in a previous lecture so I will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a previous lecture so I will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a previous lecture so I will not
+do it now but I simply remind you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it now but I simply remind you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it now but I simply remind you that
+this part of the slide was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the slide was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the slide was to
+um uh show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh show
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um you cannot be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you cannot be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you cannot be at
+equilibrium if this is different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium if this is different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium if this is different from
+zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therefore when we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore when we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore when we actually
+adopt an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt an
+equilibrium local equilibrium model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium local equilibrium model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium local equilibrium model for
+our fluid element we are neglecting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fluid element we are neglecting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fluid element we are neglecting this
+difference and you will see uh hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and you will see uh hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and you will see uh hopefully
+uh today uh we will see what that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today uh we will see what that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today uh we will see what that uh
+what accounting for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what accounting for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what accounting for that
+difference uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh
+makes uh and how things change if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes uh and how things change if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes uh and how things change if you do
+account for that but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for that but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for that but for the
+moment if you want you just go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment if you want you just go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment if you want you just go back to
+that previous lecture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that previous lecture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that previous lecture to
+find more discussion about this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find more discussion about this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find more discussion about this this
+graph what we may uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph what we may uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph what we may uh
+also add is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also add is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also add is the following
+now this fluid element in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this fluid element in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this fluid element in the middle of
+two things that are at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that are at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that are at different
+temperatures although minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures although minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures although minute
+differences uh could be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences uh could be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences uh could be in
+principle see that was a that was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle see that was a that was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle see that was a that was that
+heat transfer uh direct with with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transfer uh direct with with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transfer uh direct with with no
+useful effect is dissipative and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful effect is dissipative and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful effect is dissipative and in fact
+you have entropy produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have entropy produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have entropy produced by
+reversibility and we have learned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility and we have learned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility and we have learned that
+whenever you have entropy produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have entropy produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have entropy produced by
+reversibility you could if you have if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility you could if you have if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility you could if you have if
+you can avoid that entropy production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can avoid that entropy production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can avoid that entropy production
+you can do something useful with it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do something useful with it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do something useful with it so
+here what you would uh what what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what you would uh what what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what you would uh what what you
+would need to do is to replace your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to do is to replace your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to do is to replace your
+fluid element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid element
+by a small heat engine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a small heat engine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a small heat engine a
+local uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local uh
+something maybe bacteria maybe um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something maybe bacteria maybe um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something maybe bacteria maybe um
+because here it maybe a small small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here it maybe a small small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here it maybe a small small
+system in any case a heat engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in any case a heat engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in any case a heat engine
+that while uh uh exploiting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while uh uh exploiting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while uh uh exploiting this
+temperature difference extracts some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference extracts some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference extracts some
+work like a Carno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+engine uh we have learned that in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine uh we have learned that in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine uh we have learned that in order
+to compute this the maximum work you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute this the maximum work you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute this the maximum work you
+have to do energy balance and entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do energy balance and entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do energy balance and entropy
+balance and you have to assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and you have to assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and you have to assume that the
+entropy produced by irreversibility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy produced by irreversibility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy produced by irreversibility is
+equal to zero if you do that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero if you do that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero if you do that so you
+start from the entropy balance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from the entropy balance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from the entropy balance and
+impose that this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative that the entropy that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that the entropy that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that the entropy that goes
+out here is equal to the entropy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here is equal to the entropy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here is equal to the entropy that
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+uh that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that gives
+you one relation then if you substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one relation then if you substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one relation then if you substitute
+it back into the energy balance it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back into the energy balance it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back into the energy balance it gives
+you uh that maximum work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course the answer we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the answer we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the answer we could have
+done it even without redoing the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it even without redoing the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it even without redoing the energy
+and entropy balances it the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entropy balances it the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entropy balances it the answer is
+that the maximum work you extract there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the maximum work you extract there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the maximum work you extract there
+is equal to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the to the
+temperature that prevails around there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that prevails around there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that prevails around there
+more or less is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less is the
+same so T times the entropy times Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so T times the entropy times Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so T times the entropy times Sigma
+times the entropy that you uh you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the entropy that you uh you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the entropy that you uh you would
+have produced by IR ibility if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have produced by IR ibility if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have produced by IR ibility if you
+didn't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do that
+work okay so you get this relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um if your fluid element is in is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if your fluid element is in is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if your fluid element is in is a is
+is three dimensional instead of of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three dimensional instead of of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three dimensional instead of of if
+you okay here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay here we've
+discussed uh a onedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but if you
+you can make it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it also
+three-dimensional so you you have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional so you you have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional so you you have a nice
+uh a nice uh fluid elements of the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a nice uh fluid elements of the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a nice uh fluid elements of the kind
+that you consider in in 3D heat transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you consider in in 3D heat transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you consider in in 3D heat transfer
+then of course you have to account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course you have to account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course you have to account for
+exchanges uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges uh
+of heat the heat flux is a vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heat the heat flux is a vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heat the heat flux is a vector that
+has the three components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the three components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the three components
+and the equivalent of the energy balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the equivalent of the energy balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the equivalent of the energy balance
+here this derivative of Q respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this derivative of Q respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this derivative of Q respect to X
+is equal to zero becomes the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero becomes the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero becomes the the
+Divergence of the vector Q Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of the vector Q Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of the vector Q Prime is
+equal to zero or in this other problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero or in this other problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero or in this other problem
+it becomes the Divergence of Q overt of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes the Divergence of Q overt of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes the Divergence of Q overt of
+the vector Q overt which is the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector Q overt which is the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector Q overt which is the entropy
+flux uh is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh this expression for the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this expression for the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this expression for the entropy
+production rate per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production rate per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production rate per unit
+volume if from this uh which is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume if from this uh which is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume if from this uh which is just the
+X component of the heat flux times the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X component of the heat flux times the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X component of the heat flux times the X
+component of the gradient in one / T it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the gradient in one / T it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the gradient in one / T it
+becomes the dot product the scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the dot product the scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the dot product the scalar
+product of the heat flux into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the heat flux into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the heat flux into the
+gradient of 1/ T which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of 1/ T which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of 1/ T which is a
+vector so I like this is why I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so I like this is why I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so I like this is why I like to
+put the underline uh into under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the underline uh into under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the underline uh into under the
+nabla symbol because nabla is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator like Q okay I'm sure you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator like Q okay I'm sure you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator like Q okay I'm sure you are
+familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+nabla is this operator here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a vector which has as components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a vector which has as components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a vector which has as components
+the partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symbols all right so we have seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analogy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy in the
+structure for the rate of entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for the rate of entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for the rate of entropy
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+with the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the chemical
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+formalism Affinity times rate Affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism Affinity times rate Affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism Affinity times rate Affinity
+times rate rate of heat rate of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times rate rate of heat rate of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times rate rate of heat rate of heat
+exchange and so the Affinity is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and so the Affinity is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and so the Affinity is the
+gradient in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in the
+temperature so if we do let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so if we do let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so if we do let's do the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+procedure let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure let us
+assume like we did that the Epsilon dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume like we did that the Epsilon dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume like we did that the Epsilon dot
+is a fun function of the Infinity with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fun function of the Infinity with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fun function of the Infinity with
+the function being zero at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function being zero at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function being zero at equilibrium
+let's assume the same here so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume the same here so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume the same here so let's
+assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the
+heat flux Vector is a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flux Vector is a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flux Vector is a function of the
+gradient of the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature and it is equal to zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and it is equal to zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and it is equal to zero if
+there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no
+gradient because we know that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient because we know that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient because we know that if the
+temperature profile is flat there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature profile is flat there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature profile is flat there's no
+gradient there is no heat flux okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient there is no heat flux okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient there is no heat flux okay and
+we linearize this expression here like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we linearize this expression here like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we linearize this expression here like
+we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did
+here so you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you take this
+derivative and so the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and so the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and so the derivative of
+vector respect to another Vector becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector respect to another Vector becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector respect to another Vector becomes
+tensor we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor we call it
+l double underline it's for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tensor and the first term in the and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor and the first term in the and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor and the first term in the and so
+you're linearizing in in gradient of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're linearizing in in gradient of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're linearizing in in gradient of one
+/ T so that multiplies gradient of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ T so that multiplies gradient of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ T so that multiplies gradient of one
+over T and of course this tensor is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T and of course this tensor is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T and of course this tensor is to
+be evaluated at equilibrium so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be evaluated at equilibrium so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be evaluated at equilibrium so this is
+an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium
+property you would evaluate this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property you would evaluate this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property you would evaluate this when
+there is no gradient when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no gradient when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no gradient when the
+temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flat well if you call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat well if you call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat well if you call that
+L uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L uh
+K tensor times t^ s you obtain the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K tensor times t^ s you obtain the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K tensor times t^ s you obtain the for
+of thermal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay on which most of the heat transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on which most of the heat transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on which most of the heat transfer
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+based so this is a fundamental step then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based so this is a fundamental step then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based so this is a fundamental step then
+from this you construct all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this you construct all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this you construct all the
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice that uh K is is a tensor first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that uh K is is a tensor first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that uh K is is a tensor first of
+all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and
+only in some special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in some special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in some special
+cases uh that tensor is isotropic so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh that tensor is isotropic so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh that tensor is isotropic so you
+need only one one variable to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need only one one variable to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need only one one variable to represent
+it so for an isotropic material then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so for an isotropic material then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so for an isotropic material then you
+can write uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write uh
+that you Q Prime I'm sorry Q Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you Q Prime I'm sorry Q Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you Q Prime I'm sorry Q Prime is
+equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus
+K the gradient of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the gradient of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the gradient of of
+T that's because of course the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's because of course the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's because of course the gradient
+of uh 1 / T is equal to minus 1 / T ^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh 1 / T is equal to minus 1 / T ^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh 1 / T is equal to minus 1 / T ^ 2
+* the gradient of T okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that is the uh standard the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is the uh standard the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is the uh standard the forier
+law of proportionality heat and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of proportionality heat and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of proportionality heat and so that
+it says that the heat flux is in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that the heat flux is in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that the heat flux is in the in
+the direction of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of of
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+right and that's true for an isotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's true for an isotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's true for an isotropic
+material but for an an anisotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but for an an anisotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but for an an anisotropic
+material you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the gradient is in One Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gradient is in One Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gradient is in One Direction
+and The U heat flux is in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction for example here suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction for example here suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction for example here suppose you
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+two-dimensional problem in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional problem in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional problem in which you
+have a two-dimensional anisotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a two-dimensional anisotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a two-dimensional anisotropic
+material um and so the two- dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um and so the two- dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um and so the two- dimensional
+means that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatever uh nothing changes with the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh nothing changes with the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh nothing changes with the Z
+Direction neither the temperature nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction neither the temperature nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction neither the temperature nor
+the heat flux nor the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat flux nor the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat flux nor the boundary
+conditions in that case every everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in that case every everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in that case every everything
+that every partial derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every partial derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every partial derivative with
+respect to Z is equal to zero that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Z is equal to zero that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Z is equal to zero that's
+condition for 2D symmetri of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for 2D symmetri of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for 2D symmetri of
+things so for example the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so for example the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so for example the temperature
+field depends only on X and Y that's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field depends only on X and Y that's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field depends only on X and Y that's to
+simplify and here so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify and here so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify and here so this is this
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+the for La
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for La
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for La
+becomes this linear expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes this linear expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes this linear expression
+here and how do you build nonisotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and how do you build nonisotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and how do you build nonisotropic
+materials for example by sandwiching uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials for example by sandwiching uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials for example by sandwiching uh
+layers of different materials for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of different materials for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of different materials for
+example you could have a a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you could have a a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you could have a a highly
+conductive layer of material like carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive layer of material like carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive layer of material like carbon
+sheet uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet uh
+in sandwiched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between an epoxy or some other material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an epoxy or some other material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an epoxy or some other material
+with low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conductivity that makes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isotropy okay so these are the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropy okay so these are the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropy okay so these are the equations
+let's see how you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so in order to characterize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so in order to characterize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so in order to characterize this
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh don't just have one thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh don't just have one thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh don't just have one thermal
+conductivity you need to measure three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity you need to measure three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity you need to measure three
+parameters or actually there are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters or actually there are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters or actually there are four
+entries in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in The
+Matrix but thanks to onager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but thanks to onager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but thanks to onager
+principle the off diagonal ones must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle the off diagonal ones must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle the off diagonal ones must be
+equal because of it his reciprocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal because of it his reciprocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal because of it his reciprocity
+General reciprocity theorem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General reciprocity theorem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General reciprocity theorem which
+applies all also in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies all also in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies all also in this
+business and therefore you need only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and therefore you need only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and therefore you need only to
+measure three and here are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure three and here are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure three and here are the three
+measurements that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that you could
+make you cut the sample of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you cut the sample of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you cut the sample of your
+material thin in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction and assume that uh things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and assume that uh things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and assume that uh things in
+the y direction do not change or set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y direction do not change or set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y direction do not change or set up
+in EXP expent in which they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in EXP expent in which they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in EXP expent in which they don't
+change and then so that you are set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and then so that you are set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and then so that you are set up
+to use the first equation here with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the first equation here with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the first equation here with no
+component of the gradient in temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the gradient in temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the gradient in temperature
+in the y direction this is zero and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the y direction this is zero and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the y direction this is zero and you
+have only the this direct relation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only the this direct relation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only the this direct relation so
+you measure the heat flux you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure the heat flux you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure the heat flux you measure
+the gradient in temperature the across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in temperature the across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in temperature the across
+the small thickness of your sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small thickness of your sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small thickness of your sample and
+you take that ratio uh and uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that ratio uh and uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that ratio uh and uh so this
+ratio gives you the conductivity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio gives you the conductivity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio gives you the conductivity the
+XX component of the conductivity tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XX component of the conductivity tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XX component of the conductivity tensor
+that must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must be
+positive because uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive because uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive because uh this
+tensor is is a onager matrix so it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor is is a onager matrix so it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor is is a onager matrix so it is to
+be positive semide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive semide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive semide
+definite do the same for the y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite do the same for the y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite do the same for the y direction
+and and and and you measure kou y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh now to measure the off diagonal terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now to measure the off diagonal terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now to measure the off diagonal terms
+one way is to put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way is to put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way is to put your
+sample you squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample you squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample you squeeze
+it uh between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh between
+insulating um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulating um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulating um
+materials in the uh two faces on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials in the uh two faces on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials in the uh two faces on the
+with the direction in the Y Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the direction in the Y Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the direction in the Y Direction
+with the normal in the y direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the normal in the y direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the normal in the y direction okay
+so this is a an insulation this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+insulation and you subject your sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation and you subject your sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation and you subject your sample
+to a gradient in temperature in the uh X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+okay now since the insulating material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now since the insulating material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now since the insulating material
+uh since this um wall is insulated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since this um wall is insulated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since this um wall is insulated the
+Heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat
+component in the Y the y direction here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the Y the y direction here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the Y the y direction here
+is zero and also here is zero so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and also here is zero so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and also here is zero so you can
+assume that it is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it is zero
+also uh not really precise but that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh not really precise but that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh not really precise but that it
+is zero also in in between because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero also in in between because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero also in in between because this
+is supposed to be a small thickness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be a small thickness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be a small thickness of
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+however in spite of that so there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in spite of that so there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in spite of that so there is no
+heat flux in the vertical Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flux in the vertical Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flux in the vertical Direction
+Direction yet you're going to build up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction yet you're going to build up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction yet you're going to build up a
+gradient in temperature in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+because of uh this equation here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of uh this equation here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of uh this equation here which
+is Rewritten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Rewritten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Rewritten
+here the insulation sets this equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the insulation sets this equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the insulation sets this equal to
+zero and therefore makes these two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and therefore makes these two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and therefore makes these two terms
+equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one
+another I mean equal and opposite to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another I mean equal and opposite to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another I mean equal and opposite to one
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by measuring the gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by measuring the gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by measuring the gradient in
+temperature that that builds up in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that that builds up in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that that builds up in the y
+direction and dividing by dividing it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and dividing by dividing it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and dividing by dividing it by
+the imposed gradient in temperature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imposed gradient in temperature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imposed gradient in temperature in
+the X Direction you get this ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Direction you get this ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Direction you get this ratio of
+the off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the off diagonal
+coefficient versus the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient versus the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient versus the direct
+coefficient okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in fact you notice that u in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact you notice that u in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact you notice that u in this
+case the X Direction component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the X Direction component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the X Direction component of the
+heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+flux Q Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux Q Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux Q Prime
+X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+less than it was in this other example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than it was in this other example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than it was in this other example
+in this other situation because you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this other situation because you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this other situation because you see
+the the the there is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the there is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the there is still
+proportionality between the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality between the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality between the flux
+and the imposed gradient in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the imposed gradient in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the imposed gradient in the X
+Direction but the coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction but the coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction but the coefficient of
+proportionality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smaller physically you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller physically you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller physically you can you can
+realize that uh this sandwich makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that uh this sandwich makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that uh this sandwich makes it
+so that the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the heat
+flux finds it easier to run through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux finds it easier to run through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux finds it easier to run through the
+high conductivity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high conductivity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high conductivity uh
+layers and since those layers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and since those layers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and since those layers are
+inclined as hinted by these inclined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined as hinted by these inclined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined as hinted by these inclined
+lines here uh the heat flux enters here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines here uh the heat flux enters here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines here uh the heat flux enters here
+but it it likes to go up in following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it likes to go up in following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it likes to go up in following
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um the high conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the high conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the high conductivity
+materials that's why you build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that's why you build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that's why you build up
+temperature gradient in the direction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gradient in the direction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gradient in the direction uh
+where there is no heat uh net heat flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this uh is also called riluk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh is also called riluk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh is also called riluk
+effect which was discovered before on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which was discovered before on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which was discovered before on
+Sager theorem many of the uh things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sager theorem many of the uh things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sager theorem many of the uh things that
+are rationalized by the onager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rationalized by the onager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rationalized by the onager
+reciprocity theorem were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity theorem were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity theorem were actually
+discovered independently and not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered independently and not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered independently and not uh
+sometimes not even connected to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes not even connected to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes not even connected to one
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+uh by uh various researchers in the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by uh various researchers in the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by uh various researchers in the 19th
+century and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and
+U it's only later on that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U it's only later on that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U it's only later on that you could
+connect them and so it's somehow you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them and so it's somehow you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them and so it's somehow you had
+four different effects that thanks to on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different effects that thanks to on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different effects that thanks to on
+Sager were related and become only three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sager were related and become only three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sager were related and become only three
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones notice also that for example using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones notice also that for example using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones notice also that for example using
+this uh idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh idea
+you can construct a sensor a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-disturbing heat heat flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-disturbing heat heat flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-disturbing heat heat flux
+sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+because in here by putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in here by putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in here by putting the
+thermocouples across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermocouples across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermocouples across the
+sample which are off the way the where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample which are off the way the where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample which are off the way the where
+the heat flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat flux
+goes by measuring this temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes by measuring this temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes by measuring this temperature
+different difference you measure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different difference you measure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different difference you measure you
+measure the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the heat
+flux and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and
+therefore uh you don't have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore uh you don't have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore uh you don't have to put
+thermocouples in the way of a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermocouples in the way of a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermocouples in the way of a small
+sample because the typically if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample because the typically if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample because the typically if you put
+the thermocouple that will disturb the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermocouple that will disturb the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermocouple that will disturb the
+measurement because the thermocouple has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement because the thermocouple has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement because the thermocouple has
+it own size and therefore it uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it own size and therefore it uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it own size and therefore it uh it
+Alters the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alters the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alters the actual
+situation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the Fier uh equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of so the the complete energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a for a for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for a for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for a for a
+uh with with no uh no motion no velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with with no uh no motion no velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with with no uh no motion no velocity
+so not not a gas or a fluid but say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not not a gas or a fluid but say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not not a gas or a fluid but say
+solid or maybe a static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid or maybe a static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid or maybe a static
+fluid this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid this is the
+U equation and if you have for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U equation and if you have for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U equation and if you have for example a
+gas uh okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas uh okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas uh okay this
+U uh row U is the okay let's say that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rou is the energy per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rou is the energy per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rou is the energy per unit
+volume okay so you could write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume okay so you could write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume okay so you could write it as
+as M over V * U over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as M over V * U over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as M over V * U over
+M and so by seeing that you see this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrw and this is U so here I'm using U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrw and this is U so here I'm using U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrw and this is U so here I'm using U
+without the star the asteris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the star the asteris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the star the asteris
+but that's the uh energy per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the uh energy per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the uh energy per unit
+Mass so specific energy per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass so specific energy per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass so specific energy per unit
+mass and for example for a gas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and for example for a gas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and for example for a gas that
+would be row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be row
+uh CV times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh CV times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh CV times
+t or at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative with respect to time of r u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to time of r u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to time of r u
+can be written as uh this derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and if the density is constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if the density is constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if the density is constant and
+the specific heat is constant it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific heat is constant it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific heat is constant it goes
+out of the derivative and you get only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the derivative and you get only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the derivative and you get only
+uh uh row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh row
+CV DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV DT
+oft minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oft minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oft minus the
+gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+of uh Q okay Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh Q okay Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh Q okay Q is
+uh for your equation if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for your equation if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for your equation if you have an
+isotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic
+material if it is a okay let's keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material if it is a okay let's keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material if it is a okay let's keep it
+as a Tropic just simplicity so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a Tropic just simplicity so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a Tropic just simplicity so I have to
+M to substitute here minus K times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M to substitute here minus K times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M to substitute here minus K times the
+gradient in t Okay so that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in t Okay so that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in t Okay so that makes
+it if K this requires that K be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if K this requires that K be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if K this requires that K be
+independent of of space of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of of space of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of of space of temperature
+so if K is a constant it goes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if K is a constant it goes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if K is a constant it goes out of
+this otherwise you have to keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this otherwise you have to keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this otherwise you have to keep it
+inside so if K is constant because con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so if K is constant because con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so if K is constant because con
+because uh the conductivity of materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the conductivity of materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the conductivity of materials
+does change with temperature so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does change with temperature so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does change with temperature so this
+step may not be always allowed but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step may not be always allowed but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step may not be always allowed but if
+you do that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that this
+becomes um the laash of the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes um the laash of the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes um the laash of the temperature
+because you know that the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know that the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know that the gradient
+dotted into the gradient gives the laian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted into the gradient gives the laian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted into the gradient gives the laian
+operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+if you dot this Vector into another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you dot this Vector into another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you dot this Vector into another
+Vector equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector equal to
+itself the dot product gives you uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself the dot product gives you uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself the dot product gives you uh the
+products of the components of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of the components of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of the components of the
+vectors and so here you have the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and so here you have the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and so here you have the partial
+of x times another partial of X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x times another partial of X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x times another partial of X so
+that's the second derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second derivative with
+respect to X twice and those are uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X twice and those are uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X twice and those are uh the
+various ingredients the three uh of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ingredients the three uh of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ingredients the three uh of that
+represent uh the LA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so in any case this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so in any case this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so in any case this is
+the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of
+Fier the for energy energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and
+um yeah um there is a if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah um there is a if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah um there is a if you have
+nonisotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonisotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonisotropic
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+material there is an interesting change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material there is an interesting change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material there is an interesting change
+of coordinates if we have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinates if we have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinates if we have seen
+that the the heat flux and the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the heat flux and the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the heat flux and the gradient
+temperature are not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature are not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature are not in the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and there is
+a a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a change of
+coordinates that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates that you can do
+uh so Define nonorthogonal coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so Define nonorthogonal coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so Define nonorthogonal coordinates
+instead of the usual orthogonal X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the usual orthogonal X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the usual orthogonal X and Y
+small X and Y you can define capital X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small X and Y you can define capital X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small X and Y you can define capital X
+and Y here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y here
+actually this is wrong it's not there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is wrong it's not there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is wrong it's not there is
+no equal sign here this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no equal sign here this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no equal sign here this is just the
+multiplication so that's the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so that's the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so that's the linear
+combination of the original coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the original coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the original coordinates
+to give these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give these
+um coordinates with are at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um coordinates with are at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um coordinates with are at a certain
+angle between one another and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between one another and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between one another and if you
+write it that way then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it that way then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it that way then
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+equation um the the laion in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um the the laion in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um the the laion in terms of
+the new coordinates becomes like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new coordinates becomes like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new coordinates becomes like that
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uniform
+material and um where K is equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and um where K is equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and um where K is equal the
+effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+conductivity uniform conductivity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity uniform conductivity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity uniform conductivity is
+equal to this linear combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this linear combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this linear combination of the
+various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+uh term so this is the it's like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh term so this is the it's like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh term so this is the it's like the the
+gradient I mean the the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient I mean the the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient I mean the the square root of
+the of the determinant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the determinant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the determinant of the
+tensor conductivity tensor and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor conductivity tensor and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor conductivity tensor and also the
+heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+flux a vector in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux a vector in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux a vector in the original
+coordinates it becomes a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates it becomes a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates it becomes a linear
+combination also here there is should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination also here there is should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination also here there is should be
+I have to correct this it shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to correct this it shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to correct this it shouldn't be
+an equal sign it's just a multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equal sign it's just a multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equal sign it's just a multiplication
+sign and it gives the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and it gives the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and it gives the um
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flux component in this new nonorthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux component in this new nonorthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux component in this new nonorthogonal
+coordinates and they are related through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and they are related through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and they are related through
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+conductivity directly so there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity directly so there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity directly so there are no
+off diagonal terms okay so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal terms okay so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal terms okay so this is just
+a useful change of coordinates but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful change of coordinates but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful change of coordinates but there
+is one last uh item that I wanted I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one last uh item that I wanted I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one last uh item that I wanted I
+promise I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise I would
+discuss which has to do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss which has to do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss which has to do with this
+problem that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that if you
+are dealing with the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dealing with the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dealing with the heat
+transfer there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer there is this
+conundrum of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+entropy that you cannot be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that you cannot be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that you cannot be at
+equilibrium uh and in fact the so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh and in fact the so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh and in fact the so the
+entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of
+your sample or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample or your
+material is off the equilibrium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is off the equilibrium so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is off the equilibrium so
+assigning it the equilibrium entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning it the equilibrium entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning it the equilibrium entropy
+introduces an error and it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces an error and it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces an error and it's interesting
+to see how you now solve that problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how you now solve that problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how you now solve that problem uh
+by assuming uh instead assigning to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assuming uh instead assigning to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assuming uh instead assigning to the
+fluid element or continum element not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid element or continum element not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid element or continum element not
+the equilibrium entropy but an entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium entropy but an entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium entropy but an entropy
+Which is less than equilibrium and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is departs from equilibrium more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is departs from equilibrium more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is departs from equilibrium more the
+higher the heat transfer so we make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the heat transfer so we make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the heat transfer so we make it
+through a proportionality constant which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a proportionality constant which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a proportionality constant which
+I for convenience called B over2 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I for convenience called B over2 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I for convenience called B over2 uh
+proportional to the modulus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the modulus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the modulus of the
+square of the heat transfer so clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the heat transfer so clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the heat transfer so clearly
+if you're at equilibrium there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're at equilibrium there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're at equilibrium there is no
+heat transfer and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transfer and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transfer and this
+difference so the entropy is that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so the entropy is that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so the entropy is that over
+equ but the higher the heat transfer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ but the higher the heat transfer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ but the higher the heat transfer the
+farther you are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther you are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther you are from
+equilibrium so if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so if I take the
+differential of this one uh it gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of this one uh it gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of this one uh it gives me
+the differential of the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential of the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential of the equilibrium
+State plus the differential of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State plus the differential of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State plus the differential of that
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+is so the two goes away it's B Q doq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the two goes away it's B Q doq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the two goes away it's B Q doq
+Plus q. DQ plus DQ doq so it's twice Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus q. DQ plus DQ doq so it's twice Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus q. DQ plus DQ doq so it's twice Q
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+DQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the this is important because if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is important because if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is important because if we do
+the um the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the entropy
+balance like we wrote the energy balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance like we wrote the energy balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance like we wrote the energy balance
+here we should write also the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we should write also the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we should write also the entropy
+balance and that is given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and that is given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and that is given by the
+Divergence of the heat of the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of the heat of the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of the heat of the entropy
+flux uh which is Q over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux uh which is Q over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux uh which is Q over
+t plus uh the rate of entropy production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus uh the rate of entropy production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus uh the rate of entropy production
+uh per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh per unit
+volume which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume which is
+Sigma now usually these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma now usually these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma now usually these
+two are related through the Gibs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are related through the Gibs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are related through the Gibs the
+Gibs relation the Gibs relation is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibs relation the Gibs relation is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibs relation the Gibs relation is you
+can write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it as
+the S = 1 / t d of row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S = 1 / t d of row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S = 1 / t d of row
+U and uh there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and uh there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and uh there is
+I like to write it in terms of entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to write it in terms of entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to write it in terms of entropy
+per unit volume is that in this way from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume is that in this way from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume is that in this way from
+the Gibbs relation we'll see more later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gibbs relation we'll see more later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gibbs relation we'll see more later
+about this uh the pressure disappears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh the pressure disappears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh the pressure disappears
+the pressure is always a bit problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure is always a bit problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure is always a bit problematic
+to treat so if you find a way that it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat so if you find a way that it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat so if you find a way that it it
+disappears uh it's better okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears uh it's better okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears uh it's better okay so if
+this is true for the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true for the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true for the differential
+differential it means all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential it means all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential it means all possible
+changes in all directions it's true also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in all directions it's true also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in all directions it's true also
+if you take the derivative with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the derivative with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the derivative with respect
+to time so just move uh only with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time so just move uh only with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time so just move uh only with
+respect to time so this can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time so this can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time so this can also be
+written as partial with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T and is 1 / T * the partial with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and is 1 / T * the partial with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and is 1 / T * the partial with
+respect to T overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T overall
+U okay and yeah this is short end for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U okay and yeah this is short end for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U okay and yeah this is short end for
+the partial with respect to time and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial with respect to time and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial with respect to time and so
+this the Gibs relation couples the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the Gibs relation couples the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the Gibs relation couples the
+energy uh and the entropy balance and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh and the entropy balance and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh and the entropy balance and so
+in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+way and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and this is
+actually what I just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I just uh
+wrote yes I should no this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote yes I should no this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote yes I should no this is true
+because the GS relation is valid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the GS relation is valid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the GS relation is valid for
+equilibrium so this is true for the E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so this is true for the E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so this is true for the E
+for the equilibrium entropy s SA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the equilibrium entropy s SA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the equilibrium entropy s SA
+or S Sub s stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or S Sub s stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or S Sub s stable equilibrium
+State yeah here I should just unify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State yeah here I should just unify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State yeah here I should just unify the
+notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway so if you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so if you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so if you do this
+substitution and you can obtain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and you can obtain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and you can obtain the
+expression for the entropy production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the entropy production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the entropy production
+which is the product of the heat flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the product of the heat flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the product of the heat flux
+times this thing so this not only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this thing so this not only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this thing so this not only the
+gradient in one / t uh but there is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in one / t uh but there is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in one / t uh but there is also
+B uh a q dot b times derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh a q dot b times derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh a q dot b times derivative with
+respect to T of Q which comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so this term in in in square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this term in in in square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this term in in in square
+brackets is now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets is now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets is now the
+Affinity so the Affinity change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity so the Affinity change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity so the Affinity change the
+expression for the Affinity has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the Affinity has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the Affinity has
+changed and if we assume a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and if we assume a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and if we assume a linear
+relation between flux and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity
+through positive constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through positive constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through positive constant
+L what we obtain is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L what we obtain is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L what we obtain is a
+correction to the F law of conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to the F law of conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to the F law of conduction
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+was proposed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was proposed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was proposed by
+katano which gives rise to the katano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+katano which gives rise to the katano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+katano which gives rise to the katano
+heat equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat equation
+1948 katano didn't uh start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1948 katano didn't uh start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1948 katano didn't uh start
+from these premises he wanted to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these premises he wanted to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these premises he wanted to fix
+another problem that I'm describing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem that I'm describing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem that I'm describing in a
+second but so uh let's let's take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but so uh let's let's take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but so uh let's let's take this
+one and then substitute back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then substitute back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then substitute back into the
+energy balance equation so we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balance equation so we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balance equation so we have an
+expression for qou Prime you can take uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for qou Prime you can take uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for qou Prime you can take uh
+the the Divergence of that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Divergence of that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Divergence of that and that
+gives you this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you this term
+which is like typical for but also it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like typical for but also it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like typical for but also it
+takes it's the gradient I mean the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes it's the gradient I mean the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes it's the gradient I mean the the
+the Divergence of the partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Divergence of the partial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Divergence of the partial derivative
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+T diverence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T diverence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T diverence of this
+contribution you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution you can
+switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+different partial derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different partial derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different partial derivative with
+respect to time with have the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time with have the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time with have the partial
+derivatives with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with respect to
+space and uh and so this also appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and uh and so this also appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and uh and so this also appears
+and again using the energy balance is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again using the energy balance is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again using the energy balance is is
+the partial with respect to time of r u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial with respect to time of r u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial with respect to time of r u
+so you have the double partial with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have the double partial with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have the double partial with
+respect to time which if you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time which if you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time which if you then
+substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute
+um this expression for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this expression for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this expression for the for the
+specific Heats and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific Heats and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific Heats and the
+density uh then can be Rewritten in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density uh then can be Rewritten in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density uh then can be Rewritten in this
+way so in other words you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so in other words you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so in other words you will
+obtain an equation with double second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain an equation with double second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain an equation with double second
+derivative uh with respect to time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative uh with respect to time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative uh with respect to time of
+the temperature first derivative respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature first derivative respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature first derivative respect
+to time and then the usual if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time and then the usual if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time and then the usual if you didn't
+have that term you would have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that term you would have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that term you would have the
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+equation but with that term things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but with that term things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but with that term things
+change and it becomes a dumped wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and it becomes a dumped wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and it becomes a dumped wave
+equation and it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and it actually
+fixes a a problem the probably I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixes a a problem the probably I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixes a a problem the probably I'm sure
+you're familiar with uh this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with uh this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with uh this problem
+from heat transfer in which you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from heat transfer in which you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from heat transfer in which you have
+semi infinite uh solid which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi infinite uh solid which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi infinite uh solid which is
+initially at a certain temperature T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially at a certain temperature T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially at a certain temperature T
+t0 and at time equal zero you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 and at time equal zero you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 and at time equal zero you um
+suddenly change and keep from from then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly change and keep from from then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly change and keep from from then
+on the temperature temperature here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the temperature temperature here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the temperature temperature here on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+surface uh as a result you obtain Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh as a result you obtain Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh as a result you obtain Pro
+temperature profiles that look like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature profiles that look like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature profiles that look like that
+given by the error function uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the error function uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the error function uh
+distribution uh with SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh with SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh with SP
+with and as time goes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and as time goes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and as time goes on the
+distribution goes like that so as time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution goes like that so as time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution goes like that so as time
+proceeds but what is the problem the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeds but what is the problem the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeds but what is the problem the non
+physical problem is that already start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical problem is that already start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical problem is that already start
+starting from time0 plus when the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from time0 plus when the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from time0 plus when the error
+function uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh
+sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on it turns out that since the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it turns out that since the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it turns out that since the error
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+is is non zero everywhere it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is non zero everywhere it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is non zero everywhere it turns out
+that maybe minute but you still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe minute but you still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe minute but you still have a
+an infinite prop propagation rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite prop propagation rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite prop propagation rate of
+what you have done uh here which is UN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have done uh here which is UN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have done uh here which is UN
+physical uh because there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical uh because there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical uh because there is no
+infinite if you you do something here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite if you you do something here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite if you you do something here
+now it it is unphysical to think that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it it is unphysical to think that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it it is unphysical to think that it
+is felt immediately at infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is felt immediately at infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is felt immediately at infinite
+distance uh so the katano equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh so the katano equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh so the katano equation
+solves this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves this uh
+problem and in fact uh this Pro so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and in fact uh this Pro so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and in fact uh this Pro so this
+equation has been used to represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has been used to represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has been used to represent the
+Early times of this sharp change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Early times of this sharp change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Early times of this sharp change of
+temperature problem or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature problem or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature problem or
+uh situations in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh situations in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh situations in which
+you change the uh boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the uh boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the uh boundary conditions
+very quickly and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and therefore
+uh you need to to to account for a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need to to to account for a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need to to to account for a a
+propagation speed which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation speed which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation speed which is this
+coefficient here becomes now the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here becomes now the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here becomes now the wave
+celarity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celarity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celarity and the
+gamma becomes The Dumping coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and okay so yeah yeah um so time is up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so yeah yeah um so time is up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so yeah yeah um so time is up
+and uh I think we should stop uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I think we should stop uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I think we should stop uh here
+for today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mLe8YCnUed4.txt b/mLe8YCnUed4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..754e8e4d2b6fd240d06d5bbf2fb8f5d1d70c0cf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mLe8YCnUed4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13235 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright should we get started so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright should we get started so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright should we get started so today
+um well before I get started started so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well before I get started started so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well before I get started started so
+let me open up to questions you all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me open up to questions you all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me open up to questions you all have
+questions from the last lecture where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions from the last lecture where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions from the last lecture where we
+finished off angular momentum really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished off angular momentum really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished off angular momentum really
+anything up to what glass exam yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hahaha what happens with a half fell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hahaha what happens with a half fell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hahaha what happens with a half fell
+states okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states okay
+great question so we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question so we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question so we're going to talk
+about that in some detail in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in some detail in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in some detail in a couple of
+weeks but let me give you a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks but let me give you a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks but let me give you a quick
+preview so remember that when we studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview so remember that when we studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview so remember that when we studied
+the commutation relations L plus or l x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commutation relations L plus or l x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commutation relations L plus or l x
+ly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ly
+is IH bar LZ without using their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is IH bar LZ without using their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is IH bar LZ without using their
+representation in terms of derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in terms of derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in terms of derivatives
+with respect to a coordinate without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a coordinate without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a coordinate without
+using their representations in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using their representations in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using their representations in terms of
+translations and rotations along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations and rotations along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations and rotations along the
+sphere right when we just used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere right when we just used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere right when we just used the
+commutation relations than nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation relations than nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation relations than nothing else
+what we found was that the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we found was that the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we found was that the states
+corresponding to these guys came in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to these guys came in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to these guys came in a
+tower with either one state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower with either one state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower with either one state
+corresponding to Lulla l equals 0 or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to Lulla l equals 0 or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to Lulla l equals 0 or two
+states without equals one-half or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states without equals one-half or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states without equals one-half or three
+states with little l equals one or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with little l equals one or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with little l equals one or four
+states with l equals three-halves and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with l equals three-halves and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with l equals three-halves and so
+on and so forth and we quickly deduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth and we quickly deduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth and we quickly deduced
+that it is impossible to represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is impossible to represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is impossible to represent the
+half integer states with a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half integer states with a wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half integer states with a wave function
+which represents a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which represents a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which represents a probability
+distribution on the sphere we observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on the sphere we observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on the sphere we observed
+that that was impossible and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was impossible and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was impossible and the reason
+is if you did so then you took when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you did so then you took when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you did so then you took when you
+take that wave function if you rotate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that wave function if you rotate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that wave function if you rotate by
+2 pi in any direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi in any direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi in any direction
+if you rotate by 2 pi the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you rotate by 2 pi the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you rotate by 2 pi the wave function
+comes back to minus itself but the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back to minus itself but the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back to minus itself but the wave
+function has to be equal to itself at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has to be equal to itself at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has to be equal to itself at
+the same point the value of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same point the value of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same point the value of the wave
+function at some point is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at some point is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at some point is equal to the
+value the wave function at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the wave function at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the wave function at some point
+that means Valley the wave function must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means Valley the wave function must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means Valley the wave function must
+be equal to minus itself that means it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to minus itself that means it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to minus itself that means it
+must be 0 so you can't write a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be 0 so you can't write a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be 0 so you can't write a wave
+function which is a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is a probability
+distribution on a sphere if the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on a sphere if the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on a sphere if the wave
+function has to be equal to minus itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has to be equal to minus itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has to be equal to minus itself
+at any given point so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any given point so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any given point so this is a
+this is a strange thing we sort of said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a strange thing we sort of said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a strange thing we sort of said
+well look these these are some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look these these are some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look these these are some other
+beasts but the question is look these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beasts but the question is look these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beasts but the question is look these
+furnish perfectly reasonable towers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnish perfectly reasonable towers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnish perfectly reasonable towers of
+states respecting these commutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states respecting these commutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states respecting these commutation
+relations so are they just wrong are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations so are they just wrong are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations so are they just wrong are
+they just meaningless what we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just meaningless what we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just meaningless what we're gonna
+discover is the following and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is the following and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is the following and this is
+really going to go back to the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to go back to the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to go back to the very
+first lecture and so we'll do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture and so we'll do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture and so we'll do this in
+more detail but I'm going to quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail but I'm going to quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail but I'm going to quickly
+tell you imagine you take a magnet okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you imagine you take a magnet okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you imagine you take a magnet okay
+a little tiny bar magnet in fact well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tiny bar magnet in fact well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tiny bar magnet in fact well
+many of you take a little bar magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you take a little bar magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you take a little bar magnet
+with some little magnetization and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some little magnetization and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some little magnetization and you
+send it through a region that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it through a region that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it through a region that has a
+gradient for a magnetic field if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient for a magnetic field if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient for a magnetic field if there's
+a gradient so you know that a magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient so you know that a magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient so you know that a magnet
+wants to anti align with the nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to anti align with the nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to anti align with the nearby
+magnet north-south wants to go to south
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet north-south wants to go to south
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet north-south wants to go to south
+north so you can't put a force on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north so you can't put a force on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north so you can't put a force on the
+magnet but if you have a gradient of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet but if you have a gradient of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet but if you have a gradient of a
+magnetic field then one end of a dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field then one end of a dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field then one end of a dipole
+one end of your magnet can feel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one end of your magnet can feel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one end of your magnet can feel a
+stronger effective torque than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger effective torque than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger effective torque than the other
+guy and you can get a net force so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and you can get a net force so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and you can get a net force so you
+can get a net force the important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a net force the important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a net force the important thing
+here is that if you have a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that if you have a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that if you have a magnetic
+field which has a gradient so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which has a gradient so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which has a gradient so that
+you've got some large B here on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some large B here on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some large B here on some
+smaller B here then you can get a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller B here then you can get a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller B here then you can get a force
+and that force is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that force is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that force is going to be
+proportional to proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to proportional to the
+magnitude how big your magnet is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude how big your magnet is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude how big your magnet is but
+it's also going to be proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also going to be proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also going to be proportional to
+the magnetic field and if the force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field and if the force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field and if the force is
+proportional to the strength of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the strength of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the strength of your
+magnet then how far if you send this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet then how far if you send this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet then how far if you send this
+magnet through a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet through a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet through a region
+it'll get deflected in one direction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get deflected in one direction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get deflected in one direction or
+the other and how far gets deflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and how far gets deflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and how far gets deflected
+deter is determined by how big of magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter is determined by how big of magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter is determined by how big of magnet
+you sent through you send in a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sent through you send in a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sent through you send in a bigger
+magnet to flex more everyone cool with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet to flex more everyone cool with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet to flex more everyone cool with
+that okay here's a funny thing so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay here's a funny thing so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay here's a funny thing so that's
+a fact one back to suppose I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fact one back to suppose I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fact one back to suppose I have a
+system which is a charged particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is a charged particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is a charged particle
+moving in a circular orbit okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in a circular orbit okay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in a circular orbit okay a
+charged particle moving in a circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle moving in a circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle moving in a circular
+orbit or better yet well better yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit or better yet well better yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit or better yet well better yet
+imagine you have a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have a sphere
+this is a better model then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a better model then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a better model then you have a
+sphere of uniform charge distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere of uniform charge distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere of uniform charge distribution
+okay little gelatinous sphere of uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay little gelatinous sphere of uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay little gelatinous sphere of uniform
+charge distribution and you make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge distribution and you make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge distribution and you make it
+rotate okay so that's charged that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate okay so that's charged that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate okay so that's charged that's
+moving forming a current and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forming a current and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forming a current and that
+current generates a magnetic field along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current generates a magnetic field along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current generates a magnetic field along
+the axis of rotation right right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis of rotation right right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis of rotation right right hand
+rule so if you have a charged sphere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so if you have a charged sphere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so if you have a charged sphere and
+it's rotating you get a magnetic moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rotating you get a magnetic moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rotating you get a magnetic moment
+and how big is the magnetic moment it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how big is the magnetic moment it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how big is the magnetic moment it's
+proportional to the rotation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the rotation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the rotation to the
+angular momentum okay so you determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum okay so you determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum okay so you determined
+that for a charged sphere the a charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a charged sphere the a charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a charged sphere the a charged
+sphere which is a rotating with angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere which is a rotating with angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere which is a rotating with angular
+momentum let's say L has a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum let's say L has a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum let's say L has a magnetic
+moment which is proportional to L okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment which is proportional to L okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment which is proportional to L okay
+so let's put this together imagine we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's put this together imagine we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's put this together imagine we
+take a charged sphere we send it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a charged sphere we send it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a charged sphere we send it
+rotating with Sang angular momentum we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating with Sang angular momentum we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating with Sang angular momentum we
+send it through a field gradient a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it through a field gradient a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it through a field gradient a
+gradient for magnetic field what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient for magnetic field what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient for magnetic field what we'll
+see is we can measure that angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is we can measure that angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is we can measure that angular
+momentum by measuring the deflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum by measuring the deflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum by measuring the deflection
+because the bigger the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the bigger the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the bigger the angular momentum
+the bigger the magnetic moment but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger the magnetic moment but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger the magnetic moment but the
+bigger the magnetic moment the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the magnetic moment the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the magnetic moment the bigger
+the deflection cool so now here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deflection cool so now here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deflection cool so now here's the
+cool experiment take an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool experiment take an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool experiment take an electron
+electron has some charge is it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has some charge is it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has some charge is it a little
+pointy light things a little sphere is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointy light things a little sphere is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointy light things a little sphere is
+it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know
+let's not ask that question just yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not ask that question just yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not ask that question just yet
+it's an electron the thing you get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an electron the thing you get by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an electron the thing you get by
+ripping a negative charge off a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripping a negative charge off a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripping a negative charge off a hydrogen
+atom so take your electron and send it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom so take your electron and send it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom so take your electron and send it
+through a magnetic field gradient why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a magnetic field gradient why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a magnetic field gradient why
+would you do this because you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do this because you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do this because you want to
+measure the magnetic you want to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the magnetic you want to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the magnetic you want to measure
+the angular momentum of this electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum of this electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum of this electron
+you want to see whether the electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to see whether the electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to see whether the electron is
+a little rotating thing or not so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little rotating thing or not so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little rotating thing or not so you
+send it through this magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it through this magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it through this magnetic field
+gradient and if it gets deflected you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and if it gets deflected you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and if it gets deflected you
+will have measured the magnetic moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have measured the magnetic moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have measured the magnetic moment
+and if you'd measure the magnetic moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you'd measure the magnetic moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you'd measure the magnetic moment
+you'll have measured the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have measured the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have measured the angular
+momentum okay here's the funny thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum okay here's the funny thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum okay here's the funny thing if
+the electron weren't rotating it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron weren't rotating it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron weren't rotating it would
+just go straight through right it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go straight through right it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go straight through right it would
+have no angular momentum and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no angular momentum and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no angular momentum and it would
+have no magnetic moment and thus it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no magnetic moment and thus it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no magnetic moment and thus it
+would not deflect yeah if it's rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not deflect yeah if it's rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not deflect yeah if it's rotating
+it's going to deflect here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to deflect here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to deflect here's the
+experiment we do and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we do and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we do and here's the
+experimental results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental results
+the experimental results are every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental results are every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental results are every
+electron they get sent through bends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron they get sent through bends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron they get sent through bends and
+it either bends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either bends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either bends up
+a fixed amount or it bends down a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed amount or it bends down a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed amount or it bends down a fixed
+amount it never bends more it never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount it never bends more it never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount it never bends more it never
+bends less and it certainly never been 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends less and it certainly never been 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends less and it certainly never been 0
+in fact it always makes 2 spots on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it always makes 2 spots on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it always makes 2 spots on the
+screen okay always makes 2 spots it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen okay always makes 2 spots it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen okay always makes 2 spots it
+never hits the middle no matter how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never hits the middle no matter how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never hits the middle no matter how you
+build this experiment no matter how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this experiment no matter how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this experiment no matter how you
+rotate it no matter what you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it no matter what you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it no matter what you do it
+always hits one of two spots what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always hits one of two spots what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always hits one of two spots what that
+tells you is the angular momentum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you is the angular momentum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you is the angular momentum or
+rather the magnetic moment can only take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather the magnetic moment can only take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather the magnetic moment can only take
+one of two values but the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of two values but the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of two values but the angular
+momentum is just some geometric constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is just some geometric constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is just some geometric constant
+times the angular momentum so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the angular momentum so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the angular momentum so the
+angular momentum must take one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum must take one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum must take one of two
+possible values and recall that so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values and recall that so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values and recall that so from
+this experiment glorified as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment glorified as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment glorified as the
+stern-gerlach experiment from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stern-gerlach experiment from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stern-gerlach experiment from this
+experiment discovered that the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment discovered that the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment discovered that the angular
+momentum LZ takes one of two values L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum LZ takes one of two values L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum LZ takes one of two values L
+along whatever direction we're measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along whatever direction we're measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along whatever direction we're measuring
+bullets a in the Z Direction L Li takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullets a in the Z Direction L Li takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullets a in the Z Direction L Li takes
+one of two values plus some constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of two values plus some constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of two values plus some constant and
+you know plus h bar upon 2 or minus H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know plus h bar upon 2 or minus H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know plus h bar upon 2 or minus H
+bar upon 2 you just do this measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar upon 2 you just do this measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar upon 2 you just do this measurement
+but what this tells us is which state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what this tells us is which state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what this tells us is which state
+which tower which set of states describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tower which set of states describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tower which set of states describe
+an electron in this apparatus that link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in this apparatus that link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in this apparatus that link
+was 1/2 but wait we started off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 1/2 but wait we started off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 1/2 but wait we started off by
+talking about the rotation of a charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the rotation of a charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the rotation of a charge
+sphere and deducing that the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere and deducing that the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere and deducing that the magnetic
+moment must be proportional the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment must be proportional the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment must be proportional the angular
+momentum what we've just discovered is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum what we've just discovered is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum what we've just discovered is
+that this angular momentum the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this angular momentum the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this angular momentum the only
+sensible angular momentum here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible angular momentum here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible angular momentum here is the
+two-state Tower which can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-state Tower which can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-state Tower which can't be
+represented in terms of rotations on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in terms of rotations on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in terms of rotations on the
+sphere yeah what we've learned from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere yeah what we've learned from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere yeah what we've learned from this
+experiment is that electrons carry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is that electrons carry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is that electrons carry a
+form of angular momentum demonstrably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of angular momentum demonstrably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of angular momentum demonstrably
+which is one of these angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of these angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of these angular momentum
+1/2 states which never doesn't rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 states which never doesn't rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 states which never doesn't rotate
+right it always carries something you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it always carries something you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it always carries something you'll
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+however it can't be expressed in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it can't be expressed in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it can't be expressed in terms
+of rotation of some spherical electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rotation of some spherical electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rotation of some spherical electron
+it has nothing to do with rotations if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has nothing to do with rotations if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has nothing to do with rotations if
+it did we get this nonsensical thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did we get this nonsensical thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did we get this nonsensical thing the
+wave function identically vanishes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function identically vanishes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function identically vanishes so
+there's some other form of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other form of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other form of angular
+momentum a totally different form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum a totally different form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum a totally different form of
+you lament them at least for electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lament them at least for electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lament them at least for electrons
+which again has the magnetic moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again has the magnetic moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again has the magnetic moment
+proportional to this thing you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to this thing you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to this thing you'll
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+coefficient which I'll call them you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I don't want to call it L because L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't want to call it L because L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't want to call it L because L
+we usually use for rotational angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually use for rotational angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually use for rotational angular
+momentum this is a different form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum this is a different form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum this is a different form of
+angular momentum which is purely half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum which is purely half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum which is purely half
+integer and we call that spin and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and we call that spin and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and we call that spin and the
+spin satisfies exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin satisfies exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin satisfies exactly the same
+commutation relations it's a vector SX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation relations it's a vector SX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation relations it's a vector SX
+would that's y is equal to IH bar SZ so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that's y is equal to IH bar SZ so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that's y is equal to IH bar SZ so
+it's like an angular momentum in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like an angular momentum in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like an angular momentum in every
+possible way except it cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible way except it cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible way except it cannot be
+represented s Z does not have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented s Z does not have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented s Z does not have any
+representation in terms of H bar upon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in terms of H bar upon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in terms of H bar upon I
+D it is not related to a rotation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D it is not related to a rotation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D it is not related to a rotation it's
+an intrinsic form of angular momentum an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intrinsic form of angular momentum an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intrinsic form of angular momentum an
+electron just has it so this way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron just has it so this way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron just has it so this way you can
+ask me look what do you mean an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me look what do you mean an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me look what do you mean an electron
+just has it and my answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just has it and my answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just has it and my answer to that
+question is if you send an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is if you send an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is if you send an electron
+through a stern-gerlach apparatus it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a stern-gerlach apparatus it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a stern-gerlach apparatus it
+always hit one of two spots and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always hit one of two spots and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always hit one of two spots and that's
+it right it's an experimental fact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right it's an experimental fact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right it's an experimental fact and
+this is how we describe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we describe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we describe that
+experimental fact and the legacy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental fact and the legacy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental fact and the legacy of
+these rotation of these little L equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rotation of these little L equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rotation of these little L equals
+one-half states is that they represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half states is that they represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half states is that they represent
+an internal form of angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an internal form of angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an internal form of angular momentum
+that only exists quantum mechanically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only exists quantum mechanically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only exists quantum mechanically
+that you would have never noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have never noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have never noticed
+classically that was a very long answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically that was a very long answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically that was a very long answer
+to it what was initially a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it what was initially a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it what was initially a simple
+question but we'll come back and do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but we'll come back and do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but we'll come back and do this
+in more detail this was just a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more detail this was just a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more detail this was just a quick
+intro yeah yeah that means there's four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro yeah yeah that means there's four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro yeah yeah that means there's four
+values of spins and so there are plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of spins and so there are plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of spins and so there are plenty
+of particles in the real world that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles in the real world that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles in the real world that have
+l equals three-halves they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals three-halves they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals three-halves they're not
+fundamental particles as far as we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental particles as far as we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental particles as far as we know
+there are particles in nuclear physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are particles in nuclear physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are particles in nuclear physics
+that carrying spend three-halves there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carrying spend three-halves there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carrying spend three-halves there
+are all sorts of nuclei that carry spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all sorts of nuclei that carry spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all sorts of nuclei that carry spin
+three-halves but we don't know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-halves but we don't know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-halves but we don't know a
+fundamental particle if supersymmetry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental particle if supersymmetry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental particle if supersymmetry is
+truth and there must be a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and there must be a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and there must be a particle
+called a gravity know which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a gravity know which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a gravity know which would be
+fundamental and and would have spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental and and would have spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental and and would have spent
+three-halves in four states but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-halves in four states but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-halves in four states but that
+hasn't been observed yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been observed yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been observed yet
+other questions nonsense old states this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions nonsense old states this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions nonsense old states this
+government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+oh no today we're gonna do hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no today we're gonna do hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no today we're gonna do hydrogen
+among other things although I taken so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things although I taken so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things although I taken so
+long talking about this we might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long talking about this we might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long talking about this we might be a
+little slow we'll talk about a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slow we'll talk about a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slow we'll talk about a little
+more when we talk about hydrogen but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more when we talk about hydrogen but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more when we talk about hydrogen but it
+was observed and deduced from experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was observed and deduced from experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was observed and deduced from experiment
+before it was understood that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was understood that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was understood that there was
+such a physical quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a physical quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a physical quantity
+however the observation that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the observation that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the observation that this
+commutation relation led to towers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation relation led to towers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation relation led to towers of
+states with this pre-existed as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with this pre-existed as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with this pre-existed as a
+mathematical statement so that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical statement so that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical statement so that was a
+mathematical observation from long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical observation from long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical observation from long
+previously and it has a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously and it has a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously and it has a beautiful
+algebraic story and all sort of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic story and all sort of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic story and all sort of nice
+things but it hadn't been connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but it hadn't been connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but it hadn't been connected to
+the physics and so the observation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics and so the observation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics and so the observation of
+the electron must carry some intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron must carry some intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron must carry some intrinsic
+formed by a lament them with one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by a lament them with one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by a lament them with one of two
+values no no neither of which is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values no no neither of which is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values no no neither of which is zero
+was actually an experimental observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quasi experimental observation long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi experimental observation long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi experimental observation long
+before was understood exactly how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before was understood exactly how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before was understood exactly how to
+connect this up I shouldn't say long it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect this up I shouldn't say long it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect this up I shouldn't say long it
+was like within months but whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like within months but whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like within months but whatever
+sorry no no the experiment was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry no no the experiment was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry no no the experiment was this
+there are the spectrum well I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the spectrum well I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the spectrum well I'll tell
+you what the experiment was in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the experiment was in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the experiment was in a minute
+okay yeah excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah excellent
+in this experiment the thing that fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this experiment the thing that fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this experiment the thing that fixed
+the the fact that I was probing LZ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fact that I was probing LZ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fact that I was probing LZ is
+that I made the magnetic field have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I made the magnetic field have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I made the magnetic field have a
+gradient in the Z direction so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in the Z direction so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in the Z direction so what I
+was sensitive to since the the force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sensitive to since the the force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sensitive to since the the force is
+actually proportional to MU dot B I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually proportional to MU dot B I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually proportional to MU dot B I
+really knew da the gradient to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll do this in more detail later the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do this in more detail later the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do this in more detail later the
+gradient the direction of the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient the direction of the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient the direction of the gradient
+selects out which component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects out which component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects out which component of the
+Engler meant I'm looking at so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engler meant I'm looking at so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engler meant I'm looking at so in this
+experiment I'm measuring the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I'm measuring the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I'm measuring the angular
+mentum along this axis which for fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentum along this axis which for fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentum along this axis which for fun
+I'll call Z I could have called it ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call Z I could have called it ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call Z I could have called it ax
+what it discovers the angler meant along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it discovers the angler meant along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it discovers the angler meant along
+this axis must take one of two values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis must take one of two values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis must take one of two values
+but the universe is rotationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the universe is rotationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the universe is rotationally
+invariant so it can't possibly matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant so it can't possibly matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant so it can't possibly matter
+whether I had done this direction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I had done this direction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I had done this direction the
+experiment in this direction or done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in this direction or done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in this direction or done the
+experiment in this direction what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in this direction what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in this direction what that
+tells you is in any direction if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you is in any direction if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you is in any direction if I
+measure the angular momentum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the angular momentum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the angular momentum the
+electron along that direction I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron along that direction I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron along that direction I will
+discover that it takes one of two values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is also true of the l equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also true of the l equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also true of the l equals one
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ll Z takes one of three values what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ll Z takes one of three values what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ll Z takes one of three values what
+about LX LX also it takes one of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about LX LX also it takes one of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about LX LX also it takes one of three
+values those three values is every state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values those three values is every state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values those three values is every state
+in is every system in a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is every system in a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is every system in a state
+corresponding to one of those particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to one of those particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to one of those particular
+values no it could be in a superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values no it could be in a superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values no it could be in a superposition
+but the eigen values are these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the eigen values are these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the eigen values are these three
+eigen values regardless of whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values regardless of whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values regardless of whether it's
+LX or ly or LZ okay it's a good thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX or ly or LZ okay it's a good thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX or ly or LZ okay it's a good thing to
+meta to anything else one more yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indeed indeed okay since some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed indeed okay since some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed indeed okay since some people
+haven't taken the sum there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't taken the sum there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't taken the sum there will be a
+conflict example interface I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict example interface I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict example interface I'm not going
+to discuss these but very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss these but very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss these but very good
+observation and not an accident okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation and not an accident okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation and not an accident okay so
+today we launch into 3d we ditch our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we launch into 3d we ditch our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we launch into 3d we ditch our
+tricked-out tricycle and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricked-out tricycle and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricked-out tricycle and we're going to
+talk about real physical systems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about real physical systems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about real physical systems in
+three dimensions and as we'll discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions and as we'll discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions and as we'll discover
+it's basically the same as in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically the same as in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically the same as in one
+dimensions we just have to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions we just have to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions we just have to write down
+more symbols but the content is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more symbols but the content is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more symbols but the content is all the
+same so this will make obvious the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so this will make obvious the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so this will make obvious the
+reason we work with 1d up until now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we work with 1d up until now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we work with 1d up until now
+which is that there's not a heck of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that there's not a heck of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that there's not a heck of a
+lot more to be gained for the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more to be gained for the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more to be gained for the basic
+principles but it's a lot more annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles but it's a lot more annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles but it's a lot more annoying
+to write down the expressions so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down the expressions so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down the expressions so the
+first thing I wanted to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I wanted to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I wanted to do is
+write down the laplacian in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the laplacian in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the laplacian in three
+dimensions in in spherical coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions in in spherical coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions in in spherical coordinates
+and that is a beautiful abuse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is a beautiful abuse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is a beautiful abuse of
+notation in spherical coordinates and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in spherical coordinates and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in spherical coordinates and I
+want to note a couple of things so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to note a couple of things so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to note a couple of things so first
+off that's laplacian this can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that's laplacian this can be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that's laplacian this can be written
+in the following form one over r dr r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following form one over r dr r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following form one over r dr r
+quantity squared okay that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared okay that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared okay that's going to be
+very useful for us trust me on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for us trust me on this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for us trust me on this one
+this is also known as 1 over r dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also known as 1 over r dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also known as 1 over r dr
+squared r and this if you look back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared r and this if you look back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared r and this if you look back at
+your notes this is nothing other than l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes this is nothing other than l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes this is nothing other than l
+squared except for the factor of h bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared except for the factor of h bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared except for the factor of h bar
+upon a high but if it's squared it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon a high but if it's squared it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon a high but if it's squared it's
+minus 1 upon h bar squared okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 upon h bar squared okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 upon h bar squared okay so this
+horrible angular derivative is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible angular derivative is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible angular derivative is nothing
+but l squared okay and you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but l squared okay and you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but l squared okay and you should
+remember the Divi Thetas and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the Divi Thetas and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the Divi Thetas and there are
+these funny signs and co-signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these funny signs and co-signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these funny signs and co-signs
+but just go back and compare your notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just go back and compare your notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just go back and compare your notes
+so this is just an observation that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just an observation that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just an observation that the
+the laplacian in three dimensions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laplacian in three dimensions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laplacian in three dimensions in
+spherical coordinates takes the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates takes the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates takes the simple
+form a simple radial derivative which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a simple radial derivative which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a simple radial derivative which is
+two terms if you write it out linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms if you write it out linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms if you write it out linearly
+in this fashion and one term if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this fashion and one term if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this fashion and one term if you
+write it this way which is going to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it this way which is going to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it this way which is going to turn
+out to be useful for us and the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be useful for us and the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be useful for us and the angular
+part can be written as 1 over R squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times the angular momentum squared with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the angular momentum squared with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the angular momentum squared with
+a minus 1 over H bar squared ok so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus 1 over H bar squared ok so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus 1 over H bar squared ok so and
+just to check remember that LZ is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to check remember that LZ is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to check remember that LZ is equal
+to H bar upon I D Phi so LZ squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H bar upon I D Phi so LZ squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H bar upon I D Phi so LZ squared is
+going to be equal to minus H bar squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to minus H bar squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to minus H bar squared
+D Phi squared and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Phi squared and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Phi squared and you can see that
+that's one contribution to this beast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but actually let me I'm going to commit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually let me I'm going to commit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually let me I'm going to commit
+a capital sin and erase when I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capital sin and erase when I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capital sin and erase when I just
+wrote I don't want it to distract you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote I don't want it to distract you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote I don't want it to distract you
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so with that useful observation I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that useful observation I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that useful observation I want
+to think about central potentials I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about central potentials I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about central potentials I want
+to think about systems in 3d which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about systems in 3d which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about systems in 3d which are
+sirak ly symmetric because this is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sirak ly symmetric because this is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sirak ly symmetric because this is gonna
+make it's going to be a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it's going to be a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it's going to be a particularly
+simple class of systems and it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple class of systems and it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple class of systems and it's also
+particularly physical simple things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly physical simple things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly physical simple things like
+a harmonic oscillator in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a harmonic oscillator in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a harmonic oscillator in three
+dimensions which we solved in Cartesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions which we solved in Cartesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions which we solved in Cartesian
+coordinates earlier we're gonna solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates earlier we're gonna solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates earlier we're gonna solve
+later in spherical coordinates things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in spherical coordinates things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in spherical coordinates things
+like the the isotropic harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the isotropic harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the isotropic harmonic
+oscillator things like hydrogen where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator things like hydrogen where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator things like hydrogen where
+you don't where the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't where the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't where the system is
+rotationally independent the force or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotationally independent the force or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotationally independent the force or
+the potential only depends on the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential only depends on the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential only depends on the radial
+distance all share a bunch of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance all share a bunch of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance all share a bunch of common
+properties and I want to explore those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and I want to explore those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and I want to explore those
+and along the way we'll solve a toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and along the way we'll solve a toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and along the way we'll solve a toy
+model for hydrogen so the energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for hydrogen so the energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for hydrogen so the energy for
+this is P squared onto M plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is P squared onto M plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is P squared onto M plus a
+potential which is a function only of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential which is a function only of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential which is a function only of
+the radial direct radial distance but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial direct radial distance but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial direct radial distance but
+now P squared is equal to minus H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now P squared is equal to minus H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now P squared is equal to minus H bar
+squared times the gradient squared but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times the gradient squared but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times the gradient squared but
+this is going to be equal to from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be equal to from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be equal to from the
+first term minus H bar squared let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term minus H bar squared let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term minus H bar squared let me
+just write this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doo-doo-doo-doo minus H bar squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doo-doo-doo-doo minus H bar squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doo-doo-doo-doo minus H bar squared
+times R dr squared R and then from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times R dr squared R and then from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times R dr squared R and then from this
+term plus minus H bar squared times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term plus minus H bar squared times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term plus minus H bar squared times
+minus 1 over H bar squared l squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over H bar squared l squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over H bar squared l squared
+over R squared plus l squared over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R squared plus l squared over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R squared plus l squared over R
+squared so the energy can be written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so the energy can be written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so the energy can be written in
+a nice form this is minus H bar squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice form this is minus H bar squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice form this is minus H bar squared
+1 upon R the R squared R oops sorry upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 upon R the R squared R oops sorry upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 upon R the R squared R oops sorry upon
+2m because P squared upon 2m and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2m because P squared upon 2m and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2m because P squared upon 2m and from
+the second term l squared over R squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term l squared over R squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term l squared over R squared
+upon 2m plus 1 over 2mr squared l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon 2m plus 1 over 2mr squared l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon 2m plus 1 over 2mr squared l
+squared plus Q of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this is the energy operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is the energy operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is the energy operator
+when the system is rotating is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the system is rotating is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the system is rotating is
+rotationally invariant in circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotationally invariant in circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotationally invariant in circle
+coordinates questions yeah this oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates questions yeah this oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates questions yeah this oh
+that's an equal sign so sorry this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an equal sign so sorry this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an equal sign so sorry this is
+just quick algebra so it's useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quick algebra so it's useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quick algebra so it's useful to
+know it so consider the following thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it so consider the following thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it so consider the following thing
+1 over r dr r why would you ever care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over r dr r why would you ever care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over r dr r why would you ever care
+about such a thing let's square it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about such a thing let's square it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about such a thing let's square it okay
+because i did there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i did there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i did there
+so what is this equal to well this is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this equal to well this is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this equal to well this is 1
+over r dr r 1 over r dr r these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over r dr r 1 over r dr r these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over r dr r 1 over r dr r these guys
+cancel right one of our R times er this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel right one of our R times er this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel right one of our R times er this
+is equal to 1 over r dr squared r but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 over r dr squared r but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 over r dr squared r but
+why is this equal to dr squared plus 2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this equal to dr squared plus 2 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this equal to dr squared plus 2 2
+over r times dr and the answer is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over r times dr and the answer is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over r times dr and the answer is their
+operators since you should ask how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators since you should ask how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators since you should ask how they
+act on functions so let's act how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on functions so let's act how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on functions so let's act how they
+ask back on function so dr squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask back on function so dr squared plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask back on function so dr squared plus
+2 over r dr times the function acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over r dr times the function acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over r dr times the function acting on
+a function is equal to f prime prime if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function is equal to f prime prime if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function is equal to f prime prime if
+this is a function of r plus 2 over r f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a function of r plus 2 over r f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a function of r plus 2 over r f
+prime on the other hand 1 over r dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime on the other hand 1 over r dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime on the other hand 1 over r dr
+squared r acting on F of R well these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared r acting on F of R well these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared r acting on F of R well these
+derivatives can hit either the R or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives can hit either the R or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives can hit either the R or the
+F so there's going to be a term where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so there's going to be a term where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so there's going to be a term where
+both derivatives hit F in which case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both derivatives hit F in which case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both derivatives hit F in which case the
+RS cancel and I get F prime prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS cancel and I get F prime prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS cancel and I get F prime prime
+there's me two terms where one of the DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's me two terms where one of the DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's me two terms where one of the DS
+hits this one of the DS hits this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits this one of the DS hits this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits this one of the DS hits this then
+there's the other term there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the other term there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the other term there are two
+terms of that form Wendy hits the R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that form Wendy hits the R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that form Wendy hits the R and
+gives me one one D hits the F and gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me one one D hits the F and gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me one one D hits the F and gives
+me F prime and then there's an overall 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me F prime and then there's an overall 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me F prime and then there's an overall 1
+over R plus 2 over R F prime and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R plus 2 over R F prime and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R plus 2 over R F prime and then
+there's a term where two DS hit the R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a term where two DS hit the R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a term where two DS hit the R
+but if two DS hit the R that's 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if two DS hit the R that's 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if two DS hit the R that's 0 so
+that's it so these guys are equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so these guys are equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so these guys are equal to
+each other so why is this a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so why is this a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so why is this a particularly
+useful form we'll see that in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful form we'll see that in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful form we'll see that in just a
+minute so I'm cheating a little bit by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so I'm cheating a little bit by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so I'm cheating a little bit by
+just writing this out and saying this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just writing this out and saying this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just writing this out and saying this is
+gonna be useful form but trust me it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be useful form but trust me it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be useful form but trust me it's
+gonna be useful for ya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be useful for ya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be useful for ya
+oh shoot yes that's supposed to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh shoot yes that's supposed to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh shoot yes that's supposed to be one
+of our thank you thank you yes over our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our thank you thank you yes over our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our thank you thank you yes over our
+thank you yes thank you for that type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you yes thank you for that type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you yes thank you for that type of
+correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction
+excellent thanks okay so so anything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent thanks okay so so anything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent thanks okay so so anything we
+have a system which is rotationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system which is rotationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system which is rotationally
+invariant whose potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant whose potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant whose potential is
+rotationally invariant we can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotationally invariant we can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotationally invariant we can write the
+energy operator in this fashion and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy operator in this fashion and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy operator in this fashion and now
+you see something really lovely which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see something really lovely which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see something really lovely which is
+that this only depends on our this only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this only depends on our this only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this only depends on our this only
+depends on our this depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on our this depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on our this depends on the
+angular coordinates but only insofar as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular coordinates but only insofar as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular coordinates but only insofar as
+it depends on l squared so if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on l squared so if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on l squared so if we want to
+find the eigenfunctions of e our life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the eigenfunctions of e our life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the eigenfunctions of e our life is
+going to be a lot easier if we work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lot easier if we work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lot easier if we work in
+eigenfunctions of l because that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions of l because that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions of l because that's going
+to make this one a axon an eigenfunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this one a axon an eigenfunction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this one a axon an eigenfunction
+of L this is just going to become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L this is just going to become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L this is just going to become a
+constant so now you have to ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so now you have to ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so now you have to ask the
+question well can we can we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well can we can we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well can we can we find
+functions which are which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are which are
+eigenfunctions of e and of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions of e and of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions of e and of L
+simultaneously and so the answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously and so the answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously and so the answer to that
+question is well compute the commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is well compute the commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is well compute the commutator
+so do these guys commute in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do these guys commute in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do these guys commute in particular
+of l squared and well does L commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l squared and well does L commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l squared and well does L commute
+with the derivative the respect to our l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the derivative the respect to our l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the derivative the respect to our l
+squared yeah because L only depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared yeah because L only depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared yeah because L only depends on
+angular derivatives it doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular derivatives it doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular derivatives it doesn't have any
+L any R's in it and the R's don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L any R's in it and the R's don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L any R's in it and the R's don't care
+about the angular variables so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the angular variables so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the angular variables so they can
+you what about with this term well L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what about with this term well L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what about with this term well L
+square trivially commutes with itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square trivially commutes with itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square trivially commutes with itself
+and again R doesn't matter and ditto r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again R doesn't matter and ditto r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again R doesn't matter and ditto r
+and l squared community so this is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and l squared community so this is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and l squared community so this is 0
+these commutes so we can find common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these commutes so we can find common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these commutes so we can find common
+eigenbasis we can find a basis of i of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenbasis we can find a basis of i of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenbasis we can find a basis of i of
+functions which are eigenfunctions both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are eigenfunctions both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are eigenfunctions both
+of Enda vel squared so now we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Enda vel squared so now we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Enda vel squared so now we use
+separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation
+in particular if we want to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if we want to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if we want to find a
+function an eigenfunction of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function an eigenfunction of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function an eigenfunction of the energy
+operator e phi e is equal to e phi e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator e phi e is equal to e phi e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator e phi e is equal to e phi e
+it's going to simplify our lives if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to simplify our lives if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to simplify our lives if we
+take if we also let Phi be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take if we also let Phi be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take if we also let Phi be an
+eigenfunction of the l squared but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunction of the l squared but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunction of the l squared but we
+know what the eigenfunctions of l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the eigenfunctions of l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the eigenfunctions of l
+squared r phi e is equal to let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared r phi e is equal to let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared r phi e is equal to let me write
+this of r equal to little phi of r times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of r equal to little phi of r times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of r equal to little phi of r times
+ylm of theta and phi okay now quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ylm of theta and phi okay now quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ylm of theta and phi okay now quickly
+because this is the angle or the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the angle or the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the angle or the these
+are the eigenfunctions of the l squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigenfunctions of the l squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigenfunctions of the l squared
+operator quick is little L an integer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator quick is little L an integer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator quick is little L an integer or
+a half integer why yeah because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half integer why yeah because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half integer why yeah because we're
+working with rotational angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with rotational angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with rotational angular momentum
+right and it only makes sense to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it only makes sense to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it only makes sense to talk
+about integer values of little L when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about integer values of little L when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about integer values of little L when we
+have gradients on a steer when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gradients on a steer when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gradients on a steer when we're
+talking about rotations on the spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about rotations on the spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about rotations on the spherical
+coordinates okay so little L has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates okay so little L has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates okay so little L has to be
+an integer and from this point forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer and from this point forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer and from this point forward
+in the class anytime I write L I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class anytime I write L I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class anytime I write L I'll be
+talking about the rotational angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the rotational angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the rotational angular
+momentum corresponding to integer values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum corresponding to integer values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum corresponding to integer values
+and when I'm talking about the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I'm talking about the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I'm talking about the half
+integer values all right down s okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer values all right down s okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer values all right down s okay so
+let's use this let's use this separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use this let's use this separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use this let's use this separation
+of variables and what does that give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables and what does that give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables and what does that give us
+well l squared acting on ylm gives us H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well l squared acting on ylm gives us H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well l squared acting on ylm gives us H
+bar squared ll plus 1 so this tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar squared ll plus 1 so this tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar squared ll plus 1 so this tells us
+that e acting on Phi e takes us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e acting on Phi e takes us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e acting on Phi e takes us a
+particularly simple form if Phi E is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly simple form if Phi E is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly simple form if Phi E is
+proportional to a spherical harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to a spherical harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to a spherical harmonic
+then this is going to take the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is going to take the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is going to take the form
+minus H bar squared upon 2m 1 over r dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus H bar squared upon 2m 1 over r dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus H bar squared upon 2m 1 over r dr
+squared r plus 1 over 2mr squared l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared r plus 1 over 2mr squared l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared r plus 1 over 2mr squared l
+squared but l squared acting on the ylm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared but l squared acting on the ylm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared but l squared acting on the ylm
+gives us h bar squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us h bar squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us h bar squared
+l L plus one which is just a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l L plus one which is just a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l L plus one which is just a constant
+over R squared plus U of R by E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question absolutely so we can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question absolutely so we can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question absolutely so we can be
+considered super positions of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered super positions of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered super positions of these guys
+absolutely you can however we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely you can however we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely you can however we're using
+separation so we're look at a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation so we're look at a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation so we're look at a single
+term and then after constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and then after constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and then after constructing
+solutions with a single eigenfunction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions with a single eigenfunction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions with a single eigenfunction of
+l squared we can then write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l squared we can then write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l squared we can then write down
+arbitrary superpositions of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary superpositions of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary superpositions of them and
+generate a complete basis of state's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a complete basis of state's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a complete basis of state's
+general statement about superposition or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general statement about superposition or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general statement about superposition or
+separation of variables other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of variables other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of variables other questions
+okay so here's our the resulting energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's our the resulting energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's our the resulting energy
+eigenvalue equation but notice that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue equation but notice that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue equation but notice that it's
+now really nice this is purely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now really nice this is purely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now really nice this is purely a
+function of our we've removed all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of our we've removed all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of our we've removed all of the
+angular dependence by making its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular dependence by making its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular dependence by making its
+proportional to yl m so this has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to yl m so this has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to yl m so this has a
+little Phi Y L m and this has a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Phi Y L m and this has a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Phi Y L m and this has a little
+Phi Y LM and nothing depends on a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi Y LM and nothing depends on a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi Y LM and nothing depends on a little
+fine so I can make this just or nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so I can make this just or nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so I can make this just or nothing
+depends on the while I'm on the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the while I'm on the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the while I'm on the angular
+variables like maybe this Phi R bar okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables like maybe this Phi R bar okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables like maybe this Phi R bar okay
+and if I want to make this the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I want to make this the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I want to make this the energy
+eigenvalue equation instead of just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue equation instead of just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue equation instead of just the
+action of the energy operator that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of the energy operator that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of the energy operator that is
+now my energy eigenvalue equation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my energy eigenvalue equation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my energy eigenvalue equation this
+is the result of acting on Phi with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the result of acting on Phi with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the result of acting on Phi with the
+energy operator and this is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy operator and this is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy operator and this is the energy
+eigenvalue okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue okay cool
+so the upshot here is that when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the upshot here is that when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the upshot here is that when we have
+a central potential when the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a central potential when the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a central potential when the system is
+rotationally invariant it's invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotationally invariant it's invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotationally invariant it's invariant
+the potential energy is invariant under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy is invariant under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy is invariant under
+rotations then the energy commutes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations then the energy commutes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations then the energy commutes with
+the angular momentum squared and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum squared and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum squared and so we
+can find common eigenfunctions when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find common eigenfunctions when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find common eigenfunctions when we
+use separation of variables the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use separation of variables the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use separation of variables the
+resulting energy eigenvalue equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting energy eigenvalue equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting energy eigenvalue equation
+becomes nothing but a 1 d & RG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes nothing but a 1 d & RG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes nothing but a 1 d & RG
+eigenvalue equation right this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue equation right this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue equation right this is just a
+1d equation now you might look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1d equation now you might look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1d equation now you might look at this
+and say well it's not quite a 1d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well it's not quite a 1d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well it's not quite a 1d
+equation because this were a 1d equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because this were a 1d equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because this were a 1d equation
+we wouldn't have this funny whenever our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wouldn't have this funny whenever our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wouldn't have this funny whenever our
+and this funny are right it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this funny are right it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this funny are right it's not
+exactly what we would have got you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we would have got you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we would have got you know
+it's got the minus H bar squared upon 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got the minus H bar squared upon 2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got the minus H bar squared upon 2m
+oops and there's yeah okay it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops and there's yeah okay it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops and there's yeah okay it's got
+these funny H bar squared upon 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these funny H bar squared upon 2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these funny H bar squared upon 2m
+and it's got these more nursery it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got these more nursery it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got these more nursery it's got
+the correct H bar squared upon 2m but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct H bar squared upon 2m but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct H bar squared upon 2m but
+it's got this funny are in one of our so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got this funny are in one of our so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got this funny are in one of our so
+let's get rid of that let's just quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get rid of that let's just quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get rid of that let's just quickly
+dispense for that when he said of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispense for that when he said of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispense for that when he said of our
+and this comes back to the sneaky trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this comes back to the sneaky trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this comes back to the sneaky trick
+I was referring to earlier of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was referring to earlier of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was referring to earlier of writing
+this expression so rather than writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression so rather than writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression so rather than writing
+this out it's convenient to write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out it's convenient to write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out it's convenient to write it in
+this form let's see why so if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form let's see why so if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form let's see why so if we have
+the e-file of R is equal to minus H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e-file of R is equal to minus H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e-file of R is equal to minus H bar
+squared upon 2m 1 over r d squared r r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared upon 2m 1 over r d squared r r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared upon 2m 1 over r d squared r r
+plus and now what i'm going to write is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and now what i'm going to write is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and now what i'm going to write is
+look this is this is our potential you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this is this is our potential you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this is this is our potential you
+heart this is some silly radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart this is some silly radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart this is some silly radial
+dependent thing i'm gonna write these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent thing i'm gonna write these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent thing i'm gonna write these
+two terms together rather than writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms together rather than writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms together rather than writing
+them over and over and over again i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them over and over and over again i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them over and over and over again i'm
+gonna write them together and call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna write them together and call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna write them together and call them
+V effective plus V effective of are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V effective plus V effective of are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V effective plus V effective of are
+where V effective is just these guys the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where V effective is just these guys the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where V effective is just these guys the
+effective okay which has a contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective okay which has a contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective okay which has a contribution
+from the original potential and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the original potential and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the original potential and from the
+angular momentum which notice the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum which notice the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum which notice the sign
+is plus one over R squared so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plus one over R squared so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plus one over R squared so the
+potential gets really large as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential gets really large as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential gets really large as you get
+out get to the origin 5r so this R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out get to the origin 5r so this R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out get to the origin 5r so this R is
+annoying this one over R is annoying but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying this one over R is annoying but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying this one over R is annoying but
+there's a nice way to get rid of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nice way to get rid of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nice way to get rid of it
+let 5r well this R we want to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let 5r well this R we want to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let 5r well this R we want to get rid of
+so let 5r equal 1 over R U of R ok then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let 5r equal 1 over R U of R ok then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let 5r equal 1 over R U of R ok then
+1 over R squared R sorry 1 over r dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over R squared R sorry 1 over r dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over R squared R sorry 1 over r dr
+squared r phi is equal to 1 over R the R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared r phi is equal to 1 over R the R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared r phi is equal to 1 over R the R
+squared R times 1 over R times U which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared R times 1 over R times U which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared R times 1 over R times U which
+is just you but meanwhile V on Phi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just you but meanwhile V on Phi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just you but meanwhile V on Phi is
+equal to well he doesn't have any are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to well he doesn't have any are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to well he doesn't have any are
+droves is just a function so V on Phi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droves is just a function so V on Phi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droves is just a function so V on Phi is
+1 over R V on u so this equation becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over R V on u so this equation becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over R V on u so this equation becomes
+e on you because this also picked up 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e on you because this also picked up 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e on you because this also picked up 1
+over R is equal to minus H bar squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R is equal to minus H bar squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R is equal to minus H bar squared
+upon 2m dr squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon 2m dr squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon 2m dr squared
+plus the effective of are you and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the effective of are you and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the effective of are you and this
+is exactly the energy eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the energy eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the energy eigenvalue
+equation for a 1d problem with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a 1d problem with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a 1d problem with the
+following potential the potential the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following potential the potential the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following potential the potential the
+effective of our does the following two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective of our does the following two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective of our does the following two
+things whoops I want to draw it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose we have a potential which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a potential which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a potential which is the
+Coulomb potential so let's say U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coulomb potential so let's say U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coulomb potential so let's say U is
+equal to minus e squared upon R just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus e squared upon R just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus e squared upon R just as
+an example so here's our here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example so here's our here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example so here's our here's the
+effective so you first so there's you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective so you first so there's you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective so you first so there's you go
+bar draw this V has another term which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar draw this V has another term which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar draw this V has another term which
+is H bar squared ll plus 1 over 2mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H bar squared ll plus 1 over 2mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H bar squared ll plus 1 over 2mr
+squared this for any given value of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this for any given value of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this for any given value of L
+this is a constant over R squared with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a constant over R squared with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a constant over R squared with
+the plus sign so that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus sign so that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus sign so that's something that
+looks like this this is falling off like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this this is falling off like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this this is falling off like
+1 over R this is falling off like 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over R this is falling off like 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over R this is falling off like 1 over
+R squared so it falls off more rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R squared so it falls off more rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R squared so it falls off more rapidly
+and finally can R be negative no it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally can R be negative no it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally can R be negative no it's
+defined from 0 to infinity so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined from 0 to infinity so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined from 0 to infinity so that's
+like having an infinite potential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having an infinite potential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having an infinite potential for
+negative R so our effective potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative R so our effective potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative R so our effective potential is
+the sum of these contributions wish I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of these contributions wish I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of these contributions wish I
+had colored charge the sum of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had colored charge the sum of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had colored charge the sum of these
+contributions just going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions just going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions just going to look like
+this so that's might be effective this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that's might be effective this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that's might be effective this
+is my ll plus 1 squared R squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my ll plus 1 squared R squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my ll plus 1 squared R squared and
+this is my U of R question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my U of R question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my U of R question
+good okay so this is U of R the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so this is U of R the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so this is U of R the original
+potential okay this is one over l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential okay this is one over l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential okay this is one over l
+squared R sorry ll plus 1 over 2mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared R sorry ll plus 1 over 2mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared R sorry ll plus 1 over 2mr
+squared oh shoot oh I'm so terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared oh shoot oh I'm so terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared oh shoot oh I'm so terribly
+sorry I've use a notation terribly let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I've use a notation terribly let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I've use a notation terribly let's
+ah this is a crap sorry this is standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah this is a crap sorry this is standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah this is a crap sorry this is standard
+notation and in text when I write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and in text when I write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and in text when I write this
+by hand the potential is a big U and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hand the potential is a big U and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hand the potential is a big U and the
+wave function is a little u so let this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is a little u so let this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is a little u so let this
+be a little you okay this is my little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little you okay this is my little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little you okay this is my little
+you and so now I'm gonna have to jeez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and so now I'm gonna have to jeez
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and so now I'm gonna have to jeez
+this is horrible sorry this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is horrible sorry this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is horrible sorry this is the
+potential capital u with a bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential capital u with a bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential capital u with a bar
+underneath it okay seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it okay seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it okay seriously
+so there's capital u with a bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's capital u with a bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's capital u with a bar
+underneath it and here's V which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it and here's V which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it and here's V which is
+gonna make my life easier this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make my life easier this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make my life easier this is the
+capital u with the bar underneath it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital u with the bar underneath it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital u with the bar underneath it
+capital u with barnard oh I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital u with barnard oh I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital u with barnard oh I'm really
+sorry I did not realize I hope confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I did not realize I hope confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I did not realize I hope confusing
+that would be okay is everyone happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be okay is everyone happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be okay is everyone happy
+with that yeah which one middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where so this this is so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where so this this is so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where so this this is so these are the
+wavefunction that that's the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefunction that that's the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefunction that that's the wave
+function that is V and wait if I erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is V and wait if I erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is V and wait if I erase
+it how can I correct excellent so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how can I correct excellent so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how can I correct excellent so the
+thing that isn't here would have a bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that isn't here would have a bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that isn't here would have a bar
+under it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under it
+oh oh sorry ah you wouldn't think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh sorry ah you wouldn't think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh sorry ah you wouldn't think it
+would be so hard okay good and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be so hard okay good and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be so hard okay good and this is
+not fit into the wave function okay god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fit into the wave function okay god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fit into the wave function okay god
+oh that's horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's horrible
+sorry guys I bet notation is not obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry guys I bet notation is not obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry guys I bet notation is not obvious
+um my apologies oh there's there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my apologies oh there's there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my apologies oh there's there's an
+actual there's a better way to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual there's a better way to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual there's a better way to do this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+here's here's the better way to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's the better way to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's the better way to do this
+instead of calling the potential I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of calling the potential I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of calling the potential I'm
+sorry I'm like your notes are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm like your notes are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm like your notes are getting
+destroyed now so instead of calling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed now so instead of calling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed now so instead of calling the
+potential capital u let's just call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential capital u let's just call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential capital u let's just call this
+V yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V yeah
+and then we have the effective no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the effective no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the effective no no
+this is good this is good we can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good this is good we can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good this is good we can be
+careful about this so this is V this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about this so this is V this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about this so this is V this is
+V effective which has V plus the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V effective which has V plus the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V effective which has V plus the angular
+momentum term oh good lord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum term oh good lord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum term oh good lord
+this is the effective this is V be 5zu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the effective this is V be 5zu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the effective this is V be 5zu
+good this is V this is there's no u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this is V this is there's no u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this is V this is there's no u
+underlined sound just V V effective oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlined sound just V V effective oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlined sound just V V effective oh
+good lord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good lord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good lord
+okay wow that was an unnecessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay wow that was an unnecessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay wow that was an unnecessary
+confusion top right you ah that's V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion top right you ah that's V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion top right you ah that's V
+although it would have been just as true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it would have been just as true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it would have been just as true
+for V effective so we can write V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for V effective so we can write V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for V effective so we can write V
+effective it's true for both cuz it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective it's true for both cuz it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective it's true for both cuz it's
+just a function of R oh for the love of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a function of R oh for the love of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a function of R oh for the love of
+God okay let's just let's let's check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God okay let's just let's let's check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God okay let's just let's let's check
+our sanity and walk through the logic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sanity and walk through the logic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sanity and walk through the logic so
+the logic here is we have some potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic here is we have some potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic here is we have some potential
+it's a function only of our yeah as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function only of our yeah as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function only of our yeah as a
+consequence it doesn't care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence it doesn't care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence it doesn't care about the
+angles we can write things in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles we can write things in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles we can write things in terms of
+the spherical harmonics can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spherical harmonics can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spherical harmonics can do
+separation of variables here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of variables here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of variables here's the
+energy eigenvalue equation we discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenvalue equation we discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenvalue equation we discovered
+that because we're working in spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we're working in spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we're working in spherical
+harmonics the angular momentum term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics the angular momentum term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics the angular momentum term
+becomes just a function of r with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes just a function of r with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes just a function of r with no
+other with coefficients so now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other with coefficients so now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other with coefficients so now we have a
+function of r plus the potential v this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r plus the potential v this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r plus the potential v this
+looks like an effective potential v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an effective potential v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an effective potential v
+effective which is the sum of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective which is the sum of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective which is the sum of these two
+terms so there's that equation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so there's that equation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so there's that equation on the
+other hand this isn't this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand this isn't this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand this isn't this is
+tantalizingly close to but not quite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tantalizingly close to but not quite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tantalizingly close to but not quite the
+energy eigenvalue equation for a 1d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenvalue equation for a 1d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenvalue equation for a 1d
+problem with this potential v effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this potential v effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this potential v effective
+to make it obvious that it's in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it obvious that it's in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it obvious that it's in fact a
+1d problem we do a change of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1d problem we do a change of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1d problem we do a change of variables
+Phi goes to 1 over R U and then 1 upon R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi goes to 1 over R U and then 1 upon R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi goes to 1 over R U and then 1 upon R
+RT squared R 5 becomes 1 over Rd squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT squared R 5 becomes 1 over Rd squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT squared R 5 becomes 1 over Rd squared
+U and the effective Phi becomes 1 over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the effective Phi becomes 1 over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the effective Phi becomes 1 over R
+the effective you plugging that together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective you plugging that together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective you plugging that together
+gives us this energy eigenvalue equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us this energy eigenvalue equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us this energy eigenvalue equation
+for u the effective wave function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for u the effective wave function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for u the effective wave function which
+is a 1d problem so we can use all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a 1d problem so we can use all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a 1d problem so we can use all of our
+intuition and all of our machinery to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition and all of our machinery to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition and all of our machinery to
+solve this problem and then we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem and then we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem and then we have to
+ask what exactly is the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what exactly is the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what exactly is the effective
+potential and the effective potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and the effective potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and the effective potential
+has three contributions first it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three contributions first it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three contributions first it has the
+original V secondly it has the angler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original V secondly it has the angler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original V secondly it has the angler
+momentum term which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum term which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum term which is a
+over r-squared and here's that constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over r-squared and here's that constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over r-squared and here's that constant
+over r-squared and the sum of these is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over r-squared and the sum of these is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over r-squared and the sum of these is V
+effective and this guy dominates comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective and this guy dominates comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective and this guy dominates comes
+one over R squared this dominates at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over R squared this dominates at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over R squared this dominates at
+small R and this dominates a large R if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small R and this dominates a large R if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small R and this dominates a large R if
+it's 1 over R so we get an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1 over R so we get an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1 over R so we get an effective
+potential that all check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that all check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that all check
+there's the effective potential ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the effective potential ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the effective potential ok
+oh and finally the third fit fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and finally the third fit fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and finally the third fit fact is
+that our must be strictly positive so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our must be strictly positive so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our must be strictly positive so as
+a 1d problem that means it can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1d problem that means it can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1d problem that means it can't be
+negative it's going to have an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's going to have an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's going to have an infinite
+potential on the left ok so so as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential on the left ok so so as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential on the left ok so so as an
+example let's go ahead and think more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's go ahead and think more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's go ahead and think more
+carefully about specifically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about specifically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about specifically this
+problem about this Coulomb potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem about this Coulomb potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem about this Coulomb potential and
+this one the effective potential yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one the effective potential yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one the effective potential yeah
+yes the one over all good so the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the one over all good so the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the one over all good so the one
+about remember that would that DDR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about remember that would that DDR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about remember that would that DDR
+squared term gave us a 1 over r out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared term gave us a 1 over r out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared term gave us a 1 over r out
+front so from this term there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front so from this term there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front so from this term there should be
+1 over r here from this term there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over r here from this term there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over r here from this term there
+should also be a 1 over r and from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also be a 1 over r and from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also be a 1 over r and from here
+there should be a 1 over r so then i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a 1 over r so then i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a 1 over r so then i'm
+gonna cancel the wunderbar by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna cancel the wunderbar by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna cancel the wunderbar by
+multiplying the whole equation by r yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the whole equation by r yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the whole equation by r yeah
+sneaky sneaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneaky sneaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneaky sneaky
+so anytime you see any time this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anytime you see any time this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anytime you see any time this is a
+general lesson anytime you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general lesson anytime you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general lesson anytime you see a
+differential equation that has this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that has this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that has this form
+two derivatives plus 1 over r a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two derivatives plus 1 over r a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two derivatives plus 1 over r a
+derivative you know you can play some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you know you can play some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you know you can play some
+game like this if you see this declare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game like this if you see this declare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game like this if you see this declare
+in your mind a brief moment of triumph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind a brief moment of triumph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind a brief moment of triumph
+because you know what technique to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know what technique to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know what technique to use
+you can do this sort of rescaling by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this sort of rescaling by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this sort of rescaling by a
+power of r and more generally if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of r and more generally if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of r and more generally if you
+have a differential equation that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a differential equation that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a differential equation that looks
+like let me do this here if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let me do this here if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let me do this here if you have a
+differential equation that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that looks
+something like derivative respect to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like derivative respect to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like derivative respect to R
+plus a constant over R times Phi you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a constant over R times Phi you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a constant over R times Phi you
+know how to solve this let me say plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve this let me say plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve this let me say plus
+dr. thought Phi you know how to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr. thought Phi you know how to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr. thought Phi you know how to solve
+this because deedie R plus C over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because deedie R plus C over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because deedie R plus C over R
+means that Phi if there were nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that Phi if there were nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that Phi if there were nothing
+else equals zero if there were no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else equals zero if there were no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else equals zero if there were no other
+terms here then this would say DDR plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here then this would say DDR plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here then this would say DDR plus
+C over R it's fine that means we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C over R it's fine that means we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C over R it's fine that means we need to
+get it's like dividing by are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it's like dividing by are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it's like dividing by are
+multiplying by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by
+that means fine goes like R to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means fine goes like R to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means fine goes like R to the minus
+C right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C right
+but if Phi goes like R to the minus C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if Phi goes like R to the minus C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if Phi goes like R to the minus C
+that's not the exact solution in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the exact solution in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the exact solution in the
+equation but I can write Phi is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but I can write Phi is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but I can write Phi is equal to
+R to the minus C times U and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R to the minus C times U and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R to the minus C times U and then this
+equation becomes d dr plus da dot u zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation becomes d dr plus da dot u zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation becomes d dr plus da dot u zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+very useful little trick not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful little trick not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful little trick not really
+trick it's just observation and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick it's just observation and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick it's just observation and this is
+a second-order version the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second-order version the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second-order version the same thing
+very useful things to have in your back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful things to have in your back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful things to have in your back
+pocket for moments of need okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket for moments of need okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket for moments of need okay
+so let's pick up let's pick up with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's pick up let's pick up with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's pick up let's pick up with with
+this guy so let me give you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy so let me give you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy so let me give you a little
+name for this so this term that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for this so this term that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for this so this term that comes
+from the angular momentum bit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the angular momentum bit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the angular momentum bit this
+originally came from the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally came from the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally came from the kinetic energy
+right it came from the l squared over r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it came from the l squared over r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it came from the l squared over r
+which was from the gradient squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was from the gradient squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was from the gradient squared
+energy this is a kinetic energy term why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is a kinetic energy term why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is a kinetic energy term why
+is there a kinetic energy term well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a kinetic energy term well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a kinetic energy term well what
+this is telling you is that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is telling you is that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is telling you is that if you have
+some annual rendom it's little L is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some annual rendom it's little L is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some annual rendom it's little L is not
+equal to zero then as you get closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero then as you get closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero then as you get closer and
+closer to the origin the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the origin the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the origin the potential
+energy is getting very very large and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is getting very very large and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is getting very very large and
+this should make sense if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should make sense if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should make sense if you're
+spinning and you pull in your arms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning and you pull in your arms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning and you pull in your arms you
+have to do work right you have to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do work right you have to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do work right you have to hold
+those guys in that take you speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys in that take you speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys in that take you speed up
+you're increasing your kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're increasing your kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're increasing your kinetic energy
+due to conservation of angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to conservation of angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to conservation of angular momentum
+right if you have rotational invariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you have rotational invariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you have rotational invariance
+as you bring in your hands you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you bring in your hands you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you bring in your hands you're
+increasing the kinetic energy and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the kinetic energy and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the kinetic energy and so
+this angular momentum barrier is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angular momentum barrier is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angular momentum barrier is just an
+expression of that it's just saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of that it's just saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of that it's just saying that
+as you come to smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you come to smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you come to smaller and smaller
+radius holding the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius holding the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius holding the angular momentum
+fixed here and your velocity your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed here and your velocity your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed here and your velocity your
+angular velocity must increase your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity must increase your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity must increase your
+kinetic energy must increase and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy must increase and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy must increase and we're
+calling that a potential term just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling that a potential term just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling that a potential term just
+because we can because we've worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can because we've worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can because we've worked with
+definite angular momentum okay this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite angular momentum okay this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite angular momentum okay this you
+did this you should have done this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this you should have done this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this you should have done this in
+classical mechanics as well but well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics as well but well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics as well but well you
+should have done in classical mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have done in classical mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have done in classical mechanics
+so this is called the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called the angular momentum
+barrier quick question classically if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier quick question classically if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier quick question classically if
+you take a charged particle around in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a charged particle around in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a charged particle around in a
+Coulomb potential classically it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coulomb potential classically it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coulomb potential classically it that
+system decays it radiates away energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system decays it radiates away energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system decays it radiates away energy
+does the angular momentum barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the angular momentum barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the angular momentum barrier
+save us from decaying is that why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save us from decaying is that why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save us from decaying is that why
+hydrogen is stable no one wants to stake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen is stable no one wants to stake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen is stable no one wants to stake
+a claim here is hydrogen stable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a claim here is hydrogen stable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a claim here is hydrogen stable because
+of conservation of angular momentum no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conservation of angular momentum no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conservation of angular momentum no
+absolutely not right so first off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely not right so first off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely not right so first off in
+your first problem set when you did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first problem set when you did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first problem set when you did that
+calculation that particle had angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that particle had angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that particle had angular
+momentum so and it can radiate that away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so and it can radiate that away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so and it can radiate that away
+through electromagnetic interactions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through electromagnetic interactions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through electromagnetic interactions so
+that didn't save us angular Wrentham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't save us angular Wrentham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't save us angular Wrentham
+won't save us another way to say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't save us another way to say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't save us another way to say this is
+that we can construct and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can construct and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can construct and we just
+explicitly see we can construct a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly see we can construct a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly see we can construct a state
+which has a little L equals 0 in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a little L equals 0 in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a little L equals 0 in which
+case England rent and barrier is 0 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case England rent and barrier is 0 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case England rent and barrier is 0 over
+R squared so exist nothing angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R squared so exist nothing angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R squared so exist nothing angular
+instant barrier is not what preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant barrier is not what preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant barrier is not what preserve
+what keeps you from decaying and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what keeps you from decaying and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what keeps you from decaying and the
+reason is that the electron can radiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that the electron can radiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that the electron can radiate
+away energy and angular momentum and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away energy and angular momentum and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away energy and angular momentum and so
+L will decrease and decrease I can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L will decrease and decrease I can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L will decrease and decrease I can still
+fall down so we still need a reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall down so we still need a reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall down so we still need a reason for
+why the hydrogen system quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the hydrogen system quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the hydrogen system quantum
+mechanically is stable why do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically is stable why do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically is stable why do things
+exist so let's answer that question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so let's answer that question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so let's answer that question so
+what I want to do now is I want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do now is I want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do now is I want to solve
+do I really want to it that way well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I really want to it that way well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I really want to it that way well
+actually before we do let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually before we do let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually before we do let's consider
+some last general conditions general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some last general conditions general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some last general conditions general
+facts for central potentials so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts for central potentials so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts for central potentials so let's
+look at some general facts for central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some general facts for central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some general facts for central
+potentials so the first is regardless of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials so the first is regardless of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials so the first is regardless of
+what the potentials the bare potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the potentials the bare potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the potentials the bare potential
+was just due to the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just due to the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just due to the angular momentum
+barrier we have this 1 over R squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier we have this 1 over R squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier we have this 1 over R squared
+behavior near the origin so we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior near the origin so we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior near the origin so we can look
+at this we can ask what are the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this we can ask what are the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this we can ask what are the boundary
+conditions at the origin what what must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions at the origin what what must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions at the origin what what must
+be true of U of R near the origin near U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true of U of R near the origin near U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true of U of R near the origin near U
+of R are certain near R goes to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what must be true of you abar so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what must be true of you abar so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what must be true of you abar so the
+right way to ask this question is not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way to ask this question is not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way to ask this question is not to
+look at this U of R which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this U of R which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this U of R which is not
+actually the wavefunction but to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the wavefunction but to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the wavefunction but to look at
+the actual wave function Phi sub E which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual wave function Phi sub E which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual wave function Phi sub E which
+goes near R equals zero like U of R over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes near R equals zero like U of R over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes near R equals zero like U of R over
+R so what should be true of you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so what should be true of you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so what should be true of you can you
+diverge is that physical does you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge is that physical does you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge is that physical does you have
+to vanish can they take a constant value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vanish can they take a constant value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vanish can they take a constant value
+so I've given you a hint by telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've given you a hint by telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've given you a hint by telling you
+that I want to think about there being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to think about there being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to think about there being
+an infinite potential but why why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite potential but why why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite potential but why why is
+that the right thing to do well imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the right thing to do well imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the right thing to do well imagine
+you 'var went to a constant value near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 'var went to a constant value near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 'var went to a constant value near
+the origin if you have R goes to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin if you have R goes to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin if you have R goes to a
+constant value near the origin then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant value near the origin then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant value near the origin then the
+wave function diverges near the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function diverges near the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function diverges near the origin
+that's maybe not so bad maybe it has a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe not so bad maybe it has a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe not so bad maybe it has a 1
+over R singularity it's not totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R singularity it's not totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R singularity it's not totally
+obvious that that's horrible what's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that that's horrible what's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that that's horrible what's so
+bad about having a 1 over R behavior so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad about having a 1 over R behavior so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad about having a 1 over R behavior so
+suppose u goes to a constant so Phi goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose u goes to a constant so Phi goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose u goes to a constant so Phi goes
+to constant over R what's so bad about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to constant over R what's so bad about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to constant over R what's so bad about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look back at the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look back at the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look back at the kinetic energy
+P is equal to the kinetic energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is equal to the kinetic energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is equal to the kinetic energy is
+going to be minus H bar squared d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be minus H bar squared d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be minus H bar squared d
+squared so the energy is going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so the energy is going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so the energy is going to go
+like P squared over 2m d squared but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like P squared over 2m d squared but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like P squared over 2m d squared but
+here's an important fact d squared the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an important fact d squared the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an important fact d squared the
+laplacian of 1 over R well it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laplacian of 1 over R well it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laplacian of 1 over R well it's easy to
+see what this is at a general point at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what this is at a general point at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what this is at a general point at a
+general point D squared is d squared has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general point D squared is d squared has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general point D squared is d squared has
+a term that looks like 1 over R d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term that looks like 1 over R d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term that looks like 1 over R d
+squared R R so 1 over Rd squared R d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared R R so 1 over Rd squared R d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared R R so 1 over Rd squared R d
+squared R times R on 1 over R well R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared R times R on 1 over R well R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared R times R on 1 over R well R
+times 1 over R that's just 1 and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over R that's just 1 and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over R that's just 1 and this is
+0 right so the gradient squared of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 right so the gradient squared of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 right so the gradient squared of 1
+over R is 0 except can that possibly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R is 0 except can that possibly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R is 0 except can that possibly be
+true at R equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true at R equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true at R equals 0
+no because what's the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because what's the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because what's the second derivative
+at 0 as you approach the origin from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 as you approach the origin from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 as you approach the origin from any
+direction the function is going like 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the function is going like 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the function is going like 1
+over R alright so it's growing but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R alright so it's growing but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R alright so it's growing but it's
+growing in every direction so what's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing in every direction so what's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing in every direction so what's its
+first derivative at the origin it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative at the origin it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative at the origin it's
+actually ill-defined right the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ill-defined right the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ill-defined right the first
+derivative is because it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is because it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is because it depends on the
+direction you come in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you come in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you come in the first
+direction come in this way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction come in this way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction come in this way the
+derivative looks like it's becoming this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative looks like it's becoming this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative looks like it's becoming this
+from this direction that's becoming this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this direction that's becoming this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this direction that's becoming this
+it's actually badly divergent so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually badly divergent so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually badly divergent so what's
+the second derivative well the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative well the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative well the second
+derivative has to go as you go across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative has to go as you go across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative has to go as you go across
+this point it's telling you how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point it's telling you how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point it's telling you how the
+first derivative changes but it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative changes but it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative changes but it changes
+from plus infinity in this direction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from plus infinity in this direction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from plus infinity in this direction to
+plus infinity in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity in this direction
+that's badly singular so this can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's badly singular so this can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's badly singular so this can't
+possibly be true when I just wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be true when I just wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be true when I just wrote down
+here and in fact D squared on 1 over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in fact D squared on 1 over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in fact D squared on 1 over R
+and this is a very good exercise for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a very good exercise for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a very good exercise for
+recitation is equal to Delta of our it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation is equal to Delta of our it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation is equal to Delta of our it's
+0 it's clearly 0 for our not equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 it's clearly 0 for our not equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 it's clearly 0 for our not equals 0
+but at the origin it's divergent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the origin it's divergent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the origin it's divergent and
+it's divergent in exactly the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's divergent in exactly the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's divergent in exactly the way you
+need to get the dirt the Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get the dirt the Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get the dirt the Delta function
+ok which is pretty awesome so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok which is pretty awesome so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok which is pretty awesome so what that
+tells us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is
+that if we have a wave function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we have a wave function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we have a wave function that
+goes like 1 over R then the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like 1 over R then the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like 1 over R then the energy
+contribution energy acting on this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution energy acting on this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution energy acting on this wave
+function gives us a delta function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function gives us a delta function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function gives us a delta function at
+the origin so unless you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin so unless you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin so unless you have a
+potential which is a delta function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential which is a delta function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential which is a delta function at
+the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin
+nothing will cancel this often you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing will cancel this often you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing will cancel this often you can't
+possibly satisfy the energy eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly satisfy the energy eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly satisfy the energy eigenvalue
+equation so U of R must go to 0 at R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so U of R must go to 0 at R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so U of R must go to 0 at R
+goes to 0 because if it goes to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to 0 because if it goes to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to 0 because if it goes to a
+constant any constant we get a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant any constant we get a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant any constant we get a bad
+divergence in the energy yeah in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence in the energy yeah in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence in the energy yeah in
+particular if we calculate the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if we calculate the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if we calculate the energy
+we'll discover that that the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discover that that the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discover that that the energy is
+badly divergent if Delta for the Virgin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly divergent if Delta for the Virgin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly divergent if Delta for the Virgin
+if we don't have you going to 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't have you going to 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't have you going to 0 so
+notice by the way as a side note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice by the way as a side note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice by the way as a side note that
+since fine goes like Phi is equal to u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since fine goes like Phi is equal to u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since fine goes like Phi is equal to u
+over R that means that Phi goes to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R that means that Phi goes to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R that means that Phi goes to a
+constant this is good because what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this is good because what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this is good because what this
+is telling us is that the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us is that the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us is that the wave function
+so true that U is vanishing but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so true that U is vanishing but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so true that U is vanishing but the
+probability density which is the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density which is the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density which is the wave
+function squared it doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function squared it doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function squared it doesn't have to
+vanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish
+that's about the derivative of U as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about the derivative of U as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about the derivative of U as you
+approach the origin from l'hopital's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the origin from l'hopital's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the origin from l'hopital's
+rule so this is the first general fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so this is the first general fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so this is the first general fact
+about central potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the next one and this is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next one and this is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next one and this is really the
+fun one the board is that note sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun one the board is that note sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun one the board is that note sorry the
+energy depends on L but not on M just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy depends on L but not on M just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy depends on L but not on M just
+explicitly in the energy eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly in the energy eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly in the energy eigenvalue
+equation we have the angular Wrentham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we have the angular Wrentham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we have the angular Wrentham
+showing up in the effective potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up in the effective potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up in the effective potential
+little L but little em'ly appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little L but little em'ly appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little L but little em'ly appears
+absolutely nowhere except in our choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely nowhere except in our choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely nowhere except in our choice
+of spherical harmonic for any different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spherical harmonic for any different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spherical harmonic for any different
+m and this was pointed out before for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and this was pointed out before for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and this was pointed out before for
+any different and we would have got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any different and we would have got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any different and we would have got the
+same equation and that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation and that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation and that means that the
+energy eigenvalue can depend on L but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenvalue can depend on L but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenvalue can depend on L but it
+can't depend on M right so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't depend on M right so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't depend on M right so that means
+for each M each M in the allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each M each M in the allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each M each M in the allowed
+possible values L L minus 1 minus L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values L L minus 1 minus L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values L L minus 1 minus L and
+this is 12 plus 1 possible values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 12 plus 1 possible values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 12 plus 1 possible values for
+each of these M's the energy is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'll call this e sub L because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll call this e sub L because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll call this e sub L because the
+energy can depend on now why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy can depend on now why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy can depend on now why the
+degeneracy of e sub L is equal to 2 L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy of e sub L is equal to 2 L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy of e sub L is equal to 2 L
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why why do we have this degeneracy yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why do we have this degeneracy yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why do we have this degeneracy yeah
+exactly we get to degeneracies when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly we get to degeneracies when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly we get to degeneracies when we
+have symmetries right when we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have symmetries right when we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have symmetries right when we have a
+symmetry we get a degeneracy and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry we get a degeneracy and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry we get a degeneracy and so here
+we have a degeneracy in this degeneracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a degeneracy in this degeneracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a degeneracy in this degeneracy
+isn't fixed by rotational invariance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't fixed by rotational invariance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't fixed by rotational invariance and
+why is this the right thing rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this the right thing rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this the right thing rotational
+symmetry so why did this give us this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so why did this give us this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so why did this give us this
+degeneracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy
+but what their rotational degeneracy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what their rotational degeneracy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what their rotational degeneracy is
+saying is look if you've got some total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is look if you've got some total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is look if you've got some total
+angular momentum the energy can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum the energy can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum the energy can't
+possibly depend on whether most of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly depend on whether most of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly depend on whether most of it's
+in Z or most of it's an X or most of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Z or most of it's an X or most of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Z or most of it's an X or most of its
+and why it can't possibly depend on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why it can't possibly depend on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why it can't possibly depend on that
+but that's what M is telling you M is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what M is telling you M is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what M is telling you M is
+telling you what fraction is contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you what fraction is contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you what fraction is contained
+in a particular direction so rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular direction so rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular direction so rotational
+symmetry immediately tells you this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry immediately tells you this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry immediately tells you this but
+there's a nice way to phrase this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nice way to phrase this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nice way to phrase this which
+is the following look what is rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following look what is rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following look what is rotational
+symmetry rotational symmetry is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry rotational symmetry is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry rotational symmetry is the
+statement but the energy doesn't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement but the energy doesn't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement but the energy doesn't care
+about rotations and in particular it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about rotations and in particular it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about rotations and in particular it
+must commute with LX and with ly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must commute with LX and with ly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must commute with LX and with ly and
+with LZ okay so this is rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with LZ okay so this is rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with LZ okay so this is rotational
+symmetry and I'm gonna interpret these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and I'm gonna interpret these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and I'm gonna interpret these
+in a nice way so this guy tells me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a nice way so this guy tells me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a nice way so this guy tells me that
+I can find common eigenfunctions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find common eigenfunctions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find common eigenfunctions and
+more to the point a full common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to the point a full common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to the point a full common
+eigenbasis of E and LZ can I also find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenbasis of E and LZ can I also find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenbasis of E and LZ can I also find a
+common eigenbasis of LZ and ly are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common eigenbasis of LZ and ly are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common eigenbasis of LZ and ly are their
+common eigenvectors of e LZ and ly know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common eigenvectors of e LZ and ly know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common eigenvectors of e LZ and ly know
+how are their common eigenfunctions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are their common eigenfunctions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are their common eigenfunctions of
+LZ and ly no because they don't commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ and ly no because they don't commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ and ly no because they don't commute
+right he commutes with each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he commutes with each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he commutes with each of these
+okay so I'm just gonna say I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm just gonna say I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm just gonna say I'm gonna
+pick a common eigenbasis of en LZ j but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a common eigenbasis of en LZ j but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a common eigenbasis of en LZ j but
+I could have picked out alack sir I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have picked out alack sir I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have picked out alack sir I
+could have picked out why I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have picked out why I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have picked out why I'm just
+picking LZ because that's our convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking LZ because that's our convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking LZ because that's our convention
+but notice what are these two once I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice what are these two once I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice what are these two once I've
+chosen this I'm gonna work with a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen this I'm gonna work with a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen this I'm gonna work with a common
+eigenbasis of en LZ what do these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenbasis of en LZ what do these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenbasis of en LZ what do these two
+commentators tell me these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentators tell me these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentators tell me these two
+commentators tell me that e commutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentators tell me that e commutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentators tell me that e commutes
+with LX plus ily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with LX plus ily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with LX plus ily
+and Alex - lol + - right so this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alex - lol + - right so this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alex - lol + - right so this tells
+you that if you have an eigen functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that if you have an eigen functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that if you have an eigen functions
+of EE and you react with a raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of EE and you react with a raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of EE and you react with a raising
+operator you get another eigen function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you get another eigen function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you get another eigen function
+of E and thus we get our 2 L plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of E and thus we get our 2 L plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of E and thus we get our 2 L plus 1
+degeneracy because we can walk up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy because we can walk up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy because we can walk up and
+down the tower using L plus and OH minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the tower using L plus and OH minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the tower using L plus and OH minus
+cool ok so this is a nice example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool ok so this is a nice example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool ok so this is a nice example that
+when you have a symmetry you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a symmetry you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a symmetry you get a
+degeneracy and we're in and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok so let's do some examples of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so let's do some examples of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so let's do some examples of using
+these central potentials yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's zero it sits so II with LX is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero it sits so II with LX is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero it sits so II with LX is zero
+you with l Watts how are you happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with l Watts how are you happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with l Watts how are you happy with
+that say be with LX to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say be with LX to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say be with LX to zero
+yeah good okay and so this is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good okay and so this is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good okay and so this is zero
+because it's just LX plus IO i so ii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just LX plus IO i so ii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just LX plus IO i so ii
+with LX is 0 and e without y is 0 so e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with LX is 0 and e without y is 0 so e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with LX is 0 and e without y is 0 so e
+commutes with these guys and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with these guys and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with these guys and so this is
+like the statement that l squared with L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the statement that l squared with L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the statement that l squared with L
+plus minus equals 0 cool ok so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus equals 0 cool ok so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus equals 0 cool ok so let's do
+some examples so the first example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples so the first example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples so the first example is
+going to be actually I'm gonna skip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be actually I'm gonna skip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be actually I'm gonna skip the
+spherical well example it's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical well example it's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical well example it's just not
+that interesting but it's in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interesting but it's in the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interesting but it's in the notes
+and I you really need to look at it oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I you really need to look at it oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I you really need to look at it oh
+hell yes I'm gonna do it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell yes I'm gonna do it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell yes I'm gonna do it okay so
+spherical well so I'm gonna do it in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical well so I'm gonna do it in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical well so I'm gonna do it in an
+abridged form and maybe it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abridged form and maybe it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abridged form and maybe it's a good
+thing for recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thank You recitation leader so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank You recitation leader so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank You recitation leader so in the
+spherical well what's the potential so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical well what's the potential so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical well what's the potential so
+here's V of R naught u bar and not UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's V of R naught u bar and not UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's V of R naught u bar and not UV
+effect just d'ivoire okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect just d'ivoire okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect just d'ivoire okay and the
+potential is gonna be this so here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is gonna be this so here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is gonna be this so here's our
+equals zero and if it's a spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and if it's a spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and if it's a spherical
+infinite well then I'm going to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite well then I'm going to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite well then I'm going to say the
+potential is infinite outside of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is infinite outside of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is infinite outside of some
+distance L okay and it's zero inside so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance L okay and it's zero inside so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance L okay and it's zero inside so
+what does this give us well the the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this give us well the the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this give us well the the in
+order to solve the system we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to solve the system we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to solve the system we know that
+the first thing we do is we separate out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we do is we separate out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we do is we separate out
+with ylm's and then we rescale by 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ylm's and then we rescale by 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ylm's and then we rescale by 1 over
+r to get the function of U and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r to get the function of U and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r to get the function of U and we get
+this equation which is e on U is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation which is e on U is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation which is e on U is equal
+to minus H bar squared upon 2m dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus H bar squared upon 2m dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus H bar squared upon 2m dr
+squared and plus the effective well plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and plus the effective well plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and plus the effective well plus
+L L plus 1 over R squared with a 2m and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L L plus 1 over R squared with a 2m and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L L plus 1 over R squared with a 2m and
+an H bar squared and the potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H bar squared and the potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H bar squared and the potential is
+zero inside so we can just write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero inside so we can just write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero inside so we can just write this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is if you just normally pull out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is if you just normally pull out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is if you just normally pull out
+the H bar squared is over two M's comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H bar squared is over two M's comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H bar squared is over two M's comes
+- hello it's one over R squared okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- hello it's one over R squared okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- hello it's one over R squared okay so
+this is not a terrible differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a terrible differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a terrible differential
+equation and one can do some good work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and one can do some good work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and one can do some good work
+to solve it but it's a harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve it but it's a harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve it but it's a harder
+differential equation that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that I want to
+spend the time to study right now so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the time to study right now so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the time to study right now so I'm
+just going to consider the case special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to consider the case special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to consider the case special
+case when there's your angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when there's your angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when there's your angular momentum
+little l equals zero okay so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little l equals zero okay so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little l equals zero okay so in the
+special case of l equals zero II and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of l equals zero II and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of l equals zero II and I
+should call this U sub L well II u sub 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should call this U sub L well II u sub 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should call this U sub L well II u sub 0
+is equal to H bar squared upon 2m and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to H bar squared upon 2m and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to H bar squared upon 2m and
+now this term is gone the angle mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this term is gone the angle mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this term is gone the angle mental
+barrier is gone cuz there's no when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier is gone cuz there's no when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier is gone cuz there's no when you
+lament them dr squared u L which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lament them dr squared u L which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lament them dr squared u L which can be
+written succinctly as ul or sorry u 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written succinctly as ul or sorry u 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written succinctly as ul or sorry u 0
+prime prime because there's only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime prime because there's only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime prime because there's only a
+function of R so now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of R so now this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of R so now this is a
+ridiculously easy equation we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously easy equation we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously easy equation we know how
+to solve this equation right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this equation right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this equation right this is
+saying that the energy a constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the energy a constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the energy a constant time
+to you is two derivatives times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you is two derivatives times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you is two derivatives times this
+constant so u 0 can be written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so u 0 can be written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so u 0 can be written as a
+cosine of KX alright sorry K R plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of KX alright sorry K R plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of KX alright sorry K R plus B
+sine of K R we are H bar squared K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of K R we are H bar squared K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of K R we are H bar squared K
+squared on to M equals E and I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared on to M equals E and I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared on to M equals E and I should
+really call it C sub zero because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really call it C sub zero because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really call it C sub zero because it
+couldn't pend on well here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't pend on well here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't pend on well here okay so
+there's our momentary solution however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our momentary solution however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our momentary solution however
+we have to satisfy our boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to satisfy our boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to satisfy our boundary
+conditions which is that it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions which is that it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions which is that it's got a
+vanish at the origin but it's also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish at the origin but it's also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish at the origin but it's also going
+to vanish at the wall so boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vanish at the wall so boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vanish at the wall so boundary
+conditions U of zero zero tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions U of zero zero tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions U of zero zero tells us that
+a must equal to 0 and u of l equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a must equal to 0 and u of l equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a must equal to 0 and u of l equals zero
+tells us that well if this is your oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that well if this is your oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that well if this is your oh
+we've just got B but sine of K are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just got B but sine of K are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just got B but sine of K are
+evaluated at L which is sine of KL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at L which is sine of KL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at L which is sine of KL
+equal to 0.so KL must be a zero of sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0.so KL must be a zero of sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0.so KL must be a zero of sine
+must be n pi over it must be equal to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be n pi over it must be equal to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be n pi over it must be equal to n
+pi a multiple of Pi and so this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi a multiple of Pi and so this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi a multiple of Pi and so this tells
+you what the energy is so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the energy is so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the energy is so this is just
+like the 1d system right it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the 1d system right it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the 1d system right it's just
+exactly like the 1d system so now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like the 1d system so now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like the 1d system so now to
+finally close this off what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally close this off what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally close this off what does this
+tell you that the the eigenfunctions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let me do that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me do that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me do that here
+so therefore the wave function v so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the wave function v so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the wave function v so the
+e 0 of r theta and phi oh god this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 0 of r theta and phi oh god this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 0 of r theta and phi oh god this is so
+much easier than latex so phi sub e 0 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier than latex so phi sub e 0 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier than latex so phi sub e 0 of
+r theta and phi is equal to y ella y0m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r theta and phi is equal to y ella y0m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r theta and phi is equal to y ella y0m
+but what must M be zero because M goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what must M be zero because M goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what must M be zero because M goes
+from plus L 2 minus L 0 I'm just like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from plus L 2 minus L 0 I'm just like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from plus L 2 minus L 0 I'm just like to
+write the argument Y 0 0 times not U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the argument Y 0 0 times not U of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the argument Y 0 0 times not U of
+R it's times 1 over R times u 1 over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R it's times 1 over R times u 1 over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R it's times 1 over R times u 1 over R
+times U of R but U of R is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times U of R but U of R is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times U of R but U of R is a constant
+times sine of K R sine of kr but K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sine of K R sine of kr but K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sine of K R sine of kr but K is
+equal to n PI over L and PI over L R ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n PI over L and PI over L R ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n PI over L and PI over L R ok
+and what's y0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's y0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's y0 0
+it's a constant and so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a constant and so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a constant and so there's an
+overall normalization constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall normalization constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall normalization constant
+I'll call n okay so we get that our wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call n okay so we get that our wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call n okay so we get that our wave
+function is 1 over R times sine of n PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is 1 over R times sine of n PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is 1 over R times sine of n PI
+over L R so this looks bad there's a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L R so this looks bad there's a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L R so this looks bad there's a 1
+over R why is this not bad at the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R why is this not bad at the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R why is this not bad at the origin
+why is this not something I should worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this not something I should worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this not something I should worry
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+yeah cuz sine is linear first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cuz sine is linear first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cuz sine is linear first of all
+that is its document so this goes like n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is its document so this goes like n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is its document so this goes like n
+PI over L times R that R cancels the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over L times R that R cancels the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over L times R that R cancels the one
+over R so near the origin this goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R so near the origin this goes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R so near the origin this goes like
+a constant yeah so you has a zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant yeah so you has a zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant yeah so you has a zero but
+the wave function doesn't cool okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function doesn't cool okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function doesn't cool okay so
+this has a very nice more general story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a very nice more general story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a very nice more general story
+for larger L which ya which I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for larger L which ya which I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for larger L which ya which I hope you
+see in the recitation okay questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the recitation okay questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the recitation okay questions on
+this spherical well the the whole point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spherical well the the whole point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spherical well the the whole point
+or Yakko
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's true that's it so good let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true that's it so good let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true that's it so good let me
+rephrase the question and tell me if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rephrase the question and tell me if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rephrase the question and tell me if
+this is the same question so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same question so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same question so this is
+strange there's nothing special about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange there's nothing special about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange there's nothing special about
+the origin so why do I have a zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin so why do I have a zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin so why do I have a zero at
+the origin of my is that the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of my is that the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of my is that the question
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+there's it's true there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's it's true there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's it's true there's nothing
+special about the origin except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about the origin except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about the origin except for the
+two things one thing that's special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things one thing that's special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things one thing that's special
+about the origins were working in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the origins were working in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the origins were working in a
+system which has rotational symmetry but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which has rotational symmetry but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which has rotational symmetry but
+rotational symmetry is rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational symmetry is rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational symmetry is rotational
+symmetry around some particular point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry around some particular point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry around some particular point so
+there's always a special central point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a special central point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a special central point
+any time you have rotational symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time you have rotational symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time you have rotational symmetries
+the point fixed by the rotations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point fixed by the rotations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point fixed by the rotations so
+actually the origin is a special point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the origin is a special point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the origin is a special point
+here second saying that little U has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here second saying that little U has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here second saying that little U has a
+zero is not the same as saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is not the same as saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is not the same as saying that the
+wave function has a zero little zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function has a zero little zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function has a zero little zero
+little U has a zero but it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little U has a zero but it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little U has a zero but it gets
+multiplied by 1 over R so the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by 1 over R so the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by 1 over R so the wave
+function in fact is non zero there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in fact is non zero there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in fact is non zero there so
+the physical thing is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical thing is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical thing is the probability
+distribution which is the norm squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which is the norm squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which is the norm squared
+of the wave function and it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function and it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function and it doesn't have
+a zero at the origin then that satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero at the origin then that satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero at the origin then that satisfy
+ok so the origin is special when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so the origin is special when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so the origin is special when you
+have a central potential that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a central potential that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a central potential that's where
+the proton is right yeah right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton is right yeah right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton is right yeah right okay so
+there there is something special about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is something special about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is something special about
+the origin wow that was a really anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin wow that was a really anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin wow that was a really anti
+Keplerian sort of argument so that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keplerian sort of argument so that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keplerian sort of argument so that okay
+so that's really pertinent so so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's really pertinent so so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's really pertinent so so there
+is something special about the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something special about the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something special about the origin
+and the wave function doesn't vanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wave function doesn't vanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wave function doesn't vanish
+there even if you does it may vanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there even if you does it may vanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there even if you does it may vanish
+there but it doesn't necessarily have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but it doesn't necessarily have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but it doesn't necessarily have to
+and we'll see that in a minute other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that in a minute other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that in a minute other
+questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good the reason that you fr had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the reason that you fr had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the reason that you fr had to
+vanish at the origin is that if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish at the origin is that if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish at the origin is that if it
+doesn't vanish at the origin then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't vanish at the origin then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't vanish at the origin then the
+wave function diverges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function diverges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function diverges
+whoops Phi goes to constant oh yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops Phi goes to constant oh yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops Phi goes to constant oh yeah so
+this implies Phi if the wave length if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies Phi if the wave length if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies Phi if the wave length if
+you doesn't go to zero if it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doesn't go to zero if it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doesn't go to zero if it goes
+through any constant nonzero then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through any constant nonzero then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through any constant nonzero then the
+wave function diverges and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function diverges and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function diverges and if we
+calculate the energy we get a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the energy we get a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the energy we get a delta
+function at the origin so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at the origin so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at the origin so there's an
+infinite contribution of energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite contribution of energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite contribution of energy of the
+origin that's not physical so in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin that's not physical so in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin that's not physical so in order
+to get a sensible wave function with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a sensible wave function with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a sensible wave function with
+finite energies we need to have the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite energies we need to have the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite energies we need to have the U
+vanishes because of the one over U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes because of the one over U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes because of the one over U and
+the reason that we said it had to vanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that we said it had to vanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that we said it had to vanish
+at L was because I was considering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at L was because I was considering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at L was because I was considering the
+spherical well spherical infinite well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical well spherical infinite well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical well spherical infinite well
+where a particle is stuck inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a particle is stuck inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a particle is stuck inside a
+region of radius capital L and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of radius capital L and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of radius capital L and that's
+just what I mean by saying I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what I mean by saying I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what I mean by saying I have an
+infinite potential cool yeah others okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite potential cool yeah others okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite potential cool yeah others okay
+so with all that done we can now do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with all that done we can now do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with all that done we can now do the
+hydrogen or the Coulomb potential and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen or the Coulomb potential and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen or the Coulomb potential and I
+want to emphasize that we often use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize that we often use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize that we often use the
+following words when people often use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following words when people often use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following words when people often use
+the following words when solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following words when solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following words when solving this
+problem we will now solve the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we will now solve the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we will now solve the problem of
+hydrogen this is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen this is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen this is false
+I am NOT about to solve for you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am NOT about to solve for you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am NOT about to solve for you the
+problem of hydrogen I am going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of hydrogen I am going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of hydrogen I am going to
+construct for you a nice toy model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct for you a nice toy model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct for you a nice toy model which
+turns out to be an excellent first pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be an excellent first pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be an excellent first pass
+at explaining the properties observed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at explaining the properties observed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at explaining the properties observed in
+hydrogen gases their emission spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen gases their emission spectra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen gases their emission spectra
+and their physics this is a model it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their physics this is a model it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their physics this is a model it is
+a bad model it doesn't fit the data but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad model it doesn't fit the data but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad model it doesn't fit the data but
+it's pretty good and we'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty good and we'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty good and we'll be able to
+improve it later okay so it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it later okay so it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it later okay so it is the
+solution of the Coulomb potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the Coulomb potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the Coulomb potential and
+what I want to emphasize to you I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to emphasize to you I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to emphasize to you I cannot
+see this strongly enough physics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this strongly enough physics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this strongly enough physics is
+physics is a process of building models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics is a process of building models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics is a process of building models
+that do a good job of predicting and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do a good job of predicting and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do a good job of predicting and the
+better the predictions the better of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the predictions the better of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the predictions the better of the
+model but they're all wrong every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but they're all wrong every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but they're all wrong every single
+model you ever get from physics is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you ever get from physics is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you ever get from physics is wrong
+they're just some that are less stupidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just some that are less stupidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just some that are less stupidly
+wrong some are a better approximation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong some are a better approximation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong some are a better approximation to
+the data okay this is not hydrogen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data okay this is not hydrogen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data okay this is not hydrogen this
+is going to be our first pass that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be our first pass that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be our first pass that
+hydrogen it's the Coulomb potential okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen it's the Coulomb potential okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen it's the Coulomb potential okay
+and the cold cold potential the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cold cold potential the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cold cold potential the
+of our is equal to minus e squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our is equal to minus e squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our is equal to minus e squared over
+R this is what you would get if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R this is what you would get if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R this is what you would get if you had
+a classic old particle with infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic old particle with infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic old particle with infinite
+mass and charge plus E and then another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and charge plus E and then another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and charge plus E and then another
+particle over here with mass little m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle over here with mass little m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle over here with mass little m
+and charge minus E and you didn't pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and charge minus E and you didn't pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and charge minus E and you didn't pay
+too much attention to things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much attention to things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much attention to things like
+relativity or spin or you know lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity or spin or you know lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity or spin or you know lots of
+other things and you have no background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and you have no background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and you have no background
+magnetic field or electric field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field or electric field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field or electric field and
+anything else and if these are point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else and if these are point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else and if these are point
+particles and all of those things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and all of those things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and all of those things are
+false that I just said but if all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false that I just said but if all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false that I just said but if all those
+things were true in that imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were true in that imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were true in that imaginary
+universe this would be the salient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe this would be the salient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe this would be the salient
+problem to solve so let's solve it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to solve so let's solve it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to solve so let's solve it now
+are they all those things that I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they all those things that I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they all those things that I said
+that were false the protons are point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were false the protons are point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were false the protons are point
+particle the proton is infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle the proton is infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle the proton is infinitely
+massive there there's no spin are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive there there's no spin are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive there there's no spin are those
+preposterous ly stupid another excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposterous ly stupid another excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposterous ly stupid another excellent
+approximations in a lot of situations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations in a lot of situations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations in a lot of situations so
+I'm not crazy wrong they're just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not crazy wrong they're just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not crazy wrong they're just not
+exactly correct I want to keep this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly correct I want to keep this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly correct I want to keep this in
+your mind these are gonna be good models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind these are gonna be good models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind these are gonna be good models
+they're not exact so we're not solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not exact so we're not solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not exact so we're not solving
+hydrogen we're going to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen we're going to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen we're going to solve this
+idealized Coulomb potential problem okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized Coulomb potential problem okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized Coulomb potential problem okay
+so let's solve it so if V is minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's solve it so if V is minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's solve it so if V is minus a
+over R squared then the equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R squared then the equation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R squared then the equation for the
+out for the rescaled wave function U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for the rescaled wave function U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for the rescaled wave function U
+becomes minus H bar squared upon 2m u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes minus H bar squared upon 2m u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes minus H bar squared upon 2m u
+prime prime of our plus the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime prime of our plus the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime prime of our plus the effective
+potential which is H bar squared upon 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential which is H bar squared upon 2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential which is H bar squared upon 2m
+l L plus 1 over R squared minus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l L plus 1 over R squared minus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l L plus 1 over R squared minus V
+squared over R U is equal to e sub L u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over R U is equal to e sub L u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over R U is equal to e sub L u
+so there's the the equation we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the the equation we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the the equation we want to
+solve we've already used separation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve we've already used separation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve we've already used separation of
+variables and we know that the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and we know that the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and we know that the wave
+function is this little u times 1 over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is this little u times 1 over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is this little u times 1 over R
+times ylm for some L in two men so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times ylm for some L in two men so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times ylm for some L in two men so the
+first thing we should do anytime you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we should do anytime you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we should do anytime you're
+solving an interesting problem the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving an interesting problem the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving an interesting problem the first
+thing you should do is do dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you should do is do dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you should do is do dimensional
+analysis ok and if you do dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis ok and if you do dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis ok and if you do dimensional
+analysis the units of e squared well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis the units of e squared well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis the units of e squared well
+this is easy E squared must be an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is easy E squared must be an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is easy E squared must be an energy
+times a length so this is an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a length so this is an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a length so this is an energy
+times the length also known as P squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the length also known as P squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the length also known as P squared
+or l moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or l moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or l moment
+squared over 2m two times the mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m two times the mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m two times the mass times
+length it's useful to put things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length it's useful to put things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length it's useful to put things in
+terms of mass momentum lengths because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of mass momentum lengths because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of mass momentum lengths because
+you can cancel them out h-bar has units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cancel them out h-bar has units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cancel them out h-bar has units
+of P times L and what's the only other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P times L and what's the only other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P times L and what's the only other
+parameter we have we have the mass which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we have we have the mass which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we have we have the mass which
+has units of mass okay and so from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has units of mass okay and so from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has units of mass okay and so from this
+we can build two nice quantities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can build two nice quantities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can build two nice quantities the
+first is we can build or not we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is we can build or not we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is we can build or not we can
+build something with units of a radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build something with units of a radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build something with units of a radius
+and I'm going to choose the factors of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to choose the factors of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to choose the factors of 2
+judiciously H bar squared over 2m e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judiciously H bar squared over 2m e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judiciously H bar squared over 2m e
+squared whoops B squared so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared whoops B squared so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared whoops B squared so let's just
+make sure that says the right units a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that says the right units a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that says the right units a
+squared has units of energy times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared has units of energy times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared has units of energy times a
+length but H bar squared over 2m has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length but H bar squared over 2m has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length but H bar squared over 2m has
+units of P squared l squared over 2m so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of P squared l squared over 2m so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of P squared l squared over 2m so
+that has units of energy times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has units of energy times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has units of energy times the
+length squared so link squared over link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length squared so link squared over link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length squared so link squared over link
+that says units of length so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says units of length so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says units of length so this is
+good so there's a parameter that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so there's a parameter that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so there's a parameter that has
+units of length and from this it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of length and from this it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of length and from this it's easy
+to see that we can build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that we can build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that we can build a
+characteristic energy by taking a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic energy by taking a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic energy by taking a square
+and dividing it by this length scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dividing it by this length scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dividing it by this length scale and
+so then the energy which I'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the energy which I'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the energy which I'll call it
+Anat which is equal to e squared over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anat which is equal to e squared over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anat which is equal to e squared over R
+naught is equal to 2m e to the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught is equal to 2m e to the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught is equal to 2m e to the fourth
+over H bar squared ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H bar squared ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H bar squared ok
+so before we do anything else without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we do anything else without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we do anything else without
+solving any problems we can immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving any problems we can immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving any problems we can immediately
+can do a couple of things the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a couple of things the first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a couple of things the first is
+if you take the system and I asked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the system and I asked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the system and I asked you
+look what do you expect this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what do you expect this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what do you expect this is a
+quantum mechanical a 1d problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical a 1d problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical a 1d problem in
+quantum mechanics with a potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics with a potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics with a potential and
+we know something about 1d quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know something about 1d quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know something about 1d quantum
+mechanical problems I guess this guy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical problems I guess this guy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical problems I guess this guy we
+know something about 1d quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about 1d quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about 1d quantum
+mechanical problems which is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical problems which is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical problems which is that the
+ground state has one energy some finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state has one energy some finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state has one energy some finite
+energy it doesn't have infinite negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it doesn't have infinite negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it doesn't have infinite negative
+energy it's got some finite energy what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's got some finite energy what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's got some finite energy what
+do you expect to be roughly the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you expect to be roughly the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you expect to be roughly the ground
+state energy of the system yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state energy of the system yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state energy of the system yeah right
+roughly minus II not that seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly minus II not that seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly minus II not that seems like a
+pretty good guess it's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good guess it's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good guess it's the only
+dimensionally sensible thing maybe we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionally sensible thing maybe we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionally sensible thing maybe we're
+off by factors of two but maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by factors of two but maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by factors of two but maybe that's
+you know maybe it's minus V naught so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe it's minus V naught so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe it's minus V naught so
+that's a good guess a first thing before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good guess a first thing before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good guess a first thing before
+we do any calculation and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do any calculation and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do any calculation and if you
+actually take new e to the fourth over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take new e to the fourth over H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take new e to the fourth over H
+bar squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar squared
+this is off by unfortunately a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is off by unfortunately a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is off by unfortunately a factor of
+four this is equal to four times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four this is equal to four times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four this is equal to four times the
+binding energy which is also called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy which is also called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy which is also called the
+rib burg constant want to make sure I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rib burg constant want to make sure I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rib burg constant want to make sure I've
+got my factors of two right yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my factors of two right yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my factors of two right yep
+I'm off by a factor before I'm off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm off by a factor before I'm off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm off by a factor before I'm off by
+factor four from what we'll call the rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor four from what we'll call the rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor four from what we'll call the rid
+Brick energy which is thirteen point six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brick energy which is thirteen point six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brick energy which is thirteen point six
+Evi and this is the observed binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evi and this is the observed binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evi and this is the observed binding
+energy of hydrogen so before we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of hydrogen so before we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of hydrogen so before we do
+anything before we solve any equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything before we solve any equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything before we solve any equation we
+have a fabulous estimate of the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fabulous estimate of the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fabulous estimate of the binding
+energy of hydrogen right all the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of hydrogen right all the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of hydrogen right all the work
+we're about to do is gonna be to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to do is gonna be to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to do is gonna be to deal
+with this factor of four right which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this factor of four right which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this factor of four right which I
+mean is important but I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is important but I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is important but I just want to
+emphasize how much you get just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize how much you get just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize how much you get just from
+doing dimensional analysis immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing dimensional analysis immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing dimensional analysis immediately
+upon knowing the rules of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon knowing the rules of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon knowing the rules of quantum
+mechanics knowing that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics knowing that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics knowing that this is the
+equation you should solve without ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you should solve without ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you should solve without ever
+touching that equation just dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching that equation just dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching that equation just dimensional
+analysis gives you this answer okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis gives you this answer okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis gives you this answer okay
+which is fabulous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so with that motivation let's solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that motivation let's solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that motivation let's solve this
+problem but by the way what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but by the way what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but by the way what do you think
+what do you think R naught is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think R naught is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think R naught is a good
+approximation to well it's a length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to well it's a length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to well it's a length
+scale what yeah it's probably something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale what yeah it's probably something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale what yeah it's probably something
+like the expectation value of the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the expectation value of the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the expectation value of the radius
+or maybe at the radius squared because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe at the radius squared because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe at the radius squared because
+the expectation value of the radius is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of the radius is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of the radius is
+probably zero okay so let's solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably zero okay so let's solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably zero okay so let's solve this
+system and at this point I'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and at this point I'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and at this point I'm not gonna
+actually solve out the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve out the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve out the differential
+equation in detail I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in detail I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in detail I'm just going to
+tell you how the solution goes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how the solution goes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how the solution goes because
+solving it is sort of involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving it is sort of involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving it is sort of involves
+undertaking and so here's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking and so here's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking and so here's the first
+thing so we look at this equation so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we look at this equation so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we look at this equation so we
+have this differential equation this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this differential equation this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this differential equation this guy
+I don't want to solve it so think back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to solve it so think back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to solve it so think back
+to the hot to the harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hot to the harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hot to the harmonic oscillator
+when we did the brute fort math force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did the brute fort math force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did the brute fort math force
+method of solving the hydrogen system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of solving the hydrogen system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of solving the hydrogen system
+okay when we did the brute force a brute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when we did the brute force a brute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when we did the brute force a brute
+force method she sells seashells when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force method she sells seashells when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force method she sells seashells when
+the brute force method of solving what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brute force method of solving what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brute force method of solving what
+did we do we first did we did asymptotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we do we first did we did asymptotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we do we first did we did asymptotic
+analysis we extracted the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we extracted the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we extracted the overall
+asymptotic form at infinity and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic form at infinity and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic form at infinity and at the
+origin to get a nice regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin to get a nice regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin to get a nice regular
+differential equation that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that didn't
+any funny singularities and then we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any funny singularities and then we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any funny singularities and then we did
+a series approximation okay now do most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series approximation okay now do most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series approximation okay now do most
+differential equations have a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations have a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations have a simple
+closed-form expression a solution most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed-form expression a solution most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed-form expression a solution most
+differential equations have some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations have some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations have some you
+know maybe you're lucky it's a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe you're lucky it's a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe you're lucky it's a special
+function that people have studied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that people have studied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that people have studied in
+detail but most don't have a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but most don't have a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but most don't have a simple
+solution like a Gaussian or power law or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution like a Gaussian or power law or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution like a Gaussian or power law or
+something most of them just have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something most of them just have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something most of them just have some
+complicated solution this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated solution this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated solution this is one of
+those miraculous differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those miraculous differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those miraculous differential equations
+where we can actually exactly write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can actually exactly write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can actually exactly write down
+the solution by doing a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution by doing a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution by doing a series
+approximation having done asymptotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation having done asymptotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation having done asymptotic
+analysis so let's first off so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so let's first off so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so let's first off so the first
+thing was doing dimensional analysis -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was doing dimensional analysis -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was doing dimensional analysis -
+let's make these dimensions let's make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make these dimensions let's make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make these dimensions let's make
+everything dimensionless okay and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything dimensionless okay and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything dimensionless okay and it's
+easy to see what what the right thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to see what what the right thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to see what what the right thing to
+do is take our and make it dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is take our and make it dimensionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is take our and make it dimensionless
+by pulling out a factor of row R of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pulling out a factor of row R of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pulling out a factor of row R of R
+naught so I'll pick our new variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught so I'll pick our new variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught so I'll pick our new variable is
+gonna be called row this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be called row this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be called row this is
+dimensionless and the second thing is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless and the second thing is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless and the second thing is I
+want to take the energy and I one write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take the energy and I one write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take the energy and I one write
+it as minus e naught times some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as minus e naught times some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as minus e naught times some
+dimensionless energy epsilon so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless energy epsilon so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless energy epsilon so these
+guys are my dimensionless variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are my dimensionless variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are my dimensionless variables and
+when you go through and you do that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go through and you do that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go through and you do that the
+equation you get is minus B Rho squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you get is minus B Rho squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you get is minus B Rho squared
+plus L L plus 1 over Rho squared minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus L L plus 1 over Rho squared minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus L L plus 1 over Rho squared minus 1
+over Rho plus epsilon u is equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Rho plus epsilon u is equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Rho plus epsilon u is equal to 0
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the form of this difference equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the form of this difference equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the form of this difference equation
+is ok it's not different in any deep way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ok it's not different in any deep way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ok it's not different in any deep way
+but it's a little bit easier there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a little bit easier there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a little bit easier there's
+gonna be the easier way to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be the easier way to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be the easier way to deal with
+this my time to deal with any stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this my time to deal with any stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this my time to deal with any stupid
+constants and so now let's do the brute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and so now let's do the brute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and so now let's do the brute
+force thing three asymptotic analysis ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force thing three asymptotic analysis ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force thing three asymptotic analysis ok
+and here I'm just gonna write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'm just gonna write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'm just gonna write down the
+answers and the reason is first off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and the reason is first off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and the reason is first off this
+is something you should either do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you should either do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you should either do in
+recitation or see I go through on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation or see I go through on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation or see I go through on your
+own but this is just the mathematics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own but this is just the mathematics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own but this is just the mathematics of
+solving a differential equation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a differential equation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a differential equation this is
+not the important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the important part
+so when Rho goes to infinity which terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when Rho goes to infinity which terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when Rho goes to infinity which terms
+dominate well this is not terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate well this is not terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate well this is not terribly
+important this is not terribly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this is not terribly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this is not terribly important
+that term is going to dominate and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term is going to dominate and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term is going to dominate and if we
+got that D Rho squared + u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that D Rho squared + u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that D Rho squared + u
+Rowe goes to infinity these two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rowe goes to infinity these two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rowe goes to infinity these two terms
+dominate well two derivatives is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate well two derivatives is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate well two derivatives is a
+constant you know what those solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you know what those solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you know what those solutions
+look like the Exponential's with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like the Exponential's with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like the Exponential's with
+exponential being root with the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential being root with the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential being root with the power
+the exponents re being root epsilon so U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponents re being root epsilon so U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponents re being root epsilon so U
+is going to go like e to the minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to go like e to the minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to go like e to the minus the
+square root epsilon Rho for normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root epsilon Rho for normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root epsilon Rho for normalize
+ability I picked the - I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability I picked the - I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability I picked the - I could have
+picked the plus that would been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked the plus that would been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked the plus that would been
+divergent okay so as Rho goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergent okay so as Rho goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergent okay so as Rho goes to zero
+what happens well as Rho goes to 0 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens well as Rho goes to 0 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens well as Rho goes to 0 this
+is insignificant and this totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is insignificant and this totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is insignificant and this totally
+dominates over this guy on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates over this guy on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates over this guy on the other
+hand if L is equal to zero then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if L is equal to zero then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if L is equal to zero then this is
+the only term that survives so we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only term that survives so we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only term that survives so we'd
+better make sure that that behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better make sure that that behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better make sure that that behaves
+gracefully as Rho goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gracefully as Rho goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gracefully as Rho goes to zero
+asymptotic analysis is going to tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic analysis is going to tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic analysis is going to tell us
+that you goes like Rho well two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you goes like Rho well two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you goes like Rho well two
+derivatives we pull down a Rho squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives we pull down a Rho squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives we pull down a Rho squared
+and so two derivatives in this guy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so two derivatives in this guy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so two derivatives in this guy we
+pull down an L than an L plus one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull down an L than an L plus one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull down an L than an L plus one so
+this should go like road to the L plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should go like road to the L plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should go like road to the L plus
+one there's also another term so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's also another term so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's also another term so in the
+same way that there were two solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that there were two solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that there were two solutions
+to this guy asymptotically one growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this guy asymptotically one growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this guy asymptotically one growing
+one one decreasing here there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one decreasing here there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one decreasing here there's another
+solution which has rode the minus L that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which has rode the minus L that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which has rode the minus L that
+also does it because we get minus L then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also does it because we get minus L then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also does it because we get minus L then
+minus minus L minus one which gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus L minus one which gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus L minus one which gives us
+the plus L plus one but that is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus L plus one but that is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus L plus one but that is also
+badly diversion at the origin it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly diversion at the origin it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly diversion at the origin it goes
+like one over zero to the L that's bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one over zero to the L that's bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one over zero to the L that's bad
+so these are my solutions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are my solutions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are my solutions okay
+so this tells us having done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells us having done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells us having done this
+analysis we should write that U is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we should write that U is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we should write that U is equal
+to Rho to the L plus one times e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Rho to the L plus one times e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Rho to the L plus one times e to the
+minus root epsilon Rho times some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus root epsilon Rho times some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus root epsilon Rho times some
+remaining function which I'll call V 2 V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining function which I'll call V 2 V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining function which I'll call V 2 V
+Rho and this asymptotically should go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho and this asymptotically should go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho and this asymptotically should go to
+a constant near the origin and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant near the origin and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant near the origin and something
+that behaved that vanishes slower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that behaved that vanishes slower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that behaved that vanishes slower than
+than an exponential at infinity so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an exponential at infinity so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an exponential at infinity so then
+we take this and we do our series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take this and we do our series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take this and we do our series
+expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we take that expression we plug it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take that expression we plug it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take that expression we plug it in
+at that point all we're doing is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point all we're doing is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point all we're doing is a
+change of variables we plug it in and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables we plug it in and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables we plug it in and we
+get a resulting differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a resulting differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a resulting differential equation
+rho v prime prime plus 2 1 plus L minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rho v prime prime plus 2 1 plus L minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rho v prime prime plus 2 1 plus L minus
+root epsilon Rho V prime plus 1 minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root epsilon Rho V prime plus 1 minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root epsilon Rho V prime plus 1 minus 2
+root epsilon L plus 1 V equals 0 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root epsilon L plus 1 V equals 0 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root epsilon L plus 1 V equals 0 so this
+is the resulting difference equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the resulting difference equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the resulting difference equation for
+this little V guy and we do it a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little V guy and we do it a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little V guy and we do it a series
+expansion V is equal to sum over sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion V is equal to sum over sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion V is equal to sum over sum
+from J equals 0 infinity of a sub J Rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from J equals 0 infinity of a sub J Rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from J equals 0 infinity of a sub J Rho
+to the J plug this guy in here just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J plug this guy in here just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J plug this guy in here just like
+in the case of the harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the harmonic oscillator
+equation and get a series expansion now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and get a series expansion now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and get a series expansion now
+um okay well we write it up this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well we write it up this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well we write it up this way and
+the series expansion has a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series expansion has a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series expansion has a solution
+which is a sub J plus 1 this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a sub J plus 1 this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a sub J plus 1 this is actually
+kind of a fun process so if you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a fun process so if you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a fun process so if you you know
+like quick little calculations this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quick little calculations this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quick little calculations this is a
+sweet little calculation to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet little calculation to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet little calculation to take this
+expression plug it in and derive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression plug it in and derive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression plug it in and derive this
+recursion relation which is root R to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion relation which is root R to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion relation which is root R to
+root epsilon times J plus L plus 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root epsilon times J plus L plus 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root epsilon times J plus L plus 1 minus
+1 over J plus 1 J plus 2 L plus 2 AJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's our series expansion and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our series expansion and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our series expansion and in
+order for this to terminate to terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we must have that some age a max plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must have that some age a max plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must have that some age a max plus
+one is equal to zero so one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is equal to zero so one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is equal to zero so one of these
+guys must eventually vanish and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys must eventually vanish and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys must eventually vanish and the only
+thing that's changing is the Little J so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's changing is the Little J so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's changing is the Little J so
+what that tells us is that for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that tells us is that for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that tells us is that for some
+maximum value of Little J root 2 epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value of Little J root 2 epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value of Little J root 2 epsilon
+times J maximum plus L plus 1 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times J maximum plus L plus 1 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times J maximum plus L plus 1 is equal
+to minus 1 but that gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus 1 but that gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus 1 but that gives us a
+relationship between overall J max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between overall J max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between overall J max
+little L and the energy and what if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little L and the energy and what if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little L and the energy and what if you
+go through what you discover is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through what you discover is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through what you discover is that the
+energy is equal to 1 over 4 n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is equal to 1 over 4 n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is equal to 1 over 4 n squared
+where n is equal to J max plus L plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is equal to J max plus L plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is equal to J max plus L plus 1
+and what this tells us is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this tells us is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this tells us is that the
+energy is labeled by an integer N and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is labeled by an integer N and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is labeled by an integer N and an
+integer L and an integer M right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer L and an integer M right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer L and an integer M right these
+are from the spherical harmonics and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from the spherical harmonics and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from the spherical harmonics and n
+came from the series expansion and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the series expansion and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the series expansion and it's
+equal to minus e naught over 4 n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus e naught over 4 n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus e naught over 4 n squared
+independent of ln m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so by solving the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so by solving the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so by solving the differential
+equation exactly which in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation exactly which in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation exactly which in this case we
+kind of amazingly we can what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of amazingly we can what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of amazingly we can what we
+discover is that the energy eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is that the energy eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is that the energy eigenvalues
+are indeed exactly one-fourth of anat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are indeed exactly one-fourth of anat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are indeed exactly one-fourth of anat
+and there space for the one over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there space for the one over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there space for the one over N
+squared which does two things not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which does two things not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which does two things not only
+does that explain so let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that explain so let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that explain so let's think about
+the consequences of this very briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences of this very briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences of this very briefly
+not only does that explain the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only does that explain the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only does that explain the minus
+thirteen point six TV not only does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirteen point six TV not only does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirteen point six TV not only does that
+explain the binding energy of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the binding energy of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the binding energy of hydrogen
+as is observed but it does more remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as is observed but it does more remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as is observed but it does more remember
+the very beginning one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning one of the
+experimental facts we wanted to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental facts we wanted to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental facts we wanted to explain
+about the universe was that the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the universe was that the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the universe was that the spectrum
+of light for all hydrogen what like II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light for all hydrogen what like II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light for all hydrogen what like II
+not over for and squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was the Redbird relation and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the Redbird relation and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the Redbird relation and now we
+see that explicitly so we've solved for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that explicitly so we've solved for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that explicitly so we've solved for
+that expansion but there's a real puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expansion but there's a real puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expansion but there's a real puzzle
+here on purely on very general grounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on purely on very general grounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on purely on very general grounds
+we derived earlier that when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we derived earlier that when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we derived earlier that when you have a
+rotational in very potentially central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational in very potentially central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational in very potentially central
+potential every energy should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential every energy should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential every energy should be
+degenerate with degeneracy 2l plus 1 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate with degeneracy 2l plus 1 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate with degeneracy 2l plus 1 it
+can depend on L but it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can depend on L but it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can depend on L but it must be
+independent of M but here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of M but here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of M but here we've
+discovered first off we fit a nice bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered first off we fit a nice bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered first off we fit a nice bit
+of experimental data but we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experimental data but we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experimental data but we've
+discovered the energies in fact not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered the energies in fact not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered the energies in fact not just
+independent of M but it's independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of M but it's independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of M but it's independent of
+L - why what symmetry is explaining this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L - why what symmetry is explaining this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L - why what symmetry is explaining this
+extra degeneracy will pick their up next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra degeneracy will pick their up next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra degeneracy will pick their up next
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mY28rftwuPE.txt b/mY28rftwuPE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..53f13d5a0bb40b92e075d49ac59c3d49fbe8ceb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mY28rftwuPE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8675 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay I just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay I just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay I just wanted
+to go back over a few things to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back over a few things to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back over a few things to make
+sure you're understanding it right when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're understanding it right when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're understanding it right when
+I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about
+this anatomical plasticity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this anatomical plasticity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this anatomical plasticity in the
+hippocampus you just have to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus you just have to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus you just have to realize
+that every every one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every every one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every every one of these
+rectangles represents the very same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles represents the very same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles represents the very same
+slice just showing different things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice just showing different things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice just showing different things in
+the same little bit of the as you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same little bit of the as you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same little bit of the as you see
+here the it it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the it it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the it it shows
+uh a slice through the dentate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a slice through the dentate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a slice through the dentate
+gyus but just through the dendra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyus but just through the dendra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyus but just through the dendra
+of the dentate gyus from the peel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dentate gyus from the peel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dentate gyus from the peel
+surface down to the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface down to the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface down to the cell
+body so here it's showing one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body so here it's showing one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body so here it's showing one kind of
+connection here it's showing another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection here it's showing another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection here it's showing another
+kind of connection and it shows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of connection and it shows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of connection and it shows what
+happens if you remove one of them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you remove one of them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you remove one of them you
+get sprouting of the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+this it means that this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it means that this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it means that this particular
+projection doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection doesn't go
+there but the projection here uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but the projection here uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but the projection here uh from
+the rinal cortex doesn't terminate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rinal cortex doesn't terminate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rinal cortex doesn't terminate in
+the inner part of the dendrite near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner part of the dendrite near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner part of the dendrite near the
+cell body it terminates in the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2/3 whereas the association fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 whereas the association fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 whereas the association fibers
+coming from other parts of the hip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from other parts of the hip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from other parts of the hip
+campus they terminate in that area so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus they terminate in that area so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus they terminate in that area so in
+that rectangle it's white the upper 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rectangle it's white the upper 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rectangle it's white the upper 2/3
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+white so obviously there's some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white so obviously there's some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white so obviously there's some kind of
+specificity in the way those terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity in the way those terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity in the way those terminals
+grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow
+in uh maybe in development they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh maybe in development they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh maybe in development they do
+overlap but in the adult they don't but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap but in the adult they don't but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap but in the adult they don't but
+then if you remove one of them and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you remove one of them and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you remove one of them and the
+other one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one will
+Sprout and I'm only showing two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprout and I'm only showing two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprout and I'm only showing two of the
+projections there are other projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections there are other projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections there are other projections
+like the see the choline accents coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the see the choline accents coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the see the choline accents coming
+from the septum they change too after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the septum they change too after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the septum they change too after
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+make one or another lesions of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make one or another lesions of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make one or another lesions of these
+aons okay and then the point about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aons okay and then the point about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aons okay and then the point about this
+neuromodulatory States and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuromodulatory States and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuromodulatory States and how it
+changes with different stages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sleep postulated to really change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep postulated to really change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep postulated to really change the
+flow of information between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of information between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of information between the
+hippocampus and the the neocortex I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and the the neocortex I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and the the neocortex I just
+wanted to point out that we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to point out that we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to point out that we know that
+these are only three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are only three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are only three of
+the the modulators that can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the modulators that can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the modulators that can change the
+state of the brain so if this theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the brain so if this theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the brain so if this theory is
+correct and probably is a at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and probably is a at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and probably is a at least
+partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly
+correct uh it just indicates that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct uh it just indicates that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct uh it just indicates that when
+brain State changes and pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain State changes and pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain State changes and pretty
+drastically change the way connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically change the way connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically change the way connections
+are working way the information's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working way the information's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working way the information's
+flowing in the cortex and remember when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing in the cortex and remember when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing in the cortex and remember when
+we in chapter 17 I talked about how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in chapter 17 I talked about how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in chapter 17 I talked about how many
+different possible brain states there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are it means this kind this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it means this kind this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it means this kind this is just the
+beginning of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this kind of
+model to represent the information flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to represent the information flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to represent the information flow
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes in
+fact in RS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in RS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in RS
+sleep it doesn't mean there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep it doesn't mean there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep it doesn't mean there's nothing
+important going on we know the dreaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important going on we know the dreaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important going on we know the dreaming
+is occurring you know people argue all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is occurring you know people argue all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is occurring you know people argue all
+the time about what the function of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time about what the function of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time about what the function of that
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+be we also know that if you're in dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we also know that if you're in dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we also know that if you're in dream
+sleep when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep when you're
+awakened you tend not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awakened you tend not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awakened you tend not to
+remember if you're if you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if you're if you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if you're if you can you can
+for you can train yourself to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you can train yourself to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you can train yourself to remember
+because if you keep it in mind and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you keep it in mind and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you keep it in mind and keep
+rehearsing it after you get up you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsing it after you get up you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsing it after you get up you you
+can report a dream and that's why in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can report a dream and that's why in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can report a dream and that's why in
+studies of Dreams it's not very reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of Dreams it's not very reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of Dreams it's not very reliable
+to talk about somebody a half hour later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about somebody a half hour later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about somebody a half hour later
+after they get up because they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they get up because they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they get up because they will
+forget most of it so that has something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget most of it so that has something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget most of it so that has something
+to do with these states too but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with these states too but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with these states too but we
+there's really a lot that we just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really a lot that we just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really a lot that we just don't
+understand but we do know that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand but we do know that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand but we do know that there's
+different states of our Consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states of our Consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states of our Consciousness
+where we don't there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we don't there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we don't there's a lot of
+dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation
+between and in abnormal cases you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and in abnormal cases you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and in abnormal cases you can
+get more than one personality existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more than one personality existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more than one personality existing
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+same person the same central nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same person the same central nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same person the same central nervous
+system that has to involve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has to involve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has to involve these
+different kinds of States but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of States but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of States but we don't
+understand the brain mechanisms behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the brain mechanisms behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the brain mechanisms behind
+that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of
+dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you would like to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like to know what the
+neurochemical corelates are you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurochemical corelates are you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurochemical corelates are you know and
+I can't tell you you can look in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't tell you you can look in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't tell you you can look in the
+literature to see if anybody's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature to see if anybody's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature to see if anybody's even
+tried the and since we you can get REM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried the and since we you can get REM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried the and since we you can get REM
+sleep in animals you can do these REM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep in animals you can do these REM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep in animals you can do these REM
+sleep deprivation studies in animals it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep deprivation studies in animals it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep deprivation studies in animals it
+seems to me that you could certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me that you could certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me that you could certainly
+look for things like that there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for things like that there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for things like that there might
+even be changes in the cereal spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even be changes in the cereal spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even be changes in the cereal spinal
+fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid
+as we know you can inject cerbos spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know you can inject cerbos spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know you can inject cerbos spinal
+fluid from one animal that's sleeping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid from one animal that's sleeping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid from one animal that's sleeping to
+an animal that's not and the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal that's not and the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal that's not and the animal
+that's not will go to sleep so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not will go to sleep so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not will go to sleep so we know
+there are effects even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are effects even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are effects even
+there but that kind of research is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but that kind of research is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but that kind of research is
+just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done a lot of things in Neuroscience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of things in Neuroscience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of things in Neuroscience
+like that people work on what's popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that people work on what's popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that people work on what's popular
+it takes an enterprising graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes an enterprising graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes an enterprising graduate
+student to dive into something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student to dive into something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student to dive into something like
+that all right uh these pictures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right uh these pictures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right uh these pictures of the
+human brain are just to help Orient you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brain are just to help Orient you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brain are just to help Orient you
+to these same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these same
+structures in in our own brains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they you can begin to see why we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you can begin to see why we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you can begin to see why we use
+these rodents they're much more like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rodents they're much more like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rodents they're much more like the
+embryonic human brain because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic human brain because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic human brain because because
+the human brains have grown so big and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human brains have grown so big and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human brains have grown so big and
+the cortex especially is grown so big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex especially is grown so big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex especially is grown so big
+that it distorts the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it distorts the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it distorts the whole
+appearance this just shows hippocampal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance this just shows hippocampal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance this just shows hippocampal
+formation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation in
+fornex and the uh part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fornex and the uh part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fornex and the uh part of the
+hypothalamus the mamary body where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus the mamary body where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus the mamary body where the
+corx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corx
+terminates uh and you can't tell from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates uh and you can't tell from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates uh and you can't tell from a
+picture like that you know that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture like that you know that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture like that you know that this is
+down in the brain stem the upper brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the brain stem the upper brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the brain stem the upper brain
+stem and this is up in the hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem and this is up in the hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem and this is up in the hemisphere
+but in fact that's what it represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact that's what it represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact that's what it represents
+and I've just sketched here the hip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've just sketched here the hip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've just sketched here the hip
+campus anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus anterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus anterior
+posterior and the fibers of the fmria of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior and the fibers of the fmria of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior and the fibers of the fmria of
+the fornex coming out of the hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fornex coming out of the hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fornex coming out of the hippocampus
+and becoming The Columns of the Forex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and becoming The Columns of the Forex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and becoming The Columns of the Forex
+here I don't show the ones that go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't show the ones that go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't show the ones that go into
+the sepal are which would be right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sepal are which would be right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sepal are which would be right there
+I do show the commer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do show the commer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do show the commer
+fighs okay and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is little more like a rodent but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is little more like a rodent but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is little more like a rodent but this
+this picture is was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture is was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture is was a
+reconstruction published in a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction published in a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction published in a human
+neuroanatomy book by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomy book by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomy book by
+no which uh tries to depict the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no which uh tries to depict the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no which uh tries to depict the human
+hippocampus and it's not too hard to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and it's not too hard to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and it's not too hard to to
+see the close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the close
+relationship you can the same structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you can the same structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you can the same structures
+we see in the road you can find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in the road you can find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in the road you can find in
+human okay we looked at that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human okay we looked at that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human okay we looked at that I want to
+talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the
+limic uh other parts of the lyic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limic uh other parts of the lyic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limic uh other parts of the lyic
+forebrain other than hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain other than hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain other than hippocampus
+especially and the hypothalamus but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially and the hypothalamus but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially and the hypothalamus but
+especially the amigdala and the basil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the amigdala and the basil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the amigdala and the basil
+Forin they're closely related to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forin they're closely related to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forin they're closely related to each
+other U this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other U this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other U this is
+uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this
+is chapter 29 in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is chapter 29 in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is chapter 29 in the book
+okay let's just review a couple terms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's just review a couple terms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's just review a couple terms to
+start with where do that term Ryan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with where do that term Ryan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with where do that term Ryan and
+seon come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seon come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seon come from
+what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean means nose brain okay well that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean means nose brain okay well that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean means nose brain okay well that was
+an old term used for all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old term used for all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old term used for all these
+structures that we now say are the lyic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+embran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embran
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh the term limic system didn't start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the term limic system didn't start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the term limic system didn't start to
+be used until after Pap's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used until after Pap's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used until after Pap's
+publication and uh and then interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication and uh and then interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication and uh and then interest
+that that engendered from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that engendered from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that engendered from other
+anatomists well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomists well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomists well
+neuroanatomists began specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomists began specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomists began specifically
+studying these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying these
+connections especially with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections especially with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections especially with
+NAA introducing a a more sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAA introducing a a more sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAA introducing a a more sensitive
+method for studying Connections in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for studying Connections in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for studying Connections in
+animals we talked about that in chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals we talked about that in chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals we talked about that in chapter
+way back at the beginning chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back at the beginning chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back at the beginning chapter
+2 and now of course we have many even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and now of course we have many even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and now of course we have many even
+more sensitive methods involving various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sensitive methods involving various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sensitive methods involving various
+Tracer substance substances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tracer substance substances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tracer substance substances
+okay but anyway this is the Pape story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but anyway this is the Pape story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but anyway this is the Pape story
+and I just point out here that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just point out here that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just point out here that some
+anatomy books including uh one that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy books including uh one that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy books including uh one that I've
+often made use of per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often made use of per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often made use of per
+brols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh he in his earlier version of his book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he in his earlier version of his book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he in his earlier version of his book
+he had this nice description of pape's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had this nice description of pape's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had this nice description of pape's
+work and then in the Third Edition he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and then in the Third Edition he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and then in the Third Edition he
+eliminated the question is why well he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated the question is why well he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated the question is why well he
+was trying to get rid of a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to get rid of a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to get rid of a lot of the
+history because he didn't want the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history because he didn't want the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history because he didn't want the book
+to be too long it's a limit to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be too long it's a limit to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be too long it's a limit to what
+medical students would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical students would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical students would
+read and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and
+uh but there are other reasons too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there are other reasons too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there are other reasons too
+uh people there's different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people there's different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people there's different kinds of
+neuron anatomist some of them are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron anatomist some of them are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron anatomist some of them are are
+more interested in the structures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interested in the structures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interested in the structures the
+way they look how you can separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they look how you can separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they look how you can separate
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+uh but they don't focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but they don't focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but they don't focus on the
+connections as much neurologists too if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections as much neurologists too if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections as much neurologists too if
+we don't know enough about functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know enough about functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know enough about functions
+then they don't want to uh try to group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they don't want to uh try to group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they don't want to uh try to group
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so it's really the people the now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's really the people the now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's really the people the now to
+type of people and there's a lot of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of people and there's a lot of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of people and there's a lot of us
+okay because now to train a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because now to train a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because now to train a number of
+people and we've trained additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and we've trained additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and we've trained additional
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+that have led me and other people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have led me and other people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have led me and other people to
+sort of talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of talk more
+about papes and the limic system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about papes and the limic system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about papes and the limic system in
+general remember that papes took that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general remember that papes took that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general remember that papes took that
+term ryin and sephon and analyzed it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term ryin and sephon and analyzed it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term ryin and sephon and analyzed it and
+saw that a lot of these structures AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that a lot of these structures AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that a lot of these structures AR
+actually involved in Old faction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually involved in Old faction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually involved in Old faction from
+the human clinical cases that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human clinical cases that he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human clinical cases that he was
+familiar with this was back in the 1920s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with this was back in the 1920s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with this was back in the 1920s
+and 30s okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 30s okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 30s okay and
+U but he did find that that all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U but he did find that that all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U but he did find that that all of these
+structures were involved in seizures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures were involved in seizures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures were involved in seizures
+that affected emotion and the autonomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affected emotion and the autonomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affected emotion and the autonomic
+nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous
+system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and
+uh so he said it seemed to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so he said it seemed to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so he said it seemed to be an
+interconnect he could Define what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect he could Define what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect he could Define what he
+called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an
+interconnected group of uh series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected group of uh series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected group of uh series of
+cell groups that were concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell groups that were concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell groups that were concerned with
+feelings and emotional Expressions he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings and emotional Expressions he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings and emotional Expressions he
+emphasized that aspect of it he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized that aspect of it he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized that aspect of it he could
+have added autonomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have added autonomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have added autonomic
+changes but what it led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes but what it led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes but what it led to
+was new thinking about our ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was new thinking about our ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was new thinking about our ability to
+group structures according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group structures according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group structures according
+to relationships in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relationships in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relationships in their
+connections and that led to a colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and that led to a colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and that led to a colleague
+of Naas Paul mlan at NIH giving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Naas Paul mlan at NIH giving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Naas Paul mlan at NIH giving the
+system a name the limic system he based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a name the limic system he based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a name the limic system he based
+that on brok's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on brok's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on brok's
+term from the 19th century who talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term from the 19th century who talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term from the 19th century who talked
+about the great limic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the great limic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the great limic
+globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe
+and uh we've seen that in the me medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we've seen that in the me medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we've seen that in the me medial
+views of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brain and more recently the reason for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and more recently the reason for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and more recently the reason for a
+lot of Revival of interest of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Revival of interest of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Revival of interest of course is
+because we know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know it
+extends functions of these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends functions of these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends functions of these this
+interconnected system extends Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected system extends Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected system extends Beyond
+mood and emotion it plays a major role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood and emotion it plays a major role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood and emotion it plays a major role
+in spatial cognition and the formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spatial cognition and the formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spatial cognition and the formation
+of specific memories for places and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of specific memories for places and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of specific memories for places and
+events in our lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in our lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in our lives
+not not just in humans of course but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not just in humans of course but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not just in humans of course but in
+animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+too uh all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too uh all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too uh all right
+so this is the Pape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the Pape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the Pape
+circuit that we a slide we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that we a slide we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that we a slide we saw
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+uh papes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh papes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh papes
+described these structures that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described these structures that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described these structures that you see
+in red here in the DI in the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red here in the DI in the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red here in the DI in the network
+diagram that I made up where I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that I made up where I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that I made up where I was
+trying to include you know more recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to include you know more recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to include you know more recent
+findings of how these structures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings of how these structures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings of how these structures are
+related to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to each
+other some of them are exactly as papes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other some of them are exactly as papes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other some of them are exactly as papes
+described Nary bodies to anterior nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described Nary bodies to anterior nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described Nary bodies to anterior nuclei
+the thalamus to the singulate cortex now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thalamus to the singulate cortex now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thalamus to the singulate cortex now
+in pape's time singulate included some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pape's time singulate included some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pape's time singulate included some
+of the more codal areas that now are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the more codal areas that now are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the more codal areas that now are
+often named differently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often named differently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often named differently the
+retrosplenial cortex and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrosplenial cortex and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrosplenial cortex and other
+paralympic areas that extend right down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralympic areas that extend right down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralympic areas that extend right down
+to the ENT rinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ENT rinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ENT rinal
+cortex he of course separated ENT rinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex he of course separated ENT rinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex he of course separated ENT rinal
+area but from the from the singulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but what is looks like posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is looks like posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is looks like posterior
+singular posterior part of the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular posterior part of the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular posterior part of the singular
+gyus We Now call retrosplenial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyus We Now call retrosplenial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyus We Now call retrosplenial
+cortex and there's some other names too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and there's some other names too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and there's some other names too
+used for components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for components of
+it okay and then I'm showing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and then I'm showing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and then I'm showing how
+now from the hippocampus itself there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from the hippocampus itself there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from the hippocampus itself there
+are connections back to the mammary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connections back to the mammary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connections back to the mammary
+bodies that papes knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies that papes knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies that papes knew
+about uh remember he didn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh remember he didn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh remember he didn't have the
+methods to know what was direct and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to know what was direct and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to know what was direct and what
+was indirect but he did see that bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was indirect but he did see that bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was indirect but he did see that bundle
+you could even Trace them into sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could even Trace them into sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could even Trace them into sections
+and you could follow them that bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could follow them that bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could follow them that bundle
+all the way to the mamory bodies but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the mamory bodies but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the mamory bodies but now
+we know there are many other connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know there are many other connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know there are many other connections
+of those axons as I've shown here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those axons as I've shown here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those axons as I've shown here so
+what's the dominant imp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the dominant imp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the dominant imp
+if it's not old faction as papes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not old faction as papes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not old faction as papes
+realized you can't just say well emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized you can't just say well emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized you can't just say well emotion
+is the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dominant
+input feelings are the dominant input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input feelings are the dominant input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input feelings are the dominant input
+that's bringing Crossing Realms here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bringing Crossing Realms here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bringing Crossing Realms here
+from Behavior to Anatomy I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Behavior to Anatomy I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Behavior to Anatomy I want to know
+anatomically what's the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomically what's the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomically what's the dominant
+input well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input well in
+mammals the dominant input is here comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals the dominant input is here comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals the dominant input is here comes
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neocortex because these the association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex because these the association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex because these the association
+areas particularly the multimodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas particularly the multimodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas particularly the multimodal
+association areas the areas that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association areas the areas that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association areas the areas that have
+grown the most in recent the more recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown the most in recent the more recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown the most in recent the more recent
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evolution and in that period our brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and in that period our brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and in that period our brains
+have almost doubled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have almost doubled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have almost doubled in
+size they are closely connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size they are closely connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size they are closely connected to
+singular areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular areas
+drenal cortex and other paralic areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drenal cortex and other paralic areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drenal cortex and other paralic areas
+and to the entor rinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to the entor rinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to the entor rinal
+cortex and often you will see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and often you will see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and often you will see in
+textbooks that this projection from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks that this projection from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks that this projection from
+entor rinal area into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entor rinal area into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entor rinal area into the
+den is the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+den is the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+den is the dominant
+input but I point out here the are close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input but I point out here the are close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input but I point out here the are close
+connections to the subiculum as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to the subiculum as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to the subiculum as
+well okay so that but the dominant input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so that but the dominant input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so that but the dominant input
+by way of these paralympic structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of these paralympic structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of these paralympic structures
+comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neocortex so now how do we get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex so now how do we get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex so now how do we get from
+neocortex to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypothalamus I'm asking here what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus I'm asking here what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus I'm asking here what are
+the most direct roots monosynaptic and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most direct roots monosynaptic and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most direct roots monosynaptic and D
+synaptic groups from neocortex to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic groups from neocortex to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic groups from neocortex to the
+hypothalamus well you can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus well you can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus well you can look at the
+Pape circuit diagram and see there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pape circuit diagram and see there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pape circuit diagram and see there are
+con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con
+connections but not so Direct between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections but not so Direct between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections but not so Direct between
+neocortex and the hypothalamus seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex and the hypothalamus seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex and the hypothalamus seen in
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+diagrams but I I've taken mum's box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams but I I've taken mum's box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams but I I've taken mum's box
+diagram where he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram where he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram where he's
+depicting transcortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connections from the most specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections from the most specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections from the most specialized
+cortical areas the primary sensory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical areas the primary sensory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical areas the primary sensory and
+motor areas to association areas which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor areas to association areas which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor areas to association areas which
+get connections from those primary areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get connections from those primary areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get connections from those primary areas
+and you have then the modality specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have then the modality specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have then the modality specific
+association areas and the multimodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association areas and the multimodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association areas and the multimodal
+areas those are the areas closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas those are the areas closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas those are the areas closely
+connect the most the adjacent boxes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the most the adjacent boxes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the most the adjacent boxes here
+are interconnected there a two-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interconnected there a two-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interconnected there a two-way
+connections between those areas so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between those areas so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between those areas so for
+every one of these you could draw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these you could draw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these you could draw an
+arrows like this okay and some times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows like this okay and some times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows like this okay and some times
+when I show this I I do show that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I show this I I do show that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I show this I I do show that kind
+of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of
+Arrow then have you have the par Olympic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow then have you have the par Olympic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow then have you have the par Olympic
+areas and then finally the IC areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and then finally the IC areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and then finally the IC areas
+which are the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the other
+cortex and some subcortical regions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and some subcortical regions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and some subcortical regions we
+call he calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call he calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call he calls
+corticoid okay because they have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticoid okay because they have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticoid okay because they have some
+layering but I've drawn in there in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layering but I've drawn in there in red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layering but I've drawn in there in red
+arrows direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows direct
+connections or dapic connections to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections or dapic connections to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections or dapic connections to the
+hypothalamus so for example we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus so for example we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus so for example we know the
+amygdala which is direct connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amygdala which is direct connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amygdala which is direct connected to
+the hypothalamus as well as to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothalamus as well as to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothalamus as well as to other
+areas of the lyic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of the lyic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of the lyic
+system they it the amegilla gets direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they it the amegilla gets direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they it the amegilla gets direct
+input from association areas multimodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from association areas multimodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from association areas multimodal
+especially but even unimodal visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially but even unimodal visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially but even unimodal visual
+areas project into the amigdala that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas project into the amigdala that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas project into the amigdala that's
+discovered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by
+now okay and then we also know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay and then we also know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay and then we also know that
+singulate gy par hippocamp areas they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singulate gy par hippocamp areas they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singulate gy par hippocamp areas they
+project to hippocampus and to other part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to hippocampus and to other part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to hippocampus and to other part
+other of these lyic system structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other of these lyic system structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other of these lyic system structures
+which are all closely We Know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are all closely We Know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are all closely We Know by
+definition these are the areas closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition these are the areas closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition these are the areas closely
+connected to the hypoth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the hypoth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the hypoth
+Elms okay so we let's focus most mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elms okay so we let's focus most mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elms okay so we let's focus most mostly
+on the amydala and ask what the heck is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the amydala and ask what the heck is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the amydala and ask what the heck is
+it what does amydala mean well it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what does amydala mean well it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what does amydala mean well it means
+almond it's got an almond shape oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almond it's got an almond shape oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almond it's got an almond shape oh I
+should I already deleted the other SL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I already deleted the other SL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I already deleted the other SL
+it's I had a human brain there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I had a human brain there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I had a human brain there that
+shows I've posted some slides somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows I've posted some slides somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows I've posted some slides somewhere
+online I'll have to find them so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online I'll have to find them so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online I'll have to find them so you can
+see in a human dissection how AP the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in a human dissection how AP the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in a human dissection how AP the
+name that is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amigdala it's an almond shaped structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amigdala it's an almond shaped structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amigdala it's an almond shaped structure
+that sits right in front of the anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sits right in front of the anterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sits right in front of the anterior
+pole of the hippocampal formation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole of the hippocampal formation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole of the hippocampal formation which
+in in in a rodent would be the vent po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in a rodent would be the vent po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in a rodent would be the vent po
+okay you can think of it as kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can think of it as kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can think of it as kind of a
+modified part of the Corpus Statum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified part of the Corpus Statum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified part of the Corpus Statum in
+fact we call in the classical Anatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we call in the classical Anatomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we call in the classical Anatomy
+literature we call B we call the basil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature we call B we call the basil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature we call B we call the basil
+ganglia the Corpus trium and the amydala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia the Corpus trium and the amydala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia the Corpus trium and the amydala
+all called basil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all called basil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all called basil
+ganglia now actually in embryological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia now actually in embryological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia now actually in embryological
+terms only part of the amydala is strial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms only part of the amydala is strial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms only part of the amydala is strial
+in origin some of its palal in origin in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in origin some of its palal in origin in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in origin some of its palal in origin in
+other words it's a it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it's a it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it's a it's like a
+cortex but there's a very good reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex but there's a very good reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex but there's a very good reason
+some people have argued though oh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people have argued though oh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people have argued though oh there
+they're actually separate structures we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually separate structures we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually separate structures we
+should talk separately about them but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should talk separately about them but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should talk separately about them but I
+would say no not from Conn because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say no not from Conn because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say no not from Conn because
+connections are what determine functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections are what determine functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections are what determine functions
+and the the connections of the amydala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the connections of the amydala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the connections of the amydala
+indicate that it's one structure they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that it's one structure they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that it's one structure they
+are closely connected and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are closely connected and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are closely connected and they have
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+outputs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs okay
+and as in the Statum Connections in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as in the Statum Connections in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as in the Statum Connections in the
+amydala are plasting remember we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amydala are plasting remember we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amydala are plasting remember we talked
+I made a big deal out of that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made a big deal out of that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made a big deal out of that for
+striatum well H originally old factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum well H originally old factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum well H originally old factory
+habits were formed it was the rout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits were formed it was the rout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits were formed it was the rout
+through the ventral striatum the oldest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the ventral striatum the oldest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the ventral striatum the oldest
+part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the
+striatum to influence movement which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum to influence movement which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum to influence movement which it
+did through the hypothalamus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did through the hypothalamus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did through the hypothalamus and
+midbrain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain okay
+well this this is this part of the stum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this this is this part of the stum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this this is this part of the stum
+is not concerned with the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not concerned with the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not concerned with the same kind of
+movements it's concerned with motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements it's concerned with motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements it's concerned with motivation
+emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion
+feelings the subject if we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings the subject if we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings the subject if we talk
+subjectively about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectively about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectively about
+it so associations are formed between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so associations are formed between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so associations are formed between
+perceived objects and sounds on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived objects and sounds on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived objects and sounds on the one
+hand and aects and autonomic changes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and aects and autonomic changes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and aects and autonomic changes on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+other it gives objects in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other it gives objects in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other it gives objects in the world
+valences or affective tags in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valences or affective tags in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valences or affective tags in other
+words we hang tags on things I like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we hang tags on things I like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we hang tags on things I like that
+I don't like that that makes me happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like that that makes me happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like that that makes me happy
+that upsets me you know but they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that upsets me you know but they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that upsets me you know but they're all
+learn things okay most of them there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn things okay most of them there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn things okay most of them there's
+argument about some of them like fear of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument about some of them like fear of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument about some of them like fear of
+snakes they they might be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snakes they they might be at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snakes they they might be at least
+partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly
+inherited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is this is the collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is the collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is the collection
+of structures that we lump together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structures that we lump together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structures that we lump together and
+call the amydala in a Central view of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the amydala in a Central view of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the amydala in a Central view of a
+Rabbid brain which is very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rabbid brain which is very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rabbid brain which is very similar to
+rodent brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodent brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodent brains
+okay connections are all the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay connections are all the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay connections are all the same so
+here's the olfactory bulb way up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the olfactory bulb way up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the olfactory bulb way up at the
+front but behind the olfactory bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front but behind the olfactory bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front but behind the olfactory bulb
+starts the olfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts the olfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts the olfactory
+cortex the first part of it we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex the first part of it we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex the first part of it we call
+thefactory peduncle because it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thefactory peduncle because it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thefactory peduncle because it's sort of
+a little stem connected to the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little stem connected to the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little stem connected to the rest of
+it and you see there the these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you see there the these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you see there the these very
+widely projecting axom they very wide wi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely projecting axom they very wide wi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely projecting axom they very wide wi
+and branching accents of the factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and branching accents of the factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and branching accents of the factory
+system and they go back to this broaden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and they go back to this broaden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and they go back to this broaden
+part of that cortex which is why it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that cortex which is why it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that cortex which is why it gets
+the name pform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name pform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name pform
+cortex it's pyr not PIR it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex it's pyr not PIR it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex it's pyr not PIR it's not the
+fire cortex it's the Paar shape cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire cortex it's the Paar shape cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire cortex it's the Paar shape cortex
+is this is the pair shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay like those what do they call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like those what do they call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like those what do they call the
+BOS pairs you can buy in the supermarket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BOS pairs you can buy in the supermarket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BOS pairs you can buy in the supermarket
+that's the shape it is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the shape it is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the shape it is here
+okay and this little special part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this little special part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this little special part of the
+factory bulb the accessory Factory bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory bulb the accessory Factory bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory bulb the accessory Factory bulb
+projects directly to the cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects directly to the cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects directly to the cortical
+nucleus of the igles so that's in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of the igles so that's in red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of the igles so that's in red
+here and the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the medial
+nucleus next to it also gets direct old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus next to it also gets direct old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus next to it also gets direct old
+factory input though that part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory input though that part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory input though that part the
+cortical and medial nuclei are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical and medial nuclei are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical and medial nuclei are often
+limped together even though one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limped together even though one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limped together even though one of them
+is palal in origin of them stotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is palal in origin of them stotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is palal in origin of them stotle
+because of the similarity their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the similarity their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the similarity their
+connections and because they get not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and because they get not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and because they get not
+only Direct Factory input they also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Direct Factory input they also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Direct Factory input they also get
+some input from the brain stem from The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some input from the brain stem from The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some input from the brain stem from The
+Taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taste
+system okay directly from brain stems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay directly from brain stems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay directly from brain stems
+the parab braal nuclei that car get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parab braal nuclei that car get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parab braal nuclei that car get
+taste information and also gets pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste information and also gets pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste information and also gets pain
+input okay from the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stem then the basil and lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem then the basil and lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem then the basil and lateral
+nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they get input from sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get input from sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get input from sensory
+systems like the visual system some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems like the visual system some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems like the visual system some of
+it comes directly from the phalus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes directly from the phalus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes directly from the phalus
+especially in the auditory system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the auditory system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the auditory system but
+there are some visual Pathways too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some visual Pathways too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some visual Pathways too but
+even more especially for the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more especially for the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more especially for the visual
+system from cortical areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from cortical areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from cortical areas
+okay they also have projections to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they also have projections to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they also have projections to
+Cortex especially to the prefrontal area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortex especially to the prefrontal area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortex especially to the prefrontal area
+so the prefrontal area is reciprocally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the prefrontal area is reciprocally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the prefrontal area is reciprocally
+connected to these but all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to these but all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to these but all of these
+nuclei are connected to the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei are connected to the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei are connected to the central
+nucleus and then they have some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and then they have some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and then they have some other
+connections with each other but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections with each other but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections with each other but that
+Central nucleus which is a stotal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central nucleus which is a stotal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central nucleus which is a stotal
+structure strial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure strial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure strial in
+origin it gets input from all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin it gets input from all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin it gets input from all these
+different structures and it connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures and it connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures and it connects
+directly to basil forbrain and hyp ofms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to basil forbrain and hyp ofms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to basil forbrain and hyp ofms
+so we want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to look at
+that so here I've just shown palal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here I've just shown palal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here I've just shown palal and
+stotal derivatives separate I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stotal derivatives separate I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stotal derivatives separate I don't
+think it's such a big deal because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's such a big deal because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's such a big deal because in
+terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+connections it's really difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections it's really difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections it's really difficult to
+separate them in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate them in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate them in that
+way okay so let's describe the St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay so let's describe the St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay so let's describe the St
+terminal its Origins I've just stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal its Origins I've just stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal its Origins I've just stated
+comes from mainly Central nucleus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from mainly Central nucleus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from mainly Central nucleus of the
+omeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omeg
+blood and then it's course and its major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood and then it's course and its major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood and then it's course and its major
+connections and you'll see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and you'll see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and you'll see that it's
+course first is very much like the PHX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course first is very much like the PHX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course first is very much like the PHX
+fibers coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hippocampus it has to go around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus it has to go around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus it has to go around the
+internal capsule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fibers okay so and by going directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers okay so and by going directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers okay so and by going directly to
+the amydala it can pretty directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amydala it can pretty directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amydala it can pretty directly
+influence motivational States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I want to start talking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I want to start talking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I want to start talking about it
+just by showing a section of the Rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by showing a section of the Rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by showing a section of the Rat
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+this is the amydala I put dotted lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the amydala I put dotted lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the amydala I put dotted lines
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it this is old factory cortex out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is old factory cortex out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is old factory cortex out here
+there's the rhinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the rhinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the rhinal
+Fisher we look in the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fisher we look in the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fisher we look in the hypothalamus
+there's the fornex and I pointed out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the fornex and I pointed out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the fornex and I pointed out the
+ventromedial nucleus because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventromedial nucleus because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventromedial nucleus because this
+Central nucleus which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central nucleus which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central nucleus which is
+here can you see my pointer there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can you see my pointer there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can you see my pointer there this
+area projects directly to the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area projects directly to the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area projects directly to the C
+the neurons the vent medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurons the vent medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurons the vent medial
+hypothal okay and we want to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothal okay and we want to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothal okay and we want to follow
+those here's this cre terminalis I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those here's this cre terminalis I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those here's this cre terminalis I've
+outlined it for you and you say well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined it for you and you say well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined it for you and you say well how
+do you know that well if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know that well if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know that well if you look
+carefully here you'll see you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully here you'll see you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully here you'll see you'd have to
+blow it up a bit I guess to really see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow it up a bit I guess to really see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow it up a bit I guess to really see
+it but looks do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that here are these are neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here are these are neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here are these are neurons
+okay these little cells are alod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these little cells are alod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these little cells are alod
+dendrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites
+okay there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there there's
+some the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some the basic
+Dy cell stain with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stain the region of the nucleus in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain the region of the nucleus in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain the region of the nucleus in the
+pood dendr sites and you'll see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pood dendr sites and you'll see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pood dendr sites and you'll see these
+little tiny cells all lined up along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny cells all lined up along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny cells all lined up along the
+melinated accents you see them here too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melinated accents you see them here too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melinated accents you see them here too
+but here they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differently these axons here are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently these axons here are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently these axons here are going
+like this they're coming out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this they're coming out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this they're coming out of the
+thalamus or coming from cortex and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus or coming from cortex and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus or coming from cortex and going
+down like this into the cereal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pedones okay and the this is the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedones okay and the this is the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedones okay and the this is the white
+matter of the cortex up here so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of the cortex up here so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of the cortex up here so all
+these aons are connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aons are connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aons are connected
+there they go right up here and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they go right up here and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they go right up here and here
+they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is white manner of the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is white manner of the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is white manner of the cortex
+okay so here then are the fibers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are you can see them here coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of here they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that I just drawn a line around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that I just drawn a line around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that I just drawn a line around
+here that so why you see two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that so why you see two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that so why you see two of
+them because these accents go around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because these accents go around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because these accents go around the
+codal end of the internal capsule they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codal end of the internal capsule they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codal end of the internal capsule they
+go around they're the same axent you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around they're the same axent you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around they're the same axent you see
+here you're seeing again up here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're seeing again up here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're seeing again up here just
+like if we were more Cal in the brain we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we were more Cal in the brain we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we were more Cal in the brain we
+would see hippocampus going all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see hippocampus going all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see hippocampus going all the way
+down ventrally here and we the accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down ventrally here and we the accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down ventrally here and we the accents
+coming out of that hippocampus are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of that hippocampus are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of that hippocampus are
+mostly collected in the fimbria of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly collected in the fimbria of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly collected in the fimbria of the
+Forex and here there's the F of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forex and here there's the F of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forex and here there's the F of the
+fornex up here and in this dorsal part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fornex up here and in this dorsal part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fornex up here and in this dorsal part
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+hippocampus the fornex fibers are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus the fornex fibers are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus the fornex fibers are are
+there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so there's fim of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Forex and all those fibers are collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forex and all those fibers are collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forex and all those fibers are collected
+there where else do we see those axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there where else do we see those axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there where else do we see those axons
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+section it those aons go around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section it those aons go around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section it those aons go around the
+internal capsule too but then where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal capsule too but then where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal capsule too but then where do
+they go they come down in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go they come down in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go they come down in front of the
+pamus they go into the sepal area but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pamus they go into the sepal area but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pamus they go into the sepal area but
+some of them go more cloudly where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them go more cloudly where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them go more cloudly where are
+they going this is pape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they going this is pape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they going this is pape
+circuit they're going to the Hy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit they're going to the Hy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit they're going to the Hy
+hypothalamus where in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypothalamus I'm going to stop right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus I'm going to stop right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus I'm going to stop right
+here until one of you tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here until one of you tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here until one of you tells
+me where's the hippocampus project in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me where's the hippocampus project in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me where's the hippocampus project in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+hypothalamus it's page circuit come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus it's page circuit come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus it's page circuit come
+on mammary bodies okay and there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mammary bodies okay and there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mammary bodies okay and there's the
+Forex fibers so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and
+and those fibers from the amydala are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those fibers from the amydala are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those fibers from the amydala are
+doing something similar here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something similar here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something similar here they
+are there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there they
+are where are they down here they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are where are they down here they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are where are they down here they're
+here in that light area around because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in that light area around because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in that light area around because
+the dendrites of the cells in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dendrites of the cells in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dendrites of the cells in the
+ventromedial nucleus protrude out into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventromedial nucleus protrude out into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventromedial nucleus protrude out into
+that light area around the where you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light area around the where you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light area around the where you see
+the Clum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Clum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Clum
+cells so the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so the cells
+here the cells here in the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nucleus go up around the back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus go up around the back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus go up around the back of the
+internal capsule then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal capsule then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal capsule then they
+follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow
+around come down through the basil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around come down through the basil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around come down through the basil
+forbrain and run codly just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain and run codly just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain and run codly just like the
+Forex okay so here's our here's our view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forex okay so here's our here's our view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forex okay so here's our here's our view
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+uh the medial view of the hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the medial view of the hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the medial view of the hemisphere
+where I pretended it was transparent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I pretended it was transparent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I pretended it was transparent so
+I can show you these structures there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can show you these structures there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can show you these structures there's
+the amydala right in front of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the ventral end of the hip campus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ventral end of the hip campus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ventral end of the hip campus in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+rodent there Come Those axons they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodent there Come Those axons they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodent there Come Those axons they're
+going around the internal capsule which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around the internal capsule which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around the internal capsule which
+I cut off here and I've cut them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cut off here and I've cut them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cut off here and I've cut them right
+there but they're terminating in the bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but they're terminating in the bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but they're terminating in the bed
+nucleus the stre of terminal it's by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus the stre of terminal it's by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus the stre of terminal it's by
+definition that's why we name it the bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that's why we name it the bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that's why we name it the bed
+nucleus the STA terminos because those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus the STA terminos because those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus the STA terminos because those
+cells are right among the axons of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are right among the axons of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are right among the axons of the
+STA terminalis and they're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STA terminalis and they're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STA terminalis and they're getting
+connections from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and similarly the hipocampal fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and similarly the hipocampal fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and similarly the hipocampal fibers
+you see there I didn't I left those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see there I didn't I left those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see there I didn't I left those in
+Black they're the The Columns of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black they're the The Columns of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black they're the The Columns of the
+fornex are right there next to the stre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fornex are right there next to the stre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fornex are right there next to the stre
+terminol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminol
+okay and they go to the mamary bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they go to the mamary bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they go to the mamary bodies
+the ones from the stre terminalis go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones from the stre terminalis go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones from the stre terminalis go
+mainly to the V medial hypothalamus now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly to the V medial hypothalamus now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly to the V medial hypothalamus now
+there are other Connections in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other Connections in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other Connections in the
+hypothalamus too of both those bondage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus too of both those bondage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus too of both those bondage
+of accents but the major termination are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accents but the major termination are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accents but the major termination are
+in the mammary bodies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mammary bodies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mammary bodies in the
+ventromedial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventromedial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventromedial
+hypothal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this whole area is BAS of corra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this whole area is BAS of corra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this whole area is BAS of corra
+we talk talk a little more about that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk talk a little more about that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk talk a little more about that uh
+in the frontal sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frontal sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frontal sections
+here these are the levels through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these are the levels through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these are the levels through the
+embryonic brain and here we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic brain and here we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic brain and here we're in the
+mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid
+pamic region there's the Egle down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pamic region there's the Egle down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pamic region there's the Egle down the
+temple Lo and there's the St terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple Lo and there's the St terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple Lo and there's the St terminal
+ACC coming around the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACC coming around the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACC coming around the internal
+capsule okay and there's the bed Muse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsule okay and there's the bed Muse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsule okay and there's the bed Muse
+the stre terminalis I cut it here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stre terminalis I cut it here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stre terminalis I cut it here right
+at the rostal limit of the bed nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rostal limit of the bed nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rostal limit of the bed nucleus
+and the codal limit of nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the codal limit of nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the codal limit of nucleus
+succumbent nucleus succumbent has become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succumbent nucleus succumbent has become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succumbent nucleus succumbent has become
+very big in in humans it gets a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big in in humans it gets a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big in in humans it gets a lot of
+input from the amydala and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from the amydala and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from the amydala and the
+hippocampus especially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus especially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus especially the
+hippocampus okay and other lyic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structures and if we go forward we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and if we go forward we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and if we go forward we just
+see the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the
+succumbent major nucleus of the basal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succumbent major nucleus of the basal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succumbent major nucleus of the basal
+forbrain cumbin means leaning because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain cumbin means leaning because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain cumbin means leaning because
+it's leaning against the septal area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's leaning against the septal area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's leaning against the septal area
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+here all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so a couple more questions here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so a couple more questions here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so a couple more questions here what
+sensory inputs come to the cortical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory inputs come to the cortical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory inputs come to the cortical and
+medial nucleus the migdala without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial nucleus the migdala without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial nucleus the migdala without
+passing through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing through the
+neocortex we know they're very ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex we know they're very ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex we know they're very ancient
+from comparative studies you keep seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from comparative studies you keep seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from comparative studies you keep seeing
+them even in really ancient vertebrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them even in really ancient vertebrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them even in really ancient vertebrates
+vertebrates that is that are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrates that is that are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrates that is that are still
+living but are very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living but are very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living but are very similar to
+vertebrates that lived you know hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrates that lived you know hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrates that lived you know hundreds
+and thousands of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ago okay old factory is certainly one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago okay old factory is certainly one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago okay old factory is certainly one of
+them what's another one you'd expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what's another one you'd expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what's another one you'd expect
+what was really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was really important
+in getting animals to do one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in getting animals to do one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in getting animals to do one thing
+rather than another was a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than another was a source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than another was a source of
+reward important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward important in
+feeding taste yes and there are taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding taste yes and there are taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding taste yes and there are taste
+inputs directly from the brain them two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs directly from the brain them two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs directly from the brain them two
+well faction and taste and the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well faction and taste and the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well faction and taste and the other one
+is pain all come in man those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pain all come in man those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pain all come in man those are the
+ancient inputs to the cortical medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nuclei and then question four I say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and then question four I say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and then question four I say the
+lateral nucleus the igula receives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral nucleus the igula receives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral nucleus the igula receives
+various sensory inputs too but they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various sensory inputs too but they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various sensory inputs too but they come
+by way of neocortical association areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of neocortical association areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of neocortical association areas
+and a few of them directly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few of them directly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few of them directly from the
+phals okay but not from more caddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phals okay but not from more caddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phals okay but not from more caddle
+brainstorm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structures and I showed you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and I showed you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and I showed you in the
+diagrams before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams before
+those the we think most about the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the we think most about the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the we think most about the visual
+system ones but we know auditory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system ones but we know auditory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system ones but we know auditory system
+ones we we come back to that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we we come back to that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we we come back to that so
+here's what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what I just
+said I also point out how that basil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I also point out how that basil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I also point out how that basil and
+particularly the basil nucleus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the basil nucleus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the basil nucleus the
+lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral
+somewhat reciprocally connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat reciprocally connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat reciprocally connected to
+prefrontal Cortex okay this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal Cortex okay this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal Cortex okay this is that
+picture when we talked about auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture when we talked about auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture when we talked about auditory
+system from experiments where they label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from experiments where they label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from experiments where they label
+the cells in the medial genicular body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells in the medial genicular body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells in the medial genicular body
+and they trace the axons not only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they trace the axons not only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they trace the axons not only to
+auditory cortex up there here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory cortex up there here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory cortex up there here in the
+apost but in the aoson very heavily to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apost but in the aoson very heavily to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apost but in the aoson very heavily to
+that lateral nucleus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lateral nucleus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lateral nucleus the
+ular but it also occurs in the Hedgehog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ular but it also occurs in the Hedgehog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ular but it also occurs in the Hedgehog
+in the Treo in the rat in the mouse prob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Treo in the rat in the mouse prob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Treo in the rat in the mouse prob
+the in US Alo the connection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in US Alo the connection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in US Alo the connection to
+neocortex and the primates is by far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex and the primates is by far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex and the primates is by far
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+important all right I wanted to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important all right I wanted to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important all right I wanted to show you
+again what medical school illustrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what medical school illustrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what medical school illustrations
+can look like to make it a little easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look like to make it a little easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look like to make it a little easier
+just so you understand what the heck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you understand what the heck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you understand what the heck
+they're doing here they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing here they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing here they're trying to
+show too much and because of the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show too much and because of the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show too much and because of the way the
+human brains developed it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brains developed it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brains developed it's very
+distorted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted so
+it this kind of picture is a lot easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this kind of picture is a lot easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this kind of picture is a lot easier
+to understand okay but in the road but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand okay but in the road but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand okay but in the road but
+this is the human and i' I've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the human and i' I've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the human and i' I've shown
+inputs by labeling the cells red and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs by labeling the cells red and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs by labeling the cells red and the
+outputs I've shown cells in the amydala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs I've shown cells in the amydala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs I've shown cells in the amydala
+with a Green Dot so you can see but uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Green Dot so you can see but uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Green Dot so you can see but uh a
+lot harder to understand than the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot harder to understand than the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot harder to understand than the way
+I'm presenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm presenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm presenting
+it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so
+here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+a human in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human in a
+dissection or a heavy a thick slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection or a heavy a thick slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection or a heavy a thick slice
+where you can see the melinated fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can see the melinated fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can see the melinated fibers
+really clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really clearly
+white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white
+okay this is from a book beautiful book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is from a book beautiful book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is from a book beautiful book
+that shows I can bring it to class let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows I can bring it to class let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows I can bring it to class let
+you look through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look through
+it uh showing beautiful dissections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh showing beautiful dissections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh showing beautiful dissections and
+then he also has some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he also has some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he also has some of these
+sections okay and there you see see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections okay and there you see see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections okay and there you see see the
+amydala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amydala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amydala
+so where this has to be if I ask you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where this has to be if I ask you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where this has to be if I ask you at
+what level this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what level this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what level this is
+cut this is Thalamus here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut this is Thalamus here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut this is Thalamus here there's
+mammary bodies there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammary bodies there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammary bodies there
+okay but we're a rodent this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we're a rodent this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we're a rodent this would be
+coddle pounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coddle pounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coddle pounds
+okay but in human the way it's arranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in human the way it's arranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in human the way it's arranged
+where you can't count on that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can't count on that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can't count on that okay
+there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the
+paman nucleus but there's that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paman nucleus but there's that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paman nucleus but there's that big
+amigdala and you see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amigdala and you see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amigdala and you see it's
+abing the more anterior parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abing the more anterior parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abing the more anterior parts of the
+Corpus triot right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there all right that's all amigdala and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right that's all amigdala and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right that's all amigdala and
+if we went back just a little bit then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we went back just a little bit then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we went back just a little bit then
+we'd be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd be in
+hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus
+okay because that's got to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because that's got to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because that's got to be the
+anterior most part of the temporal lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterior most part of the temporal lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterior most part of the temporal lobe
+there see there's the syvan fissure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there see there's the syvan fissure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there see there's the syvan fissure so
+this is all temporal lobe down here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all temporal lobe down here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all temporal lobe down here this
+is parial lobe up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is parial lobe up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is parial lobe up
+here or if we're very far anterior it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or if we're very far anterior it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or if we're very far anterior it
+might even be pral cortex all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now some of the function early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now some of the function early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now some of the function early
+functional information on the igala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional information on the igala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional information on the igala
+functions came from electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions came from electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions came from electrical
+stimulation and it's been done a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation and it's been done a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation and it's been done a lot in
+monkeys uh but it's also been done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys uh but it's also been done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys uh but it's also been done in
+humans during Neurosurgical procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans during Neurosurgical procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans during Neurosurgical procedures
+so I have taken this from the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have taken this from the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have taken this from the human
+studies you stimulate that cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies you stimulate that cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies you stimulate that cortical
+medial area you get oral kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial area you get oral kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial area you get oral kinds of things
+salvation smacking of the lips licking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvation smacking of the lips licking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvation smacking of the lips licking
+chewing inhibit inhibition of voluntary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chewing inhibit inhibition of voluntary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chewing inhibit inhibition of voluntary
+movements as well you can also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements as well you can also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements as well you can also get
+elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+Behavior if you stimulate the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior if you stimulate the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior if you stimulate the base
+lateral nuclei the ula in a human you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral nuclei the ula in a human you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral nuclei the ula in a human you
+get arousal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get arousal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get arousal
+attentiveness sometimes you get fear or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentiveness sometimes you get fear or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentiveness sometimes you get fear or
+rage or you get anxiety and other very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rage or you get anxiety and other very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rage or you get anxiety and other very
+strong emotions and you also get effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong emotions and you also get effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong emotions and you also get effects
+on memory you get the person will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on memory you get the person will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on memory you get the person will
+say I've been here before and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I've been here before and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I've been here before and of course
+he hasn't been here before but he feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hasn't been here before but he feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hasn't been here before but he feels
+like he has it's an experience that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he has it's an experience that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he has it's an experience that many
+of us have when we're growing up it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us have when we're growing up it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us have when we're growing up it's
+called a Deja Vu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a Deja Vu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a Deja Vu
+experience how many of you can recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience how many of you can recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience how many of you can recall
+having such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having such
+experiences you've been in a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences you've been in a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences you've been in a situation
+you're sure you were there before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sure you were there before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sure you were there before but
+you couldn't have been there before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't have been there before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't have been there before you
+know you're in a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're in a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're in a new
+place well we think it probably happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place well we think it probably happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place well we think it probably happens
+through a minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a minor
+seizure doesn't mean anything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seizure doesn't mean anything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seizure doesn't mean anything's
+wrong it doesn't because these cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong it doesn't because these cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong it doesn't because these cells in
+the lyic system are prone to getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lyic system are prone to getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lyic system are prone to getting
+overly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly
+excited and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and uh
+when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it
+becomes people with temporal epilepsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes people with temporal epilepsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes people with temporal epilepsy
+can have Deja Vu preceding an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have Deja Vu preceding an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have Deja Vu preceding an actual
+seizure okay but most of us it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seizure okay but most of us it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seizure okay but most of us it doesn't
+go that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go that
+far I kept having those until I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far I kept having those until I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far I kept having those until I think I
+was 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 30 years
+old but all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old but all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old but all right
+uh in the research negative emotions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the research negative emotions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the research negative emotions
+have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been
+stressed and when you read the rap you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed and when you read the rap you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed and when you read the rap you
+hear talks about a mdala it used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear talks about a mdala it used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear talks about a mdala it used to be
+they would only talk about learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would only talk about learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would only talk about learn
+fears that's changing a bit now and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fears that's changing a bit now and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fears that's changing a bit now and I
+knew from the human literature that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew from the human literature that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew from the human literature that it
+had to change because in fact positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to change because in fact positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to change because in fact positive
+feelings as well as negative can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings as well as negative can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings as well as negative can be
+obtained from manipulating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+area if you take the amigdala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area if you take the amigdala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area if you take the amigdala
+out there's not much on humans but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there's not much on humans but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there's not much on humans but
+occasionally there are humans with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally there are humans with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally there are humans with the
+megilla lesion generally not bilateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megilla lesion generally not bilateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megilla lesion generally not bilateral
+though but it has been done on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though but it has been done on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though but it has been done on both
+sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of
+monkeys and the first thing you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys and the first thing you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys and the first thing you notice
+you know monkeys Reese's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know monkeys Reese's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know monkeys Reese's
+monkeys are pretty wild they we we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys are pretty wild they we we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys are pretty wild they we we were
+getting Reese's monkeys that were wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting Reese's monkeys that were wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting Reese's monkeys that were wild
+caught then they started using only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught then they started using only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught then they started using only the
+ones that are bred in captivity but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are bred in captivity but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are bred in captivity but even
+the ones bred in captivity they grow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones bred in captivity they grow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones bred in captivity they grow up
+in these groups and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these groups and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these groups and they they
+are they are not tame monkeys but after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they are not tame monkeys but after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they are not tame monkeys but after
+the Amal leans they were remarkably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Amal leans they were remarkably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Amal leans they were remarkably
+tame they they lost their normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tame they they lost their normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tame they they lost their normal
+defensiveness and aggressiveness in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensiveness and aggressiveness in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensiveness and aggressiveness in
+social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situations but the monkeys in social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations but the monkeys in social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations but the monkeys in social
+groups become socially isolated because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups become socially isolated because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups become socially isolated because
+they're not sensitive the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not sensitive the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not sensitive the way they
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+be uh to dominance relationships so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh to dominance relationships so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh to dominance relationships so you
+know this this monkey who's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this this monkey who's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this this monkey who's not a
+dominant animal at all or he was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant animal at all or he was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant animal at all or he was before
+the amidal alion you know he'll walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amidal alion you know he'll walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amidal alion you know he'll walk
+right up to the dominant male and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up to the dominant male and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up to the dominant male and get
+clobbered by it you know so they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clobbered by it you know so they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clobbered by it you know so they get
+injured they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injured they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injured they become
+isolated uh just because they lose their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated uh just because they lose their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated uh just because they lose their
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+fears uh especially in response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fears uh especially in response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fears uh especially in response to
+visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual
+inputs they shoot show loss of autonomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs they shoot show loss of autonomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs they shoot show loss of autonomic
+reactions that accompany fear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that accompany fear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that accompany fear and
+anxiety uh they also use see some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxiety uh they also use see some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxiety uh they also use see some other
+types of effects like alter dietary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of effects like alter dietary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of effects like alter dietary
+preferences and in the animal work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and in the animal work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and in the animal work and
+this was true also of the cats you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was true also of the cats you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was true also of the cats you get
+hypersexuality there's a famous picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypersexuality there's a famous picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypersexuality there's a famous picture
+that used to be reproduced in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used to be reproduced in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used to be reproduced in all the
+the physiological psychology or brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physiological psychology or brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physiological psychology or brain
+and behavior books of a of a animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and behavior books of a of a animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and behavior books of a of a animal
+mounting another animal who's mounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounting another animal who's mounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounting another animal who's mounting
+another animal who's mounting another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another animal who's mounting another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another animal who's mounting another
+animal you know because they they've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal you know because they they've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal you know because they they've had
+a megal asan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a megal asan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a megal asan
+all right so I the amigdala like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I the amigdala like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I the amigdala like the
+stratum is involved in habit learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratum is involved in habit learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratum is involved in habit learning
+but what kind of habits are we talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what kind of habits are we talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what kind of habits are we talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now well I just described it as learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well I just described it as learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well I just described it as learned
+fears and other kinds of learned aects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fears and other kinds of learned aects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fears and other kinds of learned aects
+okay that can be considered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that can be considered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that can be considered a
+habit uh prejudices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit uh prejudices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit uh prejudices are
+learned that is an emot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that is an emot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that is an emot
+habit something learn it's a tag we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit something learn it's a tag we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit something learn it's a tag we put
+on certain things or even certain people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on certain things or even certain people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on certain things or even certain people
+okay so that you can that depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that you can that depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that you can that depends on the
+amydala and basil for brain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amydala and basil for brain okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amydala and basil for brain okay
+particularly the amydala because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the amydala because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the amydala because it's
+close connections to the temple lobe all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close connections to the temple lobe all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close connections to the temple lobe all
+right this is from a study of fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is from a study of fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is from a study of fear
+conditioning that was found to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning that was found to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning that was found to be
+dependent on the amydala and rats so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the amydala and rats so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the amydala and rats so
+here you have a rat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have a rat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have a rat in
+a a box with a a grid they can Electrify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a box with a a grid they can Electrify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a box with a a grid they can Electrify
+and there's a speaker here and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a speaker here and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a speaker here and they're
+sounding a tone and you can see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding a tone and you can see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding a tone and you can see in
+response to the tone the left graph here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to the tone the left graph here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to the tone the left graph here
+is blood pressure doesn't change very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is blood pressure doesn't change very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is blood pressure doesn't change very
+much this is the time he spends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much this is the time he spends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much this is the time he spends
+arresting his behavior so as a freezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arresting his behavior so as a freezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arresting his behavior so as a freezing
+Behavior very little okay when the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior very little okay when the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior very little okay when the sound
+is novel you'll get little little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is novel you'll get little little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is novel you'll get little little bit of
+increase in blood pressure little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in blood pressure little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in blood pressure little bit of
+freezing right at the beginning and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing right at the beginning and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing right at the beginning and then
+he gets used to it and you don't get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets used to it and you don't get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets used to it and you don't get it
+anymore okay but now if when you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore okay but now if when you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore okay but now if when you give
+the sound you Electrify the grid as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound you Electrify the grid as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound you Electrify the grid as
+you'd expect blood pressure goes way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect blood pressure goes way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect blood pressure goes way up
+he freezes a lot because he can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he freezes a lot because he can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he freezes a lot because he can't get
+away of course he tries to run but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away of course he tries to run but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away of course he tries to run but he
+can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away they don't shock them so much that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away they don't shock them so much that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away they don't shock them so much that
+they're really injured okay it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really injured okay it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really injured okay it's not
+it's not a super cruel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a super cruel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a super cruel
+experiment and it's often been used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and it's often been used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and it's often been used to
+study fear condition but anyway after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study fear condition but anyway after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study fear condition but anyway after
+they learn that Association now you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learn that Association now you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learn that Association now you just
+give the sound you don't Electrify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the sound you don't Electrify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the sound you don't Electrify the
+grid blood pressure goes up freezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid blood pressure goes up freezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid blood pressure goes up freezing
+goes up that's learned here and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up that's learned here and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up that's learned here and that's
+how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's
+measured uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured uh if
+you ablate the amigdala or just damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ablate the amigdala or just damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ablate the amigdala or just damage
+the path way from the medial genicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path way from the medial genicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path way from the medial genicular
+body of the thalamus to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of the thalamus to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of the thalamus to the
+OM you get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OM you get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OM you get rid of
+that there's pretty good evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's pretty good evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's pretty good evidence that
+depends on that pathway auditory pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on that pathway auditory pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on that pathway auditory pathway
+from thealis to the Amal to the lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from thealis to the Amal to the lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from thealis to the Amal to the lateral
+nucleus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Amal okay there's interesting lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amal okay there's interesting lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amal okay there's interesting lesion
+experiments that have been done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that have been done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that have been done in
+monkeys I want to go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys I want to go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys I want to go through this
+quickly uh how do you produce a monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh how do you produce a monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh how do you produce a monkey
+that shows all these bizarre effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows all these bizarre effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows all these bizarre effects of
+amdal ablation only when he's looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amdal ablation only when he's looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amdal ablation only when he's looking
+with one eye but not when he's looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one eye but not when he's looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one eye but not when he's looking
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+louder so you do a split brain operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder so you do a split brain operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder so you do a split brain operation
+meaning cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning cut the
+commers cut the optic kism so if you cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commers cut the optic kism so if you cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commers cut the optic kism so if you cut
+the optic kism you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optic kism you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optic kism you still have
+ipsilateral fibers you haven't cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipsilateral fibers you haven't cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipsilateral fibers you haven't cut the
+ones that don't cross Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that don't cross Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that don't cross Okay so
+like here here's the kism you cut it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here here's the kism you cut it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here here's the kism you cut it on
+the midline so now the right eye goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midline so now the right eye goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midline so now the right eye goes to
+the right side of the brain the left eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side of the brain the left eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side of the brain the left eye
+goes to the left side and of course each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the left side and of course each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the left side and of course each
+eye sees only half the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye sees only half the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye sees only half the visual
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but to get this to work so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but to get this to work so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but to get this to work so you
+start just with the omegal in one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start just with the omegal in one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start just with the omegal in one side
+the left hemisphere this I'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hemisphere this I'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hemisphere this I'm looking at
+the top but I'm showing where the omdala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top but I'm showing where the omdala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top but I'm showing where the omdala
+is down below in the temple loow okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have to not only cut the kism you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to not only cut the kism you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to not only cut the kism you
+have to cut the keters because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to cut the keters because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to cut the keters because
+otherwise the visual input that reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the visual input that reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the visual input that reaches
+this visual cortex can go from the ju
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this visual cortex can go from the ju
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this visual cortex can go from the ju
+distri areas here across to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distri areas here across to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distri areas here across to the other
+side because there's these areas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side because there's these areas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side because there's these areas are
+interconnected across the kais you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected across the kais you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected across the kais you have
+to eliminate that so they cut the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eliminate that so they cut the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eliminate that so they cut the and
+the reason they cut it all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason they cut it all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason they cut it all the way
+forward is they want they actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward is they want they actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward is they want they actually have
+to cut the anterior commer to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut the anterior commer to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut the anterior commer to get this
+to be complete because the igal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be complete because the igal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be complete because the igal is
+connected the mdala area Temple lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected the mdala area Temple lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected the mdala area Temple lobe
+structures even Temple neocortex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures even Temple neocortex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures even Temple neocortex is
+connected across the anterior commissure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected across the anterior commissure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected across the anterior commissure
+too so they cut these commers and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so they cut these commers and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so they cut these commers and now
+they get the animal has a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get the animal has a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get the animal has a totally
+different personality with one eye and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different personality with one eye and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different personality with one eye and
+with the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eye we call that a disconnection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye we call that a disconnection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye we call that a disconnection
+syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome
+disconnection syndromes have become well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnection syndromes have become well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnection syndromes have become well
+known in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neurology because many lesions even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurology because many lesions even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurology because many lesions even
+Strokes can eliminate a particular group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strokes can eliminate a particular group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strokes can eliminate a particular group
+of axons a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of axons a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of axons a particular
+pathway so the the person can lose his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so the the person can lose his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so the the person can lose his
+ability to read for example but he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to read for example but he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to read for example but he can
+he can see perfectly well then he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can see perfectly well then he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can see perfectly well then he can
+respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to
+objects but if you disconnect Ed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects but if you disconnect Ed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects but if you disconnect Ed the
+pathway going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway going to
+areas the wores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas the wores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas the wores
+area of the temporal and poster prival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the temporal and poster prival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the temporal and poster prival
+cortex then you won't be able to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex then you won't be able to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex then you won't be able to read
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right you can read the rest of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can read the rest of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can read the rest of this and
+I describ it in the chapter learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I describ it in the chapter learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I describ it in the chapter learn about
+how aggression these are all associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how aggression these are all associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how aggression these are all associated
+with Amiga functions we know aggression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Amiga functions we know aggression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Amiga functions we know aggression
+is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also
+highly dependent on amydala even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly dependent on amydala even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly dependent on amydala even though
+it's it's also generated through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's also generated through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's also generated through the
+hypothalamus of course but the end brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus of course but the end brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus of course but the end brain
+structure that most closely connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that most closely connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that most closely connected to
+it in fact it's a major function of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in fact it's a major function of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in fact it's a major function of that
+connection from AIG to the V medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection from AIG to the V medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection from AIG to the V medial
+hypothalamic nucas and you can stimulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic nucas and you can stimulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic nucas and you can stimulate
+the vent medial nucleus hypothalamus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vent medial nucleus hypothalamus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vent medial nucleus hypothalamus and
+get aggressive behavior but that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get aggressive behavior but that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get aggressive behavior but that is
+enhanced by testosterone this is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced by testosterone this is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced by testosterone this is just an
+experiment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that
+shows males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows males
+High aggressiveness it's low in females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High aggressiveness it's low in females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High aggressiveness it's low in females
+over here but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here but if
+you castrate them their aggressiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you castrate them their aggressiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you castrate them their aggressiveness
+goes down this is studies of rats but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down this is studies of rats but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down this is studies of rats but
+it's been done in number of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been done in number of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been done in number of other
+species as well and then you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species as well and then you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species as well and then you started
+ministering amydala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ministering amydala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ministering amydala
+sorry you started ministering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you started ministering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you started ministering a
+testosterone which affects the amigdala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testosterone which affects the amigdala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testosterone which affects the amigdala
+then aggressiveness comes back unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then aggressiveness comes back unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then aggressiveness comes back unless
+you you drop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you drop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you drop the
+level of the testosterone you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the testosterone you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the testosterone you're
+administering to low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administering to low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administering to low
+levels all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and then read about the basil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then read about the basil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then read about the basil
+forbrain we will go I think we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain we will go I think we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain we will go I think we'll have
+time to go through basil forbrain and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to go through basil forbrain and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to go through basil forbrain and I
+want you to understand this hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to understand this hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to understand this hypothesis
+because it relates to chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it relates to chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it relates to chapter
+13 studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 studies of
+plasticity it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity it
+gives it makes a prediction that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives it makes a prediction that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives it makes a prediction that has
+been verified indirectly in the studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been verified indirectly in the studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been verified indirectly in the studies
+of humans after early temple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of humans after early temple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of humans after early temple
+oblations in certain groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblations in certain groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblations in certain groups of
+schizophrenics all right this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenics all right this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenics all right this is from
+one of my papers a paper published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1970 N I think something like that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 N I think something like that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 N I think something like that okay
+so we'll come back to that next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/n80gFc12u60.txt b/n80gFc12u60.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0078bb40d9766e8bebcf2889e77bbaf63023b680
--- /dev/null
+++ b/n80gFc12u60.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,467 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so far we have used what is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we have used what is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we have used what is known as
+internal validation to test our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal validation to test our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal validation to test our model
+this means that we took the data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that we took the data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that we took the data from
+one set of patients and split them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of patients and split them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of patients and split them into
+a training set and a testing set while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a training set and a testing set while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a training set and a testing set while
+this confirms that our model is good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this confirms that our model is good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this confirms that our model is good at
+making predictions for patients in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making predictions for patients in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making predictions for patients in the
+Framingham Heart Study population it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham Heart Study population it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham Heart Study population it's
+unclear if the model generalizes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear if the model generalizes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear if the model generalizes to
+other populations the Framingham cohort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other populations the Framingham cohort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other populations the Framingham cohort
+of patients were white middle class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patients were white middle class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patients were white middle class
+adults to be sure that the model extends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults to be sure that the model extends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults to be sure that the model extends
+to other types of patients we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other types of patients we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other types of patients we need to
+test on other populations this is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test on other populations this is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test on other populations this is known
+as external validation there have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as external validation there have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as external validation there have been
+many studies to test the Framingham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many studies to test the Framingham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many studies to test the Framingham
+model from the influential 1998 paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model from the influential 1998 paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model from the influential 1998 paper on
+diverse cohorts this table shows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse cohorts this table shows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse cohorts this table shows a
+sample of studies that tested the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of studies that tested the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of studies that tested the model
+on populations with different races the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on populations with different races the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on populations with different races the
+researchers for each study collected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers for each study collected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers for each study collected the
+same risk factors used in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same risk factors used in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same risk factors used in the original
+study predicted CHD using the Framingham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study predicted CHD using the Framingham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study predicted CHD using the Framingham
+Heart Study model and then analyzed how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heart Study model and then analyzed how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heart Study model and then analyzed how
+accurate the model was for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate the model was for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate the model was for that
+population for some populations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population for some populations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population for some populations the
+Framingham model was accurate for the AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham model was accurate for the AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham model was accurate for the AR
+IC study that tested the model with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC study that tested the model with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC study that tested the model with
+black men this figure shows a bar graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black men this figure shows a bar graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black men this figure shows a bar graph
+of how the Framingham predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the Framingham predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the Framingham predictions
+compare with the actual results the gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with the actual results the gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with the actual results the gray
+bars are the predictions and the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars are the predictions and the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars are the predictions and the black
+bars are the actual outcomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars are the actual outcomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars are the actual outcomes the
+patient's are sorted on the x-axis by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's are sorted on the x-axis by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's are sorted on the x-axis by
+predicted risk and on the y-axis by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted risk and on the y-axis by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted risk and on the y-axis by the
+percentage of patients in each group who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of patients in each group who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of patients in each group who
+actually developed CHD for the most part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually developed CHD for the most part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually developed CHD for the most part
+the predictions are accurate there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predictions are accurate there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predictions are accurate there's one
+group for which the model under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group for which the model under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group for which the model under
+predicted the risk and one group for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted the risk and one group for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted the risk and one group for
+which the model over predicted the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the model over predicted the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the model over predicted the risk
+but for other populations the Framingham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for other populations the Framingham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for other populations the Framingham
+model was not as accurate for the HHS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model was not as accurate for the HHS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model was not as accurate for the HHS
+study with Japanese American men the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study with Japanese American men the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study with Japanese American men the
+freemium model systematically over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freemium model systematically over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freemium model systematically over
+predicts a risk of CHD the model can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts a risk of CHD the model can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts a risk of CHD the model can be
+recalibrated for this population by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalibrated for this population by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalibrated for this population by
+scaling down the predictor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling down the predictor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling down the predictor
+this changes the predicted risk but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this changes the predicted risk but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this changes the predicted risk but not
+the order of the predictions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the predictions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the predictions the
+high-risk patients still have higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-risk patients still have higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-risk patients still have higher
+predictions than the lower risk patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions than the lower risk patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions than the lower risk patients
+this allows the model to have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows the model to have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows the model to have more
+accurate risk estimates for populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate risk estimates for populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate risk estimates for populations
+not included in the original group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not included in the original group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not included in the original group of
+patients for models that will be used on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients for models that will be used on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients for models that will be used on
+different populations than the one used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different populations than the one used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different populations than the one used
+to create the model external validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create the model external validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create the model external validation
+is critical
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nAzefvAHMg4.txt b/nAzefvAHMg4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6033b4fb573e8ec0e6f8a09e3a536004faf825d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nAzefvAHMg4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4347 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu we have just this topic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu we have just this topic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu we have just this topic to
+cover before the midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover before the midterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover before the midterm
+exam so we'll probably have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam so we'll probably have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam so we'll probably have a little
+little bit of it to cover on Friday but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of it to cover on Friday but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of it to cover on Friday but
+I'm working on a review for you and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working on a review for you and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working on a review for you and I
+won't answer everything on the review of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't answer everything on the review of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't answer everything on the review of
+course we won't have time for that but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we won't have time for that but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we won't have time for that but I
+will try to go over some of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to go over some of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to go over some of the the
+points that students have asked me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that students have asked me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that students have asked me about
+in the past before the midterm that seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past before the midterm that seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past before the midterm that seem
+to points that seem to cause more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to points that seem to cause more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to points that seem to cause more
+confusion and I'll give you a few Clues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion and I'll give you a few Clues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion and I'll give you a few Clues
+to the kind of things I put on the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the kind of things I put on the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the kind of things I put on the exam
+but it's basically a short answer exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's basically a short answer exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's basically a short answer exam
+there might be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some
+matching all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching all right
+we got started with this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got started with this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got started with this last
+time I don't want to primary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I don't want to primary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I don't want to primary and
+secondary uh defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary uh defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary uh defense
+mechanisms start we talked a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms start we talked a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms start we talked a little bit
+about counter shading and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+camouflage and this is where we left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camouflage and this is where we left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camouflage and this is where we left
+many predators develop search images by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many predators develop search images by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many predators develop search images by
+perceptual learning and then they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptual learning and then they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptual learning and then they they
+learn to search for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to search for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to search for their
+prey uh remembering what they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey uh remembering what they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey uh remembering what they've been
+successful with in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+past and I asked what octopus and squid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and I asked what octopus and squid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and I asked what octopus and squid
+do and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and for
+that I would like to show a video let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would like to show a video let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would like to show a video let me
+see if I'm online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here just to some of you may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just to some of you may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just to some of you may not be
+familiar with this the mimic octop so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with this the mimic octop so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with this the mimic octop so I
+want it's only only take a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it's only only take a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it's only only take a couple of
+minutes this content has been removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes this content has been removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes this content has been removed
+due to copyright restrictions see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to copyright restrictions see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to copyright restrictions see the
+readings and viewings page for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings and viewings page for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings and viewings page for
+information about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material anyway there's more you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material anyway there's more you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material anyway there's more you can
+find a little more online if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+so that behavior of the octopus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that behavior of the octopus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that behavior of the octopus and
+there's another example right here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another example right here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another example right here in
+the cover of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+book another octopus that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book another octopus that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book another octopus that can
+change color patterns on its surface it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change color patterns on its surface it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change color patterns on its surface it
+can mimic Predators actually this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can mimic Predators actually this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can mimic Predators actually this this
+animal can create a thing that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal can create a thing that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal can create a thing that looks
+like two big eyes facing you it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two big eyes facing you it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two big eyes facing you it looks
+like a predator most most Predators have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a predator most most Predators have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a predator most most Predators have
+forward facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward facing
+eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes
+it's related to mimicry and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to mimicry and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to mimicry and I want to
+talk here about the different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk here about the different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk here about the different kinds of
+mimicry there's two kinds malaran and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicry there's two kinds malaran and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicry there's two kinds malaran and
+batesian with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batesian with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batesian with
+malaran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaran
+different different species that are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different species that are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different species that are all
+poisonous um evolved to look similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisonous um evolved to look similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisonous um evolved to look similar to
+each other because then they all benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other because then they all benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other because then they all benefit
+like the vespid wasps so an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the vespid wasps so an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the vespid wasps so an animal
+learns by eating trying to eat one Ved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns by eating trying to eat one Ved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns by eating trying to eat one Ved
+wasp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasp
+um they taste bad they're poisonous they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they taste bad they're poisonous they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they taste bad they're poisonous they
+the animal the Predator learns to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal the Predator learns to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal the Predator learns to avoid
+not just that one species but other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just that one species but other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just that one species but other
+vespids too because they look fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vespids too because they look fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vespids too because they look fairly
+similar they all have the bands uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar they all have the bands uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar they all have the bands uh
+yellow and black bands on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and black bands on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and black bands on their
+abdomen and uh that's the evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abdomen and uh that's the evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abdomen and uh that's the evolution of
+mulian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mulian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mulian
+mimicry with basian mimicry animals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicry with basian mimicry animals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicry with basian mimicry animals that
+are not poisonous will evolve to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not poisonous will evolve to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not poisonous will evolve to look
+like a poisonous one the best known is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a poisonous one the best known is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a poisonous one the best known is
+the monarch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monarch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monarch
+butterfly which is poisonous and bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butterfly which is poisonous and bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butterfly which is poisonous and bad
+tasting animals learn to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasting animals learn to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasting animals learn to avoid
+it birds will generally not attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it birds will generally not attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it birds will generally not attack
+monarchs and this is an example right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monarchs and this is an example right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monarchs and this is an example right
+here the Viceroy butterfly that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the Viceroy butterfly that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the Viceroy butterfly that's
+evolved to look very much like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved to look very much like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved to look very much like the
+Monarch here's a a female Monarch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monarch here's a a female Monarch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monarch here's a a female Monarch
+there's a a male monarch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a male monarch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a male monarch
+butterfly and there's several species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butterfly and there's several species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butterfly and there's several species
+that evolved to look like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Monarch now let's talk about way other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monarch now let's talk about way other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monarch now let's talk about way other
+ways to avoid predation the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to avoid predation the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to avoid predation the ground
+nesting birds why would a a why do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nesting birds why would a a why do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nesting birds why would a a why do some
+birds nest in the open on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds nest in the open on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds nest in the open on the ground
+they must have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must have some
+advantages and you can see one clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages and you can see one clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages and you can see one clear
+Advantage Advantage they can see any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage Advantage they can see any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage Advantage they can see any
+approaching Predator because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching Predator because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching Predator because there's no
+concealment but of course their nest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concealment but of course their nest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concealment but of course their nest
+isn't all that well conce sealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't all that well conce sealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't all that well conce sealed
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do they do to protect their nest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do they do to protect their nest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do they do to protect their nest
+from an approaching Predator like a fox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an approaching Predator like a fox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an approaching Predator like a fox
+or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a
+Pat and one of the best known examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pat and one of the best known examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pat and one of the best known examples
+that's usually cited that is the the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually cited that is the the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually cited that is the the way
+the plovers behav here's a couple of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plovers behav here's a couple of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plovers behav here's a couple of uh
+plovers blackheaded Plover and a piping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plovers blackheaded Plover and a piping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plovers blackheaded Plover and a piping
+plover they both nest on the ground so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plover they both nest on the ground so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plover they both nest on the ground so
+they have that problem what to do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have that problem what to do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have that problem what to do if
+there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a
+predator they want to protect their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator they want to protect their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator they want to protect their
+eggs they of course can fly away but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs they of course can fly away but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs they of course can fly away but
+that leaves the eggs unprotected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves the eggs unprotected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves the eggs unprotected
+so uh one of the things they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one of the things they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one of the things they do is
+reminiscent of what we saw in that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscent of what we saw in that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscent of what we saw in that very
+first video we showed in class of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first video we showed in class of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first video we showed in class of the
+the stickle backing remember the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stickle backing remember the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stickle backing remember the the
+male stickle back and have his nest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male stickle back and have his nest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male stickle back and have his nest
+attacked by female stickle backs and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked by female stickle backs and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked by female stickle backs and he
+will he'll behave like he's got a nest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will he'll behave like he's got a nest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will he'll behave like he's got a nest
+some other place he creates a false nest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other place he creates a false nest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other place he creates a false nest
+and he attracts them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he attracts them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he attracts them to
+that you know and so they then are LED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know and so they then are LED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know and so they then are LED
+away from his real nest and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from his real nest and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from his real nest and that's what
+these birds do they'll they'll pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these birds do they'll they'll pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these birds do they'll they'll pretend
+they're nesting in the wrong place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're nesting in the wrong place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're nesting in the wrong place
+attract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract the
+predator and of course they fly away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator and of course they fly away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator and of course they fly away and
+then the Predator doesn't get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Predator doesn't get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Predator doesn't get their
+eggs another me meod is to approach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs another me meod is to approach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs another me meod is to approach the
+Predator if there's Tall Grass where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator if there's Tall Grass where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator if there's Tall Grass where he
+can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+it uh and then suddenly they'll duck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh and then suddenly they'll duck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh and then suddenly they'll duck
+down so they're hidden in the grass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so they're hidden in the grass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so they're hidden in the grass and
+they'll Scurry away squeaking like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll Scurry away squeaking like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll Scurry away squeaking like a
+rodent and the Predator finds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodent and the Predator finds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodent and the Predator finds that
+irresistible he chases after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresistible he chases after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresistible he chases after the
+Roden and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roden and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roden and
+uh and of course that rodent mimik the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and of course that rodent mimik the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and of course that rodent mimik the
+Plover is leading the animal away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plover is leading the animal away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plover is leading the animal away from
+their nest and there's another couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their nest and there's another couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their nest and there's another couple of
+methods they can use they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods they can use they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods they can use they
+can especially if the Predators already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can especially if the Predators already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can especially if the Predators already
+pretty close they can run directly at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close they can run directly at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close they can run directly at it
+they can fly run or fly towards it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can fly run or fly towards it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can fly run or fly towards it
+they'll call very loudly they turn away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll call very loudly they turn away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll call very loudly they turn away
+the last second and move away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last second and move away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last second and move away from the
+nest that way they attract the Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nest that way they attract the Predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nest that way they attract the Predator
+to attack them but they're quite able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attack them but they're quite able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attack them but they're quite able to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+away another well-known one and a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away another well-known one and a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away another well-known one and a few of
+you may have occasionally seen this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have occasionally seen this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have occasionally seen this in
+the wild if you like to observe Birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild if you like to observe Birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild if you like to observe Birds
+that's the broken wing display this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the broken wing display this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the broken wing display this
+animal that's being attacked can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal that's being attacked can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal that's being attacked can
+flee uh along the ground acting like he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flee uh along the ground acting like he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flee uh along the ground acting like he
+can't fly looking exactly like he's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fly looking exactly like he's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fly looking exactly like he's got
+an injured wing and again Predators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an injured wing and again Predators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an injured wing and again Predators
+can't resist that you know an injured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't resist that you know an injured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't resist that you know an injured
+bird is their best chance catching a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird is their best chance catching a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird is their best chance catching a
+bird normally normally they can't catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird normally normally they can't catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird normally normally they can't catch
+birds but they can catch them if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds but they can catch them if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds but they can catch them if they're
+injured so that way the Plover can again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injured so that way the Plover can again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injured so that way the Plover can again
+lead the animal away from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead the animal away from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead the animal away from their
+nest so all of that's kind of secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nest so all of that's kind of secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nest so all of that's kind of secondary
+defense reduces the success of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense reduces the success of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense reduces the success of an
+attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh reducing the probability of attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reducing the probability of attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reducing the probability of attack
+that's sorry primary now the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sorry primary now the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sorry primary now the secondary
+defense is when an animal is is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense is when an animal is is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense is when an animal is is actually
+caught by the prick what does he do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught by the prick what does he do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught by the prick what does he do to
+reduce the chances he's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the chances he's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the chances he's going to be
+killed they're not totally helpless even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed they're not totally helpless even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed they're not totally helpless even
+if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're
+caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught
+so Scott describes the behavior of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Scott describes the behavior of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Scott describes the behavior of a
+chick chicks of course are a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chick chicks of course are a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chick chicks of course are a lot less
+able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able
+than adult chickens to they can't fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than adult chickens to they can't fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than adult chickens to they can't fly
+yet uh they can't even run very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet uh they can't even run very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet uh they can't even run very fast
+they're much more like likely to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more like likely to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more like likely to get
+caught in the jaws of a predator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught in the jaws of a predator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught in the jaws of a predator and
+what they what do they do well they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they what do they do well they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they what do they do well they they
+have this physiological change in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this physiological change in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this physiological change in their
+body it's called tonic IM immobility we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body it's called tonic IM immobility we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body it's called tonic IM immobility we
+call it playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it playing
+dead but it's a physiological response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead but it's a physiological response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead but it's a physiological response
+you know it's an innate it's a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's an innate it's a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's an innate it's a fixed
+action pattern okay um other animals I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action pattern okay um other animals I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action pattern okay um other animals I
+ask here whether mammals have such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask here whether mammals have such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask here whether mammals have such
+response and many small mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and many small mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and many small mammals
+do U I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do U I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do U I still
+remember when I was keeping hamsters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when I was keeping hamsters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when I was keeping hamsters in
+a basement uh I kept pet hamsters for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basement uh I kept pet hamsters for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basement uh I kept pet hamsters for a
+while before I started studying them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while before I started studying them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while before I started studying them in
+the lab and I remember coming down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab and I remember coming down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab and I remember coming down there
+and the a female had gotten out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the a female had gotten out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the a female had gotten out of the
+nest are the cage that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nest are the cage that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nest are the cage that I had
+and but when I turned the light on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but when I turned the light on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but when I turned the light on and
+made movement that animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made movement that animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made movement that animal
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+froze became totally immobile and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+froze became totally immobile and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+froze became totally immobile and I
+thought you know as soon as I I walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you know as soon as I I walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you know as soon as I I walk
+over here she's just going to run and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here she's just going to run and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here she's just going to run and
+get away I'm going to have to trap her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away I'm going to have to trap her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away I'm going to have to trap her
+with food or something or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with food or something or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with food or something or
+water and if you know these animals well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and if you know these animals well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and if you know these animals well
+that's fairly easy to do but it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fairly easy to do but it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fairly easy to do but it takes a
+lot of time but instead the animal was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time but instead the animal was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time but instead the animal was
+totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+immobile I could even touch the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobile I could even touch the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobile I could even touch the animal
+and move a limb and it would just stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move a limb and it would just stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move a limb and it would just stay
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+way you know it was atonic Mobility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you know it was atonic Mobility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you know it was atonic Mobility
+response and they maintain it for quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and they maintain it for quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and they maintain it for quite
+a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few
+minutes ancers also have that as a res
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ancers also have that as a res
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ancers also have that as a res
+response to specific odors of for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to specific odors of for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to specific odors of for
+example P cat-like animals and certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example P cat-like animals and certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example P cat-like animals and certain
+species of dog I had it happen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species of dog I had it happen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species of dog I had it happen with
+visitors who had a dog uh but all dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitors who had a dog uh but all dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitors who had a dog uh but all dogs
+didn't elicit that just certain ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't elicit that just certain ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't elicit that just certain ones and
+I I never have cracked down exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I never have cracked down exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I never have cracked down exactly
+which ones were more related to the PCAT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones were more related to the PCAT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones were more related to the PCAT
+and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but anyway these chicks are responding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway these chicks are responding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway these chicks are responding
+to the the vision of those two predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the vision of those two predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the vision of those two predator
+eyes facing them that triggers the tonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes facing them that triggers the tonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes facing them that triggers the tonic
+immobility and uh and every once in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobility and uh and every once in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobility and uh and every once in a
+while the chick and generally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the chick and generally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the chick and generally the
+Predator if he doesn't struggle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator if he doesn't struggle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator if he doesn't struggle and
+doesn't move you know just keeps him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't move you know just keeps him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't move you know just keeps him and
+HS its area its nest area and doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HS its area its nest area and doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HS its area its nest area and doesn't
+immediately kill them I mean why why he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately kill them I mean why why he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately kill them I mean why why he
+doesn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need
+to unless he's competing with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unless he's competing with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unless he's competing with other
+animal in which case he might it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal in which case he might it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal in which case he might it doesn't
+this method doesn't always work for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method doesn't always work for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method doesn't always work for the
+chick but the chick lying there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chick but the chick lying there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chick but the chick lying there will
+occasionally Peak to find out if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally Peak to find out if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally Peak to find out if the
+Predator is still there and if it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator is still there and if it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator is still there and if it it
+looks and he still gets that stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks and he still gets that stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks and he still gets that stimulus
+he'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll
+continue in that state of tonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue in that state of tonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue in that state of tonic
+immobility but if he doesn't see the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobility but if he doesn't see the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobility but if he doesn't see the two
+eyes there'll be innate releasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes there'll be innate releasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes there'll be innate releasing
+mechanism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is
+missing he will lose the tonic IM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing he will lose the tonic IM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing he will lose the tonic IM
+immobility and run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away now we know that aasum does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away now we know that aasum does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away now we know that aasum does
+something similar they're the best known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar they're the best known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar they're the best known
+we talk about opossums playing dead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about opossums playing dead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about opossums playing dead you
+never don't hear about hamsters but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never don't hear about hamsters but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never don't hear about hamsters but I
+can assure you they also can do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assure you they also can do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assure you they also can do that and
+many other small mammals with certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other small mammals with certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other small mammals with certain
+kinds of stimulation rabbits for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of stimulation rabbits for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of stimulation rabbits for example
+can enter that state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we talked about anti-predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we talked about anti-predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we talked about anti-predator
+benefits of group foraging by birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of group foraging by birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of group foraging by birds
+before and I want you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I want you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I want you should be able to
+tell what the major benefits are and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell what the major benefits are and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell what the major benefits are and the
+costs I can count at least three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs I can count at least three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs I can count at least three
+benefits one is dilution effect we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits one is dilution effect we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits one is dilution effect we call
+it the selfish herd you know the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the selfish herd you know the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the selfish herd you know the more
+animals are there the less chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals are there the less chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals are there the less chance that
+any one animal's going to be caught and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one animal's going to be caught and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one animal's going to be caught and
+for that reason in the period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that reason in the period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that reason in the period of
+reproduction many animals reproduce in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction many animals reproduce in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction many animals reproduce in a
+colony because if the colony is attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colony because if the colony is attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colony because if the colony is attack
+the chances that it will be their nest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chances that it will be their nest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chances that it will be their nest
+and their young that are attacked are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their young that are attacked are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their young that are attacked are
+reduced it also of course reduces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced it also of course reduces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced it also of course reduces the
+demands for Vi vigilance on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands for Vi vigilance on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands for Vi vigilance on an
+individual because there's many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual because there's many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual because there's many more
+eyes to see the Predator so the chances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes to see the Predator so the chances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes to see the Predator so the chances
+of they detecting a predator are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of they detecting a predator are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of they detecting a predator are much
+greater one animal responds they it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater one animal responds they it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater one animal responds they it's
+It's Quickly communicated to all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's Quickly communicated to all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's Quickly communicated to all of them
+either because they fly or they emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because they fly or they emit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because they fly or they emit
+alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm
+calls or both and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls or both and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls or both and of
+course if they're they all fly up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if they're they all fly up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if they're they all fly up at
+once it confuses the predator and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it confuses the predator and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it confuses the predator and very
+often the Predator doesn't get any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the Predator doesn't get any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the Predator doesn't get any of
+them it has costs of course with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it has costs of course with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it has costs of course with
+you're you're competing with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're competing with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're competing with a lot of
+other animals for food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other animals for food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other animals for food
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+uh other animals there interfering can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other animals there interfering can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other animals there interfering can
+interfere with your activities is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with your activities is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with your activities is it's
+of course a lot worse if you're not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a lot worse if you're not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a lot worse if you're not a
+dominant uh individual in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant uh individual in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant uh individual in
+the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the
+flock we talked about the optimal group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flock we talked about the optimal group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flock we talked about the optimal group
+size which was not specifically rated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size which was not specifically rated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size which was not specifically rated
+related to predation but to food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to predation but to food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to predation but to food
+Gathering ability so I won't go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering ability so I won't go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering ability so I won't go back
+over that now I well mentioned mobbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that now I well mentioned mobbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that now I well mentioned mobbing
+here we've talked about mobbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've talked about mobbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've talked about mobbing
+in in Jack do and in geese you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Jack do and in geese you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Jack do and in geese you saw
+examples of that of the geese in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that of the geese in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that of the geese in the
+video you read about it in Lawrence's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video you read about it in Lawrence's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video you read about it in Lawrence's
+description of Jack do we saw it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of Jack do we saw it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of Jack do we saw it in the
+marcat video as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marcat video as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marcat video as
+well uh Scott discusses the blackheaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh Scott discusses the blackheaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh Scott discusses the blackheaded
+guls which uh will show mobbing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guls which uh will show mobbing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guls which uh will show mobbing of
+predators and he cites data from a study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predators and he cites data from a study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predators and he cites data from a study
+where they looked at Colony nesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they looked at Colony nesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they looked at Colony nesting
+gulls uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gulls uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gulls uh
+and how frequently they engaged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how frequently they engaged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how frequently they engaged in
+mobbing as a function of where their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobbing as a function of where their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobbing as a function of where their
+nest was in the colum okay if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nest was in the colum okay if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nest was in the colum okay if they were
+near the center of the colony the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the center of the colony the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the center of the colony the rate
+of mobbing in those animals in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mobbing in those animals in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mobbing in those animals in those
+nests was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nests was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nests was the
+highest the rate at which they lost eggs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest the rate at which they lost eggs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest the rate at which they lost eggs
+to a was the lowest okay and then if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a was the lowest okay and then if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a was the lowest okay and then if he
+went to the edge of the colony further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the edge of the colony further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the edge of the colony further
+he got from the center okay then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got from the center okay then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got from the center okay then they
+were less likely to engage in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were less likely to engage in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were less likely to engage in the
+mobbing Behavior but they were much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobbing Behavior but they were much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobbing Behavior but they were much more
+likely to have their nests redated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have their nests redated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have their nests redated and
+they would lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eggs so mobbing is an effective kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs so mobbing is an effective kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs so mobbing is an effective kind of
+anti-predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-predator
+behavior so what they can they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so what they can they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so what they can they do
+besides these kinds of behaviors or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides these kinds of behaviors or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides these kinds of behaviors or just
+running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running
+away of course that's the main defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away of course that's the main defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away of course that's the main defense
+an animal has if he's by himself he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal has if he's by himself he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal has if he's by himself he's
+attacked by a predator he has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+run and the trick is simply not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and the trick is simply not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and the trick is simply not getting
+caught and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught and
+uh but they can do other things too for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but they can do other things too for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but they can do other things too for
+example some mollusks they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example some mollusks they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example some mollusks they have
+these uh tentacles that they can some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh tentacles that they can some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh tentacles that they can some of
+these tentacles actually are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tentacles actually are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tentacles actually are pretty
+meaty and animals will often because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaty and animals will often because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaty and animals will often because
+they're moving are more likely to attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're moving are more likely to attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're moving are more likely to attack
+that part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the
+Mosk but these things can be shed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mosk but these things can be shed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mosk but these things can be shed
+similarly lizard you know the tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly lizard you know the tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly lizard you know the tail
+they'll move their tail much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll move their tail much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll move their tail much more than
+the rest of their body and they will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of their body and they will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of their body and they will do
+that purposely because if they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that purposely because if they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that purposely because if they can
+attack if the animal attacks them grabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack if the animal attacks them grabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack if the animal attacks them grabs
+the tail the lizard just sheds the tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail the lizard just sheds the tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail the lizard just sheds the tail
+and the tailess lizard will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tailess lizard will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tailess lizard will get
+away and sometimes the tail will be shed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and sometimes the tail will be shed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and sometimes the tail will be shed
+and it keeps wiggling and wiggling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it keeps wiggling and wiggling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it keeps wiggling and wiggling and
+the Predator keeps going after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it the movement is irresistible to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Predator okay we talked about this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator okay we talked about this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator okay we talked about this a
+little bit about alarm calls you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about alarm calls you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about alarm calls you should
+be know that there's both altruistic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be know that there's both altruistic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be know that there's both altruistic and
+selfish aspects uses of alarm calls we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish aspects uses of alarm calls we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish aspects uses of alarm calls we
+know it can be altruistic it can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it can be altruistic it can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it can be altruistic it can help
+others but of course the animal doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but of course the animal doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but of course the animal doing
+the calling his position is betrayed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calling his position is betrayed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calling his position is betrayed to
+the Predator so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cost and of course you can elicit a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and of course you can elicit a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and of course you can elicit a the
+animal can elicit a mass escape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal can elicit a mass escape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal can elicit a mass escape and
+benefit from the dilution and confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from the dilution and confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from the dilution and confusion
+effects and he can do that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and he can do that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and he can do that you know
+uh he's he's benefiting perhaps more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's he's benefiting perhaps more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's he's benefiting perhaps more
+than the others because of the Head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the others because of the Head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the others because of the Head
+Start he gets uh and sometimes he will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Start he gets uh and sometimes he will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Start he gets uh and sometimes he will
+do that even if there's not a predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that even if there's not a predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that even if there's not a predator
+just so he gets access to food so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so he gets access to food so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so he gets access to food so that's
+another selfish use of of the alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calls crestwell in 94 is Rie viewed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls crestwell in 94 is Rie viewed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls crestwell in 94 is Rie viewed by
+Scott collected data on that the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scott collected data on that the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scott collected data on that the these
+animals that weighed around the shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals that weighed around the shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals that weighed around the shallow
+water and eat fat worms that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and eat fat worms that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and eat fat worms that they
+find the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the bottom of the
+ponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponds
+uh he found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he found
+that the ones that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ones that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ones that didn't
+call okay and the ones that flew up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call okay and the ones that flew up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call okay and the ones that flew up the
+LA the latest were the most likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LA the latest were the most likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LA the latest were the most likely to be
+attacked so those animals that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked so those animals that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked so those animals that were
+doing the calling weren't the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the calling weren't the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the calling weren't the most
+likely to be caught even though they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be caught even though they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be caught even though they did
+betray their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betray their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betray their
+position you know the calling might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you know the calling might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you know the calling might
+attract the Predator to the region but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract the Predator to the region but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract the Predator to the region but
+it doesn't make him select the animal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't make him select the animal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't make him select the animal to
+attack in fact if the animal's calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack in fact if the animal's calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack in fact if the animal's calling
+he's probably the one you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's probably the one you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's probably the one you don't want to
+attack because he's the Vigilant one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack because he's the Vigilant one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack because he's the Vigilant one
+that saw you first they want to attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that saw you first they want to attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that saw you first they want to attack
+an animal that's less aware and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal that's less aware and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal that's less aware and that's
+exactly what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what they
+do the late pliers and the non- callers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the late pliers and the non- callers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the late pliers and the non- callers
+were the most likely to be attacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the most likely to be attacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the most likely to be attacked
+and of course I mentioned here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I mentioned here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I mentioned here at the
+end that alarm calls can also attract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end that alarm calls can also attract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end that alarm calls can also attract
+predators of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predators of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predators of the
+Predator so that's is another occasional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator so that's is another occasional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator so that's is another occasional
+benefit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calling red Shanks actually have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling red Shanks actually have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling red Shanks actually have two
+distinct ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct ways of
+escaping now some animals even have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escaping now some animals even have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escaping now some animals even have very
+distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct
+calls that gives away which way they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls that gives away which way they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls that gives away which way they're
+going to escapee and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to escapee and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to escapee and that's
+because they can be attacked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can be attacked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can be attacked in
+different ways and this for the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and this for the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and this for the red
+Shanks they have two major pre Predators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shanks they have two major pre Predators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shanks they have two major pre Predators
+the paragr Falcons you know attack from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paragr Falcons you know attack from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paragr Falcons you know attack from
+above and in a rapid diving attack so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and in a rapid diving attack so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and in a rapid diving attack so
+they need to crouch low and remain still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to crouch low and remain still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to crouch low and remain still
+uh so they're not attracting the vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so they're not attracting the vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so they're not attracting the vision
+of that falcon whereas the sparrow hawk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that falcon whereas the sparrow hawk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that falcon whereas the sparrow hawk
+attacks flying in just above the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks flying in just above the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks flying in just above the ground
+low so they best bet if he's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low so they best bet if he's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low so they best bet if he's already
+been detected and that Hawk is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been detected and that Hawk is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been detected and that Hawk is coming
+towards him the best thing he can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards him the best thing he can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards him the best thing he can do is
+fly up so that's why and there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly up so that's why and there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly up so that's why and there are two
+very distinct methods of escape and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very distinct methods of escape and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very distinct methods of escape and they
+each work best for only for one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each work best for only for one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each work best for only for one of the
+one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these
+predators and then we come to a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predators and then we come to a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predators and then we come to a really
+weird one starting Behavior it's caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird one starting Behavior it's caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird one starting Behavior it's caused
+a lot of confusion in studies of animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of confusion in studies of animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of confusion in studies of animal
+behavior do you know what it is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior do you know what it is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior do you know what it is you know
+these little gazel uh will be fleeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little gazel uh will be fleeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little gazel uh will be fleeing
+from a predator and as they flee they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a predator and as they flee they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a predator and as they flee they're
+take using extra energy and extra time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take using extra energy and extra time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take using extra energy and extra time
+to LEAP up high so they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to LEAP up high so they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to LEAP up high so they can be
+seen they make themselves visible to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen they make themselves visible to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen they make themselves visible to the
+predator and this is the way they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator and this is the way they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator and this is the way they look
+like and when they when you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and when they when you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and when they when you're looking
+at them as you see in the drawing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them as you see in the drawing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them as you see in the drawing here
+here's a cheetah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a cheetah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a cheetah
+pursuing one of these Thompson gazelle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing one of these Thompson gazelle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing one of these Thompson gazelle
+and the cheetah sees him from behind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cheetah sees him from behind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cheetah sees him from behind and
+he's what he sees is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's what he sees is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's what he sees is
+this like a white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like a white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like a white
+flag every time the gazelle leaps out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag every time the gazelle leaps out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag every time the gazelle leaps out
+now why would they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that there's been multiple hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's been multiple hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's been multiple hypotheses
+uh the uh the book mentions 11 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh the book mentions 11 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh the book mentions 11 that
+there are 11 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 11 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 11 different
+hypotheses uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses uh
+uh he summarizes just three of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he summarizes just three of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he summarizes just three of them and
+uses data from Carol this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses data from Carol this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses data from Carol this is from
+1986 about it uh he found that attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1986 about it uh he found that attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1986 about it uh he found that attacks
+by cheetah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh were appeared to be deterred by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were appeared to be deterred by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were appeared to be deterred by the
+starting it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting it does
+work and the the interpretation is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and the the interpretation is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and the the interpretation is that
+it's communicating this I'm far enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's communicating this I'm far enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's communicating this I'm far enough
+away that I have a high probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that I have a high probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that I have a high probability of
+Escape so why wait waste your time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape so why wait waste your time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape so why wait waste your time and
+energy and of course if he do if it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and of course if he do if it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and of course if he do if it does
+deter the attack of the cheetah then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter the attack of the cheetah then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter the attack of the cheetah then the
+animal himself will use less energy he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal himself will use less energy he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal himself will use less energy he
+will not have to flee as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not have to flee as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not have to flee as
+long and in fact they've collected data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and in fact they've collected data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and in fact they've collected data
+that is summarized in the book about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is summarized in the book about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is summarized in the book about the
+frequency of success of these attacks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of success of these attacks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of success of these attacks in
+animals that engage in starting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals that engage in starting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals that engage in starting and
+those that don't and those that show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that don't and those that show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that don't and those that show the
+starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting
+Behavior Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Uh
+are not caught as often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I want to show this video called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to show this video called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to show this video called
+Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great
+Escapes some of you have seen Marty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escapes some of you have seen Marty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escapes some of you have seen Marty
+stuer on the TV and public television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuer on the TV and public television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuer on the TV and public television
+and these are the thing I will try to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the thing I will try to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the thing I will try to I
+not don't know if I'll show all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not don't know if I'll show all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not don't know if I'll show all of these
+things but these are this is a summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but these are this is a summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but these are this is a summary
+of a number of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a number of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a number of the
+things in the earlier part of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the earlier part of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the earlier part of the the
+video so let me pull it up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it'll start out with a a bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll start out with a a bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll start out with a a bob
+cat the most common big cat in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat the most common big cat in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat the most common big cat in the
+USA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USA
+not a real huge cat but a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Predator this content has been removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator this content has been removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator this content has been removed
+due to copyright restrictions see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to copyright restrictions see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to copyright restrictions see the
+readings and viewings page for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings and viewings page for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings and viewings page for
+information about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material okay why didn't bob cat kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material okay why didn't bob cat kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material okay why didn't bob cat kill
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+we've met this before when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've met this before when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've met this before when we talked
+about predatory behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about predatory behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about predatory behavior
+and the work of leusen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lawrence what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence what's your
+interpretation good exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation good exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation good exam
+question interpret that what just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question interpret that what just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question interpret that what just
+happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I'm hearing you right I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm hearing you right I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm hearing you right I think you
+what you said is correct he had he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said is correct he had he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said is correct he had he had
+exercised his killing bite pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercised his killing bite pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercised his killing bite pretty
+recently and killed prey his motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently and killed prey his motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently and killed prey his motivation
+for executing the killing bite was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for executing the killing bite was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for executing the killing bite was
+reduced below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced below the
+level where it could be triggered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level where it could be triggered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level where it could be triggered by
+that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very
+Pig but his motivation to stalk and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pig but his motivation to stalk and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pig but his motivation to stalk and even
+attack was still high enough that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack was still high enough that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack was still high enough that when
+the stimulus was strong like that tur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus was strong like that tur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus was strong like that tur
+chicken taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken taking
+off they elicited the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off they elicited the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off they elicited the
+attack but he wasn't sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack but he wasn't sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack but he wasn't sufficiently
+motivated to finish that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated to finish that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated to finish that last
+step because the action specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step because the action specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step because the action specific
+potential the motivation to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the motivation to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the motivation to do the
+killing bite does it doesn't build up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing bite does it doesn't build up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing bite does it doesn't build up as
+fast as the motivation for those earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as the motivation for those earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as the motivation for those earlier
+parts of preditory behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's other examples of that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's other examples of that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's other examples of that in the
+work of Le hosen that isn't the he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of Le hosen that isn't the he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of Le hosen that isn't the he
+wasn't playing with it but that seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't playing with it but that seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't playing with it but that seems to
+be what it amounts to and in fact these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what it amounts to and in fact these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what it amounts to and in fact these
+big cats will do that when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big cats will do that when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big cats will do that when they
+themselves have killed and eaten and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves have killed and eaten and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves have killed and eaten and so
+forth they will still actually catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth they will still actually catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth they will still actually catch
+prey without killing and bring it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey without killing and bring it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey without killing and bring it to
+their young which then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their young which then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their young which then and
+practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we're going to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coyote this content has been removed due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coyote this content has been removed due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coyote this content has been removed due
+to copyright restrictions see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to copyright restrictions see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to copyright restrictions see the
+readings and viewings page for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings and viewings page for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings and viewings page for
+information about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material I wanted to show you there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material I wanted to show you there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material I wanted to show you there was
+only one other thing I could show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one other thing I could show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one other thing I could show you
+it's just a bobcat attacking a lizard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a bobcat attacking a lizard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a bobcat attacking a lizard
+and uh the Bobcat ends up chasing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the Bobcat ends up chasing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the Bobcat ends up chasing a
+tail okay so I will see you on Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail okay so I will see you on Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail okay so I will see you on Friday
+and we will just have a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will just have a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will just have a little bit more
+on any predator behavior and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any predator behavior and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any predator behavior and then we'll
+do us some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reviewing
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nCBTC3-xsLM.txt b/nCBTC3-xsLM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..16f43c48f881b49f6e3b3375f0d44011a26ddfb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nCBTC3-xsLM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+PROFESSOR: Hi everyone.
+
+Welcome to the biochemistry
+help sessions.
+
+This is the covalent bonds,
+chirality, electronegativity,
+
+and hydrogen bonds module.
+
+In this help session, I'll be
+going over the first practice
+
+problem in this module.
+
+If you have not had a chance
+to look over this problem
+
+yourself, please go back, look
+over the problem, try it, and
+
+then come back and we'll
+go through it together.
+
+Now that you've had a chance to
+look at the problem, let's
+
+get started.
+
+First of all, what
+is this molecule?
+
+To me, this molecule looks
+like it's a sugar.
+
+It's a polysaccharide, to be
+exact, and it's actually a
+
+chain of glucose molecules.
+
+So in this problem, the first
+part of the problem asks us to
+
+name each circled bond
+in this molecule.
+
+So the first circled bond is
+right here, and this is a
+
+carbon to carbon bond.
+
+Now, the first thing that we can
+notice about this bond is
+
+that it's a carbon to carbon
+bond, and we know that carbon
+
+only forms covalent bonds
+in biological systems.
+
+So the first thing we can say
+is that this bond is a
+
+covalent bond.
+
+Second, we need to decide
+if this bond is
+
+polar or non polar.
+
+And the way we decide that
+is we look at the
+
+electronegativity of
+the atoms involved.
+
+In this bond we have
+two carbons.
+
+And so since they're the same
+atoms, we know that they have
+
+the same electronegativity.
+
+And bonds between two atoms of
+the same electronegativity are
+
+non polar bonds.
+
+So we know that this carbon
+to carbon bond is
+
+covalent and non polar.
+
+Now we'll look at the
+second bond circled.
+
+This bond is a carbon
+to oxygen bond.
+
+It is similar to the first
+bond in that it involves
+
+carbon, so we can say that
+it is a covalent bond.
+
+What's different about this
+bond, however, is that it is a
+
+carbon bound to an oxygen.
+
+And when you look at the
+electronegativities of carbon
+
+and oxygen, you find that
+oxygen is much more
+
+electronegative than carbon.
+
+So in a carbon to oxygen bond,
+you actually have oxygen is
+
+greedy, and it's going to take
+the electrons closer to itself
+
+and not share them equally
+with the carbon.
+
+So in this kind of bond,
+oxygen will be slightly
+
+negative and carbon will be
+slightly positive, because the
+
+electrons are attracted
+closer to the oxygen.
+
+In a bond where you have a
+slightly negative side and a
+
+slightly positive side, we
+call this a polar bond.
+
+So we can say that a carbon to
+oxygen bond is a polar bond.
+
+So in this first part, we
+learned that the difference
+
+between a covalent and
+a non polar and a
+
+covalent polar bond.
+
+The second part of the problem,
+part B, asks if this
+
+sugar molecule is soluble
+in water.
+
+So first you need to know
+whether this molecule is polar
+
+or non polar.
+
+And since we know that it has
+carbon to oxygen bonds, we
+
+know that it has polar bonds,
+so it is a polar molecule.
+
+And what do we know
+about water?
+
+We know water is an oxygen
+bound to two hydrogens.
+
+And since it has this very
+electronegative oxygen, we
+
+know that it is also
+a polar molecule.
+
+And an easy rule of thumb is
+that like dissolves like.
+
+So since these are both polar
+molecules, sugar dissolves
+
+very easily in water.
+
+If you had a fat, on the other
+hand, which is a non polar
+
+molecule, it would not
+dissolve in water.
+
+That's why when you put
+oil and water, you
+
+don't see it dissolve.
+
+So now that we understand why
+sugar dissolves very easily in
+
+water, we'll move into the third
+part of the problem,
+
+where they ask what types of
+bonds can form between these
+
+long polymers.
+
+So looking at these polymers,
+the first thing that we can
+
+notice is that there are these
+oxygens and hydrogens on each
+
+of the polymers.
+
+And looking at these, we can see
+how you can have hydrogen
+
+bonding, which we learned about
+in class, between the
+
+oxygen of one sugar molecule
+to the hydrogen of another
+
+sugar molecule, thus forming
+hydrogen bonding networks
+
+between the sugar molecules.
+
+And in this way, they can
+interact with each other.
+
+So in this help session we have
+covered the difference
+
+between a covalent non
+polar bond and a
+
+covalent polar bond.
+
+We have covered why water can
+dissolve sugar very easily,
+
+and what kind of bonds
+can form between
+
+these two sugar molecules.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/o1bk4otKZw8.txt b/o1bk4otKZw8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..71e75b00aaa3b2e3b74ec4796244e7df040583ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/o1bk4otKZw8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,643 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Happy birthday, dude. Jeez, Sally, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happy birthday, dude. Jeez, Sally, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happy birthday, dude. Jeez, Sally, I
+can't believe you remembered. Can I open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't believe you remembered. Can I open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't believe you remembered. Can I open
+this now? Of course. I hope you like it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now? Of course. I hope you like it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now? Of course. I hope you like it.
+Sounds like it has parts. I know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sounds like it has parts. I know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sounds like it has parts. I know how
+much you like to build things. I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you like to build things. I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you like to build things. I think I
+know what it is. Will I have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is. Will I have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is. Will I have to keep
+this here in the lab? Only if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here in the lab? Only if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here in the lab? Only if you want
+to. Awesome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. Awesome.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. Awesome.
+It's an electronics building kit. It has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an electronics building kit. It has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an electronics building kit. It has
+all the parts to build a bug that scoots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the parts to build a bug that scoots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the parts to build a bug that scoots
+around on the floor. The box says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around on the floor. The box says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around on the floor. The box says the
+red laser eyes will flash when it hears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red laser eyes will flash when it hears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red laser eyes will flash when it hears
+a voice. Do you like it? I do. I guess.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voice. Do you like it? I do. I guess.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voice. Do you like it? I do. I guess.
+But well, I thought this might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But well, I thought this might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But well, I thought this might be the
+parts to build something real. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to build something real. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to build something real. You know,
+something living, like a real bug with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something living, like a real bug with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something living, like a real bug with
+red eyes and legs that move. You thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red eyes and legs that move. You thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red eyes and legs that move. You thought
+the box had parts for genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box had parts for genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box had parts for genetic
+programming? Yeah, that's what I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming? Yeah, that's what I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming? Yeah, that's what I really
+want to try. If I do okay snapping these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try. If I do okay snapping these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try. If I do okay snapping these
+wires and lights together, can I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and lights together, can I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and lights together, can I get a
+genetics kit next? I would love to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics kit next? I would love to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics kit next? I would love to give
+you that. But there is no snap together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that. But there is no snap together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that. But there is no snap together
+version here. Let me show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version here. Let me show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version here. Let me show you the
+closest thing. You know that all living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest thing. You know that all living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest thing. You know that all living
+things are programmed by their DNA,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are programmed by their DNA,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are programmed by their DNA,
+their genomes, and that DNA is made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their genomes, and that DNA is made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their genomes, and that DNA is made of
+four kinds of nucleotides, GATC. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four kinds of nucleotides, GATC. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four kinds of nucleotides, GATC. But
+even when we know the order of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when we know the order of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when we know the order of every
+nucleotide in the master program, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide in the master program, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide in the master program, we
+still don't completely understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still don't completely understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still don't completely understand how
+the program works. So, it's not easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program works. So, it's not easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program works. So, it's not easy to
+snap together a new genetic program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap together a new genetic program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap together a new genetic program that
+works predictably. To really program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works predictably. To really program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works predictably. To really program
+with DNA, we'll need our own programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with DNA, we'll need our own programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with DNA, we'll need our own programming
+language, one that allows us to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language, one that allows us to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language, one that allows us to create
+our own grammar and vocabulary. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own grammar and vocabulary. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own grammar and vocabulary. We can
+call the words parts, where each part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the words parts, where each part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the words parts, where each part
+describes some biological function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes some biological function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes some biological function.
+Here's a functional sequence I happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a functional sequence I happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a functional sequence I happen to
+know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know.
+Oh, is that a real sequence? What do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, is that a real sequence? What do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, is that a real sequence? What do you
+mean real? It's really nucleotides. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean real? It's really nucleotides. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean real? It's really nucleotides. I
+mean, does it do anything? Is it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, does it do anything? Is it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, does it do anything? Is it really
+a part? It is. This one is a promoter, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part? It is. This one is a promoter, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part? It is. This one is a promoter, a
+piece of DNA where the RNA polymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA where the RNA polymerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA where the RNA polymerase
+from the bacteria phase T7 can bind. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bacteria phase T7 can bind. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bacteria phase T7 can bind. But
+how do you know that? How am I supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know that? How am I supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know that? How am I supposed
+to know that? Dude, that's the point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that? Dude, that's the point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that? Dude, that's the point.
+What? That you know more than me? No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What? That you know more than me? No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What? That you know more than me? No.
+Look, the point is that we can describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Look, the point is that we can describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Look, the point is that we can describe
+the function of a sequence and catalog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of a sequence and catalog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of a sequence and catalog
+it so you don't have to memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you don't have to memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you don't have to memorize
+sequences. No one does. Here, let's draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences. No one does. Here, let's draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences. No one does. Here, let's draw
+a black box around the sequence itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black box around the sequence itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black box around the sequence itself
+and call it a promoter part. Here, let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and call it a promoter part. Here, let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and call it a promoter part. Here, let
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+try. Dude, no, Sally. Really? Parts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try. Dude, no, Sally. Really? Parts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try. Dude, no, Sally. Really? Parts are
+only cool if they can be snapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only cool if they can be snapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only cool if they can be snapped
+together. Even this electronics kit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Even this electronics kit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Even this electronics kit
+makes it easy to hook the wires up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it easy to hook the wires up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it easy to hook the wires up with
+the battery and the LED. The instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battery and the LED. The instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battery and the LED. The instruction
+book gives me rules for putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book gives me rules for putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book gives me rules for putting the
+parts together so I don't short circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts together so I don't short circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts together so I don't short circuit
+or fry the thing. Don't be mad, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fry the thing. Don't be mad, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fry the thing. Don't be mad, but I
+really don't see how biological parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't see how biological parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't see how biological parts
+will help me write a new genetic program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help me write a new genetic program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help me write a new genetic program
+if there isn't an easy way to put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there isn't an easy way to put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there isn't an easy way to put them
+back together so they'll work. I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together so they'll work. I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together so they'll work. I'm not
+mad. These are two really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad. These are two really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad. These are two really important
+ideas. And you're exactly right. No one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas. And you're exactly right. No one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas. And you're exactly right. No one
+knows all the rules for reliably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows all the rules for reliably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows all the rules for reliably
+assembling genetic programs. But there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling genetic programs. But there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling genetic programs. But there
+are some ideas about how to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some ideas about how to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some ideas about how to put the
+parts together. Want to look? Sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts together. Want to look? Sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts together. Want to look? Sure.
+Well, the parts will need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the parts will need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the parts will need to be
+standardized in some way so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized in some way so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized in some way so they can
+snap together. Let's look at biioicks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap together. Let's look at biioicks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap together. Let's look at biioicks
+for one example.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oIezCGjxV3A.txt b/oIezCGjxV3A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e72172e4af753f926f868c21b47735f45611194
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oIezCGjxV3A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the uh last but one lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the uh last but one lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the uh last but one lecture
+of the term so what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the term so what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the term so what I'm going to do
+today is in uh about 45 minutes give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is in uh about 45 minutes give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is in uh about 45 minutes give you
+a uh quick history of the internet from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh quick history of the internet from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh quick history of the internet from
+we'll start in the late 1950s and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start in the late 1950s and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start in the late 1950s and then
+get to uh get to today and then next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to uh get to today and then next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to uh get to today and then next
+time on Monday I'll conclude this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on Monday I'll conclude this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on Monday I'll conclude this class
+by first doing a wrap-up of 602 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by first doing a wrap-up of 602 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by first doing a wrap-up of 602 and then
+also telling you a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also telling you a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also telling you a little bit about
+where I think the future of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I think the future of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I think the future of
+communication systems might be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication systems might be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication systems might be going
+I'll probably be wrong about it but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll probably be wrong about it but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll probably be wrong about it but I'll
+be confident about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the um and and today the the idea is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um and and today the the idea is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um and and today the the idea is to
+try to connect some of the topics we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to connect some of the topics we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to connect some of the topics we've
+studied in the class so far to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in the class so far to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in the class so far to this
+history of course we're not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of course we're not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of course we're not going to be
+able to do all of it so the the story so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do all of it so the the story so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do all of it so the the story so
+far in terms of the history you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in terms of the history you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in terms of the history you know you
+have to assume so we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to assume so we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to assume so we're going to start
+in 1959 or 1957 and by this time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1959 or 1957 and by this time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1959 or 1957 and by this time you
+know the history of communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the history of communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the history of communication
+systems has had a lot of successes and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems has had a lot of successes and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems has had a lot of successes and a
+common theme is that that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common theme is that that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common theme is that that there's a
+technology that comes around it succeeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that comes around it succeeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that comes around it succeeds
+it it you know tries to take over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it you know tries to take over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it you know tries to take over the
+world and right at the time when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and right at the time when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and right at the time when it
+looks like there's nothing else that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there's nothing else that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there's nothing else that's
+going to happen some other new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen some other new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen some other new
+technology comes around that um over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology comes around that um over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology comes around that um over
+time kills it so uh the first successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time kills it so uh the first successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time kills it so uh the first successful
+Network Technology was the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network Technology was the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network Technology was the electric
+Telegraph and the electric telegraph was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telegraph and the electric telegraph was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telegraph and the electric telegraph was
+uh done by a number of different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh done by a number of different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh done by a number of different people
+wheatstone and cook built an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheatstone and cook built an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheatstone and cook built an electric
+Telegraph in England mors and Veil built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telegraph in England mors and Veil built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telegraph in England mors and Veil built
+one in the US the mors cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the US the mors cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the US the mors cook
+was developed as part of the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed as part of the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed as part of the electric
+Telegraph and that did a great job in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telegraph and that did a great job in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telegraph and that did a great job in
+the 1830s 1840s 1850s and so forth U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1830s 1840s 1850s and so forth U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1830s 1840s 1850s and so forth U and
+then other Technologies came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then other Technologies came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then other Technologies came
+around now this would this sort of story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around now this would this sort of story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around now this would this sort of story
+keeps repeating and so by the 1950s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps repeating and so by the 1950s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps repeating and so by the 1950s the
+dominant player in the communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant player in the communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant player in the communication
+area is the telephone Network so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is the telephone Network so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is the telephone Network so we have
+uh the Bell Telephone Company and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Bell Telephone Company and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Bell Telephone Company and in the
+US it dominates uh there's equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US it dominates uh there's equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US it dominates uh there's equivalent
+telephone companies in other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone companies in other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone companies in other countries
+and and you have this massive amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you have this massive amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you have this massive amazing
+telephone Network and increasingly many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone Network and increasingly many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone Network and increasingly many
+people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have
+telephones on the wireless side there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephones on the wireless side there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephones on the wireless side there
+isn't a wireless telephone system in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a wireless telephone system in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a wireless telephone system in in
+the 1950s but what we have a radio uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1950s but what we have a radio uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1950s but what we have a radio uh
+broadcast radio and broadcast television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast radio and broadcast television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast radio and broadcast television
+and some very powerful companies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some very powerful companies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some very powerful companies that
+own Wireless Spectrum to offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own Wireless Spectrum to offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own Wireless Spectrum to offer
+television and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radio so the story starts in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio so the story starts in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio so the story starts in the late
+1950s and in 1957 a big thing happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s and in 1957 a big thing happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s and in 1957 a big thing happened
+Sputnik launched and that caused the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sputnik launched and that caused the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sputnik launched and that caused the US
+to assume that they were falling behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that they were falling behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that they were falling behind
+in science and technology and that led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science and technology and that led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science and technology and that led
+to the creation of arpa the advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the creation of arpa the advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the creation of arpa the advanced
+research projects agency that still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research projects agency that still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research projects agency that still
+exists it's known as DARPA today and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists it's known as DARPA today and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists it's known as DARPA today and is
+a uh probably the biggest Federal funer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh probably the biggest Federal funer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh probably the biggest Federal funer
+of fundamental research uh and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fundamental research uh and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fundamental research uh and a lot of
+Applied research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+development Paul Baran in in many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development Paul Baran in in many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development Paul Baran in in many ways
+is one of the fathers or the father of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the fathers or the father of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the fathers or the father of
+packet switch Technologies he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet switch Technologies he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet switch Technologies he was
+working at a think tank called the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at a think tank called the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at a think tank called the r
+corporation which was uh which had a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation which was uh which had a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation which was uh which had a lot
+which was an organization that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was an organization that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was an organization that really
+was a think tank it allowed people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a think tank it allowed people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a think tank it allowed people to
+think about long-term fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about long-term fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about long-term fundamental
+directions uh in terms of technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions uh in terms of technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions uh in terms of technology and
+where technology was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where technology was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where technology was
+heading and he was looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading and he was looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading and he was looking at the
+problem of trying to build a what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of trying to build a what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of trying to build a what he
+called a survivable communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a survivable communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a survivable communication
+Network and you know the story is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and you know the story is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and you know the story is that
+he's trying to build a network that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to build a network that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to build a network that can
+be that can continue to work in the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that can continue to work in the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that can continue to work in the face
+of a nuclear war but that's really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nuclear war but that's really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nuclear war but that's really not
+what he was trying to go after what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was trying to go after what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was trying to go after what he
+was trying to build was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to build was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to build was just
+understanding how do you design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how do you design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how do you design
+communication networks that allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication networks that allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication networks that allow you to
+handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle
+failures and a lot of the then telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures and a lot of the then telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures and a lot of the then telephone
+network was a very centralized kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network was a very centralized kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network was a very centralized kind of
+structure where uh you would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure where uh you would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure where uh you would have a
+network that had very little redundancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that had very little redundancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that had very little redundancy
+built into it and you'd have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into it and you'd have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into it and you'd have lots of
+these Central starlike topologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Central starlike topologies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Central starlike topologies and
+the problem of course when you connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of course when you connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of course when you connect
+these stars together and these star-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stars together and these star-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stars together and these star-like
+pieces connect to other star-like pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces connect to other star-like pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces connect to other star-like pieces
+is that you you had better make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you you had better make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you you had better make these
+points here these not nodes or switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here these not nodes or switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here these not nodes or switches
+here extremely extremely reliable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here extremely extremely reliable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here extremely extremely reliable and
+because and those links that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and those links that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and those links that are
+connecting them to these other Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting them to these other Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting them to these other Central
+structures because otherwise the failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures because otherwise the failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures because otherwise the failure
+of those things would kill the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things would kill the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things would kill the system
+and the Bel Telephone Company actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Bel Telephone Company actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Bel Telephone Company actually
+understood how to build these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood how to build these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood how to build these very
+expensive very very reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive very very reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive very very reliable
+switches but they were very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches but they were very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches but they were very very
+extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely
+expensive the other problem is and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive the other problem is and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive the other problem is and we'll
+get back to this later today is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to this later today is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to this later today is that a
+telephone network is a great network but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone network is a great network but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone network is a great network but
+it supports exactly one application the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it supports exactly one application the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it supports exactly one application the
+application is you pick up the phone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is you pick up the phone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is you pick up the phone and
+you talk it's very hard on the face of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk it's very hard on the face of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk it's very hard on the face of
+it to imagine how a telephone Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to imagine how a telephone Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to imagine how a telephone Network
+would do a great job at uh supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do a great job at uh supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do a great job at uh supporting
+the web for example the web was no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web for example the web was no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web for example the web was no one
+even thought of the web but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even thought of the web but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even thought of the web but even
+something basic like being able to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something basic like being able to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something basic like being able to um
+watch a a a video stream whose quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch a a a video stream whose quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch a a a video stream whose quality
+might vary with time and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might vary with time and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might vary with time and these are
+things that the internet did differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that the internet did differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that the internet did differently
+and did better than the telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did better than the telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did better than the telephone
+network but the telephone Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network but the telephone Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network but the telephone Network
+fundamentally had in those days a fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally had in those days a fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally had in those days a fault
+tolerance issue and the way they dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance issue and the way they dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance issue and the way they dealt
+with it was to build extremely reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it was to build extremely reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it was to build extremely reliable
+components Paul baran's idea which other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components Paul baran's idea which other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components Paul baran's idea which other
+people had been thinking about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had been thinking about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had been thinking about in
+talking with was he observed that and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with was he observed that and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with was he observed that and in
+those days the telephone network was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those days the telephone network was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those days the telephone network was
+largely uh analog uh the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely uh analog uh the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely uh analog uh the digital
+telephony wasn't really there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephony wasn't really there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephony wasn't really there and
+digital computers were just starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital computers were just starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital computers were just starting to
+come in and Paul Baran was probably one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and Paul Baran was probably one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and Paul Baran was probably one
+of the first few people who realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first few people who realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first few people who realized
+that Computing and digital Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Computing and digital Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Computing and digital Technologies
+can change life in terms of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change life in terms of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change life in terms of how you
+build these systems because the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build these systems because the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build these systems because the digital
+abstraction allows you you to know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction allows you you to know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction allows you you to know for
+sure whether a component is working or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure whether a component is working or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure whether a component is working or
+not because if it works it gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because if it works it gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because if it works it gives you an
+answer that then you can verify and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that then you can verify and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that then you can verify and if
+it doesn't work it just stops working it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't work it just stops working it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't work it just stops working it
+isn't like an analog system where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't like an analog system where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't like an analog system where the
+you know it may or may not be working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it may or may not be working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it may or may not be working
+and as the noise increases or some fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the noise increases or some fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the noise increases or some fault
+occurs you know you're starting to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs you know you're starting to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs you know you're starting to see a
+lot of noise and it's garbled you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of noise and it's garbled you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of noise and it's garbled you don't
+quite you're not quite sure with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite you're not quite sure with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite you're not quite sure with a
+digital system it other works or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital system it other works or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital system it other works or it
+doesn't work you can build systems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work you can build systems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work you can build systems like
+that and he noticed that you could now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and he noticed that you could now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and he noticed that you could now
+start to think of building reli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to think of building reli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to think of building reli
+systems out of lots of unreliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems out of lots of unreliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems out of lots of unreliable
+individual components and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual components and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual components and this is the
+fundamental guiding theme for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental guiding theme for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental guiding theme for large
+scale Computing systems from the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale Computing systems from the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale Computing systems from the late
+1950s I mean this goes all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s I mean this goes all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s I mean this goes all the way to
+how you know Google or Amazon or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you know Google or Amazon or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you know Google or Amazon or
+Facebook or any of these Big Data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook or any of these Big Data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook or any of these Big Data
+Centers work any single one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centers work any single one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centers work any single one of those
+computers there is highly unreliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers there is highly unreliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers there is highly unreliable
+relative to what you could do if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to what you could do if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to what you could do if you put
+in a lot of money to build a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of money to build a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of money to build a very
+reliable computer but the Ensemble is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable computer but the Ensemble is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable computer but the Ensemble is
+highly reliable and to do that requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly reliable and to do that requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly reliable and to do that requires
+a lot of cleverness and care and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of cleverness and care and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of cleverness and care and the
+first real example of this is a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first real example of this is a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first real example of this is a digital
+uh communication Network built out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh communication Network built out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh communication Network built out of
+this idea of packets in in in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of packets in in in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of packets in in in a in a
+couple of papers that he wrote in the 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of papers that he wrote in the 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of papers that he wrote in the 19
+late 1950s and early 1960s he said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1950s and early 1960s he said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1950s and early 1960s he said that
+with the digital computer you could now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the digital computer you could now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the digital computer you could now
+start to build highly reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to build highly reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to build highly reliable
+communication networks out of unreliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication networks out of unreliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication networks out of unreliable
+components and so he articulated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and so he articulated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and so he articulated this
+idea that you can connect these switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you can connect these switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you can connect these switches
+or nodes together in highly redundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nodes together in highly redundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nodes together in highly redundant
+structures and and if you have a stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and and if you have a stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and and if you have a stream
+of data to send you don't have to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data to send you don't have to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data to send you don't have to really
+pick a particular path through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a particular path through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a particular path through the
+structure you could take that message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you could take that message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you could take that message
+and break it up into different pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and break it up into different pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and break it up into different pieces
+and ship them in different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ship them in different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ship them in different directions
+and even if you chose to ship them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if you chose to ship them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if you chose to ship them all
+in one direction if a failure occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one direction if a failure occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one direction if a failure occurred
+uh these switches could themselves start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these switches could themselves start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these switches could themselves start
+moving the data in different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the data in different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the data in different directions
+which meant that you no longer think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which meant that you no longer think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which meant that you no longer think of
+a communication as a big stream that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a communication as a big stream that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a communication as a big stream that you
+have to send in one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to send in one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to send in one way
+but you can start thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can start thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can start thinking about
+splitting it up into these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting it up into these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting it up into these different
+pieces now like with many of these ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces now like with many of these ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces now like with many of these ideas
+you know it's rare to find sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's rare to find sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's rare to find sometimes it
+happens but it's rare to find uh exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens but it's rare to find uh exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens but it's rare to find uh exactly
+one person in the world thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person in the world thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person in the world thinking about
+it no matter how groundbreaking the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no matter how groundbreaking the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no matter how groundbreaking the idea
+there were other people working on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were other people working on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were other people working on it
+and Donald Davies in the UK in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Donald Davies in the UK in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Donald Davies in the UK in the early
+60s was looking at similar ideas and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s was looking at similar ideas and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s was looking at similar ideas and he
+came he actually coined the term packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came he actually coined the term packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came he actually coined the term packet
+we use packets now to mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use packets now to mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use packets now to mean you know
+these little messages that you ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little messages that you ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little messages that you ship
+through the network that are Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the network that are Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the network that are Atomic
+units of delivery uh this term was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of delivery uh this term was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of delivery uh this term was
+coined by Donald Davis in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coined by Donald Davis in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coined by Donald Davis in the
+1960s now all of this was wonderful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s now all of this was wonderful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s now all of this was wonderful and
+sort of theoretical abstractions but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of theoretical abstractions but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of theoretical abstractions but how
+do you start to come up with some design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you start to come up with some design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you start to come up with some design
+principles for building communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles for building communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles for building communication
+networks uh in particular how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks uh in particular how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks uh in particular how do you
+deal with the problem of having these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the problem of having these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the problem of having these
+you know Links come together at a switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Links come together at a switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Links come together at a switch
+and try to share the links going out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to share the links going out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to share the links going out of
+a switch in a way that allows traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a switch in a way that allows traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a switch in a way that allows traffic
+from different conversations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different conversations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different conversations to
+Multiplex on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multiplex on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multiplex on the same
+link the idea of having a queue in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link the idea of having a queue in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link the idea of having a queue in a
+switch in retrospect seems completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch in retrospect seems completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch in retrospect seems completely
+obvious but you know if you're the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but you know if you're the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but you know if you're the first
+time you're seeing something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're seeing something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're seeing something like this
+and the telephone Network had really no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the telephone Network had really no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the telephone Network had really no
+cues the idea that you would build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues the idea that you would build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues the idea that you would build a
+queue and now start to analyze it is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue and now start to analyze it is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue and now start to analyze it is is
+is a pretty groundbreaking result again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty groundbreaking result again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty groundbreaking result again
+there were many people involved but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many people involved but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many people involved but
+probably the most the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most the leading
+contributions came from a person called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions came from a person called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions came from a person called
+Len kleinrock who was a PhD student at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Len kleinrock who was a PhD student at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Len kleinrock who was a PhD student at
+MIT and in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and in his
+1961 PhD thesis um information flow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1961 PhD thesis um information flow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1961 PhD thesis um information flow and
+large communication Nets wrote about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large communication Nets wrote about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large communication Nets wrote about how
+you could use queuing Theory to analiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use queuing Theory to analiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use queuing Theory to analiz
+and to model communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to model communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to model communication
+networks now at at around the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks now at at around the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks now at at around the same time
+again at MIT lick lier and Clark wrote A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at MIT lick lier and Clark wrote A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at MIT lick lier and Clark wrote A
+A A really interesting paper it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A A really interesting paper it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A A really interesting paper it's
+actually worth reading now I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worth reading now I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worth reading now I mean it's
+50 years ago but it's interesting they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years ago but it's interesting they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years ago but it's interesting they
+sort of you know you have to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know you have to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know you have to go back and
+think you know this was at a time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know this was at a time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know this was at a time when
+people didn't really have this idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't really have this idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't really have this idea that
+people could sit in front of computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could sit in front of computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could sit in front of computers
+computers were used to you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers were used to you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers were used to you know maybe
+count votes I suspect they get it wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count votes I suspect they get it wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count votes I suspect they get it wrong
+today more than they did in those days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today more than they did in those days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today more than they did in those days
+but you know computers were used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know computers were used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know computers were used to
+count votes they were used to count you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count votes they were used to count you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count votes they were used to count you
+know help with the US Census but nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know help with the US Census but nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know help with the US Census but nobody
+thought about people sitting in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about people sitting in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about people sitting in front of
+computers and they wrote this wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and they wrote this wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and they wrote this wonderful
+paper called uh online man computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper called uh online man computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper called uh online man computer
+communication I guess in those days uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication I guess in those days uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication I guess in those days uh
+you know man meant people uh so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know man meant people uh so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know man meant people uh so anyway
+they wrote this paper and in fact Li
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wrote this paper and in fact Li
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wrote this paper and in fact Li
+lier had this vision of what he called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lier had this vision of what he called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lier had this vision of what he called a
+galactic Network that would span the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactic Network that would span the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactic Network that would span the
+glob globe and Beyond which was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glob globe and Beyond which was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glob globe and Beyond which was in the
+for the early 60s it was a pretty uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the early 60s it was a pretty uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the early 60s it was a pretty uh
+remarkable Vision Now using these ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable Vision Now using these ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable Vision Now using these ideas
+in particular Len flein Rock's ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular Len flein Rock's ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular Len flein Rock's ideas and
+this idea of man computer interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of man computer interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of man computer interactions
+which of course uh you know the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course uh you know the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course uh you know the idea of
+everybody having their own computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody having their own computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody having their own computer
+wasn't the paper's Vision this paper's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the paper's Vision this paper's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the paper's Vision this paper's
+Vision was there's a lot of computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision was there's a lot of computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision was there's a lot of computers
+out there but people just had remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there but people just had remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there but people just had remote
+Terminals and you would log in and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminals and you would log in and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminals and you would log in and have
+these big computers that you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big computers that you could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big computers that you could use
+but then you would have nice you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you would have nice you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you would have nice you know
+interactions on your own terminal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions on your own terminal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions on your own terminal uh
+that that what that paper was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that what that paper was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that what that paper was about
+Larry Roberts who was uh first at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larry Roberts who was uh first at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larry Roberts who was uh first at MIT
+and then moved to arpa to run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then moved to arpa to run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then moved to arpa to run this
+program uh created something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh created something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh created something called the
+arpanet and wrote a paper and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arpanet and wrote a paper and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arpanet and wrote a paper and uh and
+wrote a program that is a call for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a program that is a call for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a program that is a call for
+proposals for the arpanet which was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals for the arpanet which was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals for the arpanet which was a
+plan for time sharing remote computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for time sharing remote computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for time sharing remote computers
+so the internet the arpanet was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the internet the arpanet was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the internet the arpanet was the
+precursor to the internet and it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to the internet and it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to the internet and it started
+not because we wanted to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because we wanted to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because we wanted to build a
+communication Network to prevent it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication Network to prevent it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication Network to prevent it to
+to work when there was nuclear war or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work when there was nuclear war or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work when there was nuclear war or
+any of these major disasters it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these major disasters it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these major disasters it actually
+had a very concrete goal just allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a very concrete goal just allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a very concrete goal just allow
+people computers were really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people computers were really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people computers were really really
+expensive just allow people no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive just allow people no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive just allow people no matter
+where they were to be able to harness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were to be able to harness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were to be able to harness
+the power of expensive Computing far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of expensive Computing far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of expensive Computing far
+away and make it look to the extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and make it look to the extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and make it look to the extent
+possible as if the computers were with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible as if the computers were with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible as if the computers were with
+you that's that was the vision pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's that was the vision pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's that was the vision pretty
+compelling but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling but
+simple and they decided for very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and they decided for very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and they decided for very good
+reason to pick packet switching uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to pick packet switching uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to pick packet switching uh the
+reasons primarily had to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons primarily had to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons primarily had to do with
+economics this was a network that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics this was a network that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics this was a network that was
+being proposed for an application whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being proposed for an application whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being proposed for an application whose
+utility was questionable and the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility was questionable and the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility was questionable and the idea of
+investing huge amounts of money uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing huge amounts of money uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing huge amounts of money uh was
+not quite palatable they uh and Larry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite palatable they uh and Larry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite palatable they uh and Larry
+Roberts and others were very taken by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roberts and others were very taken by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roberts and others were very taken by
+this vision of packet switching so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vision of packet switching so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vision of packet switching so they
+said you know what the ronet is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know what the ronet is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know what the ronet is going to
+be a packet switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a packet switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a packet switch
+Network I'll come back to this later but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network I'll come back to this later but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network I'll come back to this later but
+of course the telephone companies like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the telephone companies like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the telephone companies like
+AT&T just thought this was a terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AT&T just thought this was a terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AT&T just thought this was a terrible
+idea and we using every opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and we using every opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and we using every opportunity to
+ridicule the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridicule the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridicule the
+idea the arpanet was created and a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the arpanet was created and a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the arpanet was created and a few
+teams bid on the contract for it and BBN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams bid on the contract for it and BBN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams bid on the contract for it and BBN
+both berck and Newman that's uh new alil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both berck and Newman that's uh new alil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both berck and Newman that's uh new alil
+wife in Cambridge they're still there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife in Cambridge they're still there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife in Cambridge they're still there
+they're part of Ron now and they still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're part of Ron now and they still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're part of Ron now and they still
+continue to do pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to do pretty interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to do pretty interesting
+research they got they won the contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research they got they won the contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research they got they won the contract
+to build this network build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build this network build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build this network build the
+technology for this network and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology for this network and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology for this network and because
+the processing involved in the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processing involved in the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processing involved in the network
+the protocols that were involved were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocols that were involved were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocols that were involved were
+considered complicated and considered to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered complicated and considered to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered complicated and considered to
+be computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be computationally
+intensive they had to build a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive they had to build a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive they had to build a separate
+piece of Hardware that they named the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of Hardware that they named the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of Hardware that they named the
+Imp or the interface message processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imp or the interface message processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imp or the interface message processor
+and BBN want the contract to do that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and BBN want the contract to do that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and BBN want the contract to do that the
+idea of an interface message processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of an interface message processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of an interface message processor
+is that every computer as well as every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that every computer as well as every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that every computer as well as every
+switch that you know the switch would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch that you know the switch would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch that you know the switch would
+have some Hardware to forward stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some Hardware to forward stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some Hardware to forward stuff but
+you needed something to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you needed something to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you needed something to do the
+computation of both the routing tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of both the routing tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of both the routing tables
+as well as actually every packet every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as actually every packet every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as actually every packet every
+packet would show up and you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet would show up and you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet would show up and you would have
+to compute some sort of a checkm on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute some sort of a checkm on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute some sort of a checkm on it
+and you'd have to do this computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd have to do this computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd have to do this computational
+task of figuring out how to forward that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task of figuring out how to forward that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task of figuring out how to forward that
+packet and that was just considered too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and that was just considered too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and that was just considered too
+much work to have on an actual little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work to have on an actual little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work to have on an actual little
+computer so they actually had to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer so they actually had to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer so they actually had to build a
+separate piece of Hardware that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate piece of Hardware that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate piece of Hardware that you
+would attach to your computer and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would attach to your computer and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would attach to your computer and some
+it probably about as big and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably about as big and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably about as big and you can see
+the picture here these imps were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture here these imps were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture here these imps were
+attached to bigger computers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to bigger computers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to bigger computers or
+computers of the same size and these did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers of the same size and these did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers of the same size and these did
+the networking I mean today you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the networking I mean today you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the networking I mean today you know
+that all of that stuff you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of that stuff you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of that stuff you know a
+million times more is you know going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million times more is you know going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million times more is you know going on
+on this device but back in the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this device but back in the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this device but back in the day
+that's how it was so they won this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it was so they won this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it was so they won this
+interface message processor contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface message processor contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface message processor contract
+called the Imp and you know uh when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Imp and you know uh when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Imp and you know uh when you
+win a big Federal contract often times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win a big Federal contract often times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win a big Federal contract often times
+your Congressman or Senator writes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Congressman or Senator writes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Congressman or Senator writes to
+you uh in fact it's funny because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh in fact it's funny because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh in fact it's funny because a
+bunch of us got um you know for a period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of us got um you know for a period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of us got um you know for a period
+of time before the senate election a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time before the senate election a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time before the senate election a
+bunch of us were getting emails U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of us were getting emails U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of us were getting emails U
+letters from Scott Brown uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters from Scott Brown uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters from Scott Brown uh
+congratulating us on winning some dinky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulating us on winning some dinky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulating us on winning some dinky
+little NSF proposal uh I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little NSF proposal uh I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little NSF proposal uh I don't know if
+other people here got it uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people here got it uh other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people here got it uh other
+faculty here got it but uh it was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty here got it but uh it was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty here got it but uh it was sort
+of like you know in those days if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you know in those days if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you know in those days if you
+won a big contract you'd get money from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won a big contract you'd get money from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won a big contract you'd get money from
+you'd get a letter from your Congressman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get a letter from your Congressman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get a letter from your Congressman
+so in fact Ted Kennedy Who was the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact Ted Kennedy Who was the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact Ted Kennedy Who was the the
+senator at the time and was for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senator at the time and was for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senator at the time and was for many
+years congratulated the team for winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years congratulated the team for winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years congratulated the team for winning
+this except he got it wrong he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this except he got it wrong he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this except he got it wrong he
+congratulated them on winning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulated them on winning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulated them on winning the
+contract to build the Interfaith message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract to build the Interfaith message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract to build the Interfaith message
+processor um and I assume that if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor um and I assume that if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor um and I assume that if they
+actually had built that it might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had built that it might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had built that it might have
+been a more useful contribution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a more useful contribution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a more useful contribution to the
+to World Peace uh but you know all they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to World Peace uh but you know all they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to World Peace uh but you know all they
+managed to get was the contract to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to get was the contract to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to get was the contract to win
+the interface message processor or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface message processor or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface message processor or just
+details anyway so this team uh was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details anyway so this team uh was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details anyway so this team uh was a
+pretty remarkable team they built the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty remarkable team they built the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty remarkable team they built the
+first they didn't build the first email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first they didn't build the first email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first they didn't build the first email
+program that was done over at MIT in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that was done over at MIT in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that was done over at MIT in the
+60s but what they did do was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s but what they did do was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s but what they did do was the first
+email program that crossed different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email program that crossed different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email program that crossed different
+organizations and in fact the at symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations and in fact the at symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations and in fact the at symbol
+in your email addresses which of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your email addresses which of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your email addresses which of course
+in is sort of the right symbol to use if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is sort of the right symbol to use if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is sort of the right symbol to use if
+you use the at symbol but uh there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the at symbol but uh there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the at symbol but uh there was a
+person at BBN Ray Tomlinson who said I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person at BBN Ray Tomlinson who said I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person at BBN Ray Tomlinson who said I'm
+going to put the ACT symbol and email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put the ACT symbol and email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put the ACT symbol and email
+addresses and uh a lot of early stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and uh a lot of early stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and uh a lot of early stuff
+happened that continues to this day so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened that continues to this day so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened that continues to this day so
+they built this network and uh kleinrock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built this network and uh kleinrock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built this network and uh kleinrock
+over at UCLA was the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over at UCLA was the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over at UCLA was the principal
+investigator on this you know now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigator on this you know now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigator on this you know now
+Building Systems out of this piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building Systems out of this piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building Systems out of this piece of
+Hardware that was built and this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware that was built and this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware that was built and this was the
+picture of the arpanet in 1969 uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the arpanet in 1969 uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the arpanet in 1969 uh this
+became the Internet it's it's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the Internet it's it's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the Internet it's it's there's a
+continuous Evolution from this four node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous Evolution from this four node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous Evolution from this four node
+picture to the internet today and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture to the internet today and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture to the internet today and in
+1969 they finally connected initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1969 they finally connected initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1969 they finally connected initially
+two and then four nodes and they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and then four nodes and they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and then four nodes and they had to
+do the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the first
+demonstration and to listen to Len
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration and to listen to Len
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration and to listen to Len
+kleinrock tell the story this is his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kleinrock tell the story this is his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kleinrock tell the story this is his
+story he says that his group at UCLA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story he says that his group at UCLA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story he says that his group at UCLA
+tried to log a computer at SRI which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to log a computer at SRI which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to log a computer at SRI which is
+in Palo Alto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Palo Alto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Palo Alto
+and he said we set up a telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said we set up a telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said we set up a telephone
+connection between us and the guys at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between us and the guys at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between us and the guys at
+SRI we typed the L and we asked on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SRI we typed the L and we asked on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SRI we typed the L and we asked on the
+phone because they had to check whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone because they had to check whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone because they had to check whether
+it was working so they had the phone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was working so they had the phone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was working so they had the phone to
+check we asked on the phone do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check we asked on the phone do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check we asked on the phone do you see
+the L yes we see the L came the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L yes we see the L came the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L yes we see the L came the response
+we typed the O and we asked do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typed the O and we asked do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typed the O and we asked do you see
+the O yes we see the O and we typed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the O yes we see the O and we typed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the O yes we see the O and we typed the
+G and the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and the system
+crashed uh but you know but they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashed uh but you know but they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashed uh but you know but they got
+something working and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something working and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something working and of course the
+there's a nice statement here you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nice statement here you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nice statement here you know a
+lot of people worry about performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people worry about performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people worry about performance
+optimizations but the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations but the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations but the most important
+optimization in a in a system is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization in a in a system is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization in a in a system is going
+from not working to to working and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from not working to to working and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from not working to to working and the
+fact that something worked is uh is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that something worked is uh is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that something worked is uh is is
+is extremely important very soon after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extremely important very soon after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extremely important very soon after
+they connected the East Coast a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they connected the East Coast a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they connected the East Coast a bunch of
+computers and um organizations on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and um organizations on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and um organizations on the
+east coast to the West Coast uh MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east coast to the West Coast uh MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east coast to the West Coast uh MIT
+among them so there was a team over at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among them so there was a team over at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among them so there was a team over at
+bbnn a lot of them were from MIT so MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bbnn a lot of them were from MIT so MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bbnn a lot of them were from MIT so MIT
+BBN Harvard uh and Lincoln Labs on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BBN Harvard uh and Lincoln Labs on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BBN Harvard uh and Lincoln Labs on this
+side and miter got connected over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and miter got connected over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and miter got connected over
+carnegi today it's carnegi melon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carnegi today it's carnegi melon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carnegi today it's carnegi melon
+University I think it was called carnegi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University I think it was called carnegi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University I think it was called carnegi
+Tech at the time University of Illinois
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tech at the time University of Illinois
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tech at the time University of Illinois
+and then long lines across the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then long lines across the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then long lines across the country
+there was a group at Utah and uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a group at Utah and uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a group at Utah and uh in
+California now what were these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California now what were these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California now what were these
+links anyone want to guess these links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links anyone want to guess these links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links anyone want to guess these links
+across the country or between you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country or between you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country or between you know
+Harward and MIT or across over there did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harward and MIT or across over there did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harward and MIT or across over there did
+they do you think they actually went and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do you think they actually went and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do you think they actually went and
+put in new cables and laid these wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in new cables and laid these wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in new cables and laid these wires
+or what what do you think they were they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what what do you think they were they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what what do you think they were they
+were phone lines and so this idea shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were phone lines and so this idea shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were phone lines and so this idea shows
+up over and over again the arpanet was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over and over again the arpanet was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over and over again the arpanet was
+essentially a an overlay built on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a an overlay built on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a an overlay built on top of
+the telephone Network and in fact it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the telephone Network and in fact it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the telephone Network and in fact it was
+a it was a hostile overlay because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it was a hostile overlay because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it was a hostile overlay because the
+telephone Network didn't really like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone Network didn't really like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone Network didn't really like I
+mean at the time they thought this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean at the time they thought this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean at the time they thought this was
+just an academic joke but you know over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an academic joke but you know over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an academic joke but you know over
+time it became clear that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it became clear that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it became clear that this
+underlying network was being used on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying network was being used on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying network was being used on top
+to do something different and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something different and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something different and so the
+there is an overlay Network that's built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an overlay Network that's built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an overlay Network that's built
+and overlays show up again and again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and overlays show up again and again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and overlays show up again and again and
+again it's just that they're not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's just that they're not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's just that they're not as
+hostile these days you know another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostile these days you know another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostile these days you know another
+example of an overlay is uh bit torrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an overlay is uh bit torrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an overlay is uh bit torrent
+or uh any peer-to-peer application Skype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh any peer-to-peer application Skype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh any peer-to-peer application Skype
+all of these things are overlays that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things are overlays that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things are overlays that
+are built on top of the internet and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are built on top of the internet and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are built on top of the internet and in
+fact uh a lot of the reason for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh a lot of the reason for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh a lot of the reason for their
+existence is because the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence is because the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence is because the internet
+doesn't quite do the right thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite do the right thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite do the right thing in
+terms of the right behavior for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the right behavior for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the right behavior for certain
+applications so people say Let Me Go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so people say Let Me Go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so people say Let Me Go
+build an overlay on top of it wherein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build an overlay on top of it wherein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build an overlay on top of it wherein
+you take a path involving multiple links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a path involving multiple links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a path involving multiple links
+on the underlying Network and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the underlying Network and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the underlying Network and make it
+look like one Link in the higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like one Link in the higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like one Link in the higher level
+Network and when you do that you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and when you do that you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and when you do that you get an
+overlay Network so this single link on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlay Network so this single link on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlay Network so this single link on
+the arpanet is actually many many links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arpanet is actually many many links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arpanet is actually many many links
+with many switches and who knows how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many switches and who knows how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many switches and who knows how
+expensive it is underline in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive it is underline in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive it is underline in the
+telephone network but all you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone network but all you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone network but all you have to do
+is to pay the N telephone Network some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to pay the N telephone Network some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to pay the N telephone Network some
+amount of money and make a call or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money and make a call or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money and make a call or
+whatever and you get to view it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and you get to view it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and you get to view it as a
+single link and you can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single link and you can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single link and you can do the same
+thing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on the
+internet now this protocol the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet now this protocol the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet now this protocol the the
+routing protocol they used was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing protocol they used was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing protocol they used was a
+distance Vector routing protocol it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance Vector routing protocol it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance Vector routing protocol it
+wasn't actually even as sophisticated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't actually even as sophisticated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't actually even as sophisticated as
+the one we we studied but it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we we studied but it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we we studied but it was a
+distance Vector protocol and distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance Vector protocol and distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance Vector protocol and distance
+Vector was the first routing protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector was the first routing protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector was the first routing protocol
+ever used in a packet switched Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever used in a packet switched Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever used in a packet switched Network
+and it continued on the arpon net for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it continued on the arpon net for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it continued on the arpon net for
+many years uh they continued running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years uh they continued running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years uh they continued running
+this protocol okay moving on we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protocol okay moving on we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protocol okay moving on we move
+from basic packet networks to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from basic packet networks to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from basic packet networks to this
+problem of inter networking and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of inter networking and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of inter networking and that
+went through a series of demos so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through a series of demos so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through a series of demos so one of
+them was they had a a big conference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was they had a a big conference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was they had a a big conference in
+1972 and they were demonstrating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1972 and they were demonstrating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1972 and they were demonstrating the
+simple packet switched arpanet and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple packet switched arpanet and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple packet switched arpanet and it
+worked really well except when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked really well except when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked really well except when they
+demonstrated it to a team from AT&T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated it to a team from AT&T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated it to a team from AT&T and
+it didn't work at all and in fact there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't work at all and in fact there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't work at all and in fact there
+were news articles that were written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were news articles that were written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were news articles that were written
+some people wrote this was a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people wrote this was a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people wrote this was a nice
+Network some people wrote it never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network some people wrote it never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network some people wrote it never
+worked and at& just thought bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and at& just thought bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and at& just thought bunch of
+academics it's never really going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics it's never really going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics it's never really going to
+work uh they wrote a modified email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh they wrote a modified email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh they wrote a modified email
+program and the US was not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and the US was not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and the US was not the only
+place where work was going on where work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where work was going on where work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where work was going on where work
+was going on in in France uh there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on in in France uh there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on in in France uh there was a
+a really good team building a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good team building a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good team building a network
+called cycles and uh Lou pan was the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cycles and uh Lou pan was the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cycles and uh Lou pan was the uh
+principal investigator of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal investigator of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal investigator of that
+system I think that Cycles doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I think that Cycles doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I think that Cycles doesn't get
+enough credit because often as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough credit because often as it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough credit because often as it is
+with these things the winner kind of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these things the winner kind of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these things the winner kind of you
+know aranet became the internet and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know aranet became the internet and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know aranet became the internet and so
+sort of everybody forgot everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of everybody forgot everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of everybody forgot everything else
+but Cycles actually came up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Cycles actually came up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Cycles actually came up with some
+pretty interesting uh groundbreaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting uh groundbreaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting uh groundbreaking
+ideas the idea of articulating that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas the idea of articulating that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas the idea of articulating that this
+network is going to be a best effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is going to be a best effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is going to be a best effort
+network with these packets that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network with these packets that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network with these packets that they
+call datagrams which is a word that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call datagrams which is a word that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call datagrams which is a word that
+continues to be used to this day was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to be used to this day was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to be used to this day was in
+this French Network they originated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this French Network they originated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this French Network they originated the
+sliding window protocol though you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding window protocol though you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding window protocol though you know
+it looks obvious but it's not you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks obvious but it's not you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks obvious but it's not you can
+see there lots of subtleties in how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there lots of subtleties in how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there lots of subtleties in how you
+build such a protocol and how you argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build such a protocol and how you argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build such a protocol and how you argue
+that it's correct the first sliding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's correct the first sliding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's correct the first sliding
+window protocol was in cycl and TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window protocol was in cycl and TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window protocol was in cycl and TCP
+which which today is the world standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which today is the world standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which today is the world standard
+um used a very very similar idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um used a very very similar idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um used a very very similar idea and
+they also used distance Vector routing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also used distance Vector routing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also used distance Vector routing
+and they also implemented for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also implemented for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also implemented for the first
+time a way to synchronize time between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a way to synchronize time between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a way to synchronize time between
+computers and they had a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and they had a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and they had a number of
+interesting ideas in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ideas in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ideas in this
+network it the work was not just being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network it the work was not just being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network it the work was not just being
+done in the wide area in 1973 ethernet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the wide area in 1973 ethernet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the wide area in 1973 ethernet
+was invented at Xerox park by a team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invented at Xerox park by a team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invented at Xerox park by a team
+that included Bob metca who was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that included Bob metca who was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that included Bob metca who was uh
+another alumnist from MIT that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another alumnist from MIT that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another alumnist from MIT that was
+inspired by this Aloha protocol that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by this Aloha protocol that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by this Aloha protocol that we
+studied and ethernet was essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied and ethernet was essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied and ethernet was essentially
+aoha with carrier sense multiple access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aoha with carrier sense multiple access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aoha with carrier sense multiple access
+very similar to what we did study uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to what we did study uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to what we did study uh
+this idea of contention Windows is a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of contention Windows is a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of contention Windows is a new
+idea they actually used the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea they actually used the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea they actually used the probability
+method uh ethernet standard evolved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method uh ethernet standard evolved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method uh ethernet standard evolved in
+the late 70s and ' 80s to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 70s and ' 80s to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 70s and ' 80s to use the
+contention window that we now know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention window that we now know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention window that we now know and
+that same contention window idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same contention window idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same contention window idea and
+carrier sense is used in Wi-Fi so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier sense is used in Wi-Fi so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier sense is used in Wi-Fi so it's
+it's sort of you can draw this stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of you can draw this stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of you can draw this stream of
+ideas through that continue to exist to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas through that continue to exist to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas through that continue to exist to
+this day it's interesting that ethernet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day it's interesting that ethernet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day it's interesting that ethernet
+today doesn't use carrier sense multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today doesn't use carrier sense multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today doesn't use carrier sense multiple
+access because ethernet today is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access because ethernet today is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access because ethernet today is no
+longer a slows Speed network it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a slows Speed network it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a slows Speed network it's a very
+fast Network it's not a shared bus it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast Network it's not a shared bus it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast Network it's not a shared bus it's
+it's Point topoint links but it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Point topoint links but it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Point topoint links but it's called
+ethernet and it doesn't use the same Mac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethernet and it doesn't use the same Mac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethernet and it doesn't use the same Mac
+protocol other than when you have low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol other than when you have low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol other than when you have low
+speeed ethernet on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeed ethernet on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeed ethernet on the other hand
+Wireless uses the idea from ethernet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wireless uses the idea from ethernet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wireless uses the idea from ethernet and
+in fact a lot of people call 81 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact a lot of people call 81 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact a lot of people call 81 they
+used to call it Wireless ethernet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to call it Wireless ethernet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to call it Wireless ethernet and
+the ideas just got moved to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas just got moved to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas just got moved to a different
+domain but it's the same ideas and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain but it's the same ideas and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain but it's the same ideas and in
+fact a lot of the a lot of the early uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a lot of the a lot of the early uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a lot of the a lot of the early uh
+chipsets that ran the Mac protocol on 81
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chipsets that ran the Mac protocol on 81
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chipsets that ran the Mac protocol on 81
+networks ENT essentially were the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks ENT essentially were the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks ENT essentially were the same
+as the ethernet protocol they used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the ethernet protocol they used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the ethernet protocol they used the
+Ethernet Mac they had that piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethernet Mac they had that piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethernet Mac they had that piece of
+Hardware they would buy it and build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware they would buy it and build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware they would buy it and build the
+Box around it so this idea of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box around it so this idea of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box around it so this idea of taking
+older technology and applying it to New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older technology and applying it to New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older technology and applying it to New
+context and then modifying it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and then modifying it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and then modifying it is
+something that works pretty well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that works pretty well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that works pretty well because
+it means that you can leverage something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that you can leverage something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that you can leverage something
+that already exists and start making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that already exists and start making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that already exists and start making
+changes to it and over time it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to it and over time it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to it and over time it becomes
+it looks completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different now the US government and arpa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different now the US government and arpa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different now the US government and arpa
+was funding the arpanet but there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was funding the arpanet but there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was funding the arpanet but there were
+companies and other research groups in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and other research groups in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and other research groups in
+the mix here and in those days it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mix here and in those days it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mix here and in those days it was
+not very clear what was going to win and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very clear what was going to win and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very clear what was going to win and
+everybody was doing research on coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was doing research on coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was doing research on coming
+up with different ways of connecting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with different ways of connecting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with different ways of connecting uh
+networks together and Xerox had a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks together and Xerox had a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks together and Xerox had a a
+system called pop uh I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system called pop uh I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system called pop uh I don't know what
+it stands for I think it stands for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stands for I think it stands for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stands for I think it stands for the
+park zerox park parallel to Research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park zerox park parallel to Research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park zerox park parallel to Research
+Center Park something protocol I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center Park something protocol I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center Park something protocol I don't
+know what the U is and in a way there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the U is and in a way there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the U is and in a way there
+were many technical ideas in the zerox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were many technical ideas in the zerox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were many technical ideas in the zerox
+system that were arguably better in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that were arguably better in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that were arguably better in
+technical terms from the arpanet and TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical terms from the arpanet and TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical terms from the arpanet and TCP
+IP but it was proprietary whereas TCP IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP but it was proprietary whereas TCP IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP but it was proprietary whereas TCP IP
+was completely open and open meant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was completely open and open meant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was completely open and open meant that
+you didn't have to pay anyone you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have to pay anyone you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have to pay anyone you didn't
+have to get someone's permission to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get someone's permission to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get someone's permission to do
+it uh the process by which things were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh the process by which things were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh the process by which things were
+standardized was far more open and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized was far more open and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized was far more open and
+Democratic and it won not because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democratic and it won not because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democratic and it won not because it was
+better but it because it was out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but it because it was out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but it because it was out there
+and open and free um there's a lot to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open and free um there's a lot to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open and free um there's a lot to be
+said for that model because for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said for that model because for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said for that model because for a
+network to succeed you need everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network to succeed you need everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network to succeed you need everybody
+you know you need to lower the barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you need to lower the barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you need to lower the barrier
+of Entry so everybody can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Entry so everybody can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Entry so everybody can you know
+participate and and implement it and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate and and implement it and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate and and implement it and if
+you make Network protocols proprietary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make Network protocols proprietary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make Network protocols proprietary
+it usually ends up not benefiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it usually ends up not benefiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it usually ends up not benefiting
+anybody so now I think companies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody so now I think companies have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody so now I think companies have
+started to realize that so everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to realize that so everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to realize that so everybody
+understands that you want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands that you want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands that you want to make
+standards open and then keep secret any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards open and then keep secret any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards open and then keep secret any
+particular implementation strategy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular implementation strategy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular implementation strategy for
+how you implement it so you might gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you implement it so you might gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you implement it so you might gain
+commercial Advantage from implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial Advantage from implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial Advantage from implementation
+but you gain no commercial Advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you gain no commercial Advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you gain no commercial Advantage
+from keeping a protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from keeping a protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from keeping a protocol
+closed there are exceptions to this rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed there are exceptions to this rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed there are exceptions to this rule
+like Skype is an exception to this rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Skype is an exception to this rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Skype is an exception to this rule
+but who knows in five or 10 years there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who knows in five or 10 years there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who knows in five or 10 years there
+may be you know I suspect that skype's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be you know I suspect that skype's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be you know I suspect that skype's
+not likely to remain dominant there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not likely to remain dominant there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not likely to remain dominant there
+there are going to be other things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are going to be other things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are going to be other things that
+will come about and um some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come about and um some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come about and um some of them
+might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+open in the mid 1970s this idea that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open in the mid 1970s this idea that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open in the mid 1970s this idea that you
+now really start to connect many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now really start to connect many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now really start to connect many
+different kinds of networks together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of networks together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of networks together
+networks that are being run in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that are being run in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that are being run in different
+organizations took root and this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations took root and this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations took root and this was the
+inter networking problem and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter networking problem and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter networking problem and this is the
+problem we ended up people were working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we ended up people were working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we ended up people were working
+on these packet switch Technologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these packet switch Technologies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these packet switch Technologies and
+there were many different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many different kinds of
+packet switch networks that showed up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet switch networks that showed up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet switch networks that showed up so
+there was the Aloha network over in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the Aloha network over in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the Aloha network over in
+Hawaii there were people building packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii there were people building packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii there were people building packet
+switch networks out of ethernet at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch networks out of ethernet at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch networks out of ethernet at MIT
+and Cambridge University there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Cambridge University there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Cambridge University there were
+people were very enamored of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were very enamored of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were very enamored of something
+called token ring I don't know if Victor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called token ring I don't know if Victor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called token ring I don't know if Victor
+was uh at MIT at the time or any of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh at MIT at the time or any of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh at MIT at the time or any of my
+colleagues were but people were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues were but people were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues were but people were were
+building these token ring based systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building these token ring based systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building these token ring based systems
+that were technically pretty Superior in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were technically pretty Superior in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were technically pretty Superior in
+some respects and interesting and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some respects and interesting and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some respects and interesting and so
+there were many different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many different kinds of
+networks that people were building and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that people were building and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that people were building and
+connecting uh their own campuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting uh their own campuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting uh their own campuses
+internally and you had to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally and you had to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally and you had to communicate
+between each other the trouble was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each other the trouble was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each other the trouble was there
+was no single protocol to do this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no single protocol to do this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no single protocol to do this so
+ethernet had you know back in the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethernet had you know back in the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethernet had you know back in the day
+when you bought an Ethernet technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you bought an Ethernet technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you bought an Ethernet technology
+from say digital equipment or Xerox or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from say digital equipment or Xerox or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from say digital equipment or Xerox or
+one of these companies you wouldn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these companies you wouldn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these companies you wouldn't just
+get ethernet you'd get the Ethernet Mac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ethernet you'd get the Ethernet Mac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ethernet you'd get the Ethernet Mac
+protocol then you'd get uh some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol then you'd get uh some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol then you'd get uh some sort of
+network community communication Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network community communication Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network community communication Network
+layer between the different ethernet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer between the different ethernet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer between the different ethernet
+devices and you'd get something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and you'd get something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and you'd get something called
+eftp which was an Ethernet file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eftp which was an Ethernet file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eftp which was an Ethernet file
+transport protocol so you'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport protocol so you'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport protocol so you'd get
+applications around it so imagine now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications around it so imagine now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications around it so imagine now
+you're buying a network thing and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're buying a network thing and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're buying a network thing and you
+don't get to run your own applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to run your own applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to run your own applications
+you get a stack of everything and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a stack of everything and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a stack of everything and you
+get a box and you only get to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a box and you only get to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a box and you only get to use
+whatever the vendor gave you that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the vendor gave you that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the vendor gave you that was
+the state of networking uh at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of networking uh at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of networking uh at that time
+and people recognize this probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people recognize this probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people recognize this probably
+wasn't a very good thing because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a very good thing because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a very good thing because what
+you would like is to have a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like is to have a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like is to have a network
+where people can come up and invent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people can come up and invent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people can come up and invent
+their own applications and run their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own applications and run their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own applications and run their own
+applications on it but you now needed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications on it but you now needed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications on it but you now needed a
+way to communicate between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to communicate between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to communicate between these
+different networks so how do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different networks so how do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different networks so how do you do
+this so this was a huge project that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this was a huge project that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this was a huge project that a
+lot of different organizations were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different organizations were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different organizations were
+involved in but a large part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in but a large part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in but a large part of the
+credit is given to two people Vin Surf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit is given to two people Vin Surf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit is given to two people Vin Surf
+and and Bob KH who were in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Bob KH who were in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Bob KH who were in some sense
+the lead people in getting a community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead people in getting a community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead people in getting a community
+of other people together in building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other people together in building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other people together in building the
+system and they are articulated these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and they are articulated these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and they are articulated these
+visions and these ideas so Khan's rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visions and these ideas so Khan's rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visions and these ideas so Khan's rules
+of interconnection uh are as follows he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interconnection uh are as follows he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interconnection uh are as follows he
+first said that each network is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first said that each network is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first said that each network is
+independent and must not change so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and must not change so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and must not change so the
+idea that you can bring networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you can bring networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you can bring networks
+together and communicate if it required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and communicate if it required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and communicate if it required
+every Network to you know change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Network to you know change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Network to you know change that
+that wasn't a palatable idea uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't a palatable idea uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't a palatable idea uh the
+second is that he agreed with cycles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is that he agreed with cycles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is that he agreed with cycles and
+said best effort communication is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said best effort communication is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said best effort communication is what
+we need because we cannot assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need because we cannot assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need because we cannot assume that
+every network will guarantee delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every network will guarantee delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every network will guarantee delivery
+there are some networks that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some networks that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some networks that may
+guarantee delivery in order but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee delivery in order but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee delivery in order but you
+can't mandate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't mandate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't mandate that
+and what they said was we will Design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they said was we will Design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they said was we will Design
+this network with these boxes that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network with these boxes that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network with these boxes that we'll
+call gateways and these gateways will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call gateways and these gateways will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call gateways and these gateways will
+translate between different network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate between different network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate between different network
+protocols and in a very pretty radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols and in a very pretty radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols and in a very pretty radical
+departure from the Bell Telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure from the Bell Telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure from the Bell Telephone
+Network they said that there will be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network they said that there will be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network they said that there will be no
+Central Global Management control there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Global Management control there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Global Management control there
+is no central place where the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no central place where the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no central place where the the
+operation of this worldwide Network or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of this worldwide Network or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of this worldwide Network or
+Countrywide network is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Countrywide network is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Countrywide network is going to be
+managed so it's a it's kind of a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed so it's a it's kind of a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed so it's a it's kind of a simple
+idea you have your own internal Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea you have your own internal Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea you have your own internal Network
+you know this might be an Ethernet this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this might be an Ethernet this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this might be an Ethernet this
+might be some sort of Aloha Network or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be some sort of Aloha Network or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be some sort of Aloha Network or
+what have you but you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have you but you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have you but you have these
+gateways here that sit and translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gateways here that sit and translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gateways here that sit and translate
+between these different protocols and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these different protocols and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these different protocols and we
+know this stuff as uh we we now um know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this stuff as uh we we now um know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this stuff as uh we we now um know
+that what they did was a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what they did was a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what they did was a pretty good
+decision which is they made it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision which is they made it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision which is they made it so that
+these gateways will all agree on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gateways will all agree on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gateways will all agree on one
+protocol and the protocol they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and the protocol they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and the protocol they
+standardized they got it wrong initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized they got it wrong initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized they got it wrong initially
+but they eventually by the late '70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they eventually by the late '70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they eventually by the late '70s
+they figured out that that protocol will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured out that that protocol will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured out that that protocol will
+be called IP or the Internet Protocol so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called IP or the Internet Protocol so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called IP or the Internet Protocol so
+a node is on the internet if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a node is on the internet if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a node is on the internet if it
+implements the Internet Protocol which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements the Internet Protocol which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements the Internet Protocol which
+means it has a agreed upon plan for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it has a agreed upon plan for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it has a agreed upon plan for how
+the addressing of nodes works and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the addressing of nodes works and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the addressing of nodes works and it has
+a plan for what happens when you forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plan for what happens when you forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plan for what happens when you forward
+a packet you have a lookup in a routing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a packet you have a lookup in a routing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a packet you have a lookup in a routing
+table that looks up the IP address and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that looks up the IP address and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that looks up the IP address and
+then decides on the link and that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then decides on the link and that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then decides on the link and that's all
+you have to agree upon so the to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to agree upon so the to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to agree upon so the to be on
+the internet all you have to do is to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet all you have to do is to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet all you have to do is to a
+network has to support IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network has to support IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network has to support IP
+addressing and it has to agree that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing and it has to agree that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing and it has to agree that it
+will send packets of at least 20 bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will send packets of at least 20 bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will send packets of at least 20 bytes
+in size because that's the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in size because that's the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in size because that's the length of the
+IP header there's very little else that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP header there's very little else that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP header there's very little else that
+it has to do so much so that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do so much so that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do so much so that people have
+written standards on how you can send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written standards on how you can send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written standards on how you can send
+Internet Protocol over you know carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet Protocol over you know carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet Protocol over you know carrier
+pigeon and you can in fact someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon and you can in fact someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon and you can in fact someone
+demonstrated something like this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated something like this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated something like this where
+you know they had these things and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they had these things and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they had these things and these
+pigeons were delivering these scraps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons were delivering these scraps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons were delivering these scraps of
+paper and there was something looking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and there was something looking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and there was something looking it
+up and sending it on so you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and sending it on so you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and sending it on so you know it
+doesn't take much to be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+internet so Surf and KH said that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet so Surf and KH said that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet so Surf and KH said that you
+know they started then designing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they started then designing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they started then designing the
+network and they said they wrote in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and they said they wrote in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and they said they wrote in
+their original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their original
+paper that you needed to identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that you needed to identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that you needed to identify the
+network you're in and within the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you're in and within the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you're in and within the network
+or host that you were in and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or host that you were in and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or host that you were in and they
+said the choice of network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the choice of network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the choice of network
+identification allows for up to 256
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification allows for up to 256
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification allows for up to 256
+distinct networks like how many networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct networks like how many networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct networks like how many networks
+do you possibly need how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you possibly need how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you possibly need how many
+organizations can you possibly have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations can you possibly have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations can you possibly have uh
+and they wrote you know famous last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they wrote you know famous last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they wrote you know famous last
+words this size seems sufficient for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this size seems sufficient for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this size seems sufficient for the
+foreseeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreseeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreseeable
+future the problem is there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future the problem is there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future the problem is there were
+slightly wrong you know the foreseeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly wrong you know the foreseeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly wrong you know the foreseeable
+future in their case was probably less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future in their case was probably less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future in their case was probably less
+than 10 years may not have been more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 years may not have been more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 years may not have been more
+than five or six years but you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than five or six years but you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than five or six years but you know they
+made a mistake but what was interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake but what was interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake but what was interesting
+was the next time they you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the next time they you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the next time they you know the
+community got to make a change in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community got to make a change in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community got to make a change in that
+decision they still made a mistake they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision they still made a mistake they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision they still made a mistake they
+decided that 32-bit packet you know IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that 32-bit packet you know IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that 32-bit packet you know IP
+addresses are enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses are enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses are enough
+and we've run out we literally run out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've run out we literally run out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've run out we literally run out
+right now of IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now of IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now of IP
+addresses so uh they had these gateways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses so uh they had these gateways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses so uh they had these gateways
+that would translate and you would run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would translate and you would run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would translate and you would run
+the inter Network protocol or IP so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inter Network protocol or IP so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inter Network protocol or IP so in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+1970s this idea of inter networking was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s this idea of inter networking was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s this idea of inter networking was
+all the r and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the r and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the r and in
+1978 there was a really good decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1978 there was a really good decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1978 there was a really good decision
+made to split TCP from IP and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made to split TCP from IP and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made to split TCP from IP and a lot of
+that uh motivation was from a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh motivation was from a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh motivation was from a group of
+people at MIT there's a paper here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at MIT there's a paper here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at MIT there's a paper here that
+you'll study at length in 6033 it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll study at length in 6033 it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll study at length in 6033 it's one
+of these papers that you'll study two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these papers that you'll study two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these papers that you'll study two or
+three times because it'll keep coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times because it'll keep coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times because it'll keep coming
+back uh because these concepts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh because these concepts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh because these concepts are
+pretty important it's called endtoend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important it's called endtoend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important it's called endtoend
+arguments and system design by saler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and system design by saler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and system design by saler
+Reed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reed and
+Clark they have many examples but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clark they have many examples but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clark they have many examples but the
+gist of the endtoend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gist of the endtoend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gist of the endtoend
+arguments is that if you have a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments is that if you have a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments is that if you have a system
+like let's say a network and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's say a network and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's say a network and you want to
+be able to you want to be able to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to you want to be able to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to you want to be able to design
+a network and you have to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a network and you have to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a network and you have to make a
+decision of what features do you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision of what features do you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision of what features do you put
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+network the endtoend arguments say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network the endtoend arguments say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network the endtoend arguments say that
+you only put in features in the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only put in features in the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only put in features in the network
+that are absolutely essential for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are absolutely essential for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are absolutely essential for the
+working of the system anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working of the system anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working of the system anything else
+that's not crucial to the working of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not crucial to the working of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not crucial to the working of the
+system you leave to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you leave to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you leave to the end
+points so if you think about reliability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so if you think about reliability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so if you think about reliability
+as a goal like does the network need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a goal like does the network need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a goal like does the network need to
+put in a mechanism to guarantee the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a mechanism to guarantee the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a mechanism to guarantee the
+delivery of packets the answer is no the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery of packets the answer is no the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery of packets the answer is no the
+reason is is that that property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is is that that property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is is that that property is
+required for example if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for example if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for example if you're
+delivering a file but not if you're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering a file but not if you're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering a file but not if you're you
+know delivering a video stream or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know delivering a video stream or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know delivering a video stream or
+talking because not every bite needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking because not every bite needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking because not every bite needs to
+get there which means you don't put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there which means you don't put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there which means you don't put that
+functionality inside the network you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality inside the network you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality inside the network you
+leave the function of achieving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the function of achieving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the function of achieving
+reliability to the end points because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability to the end points because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability to the end points because
+not everybody needs it and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everybody needs it and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everybody needs it and the only
+exception to the rule that the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception to the rule that the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception to the rule that the only
+function you put inside of the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you put inside of the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you put inside of the network
+is functions that are absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is functions that are absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is functions that are absolutely
+essential for the system to work is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for the system to work is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for the system to work is if
+the mechanism leads to significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism leads to significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism leads to significant
+improvements in performance so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements in performance so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements in performance so for
+example if you run on a network with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you run on a network with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you run on a network with a
+20% packet loss rate it makes sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% packet loss rate it makes sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% packet loss rate it makes sense to
+have some degree of reliability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some degree of reliability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some degree of reliability and
+retransmission built on a network harop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmission built on a network harop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmission built on a network harop
+like that's what Wi-Fi would do because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's what Wi-Fi would do because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's what Wi-Fi would do because
+you know if you didn't do it you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you didn't do it you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you didn't do it you'd have
+sometimes a 20 or 30% packet loss rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a 20 or 30% packet loss rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a 20 or 30% packet loss rate
+and that would make everything not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would make everything not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would make everything not
+work but we don't try to design our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but we don't try to design our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but we don't try to design our
+Network so that between the Wi-Fi access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network so that between the Wi-Fi access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network so that between the Wi-Fi access
+point and your computer we produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and your computer we produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and your computer we produce
+perfectly reliable transmission if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reliable transmission if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reliable transmission if you
+did that it would then mean that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that it would then mean that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that it would then mean that you
+would have you know really long delays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have you know really long delays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have you know really long delays
+uh and you would be providing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you would be providing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you would be providing that
+function for applications that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for applications that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for applications that don't
+need it if I want an application that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it if I want an application that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it if I want an application that I
+would like to just send the btes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to just send the btes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to just send the btes through
+and gets through great if it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gets through great if it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gets through great if it doesn't
+then I I'll do something else that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I I'll do something else that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I I'll do something else that's a
+bad Network design unfortunately there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad Network design unfortunately there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad Network design unfortunately there
+are networks real networks today that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are networks real networks today that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are networks real networks today that
+don't obey this principle cell cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't obey this principle cell cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't obey this principle cell cellular
+networks are sometimes um um problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks are sometimes um um problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks are sometimes um um problematic
+like you know Verizon or AT&T or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know Verizon or AT&T or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know Verizon or AT&T or
+something you might you find there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you might you find there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you might you find there in
+real data that there are long delays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real data that there are long delays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real data that there are long delays in
+these networks because between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these networks because between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these networks because between the
+cellular base station and your phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular base station and your phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular base station and your phone
+they have decided to provide something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have decided to provide something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have decided to provide something
+that looks like highly reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like highly reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like highly reliable
+TCP it's kind of a bad Network design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP it's kind of a bad Network design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP it's kind of a bad Network design
+but that's that's how they do it some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's how they do it some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's how they do it some of
+them and so this is an old principle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so this is an old principle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so this is an old principle but
+it's sometimes not followed and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sometimes not followed and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sometimes not followed and that's
+that's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not so
+good now the reason why packet switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now the reason why packet switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now the reason why packet switching
+and this TCP IP split one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this TCP IP split one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this TCP IP split one in the
+internet compared to various other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet compared to various other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet compared to various other
+proposals that were floating around at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals that were floating around at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals that were floating around at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+time is that this architecture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is that this architecture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is that this architecture the
+internet architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet architecture
+is good enough for everything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good enough for everything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good enough for everything but
+optimal for nothing there is really no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal for nothing there is really no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal for nothing there is really no
+application for which the design of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application for which the design of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application for which the design of the
+internet Network infrastructure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet Network infrastructure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet Network infrastructure is
+optimal if you wanted to run build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal if you wanted to run build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal if you wanted to run build a
+network to support voice you'd go build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network to support voice you'd go build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network to support voice you'd go build
+the telephone Network you wouldn't build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the telephone Network you wouldn't build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the telephone Network you wouldn't build
+a network that looks like this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a network that looks like this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a network that looks like this if you
+wanted to build a network to distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to build a network to distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to build a network to distribute
+television to you know data to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television to you know data to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television to you know data to uh
+television streams to a bunch of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television streams to a bunch of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television streams to a bunch of people
+you wouldn't build the internet if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't build the internet if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't build the internet if you
+wanted to build a network that wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to build a network that wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to build a network that wanted to
+support you know Facebook and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support you know Facebook and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support you know Facebook and nothing
+else you probably wouldn't build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you probably wouldn't build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you probably wouldn't build the
+internet but if you want a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet but if you want a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet but if you want a network
+that's going to support all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to support all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to support all those
+applications reasonably well including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications reasonably well including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications reasonably well including
+applications that you cannot imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that you cannot imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that you cannot imagine
+today this design is a very good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today this design is a very good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today this design is a very good idea
+because it's very minimalist there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very minimalist there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very minimalist there's
+almost nothing that the network does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost nothing that the network does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost nothing that the network does it
+leaves everything to the end point so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves everything to the end point so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves everything to the end point so I
+would say in fact that the most useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say in fact that the most useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say in fact that the most useful
+lesson which you will apply over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson which you will apply over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson which you will apply over and
+over again I mean you go let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again I mean you go let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again I mean you go let's say you
+go work at a company or U work on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go work at a company or U work on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go work at a company or U work on some
+some sort of research project and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of research project and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of research project and
+there's you know at various stages of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know at various stages of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know at various stages of a
+project there are endless discussions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project there are endless discussions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project there are endless discussions on
+what you need to do and the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do and the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do and the you know
+whether it's worth doing something or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's worth doing something or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's worth doing something or
+not doing and the the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing and the the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing and the the most important
+lesson that you can take away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson that you can take away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson that you can take away from
+system in system design is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in system design is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in system design is that when
+faced with a choice try to make a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with a choice try to make a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with a choice try to make a choice
+that's the simplest possible choice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the simplest possible choice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the simplest possible choice that
+gets the job done because most likely if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the job done because most likely if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the job done because most likely if
+you get the application wrong of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the application wrong of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the application wrong of
+whatever it is your building if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is your building if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is your building if it's
+simple and minimalist you could probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and minimalist you could probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and minimalist you could probably
+pivot around and use the same thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot around and use the same thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot around and use the same thing for
+that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other
+application so there's a famous U uh set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so there's a famous U uh set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so there's a famous U uh set
+of quotations here one should always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quotations here one should always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quotations here one should always
+architect systems flexibility because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect systems flexibility because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect systems flexibility because
+you'll actually never almost never know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually never almost never know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually never almost never know
+when your design everybody has these use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your design everybody has these use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your design everybody has these use
+cases in mind but let's face it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in mind but let's face it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in mind but let's face it when
+you're at the early stages of a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at the early stages of a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at the early stages of a project
+nobody actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody actually
+knows and you'll almost always get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows and you'll almost always get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows and you'll almost always get it
+wrong so it's important to architect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so it's important to architect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so it's important to architect
+them for flexibility not for performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for flexibility not for performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for flexibility not for performance
+not for the you know lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for the you know lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for the you know lots of
+functionality just for being flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality just for being flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality just for being flexible
+and the bare minimum to get the job done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bare minimum to get the job done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bare minimum to get the job done
+based on what you think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what you think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what you think is
+necessary and it usually means doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and it usually means doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and it usually means doing
+that even if it means sacrificing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if it means sacrificing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if it means sacrificing
+performance like I said the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance like I said the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance like I said the most
+important B Improvement in a systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important B Improvement in a systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important B Improvement in a systems
+performance is getting it to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is getting it to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is getting it to work
+everything else is secondary so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is secondary so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is secondary so there's
+a nice quote here I don't know if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice quote here I don't know if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice quote here I don't know if any
+any French speakers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any French speakers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any French speakers or
+readers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah I know just tell me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah I know just tell me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah I know just tell me in
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+English good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English good enough
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ORS yeah that's a great great yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ORS yeah that's a great great yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ORS yeah that's a great great yeah
+Perfection is achieved not when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfection is achieved not when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfection is achieved not when there's
+nothing more to add but when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more to add but when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more to add but when there's
+nothing left to take away and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing left to take away and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing left to take away and this is a
+really really good lesson I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really good lesson I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really good lesson I mean you
+guys every one of you is going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys every one of you is going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys every one of you is going to go
+into the real world and you know either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the real world and you know either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the real world and you know either
+at a startup company or a big company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a startup company or a big company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a startup company or a big company
+where you're defining a new Pro product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're defining a new Pro product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're defining a new Pro product
+or a research project you go to graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a research project you go to graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a research project you go to graduate
+school at the beginning you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school at the beginning you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school at the beginning you wouldn't
+know you won't know the right answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you won't know the right answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you won't know the right answers
+you have some vague ideas of what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some vague ideas of what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some vague ideas of what it's
+useful for when you design anything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for when you design anything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for when you design anything and
+it's really important to understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important to understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important to understand that
+you should do the bare minimum to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do the bare minimum to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do the bare minimum to get it
+work and it's really good it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it's really good it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it's really good it's a really
+really good idea less is more or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good idea less is more or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good idea less is more or you
+know I have a very simple way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have a very simple way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have a very simple way to think
+of it you know I tell my students this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you know I tell my students this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you know I tell my students this
+repeatedly when in doubt just leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly when in doubt just leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly when in doubt just leave it
+out if you're not sure if you need it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you're not sure if you need it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you're not sure if you need it or
+not don't don't do it there's enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not don't don't do it there's enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not don't don't do it there's enough
+stuff to do and that's that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to do and that's that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to do and that's that's probably
+the most important lesson from many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important lesson from many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important lesson from many of
+the classes at least on the system side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classes at least on the system side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classes at least on the system side
+that you'll be learning of course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll be learning of course it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll be learning of course it
+takes a lot of good taste and uh insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a lot of good taste and uh insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a lot of good taste and uh insight
+and intuition to figure out you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intuition to figure out you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intuition to figure out you know
+what's really important uh I can't help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really important uh I can't help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really important uh I can't help
+you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there
+okay so by the 1980s the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by the 1980s the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by the 1980s the internet
+started to grow up and the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to grow up and the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to grow up and the way in which
+we wanted you wanted to handle growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted you wanted to handle growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted you wanted to handle growth
+was This brilliant idea simple but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was This brilliant idea simple but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was This brilliant idea simple but
+brilliant idea called topological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant idea called topological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant idea called topological
+addressing so I'm going to explain what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing so I'm going to explain what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing so I'm going to explain what
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+means in the very early days of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in the very early days of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in the very early days of the
+internet and including the simple small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and including the simple small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and including the simple small
+networks that we studied every network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that we studied every network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that we studied every network
+node had a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node had a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node had a network
+identifier um an IP address or some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier um an IP address or some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier um an IP address or some sort
+of a name for that node so in the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a name for that node so in the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a name for that node so in the way in
+which we looked at it nodes would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we looked at it nodes would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we looked at it nodes would have
+names like a b c d and e but in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names like a b c d and e but in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names like a b c d and e but in reality
+you know a b c of course there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a b c of course there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a b c of course there are some
+set of bits that communicated and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of bits that communicated and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of bits that communicated and in the
+old days of the internet you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old days of the internet you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old days of the internet you would have
+a two-phase identifier you'd have a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-phase identifier you'd have a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-phase identifier you'd have a sort
+of a network identifier or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a network identifier or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a network identifier or an
+organization identifier so MIT would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization identifier so MIT would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization identifier so MIT would
+have a set of eight bits and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a set of eight bits and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a set of eight bits and then you
+would have a set of other bits here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a set of other bits here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a set of other bits here that
+communicated within MIT what that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated within MIT what that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated within MIT what that number
+meant so just abstractly I mean these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant so just abstractly I mean these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant so just abstractly I mean these
+numbers meant nothing in the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers meant nothing in the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers meant nothing in the global
+internet this could just be you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet this could just be you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet this could just be you know um
+1 011 something and then you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 011 something and then you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 011 something and then you would have
+another sequence of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sequence of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sequence of something
+else that was the basic idea now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that was the basic idea now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that was the basic idea now in the
+networks we studied so far we wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks we studied so far we wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks we studied so far we wouldn't
+even have this every network node would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have this every network node would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have this every network node would
+just have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have some
+name so what that meant is you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name so what that meant is you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name so what that meant is you could
+have a network address that was some set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a network address that was some set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a network address that was some set
+of bits I could have a network address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits I could have a network address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits I could have a network address
+that was some other set of bits and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was some other set of bits and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was some other set of bits and the
+switches in the network in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches in the network in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches in the network in order to
+forward packets to you or to me would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward packets to you or to me would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward packets to you or to me would
+have to have entries in their routing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have entries in their routing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have entries in their routing
+tables that were one to one with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables that were one to one with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables that were one to one with all of
+the different nodes that they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different nodes that they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different nodes that they wanted to
+communicate with so you would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with so you would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with so you would have a
+routing table that would be essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing table that would be essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing table that would be essentially
+one entry for every host in the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one entry for every host in the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one entry for every host in the network
+which doesn't scale it's just too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't scale it's just too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't scale it's just too much
+information so topological addressing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so topological addressing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so topological addressing is
+the idea that per node routing entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that per node routing entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that per node routing entries
+don't scale very well so what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't scale very well so what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't scale very well so what you would
+like to do is organize the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is organize the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is organize the network
+hierarchically and and the uh it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchically and and the uh it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchically and and the uh it's sort
+of similar to the way in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of similar to the way in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of similar to the way in which the
+postal system works so uh in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postal system works so uh in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postal system works so uh in the in the
+1980s they came up with a way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s they came up with a way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s they came up with a way of doing
+it using three kinds of addresses called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it using three kinds of addresses called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it using three kinds of addresses called
+Class A B and C address we don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class A B and C address we don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class A B and C address we don't use
+those anymore but let me describe what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those anymore but let me describe what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those anymore but let me describe what
+uh what this kind of area based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what this kind of area based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what this kind of area based
+addressing means so here's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing means so here's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing means so here's a very simple
+abstract view of this the internet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract view of this the internet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract view of this the internet you
+know adopts this and used to adopt this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know adopts this and used to adopt this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know adopts this and used to adopt this
+in some approximate way but this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some approximate way but this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some approximate way but this is the
+conceptual idea you design the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual idea you design the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual idea you design the network
+into area so MIT might be an area you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into area so MIT might be an area you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into area so MIT might be an area you
+know Stanford might be an area Berkeley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Stanford might be an area Berkeley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Stanford might be an area Berkeley
+might be an area you know bbnn all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be an area you know bbnn all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be an area you know bbnn all these
+different people are their own areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people are their own areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people are their own areas
+organizations areas have numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations areas have numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations areas have numbers that
+everybody knows so that's this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows so that's this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows so that's this first
+part which might be an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which might be an area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which might be an area
+identifier and then this is a within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier and then this is a within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier and then this is a within the
+area you might have a uh host identifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area you might have a uh host identifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area you might have a uh host identifier
+or more generally an interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more generally an interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more generally an interface
+identifier what I mean by interface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier what I mean by interface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier what I mean by interface is
+that really on the internet my computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really on the internet my computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really on the internet my computer
+doesn't have an IP address the if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have an IP address the if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have an IP address the if I'm
+connected to the internet by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the internet by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the internet by the
+ethernet the ethernet has an IP address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethernet the ethernet has an IP address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethernet the ethernet has an IP address
+it gets an IP address by virtue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets an IP address by virtue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets an IP address by virtue of
+connecting to a switch Upstream of it my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting to a switch Upstream of it my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting to a switch Upstream of it my
+Wi-Fi network has an IP address if I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wi-Fi network has an IP address if I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wi-Fi network has an IP address if I use
+the Bluetooth my Bluetooth has an IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bluetooth my Bluetooth has an IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bluetooth my Bluetooth has an IP
+address in fact in general um sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address in fact in general um sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address in fact in general um sometimes
+my computer might have four IP addresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my computer might have four IP addresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my computer might have four IP addresses
+one if I'm connecting on ethernet one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if I'm connecting on ethernet one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if I'm connecting on ethernet one on
+Bluetooth one on Wi-Fi and if I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bluetooth one on Wi-Fi and if I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bluetooth one on Wi-Fi and if I have one
+of those cellular modems if I tether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those cellular modems if I tether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those cellular modems if I tether
+through my phone you know every time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through my phone you know every time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through my phone you know every time I
+do one of those things I get an IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one of those things I get an IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one of those things I get an IP
+address okay so IP addresses on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address okay so IP addresses on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address okay so IP addresses on the
+internet name the network interface so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet name the network interface so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet name the network interface so
+the way this area routing idea works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this area routing idea works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this area routing idea works is
+that within these areas there's routing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that within these areas there's routing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that within these areas there's routing
+as usual and forwarding as usual so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual and forwarding as usual so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual and forwarding as usual so all
+these nodes have you could recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nodes have you could recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nodes have you could recursively
+build sub areas but if you didn't each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build sub areas but if you didn't each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build sub areas but if you didn't each
+of these guys would have an entry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys would have an entry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys would have an entry for
+all of the other nodes here and within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the other nodes here and within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the other nodes here and within
+these areas you would have border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas you would have border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas you would have border
+routers and these border routers would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers and these border routers would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers and these border routers would
+only have entries for the other areas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have entries for the other areas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have entries for the other areas so
+if you sent a pack if you wanted to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sent a pack if you wanted to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sent a pack if you wanted to send
+a packet from area one to area uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a packet from area one to area uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a packet from area one to area uh let's
+say area four what you would do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say area four what you would do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say area four what you would do is you
+would send a packet to one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would send a packet to one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would send a packet to one of your
+border routers and that border router
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border routers and that border router
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border routers and that border router
+would have an entry in its routing table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have an entry in its routing table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have an entry in its routing table
+to get to area four it wouldn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to area four it wouldn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to area four it wouldn't know
+anything about the details inside Area 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the details inside Area 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the details inside Area 4
+and so you have a nice hierarchy where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have a nice hierarchy where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have a nice hierarchy where
+inside the network you only know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the network you only know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the network you only know how to
+get inside your network and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get inside your network and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get inside your network and to the
+border the borders know how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border the borders know how to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border the borders know how to get
+inside and the borders know how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and the borders know how to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and the borders know how to get
+to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other
+borders uh but the borders don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borders uh but the borders don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borders uh but the borders don't know
+the border of one area doesn't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the border of one area doesn't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the border of one area doesn't know how
+to get inside any other network so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get inside any other network so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get inside any other network so you
+can see now you can recursively apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see now you can recursively apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see now you can recursively apply
+this idea and start to scale uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea and start to scale uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea and start to scale uh the
+routing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system now on the internet what ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now on the internet what ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now on the internet what ended up
+happening was well they had to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening was well they had to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening was well they had to apply
+this area hierarchy and very soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area hierarchy and very soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area hierarchy and very soon
+organization started saying well I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization started saying well I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization started saying well I have
+a big area and I have a small area so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big area and I have a small area so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big area and I have a small area so
+how big do you make this thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big do you make this thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big do you make this thing in the
+very old internet these were eight bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very old internet these were eight bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very old internet these were eight bits
+long and these were the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and these were the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and these were the rest of the
+address if you have eight bits you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address if you have eight bits you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address if you have eight bits you can
+only have 256 organizations and although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have 256 organizations and although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have 256 organizations and although
+KH and surf thought that was plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KH and surf thought that was plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KH and surf thought that was plenty
+enough that clearly wasn't the case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that clearly wasn't the case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that clearly wasn't the case so
+they you know by this time people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know by this time people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know by this time people were
+starting to build equipment with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to build equipment with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to build equipment with these
+32-bit addresses and all this Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit addresses and all this Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit addresses and all this Hardware
+was out there so what do you do so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was out there so what do you do so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was out there so what do you do so what
+they said was all right let's have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said was all right let's have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said was all right let's have three
+classes of areas we will have for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of areas we will have for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of areas we will have for the
+really big guys we'll have class A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big guys we'll have class A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big guys we'll have class A
+addresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses
+then for the medium guys we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for the medium guys we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for the medium guys we'll have
+class B and for the little guys we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class B and for the little guys we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class B and for the little guys we'll
+have class C what that meant is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have class C what that meant is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have class C what that meant is that
+we're going to have class A allows an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have class A allows an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have class A allows an
+organization to have up to 2 to the 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization to have up to 2 to the 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization to have up to 2 to the 24
+addresses because Class A is identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses because Class A is identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses because Class A is identified
+by eight bits so you get 24 which is 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by eight bits so you get 24 which is 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by eight bits so you get 24 which is 32
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+8 so MIT was pretty smart they decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 so MIT was pretty smart they decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 so MIT was pretty smart they decided
+that they would go and you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would go and you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would go and you know they
+were up there they were doing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were up there they were doing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were up there they were doing a lot of
+networking research so they said we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking research so they said we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking research so they said we're
+going to go get ourselves one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go get ourselves one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go get ourselves one of these
+Class A addresses because we're a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class A addresses because we're a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class A addresses because we're a big
+university and we got lots of computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university and we got lots of computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university and we got lots of computers
+and it was probably the case that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was probably the case that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was probably the case that at the
+time I might probably had more computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I might probably had more computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I might probably had more computers
+than most other places so they even to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than most other places so they even to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than most other places so they even to
+this day they maintain this address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day they maintain this address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day they maintain this address
+which was 18. star uh where the star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was 18. star uh where the star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was 18. star uh where the star
+refers to um well technically star. star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to um well technically star. star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to um well technically star. star
+dostar so all two to the 24 addresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dostar so all two to the 24 addresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dostar so all two to the 24 addresses
+that start with the number 18 or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start with the number 18 or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start with the number 18 or in
+binary terms whatever the 18 is 0 00 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary terms whatever the 18 is 0 00 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary terms whatever the 18 is 0 00 0
+I'm going to get this wrong but some 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get this wrong but some 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get this wrong but some 8
+bit number for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+18 so anyway they were really um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 so anyway they were really um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 so anyway they were really um you
+know they went and got this stuff now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they went and got this stuff now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they went and got this stuff now
+nobody wanted the class C's because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody wanted the class C's because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody wanted the class C's because the
+class C's were you know you could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class C's were you know you could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class C's were you know you could get
+two to the eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+addresses because the class C was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses because the class C was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses because the class C was
+defined as 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as 24
+bits so you'd have 24 bits to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits so you'd have 24 bits to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits so you'd have 24 bits to define the
+organization so you could have 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization so you could have 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization so you could have 2 to the
+24 or some large number of organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 or some large number of organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 or some large number of organizations
+not quite 2 to the 24 but you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite 2 to the 24 but you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite 2 to the 24 but you'd have
+some large number of organizations uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some large number of organizations uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some large number of organizations uh
+but then you'd only get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you'd only get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you'd only get
+256 now the organization ding out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+256 now the organization ding out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+256 now the organization ding out these
+numbers there's there's a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers there's there's a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers there's there's a particular
+organization actually it was not even an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization actually it was not even an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization actually it was not even an
+organization at the time it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization at the time it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization at the time it was like
+this John pastel at UCLA one guy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this John pastel at UCLA one guy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this John pastel at UCLA one guy was
+ding this stuff out and and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ding this stuff out and and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ding this stuff out and and then it
+became an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became an
+organization and John P was great I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and John P was great I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and John P was great I mean
+he was really he you know the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was really he you know the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was really he you know the social
+aspects of how he managed this were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of how he managed this were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of how he managed this were
+remarkable but so he didn't D these out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable but so he didn't D these out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable but so he didn't D these out
+you know randomly uh and nobody wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know randomly uh and nobody wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know randomly uh and nobody wanted
+this everybody wanted this or nobody I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this everybody wanted this or nobody I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this everybody wanted this or nobody I
+mean everybody wanted that but they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean everybody wanted that but they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean everybody wanted that but they got
+this and this was 16 and 16 so You' get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this was 16 and 16 so You' get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this was 16 and 16 so You' get
+two to the 16 addresses and you'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the 16 addresses and you'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the 16 addresses and you'd get
+your uh 16bit identifiers for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh 16bit identifiers for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh 16bit identifiers for these
+areas and over time as the internet grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and over time as the internet grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and over time as the internet grew
+you know the obvious thing happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the obvious thing happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the obvious thing happened
+because the thing is this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the thing is this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the thing is this is like the
+goldilock story right this is like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldilock story right this is like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldilock story right this is like it's
+too big and this is too small and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big and this is too small and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big and this is too small and this
+is just right and you know pretty soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just right and you know pretty soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just right and you know pretty soon
+there were two to the 16 organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two to the 16 organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two to the 16 organizations
+on the internet and we ran out we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet and we ran out we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet and we ran out we
+literally they ran out of class B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally they ran out of class B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally they ran out of class B
+addresses and by the time by the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and by the time by the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and by the time by the early
+'90s they realized that this rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'90s they realized that this rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'90s they realized that this rigid
+decomposition into addresses in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition into addresses in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition into addresses in this
+form was just not quite right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form was just not quite right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form was just not quite right you know
+because what you really wanted was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you really wanted was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you really wanted was a
+system where you allowed organiz this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you allowed organiz this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you allowed organiz this
+idea of an organization ID didn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of an organization ID didn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of an organization ID didn't make
+sense like what if I need 2 to the 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense like what if I need 2 to the 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense like what if I need 2 to the 12
+addresses today you would have to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses today you would have to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses today you would have to give
+me 2 to the 16 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me 2 to the 16 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me 2 to the 16 which is
+ridiculous so if I need a 2 to the 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous so if I need a 2 to the 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous so if I need a 2 to the 12
+you know how do you actually do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do you actually do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do you actually do that
+well I could get four two to the eights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could get four two to the eights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could get four two to the eights
+but if those two to the eights were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if those two to the eights were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if those two to the eights were not
+contig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contig
+then those routers in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those routers in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those routers in the middle of the
+internet would have to would not be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet would have to would not be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet would have to would not be able
+to treat them as one and have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat them as one and have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat them as one and have the same
+prefix to define the rest you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix to define the rest you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix to define the rest you know to
+define the entire network they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the entire network they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the entire network they would
+have to have four different entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have four different entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have four different entries
+defeating the purpose of in fact using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeating the purpose of in fact using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeating the purpose of in fact using
+this kind of area based routing so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of area based routing so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of area based routing so the
+whole thing was kind of messed up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing was kind of messed up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing was kind of messed up so
+they actually got wise to this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually got wise to this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually got wise to this problem
+and they came up with a more sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they came up with a more sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they came up with a more sensible
+sane way to deal with this problem I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sane way to deal with this problem I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sane way to deal with this problem I'll
+I'll talk about that at um probably on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about that at um probably on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about that at um probably on
+Monday now in the meantime in the 1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday now in the meantime in the 1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday now in the meantime in the 1980s
+this growth was happening pretty rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this growth was happening pretty rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this growth was happening pretty rapidly
+and the they started getting organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the they started getting organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the they started getting organized
+the uh V surf who was by then at Dar at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh V surf who was by then at Dar at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh V surf who was by then at Dar at
+arpa appointed Dave Clark uh who aarch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arpa appointed Dave Clark uh who aarch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arpa appointed Dave Clark uh who aarch
+science senior research scientist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science senior research scientist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science senior research scientist and
+professor at MIT to uh a position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at MIT to uh a position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at MIT to uh a position of
+Internet Chief Architect and he was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet Chief Architect and he was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet Chief Architect and he was uh
+instrument in writing and bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument in writing and bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument in writing and bringing
+together a lot of people in organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a lot of people in organizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a lot of people in organizing
+how people do this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people do this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people do this kind of
+standardization so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardization so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardization so there was
+organization called the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization called the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization called the internet
+engineering task force or ITF that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering task force or ITF that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering task force or ITF that's the
+organization that determines and sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that determines and sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that determines and sets
+the standards for the protocols that run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standards for the protocols that run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standards for the protocols that run
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+internet in 1982 a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet in 1982 a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet in 1982 a really important
+thing happened this idea of this open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happened this idea of this open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happened this idea of this open
+Community with the uh with the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community with the uh with the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community with the uh with the internet
+architecture U uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture U uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture U uh
+Community got a real boost when the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community got a real boost when the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community got a real boost when the US
+Department of Defense looked at various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Defense looked at various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Defense looked at various
+ways in competing ways of Designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in competing ways of Designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in competing ways of Designing
+networks and kind of remarkably for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and kind of remarkably for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and kind of remarkably for a
+Department of Defense decided to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Defense decided to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Defense decided to pick
+the open stand standard rather than some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open stand standard rather than some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open stand standard rather than some
+proprietary standard rather than some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary standard rather than some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary standard rather than some
+Clos standard that is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos standard that is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos standard that is you know
+potentially more secure though it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially more secure though it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially more secure though it really
+isn't they actually remarkably they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't they actually remarkably they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't they actually remarkably they said
+we're going to standardize our entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to standardize our entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to standardize our entire
+systems on tcpip and and the defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems on tcpip and and the defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems on tcpip and and the defense
+department I don't know if it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department I don't know if it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department I don't know if it's still
+the case it probably is but in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case it probably is but in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case it probably is but in those
+days it was a huge consumer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days it was a huge consumer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days it was a huge consumer of
+Information Technology uh it still is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information Technology uh it still is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information Technology uh it still is
+it's just that other people consume it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that other people consume it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that other people consume it
+too but in those days it was probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but in those days it was probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but in those days it was probably
+the dominant consumer of Information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant consumer of Information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant consumer of Information
+Technology and they standardized on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology and they standardized on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology and they standardized on it
+and they awarded a contract to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they awarded a contract to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they awarded a contract to the
+Berkeley computer systems group to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley computer systems group to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley computer systems group to build
+tcpip which by then had become standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tcpip which by then had become standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tcpip which by then had become standard
+and there were many implementations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were many implementations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were many implementations but
+they said take Unix and go build the TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said take Unix and go build the TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said take Unix and go build the TCP
+IP stack and Berkeley did a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP stack and Berkeley did a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP stack and Berkeley did a lot of
+interesting things with it including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things with it including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things with it including
+creating the sockets layer they came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the sockets layer they came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the sockets layer they came out
+with um what today is known as open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um what today is known as open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um what today is known as open
+source implementations of uh of the TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source implementations of uh of the TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source implementations of uh of the TCP
+stack in 1983 MIT created project Athena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack in 1983 MIT created project Athena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack in 1983 MIT created project Athena
+which was world the world's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was world the world's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was world the world's first
+campus-wide uh campus area network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus-wide uh campus area network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus-wide uh campus area network
+system and they did a lot of work U on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and they did a lot of work U on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and they did a lot of work U on
+things like file systems uh distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like file systems uh distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like file systems uh distributed
+file systems and and uh the curus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file systems and and uh the curus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file systems and and uh the curus
+authentication scheme and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication scheme and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication scheme and a lot of
+important uh ideas from this network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh ideas from this network and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh ideas from this network and
+they also ran the TCP IP stack they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also ran the TCP IP stack they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also ran the TCP IP stack they
+didn't run anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't run anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't run anything
+proprietary in 1984 the domain name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary in 1984 the domain name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary in 1984 the domain name
+system was introduced for those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was introduced for those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was introduced for those who
+don't know it you know when you go type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it you know when you go type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it you know when you go type
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+www.mit.edu something converts it to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+www.mit.edu something converts it to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+www.mit.edu something converts it to an
+IP address and then your U Network stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP address and then your U Network stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP address and then your U Network stack
+communicates and sends packets over TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicates and sends packets over TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicates and sends packets over TCP
+or UDP or these protocols to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or UDP or these protocols to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or UDP or these protocols to that
+address how do you convert this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address how do you convert this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address how do you convert this well
+again originally this was maintained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again originally this was maintained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again originally this was maintained in
+a file this file was called host. Tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a file this file was called host. Tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a file this file was called host. Tech
+uh host. text and believe it or not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh host. text and believe it or not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh host. text and believe it or not the
+way this file would work was that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this file would work was that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this file would work was that every
+night I think in the middle of the night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night I think in the middle of the night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night I think in the middle of the night
+uh every computer on the internet would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every computer on the internet would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every computer on the internet would
+go and download this file from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and download this file from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and download this file from one
+computer that was located somewhere on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that was located somewhere on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that was located somewhere on
+the west coast like literally you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the west coast like literally you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the west coast like literally you would
+get a host. textt file of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a host. textt file of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a host. textt file of course you
+could hack it you could do whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hack it you could do whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hack it you could do whatever you
+wanted and the Assumption of course was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted and the Assumption of course was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted and the Assumption of course was
+that no one was you know I was told that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no one was you know I was told that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no one was you know I was told that
+in the early days every computer had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early days every computer had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early days every computer had a
+root password which was empty or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root password which was empty or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root password which was empty or at
+least computers in MIT had a root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least computers in MIT had a root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least computers in MIT had a root
+password was empty everybody could log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password was empty everybody could log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password was empty everybody could log
+in to any computer everybody was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to any computer everybody was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to any computer everybody was
+completely trusted which uh I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely trusted which uh I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely trusted which uh I think is
+sort of not true anymore but you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of not true anymore but you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of not true anymore but you would
+download this host. text file every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download this host. text file every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download this host. text file every day
+and you know it started as the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it started as the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it started as the internet
+grew really fast um you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew really fast um you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew really fast um you know the
+internet has been growing by 80 to 90% a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet has been growing by 80 to 90% a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet has been growing by 80 to 90% a
+year not just in the past few years not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year not just in the past few years not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year not just in the past few years not
+just in the '90s you know it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the '90s you know it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the '90s you know it's been
+growing at 80 to 90% a year since 1980
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at 80 to 90% a year since 1980
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at 80 to 90% a year since 1980
+so it's just this amazing tear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just this amazing tear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just this amazing tear
+and so anyway this idea of downloading a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so anyway this idea of downloading a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so anyway this idea of downloading a
+file every night is just not a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file every night is just not a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file every night is just not a good idea
+so they created the domain name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they created the domain name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they created the domain name
+system they had to create a um the NSF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they had to create a um the NSF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they had to create a um the NSF
+which was the National Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the National Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the National Science
+Foundation got into the act and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation got into the act and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation got into the act and they
+became the first internet backbone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the first internet backbone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the first internet backbone and
+the backbone the idea is that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backbone the idea is that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backbone the idea is that this is a
+backbone that connects all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone that connects all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone that connects all of these
+different networks together um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different networks together um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different networks together um in
+particular all of the universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular all of the universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular all of the universities
+together so they also picked tcpip as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so they also picked tcpip as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so they also picked tcpip as a
+standard and again the important lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and again the important lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and again the important lesson
+here is they picked it as a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is they picked it as a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is they picked it as a standard
+because it was open because it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was open because it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was open because it was very
+clear that these implementations were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that these implementations were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that these implementations were
+available they were free everybody could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available they were free everybody could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available they were free everybody could
+contribute to it and everybody could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to it and everybody could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to it and everybody could
+beat on it and improve it and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat on it and improve it and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat on it and improve it and there was
+no proprietary technology that was held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no proprietary technology that was held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no proprietary technology that was held
+so what I will do here is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I will do here is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I will do here is I'm going to
+stop I'll pick it up at this point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop I'll pick it up at this point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop I'll pick it up at this point on
+Monday talk about congestion control how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday talk about congestion control how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday talk about congestion control how
+to hijack routes and how to send spam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hijack routes and how to send spam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hijack routes and how to send spam
+without being detected and then U talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being detected and then U talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being detected and then U talk
+about the future of uh network uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future of uh network uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future of uh network uh
+networking and Communications
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ox0-ancvQ5g.txt b/ox0-ancvQ5g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6bc2621ce5cadae4235a7e741c3940180b79f8b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ox0-ancvQ5g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1355 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+some of you might want to present what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you might want to present what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you might want to present what
+happens over time with your photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens over time with your photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens over time with your photographs
+other than creating a video it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than creating a video it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than creating a video it's usually
+quite compelling when watching a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite compelling when watching a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite compelling when watching a dynamic
+phenomena it's true and if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena it's true and if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena it's true and if you think
+about it all of science is ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it all of science is ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it all of science is ultimately
+Dynamic right things change over time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic right things change over time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic right things change over time we
+generally assume one has to watch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally assume one has to watch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally assume one has to watch a
+moving image to see that change so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving image to see that change so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving image to see that change so here
+for example you are seeing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you are seeing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you are seeing something
+called the bazov jabotinski reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the bazov jabotinski reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the bazov jabotinski reaction
+it's a complicated oscillating reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a complicated oscillating reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a complicated oscillating reaction
+that we're observing within a petri dish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're observing within a petri dish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're observing within a petri dish
+but it's not a video in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a video in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a video in the sense that
+it wasn't taken with a video camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't taken with a video camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't taken with a video camera
+you're seeing a series of still images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing a series of still images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing a series of still images
+that I made and I was privileged to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I made and I was privileged to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I made and I was privileged to make
+in Professor jabotinsky Lab at brandise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Professor jabotinsky Lab at brandise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Professor jabotinsky Lab at brandise
+I took the images 11 seconds apart over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took the images 11 seconds apart over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took the images 11 seconds apart over
+a period of 5 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period of 5 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period of 5 minutes
+by the way I made the images in film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I made the images in film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I made the images in film
+which became slide formats as you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which became slide formats as you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which became slide formats as you might
+remember or then again maybe you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember or then again maybe you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember or then again maybe you don't
+and you're seeing digital scans of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're seeing digital scans of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're seeing digital scans of those
+individual frames we're seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual frames we're seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual frames we're seeing the
+spiral waves forming a color indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral waves forming a color indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral waves forming a color indicator
+allows us to see the reaction so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to see the reaction so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to see the reaction so what
+we're really seeing is a series of still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really seeing is a series of still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really seeing is a series of still
+images one right after the other that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images one right after the other that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images one right after the other that is
+in fact what a moving image is isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what a moving image is isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what a moving image is isn't it
+so that that looks pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that looks pretty interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that looks pretty interesting
+but in my opinion just as interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in my opinion just as interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in my opinion just as interesting is
+seeing the individual images lined up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the individual images lined up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the individual images lined up in
+a grid so that we can compare one image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grid so that we can compare one image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grid so that we can compare one image
+to the other and note the changes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other and note the changes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other and note the changes that
+occur I am convinced there is a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur I am convinced there is a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur I am convinced there is a place
+for this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this kind of
+presentation here's another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation here's another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation here's another example
+you're looking at a 1 cm across circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a 1 cm across circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a 1 cm across circular
+sandwich let's call it of two pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich let's call it of two pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich let's call it of two pieces of
+glass the glass contains within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass the glass contains within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass the glass contains within the
+sandwich material called blco polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich material called blco polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich material called blco polymers
+in a solvent and over time the solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a solvent and over time the solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a solvent and over time the solvent
+evaporates around the edges so that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporates around the edges so that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporates around the edges so that over
+time the blockco polymers self assemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the blockco polymers self assemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the blockco polymers self assemble
+in different orientations and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different orientations and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different orientations and that
+change is visually translated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is visually translated into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is visually translated into
+changes in color and so again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in color and so again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in color and so again we're
+seeing a series of Stills one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a series of Stills one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a series of Stills one right
+after the other viewing it as a moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the other viewing it as a moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the other viewing it as a moving
+image but here too looking at each side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image but here too looking at each side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image but here too looking at each side
+by side can clarify exactly what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by side can clarify exactly what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by side can clarify exactly what is
+going on I just want you to think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on I just want you to think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on I just want you to think a
+little bit about seeing a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about seeing a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about seeing a series of
+Stills instead of only an animation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stills instead of only an animation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stills instead of only an animation by
+the way here is that still image in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way here is that still image in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way here is that still image in the
+journal let's talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal let's talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal let's talk a little bit about
+showing scale in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing scale in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing scale in your
+presentations my purpose here is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations my purpose here is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations my purpose here is to
+nudge you to think a little differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudge you to think a little differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudge you to think a little differently
+from perpetuating the standard approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from perpetuating the standard approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from perpetuating the standard approach
+to showing scale within an image instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to showing scale within an image instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to showing scale within an image instead
+of for example showing that overused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for example showing that overused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for example showing that overused
+coin side by side with your device how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin side by side with your device how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin side by side with your device how
+about making the composition ever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making the composition ever so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making the composition ever so
+slightly more interesting you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more interesting you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more interesting you can also
+think about showing your device on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about showing your device on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about showing your device on top
+of something other than a coin for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something other than a coin for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something other than a coin for
+example something more recognizable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example something more recognizable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example something more recognizable and
+more interesting in structure in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting in structure in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting in structure in this
+case I use a compact dis which might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I use a compact dis which might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I use a compact dis which might not
+be familiar from years to come but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be familiar from years to come but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be familiar from years to come but I'm
+trying it here anyway I hope you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying it here anyway I hope you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying it here anyway I hope you still
+know what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is
+and in the caption we can give more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the caption we can give more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the caption we can give more
+information about the size of the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the size of the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the size of the device
+or the material and here we're seeing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the material and here we're seeing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the material and here we're seeing an
+image of a structure giving the reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of a structure giving the reader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of a structure giving the reader
+both a sense of scale and property the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a sense of scale and property the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a sense of scale and property the
+presence of the coins suggests the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of the coins suggests the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of the coins suggests the scale
+of the small objects but we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the small objects but we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the small objects but we're also
+seeing that the structure itself can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that the structure itself can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that the structure itself can
+collapse and then bounce back which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse and then bounce back which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse and then bounce back which is
+in fact the important part of what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the important part of what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the important part of what this
+is about in this image which we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about in this image which we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about in this image which we'll see
+again in week six you're seeing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in week six you're seeing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in week six you're seeing a
+syringe needle which I use to place some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syringe needle which I use to place some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syringe needle which I use to place some
+colored water onto a surface it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored water onto a surface it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored water onto a surface it's a
+suggestion of the scale of the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion of the scale of the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion of the scale of the square
+drops of water it isn't quantitative but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops of water it isn't quantitative but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops of water it isn't quantitative but
+just a hint of a size if you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a hint of a size if you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a hint of a size if you know the
+size of a syringe needle and another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a syringe needle and another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a syringe needle and another way
+you might present an idea of scale is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might present an idea of scale is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might present an idea of scale is to
+show something from various points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show something from various points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show something from various points of
+view as we zoom into the material so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view as we zoom into the material so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view as we zoom into the material so
+here is that old computer memory core we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that old computer memory core we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that old computer memory core we
+saw four something I'll bet most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw four something I'll bet most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw four something I'll bet most of you
+haven't seen before this class and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen before this class and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen before this class and in
+the next image I made the picture with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next image I made the picture with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next image I made the picture with a
+105 lens getting closer to the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 lens getting closer to the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 lens getting closer to the material
+and again here I'm coming even closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again here I'm coming even closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again here I'm coming even closer
+with another tool something called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another tool something called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another tool something called a
+stereo microscope once again even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereo microscope once again even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereo microscope once again even
+getting closer with a compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer with a compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer with a compound
+microscope and finally I made an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope and finally I made an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope and finally I made an image
+with a scanning electron microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a scanning electron microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a scanning electron microscope
+which I've colored so yes it's true I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've colored so yes it's true I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've colored so yes it's true I'm
+not exactly showing you the ex exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly showing you the ex exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly showing you the ex exact
+size of the material but I'm taking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the material but I'm taking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the material but I'm taking you
+sort of through a sense of scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of through a sense of scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of through a sense of scale and
+maybe sort of telling a scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe sort of telling a scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe sort of telling a scale
+Story the same with this morpho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Story the same with this morpho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Story the same with this morpho
+butterfly wing as we zoom into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butterfly wing as we zoom into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butterfly wing as we zoom into the
+structure first taken with a camera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure first taken with a camera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure first taken with a camera and
+lens then getting closer to the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens then getting closer to the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens then getting closer to the material
+looking with a colored scanning electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking with a colored scanning electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking with a colored scanning electron
+micrograph we see more detail and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograph we see more detail and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograph we see more detail and even
+getting more enlarged seeing it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more enlarged seeing it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more enlarged seeing it with
+another scanning electron micrograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another scanning electron micrograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another scanning electron micrograph
+which I colored now it appears blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I colored now it appears blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I colored now it appears blue
+initially but there's no blue dye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially but there's no blue dye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially but there's no blue dye
+present the color is due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present the color is due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present the color is due to the
+structure of the wing which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the wing which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the wing which is what
+we're seeing and it's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing and it's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing and it's an interesting
+story which I suggest you look into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story which I suggest you look into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story which I suggest you look into
+here's another idea instead of always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another idea instead of always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another idea instead of always
+placing a scale bar either in the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing a scale bar either in the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing a scale bar either in the lower
+right hand corner or the lower left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand corner or the lower left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand corner or the lower left hand
+corner how about if we place the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner how about if we place the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner how about if we place the scale
+bar within the image in a more designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar within the image in a more designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar within the image in a more designed
+approach you just did see an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach you just did see an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach you just did see an example of
+this and here's another example I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and here's another example I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and here's another example I've
+placed and labeled the scale bar within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed and labeled the scale bar within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed and labeled the scale bar within
+the image the full design of the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image the full design of the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image the full design of the image
+works better the information is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works better the information is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works better the information is there
+but doesn't compromise the Aesthetics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but doesn't compromise the Aesthetics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but doesn't compromise the Aesthetics of
+the image the scale bar works with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image the scale bar works with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image the scale bar works with it
+and the same with this image which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same with this image which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same with this image which
+you've also seen before the bar doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've also seen before the bar doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've also seen before the bar doesn't
+always have to be on the bottom right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to be on the bottom right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to be on the bottom right or
+left unless of course the journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left unless of course the journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left unless of course the journal
+insists on that there is no reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insists on that there is no reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insists on that there is no reason why
+it has to be placed in that format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be placed in that format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be placed in that format
+that's one of those perpetuated rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of those perpetuated rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of those perpetuated rules
+that in my opinion have no logic to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in my opinion have no logic to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in my opinion have no logic to it
+for our book on the surface of things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our book on the surface of things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our book on the surface of things we
+wanted to suggest a comparative sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to suggest a comparative sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to suggest a comparative sense of
+scale when looking at all of the images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale when looking at all of the images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale when looking at all of the images
+in the book we used the head of a pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book we used the head of a pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book we used the head of a pin
+which measures about between 1 to 2 mm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which measures about between 1 to 2 mm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which measures about between 1 to 2 mm
+as a reference point next next to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reference point next next to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reference point next next to each
+image you see a blue outline of a pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image you see a blue outline of a pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image you see a blue outline of a pin
+head made relative to the size of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head made relative to the size of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head made relative to the size of what's
+in the photograph so for example looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the photograph so for example looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the photograph so for example looking
+at this image of ferrofluid the pin head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this image of ferrofluid the pin head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this image of ferrofluid the pin head
+appears around this size note the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears around this size note the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears around this size note the blue
+circle but when we have to zoom way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle but when we have to zoom way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle but when we have to zoom way down
+to the nanoscale level in order to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nanoscale level in order to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nanoscale level in order to see
+the indentations of this compact disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indentations of this compact disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indentations of this compact disc
+the pin head Circle almost becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pin head Circle almost becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pin head Circle almost becomes a
+straight line line we hardly see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line line we hardly see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line line we hardly see the
+curvature because the indented areas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature because the indented areas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature because the indented areas are
+so small we cannot use photons to image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so small we cannot use photons to image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so small we cannot use photons to image
+that surface we have to use electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that surface we have to use electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that surface we have to use electrons
+with a scanning electron microscope so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a scanning electron microscope so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a scanning electron microscope so
+just imagine traveling down to that Nano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine traveling down to that Nano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine traveling down to that Nano
+scale while the pin head enlarges as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale while the pin head enlarges as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale while the pin head enlarges as you
+pass it by I think it worked quite well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass it by I think it worked quite well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass it by I think it worked quite well
+for the book I hope you do
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/p9DHjoLS3GA.txt b/p9DHjoLS3GA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f41ceadd917e263dce44e6fc65ff6a382cce7e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/p9DHjoLS3GA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mmit.edu. This is We've got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. This is We've got three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. This is We've got three
+lectures left today, Thursday, and next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures left today, Thursday, and next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures left today, Thursday, and next
+Tuesday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+today we're going to talk about a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about a little
+bit more about modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analysis and we did initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and we did initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and we did initial
+conditions last time. This time we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions last time. This time we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions last time. This time we'll do
+harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excitation mostly a little review there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thursday. Let me re say this slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday. Let me re say this slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday. Let me re say this slightly
+differently.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently.
+Um modal analysis looks at the vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um modal analysis looks at the vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um modal analysis looks at the vibration
+of a system with many degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a system with many degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a system with many degrees of freedom
+and looks at it one mode at a time. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looks at it one mode at a time. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looks at it one mode at a time. But
+you can also just solve the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also just solve the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also just solve the whole thing
+at once. You don't have to break it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once. You don't have to break it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once. You don't have to break it down
+into individual modes. So you can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into individual modes. So you can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into individual modes. So you can come
+up with a if you have a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a if you have a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a if you have a harmonic
+excitation on a continu on a system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation on a continu on a system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation on a continu on a system with
+many degrees of freedom. If you put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many degrees of freedom. If you put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many degrees of freedom. If you put in a
+harmonic force, the whole thing's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic force, the whole thing's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic force, the whole thing's going
+to shake and you can solve it in one go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shake and you can solve it in one go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shake and you can solve it in one go.
+And that's essentially using a transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's essentially using a transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's essentially using a transfer
+function approach. So this is breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function approach. So this is breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function approach. So this is breaking
+it down one mode at a time. Here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down one mode at a time. Here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down one mode at a time. Here we're
+going to do this concept of transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this concept of transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this concept of transfer
+functions for hij. So response at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for hij. So response at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for hij. So response at
+location I due to an excitation at J. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location I due to an excitation at J. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location I due to an excitation at J. In
+a multiple degree of freedom system, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiple degree of freedom system, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiple degree of freedom system, you
+get many different combinations. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get many different combinations. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get many different combinations. So this
+is steady state response but done all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is steady state response but done all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is steady state response but done all at
+once and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and
+Tuesday and also this has an application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday and also this has an application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday and also this has an application
+to something I called dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absorbers. I'll just be able to scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbers. I'll just be able to scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbers. I'll just be able to scratch
+the surface of that, but the Hancock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of that, but the Hancock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of that, but the Hancock
+building across the way, I told you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building across the way, I told you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building across the way, I told you a
+couple lectures back about it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple lectures back about it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple lectures back about it in the
+1970s is brand new and the windows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s is brand new and the windows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s is brand new and the windows are
+falling out and there was lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling out and there was lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling out and there was lots of
+windows falling out at the bottom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows falling out at the bottom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows falling out at the bottom and
+none at the top and the thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none at the top and the thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none at the top and the thing was
+bending back and forth like a just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending back and forth like a just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending back and forth like a just a
+canal lever reading the wind. And one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canal lever reading the wind. And one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canal lever reading the wind. And one of
+the fixes for it is they put a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixes for it is they put a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixes for it is they put a thing
+called the dynamic absorber on the 58th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the dynamic absorber on the 58th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the dynamic absorber on the 58th
+floor. There are two 300 ton blocks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor. There are two 300 ton blocks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor. There are two 300 ton blocks of
+lead on a pressurized oil film so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead on a pressurized oil film so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead on a pressurized oil film so they
+can slide back and forth on the 58th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can slide back and forth on the 58th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can slide back and forth on the 58th
+floor of that building. They're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor of that building. They're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor of that building. They're called
+dynamic absorbers and at the expense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic absorbers and at the expense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic absorbers and at the expense of
+letting these big blocks of lead slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting these big blocks of lead slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting these big blocks of lead slide
+back and forth, it keeps the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth, it keeps the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth, it keeps the building
+from vibrating and keeps the windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from vibrating and keeps the windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from vibrating and keeps the windows
+from falling out. So, we'll I hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from falling out. So, we'll I hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from falling out. So, we'll I hope to
+get to talking a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to talking a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to talking a little bit about
+dynamic absorbers. one other way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic absorbers. one other way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic absorbers. one other way of
+stopping problem vibration. And on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping problem vibration. And on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping problem vibration. And on
+Tuesday, we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings and
+beams. Just a brief introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams. Just a brief introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams. Just a brief introduction to
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems. And that'll be our last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. And that'll be our last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. And that'll be our last lecture
+and probably give you a very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably give you a very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably give you a very quick
+review then of what's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review then of what's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review then of what's going to be
+covered on the final. But mostly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered on the final. But mostly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered on the final. But mostly the
+final will be um covering this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final will be um covering this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final will be um covering this last
+third of the course on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the course on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the course on
+vibration. So let's turn to modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration. So let's turn to modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration. So let's turn to modal
+analysis. And posted on stellar is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. And posted on stellar is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. And posted on stellar is a
+little two-page handout that gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little two-page handout that gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little two-page handout that gives you a
+just step-by-step cookbook approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just step-by-step cookbook approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just step-by-step cookbook approach to
+conducting a modal analysis. We're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting a modal analysis. We're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting a modal analysis. We're going
+to hit the highlights of that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit the highlights of that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit the highlights of that this
+morning as a way of reviewing what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning as a way of reviewing what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning as a way of reviewing what we
+learned last time and moving on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned last time and moving on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned last time and moving on to
+calculating the response to harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the response to harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the response to harmonic
+forces.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces.
+So, we begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we begin with
+some n degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+linearized. We're only dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized. We're only dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized. We're only dealing with
+linear equations of motion now. And our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations of motion now. And our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations of motion now. And our
+first step is we need equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is we need equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is we need equations of
+motion. So you'd write them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m in general you'd write out of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m in general you'd write out of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m in general you'd write out of your
+equations of motion for the system. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion for the system. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion for the system. And
+these x's here are just my generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these x's here are just my generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these x's here are just my generalized
+coordinates. They could be rotations,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. They could be rotations,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. They could be rotations,
+deflections, whatever makes sense in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflections, whatever makes sense in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflections, whatever makes sense in the
+problem. That's the first step. You need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. That's the first step. You need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. That's the first step. You need
+your equations of motion. Second step,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+undamped natural frequencies. The omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undamped natural frequencies. The omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undamped natural frequencies. The omega
+eyes, I'll just call it omega eyes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes, I'll just call it omega eyes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes, I'll just call it omega eyes and
+mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shapes. And the mode shapes we put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes. And the mode shapes we put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes. And the mode shapes we put into
+a matrix that we call a mode shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix that we call a mode shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix that we call a mode shape
+matrix. I write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. I write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. I write it as
+U. So that's the next step in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem. The third is basically to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. The third is basically to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. The third is basically to apply
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invoke the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal expansion
+theorem. This is the key to the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. This is the key to the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. This is the key to the whole
+thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+And that is to say that you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is to say that you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is to say that you can write
+the generalized motions of the system,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalized motions of the system,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalized motions of the system,
+the responses of the system as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responses of the system as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responses of the system as a
+weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the individual modes of the system. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual modes of the system. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual modes of the system. So
+the Q's are the modal amplitudes. The 's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q's are the modal amplitudes. The 's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q's are the modal amplitudes. The 's
+are the mode shape are the each mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the mode shape are the each mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the mode shape are the each mode
+like the first mode has some amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the first mode has some amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the first mode has some amplitude
+and time dependence and its motion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time dependence and its motion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time dependence and its motion is
+distributed to the whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed to the whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed to the whole system
+according to its mode shape and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to its mode shape and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to its mode shape and that's
+what that statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is and another way of writing it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and another way of writing it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and another way of writing it which
+is more intuitive is this is a summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more intuitive is this is a summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more intuitive is this is a summation
+then of i =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of i =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of i =
+1 over the degrees of freedom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over the degrees of freedom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over the degrees of freedom of the
+system of the mode shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of the mode shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of the mode shape
+shapes times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes times
+Q I of T. The modal amplitudes are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q I of T. The modal amplitudes are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q I of T. The modal amplitudes are the
+response of that single degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of that single degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of that single degree of
+freedom system that describes each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom system that describes each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom system that describes each of
+the modes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should the qis are the solution to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the qis are the solution to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the qis are the solution to n
+equations of the form m i qi d dot plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of the form m i qi d dot plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of the form m i qi d dot plus
+c i qi dot plus k i q i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c i qi dot plus k i q i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c i qi dot plus k i q i
+equals the excitation for that single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the excitation for that single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the excitation for that single
+degree of freedom system. So the modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom system. So the modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom system. So the modal
+expansion theorem says we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion theorem says we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion theorem says we're going to
+take each mode of the system treat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take each mode of the system treat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take each mode of the system treat it
+like a single degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a single degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a single degree of freedom
+problem. And so for the first mode I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. And so for the first mode I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. And so for the first mode I
+would be one. You'd have a ma modal mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one. You'd have a ma modal mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one. You'd have a ma modal mass
+damping stiffness and a force for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping stiffness and a force for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping stiffness and a force for that
+mode. And you know how to solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode. And you know how to solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode. And you know how to solve for the
+response of a single degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of a single degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of a single degree of freedom
+system to initial conditions or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to initial conditions or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to initial conditions or the
+steady state response to some harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state response to some harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state response to some harmonic
+input. And you would do that for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input. And you would do that for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input. And you would do that for each of
+the modes. And to get back to the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modes. And to get back to the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modes. And to get back to the final
+answer, you sum them back up again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer, you sum them back up again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer, you sum them back up again this
+way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I've put up here on the board where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've put up here on the board where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've put up here on the board where
+that the description of that demo and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the description of that demo and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the description of that demo and we
+went through all this information last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through all this information last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through all this information last
+time. So you have it in your notes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So you have it in your notes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So you have it in your notes for
+last time. If you missed last time, I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time. If you missed last time, I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time. If you missed last time, I've
+put it up again. So here's the demo on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it up again. So here's the demo on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it up again. So here's the demo on
+the table. This is what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table. This is what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table. This is what it's
+uh my diagram of it. Mass one, mass two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my diagram of it. Mass one, mass two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my diagram of it. Mass one, mass two,
+spring lowercase K1, lowercase K2. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring lowercase K1, lowercase K2. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring lowercase K1, lowercase K2. So
+the lower cases I'm going to use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower cases I'm going to use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower cases I'm going to use to
+describe system parameters. Uppercase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe system parameters. Uppercase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe system parameters. Uppercase
+K's and that sort of thing will be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K's and that sort of thing will be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K's and that sort of thing will be my
+modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal
+parameters. So this has masses,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters. So this has masses,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters. So this has masses,
+stiffnesses, and damping. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffnesses, and damping. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffnesses, and damping. And this
+damper is connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damper is connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damper is connected
+to this the uh non-moving frame. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this the uh non-moving frame. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this the uh non-moving frame. And so
+is this one to model the damping sliding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one to model the damping sliding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one to model the damping sliding
+up and down on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down on that
+shaft. So the equations of motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft. So the equations of motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft. So the equations of motion of
+this system are here in your generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system are here in your generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system are here in your generalized
+coordinates and I've included a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and I've included a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and I've included a
+possibility that I can have a force on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that I can have a force on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that I can have a force on
+the first mass f1 a force in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first mass f1 a force in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first mass f1 a force in the second
+mass. So this is a completely general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. So this is a completely general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. So this is a completely general
+setup for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup for this
+problem. Then to you need to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Then to you need to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Then to you need to find the
+natural frequencies and mode shapes. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequencies and mode shapes. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequencies and mode shapes. So
+you assume a solution of the form e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume a solution of the form e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume a solution of the form e to
+the i omega t plug in and you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i omega t plug in and you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i omega t plug in and you get this
+algebraic equation minus omega^ 2 m n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation minus omega^ 2 m n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation minus omega^ 2 m n +
+k times some vector which will turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k times some vector which will turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k times some vector which will turn out
+to be the mode shapes and either this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the mode shapes and either this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the mode shapes and either this is
+zero which is trivial or the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which is trivial or the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which is trivial or the determinant
+of this is zero and this gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is zero and this gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is zero and this gives you the
+roots of this determinant give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of this determinant give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of this determinant give you the
+natural frequencies of the system. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequencies of the system. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequencies of the system. If
+it's a fourderee of freedom problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fourderee of freedom problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fourderee of freedom problem you
+get four roots. So we found for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get four roots. So we found for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get four roots. So we found for this
+particular problem that the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem that the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem that the natural
+frequencies are 5.65 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are 5.65 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are 5.65 and
+17.69 and the mass matrix if you weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17.69 and the mass matrix if you weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17.69 and the mass matrix if you weren't
+here last time in kilogram 3.193.630
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+630 and the stiffness matrix in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+630 and the stiffness matrix in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+630 and the stiffness matrix in
+Newtons per meter for that system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtons per meter for that system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtons per meter for that system is
+this. Notice stiffness matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Notice stiffness matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Notice stiffness matrices are
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+symmetric and this one minus 36us 36.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and this one minus 36us 36.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and this one minus 36us 36.
+Okay. And many of you have been taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And many of you have been taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And many of you have been taking
+211. Have you run in did anybody invoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+211. Have you run in did anybody invoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+211. Have you run in did anybody invoke
+something called Maxwell's reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called Maxwell's reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called Maxwell's reciprocal
+theorem? Have you run into that? Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem? Have you run into that? Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem? Have you run into that? Okay.
+Well, this comes from structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this comes from structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this comes from structural
+analysis this notion of the symmetry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis this notion of the symmetry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis this notion of the symmetry of
+the K matrix. The mass matrix is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K matrix. The mass matrix is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K matrix. The mass matrix is also
+going to be symmetric. So we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be symmetric. So we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be symmetric. So we need to
+find by no to do modal analysis you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find by no to do modal analysis you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find by no to do modal analysis you make
+this uh calculation uranspose mu. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh calculation uranspose mu. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh calculation uranspose mu. This
+is the transpose of the modal mode shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the transpose of the modal mode shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the transpose of the modal mode shape
+matrix mu. And if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix mu. And if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix mu. And if you do that
+calculation with these numbers and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation with these numbers and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation with these numbers and those
+mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode
+shapes, you get a new mass. You get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes, you get a new mass. You get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes, you get a new mass. You get the
+modal mass matrix which is guaranteed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal mass matrix which is guaranteed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal mass matrix which is guaranteed to
+be diagonal even if it wasn't to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be diagonal even if it wasn't to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be diagonal even if it wasn't to begin
+with. This is the numbers you get. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. This is the numbers you get. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. This is the numbers you get. The
+stiffness matrix certainly wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness matrix certainly wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness matrix certainly wasn't
+diagonal to begin with. It looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal to begin with. It looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal to begin with. It looked like
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+and we multiply uranspose * k * u and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we multiply uranspose * k * u and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we multiply uranspose * k * u and we
+get a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix. This element here we'd call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. This element here we'd call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. This element here we'd call
+capital k1. It's the modal stiffness for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital k1. It's the modal stiffness for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital k1. It's the modal stiffness for
+mode one. This is the modal mass for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode one. This is the modal mass for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode one. This is the modal mass for
+mode one. And they represent a a they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode one. And they represent a a they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode one. And they represent a a they're
+numbers we need to write a single degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we need to write a single degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we need to write a single degree
+of freedom equation of motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom equation of motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom equation of motion of the
+kind at the bottom of that board up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind at the bottom of that board up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind at the bottom of that board up
+there. So we want to write M1 Q1 dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So we want to write M1 Q1 dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So we want to write M1 Q1 dot
+plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some
+C1 Q1 dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 Q1 dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 Q1 dot
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+K1 Q1 equals in general A this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 Q1 equals in general A this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 Q1 equals in general A this is a
+one some excitation but it's a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one some excitation but it's a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one some excitation but it's a single
+degree freedom system. If it's a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree freedom system. If it's a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree freedom system. If it's a single
+degree freedom system, what's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree freedom system, what's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree freedom system, what's its
+natural frequency using the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency using the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency using the parameters
+in this equation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So you omega 1 had better be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So you omega 1 had better be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So you omega 1 had better be the
+square root of K1 over M1 and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of K1 over M1 and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of K1 over M1 and that's the
+square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root
+of K1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+90 one. Nope, that's the that's the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 one. Nope, that's the that's the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 one. Nope, that's the that's the real
+stiffness matrix. I need my uranspose k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness matrix. I need my uranspose k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness matrix. I need my uranspose k
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+113.71 and the modal mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+113.71 and the modal mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+113.71 and the modal mass
+for for system one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3.556. So that's three or so into 10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.556. So that's three or so into 10 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.556. So that's three or so into 10 and
+something that's neighborhood of 35 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's neighborhood of 35 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's neighborhood of 35 36
+square<unk> of 36 is about six.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square<unk> of 36 is about six.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square<unk> of 36 is about six.
+So it needs it needs to give you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it needs it needs to give you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it needs it needs to give you back
+exactly the correct natural frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the correct natural frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the correct natural frequency
+which you found in the beginning when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you found in the beginning when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you found in the beginning when
+you solve for the natural frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve for the natural frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve for the natural frequencies
+and mode shapes of the system. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mode shapes of the system. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mode shapes of the system. So I
+already repeated myself here but and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already repeated myself here but and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already repeated myself here but and and
+if you write the same thing omega 2 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write the same thing omega 2 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write the same thing omega 2 it
+better be equal to k2 over m2. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be equal to k2 over m2. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be equal to k2 over m2. So these
+are just ways of verifying that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just ways of verifying that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just ways of verifying that you've
+done your arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done your arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done your arithmetic
+correctly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And I haven't done the damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I haven't done the damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I haven't done the damping
+matrix yet because the damping matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix yet because the damping matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix yet because the damping matrices
+are uh have to be done treated rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh have to be done treated rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh have to be done treated rather
+carefully. They don't uh automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully. They don't uh automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully. They don't uh automatically
+uncouple. And so we'll we'll address it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncouple. And so we'll we'll address it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncouple. And so we'll we'll address it
+in just a second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a second.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a second.
+The damping matrix however would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The damping matrix however would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The damping matrix however would be
+written U T C U will give me what I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written U T C U will give me what I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written U T C U will give me what I hope
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagonalized modal damping matrix. Try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized modal damping matrix. Try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized modal damping matrix. Try
+to make these look like caps or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make these look like caps or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make these look like caps or
+something to make them look a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to make them look a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to make them look a little
+different from the C's of the dash pots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the C's of the dash pots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the C's of the dash pots
+themselves. We hope to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. We hope to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. We hope to find a
+diagonalized damping matrix but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized damping matrix but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized damping matrix but we have
+to do some make some effort to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some make some effort to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some make some effort to make that
+happen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen.
+Finally, one thing we haven't dealt with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finally, one thing we haven't dealt with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finally, one thing we haven't dealt with
+before in order to when we derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in order to when we derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in order to when we derive
+the single degree of freedom modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single degree of freedom modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single degree of freedom modal
+systems, we had to multiply through by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems, we had to multiply through by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems, we had to multiply through by
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uranspose the original equations of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranspose the original equations of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranspose the original equations of of
+motion. And so what I we haven't worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. And so what I we haven't worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. And so what I we haven't worked
+with yet is how do you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with yet is how do you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with yet is how do you get the
+um modal forces in the system and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um modal forces in the system and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um modal forces in the system and they
+come from the calculation u transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the calculation u transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the calculation u transpose
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+the generalized forces in the system. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalized forces in the system. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalized forces in the system. So
+that's a vector times a matrix gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a vector times a matrix gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a vector times a matrix gives you
+a new vector which are the generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new vector which are the generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new vector which are the generalized
+forces. And we're going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces. And we're going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces. And we're going to do that
+example in more detail in a few minutes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So last time we did the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So last time we did the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So last time we did the initial
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem and we need the results of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we need the results of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we need the results of that
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+um we need the damping that we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we need the damping that we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we need the damping that we learned
+from that to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that to do
+the forced vibration problem. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forced vibration problem. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forced vibration problem. So let's
+go back and review a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and review a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and review a little bit about
+what we did. So let's uh let for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did. So let's uh let for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did. So let's uh let for a
+moment the generalized forces be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment the generalized forces be zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment the generalized forces be zero.
+So no excitation and this so we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So no excitation and this so we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So no excitation and this so we're only
+doing an initial conditions problem. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an initial conditions problem. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an initial conditions problem. And
+let's assume that we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that we have some
+set of initial conditions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of initial conditions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of initial conditions on the
+generalized displacements at time zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized displacements at time zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized displacements at time zero.
+to those initial conditions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those initial conditions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those initial conditions on
+displacements, they'll look, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements, they'll look, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements, they'll look, you know,
+something like x1 kn down to x n. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like x1 kn down to x n. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like x1 kn down to x n. And we
+just have a two degree of freedom system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a two degree of freedom system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a two degree of freedom system
+in our example. And also you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our example. And also you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our example. And also you could have
+an x dot at t equals z. And that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x dot at t equals z. And that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x dot at t equals z. And that would
+be some vector of v1 zeros down to vn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some vector of v1 zeros down to vn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some vector of v1 zeros down to vn
+zeros. And for today, we're going to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros. And for today, we're going to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros. And for today, we're going to let
+those be zeros. So we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those be zeros. So we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those be zeros. So we're just going to
+have an initial just an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an initial just an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an initial just an initial
+deflection in the system and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection in the system and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection in the system and see what
+happens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we learned last time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we learned last time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we learned last time that
+since the modal expansion theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the modal expansion theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the modal expansion theorem is
+what makes this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes this whole thing
+work, the idea that X can be written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work, the idea that X can be written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work, the idea that X can be written as
+U time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U time
+Q, then we ought to be able to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q, then we ought to be able to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q, then we ought to be able to say the
+same thing for if these are initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for if these are initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for if these are initial
+conditions, then we should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions, then we should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions, then we should be able to
+get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+initial conditions in modal coordinates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions in modal coordinates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions in modal coordinates.
+So x at zero here was also u at the q's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So x at zero here was also u at the q's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So x at zero here was also u at the q's
+at zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But we we normally would specify these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we we normally would specify these.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we we normally would specify these.
+We need to know those. Well, to to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need to know those. Well, to to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need to know those. Well, to to get
+these, I just multiply through by U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these, I just multiply through by U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these, I just multiply through by U
+inverse. So that the Q the vector of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. So that the Q the vector of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. So that the Q the vector of the
+initial displacements in modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial displacements in modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial displacements in modal
+coordinates is just equal to U inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates is just equal to U inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates is just equal to U inverse
+times the initial conditions, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the initial conditions, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the initial conditions, the
+initial deflections in the generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial deflections in the generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial deflections in the generalized
+coordinates. and Q dots at zero. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. and Q dots at zero. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. and Q dots at zero. If you
+had nonzero initial velocities would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had nonzero initial velocities would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had nonzero initial velocities would be
+U inverse time X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U inverse time X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U inverse time X
+dot at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z. So, let me tell you where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z. So, let me tell you where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z. So, let me tell you where we're
+going. I'm not going to I'm not uh going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. I'm not going to I'm not uh going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. I'm not going to I'm not uh going
+to go back all the way through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back all the way through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back all the way through the
+initial conditions problem. That was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions problem. That was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions problem. That was
+last lecture. I'm going to review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture. I'm going to review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture. I'm going to review the
+results of it because what I want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of it because what I want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of it because what I want to get
+to is how do you compute the response by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is how do you compute the response by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is how do you compute the response by
+modal analysis the response to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal analysis the response to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal analysis the response to a
+harmonic force. But if you for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic force. But if you for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic force. But if you for example
+if you get close to resonance for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get close to resonance for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get close to resonance for a
+single degree of freedom system what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single degree of freedom system what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single degree of freedom system what
+controls that height of that peak?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls that height of that peak?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls that height of that peak?
+If you drive a single degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you drive a single degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you drive a single degree of freedom
+system at resonance, what's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at resonance, what's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at resonance, what's the most
+important parameter?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important parameter?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important parameter?
+Damping. So we really need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damping. So we really need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damping. So we really need to know
+damping. And the way we get damping is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping. And the way we get damping is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping. And the way we get damping is
+one of the ways is to measure it. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways is to measure it. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways is to measure it. So I
+want to measure the right damping so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure the right damping so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure the right damping so
+that I can do what I'm trying to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can do what I'm trying to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can do what I'm trying to get to
+is to do the force vibration problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to do the force vibration problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to do the force vibration problem.
+But I need to get some estimates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I need to get some estimates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I need to get some estimates of
+damping to do it. Now I said damping can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping to do it. Now I said damping can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping to do it. Now I said damping can
+sometimes be a problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes be a problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes be a problem.
+So I'm going to show you I alluded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to show you I alluded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to show you I alluded to
+this damp last time but we didn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this damp last time but we didn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this damp last time but we didn't I
+wasn't able to kind of really clearly go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't able to kind of really clearly go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't able to kind of really clearly go
+through it. So I'm going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it. So I'm going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it. So I'm going to make a
+damping model my damping matrix for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping model my damping matrix for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping model my damping matrix for my
+system such that it is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system such that it is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system such that it is proportional to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+original mass and stiffness matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original mass and stiffness matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original mass and stiffness matrix of
+the system. So alpha is just a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system. So alpha is just a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system. So alpha is just a parameter
+that I get to choose. Beta is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get to choose. Beta is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get to choose. Beta is another
+one that I get to choose. And this is m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I get to choose. And this is m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I get to choose. And this is m
+and k the original mass and stiffness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k the original mass and stiffness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k the original mass and stiffness
+matrices of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem or you know any n degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or you know any n degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or you know any n degree of
+freedom problem. We're doing these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom problem. We're doing these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom problem. We're doing these two
+degree freedom examples because we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree freedom examples because we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree freedom examples because we can
+they're tractable on the board.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're tractable on the board.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're tractable on the board.
+So if I make my damping matrix look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I make my damping matrix look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I make my damping matrix look like
+that, it is guaranteed to work when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, it is guaranteed to work when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, it is guaranteed to work when I do
+uranspose times that times U because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranspose times that times U because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranspose times that times U because we
+know the mass and stiffness matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the mass and stiffness matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the mass and stiffness matrices
+give me diagonals. So I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me diagonals. So I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me diagonals. So I'm just
+essentially doing it again. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially doing it again. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially doing it again. So this is
+guaranteed to give me a diagonal matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to give me a diagonal matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to give me a diagonal matrix.
+It's what I want. Yes. So are those the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's what I want. Yes. So are those the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's what I want. Yes. So are those the
+original mass? Yes, these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original mass? Yes, these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original mass? Yes, these are the
+original ones. Usually, if I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original ones. Usually, if I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original ones. Usually, if I'm really
+trying to write the modal ones, I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to write the modal ones, I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to write the modal ones, I'll
+draw them with a diagonal through them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw them with a diagonal through them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw them with a diagonal through them
+or something just to So, these are M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something just to So, these are M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something just to So, these are M and
+K just like up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K just like up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K just like up
+here. Right there. They're right from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Right there. They're right from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Right there. They're right from
+the original system. They're the ones on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original system. They're the ones on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original system. They're the ones on
+the top of this board. There's the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of this board. There's the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of this board. There's the mass
+matrix, damping matrix, stiffness matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix, damping matrix, stiffness matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix, damping matrix, stiffness matrix
+for the original equations of motion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the original equations of motion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the original equations of motion.
+So I'm saying that my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm saying that my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm saying that my my
+unspecified damping matrix which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unspecified damping matrix which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unspecified damping matrix which is
+written as C1 C2 there I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as C1 C2 there I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as C1 C2 there I'm going to
+represent it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. So that
+uranspose cu which is the calculation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranspose cu which is the calculation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranspose cu which is the calculation I
+need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to
+do. What that gives me is an alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. What that gives me is an alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. What that gives me is an alpha and
+here's my mo modal mass diagonalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my mo modal mass diagonalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my mo modal mass diagonalized
+modal mass matrix that results plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal mass matrix that results plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal mass matrix that results plus a
+beta times my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta times my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta times my
+diagonalized stiffness matrices. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized stiffness matrices. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized stiffness matrices. So
+Christina these guys are the modal ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christina these guys are the modal ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christina these guys are the modal ones
+after doing uranspose mu uranspose ku.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So we have a two degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we have a two degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we have a two degree of freedom
+system and when I do this calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and when I do this calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and when I do this calculation
+I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll
+get modal mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get modal mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get modal mass
+m1 m2 k1 k2. So I'll get the the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 m2 k1 k2. So I'll get the the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 m2 k1 k2. So I'll get the the final
+diagonalized stiffness matrix will end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized stiffness matrix will end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized stiffness matrix will end
+up looking like some capital c1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up looking like some capital c1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up looking like some capital c1 0
+capital2 here. That's my diagonalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital2 here. That's my diagonalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital2 here. That's my diagonalized
+damping matrix. It'll come from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping matrix. It'll come from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping matrix. It'll come from these
+and I'll just write them out. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just write them out. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just write them out. So this
+C1 will be an alpha m1 plus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 will be an alpha m1 plus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 will be an alpha m1 plus beta
+k1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 and
+c2 be alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2 be alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2 be alpha
+m2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 plus
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+k2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2.
+Okay. So I have two free parameters with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I have two free parameters with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I have two free parameters with
+which I can fit. I can fit those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can fit. I can fit those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can fit. I can fit those
+parameters to give me the damping that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to give me the damping that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to give me the damping that I
+want and I'm going to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and I'm going to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and I'm going to measure the
+damping in the system and then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping in the system and then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping in the system and then I'm going
+to find the two parameters that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the two parameters that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the two parameters that make
+that work. That's that's why I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work. That's that's why I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work. That's that's why I'm going
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. All right, running out of room.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So zeta 1 the damping ratio for mode one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So zeta 1 the damping ratio for mode one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So zeta 1 the damping ratio for mode one
+normal if it's a single degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal if it's a single degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal if it's a single degree of
+freedom system you say oh well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom system you say oh well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom system you say oh well that's
+the damping constant over 2 omega 1 m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damping constant over 2 omega 1 m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damping constant over 2 omega 1 m1
+that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how
+you that's how we define damping ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's how we define damping ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's how we define damping ratio
+for a single degree of freedom system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single degree of freedom system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single degree of freedom system
+but we know what these quantities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know what these quantities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know what these quantities are
+this then is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then is an
+alpha m1 over 2 omega 1 m1 plus a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha m1 over 2 omega 1 m1 plus a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha m1 over 2 omega 1 m1 plus a beta
+k1 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 over 2
+omega1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega1
+m1 k1 over m1's omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 k1 over m1's omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 k1 over m1's omega 1
+squared right so put omega 1^ squar up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right so put omega 1^ squar up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right so put omega 1^ squar up
+here cancel with that these two gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here cancel with that these two gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here cancel with that these two gives
+you this gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this gives you
+alpha over 2 omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha over 2 omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha over 2 omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta omega 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta omega 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta omega 1 /
+2 and I can do the same thing for zeta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and I can do the same thing for zeta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and I can do the same thing for zeta
+2 be my c2 over 2 omega 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 be my c2 over 2 omega 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 be my c2 over 2 omega 2
+m2 and that'll give me an alpha over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 and that'll give me an alpha over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 and that'll give me an alpha over 2
+omega 2 plus beta omega 2 / 2. So if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega 2 plus beta omega 2 / 2. So if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega 2 plus beta omega 2 / 2. So if I
+can measure a zeta a value for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure a zeta a value for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure a zeta a value for this
+damping and a value for that damping I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping and a value for that damping I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping and a value for that damping I
+have these are known then I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these are known then I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these are known then I have two
+equations in two unknowns alpha and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in two unknowns alpha and beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in two unknowns alpha and beta
+just al algebraic equations that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solve. So now I need to conduct my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve. So now I need to conduct my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve. So now I need to conduct my
+experiment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have this system without external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this system without external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this system without external
+excitations just the free vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations just the free vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations just the free vibration
+system. Equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um typical equations of motion like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typical equations of motion like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typical equations of motion like the
+first mode would look like Q1 M1 Q1 dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mode would look like Q1 M1 Q1 dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mode would look like Q1 M1 Q1 dot
+plus C1 Q1 dot plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C1 Q1 dot plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C1 Q1 dot plus
+K1 Q1 equals zero. I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 Q1 equals zero. I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 Q1 equals zero. I'm looking for
+solutions to that. And there's a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to that. And there's a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to that. And there's a similar
+one for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mode. And what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode. And what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode. And what I want to do
+is excite one only one of these modes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is excite one only one of these modes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is excite one only one of these modes at
+a time. Now, you've seen this demo done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time. Now, you've seen this demo done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time. Now, you've seen this demo done
+before, but a certain combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, but a certain combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, but a certain combination of
+deflections, it'll respond only in mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflections, it'll respond only in mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflections, it'll respond only in mode
+one, and a different one will respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, and a different one will respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, and a different one will respond
+only in mode two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in mode two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in mode two.
+And it's guaranteed that if you deflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's guaranteed that if you deflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's guaranteed that if you deflect
+a system in the shape of one of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system in the shape of one of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system in the shape of one of its
+modes and let it go, it'll only vibrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and let it go, it'll only vibrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and let it go, it'll only vibrate
+in that mode. But let's prove to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that mode. But let's prove to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that mode. But let's prove to
+ourselves that that actually is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves that that actually is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves that that actually is going to
+work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to
+let for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let for
+example initial conditions x10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x20 be in the shape of mode one. Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x20 be in the shape of mode one. Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x20 be in the shape of mode one. Well
+mode one is one 2.2667.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2667 is the mode shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2667 is the mode shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2667 is the mode shape of
+mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode
+one. All right, I'm just going to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. All right, I'm just going to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. All right, I'm just going to let
+that be the I'm going to deflect it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be the I'm going to deflect it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be the I'm going to deflect it in
+the shape of mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of mode
+one. And I'm going to let uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And I'm going to let uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And I'm going to let uh
+x10 dot and x20 dot those are zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x10 dot and x20 dot those are zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x10 dot and x20 dot those are zero.
+And I want to show I want I need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I want to show I want I need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I want to show I want I need to know
+well if I do that what is what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I do that what is what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I do that what is what are the
+resulting initial conditions in modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting initial conditions in modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting initial conditions in modal
+coordinates. Well, we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. Well, we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. Well, we know
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Q 1 0 and Q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q 1 0 and Q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q 1 0 and Q2
+0. I can obtain them by doing U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. I can obtain them by doing U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. I can obtain them by doing U
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times this. So this will be U inverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this. So this will be U inverse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this. So this will be U inverse.
+And last time I'm going to write this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And last time I'm going to write this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And last time I'm going to write this.
+Last time I made a mistake. So u inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Last time I made a mistake. So u inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Last time I made a mistake. So u inverse
+I left out a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+9102416US 4016. So that's u inverse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9102416US 4016. So that's u inverse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9102416US 4016. So that's u inverse and
+I'm going to multiply it by one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to multiply it by one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to multiply it by one of the
+mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode
+shapes 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2.2667. So I'm saying that my initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2667. So I'm saying that my initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2667. So I'm saying that my initial
+conditions are going to look exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are going to look exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are going to look exactly
+like one mode shape. To compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one mode shape. To compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one mode shape. To compute the
+equivalent modal initial conditions, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent modal initial conditions, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent modal initial conditions, I
+multiply the generalized for generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the generalized for generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the generalized for generalized
+equ uh the coordinate initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ uh the coordinate initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ uh the coordinate initial conditions
+by u inverse. Here's U inverse times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by u inverse. Here's U inverse times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by u inverse. Here's U inverse times
+that. And if I do that calculation, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And if I do that calculation, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And if I do that calculation, I
+get exactly 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z. And if instead of the first mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z. And if instead of the first mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z. And if instead of the first mode
+shape, I put in the second mode shape,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape, I put in the second mode shape,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape, I put in the second mode shape,
+the one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one and
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+2236. If I did that, I would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2236. If I did that, I would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2236. If I did that, I would get
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+01. Okay. So I just I wanted to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01. Okay. So I just I wanted to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01. Okay. So I just I wanted to go
+through that just so you'd see it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that just so you'd see it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that just so you'd see it that
+if you the the math bears it out. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you the the math bears it out. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you the the math bears it out. If you
+put in a deflection that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a deflection that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a deflection that's exactly the
+shape of a mode then you will get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of a mode then you will get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of a mode then you will get back
+an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent
+uh initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh initial
+condition in the modal coordinates for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition in the modal coordinates for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition in the modal coordinates for
+only that mode and everything else will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that mode and everything else will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that mode and everything else will
+be zero. So that's Q. This is Q 1 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero. So that's Q. This is Q 1 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero. So that's Q. This is Q 1 0 is
+that guy and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy and this
+Q20 in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q20 in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q20 in this case is
+zero. Okay. So now we're ready to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay. So now we're ready to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay. So now we're ready to do the
+experiment. So if I deflect it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. So if I deflect it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. So if I deflect it in the
+shape of mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and now' be a good time to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now' be a good time to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now' be a good time to lower
+the lights a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights a little
+bit. And unfortunately we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. And unfortunately we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. And unfortunately we have that
+chalk white chalk in the background to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk white chalk in the background to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk white chalk in the background to
+distract us. But it's now deflected only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distract us. But it's now deflected only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distract us. But it's now deflected only
+in the shape of mode one. And now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the shape of mode one. And now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the shape of mode one. And now and
+it's going to behave like a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to behave like a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to behave like a single
+degree freedom system. All right. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree freedom system. All right. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree freedom system. All right. So,
+how do how would you estimate the do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do how would you estimate the do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do how would you estimate the do a
+quick estimate of the damping of mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one? I gave you a little quick easy ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one? I gave you a little quick easy ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one? I gave you a little quick easy ex
+rule you could use a few times back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule you could use a few times back.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule you could use a few times back.
+What was it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Do the 50% thing she suggests. Now, can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do the 50% thing she suggests. Now, can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do the 50% thing she suggests. Now, can
+you be a little more specific? Pardon?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be a little more specific? Pardon?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be a little more specific? Pardon?
+Yeah. The h how many what am I looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. The h how many what am I looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. The h how many what am I looking
+for? How many cycles it takes for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for? How many cycles it takes for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for? How many cycles it takes for the
+thing to decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to decay
+50%. So, the reference line is here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50%. So, the reference line is here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50%. So, the reference line is here.
+I've deflected it that far and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've deflected it that far and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've deflected it that far and it'll
+start vibrating. And when the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start vibrating. And when the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start vibrating. And when the top of
+this on vibration gets to the halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on vibration gets to the halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on vibration gets to the halfway
+point between here and the reference,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point between here and the reference,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point between here and the reference,
+reference is where it starts, that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference is where it starts, that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference is where it starts, that'll be
+my 50%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, one, two, three, four. Got about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one, two, three, four. Got about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one, two, three, four. Got about
+four cycles when it only went down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cycles when it only went down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cycles when it only went down
+halfway. Okay. Now, when I did it in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway. Okay. Now, when I did it in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway. Okay. Now, when I did it in my
+office the other day, only got two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office the other day, only got two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office the other day, only got two and a
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+cycles. So, we're going to use two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles. So, we're going to use two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles. So, we're going to use two and a
+half cycles because I ran the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half cycles because I ran the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half cycles because I ran the numbers
+for that. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that. It
+depensive to if it's inclined a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depensive to if it's inclined a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depensive to if it's inclined a little
+bit because that changes the friction on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit because that changes the friction on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit because that changes the friction on
+the shaft. So in my office the other day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shaft. So in my office the other day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shaft. So in my office the other day
+it was a lot more damping. So anyway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a lot more damping. So anyway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a lot more damping. So anyway,
+pretend it's two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend it's two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend it's two and a
+half. Okay. Now while we're at it, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half. Okay. Now while we're at it, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half. Okay. Now while we're at it, let's
+do the other let's do the other case. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the other let's do the other case. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the other let's do the other case. So
+the other case we want to deflect it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case we want to deflect it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case we want to deflect it in
+the shape of mode two. So I go down say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of mode two. So I go down say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of mode two. So I go down say
+a unit amount.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's now
+deflected downwards some amount and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected downwards some amount and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected downwards some amount and
+upwards such that the ratio is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards such that the ratio is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards such that the ratio is in the
+mode shape of mode two. So every unit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode shape of mode two. So every unit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode shape of mode two. So every unit I
+went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went
+down I go up minus 22% of that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I go up minus 22% of that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I go up minus 22% of that. So
+that's what's been done here. So when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's been done here. So when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's been done here. So when I
+release this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release this
+one now the reference line for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now the reference line for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now the reference line for the
+second one is up here down to here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is up here down to here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is up here down to here. So
+when this upper one decays to halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this upper one decays to halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this upper one decays to halfway
+about here, that'll be the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here, that'll be the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here, that'll be the number of
+cycles. One, two, three, four, five,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles. One, two, three, four, five,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles. One, two, three, four, five,
+six, seven, eight, nine, 10. Anyway, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six, seven, eight, nine, 10. Anyway, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six, seven, eight, nine, 10. Anyway, in
+my office, I got about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my office, I got about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my office, I got about
+10. Okay, we're going to use my numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10. Okay, we're going to use my numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10. Okay, we're going to use my numbers.
+But that one actually is clearly a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that one actually is clearly a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that one actually is clearly a lot
+less damped, right? That thing just went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less damped, right? That thing just went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less damped, right? That thing just went
+on and on and on. All right, so in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and on and on. All right, so in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and on and on. All right, so in our
+experiment then,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we conducted our experiment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Zeta 1 is approximately equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeta 1 is approximately equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeta 1 is approximately equal
+to.11 over the number of cycles to decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to.11 over the number of cycles to decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to.11 over the number of cycles to decay
+50%. And when I did the experiment in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50%. And when I did the experiment in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50%. And when I did the experiment in my
+office that was.11 over two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office that was.11 over two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office that was.11 over two and a
+half so I mean it was really decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so I mean it was really decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so I mean it was really decaying
+fast and so when you only have two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and so when you only have two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and so when you only have two or
+three cycles even it helps to use even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cycles even it helps to use even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cycles even it helps to use even
+fractional cycles and it's okay to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cycles and it's okay to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cycles and it's okay to use
+fractional cycles. This is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cycles. This is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cycles. This is just an
+estimate that's going to give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that's going to give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that's going to give us a
+number. Zeta 2 is approximately 0.11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. Zeta 2 is approximately 0.11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. Zeta 2 is approximately 0.11
+over the number of cycles to decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the number of cycles to decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the number of cycles to decay
+50%. And in this case, that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50%. And in this case, that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50%. And in this case, that's going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+10. And so that gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10. And so that gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10. And so that gives me
+0.011 or what's known as 1.1% damping.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.011 or what's known as 1.1% damping.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.011 or what's known as 1.1% damping.
+Okay. Okay. And the other one.11 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And the other one.11 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And the other one.11 over 2
+and a half gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half gives me
+0.044 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.044 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.044 or
+4.4% damping. Percent of what? Anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.4% damping. Percent of what? Anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.4% damping. Percent of what? Anybody
+remember what the percent what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the percent what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the percent what's the
+what happens when you're at one have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you're at one have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you're at one have a
+damping ratio of 1.0?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping ratio of 1.0?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping ratio of 1.0?
+That's critical damping. That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's critical damping. That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's critical damping. That's a
+crossover point. If you have one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover point. If you have one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover point. If you have one or
+greater, you get no oscillation. It just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater, you get no oscillation. It just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater, you get no oscillation. It just
+goes and stops. Less than one, it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and stops. Less than one, it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and stops. Less than one, it will
+actually cross zero and oscillate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cross zero and oscillate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cross zero and oscillate a
+little bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Well, so now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, so now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, so now I have
+values for 0.044 and 0011 that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for 0.044 and 0011 that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for 0.044 and 0011 that I can
+plug in to these two equations. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in to these two equations. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in to these two equations. And I
+now have two equations in two unknowns,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have two equations in two unknowns,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have two equations in two unknowns,
+alpha and beta, because I know omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and beta, because I know omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and beta, because I know omega 1
+and omega 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So solve for
+alpha. And for alpha, I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha. And for alpha, I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha. And for alpha, I'm not going to
+do that on the board. So kind of a waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that on the board. So kind of a waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that on the board. So kind of a waste
+of good lecture time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good lecture time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good lecture time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+033. So they can be positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+033. So they can be positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+033. So they can be positive or negative
+to make these work out. But those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make these work out. But those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make these work out. But those are
+the two values you need. And that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two values you need. And that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two values you need. And that says
+that we're going to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to model
+the stamping matrix of the system as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stamping matrix of the system as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stamping matrix of the system as
+10.71 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.71 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.71 m
+plus minus 0.033
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and we'll compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagonalized damping matrix which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized damping matrix which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized damping matrix which is
+comes from UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from UT
+CU and did I write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down? I didn't, but I don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down? I didn't, but I don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down? I didn't, but I don't need
+it because I know the damping that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because I know the damping that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because I know the damping that I'm
+after 044 and 011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 044 and 011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 044 and 011
+because in order to complete this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in order to complete this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in order to complete this
+problem, if I wanted to go to completion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, if I wanted to go to completion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, if I wanted to go to completion
+and have the transient decay of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have the transient decay of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have the transient decay of the
+system, I would have it in for the each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, I would have it in for the each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, I would have it in for the each
+of the two pro two uh in two modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two pro two uh in two modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two pro two uh in two modal
+systems. Q of T for the first mode would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Q of T for the first mode would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Q of T for the first mode would
+be some E to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some E to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some E to
+the E to the minus zeta 1 omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1T cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1T cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1T cosine
+omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega
+1 oops I need to left out my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q10 cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q10 cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q10 cosine
+omega 1 D * T. That's the initial most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega 1 D * T. That's the initial most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega 1 D * T. That's the initial most
+of the initial displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the initial displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the initial displacement
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+Q10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q10
+dot plus zeta omega zeta 1 omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot plus zeta omega zeta 1 omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot plus zeta omega zeta 1 omega
+1 Q10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All of that over omega1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d all of this time s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d all of this time s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d all of this time s
+omega 1d *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega 1d *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega 1d *
+time. So that's you know this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So that's you know this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So that's you know this is just
+the response to initial conditions for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response to initial conditions for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response to initial conditions for a
+single degree of freedom system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single degree of freedom system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single degree of freedom system and
+you'd have a similar one for q2 of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have a similar one for q2 of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have a similar one for q2 of t
+except now all the ones would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now all the ones would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now all the ones would be
+replaced by two. So you'd have an e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by two. So you'd have an e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by two. So you'd have an e to
+the minus zeta 2 omega 2t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus zeta 2 omega 2t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus zeta 2 omega 2t
+* and those are your two that would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* and those are your two that would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* and those are your two that would that
+would be in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in general
+the response to initial conditions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response to initial conditions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response to initial conditions in
+modal terms and if you want to get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal terms and if you want to get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal terms and if you want to get back
+to the final response of in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the final response of in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the final response of in your
+generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized
+coordinates and it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and it's just
+summation i = 1 to 2 in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation i = 1 to 2 in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation i = 1 to 2 in this case
+of U mode shape for mode one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U mode shape for mode one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U mode shape for mode one
+Q 1 plus mode shape for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q 1 plus mode shape for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q 1 plus mode shape for
+mode 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode 2
+Q2 of T. So these two added together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 of T. So these two added together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 of T. So these two added together
+would give you total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you total
+response. So that's the response kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. So that's the response kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. So that's the response kind of
+a quick review of what we learned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick review of what we learned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick review of what we learned before
+response to initial conditions. But now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to initial conditions. But now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to initial conditions. But now
+along the way we've learned how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way we've learned how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way we've learned how to
+experimentally fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally fix
+soling matrix so it'll work and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soling matrix so it'll work and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soling matrix so it'll work and actually
+get us to give us exact accurate results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us to give us exact accurate results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us to give us exact accurate results
+if we want to do a response to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to do a response to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to do a response to any
+initial conditions problem. But now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions problem. But now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions problem. But now we
+also have damping ratios for this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have damping ratios for this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have damping ratios for this system
+and we can now go on to do the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can now go on to do the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can now go on to do the force
+vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration
+problem and the force vibration problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the force vibration problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the force vibration problem
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+be pretty easy at this point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty easy at this point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty easy at this point.
+So that's was a quick review of response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's was a quick review of response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's was a quick review of response
+to initial conditions by modal analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to initial conditions by modal analysis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to initial conditions by modal analysis.
+How to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How to
+find a damping matrix that works. We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a damping matrix that works. We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a damping matrix that works. We've
+also proven that if you deflect a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also proven that if you deflect a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also proven that if you deflect a system
+in the shape of a mode, it responds only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the shape of a mode, it responds only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the shape of a mode, it responds only
+in that mode. That's all pretty use. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that mode. That's all pretty use. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that mode. That's all pretty use. And
+that's generally true now of vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generally true now of vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generally true now of vibration
+systems. So we know, like I banged on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. So we know, like I banged on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. So we know, like I banged on
+this before, we know these things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before, we know these things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before, we know these things like
+to shake a little. They're flexible. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shake a little. They're flexible. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shake a little. They're flexible. And
+this one has a mode shape. It's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has a mode shape. It's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has a mode shape. It's kind of
+a can lever. Its first mode, it bends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a can lever. Its first mode, it bends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a can lever. Its first mode, it bends
+like that a little bit. And this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that a little bit. And this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that a little bit. And this thing
+has to bend with it. But if I were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to bend with it. But if I were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to bend with it. But if I were able
+to just give this thing an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just give this thing an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just give this thing an initial
+deflection just in the shape of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection just in the shape of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection just in the shape of that
+mode and let it go, it will vibrate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and let it go, it will vibrate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and let it go, it will vibrate in
+just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that
+mode. And if I do it in some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode. And if I do it in some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode. And if I do it in some other
+contorted way that it is that its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contorted way that it is that its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contorted way that it is that its
+initial shape isn't just one mode, let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial shape isn't just one mode, let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial shape isn't just one mode, let
+it go. It'll vibrate in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go. It'll vibrate in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go. It'll vibrate in a couple
+different modes. Um, is there a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different modes. Um, is there a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different modes. Um, is there a way to
+visualize the um the mobile coordinates?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the um the mobile coordinates?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the um the mobile coordinates?
+Like would they be kind of the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like would they be kind of the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like would they be kind of the center of
+mass of certain things or would they be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of certain things or would they be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of certain things or would they be
+the center of masses of the springs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of masses of the springs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of masses of the springs or
+something?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something?
+Yeah, there I I I taught a vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, there I I I taught a vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, there I I I taught a vibration
+course for many many years and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for many many years and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for many many years and I
+scratched my head long and hard to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratched my head long and hard to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratched my head long and hard to try
+to come up with an example where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with an example where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with an example where you
+could do exactly what you ask. I know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do exactly what you ask. I know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do exactly what you ask. I know of
+one example that works. In general, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example that works. In general, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example that works. In general, it
+the modal coordinates are it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modal coordinates are it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modal coordinates are it's a
+coordinate transformation into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate transformation into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate transformation into some
+system that it's very hard to place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that it's very hard to place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that it's very hard to place
+yourself physically so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself physically so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself physically so you can see
+what's going on. But to answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on. But to answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on. But to answer your
+question, I'll I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, I'll I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, I'll I'll show you
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and still have enough time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still have enough time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still have enough time to get
+through the other part. Imagine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the other part. Imagine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the other part. Imagine this
+eraser. It's a car car automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eraser. It's a car car automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eraser. It's a car car automobile
+suspension system. So here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspension system. So here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspension system. So here's a
+car sits on springs, the tires and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car sits on springs, the tires and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car sits on springs, the tires and its
+suspension system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspension system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspension system.
+It's got a center of mass say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's got a center of mass say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's got a center of mass say here
+somewhere and I'm only going to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and I'm only going to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and I'm only going to consider
+vertical motion of this thing. Now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical motion of this thing. Now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical motion of this thing. Now you
+can imagine that it could go up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that it could go up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that it could go up and down
+but you can imagine it can also pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can imagine it can also pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can imagine it can also pitch
+back and forth, right? So I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth, right? So I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth, right? So I'm going to
+give it have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it have two
+um generalized coordinates. One is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um generalized coordinates. One is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um generalized coordinates. One is the
+vertical deflection of its center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical deflection of its center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical deflection of its center of
+mass and the other is the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and the other is the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and the other is the angular
+rotation with of the center of mass with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation with of the center of mass with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation with of the center of mass with
+respect to my initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to my initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to my initial
+horizontal. Now so this you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal. Now so this you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal. Now so this you get
+equations of motion of this one you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion of this one you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion of this one you'll
+get a an mx dot kind of equation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a an mx dot kind of equation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a an mx dot kind of equation by
+summing the forces on this and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing the forces on this and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing the forces on this and you have
+forces from the springs and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces from the springs and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces from the springs and of course
+you'll have dampers and those kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have dampers and those kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have dampers and those kind of
+things. So you'll have an one force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So you'll have an one force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So you'll have an one force
+equation by summing the forces on it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by summing the forces on it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by summing the forces on it.
+You'll have another equation that's sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'll have another equation that's sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'll have another equation that's sum
+of torqus and it's a i theta dot kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of torqus and it's a i theta dot kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of torqus and it's a i theta dot kind of
+equation. So you'll get this. It'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So you'll get this. It'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So you'll get this. It'll be a
+two degree of freedom system. You'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two degree of freedom system. You'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two degree of freedom system. You'll get
+two natural frequencies and two mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two natural frequencies and two mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two natural frequencies and two mode
+shapes. And the two natural frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes. And the two natural frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes. And the two natural frequencies
+look approximate. The two mode shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look approximate. The two mode shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look approximate. The two mode shapes
+look here's the original undelected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here's the original undelected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here's the original undelected
+system. One mode shape the system moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. One mode shape the system moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. One mode shape the system moves
+up and rotates up. has both positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and rotates up. has both positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and rotates up. has both positive
+rotation and some positive deflection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and some positive deflection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and some positive deflection.
+And I need to draw this over here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I need to draw this over here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I need to draw this over here a
+little further. So here's the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further. So here's the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further. So here's the original
+system. It moves up in its mode shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. It moves up in its mode shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. It moves up in its mode shape
+like that. And when it goes down to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. And when it goes down to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. And when it goes down to its
+max negative, it's like that, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max negative, it's like that, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max negative, it's like that, right? So
+it goes through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes through a
+motion. And if you think about it, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. And if you think about it, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. And if you think about it, if
+you extend these lines out here, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you extend these lines out here, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you extend these lines out here, you
+come to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to a
+point that this intersects. And so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that this intersects. And so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that this intersects. And so in
+fact in the first mode of vibration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in the first mode of vibration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in the first mode of vibration of
+this thing, if you went and sat right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing, if you went and sat right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing, if you went and sat right
+here, you would just see this thing go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, you would just see this thing go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, you would just see this thing go
+through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an
+angle. And that in fact is the modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle. And that in fact is the modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle. And that in fact is the modal
+coordinate for mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one. And the mode the second mode I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And the mode the second mode I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And the mode the second mode I've
+kind of forgotten. Uh it it goes it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of forgotten. Uh it it goes it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of forgotten. Uh it it goes it has
+a sign change. And so when you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflecting
+upwards, it goes positive flexion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards, it goes positive flexion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards, it goes positive flexion
+upwards, it tips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards, it tips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards, it tips
+downwards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards.
+And when it goes the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when it goes the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when it goes the other
+way, it goes like that. So the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, it goes like that. So the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, it goes like that. So the other
+mode, so this one, it goes up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode, so this one, it goes up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode, so this one, it goes up and
+rotates up. And the second mode, when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates up. And the second mode, when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates up. And the second mode, when it
+goes up, it rotates down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And out here is a point at which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And out here is a point at which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And out here is a point at which you
+could go sit there and you would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go sit there and you would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go sit there and you would just
+see this thing rotate up, rotate down if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this thing rotate up, rotate down if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this thing rotate up, rotate down if
+you went and sat there. So you're having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went and sat there. So you're having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went and sat there. So you're having
+to put you move you move yourself to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put you move you move yourself to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put you move you move yourself to a
+place where you can see with a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where you can see with a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where you can see with a single
+coordinate with only the angle measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate with only the angle measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate with only the angle measured
+about this point you can completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this point you can completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this point you can completely
+describe that modal motion and with only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that modal motion and with only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that modal motion and with only
+the angle measured around this point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle measured around this point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle measured around this point you
+can describe the modal motion. But in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe the modal motion. But in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe the modal motion. But in
+general you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you can't do
+it. So, if I'm out here, if I'm at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So, if I'm out here, if I'm at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So, if I'm out here, if I'm at my
+eyes at this point, I'll see this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes at this point, I'll see this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes at this point, I'll see this thing
+go like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that. Okay, that help.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, one of the hardest things for me,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one of the hardest things for me,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one of the hardest things for me,
+you know, as a lecturer is since I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, as a lecturer is since I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, as a lecturer is since I
+really like vibration and I've taught it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like vibration and I've taught it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like vibration and I've taught it
+for 35 years or so, is to try to cram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 35 years or so, is to try to cram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 35 years or so, is to try to cram
+everything I know about vibration into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I know about vibration into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I know about vibration into
+the one-third of this course. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-third of this course. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-third of this course. So, I
+obviously don't do that. So I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously don't do that. So I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously don't do that. So I'm trying
+to give you my goal then becomes is give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you my goal then becomes is give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you my goal then becomes is give
+you some basic insight of vibr about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some basic insight of vibr about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some basic insight of vibr about
+vibration so that when you do get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration so that when you do get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration so that when you do get out
+there in the real real world and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the real real world and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the real real world and you
+need to know something need to solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know something need to solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know something need to solve a
+vibration problem you'll know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration problem you'll know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration problem you'll know the
+fundamentals and you know where to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals and you know where to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals and you know where to go
+look it up and and if you want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up and and if you want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up and and if you want to take
+another course or something in vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another course or something in vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another course or something in vibration
+you can do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that.
+All right. Now, we've got to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, we've got to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, we've got to do in
+relatively short order response of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively short order response of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively short order response of our
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+system over here to some harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system over here to some harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system over here to some harmonic
+excitation. And the one I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chosen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, let's
+imagine that I just I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that I just I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that I just I'm just going to
+put a force a harmonic force on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a force a harmonic force on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a force a harmonic force on this
+mass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass.
+And I want the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I want the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I want the steady state
+response. And you can imagine if I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. And you can imagine if I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. And you can imagine if I do it
+close to the natural frequency of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the natural frequency of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the natural frequency of one of
+the modes, you're going to get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modes, you're going to get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modes, you're going to get a lot of
+that. But if I do it to close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But if I do it to close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But if I do it to close to the
+natural frequency of the other mode,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency of the other mode,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency of the other mode,
+I'll get I can do it too. So let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get I can do it too. So let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get I can do it too. So let's do
+the steady state harmonic excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state harmonic excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state harmonic excitation
+problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we're going to do this problem. F2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to do this problem. F2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to do this problem. F2 of
+T. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T. So
+my modal my generalized forces are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my modal my generalized forces are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my modal my generalized forces are zero
+some magnitude FT E to the I omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T and the modal modal forces are U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and the modal modal forces are U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and the modal modal forces are U
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+F and that would be the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and that would be the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and that would be the calculation
+one and 2.2667
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and 2.2667
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and 2.2667
+2667 and one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus.2 236 my two mode shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus.2 236 my two mode shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus.2 236 my two mode shapes
+transposed multiplied by zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f_sub_2. So that says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2. So that says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2. So that says that
+Q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q1
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+F 2.2667
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F 2.2667
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F 2.2667
+2667 F_sub_2 E to the I omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2667 F_sub_2 E to the I omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2667 F_sub_2 E to the I omega
+T and Q 2 the modal force for mode 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and Q 2 the modal force for mode 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and Q 2 the modal force for mode 2 is
+this times that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times that is
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+0.22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.22
+36 F_sub_2 E to the I omega T. So I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 F_sub_2 E to the I omega T. So I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 F_sub_2 E to the I omega T. So I've
+put on just a force on one mass but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on just a force on one mass but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on just a force on one mass but it
+gets distributed in a way that it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets distributed in a way that it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets distributed in a way that it'll
+excite both modes and it'll excite mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite both modes and it'll excite mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite both modes and it'll excite mode
+one in an amount 2.2 * f2 and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in an amount 2.2 * f2 and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in an amount 2.2 * f2 and it'll
+excite mode 2 in an amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite mode 2 in an amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite mode 2 in an amount
+minus.22. So mode one's going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus.22. So mode one's going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus.22. So mode one's going to get
+more exitation in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more exitation in this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more exitation in this particular case
+because of the shape of the modes. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the shape of the modes. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the shape of the modes. The
+bigger the modal deflection is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the modal deflection is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the modal deflection is at the
+point of application of the force, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of application of the force, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of application of the force, the
+more that mode's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get. Well, now these give you just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get. Well, now these give you just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get. Well, now these give you just two
+equations of motion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion.
+M1 Q1 double dot plus C1 Q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 Q1 double dot plus C1 Q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 Q1 double dot plus C1 Q1
+dot K1 Q1 equals in the case of mode one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot K1 Q1 equals in the case of mode one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot K1 Q1 equals in the case of mode one
+2.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 E to the I omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 E to the I omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 E to the I omega
+t and that's a single degree freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and that's a single degree freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and that's a single degree freedom
+system excited by harmonic force. We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system excited by harmonic force. We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system excited by harmonic force. We've
+done we worked that problem. We know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we worked that problem. We know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we worked that problem. We know
+what the answer looks like. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the answer looks like. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the answer looks like. So for
+example, the magnitude of the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, the magnitude of the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, the magnitude of the response
+Q1 is given by the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q1 is given by the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q1 is given by the magnitude of the
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+Q2 times the magnitude of a transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 times the magnitude of a transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 times the magnitude of a transfer
+function which is the response Q1 per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is the response Q1 per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is the response Q1 per
+unit input Q force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit input Q force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit input Q force
+Q1 evaluated at whatever frequency I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q1 evaluated at whatever frequency I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q1 evaluated at whatever frequency I
+evaluated at. So the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at. So the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at. So the magnitude of the
+response, magnitude of the modal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response, magnitude of the modal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response, magnitude of the modal force
+times the transfer function. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the transfer function. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the transfer function. And this
+transfer function is this is the exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function is this is the exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function is this is the exactly
+the same form as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same form as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same form as
+the when we did just a single liberary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when we did just a single liberary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when we did just a single liberary
+freedom system as X over F. It's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom system as X over F. It's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom system as X over F. It's what I
+called the response X over input force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the response X over input force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the response X over input force
+F. Same thing. We're just now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F. Same thing. We're just now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F. Same thing. We're just now the
+response is Q and the input force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is Q and the input force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is Q and the input force is
+capital Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Q.
+Therefore, that looks like magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, that looks like magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, that looks like magnitude of
+Q and I made a mistake here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q and I made a mistake here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q and I made a mistake here.
+Q1 magnitude of force Q1 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q1 magnitude of force Q1 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q1 magnitude of force Q1 which is
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Times 1 over K1. This should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Times 1 over K1. This should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Times 1 over K1. This should look
+familiar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar.
+1 - omega^ 2 over omega 1^ 2 squared + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - omega^ 2 over omega 1^ 2 squared + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - omega^ 2 over omega 1^ 2 squared + 2
+zeta 1 omega over omega 1 quantity^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeta 1 omega over omega 1 quantity^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeta 1 omega over omega 1 quantity^
+squared square root. So there's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared square root. So there's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared square root. So there's that
+transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function
+expression at resonance for example all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression at resonance for example all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression at resonance for example all
+this goes to zero omega over omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes to zero omega over omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes to zero omega over omega 1
+goes to one this whole denominator turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to one this whole denominator turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to one this whole denominator turns
+into one over two times the damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one over two times the damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one over two times the damping
+ratio for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio for example
+okay and Q1 over K1 is the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and Q1 over K1 is the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and Q1 over K1 is the static
+deflection of the system under the load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of the system under the load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of the system under the load
+under a static load of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+large. So I'll do the problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large. So I'll do the problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large. So I'll do the problem.
+If the excitation frequency happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the excitation frequency happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the excitation frequency happens to
+be right on the natural frequency for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right on the natural frequency for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right on the natural frequency for
+mode one, then I can evaluate this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode one, then I can evaluate this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode one, then I can evaluate this at
+when omega over omega 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when omega over omega 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when omega over omega 1 is
+one. And I've worked that out. That says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And I've worked that out. That says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And I've worked that out. That says
+that magnitude of Q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2.2667
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K1* 1 / 2 zeta 1. That's what all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1* 1 / 2 zeta 1. That's what all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1* 1 / 2 zeta 1. That's what all this
+condenses to. We know what K1 is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenses to. We know what K1 is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenses to. We know what K1 is.
+We know what zeta 1 is. F2 is the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know what zeta 1 is. F2 is the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know what zeta 1 is. F2 is the thing
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+specifying. And so zeta 1, for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying. And so zeta 1, for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying. And so zeta 1, for example,
+is what? It was point it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what? It was point it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what? It was point it was
+0.044. So you plug in your 0044
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.044. So you plug in your 0044
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.044. So you plug in your 0044
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+And this whole thing works out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be I write I'll write down the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I write I'll write down the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I write I'll write down the numbers
+here. 2.2667
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. 2.2667
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. 2.2667
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 over K1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 over K1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 over K1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whoops not 109 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K23.71 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+11.36 which is 1 over 2 * zeta 0 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.36 which is 1 over 2 * zeta 0 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.36 which is 1 over 2 * zeta 0 1 over
+0088 8 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0088 8 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0088 8 is
+11.36 this all the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.36 this all the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.36 this all the final
+analysis Q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis Q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis Q1
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F2 okay so it's just a single degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 okay so it's just a single degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 okay so it's just a single degree of
+freedom system excited by harmonic force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom system excited by harmonic force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom system excited by harmonic force
+and you can figure out how big its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can figure out how big its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can figure out how big its
+response is I can do the same thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is I can do the same thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is I can do the same thing for
+mode two is mode two resin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No.
+So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is
+instructive. The magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive. The magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive. The magnitude of the
+response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q2 is the magnitude of the force times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 is the magnitude of the force times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 is the magnitude of the force times
+the magnitude of the H Q2 per unit input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the H Q2 per unit input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the H Q2 per unit input
+to Q. 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Q. 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Q. 2
+cubed. It looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that. But this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But this
+time this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus.2236
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus.2236
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus.2236
+F2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 over
+109.84 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.84 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.84 which is
+K2. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2. And
+then all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of
+the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator
+involving 1us and this will now be omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving 1us and this will now be omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving 1us and this will now be omega
+over omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over omega
+2^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2^
+squared squared + 2 zeta 2 omega over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared squared + 2 zeta 2 omega over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared squared + 2 zeta 2 omega over
+omega 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega 2
+squared square root. or this number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared square root. or this number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared square root. or this number here
+is K2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The reason I'm I'm going to this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The reason I'm I'm going to this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The reason I'm I'm going to this is this
+is not this one's not resonant and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not this one's not resonant and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not this one's not resonant and in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+um what's omega ah well in fact what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's omega ah well in fact what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's omega ah well in fact what is
+the excite I started this problem I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excite I started this problem I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excite I started this problem I said
+let the excitation frequency be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the excitation frequency be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the excitation frequency be
+what natural frequency mode one right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what natural frequency mode one right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what natural frequency mode one right so
+omega in this case equals omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega in this case equals omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega in this case equals omega 1
+therefore for this problem omega over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore for this problem omega over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore for this problem omega over
+omega 2 is omega 1 over omega 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega 2 is omega 1 over omega 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega 2 is omega 1 over omega 2 and
+That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's
+5.65 something over 17 something. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.65 something over 17 something. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.65 something over 17 something. It's
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+1/3. So we are exciting the second mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3. So we are exciting the second mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3. So we are exciting the second mode
+at about 1/3 its natural frequency.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about 1/3 its natural frequency.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about 1/3 its natural frequency.
+Right? And so this is 1 minus a3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so this is 1 minus a3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so this is 1 minus a3
+quantity squared and so forth. And if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared and so forth. And if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared and so forth. And if I
+run the numbers, I just want you to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the numbers, I just want you to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the numbers, I just want you to see
+what happens with the numbers. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with the numbers. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with the numbers. This
+turns out to be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be 0
+806 and this turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+806 and this turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+806 and this turns out to
+be was remember this is 0.01 something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be was remember this is 0.01 something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be was remember this is 0.01 something
+here. Uh this number turns out to be 5 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh this number turns out to be 5 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh this number turns out to be 5 *
+10 the minus 5th. It's a really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number and this whole square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and this whole square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and this whole square root of
+this stuff turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+8.98 and in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.98 and in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.98 and in the end
+Q2 works out the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 works out the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 works out the magnitude of
+Q2 works out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 23
+F2. Okay, I kind of went I did this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2. Okay, I kind of went I did this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2. Okay, I kind of went I did this on
+purpose. If when you're at resonance,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose. If when you're at resonance,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose. If when you're at resonance,
+meaning the excitation frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the excitation frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the excitation frequency is
+close to the natural frequency for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the natural frequency for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the natural frequency for any
+linear vibration system, then this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear vibration system, then this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear vibration system, then this term
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+important and it'll be the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and it'll be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and it'll be the most
+important term in the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important term in the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important term in the denominator
+because this term goes to zero. It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this term goes to zero. It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this term goes to zero. It's the
+only term in the denominator and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only term in the denominator and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only term in the denominator and it's
+likely to be quite small. That's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be quite small. That's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be quite small. That's what
+gives you one over that a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you one over that a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you one over that a big
+response. But when you're not when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. But when you're not when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. But when you're not when this
+denominator if you're not at resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator if you're not at resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator if you're not at resonance
+this term almost always is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term almost always is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term almost always is
+negligible and it's this term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible and it's this term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible and it's this term that
+governs it. So here you are 08 versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governs it. So here you are 08 versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governs it. So here you are 08 versus
+10us 5th. So away from resonance this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10us 5th. So away from resonance this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10us 5th. So away from resonance this
+term is important and on resonance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is important and on resonance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is important and on resonance that
+one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's
+important. And now how would you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. And now how would you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. And now how would you get
+back to we've now got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to we've now got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to we've now got the
+uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two
+responses. How do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses. How do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses. How do we
+compute the total system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+response? How would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it? The modal expansion theorem. Hm. put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? The modal expansion theorem. Hm. put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? The modal expansion theorem. Hm. put
+it back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+So, x equ= u q, right? That's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, x equ= u q, right? That's where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, x equ= u q, right? That's where we
+started.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And q1 since this is a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And q1 since this is a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And q1 since this is a harmonic
+excitation problem. If the input had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation problem. If the input had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation problem. If the input had
+been e to the i omega t, then the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been e to the i omega t, then the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been e to the i omega t, then the output
+is some e to the i omega t minus a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some e to the i omega t minus a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some e to the i omega t minus a phase
+angle. So this is going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle. So this is going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle. So this is going to look like
+some Q1 amplitude say cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Q1 amplitude say cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Q1 amplitude say cosine
+omega1t minus v1 but at resonance we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega1t minus v1 but at resonance we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega1t minus v1 but at resonance we
+know the phase angle is pi /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the phase angle is pi /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the phase angle is pi /
+2 and q2 of t is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and q2 of t is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and q2 of t is going to be the
+amplitude q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude q2
+* some cosine omega 1 t because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* some cosine omega 1 t because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* some cosine omega 1 t because that's
+the excitation frequency minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excitation frequency minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excitation frequency minus
+v2 and Remember the each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems, these transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems, these transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems, these transfer
+functions H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions H
+Q over Q for whichever one it happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q over Q for whichever one it happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q over Q for whichever one it happens to
+be looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looks like
+this. Different amounts of damping give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Different amounts of damping give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Different amounts of damping give
+you different heights of the peak at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you different heights of the peak at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you different heights of the peak at
+resonance. And this is omega over omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance. And this is omega over omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance. And this is omega over omega
+i. So when you're at resonance, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i. So when you're at resonance, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i. So when you're at resonance, you're
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+one. So what we've done is we've have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So what we've done is we've have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So what we've done is we've have a
+twoderee freedom system. We're exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twoderee freedom system. We're exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twoderee freedom system. We're exciting
+it at the natural frequency of mode one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the natural frequency of mode one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the natural frequency of mode one.
+So it means for mode one, we're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it means for mode one, we're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it means for mode one, we're right
+here. Let's say that's where our damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Let's say that's where our damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Let's say that's where our damping
+is. So that's going to be our transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. So that's going to be our transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. So that's going to be our transfer
+function for that mode. But drawn on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for that mode. But drawn on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for that mode. But drawn on the
+same figure, where are we for mode two?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same figure, where are we for mode two?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same figure, where are we for mode two?
+We're at omega 1 over omega 2 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're at omega 1 over omega 2 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're at omega 1 over omega 2 which is
+you know somewhere in the neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know somewhere in the neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know somewhere in the neighborhood
+of.3. So we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of.3. So we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of.3. So we are in
+here. So this is omega over omega 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So this is omega over omega 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So this is omega over omega 2.
+This is omega over omega 1. So down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is omega over omega 1. So down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is omega over omega 1. So down here
+we're at about 3. Here we're at 1.0. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at about 3. Here we're at 1.0. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at about 3. Here we're at 1.0. So
+we're at resonance for one of the modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at resonance for one of the modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at resonance for one of the modes
+and we're here in what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're here in what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're here in what's called the
+stiffness controlled region for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness controlled region for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness controlled region for the
+other mode. This mode, mode two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other mode. This mode, mode two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other mode. This mode, mode two
+basically acts like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically acts like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically acts like a
+spring. Okay, the dynamic amplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring. Okay, the dynamic amplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring. Okay, the dynamic amplification
+is about one. It just gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about one. It just gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about one. It just gives you the
+static response for mode two and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static response for mode two and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static response for mode two and the
+resonant response for mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant response for mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant response for mode
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I know what I was going to draw to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I know what I was going to draw to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I know what I was going to draw to
+remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you. This figure has a phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. This figure has a phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. This figure has a phase diagram
+that goes with it. And it for lightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes with it. And it for lightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes with it. And it for lightly
+damp systems, it goes from zero to pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damp systems, it goes from zero to pi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damp systems, it goes from zero to pi.
+And at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at
+resonance, all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance, all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance, all of them
+cross pi / 2. When it's a response to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross pi / 2. When it's a response to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross pi / 2. When it's a response to a
+force, simple force at resonance angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force, simple force at resonance angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force, simple force at resonance angle
+phase angle is pi /2. So the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase angle is pi /2. So the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase angle is pi /2. So the response
+lags the input by 90°.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags the input by 90°.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags the input by 90°.
+When you're down here in this region,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you're down here in this region,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you're down here in this region,
+the response moves with the input.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response moves with the input.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response moves with the input.
+There's phase angle is basically zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's phase angle is basically zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's phase angle is basically zero.
+And up in here, the phase angle is 180°.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And up in here, the phase angle is 180°.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And up in here, the phase angle is 180°.
+Acts like a driving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass. So our two responses look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. So our two responses look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. So our two responses look like
+that. And to back get back into modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And to back get back into modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And to back get back into modal
+coordinates, x1 x2 is going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates, x1 x2 is going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates, x1 x2 is going to look like
+u1 q1 of t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u1 q1 of t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u1 q1 of t plus
+u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q2 of t and the q and these it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q2 of t and the q and these it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q2 of t and the q and these it's
+harmonic steady state response. You know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic steady state response. You know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic steady state response. You know
+the amplitudes q1 and q2. We figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitudes q1 and q2. We figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitudes q1 and q2. We figured
+them out. One of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two Q1 turned out to be 2227 F2 and Q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Q1 turned out to be 2227 F2 and Q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Q1 turned out to be 2227 F2 and Q2
+is 0.0023
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F2 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 and this
+one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+cosine. So if we do that, if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine. So if we do that, if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine. So if we do that, if you put
+your excitation only on here, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your excitation only on here, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your excitation only on here, it's
+trying to tell you that mostly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tell you that mostly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tell you that mostly you
+get mode one and not much mode two. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get mode one and not much mode two. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get mode one and not much mode two. But
+that's primarily caused because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's primarily caused because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's primarily caused because you
+chose to put the excitation frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to put the excitation frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to put the excitation frequency
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+where the natural frequency of mode one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the natural frequency of mode one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the natural frequency of mode one
+right so your resonant but what if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so your resonant but what if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so your resonant but what if I
+could have so if I had made my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have so if I had made my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have so if I had made my
+excitation here same place but made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation here same place but made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation here same place but made the
+frequency close to the natural frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency close to the natural frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency close to the natural frequency
+of mode two which of the two modes would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mode two which of the two modes would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mode two which of the two modes would
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+dominated mode two right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated mode two right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated mode two right okay
+So I've got another little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've got another little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've got another little
+demo doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well. So we've talked out of necessity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. So we've talked out of necessity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. So we've talked out of necessity
+to do it on the blackboard and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it on the blackboard and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it on the blackboard and in
+relatively short time we've only talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively short time we've only talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively short time we've only talked
+about a two degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a two degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a two degree of
+freedom two rigid body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom two rigid body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom two rigid body
+system. And this is a continuous system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. And this is a continuous system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. And this is a continuous system.
+It's a taut string. It's your violin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a taut string. It's your violin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a taut string. It's your violin
+string. And I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string. And I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string. And I've
+uh put some white lab tags on it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put some white lab tags on it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put some white lab tags on it so that
+you can see it against black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+backgrounds. Everything that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds. Everything that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds. Everything that we've
+learned about the behavior of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about the behavior of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about the behavior of this
+twoderee freedom system will apply to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twoderee freedom system will apply to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twoderee freedom system will apply to a
+three or four or five degree freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four or five degree freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four or five degree freedom
+system. But actually the basic lessons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. But actually the basic lessons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. But actually the basic lessons
+apply to continuous systems too. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to continuous systems too. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to continuous systems too. So the
+lesson we just learned is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson we just learned is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson we just learned is if
+you excite a system this has many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you excite a system this has many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you excite a system this has many
+natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+frequencies and in fact the if the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and in fact the if the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and in fact the if the first
+one's at one hertz which this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's at one hertz which this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's at one hertz which this is about
+is maybe a little more than that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe a little more than that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe a little more than that first
+mode is like that maybe two hertz the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode is like that maybe two hertz the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode is like that maybe two hertz the
+second mode's twice that third mode's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second mode's twice that third mode's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second mode's twice that third mode's
+three times that happens to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times that happens to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times that happens to be really
+simple okay but so if I put a force the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple okay but so if I put a force the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple okay but so if I put a force the
+only force in this problem I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only force in this problem I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only force in this problem I'm going to
+do the analogous problem here a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the analogous problem here a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the analogous problem here a harmonic
+excitation. I'm going to do it in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation. I'm going to do it in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation. I'm going to do it in one
+little place right here. And if I drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little place right here. And if I drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little place right here. And if I drive
+this system at the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system at the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system at the natural
+frequency of mode one, what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of mode one, what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of mode one, what do you
+see? What mode is dominating response?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see? What mode is dominating response?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see? What mode is dominating response?
+Mode one. Very very small responses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mode one. Very very small responses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mode one. Very very small responses of
+other modes. Okay. So now get the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other modes. Okay. So now get the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other modes. Okay. So now get the system
+to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop
+shaking. If I drive it at exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaking. If I drive it at exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaking. If I drive it at exactly the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+at a different natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a different natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a different natural
+frequency, I see three half sine waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency, I see three half sine waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency, I see three half sine waves
+there. Right? So, I was driving it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Right? So, I was driving it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Right? So, I was driving it at
+the natural frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural frequency
+of mode three. And there's no mode one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mode three. And there's no mode one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mode three. And there's no mode one,
+no mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no mode
+two. Okay. Now, I need a helper.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Okay. Now, I need a helper.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Okay. Now, I need a helper.
+Somebody come hang on to this for me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you got to keep the tension on it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you got to keep the tension on it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you got to keep the tension on it. So
+now I'm going to teach you a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to teach you a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to teach you a really
+important lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important lesson
+about systems. Exciting systems. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about systems. Exciting systems. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about systems. Exciting systems. The
+second mode. Uh I might have a hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second mode. Uh I might have a hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second mode. Uh I might have a hard time
+driving it here. Let me see if I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving it here. Let me see if I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving it here. Let me see if I can get
+the second mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going. There's second mode has a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. There's second mode has a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. There's second mode has a node
+right here. There's a point right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here. There's a point right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here. There's a point right here
+of no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no
+motion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion.
+Right? If I sit here now, I'm gonna let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? If I sit here now, I'm gonna let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? If I sit here now, I'm gonna let
+the system stop. If I drive this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system stop. If I drive this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system stop. If I drive this system
+at the second mode, natural frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the second mode, natural frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the second mode, natural frequency
+right here, what will happen?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pardon?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pardon?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pardon?
+Maybe some mode one. But how much mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe some mode one. But how much mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe some mode one. But how much mode
+two will I get?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So another lesson here is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So another lesson here is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So another lesson here is that if you
+draw continuous systems have nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw continuous systems have nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw continuous systems have nodes
+points of no motion and the second mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of no motion and the second mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of no motion and the second mode
+happens to have a node right here. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to have a node right here. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to have a node right here. This
+point doesn't move when it's vibrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point doesn't move when it's vibrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point doesn't move when it's vibrating
+in the second mode. And the modal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second mode. And the modal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second mode. And the modal force
+looks something like the generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like the generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like the generalized
+force times the mode shape uranspose F.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force times the mode shape uranspose F.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force times the mode shape uranspose F.
+That's how we got the you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's how we got the you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's how we got the you have to
+multiply the generalized external force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the generalized external force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the generalized external force
+times the mode shape to get the modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the mode shape to get the modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the mode shape to get the modal
+force. Well, here's my mo my generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force. Well, here's my mo my generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force. Well, here's my mo my generalized
+force. What's the amplitude of the mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force. What's the amplitude of the mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force. What's the amplitude of the mode
+shape here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape here?
+Zero. F time zero is zero. I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero. F time zero is zero. I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero. F time zero is zero. I cannot
+there is just no way I can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is just no way I can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is just no way I can get this
+thing to vibrate in the second mode by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to vibrate in the second mode by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to vibrate in the second mode by
+driving it at a node. And that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving it at a node. And that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving it at a node. And that's just
+that's just just generally true. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just just generally true. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just just generally true. You
+know, take it to the bank and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, take it to the bank and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, take it to the bank and remember
+that. Okay. Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. Thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. Thank
+you. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. All
+right. Something else I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to Ah, I need you back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So when you give a system a deflection,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you give a system a deflection,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you give a system a deflection,
+an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection
+because we want when we went to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want when we went to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want when we went to get
+initial conditions, we said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions, we said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions, we said that the
+equivalent modal initial conditions were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent modal initial conditions were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent modal initial conditions were
+U inverse times the U inverse times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U inverse times the U inverse times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U inverse times the U inverse times the
+initial conditions in generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions in generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions in generalized
+coordinates. Right? So for a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. Right? So for a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. Right? So for a continuous
+system, this thing has mode shapes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, this thing has mode shapes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, this thing has mode shapes that
+look like sin n pix / l. Those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like sin n pix / l. Those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like sin n pix / l. Those are the
+mode shapes. And if I take this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode shapes. And if I take this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode shapes. And if I take this thing
+and grab it about in the middle,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grab it about in the middle,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grab it about in the middle,
+wherever that node was. And given an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever that node was. And given an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever that node was. And given an
+initial deflection, the shape of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial deflection, the shape of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial deflection, the shape of that
+initial deflection is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial deflection is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial deflection is kind of a
+triangle, right? You've all had 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle, right? You've all had 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle, right? You've all had 4A
+series. Could you, this is a triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. Could you, this is a triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. Could you, this is a triangular
+shape. Could you express this shape as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape. Could you express this shape as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape. Could you express this shape as a
+fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fora
+s? Sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s? Sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s? Sure.
+And it just happens that sine waves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it just happens that sine waves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it just happens that sine waves are
+the mode shapes. So you would be coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode shapes. So you would be coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode shapes. So you would be coming
+up the the forier coefficients are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the the forier coefficients are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the the forier coefficients are the
+modal amplitudes of in initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal amplitudes of in initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal amplitudes of in initial
+conditions. And so whatever the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. And so whatever the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. And so whatever the forier
+coefficients for this are are the modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for this are are the modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for this are are the modal
+amplitudes for each of the modes. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes for each of the modes. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes for each of the modes. So
+which mode you think is going which fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which mode you think is going which fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which mode you think is going which fora
+sign component is going to be largest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign component is going to be largest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign component is going to be largest in
+this one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mode one. By the way, all even numbered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mode one. By the way, all even numbered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mode one. By the way, all even numbered
+modes will be zero because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes will be zero because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes will be zero because they're
+asymmetric. This is a symmetrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric. This is a symmetrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric. This is a symmetrically
+shaped pulse. All no the the modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped pulse. All no the the modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped pulse. All no the the modal
+initial conditions for 2 4 6 8 10 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions for 2 4 6 8 10 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions for 2 4 6 8 10 are
+zero. You will get 4A nonzero forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. You will get 4A nonzero forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. You will get 4A nonzero forier
+coefficients for 1357. The biggest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for 1357. The biggest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for 1357. The biggest one
+is mode one. So what do you expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mode one. So what do you expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mode one. So what do you expect to
+see if I let go of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I let go of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I let go of
+this vibration primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at right and a little bit of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at right and a little bit of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at right and a little bit of some
+others. Now let's say they all had about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. Now let's say they all had about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. Now let's say they all had about
+the same damping. Let's say they all had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same damping. Let's say they all had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same damping. Let's say they all had
+5% 10 10% damping. No, excuse me. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% 10 10% damping. No, excuse me. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% 10 10% damping. No, excuse me. All
+had 1% damping. That means they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 1% damping. That means they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 1% damping. That means they go
+through about 10 cycles to decay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through about 10 cycles to decay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through about 10 cycles to decay to
+halfway. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway. Right?
+So if they all have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if they all have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if they all have the same
+damping, even if there's several other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping, even if there's several other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping, even if there's several other
+modes present, which one's going to last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes present, which one's going to last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes present, which one's going to last
+longer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in
+time? Mode one, because it takes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time? Mode one, because it takes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time? Mode one, because it takes just
+longer in time to get to 10 cycles. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in time to get to 10 cycles. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in time to get to 10 cycles. The
+other modes get there quicker. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other modes get there quicker. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other modes get there quicker. And so
+this, if you ever whack, if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, if you ever whack, if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, if you ever whack, if you take a
+guitar string and plunk it or a violin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guitar string and plunk it or a violin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guitar string and plunk it or a violin
+or a piano, you'll hear the basic tone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a piano, you'll hear the basic tone.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a piano, you'll hear the basic tone.
+And what makes it sound nice, you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what makes it sound nice, you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what makes it sound nice, you have
+all those nice overtones. But if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those nice overtones. But if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those nice overtones. But if you
+listen carefully, the overtones die out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen carefully, the overtones die out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen carefully, the overtones die out
+usually and you're left with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually and you're left with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually and you're left with the
+fundamental at the end. You smack a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental at the end. You smack a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental at the end. You smack a
+piano key hard, you'll get you'll get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano key hard, you'll get you'll get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano key hard, you'll get you'll get an
+interesting sound at the beginning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting sound at the beginning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting sound at the beginning and
+then it'll mellow out and you hear just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it'll mellow out and you hear just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it'll mellow out and you hear just
+a pure tone at the end. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure tone at the end. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure tone at the end. And that's
+because the damp the higher frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the damp the higher frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the damp the higher frequencies
+damp out quicker because they get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damp out quicker because they get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damp out quicker because they get in
+more cycles per unit time. Okay, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cycles per unit time. Okay, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cycles per unit time. Okay, that's
+the other kind of quick lesson. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other kind of quick lesson. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other kind of quick lesson. And I
+want I have one thing I want to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I have one thing I want to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I have one thing I want to explain
+to you which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you which will
+help maybe a little conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help maybe a little conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help maybe a little conceptual
+understanding about this came up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding about this came up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding about this came up in a
+homework discussion and that is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework discussion and that is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework discussion and that is just a
+note about stiffness matrices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a really fast easy way to assemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really fast easy way to assemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really fast easy way to assemble
+stiffness matrices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness matrices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness matrices.
+So, here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here's
+a threemass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and a
+spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spring. And I'm going to put a spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. K1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2,
+K3,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K3,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K3,
+K4, K5, and K6. And I want to get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K4, K5, and K6. And I want to get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K4, K5, and K6. And I want to get my
+stiffness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix. The stiffness matrix, this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. The stiffness matrix, this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. The stiffness matrix, this is a
+three°ree freedom system. It'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three°ree freedom system. It'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three°ree freedom system. It'll be a
+3x3. And it'll have elements up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3. And it'll have elements up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3. And it'll have elements up here
+which I'll call K one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll call K one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll call K one
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+K12 K 1 3 K 2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K12 K 1 3 K 2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K12 K 1 3 K 2 1
+K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+3 K3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 K2 2 and so forth. Okay. So what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 K2 2 and so forth. Okay. So what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 K2 2 and so forth. Okay. So what's the
+meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of
+K I J? So K I so K11 I is one J is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I J? So K I so K11 I is one J is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I J? So K I so K11 I is one J is one
+and the interpret if you can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interpret if you can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interpret if you can understand
+the interpretation of what a stiffness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpretation of what a stiffness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpretation of what a stiffness
+matrix is it'll help you make it much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is it'll help you make it much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is it'll help you make it much
+easier for you to find them. So, KIG is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for you to find them. So, KIG is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for you to find them. So, KIG is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+required at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I due to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+deflection at J.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection at J.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection at J.
+due to sounds kind of like cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to sounds kind of like cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to sounds kind of like cause a
+causal thing. I don't quite mean that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal thing. I don't quite mean that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal thing. I don't quite mean that.
+But so let's think about this. What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But so let's think about this. What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But so let's think about this. What's
+K11? So K11 is the force required at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K11? So K11 is the force required at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K11? So K11 is the force required at one
+per unit deflection at one. So if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit deflection at one. So if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit deflection at one. So if I take
+this system and I make it move over one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system and I make it move over one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system and I make it move over one
+unit and the other this is now X1 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit and the other this is now X1 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit and the other this is now X1 here
+by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way
+X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+X2 X3. So x2 and x3 are zero. I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 X3. So x2 and x3 are zero. I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 X3. So x2 and x3 are zero. I do this
+one at a time. I move this over one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a time. I move this over one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a time. I move this over one
+unit. How much force does it take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit. How much force does it take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit. How much force does it take to
+make that happen? The real system,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that happen? The real system,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that happen? The real system,
+you're grabbing it. You're pulling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're grabbing it. You're pulling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're grabbing it. You're pulling it
+over one unit. You're making some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one unit. You're making some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one unit. You're making some
+springs move. How much force does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs move. How much force does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs move. How much force does it
+take to move that one one unit holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to move that one one unit holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to move that one one unit holding
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+still? Well, you're going to one force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still? Well, you're going to one force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still? Well, you're going to one force
+on a spring is kx. If x is one, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a spring is kx. If x is one, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a spring is kx. If x is one, the
+force required to stretch this spring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force required to stretch this spring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force required to stretch this spring is
+k1 * 1. Right? The force required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 * 1. Right? The force required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 * 1. Right? The force required to
+push on that spring is k5 * 5 k2 * k5 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push on that spring is k5 * 5 k2 * k5 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push on that spring is k5 * 5 k2 * k5 *
+1 k2 * 1. The first the k11 this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 k2 * 1. The first the k11 this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 k2 * 1. The first the k11 this first
+element is the sum of all of the stiff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is the sum of all of the stiff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is the sum of all of the stiff
+springs connected to it. K1 + K2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs connected to it. K1 + K2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs connected to it. K1 + K2 plus
+K5. So how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K12? K12 is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K12? K12 is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K12? K12 is the is the
+um force required at one. Actually let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um force required at one. Actually let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um force required at one. Actually let
+me do K21 make a little more sense. Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do K21 make a little more sense. Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do K21 make a little more sense. Is
+the force required at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force required at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force required at
+two because I've moved number moved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because I've moved number moved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because I've moved number moved the
+system one unit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one unit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one unit at
+one. That's what the problem. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. That's what the problem. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. That's what the problem. That's
+just thing I've done. I've moved this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thing I've done. I've moved this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thing I've done. I've moved this
+one unit. In order to keep this one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit. In order to keep this one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit. In order to keep this one from
+moving, do I have to apply a force to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving, do I have to apply a force to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving, do I have to apply a force to
+it? How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+big? K2 or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big? K2 or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big? K2 or minus
+K2? This thing is pushing going over one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2? This thing is pushing going over one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2? This thing is pushing going over one
+unit. It compresses that spring. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit. It compresses that spring. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit. It compresses that spring. It's
+pushing on this thing. I say it cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing on this thing. I say it cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing on this thing. I say it cannot
+move. What do I have to do? Push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move. What do I have to do? Push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move. What do I have to do? Push
+back. Minus K2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. Minus K2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. Minus K2.
+And you can go through. And then how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can go through. And then how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can go through. And then how
+about number three? What's the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about number three? What's the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about number three? What's the force
+required at at three? Because I've moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required at at three? Because I've moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required at at three? Because I've moved
+the one at one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one at one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one at one by one
+unit. Move this over. Are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit. Move this over. Are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit. Move this over. Are there any
+springs connected to mass three that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs connected to mass three that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs connected to mass three that are
+affected by that motion?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by that motion?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by that motion?
+K5. And it pushes on it through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K5. And it pushes on it through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K5. And it pushes on it through that
+spring. So I have to resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by. So
+k 31 =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 31 =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 31 =
+minus k5 and you can then so now then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus k5 and you can then so now then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus k5 and you can then so now then
+you go on to if you want to get the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go on to if you want to get the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go on to if you want to get the next
+ones okay you go to the next system this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones okay you go to the next system this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones okay you go to the next system this
+is now can't move this can't move you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now can't move this can't move you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now can't move this can't move you
+let this be unit deflection so unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let this be unit deflection so unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let this be unit deflection so unit
+deflection at two add up the springs k2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection at two add up the springs k2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection at two add up the springs k2
+plus k3 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus k3 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus k3 plus
+k6 and that's all there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k22 k2 2 + k3 + k6 and then you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k22 k2 2 + k3 + k6 and then you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k22 k2 2 + k3 + k6 and then you go
+through all the ones that it affects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the ones that it affects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the ones that it affects and
+you'll get minus this and that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get minus this and that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get minus this and that. So
+that's the meaning that's the each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the meaning that's the each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the meaning that's the each of
+the elements of that stiffness matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of that stiffness matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of that stiffness matrix
+have that meaning to it. And to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um give this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+closure we have an we have equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure we have an we have equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure we have an we have equation of
+motion but we can als the stiffness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion but we can als the stiffness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion but we can als the stiffness
+matrices also applies to the statics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices also applies to the statics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices also applies to the statics
+problem. So you have m x dot + c x dot +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. So you have m x dot + c x dot +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. So you have m x dot + c x dot +
+kx= f. What if I only want to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx= f. What if I only want to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx= f. What if I only want to do a
+statics problem? I'm going to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statics problem? I'm going to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statics problem? I'm going to put a
+static force on here and I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static force on here and I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static force on here and I want to know
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+deflections or I'm going to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflections or I'm going to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflections or I'm going to cause
+deflections and I I want to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflections and I I want to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflections and I I want to know what
+force it takes to do it. Well, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force it takes to do it. Well, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force it takes to do it. Well, the
+static problem is let this be zero. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static problem is let this be zero. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static problem is let this be zero. This
+be zero and it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero and it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero and it says
+k x=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k x=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k x=
+f. So in this three degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f. So in this three degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f. So in this three degree of freedom
+system, what forces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, what forces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, what forces are
+required to cause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deflection?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection?
+Um 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um 0
+01. I want to deflect it one unit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01. I want to deflect it one unit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01. I want to deflect it one unit on the
+third mass only. What forces do I apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third mass only. What forces do I apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third mass only. What forces do I apply
+to the system to make it happen?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the system to make it happen?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the system to make it happen?
+Well, you just multiply it out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you just multiply it out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you just multiply it out.
+This is f_sub_1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is f_sub_1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is f_sub_1,
+f_sub_2, f_sub_3. So it'll only be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2, f_sub_3. So it'll only be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2, f_sub_3. So it'll only be this
+one, this times this, this, and this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, this times this, this, and this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, this times this, this, and this.
+Only ones that matter are these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Only ones that matter are these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Only ones that matter are these three
+here. And this will end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And this will end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And this will end up being
+k 31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 31
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 31
+* 1. This would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1. This would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1. This would be
+K. I guess I got it wrong. 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. I guess I got it wrong. 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. I guess I got it wrong. 1
+three. Then we get 2 1 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+23 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 K
+33. Those are the three forces required.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33. Those are the three forces required.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33. Those are the three forces required.
+You put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You put on the
+force those forces forces equal to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force those forces forces equal to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force those forces forces equal to these
+amounts. You will get that deflection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts. You will get that deflection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts. You will get that deflection.
+So that's just a little hope that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's just a little hope that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's just a little hope that gives
+you a little insight as to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little insight as to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little insight as to what
+stiffness matrices mean. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness matrices mean. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness matrices mean. Okay. So
+there's you can do them by inspection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you can do them by inspection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you can do them by inspection.
+Once you understand that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once you understand that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once you understand that you can
+actually just fill them in by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just fill them in by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just fill them in by
+inspection just by doing unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection just by doing unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection just by doing unit
+displacements at each place and adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements at each place and adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements at each place and adding
+up the forces. Okay. See you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the forces. Okay. See you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the forces. Okay. See you on
+Thursday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pSN7t79RxC4.txt b/pSN7t79RxC4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d3a952641dd64506b6ee9055ce1c8459ed2fddd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pSN7t79RxC4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2421 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+PROFESSOR: Over the last
+series of lectures, in
+
+discussing filtering,
+modulation, and sampling,
+
+we've seen how powerful
+and useful the
+
+Fourier transform is.
+
+Beginning with this lecture,
+and over the next several
+
+lectures, I'd like to develop
+and exploit a generalization
+
+of the Fourier transform, which
+will not only lead to
+
+some important new insights
+about signals and systems, but
+
+also will remove some of the
+restrictions that we've had
+
+with the Fourier transform.
+
+The generalization that we'll
+be talking about in the
+
+continuous time case is referred
+to as the Laplace
+
+transform, and in the discrete
+time case, is referred to as
+
+the z transform.
+
+What I'd like to do in today's
+lecture is begin on the
+
+continuous time case,
+namely a discussion
+
+of the Laplace transform.
+
+Continue that into the next
+lecture, and following that
+
+develop the z transform
+for discrete time.
+
+And also, as we go
+along, exploit
+
+the two notions together.
+
+Now, to introduce the notion of
+the Laplace transform, let
+
+me remind you again
+of what led us
+
+into the Fourier transform.
+
+We developed the Fourier
+transform by considering the
+
+idea of representing signals
+as linear combinations of
+
+basic signals.
+
+And in the Fourier transform,
+in the continuous time case,
+
+the basic signals that we picked
+in the representation
+
+were complex exponentials.
+
+And in what we had referred to
+as the synthesis equation, the
+
+synthesis equation corresponded
+to, in effect, a
+
+decomposition as a linear
+combination, a decomposition
+
+of x of t as a linear
+combination of complex
+
+exponentials.
+
+And of course, associated with
+this was the corresponding
+
+analysis equation that, in
+effect, gave us the amplitudes
+
+associated with the complex
+exponentials.
+
+Now, why did we pick complex
+exponentials?
+
+Well, recall that the reason was
+that complex exponentials
+
+are eigenfunctions of linear
+time-invariant systems, and
+
+that was very convenient.
+
+Specifically, if we have a
+linear time-invariant system
+
+with an impulse response h of
+t, what we had shown is that
+
+that class of systems has the
+property that if we put in a
+
+complex exponential, we get out
+a complex exponential at
+
+the same frequency and with
+a change in amplitude.
+
+And this change in amplitude,
+in fact, corresponded as we
+
+showed as the discussion went
+along, to the Fourier
+
+transform of the system
+impulse response.
+
+So the notion of decomposing
+signals into complex
+
+exponentials was very intimately
+connected, and the
+
+Fourier transform was very
+intimately connected, with the
+
+eigenfunction property of
+complex exponentials for
+
+linear time-invariant systems.
+
+Well, complex exponentials of
+that type are not the only
+
+eigenfunctions for linear
+time-invariant systems.
+
+In fact, what you've seen
+previously is that if we took
+
+a more general exponential, e
+to the st, where s is a more
+
+general complex number.
+
+Not just j omega, but in fact
+sigma plus j omega.
+
+For any value of s, the complex
+exponential is an
+
+eigenfunction.
+
+And we can justify that simply
+by substitution into the
+
+convolution integral.
+
+In other words, the response to
+this complex exponential is
+
+the convolution of the impulse
+response with the excitation.
+
+And notice that we can break
+this term into a product, e to
+
+the st e to the minus s tau.
+
+And the e to the st term can
+come outside the integration.
+
+And consequently, just carrying
+through that algebra,
+
+would reduce this integral to
+an integral with an e to the
+
+st factor outside.
+
+So just simply carrying through
+the algebra, what we
+
+would conclude is that a complex
+exponential with any
+
+complex number s would generate,
+as an output, a
+
+complex exponential of the
+same form multiplied by
+
+whatever this integral is.
+
+And this integral, of course,
+will depend on what
+
+the value of s is.
+
+But that's all that
+it will depend on.
+
+Or said another way, what this
+all can be denoted as is some
+
+function h of s that depends
+on the value of s.
+
+So finally then, e to the st as
+an excitation to a linear
+
+time-invariant system generates
+a response, which is
+
+a complex constant depending
+on s, multiplying the same
+
+function that excited
+the system.
+
+So what we have then is the
+eigenfunction property, more
+
+generally, in terms of a more
+general complex exponential
+
+where the complex factor is
+given by this integral.
+
+Well, in fact, what that
+integral corresponds to is
+
+what we will define as the
+Laplace transform of the
+
+impulse response.
+
+And in fact, we can apply this
+transformation to a more
+
+general time function that may
+or may not be the impulse
+
+response of a linear
+time-invariant system.
+
+And so, in general, it is this
+transformation on a time
+
+function which is the Laplace
+transform of that time
+
+function, and it's
+a function of s.
+
+So the definition of the Laplace
+transform is that the
+
+Laplace transform of a time
+function x of t is the result
+
+of this transformation
+on x of t.
+
+It's denoted as x of s, and as a
+shorthand notation as we had
+
+with the Fourier transform,
+then we have in the time
+
+domain, the time function x
+of t, and in the Laplace
+
+transform domain, the
+function x of s.
+
+And these then represent
+a transform pair.
+
+Now, let me remind you that
+the development of that
+
+mapping is exactly the process
+the we went through initially
+
+in developing a mapping
+that ended up giving
+
+us the Fourier transform.
+
+Essentially, what we've done is
+just broadened our horizon
+
+somewhat, or our notation
+somewhat.
+
+And rather than pushing just a
+complex exponential through
+
+the system, we've pushed a more
+general time function e
+
+to the st, where s is a complex
+number with both a
+
+real part and an
+imaginary part.
+
+Well, the discussion that we've
+gone through so far, of
+
+course, is very closely related
+to what we went
+
+through for the Fourier
+transform.
+
+The mapping that we've
+ended up with is
+
+called the Laplace transform.
+
+And as you can well imagine
+and perhaps, may have
+
+recognized already, there's a
+very close connection between
+
+the Laplace transform and
+the Fourier transform.
+
+Well, to see one of the
+connections, what we can
+
+observe is that if we look
+at the Fourier transform
+
+expression and if we look
+at the Laplace transform
+
+expression, where s is now a
+general complex number sigma
+
+plus j omega, these two
+expressions, in fact, are
+
+identical if, in fact,
+sigma is equal to 0.
+
+If sigma is equal to 0 so that
+s is just j omega, then all
+
+that this transformation is,
+is the same as that.
+
+Substitute in s equals j omega
+and this is what we get.
+
+What this then tells us is that
+if we have the Laplace
+
+transform, and if we look at
+the Laplace transform at s
+
+equals j omega, then that, in
+fact, corresponds to the
+
+Fourier transform of x of t.
+
+Now, there is a slight
+notational issue that this
+
+raises, and it's very
+
+straightforward to clean it up.
+
+But it's something that it's--
+
+you have to just kind of focus
+on for a second to understand
+
+what the issue is.
+
+Notice that on the left-hand
+side of this equation, x of s
+
+representing the Laplace
+transform.
+
+When we look at that with sigma
+equal to 0 or s equal to
+
+j omega, our natural inclination
+is to write that
+
+as x of j omega, of course.
+
+On the other hand, the
+right-hand side of the
+
+equation, namely the Fourier
+transform of x of t, we've
+
+typically written
+as x of omega.
+
+Focusing on the fact that
+it's a function of
+
+this variable omega.
+
+Well, there's a slight
+awkwardness here because here
+
+we're talking about an argument
+j omega, here we're
+
+talking about an
+argument omega.
+
+And a very straightforward way
+of dealing with that is to
+
+simply change our notation for
+the Fourier transform,
+
+recognizing that the Fourier
+transform, of course, is a
+
+function of omega, but
+it's also, in fact, a
+
+function of j omega.
+
+And if we write it that
+way, then the two
+
+notations come together.
+
+In other words, the Laplace
+transform at s equals j omega
+
+just simply reduces both
+mathematically and
+
+notationally to the
+Fourier transform.
+
+So the notation that we'll now
+be adopting for the Fourier
+
+transform is the notation
+whereby we express the Fourier
+
+transform no longer simply as
+x of omega, but choosing as
+
+the argument j omega.
+
+Simple notational change.
+
+Now, here we see one
+relationship between the
+
+Fourier transform and the
+Laplace transform.
+
+Namely that the Laplace
+transform for s equals j omega
+
+reduces to the Fourier
+transform.
+
+We also have another important
+relationship.
+
+In particular, the fact that the
+Laplace transform can be
+
+interpreted as the Fourier
+transform of a modified
+
+version of x of t.
+
+Let me show you what I mean.
+
+Here, of course, we have
+the relationship
+
+that we just developed.
+
+Namely that s equals j omega.
+
+The Laplace transform reduces
+to the Fourier transform.
+
+But now let's look at the more
+general Laplace transform
+
+expression.
+
+And if we substitute in s equals
+sigma plus j omega,
+
+which is the general form for
+this complex variable s, and
+
+we carry through some of the
+algebra, breaking this into
+
+the product of two exponentials,
+z to the minus
+
+sigma t times z to the
+minus j omega t.
+
+We now have this expression
+where, of course, in both of
+
+these there is a dt.
+
+And now when we look at this,
+what we observe is that this,
+
+in fact, is the Fourier
+transform of something.
+
+What's the something?
+
+It's not x of t anymore, it's
+the Fourier transform of x of
+
+t multiplied by e to
+the minus sigma t.
+
+So if we think of these two
+terms together, this integral
+
+is just the Fourier transform.
+
+It's the Fourier transform of
+x of t multiplied by an
+
+exponential.
+
+If sigma is greater than 0,
+it's an exponential that
+
+decays with time.
+
+If sigma is less than 0,
+it's an exponential
+
+that grows with time.
+
+So we have then this additional
+relationship, which
+
+tells us that the Laplace
+transform is the Fourier
+
+transform of an exponentially
+weighted time function.
+
+Now, this exponential weighting
+has some important
+
+significance.
+
+In particular, recall that
+there were issues of
+
+convergence with the
+Fourier transform.
+
+In particular, the
+Fourier transform
+
+may or may not converge.
+
+And for convergence, in fact,
+what's required is that the
+
+time function that we're
+transforming be absolutely
+
+integrable.
+
+Now, we can have a time function
+that isn't absolutely
+
+integrable because, let's
+say, it grows
+
+exponentially as time increases.
+
+But when we multiply it by this
+exponential factor that's
+
+embodied in the Laplace
+transform, in fact that brings
+
+the function back down
+for positive time.
+
+And we'll impose absolute
+integrability on the product
+
+of x of t times e to
+the minus sigma t.
+
+And so the conclusion, an
+important point is that the
+
+Laplace transform, the Fourier
+transform of this product may
+
+converge, even though
+the Fourier
+
+transform of x of t doesn't.
+
+In other words, the Laplace
+transform may converge even
+
+when the Fourier transform
+doesn't converge.
+
+And we'll see that and we'll
+see examples of it as the
+
+discussion goes along.
+
+Now let me also draw your
+attention to the fact,
+
+although we won't be working
+through this in detail.
+
+To the fact that this equation,
+in effect, provides
+
+the basis for us to figure out
+how to express x of t in terms
+
+of the Laplace transform.
+
+In effect, we can apply the
+inverse Fourier transform to
+
+this, thereby to this, account
+for the exponential factor by
+
+bringing it over to
+the other side.
+
+And if you go through this, and
+in fact, you'll have an
+
+opportunity to go through this
+both in the video course
+
+manual and also it's carried
+through in the text, what you
+
+end up with is a synthesis
+equation, an expression for x
+
+of t in terms of x of
+s which corresponds
+
+to a synthesis equation.
+
+And which now builds x of t out
+of a linear combination of
+
+not necessarily functions of the
+form e to the j omega t,
+
+but in terms of functions or
+basic signals which are more
+
+general exponentials
+e to the st.
+
+OK, well, let's just look at
+some examples of the Laplace
+
+transform of some
+time functions.
+
+And these examples that I'll
+go through are all examples
+
+that are worked out
+in the text.
+
+And so I don't want to
+focus on the algebra.
+
+What I'd like to focus on are
+some of the issues and the
+
+interpretation.
+
+Let's first of all, look at the
+example in the text, which
+
+is Example 9.1.
+
+If we take the Fourier transform
+of this exponential,
+
+then, as you well know, the
+result we have is 1 over j
+
+omega plus a.
+
+And that can't converge
+for any a.
+
+In particular, it's only
+for a greater than 0.
+
+What that really means is that
+for convergence of the Fourier
+
+transform, this has to be
+a decaying exponential.
+
+It can't be an increasing
+exponential.
+
+If instead we apply the Laplace
+transform to this,
+
+applying the Laplace transform
+is the same as taking the
+
+Fourier transform of x of t
+times an exponential, and the
+
+exponent that we would
+multiply by is e to
+
+the minus sigma t.
+
+So in effect, taking the Laplace
+transform of this is
+
+like taking the Fourier
+transform of e to the minus at
+
+e to the minus sigma t.
+
+And if we carry that through,
+just working through the
+
+integral, we end up with a
+Laplace transform, which is 1
+
+over s plus a.
+
+But just as in the Fourier
+transform, the Fourier
+
+transform won't converge
+for any a.
+
+Now what happens is that the
+Laplace transform will only
+
+converge when the Fourier
+transform of this converges.
+
+Said another way, it's when
+the combination of a plus
+
+sigma is greater than 0.
+
+So we would require that, if I
+write it over here, a plus
+
+sigma is greater than 0.
+
+Or that sigma is greater
+than minus a.
+
+So in fact, in the Laplace
+transform of this, we have an
+
+expression 1 over s plus a.
+
+But we also require, in
+interpreting that, that the
+
+real part of s be greater
+than minus a.
+
+So that, essentially, the
+Fourier transform of x of t
+
+times e to the minus
+sigma t converges.
+
+So it's important to recognize
+that the algebraic expression
+
+that we get is only valid for
+certain values of the
+
+real part of s.
+
+And so, for this example, we
+can summarize it as this
+
+exponential has a Laplace
+transform, which is 1 over s
+
+plus a, where s is restricted to
+the range the real part of
+
+s greater than minus a.
+
+Now, we haven't had this issue
+before of restrictions on what
+
+the value of s is.
+
+With the Fourier transform,
+either it converged or it
+
+didn't converge.
+
+With the Laplace transform,
+there are certain values of s.
+
+We now have more flexibility,
+and so there's certain values
+
+of the real part of s for which
+it converges and certain
+
+values for which it doesn't.
+
+The values of s for
+which the Laplace
+
+transform converges is--
+
+the values are referred to as
+the region of convergence of
+
+the Laplace transform.
+
+And it's important to recognize
+that in specifying
+
+the Laplace transform, what's
+required is not only the
+
+algebraic expression, but also
+the domain or set of values of
+
+s for which that algebraic
+expression is valid.
+
+Just to underscore that point,
+let me draw your attention to
+
+another example in the text,
+which is Example 9.2.
+
+In Example 9.2, we have an
+exponential for negative time,
+
+0 for positive time.
+
+And if you carry through the
+algebra there, you end up with
+
+a Laplace transform expression,
+which is again 1
+
+over s plus a.
+
+Exactly the same algebraic
+expression as we had for the
+
+previous example.
+
+The important distinction is
+that now the real part of s is
+
+restricted to be less
+than minus a.
+
+And so, in fact, if you compare
+this example with the
+
+one above it, and let's just
+look back at the answer that
+
+we had there.
+
+If you compare those two
+examples, here the algebraic
+
+expression is 1 over s plus
+a with a certain region of
+
+convergence.
+
+Here the algebraic expression
+is 1 over s plus a.
+
+And the only difference between
+those two is the
+
+domain or region
+of convergence.
+
+So there is another
+complication, or twist, now.
+
+Not only do we need to generate
+the algebraic
+
+expression, but we also have to
+be careful to specify the
+
+region of convergence over
+which that algebraic
+
+expression is valid.
+
+Now, later on in this lecture,
+and actually also as the
+
+discussion of the Laplace
+transform goes on, we'll begin
+
+to see and understand more
+about how the region of
+
+convergence relates to various
+
+properties of the time function.
+
+Well, let's finally look at one
+additional example from
+
+the text, And this
+is Example 9.3.
+
+And what it consists of is the
+time function, which is the
+
+sum of two exponentials.
+
+And although we haven't
+formally talked about
+
+properties of the Laplace
+transform yet, one of the
+
+properties that we'll
+see-- and it's
+
+relatively easy to develop--
+
+is the fact that the Laplace
+transform of a sum is the sum
+
+of the Laplace transform.
+
+So, in fact, we can get the
+Laplace transform of the sum
+
+of these two terms as the sum
+of the Laplace transforms.
+
+So for this one, we know from
+the example that we looked at
+
+previously, Example 9.1, that
+this is of the form 1 over s
+
+plus 1 with a region of
+convergence, which is the real
+
+part of s greater
+than minus 1.
+
+For this one, we have a Laplace
+transform which is 1
+
+over s plus 2 with a region of
+convergence which is the real
+
+part of s greater
+than minus 2.
+
+So for the two of them together,
+we have to take the
+
+overlap of those two regions.
+
+In other words, we have to
+take the region that
+
+encompasses both the real part
+of s greater than minus 1 and
+
+the real part of s greater
+than minus 2.
+
+And if we put those together,
+then we have a combined region
+
+of convergence, which is
+the real part of s
+
+greater than minus 1.
+
+So this is the expression.
+
+And for this particular example,
+what we have is a
+
+ratio of polynomials.
+
+The ratio of polynomials,
+there's a numerator polynomial
+
+and a denominator polynomial.
+
+And it's convenient to summarize
+these by plotting
+
+the roots of the numerator
+polynomial and the roots of
+
+the denominator polynomial
+in the complex plane.
+
+And the complex plane which
+they're plotted is referred to
+
+the s-plane.
+
+So we can, for example, take the
+denominator polynomial and
+
+summarize it by specifying the
+fact, or by representing the
+
+fact that it has roots at s
+equals minus 1 and at s
+
+equals minus 2.
+
+And I've done that in this
+picture by putting an x where
+
+the roots of the denominator
+polynomial are.
+
+The numerator polynomial has a
+root at s equals minus 3/2,
+
+and I've represented
+that by a circle.
+
+So these are the roots of the
+denominator polynomial and
+
+this is the root of
+the numerator
+
+polynomial for this example.
+
+And also, for this example, we
+can represent the region of
+
+convergence, which is
+the real part of s
+
+greater than minus 1.
+
+And so that's, in fact,
+the region over here.
+
+There is also, if I draw these,
+just the roots of the
+
+numerator and denominator of
+polynomials, I would need an
+
+additional piece of information
+to specify the
+
+algebraic expression
+completely.
+
+Namely, a multiplying constant
+out in front
+
+of the whole thing.
+
+Well, this particular example,
+has the Laplace transform as a
+
+rational function.
+
+Namely, it's one polynomial in
+the numerator and another
+
+polynomial in the denominator.
+
+And in fact, as we'll see,
+Laplace transforms, which are
+
+ratios of polynomials, form
+a very important class.
+
+They, in fact, represent systems
+that are describable
+
+by linear constant coefficient
+differential equations.
+
+You shouldn't necessarily--
+
+in fact, for sure you
+shouldn't see
+
+why that's true now.
+
+We'll see that later.
+
+But that means that Laplace
+transforms that are rational
+
+functions, namely, the ratio
+of a numerator polynomial
+
+divided by the denominator
+polynomial, become very
+
+important in the discussion
+that follows.
+
+And in fact, we have some
+terminology for this.
+
+The roots of the numerator
+polynomial are referred to as
+
+the zeroes of the Laplace
+transform.
+
+Because, of course, those are
+the values of s at which x of
+
+s becomes 0.
+
+And the roots of the denominator
+polynomial are
+
+referred to as the poles of
+the Laplace transform.
+
+And those are the values of
+s at which the Laplace
+
+transform blows up.
+
+Namely, becomes infinite.
+
+If you think of setting s equal
+to a value where this
+
+denominator polynomial goes
+to 0, of course, x
+
+of s becomes infinite.
+
+And what we would expect and,
+of course, we'll see
+
+that this is true.
+
+What we would expect is that
+wherever that happens, there
+
+must be some problem
+with convergence
+
+of the Laplace transform.
+
+And indeed, the Laplace
+transform doesn't
+
+converge at the poles.
+
+Namely, at the roots of the
+denominator polynomial.
+
+So, in fact, let's focus in
+on that a little further.
+
+Let's examine and talk about the
+region of convergence of
+
+the Laplace transform, and how
+it's associated both with
+
+properties of the time function,
+and also with the
+
+location of the poles of
+the Laplace transform.
+
+And as we'll see, there are
+some very specific and
+
+important relationships and
+conclusions that we can draw
+
+about how the region of
+convergence is constrained and
+
+associated with the locations
+of the poles in the s-plane.
+
+Well, to begin with, we can, of
+course, make the statement
+
+as I've just made that
+the region of
+
+convergence contains no poles.
+
+In particular, if I think
+of this general rational
+
+function, the poles of x of s
+are the values of s at which
+
+the denominator is 0.
+
+Or equivalently, x
+of s blows up.
+
+And of course then, that implies
+that the expression
+
+has no longer converged.
+
+Well, that's one statement
+that we can make.
+
+Now, there are some others.
+
+And one, for example, is the
+statement that if I have a
+
+point in the s-plane that
+corresponds to convergence,
+
+then in fact any line in the
+s-plane with that same real
+
+part will also be a set of
+values for which the Laplace
+
+transform converges.
+
+And what's the reason
+for that?
+
+The reason for that is that s
+is sigma plus j omega and
+
+convergence of the Laplace
+transform is associated with
+
+convergence of the Fourier
+transform of e to the minus
+
+sigma t times x of t.
+
+And so the convergence only
+depends on sigma.
+
+If it only depends on sigma,
+then if it converges for one
+
+value of sigma--
+
+I'm sorry, for a value of sigma
+for some value of omega,
+
+then it will converge for
+that same sigma for
+
+any value of omega.
+
+The conclusion then is that the
+region of convergence, if
+
+I have a point, then
+I also have a line.
+
+And so what that suggests is
+that as we look at the region
+
+of convergence, it in fact
+corresponds to strips in the
+
+complex plane.
+
+Now, finally we can tie
+together the region of
+
+convergence to the convergence
+of the Fourier transform.
+
+In particular, since we know
+that the Laplace transform
+
+reduces to the Fourier transform
+when the complex
+
+variable s is equal to j omega,
+the implication is that
+
+if we have the Laplace transform
+and if the Laplace
+
+transform reduces to the
+Fourier transform when
+
+sigma equals 0.
+
+In other words, when s is equal
+to j omega, then the
+
+Fourier transform of x of t
+converging is equivalent to
+
+the statement that the Laplace
+transform converges for sigma
+
+equal to 0.
+
+In other words, that
+the region of
+
+convergence includes what?
+
+The j omega axis
+in the s-plane.
+
+So we have then some statements
+that kind of tie
+
+together the location of the
+poles and the region of
+
+convergence.
+
+Let me make one other statement,
+which is a much
+
+harder statement to justify.
+
+And I won't try to, I'll
+just simply state it.
+
+And that is that the region of
+convergence of the Laplace
+
+transform is a connected
+region.
+
+In other words, if the entire
+region consists of a single
+
+strip in the s-plane, it can't
+consist of a strip over here,
+
+for example, and a
+strip over there.
+
+Well, let me emphasize some of
+those points a little further.
+
+Let's suppose that I have a
+Laplace transform, and the
+
+Laplace transform that I'm
+talking about is a rational
+
+function, which is 1 over
+s plus 1 times s plus 2.
+
+Then the pole-zero pattern, as
+it's referred to, in the
+
+s-plane, the location of the
+roots of the numerator and
+
+denominator polynomials.
+
+Of course, there is no
+numerator polynomial.
+
+The denominator polynomial
+roots, which I've represented
+
+by these x's, are shown here.
+
+And so this is the pole-zero
+pattern.
+
+And from what I've said, the
+region of convergence can't
+
+include any poles and it
+must correspond to
+
+strips in the s-plane.
+
+And furthermore, it must be
+just one connected region
+
+rather than multiple regions.
+
+And so with this algebraic
+expression then, the possible
+
+choices for the region of
+convergence consistent with
+
+those properties are
+the following.
+
+One of them would be a region
+of convergence to the
+
+right of this pole.
+
+A second would be a region of
+convergence which lies between
+
+the two poles as I show here.
+
+And a third is a region of
+convergence which is to the
+
+left of this pole.
+
+And because of the fact that I
+said without proof that the
+
+region of convergence must be
+a single strip, it can't be
+
+multiple strips.
+
+In fact, we could not consider,
+as a possible region
+
+of convergence, what
+I show here.
+
+So, in fact, this is not a valid
+region of convergence.
+
+There are only three
+possibilities associated with
+
+this pole-zero pattern.
+
+Namely, to the right of this
+pole, between the two poles,
+
+and to the left of this pole.
+
+Now, to carry the discussion
+further, we can, in fact,
+
+associate the region of
+convergence of the Laplace
+
+transform with some very
+specific characteristics of
+
+the time function.
+
+And what this will do is to
+help us understand how for
+
+various choices of the region
+of convergence, the
+
+interpretation that we
+can impose on the
+
+related time function.
+
+Let me show you what I mean.
+
+Suppose that we start with a
+time function as I indicate
+
+here, which is a finite duration
+time function.
+
+In other words, it's 0 except
+in some time interval.
+
+Now, recall that the Fourier
+transform converges if the
+
+time function has the property
+that it's absolutely
+
+integrable.
+
+And as long as everything's
+stays finite in terms of
+
+amplitudes in a finite duration
+signal, there's no
+
+difficulty that we're going
+to run into here.
+
+Now, here the Fourier transform
+will converge.
+
+And now the question is, what
+can we say about the region of
+
+convergence of the Laplace
+transform?
+
+Well, the Laplace transform is
+the Fourier transform of the
+
+time function multiplied
+by an exponential.
+
+And so we can ask about whether
+we can destroy the
+
+absolute integrability of this
+by multiplying by an
+
+exponential that grows
+to fast or decays
+
+too fast, or whatever.
+
+And let's take a look at that.
+
+Suppose that this time function
+is absolutely
+
+integrable.
+
+And let's multiply it by
+a decaying exponential.
+
+So this is now x of t times z
+to the minus sigma t if I
+
+think of multiplying
+these two together.
+
+And what you can see is that
+for positive time, sort of
+
+thinking informally, I'm helping
+the integrability of
+
+the product because I'm pushing
+this part down.
+
+For negative time,
+unfortunately, I'm making
+
+things grow.
+
+But I don't let them grow
+indefinitely because there's
+
+some time before which
+this is equal to 0.
+
+Likewise, if I had a growing
+exponential, then for a
+
+growing exponential for negative
+time, or for this
+
+part, I'm making
+things smaller.
+
+For positive time, eventually
+this exponential is growing
+
+without bound.
+
+But the time function
+stops at some point.
+
+So the idea then kind of is
+that for a finite duration
+
+time function, no matter what
+kind of exponential I multiply
+
+by, whether it's going this way
+or going this way, because
+
+of the fact that essentially the
+limits on the integral are
+
+finite, I'm guaranteed that I'll
+always maintain absolute
+
+integrability.
+
+And so, in fact then, for a
+finite duration time function,
+
+the region of convergence
+is the entire s-plane.
+
+Now, we can also make statements
+about other kinds
+
+of time functions.
+
+And let's look at a time
+function which I define as a
+
+right-sided time function.
+
+And a right-sided time function
+is one which is 0 up
+
+until some time, and then it
+goes on after that, presumably
+
+off to infinity.
+
+Now, let me remind you that the
+whole issue here with the
+
+region of convergence has to do
+with exponentials that we
+
+can multiply a time function by
+and have the product end up
+
+being absolutely integrable.
+
+Well, suppose that when I
+multiply this time function by
+
+an exponential which,
+let's say decays.
+
+But an exponential e to the
+minus sigma 0 t, what you can
+
+see sort of intuitively is
+that if this product is
+
+absolutely integrable, if I were
+to increase sigma 0, then
+
+I'm making things even better
+for positive time because I'm
+
+pushing them down.
+
+And whereas they might be worse
+for negative time, that
+
+doesn't matter because
+before some time the
+
+product is equal to 0.
+
+So if this product is absolutely
+integrable, then if
+
+I chose an exponential e to the
+minus sigma 1t where sigma
+
+1 is greater than sigma 0, then
+that product will also be
+
+absolutely integrable.
+
+And we can draw an important
+conclusion about that, about
+
+the region of convergence
+from that.
+
+In particular, we can make the
+statement that if the time
+
+function is right-sided and if
+convergence occurs for some
+
+value sigma 0, then in fact,
+we will have convergence of
+
+the Laplace transform for all
+values of the real part of s
+
+greater than sigma 0.
+
+The reason, of course, being
+that if sigma 0 increases,
+
+then the exponential decays even
+faster for positive time.
+
+Now what that says then thinking
+another way, in terms
+
+of the region of convergence
+as we might draw it in the
+
+s-plane, is that if we have a
+point that's in the region of
+
+convergence corresponding to
+some value sigma 0, then all
+
+values of s to the right of that
+in the s-plane will also
+
+be in the region
+of convergence.
+
+We can also combine that with
+the statement that for
+
+rational functions we know that
+there can't be any poles
+
+in the region of convergence.
+
+If you put those two statements
+together, then we
+
+end up with a statement that if
+x of t is right-sided and
+
+if its Laplace transform is
+rational, then the region of
+
+convergence is to the right
+of the rightmost pole.
+
+So we have here a very important
+insight, which tells
+
+us that we can infer some
+property about the time
+
+function from the region
+of convergence.
+
+Or conversely, if we know
+something about the time
+
+function, namely being
+right-sided, then we can infer
+
+something about the region
+of convergence.
+
+Well, in addition to right-sided
+signals, we can
+
+also have left-sided signals.
+
+And a left-sided signal is
+essentially a right-sided
+
+signal turned around.
+
+In other words, a left-sided
+signal is one that is
+
+0 after some time.
+
+Well, we can carry out
+exactly the same
+
+kind of argument there.
+
+Namely, if the signal goes off
+to infinity in the negative
+
+time direction and stops some
+place for positive time, if I
+
+have an exponential that I can
+multiply it by and have that
+
+product be absolutely
+integrable.
+
+And if I choose an exponential
+that decays even faster for
+
+negative time so that I'm
+pushing the stuff way out
+
+there down even further,
+then I enhance the
+
+integrability even more.
+
+And you might have to think
+through that a little bit, but
+
+it's exactly the flip
+side of the argument
+
+for right-sided signals.
+
+And the conclusion then is that
+if we have a left-sided
+
+signal and we have a point, a
+value of the real part of s
+
+which is in the region of
+convergence, then in fact, all
+
+values to the left of that point
+in the s-plane will also
+
+be in the region
+of convergence.
+
+Now, similar to the statement
+that we made for right-sided
+
+signals, if x of t is left-sided
+and, in fact, we're
+
+talking about a rational Laplace
+transform, which we
+
+most typically will.
+
+Then, in fact, we can make the
+statement that the region of
+
+convergence is to the left of
+the leftmost pole because we
+
+know if we find a point that's
+in the region of convergence,
+
+everything to the left of that
+has to be in the region of
+
+convergence.
+
+We can't have any poles in the
+region of convergence.
+
+You put those two statements
+together and it says it's to
+
+the left of the leftmost pole.
+
+Now the final situation is the
+situation where we have a
+
+signal which is neither
+right-sided nor left-sided.
+
+It goes off to infinity for
+positive time and it goes off
+
+to infinity for negative time.
+
+And there the thing to kind of
+recognize is that if you
+
+multiply by an exponential, and
+it's decaying very fast
+
+for positive time, it's going
+to be growing very fast for
+
+negative time.
+
+Conversely, if it's decaying
+very fast for negative time,
+
+it's growing very fast
+for positive time.
+
+And there's this notion
+of trying to balance
+
+the value of sigma.
+
+And in effect, what that says
+is that the region of
+
+convergence can't extent
+too far to the left or
+
+too far to the right.
+
+Said another way for a two-sided
+signal, if we have a
+
+point which is in the region
+of convergence, then that
+
+point defines a strip in the
+s-plane that takes that point
+
+and extends it to the left until
+you bump into a pole,
+
+and extends it to the right
+until you bump it into a pole.
+
+So you begin to then see that
+we can tie together some
+
+properties of the region
+of convergence and the
+
+right-sidedness, or
+left-sidedness, or
+
+two-sidedness of the
+time function.
+
+And you'll have a chance to
+examine that in more detail in
+
+the video course manual.
+
+Let's conclude this lecture by
+talking about how we might get
+
+the time function given the
+appliance transform.
+
+Well, if we have a Laplace
+transform, we can, in
+
+principle, get the time
+function back again by
+
+recognizing this relationship
+between the Laplace transform
+
+and the Fourier transform, and
+using the formal Fourier
+
+transform expression.
+
+Or equivalently, the formal
+inverse Laplace transform
+
+expression, which
+is in the text.
+
+But more typically what we would
+do is what we've done
+
+also with the Fourier transform,
+which is to use
+
+simple Laplace transform pairs
+together with the notion of
+
+the partial fraction
+expansion.
+
+And let's just go through
+that with an example.
+
+Let's suppose that I have
+a Laplace transform as I
+
+indicated here in its pole-zero
+plot and a region of
+
+convergence which is to the
+right of this pole.
+
+And what we can identify from
+the region of convergence, in
+
+fact, is that we're
+talking about a
+
+right-sided time function.
+
+So the region of convergence is
+the real part of s greater
+
+than minus 1.
+
+And now looking down at the
+algebraic expression, we have
+
+the algebraic expression for
+this, as I indicated here,
+
+equivalently expanded in a
+partial fraction expansion, as
+
+I show below.
+
+So if you just simply combine
+these together, that's the
+
+same as this.
+
+And the region of convergence is
+the real part of s greater
+
+than minus 1.
+
+Now, the region of
+convergence of--
+
+this is the sum of two terms,
+so the time function is the
+
+sum of two time functions.
+
+And the region of convergence of
+the combination must be the
+
+intersection of the region
+of convergence
+
+associated with each one.
+
+Recognizing that this is to the
+right of the poles, that
+
+tells us immediately that each
+of these two then would
+
+correspond to the Laplace
+transform of a right-sided
+
+time function.
+
+Well, let's look at
+it term by term.
+
+The first term is the factor 1
+over s plus 1 with a region of
+
+convergence to the right
+of this pole.
+
+And this algebraically
+corresponds
+
+to what I've indicated.
+
+And this, in fact, is similar
+to, or a special case of the
+
+example that we pointed to at
+the beginning of the lecture.
+
+Namely, Example 9.1.
+
+And so we can just simply
+use that result.
+
+If you think back to that
+example or refer to your
+
+notes, we know that time
+function of the form e to the
+
+minus a t gives us the Laplace
+transform, which is 1 over s
+
+plus a with the real part of
+s greater than minus a.
+
+And so this is the Laplace
+transform of the first.
+
+Or, I'm sorry, this is the
+inverse Laplace transform of
+
+the first term.
+
+If we now consider the pole at
+s equals minus 2, and here is
+
+the region of convergence that
+we originally began with.
+
+In fact, we can having removed
+the pole at minus 1, extend
+
+this region of convergence
+to this pole.
+
+And we now have an algebraic
+expression, which is minus 1
+
+over s plus 2, the real part
+of s greater than minus 1.
+
+Although, in fact, we can
+extend the region of
+
+convergence up to the pole.
+
+And the inverse transform of
+this is now, again, referring
+
+to the same example, minus
+e to the minus 2t
+
+times the unit step.
+
+And if we simply put the two
+terms together then, adding
+
+the one that we have here to
+what we had before, we have a
+
+total inverse Laplace transform,
+which is that.
+
+So essentially, what's happened
+is that each of the
+
+poles has contributed an
+exponential factor.
+
+And because of the region of
+convergence being to the right
+
+of all those poles, that is
+consistent with the notion
+
+that both of those terms
+correspond to
+
+right-sided time functions.
+
+Well, let's just focus for a
+second or two on the same
+
+pole-zero pattern.
+
+But instead of a region of
+convergence which is to the
+
+right of the poles as we had
+before, we'll now take a
+
+region of convergence which
+is between the two poles.
+
+And I'll let you work through
+this more leisurely in the
+
+video course manual.
+
+But when we carry out the
+partial fraction expansion, as
+
+I've done below, we would now
+associate with this pole a
+
+region of convergence
+to the right.
+
+With this pole, a region of
+convergence to the left.
+
+And so what we would have is the
+sum of a right-sided time
+
+function due to this pole.
+
+And in fact it's of the form e
+to the minus t for t positive.
+
+And a left-sided time function
+due to this pole.
+
+And in fact, that's of
+the form e to the
+
+minus 2t for t negative.
+
+And so, in fact, the answer
+that we will get when we
+
+decompose this, use the partial
+fraction expansion,
+
+being very careful about
+associating the region of
+
+convergence of this pole to the
+right and of this pole to
+
+the left, we'll have then, when
+we're all done, a time
+
+function which will be of the
+form e to the minus t times
+
+the unit step for t positive.
+
+And then we'll have a term
+of the form e to the--
+
+I'm sorry, this would be e to
+the minus 2t since this is at
+
+minus 2 and this
+is at minus 1.
+
+This would be a plus sign and
+this would be minus e to the
+
+minus t for t negative.
+
+And you'll look at that a little
+more carefully when you
+
+sit down with the video
+course manual.
+
+OK, well, what we've gone
+through, rather quickly, is an
+
+introduction to the
+Laplace transform.
+
+And a couple of points to
+underscore again, is the fact
+
+that the Laplace transform is
+very closely associated with
+
+the Fourier transform.
+
+And in fact, the Laplace
+transform for s equals j omega
+
+reduces to the Fourier
+transform.
+
+But more generally, the Laplace
+transform is the
+
+Fourier transform of x of t with
+an exponential weighting.
+
+And there are some exponentials
+for which that
+
+product converges.
+
+There are other exponentials for
+which that product has a
+
+Fourier transform that
+doesn't converge.
+
+That then imposes on the
+discussion of the Laplace
+
+transform what we refer to as
+the region of convergence.
+
+And it's very important to
+understand that in specifying
+
+a Laplace transform, it's
+important to identify not only
+
+the algebraic expression, but
+also the values of s for which
+
+it's valid.
+
+Namely, the region
+of convergence
+
+of the Laplace transform.
+
+Finally what we did was to tie
+together some properties of a
+
+time function with things that
+we can say about the region of
+
+convergence of its Laplace
+transform.
+
+Now, just as with the Fourier
+transform, the Laplace
+
+transform has some very
+important properties.
+
+And out of these properties,
+both are some mechanisms for
+
+using the Laplace transform
+for such systems as those
+
+described by linear constant
+coefficient
+
+differential equations.
+
+But more importantly, the
+properties will help us.
+
+As we understand them further,
+will help us in using and
+
+exploiting the Laplace transform
+to study and
+
+understand linear time-invariant
+systems.
+
+And that's what we'll
+go on to next time.
+
+In particular, talking about
+properties, and then
+
+associating with linear
+time-invariant systems much of
+
+the discussion that we've
+had today relating
+
+to the Laplace transform.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pVJ6E-jUeb0.txt b/pVJ6E-jUeb0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ffd4c89104e666a790f897b559edf4a2906baa1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pVJ6E-jUeb0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+My name is Hang Lao. I'm the senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My name is Hang Lao. I'm the senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My name is Hang Lao. I'm the senior
+lecturer directing the Chinese language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturer directing the Chinese language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturer directing the Chinese language
+program here at MIT. And since I'm be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program here at MIT. And since I'm be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program here at MIT. And since I'm be
+here, I'm I've been in charge of Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, I'm I've been in charge of Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, I'm I've been in charge of Chinese
+101 to Chinese 104. And that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 to Chinese 104. And that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 to Chinese 104. And that's basically
+the beginning level to the intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning level to the intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning level to the intermediate
+level of Chinese. So my interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of Chinese. So my interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of Chinese. So my interest in
+teaching languages started when I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching languages started when I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching languages started when I was a
+grad student in Taiwan. There was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad student in Taiwan. There was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad student in Taiwan. There was this
+time that Taiwan started to establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that Taiwan started to establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that Taiwan started to establish
+its first GRA school of teaching Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its first GRA school of teaching Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its first GRA school of teaching Chinese
+as second language which is which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as second language which is which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as second language which is which was
+about like 1994. So I was a grad student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like 1994. So I was a grad student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like 1994. So I was a grad student
+there and that was the time that started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that was the time that started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that was the time that started
+to develop my interest in teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop my interest in teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop my interest in teaching
+foreigners Chinese. So I was there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreigners Chinese. So I was there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreigners Chinese. So I was there for
+three years and that got me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years and that got me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years and that got me an
+opportunity to do an internship at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to do an internship at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to do an internship at
+Williams College. So I was at Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams College. So I was at Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams College. So I was at Williams
+for one year and at Williams that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one year and at Williams that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one year and at Williams that was
+the time that was the eye opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that was the eye opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that was the eye opening
+experience for me and that was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience for me and that was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience for me and that was really
+the moment I decided to devote myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment I decided to devote myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment I decided to devote myself
+into this profession.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/peYvLk_HZdw.txt b/peYvLk_HZdw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6852d2db941b9410ef117190867ce53dca1e1521
--- /dev/null
+++ b/peYvLk_HZdw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1993 @@
+Well, today is the last day on
+Laplace transform and the first
+
+day before we start the rest of
+the term, which will be spent on
+
+the study of systems.
+I would like to spend it on one
+
+more type of input function
+which, in general,
+
+your teachers in other courses
+will expect you to have had some
+
+acquaintance with.
+It is the kind associated with
+
+an impulse, so an input
+consisted of what is sometimes
+
+called a unit impulse.
+Now, what's an impulse?
+
+It covers actually a lot of
+things.
+
+It covers a situation where you
+withdraw from a bank account.
+
+For example,
+take half your money out of a
+
+bank account one day.
+It also would be modeled the
+
+same way.
+But the simplest way to
+
+understand it the first time
+through is as an impulse,
+
+if you know what an impulse is.
+If you have a variable force
+
+acting over time,
+and we will assume it is acting
+
+along a straight line so I don't
+have to worry about it being a
+
+vector, then the impulse,
+according to physicists,
+
+the physical definition,
+the impulse of f of t 
+
+over some time interval.
+Let's say the time interval
+
+running from a to b is,
+by definition,
+
+the integral from a to b of f
+of t dt.
+
+Actually, I am going to do the
+
+most horrible thing this period.
+I will assume the force is
+
+actually a constant force.
+So, in that case,
+
+I wouldn't even have to bother
+with the integral at all.
+
+If f of t is a constant,
+let's say capital F,
+
+then the impulse is --
+Well, that integral is simply
+
+the product of the two,
+the impulse over that time
+
+interval is simply F times b
+minus a.
+
+Just the product of those two.
+The force times the length of
+
+time for which it acts.
+Now, that is what I want to
+
+calculate, want to consider in
+connection with our little mass
+
+system.
+So, once again,
+
+I think this is probably the
+last time you'll see the little
+
+spring.
+Let's bid a tearful farewell to
+
+it.
+There is our little mass on
+
+wheels.
+And let's make it an undamped
+
+mass.
+It has an equilibrium point and
+
+all the other little things that
+go with the picture.
+
+And when I apply an impulse,
+what I mean is applying a
+
+constant force to this over a
+definite time interval.
+
+And that is what I mean by
+applying an impulse over that
+
+time interval.
+Now, what is the picture of
+
+such a thing?
+Well, the force is only going
+
+to be applied,
+in other words,
+
+I am going to push on the mass
+or pull on the mass with a
+
+constant force.
+With a little electromagnet
+
+here, we will assume,
+there is a pile of iron filings
+
+or something inside there.
+I turn on the electromagnet.
+
+It pulls with a constant force
+just between time zero and time
+
+two seconds.
+And then I stop.
+
+That is going to change the
+motion of the thing.
+
+First it is going to start
+pulling it toward the thing.
+
+And then, when it lets go,
+it will zoom back and there
+
+will be a certain motion after
+that.
+
+What the question is,
+if I want to solve that problem
+
+of the motion of that in terms
+of the Laplace transform,
+
+how am I going to model this
+force?
+
+Well, let's draw a picture of
+it first.
+
+It starts here.
+It is zero for t,
+
+let's say the force is applied
+between time zero to time h.
+
+And then its force is turned
+on, it stays constant and then
+
+it is turned off.
+And those vertical lines
+
+shouldn't be there.
+But, since in practice,
+
+it takes a tiny bit of time to
+turn a force on and off.
+
+It is, in practice,
+not unrealistic to suppose that
+
+there are approximately vertical
+lines there.
+
+They are slightly slanted but
+not too much.
+
+Now, I want it to be unit
+impulse.
+
+This is the force access and
+this is the time access.
+
+Since the impulse is the area
+under this curve,
+
+if I want that to be one,
+then if this is h,
+
+the height to which I --
+In other words,
+
+the magnitude of the force must
+be one over h in order
+
+that the area be one,
+in order, in other words,
+
+that this integral be one,
+the area under that curve be
+
+one.
+So the unit impulse looks like
+
+that.
+The narrower it is here,
+
+the higher it has to be that
+way.
+
+The bigger the force must be if
+you want the end result to be a
+
+unit impulse.
+Now, to solve a problem,
+
+a typical problem,
+then, would be a spring.
+
+The mass is traveling on the
+track.
+
+Let's suppose the spring
+constant is one,
+
+so there would be a
+differential equation.
+
+And the right-hand side would
+be this f of t.
+
+Well, let's give it its name,
+the name I gave it before.
+
+Remember, I called the unit box
+function the thing which was one
+
+between zero and h and zero
+everywhere else.
+
+The notation we used for that
+was u, and then it had a double
+
+subscript from the starting
+point and the finishing point.
+
+So oh-- u(oh) of t.
+
+This much represents the thing
+if it only rose to the high one.
+
+But if it, instead,
+rises to the height one over h
+
+in order to make that
+area one, I have to multiply it
+
+by the factor one over h.
+Now, if you want to solve this
+
+by the Laplace transform.
+In other words,
+
+see what the motion of that
+mass is as I apply this unit
+
+impulse to it over that time
+interval.
+
+You have to take the Laplace
+transform, if that is the way we
+
+are doing it.
+Now, the left-hand side is just
+
+routine and would involve the
+initial conditions.
+
+The whole interest is taking
+the Laplace transform of the
+
+right-hand side.
+And that is what I want to do
+
+now.
+The problem is what is the
+
+Laplace transform of this guy?
+
+Well, remember,
+to do everything else,
+
+you do everything by writing in
+terms of the unit step function?
+
+This function that we are
+talking about is one over h
+
+times what you get by
+first stepping up to one.
+
+That is the unit step function,
+which goes up by one and tries
+
+to stay at one ever after.
+And then, when it gets to h,
+
+it has got to step down.
+Well, the way you make it step
+
+down is by subtracting off the
+function, which is the unit step
+
+function but where the step
+takes place, not at time zero
+
+but at time h.
+In other words,
+
+I translate the unit step
+function of course with,
+
+I don't think I have to draw
+that picture again.
+
+The unit step function looks
+like zing.
+
+And if you translate it to the
+right by h it looks like zing.
+
+And then make it negative to
+subtract it off.
+
+And what you will get is this
+box function.
+
+So we want to take the Laplace
+transform of this thing.
+
+Well, let's assume,
+for the sake of argument that
+
+you didn't remember.
+Well, you had to use the
+
+formula at 2:00 AM this morning
+and, therefore,
+
+you do remember it.
+[LAUGHTER] So I don't have to
+
+recopy the formula onto the
+board.
+
+Maybe if there is room there.
+All right, let's put it up
+
+there.
+It says that u of t minus a
+
+times f,
+any f, so let's call it g so
+
+you won't confuse it with this
+particular one,
+
+times g translated.
+If you translate a function
+
+from t, if you translate it to
+the right by a then its Laplace
+
+transform is e to the minus a s
+times whatever the
+
+old Laplace transform was,
+g of s.
+
+Multiply by an exponential on
+the right.
+
+On the left that corresponds to
+translation.
+
+Except you must remember to put
+in that factor u for a secret
+
+reason which I spent half of
+Wednesday explaining.
+
+What do we have here? The
+Laplace transform of u of t,
+
+that is easy.
+That is simply one over s.
+
+The Laplace transform of this
+
+other guy we get from the
+formula.
+
+It is basically one over s.
+No, the Laplace transform of u
+
+of t.
+But because it has been
+
+translated to the right by h,
+I have to multiply it by that
+
+factor e to the minus 
+h times s.
+
+That is the answer.
+And, if you want to solve
+
+problems, this is what you would
+feed into the equation.
+
+And you would calculate and
+calculate and calculate it.
+
+But that is not what I want to
+do now because that was
+
+Wednesday and this is Friday.
+You have the right to expect
+
+something new.
+Here is what I am going to do
+
+new.
+I am going to let h go to zero.
+
+As h goes to zero,
+this function gets narrower and
+
+narrower, but it also has to get
+higher and higher because its
+
+area has to stay one.
+What I am interested in,
+
+first of all,
+is what happens to the Laplace
+
+transform as h goes to zero.
+In other words,
+
+what is the limit,
+as h goes to zero of --
+
+Well, what is that function?
+One minus e to the negative hs
+
+divided by hs.
+
+Well, this is an 18.01 problem,
+an ordinary calculus problem,
+
+but let's do it nicely.
+You see, the nice way to do it
+
+is to make a substitution.
+We will change h s to u
+
+because it is occurring
+as a unit in both cases.
+
+This is going to be the same as
+the limit as u goes to zero.
+
+I think there are too many u's
+
+here already.
+I cannot use u,
+
+you cannot use t,
+v is velocity,
+
+w is wavefunction.
+There is no letter.
+
+All right, u.
+It is one minus e to the
+
+negative u over u.
+
+So what is the answer?
+Well, either you know the
+
+answer or you replace this by,
+say, the first couple of terms
+
+of the Taylor series.
+But I think most of you would
+
+use L'Hopital's rule,
+so let's do that.
+
+The derivative of the top is
+zero here.
+
+The derivative by the chain
+rule of e to the negative u is e
+
+to the negative u times minus
+one.
+
+And that minus one cancels that
+minus.
+
+So the derivative of the top is
+simply e to the negative u and
+
+the derivative of the bottom is
+one.
+
+So, as u goes to zero,
+that limit is one.
+
+Interesting.
+Let's draw a picture this way.
+
+I will draw it schematically.
+Up here is the function one
+
+over h times u zero h of t, 
+our box function,
+
+except it has the height one
+over h instead of the
+
+height one.
+We have just calculated that
+
+its Laplace transform is that
+funny thing, one minus e to the
+
+minus hs divided by hs.
+
+That is the top line.
+All this is completely kosher,
+
+but now I am going to let h go
+to zero.
+
+And the question is what do we
+get now?
+
+Well, I just calculated for you
+that this thing approaches one,
+
+has the limit one.
+And now, let's fill in the
+
+picture.
+What does this thing approach?
+
+Well, it approaches a function
+which is zero everywhere.
+
+As h approaches zero,
+this green box turns into a box
+
+which is zero everywhere except
+at zero.
+
+And there, it is infinitely
+high.
+
+So, keep going up.
+
+Now, of course,
+that is not a function.
+
+People call it a function but
+it isn't.
+
+Mathematicians call it a
+generalized function,
+
+but that is not a function
+either.
+
+It is just a way of making you
+feel comfortable by talking
+
+about something which isn't
+really a function.
+
+It was given the name,
+introduced formally into
+
+mathematics by a physicist,
+Dirac.
+
+And he, looking ahead to the
+future, did what many people do
+
+who introduce something into the
+literature, a formula or a
+
+function or something which they
+think is going to be important.
+
+They never name it directly
+after themselves,
+
+but they always use as the
+symbol for it the first letter
+
+of their name.
+I cannot tell you how often
+
+that has happened.
+Maybe even Euler called e for
+
+that reason, although he claims
+it was in Latin because it has
+
+to do with exponentials.
+Well, luckily his name began
+
+with an E, too.
+That is Paul Dirac's delta
+
+function.
+I won't dignify it by the name
+
+function by writing that out,
+by putting the world function
+
+here, too, but it is called the
+delta function.
+
+From this point on,
+the entire rest of the lecture
+
+has a slight fictional element.
+The entire rest of the lecture
+
+is in figurative quotation
+marks, so you are not entirely
+
+responsible for anything I say.
+This is a non-function,
+
+but you put it in there and
+call it a function.
+
+And you naturally want to
+complete, if it's a function
+
+then it must have a Laplace
+transform, even though it
+
+doesn't, so the diagram is
+completed that way.
+
+And its Laplace transform is
+declared to be one.
+
+So let's start listing the
+properties of this weird thing.
+
+The delta function,
+its Laplace transform is one.
+
+Now, one of the things is we
+have not yet expressed the fact
+
+that it is a unit impulse.
+In other words,
+
+since the areas of all of these
+boxes, they all have areas one
+
+as they are shrunk this way they
+get higher that way.
+
+By convention,
+one says that the area under
+
+the orange curve also remains
+one in the limit.
+
+Now, how am I going to express
+that?
+
+Well, it is done by the
+following formula that the
+
+integral, the total impulse of
+the delta function should be
+
+one.
+Now, where do I integrate?
+
+Well, from any place that it is
+zero to any place that it is
+
+zero on the other side of that
+vertical line.
+
+But, in order to avoid
+controversy, people integrate
+
+all the way from negative
+infinity to infinity since it
+
+doesn't hurt.
+Does it?
+
+It is zero practically all the
+time.
+
+This is the function whose
+Laplace transform is one.
+
+Its integral from minus
+infinity to infinity is one.
+
+How else can we calculate for
+it?
+
+Well, I would like to calculate
+its convolution.
+
+Here is f of t.
+What happens if I convolute it
+
+with the delta function?
+Well, if you go back to the
+
+definition of the convolution,
+you know, it is that funny
+
+integral, you are going to do a
+lot of head scratching because
+
+it is not really all that clear
+how to integrate with the delta
+
+function.
+Instead of doing that let's
+
+assume that it follows the laws
+of the Laplace transform.
+
+In that case,
+its Laplace transform would be
+
+what?
+Well, the whole thing of a
+
+convolution is that the Laplace
+transform of the convolution is
+
+the product of the two separate
+Laplace transforms.
+
+So that is going to be F of s
+times the Laplace
+
+transform of the delta function,
+which is one.
+
+Now, what must this thing be?
+Well, there is some ambiguity
+
+as to what it is for negative
+values of t.
+
+But if we, by brute force,
+decide for negative values of t
+
+it is going to have the value
+zero, that is the way we make
+
+things unique.
+In fact, why don't we make f of
+
+unique that way to start with?
+
+This is a function now that is
+allowed to do anything it wants
+
+on the right-hand side of zero
+starting at zero,
+
+but on the left-hand side of
+zero it is wiped away and must
+
+be zero.
+This is a definite thing now.
+
+Its convolution is this.
+And the inverse Laplace
+
+transform is --
+The answer, in other words,
+
+is the same thing as what u of
+t f of t would be.
+
+It's the same thing,
+F of s.
+
+And so, the conclusion is that
+these are equal,
+
+since they must be unique.
+They have been made unique by
+
+making them zero for t negative.
+In other words,
+
+apply to a function,
+well, I won't recopy it.
+
+But the point is that delta t,
+for the convolution operation,
+
+is acting like an identity.
+If I multiply,
+
+in the sense of convolution,
+it is a peculiar operation.
+
+But algebraically,
+it has a lot of the properties
+
+of multiplication.
+It is communitive.
+
+It is linear in both factors.
+In other words,
+
+it is almost anything you would
+want with multiplication.
+
+It has an identity element,
+identity function.
+
+And the identity function is
+the Dirac delta function.
+
+Anything else here?
+Yeah, I will throw in one more
+
+thing.
+It would just require one more
+
+phony argument,
+which I won't bother giving
+
+you, but it is not totally
+implausible.
+
+After all, u of t,
+the unit step function is not
+
+differentiable,
+is not a differentiable
+
+function.
+It looks like this.
+
+Here its derivative is zero,
+here its derivative is zero,
+
+and in this class it is not
+even defined in between.
+
+But, I don't care,
+I will make it go straight up.
+
+The question is what's its
+derivative?
+
+Well, zero here,
+zero there and infinity at
+
+zero, so it must be the delta
+function.
+
+That has exactly the right
+properties.
+
+So the same people who will
+tell you this will tell you that
+
+also.
+And, in fact,
+
+when you use it to solve
+differential equations it acts
+
+as if that is true.
+I think I have given you an
+
+example on your homework.
+Let me now show you a typical
+
+example of the way the Dirac
+delta function would be used to
+
+solve a problem.
+Let's go back to our little
+
+spring, since it is the easiest
+thing.
+
+You are familiar with it from a
+physical point of view,
+
+and it is the easiest thing to
+illustrate on.
+
+We have our spring mass system.
+Where is it?
+
+Is it on the board?
+Up there.
+
+That one.
+And the differential equation
+
+we are going to solve is y
+double prime plus y 
+
+equals --
+And now, I am going to assume
+
+that the spring is kicked with
+impulse a.
+
+I am not going to kick it at
+time t equals zero,
+
+since that would get us into
+slight technical difficulties.
+
+Anyway, it is more fun to kick
+it at time pi over two.
+
+The thing is,
+
+what is happening?
+Well, we have got to have
+
+initial conditions.
+The initial conditions are
+
+going to be, let's start at time
+zero.
+
+We will start it at the
+position one.
+
+So I take my spring,
+I drag it to the position one,
+
+I take the little mass there
+and then let it go.
+
+And so it starts going birr.
+But right when it gets to the
+
+equilibrium point I give it a,
+"cha!" with unit impulse.
+
+I started it from rest.
+Those will be the initial
+
+conditions.
+And I want to say that I kicked
+
+it, not with unit impulse,
+but with the impulse a.
+
+Bigger.
+And I did that at time pi over
+
+two.
+So how are we going to say
+
+that?
+Well, kick it means delivered
+
+that impulse over an extremely
+short time interval,
+
+but in such a way kicked it
+sufficiently hard that the total
+
+impulse was a.
+The way to say that is kick it
+
+with the Dirac delta function.
+Translate it to the point time
+
+pi over two.
+Not at zero any longer.
+
+t minus pi over two.
+
+But that would kick it with a
+unit impulse.
+
+I want it to kick it with the
+impulse a, so I will just
+
+multiply that by the constant
+factor a.
+
+Let's put this over here.
+y of zero equals one,
+
+that's the starting value.
+Now we have a problem.
+
+The only thing new in solving
+this with the Laplace transform
+
+is I have this funny right-hand
+side.
+
+But it corresponds to a
+physical situation.
+
+Let's do it.
+You take the Laplace transform
+
+of both sides of the equation.
+Remember how to do that?
+
+You have to take account of the
+initial conditions.
+
+The Laplace transform of the
+second derivative is you
+
+multiply by s squared,
+and then you have to subtract.
+
+You have to use these initial
+conditions.
+
+This one won't give you
+anything, but the first one
+
+means I have to subtract one
+times s.
+
+That is the Laplace transform
+of y double prime.
+
+The Laplace transform of y,
+of course, is just capital Y.
+
+And how about the Laplace
+
+transform of the right-hand
+side.
+
+Well, we will have the constant
+factor a because the Laplace
+
+transform is linear.
+And now, the delta function
+
+would have the transform one.
+But when I translate it,
+
+pi over two,
+that means I have to use that
+
+formula.
+Translate it by pi over two
+
+means take the one that it would
+have been otherwise and multiply
+
+it by e, that exponential
+factor.
+
+It would be e to the minus pi
+over two,
+
+that is the A times s times
+one, which would be the g of s,
+
+the Laplace transform
+or the delta function before it
+
+had been translated.
+But I don't have to put that in
+
+because it's one.
+I am multiplying by one.
+
+And to do everything now is
+routine.
+
+Solve for the Laplace
+transform.
+
+Well, what is it?
+It is y is equal to.
+
+I put the s on the other side.
+That makes the right-hand side
+
+the sum of two terms.
+And I divide by the coefficient
+
+of y, which is s squared plus
+one.
+
+The s is over on the right-hand
+side and it is divided by s
+
+squared plus one.
+And the other factor is there,
+
+too.
+And it, too,
+
+is divided by s squared plus
+one.
+
+Now, we take the inverse
+Laplace transform of those two
+
+terms and add them up.
+
+What will we get?
+Well, y is equal to,
+
+the inverse Laplace transform
+of s over s squared plus one is
+
+cosine t.
+
+Now, for this thing we will
+have to use our formula.
+
+If this weren't here,
+the inverse Laplace transform
+
+of a over s squared plus one
+would
+
+be what?
+Well, it would be a times the
+
+sine of t.
+
+In other words,
+if this is the g of s
+
+then the function on the left
+would be basically A sine t.
+
+But because it has been
+
+multiplied by that exponential
+factor, e to the minus as
+
+where a is pi over two,
+
+the left-hand side has to be
+changed from A sine t
+
+to what it would be
+with the translated form.
+
+So the rest of it is u of t
+minus pi over two,
+
+because a is pi over
+two, times what it would have
+
+been just from the factor g of s
+itself.
+
+In other words,
+A times the sine of,
+
+again, t minus pi over two.
+
+I am applying that formula,
+but I am applying it in that
+
+direction.
+I started with this,
+
+and I want to recover the
+left-hand side.
+
+And that is what it must look
+like.
+
+The A, of course,
+just gets dragged along for the
+
+free ride.
+Now, as I emphasized to you
+
+last time, and I hope you did on
+your homework that you handed
+
+in, you mustn't leave it in that
+form.
+
+You have to make cases because
+people will expect you to tell
+
+them what the meaning of this
+is.
+
+Now, if t is less than pi over
+two, this is zero.
+
+And, therefore,
+that term does not exist.
+
+So the first part of it is just
+the cosine t term if
+
+t lies between zero and pi over
+two.
+
+If t is bigger than pi over two
+then this factor is
+
+one.
+It's the unit step function.
+
+And I, therefore,
+must add in this term.
+
+Now, what is that term?
+What is the sine of t minus pi
+
+over two?
+The sine of t looks
+
+like that.
+The sine of t,
+
+if I translate it,
+looks like this.
+
+If I translate it by pi over
+two.
+
+And let's finish it up,
+the pi that was over here moved
+
+into position.
+That curve is the curve
+
+negative cosine t. 
+
+And so the answer is if t is
+bigger than pi over two,
+
+it is cosine t minus A
+times cosine t.
+
+Or, in other words,
+
+it is one minus A times cosine
+t.
+
+Now, do those match up?
+They have always got to match
+
+up, or you have made a mistake.
+You always have to get a
+
+continuous function when you
+have just discontinuities.
+
+Do we get a continuous
+function?
+
+Yeah, when t is pi over two 
+the value here is
+
+zero.
+The value of this is also zero
+
+at pi over two.
+There is no conflict in the
+
+values.
+Values doesn't suddenly jump.
+
+The function is continuous.
+It is not differential but it
+
+is continuous.
+Well, what function does that
+
+look like?
+There are cases.
+
+It starts out life as the
+function cosine t.
+
+So it gets to here.
+And at t equals pi over two,
+
+the mass gets kicked
+and that changes the function.
+
+Now, what are the values?
+Well, if A is bigger than one
+
+this is a negative
+number and it therefore becomes
+
+the function negative 
+cosine t.
+
+Now, negative cosine t looks
+like this, the blue guy.
+
+Negative cosine t is a function
+that looks like this.
+
+So it goes from here,
+it reverses direction,
+
+the mass reverses direction
+from what you thought it was
+
+going to do.
+And it does that because A is
+
+so large that that impulse was
+enough to make it reverse
+
+direction.
+Of course it might only do
+
+this, but this is what will
+happen if A is bigger than one.
+
+This will be A,
+which is a lot bigger than one.
+
+If it's not so much bigger than
+one it might look like that.
+
+So A is just bigger than one.
+How's that?
+
+Well, what if A is less than
+one?
+
+Well, in that case it stays
+positive.
+
+If A is less than one,
+this is now still a positive
+
+number.
+And, therefore,
+
+the cosine continues on its
+merry way.
+
+The only thing is it might be a
+little more sluggish or it might
+
+be very peppy and do that.
+Let's just go that far.
+
+This will be the case A less
+than one.
+
+Well, of course,
+the most interesting case is
+
+what happens if A is exactly
+equal to one?
+
+The porridge is exactly just
+right, I think that's the
+
+phrase.
+Too hot.
+
+Too cold.
+Just right.
+
+When A is equal to one,
+it is zero.
+
+It starts out as cosine t.
+
+When it gets to t,
+it continues on ever after as
+
+the function zero.
+I have a visual aid for the
+
+only time this term.
+It didn't work at all.
+
+I mean, on the other hand,
+the last hour,
+
+the people who worked it were
+not intrinsically baseball
+
+players, so we will use the
+equation of the pendulum
+
+instead.
+That is a lot easier than mass
+
+spring.
+This is a pendulum.
+
+It is undamped because I
+declare it to be and it swings
+
+back and forth.
+And here I am releasing it.
+
+The variable is not x or y but
+theta, the angle through.
+
+Here theta is one,
+let's say.
+
+That's about one radian.
+It starts there and swings back
+
+and forth.
+It is not damped,
+
+so it never loses amplitude,
+particularly if I swish it,
+
+if I move my hand a little bit.
+I want someone who knows how to
+
+bat a baseball.
+That was the problem last hour.
+
+Two people.
+One to release it.
+
+I will stand up and try to hold
+it here.
+
+Somebody releases it.
+And then somebody who has to be
+
+very skillful should apply a
+unit impulse of exactly one when
+
+it gets to the equilibrium
+point.
+
+So who can do that?
+Who can play baseball here?
+
+Come on.
+Somebody elected?
+
+All right. Come on. [APPLAUSE]
+
+Somebody release it,
+too.
+
+Somebody tall to handle it all.
+I think that will be me.
+
+Just hold it at what you would
+take to be one radian.
+
+He releases it.
+When it gets to the bottom,
+
+you will have to get way down,
+and maybe on this side.
+
+Are you a lefty or a righty?
+Rightly.
+
+Okay.
+Bat it what part.
+
+Give it a good swat.
+I will stand up higher.
+
+Help.
+I'm not very stable.
+
+[APPLAUSE] A trial run.
+Again.
+
+Okay.
+A little further out.
+
+First of all,
+you have to see where it's
+
+going.
+Why don't you stand,
+
+oh, you bat rightly.
+That's right.
+
+Okay.
+Let's try it again.
+
+Strike one.
+It's okay.
+
+It's the beginning of the
+baseball season.
+
+One more.
+The Red Sox are having trouble,
+
+too.
+Not bad. [APPLAUSE]
+
+If he had hit even harder it
+would have reversed direction
+
+and gone that way.
+If you hadn't hit it quite as
+
+hard it would have continued on,
+still at cosine t,
+
+but with less amplitude.
+But if you hit it exactly right
+
+--
+It is fun to try to do.
+
+Toomre in our department is a
+master at this,
+
+but he has been practicing for
+years.
+
+He can take a little mallet and
+go blunk, and it stops
+
+absolutely dead.
+It is unbelievable.
+
+I should have had him give the
+lecture.
+
+Now, I would like to do
+something truly serious.
+
+Here, I guess.
+Because there is a certain
+
+amount of engineering lingo you
+have to learn.
+
+It is used by almost everybody.
+Not architects and biologists
+
+probably quite yet,
+but anybody that uses the
+
+Laplace transform will use these
+words in connection with it.
+
+I really think,
+since it is such a widespread
+
+technique, that these are things
+you should know.
+
+Anyway, it will be easy.
+It is just the enrichment of
+
+your vocabulary.
+It is always fun to learn new
+
+vocabulary words.
+So, let's just consider a
+
+general second order equation.
+By the way, all this applies to
+
+higher order equations,
+too.
+
+It applies to systems.
+The same words are used,
+
+but let's use something that
+you know.
+
+Here is a system.
+It could be a spring mass
+
+dashpot system.
+It could be an RLC circuit.
+
+Or that pendulum,
+a damped pendulum,
+
+anything that is modeled by
+that differential equation with
+
+constant coefficients,
+second-order.
+
+This is the input.
+The input can be any kind of a
+
+function.
+Exponential functions,
+
+sine, cosine.
+It could be a Dirac delta
+
+function.
+It could be a sum of these
+
+things.
+It could be a Fourier series.
+
+Anything of the sort of stuff
+we have been talking about
+
+throughout the last few weeks.
+And let's have simple initial
+
+conditions so that doesn't louse
+things up, the simplest possible
+
+ones.
+The mass starts at the
+
+equilibrium point from rest.
+Of course, it doesn't stay that
+
+way because there is an input
+that is asking it to move along.
+
+Now all I want to do is solve
+this in general with a Laplace
+
+transform.
+If I do it in general,
+
+that is always easier than
+doing it in particular since you
+
+don't ever have to do any
+calculations.
+
+It is s squared Y.
+There are no other terms here
+
+because the initial conditions
+are zero.
+
+This part will be a times s Y.
+
+Again, no other terms because
+the initial conditions are zero.
+
+Plus b times Y.
+And all that is equal to
+
+whatever the Laplace transform
+is of the right-hand side.
+
+So it is F of s.
+Next step.
+
+Boy, this is an easy problem.
+You solve for Y.
+
+Well, Y is F of s times one
+over s squared plus as plus b.
+
+Now, what is that?
+The next step now is to figure
+
+out what the answer to the
+problem is, what's the Y of t?
+
+Well, you do that by taking the
+
+inverse Laplace transform.
+But because these are general
+
+functions, I don't have to write
+down any specific answer.
+
+The only thing is to use the
+convolution because this is the
+
+product of two functions of s.
+The inverse transform will be
+
+the convolution of their
+respective things.
+
+The answer is going to be the
+convolution of F of t,
+
+the input function in other
+words, convoluted with the
+
+inverse Laplace transform of
+that thing.
+
+Now, we have to have a name for
+that, and those are the two
+
+words I want to introduce you to
+because they are used
+
+everywhere.
+The function,
+
+on the right-hand side,
+this function one over s
+
+squared plus as plus b,
+
+notice it only depends upon the
+left-hand side of the
+
+differential equation,
+on the damping constant.
+
+The spring constant if you are
+thinking of a mass spring
+
+dashpot system.
+So this depends only on the
+
+system, not on what input is
+going into it.
+
+And it is called the transfer
+function.
+
+Is usually called capital W of,
+sometimes it is
+
+capital H of s,
+there are different things,
+
+but it is always called the
+transfer function.
+
+What we are interested in
+putting here its inverse Laplace
+
+transform.
+Well, I will call that W of t
+
+to go with the capital
+W of s by the usual
+
+notation.
+Its inverse Laplace transform,
+
+well, I cannot calculate that.
+I will just give it a name,
+
+W of t.
+And that is called the weight
+
+function of the system.
+This is the transfer function
+
+of the system,
+so put in "of the system" if
+
+you are taking notes.
+And so the answer is that
+
+always the solution is the
+convolution to this differential
+
+equation that we have been
+solving for the last three or
+
+four weeks.
+It is the convolution of that.
+
+And, therefore,
+the solution is expressed as a
+
+definite integral of the
+function of the input on the
+
+right-hand side,
+what is forcing the equation,
+
+times this magic function but
+flipped and translated by t.
+
+That says du for you guys over
+there.
+
+In other words,
+the solution to the
+
+differential equation is
+presented as a definite
+
+integral.
+Marvelous.
+
+And the only thing is the
+definite integral involves this
+
+funny function W of t.
+To understand why that is the
+
+solution, you have to understand
+what W of t is.
+
+Well, formally,
+of course, it's that.
+
+But what does it really mean?
+The problem is what is W of t
+
+really? Not just formally,
+
+but what does it really mean?
+I mean, is it real?
+
+I think the simplest way of
+thinking of it,
+
+once you know about the delta
+function is just to think of
+
+this differential equation y
+double prime plus a y prime plus
+
+b. Except use as the input the
+
+Dirac delta function.
+In other words,
+
+we are kicking the mass.
+The mass starts at rest,
+
+so the initial conditions are
+going to be what they were
+
+before. y of zero,
+
+y prime of zero. Both zero.
+
+The mass starts at rest from
+the equilibrium position,
+
+and it is kicked in the
+positive direction,
+
+I guess that's this way,
+with unit impulse.
+
+At time zero with unit impulse.
+In other words,
+
+kick it just hard enough so you
+impart a unit impulse.
+
+So that situation is modeled by
+this differential equation.
+
+The kick at time zero is
+modeled by this input,
+
+the Dirac delta function.
+And now, what happens if I
+
+solve it?
+Well, you see,
+
+everything in the solution is
+the same.
+
+The left stays the same,
+but on the right-hand side I
+
+should have not f of s here.
+
+Since this is the delta
+function, I should have one.
+
+What I get is,
+on the left-hand side,
+
+s squared Y plus as Y plus bY
+equals,
+
+for the Laplace transform of
+the right-hand side is simply
+
+one.
+And, therefore,
+
+Y is what?
+Y is one over exactly the
+
+transform function.
+And therefore its inverse
+
+Laplace transform is that weight
+function.
+
+That is the simplest
+interpretation I know of what
+
+this magic weight function is,
+which gives the solution to all
+
+the differential equations,
+no matter what the input is.
+
+The weight function is the
+response of the system at rest
+
+to a sharp kick at time zero
+with unit impulse.
+
+And read the notes because they
+will explain to you why this
+
+could be thought of as the
+superposition of a lot of sharp
+
+kicks times zero a little later.
+Kick, kick, kick,
+
+kick.
+And that's what makes the
+
+solution.
+Next time we start systems.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qYia9FXN7Po.txt b/qYia9FXN7Po.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e00af889b1f623fc4fe44dc95537a6c78bf3789
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qYia9FXN7Po.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13848 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right welcome back to 61200 today we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right welcome back to 61200 today we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right welcome back to 61200 today we
+continue our theme of probability as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue our theme of probability as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue our theme of probability as we
+will continue to do for the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue to do for the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue to do for the next few
+lectures um first uh recap from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures um first uh recap from last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures um first uh recap from last
+class and last recitation uh key concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and last recitation uh key concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and last recitation uh key concept
+we'll be using today is conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be using today is conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be using today is conditional
+probability remember this notation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability remember this notation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability remember this notation is
+the probability of event a occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of event a occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of event a occurring
+given that you already know that b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you already know that b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you already know that b
+occurred which is like if you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred which is like if you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred which is like if you imagine
+this entire Blackboard as the space as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire Blackboard as the space as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire Blackboard as the space as
+the sample space all the possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample space all the possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample space all the possibilities
+of what could happen and we have events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what could happen and we have events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what could happen and we have events
+a is some subset of that space b is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is some subset of that space b is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is some subset of that space b is some
+subset of that space what the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of that space what the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of that space what the vertical
+Bar B means restricting to conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar B means restricting to conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar B means restricting to conditioning
+on b means focusing on just this red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on b means focusing on just this red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on b means focusing on just this red
+subset of where B is and just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of where B is and just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of where B is and just think
+about the probability of a happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability of a happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability of a happening
+relative to those events instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to those events instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to those events instead of
+think the probability of a happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the probability of a happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the probability of a happening
+relative to all events and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to all events and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to all events and you can
+compute that as the probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that as the probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that as the probability of this
+intersection uh divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection uh divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection uh divided by the
+probability of B so we're just focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B so we're just focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B so we're just focusing
+in assuming B already happened then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in assuming B already happened then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in assuming B already happened then this
+is becomes our entire sample space that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is becomes our entire sample space that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is becomes our entire sample space that
+we can restrict to okay and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can restrict to okay and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can restrict to okay and then we can
+use that for example to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that for example to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that for example to compute
+probabilities of events so this was law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of events so this was law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of events so this was law
+of total probability probability of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total probability probability of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total probability probability of an
+event a is uh if you pick your favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a is uh if you pick your favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a is uh if you pick your favorite
+event e sort of like a proof by cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event e sort of like a proof by cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event e sort of like a proof by cases
+you get to choose any event e you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to choose any event e you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to choose any event e you want
+that's whatever's most convenient then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's whatever's most convenient then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's whatever's most convenient then
+you can compute compute probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute compute probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute compute probability of a
+using by splitting into two cases one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using by splitting into two cases one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using by splitting into two cases one
+where e occurs and one where e does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where e occurs and one where e does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where e occurs and one where e does not
+occur so you take the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so you take the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so you take the probability that
+the E occurs you multiply it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E occurs you multiply it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E occurs you multiply it by the
+probability that a occurs given e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a occurs given e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a occurs given e and
+you do the same for not e and because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the same for not e and because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the same for not e and because uh
+e and not e are by definition disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and not e are by definition disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and not e are by definition disjoint
+events exactly one of them happens this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events exactly one of them happens this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events exactly one of them happens this
+uh works out you have the uh the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh works out you have the uh the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh works out you have the uh the product
+rule here between these events and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule here between these events and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule here between these events and the
+sum rule between these events I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum rule between these events I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum rule between these events I think
+easiest to see in this tree um I tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest to see in this tree um I tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest to see in this tree um I tend to
+draw my trees vertically you can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw my trees vertically you can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw my trees vertically you can draw
+them horizontally whatever uh we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them horizontally whatever uh we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them horizontally whatever uh we have uh
+event e occurring or not occurring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event e occurring or not occurring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event e occurring or not occurring and
+then separately we have event a or not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then separately we have event a or not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then separately we have event a or not a
+occurring and any of these could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring and any of these could happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring and any of these could happen
+in any combination when we write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any combination when we write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any combination when we write down a
+tree usually we write on the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree usually we write on the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree usually we write on the edges
+conditional probabilities at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities at the
+beginning there's no condition so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning there's no condition so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning there's no condition so it's
+just probability of e on one side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just probability of e on one side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just probability of e on one side and
+probability of not e on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of not e on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of not e on the other
+side uh but then usually on this Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh but then usually on this Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh but then usually on this Branch
+we write what's the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write what's the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write what's the probability of a
+given that e occurred and on this Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that e occurred and on this Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that e occurred and on this Branch
+what's the probability that not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that not a
+occurred given that e occurred this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred given that e occurred this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred given that e occurred this
+whole branch is that e occurred and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole branch is that e occurred and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole branch is that e occurred and then
+we care about given that we got here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about given that we got here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about given that we got here
+what's the probability of a happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of a happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of a happening
+what's the probability of not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of not a
+happening and similarly on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and similarly on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and similarly on the other
+side what's the probability of a and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side what's the probability of a and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side what's the probability of a and not
+a happening given that e didn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a happening given that e didn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a happening given that e didn't happen
+that's those are all the cases um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's those are all the cases um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's those are all the cases um and
+then you can compute the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can compute the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can compute the probability of
+each of these individual situations by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these individual situations by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these individual situations by
+taking the product of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the product of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the product of these
+probabilities down the path um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities down the path um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities down the path um that's
+what we have shown in the past and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have shown in the past and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have shown in the past and so in
+particular if you want to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if you want to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if you want to compute the
+probability of a a is these two nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a a is these two nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a a is these two nodes
+together these are the two a branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together these are the two a branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together these are the two a branches
+and so that is this product plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that is this product plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that is this product plus this
+product by construction everything here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product by construction everything here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product by construction everything here
+is disjoint and so you can just add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is disjoint and so you can just add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is disjoint and so you can just add the
+probabilities up and you get get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities up and you get get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities up and you get get this
+law okay we may use it today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law okay we may use it today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law okay we may use it today
+uh today I want to talk about a related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today I want to talk about a related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today I want to talk about a related
+concept which is Independence so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept which is Independence so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept which is Independence so today
+is Independence Day not starring Will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Independence Day not starring Will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Independence Day not starring Will
+Smith or any other modern versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith or any other modern versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith or any other modern versions of
+Independence Day um and the the tagline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence Day um and the the tagline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence Day um and the the tagline
+for Independence Day back in the 90s I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Independence Day back in the 90s I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Independence Day back in the 90s I
+was alive back then uh it says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was alive back then uh it says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was alive back then uh it says the
+question of whether or not we are alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether or not we are alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether or not we are alone
+in the universe has been answered you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the universe has been answered you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the universe has been answered you
+know are we are we independent from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are we are we independent from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are we are we independent from the
+rest of the universe or are we dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the universe or are we dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the universe or are we dependent
+it turns out the answer is uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out the answer is uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out the answer is uh we're
+independent if and only if probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if and only if probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if and only if probability
+of a given a b is probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a given a b is probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a given a b is probability of a
+that's sorry spoilers for the movie but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sorry spoilers for the movie but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sorry spoilers for the movie but
+that's that's what you get by the end so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what you get by the end so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what you get by the end so
+that's our mathematical definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our mathematical definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our mathematical definition of a
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B if probability of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B if probability of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B if probability of a given
+B uh probability of a conditioned on B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh probability of a conditioned on B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh probability of a conditioned on B
+is is just the probability of a again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is just the probability of a again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is just the probability of a again so
+in other words conditioning on B does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words conditioning on B does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words conditioning on B does
+not affect the probability of a with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not affect the probability of a with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not affect the probability of a with the
+condition without the condition you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition without the condition you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition without the condition you get
+the same thing um we have to also say or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing um we have to also say or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing um we have to also say or
+the probability of b equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of b equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of b equals
+zero uh for this annoying technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh for this annoying technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh for this annoying technical
+reason which I forgot to mention up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason which I forgot to mention up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason which I forgot to mention up here
+probability of a given B is not defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given B is not defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given B is not defined
+when probability of B is zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when probability of B is zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when probability of B is zero because
+then you get a division by zero error we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get a division by zero error we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get a division by zero error we
+don't like those so uh I don't even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like those so uh I don't even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like those so uh I don't even know
+what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means
+when B when the probability of B is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when B when the probability of B is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when B when the probability of B is zero
+so we need to say whether we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to say whether we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to say whether we're
+independent in that case and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent in that case and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent in that case and we
+are so it turns out the empty event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so it turns out the empty event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so it turns out the empty event
+where no which never happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where no which never happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where no which never happens is
+independent of everything also the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of everything also the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of everything also the full
+event which always happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event which always happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event which always happens is
+independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of
+everything uh so this is a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything uh so this is a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything uh so this is a way to
+measure uh whether two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure uh whether two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure uh whether two things are
+independent uh meaning whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh meaning whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh meaning whether the
+outcome or like whether a happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome or like whether a happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome or like whether a happened
+whether B happened has any impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether B happened has any impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether B happened has any impact on
+whether a will happen that's intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a will happen that's intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a will happen that's intuitively
+what this means and it's a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means and it's a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means and it's a useful
+concept here isong page an example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept here isong page an example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept here isong page an example uh
+that gives you some intuition about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you some intuition about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you some intuition about why
+the Monty Hall problem comes out the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Monty Hall problem comes out the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Monty Hall problem comes out the way
+it does so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does so let's
+do Monty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hall um I'm G to Define two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall um I'm G to Define two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall um I'm G to Define two
+events one is door one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events one is door one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events one is door one
+uh has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prize so I forget the door names that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize so I forget the door names that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize so I forget the door names that uh
+brinmore used so I'm just going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brinmore used so I'm just going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brinmore used so I'm just going to call
+them door number one two and three just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them door number one two and three just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them door number one two and three just
+like in the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the game
+show uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show uh
+and I don't have fancy colored boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'm I'm not going to repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm I'm not going to repeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm I'm not going to repeat the
+whole analysis of Monty Hall but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole analysis of Monty Hall but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole analysis of Monty Hall but I just
+want you to think about these two events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think about these two events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think about these two events
+so event a is that door one has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so event a is that door one has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so event a is that door one has the
+price we know without anything else this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price we know without anything else this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price we know without anything else this
+happens with onethird probability uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with onethird probability uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with onethird probability uh
+event B is that door two is revealed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event B is that door two is revealed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event B is that door two is revealed to
+not have the prize after player after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have the prize after player after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have the prize after player after
+the player chooses door one okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player chooses door one okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player chooses door one okay this is
+a bit of a mouthful but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a mouthful but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a mouthful but let's just
+suppose uh that the player starts by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose uh that the player starts by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose uh that the player starts by
+choosing door number one uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing door number one uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing door number one uh in the
+analysis we did we had a uniform random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we did we had a uniform random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we did we had a uniform random
+choice of choosing all three doors it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of choosing all three doors it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of choosing all three doors it
+doesn't actually matter which door you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually matter which door you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually matter which door you
+choose because everything else is random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose because everything else is random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose because everything else is random
+it's fine if you always choose door one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine if you always choose door one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine if you always choose door one
+but whe whether it's random whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whe whether it's random whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whe whether it's random whether it's
+deterministic let's just suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic let's just suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic let's just suppose the
+player the player chooses door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player the player chooses door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player the player chooses door
+one and event B is Will door number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and event B is Will door number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and event B is Will door number two
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+revealed uh to not have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed uh to not have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed uh to not have the
+press okay and now my question is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press okay and now my question is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press okay and now my question is is
+event a and event B uh are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a and event B uh are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a and event B uh are they
+independent from each other and I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from each other and I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from each other and I claim
+that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and the way we can determine that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the way we can determine that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the way we can determine that is
+by Computing these two probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Computing these two probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Computing these two probabilities
+probability of a and probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a and probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a and probability of a
+given B now probability of a we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given B now probability of a we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given B now probability of a we know
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1/3 right with that this is just does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 right with that this is just does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 right with that this is just does
+door one half prize that's uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door one half prize that's uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door one half prize that's uniform
+random so uh oneir for that and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so uh oneir for that and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so uh oneir for that and so for
+this to be independent it better be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be independent it better be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be independent it better be the
+case that uh probability of a given B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that uh probability of a given B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that uh probability of a given B is
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+1/3 and if you think about it uh that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 and if you think about it uh that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 and if you think about it uh that is
+one of the things we computed um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we computed um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we computed um because
+what we computed was what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we computed was what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we computed was what's the
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+switching uh the switching rule winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching uh the switching rule winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching uh the switching rule winning
+so we're supposing here the player chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're supposing here the player chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're supposing here the player chose
+door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door
+one and so if in the switching strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so if in the switching strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so if in the switching strategy
+they will switch to uh in in conditioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will switch to uh in in conditioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will switch to uh in in conditioned
+on b means that player the player chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on b means that player the player chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on b means that player the player chose
+door one and door two was revealed not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door one and door two was revealed not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door one and door two was revealed not
+to have the prize and so we would switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the prize and so we would switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the prize and so we would switch
+to door three and we worked out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to door three and we worked out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to door three and we worked out that the
+winning probability if you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning probability if you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning probability if you in the
+switching strategy was 2/3 so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching strategy was 2/3 so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching strategy was 2/3 so that means
+the probability that door one has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that door one has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that door one has the
+prize must be 1/3 because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize must be 1/3 because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize must be 1/3 because the
+probability that door three three has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that door three three has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that door three three has
+the priz is 2/3 and 1 - 2/3 is 1/3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the priz is 2/3 and 1 - 2/3 is 1/3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the priz is 2/3 and 1 - 2/3 is 1/3 so
+indeed these are equal and the events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed these are equal and the events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed these are equal and the events
+are independent and while I don't claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent and while I don't claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent and while I don't claim
+this is super intuitive yet um I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is super intuitive yet um I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is super intuitive yet um I mean if
+you stare it's like you stare at it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stare it's like you stare at it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stare it's like you stare at it for
+an hour and then it's intuitive so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour and then it's intuitive so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour and then it's intuitive so it's
+not especially intuitive but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not especially intuitive but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not especially intuitive but I think
+while before we saw you can just compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while before we saw you can just compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while before we saw you can just compute
+everything and find the answer um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and find the answer um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and find the answer um I
+think this does give a little intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this does give a little intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this does give a little intuition
+the idea is that revealing door two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that revealing door two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that revealing door two to
+not have the prize doesn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have the prize doesn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have the prize doesn't tell you
+anything about whether door one has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about whether door one has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about whether door one has the
+price and that's intuitively why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and that's intuitively why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and that's intuitively why
+switching is good because you've reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching is good because you've reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching is good because you've reduced
+down to two uh possibilities instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to two uh possibilities instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to two uh possibilities instead of
+just instead of three if you stick to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just instead of three if you stick to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just instead of three if you stick to a
+uh it will be as if you were no doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it will be as if you were no doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it will be as if you were no doors
+were revealed right if you suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were revealed right if you suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were revealed right if you suppose you
+pick door number one at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick door number one at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick door number one at the beginning
+and you uh decide I'm just going to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you uh decide I'm just going to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you uh decide I'm just going to stay
+no matter what then whatever information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what then whatever information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what then whatever information
+they show you doesn't tell you anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they show you doesn't tell you anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they show you doesn't tell you anything
+about uh uh whether door one will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh uh whether door one will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh uh whether door one will have
+the price and that's that's what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price and that's that's what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price and that's that's what this is
+confirming that that vague feeling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming that that vague feeling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming that that vague feeling that
+might be true uh this shows that indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be true uh this shows that indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be true uh this shows that indeed
+this information being revealed tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information being revealed tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information being revealed tells
+you nothing about whether a will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you nothing about whether a will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you nothing about whether a will happen
+or whether a happened I guess uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether a happened I guess uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether a happened I guess uh the
+probabilities are the same either way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are the same either way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are the same either way
+and so this gives you some intuition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this gives you some intuition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this gives you some intuition for
+why uh the monteal problem came out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh the monteal problem came out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh the monteal problem came out the
+way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did still you should compute things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did still you should compute things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did still you should compute things but
+the goal by the end of this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal by the end of this class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal by the end of this class is
+you'll have at least some intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have at least some intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have at least some intuition
+about probability and hopefully it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about probability and hopefully it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about probability and hopefully it will
+be the correct one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's another situation to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another situation to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another situation to think about
+suppose you have two events A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have two events A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have two events A and B
+which are disjoint so they're two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are disjoint so they're two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are disjoint so they're two
+subsets of the sample space and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of the sample space and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of the sample space and they
+don't have any elements in common so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any elements in common so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any elements in common so we
+normally write this as a intersect B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally write this as a intersect B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally write this as a intersect B is
+the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty
+set then are they independent well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set then are they independent well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set then are they independent well uh
+let's just compute these probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just compute these probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just compute these probabilities
+probability of a I don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a I don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a I don't know how to
+compute but probability of a given B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute but probability of a given B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute but probability of a given B
+that I know how to compute I zoom into B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know how to compute I zoom into B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know how to compute I zoom into B
+and I see how many A's are in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see how many A's are in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see how many A's are in there and
+zero there's no a inside B uh in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's no a inside B uh in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's no a inside B uh in other
+words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the
+probability here probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here probability of a
+intersect B is zero because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect B is zero because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect B is zero because there's no
+intersection so whatever the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection so whatever the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection so whatever the denominator
+is is zero okay and uh so this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is zero okay and uh so this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is zero okay and uh so this means
+they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not
+independent typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh unless uh some exceptional cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unless uh some exceptional cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unless uh some exceptional cases
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+namely uh I guess it could be that a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely uh I guess it could be that a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely uh I guess it could be that a is
+also the empty set there's nothing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the empty set there's nothing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the empty set there's nothing in a
+then probability of a um equals this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then probability of a um equals this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then probability of a um equals this
+thing probability of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing probability of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing probability of a given
+B uh and the other situation is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh and the other situation is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh and the other situation is uh
+probability of B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B is
+zero because that's another situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because that's another situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because that's another situation
+where we just have independence by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we just have independence by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we just have independence by
+definition okay so disjoint events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition okay so disjoint events are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition okay so disjoint events are
+not independent uh the intuition here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not independent uh the intuition here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not independent uh the intuition here is
+if I tell you that b happened you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I tell you that b happened you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I tell you that b happened you know
+very well a did not happen because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well a did not happen because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well a did not happen because we
+assume these are disjoint events okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume these are disjoint events okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume these are disjoint events okay
+another example is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example is uh
+subsets let's suppose which way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets let's suppose which way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets let's suppose which way is
+easier B is a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier B is a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier B is a subset of
+a so a is the big thing and B is nestled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so a is the big thing and B is nestled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so a is the big thing and B is nestled
+inside then I want to know uh what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside then I want to know uh what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside then I want to know uh what is
+the probability of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a given
+B well if I zoom into B it looks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B well if I zoom into B it looks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B well if I zoom into B it looks in
+completely a all of this is included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely a all of this is included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely a all of this is included
+inside a and so this probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a and so this probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a and so this probability is
+one and so this is another situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so this is another situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so this is another situation
+where uh A and B are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent unless some very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent unless some very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent unless some very special
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+happen uh namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen uh namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen uh namely
+it could be uh a is everything a always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be uh a is everything a always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be uh a is everything a always
+occurs probability of a equals 1 um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs probability of a equals 1 um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs probability of a equals 1 um or
+again it could be probability of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it could be probability of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it could be probability of b
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+zero so if B is just nothing then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if B is just nothing then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if B is just nothing then uh
+they're independent just by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent just by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent just by definition
+if a is everything then uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is everything then uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is everything then uh yeah
+restricting to B it's still everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question why don't we say dependent it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question why don't we say dependent it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question why don't we say dependent it's
+a good question uh I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good question uh I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good question uh I believe
+traditionally not not independent we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally not not independent we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally not not independent we
+could just say dependent uh I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just say dependent uh I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just say dependent uh I guess I
+don't know what dependent means I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what dependent means I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what dependent means I guess
+you could try to Define dependence like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could try to Define dependence like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could try to Define dependence like
+amount of dependence and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of dependence and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of dependence and maybe
+statisticians do that but in our worlds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians do that but in our worlds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians do that but in our worlds
+we generally just Define independent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we generally just Define independent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we generally just Define independent and
+then there's the converse and we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the converse and we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the converse and we call it
+non-independent I agree it's weird you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-independent I agree it's weird you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-independent I agree it's weird you
+could maybe think of it as dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could maybe think of it as dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could maybe think of it as dependent
+but pretty sure it's not standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but pretty sure it's not standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but pretty sure it's not standard
+all right uh let me tell you some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh let me tell you some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh let me tell you some more
+ways of course the in you take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of course the in you take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of course the in you take two
+events they're probably dependent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events they're probably dependent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events they're probably dependent in
+some sense uh Independence is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense uh Independence is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense uh Independence is kind of
+the special thing and it's what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the special thing and it's what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the special thing and it's what we are
+going to focus on is detecting when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on is detecting when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on is detecting when when
+an event is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event is
+independent so let me tell you some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so let me tell you some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so let me tell you some ways
+to other ways to compute it so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other ways to compute it so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other ways to compute it so we can
+use this definition and compute it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this definition and compute it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this definition and compute it uh
+but it's It's oddly asymmetric right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's It's oddly asymmetric right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's It's oddly asymmetric right we
+talked about the probability of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the probability of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the probability of a given
+B what if it's easier to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B what if it's easier to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B what if it's easier to compute the
+probability of B given a for example or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B given a for example or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B given a for example or
+something else uh there's another nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else uh there's another nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else uh there's another nice
+characterization which I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization which I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization which I'm going to call
+the product rule we've already seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product rule we've already seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product rule we've already seen a
+product rule with inclusion exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule with inclusion exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule with inclusion exclusion
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um here's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so an event a is independent of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an event a is independent of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an event a is independent of another
+event B if and only if probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event B if and only if probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event B if and only if probability of a
+intersect B is the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probabilities okay this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities okay this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities okay this is what
+you this is what makes sense I guess in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is what makes sense I guess in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is what makes sense I guess in
+some sense if uh naively if you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense if uh naively if you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense if uh naively if you try to
+if you want to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to think about the
+probability of of an intersection what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of of an intersection what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of of an intersection what's
+in other words the probability of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the probability of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the probability of one
+event happening and another event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event happening and another event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event happening and another event
+happening naively that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening naively that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening naively that would be the
+product and Independence is exactly when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and Independence is exactly when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and Independence is exactly when
+you can do this if you're independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this if you're independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this if you're independent
+this is true if you're not independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true if you're not independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true if you're not independent
+this is false so it this is some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is false so it this is some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is false so it this is some sense
+why we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we care about
+independence uh and yeah let me get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence uh and yeah let me get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence uh and yeah let me get
+another chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and it's effectively what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's effectively what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's effectively what we're
+using in when I was saying oh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using in when I was saying oh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using in when I was saying oh uh the
+probability of this event happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this event happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this event happening is
+the probability of this thing happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of this thing happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of this thing happening
+times the the probability of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the the probability of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the the probability of this thing
+happening conditioned on this one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening conditioned on this one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening conditioned on this one that
+that multiplication is is okay partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplication is is okay partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplication is is okay partly
+because I mean in particular because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I mean in particular because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I mean in particular because
+event e is independent of a given e in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event e is independent of a given e in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event e is independent of a given e in
+some sense I guess this is not properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense I guess this is not properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense I guess this is not properly
+an event but you can think of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event but you can think of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event but you can think of it that
+way all right let's prove this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+one what I'd like to branch on is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what I'd like to branch on is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what I'd like to branch on is is the
+probability of b equal to zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of b equal to zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of b equal to zero because
+it's just annoying to work with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just annoying to work with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just annoying to work with this
+definition there's a special case b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition there's a special case b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition there's a special case b
+equals zero okay so that turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero okay so that turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero okay so that turns out to be
+the natural case breakdown case two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural case breakdown case two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural case breakdown case two is
+going to be probability B is not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh when B probability of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh when B probability of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh when B probability of b
+equals z we know uh that a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z we know uh that a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z we know uh that a is
+independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of
+B that's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's part of the
+definition so now uh so this part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so now uh so this part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so now uh so this part is
+true so for this if and only if to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so for this if and only if to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so for this if and only if to be
+true we better make sure the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we better make sure the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we better make sure the probability
+of a intersect B is equal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a intersect B is equal to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a intersect B is equal to that
+product okay but then this number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay but then this number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay but then this number is
+zero so this product is zero so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this product is zero so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this product is zero so what we
+really want is that the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want is that the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want is that the probability of a
+intersect B is zero and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect B is zero and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect B is zero and indeed
+probability of a intersect B is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a intersect B is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a intersect B is at most
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+B why because this set is contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B why because this set is contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B why because this set is contained in
+this set and probability is monotone if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set and probability is monotone if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set and probability is monotone if
+you take a smaller set it contains all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a smaller set it contains all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a smaller set it contains all
+the elements of this set then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of this set then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of this set then this
+probability will be less than equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability will be less than equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability will be less than equal to
+that uh and probability B is zero by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and probability B is zero by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and probability B is zero by
+assumption uh and so it's also equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption uh and so it's also equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption uh and so it's also equal to
+probability of a Time probability of B I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a Time probability of B I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a Time probability of B I
+guess I'm also using that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm also using that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm also using that uh
+probabilities are non- negative and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are non- negative and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are non- negative and so
+I've sandwiched this probability between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've sandwiched this probability between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've sandwiched this probability between
+Z and zero which means it equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and zero which means it equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and zero which means it equals
+zero uh it's both less than or greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh it's both less than or greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh it's both less than or greater
+than or equal to zero so equal zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero so equal zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero so equal zero and
+so we're done with that case Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're done with that case Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're done with that case Okay
+probability be not equal to zero is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability be not equal to zero is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability be not equal to zero is the
+more interesting case because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting case because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting case because that's
+when we get to work with this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to work with this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to work with this formula
+probability of a given B is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given B is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given B is equal to
+probability of a so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a so that's the
+definition of independence so write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of independence so write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of independence so write
+Independence if and only if probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence if and only if probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence if and only if probability
+of a given b equals probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a okay so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so now we have
+some uh computation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh computation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh computation to
+do let's see we also have a formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do let's see we also have a formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do let's see we also have a formula for
+probability of a given B up here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given B up here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given B up here that's
+the definition so let's plug that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition so let's plug that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition so let's plug that in
+probability of a intersect B divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a intersect B divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a intersect B divided by
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B okay so this is equal to that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so this is equal to that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so this is equal to that this is
+equal to that so these two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that so these two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that so these two things are
+equal and now on this equation I'd just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and now on this equation I'd just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and now on this equation I'd just
+like I see probability of a here I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I see probability of a here I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I see probability of a here I see
+probability of B on the denominator here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B on the denominator here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B on the denominator here
+I'd like to multiply both sides by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to multiply both sides by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to multiply both sides by
+probability of B and I get uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B and I get uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B and I get uh this is a
+equivalent to probability of a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to probability of a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to probability of a Time
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+b equals probability of a intercept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b equals probability of a intercept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b equals probability of a intercept
+B which is exactly what I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B which is exactly what I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B which is exactly what I wanted to
+prove that's so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that's so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that's so I'm
+done uh crucially here though I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh crucially here though I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh crucially here though I'm using
+in order to multiply both sides by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to multiply both sides by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to multiply both sides by
+probability of B and to get an if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B and to get an if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B and to get an if and
+only if it's crucial that this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if it's crucial that this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if it's crucial that this is not
+zero if you multiply both sides of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you multiply both sides of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you multiply both sides of a
+formula by zero you don't get a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula by zero you don't get a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula by zero you don't get a very
+interesting formula and you don't get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting formula and you don't get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting formula and you don't get an
+if and only if so but once I assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if so but once I assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if so but once I assume that
+probability is not zero then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is not zero then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is not zero then I can
+actually do the multiplication and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do the multiplication and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do the multiplication and uh
+and I get a useful statement and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get a useful statement and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get a useful statement and this is
+true so I get the cancellation I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so I get the cancellation I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so I get the cancellation I wanted
+otherwise I get zero over zero okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I get zero over zero okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I get zero over zero okay so
+uh this tells us a different way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this tells us a different way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this tells us a different way to
+determine Independence right we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine Independence right we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine Independence right we could
+compute this thing and this thing uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this thing and this thing uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this thing and this thing uh or
+we can compute this thing and this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can compute this thing and this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can compute this thing and this thing
+uh and if they're equal it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if they're equal it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if they're equal it's the same
+thing as that condition being true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as that condition being true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as that condition being true
+notably uh this definition or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notably uh this definition or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notably uh this definition or this
+condition sometimes this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition sometimes this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition sometimes this is the
+definition of independence you might see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of independence you might see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of independence you might see
+both uh they're they're equivalent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh they're they're equivalent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh they're they're equivalent so
+you could use either one this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use either one this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use either one this definition
+is symmetric in A and B if I swap A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric in A and B if I swap A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric in A and B if I swap A and
+B I get exactly the same thing right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I get exactly the same thing right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I get exactly the same thing right a
+intersect B is the same as B intersect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect B is the same as B intersect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect B is the same as B intersect a
+probability of a times probability of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a times probability of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a times probability of B
+is the same thing as probability of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same thing as probability of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same thing as probability of B
+times probability of a so uh I no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times probability of a so uh I no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times probability of a so uh I no longer
+have to say a is independent of B I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say a is independent of B I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say a is independent of B I can
+just say A and B are independent without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say A and B are independent without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say A and B are independent without
+worrying about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about
+uh which one's first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which one's first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which one's first so
+corollary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of is a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation a is independent of B if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation a is independent of B if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation a is independent of B if and
+only if B is independent of a so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if B is independent of a so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if B is independent of a so I'll
+just talk about A and B being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk about A and B being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk about A and B being
+independent for from now on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent for from now on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent for from now on this
+definition is not obviously symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is not obviously symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is not obviously symmetric
+but now that you know that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now that you know that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now that you know that these are
+interchangeable if it's easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable if it's easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable if it's easier to
+compute probability of B given a you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute probability of B given a you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute probability of B given a you can
+do that as well you can do probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that as well you can do probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that as well you can do probability
+of B given a equals probability of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B given a equals probability of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B given a equals probability of B
+that's just as good as checking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just as good as checking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just as good as checking this
+one not obvious from that definition but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one not obvious from that definition but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one not obvious from that definition but
+through this transformation it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this transformation it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this transformation it becomes
+obvious all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right let's uh let's do some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's uh let's do some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's uh let's do some more
+interesting examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's start
+with flipping to Independent Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coins okay now that you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins okay now that you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins okay now that you know what
+Independence means we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence means we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence means we're going to be
+using it a lot uh in particular just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it a lot uh in particular just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it a lot uh in particular just as
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+assumption uh a lot of probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption uh a lot of probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption uh a lot of probability
+problems are not well defined unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are not well defined unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are not well defined unless you
+specify as part of the statement that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify as part of the statement that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify as part of the statement that uh
+two random events are independent from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two random events are independent from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two random events are independent from
+each other you already saw this in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other you already saw this in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other you already saw this in your
+problem set we wanted all of the errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set we wanted all of the errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set we wanted all of the errors
+that the bots made to be independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bots made to be independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bots made to be independent
+from each other meaning uh whether one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other meaning uh whether one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other meaning uh whether one
+thing happens does not influence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happens does not influence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happens does not influence the
+outcome of the other so a simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of the other so a simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of the other so a simple example
+of this where you this is a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this where you this is a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this where you this is a reasonable
+assumption is you have two coins uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is you have two coins uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is you have two coins uh I
+don't use physical money anymore but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use physical money anymore but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use physical money anymore but
+imagine you have two coins and you flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have two coins and you flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have two coins and you flip
+them whether this one comes out heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them whether this one comes out heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them whether this one comes out heads
+and whether this one comes out heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether this one comes out heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether this one comes out heads
+should be independent of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be independent of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be independent of each other
+unless you I don't know glue the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you I don't know glue the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you I don't know glue the two
+coins together then they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins together then they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins together then they're very
+dependent I used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent I used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent I used it
+dependent um so usually when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent um so usually when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent um so usually when we're
+saying we're going to flip a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we're going to flip a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we're going to flip a bunch of
+coins we need to specify are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins we need to specify are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins we need to specify are they
+somehow linked together maybe I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow linked together maybe I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow linked together maybe I don't
+know they have some quantum entanglement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they have some quantum entanglement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they have some quantum entanglement
+and whether one comes out heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether one comes out heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether one comes out heads
+influences the other or they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences the other or they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences the other or they're
+physically attached or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically attached or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically attached or something like
+that but normally we think of the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but normally we think of the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but normally we think of the case
+where the coins are all dependent okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the coins are all dependent okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the coins are all dependent okay
+so we're going to use Independence also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to use Independence also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to use Independence also
+as an assumption in the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an assumption in the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an assumption in the problem
+statement and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and that
+specifies uh in some sense what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies uh in some sense what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies uh in some sense what your
+sample space should be then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space should be then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space should be then there's
+another assumption here which is fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another assumption here which is fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another assumption here which is fair
+that means that they come out 50% heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that they come out 50% heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that they come out 50% heads
+50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50%
+Tails so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails so
+um sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space is uh heads and tails squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is uh heads and tails squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is uh heads and tails squared so
+heads and tails cross heads and tails uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and tails cross heads and tails uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and tails cross heads and tails uh
+the the set of pairs heads Tails heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the set of pairs heads Tails heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the set of pairs heads Tails heads
+Tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails
+um or X Y where X and Y are in H or T I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or X Y where X and Y are in H or T I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or X Y where X and Y are in H or T I
+forget whether we've squared sets before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget whether we've squared sets before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget whether we've squared sets before
+but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the
+meaning just like the cross product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning just like the cross product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning just like the cross product of
+two of them um and so there's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them um and so there's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them um and so there's like a
+there's the first coin and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the first coin and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the first coin and the second
+coin this is an ordered pair and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin this is an ordered pair and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin this is an ordered pair and they're
+each equally likely the assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each equally likely the assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each equally likely the assumption that
+they're independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent
+tells us they should be uh all all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us they should be uh all all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us they should be uh all all of
+these outcomes are equally likely or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these outcomes are equally likely or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these outcomes are equally likely or the
+assumption that they're independent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that they're independent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that they're independent and
+fair makes them all equally likely I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair makes them all equally likely I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair makes them all equally likely I
+guess all right so let's do this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess all right so let's do this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess all right so let's do this more
+precisely let's say a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely let's say a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely let's say a is the
+event uh that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event uh that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event uh that the first
+coin uh comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heads El
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads El
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads El
+is uh and let's let B be the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and let's let B be the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and let's let B be the event
+that the second coin comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hits okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits okay
+um I would like to claim that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would like to claim that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would like to claim that these two
+events are independent from each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events are independent from each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events are independent from each other
+not just by assumption but by Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just by assumption but by Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just by assumption but by Computing
+according to either of these formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to either of these formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to either of these formulas
+okay so let's let's do that so we fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's let's do that so we fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's let's do that so we fully
+understand situation I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand situation I'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand situation I'm going to draw
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+here so this is the first first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is the first first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is the first first
+coin and this is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin and this is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin and this is the second
+coin each one can be heads or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tails okay and because we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails okay and because we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails okay and because we're assuming
+fair this should be probability half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair this should be probability half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair this should be probability half
+this should be probability half also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be probability half also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be probability half also
+here the probability of each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the probability of each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the probability of each of these
+coin flips being header taals given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin flips being header taals given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin flips being header taals given the
+previous one uh it doesn't matter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one uh it doesn't matter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one uh it doesn't matter that
+the first one happen so uh we just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one happen so uh we just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one happen so uh we just write
+a half half on all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half half on all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half half on all of these
+edges okay so now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges okay so now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges okay so now I want to
+say let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+probability of B given a this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B given a this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B given a this is going
+to be a little bit circular because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little bit circular because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little bit circular because
+we're using Independence both as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using Independence both as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using Independence both as an
+assumption and the thing we're Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and the thing we're Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and the thing we're Computing
+but we should be used to drawing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we should be used to drawing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we should be used to drawing these
+kinds of diagrams under this implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of diagrams under this implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of diagrams under this implicit
+Independence assumption by now we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence assumption by now we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence assumption by now we are
+told this the number we write here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told this the number we write here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told this the number we write here is
+the probability of this thing happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of this thing happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of this thing happening
+given that this one happened okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that this one happened okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that this one happened okay so
+probability of B given a uh so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B given a uh so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B given a uh so this this
+was um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um a
+is this Edge right I guess this node is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this Edge right I guess this node is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this Edge right I guess this node is
+event a in some sense a is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a in some sense a is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a in some sense a is that the
+first coin flip was a heads so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first coin flip was a heads so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first coin flip was a heads so
+probability of B given a is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B given a is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B given a is exactly the
+probability written on this Edge because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability written on this Edge because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability written on this Edge because
+this would be uh B given a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be uh B given a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be uh B given a that
+event a happened and then B happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a happened and then B happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a happened and then B happened
+or I guess the maybe the edge is more is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I guess the maybe the edge is more is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I guess the maybe the edge is more is
+thought of this way this is more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of this way this is more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of this way this is more like a
+intersect B that they both happened okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect B that they both happened okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect B that they both happened okay
+but however you slice it probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but however you slice it probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but however you slice it probability of
+B given a is a half that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B given a is a half that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B given a is a half that's what we
+defined the probability of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the probability of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the probability of the second
+coin being a heads given that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin being a heads given that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin being a heads given that the first
+one is also a heads shouldn't matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is also a heads shouldn't matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is also a heads shouldn't matter is
+a half and on the other hand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half and on the other hand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half and on the other hand the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+of second coin being heads by itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of second coin being heads by itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of second coin being heads by itself is
+a half so yes it's independent I may say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half so yes it's independent I may say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half so yes it's independent I may say
+okay not a very exciting example let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not a very exciting example let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not a very exciting example let's
+uh slightly more exciting is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh slightly more exciting is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh slightly more exciting is that uh
+let's say first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say first
+coin uh heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is
+p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+coin uh heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin uh heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin uh heads
+probability is q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is q
+so I invest in some weighted coins it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I invest in some weighted coins it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I invest in some weighted coins it's
+probability of P that the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of P that the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of P that the first one
+comes up heads probability of Q the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up heads probability of Q the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up heads probability of Q the
+second one comes up heads maybe p and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one comes up heads maybe p and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one comes up heads maybe p and Q
+are equal to half or maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to half or maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to half or maybe there's
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+else uh then still I get for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh then still I get for example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh then still I get for example uh
+I don't know the probability that A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know the probability that A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know the probability that A and
+B happens is going to be P *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B happens is going to be P *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B happens is going to be P *
+Q it's hard to do this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q it's hard to do this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q it's hard to do this without
+assumption that these are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that these are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that these are independent
+events but this is this is how we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events but this is this is how we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events but this is this is how we've
+been Computing things and that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been Computing things and that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been Computing things and that's also
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+a product with probability B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product with probability B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product with probability B
+okay not very exciting let's make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not very exciting let's make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not very exciting let's make this
+interesting and Define some events that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and Define some events that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and Define some events that
+are not just a function of one coin but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not just a function of one coin but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not just a function of one coin but
+in fact depend on the entire sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact depend on the entire sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact depend on the entire sample
+space so I'm going to go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so I'm going to go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so I'm going to go back to this
+example and define s to be the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh I guess I should write a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I guess I should write a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I guess I should write a and b
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+independent here and a and b are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent here and a and b are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent here and a and b are
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+here okay but now I'm going to write an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay but now I'm going to write an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay but now I'm going to write an
+event that's not so obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the S event is going to be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the S event is going to be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the S event is going to be that the
+coin flips come out the same either both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin flips come out the same either both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin flips come out the same either both
+heads or both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tails okay this clearly involves both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails okay this clearly involves both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails okay this clearly involves both
+coin flips so you might think that s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin flips so you might think that s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin flips so you might think that s and
+a say are dependent on each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a say are dependent on each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a say are dependent on each other
+intuitively they are but according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively they are but according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively they are but according to
+this definition they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent that's the claim so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent that's the claim so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent that's the claim so let's
+compute it um I claim the easy one is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it um I claim the easy one is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it um I claim the easy one is to
+compute probability of s given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute probability of s given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute probability of s given
+a so in this diagram a is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so in this diagram a is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so in this diagram a is that we're
+here uh that we flipped ahead so far and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh that we flipped ahead so far and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh that we flipped ahead so far and
+now I want to know the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to know the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to know the probability that
+the coins come out the same well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coins come out the same well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coins come out the same well
+condition on a being a heads that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on a being a heads that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on a being a heads that's the
+same as the probability of uh the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the probability of uh the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the probability of uh the second
+coin being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin being
+heads right so this is just uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads right so this is just uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads right so this is just uh the
+probability of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B
+which is not quite what I wanted we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not quite what I wanted we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not quite what I wanted we
+wanted it to be probability of s I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it to be probability of s I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it to be probability of s I guess
+but it is equal to the probability of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is equal to the probability of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is equal to the probability of b
+um which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is a
+half by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half by
+assumption on the other hand we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption on the other hand we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption on the other hand we want to
+know is the probability of s the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is the probability of s the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is the probability of s the same
+thing well probability of s is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well probability of s is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well probability of s is uh
+corresponds to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this
+node and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and this
+node right this is the head's heads case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node right this is the head's heads case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node right this is the head's heads case
+this is the Tail's tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Tail's tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Tail's tails
+case uh we know the probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh we know the probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh we know the probability of this
+is a quarter because it's 12 * 1/2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a quarter because it's 12 * 1/2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a quarter because it's 12 * 1/2 and
+the probability of this is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of this is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of this is also a
+quarter 12 * 1/2 we know all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter 12 * 1/2 we know all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter 12 * 1/2 we know all of these
+are equally likely a quarter and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equally likely a quarter and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equally likely a quarter and so
+probability of s is the sum of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of s is the sum of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of s is the sum of those
+two uh this is quarter plus a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh this is quarter plus a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh this is quarter plus a quarter
+also known as a half and so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as a half and so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as a half and so these two
+things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are
+equal so you can think of this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so you can think of this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so you can think of this as a
+betting game suppose uh I ask you to bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting game suppose uh I ask you to bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting game suppose uh I ask you to bet
+on whether uh two coins are are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether uh two coins are are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether uh two coins are are going to
+come out the same or different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out the same or different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out the same or different and
+they're Fair independent coins so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Fair independent coins so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Fair independent coins so I'm
+going to flip them and you get a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to flip them and you get a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to flip them and you get a dollar
+if they're the same and you lose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're the same and you lose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're the same and you lose a
+dollar if they're different or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar if they're different or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar if they're different or something
+like that um if I flip the first coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that um if I flip the first coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that um if I flip the first coin
+and it comes out heads that doesn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes out heads that doesn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes out heads that doesn't tell
+you anything uh you're still going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anything uh you're still going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anything uh you're still going to
+have a half half probability of winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a half half probability of winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a half half probability of winning
+when the second flip happens right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the second flip happens right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the second flip happens right uh
+doing the first flip does not tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the first flip does not tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the first flip does not tell you
+anything about whether the second flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about whether the second flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about whether the second flip
+is going to be the same as the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the same as the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the same as the first one
+because it's still equally likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's still equally likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's still equally likely to be
+equal or not equal that's what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal or not equal that's what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal or not equal that's what this is
+formalizing okay but until you compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalizing okay but until you compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalizing okay but until you compute
+it I would say this is not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I would say this is not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I would say this is not exactly
+obvious all right let's do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious all right let's do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious all right let's do the same
+thing so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so here
+uh A and S are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh A and S are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh A and S are
+independent let's try the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent let's try the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent let's try the same thing
+with unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unfair
+coins suppose we have uh parties p and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins suppose we have uh parties p and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins suppose we have uh parties p and Q
+and we have S is the event that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have S is the event that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have S is the event that the
+coins come out the same now things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins come out the same now things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins come out the same now things are
+not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so
+easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so what's the probability that they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the probability that they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the probability that they come
+out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the
+same maybe I should draw this tree again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same maybe I should draw this tree again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same maybe I should draw this tree again
+for the not same ca for the unfair case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the not same ca for the unfair case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the not same ca for the unfair case
+so we've got heads tails for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got heads tails for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got heads tails for the first
+coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin
+so this is probability P this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is probability P this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is probability P this is
+probability 1 minus p and then we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 minus p and then we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 minus p and then we've got
+heads and tails for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coin which we're assuming now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin which we're assuming now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin which we're assuming now is
+probability q and one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q independent of what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before okay and still s is this plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay and still s is this plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay and still s is this plus
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and so we just take these products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we just take these products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we just take these products and
+add them up so probability of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them up so probability of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them up so probability of s
+probability of heads Heads maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads Heads maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads Heads maybe I'll
+write it out uh probability of heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out uh probability of heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out uh probability of heads
+Heads plus the probability of Tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heads plus the probability of Tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heads plus the probability of Tails
+Tails uh the first one is p * Q so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails uh the first one is p * Q so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails uh the first one is p * Q so the
+probability of getting the first heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting the first heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting the first heads
+is p the probability of getting second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p the probability of getting second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p the probability of getting second
+heads is q and by assumption these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads is q and by assumption these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads is q and by assumption these are
+independent so I can take their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so I can take their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so I can take their
+product uh and the other one is 1 P * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product uh and the other one is 1 P * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product uh and the other one is 1 P * 1
+- q and now I just get some ugly algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- q and now I just get some ugly algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- q and now I just get some ugly algebra
+this is like 2 p q minus P minus Q + 1 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like 2 p q minus P minus Q + 1 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like 2 p q minus P minus Q + 1 I
+think Check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Check
+Yes okay uh on the other hand let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes okay uh on the other hand let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes okay uh on the other hand let's try
+uh probability of s given a this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probability of s given a this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probability of s given a this one is
+actually easy because uh this is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually easy because uh this is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually easy because uh this is saying
+okay we condition here's a we condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we condition here's a we condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we condition here's a we condition
+on there being a heads in the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there being a heads in the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there being a heads in the first step
+what's the probability that the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that the same
+well that's the same as the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the same as the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the same as the probability
+that the second coin comes up heads as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second coin comes up heads as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second coin comes up heads as
+well and so that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q so uh these things are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so uh these things are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so uh these things are going to be
+independent so I guess uh s and a are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so I guess uh s and a are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so I guess uh s and a are
+independent if and only if uh 2 PQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if and only if uh 2 PQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if and only if uh 2 PQ
+Min - P - Q + 1 = Q in other words uh 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min - P - Q + 1 = Q in other words uh 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min - P - Q + 1 = Q in other words uh 2
+p q - P - 2 Q + 1 =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p q - P - 2 Q + 1 =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p q - P - 2 Q + 1 =
+0 and this happens to factor I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and this happens to factor I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and this happens to factor I don't
+claim this is obvious but it is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim this is obvious but it is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim this is obvious but it is the same
+as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh
+2 Q minus 1 pus 1 = 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so uh there's two there's two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh there's two there's two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh there's two there's two ways
+to for this to be true one is that P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for this to be true one is that P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for this to be true one is that P
+equals one in other words the first coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one in other words the first coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one in other words the first coin
+always comes up heads I would call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always comes up heads I would call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always comes up heads I would call that
+a one-sided coin or you can make them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-sided coin or you can make them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-sided coin or you can make them by
+manufacturing coin that's heads on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing coin that's heads on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing coin that's heads on both
+sides that's a two-sided coin but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides that's a two-sided coin but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides that's a two-sided coin but really
+only one side or uh Q is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one side or uh Q is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one side or uh Q is a
+half so if Q is a Fair coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so if Q is a Fair coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so if Q is a Fair coin
+sorry if if the second coin is a Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if if the second coin is a Fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if if the second coin is a Fair
+coin then s and a are independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin then s and a are independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin then s and a are independent of
+each other and so uh this tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and so uh this tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and so uh this tells us that
+uh what we found here which was that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we found here which was that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we found here which was that s
+and a were independent of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a were independent of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a were independent of each other
+really needs that the coins are fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really needs that the coins are fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really needs that the coins are fair
+fair coins and one-sided coins are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair coins and one-sided coins are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair coins and one-sided coins are the
+only situation where uh this s event uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only situation where uh this s event uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only situation where uh this s event uh
+here that the coins come out the same is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that the coins come out the same is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that the coins come out the same is
+independent of the first or second coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the first or second coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the first or second coin
+so if we were playing this gambling game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were playing this gambling game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were playing this gambling game
+with unfair coins and you knew p andq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unfair coins and you knew p andq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unfair coins and you knew p andq
+and I told you that the first one came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I told you that the first one came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I told you that the first one came
+out heads that actually uh tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out heads that actually uh tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out heads that actually uh tells you
+something about whether you're more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about whether you're more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about whether you're more or
+less likely to uh for the next coin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely to uh for the next coin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely to uh for the next coin to
+match it because then matching is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match it because then matching is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match it because then matching is no
+longer uh symmetric all right so lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer uh symmetric all right so lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer uh symmetric all right so lots of
+examples of coin flipping um maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of coin flipping um maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of coin flipping um maybe it
+gives you some intuition for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you some intuition for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you some intuition for some
+examples that are independent and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that are independent and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that are independent and some
+that are dependent why do we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are dependent why do we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are dependent why do we care about
+nfir coins uh well one fun uh fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nfir coins uh well one fun uh fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nfir coins uh well one fun uh fact is
+that normal coins are not fair they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that normal coins are not fair they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that normal coins are not fair they're
+more likely to come up the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to come up the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to come up the same
+orientation that you flip that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation that you flip that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation that you flip that you
+started in then they are to flip over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in then they are to flip over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in then they are to flip over
+and there's a nice physics model by perc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a nice physics model by perc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a nice physics model by perc
+diaconus and others uh from back in 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diaconus and others uh from back in 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diaconus and others uh from back in 2007
+that uh computes that for normal coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh computes that for normal coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh computes that for normal coin
+flips uh you should get uh about 51%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips uh you should get uh about 51%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips uh you should get uh about 51%
+chance of staying on the same side so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of staying on the same side so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of staying on the same side so if
+you play this game with somebody and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play this game with somebody and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play this game with somebody and you
+make money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money
+uh please thank us um there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh please thank us um there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh please thank us um there's there's
+this thing called procession coins when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing called procession coins when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing called procession coins when
+you flip them vigorously as they say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you flip them vigorously as they say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you flip them vigorously as they say uh
+they tend to also spin in this way which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to also spin in this way which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to also spin in this way which
+does not cause them to flip over and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not cause them to flip over and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not cause them to flip over and so
+they spend more time a little more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spend more time a little more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spend more time a little more time
+uh face original versus face upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh face original versus face upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh face original versus face upside down
+and that gives you a slightly higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you a slightly higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you a slightly higher
+chance uh on the right is a is a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance uh on the right is a is a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance uh on the right is a is a machine
+that always flips the coin the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always flips the coin the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always flips the coin the same
+number of flips and so it always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of flips and so it always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of flips and so it always
+produces the same result that's cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the same result that's cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the same result that's cheating
+uh this theoretical model was recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this theoretical model was recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this theoretical model was recently
+verified experimentally for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified experimentally for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified experimentally for
+350,000 real coin flips uh by these 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+350,000 real coin flips uh by these 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+350,000 real coin flips uh by these 50
+authors this was like an online Internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors this was like an online Internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors this was like an online Internet
+collaboration uh just completed last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration uh just completed last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration uh just completed last
+late last year um and uh they compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late last year um and uh they compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late last year um and uh they compute
+maybe not 51% but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not 51% but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not 51% but
+50.8% is the thing that they get or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50.8% is the thing that they get or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50.8% is the thing that they get or
+somewhere between 50.6 and 50.9 so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between 50.6 and 50.9 so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between 50.6 and 50.9 so it
+confirms this this intuition although it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirms this this intuition although it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirms this this intuition although it
+does depend somewhat which currency you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does depend somewhat which currency you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does depend somewhat which currency you
+use and uh who you are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and uh who you are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and uh who you are different
+flippers have a different style in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flippers have a different style in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flippers have a different style in
+flipping and so your personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping and so your personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping and so your personal
+probability may be different from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability may be different from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability may be different from this
+one so keep that in mind uh there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so keep that in mind uh there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so keep that in mind uh there are a
+zillion videos uh online of these like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion videos uh online of these like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion videos uh online of these like
+12-hour marathons just so you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12-hour marathons just so you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12-hour marathons just so you know for
+verifiable science where you can watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifiable science where you can watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifiable science where you can watch
+people flipping coins and typing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people flipping coins and typing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people flipping coins and typing in the
+result and flipping coin type in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and flipping coin type in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and flipping coin type in the
+result and anyway that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and anyway that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and anyway that
+is uh you can watch this for the next 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you can watch this for the next 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you can watch this for the next 12
+hours or we could go back to lecture um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours or we could go back to lecture um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours or we could go back to lecture um
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so some more Concepts uh Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some more Concepts uh Independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some more Concepts uh Independence
+between two events is kind of cool but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two events is kind of cool but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two events is kind of cool but
+what if we have more than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we have more than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we have more than two
+events we do this all the time in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events we do this all the time in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events we do this all the time in this
+class we talk about uh I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we talk about uh I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we talk about uh I don't know
+whether two vertices in a graph are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether two vertices in a graph are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether two vertices in a graph are
+connected and then we want to know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected and then we want to know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected and then we want to know well
+what about what if the we want the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about what if the we want the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about what if the we want the whole
+graph to be connected what if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph to be connected what if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph to be connected what if we want
+all the the vertices in the graph to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the the vertices in the graph to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the the vertices in the graph to be
+connected for that it was enough to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected for that it was enough to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected for that it was enough to do
+things pairwise we said well if every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things pairwise we said well if every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things pairwise we said well if every
+pair vertic sees there's a path then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair vertic sees there's a path then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair vertic sees there's a path then
+then that's a connected graph that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's a connected graph that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's a connected graph that
+turned out to be the right answer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be the right answer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be the right answer for
+graph connectivity with probability it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph connectivity with probability it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph connectivity with probability it's
+much more annoying so uh one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more annoying so uh one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more annoying so uh one thing you
+might Define is what we call pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Independence so uh I guess let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence so uh I guess let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence so uh I guess let's suppose
+I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+events um E1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events um E1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events um E1
+through en n then I'll call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through en n then I'll call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through en n then I'll call them
+pairwise independent if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise independent if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise independent if
+uh for all I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J uh between one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J uh between one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J uh between one and
+N uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N uh
+with I not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I not equal to
+J um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J um
+EI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI
+and EJ are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent okay of course EI and EI are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay of course EI and EI are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay of course EI and EI are
+not independent that's the it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not independent that's the it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not independent that's the it's one of
+the overlapping cases uh so EI is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overlapping cases uh so EI is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overlapping cases uh so EI is not
+going to be independent from itself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be independent from itself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be independent from itself but
+it should be independent from all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be independent from all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be independent from all the
+others okay this would be the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others okay this would be the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others okay this would be the natural
+pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise
+definition on the other hand we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition on the other hand we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition on the other hand we have a
+stronger notion called Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Independence this is more annoying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence this is more annoying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence this is more annoying to
+verify but it's probably what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify but it's probably what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify but it's probably what you
+actually want and it says not only if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want and it says not only if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want and it says not only if I
+take any two events they're independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any two events they're independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any two events they're independent
+from each other but if I take any subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other but if I take any subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other but if I take any subset
+of of events it's independent from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of events it's independent from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of events it's independent from any
+one event you could also compare subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one event you could also compare subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one event you could also compare subsets
+to subsets that doesn't turn out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subsets that doesn't turn out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subsets that doesn't turn out to
+matter so what matters is uh if you fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so what matters is uh if you fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so what matters is uh if you fix
+any event EI so e uh I is between one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any event EI so e uh I is between one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any event EI so e uh I is between one
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+n and I take another set set J it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and I take another set set J it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and I take another set set J it's a
+subset of the elements from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the elements from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the elements from one to
+n uh except it should not have I because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh except it should not have I because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh except it should not have I because
+we don't want to compare EI to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to compare EI to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to compare EI to
+itself then we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself then we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself then we want
+EI to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+intersection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ejs so I forget whether you've seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejs so I forget whether you've seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejs so I forget whether you've seen this
+notation you've seen big Sigma for sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation you've seen big Sigma for sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation you've seen big Sigma for sums
+you've seen big Pi for products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen big Pi for products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen big Pi for products
+this is big uh big intersection for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is big uh big intersection for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is big uh big intersection for
+intersection I guess we ran out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection I guess we ran out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection I guess we ran out of
+clever idea clever Greek letters uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever idea clever Greek letters uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever idea clever Greek letters uh so
+this is just the intersection of EJ uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the intersection of EJ uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the intersection of EJ uh
+for all Little J and Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all Little J and Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all Little J and Big
+J so we want each event EI to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so we want each event EI to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so we want each event EI to be
+independent from the intersection of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from the intersection of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from the intersection of any
+subset of the other events this is uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the other events this is uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the other events this is uh a
+pain to verify for lots of events let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain to verify for lots of events let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain to verify for lots of events let's
+just think about it for three events for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about it for three events for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about it for three events for
+a little bit so there's on the one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit so there's on the one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit so there's on the one hand
+we have pair wise Pence where you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have pair wise Pence where you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have pair wise Pence where you just
+compare E1 versus E2 E2 versus E3 and E1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare E1 versus E2 E2 versus E3 and E1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare E1 versus E2 E2 versus E3 and E1
+versus E3 and here uh you do that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus E3 and here uh you do that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus E3 and here uh you do that but
+then you also compare like E1 versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you also compare like E1 versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you also compare like E1 versus the
+intersection of E2 and E3 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of E2 and E3 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of E2 and E3 and you
+compare uh E2 versus the intersection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare uh E2 versus the intersection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare uh E2 versus the intersection of
+E1 and E3 and you compare E3 with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 and E3 and you compare E3 with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 and E3 and you compare E3 with the
+intersection of E1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of E1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of E1 and
+E2 okay so twice as much work uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 okay so twice as much work uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 okay so twice as much work uh you
+check this Independence definition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this Independence definition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this Independence definition and
+you get your answer uh let us do uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your answer uh let us do uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your answer uh let us do uh an
+example maybe first some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motivation let's do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forensics okay suppose you are at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forensics okay suppose you are at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forensics okay suppose you are at a
+murder scene and you find nine pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder scene and you find nine pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder scene and you find nine pieces of
+evidence that's a lot of evidence it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that's a lot of evidence it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that's a lot of evidence it's
+probably not realistic but let's uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not realistic but let's uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not realistic but let's uh for
+sake of example uh say you find nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake of example uh say you find nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake of example uh say you find nine
+markers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers
+that a uh that are consistent with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a uh that are consistent with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a uh that are consistent with a
+particular suspect being at the scene of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular suspect being at the scene of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular suspect being at the scene of
+the crime uh DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crime uh DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crime uh DNA
+whatever uh and let's say Mi is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh and let's say Mi is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh and let's say Mi is the
+event that a randomly chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that a randomly chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that a randomly chosen
+human matches marker I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah I should tell you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah I should tell you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah I should tell you another
+version of mutual Independence which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of mutual Independence which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of mutual Independence which is
+useful uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equivalently this is the product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently this is the product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently this is the product rule
+form uh for any J that's a subset of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh for any J that's a subset of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh for any J that's a subset of one
+up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+n uh the probability of the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh the probability of the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh the probability of the intersection
+of EJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of EJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of EJ
+for J in Big J is equal to the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for J in Big J is equal to the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for J in Big J is equal to the product
+of the probabilities of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probabilities of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probabilities of the individual
+events J and Big J okay this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events J and Big J okay this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events J and Big J okay this is the
+natural generalization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural generalization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural generalization of
+uh what we had for the product rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we had for the product rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we had for the product rule for
+Independence between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence between two
+events okay so back to forensics we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events okay so back to forensics we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events okay so back to forensics we have
+uh suppose we have a bunch of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose we have a bunch of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose we have a bunch of these
+events and for each one we compute we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and for each one we compute we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and for each one we compute we
+know their probabil because we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know their probabil because we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know their probabil because we know
+taken lots of surveys or whatever let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken lots of surveys or whatever let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken lots of surveys or whatever let's
+say the probability of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the probability of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the probability of each
+Mi uh is equal to 10% 10% chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mi uh is equal to 10% 10% chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mi uh is equal to 10% 10% chance that
+you match this particular marker for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you match this particular marker for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you match this particular marker for
+each marker just for Simplicity so say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each marker just for Simplicity so say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each marker just for Simplicity so say
+it's the same for all of them in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same for all of them in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same for all of them in reality
+it would be different so uh You' now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be different so uh You' now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be different so uh You' now
+what we care about uh supposing that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we care about uh supposing that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we care about uh supposing that so
+this is just assuming like sampling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just assuming like sampling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just assuming like sampling a
+random human uh maybe in the area I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random human uh maybe in the area I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random human uh maybe in the area I
+don't know let's say All Humans we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know let's say All Humans we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know let's say All Humans we're
+fair or something we have no prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair or something we have no prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair or something we have no prior
+assumption then um what we care about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption then um what we care about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption then um what we care about is
+the probability that all of these come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that all of these come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that all of these come
+out as matching our particular human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as matching our particular human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as matching our particular human
+that we have in mind so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in mind so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in mind so we have a
+suspect and now we want to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect and now we want to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect and now we want to take the
+intersection of all those events we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of all those events we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of all those events we want
+to and suppose that human matches all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and suppose that human matches all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and suppose that human matches all of
+those markers now we want to know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those markers now we want to know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those markers now we want to know what's
+the probability that that happen for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that that happen for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that that happen for a
+random human and you would like to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random human and you would like to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random human and you would like to say
+this is 1 10 9 one and billion chance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 1 10 9 one and billion chance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 1 10 9 one and billion chance so
+there's only like six people who could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only like six people who could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only like six people who could
+match uh but that's only true if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match uh but that's only true if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match uh but that's only true if these
+events are mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent it's actually true if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent it's actually true if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent it's actually true if and
+only if the events are mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if the events are mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if the events are mutually
+independent this is the definition a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent this is the definition a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent this is the definition a
+definition of mutual Independence well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of mutual Independence well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of mutual Independence well
+okay so mutual Independence is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so mutual Independence is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so mutual Independence is a little
+stronger it says not only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger it says not only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger it says not only the
+intersection of all nine events uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of all nine events uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of all nine events uh is
+the product probability is the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product probability is the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product probability is the product
+of the probabilities but also for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probabilities but also for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probabilities but also for any
+subset of those nine events so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of those nine events so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of those nine events so that's
+crucial uh we don't need that for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial uh we don't need that for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial uh we don't need that for this
+example this example we only care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this example we only care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this example we only care about
+the intersection of all nine but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of all nine but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of all nine but if you
+want to prove that something is mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove that something is mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove that something is mutually
+independent you need to check all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent you need to check all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent you need to check all of the
+events intersected together and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events intersected together and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events intersected together and also
+different subsets of them intersected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subsets of them intersected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subsets of them intersected
+together so keep that in mind on problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so keep that in mind on problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so keep that in mind on problem
+sets let's do uh a more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets let's do uh a more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets let's do uh a more interesting
+example uh where this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay back to coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay back to coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay back to coin
+flipping the source of all examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping the source of all examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping the source of all examples
+today uh let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh let's say we
+flip three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip three
+mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+coins Fair coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to State Independence as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to State Independence as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to State Independence as
+an assumption this is again this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assumption this is again this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assumption this is again this is now
+saying that the coins are not related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the coins are not related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the coins are not related
+any way they're each flipped completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way they're each flipped completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way they're each flipped completely
+separately from each other no impact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately from each other no impact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately from each other no impact uh
+from one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to the
+other according to that definition say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other according to that definition say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other according to that definition say
+but now I'm going to Define some events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I'm going to Define some events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I'm going to Define some events
+that are interesting so a is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are interesting so a is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are interesting so a is going to be
+uh the event that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the event that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the event that uh the
+first and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and second
+coins come out the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you flip
+them uh event B is going to be the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh event B is going to be the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh event B is going to be the event
+that the second and third coins come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second and third coins come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second and third coins come out
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same and event C is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and event C is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and event C is going to be the
+event that the third and first coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that the third and first coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that the third and first coins
+come out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same are these events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same are these events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same are these events
+independent I don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent I don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent I don't think it's
+obvious so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compute all right let's start with par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute all right let's start with par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute all right let's start with par
+wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise
+Independence let's think about uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence let's think about uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence let's think about uh say
+the probability of a intersect B versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a intersect B versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a intersect B versus
+the product of the probab ities of A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the probab ities of A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the probab ities of A and
+B so we I mean we did this if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we I mean we did this if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we I mean we did this if you were
+strict to just a for example let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict to just a for example let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict to just a for example let's let's
+start with probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a probability of a only depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability of a only depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability of a only depends on the
+first and second coins so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and second coins so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and second coins so this is
+exactly an example we saw before where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly an example we saw before where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly an example we saw before where
+we just flipped two independent coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just flipped two independent coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just flipped two independent coins
+and we had this s was the event that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had this s was the event that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had this s was the event that the
+coins are the same so that's probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins are the same so that's probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins are the same so that's probability
+of s that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s that's going to
+be2 okay so probability of a a over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be2 okay so probability of a a over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be2 okay so probability of a a over here
+sorry for the relabeling this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for the relabeling this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for the relabeling this is just
+like probability of s before and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like probability of s before and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like probability of s before and so it's
+12 okay probability of each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 okay probability of each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 okay probability of each of these
+events is individually 1/2 so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events is individually 1/2 so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events is individually 1/2 so what we
+would like is for the intersection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like is for the intersection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like is for the intersection of
+two of them to be probability a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them to be probability a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them to be probability a quarter
+right 1 half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 1 half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 1 half
+times2 so let's see if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times2 so let's see if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times2 so let's see if it
+is all right now we have to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all right now we have to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all right now we have to actually
+look at the problem so a is the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the problem so a is the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the problem so a is the event
+that the first and second coins are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first and second coins are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first and second coins are the
+same B is the event that the second and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same B is the event that the second and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same B is the event that the second and
+third coins are the same so this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third coins are the same so this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third coins are the same so this is like
+uh this is like coin 1 equals coin 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is like coin 1 equals coin 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is like coin 1 equals coin 2 and
+this is like coin 2 equals coin 3 so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like coin 2 equals coin 3 so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like coin 2 equals coin 3 so if
+they're if both of those things happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're if both of those things happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're if both of those things happen
+if C1 equals C2 and C2 equal C3 uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C1 equals C2 and C2 equal C3 uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C1 equals C2 and C2 equal C3 uh the
+the intersection here is um C1 = C2 =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C3 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh in other words this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in other words this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in other words this is the
+probability of heads heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads heads
+Heads uh I guess I'll WR as a set oh boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heads uh I guess I'll WR as a set oh boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heads uh I guess I'll WR as a set oh boy
+too many too many brackets I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many too many brackets I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many too many brackets I'm gonna
+have all three types of brackets this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all three types of brackets this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all three types of brackets this is
+exciting probability gets square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting probability gets square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting probability gets square
+brackets then set gets curly braces then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets then set gets curly braces then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets then set gets curly braces then
+an ordered pair gets round parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordered pair gets round parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordered pair gets round parentheses
+I'm happy they're all distinct makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy they're all distinct makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy they're all distinct makes it
+so much clearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much clearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much clearer
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+this this braced quantity in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this braced quantity in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this braced quantity in the middle
+here is an event remember events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an event remember events are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an event remember events are
+just sets over the S subsets of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sets over the S subsets of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sets over the S subsets of the
+sample space so it's a set of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space so it's a set of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space so it's a set of possible
+samples so uh a intersect B is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so uh a intersect B is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so uh a intersect B is the same
+thing as all the coins being the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as all the coins being the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as all the coins being the same
+that means headsets heads or tails Tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means headsets heads or tails Tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means headsets heads or tails Tails
+Tails okay so that probability we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails okay so that probability we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails okay so that probability we could
+rewrite this of course as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this of course as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this of course as the
+probability of headsets heads I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of headsets heads I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of headsets heads I'm going
+to Omit some parents here just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Omit some parents here just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Omit some parents here just for
+Simplicity plus the prob of tals tals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity plus the prob of tals tals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity plus the prob of tals tals
+tals because these are different samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tals because these are different samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tals because these are different samples
+they are dint from each other and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are dint from each other and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are dint from each other and so we
+can use the sum rule uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the sum rule uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the sum rule uh and the
+probability of each of those events is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of each of those events is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of each of those events is
+1/8 right it's 1/ half to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8 right it's 1/ half to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8 right it's 1/ half to the power
+three it's 1 12 * 1 12 * 1/2 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it's 1 12 * 1 12 * 1/2 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it's 1 12 * 1 12 * 1/2 because
+each of them is uh independent so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them is uh independent so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them is uh independent so this
+is 1/8 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1/8 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1/8 plus
+1/8 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8 which is
+one4 and that's what we uh not we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wanted that's funny I make a mistake I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted that's funny I make a mistake I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted that's funny I make a mistake I
+did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did oh no that's what I wanted right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did oh no that's what I wanted right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did oh no that's what I wanted right
+sorry this probability is a what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this probability is a what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this probability is a what I
+wanted was this for to equal not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted was this for to equal not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted was this for to equal not
+probability of a but probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a but probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a but probability of a
+times probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times probability of
+B uh these were each a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh these were each a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh these were each a
+half and so their product is a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and so their product is a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and so their product is a quarter
+and so that matches so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that matches so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that matches so these are
+pairwise independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I only computed it for a intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I only computed it for a intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I only computed it for a intersect
+B but you should also in principle do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but you should also in principle do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but you should also in principle do it
+for B intersect C and A intersect C all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for B intersect C and A intersect C all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for B intersect C and A intersect C all
+the pairs uh but by symmetry if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pairs uh but by symmetry if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pairs uh but by symmetry if you
+think about this the right way those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this the right way those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this the right way those
+will all come out the same okay I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all come out the same okay I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all come out the same okay I'll
+just wave my hands at that uh but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wave my hands at that uh but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wave my hands at that uh but what
+about Mutual Independence so these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Mutual Independence so these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Mutual Independence so these three
+events are mutually in or pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events are mutually in or pairwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events are mutually in or pairwise
+independent but they are not mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent but they are not mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent but they are not mutually
+independent let's prove that or let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent let's prove that or let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent let's prove that or let's
+compute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for that we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that we care
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+uh we could do probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we could do probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we could do probability of
+intersection I claim it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection I claim it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection I claim it's a little
+easier to think about this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to think about this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to think about this probability
+the probability of C given a intersect B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of C given a intersect B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of C given a intersect B
+because we just thought a lot about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just thought a lot about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just thought a lot about what
+a intersect b means it turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a intersect b means it turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a intersect b means it turns out to be
+equivalent to saying that the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying that the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying that the three
+coins are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins are the same
+so now what is the probability of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what is the probability of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what is the probability of C
+given that the three coins are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the three coins are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the three coins are the
+same prob C says the third coin and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same prob C says the third coin and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same prob C says the third coin and the
+first coin are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same so what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah remember this this notation means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah remember this this notation means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah remember this this notation means
+compute the probability of this event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the probability of this event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the probability of this event
+zooming in the special case where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming in the special case where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming in the special case where a
+intersect B is true so that in the S the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect B is true so that in the S the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect B is true so that in the S the
+sample space has eight possible spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space has eight possible spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space has eight possible spots
+it's like a it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a it's like a
+cube I guess each axis is heads or tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube I guess each axis is heads or tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube I guess each axis is heads or tails
+there's also a back back face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a back back face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a back back face
+here uh and what we're saying here is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and what we're saying here is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and what we're saying here is um
+a intersect B is just the two extremes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a intersect B is just the two extremes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a intersect B is just the two extremes
+heads heads Heads Tails Tails Tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads heads Heads Tails Tails Tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads heads Heads Tails Tails Tails
+maybe you're used to the cube and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're used to the cube and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're used to the cube and this
+is familiar that they're opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is familiar that they're opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is familiar that they're opposite
+Corners like this maybe not um and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corners like this maybe not um and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corners like this maybe not um and so if
+we zoom into just those two places and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we zoom into just those two places and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we zoom into just those two places and
+we want to evaluate well what's the CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to evaluate well what's the CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to evaluate well what's the CH
+what are the chances that coin 2 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the chances that coin 2 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the chances that coin 2 equals
+coin 3 or actually what was it no third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin 3 or actually what was it no third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin 3 or actually what was it no third
+first and third coins it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and third coins it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and third coins it doesn't matter
+right what are the chances that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what are the chances that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what are the chances that the
+first coin and the third coin are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first coin and the third coin are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first coin and the third coin are the
+same in these two scenarios well 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in these two scenarios well 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in these two scenarios well 100%
+it's guaranteed if you already know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's guaranteed if you already know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's guaranteed if you already know that
+all three coins are the same which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three coins are the same which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three coins are the same which is
+what we figured out a intersect b means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we figured out a intersect b means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we figured out a intersect b means
+then of course the first and third coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course the first and third coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course the first and third coins
+are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+same okay uh whereas the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay uh whereas the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay uh whereas the probability of
+C from the without any condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C from the without any condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C from the without any condition is
+1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+half sorry uh just like probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half sorry uh just like probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half sorry uh just like probability of a
+here that was the s that we computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that was the s that we computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that was the s that we computed
+before so these are different from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other uh so uh not mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent so this is kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so this is kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so this is kind of an
+interesting example where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example where you have
+pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise
+Independence but not full Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence but not full Independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence but not full Independence
+not not triple wise Independence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not triple wise Independence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not triple wise Independence and
+there's only three events so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only three events so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only three events so that's the
+most you could hope for uh in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most you could hope for uh in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most you could hope for uh in computer
+science these things actually matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science these things actually matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science these things actually matter
+when you do algorithms and like hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do algorithms and like hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do algorithms and like hashing
+in particular it matters how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it matters how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it matters how much
+Independence you have some hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence you have some hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence you have some hash
+functions are pawise independent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are pawise independent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are pawise independent or
+maybe three wise independent or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe three wise independent or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe three wise independent or five
+wise independent all these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise independent all these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise independent all these things are
+important Concepts in hashing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Concepts in hashing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Concepts in hashing for
+example but we won't we talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but we won't we talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but we won't we talking about
+that here that's the next class six 121
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right finally we have well one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right finally we have well one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right finally we have well one or two
+more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples okay um big one is the birthday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Paradox or you might call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox or you might call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox or you might call it the
+birthday principle but I like I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday principle but I like I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday principle but I like I like
+living in a contradiction so we'll keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in a contradiction so we'll keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in a contradiction so we'll keep
+it as a paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a paradox
+it's not a paradox it's just a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a paradox it's just a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a paradox it's just a a
+surprising fun fact something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising fun fact something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising fun fact something where
+intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition
+and uh does not match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mathematics uh so the the Paradox is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics uh so the the Paradox is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics uh so the the Paradox is
+that if you sample a bunch of people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you sample a bunch of people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you sample a bunch of people and
+measure their birthdays you're a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure their birthdays you're a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure their birthdays you're a lot
+more likely that you might expect to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely that you might expect to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely that you might expect to get
+them to uh to have two people with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to uh to have two people with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to uh to have two people with the
+same birthday okay let's call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same birthday okay let's call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same birthday okay let's call them
+Birthday Twins okay if you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birthday Twins okay if you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birthday Twins okay if you're actually
+Twins then you have the same birthday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twins then you have the same birthday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twins then you have the same birthday
+pretty almost certainly unless you span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty almost certainly unless you span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty almost certainly unless you span
+midnight uh but uh are there any twins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midnight uh but uh are there any twins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midnight uh but uh are there any twins
+in the audience or like both of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the audience or like both of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the audience or like both of you are
+here okay I didn't think so so then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay I didn't think so so then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay I didn't think so so then I'm
+going to assume that your birthdays are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that your birthdays are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that your birthdays are
+all independent from each other I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all independent from each other I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all independent from each other I think
+twins are pretty much the only way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twins are pretty much the only way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twins are pretty much the only way to
+get dependence um and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get dependence um and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get dependence um and I'm going to
+assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+that you're equally likely to be on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're equally likely to be on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're equally likely to be on all
+days and uh that's less true in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and uh that's less true in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and uh that's less true in reality
+uh but the the effect of the birthday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the the effect of the birthday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the the effect of the birthday
+Paradox will only be stronger if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox will only be stronger if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox will only be stronger if you
+have a non-uniform distribution like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a non-uniform distribution like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a non-uniform distribution like we
+do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in
+reality uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um given what you already know in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um given what you already know in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um given what you already know in this
+class in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in
+particular uh the pigeon hole principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh the pigeon hole principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh the pigeon hole principle
+or the Pidgey hole principle if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Pidgey hole principle if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Pidgey hole principle if you're a
+Pokemon fan um what how how many how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pokemon fan um what how how many how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pokemon fan um what how how many how
+many people do I need to take in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people do I need to take in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people do I need to take in order
+to guarantee that I have a duplicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guarantee that I have a duplicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guarantee that I have a duplicate
+birthday some Birthday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Twins you remember all the way back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twins you remember all the way back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twins you remember all the way back to
+the pige and H principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pige and H principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pige and H principle
+yeah 366 for a 365 day year which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 366 for a 365 day year which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 366 for a 365 day year which is
+which uh so D here let for example could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh so D here let for example could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh so D here let for example could
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+365 325 how many days are in a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+365 325 how many days are in a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+365 325 how many days are in a year
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um so in general if Nal D +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in general if Nal D +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in general if Nal D +
+1 uh then we get guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 uh then we get guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 uh then we get guaranteed
+duplicate and of course if it's bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also and the surprising thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and the surprising thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and the surprising thing is that
+probabilistically so this is for worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically so this is for worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically so this is for worst
+case Behavior I mean if I had n equals D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Behavior I mean if I had n equals D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Behavior I mean if I had n equals D
+could be each of you has their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be each of you has their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be each of you has their own
+birthday each person in their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday each person in their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday each person in their own
+birthday uh pigeon hole um but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday uh pigeon hole um but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday uh pigeon hole um but that's
+very unlikely it turns out and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unlikely it turns out and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unlikely it turns out and we're
+going to about to compute How likely it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to about to compute How likely it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to about to compute How likely it
+is so maybe we can do uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so maybe we can do uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so maybe we can do uh an
+experiment uh which is I'm going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh which is I'm going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh which is I'm going to see
+whether anyone here has the same any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether anyone here has the same any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether anyone here has the same any two
+people have the same birthday if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have the same birthday if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have the same birthday if you're
+willing to raise your hand so please pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to raise your hand so please pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to raise your hand so please pay
+attention because I want to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention because I want to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention because I want to go through
+days really fast so let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days really fast so let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days really fast so let's start with
+August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August
+the most common month so okay among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common month so okay among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common month so okay among the
+August people how many on August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August people how many on August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August people how many on August
+1 August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 August
+2nd August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2nd August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2nd August
+3rd August 4th August 5th August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3rd August 4th August 5th August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3rd August 4th August 5th August
+6th August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6th August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6th August
+7th August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th August
+8th August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8th August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8th August
+9 August 10 10 just one August 11 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 August 10 10 just one August 11 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 August 10 10 just one August 11 1
+August 12th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August 12th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August 12th
+oh two all right August 11th two August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh two all right August 11th two August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh two all right August 11th two August
+11th yay we did it didn't even have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th yay we did it didn't even have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th yay we did it didn't even have to
+get through August it's because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through August it's because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through August it's because we have
+quite a few people here um I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few people here um I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few people here um I don't know
+maybe a 100 so uh turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out for D equals 365 let's assume no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for D equals 365 let's assume no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for D equals 365 let's assume no
+leap years uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap years uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap years uh
+if okay so we had like a 100 people I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if okay so we had like a 100 people I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if okay so we had like a 100 people I'm
+going to going to warm you up with 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to going to warm you up with 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to going to warm you up with 23
+people 23 people is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people 23 people is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people 23 people is where the
+probability is just barely greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is just barely greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is just barely greater than
+50% that there's uh two people so big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% that there's uh two people so big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% that there's uh two people so big
+difference from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from
+365 uh n equal 30 the probability goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+365 uh n equal 30 the probability goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+365 uh n equal 30 the probability goes
+up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+70% n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70% n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70% n equal
+60 the probability goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to 97
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+% oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+% oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+% oh
+99%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+99.4% okay very high uh n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.4% okay very high uh n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.4% okay very high uh n equals
+100 and he guesses how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nines
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+six six nines a holy grail of 6 69 97%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a lot of nines okay so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of nines okay so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of nines okay so uh the
+probability grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability grows
+exponentially uh but in particular this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially uh but in particular this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially uh but in particular this
+break even point is surprisingly low uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break even point is surprisingly low uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break even point is surprisingly low uh
+23 versus 365 it's a little bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 versus 365 it's a little bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 versus 365 it's a little bigger than
+the square root it's like 1.2 time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root it's like 1.2 time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root it's like 1.2 time the
+square root of 365 is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 365 is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 365 is about
+23 uh so that's the surprise the Paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 uh so that's the surprise the Paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 uh so that's the surprise the Paradox
+let's compute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's actually similar to something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually similar to something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually similar to something we
+computed before in a combinatoric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed before in a combinatoric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed before in a combinatoric
+setting which was the uh how many dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting which was the uh how many dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting which was the uh how many dollar
+bills where uh there are how many dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills where uh there are how many dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills where uh there are how many dollar
+bills are there where none of the digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills are there where none of the digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills are there where none of the digits
+in the serial number uh were duplicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the serial number uh were duplicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the serial number uh were duplicate
+right so we computed that way back when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we computed that way back when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we computed that way back when
+I'm going to do a similar thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do a similar thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do a similar thing here
+similar trick uh let me first set up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar trick uh let me first set up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar trick uh let me first set up the
+sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space this is like coin flipping but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space this is like coin flipping but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space this is like coin flipping but
+more like rolling I suppose you have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like rolling I suppose you have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like rolling I suppose you have n
+people each of them rolls a desided die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people each of them rolls a desided die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people each of them rolls a desided die
+so that means the sample space is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means the sample space is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means the sample space is just
+the set of tpls uh do I want to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of tpls uh do I want to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of tpls uh do I want to call it
+D no let's call it B for birthday B1 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D no let's call it B for birthday B1 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D no let's call it B for birthday B1 up
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+BN uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN uh
+where each bi is between one and D let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each bi is between one and D let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each bi is between one and D let's
+say let's number our days one to D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's number our days one to D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's number our days one to D and
+this is a curly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brace uh the event that we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brace uh the event that we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brace uh the event that we care
+about is getting duplicate birthdays so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is getting duplicate birthdays so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is getting duplicate birthdays so
+this is uh so I'm going to call this s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh so I'm going to call this s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh so I'm going to call this s
+so what we are interested in is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we are interested in is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we are interested in is uh the
+set of tupal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of tupal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of tupal
+birthdays where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthdays where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthdays where
+um there are some two indices I and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are some two indices I and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are some two indices I and J
+where b i equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where b i equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where b i equals
+BJ right that's the duplicate birthday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BJ right that's the duplicate birthday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BJ right that's the duplicate birthday
+that's the Birthday Twins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this happens with high probability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens with high probability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens with high probability and
+is very annoying to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very annoying to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very annoying to compute the
+probability of uh but there's this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of uh but there's this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of uh but there's this one
+trick which you may recall from the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick which you may recall from the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick which you may recall from the uh
+when we were looking at serial numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were looking at serial numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were looking at serial numbers
+on dollar bills let's think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on dollar bills let's think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on dollar bills let's think about the
+complement event so if we look at e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement event so if we look at e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement event so if we look at e
+bar this is the set of birthday tupal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar this is the set of birthday tupal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar this is the set of birthday tupal
+where there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are no
+duplicates that's easier to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicates that's easier to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicates that's easier to figure out
+so we want to say for all I not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to say for all I not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to say for all I not equal to
+J bi does not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J bi does not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J bi does not equal
+BJ okay this is easier to think about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BJ okay this is easier to think about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BJ okay this is easier to think about as
+a process if we think of this going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process if we think of this going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process if we think of this going back
+to like generalized product rule uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like generalized product rule uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like generalized product rule uh how
+we want to know how many different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know how many different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know how many different ways
+are there to do this where the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there to do this where the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there to do this where the first
+birthday that I choose it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday that I choose it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday that I choose it could be
+anyone I don't care there's D different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone I don't care there's D different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone I don't care there's D different
+possibilities for the birth first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for the birth first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for the birth first
+birthday that I choose then uh the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday that I choose then uh the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday that I choose then uh the next
+birthday I choose there's D minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday I choose there's D minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday I choose there's D minus one
+options if I want to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options if I want to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options if I want to avoid
+duplication okay then the next birthday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplication okay then the next birthday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplication okay then the next birthday
+there's D minus two options hope play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's D minus two options hope play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's D minus two options hope play
+this is old hat by now you're used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is old hat by now you're used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is old hat by now you're used to
+generalized product rule and uh hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized product rule and uh hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized product rule and uh hard
+part is knowing when to stop this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is knowing when to stop this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is knowing when to stop this is
+going to be D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be D
+minus n + one I think should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n + one I think should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n + one I think should be the
+right sure yeah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sure yeah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sure yeah this is
+generalized product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the number of
+ways and we're assuming that each Tuple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and we're assuming that each Tuple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and we're assuming that each Tuple
+of birthdays is equally likely this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of birthdays is equally likely this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of birthdays is equally likely this was
+our assumption everything is independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our assumption everything is independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our assumption everything is independent
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uniform uh so what we need to do is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform uh so what we need to do is take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform uh so what we need to do is take
+the number of ways this happens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of ways this happens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of ways this happens and
+divide it by the entire size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it by the entire size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it by the entire size of the
+sample space divide it by the size of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space divide it by the size of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space divide it by the size of s
+okay so I'm going to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to divide
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+by uh and this is going to give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh and this is going to give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh and this is going to give me the
+probability of e bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of e bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of e bar
+here the probability of getting no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the probability of getting no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the probability of getting no
+duplicate birthdays is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicate birthdays is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicate birthdays is the number of
+ways to get no duplicate birthdays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to get no duplicate birthdays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to get no duplicate birthdays
+divided by the number of different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the number of different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the number of different ways
+to get birthdays period and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just this is the non-generalized product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is the non-generalized product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is the non-generalized product
+role how many what is the size of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here yeah D to the N thank you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah D to the N thank you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah D to the N thank you it's
+either n to the D or D to the N you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either n to the D or D to the N you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either n to the D or D to the N you got
+to think for a while it's like yeah D to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think for a while it's like yeah D to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think for a while it's like yeah D to
+the N there's D ways for this D ways for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N there's D ways for this D ways for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N there's D ways for this D ways for
+this D ways so it's just the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this D ways so it's just the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this D ways so it's just the product of
+n D's the product of D * D * d n * so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n D's the product of D * D * d n * so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n D's the product of D * D * d n * so
+I'm going to write that as D * D * D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write that as D * D * D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write that as D * D * D
+times uh D there's exactly n terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh D there's exactly n terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh D there's exactly n terms
+upstairs and there's also n terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs and there's also n terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs and there's also n terms
+downstairs okay so now I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs okay so now I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs okay so now I have this
+crazy ratio between into products I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy ratio between into products I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy ratio between into products I just
+just need to compute it okay this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to compute it okay this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to compute it okay this is a
+bit annoying um but one big Insight so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit annoying um but one big Insight so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit annoying um but one big Insight so
+this thing is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is equal
+to uh instead of taking this product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh instead of taking this product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh instead of taking this product and
+this product separately and dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product separately and dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product separately and dividing
+them I could instead take this ratio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I could instead take this ratio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I could instead take this ratio and
+multiply it by this ratio and multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by this ratio and multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by this ratio and multiply
+it by this ratio and so on right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by this ratio and so on right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by this ratio and so on right that's
+that's why I wrote out this D to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I wrote out this D to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I wrote out this D to the n
+as a bunch of D's so I could take them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a bunch of D's so I could take them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a bunch of D's so I could take them
+uh element by element so this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh element by element so this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh element by element so this is going
+to be equal to the product from IAL 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to the product from IAL 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to the product from IAL 1 to
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+d uh of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry there's n different terms each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry there's n different terms each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry there's n different terms each of
+them is of the form D minus I over D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is of the form D minus I over D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is of the form D minus I over D and
+I have an index error so I need to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an index error so I need to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an index error so I need to start
+at zero and end at n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero and end at n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero and end at n minus
+one okay that will give me the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay that will give me the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay that will give me the right
+thing on top top I start with D minus 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on top top I start with D minus 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on top top I start with D minus 0
+I end with d minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I end with d minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I end with d minus
+nus1 okay so this ugly formula actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 okay so this ugly formula actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 okay so this ugly formula actually
+gets pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets pretty
+clean okay now is when uh it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean okay now is when uh it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean okay now is when uh it's hard to
+evaluate but there's this great fact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate but there's this great fact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate but there's this great fact uh
+okay so first I'm going to rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first I'm going to rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first I'm going to rewrite this
+as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product as one this D over D is one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product as one this D over D is one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product as one this D over D is one and
+then we have an i over d in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have an i over d in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have an i over d in the second
+half okay this um turns out to be nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay this um turns out to be nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay this um turns out to be nice
+because uh one - x is less than e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh one - x is less than e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh one - x is less than e to the
+minus x e here is Oilers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x e here is Oilers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x e here is Oilers
+constant two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant two
+roughly and a little bigger than two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly and a little bigger than two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly and a little bigger than two and
+uh if you look at the tailor expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you look at the tailor expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you look at the tailor expansion
+of e to the minus X which is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e to the minus X which is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e to the minus X which is something
+you may know from calculus it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may know from calculus it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may know from calculus it starts
+with 1 - x and it's like plus x^2 - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 1 - x and it's like plus x^2 - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 1 - x and it's like plus x^2 - x
+cub whatever maybe some denominators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub whatever maybe some denominators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub whatever maybe some denominators
+there too but 1 - x is actually um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there too but 1 - x is actually um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there too but 1 - x is actually um well
+approximated by eus x uh and it so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated by eus x uh and it so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated by eus x uh and it so it's
+approximately equal for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal for X
+small and if you think about what x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and if you think about what x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and if you think about what x is
+here uh it's a probability it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh it's a probability it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh it's a probability it's less
+than one so that's pretty small and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one so that's pretty small and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one so that's pretty small and so
+this will actually be a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will actually be a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will actually be a pretty good
+approximation we're going to replace 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation we're going to replace 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation we're going to replace 1 -
+x with eus X and then this product will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x with eus X and then this product will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x with eus X and then this product will
+be easy to evaluate easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this going to be
+e to the minus I over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+okay uh sorry not equal this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh sorry not equal this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh sorry not equal this is going to
+be less than so it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than so it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than so it's a good
+approximation when X is small but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation when X is small but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation when X is small but it's
+always less than because the next term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always less than because the next term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always less than because the next term
+is positive at least for x non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive at least for x non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive at least for x non-
+negative it's going to be less than and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's going to be less than and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's going to be less than and
+so if we get an upper bound remember uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we get an upper bound remember uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we get an upper bound remember uh
+we're evaluating here the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're evaluating here the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're evaluating here the probability of
+ebar ebar is like our error case the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ebar ebar is like our error case the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ebar ebar is like our error case the bad
+case we want to show is unlikely so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we want to show is unlikely so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we want to show is unlikely so if
+we can upper bound the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can upper bound the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can upper bound the probability of
+the bad thing happening that gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad thing happening that gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad thing happening that gives us a
+lower bound on the good thing happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound on the good thing happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound on the good thing happening
+uh good thing being uh Birthday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Twins okay we're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done with briday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with briday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with briday
+Paradox so uh the cool thing here is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox so uh the cool thing here is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox so uh the cool thing here is we
+have a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a product of
+exponentials you may recall that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials you may recall that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials you may recall that if you
+have I don't know e to the X time e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I don't know e to the X time e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I don't know e to the X time e to
+the Y this is equal to e to x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y this is equal to e to x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y this is equal to e to x +
+y right so if we're this is taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y right so if we're this is taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y right so if we're this is taking a
+product of two exponentials is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two exponentials is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two exponentials is the
+exponential of the sum and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of the sum and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of the sum and more
+generally if you take n the product of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally if you take n the product of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally if you take n the product of n
+exponentials that will be the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials that will be the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials that will be the same as
+the exponential of the sum of those N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential of the sum of those N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential of the sum of those N
+Things so this is equal to e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things so this is equal to e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things so this is equal to e to the
+sum I didn't leave myself in a room e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum I didn't leave myself in a room e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum I didn't leave myself in a room e to
+the sum i = 0 to n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum i = 0 to n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum i = 0 to n minus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ofus I overd I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofus I overd I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofus I overd I
+guess maybe I should put the minus out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess maybe I should put the minus out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess maybe I should put the minus out
+here it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cleaner okay uh and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner okay uh and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner okay uh and I can
+parenthesize like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over
+D because this D does not depend on I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D because this D does not depend on I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D because this D does not depend on I so
+the sum of I over D is the of is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of I over D is the of is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of I over D is the of is the
+same as the sum of I all over D I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the sum of I all over D I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the sum of I all over D I've
+still got this minus F front and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still got this minus F front and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still got this minus F front and this is
+our good friend arithmetic sum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our good friend arithmetic sum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our good friend arithmetic sum the
+Triangular numbers it's indexed a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triangular numbers it's indexed a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triangular numbers it's indexed a little
+funny usually we think one up to n which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny usually we think one up to n which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny usually we think one up to n which
+is n * n plus 1 over two uh this is 0 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n * n plus 1 over two uh this is 0 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n * n plus 1 over two uh this is 0 up
+to n minus one zero of course doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n minus one zero of course doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n minus one zero of course doesn't
+matter uh so it's really one up to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter uh so it's really one up to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter uh so it's really one up to n
+minus one so this is going to be e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so this is going to be e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so this is going to be e to
+Theus uh n * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus uh n * n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus uh n * n
+-1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1/
+2 and then the whole thing's over D so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then the whole thing's over D so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then the whole thing's over D so
+we end up with a D in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with a D in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with a D in the
+denominator okay so this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator okay so this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator okay so this was the
+probability that there are no duplicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that there are no duplicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that there are no duplicate
+birthday and you can see uh it goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday and you can see uh it goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday and you can see uh it goes down
+exponentially this is remember e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially this is remember e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially this is remember e to the
+X is one e to the minus X is 1 over e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is one e to the minus X is 1 over e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is one e to the minus X is 1 over e to
+the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X
+so so the denominator here is increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the denominator here is increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the denominator here is increasing
+exponentially as we increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially as we increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially as we increase
+n and the big thing is and so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the big thing is and so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the big thing is and so that's why
+you get so many nines very quickly out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get so many nines very quickly out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get so many nines very quickly out
+here but if we're interested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but if we're interested in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but if we're interested in this
+crossover point where we get 50/50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover point where we get 50/50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover point where we get 50/50
+chance that there's a duplicate birthday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that there's a duplicate birthday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that there's a duplicate birthday
+versus not which is interesting the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus not which is interesting the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus not which is interesting the big
+thing that matters is that we have n squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that matters is that we have n squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that matters is that we have n squ
+up here there's a minus n but the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here there's a minus n but the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here there's a minus n but the big
+part is n s and this if we invert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is n s and this if we invert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is n s and this if we invert it
+this is where we're going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we're going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we're going to get a
+square root Behavior so uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root Behavior so uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root Behavior so uh let's
+suppose uh that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose uh that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose uh that this
+probability is equal to a half or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is equal to a half or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is equal to a half or
+roughly equal to a half when does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly equal to a half when does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly equal to a half when does that
+happen uh we did some approximation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen uh we did some approximation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen uh we did some approximation here
+with this less than so this isn't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this less than so this isn't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this less than so this isn't going
+to be exactly right but it's close uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be exactly right but it's close uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be exactly right but it's close uh we
+want this exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this exponential
+to equal two right so we want e to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equal two right so we want e to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equal two right so we want e to the N
+nus1 over 2D sorry move the E down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 over 2D sorry move the E down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 over 2D sorry move the E down here
+this is all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all in the
+exponent we want this to be equal to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent we want this to be equal to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent we want this to be equal to two
+that's when one over it will equal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when one over it will equal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when one over it will equal a
+half okay so we take logs of both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay so we take logs of both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay so we take logs of both sides
+that's like n * nus1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like n * nus1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like n * nus1 over
+2D equals lwn 2 natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D equals lwn 2 natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D equals lwn 2 natural
+log uh so we maybe move this over we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log uh so we maybe move this over we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log uh so we maybe move this over we get
+n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n *
+nus1 =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 =
+2D L 2 and at this point I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D L 2 and at this point I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D L 2 and at this point I'm going to
+wave my hands a little bit and say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave my hands a little bit and say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave my hands a little bit and say this
+minus one doesn't matter too much and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one doesn't matter too much and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one doesn't matter too much and so
+basically this is a square root so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is a square root so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is a square root so it's
+going to be n is roughly the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be n is roughly the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be n is roughly the square root
+of 2D lwn 2 and so there's this there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2D lwn 2 and so there's this there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2D lwn 2 and so there's this there's
+this constant term which is square < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant term which is square < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant term which is square < TK
+of 2 L 2 this is about 1.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+77 so this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+77 so this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+77 so this is about
+1.2 to the square root of D this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2 to the square root of D this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2 to the square root of D this is what
+I claimed before if you take 1.2 * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claimed before if you take 1.2 * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claimed before if you take 1.2 * the
+sare OT of 365 you get approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare OT of 365 you get approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare OT of 365 you get approximately
+23 if you compute it exactly you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 if you compute it exactly you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 if you compute it exactly you get
+23 so kind of neat uh in general if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 so kind of neat uh in general if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 so kind of neat uh in general if you
+have D days you need about square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have D days you need about square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have D days you need about square root
+of D people to get a duplicate this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D people to get a duplicate this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D people to get a duplicate this has
+all sorts of implications in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of implications in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of implications in computer
+science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+usually in the context of hash tables if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in the context of hash tables if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in the context of hash tables if
+you're trying to if you're randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to if you're randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to if you're randomly
+placing people into uh locations pigeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing people into uh locations pigeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing people into uh locations pigeon
+holes I suppose uh it's once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes I suppose uh it's once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes I suppose uh it's once you have
+square root of n or square root of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n or square root of D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n or square root of D
+different people you're likely to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people you're likely to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people you're likely to get
+two that happen to cohabitate unless uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that happen to cohabitate unless uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that happen to cohabitate unless uh
+you know if you choose them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you choose them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you choose them
+uniformly uh so for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly uh so for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly uh so for example if
+you're if you're a cryptographer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're a cryptographer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're a cryptographer and
+you're signing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're signing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're signing your
+emails uh you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails uh you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails uh you would
+you want to guarantee that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to guarantee that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to guarantee that you don't
+have uh two emails that have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh two emails that have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh two emails that have the same
+signature because if you did uh someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature because if you did uh someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature because if you did uh someone
+who's receiving them and checking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's receiving them and checking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's receiving them and checking the
+signatures can't distinguish between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures can't distinguish between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures can't distinguish between the
+two emails so that tells you You' like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two emails so that tells you You' like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two emails so that tells you You' like
+the set of possible signatures on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of possible signatures on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of possible signatures on your
+emails to be at least the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails to be at least the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails to be at least the square of the
+number of possible emails you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of possible emails you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of possible emails you could
+write so this gives you a lower bound on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write so this gives you a lower bound on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write so this gives you a lower bound on
+how big cryptographic signatures need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big cryptographic signatures need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big cryptographic signatures need to
+be in order to be safe just in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in order to be safe just in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in order to be safe just in terms of
+whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're
+duplications uh or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplications uh or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplications uh or your
+Dropbox and you're trying to sync files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dropbox and you're trying to sync files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dropbox and you're trying to sync files
+from one computer to another and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one computer to another and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one computer to another and you
+want to compute some hash on the files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute some hash on the files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute some hash on the files
+on both sides to see do I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides to see do I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides to see do I need to
+retransfer this file did it change on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransfer this file did it change on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransfer this file did it change on
+either side it better be that the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side it better be that the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side it better be that the space
+of possible hashes is at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possible hashes is at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possible hashes is at least the
+square of the number of possible files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the number of possible files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the number of possible files
+otherwise uh you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise uh you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise uh you're going to get
+accidental uh hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental uh hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental uh hash
+matches all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches all
+right a little more time so let me tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a little more time so let me tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a little more time so let me tell
+you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about
+one uh independent concept um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh independent concept um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh independent concept um not
+particularly related to Independence but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly related to Independence but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly related to Independence but
+related to conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to conditional
+probability which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability which
+is gambler's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fallacy gambler's fallacy is it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallacy gambler's fallacy is it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallacy gambler's fallacy is it can be
+phrased many ways uh but let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrased many ways uh but let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrased many ways uh but let's talk
+about coins because that's that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about coins because that's that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about coins because that's that's what
+we're doing uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing uh let's
+say you do 10 coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flips and they all come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heads and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and I want to
+know what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the
+probability that the next coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the next coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the next coin
+flip is also heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+answer uh sorry Fair coin I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh sorry Fair coin I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh sorry Fair coin I should
+say give you a Fair coin each flip is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say give you a Fair coin each flip is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say give you a Fair coin each flip is
+independent from the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from the other
+flips what are the chances that the 11th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips what are the chances that the 11th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips what are the chances that the 11th
+flip is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip is
+heads a half I should hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads a half I should hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads a half I should hope
+so uh if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if you're a
+probabilist or if you're a student in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilist or if you're a student in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilist or if you're a student in
+61200 uh the answer is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+61200 uh the answer is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+61200 uh the answer is one
+half if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half if you're a
+gambler probably an addicted Gambler I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambler probably an addicted Gambler I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambler probably an addicted Gambler I
+mean this is a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is a statement
+about human psychology who knows they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about human psychology who knows they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about human psychology who knows they
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+uh less than a half because I'm due for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh less than a half because I'm due for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh less than a half because I'm due for
+a tals don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tals don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tals don't you
+think right you imagine they imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think right you imagine they imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think right you imagine they imagine
+that uh hyp hypothetical Gambler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh hyp hypothetical Gambler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh hyp hypothetical Gambler
+imagines that the coin has memory it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagines that the coin has memory it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagines that the coin has memory it
+remembers all those heads it got and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers all those heads it got and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers all those heads it got and
+when you flip it the next time now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you flip it the next time now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you flip it the next time now
+finally it's going to be tals but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally it's going to be tals but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally it's going to be tals but no
+probability is actually a half Gambler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is actually a half Gambler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is actually a half Gambler
+the F this this is something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F this this is something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F this this is something that's
+actually false Gambler believes oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually false Gambler believes oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually false Gambler believes oh
+finally I'm due for taals very unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I'm due for taals very unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I'm due for taals very unlikely
+that the next coin is Tails you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next coin is Tails you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next coin is Tails you know I
+haven't seen an earthquake in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen an earthquake in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen an earthquake in the last
+100 years very unlikely I'll see one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years very unlikely I'll see one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years very unlikely I'll see one
+this year I mean that may be true but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year I mean that may be true but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year I mean that may be true but it
+also may not be true depends on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also may not be true depends on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also may not be true depends on your
+prior probabilities about earthquake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior probabilities about earthquake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior probabilities about earthquake
+models all right uh and if I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models all right uh and if I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models all right uh and if I tell you
+it's a fair coin then you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fair coin then you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fair coin then you know it's not
+true it has to be exactly a half every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it has to be exactly a half every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it has to be exactly a half every
+single time it's actually pretty likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time it's actually pretty likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time it's actually pretty likely
+to get a bunch of heads in a row now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a bunch of heads in a row now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a bunch of heads in a row now
+it's not that likely to get 10 coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that likely to get 10 coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that likely to get 10 coin
+flips in a row that's one in a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips in a row that's one in a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips in a row that's one in a thousand
+roughly um so probabilist just just says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly um so probabilist just just says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly um so probabilist just just says
+wow one in a thousand cool well probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow one in a thousand cool well probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow one in a thousand cool well probably
+the next one is a half okay uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one is a half okay uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one is a half okay uh there's a
+third type of person which I'll call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third type of person which I'll call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third type of person which I'll call the
+basian and they would say uh maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basian and they would say uh maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basian and they would say uh maybe it's
+bigger than a half maybe you lied to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than a half maybe you lied to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than a half maybe you lied to me
+and the coin is not fair that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the coin is not fair that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the coin is not fair that's the
+other interpretation and if this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other interpretation and if this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other interpretation and if this if you
+if you flipped a coin 10 coin 10 flips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you flipped a coin 10 coin 10 flips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you flipped a coin 10 coin 10 flips
+maybe it's not enough but 11 or 12 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not enough but 11 or 12 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not enough but 11 or 12 then
+you start thinking hm I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start thinking hm I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start thinking hm I think there's
+something weird about this coin then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something weird about this coin then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something weird about this coin then you
+want to inspect the coin see if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to inspect the coin see if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to inspect the coin see if it's
+heads on both sides or whatever so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads on both sides or whatever so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads on both sides or whatever so uh
+you can formalize this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can formalize this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can formalize this a little bit
+using the law of total probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the law of total probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the law of total probability
+combined with Bas rule uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with Bas rule uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with Bas rule uh in the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+way I'm going to write this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm going to write this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm going to write this a little
+informally but uh the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally but uh the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally but uh the probability of a
+head conditioned on getting 10 heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head conditioned on getting 10 heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head conditioned on getting 10 heads
+previously you can split it into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously you can split it into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously you can split it into two
+parts and say uh I'm just going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and say uh I'm just going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and say uh I'm just going to think
+of a simple model either the coin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a simple model either the coin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a simple model either the coin is
+really fair or you're cheater and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fair or you're cheater and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fair or you're cheater and the
+coin is heads on both sides those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin is heads on both sides those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin is heads on both sides those are
+the only two possibilities for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only two possibilities for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only two possibilities for this
+model of course you could consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of course you could consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of course you could consider a
+more General model and there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General model and there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General model and there's a whole
+world about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I'm going to call these two scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going to call these two scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going to call these two scenarios
+cheat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat and
+fair and hopefully this equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair and hopefully this equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair and hopefully this equation is
+relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+uh obvious just it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mouthful okay everything here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouthful okay everything here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouthful okay everything here is
+conditioned on H to the 10 so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on H to the 10 so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on H to the 10 so you can
+kind of ignore that part because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ignore that part because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ignore that part because that's
+we're assuming throughout that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming throughout that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming throughout that we have
+10 coin flips starting as heads okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 coin flips starting as heads okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 coin flips starting as heads okay and
+now two scenarios it could be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now two scenarios it could be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now two scenarios it could be your
+cheating or it could be your fair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating or it could be your fair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating or it could be your fair and
+these are disjoint scenarios uh so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are disjoint scenarios uh so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are disjoint scenarios uh so I can
+split things up according to law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split things up according to law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split things up according to law of
+total probability is the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total probability is the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total probability is the probability of
+cheat times uh the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat times uh the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat times uh the same thing
+conditioned on cheating in addition or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on cheating in addition or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on cheating in addition or
+probability of Fair times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of Fair times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of Fair times the
+probability of the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the same thing
+conditioning on Fair in addition to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning on Fair in addition to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning on Fair in addition to what
+I conditioned on before so everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I conditioned on before so everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I conditioned on before so everything's
+conditioned on H 10 so you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on H 10 so you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on H 10 so you can write
+this out and we actually know what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out and we actually know what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out and we actually know what these
+are they look ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they look ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they look ugly
+the probability of heads with a cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of heads with a cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of heads with a cheating
+coin that is heads on both sides that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin that is heads on both sides that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin that is heads on both sides that's
+one okay so it's one times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so it's one times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so it's one times the
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+cheating of there being a cheat here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating of there being a cheat here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating of there being a cheat here uh
+given H to the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given H to the 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given H to the 10
+plus this probability probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this probability probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this probability probability of
+heads on with a Fair coin that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads on with a Fair coin that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads on with a Fair coin that we know
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+half times probability of you're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half times probability of you're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half times probability of you're using a
+Fair coin given that I've seen 10 heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair coin given that I've seen 10 heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair coin given that I've seen 10 heads
+now these two coin quantities that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these two coin quantities that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these two coin quantities that's you
+need more modeling to understand what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more modeling to understand what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more modeling to understand what it
+what the chances are to that I'm using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the chances are to that I'm using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the chances are to that I'm using a
+cheating coin uh given that I saw H 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating coin uh given that I saw H 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating coin uh given that I saw H 10
+heads but you can compute it and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads but you can compute it and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads but you can compute it and so now
+you can actually quantify how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually quantify how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually quantify how much
+bigger than a half in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than a half in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than a half in this particular
+model of cheating uh what's the chances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of cheating uh what's the chances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of cheating uh what's the chances
+that the next coin flip will be hits but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next coin flip will be hits but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next coin flip will be hits but
+so fun example and that's all for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fun example and that's all for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fun example and that's all for
+today enjoy your Independence Day
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qcpyFE3u3hw.txt b/qcpyFE3u3hw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..678269a49377f9f5e9961911dd7f0982b02cc3e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qcpyFE3u3hw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4165 @@
+Allen Louviere started life as an airplane
+designer, went to Lamar University in Texas
+
+and then worked at General Dynamics in Fort
+Worth.
+
+You told me about the YB-57.
+
+I don't know what other planes you worked
+on up there, but -- Oh, B-58s, B-36s, F16s,
+
+F111s and B-57Fs.
+
+Then they wanted to send him all around the
+world and had a young family.
+
+And that was about the time that Johnson Space
+Center, which at that time was called the
+
+Manned Space Flight Center, was getting started
+in Houston in 1962.
+
+So, Allen came to work.
+
+And his specialty is mechanical systems.
+
+We had a little discussion last night about
+some of the things that he has designed, but
+
+for me one of the most amazing is the landing
+gear on the Lunar Module.
+
+I mean when you think that you can actually
+design the first piece of the hardware that
+
+touches down on another planet that's pretty
+exciting.
+
+And, like most of the people who have been
+lecturing, he went onto work in similar systems
+
+for the Shuttle.
+
+So, he also worked on the landing gear.
+
+You can see a piece of tire here.
+
+We'll talk about that landing gear, payload
+bay doors, and robotic arms.
+
+And so he's going to share with us some of
+the experiences, both from the subsystem design
+
+point of view and then from the bigger systems
+engineering picture.
+
+So, Allen, it is all yours.
+
+Thank you.
+
+The Lunar landing was sort of interesting.
+
+The big problem was we didn't know what the
+lunar surface was like so you didn't know
+
+how to size the pad, which is always interesting.
+
+The landing gear, we are going to talk about
+today, was much easier and it will do.
+
+We're just going to talk about just mechanical
+systems.
+
+It's not as romantic or ingratiating, but
+you've got to have them.
+
+So, some of the avionics and other systems
+that you will see.
+
+Actually, I should say one thing.
+
+From the point of view of space engineering
+in general.
+
+When you're building satellites or other space
+systems, the one thing that you try to avoid
+
+at all costs, I think this is far to say,
+is any mechanisms.
+
+Because you send a mechanism into space and
+they fail.
+
+They get too cold, they get too hot, they
+get vacuum welded.
+
+Now, sometimes when you have people on a mission
+they can fix it.
+
+I mean if you remember Apollo 16, the Lunar
+Rover, one of the fenders broke off.
+
+And so they actually had to make another fender
+out of their checklist so that the dust didn't
+
+get all over them.
+
+But basically that is the fear that all mechanical
+designers live in is that you're designing
+
+these things to work in an incredible environment.
+
+And I'm sure you will talk about the landing
+gear.
+
+That is one thing.
+
+We know how to build landing gear for airplanes,
+but how do you keep them alive for two weeks
+
+in space in a rather unfriendly environment?
+
+Well, the professor is right.
+
+The problem you have is when you get these
+mechanical systems, if you have a lot of linkages,
+
+you're afraid they're going to weld themselves
+together.
+
+And we've never had that happen but it certainly
+could.
+
+The division I was in had all of these pieces.
+
+The landing gear.
+
+We had all the doors on Orbiter.
+
+I think there were 25 or 35 doors on Orbiter
+that had to have mechanisms that had to open
+
+and close.
+
+We built the repair tools.
+
+We had a set of tools for these fellows to
+us.
+
+And if that payload door didn't close that
+was really a bad day.
+
+We put some tools onboard, a little wrench
+and a lot of cutting tools, and you will see
+
+some of that.
+
+The manipulator, these are pretty well things
+that had been done before.
+
+We had never done one of these before.
+
+That's a whole different animal.
+
+The separation system was for the separation
+system for the external tank.
+
+There were three big separation systems.
+
+It was not only a mechanical system but it
+was a pyro-system, it was an explosive-type
+
+system.
+
+Believe or not, we had the ejection seats
+on about the first four or five flights.
+
+We used the SR-71 Blackbird seats.
+
+And we never had to use them, thank goodness.
+
+We also had the docking system.
+
+We had the Apollo system.
+
+We had the Apollo-Soyuz.
+
+And, if you look at the Orbiter, it is very
+close to Apollo-Soyuz with a little bit of
+
+modification to it.
+
+That's the whole system.
+
+But, fear not, we're not going to talk about
+all of those because that's just too many
+
+to talk about.
+
+We're going to talk about two.
+
+We're going to talk about the landing gear,
+wheels, brakes and tires.
+
+And we've been building these for a long time.
+
+It's more empirical design than I ever realized
+when we got into it.
+
+We had never built a manipulator before.
+
+And we started this as a technology study,
+and it ended up being the main cargo handling
+
+piece on the Orbiter.
+
+Also, we did a lot of coordination and integration.
+
+All mechanical systems depend a lot on other
+people.
+
+He tells me that he wants to emphasize systems
+engineering, and I would like to second that
+
+because it's very important that you know
+that.
+
+When you look at the systems engineering -- By
+the way, you don't have to be silent.
+
+If you want to speak, now is the time.
+
+I'm just here for a day.
+
+I'm going to talk about this.
+
+All engineers love the design part.
+
+I did.
+
+I found out that there was a little more to
+it than I first suspected.
+
+If you look at requirements, schedules, cost
+and weight, most of the engineering work you
+
+think would be here in the requirements.
+
+Once they are set, sometimes they're very
+difficult to change.
+
+On Orbiter they were very difficult to change.
+
+And we may have gotten some requirements that
+maybe we could have done a little better with
+
+had we changed them early.
+
+And you will see the results of that, particularly
+on the landing gear.
+
+That is probably the number one thing that
+we worry about at Johnson.
+
+We like to keep these guys where they come
+back.
+
+Now, these pieces right here are really engineering
+sort of things.
+
+They relate to physics and maybe even Newtonian
+mechanics.
+
+These don't.
+
+Those are really estimates that somebody makes
+early.
+
+And what they end being is a refinement process.
+
+Most of these equations these fellows use
+from here are really empirically developed
+
+over many years.
+
+They say here is the way this goes.
+
+But all of these end up being estimates.
+
+You think you're going to work there, but
+these three right here, schedule, cost and
+
+particularly for us in the aerospace weight
+turns out to be a big, big driver.
+
+In fact, it will tell you what you're going
+to have to do in many cases.
+
+Well, we're going to talk a lot about that.
+
+We'll talk a little bit about test.
+
+I presume you all, in your labs, do a little
+testing of some sort.
+
+But we do a lot.
+
+We do development testing early on.
+
+For the manipulator, we did a little bit more
+than that.
+
+We do qualification testing which is I'm going
+to go test this thing and see if it meets
+
+all the specifications that somebody has designed
+for it or the requirements.
+
+And last but not least, after all of that
+is done, you do what is called a verification
+
+and certification test.
+
+And it should be ready for flight.
+
+I don't know what industries you're going
+to work on, but even in avionics, if all of
+
+your avionics people, there's a mechanical
+guy.
+
+Even in avionics you'll have some sort of
+validation and certification test.
+
+And these will drive you, too.
+
+After all this is done, we did a flight test
+program.
+
+And the initial test that came back from there
+made us do some changes on this.
+
+And then you always get this.
+
+Engineers are never satisfied with just making
+it good.
+
+Better is what they want.
+
+And program managers, where is Aaron?
+
+He is not here today so I don't have to worry
+about him.
+
+Program managers don't like that because what
+happens is this goes up and this goes up and
+
+that slows down, and that's not what they
+want to do so we have to go back and do that.
+
+Enough of the intro.
+
+These were essentially the first requirements
+that I could conjure up after all these years.
+
+You've got to remember, this was 30 years
+ago.
+
+Some of these may be a little off but they
+are about right.
+
+It was going to be a freefall gear.
+
+We're just going to get it started, open the
+doors and let the aerodynamics and just the
+
+weight of it drop that gear down and lock
+it in place.
+
+The gear extension time was nominally ten
+seconds.
+
+That was the max that we ever wanted it.
+
+It would probably go down at about six or
+seven.
+
+And we normally said the landing velocity,
+we don't want to drop that gear.
+
+Once the gear is down, we don't want to go
+more than 225 knots.
+
+Remember, this is in the early `70s and we're
+still trying to figure out what we're going
+
+to do.
+
+But you've got to have some requirements to
+start with and these were the ones you started
+
+with.
+
+We had a runway.
+
+And we said the runway is going to be 12,500
+feet.
+
+We would like 15,000 feet, but because of
+the flight that the Orbiter took there were
+
+landing sites all over the world so we had
+to be sure that we'd get the landing sites
+
+with the 12,500 feet at least.
+
+Cross-winds.
+
+When you're coming in for a landing, if you
+have a cross-wind, 15 knots was about it.
+
+We'll chat a little bit about that.
+
+The deceleration, that was just for the brakes.
+
+We had three hydraulic sources that we could
+use.
+
+There were some auxiliary power units in the
+back that powered up the hydraulic system,
+
+and we had about three sources.
+
+Most air craft just have two and a pneumonic
+system.
+
+We did not have a pneumatic system.
+
+But that worked very well, by the way.
+
+The steering is nose gear steering.
+
+And the hand controllers you could steer the
+front nose gear.
+
+And it would go plus or minus nine degrees.
+
+The turnover angle, if you just took two wheels
+and turned it over, the max that you could
+
+ever get out of that was about 63 degrees.
+
+This set of requirements is about what we
+started with.
+
+And, not to stop you, here are some more.
+
+These turn out to be really pretty critical.
+
+We will call them critical conditions that
+the Orbiter has to meet.
+
+And this is landing weights.
+
+And that is just how fast you're coming in
+when you hit the runway.
+
+At 214,000 pounds, we were going to say we
+can take a sink rate of 9.6 feet per second,
+
+which is pretty fast.
+
+And this is nominal.
+
+If you go to Orbit and you come back and you
+make a nominal landing.
+
+If it's 230,000 pounds, it's about six feet
+per second.
+
+I came in yesterday on an 880.
+
+I asked the pilot what he landed at, and it
+was 130 knots.
+
+And I think the weight of that thing is about
+150,000 to 170,000 pounds.
+
+We're coming in with no engines so we're coming
+in pretty fast to be able to do that and set
+
+down.
+
+This is an abort condition.
+
+If we're on a mission and the controller is
+calling abort, you take off, turn around and
+
+come back and come back to the Cape.
+
+In that case, we have a payload onboard so
+the weight is going to be a little heavier.
+
+Now, the pilot has to be a little better here
+because he's got to have a little lower sink
+
+rate because we don't want to take all that
+load in the gear.
+
+In fact, the transatlantic landing, when was
+working, there were only two sites.
+
+One was at Dakar across the Atlantic and the
+other was at Rota, Spain.
+
+I think Newfoundland now is one for the high
+inclination ones.
+
+And AOA was once around.
+
+You'd go up to orbit and you'd come right
+back down the next time around so you'd get
+
+back to the Cape.
+
+That was essentially what we had.
+
+This particular one was a driver also because,
+in the early days, the Air Force wanted to
+
+have a mission like this where you'd go up
+once, you deploy a satellite and you come
+
+back around.
+
+And they were only one single orbit and you'd
+come back around.
+
+Now, getting those payload bay doors open
+and getting the satellite out was, to say
+
+the least, an interesting design problem to
+do that.
+
+You don't have a lot of time.
+
+Anyway, these were the other drivers that
+you had to do.
+
+These were the ones that really drive you
+because they'll tell you what the loads are
+
+in the system.
+
+And this just tells you that all NASA guys
+have these acronyms.
+
+This is a set of circumstances that says we
+want fail operational, fail operation, fail
+
+safe.
+
+So, if it fails first you can still operate
+it, if it fails again at least you're fail
+
+safe and you at least preserve the crew.
+
+We usually use fail op, fail op, fail safe.
+
+In this case, in the landing gear, we only
+had two.
+
+But we had a whole lot of ways to get this
+gear down.
+
+And I'll show you.
+
+It's kind of complicated to take a look at
+but if you release the gear it starts to fall
+
+just by gravity, but then we have a little
+hydraulic assist and then we have a pyro backup.
+
+Whether you want that pyro to fire or not,
+it's going to fire every time you drop the
+
+gear.
+
+So when the gear comes out, it comes out backwards.
+
+And the airflow is this way which drops the
+gear down and locks it into place.
+
+That gear is not a light gear.
+
+I mean it's pretty heavy.
+
+You're talking about 400 or 500 pounds coming
+down.
+
+And that's just the nose.
+
+The main gears are larger.
+
+And then the mains operate about the same
+way.
+
+And I'll show you where all this stuff is.
+
+I have a little drawing here that will get
+you going.
+
+The professor and I talked a little bit about
+design.
+
+Yes.
+
+You only drop the landing gear a few seconds
+before landing.
+
+If one fails you still have time to do all
+the others?
+
+I'm sorry?
+
+You only drop the landing gear a few seconds
+before touchdown.
+
+Yeah.
+
+If one method fails, did you still have enough
+time to try one of the others?
+
+We decided that all three of these were going
+to be in play every time.
+
+We made sure that we got that gear down.
+
+That's truly a bad day if that gear is not
+down.
+
+All you do from the cockpit is just put down
+the gear handle, and then everything works
+
+at once.
+
+Everything works at once.
+
+You don't have to decide has the gear gone
+down and, if not, do something else.
+
+It just all works.
+
+I think you'll find that we tend, at Johnson
+Space Center, to overdesign on the side of
+
+safety.
+
+And it really didn't matter to us anyway.
+
+We really want that gear to go down and lock
+in place, and that's what this is all about.
+
+The other things that we worried about, and
+probably where the requirements on this particular
+
+vehicle were the weakest, we said we could
+turn this thing around in 30 to 60 days at
+
+the Cape after every flight.
+
+Well, that really didn't work out that way.
+
+When you have that many systems onboard and
+there is so much to take a look at after you've
+
+gone to a flight, just the post flight operations
+is a long time.
+
+And I'm not sure we ever made 30 days ever.
+
+We may have made 60 once, I think, but I'm
+not sure.
+
+And the other thing was the pad stay time.
+
+First flight, as I recall, was on the pad
+for about four to six months.
+
+And now you've got to make all your systems
+work.
+
+It's like having shelf-life on this thing.
+
+You've got to make this thing work.
+
+It's got to function.
+
+That was the other one and that was a big
+problem for us, particularly from tires.
+
+They leak.
+
+You sure don't want to have those tires leaking
+in about four to six months.
+
+We had no landing propulsion system.
+
+Once those guys came in, it was all energy
+management from an altitude all the way.
+
+And the landing velocities were rather high,
+the weights were rather high.
+
+Probably some of you fly.
+
+Let's see.
+
+A 737 weighs about, I'd say, 160,000 to 170,000
+pounds.
+
+And they come in just right at about a maximum
+of 175 miles an hour, but we're coming in
+
+with no engines at about 200.
+
+The runway touchdown point, I've got a little
+drawing of a runway and I'll show you what
+
+that is, that turned out to be a real key
+issue.
+
+When we started out that 12,500 feet I showed
+you was actually 10,000.
+
+And after a while we decided without engines
+and then without reverse thrusters we really
+
+couldn't do that.
+
+While that not only affected the Cape design
+but it affected where in the world we could
+
+land this thing, I think Guam was the other
+place.
+
+We could go to Anderson Air Force Base on
+Guam, right?
+
+Yeah.
+
+And here is what frightens all mechanical
+engineers, limited testing, where we're only
+
+going to have about three or four flights.
+
+We were going to have five.
+
+It worked so well that they decided to go
+with four.
+
+And everybody gritted their teeth on that
+one because we really wanted one more flight.
+
+These are some more requirements of sorts,
+but these were outside requirements that you
+
+have to take what you get.
+
+And so, when you do design work or whatever
+field you're going to work in, you're going
+
+to find you're not always your own boss on
+this.
+
+You have to go with what you've got.
+
+And I think that's part of the system of engineering.
+
+We were told that the idea of moving the Orbiter
+with the 747 wasn't brought up immediately
+
+and that it was going to tried to be move
+with like strap-on engines.
+
+So this part about no end-flight retraction
+[OVERLAPPING VOICES]?
+
+The first design of the Orbiter, actually,
+the early designs had jet engines, but the
+
+weight -- Remember we talked about the weight
+earlier?
+
+The weight just drove that out.
+
+We couldn't do that.
+
+Plus, when you reentered with those engines,
+you've got another problem with all the heating.
+
+And you probably have the fuel that you have
+to worry about so you've got a lot of problems.
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+Would that have been a real big problem [UNINTELLIGIBLE
+PHRASE]?
+
+Yeah, it would cost you money and weight.
+
+Remember those two things I told you up there?
+
+It would cost you money and weight.
+
+Remember now, Congress is a finicky bunch.
+
+You don't go back to them unless you really
+have to, to get the money.
+
+If Aaron is here, he could probably give you
+a lecture on that.
+
+He used to lecture me on that, as a matter
+of fact.
+
+The Carrier Aircraft or ferry, one of the
+guys in our division, a gentleman who just
+
+passed away recently, named John Kyker had
+been a B-24 pilot.
+
+Actually, he and another fellow named Owen
+Morris built a little model of the 747 and
+
+a model of the Orbiter.
+
+And they actually flew it.
+
+The wingspan was about like that.
+
+And they actually flew it to see if it would
+be all right to put that Orbiter on top of
+
+that model.
+
+And, by golly, surprise, it worked like a
+charm.
+
+Also, when they flew that model, they found
+that they had, on entry, a different setting
+
+on their elevon than what was being projected.
+
+And, low and behold, they went back and they
+found, yes, they did and they changed it.
+
+We don't have any in-flight retraction for
+what you were talking about.
+
+We would get the gear stored on the pad and
+ready to go.
+
+And, as I said, we want to be sure it comes
+down when we tell it to come down.
+
+Actually, in the hanger the Orbiter is up
+on jacks.
+
+And one of the last things they do before
+they wheel in a carrier mechanism that will
+
+take the Orbiter out over to the vehicle assembly
+building, you have to push the gear up manually.
+
+And, actually, the final stage because it
+has to actually go in and lock inside the
+
+locking mechanism, someone is up there basically
+with a big pole and just push it up until
+
+you get it to click into place.
+
+And that's terrible.
+
+There is no hydraulic system to reconnect
+it.
+
+Well, we get a little bit of hydraulic help
+but it's not enough.
+
+You have to get manual labor.
+
+But it's all because of the weight and cost
+that we were talking about.
+
+And weight was really one of the big issues.
+
+When you go to work, you're going to find
+out that all of those empirical things, not
+
+the design problems, not the Newtonian physics,
+is what really gets you.
+
+Did they have any sort of like emergency barricades
+at landing sites if a tire went?
+
+Yes, they did.
+
+At Dakar we put up a net at the end of it.
+
+And I think Dakar was one of the shorter runways.
+
+I think we were worried that when we came
+in at Dakar with the kind of peddles we were
+
+carrying that the Orbiter was going to be
+very heavy.
+
+It would be this 256,000 pound thing.
+
+And that's a big thing with no engines.
+
+And we'll talk about the brakes here a little
+bit.
+
+The brakes were not really qualified for a
+short stop on a heavy vehicle.
+
+Remember, in the early days we had no drag
+shoot?
+
+No drag shoot.
+
+Well, we're going to talk about that, too.
+
+I'm going to try to talk about all this stuff
+until you guys go to sleep or something.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Well, enough of that.
+
+One last thing.
+
+You will see that I'm worrying you to death
+on requirements.
+
+Whether you like it or not, when you go into
+engineering you're going to find that if you
+
+get the requirements right you'll probably
+get the design right.
+
+If they are not right you're going to have
+lots of trouble.
+
+We didn't get them all right.
+
+We didn't get them all right but it was good
+engineering work.
+
+The tire pressure, we had to start somewhere
+so we said here is what we're going to do.
+
+We're going to do some sizing on these tires.
+
+And, on the landing gear, we did this before
+we even had a contractor, our first pressure
+
+was about 340.
+
+I think the tires on your car are around 35
+psi or something like that, if you're lucky
+
+on a good day and they're not leaking.
+
+And the upgrade now is about 380.
+
+I think they want to go to 410.
+
+The wheel is aluminum.
+
+The axel is aluminum.
+
+We've actually bent the axel before.
+
+We've landed that thing.
+
+The first axel we had, we bent the axel.
+
+It deflected a little bit and took the brakes
+out.
+
+That was another one of those things so we
+had to up that.
+
+It was sealed with two O rings.
+
+That was a good one.
+
+That was good to start with.
+
+The initial design, as a matter of fact, was
+great because that four months we had to stay
+
+on the pad for the first flight we got no
+leakage, which was good.
+
+The initial brake pads were beryllium.
+
+Now, beryllium has one great feature that
+everybody liked.
+
+The Langley Research Center had been working
+on brakes and they were using beryllium.
+
+Goodrich had been working with the beryllium.
+
+And it turns out that it has a great heat
+transfer capability, and we thought that was
+
+really going to be good.
+
+And what do you say in your jargon?
+
+Wrong.
+
+It was wrong.
+
+It did not work out right.
+
+We had four rotors to start with.
+
+We have five now.
+
+If you're going to look at your brakes, I've
+got a picture up here, just like the front
+
+wheel brakes on your car, they have a caliper
+and you just put a pad on it.
+
+But we have more pads than you do.
+
+You will see some more about this.
+
+This really got us.
+
+A negative angle of attack, if you ever looked
+at the Orbiter when it was sitting on the
+
+runway, it sits nose down.
+
+And when you come in and you drop that nose
+down it's going to load up that main gear.
+
+And you will see what that does.
+
+That might be all of the requirements that
+I have to start with.
+
+Here is what the wheel looks like.
+
+This particular drawing or graph is really
+what we started with.
+
+And these are the summary things that we began
+with.
+
+And this is the nose gear.
+
+There are probably two or three things over
+here that are really important that we had
+
+to worry about.
+
+One was a static load and the other was the
+weight for this thing.
+
+This is all aluminum.
+
+And we didn't want those going up.
+
+At the time, inflation pressure for the nose
+was 300.
+
+I think it's still a little more than that.
+
+But the rest of this is just spec sort of
+things.
+
+Now, when we did this, we had to start with
+something.
+
+We did not have all this data.
+
+What we did is we had a chart similar to this,
+in conjunction with Rockwell, and we worked
+
+back and forth.
+
+That's another one of the interfaces that
+you had.
+
+You always have a contractor.
+
+And, of course, Rockwell had several contractors,
+I think, ten or twelve on this gear.
+
+Getting this particular chart straight was
+very, very important to us.
+
+Maybe some of the features, there is the inflation
+valve, the diameter here is about, I think
+
+this one was about 32 inches, 34.
+
+And one of the design problems you get is
+how big a tire can I put in the wing or how
+
+big a tire can I put in the nose?
+
+Now, the Orbiter wing is pretty good.
+
+It's kind of deep.
+
+The nose is not that roomy, but the nose gear
+is a smaller wheel.
+
+It doesn't take the load.
+
+That is low right now.
+
+I think that's a little higher.
+
+Here is the tire that goes with that.
+
+The same sort of thing.
+
+We start out with a sheet similar to this,
+not this neat and not this accurate, but now
+
+you'll notice that the tire weight is about
+50 pounds.
+
+Now we're about 100 pounds of tire just for
+one wheel and tire on the nose gear.
+
+And there are two so now we're at 200 pounds.
+
+I will tell you for sure, program managers
+will ask you what those weights are.
+
+If Aaron were here he'd be fussing.
+
+He'd say, yeah, you let that get away from
+you.
+
+But that was the other one.
+
+This is not terribly dramatic.
+
+But I think the other thing is, see this thing,
+the design tire life was just for two landings.
+
+I'm not sure we've ever done two landings
+on a nose gear.
+
+I think after every flight we will take them
+off.
+
+And, because of the way the runway is built,
+I will show you a little bit about the runway.
+
+Here is a tire.
+
+This is ALT-1 which is approach and landing
+test one.
+
+If you can lift it.
+
+I am going to pass it around for you.
+
+This is ALT-1.
+
+Here you will see that we've got 20 plies
+which is all this stuff here.
+
+And that is what we used.
+
+I think it is 28 now.
+
+And you will see that at the top here is real
+rubber which is great, but synthetic rubber
+
+is better.
+
+The tire we have now is synthetic rubber and
+is much better than what we have.
+
+And you will see we have these beads in here.
+
+Now, when you go back to the other piece here,
+we've got to realize that 
+
+if you've ever tried to change a tire and
+you put the tire, all of you have bicycles.
+
+Everybody in this town has got a bicycle,
+I think.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Even him.
+
+Anyway, when you try to change a tire, you
+can put one side in.
+
+But getting this on would be really tough.
+
+See, if you try to change this tire out it
+would be pretty hard.
+
+You have to split the wheel so you can get
+that thing, and you put it in and then you
+
+put the wheel around the tire instead of putting
+the tire around the wheel.
+
+And, when you see this thing, you will understand
+why.
+
+I will pass this around for you and you can
+take a look.
+
+It is heavy.
+
+And those beads are really interesting.
+
+They mean business.
+
+They are tough.
+
+They are steel.
+
+Here is a nose gear.
+
+This is STS-95.
+
+Where you on 95?
+
+Oh, I've got yours in here.
+
+I've got yours.
+
+Well, I'm going to let you tell it.
+
+This hit pretty hard.
+
+And if you take a look, you can barely see
+it right there, but a chunk of rubber came
+
+off.
+
+And it's that good rubber that I was telling
+you about.
+
+It's the natural rubber.
+
+The ones we have now are better.
+
+And when these tires hit, I think this particular
+one, they dropped the nose gear on rotation
+
+early.
+
+And I think, when they did, they hit the tough
+part of the concrete at the Cape.
+
+And you just get rubber everywhere.
+
+Smoke and rubber and all kinds of stuff.
+
+I think these are 32 or 34.
+
+These are things that you really have to go
+and handle with care.
+
+They are big.
+
+You'll note there are no brakes on these front
+tires.
+
+We will get that in a little bit.
+
+Just to comment.
+
+Last time we talked a little bit about what
+goes on when you actually land, but what Allen
+
+was saying is you flare out and then the pilot
+has to stay on the rear gear and hold the
+
+nose up for just the right amount of time.
+
+If you hold it up for too long then you're
+going to lose the lift.
+
+And, in the end, the nose gear is going to
+fall down too fast and you run the risk of
+
+busting your nose tire.
+
+On the other hand, when you come down because
+of the negative angle, you actually, as Allen
+
+said, when you get down below horizontal,
+now you're putting more weight on the rear
+
+wheels.
+
+And so, if you come down too early, now you
+run the risk of blowing your rear tires.
+
+And so it's really a critical maneuver.
+
+You have to hold it up just the right amount
+of time and then bring it down real slowly.
+
+I think Lousma was a Marine, wasn't he?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Astronaut Lousma came in.
+
+We didn't like him to fly too much because
+I think he did carrier landings or something.
+
+I'm not sure what the guy did.
+
+He'd come in and drop that gear down pretty
+hard and we'd all cringe thinking those tires
+
+were going to go.
+
+Now, we saw the nose gear.
+
+This is a repeat performance, except now we've
+got to make this wheel so we can put the brakes
+
+on it.
+
+We've got to put the wheels on.
+
+And now the same thing.
+
+Now I'm going to tell you a little bit about
+integration with other people.
+
+In the landing gear world, we were at the
+mercy of the structure's people.
+
+You really wanted to be friends with them
+because they told you what the loads were.
+
+And coordination with those people was really
+critical.
+
+And I'm sure you're going to find that.
+
+If you're in any kind of construction whatsoever,
+all the structures folks, you want to get
+
+them early on.
+
+And the other people you want in there early
+are the operations people.
+
+Those two people are the ones you want very,
+very early.
+
+Here is the right load now.
+
+If you just multiply that by four, you'd get
+about 250,000 pounds, 270,000 pounds that
+
+we could take.
+
+And that is about what you're going to get
+on that back gear.
+
+When you come down, you will get a little
+less than that.
+
+We have about 20% to 30% margin empirically
+designed.
+
+And we tested it at Wright-Patterson.
+
+We tested this wheel.
+
+This is a single O ring wheel.
+
+The O ring is about right there.
+
+And we tested this at Wright-Patterson with
+a side load on it, like on the flight he was
+
+on.
+
+And I had to tell Aaron Cohen that every piece
+of the wheel came apart, which is not what
+
+you want to do with the program manager, but
+we had to start over.
+
+So, we did.
+
+And we beefed up the wheel, we beefed up the
+bolts.
+
+We found that the two O rings we liked because
+they were good for leakage, but we also found
+
+that when you put them on that the wheel failed
+because of the O rings.
+
+Also they failed because we were putting the
+wrong lubricant on those bolts, and that took
+
+a while.
+
+And that particular failure, I just talked
+to you about, had both those problems.
+
+How did the lubricant cause the wheel to come
+apart?
+
+They couldn't get the right torque on the
+bolts.
+
+I think they put too much torque on the bolts.
+
+We never really found out, but we changed
+lubricants and that went away.
+
+I told you now this is not Newtonian physics
+we're talking about here.
+
+We're talking about empirical design.
+
+And you had to go test this stuff.
+
+And we did.
+
+Let's see, what was the other point?
+
+Here is where the axel fits in here.
+
+I will show you where the brakes go here in
+just a minute.
+
+I don't have a main gear tire cut like that
+one, but it's much larger.
+
+It's about 40.
+
+I think this one was 42 inches.
+
+They tell me that they want to go to 44 inches
+for a little bigger wheel.
+
+In the beginning, again, weight and cost stopped
+us from going any farther than that.
+
+Mainly weight in that case.
+
+Again, this was the critical wheel that we
+had to work with the structures people.
+
+Our structures group worked it and Rockwell
+structures group worked it, so we had two
+
+structures groups that were working together
+and we had to wait until they gave us a load.
+
+But when you have a design you cannot really
+wait until all the loads are in.
+
+You have to start with something, so we started
+with a design that we thought was conservative.
+
+It was not.
+
+But we started with one that we thought was
+conservative and it did not do it.
+
+You can see that the max load was 142,000
+pounds per wheel which gave us a nice margin.
+
+Of course, those are the aft wheels, the main
+gear.
+
+And we liked that margin on there.
+
+And the inflation pressure is about 370 on
+that.
+
+This thing is like a stick of dynamite.
+
+If it blows you have really got some problems.
+
+I mean you have shrapnel everywhere.
+
+But when you do the test it is always behind
+the cage or something where you can do it.
+
+Again, safety was our problem.
+
+When I saw that last orbiter come in, I thought
+for sure that something had happened to the
+
+wheel well and that the explosion was in the
+wheel well.
+
+It terrified me.
+
+Partially it was not the wheels that went.
+
+They went eventually, but if you blow four
+of those wheels, two on each side, that's
+
+not a good day at all.
+
+The Orbiter is about the same size as a 737.
+
+Everybody flies a Boeing 737 about the same
+size, but they land a little softer and not
+
+quite as heavy.
+
+But the geometry, a planned form looks about
+the same.
+
+They don't have the payload bay that we have,
+but it is pretty close.
+
+And here are the big guys.
+
+Now you will see the hydraulic systems.
+
+There are all the hydraulic systems that go
+in there.
+
+And trying to move one of those tires by yourself
+is a chore.
+
+It will get you in shape.
+
+Rolling that thing around at the Cape will
+get you in shape.
+
+And it's the same thing.
+
+It's a split wheel that we have.
+
+This one has the same problem.
+
+You cannot see it but it is right there.
+
+There is a big piece gone from right there.
+
+And, again, it's the runway.
+
+If you hit the runway on the high coarseness
+this is what you get.
+
+I'm going to show you the runway here in just
+a minute, or a little sketch of it and you'll
+
+be able to see it, but you can see that that
+is a fairly big strut.
+
+And we needed it.
+
+How much travel does the strut have?
+
+You mean after it's down and locked?
+
+Oh, I would say probably six inches to a foot,
+just depending on which ones that Rockwell
+
+picked.
+
+I'm not sure which one they have now.
+
+We had a pretty stiff strut to start with.
+
+I think they've done a little work on that.
+
+That's a good question, by the way.
+
+That does affect it a whole lot because you
+don't want to drop that gear too low because
+
+those doors are open.
+
+If you drop that gear too low and that strut
+goes up, you're going to get those doors,
+
+and there goes that turnaround time we were
+talking about.
+
+There goes the turnaround time.
+
+I've got another one of my goodies here.
+
+This is not the beryllium.
+
+The beryllium had one big problem.
+
+We thought that the heat transfer was great
+but the homogeneity of the heating was not
+
+good.
+
+You would get spots.
+
+Once you did that it would warp the brake.
+
+When it warped the break then it would do
+all sorts of bad things.
+
+When you look at this, here are the stators
+and here are the rotors.
+
+This was a stator.
+
+And what this is is they had two sets of stators
+on each of these.
+
+And then, of course, the rotor went all the
+way around.
+
+But here is a brake.
+
+And you will see that it's only a piece of
+a brake.
+
+And you are going to find out it is very,
+very heavy.
+
+And there is really not much I could tell
+you about these, except that the one good
+
+thing we did was we insisted that Rockwell
+leave enough room in here for five stators
+
+and rotors.
+
+We started with four and right now we have
+five.
+
+And so we did it partially right anyway to
+start with.
+
+Here is the axel, and this will fit on all
+of these.
+
+And we thought we did about 25 stops with
+this thing, but I think we probably end up
+
+somewhere between four and ten.
+
+Again, that's just money.
+
+And, again, that's the turnaround time we
+were talking about.
+
+So, all of the things we thought we could
+do, systems engineering things, did not work
+
+out quite right.
+
+So the stators had to pass?
+
+Yeah.
+
+The caliber just pushes against it?
+
+Just pushes, yeah.
+
+It just shoves it.
+
+There is the caliber so you just close that
+thing up and you just squeeze those guys together
+
+and you watch the smoke come out.
+
+Did the caliber float at all like on a modern
+one?
+
+We found that we had to do an orphus hydraulic
+system.
+
+We found out the problem you're talking about,
+they had a funny name for it, but it was the
+
+one you're getting at.
+
+And what was happening is that the brake was
+cycling because it was not orphused.
+
+Once we orphused that thing it worked very,
+very smooth.
+
+And, just like your front wheels, it just
+doesn't look much different than your front
+
+wheels, except they are a lot bigger.
+
+And how would you like to have that pad on
+your car?
+
+You would never have to have them replaced.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Here you go.
+
+This is a mechanical engineers' dream.
+
+Here are more linkages than you could ever
+want.
+
+You can have all sorts of fun with this kind
+of linkage.
+
+This is the forward part of the Orbiter.
+
+The nose comes around kind of like that.
+
+And you can see that we've got that gear stuffed
+in there pretty good.
+
+And some of the things that are on the door
+are sliced out, so when you look at the door
+
+in there you have just a whole lot of things
+in there.
+
+And what happens is, remember I said the first
+thing is we have a little hydraulic actuator
+
+that starts this thing?
+
+And, whether you want to or not, it opens
+those doors.
+
+And we will fire this bungee right here.
+
+This is a pyrotechnic thing.
+
+And no matter what, we are going to fire that
+thing to be sure that if the hydraulic system
+
+isn't going to that, we are going to drop
+that thing with a pyro.
+
+So, it opens the doors.
+
+Once it opens and you start that gear down,
+remember, you've got about 200 something knots
+
+of wind that is going to drop.
+
+So, this is going to help you.
+
+It comes down, it folds down that way.
+
+Our only comment to Rockwell was that we didn't
+like all this.
+
+The leakages were even more than that when
+we started, and we had to reduce those down.
+
+There is a little fitting right up here that
+you can get a little bit of help to get the
+
+thing back up.
+
+But you do need the guys with their polls
+shoving it back up.
+
+There is the wheel.
+
+And once it's down, there is no brake on that
+one.
+
+This is the forward one.
+
+This will give you a little better idea.
+
+This doesn't look too much different.
+
+Forward is this way.
+
+If you go that way, you see the gear has come
+down and is now locked into place.
+
+In the other picture you couldn't see these
+little yokes, but when the strut comes up
+
+those yokes come up and grab it.
+
+There is the extender strut.
+
+Essentially, the drag shut, it's a solid piece.
+
+I'm not sure what you could say other than
+the fact that that right there is the booster
+
+actuator that I was talking about, the pyro
+actuator.
+
+And it is going to fire every time no matter
+what.
+
+The same thing for the mains, except they
+are bigger.
+
+One problem we had with this particular one
+was these doors.
+
+Those are big doors.
+
+They are bigger than probably two of these
+tables.
+
+Maybe like that and wider so they are big.
+
+And the problem is sealing them.
+
+When you're coming in and you're going to
+re-enter, you've got to get a seal on there
+
+that is going to work.
+
+Most of these were bolt seals.
+
+You just put the Freon and they squeezed closed.
+
+There is no seal sticking out.
+
+Of course, it has got the re-entry material
+on it.
+
+But, again, these were part of our problem.
+
+And those seals were probably the trickiest
+things that we had.
+
+And here professor is at extend/retract actuator,
+but it still won't do it all.
+
+You could hook up a hydraulic system to get
+this gear back up.
+
+Forward is that way.
+
+But you need a lot of help.
+
+Again, it was a weight problem.
+
+I am going to show you this one, but 
+I had to go to the Space Center Houston because
+
+I couldn't get a picture of the Orbiter.
+
+So, this is a little mockup.
+
+And here is the gear.
+
+And what I really want to show you is, see
+that little guy right there, that's the pyro
+
+system that kicked that thing out.
+
+They call it a bungee.
+
+It's a Rockwell term, but it's not like a
+bungee.
+
+It's really actually like a pyro.
+
+And when that strut comes back up here are
+those yokes I was telling you about.
+
+It just clamps around that strut and it hold
+it up.
+
+That's probably the only thing you can see
+that is worthwhile on this picture.
+
+Now we're going to talk a little bit about
+integration, an interesting problem.
+
+Rockwell was our prime integrator.
+
+They integrated everything.
+
+We helped them, but they had all these people
+as contractors.
+
+Not only did Rockwell have to deal with us.
+
+Rockwell had to deal with all these contractors
+that they had.
+
+The wheels were made by BF Goodrich.
+
+Not Goodyear, Goodrich, which is now Michelin,
+I think.
+
+And they flew it on the F-14 and C-5a which
+is a pretty big airplane.
+
+We didn't have a four-wheel truck like the
+big aircraft did like a 747.
+
+We thought that would be a great idea, but
+we didn't have the room in there to put the
+
+whole thing in.
+
+The brakes were BF Goodrich, the same ones.
+
+They were the ones that really wanted to go
+with a beryllium.
+
+It turned out that they passed all of the
+initial tests for the beryllium, but the beryllium
+
+had no life, so we never really had a test
+failure.
+
+But we had a test of things we really didn't
+like the way it was going so we changed.
+
+They changed, I think, in 1990 or 1985 to
+the carbon brake that I was showing you just
+
+a minute ago.
+
+The nose gear steering is a bi-steeror.
+
+Nose gear steering is after you land and you
+get the nose gear down you can steer.
+
+It turns out that the astronauts did not like
+to use the nose gear steering, so what they
+
+would do is get on the brakes.
+
+They would do the brakes like this.
+
+And they'd steer that way.
+
+When you do that you heat those brakes up
+pretty good.
+
+You heat the brakes up.
+
+And, besides that, there was a single point
+failure in that nose gear steering.
+
+If that thing failed, and it failed in a bad
+position, it might be nine degrees off, and
+
+so you're going to run the Orbiter off there.
+
+I had to agree with the astronauts that probably
+the right thing to do was just get on those
+
+brakes and steer with those guys.
+
+Menasco, they built struts for almost everybody.
+
+HydroAir, they had all kinds of actuators.
+
+And Rockwell did all the bar linkages that
+I was showing you about.
+
+The antiskid system was another one of those
+important things.
+
+What is it on your cars these days?
+
+The ABS system.
+
+This is our ABS system right here.
+
+And we had one.
+
+And we had nose gear steering.
+
+We had all that good stuff.
+
+You've got to remember now this is 30 years
+ago so it's a little different.
+
+There we go.
+
+I had to put that in there.
+
+I like this picture.
+
+There is nothing technical about it but I
+like it.
+
+Isn't that neat?
+
+Look at those little skinny wheels on that
+big vehicle.
+
+Isn't that something?
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+It looks like somebody made a mistake.
+
+Anyway, it's coming in there.
+
+You will note there are no drag shoots.
+
+The initial design actually had a drag shoot.
+
+One of the guys in our division decided that
+we didn't need a drag shoot so he put in an
+
+improvement which reduced the cost.
+
+That was a mistake again, so we took the drag
+shoot off.
+
+And I eventually had to put it back on anyway.
+
+All engineers are not exactly right, but this
+thing flew well.
+
+The gears really worked out real well.
+
+We were tickled pink whenever we would see
+that thing fly.
+
+I may have already told you.
+
+I had to put that in there.
+
+I like that picture.
+
+This was a dilemma.
+
+The tires never really failed to the spec
+that we gave them.
+
+We didn't like it because we didn't think
+we would get the life that we wanted out of
+
+it.
+
+And so we had running discussions.
+
+Maybe not battles, but certainly running discussions
+with Goodrich on that tire.
+
+We got excessive testing tire damage with
+a dynamometer test where you do all the testing
+
+and we put the side loads on.
+
+And we just didn't like what was happening.
+
+Even though it passed this we went to, say,
+20% over.
+
+We were really getting failures that we really
+didn't like.
+
+And we knew, from the very beginning after
+the test, that we were not going to get the
+
+five or six landings that we thought with
+every tire set.
+
+On the mains you'd get one landing and that's
+it.
+
+And you can see why you would get these big
+hunks.
+
+I think they are better with the new runway
+or with the way they fix the runway.
+
+I talked about the wheel.
+
+The wheel cracked.
+
+We had a wheel crack with a load.
+
+The bolt lubricant did not work.
+
+We couldn't get the right torque.
+
+The two O rings caused a failure in the split
+wheel.
+
+The bolts broke and we failed the 1,000 mile
+test.
+
+That doesn't sound great, does it?
+
+But it really was because this was an empirical
+design.
+
+It worked fine because it met the spec that
+we had.
+
+And what drives you, as engineers you might
+not like it, but program managers have their
+
+problems, too.
+
+They have costs they have to worry about,
+they've got schedules they have got to worry
+
+about, and they get you to do things that
+will work every time.
+
+And then later on you can make the improvements.
+
+The beryllium brakes, we had cracked hot spots
+on the pad, we had thermal expansion and some
+
+melting.
+
+Goodrich kept telling us that those cracks
+did not matter for flight, but we didn't like
+
+it and we fussed with them a lot.
+
+And we fussed with Rockwell a lot.
+
+And after maybe ten years they finally changed
+them.
+
+The entry displacement was lower than expected.
+
+We thought sure that the beryllium would be
+a great way to do it, and it didn't work out.
+
+And I talked to you a little bit about the
+hydraulic system causing that wobble.
+
+That was the test results on our outline.
+
+Let's talk a little bit about the runway.
+
+I have more goodies for you.
+
+The runway was about 15,000 feet at the Cape.
+
+Before the flight test, how do you actual
+simulate flight conditions, especially with
+
+the wings to simulate heat dissipation?
+
+You mean dropping the gear?
+
+Yeah.
+
+I don't think we ever really did.
+
+I don't think we ever had a wind load on it.
+
+But we tested that gear.
+
+One time we did it with a lower pressure just
+to see if the hydraulic pressure would work.
+
+And that may give us a little bit of something,
+but that's all we ever did.
+
+We had high confidence in that pyro.
+
+If you ever heard it go off.
+
+But you rely on the wing load to dissipate
+the heat, right?
+
+One of the things, yeah.
+
+And gravity, of course.
+
+You're getting a gravity down, too, on the
+thing.
+
+So, you're getting wind, you're getting gravity,
+you're getting pyro, you're getting hydraulic.
+
+No, to dissipate the heat in the brakes.
+
+Not the gear, but to dissipate the heat from
+the brakes you rely on the wing load.
+
+Oh, sure.
+
+But you couldn't test that on the ground?
+
+I don't think we ever put it in a wind tunnel
+or anything.
+
+If we did, I don't remember.
+
+But we did check a lot to see what the heating
+was.
+
+And we did it on a dynamometer which is like
+you do to your car tires.
+
+No, I don't think we ever did.
+
+That's a good question.
+
+I wonder why we didn't do that.
+
+I had to think about that one.
+
+Here is the runway.
+
+A lot of people in NASA have built runways
+and looked at them.
+
+And what they did is they put these grooves
+in there to get the water off, just like they
+
+do on the highways now.
+
+And you will see that is the grooved runways
+right there.
+
+It sits in there about like that.
+
+And I will pass this around and let you see
+it.
+
+And you will see that it is really rough.
+
+And you can see hitting that surface at those
+speeds is not really good.
+
+What they have done, after I left by the way,
+which is a great thing to do, is they shortened
+
+the high friction part of the runway and they
+pinned it with like a ball pinned hammer.
+
+They pinned it like they do highways.
+
+That got our friction factor down.
+
+We missed the friction factor, by the way.
+
+And they put a thing called a corduroy on
+the front.
+
+And here is the corduroy.
+
+You want to take a look at that.
+
+It's like that.
+
+And so now the runway looks like this.
+
+I think if we were going to fly the Orbiter
+some more that probably with this runway now
+
+at the Cape we would probably get a little
+better use out of the tires.
+
+It turns out that trying to determine the
+friction factor here was not as easy as we
+
+thought.
+
+And you will see when you see that the thing
+is not a smooth surface.
+
+It's a pitted surface and it has little things
+that stick up.
+
+And so if you pin it down like you do like
+a highway and get that it's much better.
+
+We've gone through the requirements.
+
+We've gone through some of the testing.
+
+Now let's talk about operational findings
+that we found on this thing.
+
+Remember, if you're going to be an engineer,
+which you are I hope, you're going to find
+
+out that all three of these things will be
+a problem for you.
+
+You'll have to look at the requirements, you
+will have to look at the testing, and you
+
+will have to look at the operations of the
+thing.
+
+If you work for a company they will put you
+way ahead if you tell them we ought to go
+
+find out how this thing is operating with
+our customers.
+
+Here is what we found.
+
+Our deployment velocity, when we dropped the
+gear on landing, was 312 knots operational.
+
+Good.
+
+We were right on.
+
+Landing velocity was 225.
+
+We actually came in once at 232 or a little
+higher than that.
+
+And that was the Marine landing.
+
+I'm not quite sure he was wanting to do those
+carrier landings.
+
+The operational weight was higher.
+
+We designed for 214 to 230.
+
+We ended up with about 225 to 232 which is
+not bad because we had enough margin in those
+
+tires and wheels to take it.
+
+The sink rates were not bad.
+
+6.7 is about what they would always land at,
+which was really pretty good.
+
+Now you can see that our design was not that
+far off.
+
+The negative angle of attack I want to talk
+about here.
+
+Let me show you it.
+
+For some reason the initial design, which
+I guess we were all part of, had a negative
+
+angle of attack if you would take this route.
+
+It was about four degrees down like that.
+
+Now, if you take a look at this, when you
+come in here you will see that if you're going
+
+to get a load in your landing, so the elevons
+are going to be up a little bit, what you're
+
+going to do is all those loads are going to
+dump right straight into that back gear.
+
+And that's really not what you want.
+
+You ask yourself, well, why don't you just
+raise this gear?
+
+And the answer is money [LAUGHTER]
+
+and weight.
+
+But the initial thought was we ought to have
+it to look like that and do that and we will
+
+take the load off the brakes.
+
+I'm not sure that was one of our better moves
+but that wasn't bad.
+
+We talked a little bit about this [the negative
+angle of attack?].
+
+The nose gear steering was never really used.
+
+I'm not sure they do it now.
+
+Oh, no, they fixed it.
+
+Have they fixed it?
+
+Yeah, they use it.
+
+In fact, it was after our flight.
+
+That is when they finally decided to fix it.
+
+We're going to talk about his flight in just
+a minute here.
+
+I went through great lengths to get his.
+
+We had one tire failure on 51D.
+
+And, after our operations, we did find that
+we could get John Young, who was chief astronaut
+
+at the time, to say, yes, we're going to change
+how we do these elevons on landing so we will
+
+take some of the load off that gear.
+
+Let's review it.
+
+We had the requirements, we had the design,
+we had the test results and now we've got
+
+the operational results.
+
+The whole systems engineering scheme is to
+go from start to finish.
+
+And this is what we did.
+
+I may have made this sound more negative than
+it was.
+
+It was great fun and it worked really well.
+
+I mean it worked well.
+
+As an example, and what the professor was
+talking about a minute ago, we did one of
+
+these.
+
+This is loads here, but we did one for heating
+early on.
+
+And we had a little computer, which was one
+of the few on the center at the time.
+
+It was a Wang desktop.
+
+They've never seen that.
+
+I know that.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+It's a foreign word.
+
+It's about this big.
+
+And I think it had a max of about 256k and
+that was it.
+
+We, to keep up with Rockwell, instead of loads,
+did heating because we were more worried about
+
+the brakes than we were the tires.
+
+And, if you look at this curve, this one sets
+that nose gear down a little early.
+
+You come in on the mains and you drop that
+nose gear down.
+
+And then all of a sudden you get this spike.
+
+Well, you can imagine if you get this spike
+here, the heating is going to be higher from
+
+there on.
+
+If you keep that nose up, like he was talking
+about a minute ago, and you just wait a while
+
+and you get way down the runway or down the
+runway some place, you get a little lower
+
+load and it's a little easier on those tires
+and on the brakes.
+
+It gives you a little longer rollout, but
+that's not bad because we've got plenty of
+
+room.
+
+Now, some of these fellows had a problem with
+this one.
+
+This is 51D.
+
+This is the infamous flight for the professor.
+
+See that tire right there?
+
+It is blown.
+
+It is the only tire that we blew in the whole
+of the flight test.
+
+And what are we at 210 or 214 along flights,
+and it is the only tire.
+
+I'm sorry, 114.
+
+It's the only tire that we blew.
+
+And I tried to ask him last night what they
+did.
+
+I'll tell the story.
+
+Well, I was going to tell you, he had a tremendous
+side load.
+
+He had a tremendous 15 knot crosswind that
+they got.
+
+And the gentleman who was flying was a fellow
+named Bobko.
+
+He's kind of fun to talk to.
+
+He did a good job getting that thing in.
+
+And they got pretty far down the runway.
+
+I think it was only 200 feet, our guys told
+me, before that tire blew.
+
+And you were almost at a stop.
+
+You were just going a little slow.
+
+But the brakes were heating up because he
+was on those brakes fighting that side load.
+
+More operational findings.
+
+We shot-blasted the center strip at the runway.
+
+We improved the groves, like I was showing
+you, and we put the corduroy in.
+
+And that all happened after I was there, but
+I still deal with the guys out in the center
+
+and they helped me out to get this.
+
+The design problem was the wing volume that
+we had.
+
+We started 42.
+
+They tell me they are going to go to 44.
+
+I don't know if they have.
+
+The tire pressure was 370.
+
+We could go to 410.
+
+I think the new tire will have 410.
+
+We talked a little bit about lengthening the
+nose gear which would relieve some of that
+
+problem with the nose down.
+
+It turned out the proposal was prepared.
+
+It was presented.
+
+And they decided that they really didn't want
+to do it because it would cost too much money
+
+and was too much weight.
+
+The Orbiter, at one time, had a CG problem.
+
+And I don't think they wanted to weight up
+there with that much of a moment arm on it,
+
+was one of the reasons.
+
+The carbon brakes were added in 1990.
+
+They worked great.
+
+The new synthetic tire in 1992, which is different
+from that tire right there, worked very, very
+
+well.
+
+The drag shoot.
+
+We put the drag shoot back on.
+
+And this is nothing more but a [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+picture, but there is that drag shoot right
+there.
+
+We have that drag shoot on now.
+
+And they tell me that helps a lot.
+
+If you put that drag shoot on, you save the
+brakes and you save those tires, too.
+
+And it also tends to stabilize you to keep
+it going straight down the runway.
+
+Even with the crosswind?
+
+Even with the crosswind, yeah.
+
+And you have to realize that this has to be
+designed not just for a landing at Kennedy
+
+Space Center or at Edwards where you have
+a three mile long runway.
+
+Like Allen said, you've got contingency runways
+around the world where you might be landing
+
+with just two miles.
+
+And that is when this stuff is really going
+to save your bacon.
+
+We were proponents of the drag shoot for a
+long time mainly to save those tires and the
+
+brakes and get the cost back in there.
+
+It was added in 1992.
+
+And so with all of that.
+
+After I told you all of that, I was a little
+bit negative, just to let you know, that everything
+
+doesn't go smooth.
+
+If it does not go smoothly when you do engineering,
+I would suggest to you that you're probably
+
+going to have the same kind of situations.
+
+Just concluding comments.
+
+The tire design on development had margins
+to meet all the initial requirements, and
+
+they did fine.
+
+It is still flying and flies well, a good
+vehicle.
+
+We only had one tire failure, and the professor
+was a witness there, he was there.
+
+We could have had a longer life on all that,
+but the clear issue was really weights and
+
+money.
+
+Again, it is one of those systems engineering
+things where you have to trade that off.
+
+The wheels performed a design.
+
+Even better because we didn't have any leakage
+in six months on the pad which was great for
+
+us.
+
+The beryllium brakes functioned but were sporadically
+marginal.
+
+The KSC runway had friction and rough surfaces
+but that is fixed so everything is pretty
+
+good now.
+
+The initial design of the requirements and
+improvements have continued, and I am sure
+
+that they will continue until the Orbiter
+doesn't fly anymore.
+
+And I am going to stop right there.
+
+You've had enough of me for a little bit.
+
+Any questions on this stuff?
+
+What did you think about that concrete?
+
+Did you pass that stuff around?
+
+Isn't that something?
+
+It fools you, doesn't it?
+
+I had never been to the Cape.
+
+It is a lot rougher than you think.
+
+And you see that stuff and say what were we
+thinking?
+
+That's no good for a big tire like that.
+
+OK, gang.
+
+I will just finish the story of this 51D flight
+that Allen mentioned.
+
+It was the sixteenth flight of the Shuttle.
+
+It was my first flight.
+
+And actually there were seven people onboard.
+
+Six of us were rookies, so we had never been
+in space before.
+
+And the commander had only been in space once
+and he was in charge.
+
+And it was quite an exciting flight because
+we had a malfunctioning satellite, we had
+
+to do an unplanned spacewalk.
+
+We did an unplanned rendezvous with a satellite.
+
+And so lots of stuff had happened.
+
+And then we came in re-entry.
+
+And I just remember the deal was, as Allen
+said, the nose wheel steering was built in,
+
+but it was a single string system.
+
+There was only one hydraulic loop in the nose
+gear.
+
+And if that went hard over then you will leave
+the runway.
+
+And so Gastros decided that until they made
+that redundant we weren't going to use the
+
+nose wheel steering.
+
+In order to steer down the runway, you put
+even more or less pressure on the right or
+
+the left brake.
+
+It turned out that we landed with the max
+crosswind.
+
+We had a crosswind from the right side, I
+believe, and so wanted to blow the Orbiter
+
+over to the left side of the runway.
+
+And so the commander had to put extra brakes
+on the right wheel.
+
+And so that was what was heating up.
+
+And I just remember, because I was sitting
+right behind him up on the flight deck, we
+
+touched down, everything went fine down the
+runway, the nose wheel came down and we could
+
+feel the deceleration.
+
+I thought we were just about stopped.
+
+And I remember thinking to myself it's all
+over, nothing can go wrong now.
+
+Boom, the whole Orbiter shook.
+
+I mean I really thought that one of the fuel
+tanks had blown up or something.
+
+It was really impressive.
+
+And, like Allen said, these things put out
+a lot of shrapnel.
+
+In fact, after most flights, sometimes you
+will see the crew get out and walk around
+
+and kind of kick the tires and just sort of
+pat the Orbiter and say thank you for a nice
+
+flight and all that.
+
+But they made everybody get out of there because
+the other tires, obviously, were overheated
+
+as well and they were worried that they were
+break.
+
+But, as Yogi Bear said, it ain't over till
+it's over.
+
+And it was exciting.
+
+But after that they fixed the nose wheel steering,
+they got rid of the beryllium brakes and replaced
+
+them with carbon, they put in the drag shoot,
+and we really haven't had any problems since.
+
+And I think it's a really good example of
+the whole engineering process where you build
+
+in margin.
+
+And that is absolutely critical when you're
+designing a system.
+
+And then going through the testing and then
+the operation and then closing the loop.
+
+Once you find out how these systems really
+operate then, if you have the ability to make
+
+changes, you can go in and improve them.
+
+Let's take our two-minute break, stand up,
+turn around and then we'll take up again with
+
+the manipulator systems.
+
+Start up again with a different mechanical
+system.
+
+In this case the manipulator system which
+is the space crane.
+
+That's a good term for it.
+
+It is a space crane.
+
+This is a whole different way we did this.
+
+When the Orbiter was built there were several
+sized payload bays.
+
+One was 30 feet and one was 60 feet.
+
+And it turned out that we did not really have
+a system to handle the payload where you were
+
+going to carry the payload, but we really
+didn't have them at the time.
+
+Altitude and inclination varied.
+
+Here was the significant capability we had
+to do.
+
+We had to do 65,000 pounds, 15 foot in diameter
+and about 60 feet long.
+
+That is about the size of a greyhound bus.
+
+And we really did not have any system to handle
+it.
+
+The thoughts were don't worry, we will spring
+it out, we'll throw it out, but we had no
+
+retrievalment methods.
+
+Besides that, another systems engineering
+problem, most of the resources in the program
+
+were on the Orbiter, or just to get the shuttle
+flying.
+
+And there was really not a lot of attention
+paid to the payloads in the early days.
+
+In addition to that, when you look back, the
+ongoing programs were Skylab.
+
+We had Skylab still going.
+
+We had Apollo-Soyez just about ready to fly.
+
+And then the prime objective, the Orbiter.
+
+All these things contributed to the fact that
+it was a little later in getting this started
+
+than perhaps it should have been.
+
+All the NASA centers had a concept.
+
+Marshall had a concept.
+
+We did not have a concept at Johnson at the
+time.
+
+We were doing some off-line work on manipulators,
+but the initial part was not for the Shuttle.
+
+We had some systems that were pretty good
+for deployment, but we had no system for retrieval
+
+at the time.
+
+That was a problem.
+
+The manipulator became a crane.
+
+It essentially became a contender once we
+understood a little bit more about the requirements.
+
+And the one that came up that said we have
+to go capture a satellite.
+
+That is the one that was the real driver for
+the manipulator.
+
+We 
+
+had some studies going on.
+
+I guess you guys call it robotics.
+
+And we had found that we could get from General
+Electric some of the Atomic Energy Commission
+
+which they used to handle the very critical
+elements.
+
+And we were just working on it.
+
+And this was a side issue.
+
+We were doing this technology.
+
+It had nothing to do with the Orbiter at the
+time.
+
+And we decided, after a while, that we liked
+the way it worked and what we would do is
+
+just make an extension of that, so we did.
+
+And we decided that we would try to go to
+handling system.
+
+And we did.
+
+I'm not sure.
+
+Is master slave a good term for robotics these
+days?
+
+Let me tell you what a master slave is.
+
+The hand controllers or whatever you're using
+looks just like the manipulator.
+
+You have a little bitty one over here.
+
+You've got a big one over here.
+
+We were using a master slave kind of system.
+
+And we found out right off that if you've
+made an arm that long and you try to put it
+
+in the crew cabin, it took up a lot of volume
+in the crew cabin.
+
+And so we didn't have that much room to start
+with.
+
+That became an issue right off.
+
+The other issue was that we found out that
+when we were working with the AEC kind of
+
+things that dexterity and feedback was very
+important because they didn't want to drop
+
+this thing.
+
+They wanted to be sure they could handle it.
+
+But we really didn't need that.
+
+We decided that we had to have a larger system
+than that.
+
+And we also found that during these tests
+the fellow would hold his arms up and would
+
+get tired.
+
+We decided if we got a barber he would be
+the guy that could operate this thing better
+
+than any of us.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+That's a 1G problem.
+
+Even there, for training, he would get tired
+so easily.
+
+But we never found a barber that could do
+it.
+
+And we kept the master slave concept for future
+testing.
+
+Just so we understand what a master slave
+is, let's take a quick look at this.
+
+Here is the master.
+
+You can go over and grab the hand controller
+right up here.
+
+And, as you move that hand controller, this
+piece over here moves exactly like you move
+
+the hand controller and the arm.
+
+Now, that is interesting because if this is
+one foot and that is 50 feet, you get a radio
+
+of about 1:50.
+
+Instead of being able to move it like we wanted,
+you now have to ratchet the thing every time
+
+you did it.
+
+It took more space.
+
+So, we decided that really was not a good
+idea.
+
+In addition to that, we found that the manipulator
+that we had was really too small for what
+
+we really wanted to do.
+
+And the other problem was that the GE hydraulic
+manipulator was probably not what we were
+
+going to fly in space.
+
+We did not want to fly a hydraulic system
+that would leak.
+
+Now we had a problem between hydraulics and
+electrics, which now we had to do some modeling
+
+on.
+
+Of all things, we had some money from the
+NASA Medical Group.
+
+We told them what we wanted to do, they gave
+us some money and we went and bought a manipulator
+
+from GE.
+
+They got it from Pittsburg Plate and Glass.
+
+It was about 25 to 27 feet long and it had
+a suction end effector on it.
+
+And what they would do is pick up these big
+pieces of glass and move them.
+
+We bought their manipulator for about $50,000,
+I think, but it was medical money of all things.
+
+And it had a master slave and it had a vacuum
+end detector.
+
+We decided that there were several things
+that we had to analyze just to get this thing
+
+started.
+
+One was the master slave, and we decided we
+wanted an alternate concept.
+
+That one didn't even work.
+
+The feedback versus fixed hand controllers
+was the other one.
+
+A lot of people wanted feedback.
+
+Do you do robotics with feedback, too?
+
+Any of you in robotics?
+
+I can tell you anything, can't it?
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Well, we didn't think we need it.
+
+The viewing, the line of site turned out to
+be another issue.
+
+When you look at it, in the Orbiter, we had
+it at the aft station.
+
+And looking back, at the time, there were
+no windows facing out.
+
+What we did for the first time was put TVs
+on the Orbiter to use it.
+
+So, the initial test was to see if we could
+do things with the TVs.
+
+We decided that was an issue.
+
+The end effector configuration was really
+never solved until about the end, and that's
+
+the thing that is the grabber that you have
+to grab this thing with.
+
+And the power source we got fairly early.
+
+We did not want to use hydraulics.
+
+The other thing was the tip speed, and that
+is the speed at which the tip of the manipulator
+
+has to move so you can do things with it.
+
+The problem we had is if we are going to capture
+a satellite and we had a relative velocity
+
+between the Orbiter and a satellite, since
+the guy was going to have to move this thing,
+
+but we didn't have a requirement so we had
+to go work on that.
+
+Payload and cargo handling was the other.
+
+We knew that we were going to handle 64,000
+pounds.
+
+And the manipulators we were working on weren't
+going to do it.
+
+And, of course, the satellite capturing and
+retrieval was what I've already talked about.
+
+We did a little modeling and converted 
+
+some things at the center.
+
+We decided that we had to have a high bay,
+a big room, so we got a room that was Building
+
+13 and we built a plastic floor that was very
+smooth and put payloads on air bearings.
+
+And then we mounted our manipulator right
+next to it.
+
+Then what we would do is, on the air bearing
+floor, everybody would push this 5,000 or
+
+6,000 pound payload across the floor.
+
+And we had two strips where we could get the
+velocity of what was going.
+
+And we decided that we would try to find out
+what the tip speed had to be to capture at
+
+certain velocities, so we did that.
+
+And we just had very, very simple-minded effectors,
+but it worked fairly good.
+
+We also worked on stationary.
+
+These payloads right here, after using this
+floor for probably a year and a half, we came
+
+up with some requirements.
+
+We couldn't use a master slave.
+
+The feedback didn't really help us.
+
+It was just too big.
+
+Tell you what, if you ever look at the linemen
+these days that go up and fix these high lines,
+
+their manipulator, their system is similar
+to what we have.
+
+We have a little bit more sophistication in
+the avionics, but it is very, very similar.
+
+Mechanically they are very, very similar.
+
+The line of site would be required.
+
+We had an astronaut come over and use the
+manipulator.
+
+We gave him a TV and then put what it is called
+an eye mark recorder on his head.
+
+And what this eye mark record was is it looked
+into your eyes, and when you looked at something
+
+out here on a TV over here, you could see
+where he was looking.
+
+Then we ran a test to see, while he was operating
+to capture these satellites, whether he was
+
+looking at the satellite -- I'm sorry, the
+TV, or while he was going line of sight.
+
+It turned out, it was very interesting, it
+was 60% he was looking line of sight and 40%
+
+on the TV.
+
+At the time, there was no aft window, so we
+went to Rockwell and they decided to put the
+
+aft windows.
+
+Again, here is one of those problems.
+
+The aft window is about that thick.
+
+It pure quartz and is very, very heavy.
+
+And nobody wanted to put them in.
+
+I think we had some overhead windows in to
+start with.
+
+I'm not real sure about that.
+
+But we have overhead windows in there and
+aft windows.
+
+So, we got those put in.
+
+We also defined the end effector speed, the
+tip speed.
+
+We found out that about foot per second was
+about all he needed.
+
+Other than that, probably the satellite was
+moving so fast and it probably wasn't safe
+
+to do it so we settled on that.
+
+We decided that we could capture satellites.
+
+That was done.
+
+And we again said we could not see using hydraulics
+on this system at all.
+
+So, we moved to a bigger building.
+
+Now we built a 60 x 80 foot floor and ran
+satellites across it, a very smooth floor.
+
+The smoothness of the floor, we had a little
+hole in the middle that was 0.009 inches deep,
+
+and we shot the whole thing with a laser and
+got the floor built.
+
+We also needed an Orbiter mockup so we built
+an Orbiter mockup to about where it would
+
+be on the Orbiter.
+
+We got the floor built.
+
+That should be 80.
+
+The manipulator was now 50 feet long, so we
+had to make it 50 feet long.
+
+But the problem was, since we were going to
+use the electrical system instead of the hydraulic
+
+system, now we had to make that hydraulic
+system think it was operating like an electrical
+
+system.
+
+What we did was, on the electrical system,
+if you put the arm straight out and you lift
+
+it, we had a first cut at 100 pounds.
+
+Now in orbit it is inertia that is going to
+get you, but on the ground we said we will
+
+hold this thing out at 100 pounds for the
+electrical system.
+
+So, we modeled the hydraulic system to work
+just like that.
+
+Also, we needed a lower scale payload.
+
+We did not have any.
+
+Remember what I was telling you a minute age?
+
+60 feet by 15 feet is about the size of a
+greyhound bus.
+
+Was what we were trying to work on.
+
+And we also went to a fixed hand controller
+which drove us into the hydraulics business.
+
+I'm sorry, into the avionics business.
+
+Before we did that we had to figure out a
+way to handle payloads.
+
+And so what we did was we had looked up some
+of these people who were loggers up in the
+
+Northeast, and they were using essentially
+a dirigible to take the logs down.
+
+And they were big, about like what we wanted.
+
+We got that company, Sheldahl, I think was
+the company, to build this thing and put helium
+
+in it.
+
+And it turned out something this big has a
+tremendous inertia, which was great because
+
+that was what we wanted.
+
+We didn't want it to be heavy but we wanted
+the inertia.
+
+Plus, we got a little resistance from the
+air when we moved it around.
+
+We had to take that one and show that we could
+grab it and put it in the payload bay.
+
+And that took a while because when you get
+it all set around, when you start putting
+
+it down near the payload bay, say there is
+the aft station of the payload bay, you find
+
+out that you cannot see anything.
+
+Now you really are on the TVs and you really
+have to get that manipulator where it knows
+
+where it is.
+
+That was the other thing.
+
+We found that once you started drop some of
+these payloads you will want to automate a
+
+whole bunch of this stuff.
+
+In addition to that, when you look at the
+requirements, just putting it in the payload
+
+bay is kind of interesting, but once you get
+it in there you've got to hold it.
+
+What we did is -- There is the trunnion right
+there.
+
+You can see right there is where the trunnion
+goes in there.
+
+This thing comes back, it opens up and it's
+like a big latch.
+
+If you can drop that thing in there, you can
+just put it in there.
+
+Now, that is not so easy so I will show you.
+
+We built some guides.
+
+But the other thing was none of the payloads
+were all the same size.
+
+What we had to do is, this is the longeron
+right there.
+
+There is that longeron in there.
+
+And so we had these bridge fittings that you
+could move along and move all along the payload
+
+bay.
+
+Now anybody that came along with any kind
+of size of payload we could now accommodate
+
+those fellows.
+
+And it worked fairly well.
+
+And we had done that.
+
+The other part was once you got the trunnion
+latch you had to get this thing in there.
+
+What we did was we tried a lot of schemes,
+but this was one that worked.
+
+Let me start with this side.
+
+There is the trunnion.
+
+That is essentially these guys right here.
+
+Those are the trunnions.
+
+When you look at the trunnion it sticks out
+of there and it just drops down into the payload
+
+bay and it goes into that latch.
+
+But getting it into that latch is not that
+easy because you really cannot see sometimes.
+
+What we did was built a thing called a V Guide.
+
+This is the V Guide right here.
+
+And the V Guide over here is right there.
+
+And then we have a scuff plate so that once
+you drop it in the V Guide this scuff plate
+
+kept the payload from hitting up against that
+latch.
+
+And they are still using the same concept.
+
+Here is what we really went with.
+
+Not master slave anymore.
+
+I'm sure in robotics labs or something you
+probably go to hand controllers like this.
+
+We went out and looked at a lot of the cranes
+that people work with, and we found out that
+
+these three motors right here all were parallel,
+their rotation was parallel.
+
+What we did was put sort of the auxiliary
+placement things outside those three things,
+
+just the way the linemen do out there now.
+
+They do not have a hand controller.
+
+They have a switch box or they have little
+handles that they use.
+
+That is essentially the configuration that
+we started with on there.
+
+And, if you look at it, this is a little more
+complex.
+
+And about this time we had had enough work
+with the manipulator that we had that we had
+
+built in-house a 50 foot model that we could
+use and prove to the Program Office that we
+
+could handle the payloads.
+
+We had the big inflatables, we had the air-bearing
+floor, and so the Shuttle Program Manager
+
+said we're going to go with it.
+
+And the Air Force wants it so we're going
+to use it.
+
+At about that time, the Canadians decided
+they wanted to be in the space and they are
+
+the ones who came and asked us could they
+build it.
+
+And people in Washington said yes, so our
+division kind of backed off for a while and
+
+they formed a program office with the Canadians.
+
+Actually, that is a Canadian arm called the
+Canada Arm.
+
+Well, you know, you've got to have everything.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+This is the longeron in the Orbiter.
+
+This right here is the longeron in the Orbiter.
+
+And these are just little sort of wrists,
+and they will latch it in.
+
+And you can see that we got the TVs here.
+
+I think that probably this gives you a little
+better feel for the rotation.
+
+We had one rotation that the first thing we
+had to do was, because when the payload bay
+
+doors closed, they closed on top of this thing
+so what you had to do was roll the manipulator
+
+out because we had to get it out of the way
+so there would be no interference with the
+
+payload bay doors.
+
+There is a degree of freedom that is really
+just repositions the thing.
+
+And then after that there is five degrees
+of freedom on there at least.
+
+And if you start from the back here that first
+joint is a yaw.
+
+And then all three of these center joints
+are translation.
+
+And then there is a roll up here and there
+is a pitch up here.
+
+We could go to any place with the end effector
+if we had the tip speed and we had enough
+
+joints.
+
+The problem was that when we did this and
+we tried to build some gear trains and we
+
+found out that you didn't want to back drive
+this arm.
+
+You caught something and it back drives.
+
+We did that a lot with the inflatables.
+
+If you use spur gears you would strip the
+gears out, so we went to roller gears or essentially
+
+the planetary type gears.
+
+I think the Canadians now have all these interior
+angles or all those roller gears.
+
+In the interest of time, since I am going
+on, here is the manipulator and this is the
+
+aft station.
+
+And I have a little better one of that.
+
+But about the time that we were just about
+to get this thing proven, we found out that
+
+people in the world were very interested in
+this.
+
+We had a Russian general want to come see
+us, so we said OK and we entertained the Russian
+
+general.
+
+We wanted to show him that even though the
+arm was about 40 feet long that we were very
+
+dexterous so we were going to pour him a glass
+of water.
+
+And we did, except when we got the general
+there and I walked in, they had the glass,
+
+but the water wasn't in what I thought it
+was in.
+
+It was in a vodka bottle.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+And there is no liquor allowed on a federal
+installation.
+
+And I'm sitting there and the guide is looking
+at me and I'm saying there goes that job.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+I told the general, his interpreter, hold
+your glass there so that you got the bottle.
+
+Real nice.
+
+The guy was really good at the manipulator.
+
+He poured it in there.
+
+Fortunately it was water.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+But we actually poured a glass of water out
+of vodka bottle for the general.
+
+But I thought my time at NASA had come to
+an end.
+
+You guys wouldn't do that, would you?
+
+No.
+
+It would have been vodka.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Yeah, they'd use the vodka.
+
+Nowadays, they might use the vodka.
+
+I hadn't thought about that.
+
+Well, let me go on here.
+
+I was going to point out one thing here that
+the TVs turn out to be a very important part
+
+of this whole thing.
+
+Once you get a payload and you sort of are
+blind, now you have lots of TVs you can use.
+
+There are four on Orbiter.
+
+There are two up front, two on the back bulked
+and there is one on the end effector so that
+
+you can sort of see where you're going for
+the last engagement.
+
+And you can see here there is the aft station,
+there are the windows.
+
+Now, he's got a pretty good line of site if
+there is nothing in there.
+
+If there is a docking tunnel in there that
+makes it a little more difficult.
+
+Did you have a docketing tunnel?
+
+You just had a place where you could set it.
+
+My favorite thing, for this gentleman, is
+that fixing the Hubble to me was the greatest
+
+thing that we have ever done.
+
+And I hope they do it again some time.
+
+And the manipulator always plays a part in
+that.
+
+The only other thing that we did that was
+interesting, early on we built an end effector
+
+where the astronaut could stand on it.
+
+Our first cut at this was to do it like the
+guys that do the high lines, and we put all
+
+the controls out on the end effector.
+
+The Canadians did not like that.
+
+It complicated things.
+
+Remember, we only had about 120 kilobytes
+total for the computer for this thing and
+
+that was it.
+
+They didn't want to waste any more and they
+didn't want all the weight.
+
+I guess the astronauts or someone said we'll
+go with just a foot stand and then we will
+
+control it from the aft station here.
+
+And I think that's the way you do it now,
+isn't it?
+
+Yeah.
+
+It was a tough battle, but weight and cost
+won out again.
+
+It's tough to beat them.
+
+These aren't really that great, but you can
+see that this thing takes up a lot of control
+
+panel in the aft station of the Orbiter.
+
+It really does.
+
+And here are the windows right there.
+
+And there is an overhead window.
+
+We thought at one time that what we would
+have to do, the arm is here, this aft, there
+
+was a payload that wanted the arm to come
+back this way.
+
+If it did that you had to have that window.
+
+A very strange thing happened, because when
+you turn your arm back that way, right is
+
+left and left is right.
+
+We had to practice the reverse of everything
+or get a mirror or something.
+
+We tried a lot of it.
+
+The Program Office wisely decided that was
+not a good idea so they were going to handle
+
+that payload another way.
+
+I wish I could remember exactly what it was.
+
+There are two hand controller here, and here
+they are right here.
+
+This was a lot more fun than wheels, brakes
+and tires.
+
+This was a fun project.
+
+And this is the translation controller.
+
+You've operated this one.
+
+And there is the rotational hand controller.
+
+This one on the left essentially operates
+the three center joints where it goes like
+
+that.
+
+And then all the others are done with this
+hand controller.
+
+I think those are pretty normal flight controllers,
+aren't they?
+
+Those are the ones you used.
+
+At least we thought it was.
+
+The biggest argument we had with the Canadians
+was this, the end effector.
+
+That is the hand, the thing that grabs it.
+
+We wanted one that was more dextrose.
+
+They argued, and rightfully so, that what
+we really wanted was one that would make a
+
+good sturdy latch.
+
+And this one does.
+
+The way this works is that there are three
+little wires in here, three cables that come
+
+in, so once this end effector is placed over
+this grapple pin here these wires close.
+
+And, as they close, they also move back and
+they grab on the end of that pin right there
+
+and pull this end effector into this shoulder
+right here.
+
+Now, in the meantime, there is a docking target
+that he looks at that he can see.
+
+Now, once it sits on this shoulder that really
+is a good structural latch.
+
+You've got a great structural latch.
+
+And if this indexes you can also make an electrical
+connection across there, which some payload
+
+is willing to do.
+
+Now you make a capture latch which is essentially
+the way you do docking a lot of times.
+
+You make a capture latch with these wires
+that actually just close around this thing.
+
+Then it pulls it back, sets it on these shoulders
+and now you have a nice sturdy thing.
+
+And the Canadians did a good job there.
+
+I have to tell them that.
+
+The problem with that is the one we had on
+the nose of your steering.
+
+We had ten single point failures in there
+which makes you nervous, particularly if you're
+
+hauling a big payload or an expensive payload.
+
+However, they did a good job.
+
+Reliability has never failed that I know of,
+so that was a good thing that they did.
+
+This was a lot more fun than the wheels, brakes
+and tires guys.
+
+Then the only other thing is we had a backup
+mode.
+
+We were afraid.
+
+At the time we weren't that enthused with
+computers so we wanted a backup mode.
+
+So, we got everybody to go to a single joint
+mode.
+
+What we did was hardwired all the joints and
+put a box on the control panel so you could
+
+move each joint singularly.
+
+And that was the backup mode.
+
+You can do it with a single joint or you can
+do it computer supported.
+
+You can do it either way.
+
+And we also had to have a jettison mode.
+
+If this thing stuck out there, you would have
+to throw it overboard because you couldn't
+
+close the doors.
+
+We had to get rid of it.
+
+The Canadians thought that was not a good
+idea.
+
+OK, last bit.
+
+This was a different project from the other
+one I was talking to you about.
+
+This one did not start with any history at
+all.
+
+We really had to start this one from scratch.
+
+It is probably one of those things that came
+along just at the right time.
+
+And we were studying some technology.
+
+And we had enough sense to convert, but it
+essentially is just a big crane.
+
+I think that the thing that surprised us the
+most was this one right here.
+
+The crew took to this very, very easily.
+
+It took very little for them to do it.
+
+As a matter of fact, our simulator in Building
+9A became a trainer forum.
+
+We were still doing development work.
+
+And they said, no, we're going to make this
+a trainer.
+
+And those guys were pretty good.
+
+They came in, in very, very little time.
+
+We had to do this.
+
+This was that inflatable testing.
+
+Remember on our other project I said you've
+got to do the testing, you've got to prove
+
+the requirements?
+
+Here was one where we did a little bit of
+innovation with that big inflatable to show
+
+that we could meet the requirements.
+
+And we did.
+
+And surprisingly and happily working with
+the Canadians was great fun.
+
+It was the first time I had ever worked with
+any of the internationals, but it was great
+
+fun.
+
+And they did a great job on this thing.
+
+They are still upgrading it.
+
+It is still flying.
+
+And I'm taking up all your time I'm going
+to take up.
+
+Just one or two things in finishing up.
+
+Allen talked a lot about the importance of
+testing.
+
+And this was a challenge with the arm because,
+remember, all the stuff that we did with the
+
+inflatables, that was all done with a hydraulic
+arm.
+
+The actual arm with the electric motors was
+incapable of lifting its own weight in the
+
+earth's gravity.
+
+I remember going once up to the factory in
+Canada, and the only testing that they could
+
+really do, they had a big air bearing floor
+up there.
+
+And they could use the electrical arm, but
+only in two-dimensions.
+
+And so it didn't get its full three-dimensional
+testing until STS-3, the third orbital flight
+
+test where they had the arm on.
+
+And that was the first real use where they
+could put it through all the paces.
+
+But it really has worked well.
+
+And, in fact, you've all seen the picture
+of the astronaut Bruce McCandless and the
+
+manned maneuvering unit flying off by himself.
+
+That has become like an icon.
+
+The reason that was originally built and fielded
+was because people didn't think that the manipulator
+
+arm would actually have the capability of
+grabbing onto a moving or rotating satellite.
+
+And so the idea was that the astronauts would
+have to go and catch it and then fly it or
+
+stabilize it so that you could come pick it
+up with the manipulator.
+
+But, on the solar maximum repair, actually,
+it turned out that they couldn't catch it
+
+with the manipulator because there was a configuration
+problem and they couldn't latch it.
+
+And so they actually had to go after it with
+the manipulator arm, while it was spinning,
+
+and they were able to get it.
+
+And, in fact, a lot of work that we did in
+simulators showed that the manipulator had
+
+a lot better capability than we originally
+thought it would.
+
+That was Joe Allen, right?
+
+Well, it was Terry Hart who actually caught
+it.
+
+Terry Hart.
+
+There was Pinky Nelson who went out.
+
+Joe and Dale went out to get [OVERLAPPING
+VOICES].
+
+These were not big astronauts.
+
+They were a couple of the smaller guys.
+
+Anyway, just to end, the moral of this is
+there is a lot of discussion often about humans
+
+and robots and who should be doing what.
+
+And I think a lot of people don't realize
+that, from the very beginning, we have actually
+
+had a human robotic interaction on the Shuttle.
+
+And particularly for EVA activities it has
+allowed -- And I will be talking about this
+
+later in the term.
+
+We get humans and robotic systems working
+together.
+
+Now, granted these are teleoperated robotic
+systems.
+
+The real hardcore roboticists don't call it
+robotics unless it's autonomous.
+
+But, nevertheless, it is a telerobotic system
+that we use in combination with humans.
+
+And it has given us very great capabilities.
+
+OK, we will see you on Thursday.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Oh, there is a lot of stuff.
+
+OMS, RCS, fuel cells, auxiliary power unit
+and hydraulic systems.
+
+And also we will be looking for the outline,
+the first cut on your reports.
+
+Henry will reveal you with all of that.
+
+And let's thank Allen.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
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+++ b/qhH6ysHlaiM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2077 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, the next part,
+today's going to be about
+
+concurrent programming.
+
+So in this lecture we are going
+to study concurrent
+
+programing with the emphasis for
+correctness of programs.
+
+Because parallel programs
+will have the
+
+same correctness issues.
+
+So, if you want to get parallel,
+you'd better get the
+
+concurrency right first.
+
+What we're also going do is
+start with a much simpler
+
+machine model.
+
+In a program where we are going
+to use Java, because I
+
+think a lot of people
+understand Java.
+
+Also, we are going to do
+some very simple shared
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+machine abstraction.
+
+I'm not going to even talk about
+any machine anymore.
+
+I'm just going to talk about
+concurrent programming here.
+
+You need to get through this
+one before you can start to
+
+dig in deep into
+the next level.
+
+So in the next lecture, we will
+switch from Java to C-C ,
+
+I guess using MPI primitives
+in here.
+
+We'll start moving into
+parallelism with emphasis on
+
+performance.
+
+And, of course, you have to get
+correctness, that's given,
+
+but we'll start looking at
+performance in there.
+
+And we'll start using the
+distributive memory machine,
+
+all the notions and details of
+Cell, so we'll just kind of go
+
+down and down in
+that direction.
+
+So, what's concurrency?
+
+Sequential program
+is -- because
+
+sequential program opposite.
+
+It's basically single
+thread of execution,
+
+with is a good one.
+
+Finish that, go to the
+next, go to the next.
+
+That's a very simple abstract
+model that for about 35 years,
+
+40 years, none of the machines
+were actually following, that
+
+they had things in the back
+that actually had some
+
+parallelism.
+
+A concurrent program is the
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+because it's a collection of
+autonomous sequential threads
+
+executing logically
+in parallel.
+
+So you can execute this thing
+either multi-programming, so
+
+we can multiplex different
+parts on multiprocessing.
+
+Well, multiprocessing basically
+has [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+starting on different
+machines.
+
+You can distribute, you
+can actually send it
+
+to different places.
+
+Of course, you have to deal
+with memory issues.
+
+So, concurrency's not only
+parallel systems. So you can
+
+do interleaved concurrency.
+
+You can have logically parallel,
+but you run Thread A
+
+for a while, contacts with
+Thread B for a while, contacts
+
+with Thread C, so you can have
+multiple threads on the same
+
+machine running.
+
+Or you can actually have
+running parallel.
+
+You can have three different
+machines running, A, B and C
+
+all the time.
+
+So you can have both in there.
+
+But logically you should not
+see a difference except for
+
+performance and stuff
+like that.
+
+So what I'm going to do is
+do a bunch of examples.
+
+Can you read this?
+
+Let's start with a bank.
+
+So you have a bank account.
+
+So in Java you just basically
+have ID, password, and
+
+balance, and you have some
+way to construct
+
+this object in here.
+
+And you can ask, and see the
+password is correct.
+
+You can get the balance.
+
+And you can post the balance.
+
+So that's a very simple
+account object.
+
+If you have a bank, you have a
+bunch of accounts in a hash
+
+map, and you create the
+hash map in here.
+
+Then you can basically
+[? figure out ?]
+
+the bank, you actually create
+a bank in here, and you can
+
+get an account, given an ID.
+
+Now, assume you want
+to build an ATM.
+
+How do you build an ATM?
+
+So, you have a bank -- you
+need a bank in here, and
+
+here's some input and output
+streams in here.
+
+When you start the ATM, you will
+set up these input and
+
+output streams in here.
+
+In the main function, what
+you'll do is, you get a bank,
+
+create where the input streams
+are coming from.
+
+Create output goes standard --
+system output goes there.
+
+And create an ATM in here, and
+you will make the ATM run.
+
+So how do you run the ATM?
+
+So, what happens in run
+is, you run forever?
+
+ATM doesn't stop any time.
+
+What you can do is you can ask
+when somebody walks into the
+
+ATM, you can say what's
+the account ID.
+
+Type the account ID.
+
+You can get that account, so
+of course, if the account
+
+already is wrong it says,
+throw exception.
+
+You can say OK, what's the
+password, get the password.
+
+You take the password, if it's
+wrong you throw exception.
+
+Then you can say, here's
+your balance today.
+
+What do you want to do?
+
+If you want to withdraw
+or deposit.
+
+If you want to withdraw you can
+do a minus number, if you
+
+want to deposit it will
+be a plus number.
+
+Then you can post that
+into your balance.
+
+Everybody got the
+thing for ATMs?
+
+So, assume activity trace.
+
+So somebody comes and gives the
+account ID, at least gives
+
+the password, and say that they
+have $100,000 and say how
+
+much you withdraw,
+$200 withdraw.
+
+And you get the balance
+in here.
+
+Looks nice.
+
+It works.
+
+So I need to run multiple ATMs.
+Assume I am in a place
+
+that I actually want to put two
+ATMs or four ATMs next to
+
+each other.
+
+So how am I going to do that?
+
+So, in order to do that, there's
+concurrency in Java.
+
+So one way to get Java
+concurrency is you can extend
+
+this class thread and
+define a method run.
+
+Or you have interface called
+[? Runabout, ?]
+
+that you can basically use
+that interface and has
+
+estimated run.
+
+Then when you have made
+that run and when
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+start, that will get started.
+
+Very simple way to do that.
+
+Let me give you an example.
+
+Little bit of a digression.
+
+Why do you want concurrent
+programming?
+
+A lot of times, natural
+application structure is not
+
+sequential.
+
+The world is not sequential.
+
+And then try to sequentialize
+the world sometimes means it's
+
+much more complicated
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+So sometimes it's natural to
+do things in parallel.
+
+A lot of times the
+sequentiality's an artifact of
+
+the programming language,
+because we use a
+
+language like that.
+
+Sometimes doing things in
+parallel ways, you can really
+
+improve things like throughput
+and responsiveness.
+
+If you are doing IO, if you're
+doing sequential programming
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+you're just twiddling your
+thumb waiting for
+
+the IO to come back.
+
+In parallel things actually, you
+can do parallel IO and you
+
+can do a lot cool
+stuff in here.
+
+Of course, in this class,
+if you are multicore and
+
+multiprocessor multicore, you
+can get parallel executions.
+
+So there are more than one
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+Also, if you are building a very
+large distributed system,
+
+concurrent programming is, you
+had to deal with, especially
+
+dealing with things like
+client-server type of
+
+applications.
+
+So here's our original ATMs. So
+to go to multiple ATMs, I
+
+am doing a few changes.
+
+I'll go back and forth
+a few times.
+
+So the first thing I have done
+is I have sett here number of
+
+ATMs to be four.
+
+Can you really read it
+from back there?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, good.
+
+Then what I have done is, in
+here, I did four ATMs here,
+
+and then I put it in a loop to
+create this ATM, so I created
+
+four ATMs in here and start
+four ATMs, basically.
+
+Then of course I extended these
+ATMs so now we will
+
+extend [? up a thread. ?]
+
+And I haven't started that.
+
+And the ATMs [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+ATMs, so it's great.
+
+So now what happens is I assume
+now there's two guys
+
+going, both ATMs, at least
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] been.
+
+Then enter the account and
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE],
+
+that's works really well.
+
+No problem.
+
+So we have two ATMs, two people
+
+actually went on parallel.
+
+One then deposited some money,
+other one took money, great.
+
+Now, as MIT students, they
+want to do something,
+
+they can hack it.
+
+So, [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+basically [UNINTELLIGIBLE] went
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE], and
+
+basically what
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+enter the password, and they
+said I want to get $100.
+
+I would get $90, basically.
+
+So he had $100 in his account.
+
+Then what he got was, so he
+actually managed to get $180
+
+out of an account
+that had $100.
+
+This is not a good ATM, at
+least from the bank's
+
+perspective.
+
+So what went wrong?
+
+If you look at what happened in
+activity trace, so we print
+
+100 in here.
+
+And then you said, you want to
+read this value, you both
+
+entered 90, right here.
+
+And this account balance
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+because the account
+balance was 100.
+
+You saw also the
+account balance
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE], yes,
+it is [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+Then each went post, it went to
+10 -- this also did a post
+
+of the same time, result
+came both 10.
+
+How could this happen?
+
+So that way it can happen
+is, so in the ATM, the
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE], what
+happens is v is minus 90, and
+
+this post [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+also when you start a
+
+v it's minus 90.
+
+Then you treat the
+balance as 100.
+
+So in this interleaving, and so
+it is the plus, you get 10.
+
+Also, before you write it out,
+you read the balance in the
+
+other interleaving, you've got
+the balance as 100, and you do
+
+the plus as 10.
+
+So it destroyed the balance,
+now balance became 10, and
+
+also this guy also wrote the
+balance -- it doesn't matter,
+
+it got 10 updated twice,
+and that's it.
+
+So you can have interleaving
+in here, that actually did
+
+something that's not a
+signature program.
+
+And you're in big trouble.
+
+So in order to get out of
+that, problem is all
+
+interleaving of threads are not
+acceptable and current.
+
+What you want is some kind
+of a sequential-looking
+
+performance, even though you'd
+get parallel, you don't want
+
+to do all these interleavings
+in here.
+
+So in order to do that,
+Java provides this
+
+synchronization mechanism.
+
+That's just strict
+interleaving.
+
+So, what synchronizations do
+is, they ensure safety for
+
+shared updates.
+
+So if you're sharing
+something, so it
+
+avoids races, basically.
+
+It avoids this old interleaving
+ordering here.
+
+Also, it allows you to
+coordinate actions among
+
+shared space, basically.
+
+Because at some point people
+have to coordinate and take
+
+that parallel computation.
+
+With notification
+you can do that.
+
+So, when multiple threads access
+the shared resource,
+
+simultaneously, it's safe only
+if all accesses have no effect
+
+on the resource.
+
+Basically, we're reading
+variables.
+
+But everybody can read the same
+variable, because you're
+
+not changing anything.
+
+I can do that.
+
+Or all accesses are
+idempotent.
+
+So you can say, we
+can do that.
+
+Or only one access at a time.
+
+Which is called mutual
+exclusion.
+
+So in this case we are
+changing something.
+
+It's not that important.
+
+So we have to actually
+do mutual exclusion.
+
+So here's a way to look at
+safety problems. Here might be
+
+an algorithm that you and your
+roommate have. So you arrive
+
+home, look in the
+fridge, no milk.
+
+Leave for grocery, arrive
+at grocery, buy milk
+
+and arrive at home.
+
+The minute you leave for
+grocery, your roommate arrives
+
+and do this.
+
+Then what do you have is
+you have too much milk.
+
+So here's the problem
+in a little bit
+
+more abstract sense.
+
+And you need a way to
+synchronize this.
+
+So how about this.
+
+No milk and no note.
+
+So you leave a note before you
+actually leave the house and
+
+buy milk, and then you come
+back and remove the note.
+
+Does this work?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: I mean here
+also you can do that,
+
+no milk and no note.
+
+So both are started.
+
+We would leave a note,
+and these things can
+
+happen at the same time.
+
+There's a little bit of things
+saying OK, why didn't you see
+
+your roommate.
+
+They go buy milk, he goes
+to buy milk and you have
+
+too much milk too.
+
+So the way to do this
+in Java is this
+
+notion of critical section.
+
+Critical section is where only
+one thread can be in it at a
+
+given time.
+
+The way you can do it with
+Java is, you can put
+
+synchronized in front
+of the method.
+
+And you do that method, only
+one person can be executing
+
+that method at any one time.
+
+So in here I would say get
+balance and post so you can
+
+synchronize.
+
+So when you do that,
+what happens is --
+
+so in here you read.
+
+No problem, you can
+do this parallel.
+
+You can do this in parallel.
+
+And then you say, first
+take out post in here.
+
+And this [? takes out ?] post.
+Because of synchronization
+
+these things can't have an
+order, because this has to
+
+happen in some order.
+
+Either this happens first
+and this has to
+
+finish before this one.
+
+At that point you can actually
+-- what happened now?
+
+Are we happy?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+At least banks realize --
+
+bank's book is correct.
+
+Because it realizes,
+here is more money.
+
+But actually it let you
+take more money than
+
+your account had.
+
+So at least it got
+that value right.
+
+But what happened was, why
+is this happening now?
+
+AUDIENCE: You want the
+check covered.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, you want
+to check also.
+
+Good.
+
+So the key thing is, here
+we didn't check.
+
+So you have a negative bank
+balance happening.
+
+So this is a problem
+with atomacity.
+
+Because synchronized
+methods execute the
+
+body at atomic units.
+
+So when that happens, the entire
+thing of body happens
+
+without anybody else
+[? modifying. ?]
+
+That's the only thing that's
+happening at any given time.
+
+The code read [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+you chose is probably too
+small in this case.
+
+What we need to do is, we
+need to basically have
+
+synchronizing not on the
+method but a lot more
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] in there,
+so you have to do block
+
+synchronization.
+
+So synchronized keywords
+actually work like this too.
+
+You can say instead of doing
+a method, you can just
+
+synchronize account and all
+those things happen
+
+synchronously within
+that block.
+
+So, now what we have done
+is we have built a
+
+bigger atomic unit.
+
+So here's the programming
+here.
+
+So here's the synchronized
+unit in here.
+
+So what we did was, we say
+instead of these synchronized
+
+and these synchronize
+separately, both of these
+
+computations have to
+happen atomically.
+
+So when I check our
+bank balance, we
+
+can't do anything else.
+
+So now what happens?
+
+So yeah, in this situation
+you're reading, reading, and
+
+you get synchronized account
+in here, and I do account
+
+balance plus [? well ?]
+
+and post the account.
+
+So in here I go to
+10, I do that.
+
+If I start the other one here,
+I have to wait till that
+
+entire synchronization is
+over before I do that.
+
+Of course, I don't have enough
+balance, so I throw exception.
+
+Are we still happy?
+
+Is there issue on this one?
+
+I mean, I guess -- assume you
+can do something clever, but I
+
+haven't done that.
+
+But there's one issue in here.
+
+Which, when you start it's
+just, balance is 100.
+
+So in this one, say
+balance is 100.
+
+You go type it and then voila,
+you type it and then, sorry, I
+
+don't have money.
+
+So that's not nice, because if
+you've got the balance you
+
+should be able to get that.
+
+So how we deal with that?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So that's probably
+the best solution to that
+
+because we can only
+log into one.
+
+But in this example I assume
+what we are doing.
+
+How can we deal with this one?
+
+AUDIENCE: There are two
+ways of doing it.
+
+One is to put the whole thing
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE] section.
+
+The other way is to notify
+somebody that the
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR:
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+So what I can do is I can
+say OK, wait a minute.
+
+I am actually going to
+make the critical
+
+section even bigger.
+
+So now I print the balance
+before I do that.
+
+So the entire thing is
+critical section.
+
+I print the balance off
+and then go ahead
+
+and withdraw that.
+
+So what might happen
+in this case?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+That's the issue of a little
+bit of waiting.
+
+So what happens is, in here.
+
+You do this one, and you do
+synchronized account.
+
+And you put the balance and
+other one do synchronized and
+
+you ask the question.
+
+In here.
+
+And you start thinking.
+
+We can start thinking that my
+machine is not responsive,
+
+it's just waiting for the
+critical section started.
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] and you
+have this [? IOUN ?]
+
+sitting in the middle.
+
+That's not good either.
+
+So he has a performance issue.
+
+So that's not a good
+way of doing that.
+
+So you don't get any
+response in here.
+
+So you can make this
+atomic [? radius ?]
+
+but there's a price you'll
+pay by making it
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] large.
+
+So here's another thing
+we want to do.
+
+I want to do something that can
+transfer account balance
+
+from one account to another.
+
+So I might do that if I have a
+method in here to transfer
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+account, this amount.
+
+So what I do is, I synchronize
+from account.
+
+I say, I get balance in here.
+
+If the balance is available,
+I can synchronize the two
+
+accounts and force it there.
+
+See any problems?
+
+So let's see what happenes.
+
+So assume I want to transfer
+10 to Ben's account and Ben
+
+wants to transfer 20 to
+Alyssa's account.
+
+So what happens is,
+this goes --
+
+get the value in here, and
+you synchronize to
+
+two and say OK, great.
+
+Now what happens is, in here,
+in from, I am holding a
+
+Alyssa's account.
+
+There I am holding
+Ben's account.
+
+Now, inside I want to
+synchronize for Alyssa.
+
+And I'm still [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+when I --
+
+wait until Alyssa
+got released.
+
+And he says I want to wait
+till Ben got released.
+
+And nobody's going to release,
+and you're hung.
+
+You are in what you call
+a deadlock situation.
+
+That's a deadlock.
+
+So you have to be very careful
+when you do synchronizing.
+
+If you do multiple
+synchronization, the easiest
+
+thing you can do is, you
+do it in some order.
+
+And end up in a a deadlock
+situation.
+
+This is a very common way of
+parallel programs doing that.
+
+So how to avoid deadlock?
+
+Because deadlock is, there's
+a cycle in locking graph.
+
+So somebody's going to lock
+somebody, he's going to lock
+
+that person, and we
+have a cycle.
+
+You can end up in deadlock
+situation.
+
+So standard solution for that
+is, you take locks in some
+
+kind of canonical order.
+
+You don't take in
+arbitary order.
+
+So it's some kind of a -- you
+have some base in, OK, if you
+
+are taking this lock, you have
+to have, after that, you can
+
+take a higher order lock.
+
+So you have to have some
+kind of order in here.
+
+Acquire in increasing
+order and release
+
+in decreasing order.
+
+So you have some kind
+of force in here.
+
+This ensures deadlock freedom
+most of the time, but it's not
+
+that easy to do a
+lot of the time.
+
+Because your program might not
+fit into this nice ordering a
+
+lot of times, and then sometimes
+you realize that you
+
+had locked something and at that
+time it's too late when
+
+you realize it.
+
+And then it has a
+different order.
+
+So this is, you have to sometime
+do some changes to
+
+basically make the program
+work like this.
+
+So in here, what you can do
+is, in the program you can
+
+associate some kind of a rank,
+and when you put in account,
+
+you put the rank to the
+account number.
+
+So you have some kind
+of ordering in here.
+
+Then what you have is, you
+always get the first, highest
+
+rank one before you
+go the next one.
+
+So there's some ordering
+in here.
+
+So at least then we'll be at
+least forced into some
+
+ordering in here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there a way of
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+deadlock [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Not statically.
+
+Because most of the time that
+means you have to know all the
+
+possible control profile,
+to do that.
+
+And, for example, there are some
+tools that can -- because
+
+you might know that, for
+example, assume you are trying
+
+to enforce some ordering
+of locks.
+
+But it's not the software, it's
+the locking software,
+
+that doesn't know about those.
+
+You can actually write a locking
+software that will
+
+tell you, like look, you are
+trying to acquire locking out
+
+of order, out of this
+locking order.
+
+Most of the time you might be
+OK because it might not hit,
+
+but [? we assume ?] that if
+you are doing unsafe thing
+
+that might work, so.
+
+So you can put some dynamic
+checks that might warn you
+
+that you might be in a
+situation, but it doesn't
+
+guarantee you.
+
+So deadlock is something, you
+have to basically -- there's
+
+no nice tools for.
+
+Basically, it's almost a
+software [? methodology. ?]
+
+So, for example, you can impose
+a software methodology
+
+to say, I'm following this
+convention and that will
+
+guarantee me deadlock freedom.
+
+So one good convention
+is this, basically
+
+some order in here.
+
+So, another interesting thing
+and hard thing is race
+
+conditions.
+
+These are non-deterministic
+timing dependent, and cause
+
+data corruption, crashes that
+are impossible to detect.
+
+So the problem with race
+conditions is the minute you
+
+put your debug, or put any
+debugging things, race
+
+conditions goes away.
+
+It comes back when you are in
+it all and you're debugging
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+It happens again because
+it's basically
+
+an independent thing.
+
+In fact, I have this
+interesting
+
+experience with myself.
+
+A long time ago I was working
+at Microsoft and
+
+I worked two summers.
+
+In one summer I was working on
+their LAN manager and network
+
+manager, and there's a bug that
+after you run the network
+
+manager for some time
+it just freezes.
+
+That's not a nice behavior
+to have if you are
+
+running your network.
+
+That bug lasted the
+entire year.
+
+And at the end they had,
+I think, a $2,000
+
+bounty on that bug.
+
+Because the minute you do
+any instrumentation, the
+
+[? bug isn't ?]
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+When you have more
+instrumentation and have 100
+
+machines running, heavily,
+hitting another machine.
+
+Once in a while voila.
+
+It freezes.
+
+And you have no idea
+why it happened.
+
+That was so hard to debug
+because there's nothing you
+
+could do, because any time
+you do any changes,
+
+the bug goes away.
+
+You had to be very careful
+because these things are not
+
+easy to find, and happen
+intermittently.
+
+And very hard to debug.
+
+So having good discipline and
+good design really helps to
+
+get rid of it.
+
+These are not something you can
+go through like program
+
+debugs, it [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+cycle.
+
+If you read that cycle, it's
+a very slow cycle.
+
+The best way to do that is get
+the design right first.
+
+So what's a data race?
+
+So I assume I had this
+program like that.
+
+So I read [? hit ?] in there,
+and then I modify
+
+and write in this.
+
+This doesn't have to be
+in two statements.
+
+If we [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+same statement, the compiler
+might put it in register,
+
+read, update and modify
+and write.
+
+So it might just look hits
+equals hits plus 1 and hits
+
+equals hits plus
+1 on the cycle.
+
+Doesn't have to
+[? have temporary. ?]
+
+and in your call.
+
+Because the compiler puts a
+[? temporary ?] in there.
+
+And if you execute like
+this you're happy.
+
+But if you get excluded in this
+order, I don't get at it
+
+two times, I only get it because
+I read hit the order
+
+given values.
+
+This adds once and writes.
+
+And this also adds one to
+[? the ordinary value ?]
+
+and write.
+
+So I only get it increased
+by one and you
+
+are in a bad situation.
+
+The problems with data races
+is this non-determinism.
+
+We ensured [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+that this mutual exclusion.
+
+So if you have same data access,
+make sure that they
+
+are in the mutual
+exclude region.
+
+You can basically see that it
+has access to old objects.
+
+Before you go there, one
+interesting thing is this is
+
+just a problem with all parallel
+programs. So at the
+
+beginning you say OK, I'm going
+to have this nice mutual
+
+excluded, lock ordered
+program.
+
+You write this.
+
+It worked correctly,
+beautifully, but run dog slow
+
+because now we are huge
+critical sections.
+
+Everybody's waiting in data and
+then someone says I want
+
+to run fast. I think I
+don't need this lock.
+
+It doesn't seem to be, so keep
+removing locks, making
+
+critical sections smaller
+and stuff like that.
+
+That's where all the problems
+start cropping up, because all
+
+this nice design goes
+to the dogs when you
+
+have performance issues.
+
+So when you realize that, you
+want to write this nice
+
+program, nice large critical
+sections, stuff like that.
+
+The programs will
+work correctly.
+
+But run like a dog because now
+it's sequential in many cases
+
+because you are doing this.
+
+Then you go and say OK, I
+want to run parallel.
+
+Eh, this is OK.
+
+That's when problems
+start creeping up.
+
+So make sure that when you get
+a discipline, as you can go
+
+into the performance improvement
+but you still
+
+maintain at least some
+part of discipline.
+
+That's the hard thing.
+
+So I want to switch gears a
+little bit to talk about a
+
+classic problem.
+
+It's called dining philosophers
+problem.
+
+So, there are five philosophers
+
+sitting around a table.
+
+Between each of the
+
+philosophers there's a chopstick.
+
+So each philosopher
+do two things.
+
+He thinks -- he or she thinks
+or he or she eats.
+
+So the philosopher thinks
+for a while.
+
+And then the philosopher
+is hungry.
+
+She stops thinking and she
+picks up a left and right
+
+chopstick, eats, and puts
+the chopsticks down.
+
+He cannot eat until they have
+both chopsticks right in hand
+
+because you can't eat
+with one chopstick.
+
+So you have to wait until
+you get both chopsticks.
+
+When you are done, you put
+the chopsticks down.
+
+Then after you're done, you go
+back to thinking again for a
+
+while and come back to eating.
+
+That's the classic problem.
+
+So how to write that,
+record that?
+
+You can have philosopher
+extend thread, and
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+philosopher you have a chopstick
+in here, and instead
+
+of philosopher buy left
+and right chopstick.
+
+Then what you do is you create
+a number of philosophers and
+
+you get a new chopstick and
+start to the left and you go
+
+to the other philosophers
+assigning left and right
+
+chopsticks in here, and
+then you start the
+
+philosophers going.
+
+So you just set up a chopstick
+[? on it, ?]
+
+and then you share the chopstick
+and do that.
+
+So here is what a
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+philosopher does.
+
+So I am here, I'm taking my left
+chopstick, I'm taking my
+
+right chopstick and I'm going to
+eat and I'm done eating and
+
+I'm putting down there.
+
+What will happen in this one?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: In what situation,
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE],
+but right
+
+technical though is different.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: You end up in
+a deadlock because
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+we will pick up the left
+chopstick suddenly, and they
+
+all try to take the
+right chopstick.
+
+There's no right chopstick and
+nobody has right chopstick and
+
+everybody waiting for somebody
+to drop the chopstick, that's
+
+not going to happen.
+
+So you have a problem.
+
+Second way to solve that is
+this, and you say OK.
+
+The problem is everybody
+trying to
+
+pick up this chopstick.
+
+I will put unique variable
+table, unique object table.
+
+If anybody want to eat, I
+need to own the table.
+
+What will this do?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+AUDIENCE: It prevents two people
+who wouldn't normally
+
+interact from eating
+at the same table.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So what happens is only one
+person can eat at a time.
+
+Which works perfectly,
+beautifully, sequential.
+
+So, you wonder if one
+philosopher eating, the person
+
+or [? posit ?] can eat.
+
+But you're not allowed
+to because the
+
+chopstick in there.
+
+So one way of doing that is
+sequentialized large regions,
+
+with putting these critical
+sections in there.
+
+This works.
+
+Not greatly, but it will work.
+
+Another thing is, of course,
+what I point out to have some
+
+kind of ordering.
+
+So you put some position
+ordering and saying if you are
+
+sitting in even position, you're
+the first to pick the
+
+left one, if you are putting
+an odd position, you're
+
+supposed to pick
+the right one.
+
+So in some sense, it got
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+go here, the person go here,
+so only one can get that so
+
+you don't have ordering.
+
+At least between those two
+you can maintain that.
+
+So you can do something but you
+have to figure out what
+
+the right ordering in here.
+
+This is not a linear
+list, linear
+
+ordering for this circuit.
+
+But you can copy ordering and
+say OK, look, if you do that
+
+this new way, you can run into
+a deadlock situation.
+
+There are a lot of types of
+synchronizations in Java, and
+
+then tomorrow you learn
+more different type of
+
+synchronization with available
+using [UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE],
+
+so using MPI.
+
+But there are a lot of potential
+problems you are
+
+worried about.
+
+Deadlock you have
+to worry about.
+
+Two or more threads stop, wait
+for each other forever.
+
+Livelock.
+
+What livelock means is two or
+more threads basically trying
+
+to do something but never
+made progress.
+
+So good example.
+
+So assume I go -- it's like
+sometimes you try to cross
+
+each other on the road and you
+go into them and say oops, or
+
+you both say oops, sorry,
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+You get into a situation that
+you try to go something, both
+
+you start to move a little bit
+and then do that and you keep
+
+doing that forever and ever,
+doing it, right.
+
+So that can happen.
+
+If you program right, you can
+actually try to avoid deadlock
+
+by doing that, but both no one
+making forward progress, so
+
+that's called livelock.
+
+So another thing that's
+called starvation.
+
+So the ordering is a
+very good example.
+
+So ordering says the higher
+order guy always gets the lock
+
+for the lower guy.
+
+So assume you have thousands
+of things and everybody's
+
+trying to do something.
+
+If you have an lower number,
+you probably never get to
+
+around to get picked up because
+always if higher order
+
+person has, that person
+will get the lock.
+
+So if they're ordering
+constraint in there, you can
+
+be in situation that some people
+always get and others
+
+never get -- there's no fairness
+in that, because when
+
+you some ordering constraints.
+
+So again, lack of fairness.
+
+Of course, race conditions.
+
+So you didn't realize that the
+same object is accessed by
+
+multiple people without being
+in a particular section.
+
+That's the key --
+
+I mean don't try to do fancy
+things by letting multiple
+
+people have access
+to same thing.
+
+This is not much of issue on
+distributed memory machines
+
+because there's only you
+access to your memory.
+
+But the problem there is if you
+keep values, you suddenly
+
+start giving it to everybody and
+say go play, assuming that
+
+only one person have
+access to it.
+
+So multiple people might be
+modifying it and then what are
+
+you going to do.
+
+So that issue is there.
+
+So when you are doing, using
+data, you got to be very
+
+careful who holds it
+and at what time.
+
+So, concurrency and parallelism
+are important
+
+concepts in comparison beyond
+what we are doing in here.
+
+Concurrency can simplify
+programming beyond anything.
+
+It's very hard to understand and
+debug concurrent programs.
+
+That's the entire reason that we
+are still doing sequential
+
+programming and this is entire
+reason that multiple people
+
+are looking at it in a very --
+people are scared because
+
+writing and getting concurrent
+program right is probably an
+
+order of magnitude harder than
+trying to get sequential
+
+programs right.
+
+This is issue.
+
+Parallelism is critical
+for high performance.
+
+I mean, it was huge for
+supercomputers in national
+
+labs and now it's becoming
+everybody's
+
+issue because of multicore.
+
+Basically, you need to
+understand concurrent and
+
+concurrence issues, it's the
+basis of writing parallel
+
+programs. So, you will run
+into all these issues,
+
+deadlock, you can deadlock on
+limited access on Cell, you
+
+can deadlock on messages.
+
+So everybody is waiting for
+somebody else to send you a
+
+message and nobody's sending a
+message because that other guy
+
+will send you a message.
+
+You can [? easier ?]
+
+do that in a message in there,
+and a lot of times you can
+
+deadlock in that.
+
+So this lecture we kind of did
+concurrent programming, how to
+
+write a concurrent program.
+
+We are going to switch gears
+and start going into
+
+parallelism next.
+
+But keep these issues in my
+mind when you are writing
+
+parallel programs. Have things
+like 617 we had very good
+
+discipline on testing and
+methodology of development.
+
+You probably won't have kind
+of discipline on how to do
+
+parallelism.
+
+So there are many ways --
+
+next few lectures we'll cover
+many different ways of doing
+
+parallelism.
+
+Parallelism's a very powerful
+tool, but if you don't use it
+
+in a disciplined way, you will
+not be able to debug these
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+I mean you run into bugs that
+are so subtle, so difficult
+
+it's very hard to find.
+
+You don't want in
+that situation.
+
+So having a good design, good
+disciplining programming will
+
+actually get you working
+correct program.
+
+Good.
+
+That's all I have for today.
+
+You can spend some time
+filling out this one.
+
+Just put your name down
+and you're done.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qtmmwILxVR4.txt b/qtmmwILxVR4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..919c3eb8ed3e7b9962a95f29d7516428c1feed11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qtmmwILxVR4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12179 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, um, every once in a while I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um, every once in a while I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um, every once in a while I
+stop and try to do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and try to do a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and try to do a little bit of
+reflection since we've have so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection since we've have so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection since we've have so many
+methods flying through this uh, semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods flying through this uh, semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods flying through this uh, semester
+that I want to just kind of once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to just kind of once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to just kind of once again
+let's say where we where we've been,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say where we where we've been,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say where we where we've been,
+where we're going, what we have, what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going, what we have, what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going, what we have, what we
+can do, what we can't do, and why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do, what we can't do, and why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do, what we can't do, and why we're
+going to do something different today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do something different today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do something different today.
+Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+um, so just a little reflection here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um we've been talking obviously about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we've been talking obviously about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we've been talking obviously about
+optimal control. There's two major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal control. There's two major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal control. There's two major
+approaches to optimal control that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to optimal control that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to optimal control that we've
+focused on, right? We've well three I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on, right? We've well three I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on, right? We've well three I
+guess in some cases we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in some cases we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in some cases we've done
+analytical optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control and I think by now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and I think by now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and I think by now you
+appreciate that although it was often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate that although it was often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate that although it was often
+only in works in special cases linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in works in special cases linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in works in special cases linear
+quadratic regulators and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic regulators and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic regulators and things like
+that um the lessons we learned from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the lessons we learned from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the lessons we learned from that
+are help help us design better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are help help us design better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are help help us design better
+algorithms and things like LQR can fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and things like LQR can fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and things like LQR can fit
+right into more complicated nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into more complicated nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into more complicated nonlinear
+algorithms uh to make them click. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms uh to make them click. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms uh to make them click. So I
+think absolutely it's essential to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think absolutely it's essential to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think absolutely it's essential to
+understand the things we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the things we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the things we can do
+analytically and optimal control even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically and optimal control even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically and optimal control even
+though they sort of crap out pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they sort of crap out pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they sort of crap out pretty
+early in the scale of complexity that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the scale of complexity that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the scale of complexity that we
+care about. All right. So mostly that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about. All right. So mostly that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about. All right. So mostly that's
+good for linear systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and even restricted there right linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even restricted there right linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even restricted there right linear
+systems uh with quadratic costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh with quadratic costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh with quadratic costs and
+things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+that. Okay. Okay. And then we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. Okay. And then we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. Okay. And then we talked
+about you know major direction number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know major direction number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know major direction number
+two was the dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration
+approach. And the big idea there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. And the big idea there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. And the big idea there right
+was that um because we've we've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that um because we've we've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that um because we've we've written
+our cost functions over time to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cost functions over time to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cost functions over time to be
+additive. The big idea really was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive. The big idea really was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive. The big idea really was that
+we're going to learn uh we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to learn uh we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to learn uh we're going to
+learn figure out the cost to go function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn figure out the cost to go function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn figure out the cost to go function
+the value function right the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value function right the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value function right the value
+iteration and from there we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration and from there we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration and from there we can just
+extract that that captures all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract that that captures all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract that that captures all of the
+long-term reasoning we have to do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term reasoning we have to do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term reasoning we have to do about
+the system from that we can extract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system from that we can extract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system from that we can extract the
+optimal control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal control
+decisions and it's actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and it's actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and it's actually very
+efficient I hope by now that you agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient I hope by now that you agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient I hope by now that you agree
+with me that it's very efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me that it's very efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me that it's very efficient
+um because if you think about it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because if you think about it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because if you think about it it's
+solve for an entire for this solving for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for an entire for this solving for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for an entire for this solving for
+the optimal policy for every possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal policy for every possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal policy for every possible
+initial condition in times that are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition in times that are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition in times that are sort
+of comparable to what we're doing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparable to what we're doing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparable to what we're doing for
+for single initial conditions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for single initial conditions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for single initial conditions in the
+openloop cases. Um but it only works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openloop cases. Um but it only works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openloop cases. Um but it only works in
+low dimensions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low dimensions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low dimensions,
+right? And it has some discretization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+issues. Okay. And then the third major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. Okay. And then the third major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. Okay. And then the third major
+sort of approach I called it policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and we focused mostly in the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we focused mostly in the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we focused mostly in the policy
+search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+um on openloop trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on openloop trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on openloop trajectory
+optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right but I tried to make the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I tried to make the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I tried to make the point
+early and I'm going to make the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early and I'm going to make the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early and I'm going to make the point
+again in a lecture or two that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in a lecture or two that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in a lecture or two that it's
+really not restricted to thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not restricted to thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not restricted to thinking about
+openloop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openloop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openloop
+trajectories. Right? So when I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories. Right? So when I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories. Right? So when I first
+said policy search I said we could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said policy search I said we could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said policy search I said we could be
+looking for parameters of a feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for parameters of a feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for parameters of a feedback
+controller of a you know the the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller of a you know the the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller of a you know the the linear
+gain matrix of a of a linear feedback.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain matrix of a of a linear feedback.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain matrix of a of a linear feedback.
+We could do a lot of things but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could do a lot of things but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could do a lot of things but we
+quickly started being specific in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly started being specific in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly started being specific in our
+algorithms in trying to optimize some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms in trying to optimize some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms in trying to optimize some
+openloop tape with direct collocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openloop tape with direct collocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openloop tape with direct collocation
+with shooting but the ideas really are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with shooting but the ideas really are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with shooting but the ideas really are
+more general than that and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general than that and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general than that and I'm going to
+we're going to have a lecture um soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a lecture um soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a lecture um soon
+about how to do these kind of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to do these kind of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to do these kind of things
+with function approximation and and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with function approximation and and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with function approximation and and do
+more general feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general feedback
+controllers. These worked in higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers. These worked in higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers. These worked in higher
+dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems had local minima,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems had local minima,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems had local minima,
+right? All the problems you know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now. Okay, good. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. Okay, good. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. Okay, good. So,
+um for our model systems, we got pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for our model systems, we got pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for our model systems, we got pretty
+far with that. In the cases where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far with that. In the cases where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far with that. In the cases where we
+knew the model um we assumed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the model um we assumed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the model um we assumed that the
+model was uh deterministic and the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model was uh deterministic and the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model was uh deterministic and the you
+know sensing was was clean everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sensing was was clean everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sensing was was clean everything
+like that we got we could make our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we got we could make our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we got we could make our
+simulations do what pretty much what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations do what pretty much what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations do what pretty much what we
+wanted with those bag of tricks. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted with those bag of tricks. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted with those bag of tricks. Okay.
+Then I threw um in the stoastic optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I threw um in the stoastic optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I threw um in the stoastic optimal
+control case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? And we said what happens if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And we said what happens if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And we said what happens if the
+the models aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models aren't
+deterministic. Analytical optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic. Analytical optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic. Analytical optimal
+control. There are still I didn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control. There are still I didn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control. There are still I didn't I
+didn't really talk about it, but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really talk about it, but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really talk about it, but there
+are still some cases where you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still some cases where you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still some cases where you can do
+analytical optimal control. The linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical optimal control. The linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical optimal control. The linear
+quadratic um Gaussian systems are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic um Gaussian systems are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic um Gaussian systems are the
+the the the clear uh example of that. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the clear uh example of that. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the clear uh example of that. Um
+we said that value iteration for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that value iteration for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that value iteration for this
+um although I was quickly challenged on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um although I was quickly challenged on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um although I was quickly challenged on
+it. I said basically it was it was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. I said basically it was it was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. I said basically it was it was no
+harder to do value iteration on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to do value iteration on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to do value iteration on a
+stochastic optimization right where now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic optimization right where now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic optimization right where now
+our goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal is to
+minimize some expected value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize some expected value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize some expected value of a
+long-term cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right value we basically said almost no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right value we basically said almost no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right value we basically said almost no
+harder to do um the case with transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to do um the case with transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to do um the case with transition
+probabilities flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. And in fact um the berry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+centric grids that we used in the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centric grids that we used in the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centric grids that we used in the value
+duration way back there I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration way back there I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration way back there I told you
+actually has sort of a more clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has sort of a more clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has sort of a more clean
+interpretation as um taking a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation as um taking a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation as um taking a continuous
+you can think of it as being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it as being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it as being a
+continuous deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system and converting it into a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and converting it into a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and converting it into a a
+discrete state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete state
+uh stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system, right? Remember the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, right? Remember the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, right? Remember the the
+interpolation that you do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation that you do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation that you do in the
+barentric um actually takes exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barentric um actually takes exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barentric um actually takes exactly the
+same form as some transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form as some transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form as some transition
+probabilities when you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities when you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities when you're going
+from if you think about you've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from if you think about you've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from if you think about you've got some
+grid and you want to know where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid and you want to know where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid and you want to know where you're
+going to go from simulating forward from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go from simulating forward from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go from simulating forward from
+this with some action for some dt you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with some action for some dt you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with some action for some dt you
+can approximate that as um being some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can approximate that as um being some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can approximate that as um being some
+fraction here some fraction here some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction here some fraction here some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction here some fraction here some
+fraction here and it turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction here and it turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction here and it turns out to be
+exactly equivalent to saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equivalent to saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equivalent to saying that
+there's some probab probability I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some probab probability I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some probab probability I get
+here, some probability I get here, some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, some probability I get here, some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, some probability I get here, some
+probability I get here and the like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I get here and the like.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I get here and the like.
+Right? So value iteration really in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So value iteration really in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So value iteration really in that
+sense um can solve stocastic problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um can solve stocastic problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um can solve stocastic problems
+nicely. The other major approach, right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely. The other major approach, right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely. The other major approach, right,
+the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+search can still work for stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search can still work for stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search can still work for stochastic
+problems, right? Um in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cases you can compute uh the gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you can compute uh the gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you can compute uh the gradient of
+the expected value uh with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value uh with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value uh with respect to
+your parameters analytically with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parameters analytically with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parameters analytically with a
+backrop kind of update. In other cases,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backrop kind of update. In other cases,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backrop kind of update. In other cases,
+you can do um sampling based Monte Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do um sampling based Monte Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do um sampling based Monte Carlo
+based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based
+estimates and I'm going to get more into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that. But the takeaway message, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But the takeaway message, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But the takeaway message, we're
+going to talk more about that, but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk more about that, but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk more about that, but the
+takeaway message is when things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway message is when things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway message is when things get
+stoastic, both of these methods still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoastic, both of these methods still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoastic, both of these methods still
+work, right? And they work in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work, right? And they work in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work, right? And they work in in
+slightly different ways, but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different ways, but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different ways, but you can
+make both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make both of those
+work. And then last week, John threw um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. And then last week, John threw um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. And then last week, John threw um
+a major wrench into things. Sorry, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major wrench into things. Sorry, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major wrench into things. Sorry, that
+didn't wasn't supposed to be a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't wasn't supposed to be a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't wasn't supposed to be a statement
+about John. John uh made your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about John. John uh made your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about John. John uh made your life
+better by uh uh by telling you that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better by uh uh by telling you that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better by uh uh by telling you that some
+of these uh statements, some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh statements, some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh statements, some of these
+algorithms work even if you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms work even if you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms work even if you don't know
+the model,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? Okay. and he talked about doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. and he talked about doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. and he talked about doing
+um policy search without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, right?
+And the big idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was that uh um actually fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was that uh um actually fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was that uh um actually fairly
+simple looking algorithms which just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple looking algorithms which just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple looking algorithms which just
+perturb the which try different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb the which try different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb the which try different
+parameters run a trial try different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters run a trial try different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters run a trial try different
+parameters can compute um so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters can compute um so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters can compute um so this is
+simple sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithms can estimate the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms can estimate the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms can estimate the same thing
+we would do with our policy gradient,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would do with our policy gradient,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would do with our policy gradient,
+right? The gradient of the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The gradient of the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The gradient of the expected
+reward with respect to the parameters,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward with respect to the parameters,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward with respect to the parameters,
+right? By sort of even the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? By sort of even the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? By sort of even the simplest
+thing is um let's change my parameters a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is um let's change my parameters a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is um let's change my parameters a
+little bit. See what happened. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. See what happened. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. See what happened. That
+gives me a sample from this um gradient.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a sample from this um gradient.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a sample from this um gradient.
+And if I do it enough times, I pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I do it enough times, I pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I do it enough times, I pull
+enough samples, then I can I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough samples, then I can I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough samples, then I can I get a
+sample of the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of the expected
+returns. Okay? And we you if you see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns. Okay? And we you if you see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns. Okay? And we you if you see if
+you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think
+back that's why we tried to stick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back that's why we tried to stick in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back that's why we tried to stick in
+stocastic optimal control before we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocastic optimal control before we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocastic optimal control before we got
+to that because John also told you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that because John also told you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that because John also told you the
+nice sort of interpretation of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice sort of interpretation of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice sort of interpretation of these
+algorithms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stochastic that that even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic that that even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic that that even if the
+um even if the plant that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if the plant that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if the plant that you're
+measuring from is stochastic or if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring from is stochastic or if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring from is stochastic or if the
+sensors are if there's noise then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors are if there's noise then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors are if there's noise then
+actually still these same sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still these same sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still these same sampling
+algorithms can estimate these gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms can estimate these gradients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms can estimate these gradients
+for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+nicely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, I think John also made the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I think John also made the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I think John also made the point
+and I want to make it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to make it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to make it again
+um you would never use these algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you would never use these algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you would never use these algorithms
+if you had a model, right? They're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a model, right? They're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a model, right? They're very
+they're they're beautiful, but probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're beautiful, but probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're beautiful, but probably
+if you have a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um maybe if you have a model and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe if you have a model and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe if you have a model and you're
+a very patient person but very lazy, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very patient person but very lazy, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very patient person but very lazy, uh
+then you might try to use this, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might try to use this, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might try to use this, right?
+because you can type it in in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can type it in in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can type it in in a few
+minutes, but it's going to take a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes, but it's going to take a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes, but it's going to take a lot
+longer to run, right? And the reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to run, right? And the reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to run, right? And the reason for
+that is um it's going to require many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is um it's going to require many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is um it's going to require many
+samples, requires many more simulations,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? Just in fact, it just requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Just in fact, it just requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Just in fact, it just requires
+many simulations to estimate a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many simulations to estimate a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many simulations to estimate a single
+gradient.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gradient. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient. Okay.
+Now the next things I'm going to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the next things I'm going to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the next things I'm going to say is
+a little more controversial but um most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more controversial but um most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more controversial but um most
+most people would say that um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people would say that um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people would say that um the
+limiting case the best you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting case the best you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting case the best you could
+possibly do with these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly do with these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly do with these sort of
+reinforced type algorithms are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced type algorithms are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced type algorithms are you
+raising your hand or just no sorry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising your hand or just no sorry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising your hand or just no sorry um
+the best thing you can do with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best thing you can do with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best thing you can do with these
+reinforced algorithms if you really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced algorithms if you really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced algorithms if you really um
+the best performance you could expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best performance you could expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best performance you could expect
+expect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect is
+uh is a is like a shooting algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's really I should say a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order shooting method, right? It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order shooting method, right? It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order shooting method, right? It's
+really just doing gradient descent by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just doing gradient descent by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just doing gradient descent by
+doing trials, right? And when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing trials, right? And when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing trials, right? And when we talked
+about shooting methods, I actually said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about shooting methods, I actually said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about shooting methods, I actually said
+never do first order shooting methods,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never do first order shooting methods,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never do first order shooting methods,
+right? I made a big point. I said never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I made a big point. I said never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I made a big point. I said never
+do this, never do this. Right? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this, never do this. Right? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this, never do this. Right? Um
+because if you go to the second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you go to the second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you go to the second order
+methods, things converge faster. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods, things converge faster. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods, things converge faster. You
+don't have to pick learning rates. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to pick learning rates. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to pick learning rates. You
+can handle constraints, right? So there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can handle constraints, right? So there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can handle constraints, right? So there
+are people that do a bit of sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people that do a bit of sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people that do a bit of sort of more
+second order um policy grading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order um policy grading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order um policy grading
+algorithms, but that's that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms, but that's that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms, but that's that's not the
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yet. Okay. Okay, so you should really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet. Okay. Okay, so you should really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet. Okay. Okay, so you should really
+think of those as as cool systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of those as as cool systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of those as as cool systems that
+if you uh cool algorithms that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you uh cool algorithms that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you uh cool algorithms that if you
+don't have a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a model
+um they you can almost do a shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they you can almost do a shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they you can almost do a shooting
+method, right? But but why do I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method, right? But but why do I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method, right? But but why do I say
+that's a controversial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statement? Does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement? Does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement? Does
+anybody Why could somebody stand up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody Why could somebody stand up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody Why could somebody stand up and
+say, you know, could you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, you know, could you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, you know, could you imagine
+somebody standing up and saying this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody standing up and saying this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody standing up and saying this is
+actually better than doing gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually better than doing gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually better than doing gradient
+descent?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jump over the local stuck. Right. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump over the local stuck. Right. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump over the local stuck. Right. So the
+one advantage is it's doing stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one advantage is it's doing stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one advantage is it's doing stochastic
+gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+descent. And there are people out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent. And there are people out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent. And there are people out there
+that really believe stoastic gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really believe stoastic gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really believe stoastic gradient
+descent can outperform even higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent can outperform even higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent can outperform even higher order
+methods in certain cases. uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in certain cases. uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in certain cases. uh just
+because of their ability to sort of by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of their ability to sort of by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of their ability to sort of by
+virtue of being random, right? This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue of being random, right? This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue of being random, right? This is
+not like some magical property we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like some magical property we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like some magical property we've
+endowed. This is because the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowed. This is because the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowed. This is because the algorithm
+is a little crazy, right? It it bounces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little crazy, right? It it bounces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little crazy, right? It it bounces
+out of local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of local
+minima,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? Okay. So for some for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. So for some for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. So for some for that
+reason, it does have some the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason, it does have some the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason, it does have some the all the
+strong optimization sort of um claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong optimization sort of um claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong optimization sort of um claims
+that a stoastic gradient descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a stoastic gradient descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a stoastic gradient descent
+algorithm has.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, there's another point to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, there's another point to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, there's another point to make
+though, right? And I think John made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though, right? And I think John made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though, right? And I think John made
+this too. Um, the performance of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this too. Um, the performance of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this too. Um, the performance of this
+and John's done nice written nice paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John's done nice written nice paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John's done nice written nice paper
+on this. The performance you'd expect,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this. The performance you'd expect,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this. The performance you'd expect,
+meaning the number of number of trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the number of number of trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the number of number of trials
+it would take to learn to optimize your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take to learn to optimize your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take to learn to optimize your
+cost function. The performance of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function. The performance of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function. The performance of these
+reinforced type algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It degrades with the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It degrades with the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It degrades with the number of
+parameters you're trying to tune.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, remember the fundamental idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, remember the fundamental idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, remember the fundamental idea
+was um and the way I like to think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um and the way I like to think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um and the way I like to think of it
+is um imagine you're at a a mixer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um imagine you're at a a mixer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um imagine you're at a a mixer
+station in a sound recording studio,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station in a sound recording studio,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station in a sound recording studio,
+right? And you're looking through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And you're looking through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And you're looking through the
+glass and you got a robot over there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and you got a robot over there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and you got a robot over there,
+right? And you turn you've got you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And you turn you've got you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And you turn you've got you've
+got your all your knobs set in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got your all your knobs set in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got your all your knobs set in some
+place and your robot does its behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and your robot does its behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and your robot does its behavior
+and you give it a score, right? You turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you give it a score, right? You turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you give it a score, right? You turn
+your knobs a little bit. You see how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your knobs a little bit. You see how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your knobs a little bit. You see how the
+robot acts. you turn your knobs a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot acts. you turn your knobs a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot acts. you turn your knobs a little
+bit more and your job is to just twist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more and your job is to just twist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more and your job is to just twist
+these knobs in a way that finds the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these knobs in a way that finds the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these knobs in a way that finds the way
+down the gradient and gets your robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the gradient and gets your robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the gradient and gets your robot
+doing what you want to do. Right? That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what you want to do. Right? That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what you want to do. Right? That's
+a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of
+a that maybe is a demystifying way to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that maybe is a demystifying way to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that maybe is a demystifying way to to
+think about this algorithm which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this algorithm which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this algorithm which is
+mathematically beautiful but really it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically beautiful but really it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically beautiful but really it's
+just turning knobs. Um right and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just turning knobs. Um right and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just turning knobs. Um right and if you
+know if you have a model and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you have a model and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you have a model and you can
+compute the gradient then you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the gradient then you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the gradient then you don't have
+to guess the way you turn the knobs. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess the way you turn the knobs. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess the way you turn the knobs. You
+should always use that model to turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always use that model to turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always use that model to turn the
+knobs in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs in the right
+direction. Okay. And also if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Okay. And also if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Okay. And also if you think
+about that analogy, the number of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that analogy, the number of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that analogy, the number of time
+the the length of time it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the length of time it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the length of time it's going to
+take you to optimize your your function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you to optimize your your function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you to optimize your your function
+is going to depend on how many knobs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to depend on how many knobs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to depend on how many knobs you
+have to turn. Right? If I have a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to turn. Right? If I have a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to turn. Right? If I have a 100
+knobs in front of me and I change them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs in front of me and I change them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs in front of me and I change them
+all a little bit, I see how my robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a little bit, I see how my robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a little bit, I see how my robot
+acted, then it's going to be hard for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acted, then it's going to be hard for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acted, then it's going to be hard for me
+to figure out exactly which knob to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out exactly which knob to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out exactly which knob to
+assign credit to. Right? The fewer knobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign credit to. Right? The fewer knobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign credit to. Right? The fewer knobs
+I have to change, the faster I can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to change, the faster I can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to change, the faster I can sort
+of estimate which knobs were important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of estimate which knobs were important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of estimate which knobs were important
+and climb down a gradient.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in the case of where you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in the case of where you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in the case of where you don't have a
+model, I still say when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, I still say when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, I still say when you have a
+model, you should always use it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, you should always use it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, you should always use it because
+you can estimate the gradients, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can estimate the gradients, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can estimate the gradients, you can
+turn the knobs in the right way, but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the knobs in the right way, but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the knobs in the right way, but in
+the case where you don't um have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where you don't um have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where you don't um have a
+model, it's actually um they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, it's actually um they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, it's actually um they're very
+nice classes of algorithms, right? It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice classes of algorithms, right? It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice classes of algorithms, right? It
+actually this knob tuning thing sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this knob tuning thing sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this knob tuning thing sounds
+ridiculous. Maybe if I have a if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous. Maybe if I have a if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous. Maybe if I have a if I have
+um even an Acrobot if you have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even an Acrobot if you have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even an Acrobot if you have a good
+model of the Acrobot then then maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of the Acrobot then then maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of the Acrobot then then maybe you
+shouldn't you should you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't you should you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't you should you should
+definitely be using it. But if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely be using it. But if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely be using it. But if you have
+a very complicated system and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very complicated system and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very complicated system and the
+performance only depends on the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance only depends on the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance only depends on the number
+of parameters then it actually it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters then it actually it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters then it actually it's I
+just want to make it the point that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to make it the point that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to make it the point that it's
+um they're actually pretty powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um for some control problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the ones that we're working on in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the ones that we're working on in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the ones that we're working on in my
+group are um are fluid dynamics control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group are um are fluid dynamics control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group are um are fluid dynamics control
+problems. But specifically, if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. But specifically, if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. But specifically, if you have
+problems where um you you can get away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where um you you can get away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where um you you can get away
+with a small number of parameters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um but you have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complicated unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dynamics then actually those algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics then actually those algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics then actually those algorithms
+are really make a lot of sense to me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really make a lot of sense to me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really make a lot of sense to me.
+Okay. So the performance of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the performance of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the performance of these
+randomized policy search algorithms it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized policy search algorithms it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized policy search algorithms it
+goes with the number of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes with the number of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes with the number of parameters
+you're trying to tune. I could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to tune. I could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to tune. I could be
+sitting in this mixing station, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in this mixing station, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in this mixing station, right?
+And I could be twiddling four parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I could be twiddling four parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I could be twiddling four parameters
+and having a simple pendulum do its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having a simple pendulum do its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having a simple pendulum do its
+thing, right? Or I could be sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, right? Or I could be sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, right? Or I could be sitting in
+there turning these four knobs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there turning these four knobs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there turning these four knobs and
+having a Navier Stokes simulation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a Navier Stokes simulation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a Navier Stokes simulation with
+a, you know, some very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a, you know, some very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a, you know, some very complicated
+fluid, right, and doing something. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid, right, and doing something. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid, right, and doing something. And
+the amount of time it takes me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of time it takes me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of time it takes me to
+twiddle those parameters is the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle those parameters is the same.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle those parameters is the same.
+It's actually the one of the strongest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually the one of the strongest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually the one of the strongest
+properties of these algorithms is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of these algorithms is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of these algorithms is that
+by virtue of ignoring the model, right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by virtue of ignoring the model, right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by virtue of ignoring the model, right,
+they're actually insensitive to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually insensitive to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually insensitive to the
+model complexity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model complexity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model complexity.
+So in my group, we're really trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in my group, we're really trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in my group, we're really trying to
+push in some problems where the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push in some problems where the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push in some problems where the the
+dynamics are unknown and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics are unknown and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics are unknown and very
+complicated and the you know a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and the you know a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and the you know a lot of
+the community is trying to build better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community is trying to build better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community is trying to build better
+models of this. We're trying to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of this. We're trying to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of this. We're trying to say well
+maybe before you have perfect models we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe before you have perfect models we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe before you have perfect models we
+can do some some of these model free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do some some of these model free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do some some of these model free
+search algorithms to build good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search algorithms to build good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search algorithms to build good
+controllers without perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+models. Are people okay with that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. Are people okay with that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. Are people okay with that sort
+of array of uh techniques? Yeah. you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of array of uh techniques? Yeah. you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of array of uh techniques? Yeah. you
+feel you have a good arsenal of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel you have a good arsenal of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel you have a good arsenal of uh
+tools. Can you see the obvious place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools. Can you see the obvious place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools. Can you see the obvious place
+where I'm trying to go next now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm trying to go next now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm trying to go next now that
+I've set it up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this? We did value kind of methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? We did value kind of methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? We did value kind of methods and
+policy search methods for the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy search methods for the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy search methods for the simple
+case. Then we did value methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. Then we did value methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. Then we did value methods and
+policy search methods for the stoastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy search methods for the stoastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy search methods for the stoastic
+case. And we did policy methods for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. And we did policy methods for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. And we did policy methods for the
+model free case. So, how about we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model free case. So, how about we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model free case. So, how about we do
+model free value methods today?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model free value methods today?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model free value methods today?
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, but I know it's a complicated web of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but I know it's a complicated web of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but I know it's a complicated web of
+algorithms. So I want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms. So I want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms. So I want to make sure that
+I sort of stop and say that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of stop and say that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of stop and say that kind of
+stuff every once in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+while. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while. Okay. So
+um so what's the difference between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what's the difference between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what's the difference between a
+policy method and a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy method and a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy method and a value
+method? So value iteration like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method? So value iteration like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method? So value iteration like I said
+um it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's very very
+efficient. Right? The way we represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient. Right? The way we represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient. Right? The way we represented
+value iteration with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value iteration with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value iteration with
+um with a grid and having to solve every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a grid and having to solve every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a grid and having to solve every
+possible state at every possible time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible state at every possible time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible state at every possible time is
+the extreme form of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extreme form of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extreme form of value
+um the value methods. Okay. In general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the value methods. Okay. In general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the value methods. Okay. In general
+we can try to build approximate value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can try to build approximate value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can try to build approximate value
+methods estimates of our value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods estimates of our value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods estimates of our value
+function that don't require the the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that don't require the the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that don't require the the big
+discretization. So actually last week at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization. So actually last week at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization. So actually last week at
+the meeting uh one of the meetings I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meeting uh one of the meetings I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meeting uh one of the meetings I was
+at I met Jerry Tasaro right and Jerry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I met Jerry Tasaro right and Jerry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I met Jerry Tasaro right and Jerry
+Tasaro is the guy who did TDG Gam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tasaro is the guy who did TDG Gam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tasaro is the guy who did TDG Gam
+anybody heard of T TDG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody heard of T TDG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody heard of T TDG
+gams knows TD Gam right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gams knows TD Gam right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gams knows TD Gam right so
+um so I don't know what year it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I don't know what year it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I don't know what year it was it
+was 20 years ago now they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 20 years ago now they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 20 years ago now they started
+building one of the big success stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building one of the big success stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building one of the big success stories
+for reinforcement learning was that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reinforcement learning was that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reinforcement learning was that they
+built a game player based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a game player based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a game player based on
+reinforcement learning that um could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning that um could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning that um could
+play back gammon with the experts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play back gammon with the experts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play back gammon with the experts and
+beat the experts It's a back gamon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat the experts It's a back gamon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat the experts It's a back gamon.
+Okay. Now, back gamon is actually not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, back gamon is actually not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, back gamon is actually not a
+trivial game. It's got a huge state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial game. It's got a huge state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial game. It's got a huge state
+space. Huge state space, right? I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Huge state space, right? I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Huge state space, right? I don't
+play back gamon, but I know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play back gamon, but I know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play back gamon, but I know there's a
+lot of bits going around there. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of bits going around there. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of bits going around there. Yeah.
+It's stochastic because you roll a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's stochastic because you roll a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's stochastic because you roll a
+dieice every once in a while, right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dieice every once in a while, right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dieice every once in a while, right? So,
+so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+actually not some complicated, not some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not some complicated, not some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not some complicated, not some
+simple game to it's actually in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple game to it's actually in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple game to it's actually in some
+ways it's surprising that it was solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's surprising that it was solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's surprising that it was solved
+before solved before uh before checkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before solved before uh before checkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before solved before uh before checkers
+and these others, right? But but we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these others, right? But but we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these others, right? But but we were
+playing maybe it's just because not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing maybe it's just because not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing maybe it's just because not
+enough people play back gamut. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough people play back gamut. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough people play back gamut. So you
+can beat the experts easier. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can beat the experts easier. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can beat the experts easier. I don't
+know. Uh but uh uh but we were playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. Uh but uh uh but we were playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. Uh but uh uh but we were playing
+sort of competition style beat the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of competition style beat the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of competition style beat the best
+humans at back gamon well before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans at back gamon well before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans at back gamon well before
+checkers and chess um because of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers and chess um because of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers and chess um because of a
+valuebased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuebased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuebased
+um model free value-based method uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um model free value-based method uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um model free value-based method uh for
+back gamon. Okay. So Jerry Tacaro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back gamon. Okay. So Jerry Tacaro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back gamon. Okay. So Jerry Tacaro
+actually used neural networks and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used neural networks and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used neural networks and he
+learned from watching the game a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from watching the game a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from watching the game a value
+function for the game. What does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the game. What does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the game. What does that
+mean? Right. So, what do you do when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? Right. So, what do you do when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? Right. So, what do you do when you
+play back gamon? Right. Well, or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play back gamon? Right. Well, or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play back gamon? Right. Well, or or
+whatever game you play. Yeah. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever game you play. Yeah. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever game you play. Yeah. I don't
+I'm not trying to dump on back gamon. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not trying to dump on back gamon. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not trying to dump on back gamon. I
+just haven't played it myself. Um so, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just haven't played it myself. Um so, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just haven't played it myself. Um so, uh
+if I if you look at a go board or or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if you look at a go board or or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if you look at a go board or or a
+chess board, right? You don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess board, right? You don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess board, right? You don't think
+about every single state that's possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about every single state that's possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about every single state that's possibly
+in there, but you're able to quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there, but you're able to quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there, but you're able to quickly
+look at the board and get a sense of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the board and get a sense of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the board and get a sense of if
+you're winning or losing, right? If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're winning or losing, right? If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're winning or losing, right? If
+you're if you're if I were to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're if I were to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're if I were to make this
+move, my life should get better, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move, my life should get better, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move, my life should get better, right?
+And there's serious people that think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's serious people that think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's serious people that think
+that the natural representation for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the natural representation for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the natural representation for very
+complicated physical control processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated physical control processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated physical control processes
+or very complicated gameplay sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or very complicated gameplay sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or very complicated gameplay sort of
+scenarios is to not learn actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios is to not learn actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios is to not learn actually the
+policy directly but to just learn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy directly but to just learn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy directly but to just learn a
+sense of what's good and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what's good and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what's good and what's
+bad directly. you learn a value function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad directly. you learn a value function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad directly. you learn a value function
+directly and then we load from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and then we load from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and then we load from from
+value iteration that captures all that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value iteration that captures all that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value iteration that captures all that's
+hard about that captures the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard about that captures the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard about that captures the entire
+long-term look ahead in the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term look ahead in the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term look ahead in the optimal
+control problem once I have a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control problem once I have a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control problem once I have a value
+function if I have a value function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if I have a value function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if I have a value function I
+believe if I want to make an action all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe if I want to make an action all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe if I want to make an action all
+I have to do is think about well if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to do is think about well if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to do is think about well if I
+made this action my value would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this action my value would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this action my value would get
+better by this much if I made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better by this much if I made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better by this much if I made this
+action my value would get better by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action my value would get better by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action my value would get better by this
+much and I just pick the action that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and I just pick the action that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and I just pick the action that
+that maximizes my expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maximizes my expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maximizes my expected
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+Okay. Now, the the good thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, the the good thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, the the good thing about
+value- based methods is that they tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value- based methods is that they tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value- based methods is that they tend
+to be very efficient. You learn about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very efficient. You learn about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very efficient. You learn about um
+you can sort of simultaneously think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of simultaneously think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of simultaneously think
+about lots of different states at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lots of different states at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lots of different states at a
+time. Just like that value iteration,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Just like that value iteration,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Just like that value iteration,
+it's very efficient to to to learn value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very efficient to to to learn value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very efficient to to to learn value
+methods. And historically in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods. And historically in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods. And historically in the
+reinforcement learning world, um nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning world, um nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning world, um nobody
+ever really did policy search methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever really did policy search methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever really did policy search methods
+until the early 90s. There was at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the early 90s. There was at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the early 90s. There was at least
+you know 15 years where people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 15 years where people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 15 years where people were
+doing cool things with robots and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing cool things with robots and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing cool things with robots and and uh
+game playing and things like that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game playing and things like that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game playing and things like that where
+almost everybody every paper was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everybody every paper was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everybody every paper was was
+talking about how do you learn a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how do you learn a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how do you learn a value
+function? How do you learn a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function? How do you learn a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function? How do you learn a value
+function if you have to put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if you have to put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if you have to put in a
+function approximator? How do you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function approximator? How do you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function approximator? How do you do a
+value function if this if this if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value function if this if this if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value function if this if this if this
+right? So really even though I did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So really even though I did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So really even though I did it
+second this was actually the core of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second this was actually the core of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second this was actually the core of
+reinforcement learning for a long time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning for a long time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning for a long time.
+How do you learn a value function? How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you learn a value function? How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you learn a value function? How
+do you estimate the cost to go? Ideally,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you estimate the cost to go? Ideally,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you estimate the cost to go? Ideally,
+the optimal cost to go given trial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal cost to go given trial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal cost to go given trial and
+error experience with the robot. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error experience with the robot. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error experience with the robot. Okay,
+so that's today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem. Good. So, we can make it easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Good. So, we can make it easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Good. So, we can make it easier
+by thinking about a sub problem first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thinking about a sub problem first.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thinking about a sub problem first.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+And that's really policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluation which is the problem of given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation which is the problem of given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation which is the problem of given
+I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+um I have my dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course and some policy pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+estimate or compute um J of pi, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate or compute um J of pi, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate or compute um J of pi, right?
+The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+long-term potentially expected reward of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term potentially expected reward of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term potentially expected reward of
+executing that feedback policy on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing that feedback policy on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing that feedback policy on that
+robot potentially from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot potentially from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot potentially from all
+states at all times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So this is maybe equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this is maybe equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this is maybe equivalent to
+what I just said about about chess.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just said about about chess.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just said about about chess.
+Right? So um my value function for chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So um my value function for chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So um my value function for chess
+might look different than somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look different than somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look different than somebody who
+knows how to play chess, right? I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how to play chess, right? I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how to play chess, right? I look
+at the board and uh you know most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the board and uh you know most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the board and uh you know most of the
+time I'm losing and uh and my actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm losing and uh and my actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm losing and uh and my actions
+are going to be chosen differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be chosen differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be chosen differently
+because I you know I wouldn't even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I you know I wouldn't even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I you know I wouldn't even know
+what to do if my rook ended up over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do if my rook ended up over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do if my rook ended up over
+there. So um and and the optimal value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So um and and the optimal value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So um and and the optimal value
+function you know if given I was acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you know if given I was acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you know if given I was acting
+optimally might look very different.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimally might look very different.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimally might look very different.
+Okay but for me the first uh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay but for me the first uh first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay but for me the first uh first
+problem is just to estimate what's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is just to estimate what's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is just to estimate what's my
+cost the cost of executing my current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost the cost of executing my current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost the cost of executing my current
+game playing strategy my current control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game playing strategy my current control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game playing strategy my current control
+feedback controller on this robot okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback controller on this robot okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback controller on this robot okay
+or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this
+game. Now, there is something culturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Now, there is something culturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Now, there is something culturally
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+um from the the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from the the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from the the the sort of
+reinforcement learning value based um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning value based um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning value based um
+communities and I'm going to go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and I'm going to go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and I'm going to go ahead
+and make that switch now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um most of the time um these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um most of the time um these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um most of the time um these things are
+infinite horizon discounted problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite horizon discounted problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite horizon discounted problems.
+Okay, I'll say it's discreet time just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'll say it's discreet time just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'll say it's discreet time just
+to keep it clean because then it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it clean because then it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it clean because then it's easy
+to write sort of or n equals t to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write sort of or n equals t to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write sort of or n equals t to
+infinity here um gamma to the let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity here um gamma to the let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity here um gamma to the let me
+just do it like this. Let's assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it like this. Let's assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it like this. Let's assume that
+it's uh completely feedback that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh completely feedback that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh completely feedback that I'll
+just keep me writing less symbols for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep me writing less symbols for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep me writing less symbols for
+the rest of the lecture here. 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the lecture here. 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the lecture here. 0 to
+infinity um gamma to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n x n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then pi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pi of
+xn right where my action is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn right where my action is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn right where my action is always
+pulled directly from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi. Okay. Okay. So, what does it mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi. Okay. Okay. So, what does it mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi. Okay. Okay. So, what does it mean to
+um I mentioned it once before, but why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mentioned it once before, but why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mentioned it once before, but why
+did people do dis discounted um things?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did people do dis discounted um things?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did people do dis discounted um things?
+Lots of reasons why people do discounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lots of reasons why people do discounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lots of reasons why people do discounted
+um things. First of all, if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um things. First of all, if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um things. First of all, if you have
+infinite horizon rewards, there's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite horizon rewards, there's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite horizon rewards, there's just a
+practical issue. If you're not careful,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical issue. If you're not careful,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical issue. If you're not careful,
+um infinite horizon rewards will blow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um infinite horizon rewards will blow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um infinite horizon rewards will blow up
+on you, right? So if you put some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you, right? So if you put some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you, right? So if you put some sort
+of decaying factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gamas typically it's constrained to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamas typically it's constrained to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamas typically it's constrained to be
+less than than one just so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than than one just so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than than one just so you don't
+have to worry about things blowing up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about things blowing up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about things blowing up in
+in the uh long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh long
+term but you can make it one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but you can make it one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but you can make it one and then
+you just have to be more careful that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to be more careful that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to be more careful that
+you get to a fixed point get zero cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to a fixed point get zero cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to a fixed point get zero cost
+or whatever it is. Um okay this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it is. Um okay this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it is. Um okay this is this
+just puts some some decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just puts some some decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just puts some some decaying
+um cost on on future experiences right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cost on on future experiences right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cost on on future experiences right
+so that's this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's this is the
+um sort of uh philosophically some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of uh philosophically some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of uh philosophically some
+people really like this for so um a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people really like this for so um a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people really like this for so um a lot
+of the problems we've talked about are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problems we've talked about are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problems we've talked about are
+very episodic in nature right if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very episodic in nature right if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very episodic in nature right if we
+talked about designing trajectories from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about designing trajectories from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about designing trajectories from
+time zero to time final what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time zero to time final what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time zero to time final what's the
+optimal thing what's the optimal thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal thing what's the optimal thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal thing what's the optimal thing
+right um if you just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um if you just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um if you just want
+live your life, right? Uh presumably you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live your life, right? Uh presumably you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live your life, right? Uh presumably you
+you don't know exactly when you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know exactly when you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know exactly when you're going
+to die, right? You're going to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to die, right? You're going to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to die, right? You're going to maximize
+some long-term reward. You'd like it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some long-term reward. You'd like it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some long-term reward. You'd like it to
+be infinite, but realistically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be infinite, but realistically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be infinite, but realistically the
+things that are going to happen to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going to happen to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going to happen to me
+tomorrow are more important to me than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow are more important to me than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow are more important to me than
+the things that are happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that are happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that are happening in the
+very far distant future. So some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far distant future. So some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far distant future. So some people
+sort of philosophically just like having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of philosophically just like having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of philosophically just like having
+this as a cost function for sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a cost function for sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a cost function for sort of a
+robot that's that's alive executing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot that's that's alive executing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot that's that's alive executing an
+online policy worrying about short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online policy worrying about short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online policy worrying about short-term
+things a little bit more but thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a little bit more but thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a little bit more but thinking
+about into the future and that knob is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about into the future and that knob is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about into the future and that knob is
+controlled by gamma.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So all of the almost all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So all of the almost all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So all of the almost all of the
+sort of um RL tools can be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um RL tools can be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um RL tools can be made
+compatible with the episodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible with the episodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible with the episodic
+non-discounted cases, but culturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-discounted cases, but culturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-discounted cases, but culturally
+like I culturally like I said, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I culturally like I said, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I culturally like I said, they're
+almost always written in this form. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always written in this form. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always written in this form. So I
+thought it it makes sense to switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it it makes sense to switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it it makes sense to switch to
+that form for for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit.
+Okay. Um so how do we estimate um j pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so how do we estimate um j pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so how do we estimate um j pi
+of x given that kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+setup? Well let's do the model based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup? Well let's do the model based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup? Well let's do the model based
+case just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um as a first case. Let's say I I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a first case. Let's say I I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a first case. Let's say I I have a
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+model and let me go ahead and do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I made it look deterministic here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I made it look deterministic here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I made it look deterministic here but
+we can in general do this for stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can in general do this for stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can in general do this for stochastic
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things. Let me do the the the modelbased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Let me do the the the modelbased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Let me do the the the modelbased
+markoff chain version first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markoff chain version first.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markoff chain version first.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, so you remember in general we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so you remember in general we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so you remember in general we said
+that the optimal control problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the optimal control problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the optimal control problem for
+discrete states, discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete states, discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete states, discrete
+actions, stochastic transitions looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions, stochastic transitions looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions, stochastic transitions looked
+like a markoff decision process, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a markoff decision process, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a markoff decision process, right?
+where we have um some discrete state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space. We have a probability transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix. Where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. Where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. Where
+Tig is um probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transitioning from I to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J. And we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J. And we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J. And we have some
+cost. And in the graph sense I tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost. And in the graph sense I tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost. And in the graph sense I tend to
+write the we tend to write the cost um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the we tend to write the cost um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the we tend to write the cost um
+as instead of being state and action we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as instead of being state and action we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as instead of being state and action we
+can just write it as the the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write it as the the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write it as the the probability
+of um transition the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um transition the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um transition the cost of
+transitioning from state I to state J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Good. Now, in the Markov decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Now, in the Markov decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Now, in the Markov decision
+processes that we talked about before,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that we talked about before,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that we talked about before,
+the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition
+matrix was a function of the action you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix was a function of the action you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix was a function of the action you
+chose, right? Your goal was to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose, right? Your goal was to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose, right? Your goal was to choose
+the action which made your transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action which made your transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action which made your transition
+matrices have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices have the the
+optimal, you know, choose the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal, you know, choose the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal, you know, choose the best
+transition matrices for your problem. in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition matrices for your problem. in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition matrices for your problem. in
+policy evaluation where we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy evaluation where we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy evaluation where we're saying
+we're trying to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to figure out the
+probability of the the costs to go of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the the costs to go of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the the costs to go of of
+running this policy then the actions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this policy then the actions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this policy then the actions are
+the parameterization by action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameterization by action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameterization by action
+disappears again it's not a markoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears again it's not a markoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears again it's not a markoff
+decision process it falls back right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision process it falls back right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision process it falls back right
+into being a markoff chain okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into being a markoff chain okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into being a markoff chain okay so it's
+a simple picture now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph there's some probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph there's some probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph there's some probabilities
+of transitioning from each um state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transitioning from each um state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transitioning from each um state to
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+action or from each state because my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action or from each state because my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action or from each state because my
+actions are are predetermined, right? If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions are are predetermined, right? If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions are are predetermined, right? If
+I'm in some state, I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in some state, I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in some state, I'm going to take
+this action based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this action based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this action based on
+pi. Okay? And at each each transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi. Okay? And at each each transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi. Okay? And at each each transition
+incurs some cost. And my goal is to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incurs some cost. And my goal is to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incurs some cost. And my goal is to move
+around the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the graph
+um in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a way that
+incurs minimal long-term cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incurs minimal long-term cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incurs minimal long-term cost and
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value.
+Right? That's a good way to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That's a good way to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That's a good way to start
+figuring out how to do policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out how to do policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out how to do policy
+evaluation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now in this discrete state um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now in this discrete state um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now in this discrete state um
+transition matrix sort of cost like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition matrix sort of cost like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition matrix sort of cost like this
+form I'm going to rewrite J pi as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I'm going to rewrite J pi as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I'm going to rewrite J pi as being
+a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+okay where I is from I is drawn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where I is from I is drawn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where I is from I is drawn from
+S some it's one discrete state right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S some it's one discrete state right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S some it's one discrete state right and
+it's this expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of G I N to I N + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+I should say another funny example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say another funny example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say another funny example I
+just remembered. So I I gave an analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remembered. So I I gave an analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remembered. So I I gave an analogy
+of of playing a game. You might look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of playing a game. You might look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of playing a game. You might look at
+the board and figure out what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and figure out what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and figure out what's the
+value of being in certain states. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of being in certain states. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of being in certain states. Um
+people think it's it's relevant in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think it's it's relevant in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think it's it's relevant in your
+brains too, right? So there's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains too, right? So there's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains too, right? So there's actually a
+lot of work in neuroscience these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work in neuroscience these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work in neuroscience these days
+which probes activity of certain neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which probes activity of certain neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which probes activity of certain neurons
+in your brain and finds neurons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your brain and finds neurons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your brain and finds neurons that
+basically respond with the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically respond with the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically respond with the expected
+value of your cost to go kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of your cost to go kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of your cost to go kind of
+function. So there's there's neurons,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So there's there's neurons,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So there's there's neurons,
+they have monkeys doing these tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have monkeys doing these tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have monkeys doing these tasks
+where they, you know, they pull levers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they, you know, they pull levers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they, you know, they pull levers
+or or blink at the right time and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or blink at the right time and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or blink at the right time and get
+certain rewards. And there's neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rewards. And there's neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rewards. And there's neurons
+that fire correlated with their expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fire correlated with their expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fire correlated with their expected
+reward in ways that are sort of they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward in ways that are sort of they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward in ways that are sort of they
+design an experiment so it doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design an experiment so it doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design an experiment so it doesn't look
+like something that's correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something that's correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something that's correlated with
+the action they're going to choose, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action they're going to choose, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action they're going to choose, but
+it does look like it's correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does look like it's correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does look like it's correlated with
+expected reward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected reward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected reward.
+And interestingly, when they learn, as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And interestingly, when they learn, as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And interestingly, when they learn, as
+these neurons learn during the task, as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons learn during the task, as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons learn during the task, as
+the monkeys learn during the task, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkeys learn during the task, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkeys learn during the task, you
+can actually see that they start making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually see that they start making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually see that they start making
+predictions accurately when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions accurately when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions accurately when they're
+close to the reward or they're about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the reward or they're about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the reward or they're about to
+get juice. And then, you know, a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get juice. And then, you know, a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get juice. And then, you know, a few
+minutes later, they can predict when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes later, they can predict when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes later, they can predict when
+they're um, you know, a minute away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're um, you know, a minute away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're um, you know, a minute away from
+getting juice. And then if you look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting juice. And then if you look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting juice. And then if you look at a
+couple days in, they're able to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple days in, they're able to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple days in, they're able to predict
+when they're a half hour from getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're a half hour from getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're a half hour from getting
+juice or something like this, right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice or something like this, right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice or something like this, right? So,
+I mean, these things I think these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, these things I think these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, these things I think these this
+structure of trying to learn the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of trying to learn the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of trying to learn the value
+function is very real, right? especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is very real, right? especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is very real, right? especially
+if you're a juice-deprived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a juice-deprived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a juice-deprived
+monkey. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey. Okay, so
+um let's let's continue on here. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's let's continue on here. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's let's continue on here. Um the
+uh how do you compute JPI given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you compute JPI given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you compute JPI given this
+equation? Okay. Um J is a vector now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation? Okay. Um J is a vector now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation? Okay. Um J is a vector now,
+right? Well, first of all, the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Well, first of all, the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Well, first of all, the the uh
+dynamic programming recursion lets us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming recursion lets us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming recursion lets us
+write it like this, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it like this, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it like this, right?
+J of I K is the expected value of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J of I K is the expected value of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J of I K is the expected value of uh
+taking one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step, the onestep cost plus the discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step, the onestep cost plus the discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step, the onestep cost plus the discount
+factor times the future. Right? The cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor times the future. Right? The cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor times the future. Right? The cool
+thing, the reason people choose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, the reason people choose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, the reason people choose this
+form for the discount factor is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for the discount factor is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for the discount factor is that the
+Bowman recursion just looks like that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bowman recursion just looks like that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bowman recursion just looks like that,
+right? You just put a gamma in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything. Okay? And now if we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. Okay? And now if we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. Okay? And now if we start
+thinking of this thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of this thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of this thing in
+uh we can take the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can take the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can take the expected value of
+this with our markoff chain notation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with our markoff chain notation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with our markoff chain notation and
+say it's the sum over i k +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's the sum over i k +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's the sum over i k +
+1's of t i k i k +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1's of t i k i k +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1's of t i k i k +
+1 times g i k i k + 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Keep putting pi everywhere. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keep putting pi everywhere. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keep putting pi everywhere. So we
+remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that
+pi k +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one, right? The expected value just is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, right? The expected value just is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, right? The expected value just is a
+sum over probabilities of getting each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over probabilities of getting each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over probabilities of getting each
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+outcomes. Right? you how you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes. Right? you how you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes. Right? you how you can use
+that transition matrix and in vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form since I have a a finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form since I have a a finite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form since I have a a finite number of
+discrete states I can just write that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete states I can just write that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete states I can just write that as
+J is G plus gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TJ where the I element of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is keep my pies everywhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Everybody agree with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps?
+Okay. So, what's J? J.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what's J? J.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what's J? J.
+Pi J G to be dependent on the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi J G to be dependent on the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi J G to be dependent on the state
+you're going to. Mhm. So, shouldn't T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to. Mhm. So, shouldn't T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to. Mhm. So, shouldn't T
+be G and J? I have to go to a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be G and J? I have to go to a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be G and J? I have to go to a vector
+form for J. So, I just put it over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for J. So, I just put it over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for J. So, I just put it over here.
+See, I'm saying that the the the E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See, I'm saying that the the the E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See, I'm saying that the the the E
+element of the vector G, right? This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the vector G, right? This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the vector G, right? This is
+my vector G. Yeah. And the I element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my vector G. Yeah. And the I element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my vector G. Yeah. And the I element of
+my vector G has that T in there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my vector G has that T in there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my vector G has that T in there.
+Absolutely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yep. Yeah. So it's it's the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. Yeah. So it's it's the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. Yeah. So it's it's the expected
+value of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of G
+there. Okay. So what's JP pi?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. That's enough.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So lo and behold,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So lo and behold,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So lo and behold,
+um policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um policy
+evaluation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation on
+uh a Markoff chain with known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a Markoff chain with known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a Markoff chain with known
+probabilities is trivial, right? It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities is trivial, right? It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities is trivial, right? It's
+this it's free almost free to compute,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's free almost free to compute,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's free almost free to compute,
+right? I can tell you exactly what um my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I can tell you exactly what um my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I can tell you exactly what um my
+long-term cost is going to be just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term cost is going to be just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term cost is going to be just by
+knowing my transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing my transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing my transition
+matrix. Yeah, that's something I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. Yeah, that's something I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. Yeah, that's something I think
+we forget because we because we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we forget because we because we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we forget because we because we're going
+to get into models that look more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into models that look more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into models that look more
+complicated than that. But remember, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that. But remember, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that. But remember, if
+you know the transition matrix, right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the transition matrix, right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the transition matrix, right,
+it's trivial to compute the long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trivial to compute the long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trivial to compute the long-term
+cost for a marov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost for a marov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost for a marov
+chain. So, let me just show you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain. So, let me just show you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain. So, let me just show you why
+that's relevant. For instance,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? All right. All right. So, I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? All right. All right. So, I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? All right. All right. So, I told
+you about this um the day the clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about this um the day the clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about this um the day the clock
+stopped, right? I would have kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped, right? I would have kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped, right? I would have kept
+telling you about it, but uh someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about it, but uh someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about it, but uh someone
+pointed out and for the record, do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out and for the record, do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out and for the record, do you
+know what happened that day? The clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what happened that day? The clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what happened that day? The clock
+physically stopped. Like it was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically stopped. Like it was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically stopped. Like it was there
+was a little Mike Michael debugged it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little Mike Michael debugged it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little Mike Michael debugged it.
+There was a little piece of paint that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was a little piece of paint that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was a little piece of paint that
+blocked it at exactly 3:05 the day I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked it at exactly 3:05 the day I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked it at exactly 3:05 the day I was
+giving that lecture, right? So, that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving that lecture, right? So, that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving that lecture, right? So, that was
+a hard one to catch to be to be fair.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard one to catch to be to be fair.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard one to catch to be to be fair.
+Okay. So, all right. So one of the my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, all right. So one of the my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, all right. So one of the my my
+favorite models of um of stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite models of um of stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite models of um of stochastic
+processes in discrete time for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in discrete time for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in discrete time for instance
+is taking our rimless wheels our passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking our rimless wheels our passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking our rimless wheels our passive
+walking models and putting them on rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking models and putting them on rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking models and putting them on rough
+terrain. Right? So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain. Right? So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain. Right? So this is
+uh the rimless wheel where now every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the rimless wheel where now every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the rimless wheel where now every
+time it takes a step the ramp angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes a step the ramp angle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes a step the ramp angle is
+drawn from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from some
+distribution. Okay. Now in real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution. Okay. Now in real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution. Okay. Now in real life
+maybe you don't roll rimless wheels down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you don't roll rimless wheels down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you don't roll rimless wheels down
+um that kind of slope but um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that kind of slope but um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that kind of slope but um the
+contention in that paper was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention in that paper was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention in that paper was that
+actually every floor is rough terrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually every floor is rough terrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually every floor is rough terrain
+and you and you actually have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you and you actually have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you and you actually have to worry
+about the stoastic dynamics all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the stoastic dynamics all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the stoastic dynamics all the
+time. Okay. And if you want to take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Okay. And if you want to take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Okay. And if you want to take you
+could take your compass gate model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take your compass gate model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take your compass gate model and
+put it on rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on rough
+terrain and you could take the the need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain and you could take the the need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain and you could take the the need
+compass gate model put it on rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass gate model put it on rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass gate model put it on rough
+terrain. These are the passive things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain. These are the passive things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain. These are the passive things.
+So they can't walk on very much rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they can't walk on very much rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they can't walk on very much rough
+terrain before they fall down. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain before they fall down. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain before they fall down. Um but
+they can they can walk on rough terrain,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can they can walk on rough terrain,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can they can walk on rough terrain,
+right? And then you want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And then you want to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And then you want to ask
+complicated questions about this. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated questions about this. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated questions about this. Maybe
+you want to say given my terrain was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say given my terrain was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say given my terrain was
+drawn from some distribution, how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from some distribution, how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from some distribution, how far
+should I expect my robot to walk before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I expect my robot to walk before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I expect my robot to walk before
+it falls down? Right? That sounds like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it falls down? Right? That sounds like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it falls down? Right? That sounds like a
+hard question to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard question to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard question to
+answer. It's trivial to answer actually.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. It's trivial to answer actually.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. It's trivial to answer actually.
+Okay, so this equation is exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this equation is exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this equation is exactly what
+drove that work. We built the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove that work. We built the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove that work. We built the transition
+matrix on the plank map saying given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix on the plank map saying given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix on the plank map saying given
+it's passive, there's no actions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's passive, there's no actions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's passive, there's no actions to
+choose from, right? Given it's passive,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose from, right? Given it's passive,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose from, right? Given it's passive,
+what's the probability of being in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of being in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of being in this
+new state, given the terrain's drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new state, given the terrain's drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new state, given the terrain's drawn
+from some distribution, given it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some distribution, given it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some distribution, given it's at
+occurrence state, the cost function was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence state, the cost function was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence state, the cost function was
+one if it keeps taking a step, zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if it keeps taking a step, zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if it keeps taking a step, zero if
+it fell over, right? And you compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fell over, right? And you compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fell over, right? And you compute
+this and it tell what does it tells you?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it tell what does it tells you?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it tell what does it tells you?
+It tells you the expected number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It tells you the expected number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It tells you the expected number of
+steps until you fall down. Period. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps until you fall down. Period. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps until you fall down. Period. One
+shot. Simple calculation. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot. Simple calculation. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot. Simple calculation. All right.
+It's so simple. I mean, the bad part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's so simple. I mean, the bad part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's so simple. I mean, the bad part is
+you have to discretize your state space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to discretize your state space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to discretize your state space
+to do it. Okay? But if you're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it. Okay? But if you're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it. Okay? But if you're willing to
+discretize your state space, then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretize your state space, then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretize your state space, then you
+can make very long-term predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make very long-term predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make very long-term predictions
+about your model with with just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your model with with just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your model with with just like
+that. Okay? To the point where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay? To the point where we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay? To the point where we are
+trying to say that that people who talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say that that people who talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say that that people who talk
+about stability um you know, people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stability um you know, people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stability um you know, people are
+coming up with metrics for stability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with metrics for stability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with metrics for stability in
+walking systems. we say why not just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking systems. we say why not just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking systems. we say why not just do
+this right why not actually compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right why not actually compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right why not actually compute
+given some model of the terrain how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given some model of the terrain how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given some model of the terrain how many
+steps you'd expect to take until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps you'd expect to take until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps you'd expect to take until it
+falls down that's sort of what you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls down that's sort of what you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls down that's sort of what you'd
+like to compute and it's not hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to compute and it's not hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to compute and it's not hard to
+compute so you should do that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute so you should do that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute so you should do that okay so
+that's a clear place where policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a clear place where policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a clear place where policy
+evaluation by itself and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation by itself and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation by itself and you could
+probably I mean there's lots of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably I mean there's lots of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably I mean there's lots of cases
+where you have a robot that's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a robot that's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a robot that's doing
+something um it's got a control system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um it's got a control system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um it's got a control system
+you just want to verify how well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to verify how well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to verify how well it
+works if you're trying to verify an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works if you're trying to verify an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works if you're trying to verify an
+expected value it's easy just do the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value it's easy just do the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value it's easy just do the the
+Monte Carlo or sorry the markoff chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. But what happens if I don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But what happens if I don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But what happens if I don't have a
+model? That's what we're supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model? That's what we're supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model? That's what we're supposed to be
+talking about today. Okay. Can we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today. Okay. Can we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today. Okay. Can we do the
+same thing if we don't have a model? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing if we don't have a model? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing if we don't have a model? I
+had to know I had to know t. I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to know I had to know t. I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to know I had to know t. I had to
+know the all the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the all the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the all the transition
+probabilities in order to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities in order to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities in order to make that
+calculation. Right? What happens if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation. Right? What happens if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation. Right? What happens if we
+don't have a model? We just have a robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a model? We just have a robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a model? We just have a robot
+we can run a bunch of times. How do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can run a bunch of times. How do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can run a bunch of times. How do you
+do it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What would you do if I asked you? I say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What would you do if I asked you? I say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What would you do if I asked you? I say,
+"I like your robot. I want to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"I like your robot. I want to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"I like your robot. I want to know how
+how long it tends to run before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long it tends to run before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long it tends to run before it
+fails."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails."
+How would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it? How would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it? There's an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? There's an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? There's an easy
+answer. You could run it a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. You could run it a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. You could run it a bunch of
+times, right? And take an average,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times, right? And take an average,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times, right? And take an average,
+right? It's going to be, we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's going to be, we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's going to be, we know that
+these value functions are state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these value functions are state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these value functions are state
+dependent, right? So, it's a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent, right? So, it's a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent, right? So, it's a little more
+painful than that. Technically, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful than that. Technically, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful than that. Technically, you're
+going to have to run it a bunch of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to run it a bunch of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to run it a bunch of times
+from every single initial condition,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every single initial condition,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every single initial condition,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+But you could do that. And actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you could do that. And actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you could do that. And actually
+that's not totally crazy. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So okay, so I want to know how much cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So okay, so I want to know how much cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So okay, so I want to know how much cost
+I am going to incur in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am going to incur in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am going to incur in the case of the
+walking robot. how many steps it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking robot. how many steps it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking robot. how many steps it's going
+to take on average before it falls down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take on average before it falls down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take on average before it falls down.
+First thing to try, don't have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First thing to try, don't have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First thing to try, don't have to know
+the transition matrices, just run it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition matrices, just run it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition matrices, just run it a
+bunch of times, right? So, if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times, right? So, if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times, right? So, if I
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+JN I the nth time I run my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+robot, I incur I just keep track of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot, I incur I just keep track of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot, I incur I just keep track of the
+cost, right? Keep track of how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost, right? Keep track of how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost, right? Keep track of how many
+steps it took. I keep track of um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps it took. I keep track of um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps it took. I keep track of um how
+much gold it found, whatever your cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much gold it found, whatever your cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much gold it found, whatever your cost
+function is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, right? My the thing I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, right? My the thing I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, right? My the thing I'm trying to
+estimate is the expected value of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate is the expected value of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate is the expected value of that
+long-term cost. But any one trial I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term cost. But any one trial I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term cost. But any one trial I get
+this thing out as a random variable,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing out as a random variable,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing out as a random variable,
+right? And I could take the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And I could take the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And I could take the random
+variable I could take the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable I could take the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable I could take the expected value
+of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random
+variable. I can make a nice estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable. I can make a nice estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable. I can make a nice estimate of
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+pi I by just running it a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi I by just running it a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi I by just running it a bunch of
+times, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times, right?
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taking right doesn't sound very elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking right doesn't sound very elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking right doesn't sound very elegant
+but it works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it works.
+JK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what sum over K. Good. Thank you. Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sum over K. Good. Thank you. Thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sum over K. Good. Thank you. Thank
+you. Good. Sum over K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Good. Sum over K.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Good. Sum over K.
+Just type in my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. You've corrected both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simultaneously. Okay. So, a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously. Okay. So, a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously. Okay. So, a couple
+nuances here. So, first of all,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuances here. So, first of all,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuances here. So, first of all,
+um I have an infinite horizon cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have an infinite horizon cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have an infinite horizon cost
+function, right? So this is only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, right? So this is only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, right? So this is only going
+to be an approximation because I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an approximation because I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an approximation because I'm not
+going to run this forever 10 times,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run this forever 10 times,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run this forever 10 times,
+right? I'm going to run it for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I'm going to run it for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I'm going to run it for some
+finite duration 10 times. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite duration 10 times. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite duration 10 times. So in
+practice, I'm actually going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice, I'm actually going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice, I'm actually going to run
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+that's, you know, big number,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? But that's okay because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But that's okay because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But that's okay because this
+discount factor means that a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factor means that a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factor means that a finite
+trial approximation should be a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial approximation should be a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial approximation should be a pretty
+good estimate of the long-term thing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good estimate of the long-term thing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good estimate of the long-term thing,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+And if I run it from initial condition I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I run it from initial condition I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I run it from initial condition I
+long enough, then I should be able to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough, then I should be able to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough, then I should be able to uh
+to take an average and get a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take an average and get a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take an average and get a the
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reward. Okay, there's lots of ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward. Okay, there's lots of ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward. Okay, there's lots of ways you
+can you can do that kind of thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, if you don't want to do all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if you don't want to do all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if you don't want to do all the
+bookkeeping of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping of
+remembering where you've been, you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering where you've been, you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering where you've been, you don't
+have to sort of remember all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sort of remember all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sort of remember all of these
+things. You can do an online version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. You can do an online version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. You can do an online version
+incremental, right? You could say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental, right? You could say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental, right? You could say that
+my j hat is just my jhat pi is just jhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my j hat is just my jhat pi is just jhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my j hat is just my jhat pi is just jhat
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I can guess an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can guess an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can guess an initial
+um j hat and then every time I get a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um j hat and then every time I get a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um j hat and then every time I get a new
+trial I'll just move my estimate towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial I'll just move my estimate towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial I'll just move my estimate towards
+that trial, right? And this is actually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that trial, right? And this is actually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that trial, right? And this is actually,
+you know, an online version that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, an online version that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, an online version that
+approximates that in batch, right? This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximates that in batch, right? This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximates that in batch, right? This
+is just a standard sort of le squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a standard sort of le squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a standard sort of le squares
+thing. You can you can do it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. You can you can do it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. You can you can do it more
+carefully. If I were to say this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully. If I were to say this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully. If I were to say this was a
+um you know I could I could choose these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I could I could choose these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I could I could choose these
+to be a perfect waiting but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a perfect waiting but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a perfect waiting but in general
+this is actually a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a pretty good
+approximation as as the number of trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation as as the number of trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation as as the number of trials
+goes up to this sum without keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to this sum without keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to this sum without keeping
+track of every j every time I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of every j every time I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of every j every time I'm just
+going to do a moving average towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a moving average towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a moving average towards the
+the new point and by changing it a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new point and by changing it a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new point and by changing it a small
+amount it will converge you this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount it will converge you this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount it will converge you this is a
+low pass filter right that's another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass filter right that's another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass filter right that's another way
+to say it a low pass filter that tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it a low pass filter that tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it a low pass filter that tries
+to get me to the the mean of the j the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get me to the the mean of the j the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get me to the the mean of the j the a
+samples I'm getting in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Okay. So, that gets a rid of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So, that gets a rid of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So, that gets a rid of a
+little bit of bookkeeping. There's other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of bookkeeping. There's other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of bookkeeping. There's other
+things you can do. Now, here's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do. Now, here's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do. Now, here's a really
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one. Think about this and tell me if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Think about this and tell me if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Think about this and tell me if you
+think it's possible. Um I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's possible. Um I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's possible. Um I'm going to
+tell you in a minute how that I can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you in a minute how that I can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you in a minute how that I can um
+if I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+policies, I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies, I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies, I can
+um say pi 1 and pi 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Do you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that? It's going to take a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? It's going to take a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? It's going to take a little bit
+more machinery, but just to to see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more machinery, but just to to see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more machinery, but just to to see where
+we go. Say I have two control systems,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go. Say I have two control systems,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go. Say I have two control systems,
+right? I have the one that is risky, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I have the one that is risky, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I have the one that is risky, you
+know, and I ran it once and the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, and I ran it once and the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, and I ran it once and the thing
+fell down. Um, so I don't actually want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell down. Um, so I don't actually want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell down. Um, so I don't actually want
+to run that a 100 times. I might break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run that a 100 times. I might break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run that a 100 times. I might break
+my robot, right? Um, let's say I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my robot, right? Um, let's say I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my robot, right? Um, let's say I've got
+a different policy that I like a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different policy that I like a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different policy that I like a little
+better. It's a little safer to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. It's a little safer to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. It's a little safer to do
+evaluations on. Can you imagine running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations on. Can you imagine running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations on. Can you imagine running
+the safe policy, let's say, to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the safe policy, let's say, to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the safe policy, let's say, to learn
+about the risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+policy? That's a pretty cool idea,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy? That's a pretty cool idea,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy? That's a pretty cool idea,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What is wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this typically done with a Q function?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this typically done with a Q function?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this typically done with a Q function?
+I'll show you I'll say that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second. Okay, so there's lots of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Okay, so there's lots of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Okay, so there's lots of ways
+you can do that. You can run trials. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that. You can run trials. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that. You can run trials. Um
+you can you can keep averages. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can keep averages. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can keep averages. You can
+try to learn about one trial by learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to learn about one trial by learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to learn about one trial by learning
+the other one. The fundamental idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one. The fundamental idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one. The fundamental idea here
+is is that um it requires stochasticity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that um it requires stochasticity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that um it requires stochasticity.
+You need that that in policy um pi 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You need that that in policy um pi 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You need that that in policy um pi 1 and
+pi 2 have to change take the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi 2 have to change take the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi 2 have to change take the same
+actions with some non-zero probability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions with some non-zero probability.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions with some non-zero probability.
+Right? Pi 2 might be my risky policy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Pi 2 might be my risky policy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Pi 2 might be my risky policy and
+every once in a while with some small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once in a while with some small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once in a while with some small
+probability it takes a a safe action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it takes a a safe action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it takes a a safe action
+let's say and pi 1 is my um my safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say and pi 1 is my um my safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say and pi 1 is my um my safe
+policy but every once in a while it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy but every once in a while it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy but every once in a while it
+takes a risky action. As long as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a risky action. As long as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a risky action. As long as these
+things have some non-zero overlap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have some non-zero overlap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have some non-zero overlap and
+probability space, then I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability space, then I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability space, then I can actually
+learn about what it would have been to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about what it would have been to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about what it would have been to
+do the more risky thing by taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the more risky thing by taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the more risky thing by taking the
+more conservative thing. Okay, so policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more conservative thing. Okay, so policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more conservative thing. Okay, so policy
+evaluation is a really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tool. But this feels slow. The Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool. But this feels slow. The Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool. But this feels slow. The Monte
+Carlo thing feels slow, right? Feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo thing feels slow, right? Feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo thing feels slow, right? Feels
+like I got to run a lot of trials from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I got to run a lot of trials from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I got to run a lot of trials from a
+lot of different initial conditions. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different initial conditions. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different initial conditions. And
+now you tell me what the cost to go is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you tell me what the cost to go is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you tell me what the cost to go is
+from this initial condition. And let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this initial condition. And let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this initial condition. And let's
+say I try this initial condition. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I try this initial condition. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I try this initial condition. What
+do I do? Do I just have to start over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I do? Do I just have to start over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I do? Do I just have to start over
+and run my trials from the get-go again?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and run my trials from the get-go again?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and run my trials from the get-go again?
+Well, that doesn't seem very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that doesn't seem very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that doesn't seem very
+satisfying. So, idea number two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying. So, idea number two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying. So, idea number two,
+approach number two is is bootstrapping.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call it
+bootstrapping. If I learned about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrapping. If I learned about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrapping. If I learned about the
+cost of being in this state, right, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of being in this state, right, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of being in this state, right, and
+I spent a long time learning about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spent a long time learning about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spent a long time learning about the
+cost of to go of being in this state,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of to go of being in this state,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of to go of being in this state,
+and then I go back and ask, what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I go back and ask, what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I go back and ask, what's the
+cost of being in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of being in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of being in this
+state? If this one transitions into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state? If this one transitions into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state? If this one transitions into this
+one, then I should be able to reuse what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, then I should be able to reuse what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, then I should be able to reuse what
+I learned about this state to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned about this state to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned about this state to make it
+faster to learn about that state. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster to learn about that state. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster to learn about that state. I
+didn't really plan to do it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really plan to do it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really plan to do it with the
+steps on the floor, but hope that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps on the floor, but hope that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps on the floor, but hope that makes
+sense, right? Maybe I could do it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, right? Maybe I could do it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, right? Maybe I could do it on a
+graph. That's that's better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. That's that's better.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. That's that's better.
+Yeah. Let's say I figured out what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Let's say I figured out what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Let's say I figured out what what
+J pi of of this state is, right? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J pi of of this state is, right? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J pi of of this state is, right? Because
+I went from here and I I went around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went from here and I I went around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went from here and I I went around and
+I did my stuff and I learned pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did my stuff and I learned pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did my stuff and I learned pretty much
+what there is to learn about here given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what there is to learn about here given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what there is to learn about here given
+I was taking a policy. And now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was taking a policy. And now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was taking a policy. And now I want to
+know about this state.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about this state.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about this state.
+Well, I should be able to reuse the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I should be able to reuse the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I should be able to reuse the fact
+that I I've learned about that to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I've learned about that to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I've learned about that to help
+me learn this more quickly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me learn this more quickly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me learn this more quickly,
+right? Reasonable idea. So, that's a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Reasonable idea. So, that's a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Reasonable idea. So, that's a the
+general idea of using your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea of using your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea of using your
+estimate to inform your future estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate to inform your future estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate to inform your future estimates
+is an idea about bootstrapping. Reusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an idea about bootstrapping. Reusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an idea about bootstrapping. Reusing
+building on your um your current guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building on your um your current guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building on your um your current guess
+to build a better future guess. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a better future guess. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a better future guess. And
+here's how it could look in the uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how it could look in the uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how it could look in the uh in
+the optimal control policy evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal control policy evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal control policy evaluation
+sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What if I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if I said
+um my online rule used to be this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my online rule used to be this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my online rule used to be this,
+right? Where I've got some estimate J pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Where I've got some estimate J pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Where I've got some estimate J pi
+hat. I'm going to run from zero to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat. I'm going to run from zero to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat. I'm going to run from zero to some
+very large number to estimate this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large number to estimate this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large number to estimate this and
+then make the update. What if instead I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make the update. What if instead I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make the update. What if instead I
+just took a single step and I did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just took a single step and I did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just took a single step and I did this
+update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Does that make sense to you?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's say I ask you to guess the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say I ask you to guess the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say I ask you to guess the the
+long-term cost here. Instead of running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term cost here. Instead of running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term cost here. Instead of running
+all the way to the end, what if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the end, what if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the end, what if I just
+run a single step and then use as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a single step and then use as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a single step and then use as my
+cost my estimate for this um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost my estimate for this um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost my estimate for this um the the
+probab the cost going here plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probab the cost going here plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probab the cost going here plus the
+gamma times the cost of doing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma times the cost of doing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma times the cost of doing you know
+all that, right? It's just using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that, right? It's just using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that, right? It's just using this
+onestep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cost as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+for what I was calling JN of IK + one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what I was calling JN of IK + one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what I was calling JN of IK + one or
+sorry JN of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry JN of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry JN of
+IK.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IK.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IK.
+Right? Does that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Does that make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Does that make sense?
+If I find myself in a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I find myself in a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I find myself in a lot of different
+initial conditions, I can take one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions, I can take one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions, I can take one step
+and then use my guess for the cost to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use my guess for the cost to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use my guess for the cost to go
+from that step to the rest of the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that step to the rest of the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that step to the rest of the time.
+Okay, now this starts feeling a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, now this starts feeling a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, now this starts feeling a lot more
+appealing actually, right? Because now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing actually, right? Because now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing actually, right? Because now I
+don't have to think this actually got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to think this actually got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to think this actually got
+rid of that whole episodic problem,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of that whole episodic problem,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of that whole episodic problem,
+right? I don't have to sort of go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I don't have to sort of go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I don't have to sort of go in and
+run some fixed length trial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run some fixed length trial to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run some fixed length trial to
+approximate the long-term thing, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the long-term thing, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the long-term thing, right?
+Right? I just take a single step, use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? I just take a single step, use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? I just take a single step, use
+this as my estimate, and I can just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as my estimate, and I can just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as my estimate, and I can just sort
+of keep moving through my Markoff chain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keep moving through my Markoff chain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keep moving through my Markoff chain.
+I don't have to ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have to ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have to ever
+reset. And potentially, if I visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset. And potentially, if I visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset. And potentially, if I visit
+states often enough, I won't get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states often enough, I won't get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states often enough, I won't get into
+all the details. Roughly, it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the details. Roughly, it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the details. Roughly, it involves
+that Markoff chain being having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Markoff chain being having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Markoff chain being having
+irudicity, right? You have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irudicity, right? You have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irudicity, right? You have to be able to
+visit all the states with some non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit all the states with some non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit all the states with some non-zero
+probability as you go along. But if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability as you go along. But if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability as you go along. But if you
+visit the states each state infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit the states each state infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit the states each state infinitely
+often is roughly the con the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often is roughly the con the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often is roughly the con the the the
+thing then this actually will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converge to ji of ik.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Okay, so the iridicity is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay, so the iridicity is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay, so the iridicity is actually
+bad news for my walking robot because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news for my walking robot because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news for my walking robot because if
+my walking robot falls down, I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my walking robot falls down, I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my walking robot falls down, I'm going
+to have to pick it back up if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to pick it back up if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to pick it back up if I want to
+get irrigodicity back, right? There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get irrigodicity back, right? There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get irrigodicity back, right? There are
+robots that don't visit every state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots that don't visit every state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots that don't visit every state
+every, you know, arbitrarily often. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every, you know, arbitrarily often. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every, you know, arbitrarily often. Um,
+but in the Markoff change sense, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the Markoff change sense, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the Markoff change sense, that
+doesn't seem like such a bad assumption.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like such a bad assumption.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like such a bad assumption.
+And if I'm willing to take my robot when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I'm willing to take my robot when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I'm willing to take my robot when
+it falls down and pick it back up, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it falls down and pick it back up, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it falls down and pick it back up, which
+by the way is about how I spent the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way is about how I spent the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way is about how I spent the last
+year of my PhD, um the then actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year of my PhD, um the then actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year of my PhD, um the then actually I
+can get erudicity back. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, cool. So, that makes sense, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. So, that makes sense, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. So, that makes sense, right?
+I'm going to use my my existing estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use my my existing estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use my my existing estimate
+of the cost to go to bootstrap my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cost to go to bootstrap my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cost to go to bootstrap my
+algorithm for estimating the cost to go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for estimating the cost to go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for estimating the cost to go.
+Yeah. Does the transition probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Does the transition probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Does the transition probability
+come into play at all? It does because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into play at all? It does because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into play at all? It does because
+I'm getting this from sampled data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting this from sampled data.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting this from sampled data.
+Right? So, this is actually drawn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So, this is actually drawn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So, this is actually drawn the
+expected value of this update does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of this update does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of this update does the
+right thing. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing. Right?
+So this update doesn't have it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this update doesn't have it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this update doesn't have it because
+this is from a real trials, right? But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from a real trials, right? But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from a real trials, right? But
+you should think about this as a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should think about this as a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should think about this as a sample
+from the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the real
+distribution. Now that's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution. Now that's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution. Now that's actually a
+really good that's a really good way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good that's a really good way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good that's a really good way for
+me to lead into the next step. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to lead into the next step. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to lead into the next step. These
+algorithms tend to be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms tend to be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms tend to be a lot
+faster in practice than those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster in practice than those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster in practice than those
+algorithms. Not only are they a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms. Not only are they a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms. Not only are they a little
+bit more elegant because you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more elegant because you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more elegant because you don't have
+to reset it and run finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reset it and run finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reset it and run finite length
+trials, they tend to be a lot faster.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials, they tend to be a lot faster.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials, they tend to be a lot faster.
+And the reason for that is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason for that is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason for that is this
+here is really the ex it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is really the ex it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is really the ex it has the
+expected value of future costs built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of future costs built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of future costs built
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+it. Let me say that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Let me say that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Let me say that in the
+pictures. Okay, there's two ways I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures. Okay, there's two ways I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures. Okay, there's two ways I could
+estimate this, right? I could get here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this, right? I could get here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this, right? I could get here
+and then I could take a single path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I could take a single path.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I could take a single path.
+Well, this one is not rich enough for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this one is not rich enough for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this one is not rich enough for me
+to make my point here, but okay. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make my point here, but okay. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make my point here, but okay. So I
+could take a single path through here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take a single path through here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take a single path through here
+and get a single sample estimating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a single sample estimating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a single sample estimating the
+long-term cost. Right? But if I instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term cost. Right? But if I instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term cost. Right? But if I instead
+use JPI, JPI is the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use JPI, JPI is the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use JPI, JPI is the expected value of
+going around and living in this. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around and living in this. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around and living in this. Okay?
+So by using this update to bootstrap,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So by using this update to bootstrap,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So by using this update to bootstrap,
+well, if I just take one step from here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, if I just take one step from here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, if I just take one step from here,
+I I get sort of for free the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I get sort of for free the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I get sort of for free the expected
+value of living over here for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of living over here for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of living over here for a long
+time. Does that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Does that make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Does that make sense?
+So J is building up a map of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So J is building up a map of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So J is building up a map of the
+expected value because it's visiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value because it's visiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value because it's visiting
+things often and it's through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things often and it's through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things often and it's through this
+online algorithm with uh this low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online algorithm with uh this low pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online algorithm with uh this low pass
+filter is basically doing an expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is basically doing an expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is basically doing an expected
+value calculation. Okay, by using my low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value calculation. Okay, by using my low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value calculation. Okay, by using my low
+pass filtered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass filtered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass filtered
+future in here. It's also it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future in here. It's also it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future in here. It's also it's getting
+the reward of maybe you could just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reward of maybe you could just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reward of maybe you could just say
+it's filtering faster. That's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's filtering faster. That's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's filtering faster. That's actually
+not a bad way to think about it, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a bad way to think about it, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a bad way to think about it, right?
+I've already got this thing filtered so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already got this thing filtered so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already got this thing filtered so
+this one filters faster. That's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one filters faster. That's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one filters faster. That's a pretty
+reasonable way to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way to think about it
+actually.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this quantity here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this quantity here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this quantity here in the
+brackets, this whole guy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here, it's a very important um quantity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, it's a very important um quantity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, it's a very important um quantity.
+It comes up a lot. It's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It comes up a lot. It's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It comes up a lot. It's called the
+temporal difference error.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? It's the
+difference that I get from executing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that I get from executing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that I get from executing my
+policy for one step and then using my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy for one step and then using my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy for one step and then using my
+long-term estimate compared to what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term estimate compared to what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term estimate compared to what I
+have as my long-term estimate, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as my long-term estimate, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as my long-term estimate, the
+temporal difference error. Okay. Now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal difference error. Okay. Now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal difference error. Okay. Now if
+the system was deterministic and I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was deterministic and I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was deterministic and I had
+already converged then that temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already converged then that temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already converged then that temporal
+difference error should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference error should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference error should be
+zero because this thing should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because this thing should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because this thing should be
+exactly predict the long-term thing. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly predict the long-term thing. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly predict the long-term thing. If
+the system's stochastic then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system's stochastic then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system's stochastic then this
+temporal difference error should be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal difference error should be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal difference error should be zero
+on average.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? Right. It's comparing my my cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Right. It's comparing my my cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Right. It's comparing my my cost
+to go from IK given my one step plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from IK given my one step plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from IK given my one step plus the
+cost to go from IK plus one. So those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to go from IK plus one. So those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to go from IK plus one. So those
+things you want those to match, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you want those to match, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you want those to match, right?
+You want that my my one step plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want that my my one step plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want that my my one step plus
+long-term prediction should match my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term prediction should match my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term prediction should match my
+long-term prediction if things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term prediction if things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term prediction if things are
+right. Yeah, they should match an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Yeah, they should match an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Yeah, they should match an
+expected value. So that thing is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value. So that thing is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value. So that thing is called
+the temporal difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temporal difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temporal difference
+error and it's an important quantity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and it's an important quantity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and it's an important quantity in
+reinforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+learning. All right. So it makes sense I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. All right. So it makes sense I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. All right. So it makes sense I
+think to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it makes sense to write that down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it makes sense to write that down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it makes sense to write that down.
+That's a reasonable estimate for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a reasonable estimate for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a reasonable estimate for um
+J N would be to take a one step and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J N would be to take a one step and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J N would be to take a one step and then
+do the other one. But there's I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the other one. But there's I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the other one. But there's I mean
+that's seems a little bit arbitrary. Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's seems a little bit arbitrary. Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's seems a little bit arbitrary. Why
+why did I just do one step and then use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did I just do one step and then use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did I just do one step and then use
+my lookup? Right? This is the way Rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lookup? Right? This is the way Rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lookup? Right? This is the way Rich
+says it. Why not do two steps and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it. Why not do two steps and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it. Why not do two steps and then
+use my value function to look up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use my value function to look up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use my value function to look up or
+three steps? Why not take simulate three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three steps? Why not take simulate three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three steps? Why not take simulate three
+steps and then use that to to look it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and then use that to to look it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and then use that to to look it up
+or 14 steps or something like that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 14 steps or something like that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 14 steps or something like that,
+right? Why should why should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Why should why should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Why should why should I
+arbitrarily pick this sort of one real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily pick this sort of one real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily pick this sort of one real
+data and then look ahead instead of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then look ahead instead of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then look ahead instead of two
+real pieces of data in my look ahead?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real pieces of data in my look ahead?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real pieces of data in my look ahead?
+Okay. Um well, there's no reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um well, there's no reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um well, there's no reason that
+you actually have to pick um pick that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have to pick um pick that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have to pick um pick that.
+I could easily well have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I could have estimated can I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I could have estimated can I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I could have estimated can I just
+write the inside part here? I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the inside part here? I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the inside part here? I could have
+estimated G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated G
+Jn I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jn I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jn I
+K as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K as
+um G I K I K + 1 plus gamma G I K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um G I K I K + 1 plus gamma G I K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um G I K I K + 1 plus gamma G I K
+um + 1 I K +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um + 1 I K +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um + 1 I K +
+2 plus gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus gamma
+squared J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared J
+pi hat I K + 2. All right, that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi hat I K + 2. All right, that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi hat I K + 2. All right, that's a
+perfectly good approximation, too. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good approximation, too. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good approximation, too. I
+could have done three step. I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done three step. I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done three step. I could have
+done four step.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Say it again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say it again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say it again.
+Yeah, I mean, I didn't I haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I mean, I didn't I haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I mean, I didn't I haven't been
+writing it that way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it that way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it that way because
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yeah, I would have been fine writing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, I would have been fine writing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, I would have been fine writing it
+that way. At some point, I decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way. At some point, I decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way. At some point, I decided to
+not write a pie there and I I'll just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not write a pie there and I I'll just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not write a pie there and I I'll just be
+stay consistent by not writing that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay consistent by not writing that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay consistent by not writing that.
+Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, um Rich Sutton came up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um Rich Sutton came up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um Rich Sutton came up with a
+clever algorithm that's basically allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever algorithm that's basically allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever algorithm that's basically allows
+you to um to seamlessly pick between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to um to seamlessly pick between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to um to seamlessly pick between the
+one step, two step, three step, nstep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step, two step, three step, nstep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step, two step, three step, nstep
+look ahead with a s single knob. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look ahead with a s single knob. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look ahead with a s single knob. Okay?
+And it works. It's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TD
+lambda algorithm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And the basic idea is that um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the basic idea is that um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the basic idea is that um you
+want to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um a lot of these different updates into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of these different updates into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of these different updates into
+a single update. It sounds really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single update. It sounds really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single update. It sounds really
+bizarre and it'll work out. So, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre and it'll work out. So, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre and it'll work out. So, let me
+just say it. Let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it. Let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it. Let's say
+um let's say I call my estimate J of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say I call my estimate J of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say I call my estimate J of
+JN with M stepep look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JN with M stepep look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JN with M stepep look
+ahead of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K M M= Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K M M= Z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K M M= Z to
+M gamma of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M gamma of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M gamma of
+M G I K +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M G I K +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M G I K +
+M I K + M +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one, big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M. This is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M. This is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M. This is a big
+M, big M. Everything else is little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M's. Right, that was the one step. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M's. Right, that was the one step. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M's. Right, that was the one step. This
+is the two-step in general. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the two-step in general. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the two-step in general. So this is
+the MSTEP look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead. So it turns out there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. So it turns out there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. So it turns out there's actually
+an efficient way to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. Let's call it something else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Let's call it something else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Let's call it something else.
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P. This one takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. This one takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. This one takes
+a little time to digest,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it turns out it's pretty efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out it's pretty efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out it's pretty efficient
+to calculate um a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate um a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate um a weighted
+sum of the one step, two step, three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the one step, two step, three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the one step, two step, three
+step onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step onto
+forever sum of look aheads parameterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever sum of look aheads parameterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever sum of look aheads parameterized
+by another parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by another parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by another parameter
+lambda. Okay, so when lambda is one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda. Okay, so when lambda is one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda. Okay, so when lambda is one,
+this thing turns out to be basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing turns out to be basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing turns out to be basically
+doing Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Monte
+Carlo. And when lambda is zero, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo. And when lambda is zero, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo. And when lambda is zero, this
+thing basically is doing just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing basically is doing just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing basically is doing just the
+onestep look ahead. And when lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onestep look ahead. And when lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onestep look ahead. And when lambda is
+somewhere in between, it's doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in between, it's doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in between, it's doing some
+look ahead using a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look ahead using a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look ahead using a few
+steps. Does that make sense at all? It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps. Does that make sense at all? It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps. Does that make sense at all? It's
+a lot of terms flying around here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of terms flying around here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of terms flying around here,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+Even if you don't uh completely love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even if you don't uh completely love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even if you don't uh completely love
+that, just think of my estimate g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, just think of my estimate g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, just think of my estimate g
+um of lambda being a weighted basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of lambda being a weighted basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of lambda being a weighted basically
+something that where if lambda is one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that where if lambda is one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that where if lambda is one,
+it's going to be the very long-term look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be the very long-term look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be the very long-term look
+ahead. If lambda is zero, it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. If lambda is zero, it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. If lambda is zero, it's going to
+be the very short-term look ahead. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the very short-term look ahead. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the very short-term look ahead. And
+there's a continuum in between, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a continuum in between, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a continuum in between, a
+continuous knob I can turn to say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous knob I can turn to say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous knob I can turn to say how
+far I'm going to look ahead into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far I'm going to look ahead into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far I'm going to look ahead into the
+future. Okay. As my estimate that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future. Okay. As my estimate that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future. Okay. As my estimate that I'm
+going to use in that TD error, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And there's a whole gamut in between.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Can I say it again or can I read it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I say it again or can I read it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I say it again or can I read it?
+1 minus lambda. This is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus lambda. This is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus lambda. This is just a
+normalization factor. Yeah. P = 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization factor. Yeah. P = 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization factor. Yeah. P = 1 to
+infinity lambda to the p minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity lambda to the p minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity lambda to the p minus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j
+p right where this is the pep look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p right where this is the pep look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p right where this is the pep look
+ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so this is a very famous algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is a very famous algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is a very famous algorithm
+that the TD lambda algorithm which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the TD lambda algorithm which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the TD lambda algorithm which
+allows you to do policy evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um without knowing the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um without knowing the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um without knowing the transition
+matrix doing bootstrapping or Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix doing bootstrapping or Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix doing bootstrapping or Monte
+Carlo in a single single framework with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo in a single single framework with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo in a single single framework with
+just a parameter lambda to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a parameter lambda to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a parameter lambda to
+evaluate. Okay. To to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate. Okay. To to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate. Okay. To to
+tweak and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak and it turns
+out it uses an elab eligibility trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it uses an elab eligibility trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it uses an elab eligibility trace
+just like in reinforce. Did you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in reinforce. Did you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in reinforce. Did you get to
+eligibility traces, John? Um not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility traces, John? Um not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility traces, John? Um not.
+Okay, good. Well, that's fine. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. Well, that's fine. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. Well, that's fine. So,
+um turns out to have a really simple um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um turns out to have a really simple um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um turns out to have a really simple um
+form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll write it because it's so simple,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write it because it's so simple,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write it because it's so simple,
+but it'll also be in the notes if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll also be in the notes if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll also be in the notes if you
+want to spend more time with it. Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, two observations. First of all,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, two observations. First of all,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, two observations. First of all,
+this looks no harder to type in than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks no harder to type in than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks no harder to type in than the
+original version I had pretty much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original version I had pretty much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original version I had pretty much.
+Okay, it just requires one extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it just requires one extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it just requires one extra
+variable which is this eligibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is this eligibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is this eligibility
+trace. What does the eligibility trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace. What does the eligibility trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace. What does the eligibility trace
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like? Okay, it starts off it's zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? Okay, it starts off it's zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? Okay, it starts off it's zero.
+There's one for every there's a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's one for every there's a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's one for every there's a an
+element for every node in the graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element for every node in the graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element for every node in the graph.
+Okay, every time I visit the graph, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, every time I visit the graph, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, every time I visit the graph, that
+node in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node in the
+graph, I um it goes up by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph, I um it goes up by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph, I um it goes up by by
+one and then it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then it starts
+forgetting based on gamma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting based on gamma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting based on gamma and
+uh lambda, right, as this discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lambda, right, as this discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lambda, right, as this discount
+factor. And then the next time I visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. And then the next time I visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. And then the next time I visit
+it, it goes up by one. If I visited a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, it goes up by one. If I visited a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, it goes up by one. If I visited a
+lot, it can build up like this. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot, it can build up like this. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot, it can build up like this. It's
+just a a trace of memory of when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a trace of memory of when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a trace of memory of when I
+visited this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited this
+cell. Does that that make sense? This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell. Does that that make sense? This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell. Does that that make sense? This
+dynamics here, every time I visit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics here, every time I visit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics here, every time I visit the
+cell, it goes up by one and always it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell, it goes up by one and always it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell, it goes up by one and always it's
+going down exponentially.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down exponentially.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down exponentially.
+Okay, it turns out if you just remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it turns out if you just remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it turns out if you just remember
+that the the way that you've visited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the way that you've visited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the way that you've visited
+cells in the past decayed by this lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in the past decayed by this lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in the past decayed by this lambda
+as well as gamma but this lambda which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as gamma but this lambda which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as gamma but this lambda which
+is the new term then it's enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the new term then it's enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the new term then it's enough to
+basically make that this trivial update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically make that this trivial update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically make that this trivial update
+here scaled by the how often I visited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here scaled by the how often I visited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here scaled by the how often I visited
+that cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cell
+recently is it enough to to accomplish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently is it enough to to accomplish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently is it enough to to accomplish
+this seemingly bizarre combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seemingly bizarre combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seemingly bizarre combination of
+short and long-term look aheads.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so it's a really simple, really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so it's a really simple, really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so it's a really simple, really
+beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+algorithm. Just remember how when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. Just remember how when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. Just remember how when I
+visited these cells and then make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited these cells and then make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited these cells and then make this
+TD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TD
+error update scaled by that and I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error update scaled by that and I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error update scaled by that and I've got
+the TD lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TD lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TD lambda
+algorithm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And what people can do is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And what people can do is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And what people can do is they
+could people can prove that TD lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could people can prove that TD lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could people can prove that TD lambda
+converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the TD lambda update that J hat will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the TD lambda update that J hat will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the TD lambda update that J hat will
+go to J pi from any initial conditions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to J pi from any initial conditions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to J pi from any initial conditions.
+Right? So even it can just guess J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So even it can just guess J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So even it can just guess J
+randomly to begin with and if I run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly to begin with and if I run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly to begin with and if I run it
+as I visit all these states arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I visit all these states arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I visit all these states arbitrarily
+often it still makes that iridicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it still makes that iridicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it still makes that iridicity
+assumption. then it'll get I'll get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption. then it'll get I'll get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption. then it'll get I'll get my
+my policy evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my policy evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my policy evaluation
+out. Okay, that's really cool. Simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Okay, that's really cool. Simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Okay, that's really cool. Simple
+algorithm. Now, what what people also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. Now, what what people also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. Now, what what people also
+realize is that when you start out and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize is that when you start out and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize is that when you start out and J
+is sort of randomly initialized, then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of randomly initialized, then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of randomly initialized, then it
+makes a lot of sense to set lambda close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a lot of sense to set lambda close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a lot of sense to set lambda close
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one because bootstrapping has less value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because bootstrapping has less value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because bootstrapping has less value
+when I just start out. My estimate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I just start out. My estimate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I just start out. My estimate is
+bad everywhere. So, why should I use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad everywhere. So, why should I use my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad everywhere. So, why should I use my
+my bad estimate as my predictor?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bad estimate as my predictor?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bad estimate as my predictor?
+Right? So you start off, you keep lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So you start off, you keep lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So you start off, you keep lambda
+close to one, it does very long-term, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one, it does very long-term, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one, it does very long-term, it
+does more Monte Carlo style updates. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does more Monte Carlo style updates. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does more Monte Carlo style updates. And
+as this estimate starts converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this estimate starts converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this estimate starts converging to
+the the good estimate, you start turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the good estimate, you start turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the good estimate, you start turning
+lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda
+down. And with a cleverly tuned timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. And with a cleverly tuned timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. And with a cleverly tuned timing
+of lambda, you can get very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lambda, you can get very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lambda, you can get very fast
+convergence compared to the Monte Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence compared to the Monte Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence compared to the Monte Carlo
+algorithms. Okay, you more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bootstrap. Okay, excellent. Well, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrap. Okay, excellent. Well, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrap. Okay, excellent. Well, um,
+time's up. The clock is still moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time's up. The clock is still moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time's up. The clock is still moving
+today so I have to stop. Um the uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so I have to stop. Um the uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so I have to stop. Um the uh so
+the really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really cool
+thing pol we only talked about policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing pol we only talked about policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing pol we only talked about policy
+evaluation today. The next step is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation today. The next step is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation today. The next step is how
+do you do these value methods to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do these value methods to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do these value methods to improve
+your policy? And it turns out in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your policy? And it turns out in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your policy? And it turns out in many
+cases if you make a current estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases if you make a current estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases if you make a current estimate of
+your value function and then on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your value function and then on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your value function and then on every
+step you try to do the greedy policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you try to do the greedy policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you try to do the greedy policy
+epsilon greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon greedy
+policy you basically you you mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy you basically you you mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy you basically you you mostly
+exploit your current estimate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit your current estimate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit your current estimate of the
+value function then you can still prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value function then you can still prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value function then you can still prove
+that these things at least on the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these things at least on the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these things at least on the grid
+the markoff chain case can get to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the markoff chain case can get to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the markoff chain case can get to their
+optimal the optimal value function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal the optimal value function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal the optimal value function and
+the optimal policy. So, we'll finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal policy. So, we'll finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal policy. So, we'll finish
+that up next time and get into the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up next time and get into the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up next time and get into the more
+interesting get rid of these markoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting get rid of these markoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting get rid of these markoff
+chains and try to get back to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains and try to get back to the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains and try to get back to the real
+world. Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Good.
+Okay. See you Tuesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rwLOfdfc4dw.txt b/rwLOfdfc4dw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..25dfb8b57e0392c976a0f2979f8b535dafb69d17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rwLOfdfc4dw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this
+second part I'm gonna start with linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part I'm gonna start with linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part I'm gonna start with linear
+equations a times X equal B and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations a times X equal B and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations a times X equal B and you see
+actually the first really the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the first really the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the first really the good
+starting point is a times x equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point is a times x equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point is a times x equals zero
+so are there any any solutions to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are there any any solutions to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are there any any solutions to the
+matrix any combinations of the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix any combinations of the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix any combinations of the columns
+that give 0 any solutions to a times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give 0 any solutions to a times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give 0 any solutions to a times x
+equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+now I'm multiplying the matrix a by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm multiplying the matrix a by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm multiplying the matrix a by a
+vector X in a in a in the way you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X in a in a in the way you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X in a in a in the way you'll
+know I take rows of x times it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I take rows of x times it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I take rows of x times it's called
+a dot product row of X row sorry rows of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dot product row of X row sorry rows of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dot product row of X row sorry rows of
+a times X so I have a row of numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times X so I have a row of numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times X so I have a row of numbers and
+X is a column of numbers I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is a column of numbers I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is a column of numbers I multiply
+those numbers and add to get dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers and add to get dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers and add to get dot product
+and I'm wondering can I get 0 for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm wondering can I get 0 for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm wondering can I get 0 for each
+is every is every row so having a 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is every is every row so having a 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is every is every row so having a 0
+there is telling me gee in geometry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is telling me gee in geometry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is telling me gee in geometry that
+that Row is perpendicular orthogonal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Row is perpendicular orthogonal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Row is perpendicular orthogonal to
+that column if a row dot product with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column if a row dot product with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column if a row dot product with a
+column gives me a 0 then then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column gives me a 0 then then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column gives me a 0 then then in
+n-dimensional space that row is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-dimensional space that row is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-dimensional space that row is
+perpendicular 90-degree angle to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular 90-degree angle to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular 90-degree angle to that
+that column X so I'm looking to see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column X so I'm looking to see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column X so I'm looking to see is
+there are there any vectors X that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there any vectors X that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there any vectors X that are
+perpendicular to all the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to all the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to all the rows
+that's what ax equals 0 is asking for oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what ax equals 0 is asking for oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what ax equals 0 is asking for oh
+and that's what I've just said right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what I've just said right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what I've just said right
+there I've used the word orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I've used the word orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I've used the word orthogonal
+that's more of a high-level word than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more of a high-level word than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more of a high-level word than
+perpendicular so I'll stay with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular so I'll stay with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular so I'll stay with that
+sound a little cooler okay and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound a little cooler okay and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound a little cooler okay and now we
+can also look at that transpose oh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also look at that transpose oh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also look at that transpose oh do
+you know what the transpose of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the transpose of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the transpose of a matrix
+is I take those rows and flip the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I take those rows and flip the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I take those rows and flip the matrix
+so that those rows become the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that those rows become the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that those rows become the columns
+and the columns of a become the rows of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the columns of a become the rows of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the columns of a become the rows of
+a transpose so I'll look at a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose so I'll look at a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose so I'll look at a transpose
+x I'll call it Y for the new problem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x I'll call it Y for the new problem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x I'll call it Y for the new problem a
+transpose Y is all zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Y is all zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Y is all zeros
+and then the null space will be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the null space will be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the null space will be any
+vector any solutions any Y that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector any solutions any Y that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector any solutions any Y that's
+perpendicular to the rows of a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the rows of a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the rows of a transpose
+so I would need hours couple of hours of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would need hours couple of hours of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would need hours couple of hours of
+teaching to develop this properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching to develop this properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching to develop this properly
+because we're talking here about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're talking here about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're talking here about the
+fundamental theorem of linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of linear algebra
+which tells me that the vectors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells me that the vectors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells me that the vectors in the
+null space like that our perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space like that our perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space like that our perpendicular
+to the vectors these guys are that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the vectors these guys are that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the vectors these guys are that's the
+row space oh but maybe I have told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space oh but maybe I have told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space oh but maybe I have told you
+I've said that from this equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said that from this equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said that from this equation that
+tells you the geometry that the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you the geometry that the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you the geometry that the row
+vectors are perpendicular to the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are perpendicular to the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are perpendicular to the X
+vector the thing in the null space so X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector the thing in the null space so X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector the thing in the null space so X
+is there the rows are there and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there the rows are there and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there the rows are there and they're
+perpendicular now if I transpose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular now if I transpose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular now if I transpose the
+matrix doesn't remember that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix doesn't remember that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix doesn't remember that means
+exchanging rows and columns so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging rows and columns so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging rows and columns so I have a
+new matrix new size even it will the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new matrix new size even it will the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new matrix new size even it will the
+same but it's a matrix the same will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but it's a matrix the same will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but it's a matrix the same will be
+true for it the the the rows become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for it the the the rows become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for it the the the rows become the
+columns and the solutions to the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and the solutions to the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and the solutions to the new
+equation with a transpose go in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with a transpose go in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with a transpose go in that
+space so so that then that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so so that then that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so so that then that little
+perpendicular sign is reminding us of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular sign is reminding us of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular sign is reminding us of
+the geometry so rows perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry so rows perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry so rows perpendicular to
+the X's columns perpendicular to the Y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X's columns perpendicular to the Y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X's columns perpendicular to the Y's
+that's the best I finally saw the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best I finally saw the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best I finally saw the right
+way to say that so I have two pairs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to say that so I have two pairs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to say that so I have two pairs and
+I know how big those each of those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know how big those each of those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know how big those each of those four
+things are those are the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are those are the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are those are the four
+fundamental subspaces to null spaces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental subspaces to null spaces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental subspaces to null spaces to
+two solution spaces with zero null means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two solution spaces with zero null means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two solution spaces with zero null means
+0 so the these X's are in the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so the these X's are in the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so the these X's are in the null space
+because of that 0 those are the ends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that 0 those are the ends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that 0 those are the ends and
+then this is the column space and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the column space and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the column space and the
+row space so we got four spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space so we got four spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space so we got four spaces
+altogether two pairs and now you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether two pairs and now you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether two pairs and now you get to
+see the big picture of linear algebra we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the big picture of linear algebra we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the big picture of linear algebra we
+the four fundamental subspaces do their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four fundamental subspaces do their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four fundamental subspaces do their
+thing there you go you can die happy now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there you go you can die happy now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there you go you can die happy now
+it says the row space is there those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says the row space is there those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says the row space is there those are
+rows of the matrix independent rows of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows of the matrix independent rows of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows of the matrix independent rows of
+the matrix that's why I don't put in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix that's why I don't put in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix that's why I don't put in all
+the rows there are M rows but I only put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows there are M rows but I only put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows there are M rows but I only put
+in independent ones so that might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in independent ones so that might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in independent ones so that might be a
+smaller number our our the rank and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number our our the rank and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number our our the rank and here
+are the solutions the guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the solutions the guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the solutions the guys
+perpendicularly this is the rows of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicularly this is the rows of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicularly this is the rows of the
+matrix these are the vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix these are the vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix these are the vectors
+perpendicular to it these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to it these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to it these are the
+columns of the matrix these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of the matrix these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of the matrix these are the
+vectors perpendicular to the columns you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors perpendicular to the columns you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors perpendicular to the columns you
+see it's just a natural splitting of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's just a natural splitting of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's just a natural splitting of the
+of the whole spaces of vectors into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole spaces of vectors into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole spaces of vectors into two
+pieces and two pieces and I think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and two pieces and I think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and two pieces and I think of the
+matrix a when it multiplies stuff there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a when it multiplies stuff there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a when it multiplies stuff there
+it gives stuff here when a multiplies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives stuff here when a multiplies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives stuff here when a multiplies a
+vector X you get something you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X you get something you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X you get something you get a
+combination of the columns that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the columns that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the columns that was the
+very very first slide a times X is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very first slide a times X is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very first slide a times X is a
+combination of the columns and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the columns and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the columns and then we
+look at some X's if there are any that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some X's if there are any that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some X's if there are any that
+where a times X gives 0 and those there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a times X gives 0 and those there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a times X gives 0 and those there
+is 0 right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 right there
+ok ok so that's the big picture and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok ok so that's the big picture and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok ok so that's the big picture and I'll
+just point to another little little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just point to another little little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just point to another little little
+point that's hiding in this picture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's hiding in this picture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's hiding in this picture you
+see that little symbol there that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that little symbol there that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that little symbol there that little
+thing and it's also here what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it's also here what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it's also here what that means
+is that those guys are perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that those guys are perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that those guys are perpendicular to
+these and these are perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and these are perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and these are perpendicular to
+these so we have four subspaces two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so we have four subspaces two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so we have four subspaces two
+pairs two perpendicular pairs and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs two perpendicular pairs and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs two perpendicular pairs and that's
+when you get the idea of knowing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get the idea of knowing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get the idea of knowing what
+they mean knowing how to find them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean knowing how to find them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean knowing how to find them at
+least for a small matrix you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for a small matrix you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for a small matrix you've got the
+heart of linear algebra part one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of linear algebra part one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of linear algebra part one this is
+the first half of linear algebra okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of linear algebra okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of linear algebra okay
+I'll just see what else there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just see what else there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just see what else there is
+oh here oh well this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh here oh well this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh here oh well this is this is a
+another comment I have hardly told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another comment I have hardly told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another comment I have hardly told you
+how to multiply two matrices the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to multiply two matrices the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to multiply two matrices the usual
+way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is
+rose times columns but linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose times columns but linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose times columns but linear algebra
+being always interesting there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being always interesting there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being always interesting there's another
+way that I happen to like columns times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I happen to like columns times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I happen to like columns times
+rows now there is a column times a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows now there is a column times a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows now there is a column times a row
+now column times a row we've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now column times a row we've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now column times a row we've seen that
+once for for that rank one matrix do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once for for that rank one matrix do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once for for that rank one matrix do you
+remember I said that those rank one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I said that those rank one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I said that those rank one
+matrix one column times one row are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix one column times one row are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix one column times one row are the
+building blocks well here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks well here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks well here is the
+building those are n of those blocks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building those are n of those blocks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building those are n of those blocks a
+column times a row or column times a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column times a row or column times a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column times a row or column times a row
+and here is a reminder of oh we've only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is a reminder of oh we've only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is a reminder of oh we've only
+oh we're coming up to a güell Lu the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we're coming up to a güell Lu the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we're coming up to a güell Lu the
+first one get on with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one get on with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one get on with it
+professor Strang okay okay now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Strang okay okay now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Strang okay okay now we're
+solving equations now we're gonna get L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving equations now we're gonna get L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving equations now we're gonna get L
+times U so right so there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times U so right so there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times U so right so there's two
+equations in two unknowns solved in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in two unknowns solved in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in two unknowns solved in high
+school and how do you remember how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and how do you remember how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and how do you remember how
+that's the whole point if I take twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole point if I take twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole point if I take twice
+that equation so it's 4x plus 6y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation so it's 4x plus 6y equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation so it's 4x plus 6y equals
+14 and subtract from this one then I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 and subtract from this one then I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 and subtract from this one then I get
+an easy equation for only Y by itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy equation for only Y by itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy equation for only Y by itself so
+that's what I did that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I did that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I did that's called
+elimination I eliminated this 4x it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination I eliminated this 4x it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination I eliminated this 4x it's
+gone it's 2 times that right that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone it's 2 times that right that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone it's 2 times that right that's why
+I chose to multiply it by 2 then 1/2 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I chose to multiply it by 2 then 1/2 x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I chose to multiply it by 2 then 1/2 x
+times this gives me 4 X's when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this gives me 4 X's when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this gives me 4 X's when I
+subtract it it's gone and I'm left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract it it's gone and I'm left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract it it's gone and I'm left with
+1 y equal 1 so I know the answer y equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 y equal 1 so I know the answer y equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 y equal 1 so I know the answer y equal
+1 and then I go backwards 2 X equal 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then I go backwards 2 X equal 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then I go backwards 2 X equal 2
+because 2 X plus this is now 3 equals 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 2 X plus this is now 3 equals 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 2 X plus this is now 3 equals 7
+2 X is 4 X is 2 and the real point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 X is 4 X is 2 and the real point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 X is 4 X is 2 and the real point about
+linear algebra done right is that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra done right is that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra done right is that all
+those steps can be expressed as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps can be expressed as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps can be expressed as a
+breakup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakup
+another way to break up the matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to break up the matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to break up the matrix a
+into a lower triangular matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a lower triangular matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a lower triangular matrix
+you see that that matrix is triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that that matrix is triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that that matrix is triangular
+it's lower triangular and this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lower triangular and this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lower triangular and this one is
+upper triangular so those are called L&U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper triangular so those are called L&U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper triangular so those are called L&U
+yep yep so what we did here is expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep so what we did here is expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep so what we did here is expressed
+by that matrix multiplication you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that matrix multiplication you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that matrix multiplication you really
+want to express everything in the end as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to express everything in the end as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to express everything in the end as
+multiplying a couple of matrices then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a couple of matrices then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a couple of matrices then
+you know exactly where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exactly where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exactly where you are
+so that's the that's the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's the idea of
+elimination and and now we only were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and and now we only were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and and now we only were
+doing a two by two matrix you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a two by two matrix you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a two by two matrix you remember
+our little matrix was pathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our little matrix was pathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our little matrix was pathetic
+two three four seven that was our matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four seven that was our matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four seven that was our matrix
+a we can't stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we can't stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we can't stop there
+so linear algebra it goes on to matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so linear algebra it goes on to matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so linear algebra it goes on to matrix
+of any size and this is the way to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any size and this is the way to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any size and this is the way to find
+the triangular factor L and the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangular factor L and the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangular factor L and the upper
+triangular factor you that would need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular factor you that would need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular factor you that would need
+more time so all I want to say is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time so all I want to say is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time so all I want to say is when
+you're doing elimination solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing elimination solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing elimination solving
+equations then in the back of your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations then in the back of your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations then in the back of your mind
+or in the back page you are producing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the back page you are producing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the back page you are producing an
+L matrix lower and a u matrix upper so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L matrix lower and a u matrix upper so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L matrix lower and a u matrix upper so
+that so yeah let me see yeah here we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so yeah let me see yeah here we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so yeah let me see yeah here we see
+them the Lommel matrix is all zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the Lommel matrix is all zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the Lommel matrix is all zeros
+above the U matrix is all zeros below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the U matrix is all zeros below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the U matrix is all zeros below
+and that's what is really happening so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what is really happening so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what is really happening so
+that's what that's what computer system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what computer system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what computer system
+totally focuses on okay that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally focuses on okay that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally focuses on okay that's the first
+slide of a new part so I'll stop here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide of a new part so I'll stop here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide of a new part so I'll stop here
+and coming back to orthogonal vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coming back to orthogonal vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coming back to orthogonal vectors
+good
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sGFEsAphyLo.txt b/sGFEsAphyLo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0edcc93906f01a9e37f70fc635bdd0b95e5f8a81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sGFEsAphyLo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4359 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: As we come
+close to testing, we
+
+have shrinkage here.
+
+People probably left home.
+
+Hopefully, everybody who left
+home finished their report.
+
+So you guys have all
+looked into how to
+
+do the final project.
+
+And have all the ideas how
+to go and optimize.
+
+How many people have downloaded,
+compiled, and ran,
+
+and you know what's going on?
+
+OK.
+
+Good.
+
+Good.
+
+Good.
+
+Exactly.
+
+It's happening right now.
+
+OK.
+
+Good.
+
+So I will repeat this what
+I said last time in here.
+
+We're going to have a design
+review with your masters.
+
+So just look for us to send
+you the information.
+
+That means when you
+come back from
+
+Thanksgiving, schedule it early.
+
+So they can help if you have any
+changes in design process.
+
+And then we have a competition
+on December 9 in class here,
+
+trying to figure
+out who has the
+
+fastest ray tracer created.
+
+And in fact, this year there
+is Akamai prize for the
+
+winning team, including they
+have a kind of celebration and
+
+demonstration in their
+headquarters.
+
+You get to go get a tour with
+their knock and stuff like.
+
+Plus, every winning member is
+going to get a iPod Nano.
+
+So there's a lot more motivation
+now to get the
+
+fastest running ray tracer OK.
+
+So with that, let's switch
+gears a little bit.
+
+So today, I'm going to talk
+about distributed systems.
+
+Until now what we looked at was,
+OK, given a box how to
+
+get something running as fast
+as possible inside that box.
+
+And today we're going to look
+at going outside the box.
+
+Basically, we want to scale up
+to clusters of machines.
+
+That means the room can
+have 10, 15 machines.
+
+In fact, for your class,
+you guys are using--
+
+how many machines do we have?
+
+16 machines.
+
+So you are doing
+independently.
+
+But you can use as one gigantic
+machine if you can
+
+and run something.
+
+And data center scale.
+
+This is kind of people like
+Google, and Amazon, has these
+
+kinds of things.
+
+And finally, Planet Scale.
+
+If you want to run something
+even bigger, larger.
+
+What you have to deal with, and
+what kind of issues you
+
+have to deal with.
+
+It's time to reboot
+my machine.
+
+And I have to be pressing this
+button probably four or five
+
+times during the day.
+
+So Cluster Scale.
+
+So you want to run a program
+on multiple machines.
+
+And OK, Let me put it there.
+
+Why the heck do you
+want to do that?
+
+What's the advantages of--
+
+instead of running on one nice
+machine, running on a cluster
+
+of machines?
+
+What do you get?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's cheaper.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's cheaper.
+
+That's a good one.
+
+It's cheaper to get a bunch of
+small machines than to buy a
+
+humongo mainframe
+type machine.
+
+Yes, that's a very
+good answer.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's very slow.
+
+It's slower.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you would run
+something because it's slower?
+
+AUDIENCE: But it
+is a trade-off.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, so there's some
+trade off between speed.
+
+But it might not be that much.
+
+Even when you get a gigantic
+machine, there are
+
+bottlenecks in it.
+
+In a cluster kind of thing, you
+can avoid the bottlenecks.
+
+But hopefully, you're trying
+to do it to get some
+
+performance in scaling
+to large number of
+
+users and what not.
+
+So basically, what you
+want to get is--
+
+so get more parallelism.
+
+Because now we have more
+machines, more calls.
+
+And hopefully get higher
+throughput.
+
+Definitely, because
+you are doing it.
+
+Hopefully, it's a little bit of
+lower latency too, because
+
+if you have one gigantic system,
+if everything has to
+
+go through bottlenecks, it might
+be slower than basically
+
+having different system.
+
+So assume, just an example, if
+you are something like Verizon
+
+or Netflix trying to
+serve your videos.
+
+It makes much more sense to have
+a bunch of clusters of
+
+machines each doing a lot of
+independent work than trying
+
+to send all the videos
+to one machine.
+
+Another interesting fact
+is robustness.
+
+So until now you guys didn't
+care about robustness, because
+
+something went wrong, the
+entire thing collapsed.
+
+There's no half baked machine.
+
+The machine crashed, your
+program crashed.
+
+Everything died.
+
+So you just have this
+fatalistic attitude.
+
+OK.
+
+It crashed.
+
+Everything is dead.
+
+So why bother?
+
+But in these clusters, if you
+have a lot of machines, if one
+
+machine dies, there's many
+others to pick up.
+
+So you can have a system that
+probably has availability much
+
+higher than what you can get
+on a single machine.
+
+And finally, cost savings.
+
+Because it's cheaper
+to do this, have a
+
+bunch of small machines.
+
+And businesses like Google
+has really taken
+
+advantage of that.
+
+So there are issues we have to
+deal with in order to program
+
+this damn thing.
+
+And if you want to get
+performance, you have to
+
+program in a way to get
+good performance.
+
+You don't run much slower
+and load less
+
+performance than one box.
+
+You'll get performance and also
+performance scalability.
+
+That means if you get 10
+machines, you want to get some
+
+performance as if you have 20.
+
+Hopefully, you want to get a lot
+more performance than 20.
+
+So how do we keep things
+scaling in there?
+
+And also the thing's
+robustness.
+
+So the idea there is if you
+have one machine, you're
+
+fatalistic.
+
+If the machine goes,
+everything goes.
+
+You don't care.
+
+But if you have a lot more
+machines, you want to make
+
+sure that application runs even
+if the machine's fails.
+
+Worse, if you have a lot of
+machines, there's a lot more
+
+chance of failure.
+
+So if one goes down, everything
+crashes still.
+
+Then your application will be a
+lot less robust even than a
+
+single machine, because
+there too many
+
+moving parts to go wrong.
+
+So you want to actually deal
+with this robustness.
+
+So that adds an entire new
+dimension in there.
+
+We are not going to go too much
+deeper into robustness.
+
+But that is one big thing that
+you have to really worry about
+
+when you go to distributed
+systems.
+
+OK.
+
+What's a distributed system?
+
+So this is what we have
+been working so far?
+
+Can we see if we can
+reduce the lights?
+
+I guess up there you can't--
+
+OK.
+
+We don't go fully
+dark, we'll see.
+
+Oh, that's you guys.
+
+Don't go to sleep even
+though light is--
+
+there.
+
+So this should be over there
+and I don't have any way to
+
+darken this side.
+
+So these are the machines we
+have been thinking about.
+
+We have a memory system.
+
+And more than just having
+a shared memory,
+
+we have cache coherence.
+
+So that means if two people want
+to communicate to write
+
+to this single memory location,
+and the lot of that
+
+data appears lower on all
+the different cores.
+
+So we can use that information
+to basically communicate to
+
+the processor.
+
+That's really nice.
+
+So a distributed memory machine
+has no shared memory.
+
+So each memory is--
+
+Now, how are you going
+to communicate?
+
+Message?
+
+Yeah, this is not software.
+
+You actually need something
+additional.
+
+Something like a network, or
+Internet, something behind
+
+sitting out that actually
+let you communicate
+
+between each other.
+
+So if you just really look at
+the kind of cost, this is a
+
+back of the envelope
+type calculation.
+
+Register is probably
+one cycle.
+
+Cache is about 10 cycles.
+
+If you go to DRAM, you can
+get about 1,000 cycles.
+
+Remote memory, going somewhere
+across, is, again, another
+
+order of magnitude from that.
+
+So of course, you keep adding.
+
+And that's probably the
+reason that sometimes
+
+things can be slow.
+
+Because now, we have another
+layer that's even slower.
+
+So we have to think about it,
+worry about it when you're
+
+writing code for these
+types of machines.
+
+So in shared memory machines,
+we learn in
+
+languages like Cilk.
+
+It's very nice to communicate
+because we
+
+synchronize via locks.
+
+And all communication
+via memory.
+
+Because when you write
+something, if you look at that
+
+memory location, everybody
+else will see it.
+
+And if you put the right
+synchronization, hopefully you
+
+will get the value you want.
+
+In distributed memory
+machines, there's
+
+nothing like that.
+
+So what we see is we explicitly
+
+sends some data across.
+
+So you have what we
+call messages.
+
+And that means if you want to
+send something to-- if another
+
+person needs to look at
+something, we have to send it
+
+to that person.
+
+So you have to originate
+yourself.
+
+Saying, I'm sending.
+
+That other person has
+to receive it.
+
+And they have to put it
+wherever you want.
+
+So everybody's address
+space is separate.
+
+And if you want to synchronize,
+you would also do
+
+it through the message.
+
+So you send a message, then the
+other person wait for the
+
+message to come.
+
+And so this shows you what
+normally happens in messages.
+
+In the shared memory, there's
+nothing called message size.
+
+You write a cache line.
+
+The cache line moves.
+
+And you can't keep changing
+the cache line size.
+
+Hopefully, prefetcher will be
+good and do something nice.
+
+But you don't have
+that much choice.
+
+In messages, you can compose any
+size of message you want.
+
+So what this graph shows is the
+minimum cost and average
+
+cost of different
+size messages.
+
+So there's a couple of things
+to get out of this graph.
+
+One is that if the message is
+even 0 length, or very small,
+
+you still have overhead.
+
+You're going to send
+the darn message.
+
+So if even you send nothing,
+it cost you some amount.
+
+And the second thing is as the
+message gets bigger and
+
+bigger, the cost keeps
+increasing, because now you're
+
+sending more and more data.
+
+So if you really amortize the
+overhead cost, you are to send
+
+large messages in there.
+
+Another thing this chart shows
+is that as messages become
+
+bigger, the kind of the
+distribution of overhead is
+
+all over the map.
+
+Because now we are sending large
+things, a lot of other
+
+craziness happens
+to these things.
+
+So sometimes it can go
+fast, sometimes it
+
+can be pretty slow.
+
+I will get why it might be
+sometimes this kind of
+
+distribution shortly.
+
+So the main point is that, that
+you don't send smaller
+
+messages if you can, because
+the overhead is too high.
+
+So why is this?
+
+Why is sending messages
+complicated?
+
+Till now, there's
+nobody sitting
+
+between you and hardware.
+
+Once you send the program run,
+you own the entire hardware,
+
+and after figuring out all the
+weirdness that's on x86
+
+there's nothing in
+between you.
+
+You probably won't look at the
+compile code if you look at
+
+what assembly is generated
+you have full view
+
+what's going on in here.
+
+Unfortunately, message passing,
+a lot of other things
+
+come into play.
+
+So if you want to send a message
+and the applications
+
+says, aha, I'm sending
+a message.
+
+And normally, it will
+do a system call
+
+to operating system.
+
+And normally, this message
+will get copied into the
+
+operating system.
+
+It's copying here.
+
+This operating system called the
+operating system wakes up.
+
+This might be when this
+scheduled, there's a lot of
+
+things going on.
+
+And then the operating system
+has to send to the network
+
+interface card.
+
+And the network will say, OK,
+I can't send long messages.
+
+I'm going to break into a
+bunch of small messages.
+
+And put some hardware here.
+
+And it will end up in
+the other side.
+
+In a bunch of fragmented small
+pieces that the network
+
+interface unit has to reassemble
+into one message
+
+and deliver up.
+
+And this will probably--
+
+it will copy back into
+the application.
+
+So what that means is that a
+lot of other things getting
+
+involved, each optimize
+separately, doing a lot of
+
+different things.
+
+And so that is why you have this
+big unpredictable mess
+
+happening in message passing.
+
+And so there you not only have
+to worry about your code.
+
+You have to worry about what the
+operating system is doing.
+
+You have to worry about what
+the network is doing.
+
+You have to worry about your
+network card's doing.
+
+So there's a lot of moving
+parts in this.
+
+If you want to get really,
+really good performance,
+
+people have to worry about
+all these things in here.
+
+So let's look at how
+a message works.
+
+So I hope you can see
+these diagrams.
+
+Can you see these?
+
+Barely?
+
+So let me say--
+
+So I have a sending process
+and a receiving process.
+
+Oh, don't reboot please.
+
+And so what happens if-- this
+is a message-- if we are
+
+sending without any buffering of
+a message, that means I am
+
+not copying it anywhere,
+so assume I
+
+want to send a message.
+
+I said I have a message
+to send.
+
+And then what happens in this
+model is, OK, until the
+
+receiver is ready,
+you have to wait.
+
+Because there is no place
+to send the message.
+
+So finally, when the other side
+says I want to receive
+
+something, it will tell this
+thing it's OK to send.
+
+And it will copy the data.
+
+And then after copying the data,
+both parts can continue.
+
+So this is what happens if
+sender wants to send early.
+
+If you're very lucky, the minute
+you try to send, the
+
+receiver says I want it.
+
+And we have very little delay.
+
+And everything gets copied.
+
+And that's in your lucky case.
+
+In other cases, the receiver
+wants some data.
+
+But the sender is not ready, so
+your receiver has to wait
+
+until the sender wants
+to send it.
+
+And when this message [? is ?]
+
+[? sent ?], you copy
+the data in here.
+
+So this is a very naive
+simple way.
+
+What can we eliminate
+out of this?
+
+How can we make it a
+little bit faster?
+
+AUDIENCE: Buffer.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+If you buffer, what
+will eliminate?
+
+What will go away?
+
+Out of-- we have this overhead,
+this overhead, and
+
+this overhead.
+
+Which overheads can
+get eliminated?
+
+Wait for send can go ahead.
+
+So what happens is--
+
+So here actually what they're
+showing is buffering also with
+
+some hardware support.
+
+That means I am trying
+to send something.
+
+And the minute I copied
+it out there, I can
+
+keep working in there.
+
+And somewhere in the background
+where you send the
+
+data, it will arrive here.
+
+And if it wants it,
+the data is there.
+
+Of course, if the receiver comes
+early and asks for data,
+
+you can't do that.
+
+Still you have to wait, because
+the data is not there.
+
+However, if there's no hardware
+support, both has to
+
+probably wait a little bit,
+because you have to get the
+
+data copied.
+
+So if you have a lot of hardware
+support, you don't
+
+see this copy time.
+
+But if there's no hardware
+support, you see some copy
+
+time going in here.
+
+So what's the advantage
+of this versus--
+
+OK, tell me one advantage
+of this
+
+method versus this method.
+
+So of course, this one there
+is a lot of wait time and
+
+stuff like that.
+
+We know that.
+
+But is there any advantage of
+doing this one, this waiting
+
+until sending and sending it
+there versus this kind of a
+
+nice sending it in
+the background.
+
+AUDIENCE: They're
+synchronized.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hmm?
+
+AUDIENCE: Sychronized.
+
+PROFESSOR: Synchronized
+is one advantage.
+
+What else might happen?
+
+So what else are you going
+to do to get this
+
+kind of thing working?
+
+So in order for this to make
+progress, what do you have to
+
+do to data?
+
+It has to copy.
+
+So it has to get multiple
+copies.
+
+So from application space.
+
+It has to get copied to
+operating system space.
+
+It has to get copied into
+the networking stack.
+
+So data keep getting copying,
+and copying,
+
+and copying in there.
+
+And in here you basically
+don't copy.
+
+You just say, OK, wait.
+
+I'll keep the data and when
+you're ready, I will send it
+
+directly in here.
+
+And you can directly probably
+even send it to the network.
+
+And send it.
+
+So if you're sending a lot of
+data, copy my old value.
+
+So this might even be better
+if you're sending a huge
+
+amount of data.
+
+So that's one advantage of
+having system like that.
+
+And of course, hardware--
+
+if there's no hardware support,
+basically still you
+
+have to do some copying
+in here.
+
+So this is--
+
+what am I showing here?
+
+So what we are showing in
+here is non-blocking.
+
+So one way to look at that is
+when you're sending, when you
+
+request for send, what you can
+say is, OK, I continue but I
+
+haven't copied the data.
+
+I have my data in here,
+but I'm doing that.
+
+But what I must tell you, OK,
+look, this data still hasn't
+
+moved out of my space yet.
+
+So I have to worry.
+
+I can't rewrite the data.
+
+And at some point, when you say
+I want the data, it will
+
+go there and bring
+the data for you.
+
+And catch you like that.
+
+So between this time since I
+don't want to make too many
+
+copies, I have to make sure that
+I don't touch that data.
+
+Or I have to copy it.
+
+So that's my request in here.
+
+And of course, if you have no
+hardware support, you have to
+
+put some time into actually
+doing the copying.
+
+So this is nice.
+
+But we want to have a little
+bit of high level
+
+support to do this.
+
+So this is not as nice as things
+like Cilk, because you
+
+don't have to worry about a
+lot of other interesting
+
+things going on.
+
+So what people have developed
+is called MPI language,
+
+Message Passing Interface
+language.
+
+It is kind of a bit foggy.
+
+But that's the best people
+have these days.
+
+A machine independent way of
+when have the distributed
+
+systems to communicate
+with each other.
+
+So--
+
+[PHONE RINGING]
+
+Whoops.
+
+That's not good.
+
+My phone.
+
+Sorry about that.
+
+So what happens is each machine
+has its own processor,
+
+it's own memory.
+
+So there's no shared memory
+on a thing like that.
+
+Its own thread of
+control is run.
+
+And each process communicates
+via messages.
+
+And there is send
+as is needed.
+
+And that means but you can't
+send like pointers, because
+
+there's no notion of pointers.
+
+You actually have a data
+structure that's
+
+self-contained center
+of the site.
+
+So here's a small program.
+
+I'm going to walk
+through that.
+
+So I have main.
+
+And I'm setting a bunch
+of these variables.
+
+For now, those are not
+that important.
+
+But for completeness,
+I have that.
+
+And then, of course, if use
+something like MPI, there's a
+
+bunch of setup things
+that you have.
+
+And so basically like cut and
+paste with what people
+
+normally do as we set up.
+
+And then I have this
+piece of code.
+
+This piece of code, what it
+does is, this same program
+
+runs on multiple different
+machines.
+
+So everyone has the
+same program.
+
+But then at some point,
+I want to know in my
+
+machine what to do.
+
+So what I do is I
+check who am I?
+
+Am I machine zero?
+
+If I'm machine zero, do this.
+
+If I'm machine one, do this.
+
+So by doing that, I can
+cite a piece of code
+
+that everybody runs.
+
+And everybody figures
+out who they are.
+
+And if they are the given
+thing, what to do.
+
+So here what it says is, OK, if
+I'm machine zero, my source
+
+and destination is
+machine one.
+
+If I'm machine one,
+my source and
+
+destination is machine zero.
+
+So I'm trying to communicate
+between each other.
+
+So if you look at what happens
+is, first, I am sending
+
+basically to this machine.
+
+So I'm sending something into
+this machine, so the syntax--
+
+I'm not going to go
+through that.
+
+You don't have to know that.
+
+But what you need to
+know is that I'm
+
+trying to send something.
+
+I tell explicitly who to send.
+
+And there has to be matching
+receiving that data.
+
+Otherwise, sends go somewhere.
+
+And just it goes bad.
+
+Send here, you can send it.
+
+It can probably go bad.
+
+But receive you have to have
+somebody who sends for that.
+
+So the receive basically
+has to have matching.
+
+And then you send it
+that direction.
+
+And then what I do is
+I receive in here.
+
+And this gets sent
+to me in here.
+
+So question I did send
+receive here.
+
+What would happen if I did
+also send receive here?
+
+If I reorganized these two,
+what would happen?
+
+If I used the same piece of
+code, that two pieces of code.
+
+Then I don't even have
+do a bit to make this
+
+two separate code.
+
+I can basically factor
+this out down here.
+
+I do a send, receive;
+send, receive here.
+
+And then send the just IDs.
+
+What happen?
+
+AUDIENCE: It works
+without a buffer.
+
+PROFESSOR: These things
+are what you
+
+called blocking sends.
+
+If you have blocking sends, it
+means that until the receiver
+
+receives it might be
+blocked if you are
+
+doing a blocking send.
+
+OK.
+
+That means if two guys
+are trying to
+
+send, nobody is receiving.
+
+You have what?
+
+AUDIENCE: Deadlock.
+
+PROFESSOR: You have deadlock.
+
+So that's why I actually
+had to do this.
+
+This is called blocking send.
+
+So instead of blocking sends--
+
+So of course, those are
+finalized things
+
+and do that up there.
+
+I can do this one.
+
+What this says is--
+
+This is actually a little
+more complicated.
+
+What I'm doing is I have a
+bunch of buffers here.
+
+I have how many processors?
+
+I have bunch of buffers
+in here.
+
+I have, I guess, my ID number
+of processors--
+
+no, numtask number
+of processors.
+
+What I am sending, say I'm
+sending a circular buffer.
+
+I'm sending around
+to everybody.
+
+Both directions.
+
+So I am sending the
+previous and next.
+
+So assume something is
+sitting in numtasks.
+
+I am sending back and forth.
+
+So here what I am doing is
+basically non-blocking sends
+
+and receives.
+
+So first time issuing
+a receive.
+
+So even if I receive a receive,
+it says I have intent
+
+to receive.
+
+But I am not receiving
+something.
+
+I am not waiting.
+
+So I can continue.
+
+And then I am doing the same.
+
+So otherwise, if I just do just
+receive and send, if you
+
+do blocking is going
+to be deadlocked.
+
+But here I do that.
+
+And then in this wait for all.
+
+What it says is, OK, now
+I issued a receive.
+
+Now wait until that
+receive is done.
+
+So before I use the data, I have
+to wait for it in there.
+
+And also, when I do the send,
+I am wait for all in here.
+
+So why do you think it might
+be advantageous to do a
+
+non-blocking receives and
+non-blocking sends?
+
+So sends, it makes perfect
+sense, because once I have
+
+sent, I won't do anything
+because I don't have to wait
+
+for anything.
+
+I am done.
+
+So blocking sends is
+not that useful.
+
+But receives, why do you want
+to do non-blocking receives,
+
+then a blocking receive?
+
+Because then you
+won't receive.
+
+You have to wait till the data
+comes to do anything.
+
+Because that's what non-blocking
+receives means.
+
+I have to receive early and then
+wait for the receives to
+
+happen at this point.
+
+What might be an advantage of
+doing a non-blocking receive?
+
+Anybody can think
+of an advantage?
+
+It's harder.
+
+Because now you have to remove
+the receives from the
+
+synchronization point instead
+of writing one receive.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because when sends
+come from other machines, we
+
+can receive it.
+
+PROFESSOR: That might be one
+interesting thing because you
+
+are expecting multiple
+receives.
+
+You don't know what's
+coming first.
+
+If you do non-blocking receive,
+then you can be--
+
+opt out the first guy then
+basically work on.
+
+That's a very good point.
+
+OK.
+
+What else?
+
+What other advantages
+you might have?
+
+Having a non-blocking receive?
+
+AUDIENCE: If the receive fails,
+we can just have them
+
+resend it again.
+
+PROFESSOR: Receive fails?
+
+OK.
+
+Receive fails.
+
+See, that's complicated.
+
+But another interesting
+thing might be space.
+
+Because when I see the
+non-blocking receive, I know
+
+where the data has to be.
+
+So I already allocated
+a buffer for that.
+
+So, if the data comes now, I
+can directly copy into my
+
+local buffer if there's already
+a received issued, if
+
+there's already a
+space allocated.
+
+Normally, other way around,
+until you see the issue the
+
+received, you don't know where
+the data has to be, so it has
+
+to get copied at that point.
+
+So here, you can keep the
+buffer, and hopefully, if you
+
+are lucky, the same hasn't
+happened yet, so you should
+
+set up the buffer, and then,
+when the data comes, say, aha,
+
+here is the matching receive.
+
+Directly put it there
+by passing it and
+
+copying in the middle.
+
+So that's the advantage here.
+
+So, I am here.
+
+I did a wait for the
+receives here.
+
+Did the work that
+uses the data.
+
+And wait for sends
+here, afterwards.
+
+OK.
+
+Could I have moved wait for
+sends before the work?
+
+What happens if I have
+moved wait for
+
+sends before the work?
+
+Is it incorrect?
+
+How many people think
+this is incorrect?
+
+Is it incorrect to move
+this wait for sends?
+
+All the sends before the work,
+to move this item about?
+
+Because work is where all the
+work happens, I assume, that
+
+uses this data.
+
+So wait for sends about
+what happens.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, if that's
+incorrect, then you lose...
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, you lose--
+you're waiting for something
+
+that you don't have to wait.
+
+Of course, you can move these
+down, because that means you
+
+might start using, and try to
+use data that's not there.
+
+So, this has to be here.
+
+And this, basically,
+for performance
+
+purposes, has to be after.
+
+So, of course you have to
+worry about a lot of
+
+correctness issues.
+
+One is deadlocks.
+
+So, there are two types
+of deadlocks.
+
+That's blocking sends
+and receives,
+
+what we talked about.
+
+But there's also other types
+of deadlocks that happen
+
+because of resources.
+
+So, let me get to that
+in the next slide.
+
+And the other interesting
+thing that can
+
+happen is stale data.
+
+In your shared memory machine,
+need to update the data.
+
+You know everybody's
+going to see that.
+
+Because the hardware
+takes care of that.
+
+But, in a message passing
+machine, it's up to you get
+
+the latest data when
+it's needed.
+
+So, if you don't have the data,
+you think, aha, I have
+
+the data, but it might not be
+the right value because you
+
+haven't gotten something new.
+
+So, it's up to you to
+basically send the
+
+data out and that.
+
+And, also, robustness is a big
+issue because the fact that
+
+you have multiple machines means
+you can make it robust,
+
+but the other flip side is up
+to you to make it robust.
+
+So that means you have to figure
+out if a machine fails,
+
+how to respond to that.
+
+So, if you're waiting for a
+machine there for it fails.
+
+OK?
+
+There are a lot of issues, it
+time out, and then you have to
+
+go and deal with that.
+
+So, that can make the
+programming a lot more
+
+complicated.
+
+And if you just don't do that,
+your overall program would be
+
+a lot less robust than a single
+machine because there
+
+could be a lot more failures
+in the large system.
+
+So, here's a kind of deadlock
+that can happen.
+
+What I am doing is processor
+zero is sending and processor
+
+one is sending data
+to each other.
+
+It doesn't have a read write
+deadlock because I am for
+
+sending, sending and then I
+am receiving, receiving.
+
+The sends here, and the receives
+from here, the sends
+
+here, and then receive.
+
+So normally it looks like I'm
+sending two things, It should
+
+go, and I am receiving that.
+
+But, assuming that I am sending
+huge amount of data.
+
+OK.
+
+So I start sending,
+and there's not
+
+enough room for received.
+
+Just say, OK, I don't have any
+room to receive, I have to
+
+wait until the data, at least a
+data start getting consumed
+
+to start receiving.
+
+OK.
+
+If you keep sending multiple of
+send outs, you might do a
+
+multiple of send outs in more
+than one, multiple of sends
+
+here, I might get deadlocked,
+I might get blocked because
+
+they can have receive, receive,
+and he's also trying
+
+to send multiple things, I might
+get blocked in here.
+
+So I might get into this
+criss-cross situation.
+
+If you were trying to send
+something, but other guy can't
+
+proceed, up to get received.
+
+So even though, if program
+look like there's a nice
+
+matching send and receive,
+there's no cycles.
+
+There's a cycle created by the
+resource usage in here.
+
+So, if doing lot of sends before
+a lot receives, and
+
+vice versa, you have
+to be careful.
+
+If you do too much of that,
+it's nice to block things,
+
+move things up.
+
+But if you have too many things,
+then you might end up
+
+in deadlock situation.
+
+Even though, traditionally,
+it might not happen.
+
+So, you have host of other
+performance issues
+
+that you'll deal with.
+
+So let me address couple
+of them and what
+
+it might shows up.
+
+So one big thing is
+occupancy cost.
+
+Because, when you do shared
+memory, minute you basically
+
+showing instructions.
+
+Instruction goes executes, you
+are done with and that
+
+operation is finished.
+
+When you are doing a message
+passing, each
+
+message is very expensive.
+
+It has to do a lot of things.
+
+You have to do a context switch,
+do a buffer copy, and
+
+a protocol stack processing,
+and then might have to do
+
+another context switch
+for that.
+
+And there's a lot of these
+copying and stuff happening,
+
+and the network controller might
+interrupt the private
+
+system, because either there's
+data coming, copy the data in
+
+there, and you send as
+ignored application.
+
+So there's this huge amount
+of things happening
+
+just for one message.
+
+If you are sending like one
+lousy byte, or one even like
+
+kilobyte., it just doing a lot
+of millions of instructions,
+
+just on behalf of small
+amount of data.
+
+So that's a large
+amount of cost
+
+associated with that overhead.
+
+So, setup already
+is very high.
+
+And, so what you want to do is
+you want to amortize the cost
+
+by sending large messages.
+
+So what you were to say, so
+look I'm not sending this
+
+small thing, I'm going to
+accumulate a lot of things,
+
+I'm going to send everything
+as bulk if you can.
+
+And then you can basically
+amortize these
+
+costs of doing things.
+
+Other thing is communications
+is excruciatingly slow.
+
+So even the memory system, it's
+about probably a couple
+
+of hundred plus compared
+to CPU communicating.
+
+In the cluster interconnect, you
+can do tens of thousands
+
+of instructions in the CPU, by
+the time it get communicated.
+
+In a grid, or if you are doing
+through the internet, and then
+
+it sits in the seconds now.
+
+You can actually feel it.
+
+And then your processor can run
+millions of instructions
+
+in that time.
+
+And so if you are waiting for
+something, you had to wait for
+
+a very long time.
+
+They might not have enough
+things to stuff in the middle,
+
+to kind of amortize the cost.
+
+And then you have to
+worry about that.
+
+So what that means is if you
+start waiting for something to
+
+happen, you are waiting
+for a long time.
+
+So you have to figure out
+putting things in there.
+
+Not waiting this, non-blocking
+things is very important
+
+because of that.
+
+And so normally what you want
+to do is you want to have
+
+always split operations, that
+means you want to kind of
+
+initiate something at some
+point, very early on, and then
+
+use it later, especially if
+you're looking for something
+
+like a receive.
+
+So if, I want to, especially
+if I want to get some--
+
+normally in the shared memory,
+just kind of doing a simple
+
+thing, asking something and
+get replies, very simple.
+
+Here, because if you just do
+that, there's a huge waiting
+
+bit rate, so you want to kind
+of do speed operations.
+
+So, this code can be
+very complicated,
+
+because you tried to--
+
+if you want to ask something,
+you ask very early, you do a
+
+lot of other things before
+the reply comes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Oops.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's see how many times
+I had to press that.
+
+Before I realize I
+have to reboot.
+
+So, if you want to
+rendezvous with--
+
+normally, what have that means
+that two points has to kind of
+
+synchronize at the same point.
+
+So what you want to do is you
+can do a three-way sender send
+
+a request, receiver acks with,
+OK, it's OK to send, and the
+
+senders delivers the data.
+
+So that means I have to do a
+three-way communication.
+
+Or, this alternative with
+two-way, you sender doesn't
+
+send anything, receiver
+basically send a request, and
+
+then you send the data.
+
+So this could be faster because
+there's less things to
+
+do in here.
+
+There's another method called
+RMA, or it's another name you
+
+might see, it's called
+active messages.
+
+Where you don't ask
+the receiver.
+
+When you send, you have some
+pre-assigned place you can go
+
+and dump the data.
+
+So you don't wait for somebody
+to ask for data.
+
+You said, OK, if I want send,
+I'll immediately send, and put
+
+it somewhere.
+
+And the data that I send
+the place in here.
+
+So, the first slide I showed
+you, all at that time, you saw
+
+all these big difference in
+the time, either this can
+
+happen, the message can go very
+fast, or sometime it will
+
+be really slow.
+
+There's a big variation
+in here.
+
+This happen basically because of
+the network communications.
+
+How many of you know a
+little bit about TCP?
+
+OK.
+
+Let me just explain about
+five minutes of TCP
+
+before I move on.
+
+So TCP is one of the main
+protocols that we use to
+
+communicate over Internet.
+
+And two things, you want
+to actually send data.
+
+But also, you want to
+be a good citizen.
+
+You have actually work in a
+way that it doesn't really
+
+take over the entire shared
+bandwidth you have.
+
+So what TCP does,
+it has a window.
+
+So what it says is, OK, I can
+send certain amount of data
+
+that's the size of the window,
+but I can't move beyond that
+
+until I get some
+acknowledgement.
+
+So I send the window
+amount of data.
+
+And, on the other side, when
+it's received that data, I
+
+said, I have seen this
+much of the window.
+
+And once it's seen this much of
+the window this send that
+
+acknowledgement back.
+
+And when that acknowledgement
+comes, you
+
+say, aha, that's good.
+
+That means it has seen that.
+
+Then I can send more.
+
+I keep sending more.
+
+And then, the TCP has this very
+interesting property.
+
+If you are doing a really good
+communication, things are
+
+going very nicely, it starts
+increasing the window size.
+
+It says, oh, OK, that means that
+windows size keeps going.
+
+I can do bigger and bigger
+and bigger window size.
+
+You can keep increasing
+the window size.
+
+And then, what happens at some
+point, the system get
+
+overloaded, because if you
+everyone is start--
+
+increase their window size, too
+many packets start coming
+
+into the network.
+
+At some point, the network in
+the middle, doesn't have
+
+enough room.
+
+It drops something.
+
+So, TCP, nice thing about the
+network is that, even if it
+
+doesn't have a guarantee that it
+will guarantee it can just
+
+drop something.
+
+And when it drops, what happens
+is the other guy is
+
+waiting for acknowledgement.
+
+So waiting for data to come,
+it never shows up.
+
+So then it has this thing, an
+ack, saying I never got it.
+
+And the problem with that is, so
+you have a nice bandwidth,
+
+and you get increasing the
+bandwidth, you get faster and
+
+faster and faster, and suddenly
+data get missed.
+
+And suddenly you have this
+big timeout delay.
+
+And then everybody freezes.
+
+And then get the ack, and you
+restart with a smaller window
+
+and slowly pick up, something
+like that.
+
+So because of that, there a lot
+of times what happens, is
+
+this packet get dropped,
+retransmit happens, so you
+
+have this kind of sawtooth
+pattern.
+
+Things get faster and faster,
+things go down for nothing,
+
+for a little while, again
+start again, in here.
+
+So the other way of
+communicating is called UDP.
+
+UDP says, OK, if you don't
+have any kind of
+
+acknowledgement, or something
+like that, I'll just send.
+
+And you, on the other hand,
+figure this out whether you
+
+got something or not.
+
+And send information back.
+
+So the network doesn't
+participate in any kind of a
+
+balancing act of
+communication.
+
+It's end-to-end.
+
+So of course, you can be a
+really bad citizen, and say,
+
+OK, I don't care.
+
+I just keep sending huge
+amount of data and then
+
+somebody would go well.
+
+But, what people have found is
+for things like video, you can
+
+send UPD and kind of
+manipulate yourself
+
+end-to-end, can get
+much better than
+
+trying to do this TCP.
+
+So the kind of thing is,
+even though there's not
+
+acknowledgment, or there's no
+real attempt to make sure all
+
+the data goes, UDP sometimes
+can get better bandwidth,
+
+because it doesn't drop
+packets in here.
+
+So, there's a lot of great
+stuff, I mean you guys can
+
+take the networking class and
+learn all about the protocols
+
+and stuff like that.
+
+There's really, really cool
+stuff in here, so some of you
+
+might actually, next couple of
+semesters, learn all about how
+
+these things work.
+
+So I'm just giving you, lot of
+performance wise, these are
+
+the issues that you are to worry
+about when you are doing
+
+network level things.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's kind of talks about
+a little bit about a small
+
+scale, and then if you want to
+go to next bigger scale--
+
+why you want to go?
+
+There can be lot more uses.
+
+If you are on something like
+Facebook, or Amazon, you have
+
+a lot more users to deal with.
+
+If you are, what's a good
+one with a lot of data?
+
+Google Earth, or something
+like that.
+
+You have a lot of data.
+
+And you have to deal with all
+the data, and that's a good
+
+way to do the scale up.
+
+Or you might have huge amount of
+processing you want to do,
+
+for example, the one place a lot
+of data and processing is
+
+things like these new basically
+telescopes that's
+
+coming about, that has arrays
+of hundreds of different
+
+things, so you have huge amount
+of data coming from the
+
+telescopes.
+
+And then you could do a huge
+amount of processing and that.
+
+So that basically, has broad
+data and processing, and in
+
+things like webs, social
+networks, and stuff like that,
+
+gives me a lot of data.
+
+So here are some examples of
+some things like the airline
+
+reservation system.
+
+It's something, all the airlines
+have to assign
+
+millions of planes, flights,
+millions of seats
+
+that you deal with.
+
+Things like a stock trading
+system that all the trades has
+
+to has to come there, and the
+prices has to get calculated,
+
+and then trades has
+to get validated.
+
+And, very big analysis, so you
+form some kind of global
+
+understanding of what's
+going on.
+
+And I'm going to talk about
+these two, three things too.
+
+Scene completion and web
+search, which probably
+
+everybody knows.
+
+So, yes, this kind of
+data, now, kind of a
+
+web analysis example.
+
+So what these guys were trying
+to do was, every weekly, troll
+
+151 million web pages, and
+get about a terabyte of
+
+information, and analyze
+page statistics.
+
+So that's what they
+are trying to do.
+
+Some come up with some
+idea about OK, what
+
+is the world happening?
+
+How did the pages change
+the last week?
+
+And then try to get a
+global view of that.
+
+At this point, you have both
+huge amount of data and pretty
+
+large amount of computation
+power, that you had to build a
+
+system to do that.
+
+This is where you need
+a larger system.
+
+Here's another interesting
+system that people built.
+
+So if you have image here, and
+the image has this nice
+
+background, there's
+unfortunate house
+
+sitting in the front.
+
+So what this says is, OK,
+eliminate the house, search a
+
+very large database to find
+similar images and plop
+
+something in there.
+
+OK.
+
+So OK.
+
+You can get your face with
+some nice actual eyes, or
+
+something like that.
+
+Just eliminate all the bad
+parts, and then and then get
+
+good parts and put
+them in there.
+
+And so this one, basically, what
+they'll do was, that's
+
+about 396 gigabytes of
+images out there.
+
+And so we had to classify
+images to get the scene
+
+detector, do color similarity,
+and do context matching.
+
+So computation, what they're
+doing is about 50 minutes
+
+doing scene matching, 20 minutes
+of local matching
+
+trying to find right matching,
+and four minutes composing
+
+there, and then you can
+parallelize that and reduce
+
+this time to about
+five minutes.
+
+So here's something that's
+huge amount of data.
+
+You'll look a lot of things, you
+do a lot of processing to
+
+figure out we get the right
+thing and these actually keep
+
+increasing these images as we
+keep asking for more, more
+
+flexibility, and
+more accuracy.
+
+Things can get higher
+and higher.
+
+So really cool application that
+really require large data
+
+and large processing.
+
+So, of course, the kind of
+clinical application is
+
+probably Google.
+
+So in this research, you'll
+get some nice results.
+
+So what people say, is this
+what two thousand process
+
+involved getting this
+query for you.
+
+It takes 200 plus terabytes of
+data, but this is already old
+
+now, this could be
+even higher now.
+
+And this takes ten to the ten
+total clock cycles for
+
+everything that needs
+to happen, for you
+
+to get to your query.
+
+And you only get one
+sent for the query.
+
+So that, not only are doing it
+fast, you are doing a lot of
+
+processing, you are doing
+it very cheap.
+
+And I think one of the biggest
+things that Google did is
+
+figure how to get that
+done fast and cheap.
+
+And that's why they
+so successful.
+
+Oops, sorry, I didn't say
+this. so it's one second
+
+response time, and the cheapest
+$0.05 average the
+
+cost, basically.
+
+If you compute a time that's
+going to cost more than $0.05,
+
+is not worth it.
+
+And you had to do it that.
+
+So, this is Google, spend a lot
+of time how to figure out,
+
+how to do this is cheaply.
+
+So, this is already validated,
+but Google is very secretive
+
+of what they do, so this is the
+closest I can figure out.
+
+They have three million plus
+processers in clusters of 2000
+
+plus process, each,
+in each cluster.
+
+And what they already did
+was they went for
+
+the cheapest thing.
+
+They build entire system
+out of the cheapest
+
+parts we can get.
+
+x86 processors, the cheapest
+disks, fairly cheap
+
+communication, and
+gain reliability,
+
+redundancy though software.
+
+So each part, I mean supposing
+in Google, this data center,
+
+there's somebody who's
+constantly growing and
+
+changing machines and
+changing disks.
+
+Because there's so
+much failure.
+
+But that means we have to have
+the software system to keep
+
+the things running in there.
+
+And what they have is a
+partitioned workload, all
+
+those things are nicely
+partitioned and distributed
+
+through Google as this nice file
+system and stuff do that.
+
+And then you have to do
+crawling, index generation,
+
+index search, document
+retrieval, ad placement, all
+
+those things happen in there.
+
+Of course, other things like
+Microsoft and Yahoo, and all
+
+those other people have
+systems like that.
+
+So this is kind of what, when
+you go in here to scale up,
+
+there's no other way, you have
+to actually build this huge
+
+system to do that.
+
+So one thing Google does, going
+a little bit technical,
+
+is this have a system
+called MapReduce.
+
+How many of you have seen,
+heard of MapReduce?
+
+OK.
+
+So there's all this people
+who know MapReduce.
+
+Probably more than I do.
+
+So the idea there is you have a
+bunch of data, a huge amount
+
+of data in here.
+
+And, normally, what you have
+to do is find some
+
+similarities in lot of
+data, and do some
+
+processing for that.
+
+And this is programming model
+set up nicely help doing that.
+
+So, that this borrows lot of
+functional programming.
+
+What that means is I'm not
+changing data, I'm always
+
+taking some data values and
+creating something new.
+
+I'm never changing something
+existing, that's basically
+
+meaning of a functional
+program.
+
+So MapReduce has
+two components.
+
+First the map.
+
+That means given some input
+value and a key in there, what
+
+you develop generate is some
+intermediate results and
+
+output key.
+
+You get bunch of values coming
+through, and everybody process
+
+each one as separate.
+
+And say, OK.
+
+So here is the output
+key, and here's some
+
+intermediate value.
+
+And then what you do is things
+with the same output key gets
+
+sorted into one list.
+
+And then it's going reduce it.
+
+And the reducer takes the output
+key in this list, and
+
+say, OK, look I'm going to
+process the entire list down
+
+to one element or
+small data item.
+
+OK?
+
+So let's go through
+a little bit more,
+
+digging deep into that.
+
+And so you map, basically get a
+huge amount of records from
+
+the data source, and it fits
+into this map function, and it
+
+produce intermediate results.
+
+And the reduced function,
+basically, combines the data,
+
+and all the folding--
+
+let me give you an example.
+
+I think that will
+show you better.
+
+So here is kind of
+architecture.
+
+So you have a huge amount
+of data resources.
+
+You have many, many
+sources in here.
+
+And each of the data comes in
+to that, and the map will
+
+basically distributed by keys
+and values, so there could be
+
+millions and values.
+
+And then, what you have to do
+is, wait until all the data,
+
+has done that.
+
+And then cleared for
+the number of keys
+
+here, number of reducers.
+
+So hopefully you wont
+have a lot of keys.
+
+If you have more than two
+keys, you don't get that
+
+parallelism because then you
+would be too huge lists.
+
+And then, again, what happens
+is these keys get paired to
+
+reducers to come the final
+value in here.
+
+So what's the parallelism
+here?
+
+What makes the parallelism
+go high?
+
+Or, not have enough
+parallelism?
+
+Yeah, I mean, first of all,
+you need to have enough,
+
+hopefully, multiple data stores
+so you get a lot of
+
+parallelism coming in here.
+
+Map is easily parallelizable,
+because each choosing in here.
+
+Reducer is the problem
+I think one.
+
+Because if you have too many
+keys, too little keys, you are
+
+in trouble.
+
+The other interesting thing
+in here is there's a big
+
+shuffling between here.
+
+So that means data has to
+go all over the place.
+
+So it's not something that, you
+got data and you process
+
+to the end you got data you
+process to end, every data has
+
+to kind of cross back, and so
+that's a huge amount of
+
+communication in here that could
+be bottle-necked too.
+
+That can be bottle-necked, keys
+can be bottle-necked.
+
+So map function runs parallel,
+creating different things.
+
+Reduced functions also run
+parallel for each key.
+
+And all values are basically
+processed independently
+
+because of that.
+
+Also, the bottle-neck is reduce
+phase can't start until
+
+all the map is done, and also
+all the data gets shuffled
+
+around with that.
+
+So here's an interesting
+example.
+
+What I am trying to do is I am
+trying to count the number of
+
+words in assume huge amount
+of web pages.
+
+So what I can do is in the map,
+I get each page in here--
+
+I thread through the page
+emitting each word as my key
+
+and the count as one.
+
+Because I only get one thing.
+
+And then my reducer
+is basically--
+
+my key is each word.
+
+So if I have a million words, I
+can have a million reducers.
+
+And the reducer basically takes
+all those things-- it's
+
+not that fun because
+everything is
+
+all at number one.
+
+Because we count at one.
+
+And then basically keep adding
+up how many things for each
+
+word came about and put
+up the results.
+
+So you can say, OK, look, for
+the entire corpus of data, I
+
+had this many words count, this
+many word occurrences,
+
+this many all for each word.
+
+You get a word count.
+
+So basically trying to create
+a histogram here and
+
+MapReducer provides a very nice
+interface to do that.
+
+And it's very nice, high level,
+and it provides this
+
+nice infrastructure to run this
+in parallel in here and
+
+do all the communication
+necessary, figure out how many
+
+reducers to run, look at
+machines to run them, produce
+
+the result, and give
+you the result.
+
+So this is a nice infrastructure
+Google has
+
+built in there.
+
+So in this level, when
+you go to this--
+
+this is the data center level.
+
+What do you have
+to do to scale?
+
+You need to distribute data.
+
+And you need to parallelize
+because if all the data is in
+
+one machine, it doesn't help.
+
+And you need to have parallelism
+to scale
+
+everything.
+
+Another interesting thing you
+can do is approximate.
+
+So what that means is normally
+when you calculate, when
+
+everybody has exactly the same
+data all the time-- because
+
+when you write the memory,
+everybody sees that memory--
+
+you have the perfect knowledge
+of the word.
+
+And in a distributed system,
+getting perfect knowledge is
+
+very expensive.
+
+That means every time something
+changes, you have to
+
+send everybody that data.
+
+And one way that people really
+make these systems run fast,
+
+you say, wait a minute, if
+somebody doesn't have the
+
+perfect knowledge, if there's
+a little bit of discrepancy
+
+between something, I am OK.
+
+Assume you have a new--
+
+you changed your--
+
+we'll say--
+
+web page and added a couple
+of new words in there.
+
+Next second, the search
+doesn't see it.
+
+Nobody's going to complain.
+
+And then you can deliver that.
+
+If you do a search, you'll
+find something.
+
+But somebody else doesn't do it
+because that data haven't
+
+propagated that to both
+of the things.
+
+Nobody's going to complain and
+say, wait a minute, I found
+
+it, but he didn't.
+
+It can have a little
+bit of a lag.
+
+And that can be really,
+really useful in
+
+these kind of systems.
+
+Because every time something
+happened, you don't have to
+
+keep updating.
+
+But tell me a system that you
+can't actually do that.
+
+Play it a little bit
+fast and easy.
+
+AUDIENCE: Stock trading.
+
+PROFESSOR: Stock trading.
+
+Yeah, that's something
+basically, if you say, yeah,
+
+you might get it too,
+you might get it--
+
+and that doesn't work.
+
+Basically, stock trading has
+this very particular thing
+
+because when it does submit,
+we'll say, a sale order,
+
+within a certain amount of time,
+it has to get matched up
+
+and has to be announced
+to both people.
+
+And also, there are a lot of
+other constraints like if the
+
+machine goes down.
+
+Either trade has to be everybody
+saw the trade or
+
+nobody saw it.
+
+You can't say-- somebody
+says, I sold it.
+
+And another guy says,
+no, I didn't buy it.
+
+And when you have millions of
+billions of dollars back and
+
+forth, that doesn't
+really work.
+
+So for that, there's this thing
+called transactions.
+
+So transactions is an
+interesting way-- a lot of
+
+databases have this
+transaction.
+
+Transactions say, look,
+I am doing this
+
+very complicated thing.
+
+And I cannot have this
+intermediate state going on.
+
+So what transactions say is,
+first, tell me everything I
+
+want to do in the transaction.
+
+So it might be I want to sell
+a stock, I want to buy a
+
+stock, whatever.
+
+And then at some point when you
+commit the transaction,
+
+you either say, OK, everything
+worked, good, the entire thing
+
+gets committed.
+
+And you are done.
+
+Or it can explicitly
+reject it.
+
+It can come back and say,
+look, I can't do this
+
+transaction.
+
+Now sorry, you can restart it.
+
+So you can accept and reject.
+
+But then the nice thing about
+that is then every one
+
+single-- it's like atomicity.
+
+Every one action doesn't have
+to happen immediately or
+
+happen as a group.
+
+You can say, OK, I'm doing
+a bunch of action in the
+
+transaction.
+
+And then finally, I can come
+in and if it works, great.
+
+So what might be a reason you
+might not be able to commit a
+
+transaction if you
+do a transaction?
+
+Anybody else want to answer?
+
+When you say, I want a
+transaction, I want to commit
+
+something, what might say--
+
+so here's an interesting
+thing.
+
+In the stock trading
+type world--
+
+so assume I want to
+sell something.
+
+Let's look at the airline
+reservation.
+
+So assume I have an airline
+seat in here.
+
+And if two people want to try to
+resell that seat, I can do
+
+all this processing in parallel
+for everybody until I
+
+come to the commit point.
+
+That means I can look at
+everybody after you enter the
+
+data, do the price, all those
+things separately
+
+for the same seat.
+
+But then when you come to the
+commit point, you say, can I
+
+commit the transaction?
+
+At that point, only at that
+point, they have to figure out
+
+whether there's a conflict
+in here.
+
+And at some point, if
+there's a conflict,
+
+it says, oops, can't.
+
+One transaction has
+to get aborted.
+
+The nice thing about that is
+most of the time people are
+
+not going to fight for
+the same seat.
+
+And then things can proceed
+in parallel.
+
+You don't have to wait.
+
+Otherwise, if you do that,
+there might only one seat
+
+assignment at a time
+you can do.
+
+And that's really not
+going to scale.
+
+So everybody tried to
+get their seat.
+
+They go to the end, and they
+say, can I proceed?
+
+And at that point, you check
+whether there's a conflict.
+
+And if there's a conflict,
+one guy backs out.
+
+So that's the transaction.
+
+Oops, I'm going to get
+rebooted I guess.
+
+So when you go to planet scale,
+you can get even into
+
+more issues, things like--
+
+what could be a planet scale
+thing out there?
+
+What's an interesting planet
+scale thing that
+
+you can think of?
+
+Single computation that has to
+happen in the planet scale.
+
+Something like Internet
+naming system.
+
+It has to work everywhere
+in the entire planet.
+
+Or something like Internet
+routing.
+
+There has to be an algorithm
+that has to work.
+
+The entire world has to
+cooperate and then make sure
+
+that all the traffic actually
+goes to the right place.
+
+So there's a lot more
+issues, interesting
+
+things show up in here.
+
+So things like Seti@Home
+type stuff--
+
+these are a little bit dated
+these days, that happens--
+
+distributed all across
+the place.
+
+So if you do planet scale, it
+has to be truly distributed.
+
+There cannot be any global
+operations, no single
+
+bottleneck.
+
+And you have to have
+distributed
+
+view with stale data.
+
+You cannot say, look,
+everybody has to
+
+have the same data.
+
+You have to have everything
+distributed.
+
+And it has to add up to load
+distributions because things
+
+can keep changing in there.
+
+So what I'm going to do next is
+trying to give you a little
+
+bit of a case study that shows
+you some interesting
+
+properties that show
+up when you start
+
+building at that scale.
+
+And this has some planet scale
+type properties, some cluster
+
+properties, whatever.
+
+And I will probably first
+describe this interesting
+
+problem and then show what kind
+of solutions that came
+
+through, so to give you
+a perspective for
+
+a problem in here.
+
+Any questions up to this far
+for distributed systems?
+
+It's hard to do distributed
+systems in one lecture.
+
+There are almost closest for
+distributed systems.
+
+But this will give you a
+feel for some of it.
+
+So the case study here
+is from VMware.
+
+It's called deduplication
+at global space.
+
+And the problem shows up when
+you're trying to move virtual
+
+machines across the world.
+
+You have this virtual machine.
+
+So what virtualization did was
+it took a piece of hardware
+
+and it converted
+it into a file.
+
+So each machine is now a file.
+
+When you have a file, like
+hardware, there are a lot of
+
+cool things you can do then.
+
+You can replicate those files.
+
+So suddenly, instead of one
+machine, you've got tens of
+
+hundreds of machines.
+
+You can move those
+things in here.
+
+And of course, you can start
+another machines all over.
+
+So once you are able to move
+these things, the issue
+
+becomes how to move those things
+around and what's the
+
+cost of moving something.
+
+And also, you can
+store it, store
+
+those things in a database.
+
+The interesting thing that's
+happening these
+
+days is cloud computing.
+
+Cloud means there's all these
+providers all over the place,
+
+saying, I have processing
+power, I can
+
+give you some of them.
+
+Amazon does something easy too,
+but Verizon is trying to
+
+do, everybody is trying
+to do that.
+
+So if you want to have the best
+market, what you want to
+
+do is have the elasticity to
+move from cloud to cloud for
+
+many reasons.
+
+So sometimes the cloud
+might be too small.
+
+You want to get to a bigger
+cloud in there.
+
+Or you want to be
+near the users.
+
+So in the daytime in the US, you
+want probably to move the
+
+machines through US.
+
+At night, there might be users
+in China, so you want to move
+
+your compute nearer China.
+
+Because it will be closer to the
+people who are using it.
+
+So something like that, you
+can move around there.
+
+Or you want to find the
+cheaper provider.
+
+If somebody comes and says,
+look, I can give you compute
+
+power $0.10 cheaper than what
+you are getting, OK, I want to
+
+move to that guy.
+
+And also, to amortize the risk
+of catastrophic failure.
+
+If there's a hurricane
+approaching somewhere, I might
+
+want to move to a data center
+that might be out of the way.
+
+And I want to do that.
+
+And the interesting thing there
+is a lot of things.
+
+But when you say, application in
+the cloud, it's a machine,
+
+a machine basically in
+a virtual machine.
+
+At the same time, a virtual
+machine has to get moved
+
+around, not your small
+application.
+
+The entire thing has
+to move around.
+
+And virtual machines
+are hefty.
+
+Because it has an operating
+system,
+
+it has all the software.
+
+There's so many things now.
+
+Then your data and your state.
+
+There are a lot of things
+in the machine in here.
+
+And all those things have to get
+moved around, so that can
+
+be expensive.
+
+So yes, interesting experiment
+in here.
+
+So the idea here is to try to
+move something from Boston to
+
+Palo Alto on a 2 megabytes
+network.
+
+And there are a bunch
+of different virtual
+
+machines in here, VMs.
+
+And it takes--
+
+whatever--
+
+3,000 minutes to move these
+machines from--
+
+this is 500 minutes.
+
+That means what?
+
+Some hours to move them.
+
+Some hours to move these
+machines around.
+
+And then what you say, look, the
+machines are heavy, big.
+
+Why can't you first compress
+the machine?
+
+So you can use something like
+normal compression.
+
+So blue is basically compress,
+move the machine, and
+
+decompress.
+
+So here is something
+interesting.
+
+This is a very fast
+compression.
+
+You did really well, you
+are moving there.
+
+If you want a better
+compression, you say, I'm
+
+going to do a full, best
+compression I can do, it's
+
+actually slower.
+
+Because the trouble is the
+compression time is so high,
+
+the reduction is not
+usable in here.
+
+So you try to compress, you
+spend most of the time
+
+compressing.
+
+So actually, this is even
+slower that just sending
+
+without compression.
+
+So compression is important,
+compression is useful.
+
+So can you do better than a
+normal compression in here?
+
+How can you do better?
+
+So some key observations
+in here.
+
+So a large part of these
+files are executables.
+
+You have your Linux kernel,
+whatever, to all those
+
+executables hitting in there.
+
+And basically, that's
+monoculturing the world.
+
+There are no million different
+executables.
+
+You are a Linux kernel, there's
+only a certain amount
+
+of versions.
+
+Microsoft XP, there are certain
+types of versions.
+
+So even though there are
+millions of machines, inside
+
+the millions of machines,
+there aren't millions of
+
+different applications.
+
+There's only hundreds of
+different applications.
+
+And so your motion moves.
+
+If you think about it, you are
+moving the same thing again
+
+and again and again.
+
+Can you take advantage
+of that?
+
+And there's even substantial
+redundancy in each of these.
+
+So this is very interesting.
+
+If you have a Windows machine,
+each DLL has three copies.
+
+So you have the copy, and then
+the Installer has a copy.
+
+And then there's another copy
+in the next version to
+
+basically back out,
+so undo copy.
+
+So each thing is kept
+three copies.
+
+So every big thing,
+they're seeing
+
+multiple copies in there.
+
+So that part is there also.
+
+Even within a single disk, there
+is redundancy in here.
+
+And another interesting thing
+is many of the disks have a
+
+large amount of zero pages.
+
+So if you send something
+uncompressed, you send a huge
+
+amount of zeros.
+
+So you are waiting for zeros
+to get in there.
+
+Even easy compression can get to
+those zeros, but this is a
+
+large chunk of data in here.
+
+And so the interesting thing
+is if you take one virtual
+
+machine, this is the number
+of non-zero blocks.
+
+And this is the number
+of unique blocks.
+
+So unique blocks are smaller
+than non-zero blocks.
+
+But if you keep adding more
+and more virtual machines,
+
+then of course, the number of
+total blocks keeps going up.
+
+But the unique blocks doesn't
+keep increasing.
+
+That means the second Linux box
+you add, there's not much
+
+new in there.
+
+So if you look at that, what
+happens is the first guy has
+
+about 80% things are unique.
+
+When you keep adding things,
+it's about only 30% is unique
+
+after you add.
+
+Because it's the same program.
+
+Only the data is different
+as you keep adding.
+
+So can you really take
+advantage of that?
+
+So that is where deduplication
+comes in.
+
+So deduplication says, I have
+this data, I have a lot of
+
+redundant data.
+
+So A B, A B, A B is redundant.
+
+So what you want to do is break
+it up to some kind of
+
+blocks in here.
+
+And then one easy way to
+do is calculate a hash.
+
+Because you don't want
+to compare blocks.
+
+That's too much.
+
+N squared comparison of blocks
+is a lot of comparison.
+
+You can have some kind of
+hash calculated for
+
+each of these blocks.
+
+And then you can compare
+the hashes.
+
+And if the hashes are
+the same, they
+
+are the same blocks.
+
+And then what you can do is
+you can eliminate most of
+
+these blocks in there and then
+keep hashes for each block--
+
+only the hash.
+
+And then what you can do is you
+can only keep the unique
+
+blocks in here.
+
+So even though you have nine in
+here, only five different
+
+unique blocks are there.
+
+So that's a nice way
+of deduplicating.
+
+So you actually have what you
+call recipe, a common block
+
+store in here.
+
+So one way to do that is you
+can have a recipe on common
+
+block store for each of
+the systems in here.
+
+That's the tradition
+of deduplication.
+
+Or what you can do is have
+everybody keep a recipe and
+
+only have one common
+block store.
+
+Just keep one, single common
+block store, and everybody
+
+have a recipe, or probably
+cache of a recipe.
+
+So by doing that, you can even
+reduce a huge amount of the
+
+things happening in here.
+
+So the interesting thing is if
+you are keeping one common
+
+block store, who can keep,
+who can manage?
+
+That's the interesting
+question in here.
+
+So can you keep instead of
+common block store for each
+
+processor, each computer, can
+you keep the common block
+
+store for the entire world?
+
+So if you find most of the
+common blocks in the world,
+
+keep one store.
+
+And the nice thing about
+that is then I can go
+
+anywhere in the world.
+
+I can ask for the common blocks
+for the common things.
+
+I can populate it myself.
+
+So here's this interesting
+system called the Bonsai.
+
+What they did was--
+
+so if you have a block in here,
+you calculate a hash
+
+function in here,
+get a hash key.
+
+So what that means,
+the hash key can
+
+uniquely access this block.
+
+And then what you want to do
+is ask that you want to
+
+compress this block.
+
+This additional step, I'll
+explain later why it's needed.
+
+So the other thing you can do
+is you can get a second hash
+
+key and use that as a private
+key to encrypt this block.
+
+Because you calculate
+two hash keys.
+
+One is the hash key
+to identify.
+
+The other one is a private key
+to encrypt this block.
+
+And then what you can look at
+is this global store to see
+
+whether this hash key exists.
+
+If the hash key exists,
+then say, I got the
+
+page, here is the page.
+
+That's the encrypted page.
+
+And each page will
+have a unique ID.
+
+And so here's my unique ID.
+
+If you find the page in here,
+what you can do is you can
+
+only store UID and this
+private key and
+
+get rid of my page.
+
+So storing UID and private key
+is sufficient to get my page
+
+and unencrypt it.
+
+Why do you think I have
+to compress here?
+
+Why do I have to basically
+do encrypt here?
+
+What's the interesting thing
+about encryption?
+
+Why encrypt?
+
+Assume this is global.
+
+Because if you don't encrypt, it
+might be a common page, but
+
+it might not be something you
+want everybody to know.
+
+So assume a large company
+like Google.
+
+President of Google, Larry Page,
+sends everybody emails,
+
+saying, this is very private,
+but here is something that's
+
+happening in the company.
+
+And it will get into everybody's
+mailbox.
+
+And suddenly, it becomes--
+
+aha-- a common page.
+
+And it gets sucked in
+the world because
+
+of the common page.
+
+And now everybody can see that,
+and that's not good.
+
+But now if you have
+this private key--
+
+if you don't have the private
+key, I can't decrypt that.
+
+So what happens is--
+
+let me go through what
+you can do in here.
+
+And then what can happen is if
+you had these two, UID and
+
+private key, you can go to the
+global storage and say, here's
+
+the UID, give me the page.
+
+It has a page.
+
+It better have the page
+for that UID.
+
+Get the page out of that.
+
+And then now I can use my
+private key to decrypt it.
+
+And then of course, I
+can decompress it in
+
+the original page.
+
+So by doing that, I can have
+this global system that keeps
+
+common pages in there
+and store them.
+
+I can basically, really
+eliminate the storage.
+
+Because the nice thing is this
+could be, we'll say, 2K pages.
+
+And this is 64 bit, and this
+is probably 256 bit.
+
+So there's a huge compression
+of data in there.
+
+So here are the kinds of
+decisions you are to make.
+
+For example, hash key.
+
+So each page is represented
+by a hash key.
+
+But you can have two hash keys,
+two pages mapping to the
+
+same hash key.
+
+So my god, you're not unique.
+
+So why is it OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: Low probability.
+
+PROFESSOR: Very low
+probability.
+
+And in fact, what they looked
+at was they calculated the
+
+disk failure.
+
+There's a higher failure of disk
+failing and losing data
+
+than hash collision.
+
+So you can say, look, you're
+keeping that in the hard
+
+drive, so there could be more
+chance of disk failure than
+
+hash collision.
+
+So therefore, hash key is--
+
+you can do that, low enough
+probability, you can
+
+get away with that.
+
+Actually, I want to skip the
+rest of this in there.
+
+So here is the comparison how
+much compression you can give.
+
+Some of them, you almost
+can compress 100%.
+
+Because if you have a newly
+installed Linux box with very
+
+little data, everything
+is in the global.
+
+So by doing that, basically,
+here is the communication.
+
+The compression is cheap.
+
+You don't have to do too much
+because you just do this hash
+
+comparison to do that.
+
+And then now the communication
+time is even reduced because
+
+you communicate a lot less.
+
+And then you expand.
+
+So all these three are actually
+now much faster to
+
+send a machine across.
+
+So here is a total size
+of all the VMs.
+
+The interesting thing is if you
+compress within, if you
+
+just do compression, most
+of this is zero blocks.
+
+You can eliminate the zeros
+and do a simple
+
+compression in here.
+
+And if you do local
+deduplication, if you
+
+eliminate that, and
+if you do global,
+
+you'll get to this point.
+
+So you get to about basically
+30% of all your data.
+
+And yeah, there's more data
+in here, but just--
+
+So that's an interesting global
+level system that
+
+people are building today.
+
+And I think if these kind of
+systems appear in many
+
+different places.
+
+These days, a lot of people are
+building things like cell
+
+phone games and things like
+that, has this huge back
+
+stores, back computation.
+
+All those things have this large
+scalability in there.
+
+And so the nice thing about
+performance engineering is if
+
+your application doesn't require
+a huge amount of
+
+computation or very fast
+processing, if you're going to
+
+have millions and millions of
+users, or if you're expecting
+
+millions of users, then building
+these systems, and
+
+understanding, and building
+
+scalability is really important.
+
+And a lot of the things we
+learned in this class is
+
+directly applicable there.
+
+So I have...
+
+Any other questions before you
+guys can go finish your
+
+project report and go have a
+nice Thanksgiving dinner?
+
+So everybody is thinking that
+they will be able to get a
+
+good handle on what they are
+doing for the final project?
+
+Oh come on, there are so many
+cool things you can do with
+
+this project.
+
+AUDIENCE: We're working on it.
+
+PROFESSOR: And there are--
+
+whatever--
+
+three or four iPod
+Nanos waiting.
+
+So it makes a lot of
+sense to actually
+
+really focus this one.
+
+This is a fun project.
+
+This is, in fact,
+a fun project.
+
+Because talk to these guys
+what they did last year.
+
+People did a lot of interesting
+things.
+
+Because we gave you freedom to
+actually even change the
+
+algorithms.
+
+So you can actually look
+at the algorithm.
+
+If you know a little bit of
+physics and graphics type
+
+stuff, look at them and say,
+look, can I even reduce
+
+computation of how the
+computation is being done?
+
+So people got a lot of wins
+by doing things like that.
+
+And of course, parallelization
+matters.
+
+And there are a lot of
+optimization possibilities in
+
+this piece of code.
+
+So take a look at that.
+
+Just have a plan.
+
+Just don't go blindly into
+it, just have a plan.
+
+Run it, profile it,
+get some feedback.
+
+You need to get this for
+your presentations.
+
+So run, profile, get some
+feedback, have a good plan.
+
+Go attack it.
+
+So see you in a week.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sOiuF18PTIs.txt b/sOiuF18PTIs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c2b9f9239a93fda93c48aa40726f5bead3f8e690
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sOiuF18PTIs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3729 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's get started.
+
+So what we are going to do today
+is go about discovering
+
+other alternating methods.
+
+We know you guys are amazing
+hackers and you can actually
+
+do all those things by hand.
+
+But to make multi-core generally
+acceptable, can we
+
+do things automatically?
+
+Can we really reduce a burden
+from the programers?
+
+So at the beginning I'm going
+to talk about general
+
+parallelizing compilers.
+
+What people have done.
+
+What's the state of the art.
+
+Kind of get your feel
+what is doable.
+
+Hopefully, that will be a little
+over an hour, and then
+
+we'll go talk about StreamEd
+compiler, what we have done
+
+recently, and how this
+automation part can do.
+
+So, I'll talk a little bit
+about parallel execution.
+
+This is kind of what
+you know already.
+
+Then go into parallelizing
+compilers, and talk about how
+
+to determine if something is
+parallel by doing data
+
+dependence analysis, and how
+to increase the amount of
+
+parallelism available in
+code loop, what kind of
+
+transformation.
+
+Then we go look at how to
+generate code, because once
+
+you see that something is
+parallel, how you actually get
+
+to run parallel.
+
+And finish up with actually how
+to do communication code
+
+in a machine such as a server.
+
+So in parallel execution, this
+is something -- it's a review.
+
+So there are many ways of
+parallelism, things like
+
+instruction level parallelism.
+
+It's basically effected by
+hardware or compiler
+
+scheduling.
+
+As of today this is
+in abundance.
+
+In all for scalars we do
+that, in [OBSCURES]
+
+we do that.
+
+Then password parallelism,
+it's what most of you
+
+guys are doing now.
+
+You probably find a program, you
+divide it into tasks, you
+
+get task level parallelism,
+mainly by hand.
+
+Some of you might be doing data
+level parallelism and
+
+also loop level parallelism.
+
+That can be the hand or
+compiler generated.
+
+Then, of course, pipeline
+parallelism is more mainly
+
+done in hardware and language
+extreme, do pipeline
+
+parallelism.
+
+Divide and conquer parallelism
+we went a little bit more than
+
+in hardware, mainly by hand
+for recursive functions.
+
+Today we are going to focus
+on loop level parallelism,
+
+particularly how do loop level
+parallelism by the compiler.
+
+So why loops?
+
+So loops is interesting because
+people observed in
+
+morse code, 90% of execution
+time is in 10% of the code.
+
+Almost 99% of the execution time
+is in 10% of the code.
+
+This called a loop, and it makes
+sense because running at
+
+3 gigahertz, if only run one
+instruction one, then you run
+
+through the hard drive in only a
+few minutes because you need
+
+to have repeatability.
+
+A lot of time repeatability
+thing loops.
+
+Loops, if you can parallelize,
+you can get really good
+
+performance because loops most
+of the time, each loop
+
+iteration have the same amount
+of work and you get nice good
+
+load balance, it's somewhat
+easier to analyze, so that's
+
+why the compiler start there.
+
+Whereas if you try to get task
+level parallelism, things have
+
+a lot more complexities that
+automatic compiler cannot do.
+
+So there are two types
+of parallel loops.
+
+One is a for all loop.
+
+That means there are no loop
+carried dependences.
+
+That means you can get the
+sequential code executing, run
+
+everything in parallel, and at
+the end you have a barrier and
+
+when everybody finishes
+you continue on
+
+the sequential code.
+
+That is how you do
+a for all loop.
+
+Some languages, in fact, have
+explicitly parallel construct,
+
+say OK, here's a for all
+loop and go do that.
+
+The other type of
+loop is called a
+
+foracross or doacross loop.
+
+That says OK, while the loop
+is parallel, there are some
+
+dependences.
+
+That means some value generated
+here is used
+
+somewhere here.
+
+So you can run it parallel,
+but you have some
+
+communication going too.
+
+So you had to move data.
+
+So it's not completely running
+parallel, there's some
+
+synchronization going on.
+
+But you can get large chunk
+running parallels.
+
+So we kind of focus on dual
+loops today, and let's look at
+
+this example.
+
+We see it's a for far
+so it's a parallel
+
+loop or for all loop.
+
+When you know it's parallel,
+in here, of course,
+
+the user said that.
+
+What we can do is we can
+distribute the iteration by
+
+chunking up the iteration space
+into number of process
+
+chunks, and basically
+run that.
+
+If PMD mode, you can at the
+beginning the first processor
+
+can calculate the number of
+iterations you can run on each
+
+process in here, and then you
+synchronize, you put a barrier
+
+there, so everybody kind of
+sync up at that point.
+
+Or other process of waiting, and
+at that point, everybody
+
+starts, when you reach this
+point it's running, it's part
+
+of iterations, and then you're
+going to put a barrier
+
+synchronization in place.
+
+Kind of obvious, parallel code
+basically in here, running on
+
+shared memory machine
+at this point.
+
+So this is what we can do.
+
+I mean this is what
+we saw before.
+
+Of course, instead of doing
+that, you can also do fork
+
+join types or once you want to
+run something parallel, you
+
+can fork a thread and each
+thread gets some amount of
+
+iterations you run, and after
+that you merge together.
+
+So you can do both.
+
+So that's my hand.
+
+How do you do something like
+that by the compiler?
+
+That sounds simple enough,
+trivial enough.
+
+But you don't automate
+the entire process.
+
+How to go about doing that.
+
+So, here are some normal
+loops, for loops.
+
+So the for all does this thing
+that was so simple, which is
+
+the for all construct that means
+somebody could look at
+
+that and said this
+loop is parallel.
+
+But you look at these FOR loops,
+how many of these loops
+
+are parallel?
+
+Is the first loop parallel?
+
+Why?
+
+Why not?
+
+AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED.]
+
+PROFESSOR: It's a loop because
+the iteration, one of that is
+
+using what you wrote
+in iteration zero.
+
+So iteration one has to wait
+until iteration zero is
+
+done, so and so.
+
+How about this one?
+
+Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: [NOISE.]
+
+PROFESSOR: Not really.
+
+So it's writing element
+0 to 5, it's reading
+
+elements 6 to 11.
+
+So they don't overlap.
+
+So what you read and what you
+write never overlap, so you
+
+can keep doing it in any order,
+because the dependence
+
+means something you wrote,
+later you will read.
+
+This doesn't happen in here.
+
+How about this one?
+
+AUDIENCE: There's no dependence
+in there.
+
+PROFESSOR: Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED.]
+
+PROFESSOR: So you're writing
+even, you're reading odd.
+
+So there's no overlapping
+or anything like that.
+
+Question?
+
+OK.
+
+So, the way to look at that --
+
+I'm going to go a little
+bit of formalism.
+
+You can think about this
+as a iteration space.
+
+So iteration is if you look at
+each iteration separately,
+
+there could be thousands and
+millions of iterations and
+
+your compiler never [COUGHING]
+
+doing any work, and also some
+iteration space is defined by
+
+a range like 1 to n, so you
+don't even know exactly how
+
+many iterations are
+going to be there.
+
+So you can represent this
+as abstract space.
+
+Normally, most of this
+loops you look at you
+
+normalize to step one.
+
+So what that means is all the
+integer points in that space.
+
+So if you have a loop like
+this, y equals 0 to 6, J
+
+equals 1i to 7.
+
+That's the iteration space,
+there are two
+
+dimensions in there.
+
+The points that start iteration
+off because it's not
+
+a rectangular space, it can have
+this structure because
+
+j's go in triangular in here.
+
+So the way you can represent
+that is so you can represent
+
+iteration space by a vector
+i, and you can have each
+
+dimension or use
+two dimension.
+
+This was some i1, i2
+space in here.
+
+So you can represent
+it like that.
+
+It's the notion of lexicographic
+ordering.
+
+That means if you execute the
+loop, what's the order you're
+
+going to receive this thing.
+
+If you execute this loop,
+what you are going to do
+
+is you go from --
+
+you go like this.
+
+This is lexicographical
+ordering of
+
+everything in the loops.
+
+That's the normal
+execution order.
+
+That's a sequential order.
+
+At some point you want to make
+sure that anything we do kind
+
+of has a look and feel
+of the sequential
+
+lexicographical order.
+
+So, one thing you can say
+is if you have multiple
+
+dimensions, if there are two
+iterations, one iteration
+
+lexicographical and another
+iterations says if all outer
+
+dimensions are the same, you
+go to the first dimension
+
+where the numbers, they are in
+two different iterations.
+
+Then that dictates if it's
+
+lexicographical than the other.
+
+So if the outer dimensions are
+the same, that means the next
+
+one decides, the next one
+decides, next one decides
+
+going down.
+
+First one that's actually
+different decides who's before
+
+the other one.
+
+So another concept is called
+affine loop nest. Affine loop
+
+nest says loop bounds are
+integer linear functions of
+
+constants, loop constant
+variable
+
+and outer loop indices.
+
+So that means if you want to get
+affine function within a
+
+loop, that has to be a linear
+function or integer function
+
+where all the things either
+has to be constant or loop
+
+constants --
+
+that means that that variable
+doesn't change in the loop or
+
+outer loop indices.
+
+That makes it much easier
+to analyze.
+
+Also, array axises, each
+dimension, axis function has
+
+the same property.
+
+So of course, there are many
+programs that doesn't satisfy
+
+this, for example,
+if we do FFD.
+
+That doesn't satisfy that
+because you have
+
+exponentials in there.
+
+But what that means is at 50,
+there's probably no way that
+
+the compiler's going
+to analyze that.
+
+But most kind of loops fit this
+kind of model and then
+
+you can put into nice
+mathematical framework and
+
+analyze that what I'm going to
+go through is kind of follow
+
+through some of the
+mathematical
+
+framework with you guys.
+
+So, what you can do here is if
+you look at this one, instead
+
+of representing this iteration
+space by each iteration, which
+
+can be huge or which is not even
+known at compile time,
+
+what you can do is you can
+represent this by kind of a
+
+bounding space of iterations,
+basically.
+
+So what this is, we don't mark
+every box there, but we say
+
+OK, look, if you put
+these planes --
+
+I put four planes in here, and
+everything inside these planes
+
+represent this iteration
+space.
+
+That's nice because instead of
+going 0 to 6, if you go 0 to
+
+60,000, still I have the same
+equation, I don't suddenly
+
+have 6 million data points in
+here I need to represent.
+
+So, my representation doesn't
+grow with the size of my
+
+iteration space.
+
+It grows with the shape of
+this iteration space.
+
+If you have complicated one,
+it can be difficult.
+
+So what you can do is you can
+iteration space, it's all
+
+iterations zero to
+six, j's I27.
+
+This is all linear functionns.
+
+That makes our analysis
+easier.
+
+So the flip side of that
+is the data space.
+
+So, if m dimension array
+has m dimensional
+
+discrete cartesian space.
+
+Basically, in the data space you
+don't have arrays that are
+
+odd shaped.
+
+It's almost a hypercube
+always.
+
+So something like that is a
+one dimensional space and
+
+something can be represented
+as a two
+
+dimensional space in here.
+
+So data space has this nice
+property, in that sense it's a
+
+t multi-dimensional hypercube.
+
+And what that gives you
+is kind of a bunch of
+
+mathematical techniques to kind
+of do and at least see
+
+some transformations we need
+to do in compiling.
+
+As humans, I think we can look
+at a lot more complicated
+
+loops by hand, and get a better
+idea what's going on.
+
+But in a compiler you need to
+have a very simple way of
+
+describing what to analyze, what
+to formulate, and having
+
+this model helps you put it into
+a nice mathematical frame
+
+you can do.
+
+So the next thing
+is dependence.
+
+We have done that so I will go
+through this fast. So the
+
+first is a true dependence.
+
+What that means is I wrote
+something, I write it here.
+
+So I really meant
+that I actually
+
+really use that value.
+
+There are two dependences mainly
+because we are finding
+
+dependence on some location,
+is an anti-dependence.
+
+That means I can't write it
+until this read is done
+
+because I can't destroy
+the value.
+
+Output dependence is there, so
+ordering of writing that you
+
+need to maintain.
+
+So in a dynamic instance, data
+dependence exist between i and
+
+j if Either i and j is a write
+operation, and i and j refers
+
+to the same variable, and
+i executes before j.
+
+So it's the same thing, one
+execute before the other.
+
+So it's not that you don't have
+a dependence when they
+
+get there in time, then it
+become either true or anti.
+
+So it's always going to
+be positive over time.
+
+So how about other accesses?
+
+So one element, you can figure
+out what happened.
+
+So how do you do dependence
+and other accesses?
+
+Now things get a little bit
+complicated, because arrays is
+
+not one element.
+
+So that's when you go to
+dependence analysis.
+
+So I will describe this using
+bunch of examples.
+
+So in order to look at arrays,
+there are two spaces I need to
+
+worry about.
+
+One is the iteration space,
+one is the data space.
+
+What we want to do is figure
+out what happens at every
+
+iteration for data and what
+other dependences kind of
+
+summarize this down.
+
+We don't want to look at, say
+OK, one iteration depend on
+
+second, two depend on third
+-- you don't want to list
+
+everything.
+
+We need to come up
+with a summary --
+
+that's what basically dependence
+analysis will do.
+
+So if you have this access,
+this is this loop.
+
+What happens is as we run down,
+so iterations we are
+
+running down here.
+
+So we have iteration zero,
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
+
+First do the read, write,
+read, write.
+
+So this is kind of time
+going down there.
+
+What you do is this one you are
+
+reading and you are writing.
+
+You're reading and writing,
+so you have a
+
+dependence like that.
+
+You see the two anti-dependence.
+
+Read -- anti-dependence, I have
+
+anti-dependence going on here.
+
+If you look at it, here's
+a dependence vector.
+
+What that means is there's a
+dependence at each of those
+
+things in there -- that's
+anti-dependence going on.
+
+One way to look at summarizes of
+this, what is my iteration.
+
+My iteration goes like --
+what's my dependence.
+
+I have anti-dependence with the
+same iteration, because my
+
+read and write has to be
+
+dependence in the same iteration.
+
+So this is a way to kind
+of describe that.
+
+So a different one.
+
+This one.
+
+I did Ai plus 1 equals Ai So
+what you realize is iteration
+
+zero, you wrote iteration zero,
+you wrote a zero, you
+
+read these and you wrote A1, and
+iteration 1, you read A1
+
+and wrote A2, basically.
+
+Now what you have is your
+dependence is like
+
+that, going like that.
+
+So if you look at what's
+happening in here, if you
+
+summarize in here, what you
+have is a dependence going
+
+like that in iteration space.
+
+So in iteration that means
+iteration 1 is actually these
+
+two dependence, that uses
+something that wrote iteration
+
+zero, iteration 2 you have
+something iteration 1, and you
+
+have iteration going
+like that.
+
+Sometimes this can be summarized
+as the dependence
+
+vector of 1.
+
+Because the previous one was
+zero because there's no loop
+
+carry dependency.
+
+In the outer loop there's
+a dependence on 1.
+
+So if you have this one, I plus
+2, of course, it gets
+
+carried 1 across in here and
+then you have a 1 skipped
+
+representation in here.
+
+If you have 2I2 by plus
+1, what you realize
+
+is there's no overlap.
+
+So there's no basically
+dependency.
+
+You kind of get how that
+analytic goes.
+
+So, to find data dependence in
+a loop, so there's a little
+
+bit of legalese.
+
+So let me try to do that.
+
+So for every pair of array
+accesses, what you want to
+
+find is is there a dynamic
+instant that happened?
+
+An iteration that wrote a value,
+and another dynamic
+
+instance happened that later
+that actually used that value.
+
+So the first access, so there's
+a dynamic instance
+
+that's wrote, or that access,
+and another iteration instance
+
+that also accessed the
+same location later.
+
+And one of them has to
+be right, otherwise
+
+there are two in anti.
+
+That's the notion about
+the second one came
+
+after the first one.
+
+You can also look at
+the same arrays.
+
+It doesn't have the be the same
+as different access, the
+
+same array access if
+you are writing.
+
+If you look at same array access
+writing you can have
+
+output dependences also.
+
+So it's basically between a read
+and a write, and a write
+
+and a write.
+
+Two different writes, it can
+be the same write too.
+
+Key thing is we are looking
+at location.
+
+We're not looking at value path
+and say who's actually in
+
+the same location.
+
+Loop carry dependence
+means the dependence
+
+cross a loop boundary.
+
+That means the person who read
+and person who wrote are in
+
+different loop iteration.
+
+If it's in the same iteration,
+then it's all local, because
+
+in my iteration I deal with
+that, I moved data around.
+
+But what I'm writing is used by
+somebody else in different
+
+iteration, I have loop carry
+dependence going on.
+
+Basic thing is there's a loop
+carry dependence, that loop is
+
+not parallelized in that.
+
+What that means is I am writing
+in one iteration of
+
+the loop and somebody is reading
+in different iteration
+
+of the loop.
+
+That means I actually had to
+move the data across, they can
+
+happen in parallel.
+
+That's a very simple way
+of looking at that.
+
+So, what we have done is --
+
+OK, the basic idea is how
+to actually go and
+
+automate this process.
+
+The simple notion is called a
+data dependence analysis, and
+
+I will give you a formulation
+of that.
+
+So what you can formally do is
+using a set of equations.
+
+So what you want to say is
+instead of two distinct
+
+iterations, one is the
+write iteration,
+
+one is the read iteration.
+
+One iteration writes
+the value, one
+
+iteration reads the value.
+
+So write iteration basically,
+writes a item loop plus 1, the
+
+read iteration reads AI.
+
+So we know both read and write
+have to be within loop bound
+
+iteration, because we know
+that because we can't be
+
+outside loop bounds.
+
+Then we also want to make sure
+that the loop carried
+
+dependence, that means
+read and write can't
+
+be in the same iteration.
+
+If it's in the same iteration,
+I don't have loop carry
+
+dependence.
+
+I am looking for loop carry
+dependence at this point.
+
+Then what makes both of
+the read and write
+
+write the same location.
+
+That means access 1 has
+to be the same.
+
+So the right access point is
+iw plus 1, and read access
+
+function is [? IEI. ?]
+
+So the key thing is now we
+have set up equation.
+
+Are there any values for ie
+and j, integer values, I'm
+
+sorry, iw and ir that these
+equations are true.
+
+If that is the case, we can say
+ah-ha, that is the case,
+
+there's an iteration that the
+write and read are writing
+
+into two different iterations
+-- one write iteration, one
+
+read iteration, writing
+to the same value.
+
+Therefore that's a different
+[OBSCURED].
+
+Is this true?
+
+Is there a set of values
+that makes this true?
+
+Yeah, I mean you can do ir
+equals 1, iw equals 1,
+
+and ir equals 2.
+
+So there's a value in there so
+these equations will come up
+
+with a solution, and at that
+point you have a dependency.
+
+AUDIENCE: [NOISE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So that's very easy
+to make this formulation.
+
+So if the indices is calculated
+with some thing or
+
+loop value, I can't write
+the formulation.
+
+So the data that I can do this
+analysis is this indices has
+
+to be the constant
+or indefinite.
+
+This is A of b of I. So if my
+array is A of b of i, I don't
+
+know how the numbers work
+if you have A of b i.
+
+I have no idea about Ai
+is without knowing
+
+values of B of i.
+
+And B of i, I can't
+summarize it.
+
+Each B of i might be different
+and I can't come up with this
+
+nice single formulation that
+can check out every B of i.
+
+And I'm in big trouble.
+
+This is doable, but this is
+not easy to do like this.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: [NOISE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's right.
+
+So that the interesting thing
+that you're not looking at.
+
+Because when we summarized it,
+because what you are going to
+
+do is we are trying to summarize
+for everything,
+
+every iteration, and we are not
+trying to divide it into
+
+saying OK, can I find
+the parallel groups.
+
+Yes.
+
+You can do some more complicated
+analysis and do
+
+something like that.
+
+Yes.
+
+So other interesting thing is
+OK, the next thing you want to
+
+see whether can find
+output dependence.
+
+OK, are there two different
+iterations that they're
+
+fighting the same thing.
+
+What that means is the
+iterations are I1, I2, and I1
+
+not equals I2, and I1 plus
+1 equals I2 plus one.
+
+There's no solution to this one
+because the I1 has to be
+
+equal to I2 according to this,
+and I1 cannot be equal to I2
+
+during this one.
+
+That says OK, look, I don't have
+output dependence because
+
+it can be satisfied.
+
+OK, so here I know I have
+a loop carried --
+
+I haven't said the two
+anti depends on which
+
+directions this is.
+
+Two anti-dependents, but I don't
+have a loop carried out
+
+to [OBSCURED].
+
+So how do we generalize this?
+
+So what you can do is as integer
+vector I, so in order
+
+to generalize this, you can
+use integer programming.
+
+How many of you know integer
+programming or linear
+
+programming?
+
+OK.
+
+We are not going to go into
+detail, but I'll tell you what
+
+actually happen.
+
+So integer programming says
+there's a vector of variable
+
+I, and if you have a formulation
+like that, is
+
+array, AI is less than or equal
+to B, A and B are all
+
+constant integers, and you can
+use the integer programming,
+
+you can see that there's a
+solution for IE or not.
+
+This is if you do things like
+operations research, there's a
+
+lot of work around it.
+
+People actually want to know
+what value is Y. We don't care
+
+that much what values,
+we just want to know
+
+the solution or not.
+
+If there's a solution, we know
+that there's a dependent.
+
+If there's no solution we know
+there's no dependent.
+
+So we need to do is we need to
+get this set of equations and
+
+put it on that form.
+
+That's simple.
+
+For example, what you want
+is AI less than B --
+
+that means you have constnat
+A1 I1, plus A2 i2, which is
+
+less than or equal to
+B. So you won't have
+
+this kind of a system.
+
+Not equals doesn't really
+belong there.
+
+So the way you deal with not
+equals if you do it in two
+
+different problems. You can say
+IW less than IER is one
+
+problem, and W is greater then
+IER is other problem, and if
+
+either problem has a solution,
+you have a dependence.
+
+So that means one is true
+and one is anti.
+
+You can see the true dependence
+or anti-dependence,
+
+you can look at that.
+
+This one is a little
+bit easier.
+
+This is less than, not
+actually less than --
+
+less than equal.
+
+How do you deal with equal?
+
+So the way you deal with equal
+is you write in both
+
+directions.
+
+So if A is less than B, A less
+than or equal to B, B is less
+
+than or equal to A means
+actually is equal to B. So you
+
+can actually try two different
+inequalities and get equal to
+
+down there.
+
+So you have to kind of massage
+things a little bit in here.
+
+So here are our original
+iteration bounds, and here's
+
+our one problem because we are
+saying write happens before
+
+read, so these are two
+dependents that
+
+we are looking at.
+
+This is saying that write
+location is the same as the
+
+read location and this is equal,
+so I have two different
+
+equations in here.
+
+So kind of massage this a little
+bit to put it in i
+
+form, and we can come
+up with A's and B's.
+
+These are just manual steps,
+A's and B's, and now we are
+
+going to throw it into some
+super duper integer linear
+
+program package and it will say
+yes or no and your set.
+
+And of course, you had
+to do another problem
+
+for the other side.
+
+You can generalize it for much
+more complete loop nest. So if
+
+you have this complicated loop
+nest in here, you had to solve
+
+you've got n deepness, you have
+to solve two end problems
+
+with all these different
+constraints.
+
+I'm not going to go over this.
+
+I have the slides in here.
+
+So that's the single
+dimension.
+
+So how about multi-dimension
+dependences?
+
+So I have two dimensional
+iteration space here, and I
+
+have I,J equals AI, J minus 1.
+
+That's my iteration space.
+
+What does my dependence
+look like?
+
+We have arrows too.
+
+Which direction are
+the arrows going?
+
+AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED]
+
+PROFESSOR: We have something
+like this.
+
+Yup.
+
+We have something like this
+because that's J minus 1, the
+
+I's are the same.
+
+Of course, if you have the other
+way around, go other
+
+direction, one is anti and one
+is it two dependence, so you
+
+can figure that one out.
+
+And do something complicated.
+
+First one.
+
+So IJ, I minus 1, J plus 1.
+
+Which has to be diagonal.
+
+Which diagonal does it go?
+
+This way or this way?
+
+Who says this way?
+
+Who says this way?
+
+So, this is actually going
+in this direction.
+
+This is where you have to
+actually think which iteration
+
+is actually write and
+read in here.
+
+So things get complicated.
+
+This one is even more
+interesting.
+
+This one.
+
+There's only one dimensional
+array or two dimensional loop
+
+nest. So what that
+means is who's
+
+writing and who's reading?
+
+If you look at it basically --
+
+actually this actually is a
+little bit wrong, because the
+
+dependence analysis says --
+actually, all these things,
+
+all this read has to go into
+all the write, because they
+
+are writing any J, just writing
+the same thing.
+
+So this is a little bit wrong.
+
+This is actually more
+data flow analysis.
+
+This is a different -- their
+dependence means I don't care
+
+who the guy wrote, because he's
+the last guy who wrote,
+
+but everybody's reading,
+everybody else is writing the
+
+same location.
+
+AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED].
+
+PROFESSOR: Keep rewriting
+the same thing again
+
+and again and again.
+
+You start depending on --
+
+It's not dependant on J's it's
+dependant on I. But location
+
+says you used to have iterations
+right in the same
+
+location, different J. So not
+matter what J, it's writing in
+
+the same location.
+
+You know what I'm saying?
+
+Because J thinks J.
+
+AUDIENCE: [NOISE].
+
+PROFESSOR: This is
+iteration space.
+
+I am looking at iteration.
+
+I am looking at I and J.s
+
+AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED].
+
+PROFESSOR: B is a one
+dimensional array.
+
+So B is a one dimensional
+array.
+
+So what that means is --
+
+The reason I'm saying it's the
+iteration space and array
+
+space is a match.
+
+I'll correct this and put it
+in there because this is a
+
+data flow diagram.
+
+It's row independant.
+
+This one writing to what?
+
+AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED].
+
+PROFESSOR: Iteration space
+is I and J. So, this
+
+is writing to what?
+
+I zero is --
+
+This is writing to what?
+
+B1.
+
+All those things are
+writng to B1.
+
+This is really --
+
+So this is writing to B1,
+this is reading B zero.
+
+So this iteration is
+reading B1 again.
+
+So this was B1, this
+is iteration B1.
+
+So each of these is writing to
+B1, each of these are reading
+
+from B1, so each has to be
+dependent from each other.
+
+AUDIENCE: So I guess one thing
+that's confusing here is why
+
+isn't it just -- why don't we
+just have arrows going down
+
+the column?
+
+Why do we have all these--?
+
+PROFESSOR: Arrows going down
+the column means each is
+
+trying to do different
+location.
+
+So what happens is that
+this one, arrays
+
+going down this way.
+
+Is this one -- what's wrote here
+is only that location,
+
+only this side I accidentally
+located.
+
+These are all writing to the
+same location and reading from
+
+the same location.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why isn't
+B iterated?
+
+PROFESSOR: This is
+iteration space.
+
+I have two different
+loops here.
+
+AUDIENCE: But I don't understand
+why B [NOISE.]
+
+PROFESSOR: This is my program.
+
+I can write this program.
+
+This is a little bit of a stupid
+program because I am
+
+kind of trying to do the same
+thing again and again.
+
+But hey, my program doesn't say
+array dimensions has to
+
+match your loop dimension.
+
+It doesn't say that so you can
+have programs like that.
+
+You can have other way too.
+
+So the key thing is to make --
+don't confuse iteration space
+
+versus array space.
+
+They are two different spaces,
+two different number of
+
+dimensions.
+
+That's all the point that
+I'm going to make here.
+
+So by doing dependence analysis,
+you can figure out
+
+-- now you can formulate
+this nicely --
+
+figure out where the
+loops are parallel.
+
+So that's really neat.
+
+The next thing I'm going to go
+is trying to figure out how
+
+you can increase the parallelism
+opportunities.
+
+Because there might be cases
+where the original code you
+
+wrote, there might be some
+loops that are not
+
+parallelizable, assays, and can
+you go and increase that.
+
+So I'm going to talk about few
+different possibilities of
+
+doing that.
+
+Scalar privatization, I will
+just go in each of these
+
+separating.
+
+So here is interesting
+program.
+
+To get parallel to the
+temporary and use the
+
+temporary in here.
+
+You might not know you had
+written that but the compiler
+
+normally generates something
+like that because you always
+
+had temporaries in here,
+so this might be
+
+what compiler generate.
+
+Is this loop parallel?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yup.
+
+PROFESSOR: Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED].
+
+PROFESSOR: Is the loop carry
+dependence true or anti --
+
+What's the true dependence
+which to which?
+
+We didn't loop true
+dependence.
+
+What is the loop carry
+dependence?
+
+Anti-dependence.
+
+Because I cannot -- you see I
+equal 1, basically wrote here
+
+in this reading.
+
+I can't write I equals 2x until
+I equals 1 is done and
+
+done reading that.
+
+I have one location and
+everybody's trying to read or
+
+write that, even though I
+don't really use data.
+
+This is the sad thing
+about this.
+
+That I'm really using this
+guy's data, but I'm just
+
+waiting for the same
+space to occupy.
+
+So, there's a loop carry
+dependence in here, and it's
+
+anti-dependent.
+
+So what you can do is if you
+find any anti or output loop
+
+carry dependence, you
+can get rid of them.
+
+I'm not really using that value,
+I'm just keeping a
+
+location in here.
+
+So how can we get rid of that?
+
+AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+That's one thing.
+
+There's two ways of doing it.
+
+One is I assign something
+local.
+
+So each processor will
+have its own copy,
+
+so I don't do that.
+
+So it's something like this,
+so that's [OBSCURED].
+
+Or I can look at the array.
+
+In the array you can have either
+number of process or
+
+iterations for each iteration.
+
+But uses a different location.
+
+This is more efficient than
+this one because we are
+
+touching lot more locations
+in here.
+
+I haven't done one thing here.
+
+I'm not complete.
+
+What have I forgotten to
+do in both of these?
+
+AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, because it was
+beforehand somebody might
+
+use final assignment of the loop
+nest, so what you had to
+
+do is you had to kind
+of finalize x.
+
+Because I had a temporary
+variable, so with n, the last
+
+value has to go into x.
+
+You can't keep just not
+
+calculating value in something.
+
+So in here, also, you just
+say last value is x.
+
+But after you do that, basically
+now each of this
+
+loop is faster.
+
+Everybody go that?
+
+OK, here's another example.
+
+x equals x plus AI.
+
+Do I have loop carry
+dependent?
+
+What did the loop-carried
+dependence?
+
+True or anti?
+
+True dependence.
+
+So this guy is actually creating
+previous value and
+
+adding something in the event.
+
+So of course in true dependence
+I cannot seem to
+
+parallelize.
+
+But there are some interesting
+things we can do.
+
+That was an associative
+operation.
+
+I didn't care which order this
+initial happened, so I'm just
+
+keeping a lean bunch
+of values in here.
+
+And the results were never
+used in the other loop.
+
+So we just keep adding things
+and at the end of the loop you
+
+get the sum total in here.
+
+I never used any kind of partial
+values anywhere.
+
+So that gives the idea.
+
+So what you can do is we can
+translate this into each of
+
+the guys doing a temporary
+addition
+
+into its own variable.
+
+So each processor, just
+do a partial sum.
+
+At the end, once they're done,
+you basically do the full sum.
+
+Of course, you can do a tree
+or whatever much more
+
+complicated thing then that --
+you can also parallelize this
+
+part at the tree addition.
+
+But you can do that.
+
+I mean Roderick talked about
+this in hand parallelization.
+
+But we are doing something
+very simple in here.
+
+So these compilers can figure
+out associative
+
+operations and do that.
+
+So this is where all the
+people who are in
+
+parallelizing, and all the
+people who are writing this
+
+scientific code kind of start
+having arguments.
+
+Because they say oh my God,
+you're doing operations and
+
+it's going to have numerical
+stability issues.
+
+Yes all true.
+
+In compilers you have these
+flags that say OK, just forget
+
+about all these very issues, and
+most probably it will be
+
+right, and in most code
+it will work.
+
+You might find that problem,
+too -- you change operation
+
+order to get some parallelism
+and suddenly you are running
+
+unstability.
+
+There are some algorithms that
+you can't do that, but most
+
+algorithms you can.
+
+So here's another interesting
+thing.
+
+So, I have a program like that,
+2 to the power I, and of
+
+course, most of the time
+
+exponentiation is very expensive.
+
+If you have a smart
+compiler --
+
+I don't have to exponentiate.
+
+This thing called strength
+reduction.
+
+They say wait a minute --
+
+I will keep variable t.
+
+This 2 to the power i means
+basically every time I
+
+multiply it by 2 and I can't
+keep repeating that.
+
+Do you see why these two
+are equal there?
+
+This is good.
+
+A lot of good compilers
+do that.
+
+But now what did
+I suddenly do?
+
+AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED.]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, I reduced the
+amount of computation,
+
+obviously, but I just introduce
+a loop-carried true
+
+dependence here.
+
+Because now I have t dependent
+on the previous t to calculate
+
+the next value, and while
+order-wise or sequential-wise
+
+this is a win, now suddenly
+I can't parallelize.
+
+Of course, a lot of times what
+you had to do is you have a
+
+very smart programmer.
+
+They say aha, I know this
+operation is expensive so I am
+
+going to do this myself and
+create you a much simpler
+
+program in sequentially.
+
+Then you try to parallelizes
+this and you can't.
+
+So what you might try to do is
+kind of do this direction
+
+transformation many times to
+make the program run a little
+
+bit slower sequentially just
+so you can actually go and
+
+parallelize it.
+
+So this get's a little
+bit counterintuitive.
+
+You just look at a program and
+say yeah there is a loop
+
+carried dependence, I can do it
+a little bit more expensive
+
+without the loop carried
+dependence, and then suddenly
+
+my loop is parallelized.
+
+So there might be cases where
+you might have to do it by
+
+hand, and a lot of compilers
+automatic parallelizing
+
+compilers, try to
+do this also.
+
+Kind of look at these kind
+of things and try to
+
+move in that direction.
+
+Whereas, most of the sequential
+compiler is trying
+
+to find this and move
+this direction.
+
+So, OK I said that.
+
+So, another thing called
+array privatization.
+
+So scalars, I show you where
+when you have anti and output
+
+dependence on a variable,
+you need to privatize.
+
+And in arrays, you have
+a lot more complexity.
+
+I'm not going to go into that,
+you can actually do private
+
+copies also in there.
+
+You can do bunch of
+transformation.
+
+Another thing people do is
+called interprocedural
+
+parallelization.
+
+So the thing is you have a
+nice loop and you start
+
+analyzing loop and in the middle
+of a loop you have a
+
+function call.
+
+Suddenly what are you
+going to do with it?
+
+You have no idea what the
+function does, and most of the
+
+simple analysis says OK, I can't
+parallelize anything
+
+that has a function call.
+
+That's not a good parallelizing
+compiler because
+
+a lot of loops have function
+calls and you might call it
+
+something simple as sine
+function or some simple
+
+exponentiation function and
+then suddenly it's not
+
+parallelizable.
+
+This is a big problem.
+
+There are two things
+you can do.
+
+One is interprocedural analysis
+and another inlining.
+
+So the interprocedural analysis
+says I'm going to
+
+analyze the entire program and
+I have function, I'm going to
+
+go and try to analyze the
+function itself also.
+
+What happens is -- so assume
+if the functions are used
+
+many, many times, so fine
+function might be used
+
+hundreds of time.
+
+So every time you have a call
+of a sine function, if you
+
+keep analyzing, reanalyzing
+what's happening inside of the
+
+sine function, you kind of
+have exponential blow up.
+
+So if you code size n, you might
+have an exponential time
+
+of a number of lines that need
+to be analyzed because every
+
+call need to go there, call some
+other functions, you can
+
+see the blow up.
+
+And so analysis might
+be expensive.
+
+Other option is you analyze
+each function once.
+
+Yeah, OK.
+
+I analyze this function once
+and every time I use that
+
+function I just use that
+analysis information.
+
+What that means is you have a
+kind of summary of what that
+
+function does for every call.
+
+This is not that easy and this
+runs into a thing called
+
+unrealizable part problem,
+because you go into function
+
+in one part --
+
+assume you call foo from
+here and return here.
+
+You call it here and
+return and here.
+
+So when you analyze, normally
+you can go from here to here,
+
+here to here, but if you treat
+foo as only one thing you
+
+might be able to even think that
+you can go here to here
+
+and here to here.
+
+So this looks like one
+thing in here.
+
+You see that control here goes
+here, comes here do a function
+
+call goes here, because
+we are not treating
+
+this as separate instance.
+
+So why did are we analyzing
+it once?
+
+This cleared all this additional
+mess and then can
+
+have problems in here.
+
+So these are the kind of
+researchy things people are
+
+working on.
+
+There's no perfect answer,
+these are complicated
+
+problems, so you had to do some
+
+interesting balance in here.
+
+Because other thing is every
+analyst has to deal with that,
+
+so you had to kind of
+an anti-compiler,
+
+which is not simple.
+
+Inlining is much more easy.
+
+It's a poor man solution, so
+every time you have function
+
+call, you just bring
+the function and
+
+just copy it in there.
+
+And every time you have function
+call you bring the
+
+function and you can run it
+through the same compiler, but
+
+of course, you can have
+huge code blow up.
+
+It's not only analysis expense,
+you might have a
+
+function that before had only
+100 lines, now we have
+
+millions of lines in there
+and then try and do cache
+
+problems, all those
+other issues.
+
+So can be very expensive too.
+
+So what people do is things like
+selective inlining and a
+
+lot of kind of interesting
+combinations of these.
+
+Finally, loop transformations.
+
+So i have this loop, so I have
+Aij equals Aij minus 1, A i
+
+minus 1 j So look at my -- my
+arrowheads look too big there,
+
+but look at my dependences.
+
+Is any of this parallel?
+
+AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED.]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So, assays neither --
+
+you can't parallelize I because
+there's a loop carry
+
+dependence in I dimension.
+
+You can't parallelize J because
+there's loop carry
+
+dependence in J diimension.
+
+She has idea because you
+can actually pipeline.
+
+So pipelining, we haven't
+figured out how
+
+to parallelize pipeline.
+
+So the way you can do
+this simply is a
+
+thing called loop skewing.
+
+You can kind of --
+
+because iteration space has
+changed from a data space.
+
+You can come up with a new
+iteration space that kind of
+
+skew the loop in there.
+
+So what it does is normally
+iteration space, what this J
+
+outside, so you go execute
+like this.
+
+The skill that -- loop basically
+say I am executing
+
+this way, so I'm executing
+the pipeline,
+
+basically pipeline here.
+
+So I'm kind of going like this
+way, executing that way.
+
+If I could run that loop in that
+fashion, what I can do is
+
+I can run this -- after this
+iteration, when you go run the
+
+next iteration, there's no
+dependence across here.
+
+If I run here, I don't have
+dependence, so I can run each
+
+of these and I have a parallel
+set of iterations to run.
+
+So in here, what happens is
+this inner loop it can be
+
+parallel, basically like your
+pipeline, but it's written in
+
+a way that I still have my two
+loops in here, but I have done
+
+this weird transformation.
+
+Another interesting is
+granularity of parallelism.
+
+Assume I have a loop
+like that, i and j.
+
+Which loop is that in here?
+
+i or j?
+
+j is parallel.
+
+OK, I do something like that.
+
+I say I run i, every iteration
+I do a barrier, I run j
+
+parallel and I end up doing
+a barrier again.
+
+What might be a problem in
+something like this?
+
+I mean inner parallelism can
+be expensive, because every
+
+time I had to do this probably
+expensive barrier, run a few
+
+iterations, a few in
+this one, probably
+
+only like a few cycles.
+
+And write this very expensive
+barrier again, and everybody
+
+communicates --
+
+all of those things.
+
+Most of the time when you do
+inner loop parallelism it
+
+actually slows down
+the program.
+
+You will probably find it too
+sometimes, if you define the
+
+parallelism inner array to be
+too small, it actually has a
+
+negative impact, because all the
+communication you need to
+
+do, synchronization you
+need to do all of
+
+them out of the program.
+
+So inner loop is expensive.
+
+What are your choices?
+
+Don't parallelize.
+
+Pretty good choice for
+a lot of cases.
+
+You look at this and this is
+actually going to win you
+
+basically by doing that.
+
+Or can you transform it to
+outer loop parallelism.
+
+Take inner loop parallelism and
+you change it to get outer
+
+loop parallelism.
+
+This program is actually nice,
+there are some complex
+
+analysis you need to do to
+make sure that's legal.
+
+So you can basically
+take this one and
+
+transform in other direction.
+
+What that means is kind of
+do a loop interchange.
+
+So now instead of i, you have a
+a j outer dimension, i inner
+
+dimension, inner loop.
+
+When you do that what you have
+is your barrier, and then you
+
+can run this is parallel
+and this like this.
+
+Suddenly, instead of having n
+barriers for that loop, you
+
+have only one barrier.
+
+Suddenly you have a much larger
+chunk you're running,
+
+and this can be run.
+
+OK, so this is great.
+
+So I talked to all about all
+this nice transformation,
+
+stuff like that.
+
+So at some point when you know
+something is parallel you
+
+might want to go and generate
+parallel form.
+
+So the problem is, depending on
+how you partition, the loop
+
+bound has to be changed, and I'm
+going to talk to you about
+
+how to get loop bound.
+
+So let's look at this program.
+
+So I have something in here and
+there's an inner loop that
+
+actually reads, outer
+loop writes.
+
+Inner loop reads.
+
+And it's a triangular thing.
+
+It's a big mess.
+
+Now I assume I want to run
+the i loop parallel.
+
+So what that means is I want
+to run the first process --
+
+there is no for this one, this
+one on one iteration, two
+
+iteration, three, four,
+whatever, each one's in here.
+
+How do I actually go about
+generating code that
+
+actually does that?
+
+Each processor runs its right
+number of iteration.
+
+This is a non-trivial thing
+because triangularly you get
+
+something different and you
+can assume all this
+
+complexity.
+
+One thing I did is my iteration
+space between i and
+
+j, this is my iteration space.
+
+So I assume, assume I am
+running a processor.
+
+Each I iteration run by your
+processor, you can say you
+
+have then another dimension P,
+and say i equals P. So I can
+
+look at now instead of a two
+dimensional space in a three
+
+dimensional space.
+
+So in this analysis, if you can
+think multi-dimensionally
+
+it's actually very helpful
+because we can kind of keep
+
+adding dimensions in here.
+
+So what are the loop
+bounds in here?
+
+What we can do is use another
+technique called
+
+Fourier-Motzkin Elimination to
+calculate loop bounds by using
+
+projections of the
+iteration space.
+
+I will go through later
+a bit to give you a
+
+flavor for what it is.
+
+It's also, if you are in to
+linear programming, this is
+
+kind of extension techniques
+on that.
+
+So the way we look
+at that is --
+
+A little bit too far.
+
+I didn't realize MAC
+can be this slow.
+
+[ASIDE CONVERSATION]
+
+See this is why we need
+parallelism if you think this
+
+running fast. So what you can do
+is you can think about this
+
+as this three dimensional
+space.
+
+i, j and p.
+
+And because i is equal to p, if
+you get i and p, get a line
+
+in that dimension and
+then j goes there.
+
+So this is the kind of iteration
+space in here, and
+
+that represents inequalities
+here.
+
+So what I want is a loop where
+outer dimension is p, then the
+
+next dimension is i and j.
+
+We can think about
+it like that.
+
+So what that means is I need to
+get my iteration ordering
+
+-- when it happens, you
+just go like that.
+
+All right, about doing that.
+
+So this is the kind of loop I
+want to generate -- let me go
+
+and show you how we
+generate that.
+
+So here's my space in here, so
+first one I want to do is my
+
+inner most dimension is j.
+
+And what I can do is I can look
+at this thing and say
+
+what are the bounds of j.
+
+So, for each of the bounds of
+j can be described by --
+
+with p and i.
+
+I'll actually show you how to
+do that in little while.
+
+Then I will get j goes
+from 1 to i minus 1.
+
+Then after that I can basically
+project it into to
+
+eliminate j dimension.
+
+So what I'm doing is I'm going
+to have a three dimension and
+
+I project into two dimensions
+without j anymore, because now
+
+all I have left is i p and I get
+a line in that dimension.
+
+Then what I have to do is
+now I had to find i.
+
+What are my bounds of i?
+
+And bounds of i is actually
+i is equal to p.
+
+You can figure that
+one out because
+
+there's a line in there.
+
+Then you eliminate i and
+now you get this one.
+
+Then what are bounds of p? p
+goes from basically 2 to n.
+
+You just basically get that.
+
+So you can do this projection in
+here -- let me go in there,
+
+and now what you end up doing
+is you can get this, and of
+
+course, outer loop p is not
+a true -- like a loop.
+
+You can say you get p, my_pid.
+
+p is with this range.
+i equals p.
+
+Do this one.
+
+So this one, -- generated
+that piece of code.
+
+So I will go a little bit
+detail and show how this
+
+happens, pretty much
+can happen.
+
+So I have my little bit
+of different space.
+
+I'm doing a different
+projection.
+
+I'm doing i, j, p.
+
+I want to predict first i of a,
+j of a, and p of a instead
+
+of j, i, p before
+I do anything.
+
+So here's my iteration
+space, what do I do?
+
+The first thing I do is I find
+the bounds of i, So I have
+
+this thing.
+
+I just basically expanded this,
+and eliminated the j
+
+this one doesn't contribute
+to the bounds of i,
+
+but everybody else.
+
+So there are a bunch of things
+that i has to be less than
+
+that and i have to be greater
+than these two.
+
+Then what I have is bound of i
+is, it has to be maximum of
+
+this because it has to be
+greater than all three.
+
+So it has to be max of
+this, this, and this.
+
+It has to be less than these
+two, it has to be
+
+mean of this one.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well why did you have
+to go through all this.
+
+At least in this case, the outer
+loop was very simple,
+
+you could have just directly
+mapped that.
+
+PROFESSOR: I agree with you,
+it's very simple thing, but
+
+the problem is that's because
+you are smart and you can
+
+think a little bit ahead in
+there, and if I'm programming
+
+a computer, I can't say find
+these special cases.
+
+So I want to come up with a
+mathematical way that is a
+
+bullet proof way that will work
+from the simplest one to
+
+very complicated, like for
+example, finding the loop
+
+bounds for that loop transpose
+that I showed you before --
+
+no, the skew that what
+we called before.
+
+AUDIENCE: So it's not so much
+just defining an index to
+
+iterate on, it's to
+find the best
+
+index to map, to parellize.
+
+PROFESSOR: Any could be issue,
+because you have --
+
+for example, if the inner
+dimension depends on i, and i
+
+goes outside, then I can't
+make it depend on i.
+
+So if I have something like for
+i equals something, for j
+
+equals i to something.
+
+Now if I switch these
+two I have 4j.
+
+I can't say it's
+i to something.
+
+I have to get rid of i and I
+have to figure out in the for
+
+i, this has to be something
+with j, with some function
+
+with j in here.
+
+So what is this function,
+how do you get that?
+
+You need this kind of
+transformations do that.
+
+Next time I'll talk to you about
+can you do it a little
+
+bit even better.
+
+So I get this bound in here.
+
+Then actually you found this
+is going from p to p.
+
+So I can actually set p because,
+mean and max in here.
+
+Then after you do that, what you
+have to do is eliminate I.
+
+The way you eliminate I is you
+take this has to be always
+
+less than n and less than p.
+
+So you take this n constraints
+here and you get a n times m
+
+constraints tier in here.
+
+So the first three has to be
+less than n, again, we repeat
+
+it again, has to
+be less than p.
+
+Then, of course, the missing
+constraint that 1
+
+is less than j.
+
+You put all those constraints
+together.
+
+Now, nice think is in that
+one, it's still legal, it
+
+still represents that
+space, but you don't
+
+have i there anymore.
+
+You can completely
+get rid of i.
+
+So, by doing that -- and then
+of course, there's a lot of
+
+redundancy in here, and then you
+can do some analysis and
+
+eliminate redundancy and you
+end up in this set of
+
+constraints.
+
+That's where when you say what's
+the best, you can be
+
+best -- it has to be correct or
+that means you can't have
+
+additional iterations
+or less iterations.
+
+But best depends on how
+complicated is the loop bound
+
+calculation.
+
+You can come up with a correct
+solution, and the best is
+
+depending on which order
+you do that.
+
+When you have two redundant
+thing, which one you
+
+eliminate, so you can have a lot
+of heuristics saying OK,
+
+look if this one looks harder
+to calculate, eliminate that
+
+one with the other one.
+
+So you get this set
+of constraints.
+
+Then you have to do is now
+find the bounds of j.
+
+So you have this set again.
+
+To find a bound of j only two
+constraints are there, and you
+
+know j goes to 1 to p minus 1,
+and you find the bound of j.
+
+Getting rid of j means
+there's only two.
+
+One get rid of p minus 1.
+
+There are two left for p.
+
+You put it there, and then you
+can eliminate the redundance
+
+in here, and now you can find
+the bounds of p which goes
+
+from 2 to n.
+
+And suddenly you have the loop
+nest. So now I actually di
+
+parallelization and a loop
+transpose in here.
+
+I could combine those two, use
+this simple mathematical way
+
+and find loop bounds in here.
+
+So, I'm going to give you
+something even a little bit
+
+interesting beyond that, which
+is communication code
+
+generation.
+
+So if you are dealing with a
+cache coherent shared memory
+
+machine, you are done.
+
+You generate code for parallel
+loop nest, you can go home
+
+because everything else will
+be done automatically.
+
+But as we all know in something
+like Cell, if you
+
+have a no cache coherent shared
+memory or distributed
+
+memory, you have to do this
+one first. Then you write
+
+identify communication
+and then you generate
+
+communication code.
+
+This have additional
+burden in here.
+
+So until now in data dependence
+analysis, what we
+
+looked at was location-centric
+dependences.
+
+Which location is written by
+processor one is used by
+
+processor two.
+
+That's kind of a
+location-centric kind of view.
+
+How about if multiple writes
+the same location?
+
+We show that in example, if
+multiple people write the same
+
+location, which one
+should I use?
+
+That's not clear.
+
+What you are using in the last
+last guy who wrote that
+
+location before I read that
+thing, and that's not in these
+
+data flow analysis.
+
+No data dependence analysis
+doesn't get it.
+
+What you want is something
+of a value-centric.
+
+Who was the last write
+before my iteration,
+
+who wrote that location?
+
+If I know the last write, he's
+the one I should be getting
+
+the value from.
+
+If the last write happened in
+the same processor, I am set
+
+because I wrote the local
+copy and I don't need
+
+to deal with anything.
+
+If the last write happened in
+a different processor, you
+
+need to get that value from the
+guys who wrote it and say,
+
+OK, you wrote that value,
+give it to me.
+
+If nobody wrote it and I'm
+reading it, that means the
+
+value came from the original
+array because nobody had
+
+written it in my iteration.
+
+Then I'm reading something
+that has come from the
+
+previous iteration.
+
+So I have to get it from
+the original array.
+
+But I have these three
+different conditions.
+
+So you know to represent that.
+
+I'm not going to go into detail
+on into detail on this
+
+representation called
+Last Write Trees.
+
+So what it says is in this kind
+of a loop nest in here,
+
+you have some read access and
+write accesses in here, and if
+
+you look at it
+location-centrically you get
+
+this entire complex graph,
+because this is the graph that
+
+should have been in that example
+we gave. So these
+
+arrays going in here.
+
+I'm switching notation.
+
+before i was going the other
+way around. j was in here.
+
+But if you go look
+at value-centric,
+
+this is what happens.
+
+So you say all these
+guys basically got
+
+the value from outside.
+
+Nobody wrote it.
+
+This got from -- this is the
+write, this is the last write,
+
+this is the last write --
+
+I actually have my last
+write information.
+
+So where to look at that is
+there are some part of
+
+iteration got value from
+somewhere, other part go
+
+somewhere else.
+
+You can't kind of do a big
+summary, as you point out that
+
+kind of dependence depend on
+where the iterations are.
+
+So you can represent it using
+a tree when it shows up.
+
+So you can say if j greater
+than 1, here's the
+
+relationship between
+reads and writes.
+
+Otherwise relationship means
+it came from outside.
+
+So I can say for each
+different places.
+
+So you can think about this
+tree can be a lot more
+
+complicated tree.
+
+So each part of the iteration
+space, I got data from
+
+somewhere else.
+
+So, you get this
+function here.
+
+I think I'll go to
+the next slide.
+
+So what you can do is now I
+have processor who read,
+
+processor who write, and
+iterations that I can reading
+
+and writing.
+
+One thing I can do is I can
+represent i using a huge
+
+multi-dimensional space.
+
+So what happens in here is the
+receive iterations, those are
+
+the iterations that actually
+data has to be received in
+
+communication.
+
+Assume that the part I'm
+actually communicating is also
+
+within the loop bound,
+so I can write that.
+
+And the last write relation
+is that i
+
+send has to be i receive.
+
+We know that.
+
+What you have is the parallel
+with the processors -- this is
+
+i iterations are parallel, so
+processor, receive processor,
+
+is running iteration
+i, process i.
+
+Send iterations are the same
+because you want to
+
+parallelize that
+loop basically.
+
+In each iteration get assigned
+to each process.
+
+Of course, you want to make sure
+the process communication
+
+is non-local.
+
+If it's local I don't have
+loop communication.
+
+I can represent this as this
+gigantic system of equalities.
+
+It has one, two, three, four,
+five, and there's a j receiver
+
+also in here, because you've
+got to remember I think the
+
+program I wrote, the original
+program basically, write
+
+happen in outer loop and the
+read happen inner loop.
+
+So there's only j receive,
+the i send in here.
+
+I'll show that later.
+
+So I have five dimensions.
+
+So I can't really draw five
+dimensions, but can I wait
+
+until it comes back?
+
+So what I have here is I have
+this set of complete system of
+
+inequalities for receive
+and in communication.
+
+Of course, since I can't draw
+five dimensions, and these
+
+dimensions are the same, I just
+wrote it in the same.
+
+So you can actually assume
+that there's another two
+
+dimensions for this
+one, and that's a
+
+line in that dimension.
+
+Actually, this is wrong.
+
+Sorry.
+
+This should be xi
+here written.
+
+My program is wrong, sorry.
+
+Now what do I do?
+
+One more time it has to go.
+
+It makes me slow down my
+lectures which is probably a
+
+good thing.
+
+There we go.
+
+So what you can do is you can
+just scan these by predicting
+
+different ways to calculate the
+send loop nest and receive
+
+loop nest. So if you scan in
+that direction, what you end
+
+up is something saying for this
+processor you need to
+
+send, for this iteration,
+this processor.
+
+For what you need to send will
+be received by these
+
+processors and this iteration
+and this, and this you can
+
+send xi to this iteration
+at this processor.
+
+Because you had that
+relationship, you can get the
+
+loop nest that actually
+will do the send.
+
+The send there you can actually
+get a loop nest do
+
+receive and it shows up.
+
+So what that means is, so all
+these guys have to send all
+
+these iterations have
+to do the receive.
+
+So, if you predicted a different
+ordering, what you
+
+end up is you can say now for
+this processor has to receive.
+
+All these processors had to
+receive something send by
+
+these guys.
+
+So now you can get that entire
+loop nest for receiving and
+
+entire loop nest for sending,
+and you have
+
+computation loop nest also.
+
+The problem is you can't run
+them sequentially because
+
+you're run in some
+into the order.
+
+So what you have is something
+that next slide will show.
+
+So you have this iteration,
+there's some computation
+
+happen from all the one, and I
+will get a loop nest do some
+
+send, I need loop nest do some
+receive, in a one dimensional,
+
+these kind of, you get three
+seperate things.
+
+But of course, what you
+had to do is you
+
+had to generate code.
+
+So the way to do that is --.
+
+So what you have to do is kind
+of break this apart into
+
+pieces where things happen, so
+this one you do computation,
+
+this one you do computation and
+receive, and computation
+
+send receive and whatever.
+
+Should be probably send here
+and receive but --
+
+For that one, if you combine
+this you get a complicated
+
+mess like this.
+
+But this all can be done very
+in an automated fashion by
+
+using this Fourier-Motzkin
+Elimination and this linear
+
+representation.
+
+Of course, you can do
+a lot of interesting
+
+things on top of that.
+
+You can eliminate redundant
+communication, if you're
+
+keeping sending the same thing
+again that have a send unit,
+
+eliminate that, you can
+aggregate communication.
+
+You want to send a word at a
+time, you can send bunch of
+
+things into one packet.
+
+You can do multitask.
+
+So same thing, send to
+multiple people.
+
+Doesn't have that much in Cell,
+but assume some machines
+
+have multitask support, you can
+do that, and also you can
+
+do some local memory management
+because if you have
+
+distributed memory, you don't
+have to allocate everybody's
+
+memory and only use a part.
+
+You can say OK, look everybody
+only had to
+
+allocate that part.
+
+OK.
+
+In summary, I think automatic
+parallelism of loops and
+
+arrays -- we talked about data
+dependence analysis, and we
+
+talked about iteration and data
+spaces, a how to do that,
+
+and how the formulate assay
+integer programming problem.
+
+We can look at lot of
+optimization that can increase
+
+parallelism and then do that.
+
+Also, we can deal with tings
+like communication code
+
+generation and generating
+loop nest by doing this
+
+Fourier-Motzkin Elimination.
+
+So what I want to show out of
+this talk is that, in fact,
+
+this parallelization --
+automatic parallelization of
+
+normal loop can be done by
+mapping into some nice
+
+mathematical framework,
+and basically
+
+manipulating in that map.
+
+So there are many other things
+that really complicates the
+
+life take out of parallelizing
+programs. So like C, there are
+
+pointers, you have to
+deal with that.
+
+So this problem is not this
+simple, but what compiler
+
+writers try to do most of the
+time is trying to find this
+
+kind of thing.
+
+Find interesting mathematical
+models and do a mapping in
+
+there and then operating that
+model and hopefully you can
+
+get the analysis needed and even
+the transformation needed
+
+using that kind of
+a nice model.
+
+So I just kind of gave you
+a good feel for general
+
+parallelizing compilers.
+
+We will take a ten-minute break
+
+and talk about streaming.
+
+We'll see if I can make
+this computer run
+
+faster in the meantime.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/t36jZG07MYc.txt b/t36jZG07MYc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ff885aab4a77c3742611be4256036d92964b25b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t36jZG07MYc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+could you tell us a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you tell us a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you tell us a little bit about the
+history and development of 1806 5 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and development of 1806 5 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and development of 1806 5 this
+new course yes ok so this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new course yes ok so this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new course yes ok so this is my
+adventure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure
+into the subject of deep learning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the subject of deep learning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the subject of deep learning so
+that's a special part of machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a special part of machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a special part of machine
+learning a highly important part it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a highly important part it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a highly important part it's in
+the newspaper all the time and students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newspaper all the time and students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newspaper all the time and students
+are graduating knowing about deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are graduating knowing about deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are graduating knowing about deep
+learning and getting good jobs and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and getting good jobs and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and getting good jobs and it's
+really amazing so and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing so and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing so and then the other
+beautiful part is that it depends so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful part is that it depends so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful part is that it depends so
+heavily on linear algebra you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily on linear algebra you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily on linear algebra you've been
+known to say I certainly learned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to say I certainly learned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to say I certainly learned that
+projects are far better than exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects are far better than exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects are far better than exams
+students ask their own questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students ask their own questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students ask their own questions and
+write their own programs from now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write their own programs from now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write their own programs from now on
+projects that's right yeah sort of late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that's right yeah sort of late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that's right yeah sort of late
+to learn this because with the the 1806
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn this because with the the 1806
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn this because with the the 1806
+linear algebra totally conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra totally conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra totally conventional
+course with maybe three exams during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with maybe three exams during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with maybe three exams during the
+semester and a final exam and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and a final exam and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and a final exam and maybe
+that's appropriate but it's changing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's appropriate but it's changing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's appropriate but it's changing and
+then with this new course where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with this new course where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with this new course where the
+computers involved and you for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers involved and you for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers involved and you for example
+so I asked everybody to do a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I asked everybody to do a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I asked everybody to do a project
+there is no final exam actually there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no final exam actually there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no final exam actually there's
+no exam at all I shouldn't like to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no exam at all I shouldn't like to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no exam at all I shouldn't like to say
+this but it's really what the subject is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's really what the subject is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's really what the subject is
+is having an idea of how ok I'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is having an idea of how ok I'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is having an idea of how ok I'll use
+deep learning for some things what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning for some things what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning for some things what did
+that feel like to try something new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feel like to try something new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feel like to try something new
+pedagogically oh it's fun you know I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogically oh it's fun you know I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogically oh it's fun you know I I
+like teaching and this is a subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like teaching and this is a subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like teaching and this is a subject
+where students just come from everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where students just come from everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where students just come from everywhere
+because they know what stuff to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they know what stuff to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they know what stuff to learn
+and they've heard about it and they some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've heard about it and they some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've heard about it and they some
+of them know more than me and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them know more than me and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them know more than me and then they
+those students write even better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those students write even better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those students write even better
+projects yeah it's just so so think so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects yeah it's just so so think so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects yeah it's just so so think so I
+do the lectures for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the lectures for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the lectures for the first
+three quarters of the course and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quarters of the course and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quarters of the course and then I
+try to get them to present which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get them to present which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get them to present which is a
+great experience for them takes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great experience for them takes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great experience for them takes a little
+purging to get them but yeah yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purging to get them but yeah yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purging to get them but yeah yeah it's
+really just wonderful what insights have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just wonderful what insights have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just wonderful what insights have
+you gained about having more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gained about having more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gained about having more of a
+student-led course in a project-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student-led course in a project-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student-led course in a project-based
+course I need anything that you realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I need anything that you realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I need anything that you realize
+holy but finally that that's how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holy but finally that that's how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holy but finally that that's how people
+learn by doing their that you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn by doing their that you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn by doing their that you couldn't
+give them a better way to learn than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them a better way to learn than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them a better way to learn than
+then create a project it usually it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then create a project it usually it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then create a project it usually it's on
+some topic they know about or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some topic they know about or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some topic they know about or they
+they're interested in like how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interested in like how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interested in like how do you
+find a criminal in a you know a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a criminal in a you know a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a criminal in a you know a bunch of
+people what it's yeah it's just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what it's yeah it's just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what it's yeah it's just it's
+it's a very effective way to learn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very effective way to learn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very effective way to learn and
+something it's something that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's something that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's something that gets
+remembered we're taking doing exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered we're taking doing exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered we're taking doing exam
+questions that I might make up sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that I might make up sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that I might make up sort of
+Massey questions I don't know if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massey questions I don't know if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massey questions I don't know if that's
+remembered ten years later but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered ten years later but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered ten years later but I think
+people project are is there anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people project are is there anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people project are is there anything you
+learned from teaching it this way like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from teaching it this way like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from teaching it this way like
+something that maybe went wrong in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that maybe went wrong in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that maybe went wrong in the
+logistics of facilitating these projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics of facilitating these projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics of facilitating these projects
+that next time you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time you want to do
+differently well sure that I didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently well sure that I didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently well sure that I didn't have
+any idea what to expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any idea what to expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any idea what to expect
+yeah really and maybe the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah really and maybe the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah really and maybe the students
+didn't either they said what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't either they said what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't either they said what's the
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+well one student had said unwisely when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one student had said unwisely when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one student had said unwisely when
+are their projects do I thought what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are their projects do I thought what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are their projects do I thought what's
+that I mean I hadn't even thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean I hadn't even thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean I hadn't even thought about
+project so I thought okay you've asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so I thought okay you've asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so I thought okay you've asked
+for it so so we decided that the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it so so we decided that the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it so so we decided that the last
+the end of the semester the final day is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the semester the final day is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the semester the final day is
+class which is two weeks away projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class which is two weeks away projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class which is two weeks away projects
+are due to come in and then some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are due to come in and then some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are due to come in and then some of
+their class is able has a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their class is able has a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their class is able has a chance to
+present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+their project in the in the last weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their project in the in the last weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their project in the in the last weeks
+but not everybody because it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not everybody because it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not everybody because it's a big
+class so it starts with each student or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so it starts with each student or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so it starts with each student or
+each group it could be two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each group it could be two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each group it could be two or three
+students together sends me an email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students together sends me an email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students together sends me an email
+about their plan mm-hmm and I respond I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their plan mm-hmm and I respond I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their plan mm-hmm and I respond I
+usually respond wonderful and maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually respond wonderful and maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually respond wonderful and maybe I
+have an idea of a reference or two that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an idea of a reference or two that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an idea of a reference or two that
+they could look at but and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could look at but and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could look at but and then they
+then they just do it yeah it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they just do it yeah it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they just do it yeah it's really
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+very nice do give them any feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice do give them any feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice do give them any feedback
+along the way if they ask for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way if they ask for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way if they ask for it
+yeah and if I do you know they usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and if I do you know they usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and if I do you know they usually
+they'll know more about their subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll know more about their subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll know more about their subject
+than me but but maybe what they learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than me but but maybe what they learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than me but but maybe what they learn
+also is presenting that's a important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is presenting that's a important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is presenting that's a important
+thing so it's really more it's richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so it's really more it's richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so it's really more it's richer
+than taking a exam mm-hmm well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than taking a exam mm-hmm well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than taking a exam mm-hmm well the
+viewer may think okay professor Strang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer may think okay professor Strang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer may think okay professor Strang
+says no more exams I don't know if I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says no more exams I don't know if I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says no more exams I don't know if I so
+don't quote me on that please in 1806
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quote me on that please in 1806
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quote me on that please in 1806
+five in one of the videos you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five in one of the videos you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five in one of the videos you talk about
+grading students work and you tell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading students work and you tell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading students work and you tell them
+that although this is important to grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although this is important to grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although this is important to grade
+their work it's not your main concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work it's not your main concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work it's not your main concern
+that your main concern is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your main concern is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your main concern is actually
+learning with them right this is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning with them right this is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning with them right this is what I
+want to say the most and I say it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say the most and I say it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say the most and I say it to
+every class I teach it near the start of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every class I teach it near the start of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every class I teach it near the start of
+the semester my feeling about what my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester my feeling about what my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester my feeling about what my
+job is is to teach you things or to join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job is is to teach you things or to join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job is is to teach you things or to join
+you join with you in learning things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you join with you in learning things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you join with you in learning things as
+has happened today it's not to grade you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened today it's not to grade you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened today it's not to grade you
+so typically the first few days of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically the first few days of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically the first few days of class
+these guys ask you know what's a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys ask you know what's a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys ask you know what's a class
+average gonna be how are we gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average gonna be how are we gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average gonna be how are we gonna be
+graded I don't have any answers for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded I don't have any answers for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded I don't have any answers for that
+stuff so I say what is totally true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so I say what is totally true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so I say what is totally true that
+I'm not I don't feel my main job is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I don't feel my main job is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I don't feel my main job is to
+grade them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade them that
+my job is to teach them or learn with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job is to teach them or learn with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job is to teach them or learn with
+them and that's what I continue to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that's what I continue to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that's what I continue to do
+and gradually they begin to believe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gradually they begin to believe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gradually they begin to believe you
+know at the beginning it's they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at the beginning it's they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at the beginning it's they would
+still think okay but he's got to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still think okay but he's got to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still think okay but he's got to give me
+a B or C or an a but really that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B or C or an a but really that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B or C or an a but really that's not
+what 1806 5 is about a grade it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 1806 5 is about a grade it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 1806 5 is about a grade it's just
+not what advice do you have for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what advice do you have for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what advice do you have for new
+professors starting out in teaching oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors starting out in teaching oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors starting out in teaching oh
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+probably this interview was expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably this interview was expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably this interview was expressed
+most of the thoughts I have about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the thoughts I have about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the thoughts I have about in the
+class yeah yeah use big chalk if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class yeah yeah use big chalk if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class yeah yeah use big chalk if it's
+especially if it's a large class it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if it's a large class it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if it's a large class it
+helps your writing get your writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps your writing get your writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps your writing get your writing
+looks impressively level even because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks impressively level even because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks impressively level even because of
+the chunk and and don't rush and don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chunk and and don't rush and don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chunk and and don't rush and don't
+think you have to cover everything just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have to cover everything just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have to cover everything just
+just stay with the class yeah yeah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stay with the class yeah yeah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stay with the class yeah yeah well
+so again it's it's the best job possible
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/t4K6lney7Zw.txt b/t4K6lney7Zw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c2e93ba2138b2f68e11b2c0f8c7cccf5fdd7633
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t4K6lney7Zw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15091 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right welcome it's great to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right welcome it's great to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right welcome it's great to see
+everyone here really excited about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone here really excited about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone here really excited about this
+opportunity as you know our AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity as you know our AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity as you know our AI
+accelerator has officially kicked off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator has officially kicked off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator has officially kicked off
+all of your teams are ready to go and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your teams are ready to go and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your teams are ready to go and we
+wanted this to be an opportunity to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted this to be an opportunity to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted this to be an opportunity to sort
+of as a team come together and develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as a team come together and develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as a team come together and develop
+some common foundations some common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some common foundations some common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some common foundations some common
+technological foundation some common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological foundation some common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological foundation some common
+language for talking about these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language for talking about these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language for talking about these very
+challenging AI problems and so with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging AI problems and so with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging AI problems and so with that
+I'll hand it over to Vijay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll hand it over to Vijay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll hand it over to Vijay all right
+we'll kick off with the first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll kick off with the first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll kick off with the first lecture
+which basically provides some overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically provides some overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically provides some overview
+AI context for this you know again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI context for this you know again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI context for this you know again
+welcome to the class we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the class we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the class we're really
+looking forward to this what we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking forward to this what we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking forward to this what we're gonna
+present this morning is really a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present this morning is really a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present this morning is really a lot of
+overview material right many of you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview material right many of you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview material right many of you here
+are you know know a lot in AI and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know know a lot in AI and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know know a lot in AI and
+machine learning this is really meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning this is really meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning this is really meant to
+just sort a level set before we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort a level set before we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort a level set before we start
+the program before we start these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program before we start these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program before we start these
+classes so you can see this generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so you can see this generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so you can see this generic
+title artificial intelligence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title artificial intelligence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title artificial intelligence and
+machine learning and we're gonna try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning and we're gonna try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning and we're gonna try and
+cover all of that in about an hour so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover all of that in about an hour so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover all of that in about an hour so
+some details might be skipped but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some details might be skipped but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some details might be skipped but what
+we'll try and hit some of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try and hit some of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try and hit some of the the
+salient features all of these slides are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient features all of these slides are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient features all of these slides are
+available for you to use so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for you to use so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for you to use so if you're
+presenting back to your own teams please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting back to your own teams please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting back to your own teams please
+feel free to pull from these slides you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to pull from these slides you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to pull from these slides you
+know we've actually gone through over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we've actually gone through over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we've actually gone through over
+over some time putting you know a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some time putting you know a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some time putting you know a good
+set of survey and overview slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of survey and overview slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of survey and overview slides
+together so if any of these are useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so if any of these are useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so if any of these are useful
+to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+you know just email us or we'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just email us or we'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just email us or we'll make
+them available to you you're more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them available to you you're more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them available to you you're more than
+welcome to use any and all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to use any and all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to use any and all of these
+slides if you're trying to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides if you're trying to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides if you're trying to kind of
+present this back to other people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present this back to other people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present this back to other people so
+with that let's begin so we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that let's begin so we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that let's begin so we're gonna do
+a quick overview of artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick overview of artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick overview of artificial
+intelligence again a lot of level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence again a lot of level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence again a lot of level
+setting going on here we're gonna do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting going on here we're gonna do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting going on here we're gonna do a
+quick deep dive these aren't the deepest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick deep dive these aren't the deepest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick deep dive these aren't the deepest
+of dives again given the amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dives again given the amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dives again given the amount of time
+that we have but just talk very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have but just talk very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have but just talk very quickly
+about supervised unsupervised and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about supervised unsupervised and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about supervised unsupervised and
+reinforcement learning and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning and then
+summarize and we can certainly stop for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize and we can certainly stop for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize and we can certainly stop for
+questions philosophical debates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions philosophical debates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions philosophical debates
+cetera towards the end we'll try not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cetera towards the end we'll try not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cetera towards the end we'll try not to
+get a lot of the philosophical debates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of the philosophical debates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of the philosophical debates
+on camera if we can all right so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on camera if we can all right so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on camera if we can all right so first
+question what is artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is artificial intelligence
+and this is a question that probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a question that probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a question that probably a
+lot of you get and I certainly have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of you get and I certainly have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of you get and I certainly have
+received this from a number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received this from a number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received this from a number of people
+and that actually takes a lot of it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that actually takes a lot of it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that actually takes a lot of it took
+us a lot of time to come up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a lot of time to come up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a lot of time to come up with this
+and so we are very fortunate to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we are very fortunate to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we are very fortunate to have
+professor Winston spend some time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Winston spend some time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Winston spend some time with
+us out at Lincoln Laboratory and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us out at Lincoln Laboratory and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us out at Lincoln Laboratory and we
+actually brainstorm for you know could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually brainstorm for you know could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually brainstorm for you know could
+however to really trying to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however to really trying to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however to really trying to come up with
+what is a a good definition for what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a a good definition for what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a a good definition for what we
+call artificial intelligence and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call artificial intelligence and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call artificial intelligence and what we
+sort of came up with is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of came up with is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of came up with is that there are
+two aspects to artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two aspects to artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two aspects to artificial intelligence
+first that we should not that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that we should not that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that we should not that we should
+not confuse with each other one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not confuse with each other one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not confuse with each other one is the
+concept of narrow AI and another is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of narrow AI and another is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of narrow AI and another is a
+concept of general AI and sometimes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of general AI and sometimes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of general AI and sometimes in
+conversation we tend to conflate or mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation we tend to conflate or mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation we tend to conflate or mix
+the two so narrow AI according to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two so narrow AI according to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two so narrow AI according to our
+definition is the theory and development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is the theory and development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is the theory and development
+of computer systems that perform tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computer systems that perform tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computer systems that perform tasks
+that augment for human intelligence such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that augment for human intelligence such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that augment for human intelligence such
+as perceiving classifying learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as perceiving classifying learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as perceiving classifying learning
+abstracting reasoning and or acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracting reasoning and or acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracting reasoning and or acting
+certainly in a lot of the programs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in a lot of the programs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in a lot of the programs that
+we work in were very focused on narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we work in were very focused on narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we work in were very focused on narrow
+AI and not necessarily the more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI and not necessarily the more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI and not necessarily the more general
+AI which we define as full autonomy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI which we define as full autonomy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI which we define as full autonomy so
+that's a very high-level definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very high-level definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very high-level definition of
+what we mean by AI now many of you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by AI now many of you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by AI now many of you in
+the crowd of probably saying well he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crowd of probably saying well he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crowd of probably saying well he has
+been around for a while people have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around for a while people have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around for a while people have been
+talking about this for 50 60 plus years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this for 50 60 plus years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this for 50 60 plus years
+why now what is so special about it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why now what is so special about it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why now what is so special about it now
+why why is this a conversation piece now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why is this a conversation piece now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why is this a conversation piece now
+well from what we've seen it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well from what we've seen it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well from what we've seen it really is
+the convergence of three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convergence of three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convergence of three different
+communities that have come together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities that have come together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities that have come together the
+first is the community on big data the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is the community on big data the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is the community on big data the
+second is a community on computing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is a community on computing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is a community on computing and
+in a lot of computing technologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of computing technologies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of computing technologies and
+finally a lot of research and results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally a lot of research and results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally a lot of research and results in
+machine learning algorithms the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithms the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithms the other
+one I forgot to put is dollar signs down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I forgot to put is dollar signs down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I forgot to put is dollar signs down
+here people have basically figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here people have basically figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here people have basically figured out
+how to make money off of selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make money off of selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make money off of selling
+advertisements labeling cat pictures etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisements labeling cat pictures etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisements labeling cat pictures etc
+so that's maybe the hidden why why now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's maybe the hidden why why now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's maybe the hidden why why now
+in particular but these are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular but these are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular but these are the three
+large technical areas that have evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large technical areas that have evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large technical areas that have evolved
+over the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the past
+decade or so to really make AI something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade or so to really make AI something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade or so to really make AI something
+we discuss a lot today so when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discuss a lot today so when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discuss a lot today so when we talk
+about AI there are a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about AI there are a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about AI there are a number of different
+pieces which make up an AI system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces which make up an AI system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces which make up an AI system and
+you know we love the algorithms people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we love the algorithms people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we love the algorithms people
+but there's a lot more going on outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a lot more going on outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a lot more going on outside
+of that so we've spent a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so we've spent a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so we've spent a significant
+amount of effort just trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of effort just trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of effort just trying to figure
+out what goes into an AI system and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what goes into an AI system and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what goes into an AI system and this
+is what we call a canonical architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call a canonical architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call a canonical architecture
+very much in line with Lincoln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much in line with Lincoln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much in line with Lincoln
+Laboratory thinking we like to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratory thinking we like to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratory thinking we like to think of
+an end-to-end pipeline what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an end-to-end pipeline what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an end-to-end pipeline what are the
+various components and what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various components and what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various components and what are the
+interconnections between these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections between these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections between these various
+components so within our AI canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so within our AI canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so within our AI canonical
+architecture shown here we go all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture shown here we go all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture shown here we go all the
+way from sensors to the end user or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way from sensors to the end user or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way from sensors to the end user or
+missions and a lot of the projects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions and a lot of the projects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions and a lot of the projects that
+you all are working on are going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all are working on are going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all are working on are going to go
+all the way from here to there a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from here to there a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from here to there a lot of
+our class however for the next few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our class however for the next few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our class however for the next few weeks
+is going to focus on sort of step one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to focus on sort of step one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to focus on sort of step one
+where a lot of people get stuck so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a lot of people get stuck so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a lot of people get stuck so we
+take data that comes in through either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take data that comes in through either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take data that comes in through either
+structured or unstructured sources these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured or unstructured sources these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured or unstructured sources these
+are typically passed into some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically passed into some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically passed into some sort of a
+data conditioning or data curation step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data conditioning or data curation step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data conditioning or data curation step
+this data is through that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data is through that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data is through that process
+typically converted into some form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically converted into some form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically converted into some form of
+information that that information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that that information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that that information is
+then passed into a series of algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then passed into a series of algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then passed into a series of algorithms
+maybe one or many algorithms there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one or many algorithms there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one or many algorithms there are
+lots of them there is life beyond neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of them there is life beyond neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of them there is life beyond neural
+networks once we pass them through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks once we pass them through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks once we pass them through the
+algorithms these typically form this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms these typically form this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms these typically form this
+information is converted into knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is converted into knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is converted into knowledge
+is typically then passed into some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typically then passed into some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typically then passed into some sort
+of a module that interacts with the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a module that interacts with the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a module that interacts with the end
+user or a human or the mission and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user or a human or the mission and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user or a human or the mission and
+that's what we call a human machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call a human machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call a human machine
+teaming step and that finally that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaming step and that finally that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaming step and that finally that
+knowledge with the human complement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge with the human complement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge with the human complement is
+becomes insight that can be that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes insight that can be that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes insight that can be that can
+then be used to execute the mission that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be used to execute the mission that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be used to execute the mission that
+the AI system was created for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AI system was created for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AI system was created for all of
+these components sit on the bedrock of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components sit on the bedrock of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components sit on the bedrock of
+modern computing many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern computing many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern computing many different
+technologies that make up modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that make up modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that make up modern
+computing and the system that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing and the system that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing and the system that we're
+using today has combination of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using today has combination of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using today has combination of some of
+these computing Hardware elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these computing Hardware elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these computing Hardware elements and
+certainly within the context of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly within the context of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly within the context of a lot of
+the projects that we are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projects that we are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projects that we are interested in
+all of this also needs to be wrapped in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this also needs to be wrapped in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this also needs to be wrapped in
+a layer that we call robust AI which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a layer that we call robust AI which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a layer that we call robust AI which
+consists of explainable artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of explainable artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of explainable artificial
+intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence
+metrics and bias assessment verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics and bias assessment verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics and bias assessment verification
+validation security and policy ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation security and policy ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation security and policy ethics
+safety and training we'll talk very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety and training we'll talk very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety and training we'll talk very
+briefly about each of these pieces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about each of these pieces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about each of these pieces in
+detail in a little bit as I mentioned AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in a little bit as I mentioned AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in a little bit as I mentioned AI
+has an extremely rich history this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an extremely rich history this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an extremely rich history this is
+just a very Lincoln and MIT specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a very Lincoln and MIT specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a very Lincoln and MIT specific
+view of the history of artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the history of artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the history of artificial
+intelligence but certainly there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence but certainly there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence but certainly there's been
+great work since the the folks of Minsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great work since the the folks of Minsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great work since the the folks of Minsky
+Clark Dineen Oliver Selfridge etc since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clark Dineen Oliver Selfridge etc since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clark Dineen Oliver Selfridge etc since
+the 50s we've seen a lot of work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50s we've seen a lot of work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50s we've seen a lot of work in the
+80's and 90's and certainly recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80's and 90's and certainly recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80's and 90's and certainly recently
+there's been again a resurgence of AI in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been again a resurgence of AI in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been again a resurgence of AI in
+our parlance and our thinking of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our parlance and our thinking of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our parlance and our thinking of the way
+AI works so without going into too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI works so without going into too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI works so without going into too much
+detail about each of these eras and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about each of these eras and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about each of these eras and why
+the winters came about etc what yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winters came about etc what yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winters came about etc what yeah I
+think John launch period DARPA actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think John launch period DARPA actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think John launch period DARPA actually
+put it very well when he talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it very well when he talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it very well when he talked about
+different waves of AI technologies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different waves of AI technologies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different waves of AI technologies that
+have come about and when he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come about and when he talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come about and when he talks about
+he talks about the three waves of AI or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he talks about the three waves of AI or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he talks about the three waves of AI or
+the four waves of AI and the first wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four waves of AI and the first wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four waves of AI and the first wave
+which you can kind of think of as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can kind of think of as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can kind of think of as the
+first decade right of AI technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first decade right of AI technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first decade right of AI technology
+resulted in a lot of reasoning based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in a lot of reasoning based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in a lot of reasoning based
+systems which were which were based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems which were which were based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems which were which were based on
+handcrafted knowledge so an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handcrafted knowledge so an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handcrafted knowledge so an example of
+an output of this would be an expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output of this would be an expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output of this would be an expert
+system right so a lot of work in that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so a lot of work in that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so a lot of work in that so
+these if we kind of take the the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these if we kind of take the the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these if we kind of take the the four
+dimensions that John launched burries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that John launched burries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that John launched burries
+suggests of the ability of the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests of the ability of the system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests of the ability of the system to
+perceive learn abstract and reason these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive learn abstract and reason these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive learn abstract and reason these
+are typically pretty good at reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically pretty good at reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically pretty good at reasoning
+because they encoded human knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they encoded human knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they encoded human knowledge
+right so a human expert sat down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a human expert sat down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a human expert sat down and
+said sat down and said what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said sat down and said what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said sat down and said what's going on
+in the system and try to write a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system and try to write a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system and try to write a series
+of rules so tax software for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rules so tax software for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rules so tax software for example
+does a pretty reasonable job of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a pretty reasonable job of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a pretty reasonable job of that
+we're a chartered accountant or a tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a chartered accountant or a tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a chartered accountant or a tax
+expert sits down encodes a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert sits down encodes a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert sits down encodes a series of
+rules we have a question in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules we have a question in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules we have a question in the back
+example of an expert system for my yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an expert system for my yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an expert system for my yep
+so so the question is you know are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the question is you know are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the question is you know are there
+examples of expert systems a certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of expert systems a certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of expert systems a certainly
+one would be tax software my graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be tax software my graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be tax software my graduate
+research was actually an autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research was actually an autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research was actually an autonomous
+vehicle some of the early autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle some of the early autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle some of the early autonomous
+vehicles used a form of expert systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles used a form of expert systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles used a form of expert systems
+where the states on a finite state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the states on a finite state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the states on a finite state
+machine were maybe handcrafted but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine were maybe handcrafted but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine were maybe handcrafted but the
+end the transitions between them were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the transitions between them were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the transitions between them were
+sort of designed that way there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of designed that way there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of designed that way there was some
+machine learning wrapper around but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning wrapper around but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning wrapper around but
+expert systems you know certainly played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert systems you know certainly played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert systems you know certainly played
+a large part in some of the early of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large part in some of the early of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large part in some of the early of an
+autonomous vehicle research that went on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous vehicle research that went on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous vehicle research that went on
+alright so over time we we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so over time we we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so over time we we were able to
+use these expert systems and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these expert systems and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these expert systems and you know
+don't get me wrong these systems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get me wrong these systems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get me wrong these systems are
+still extremely valid in cases where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still extremely valid in cases where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still extremely valid in cases where you
+have limited data availability limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have limited data availability limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have limited data availability limited
+compute power a lot of expert systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute power a lot of expert systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute power a lot of expert systems
+still being used or in cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still being used or in cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still being used or in cases where
+explain ability is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain ability is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain ability is a very important
+factor you still see expert systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor you still see expert systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor you still see expert systems
+because they do have the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they do have the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they do have the ability to
+explain why they came up they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why they came up they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why they came up they can
+typically point to a set of rules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically point to a set of rules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically point to a set of rules that
+somebody wrote which is usually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wrote which is usually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wrote which is usually quite
+interpretable by a human however as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretable by a human however as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretable by a human however as we
+were able to collect more data we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to collect more data we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to collect more data we were
+maybe able to understand a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe able to understand a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe able to understand a little bit
+more about what was the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about what was the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about what was the underlying
+process we were able to apply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we were able to apply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we were able to apply a
+statistical learning and this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical learning and this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical learning and this sort of
+led to the next era or next wave of AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the next era or next wave of AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the next era or next wave of AI
+technologies which is often called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies which is often called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies which is often called the
+learning wave and this was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning wave and this was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning wave and this was really
+enabled by lots of data enabled non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled by lots of data enabled non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled by lots of data enabled non
+expert system so what we mean by that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert system so what we mean by that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert system so what we mean by that is
+we were able to kind of dial back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to kind of dial back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to kind of dial back the
+amount of expert knowledge that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of expert knowledge that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of expert knowledge that we
+encoded into the algorithm maybe put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded into the algorithm maybe put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded into the algorithm maybe put a
+higher level of expert knowledge into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level of expert knowledge into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level of expert knowledge into
+that but usually and then use data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but usually and then use data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but usually and then use data to
+learn what some of these rules could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what some of these rules could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what some of these rules could be
+an example of that in case someone wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of that in case someone wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of that in case someone wants
+to ask would be in speech processing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask would be in speech processing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask would be in speech processing for
+example so we were able to say well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so we were able to say well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so we were able to say well I
+kind of realized that speech follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of realized that speech follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of realized that speech follows
+this sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of you know
+Gaussian mixture model so I can encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian mixture model so I can encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian mixture model so I can encode
+that level of statistical knowledge but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level of statistical knowledge but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level of statistical knowledge but
+I'm going to let the system sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to let the system sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to let the system sort of
+figure out the details of how all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the details of how all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the details of how all that
+actually works works out and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works works out and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works works out and there are
+many other cases I again coming back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other cases I again coming back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other cases I again coming back to
+some of the research I did on autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the research I did on autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the research I did on autonomous
+vehicles we were able to maybe use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles we were able to maybe use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles we were able to maybe use some
+high-level expert rules that there here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level expert rules that there here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level expert rules that there here
+are a set of states that a car may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a set of states that a car may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a set of states that a car may be a
+car may be in but I'm gonna let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car may be in but I'm gonna let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car may be in but I'm gonna let the
+algorithm actually figure out when these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm actually figure out when these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm actually figure out when these
+transitions occur and what constitutes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions occur and what constitutes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions occur and what constitutes a
+transition between different states so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition between different states so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition between different states so
+looking at the four feature the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the four feature the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the four feature the four
+vectors that you could think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that you could think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that you could think about it
+these systems had a little bit more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems had a little bit more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems had a little bit more on
+perception obviously we're doing a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception obviously we're doing a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception obviously we're doing a lot
+more learning but their ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more learning but their ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more learning but their ability to
+abstract and reason was still was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and reason was still was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and reason was still was still
+pretty low and by reasoning we mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low and by reasoning we mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low and by reasoning we mean you
+know can you explain can you tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can you explain can you tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can you explain can you tell us
+what's going on when you give me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on when you give me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on when you give me an
+output to the result the next wave which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output to the result the next wave which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output to the result the next wave which
+were maybe at the beginning stages of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were maybe at the beginning stages of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were maybe at the beginning stages of is
+what we call contextual learning or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call contextual learning or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call contextual learning or
+contextual adaptation this is where an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextual adaptation this is where an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextual adaptation this is where an
+AI system can actually add context into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI system can actually add context into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI system can actually add context into
+what it's doing I'm not sure I have too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's doing I'm not sure I have too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's doing I'm not sure I have too
+many examples of people doing this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many examples of people doing this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many examples of people doing this very
+well I think what most of most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think what most of most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think what most of most of the
+work today probably falls into sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work today probably falls into sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work today probably falls into sort of
+the the end stage of the learning wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the end stage of the learning wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the end stage of the learning wave
+of AI but we're able to sort of combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AI but we're able to sort of combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AI but we're able to sort of combine
+a bunch of these learning things to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of these learning things to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of these learning things to make
+it look like it's contextual in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look like it's contextual in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look like it's contextual in nature
+but the but the key concept over here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the but the key concept over here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the but the key concept over here is
+being able to have the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to have the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to have the system
+automatically abstract and reason so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically abstract and reason so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically abstract and reason so the
+way that we we think about things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we we think about things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we we think about things right
+so if I see a chair over here and I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I see a chair over here and I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I see a chair over here and I put
+a chair somewhere else I still know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chair somewhere else I still know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chair somewhere else I still know it's
+a chair because I'm using other contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chair because I'm using other contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chair because I'm using other contexts
+maybe it's next to a table or stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's next to a table or stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's next to a table or stuff like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+some early research going on in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some early research going on in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some early research going on in that
+area and certainly the next wave of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and certainly the next wave of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and certainly the next wave of this
+is what we call abstraction and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call abstraction and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call abstraction and there is
+very little work on this but if we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little work on this but if we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little work on this but if we sort
+of have to think out in the future but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have to think out in the future but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have to think out in the future but
+this is really the system of an ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really the system of an ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really the system of an ability
+the ability of an AI system to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability of an AI system to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability of an AI system to actually
+abstract information that it's learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract information that it's learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract information that it's learning
+so instead of learning that a chair is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of learning that a chair is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of learning that a chair is a
+thing or a table is something with a leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or a table is something with a leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or a table is something with a leg
+at the bottom it learns that a table is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom it learns that a table is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom it learns that a table is
+something you put things on and is able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you put things on and is able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you put things on and is able
+to abstract that information or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to abstract that information or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to abstract that information or that
+knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge
+to any other any other domain or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any other any other domain or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any other any other domain or any
+other field do we have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other field do we have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other field do we have any questions
+before I continue from here okay great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I continue from here okay great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I continue from here okay great
+so that's a little bit on the evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a little bit on the evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a little bit on the evolution
+of AI the reason we like to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AI the reason we like to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AI the reason we like to go through
+this is because you know there is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because you know there is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because you know there is great
+work going on in each of these waves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work going on in each of these waves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work going on in each of these waves and
+nothing nothing that people are doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing nothing that people are doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing nothing that people are doing in
+any of these waves is any lesser or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these waves is any lesser or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these waves is any lesser or more
+it's typically a dependent on what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's typically a dependent on what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's typically a dependent on what you
+have at your disposal what I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at your disposal what I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at your disposal what I like to
+tell people sometimes is the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people sometimes is the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people sometimes is the way to
+think about all of this is you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all of this is you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all of this is you have a
+couple of dials at your disposal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of dials at your disposal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of dials at your disposal right
+turning dials the first dial is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning dials the first dial is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning dials the first dial is how much
+compute right yes how much ability do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute right yes how much ability do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute right yes how much ability do
+you have to crunch data the second piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to crunch data the second piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to crunch data the second piece
+is how much data do you actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much data do you actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much data do you actually have
+available and this can be labeled data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and this can be labeled data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and this can be labeled data
+in many cases and the third dial is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases and the third dial is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases and the third dial is how
+much knowledge are you able to embed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much knowledge are you able to embed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much knowledge are you able to embed
+into an algorithm in certain cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an algorithm in certain cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an algorithm in certain cases where
+maybe you have very little computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have very little computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have very little computing
+very little data label data availability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little data label data availability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little data label data availability
+but a lot of expert knowledge or a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of expert knowledge or a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of expert knowledge or a lot
+of ability to encode information into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ability to encode information into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ability to encode information into an
+algorithm you might be able to use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you might be able to use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you might be able to use an
+expert system right and that's a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert system right and that's a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert system right and that's a that's
+a very good use case for that an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good use case for that an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good use case for that an example
+may be on another dimension where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be on another dimension where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be on another dimension where you
+have you want to encode very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you want to encode very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you want to encode very little
+human knowledge but you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human knowledge but you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human knowledge but you have a lot of
+computing and data available would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing and data available would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing and data available would be
+where neural networks fall in right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where neural networks fall in right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where neural networks fall in right
+where they're essentially learning what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're essentially learning what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're essentially learning what
+the human knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human knowledge
+you know what that encoded information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what that encoded information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what that encoded information
+should be a lot of statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a lot of statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a lot of statistical
+techniques also fall into that camp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques also fall into that camp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques also fall into that camp
+where maybe you encode a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where maybe you encode a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where maybe you encode a little bit of
+information as to like what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as to like what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as to like what the
+background distribution of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background distribution of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background distribution of the process
+is but it learns the details of exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but it learns the details of exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but it learns the details of exactly
+how that distribution is modeled based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that distribution is modeled based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that distribution is modeled based
+on the data that it sees so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data that it sees so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data that it sees so you have a
+lot of different settings that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different settings that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different settings that you can
+use and there are a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and there are a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and there are a number of different
+techniques within the within the broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques within the within the broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques within the within the broader
+AI context that you can use to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI context that you can use to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI context that you can use to achieve
+your your mission I'm sure many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your mission I'm sure many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your mission I'm sure many of you
+are going to be doing different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be doing different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be doing different types of
+algorithms and a lot of that decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and a lot of that decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and a lot of that decision
+will be dependent on well how much data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be dependent on well how much data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be dependent on well how much data
+was I given right how how good is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I given right how how good is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I given right how how good is this
+data that I'm using is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that I'm using is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that I'm using is
+our inability to to learn anything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our inability to to learn anything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our inability to to learn anything from
+this and if not you might have to encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if not you might have to encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if not you might have to encode
+some knowledge of your own into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some knowledge of your own into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some knowledge of your own into it
+saying well I kind of know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well I kind of know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well I kind of know that this
+process looks like that so let me tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process looks like that so let me tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process looks like that so let me tell
+the algorithm to not waste too much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm to not waste too much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm to not waste too much time
+crunching the data to learn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunching the data to learn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunching the data to learn the
+underlying distribution which I can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying distribution which I can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying distribution which I can tell
+you why don't you learn the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why don't you learn the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why don't you learn the parameters
+of the distribution instead that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution instead that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution instead that makes
+sense right and as you know there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right and as you know there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right and as you know there's just
+a lot going on in AI and machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot going on in AI and machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot going on in AI and machine
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+you can't walk two steps without running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't walk two steps without running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't walk two steps without running
+into somebody who's you know either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into somebody who's you know either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into somebody who's you know either
+starting something up working for one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting something up working for one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting something up working for one of
+these organizations so it's it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these organizations so it's it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these organizations so it's it's really
+it really is an exciting time to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is an exciting time to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is an exciting time to be in
+the field alright so that's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field alright so that's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field alright so that's a little bit
+on the overview but let's talk now in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the overview but let's talk now in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the overview but let's talk now in a
+little bit of detail on what some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of detail on what some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of detail on what some of the
+critical components are within this AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical components are within this AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical components are within this AI
+ki architecture so one thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ki architecture so one thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ki architecture so one thing that we
+like to note and there's a reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to note and there's a reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to note and there's a reason that
+as we've been reaching out to a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've been reaching out to a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've been reaching out to a number
+of you we've been talking about getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you we've been talking about getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you we've been talking about getting
+data right work with stakeholders to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right work with stakeholders to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right work with stakeholders to get
+your data in place and the reason we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data in place and the reason we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data in place and the reason we
+talk about that is data is critical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that is data is critical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that is data is critical to
+breakthroughs in AI a lot of the press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthroughs in AI a lot of the press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthroughs in AI a lot of the press
+maybe on the algorithms and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe on the algorithms and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe on the algorithms and the
+algorithms that have been designed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that have been designed but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that have been designed but
+really when we've looked back in history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really when we've looked back in history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really when we've looked back in history
+we've seen that while the availability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen that while the availability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen that while the availability
+of a good canonical data set actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good canonical data set actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good canonical data set actually is
+is is equally if not more critical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is equally if not more critical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is equally if not more critical to
+breakthrough in AI so what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough in AI so what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough in AI so what we've done
+here is we've just picked a select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we've just picked a select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we've just picked a select
+number of breakthroughs in AI our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of breakthroughs in AI our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of breakthroughs in AI our
+definition of a breakthrough in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a breakthrough in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a breakthrough in this
+particular example is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example is something that
+made a lot of press or something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a lot of press or something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a lot of press or something that we
+thought was really cool so here are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was really cool so here are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was really cool so here are some
+examples of that in different years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that in different years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that in different years and
+we've talked about the datasets sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about the datasets sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about the datasets sort of
+the canonical data set that maybe led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canonical data set that maybe led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canonical data set that maybe led to
+that breakthrough or that was cited in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that breakthrough or that was cited in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that breakthrough or that was cited in
+that breakthrough as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that breakthrough as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that breakthrough as well as the
+algorithms that were used in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that were used in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that were used in that
+breakthrough and when they were first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough and when they were first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough and when they were first
+proposed this is notional in nature you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed this is notional in nature you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed this is notional in nature you
+clearly this you could adjust these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly this you could adjust these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly this you could adjust these
+dates a few years here or there but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates a few years here or there but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates a few years here or there but what
+we really want to get across is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really want to get across is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really want to get across is that the
+average numbers a number of years to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average numbers a number of years to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average numbers a number of years to a
+breakthrough from the availability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough from the availability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough from the availability of a
+cool data set right are very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool data set right are very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool data set right are very important
+well-structured well labeled data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-structured well labeled data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-structured well labeled data set
+is much smaller than from the algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much smaller than from the algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much smaller than from the algorithms
+first proposal when the algorithm first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first proposal when the algorithm first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first proposal when the algorithm first
+comes out so as you're developing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out so as you're developing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out so as you're developing your
+challenge problems as you're developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge problems as you're developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge problems as you're developing
+your interactions with stakeholders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interactions with stakeholders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interactions with stakeholders
+certainly something to keep in mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly something to keep in mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly something to keep in mind that
+there's clearly a lot of algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's clearly a lot of algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's clearly a lot of algorithm
+algorithmic research that's going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic research that's going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic research that's going to go
+on but having a good strong well labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but having a good strong well labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but having a good strong well labeled
+and documented data set can be equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and documented data set can be equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and documented data set can be equally
+important and making that available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and making that available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and making that available to
+the wider AI community the wider AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wider AI community the wider AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wider AI community the wider AI
+ecosystem can be very very valuable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem can be very very valuable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem can be very very valuable to
+your work and the work of many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work and the work of many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work and the work of many other
+people all right so back to the AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all right so back to the AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all right so back to the AI
+architecture we're going to just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture we're going to just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture we're going to just go
+through very briefly different pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through very briefly different pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through very briefly different pieces of
+this architecture so the first piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this architecture so the first piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this architecture so the first piece
+we're going to talk about is the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about is the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about is the data
+conditioning which is converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning which is converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning which is converting
+unstructured and structured data within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured and structured data within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured and structured data within
+the structured and unstructured data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structured and unstructured data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structured and unstructured data you
+might have structured sources coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have structured sources coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have structured sources coming
+from sensors you know network logs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sensors you know network logs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sensors you know network logs for
+some of you metadata associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you metadata associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you metadata associated with
+sensors may be speech or other such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors may be speech or other such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors may be speech or other such
+signals there's also a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals there's also a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals there's also a lot of
+unstructured data you think of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured data you think of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured data you think of things
+that you might collect from the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might collect from the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might collect from the internet
+that you might download from say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might download from say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might download from say a
+social media site maybe it reports other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social media site maybe it reports other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social media site maybe it reports other
+types of sensors that maybe don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of sensors that maybe don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of sensors that maybe don't have
+well that don't have strong structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that don't have strong structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that don't have strong structure
+within the data set itself and typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the data set itself and typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the data set itself and typically
+this first step consists of an um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first step consists of an um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first step consists of an um you
+know what we call the data conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we call the data conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we call the data conditioning
+step consists of a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step consists of a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step consists of a number of different
+elements you might want to first figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements you might want to first figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements you might want to first figure
+out where to put this data that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where to put this data that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where to put this data that can
+often take a lot of time and there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often take a lot of time and there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often take a lot of time and there have
+been religious wars fought on this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been religious wars fought on this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been religious wars fought on this on
+this topic we're here to tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic we're here to tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic we're here to tell you that
+you're probably okay picking most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably okay picking most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably okay picking most
+technologies but if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies but if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies but if you have any
+questions you know feel free to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you know feel free to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you know feel free to reach
+out to me or to others on the team we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to me or to others on the team we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to me or to others on the team we
+have a lot of opinions on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of opinions on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of opinions on you know
+what's the right infrastructure to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right infrastructure to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right infrastructure to solve
+the problem typically these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem typically these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem typically these
+infrastructure databases might provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure databases might provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure databases might provide
+capabilities such as indexing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities such as indexing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities such as indexing
+organization and structure very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and structure very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and structure very
+important in unstructured data right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in unstructured data right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in unstructured data right to
+convert it into some format that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it into some format that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it into some format that you can
+do things with they may allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things with they may allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things with they may allow you to
+connect to them using domain-specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to them using domain-specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to them using domain-specific
+languages so it's sort of converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages so it's sort of converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages so it's sort of converting
+into a language that maybe you're used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a language that maybe you're used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a language that maybe you're used
+to talking they can perform provide high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talking they can perform provide high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talking they can perform provide high
+performance data access and in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance data access and in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance data access and in many
+cases a declarative interface because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases a declarative interface because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases a declarative interface because
+maybe you don't really care about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you don't really care about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you don't really care about how
+the data is being accessed you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is being accessed you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is being accessed you want to
+just say select the data give it to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say select the data give it to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say select the data give it to me
+and then move forward from there another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then move forward from there another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then move forward from there another
+important part of the data conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of the data conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of the data conditioning
+step is data curation this unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is data curation this unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is data curation this unfortunately
+will probably take you a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will probably take you a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will probably take you a very long time
+and this is it requires a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is it requires a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is it requires a lot of
+knowledge of the data itself what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the data itself what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the data itself what you
+want to do with the data and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do with the data and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do with the data and how you
+receive the data but what you might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the data but what you might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the data but what you might do
+in the data curation step is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data curation step is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data curation step is you know
+perform some sort of unsupervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform some sort of unsupervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform some sort of unsupervised
+learning maybe reduce the dimensionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning maybe reduce the dimensionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning maybe reduce the dimensionality
+of your problem you might do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your problem you might do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your problem you might do some
+clustering or pattern recognition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering or pattern recognition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering or pattern recognition to
+maybe remove certain pieces of your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe remove certain pieces of your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe remove certain pieces of your data
+or to highlight certain pieces of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to highlight certain pieces of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to highlight certain pieces of the
+data that look important you might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that look important you might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that look important you might do
+some outlier detection you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some outlier detection you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some outlier detection you might
+highlight missing values you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight missing values you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight missing values you might
+there's this dot dot dot etc etc etc a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this dot dot dot etc etc etc a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this dot dot dot etc etc etc a
+lot goes on in the data curation step we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot goes on in the data curation step we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot goes on in the data curation step we
+could certainly spend hours just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could certainly spend hours just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could certainly spend hours just talking
+about that and the final thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and the final thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and the final thing
+especially within the context of subha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially within the context of subha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially within the context of subha
+supervised machine learning but even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised machine learning but even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised machine learning but even in
+the world of unsupervised learning would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of unsupervised learning would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of unsupervised learning would
+be spending some time on data labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spending some time on data labeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spending some time on data labeling
+right so this is taking data that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is taking data that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is taking data that you've
+received typically doing an initial data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received typically doing an initial data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received typically doing an initial data
+exploration it could be as simple as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration it could be as simple as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration it could be as simple as
+opening it up in Excel to see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening it up in Excel to see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening it up in Excel to see what the
+different columns and rows look like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different columns and rows look like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different columns and rows look like if
+it if that's a suitable way place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if that's a suitable way place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if that's a suitable way place to
+open it up you might look for highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open it up you might look for highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open it up you might look for highlight
+missing or incomplete data just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing or incomplete data just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing or incomplete data just from
+your initial data exploration you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your initial data exploration you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your initial data exploration you might
+be able to go back to the data provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to go back to the data provider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to go back to the data provider
+or to the sensor and say you know can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to the sensor and say you know can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to the sensor and say you know can
+you reorient the sensors or recapture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reorient the sensors or recapture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reorient the sensors or recapture
+the data you know I noticed that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you know I noticed that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you know I noticed that every
+time you've measured this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you've measured this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you've measured this particular
+quantity it always shows up as three I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it always shows up as three I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it always shows up as three I
+can't imagine that that's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't imagine that that's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't imagine that that's correct
+can you go back and tell me if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you go back and tell me if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you go back and tell me if that
+sensor is actually working or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor is actually working or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor is actually working or is it
+actually three in which case you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually three in which case you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually three in which case you might
+want to know that and you might look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that and you might look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that and you might look for
+errors biases and collection you know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors biases and collection you know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors biases and collection you know of
+course on top of the actual labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on top of the actual labeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on top of the actual labeling
+process that you're doing to highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that you're doing to highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that you're doing to highlight
+phenomenology within the data that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenology within the data that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenology within the data that you'd
+like to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to then
+look for through your machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for through your machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for through your machine learning
+algorithms oh I'll pause for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms oh I'll pause for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms oh I'll pause for a second
+yes so the question is what's the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the question is what's the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the question is what's the ratio
+we see between structured and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see between structured and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see between structured and
+unstructured data that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured data that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured data that's a great
+question so the ratio in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so the ratio in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so the ratio in terms of the
+volume of the ratio in terms of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the ratio in terms of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the ratio in terms of what you
+can do with it because those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with it because those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with it because those are
+actually almost the the opposite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually almost the the opposite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually almost the the opposite so
+again I'm talking about a few data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm talking about a few data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm talking about a few data sets
+that I'm very familiar with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm very familiar with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm very familiar with the
+unstructured data can often be 90% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured data can often be 90% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured data can often be 90% of
+the volume and 10 person you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume and 10 person you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume and 10 person you know maybe
+the 10% is the metadata associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10% is the metadata associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10% is the metadata associated with
+the unstructured data most of the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unstructured data most of the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unstructured data most of the value
+however comes from the structured data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however comes from the structured data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however comes from the structured data
+where people really analyze the crap out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people really analyze the crap out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people really analyze the crap out
+of the structured data because they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the structured data because they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the structured data because they know
+how to there is certainly a lot of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to there is certainly a lot of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to there is certainly a lot of you
+know a lot of potential within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of potential within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of potential within the
+unstructured data so that when we when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured data so that when we when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured data so that when we when
+we talk to people we that's why we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk to people we that's why we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk to people we that's why we talk
+a lot about infrastructure and data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about infrastructure and data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about infrastructure and data
+bases as being an important first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases as being an important first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases as being an important first step
+because if you can just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you can just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you can just take the
+unstructured data and put it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured data and put it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured data and put it into a
+structured or semi structured form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured or semi structured form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured or semi structured form that
+itself can provide a lot of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself can provide a lot of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself can provide a lot of value
+because there's very often in problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's very often in problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's very often in problems
+that we see you know sort of the 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see you know sort of the 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see you know sort of the 90%
+volume of data is largely untapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of data is largely untapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of data is largely untapped
+because people don't know how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people don't know how to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people don't know how to get
+into it or don't know what to do with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it or don't know what to do with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it or don't know what to do with it
+or it's not in a form that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's not in a form that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's not in a form that you can
+really deal with so when I think next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really deal with so when I think next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really deal with so when I think next
+class we're going to be talking to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we're going to be talking to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we're going to be talking to you
+about how to organize your data right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to organize your data right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to organize your data right
+strategies for organizing data that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies for organizing data that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies for organizing data that can
+get you a lot more value out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you a lot more value out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you a lot more value out of the
+unstructured data does that answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured data does that answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured data does that answer your
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it typically like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it typically like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it typically like you
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the question is when you apply AI or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is when you apply AI or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is when you apply AI or
+machine learning techniques to a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning techniques to a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning techniques to a problem
+domain is it typically a single modality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain is it typically a single modality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain is it typically a single modality
+or multiple modalities I'd say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or multiple modalities I'd say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or multiple modalities I'd say the
+answer is both certainly there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is both certainly there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is both certainly there's a lot
+of research and you know back there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research and you know back there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research and you know back there we
+have Matthew who's actually doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Matthew who's actually doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Matthew who's actually doing
+research on that right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on that right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on that right now
+on how to fuse multiple modalities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to fuse multiple modalities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to fuse multiple modalities of
+data I know a lot of projects that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I know a lot of projects that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I know a lot of projects that are
+that are being discussed here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being discussed here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being discussed here are
+certainly looking at multiple modalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly looking at multiple modalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly looking at multiple modalities
+if I had to say as of today a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had to say as of today a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had to say as of today a lot of the
+work that's out there right the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that's out there right the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that's out there right the sort of
+published work may be focused on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published work may be focused on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published work may be focused on a
+single modality but that's not to say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single modality but that's not to say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single modality but that's not to say I
+mean I think there is a lot of value on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think there is a lot of value on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think there is a lot of value on
+multiple modalities but the challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple modalities but the challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple modalities but the challenge
+still comes up on how do you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still comes up on how do you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still comes up on how do you integrate
+this data especially if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data especially if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data especially if they're
+collected from different systems because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected from different systems because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected from different systems because
+the technologies that can purse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies that can purse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies that can purse the
+waveform and all of this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform and all of this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform and all of this data
+conditioning or mature enough so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning or mature enough so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning or mature enough so the
+question is why would speech or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why would speech or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why would speech or
+something else like that fall into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else like that fall into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else like that fall into
+structured versus unstructured and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured versus unstructured and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured versus unstructured and
+you're absolutely right I think when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right I think when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right I think when we
+pick speech and I'm sure there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick speech and I'm sure there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick speech and I'm sure there are
+others in the room that might disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others in the room that might disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others in the room that might disagree
+with that and might stick it over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and might stick it over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and might stick it over here
+when we look at the type of acquisition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at the type of acquisition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at the type of acquisition
+processes that are used as a software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that are used as a software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that are used as a software
+that's used they typically come out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used they typically come out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used they typically come out with
+some known metadata they follow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some known metadata they follow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some known metadata they follow a
+certain pattern that we can then use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain pattern that we can then use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain pattern that we can then use
+right there is a clear range to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is a clear range to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is a clear range to where
+the there's a the frequency to which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's a the frequency to which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's a the frequency to which the
+data is collected and that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is collected and that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is collected and that's why we
+stuck it in the structured data type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck it in the structured data type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck it in the structured data type of
+course if you're collecting data out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if you're collecting data out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if you're collecting data out in
+the field without without that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field without without that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field without without that you could
+probably stick it into the unstructured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably stick it into the unstructured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably stick it into the unstructured
+world as well but that's probably a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as well but that's probably a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as well but that's probably a good
+example of something that can fall in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of something that can fall in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of something that can fall in
+between the two places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right now for the part everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right now for the part everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right now for the part everyone's
+really interested in machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in machine learning
+right so alright you got through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so alright you got through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so alright you got through the
+boring data conditioning stuff which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring data conditioning stuff which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring data conditioning stuff which
+will take you yeah a couple of years or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take you yeah a couple of years or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take you yeah a couple of years or
+something like that you know nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you know nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you know nothing
+nothing serious and now you're ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing serious and now you're ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing serious and now you're ready to
+do the machine learning and now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the machine learning and now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the machine learning and now you're
+you're you're given a choice well which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're given a choice well which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're given a choice well which
+algorithm do you use neural networks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm do you use neural networks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm do you use neural networks you
+might say right I I there's a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say right I I there's a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say right I I there's a lot more
+though beyond the neural network world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though beyond the neural network world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though beyond the neural network world
+so there's numerous taxonomy --zz I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's numerous taxonomy --zz I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's numerous taxonomy --zz I'm
+going to give you two of them today for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you two of them today for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you two of them today for
+how you describe machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you describe machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you describe machine learning
+algorithms one that's really kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms one that's really kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms one that's really kind of an
+interesting way is from Pedro Dominguez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way is from Pedro Dominguez
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way is from Pedro Dominguez
+at the University of Washington in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the University of Washington in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the University of Washington in which
+he sort of says that there are five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he sort of says that there are five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he sort of says that there are five
+tribes of machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes of machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes of machine learning
+so there are the symbolist switch an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are the symbolist switch an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are the symbolist switch an
+example of that would be expert systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that would be expert systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that would be expert systems
+there are the Bayesian tribes which an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the Bayesian tribes which an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the Bayesian tribes which an
+example of an algorithm within that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an algorithm within that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an algorithm within that may
+be naive Bayes there are the analogized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be naive Bayes there are the analogized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be naive Bayes there are the analogized
+analogize errs which an example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogize errs which an example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogize errs which an example of that
+would be a support vector machine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a support vector machine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a support vector machine and
+the connectionists an example of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connectionists an example of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connectionists an example of which
+would be deep neural networks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be deep neural networks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be deep neural networks and
+evolutionary's an example of that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary's an example of that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary's an example of that which
+might be genetic programming what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be genetic programming what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be genetic programming what what
+really you know I'm trying to get across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know I'm trying to get across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know I'm trying to get across
+I'm sure the author is trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure the author is trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure the author is trying to get
+across here is that lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across here is that lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across here is that lots and lots of
+different algorithms each have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different algorithms each have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different algorithms each have their
+relative merits and relative strengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative merits and relative strengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative merits and relative strengths
+apply the right one for your application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the right one for your application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the right one for your application
+apply the right one for again given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the right one for again given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the right one for again given
+these dials that I talked about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dials that I talked about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dials that I talked about earlier
+the amount of computing that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of computing that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of computing that you have
+available the amount of data that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available the amount of data that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available the amount of data that you
+have available and the amount of expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have available and the amount of expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have available and the amount of expert
+knowledge that you're able to encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that you're able to encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that you're able to encode
+into your algorithm that you think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your algorithm that you think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your algorithm that you think is
+generalizable enough if we actually talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizable enough if we actually talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizable enough if we actually talk
+about this is a very useful chart I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is a very useful chart I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is a very useful chart I've
+found in describing to folks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in describing to folks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in describing to folks that are
+not familiar with AI that might say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not familiar with AI that might say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not familiar with AI that might say well
+isn't a I just neural networks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a I just neural networks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a I just neural networks and
+neural networks are a part of AI but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks are a part of AI but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks are a part of AI but not
+necessarily all of it so if we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily all of it so if we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily all of it so if we kind of
+think of the the big circle is the broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the the big circle is the broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the the big circle is the broad
+field of artificial intelligence within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of artificial intelligence within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of artificial intelligence within
+that is the world of machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the world of machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the world of machine learning
+within machine learning our you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within machine learning our you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within machine learning our you know
+connectionists or neural networks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectionists or neural networks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectionists or neural networks to
+sort of fall into a small camp within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fall into a small camp within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fall into a small camp within
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+deep neural networks is sort of a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep neural networks is sort of a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep neural networks is sort of a part
+of neural network so can anyone maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neural network so can anyone maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neural network so can anyone maybe
+give me an example although I've said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an example although I've said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an example although I've said it
+numerous times or something that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous times or something that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous times or something that might
+fall out of machine learning but into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall out of machine learning but into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall out of machine learning but into
+artificial intelligence from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence from an
+algorithmic point of view yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic point of view yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic point of view yes
+graph search could be an example I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph search could be an example I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph search could be an example I would
+maybe stick that into some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe stick that into some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe stick that into some of the
+connectionists however yes exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectionists however yes exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectionists however yes exactly so
+expert systems is sort of the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert systems is sort of the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert systems is sort of the one that
+comes to my mind or knowledge based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to my mind or knowledge based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to my mind or knowledge based
+systems are an example of maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are an example of maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are an example of maybe
+something that falls outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that falls outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that falls outside of the
+realm of machine learning again in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of machine learning again in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of machine learning again in the
+very strict sense but maybe within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strict sense but maybe within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strict sense but maybe within the
+realm of artificial intelligence from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of artificial intelligence from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of artificial intelligence from an
+algorithmic point of view okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic point of view okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic point of view okay so that's
+a little bit on the algorithms next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit on the algorithms next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit on the algorithms next
+let's talk about some of the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about some of the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about some of the modern
+computing engines that are out there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing engines that are out there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing engines that are out there I
+mentioned that data compute as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that data compute as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that data compute as well as
+algorithms have been key drivers to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms have been key drivers to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms have been key drivers to the
+resurgence of AI over the past few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurgence of AI over the past few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurgence of AI over the past few years
+what are some of these computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of these computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of these computing
+technologies for example so clearly CPUs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies for example so clearly CPUs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies for example so clearly CPUs
+and GPUs they're they're very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and GPUs they're they're very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and GPUs they're they're very popular
+computing platforms lots of software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing platforms lots of software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing platforms lots of software
+written to work with these computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written to work with these computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written to work with these computing
+platforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms
+but what we're seeing now is that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we're seeing now is that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we're seeing now is that with
+the end of Moore's Law and a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of Moore's Law and a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of Moore's Law and a lot more
+performance engineering going on we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance engineering going on we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance engineering going on we're
+seeing a lot more work research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a lot more work research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a lot more work research and
+hardware architectures that are custom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware architectures that are custom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware architectures that are custom
+in nature and custom architectures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature and custom architectures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature and custom architectures are
+almost like the new commercial off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like the new commercial off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like the new commercial off to
+sell off-the-shelf solutions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell off-the-shelf solutions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell off-the-shelf solutions that are
+out there so an example of a custom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there so an example of a custom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there so an example of a custom
+architecture could be Google's tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture could be Google's tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture could be Google's tensor
+processing unit or TPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing unit or TPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing unit or TPU
+there's some very exciting research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some very exciting research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some very exciting research
+going on in the world of neuromorphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the world of neuromorphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the world of neuromorphic
+computing I'm happy to chat with you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing I'm happy to chat with you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing I'm happy to chat with you all
+later if you're interested to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later if you're interested to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later if you're interested to know
+what's going on in that area and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in that area and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in that area and maybe
+our role in some of that work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our role in some of that work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our role in some of that work and
+there's just some stuff that you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just some stuff that you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just some stuff that you know we
+would still call custom these are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still call custom these are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still call custom these are still
+people deciding you know designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people deciding you know designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people deciding you know designing
+basically looking at an algorithm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically looking at an algorithm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically looking at an algorithm saying
+ok here's the data layout here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok here's the data layout here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok here's the data layout here is the
+movement of day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of day
+or information within this within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or information within this within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or information within this within this
+algorithm let's create a custom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm let's create a custom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm let's create a custom
+processor does that does that an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor does that does that an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor does that does that an example
+of that could be the graph processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that could be the graph processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that could be the graph processor
+which is being developed at Lincoln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is being developed at Lincoln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is being developed at Lincoln
+Laboratory and you know obviously know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratory and you know obviously know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratory and you know obviously know
+no slide on computing architectures or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no slide on computing architectures or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no slide on computing architectures or
+computing technologies would be complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing technologies would be complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing technologies would be complete
+without mentioning the word quantum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without mentioning the word quantum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without mentioning the word quantum in
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+there's some early results on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some early results on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some early results on you know
+solving linear system of equations but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving linear system of equations but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving linear system of equations but I
+think applied to AI it's still unsure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think applied to AI it's still unsure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think applied to AI it's still unsure or
+unknown or unproven where quantum eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown or unproven where quantum eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown or unproven where quantum eight
+play a part but certainly a technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a part but certainly a technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a part but certainly a technology
+that all of us I'm sure I've heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of us I'm sure I've heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of us I'm sure I've heard of
+are continue to track and are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are continue to track and are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are continue to track and are just
+interested in seeing where that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in seeing where that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in seeing where that where
+that goes to so within the within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes to so within the within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes to so within the within the
+first few however these are all products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few however these are all products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few however these are all products
+that you can buy today you can go out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can buy today you can go out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can buy today you can go out to
+your favorite your your computing store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your favorite your your computing store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your favorite your your computing store
+and just purchase these off-the-shelf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just purchase these off-the-shelf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just purchase these off-the-shelf
+solutions a lot of software has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions a lot of software has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions a lot of software has been
+written to work with these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written to work with these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written to work with these different
+technologies and it's it's a really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and it's it's a really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and it's it's a really nice
+time to be involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the exam the question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the exam the question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the exam the question is what
+you know can I think about neuromorphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know can I think about neuromorphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know can I think about neuromorphic
+what should I think about when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should I think about when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should I think about when I'm
+thinking about neuromorphic so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about neuromorphic so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about neuromorphic so there's a
+few features which I say fall into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few features which I say fall into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few features which I say fall into the
+camp of what people are calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp of what people are calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp of what people are calling
+neuromorphic computing one is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuromorphic computing one is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuromorphic computing one is what
+they're calling a brain inspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're calling a brain inspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're calling a brain inspired
+architecture which often means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture which often means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture which often means it's
+clock las' so you typically have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock las' so you typically have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock las' so you typically have some
+sort of a so a lot of these technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a so a lot of these technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a so a lot of these technologies
+have clocked right movement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have clocked right movement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have clocked right movement of
+information these might be clock less in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information these might be clock less in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information these might be clock less in
+nature they typically sit on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature they typically sit on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature they typically sit on top of
+different types of memory architectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of memory architectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of memory architectures
+and the you know trying to think of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the you know trying to think of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the you know trying to think of what
+would be another parameter that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be another parameter that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be another parameter that would be
+that would be very useful let me send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be very useful let me send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be very useful let me send
+you I can probably send you a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I can probably send you a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I can probably send you a couple
+things that that help I'll I highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that help I'll I highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that help I'll I highlight
+that have certainly wouldn't call myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have certainly wouldn't call myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have certainly wouldn't call myself
+an expert in this area but yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expert in this area but yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expert in this area but yeah I think
+the the term that's used is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the term that's used is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the term that's used is it's
+supposed to mimic the brain in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to mimic the brain in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to mimic the brain in the way
+that the computing architecture actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the computing architecture actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the computing architecture actually
+performs our functions so lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs our functions so lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs our functions so lots of
+research as well and this is work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research as well and this is work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research as well and this is work that
+we've done here at the lab on actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done here at the lab on actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done here at the lab on actually
+trying to map the performance of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to map the performance of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to map the performance of these
+different processors and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different processors and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different processors and how they
+perform for different types of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform for different types of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform for different types of functions
+so what what we're doing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what we're doing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what we're doing here is
+basically looking at the power on the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically looking at the power on the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically looking at the power on the x
+axis and the y axis is the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and the y axis is the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and the y axis is the peak
+performance and Giga operations per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and Giga operations per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and Giga operations per
+second different types of precision are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second different types of precision are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second different types of precision are
+noted over there by the different shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted over there by the different shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted over there by the different shapes
+of the boxes and then different form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the boxes and then different form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the boxes and then different form
+factors and the idea here is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and the idea here is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and the idea here is basically
+to say there's so much going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say there's so much going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say there's so much going on in the
+world of computing how can we compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of computing how can we compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of computing how can we compare
+them they all have their own individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they all have their own individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they all have their own individual
+areas where they're strong so one can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where they're strong so one can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where they're strong so one can't
+come up and say well the GPU is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up and say well the GPU is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up and say well the GPU is better
+than the CPU well it depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the CPU well it depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the CPU well it depends on what
+you're trying to do and what your goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do and what your goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do and what your goals
+of the operation are so some of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the operation are so some of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the operation are so some of the the
+key lines to kind of note here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key lines to kind of note here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key lines to kind of note here is that
+there seems to be a lot of existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there seems to be a lot of existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there seems to be a lot of existing
+systems on this hundred Giga operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems on this hundred Giga operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems on this hundred Giga operations
+per watt on this line over here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per watt on this line over here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per watt on this line over here this
+dashed line some of the newer offerings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed line some of the newer offerings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed line some of the newer offerings
+may be fit into the one tera op per watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be fit into the one tera op per watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be fit into the one tera op per watt
+and some of the research chips like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the research chips like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the research chips like
+IBM's TrueNorth or area or intel's area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM's TrueNorth or area or intel's area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM's TrueNorth or area or intel's area
+fall into the sort of just a bit under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into the sort of just a bit under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into the sort of just a bit under
+the tent our operations per what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tent our operations per what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tent our operations per what sort of
+line that we see there but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that we see there but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that we see there but you know
+depending on the type of application you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the type of application you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the type of application you
+may be okay with a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be okay with a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be okay with a certain amount of
+peak power so if you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak power so if you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak power so if you're looking at
+embedded applications you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded applications you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded applications you're probably
+somewhere over here right if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere over here right if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere over here right if you're
+trying to get something that's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get something that's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get something that's you know
+on on a little drone or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on a little drone or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on a little drone or something like
+that you might want to go here and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might want to go here and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might want to go here and if
+you have a data center you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a data center you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a data center you're probably
+okay with that type of power utilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with that type of power utilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with that type of power utilization
+or peak power utilization but you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or peak power utilization but you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or peak power utilization but you do
+need the performance that goes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the performance that goes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the performance that goes along
+with that so I'd say the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so I'd say the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so I'd say the most important
+parts to look at are essentially these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to look at are essentially these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to look at are essentially these
+different lines those are the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lines those are the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lines those are the different
+those are the sort of the trajectories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the sort of the trajectories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the sort of the trajectories
+for maybe some of the existing systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maybe some of the existing systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maybe some of the existing systems
+all the way up to some of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up to some of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up to some of the more
+research-oriented processors out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research-oriented processors out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research-oriented processors out there
+okay alright so we we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay alright so we we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay alright so we we talked about
+modern computing let's talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern computing let's talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern computing let's talk a little bit
+about the robust AI side of things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the robust AI side of things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the robust AI side of things and
+the basic idea between robust AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea between robust AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea between robust AI
+is that it's extremely important and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's extremely important and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's extremely important and the
+reason that it's important is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that it's important is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that it's important is that the
+consequence of actions on certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of actions on certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of actions on certain
+applications of AI can be quite high so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of AI can be quite high so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of AI can be quite high so
+what we've done here is kind of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done here is kind of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done here is kind of think
+about you know where are the places that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know where are the places that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know where are the places that
+maybe humans and machines have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe humans and machines have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe humans and machines have their
+relative strengths so on the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative strengths so on the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative strengths so on the x-axis
+we're talking about the consequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about the consequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about the consequence of
+action so this could be to somebody get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so this could be to somebody get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so this could be to somebody get
+hurt if the system doesn't do the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt if the system doesn't do the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt if the system doesn't do the right
+thing all the way down to no worries if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing all the way down to no worries if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing all the way down to no worries if
+the system doesn't do the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system doesn't do the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system doesn't do the right thing
+right which could be you know maybe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which could be you know maybe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which could be you know maybe some
+of the labeling of images that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the labeling of images that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the labeling of images that we see
+online might fall into this category I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online might fall into this category I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online might fall into this category I'm
+sure people disagree with me on that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure people disagree with me on that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure people disagree with me on that but
+maybe a lot of national security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a lot of national security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a lot of national security
+applications a Health application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications a Health application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications a Health application
+certainly fall into the area of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly fall into the area of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly fall into the area of you know
+high consequence of action if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high consequence of action if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high consequence of action if you give
+someone the wrong treatment that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone the wrong treatment that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone the wrong treatment that's kind
+of a deal and then on the y-axis we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a deal and then on the y-axis we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a deal and then on the y-axis we're
+talking about the confidence level in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the confidence level in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the confidence level in
+the Machine making the decision so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Machine making the decision so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Machine making the decision so how
+much confidence do we have in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much confidence do we have in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much confidence do we have in the system
+that's actually making the decision in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually making the decision in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually making the decision in
+certain cases we might have very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain cases we might have very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain cases we might have very high
+confidence in the system that's making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in the system that's making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in the system that's making a
+decision and obviously in certain cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and obviously in certain cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and obviously in certain cases
+we do not have much confidence in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not have much confidence in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not have much confidence in the
+system making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system making the
+so in areas where you have a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in areas where you have a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in areas where you have a low
+consequence of action maybe high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of action maybe high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of action maybe high
+confidence level in the machine making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence level in the machine making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence level in the machine making
+the decision we might say those are best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision we might say those are best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision we might say those are best
+match to machines those are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match to machines those are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match to machines those are good
+candidates for automation on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates for automation on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates for automation on the on the
+contrary there might be areas where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrary there might be areas where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrary there might be areas where the
+consequence of action is very high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of action is very high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of action is very high and
+we have very little confidence in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have very little confidence in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have very little confidence in the
+system that's making the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's making the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's making the decision
+probably an area we want humans to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably an area we want humans to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably an area we want humans to be
+intricately if not solely or involved or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intricately if not solely or involved or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intricately if not solely or involved or
+responsible and the area in between is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible and the area in between is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible and the area in between is
+where machines might be augmenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where machines might be augmenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where machines might be augmenting
+humans is anybody want to venture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans is anybody want to venture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans is anybody want to venture a
+couple of you know maybe a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of you know maybe a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of you know maybe a couple of
+examples help come up with a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples help come up with a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples help come up with a couple of
+examples here that you might put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here that you might put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here that you might put into
+each of these categories so maybe what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these categories so maybe what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these categories so maybe what's
+what's a good problem that you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a good problem that you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a good problem that you can think
+of that might be best matched to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that might be best matched to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that might be best matched to
+machines beyond labeling images for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines beyond labeling images for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines beyond labeling images for
+advertisements assembly lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisements assembly lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisements assembly lines
+yep that's a good example thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep that's a good example thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep that's a good example thinking
+within like spam filtering could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within like spam filtering could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within like spam filtering could be
+another example where there is I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example where there is I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example where there is I mean it
+there is some machine augmenting human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some machine augmenting human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some machine augmenting human
+it does send you an email saying this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does send you an email saying this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does send you an email saying this is
+spam are you sure but for the most part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spam are you sure but for the most part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spam are you sure but for the most part
+it's largely automated I'd say a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's largely automated I'd say a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's largely automated I'd say a lot of
+the work that many of us are probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that many of us are probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that many of us are probably
+doing falls into this category maybe on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing falls into this category maybe on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing falls into this category maybe on
+different sides of the spectrum but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sides of the spectrum but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sides of the spectrum but of
+where machines are augmenting humans so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where machines are augmenting humans so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where machines are augmenting humans so
+the system can be providing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system can be providing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system can be providing you know
+data back to a human that can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data back to a human that can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data back to a human that can then
+select it might filter information out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select it might filter information out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select it might filter information out
+for humans that then the humans can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for humans that then the humans can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for humans that then the humans can then
+go ahead and say okay well instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and say okay well instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and say okay well instead of
+looking at a thousand documents I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a thousand documents I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a thousand documents I could
+only look at ten which is much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only look at ten which is much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only look at ten which is much better
+and then there's obviously certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's obviously certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's obviously certain
+probably we want humans to be heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably we want humans to be heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably we want humans to be heavily
+involved with any kinetic you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with any kinetic you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with any kinetic you know
+anything that involves life or death we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that involves life or death we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that involves life or death we
+probably want and they're probably legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want and they're probably legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want and they're probably legal
+reasons also that we want humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons also that we want humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons also that we want humans
+involved with things like that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with things like that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with things like that one of
+the examples that you know we often get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples that you know we often get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples that you know we often get
+which is you know autonomous vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know autonomous vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know autonomous vehicles
+and it's always a little confusing where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's always a little confusing where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's always a little confusing where
+autonomous vehicles fall into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous vehicles fall into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous vehicles fall into this
+certainly the consequence of action of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the consequence of action of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the consequence of action of a
+mistake an autonomous vehicle can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake an autonomous vehicle can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake an autonomous vehicle can be
+pretty high and as of today the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high and as of today the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high and as of today the
+confidence in the decision-making is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in the decision-making is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in the decision-making is
+medium at best but people still seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium at best but people still seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium at best but people still seem to
+somehow be okay with fully automating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow be okay with fully automating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow be okay with fully automating
+that just shows how terrible Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just shows how terrible Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just shows how terrible Boston
+roads or driving in general is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads or driving in general is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads or driving in general is that
+we're like I'm not really sure if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like I'm not really sure if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like I'm not really sure if this
+thing will kill me or not but totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing will kill me or not but totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing will kill me or not but totally
+worth the worth worth trying it out sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth the worth worth trying it out sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth the worth worth trying it out sort
+of slowly expand the yellow yes I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slowly expand the yellow yes I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slowly expand the yellow yes I'd say
+that the question is you know is the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the question is you know is the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the question is you know is the is
+the yellow expanding I think so I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow expanding I think so I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow expanding I think so I you
+know what one could make the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what one could make the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what one could make the argument
+that is it shifting that direction are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it shifting that direction are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it shifting that direction are
+we finding areas where and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finding areas where and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finding areas where and I think
+that's maybe the direction I'm where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe the direction I'm where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe the direction I'm where we
+are probably looking at automating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably looking at automating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably looking at automating
+certain things a little bit more as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things a little bit more as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things a little bit more as
+confidence and decision-making goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence and decision-making goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence and decision-making goes up
+so you might think about this frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might think about this frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might think about this frontier
+sort of moving down so that maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of moving down so that maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of moving down so that maybe the
+green expanding slightly and the yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green expanding slightly and the yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green expanding slightly and the yellow
+kind of taking over a little bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of taking over a little bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of taking over a little bit of the
+red there might be some places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red there might be some places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red there might be some places where
+over time we're more open to the Machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time we're more open to the Machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time we're more open to the Machine
+making a decision and the human having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a decision and the human having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a decision and the human having
+largely supervisory supervise having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely supervisory supervise having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely supervisory supervise having a
+largely supervisory role which I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely supervisory role which I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely supervisory role which I would
+put right at this frontier between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put right at this frontier between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put right at this frontier between the
+yellow and the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can think of some examples but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can think of some examples but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can think of some examples but maybe
+I'll share it with them share it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll share it with them share it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll share it with them share it with
+you later so certainly robust artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you later so certainly robust artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you later so certainly robust artificial
+intelligence plays a very important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence plays a very important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence plays a very important part
+in the development and deployment of AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the development and deployment of AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the development and deployment of AI
+systems I won't go through the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I won't go through the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I won't go through the details
+of each of these I'm sure many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of these I'm sure many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of these I'm sure many of you
+are very familiar with it and I know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very familiar with it and I know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very familiar with it and I know a
+few of you are far more knowledgeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of you are far more knowledgeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of you are far more knowledgeable
+about this maybe than I am but some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this maybe than I am but some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this maybe than I am but some of
+the key features would be explainable AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key features would be explainable AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key features would be explainable AI
+which is a system being able to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a system being able to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a system being able to describe
+what it's doing in an interpretable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's doing in an interpretable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's doing in an interpretable
+fashion metrics so being able to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion metrics so being able to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion metrics so being able to provide
+the right metric right if you want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right metric right if you want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right metric right if you want to go
+beyond accuracy or performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond accuracy or performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond accuracy or performance
+validation and verification there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation and verification there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation and verification there might
+be cases where you're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cases where you're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cases where you're not really
+concerned about the explained ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about the explained ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about the explained ability
+but you just want to know that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you just want to know that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you just want to know that when I
+pass an input I get an own output out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass an input I get an own output out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass an input I get an own output out of
+it and is there a way to confirm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and is there a way to confirm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and is there a way to confirm that
+I'm able to do that another could be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm able to do that another could be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm able to do that another could be on
+security so an example of this are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security so an example of this are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security so an example of this are not
+having security to be counter AI right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having security to be counter AI right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having security to be counter AI right
+so when we talk about security within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we talk about security within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we talk about security within
+the context of robust AI it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of robust AI it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of robust AI it's almost
+like the cryptographic way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the cryptographic way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the cryptographic way of thinking
+about it which is can I protect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it which is can I protect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it which is can I protect the
+confidentiality integrity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality integrity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality integrity and
+availability of my algorithm the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of my algorithm the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of my algorithm the data
+sets the outputs the the weights the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the outputs the the weights the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the outputs the the weights the
+biases etc and finally of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases etc and finally of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases etc and finally of a lot of
+significant importance is policy ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant importance is policy ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant importance is policy ethics
+safety and training this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety and training this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety and training this is actually
+very important in some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in some of those
+applications where you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications where you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications where you know in the
+previous slide we had the yellow and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide we had the yellow and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide we had the yellow and the
+red where humans and machines augmenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red where humans and machines augmenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red where humans and machines augmenting
+humans where that falls a lot of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans where that falls a lot of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans where that falls a lot of that
+might be governed by policy ethic safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be governed by policy ethic safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be governed by policy ethic safety
+and training which is some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and training which is some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and training which is some of the
+examples that I can think of where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that I can think of where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that I can think of where there
+are policy reasons that make it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are policy reasons that make it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are policy reasons that make it that
+only a human can be involved with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a human can be involved with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a human can be involved with this
+may be with minimal input from a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the final sort of component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the final sort of component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the final sort of component of
+our AI architecture we've gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our AI architecture we've gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our AI architecture we've gone through
+conditioning algorithms computing robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning algorithms computing robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning algorithms computing robust
+AI is human machine teaming and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI is human machine teaming and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI is human machine teaming and think
+what we want to get across with human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to get across with human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to get across with human
+machine teaming that is it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine teaming that is it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine teaming that is it really
+depends on the application and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the application and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the application and what
+you're trying to do but it is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do but it is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do but it is important
+to think about the human in the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the human in the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the human in the machine
+working together and there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together and there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together and there's this
+there's a spectrum of where the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a spectrum of where the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a spectrum of where the machine
+will largely will play a large part in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will largely will play a large part in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will largely will play a large part in a
+human largely supervisory or to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human largely supervisory or to where
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+the human plays a large part and the
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+
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+machine is you know very targeted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is you know very targeted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is you know very targeted in
+what you do with the machine or the AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do with the machine or the AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+of the system but a couple of ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system but a couple of ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system but a couple of ways to
+think about it would be of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it would be of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it would be of course you
+know we talked about the confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we talked about the confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we talked about the confidence
+level versus consequence of actions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level versus consequence of actions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level versus consequence of actions but
+also the scale versus application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the scale versus application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the scale versus application
+complexity so on the top chart over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity so on the top chart over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity so on the top chart over
+there we have on the the x-axis is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we have on the the x-axis is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we have on the the x-axis is the
+application complexity how complex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application complexity how complex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application complexity how complex is
+this application and on the y-axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this application and on the y-axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this application and on the y-axis is
+sort of the scale you know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the scale you know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the scale you know how many
+times do you need to keep doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times do you need to keep doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times do you need to keep doing this
+thing places that machines might be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing places that machines might be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective than humans or where we have
+ 
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+low application complexity but very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low application complexity but very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low application complexity but very very
+high scale so again spam filtering falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high scale so again spam filtering falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high scale so again spam filtering falls
+into this the complexity of spam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this the complexity of spam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this the complexity of spam
+filtering has gone up over time but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering has gone up over time but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering has gone up over time but is
+something that you know is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you know is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you know is is is
+reasonable within systems but the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable within systems but the scale
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+is very high that we just don't want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very high that we just don't want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very high that we just don't want a
+human being involved with that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being involved with that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being involved with that process
+and on the other end of the spectrum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other end of the spectrum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other end of the spectrum is
+where you have very high application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have very high application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have very high application
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity that'll only happen a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity that'll only happen a couple
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times so this could be say reviewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times so this could be say reviewing
+a situation you know maybe a company's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation you know maybe a company's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation you know maybe a company's
+trying to make an acquisition it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make an acquisition it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make an acquisition it's not
+going to happen over and over so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen over and over so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen over and over so you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a human involved with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that kind of goes through a lot of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that kind of goes through a lot of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for specific pieces of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+but really it's the human that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really it's the human that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really it's the human that might be
+more effective in that especially given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effective in that especially given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effective in that especially given
+that the situation would change over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the situation would change over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the situation would change over and
+over all right so with that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all right so with that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all right so with that we're going
+to take a quick tour of the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a quick tour of the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a quick tour of the world of
+machine learning I'll stop there for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning I'll stop there for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning I'll stop there for a
+second any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so what is machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so what is machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so what is machine
+learning always a good place to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning always a good place to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning always a good place to start
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the study of algorithms to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+their performance and some tasks at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their performance and some tasks at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their performance and some tasks at some
+task with experience and in this context
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+task with experience and in this context
+ 
+
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+experiences data and they typically do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences data and they typically do
+this by optimizing based on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by optimizing based on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by optimizing based on some
+performance criteria that uses example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance criteria that uses example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+data or past experience so in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or past experience so in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or past experience so in the world
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of supervised learning that could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+example data or past experience could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the correct label given an input data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct label given an input data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct label given an input data
+set input data point machine learning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set input data point machine learning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set input data point machine learning is
+a combination of tikrit techniques from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of tikrit techniques from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of tikrit techniques from
+statistics computer in computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics computer in computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics computer in computer science
+communities and it's the idea of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and it's the idea of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and it's the idea of getting
+computers to sort of program themselves
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+ align:start position:0%
+computers to sort of program themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers to sort of program themselves
+common tasks within the world of machine
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+ align:start position:0%
+common tasks within the world of machine
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+common tasks within the world of machine
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning could be things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning could be things like
+classification regression prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification regression prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification regression prediction
+clustering etc for those who are maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering etc for those who are maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering etc for those who are maybe
+kind of making the shift to machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of making the shift to machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of making the shift to machine
+learning from traditional programming I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from traditional programming I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from traditional programming I
+found this again for Pedro Domingos to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this again for Pedro Domingos to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this again for Pedro Domingos to
+be a very useful way of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very useful way of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very useful way of sort of
+describing it to people so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it to people so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it to people so in
+traditional programming you have a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional programming you have a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional programming you have a data
+set you write a program which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you write a program which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you write a program which would be
+if you see this do that when you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see this do that when you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see this do that when you see
+this do that you know for this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this do that you know for this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this do that you know for this many
+instances do the following thing on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances do the following thing on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances do the following thing on it
+and then write an output out right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then write an output out right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then write an output out right so
+you input a data into the program into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you input a data into the program into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you input a data into the program into a
+computer and the computer produces an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and the computer produces an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and the computer produces an
+output where it says okay I've applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output where it says okay I've applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output where it says okay I've applied
+this program on that data and this gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program on that data and this gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program on that data and this gives
+me the output machine learning is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the output machine learning is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the output machine learning is sort
+of a very different way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a very different way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a very different way of thinking
+about it in which you're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in which you're almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in which you're almost
+inputting the data as well as the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputting the data as well as the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputting the data as well as the output
+so in this case the data could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case the data could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case the data could be
+unlabeled images the output could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlabeled images the output could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlabeled images the output could be the
+labels associated with those images and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels associated with those images and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels associated with those images and
+you tell the computer figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell the computer figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell the computer figure out what
+the program would look like and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program would look like and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program would look like and that's
+just a slightly different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a slightly different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a slightly different way of
+thinking about machine learning versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about machine learning versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about machine learning versus
+traditional programming what are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional programming what are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional programming what are some of
+these programs or algorithms that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs or algorithms that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs or algorithms that the
+computer might use to figure it out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer might use to figure it out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer might use to figure it out so
+within the within the the large realm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the within the the large realm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the within the the large realm of
+machine learning we have supervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning we have supervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning we have supervised
+unsupervised reinforcement learning what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised reinforcement learning what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised reinforcement learning what
+we have in the brackets is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the brackets is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the brackets is essentially
+what you're providing in the world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're providing in the world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're providing in the world in
+the case of supervised learning you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of supervised learning you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of supervised learning you're
+providing labels which is the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing labels which is the correct
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing labels which is the correct
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+label associated with an input feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label associated with an input feature
+or with an input data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with an input data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with an input data
+set a data point in unsupervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a data point in unsupervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a data point in unsupervised
+learning you typically have no labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning you typically have no labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning you typically have no labels
+but also are limited by what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also are limited by what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also are limited by what the
+algorithm itself can do and in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm itself can do and in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm itself can do and in the world
+of reinforcement learning you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reinforcement learning you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reinforcement learning you're
+providing instead of a label per data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing instead of a label per data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing instead of a label per data
+point you're providing the reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you're providing the reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you're providing the reward
+information to the system that says if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to the system that says if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to the system that says if
+you're doing more if you're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing more if you're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing more if you're doing the
+right thing I'm going to give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing I'm going to give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing I'm going to give you some
+points if you're doing the wrong thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points if you're doing the wrong thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points if you're doing the wrong thing
+I'm gonna take away some points very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna take away some points very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna take away some points very
+useful in like very complex applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in like very complex applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in like very complex applications
+where you you can't really figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you you can't really figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you you can't really figure out
+the the labels associated with each data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the labels associated with each data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the labels associated with each data
+point within the world of supervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point within the world of supervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point within the world of supervised
+learning the typical tasks that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the typical tasks that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the typical tasks that people
+have and I should note before I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and I should note before I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and I should note before I go
+through this there's a lot of overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this there's a lot of overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this there's a lot of overlap
+between all of these different pieces so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all of these different pieces so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all of these different pieces so
+this is a high-level view and but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a high-level view and but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a high-level view and but we can
+certainly argue about the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly argue about the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly argue about the specific
+positioning of everything I'm sure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioning of everything I'm sure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioning of everything I'm sure we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+so within supervised learning you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so within supervised learning you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so within supervised learning you can
+fall into classification regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into classification regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into classification regression
+unsupervised learning is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised learning is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised learning is typically
+clustering dimensionality reduction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering dimensionality reduction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering dimensionality reduction and
+within these there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within these there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within these there are different
+algorithms that that fall into place so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that that fall into place so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that that fall into place so
+examples could be things like neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples could be things like neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples could be things like neural
+nets which sort of cover all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nets which sort of cover all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nets which sort of cover all of these
+spaces get logistic regression PCA which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces get logistic regression PCA which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces get logistic regression PCA which
+might fall into dimensionality reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might fall into dimensionality reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might fall into dimensionality reduction
+lots and lots of different techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of different techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of different techniques
+and also some in the reinforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also some in the reinforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also some in the reinforcement
+learning world and there's just more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning world and there's just more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning world and there's just more and
+more and more if you open up a survey of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more if you open up a survey of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more if you open up a survey of
+machine learning it's it'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning it's it'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning it's it'll give you
+even more than all of these techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more than all of these techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more than all of these techniques
+over here and the thing to remember when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and the thing to remember when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and the thing to remember when
+you're using machine learning is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using machine learning is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using machine learning is that
+there are some common pitfalls that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some common pitfalls that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some common pitfalls that you
+can fall into an example of that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fall into an example of that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fall into an example of that would
+be overfitting versus under fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be overfitting versus under fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be overfitting versus under fitting
+where you you come up with this awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you you come up with this awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you you come up with this awesome
+model that does really really well on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that does really really well on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that does really really well on
+your training data you apply it to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your training data you apply it to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your training data you apply it to your
+test data and you get terrible results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test data and you get terrible results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test data and you get terrible results
+you might not have your you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not have your you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not have your you might have
+done a really good job learning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a really good job learning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a really good job learning the
+training data but not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data but not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data but not necessarily
+learning being able to generalize beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning being able to generalize beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning being able to generalize beyond
+that sometimes it could be just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes it could be just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes it could be just the
+algorithm itself is unable to correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm itself is unable to correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm itself is unable to correctly
+model the behavior that's exhibited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the behavior that's exhibited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the behavior that's exhibited by
+the training and test data I won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training and test data I won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training and test data I won't go
+through each of these again but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each of these again but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each of these again but there
+might just be bad noisy missing data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just be bad noisy missing data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just be bad noisy missing data
+that certainly happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certainly happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certainly happens
+you end up with an algorithm with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with an algorithm with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with an algorithm with
+terrible results and you look at it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible results and you look at it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible results and you look at it and
+you're like why is that and you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like why is that and you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like why is that and you actually
+look at the data that you did and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the data that you did and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the data that you did and it was
+incorrect that there was just missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect that there was just missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect that there was just missing
+features or it was noisy in nature such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features or it was noisy in nature such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features or it was noisy in nature such
+that the actual phenomenology that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the actual phenomenology that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the actual phenomenology that you
+are trying to look for was hidden within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to look for was hidden within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to look for was hidden within
+the noise you might have picked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise you might have picked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise you might have picked the
+wrong model you might have used a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong model you might have used a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong model you might have used a linear
+model in a nonlinear case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in a nonlinear case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in a nonlinear case where the
+phenomenology are trying to describe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenology are trying to describe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenology are trying to describe is
+nonlinear in nature but maybe you use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear in nature but maybe you use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear in nature but maybe you use a
+linear model you've not done a good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model you've not done a good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model you've not done a good job
+of separating training versus testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of separating training versus testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of separating training versus testing
+data etc etc so we'll just take a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data etc etc so we'll just take a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data etc etc so we'll just take a quick
+view into each of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view into each of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view into each of these different
+learning paradigms so the first is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning paradigms so the first is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning paradigms so the first is on
+supervised learning and you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised learning and you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised learning and you basically
+start with labelled data or what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with labelled data or what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with labelled data or what we call
+grows often refer to as ground truth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows often refer to as ground truth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows often refer to as ground truth and
+you build a model that predicts labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build a model that predicts labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build a model that predicts labels
+given new pieces of data and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given new pieces of data and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given new pieces of data and you have
+two general goals one is to one is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two general goals one is to one is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two general goals one is to one is in
+regression which is to predict some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression which is to predict some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression which is to predict some sort
+of a continuous variable or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a continuous variable or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a continuous variable or a
+classification which is to predict a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification which is to predict a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification which is to predict a
+class or label so if we kind of look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or label so if we kind of look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or label so if we kind of look at
+this the the diagram on the right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the the diagram on the right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the the diagram on the right we
+have training data that we provide which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have training data that we provide which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have training data that we provide which
+is data and labels that goes into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is data and labels that goes into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is data and labels that goes into a
+train model the that's typically an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train model the that's typically an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train model the that's typically an
+iterative process where we find out well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative process where we find out well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative process where we find out well
+did we do a good job that that is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we do a good job that that is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we do a good job that that is now
+called the supervised learning model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the supervised learning model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the supervised learning model
+that we then apply new data or test data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we then apply new data or test data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we then apply new data or test data
+or unseen data to and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or unseen data to and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or unseen data to and look at the
+predicted labels typically when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted labels typically when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted labels typically when you are
+designing an algorithm like this you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing an algorithm like this you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing an algorithm like this you'd
+separate out you take your training data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate out you take your training data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate out you take your training data
+you'd remove a small portion of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd remove a small portion of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd remove a small portion of it that
+you do know the labels for that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do know the labels for that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do know the labels for that's your
+test data over here and and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test data over here and and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test data over here and and then you
+kind of run that and you can see well is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of run that and you can see well is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of run that and you can see well is
+it working well or not and most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it working well or not and most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it working well or not and most of these
+algorithms have a training step that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms have a training step that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms have a training step that
+forms a model so when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms a model so when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms a model so when we talk about
+machine learning and in the super both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning and in the super both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning and in the super both
+the supervised and unsupervised sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supervised and unsupervised sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supervised and unsupervised sense
+we'll often talk about training the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll often talk about training the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll often talk about training the
+model which is this process and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is this process and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is this process and then
+inference which is the second step which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference which is the second step which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference which is the second step which
+is where you apply unseen data so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you apply unseen data so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you apply unseen data so this
+is the the trained model in deployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the trained model in deployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the trained model in deployment
+or in the field it's performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the field it's performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the field it's performing
+inference at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference at that point
+of course no class these days on machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course no class these days on machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course no class these days on machine
+learning and AI could go without talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and AI could go without talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and AI could go without talking
+about neural networks and as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about neural networks and as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about neural networks and as I mentioned
+neural networks do form a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks do form a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks do form a very important
+a part of machine learning and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of machine learning and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of machine learning and they
+certainly are an algorithm that many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly are an algorithm that many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly are an algorithm that many of
+you I'm sure are familiar with and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm sure are familiar with and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm sure are familiar with and they
+they fall well within the supervised and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall well within the supervised and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall well within the supervised and
+unsupervised and they've been used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised and they've been used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised and they've been used for
+so many different applications at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many different applications at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many different applications at this
+point so what's a neural network a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so what's a neural network a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so what's a neural network a
+computing system inspired by biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing system inspired by biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing system inspired by biological
+networks and the system essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and the system essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and the system essentially
+learns by repetitive training to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns by repetitive training to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns by repetitive training to do
+tasks based on examples much of the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks based on examples much of the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks based on examples much of the work
+that we've seen is typically it being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen is typically it being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen is typically it being
+applied to supervised learning though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to supervised learning though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to supervised learning though
+I'll mention some that we are doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll mention some that we are doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll mention some that we are doing some
+research and actually applying it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and actually applying it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and actually applying it for
+unsupervised learning as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised learning as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised learning as well and
+they're in there quite powerful the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in there quite powerful the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in there quite powerful the
+components of a neural network include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of a neural network include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of a neural network include
+inputs layers outputs and weights so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs layers outputs and weights so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs layers outputs and weights so
+these are often the terms that someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are often the terms that someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are often the terms that someone
+will use and a deep neural network has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use and a deep neural network has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use and a deep neural network has
+lots of hidden layers does anyone here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of hidden layers does anyone here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of hidden layers does anyone here
+have a better definition for what deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better definition for what deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better definition for what deep
+in neural network means beyond lots for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in neural network means beyond lots for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in neural network means beyond lots for
+definitions anywhere three and above yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more than one layer but not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one layer but not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one layer but not necessarily
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so one definition here for deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so one definition here for deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so one definition here for deep
+is and this is anyone have a better no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this is anyone have a better no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this is anyone have a better no
+that's the the the one to beat right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the the one to beat right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the the one to beat right now
+is is sort of a feature of a deep neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is sort of a feature of a deep neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is sort of a feature of a deep neural
+network could be recurrence within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network could be recurrence within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network could be recurrence within the
+network architecture which implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network architecture which implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network architecture which implies that
+there you know that there is some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know that there is some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know that there is some sort
+of depth to the overall network so above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of depth to the overall network so above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of depth to the overall network so above
+three with recurrence deep alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three with recurrence deep alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three with recurrence deep alright
+lots of variants within the supervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of variants within the supervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of variants within the supervised
+world of of of neural networks such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of of of neural networks such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of of of neural networks such as
+convolutional neural network for cursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural network for cursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural network for cursive
+neural networks deep belief networks one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks deep belief networks one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks deep belief networks one
+of I think in my opinion again since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I think in my opinion again since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I think in my opinion again since
+you've all asked me to opine here no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all asked me to opine here no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all asked me to opine here no
+you've not but I think a reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've not but I think a reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've not but I think a reason that
+these are so popular these days is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are so popular these days is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are so popular these days is
+there's so many tools out there that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many tools out there that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many tools out there that are
+very easy to use you can just go online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to use you can just go online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to use you can just go online
+and within about five minutes write your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within about five minutes write your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within about five minutes write your
+first neural network try writing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first neural network try writing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first neural network try writing a
+hidden Markov model that quickly maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden Markov model that quickly maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden Markov model that quickly maybe
+there are people who can but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who can but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who can but in general
+in general so what are the features of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general so what are the features of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general so what are the features of a
+deep neural network so you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep neural network so you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep neural network so you have some
+sort of input features you have weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of input features you have weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of input features you have weights
+which are essentially associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are essentially associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are essentially associated with
+each line over here as well as biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each line over here as well as biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each line over here as well as biases
+for each of the layers that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of the layers that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of the layers that sort of
+govern the interaction between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern the interaction between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern the interaction between the
+layers and then an output layer so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and then an output layer so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and then an output layer so these
+input features can often be combined to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input features can often be combined to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input features can often be combined to
+each other so these feature vectors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so these feature vectors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so these feature vectors that
+are coming in can often be combined I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming in can often be combined I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming in can often be combined I
+think Jeremy will talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Jeremy will talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Jeremy will talk a little bit
+about how they the matrix view of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they the matrix view of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they the matrix view of all of
+this but you can kind of think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you can kind of think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you can kind of think of it as
+if you're an example could be if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're an example could be if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're an example could be if you
+have an image it could be the pixel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an image it could be the pixel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an image it could be the pixel the
+RGB pixel values of each of each pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RGB pixel values of each of each pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RGB pixel values of each of each pixel
+in that image could be the input feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that image could be the input feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that image could be the input feature
+so you could have large numbers of input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have large numbers of input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have large numbers of input
+features if you have a time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features if you have a time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features if you have a time series
+signal it could be the amplitude or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal it could be the amplitude or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal it could be the amplitude or the
+magnitude at a particular frequency or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude at a particular frequency or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude at a particular frequency or
+at a particular step there's often a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular step there's often a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular step there's often a
+combination of features that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of features that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of features that you might
+do so in addition to the pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so in addition to the pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so in addition to the pixel
+intensities for an image you might also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities for an image you might also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities for an image you might also
+then combine the spatial distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then combine the spatial distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then combine the spatial distance
+between two pixels or its position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two pixels or its position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two pixels or its position
+within the image may also be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the image may also be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the image may also be another
+input feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input feature
+and you can really go hog-wild over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can really go hog-wild over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can really go hog-wild over here
+just trying to come up with new features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to come up with new features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to come up with new features
+and there's a lot of research just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of research just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of research just in
+that area which is I take a dataset that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area which is I take a dataset that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area which is I take a dataset that
+everyone knows and I'm just gonna spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone knows and I'm just gonna spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone knows and I'm just gonna spend
+a lot of time doing feature engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time doing feature engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time doing feature engineering
+which is coming up with what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is coming up with what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is coming up with what is the
+right way to to do the features so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way to to do the features so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way to to do the features so
+coming back to an earlier question this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to an earlier question this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to an earlier question this
+is an area where people are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an area where people are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an area where people are often
+looking at supplementing maybe a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at supplementing maybe a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at supplementing maybe a given
+data set with additional data and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set with additional data and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set with additional data and then
+fusing those two pieces together for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusing those two pieces together for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusing those two pieces together for
+example could be audio and text together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example could be audio and text together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example could be audio and text together
+as input features to a network that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as input features to a network that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as input features to a network that you
+can then learn that might do a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then learn that might do a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then learn that might do a better
+job but all of this you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job but all of this you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job but all of this you know sort of
+governed by this really really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed by this really really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed by this really really simple
+but powerful equation which is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but powerful equation which is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but powerful equation which is that the
+output at the I plus one layer is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output at the I plus one layer is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output at the I plus one layer is given
+by some nonlinear function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some nonlinear function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some nonlinear function of the
+weights multiplied by the inputs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights multiplied by the inputs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights multiplied by the inputs from
+the previous step plus some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous step plus some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous step plus some sort of a
+bias term then and when you're learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias term then and when you're learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias term then and when you're learning
+when you're training a machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're training a machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're training a machine learning
+model you're essentially trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you're essentially trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you're essentially trying to
+figure out what the W's are and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the W's are and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the W's are and what the
+B's are that's really what a model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's are that's really what a model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's are that's really what a model is
+defined as so if we kind of zoom into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as so if we kind of zoom into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as so if we kind of zoom into
+one of these pieces it's it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these pieces it's it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these pieces it's it's actually
+pretty straightforward what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward what's going on
+over here so you have your inputs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so you have your inputs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so you have your inputs that
+are coming from the previous layer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming from the previous layer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming from the previous layer so
+this could be your Y sub I here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be your Y sub I here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be your Y sub I here are the
+different weight so w1 w2 w3 these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different weight so w1 w2 w3 these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different weight so w1 w2 w3 these are
+the connections are the weights going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connections are the weights going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connections are the weights going
+into a neuron or a node and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a neuron or a node and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a neuron or a node and you know
+performing some function on these inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing some function on these inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing some function on these inputs
+and that function is referred to as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that function is referred to as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that function is referred to as an
+activation function so let's just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation function so let's just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation function so let's just take
+an example where we have some actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example where we have some actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example where we have some actual
+numbers maybe I've gone through I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers maybe I've gone through I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers maybe I've gone through I've
+trained my models I figured out that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained my models I figured out that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained my models I figured out that in
+this just for this one dot in that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just for this one dot in that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just for this one dot in that big
+network that we saw earlier that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that we saw earlier that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that we saw earlier that my
+weights are two point seven eight point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights are two point seven eight point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights are two point seven eight point
+six and zero point zero zero two my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and zero point zero zero two my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and zero point zero zero two my
+inputs from the previous layer would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs from the previous layer would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs from the previous layer would be
+is maybe negative zero point zero six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe negative zero point zero six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe negative zero point zero six
+two point five one point four and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point five one point four and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point five one point four and all
+I'm doing is coming up with this X which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing is coming up with this X which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing is coming up with this X which
+is negative zero point zero six x two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative zero point zero six x two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative zero point zero six x two
+point seven plus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven plus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven plus two
+point five times eight point six plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five times eight point six plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five times eight point six plus
+one point four times that that gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point four times that that gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point four times that that gives me
+some number twenty one point thirty-four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number twenty one point thirty-four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number twenty one point thirty-four
+I apply my nonlinear function which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apply my nonlinear function which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apply my nonlinear function which in
+this case is a sigmoid governed by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is a sigmoid governed by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is a sigmoid governed by that
+equation at the top right and I say F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation at the top right and I say F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation at the top right and I say F of
+twenty one point three four so somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty one point three four so somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty one point three four so somewhere
+way over there is approximately one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way over there is approximately one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way over there is approximately one
+right so this probably a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this probably a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this probably a little less
+than one but approximately one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one but approximately one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one but approximately one for the
+for the purpose of this and you just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purpose of this and you just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purpose of this and you just do
+that over and over so really a neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over and over so really a neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over and over so really a neural
+network that I think the power of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that I think the power of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that I think the power of a
+neural network is it allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network is it allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network is it allows you to
+encode a lot less information than many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode a lot less information than many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode a lot less information than many
+of the other machine learning algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other machine learning algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other machine learning algorithms
+out there at the cost typically have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there at the cost typically have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there at the cost typically have a
+lot more data being used and a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more data being used and a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more data being used and a lot more
+computing being used but for many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing being used but for many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing being used but for many people
+that's perfectly fine right and but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perfectly fine right and but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perfectly fine right and but it
+does take it's just over and over back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does take it's just over and over back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does take it's just over and over back
+and forth back and forth back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth back and forth back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth back and forth back and forth
+to come up with what's the right double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with what's the right double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with what's the right double
+use in order for this to give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in order for this to give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in order for this to give me a
+result that looks reasonable lots of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that looks reasonable lots of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that looks reasonable lots of you
+know lots of work going on in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lots of work going on in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lots of work going on in just
+deciding the right activation function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding the right activation function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding the right activation function I
+showed you a sigmoid over there we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you a sigmoid over there we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you a sigmoid over there we do a
+lot of work with riilu units you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work with riilu units you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work with riilu units you know
+the choice is you know there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice is you know there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice is you know there are certain
+applications certain I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications certain I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications certain I should say
+domains or applications or people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains or applications or people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains or applications or people have
+found that a particular activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that a particular activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that a particular activation
+function tends to work well but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function tends to work well but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function tends to work well but that's
+that choice is something I kind of leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that choice is something I kind of leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that choice is something I kind of leave
+to domain experts to maybe look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to domain experts to maybe look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to domain experts to maybe look at their
+problem and figure out what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and figure out what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and figure out what are the
+relative advantages each of these kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative advantages each of these kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative advantages each of these kind
+of have their own advantages I know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have their own advantages I know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have their own advantages I know like
+for example one of the big advantages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example one of the big advantages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example one of the big advantages of
+rectified linear unit is that since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectified linear unit is that since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectified linear unit is that since
+you're not limiting yourself between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not limiting yourself between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not limiting yourself between a
+negative one zero and one range you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one zero and one range you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one zero and one range you
+don't have to do that you don't run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do that you don't run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do that you don't run into
+a problem of vanishing gradients that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem of vanishing gradients that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem of vanishing gradients that
+doesn't mean much for people that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean much for people that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean much for people that's okay
+we're not I spend too much time talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not I spend too much time talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not I spend too much time talking
+about that anyhow yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a so the question is picking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a so the question is picking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a so the question is picking the
+activation functions picking the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation functions picking the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation functions picking the number
+of layers we'll talk about that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of layers we'll talk about that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of layers we'll talk about that in a
+couple of slides but there is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of slides but there is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of slides but there is a lot of
+art trial-and-error yes but also a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art trial-and-error yes but also a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art trial-and-error yes but also a you
+know call it art as well that's involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know call it art as well that's involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know call it art as well that's involved
+with with coming up with that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with coming up with that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with coming up with that a lot of
+what happens in practice however is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in practice however is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in practice however is you
+find an application area which looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an application area which looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an application area which looks
+very similar to the problem that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to the problem that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to the problem that you're
+trying to solve and you might borrow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve and you might borrow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve and you might borrow the
+architecture from there and kind of use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture from there and kind of use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture from there and kind of use
+that as a starting point in coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a starting point in coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a starting point in coming up
+with coming up with where you start I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with coming up with where you start I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with coming up with where you start I'm
+not I'm sure people are doing it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I'm sure people are doing it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I'm sure people are doing it I'm
+personally not familiar with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally not familiar with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally not familiar with that
+research I don't know if anyone else in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research I don't know if anyone else in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research I don't know if anyone else in
+the room has yep okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're trying to learn close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to learn close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to learn close the
+architecture Network the activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture Network the activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture Network the activation
+function or all the other attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or all the other attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or all the other attributes
+because you try to just go from DSM to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you try to just go from DSM to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you try to just go from DSM to
+machine learning system with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning system with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning system with no
+intervention so the question was is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention so the question was is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention so the question was is
+there any research into parametrizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any research into parametrizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any research into parametrizing
+the activation functions I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activation functions I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activation functions I guess the
+model as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as a whole
+so yeah there there's there is and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah there there's there is and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah there there's there is and and
+you know one of the responses was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of the responses was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of the responses was that
+there is a program run by DARPA which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a program run by DARPA which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a program run by DARPA which is
+the d3m program which is really looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the d3m program which is really looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the d3m program which is really looking
+at you know can you go from data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you know can you go from data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you know can you go from data to
+result with no or almost no human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result with no or almost no human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result with no or almost no human
+intervention so that would be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention so that would be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention so that would be there
+certainly I'm not familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly I'm not familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly I'm not familiar with
+activation function parameterization but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation function parameterization but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation function parameterization but
+certainly network model parametrizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly network model parametrizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly network model parametrizations
+absolutely there so people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely there so people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely there so people who are
+running optimization models to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running optimization models to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running optimization models to basically
+look for I have this particular set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for I have this particular set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for I have this particular set of
+resources what is the best model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources what is the best model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources what is the best model
+architecture that fits into that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture that fits into that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture that fits into that you
+know maybe I want to deploy this on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe I want to deploy this on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe I want to deploy this on a
+really tiny processor that only gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tiny processor that only gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tiny processor that only gives me
+you know 16 megabytes of memory I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 16 megabytes of memory I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 16 megabytes of memory I want
+to make sure that my model and data can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that my model and data can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that my model and data can
+fit on that can you find what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit on that can you find what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit on that can you find what would be
+the ideal ideal model for that so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal ideal model for that so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal ideal model for that so that's
+absolutely something that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely something that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely something that people are
+doing right now but I'm not sure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing right now but I'm not sure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing right now but I'm not sure if
+people are like trying to come up with I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are like trying to come up with I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are like trying to come up with I
+guess brand new activation functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so lots lots of stuff in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so lots lots of stuff in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so lots lots of stuff in the
+neural network landscape and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network landscape and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network landscape and as I
+mentioned earlier neural network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier neural network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier neural network
+training is essentially adjusting waits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training is essentially adjusting waits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training is essentially adjusting waits
+until the function represented by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the function represented by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the function represented by the
+neural network essentially does what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network essentially does what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network essentially does what you
+would like it to do and the key idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like it to do and the key idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like it to do and the key idea
+here is to iteratively adjust weights to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to iteratively adjust weights to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to iteratively adjust weights to
+reduce the error so what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the error so what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the error so what you do is you
+take some random instantiation of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some random instantiation of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some random instantiation of your
+neural network or maybe based on another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network or maybe based on another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network or maybe based on another
+domain or another problem you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain or another problem you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain or another problem you might
+borrow that and you kind of start there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow that and you kind of start there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow that and you kind of start there
+and then you pass the data set in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you pass the data set in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you pass the data set in you
+look at the output and you say hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the output and you say hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the output and you say hmm
+that's not right what went wrong over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not right what went wrong over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not right what went wrong over
+here and you kind of adjust kind of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you kind of adjust kind of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you kind of adjust kind of go
+back and adjust things and do that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and adjust things and do that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and adjust things and do that again
+and again and again and again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again and again and again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again and again and again and again
+over and over until you get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over until you get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over until you get something
+that looks reasonable that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks reasonable that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks reasonable that's really
+what's going on over there and so real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on over there and so real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on over there and so real
+neural networks can have thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks can have thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks can have thousands of
+input data points hundreds of layers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input data points hundreds of layers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input data points hundreds of layers and
+millions to billions of weight changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions to billions of weight changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions to billions of weight changes
+per iteration yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yes there's a lot of work being done to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there's a lot of work being done to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there's a lot of work being done to
+paralyze this and and by default so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze this and and by default so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze this and and by default so the
+question is is you know when as I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is you know when as I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is you know when as I just
+described it right now it's a serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described it right now it's a serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described it right now it's a serial
+process where I pass one data point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where I pass one data point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where I pass one data point in
+it detector goes all the way to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it detector goes all the way to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it detector goes all the way to the end
+it you know it says this is the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know it says this is the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know it says this is the output
+goes back and adjusts are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back and adjusts are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back and adjusts are there
+techniques that people are doing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that people are doing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that people are doing to do
+this in a distributed fashion and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a distributed fashion and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a distributed fashion and the
+answer to that is is a strong yes it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that is is a strong yes it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that is is a strong yes it's a
+very active area in especially high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very active area in especially high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very active area in especially high
+performance computing and machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance computing and machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance computing and machine
+learning we might talk about this in are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning we might talk about this in are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning we might talk about this in are
+we talking about this on day three we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talking about this on day three we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talking about this on day three we
+might we might talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might we might talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might we might talk a little bit about
+it but there is you know model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but there is you know model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but there is you know model
+parallelism which is I have the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism which is I have the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism which is I have the model
+itself distributed across multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself distributed across multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself distributed across multiple
+pieces and I want to it adjust different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and I want to it adjust different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and I want to it adjust different
+pieces of the model at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of the model at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of the model at the same time
+there's research and lots of results I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's research and lots of results I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's research and lots of results I
+think we might even have some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we might even have some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we might even have some examples
+that people are doing with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a little bit earlier yeah so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit earlier yeah so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit earlier yeah so there are
+many different ways to paralyze it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different ways to paralyze it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different ways to paralyze it one
+would be data parallelism which is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be data parallelism which is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be data parallelism which is I
+take my big data set or big data point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my big data set or big data point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my big data set or big data point
+and I distribute that across my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I distribute that across my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I distribute that across my
+different nodes and each one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different nodes and each one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different nodes and each one kind of
+independently learns a model that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently learns a model that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently learns a model that works
+well and then I do some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then I do some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then I do some sort of
+synchronization across these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization across these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization across these different
+pieces there are also techniques where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces there are also techniques where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces there are also techniques where
+you have the model itself may be too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the model itself may be too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the model itself may be too big
+to sit on a single node or a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit on a single node or a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit on a single node or a single
+processing element you might have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing element you might have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing element you might have to
+distribute that so yes a lot of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute that so yes a lot of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute that so yes a lot of a lot of
+very interesting research going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting research going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting research going on in
+that area and by default you're when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area and by default you're when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area and by default you're when you
+do run things they are running in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do run things they are running in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do run things they are running in
+parallel just even on your GPU they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel just even on your GPU they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel just even on your GPU they're
+using multiple cores at once so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using multiple cores at once so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using multiple cores at once so there is
+some level of sort of within the node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some level of sort of within the node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some level of sort of within the node
+itself parallelism that runs by default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself parallelism that runs by default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself parallelism that runs by default
+on most most machine learning software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on most most machine learning software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on most most machine learning software
+so inference as I mentioned is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inference as I mentioned is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inference as I mentioned is just
+using the Train model again and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the Train model again and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the Train model again and the
+power of neural networks really falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of neural networks really falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of neural networks really falls
+within their non-linearity so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within their non-linearity so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within their non-linearity so you have
+that nonlinear F function that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nonlinear F function that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nonlinear F function that you're
+applying over and over and over across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying over and over and over across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying over and over and over across
+your layers and this crudely drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your layers and this crudely drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your layers and this crudely drawn
+diagram on my iPad is not clear at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram on my iPad is not clear at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram on my iPad is not clear at all
+it's the you know if you had X's and O's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the you know if you had X's and O's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the you know if you had X's and O's
+it reminds me of a song and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reminds me of a song and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reminds me of a song and you have
+features over here and you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features over here and you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features over here and you're trying to
+basically classify you know which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically classify you know which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically classify you know which is an
+X and which is an O a linear classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and which is an O a linear classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and which is an O a linear classifier
+I could go do a pretty good job in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could go do a pretty good job in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could go do a pretty good job in this
+type of situation and you know you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of situation and you know you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of situation and you know you could
+apply a neural network to this but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a neural network to this but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a neural network to this but maybe
+it's overkill in that type of situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's overkill in that type of situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's overkill in that type of situation
+but in in some sort of a feature space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in in some sort of a feature space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in in some sort of a feature space
+if this is how your X's and O's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is how your X's and O's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is how your X's and O's are
+divided divided amongst each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided divided amongst each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided divided amongst each other and
+you're trying to come up with the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to come up with the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to come up with the right
+label you know one thing I might suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label you know one thing I might suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label you know one thing I might suggest
+is maybe find another feature space that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe find another feature space that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe find another feature space that
+you could maybe get a better separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could maybe get a better separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could maybe get a better separation
+between the two or a technique like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two or a technique like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two or a technique like a
+neural network might do a very good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network might do a very good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network might do a very good job
+or any of these nonlinear machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any of these nonlinear machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any of these nonlinear machine
+learning techniques might do a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning techniques might do a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning techniques might do a very good
+job for looking for these really complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job for looking for these really complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job for looking for these really complex
+decision boundaries that are out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision boundaries that are out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision boundaries that are out there
+all right so you mentioned earlier you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you mentioned earlier you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you mentioned earlier you
+know when you're designing a neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you're designing a neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you're designing a neural
+network what are what do you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network what are what do you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network what are what do you have to do
+like what are the different choices etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what are the different choices etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what are the different choices etc
+there's a lot going on here so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot going on here so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot going on here so you get
+you have to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pick
+the depth the number of layers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depth the number of layers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depth the number of layers the
+inputs and what the inputs are the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and what the inputs are the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and what the inputs are the type
+of network that you're using the types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of network that you're using the types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of network that you're using the types
+of layers the training algorithm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of layers the training algorithm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of layers the training algorithm and
+metrics that you're using to assess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics that you're using to assess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics that you're using to assess the
+performance of this neural network the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of this neural network the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of this neural network the
+good thing however is it is so expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing however is it is so expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing however is it is so expensive
+to train a neural network that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to train a neural network that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to train a neural network that you
+largely are not making these decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely are not making these decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely are not making these decisions
+in many cases you just pick up what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases you just pick up what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases you just pick up what
+somebody else has done and you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else has done and you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else has done and you start
+from there and then you start that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there and then you start that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there and then you start that's
+your that might be I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your that might be I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your that might be I don't know if
+that's a good or a bad thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good or a bad thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good or a bad thing
+but that that's often a way in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that's often a way in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that's often a way in practice
+that people end up doing this but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people end up doing this but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people end up doing this but there
+is some there is some theory on like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some there is some theory on like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some there is some theory on like the
+general approach I think in the in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general approach I think in the in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general approach I think in the in this
+short amount of time which I'm already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short amount of time which I'm already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short amount of time which I'm already
+over we we won't be able to get into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over we we won't be able to get into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over we we won't be able to get into it
+but I'm happy to actually these slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm happy to actually these slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm happy to actually these slides
+have backups on them so when I share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have backups on them so when I share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have backups on them so when I share
+them with you that do have a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with you that do have a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with you that do have a lot more
+detail on each of these different pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail on each of these different pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail on each of these different pieces
+all right very quickly we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right very quickly we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right very quickly we'll talk about
+unsupervised learning and the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised learning and the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised learning and the basic idea
+is the task of describing a hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the task of describing a hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the task of describing a hidden
+structure from unlabeled data so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure from unlabeled data so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure from unlabeled data so in
+contrast to supervised learning we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast to supervised learning we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast to supervised learning we are
+not providing labels we're just giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not providing labels we're just giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not providing labels we're just giving
+the algorithm a data set and saying tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm a data set and saying tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm a data set and saying tell
+me something cool that's going on over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me something cool that's going on over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me something cool that's going on over
+here now clearly you can only do you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now clearly you can only do you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now clearly you can only do you you
+can't you can't label the data if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can't label the data if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can't label the data if you do
+that but what you can do is maybe look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but what you can do is maybe look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but what you can do is maybe look
+for clusters or look for dimensions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for clusters or look for dimensions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for clusters or look for dimensions or
+pieces of the data that are that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of the data that are that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of the data that are that are
+unimportant or extraneous so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportant or extraneous so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportant or extraneous so if we
+observe certain features we would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe certain features we would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe certain features we would like
+to observe the patterns amongst these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observe the patterns amongst these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observe the patterns amongst these
+features and the typical tasks that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and the typical tasks that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and the typical tasks that one
+would do in unsupervised learning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do in unsupervised learning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do in unsupervised learning is
+clustering and data projection or data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering and data projection or data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering and data projection or data
+pre-processing or dimensionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processing or dimensionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processing or dimensionality
+reduction and the goal is to discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and the goal is to discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and the goal is to discover
+interesting things about the data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things about the data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things about the data set
+such as subgroups patterns clusters etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as subgroups patterns clusters etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as subgroups patterns clusters etc
+in unsupervised learning one of the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in unsupervised learning one of the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in unsupervised learning one of the one
+of the difficulties in supervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difficulties in supervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difficulties in supervised
+learning we know right we have an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning we know right we have an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning we know right we have an input
+we have a label and we're like okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a label and we're like okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a label and we're like okay if
+that input if my algorithm doesn't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that input if my algorithm doesn't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that input if my algorithm doesn't give
+me the label bad go you know retrain or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the label bad go you know retrain or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the label bad go you know retrain or
+I know what you know I can kind of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what you know I can kind of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what you know I can kind of go
+back use that as my performance metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back use that as my performance metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back use that as my performance metric
+on unsupervised learning there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on unsupervised learning there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on unsupervised learning there is no
+simple goal such as maximizing a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple goal such as maximizing a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple goal such as maximizing a certain
+probability for the algorithm some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for the algorithm some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for the algorithm some of
+that is going to be you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to be you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to be you know something
+that you have to work on is it the inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to work on is it the inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to work on is it the inter
+class or intra class distance that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or intra class distance that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or intra class distance that I'm
+most you know kind of having that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most you know kind of having that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most you know kind of having that
+separation is that going to be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is that going to be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is that going to be my
+performance metric is it the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance metric is it the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance metric is it the number of
+clusters that I'm creating is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters that I'm creating is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters that I'm creating is that the
+is that the metric that I'm using but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the metric that I'm using but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the metric that I'm using but it
+is very popular because it works on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very popular because it works on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very popular because it works on
+unlabeled data and I'm sure many of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlabeled data and I'm sure many of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlabeled data and I'm sure many of us
+work on datasets which are just too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on datasets which are just too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on datasets which are just too
+large or too difficult to sit and label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or too difficult to sit and label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or too difficult to sit and label
+an example that that comes to my mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example that that comes to my mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example that that comes to my mind
+certainties in the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainties in the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainties in the world of
+cybersecurity where you're collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cybersecurity where you're collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cybersecurity where you're collecting
+billions and billions of network packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions and billions of network packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions and billions of network packets
+and you're trying to look for anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to look for anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to look for anomalous
+behavior you're not going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior you're not going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior you're not going to go through
+and look at each pack and be like bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at each pack and be like bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at each pack and be like bad
+good you know what it is but you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you know what it is but you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you know what it is but you might
+use an unsupervised technique to maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use an unsupervised technique to maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use an unsupervised technique to maybe
+extract out some of the relevant pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract out some of the relevant pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract out some of the relevant pieces
+then use the supervised you know then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use the supervised you know then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use the supervised you know then go
+through the trouble of labeling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the trouble of labeling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the trouble of labeling that
+data and then pass that on to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then pass that on to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then pass that on to a
+supervised learning technique and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised learning technique and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised learning technique and I'm
+happy to share some research that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to share some research that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to share some research that we've
+been doing on that front some common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing on that front some common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing on that front some common
+techniques are within clustering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques are within clustering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques are within clustering and
+data projection clustering is the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data projection clustering is the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data projection clustering is the basic
+idea that we want to group objects or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that we want to group objects or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that we want to group objects or
+sets of features such that objects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of features such that objects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of features such that objects in
+the same cluster are more similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same cluster are more similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same cluster are more similar to
+those of another cluster and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of another cluster and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of another cluster and what you
+typically do for that is you put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically do for that is you put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically do for that is you put your
+data in some feature space and you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in some feature space and you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in some feature space and you try
+to maximize some sort of an intra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize some sort of an intra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize some sort of an intra
+cluster measure which is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster measure which is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster measure which is basically
+saying I want the points within my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I want the points within my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I want the points within my
+cluster to be closer than anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster to be closer than anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster to be closer than anything
+outside of my cluster right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of my cluster right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of my cluster right so that's
+that's a metric and you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a metric and you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a metric and you sort of
+iteratively move the membership from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteratively move the membership from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteratively move the membership from
+each but you you you set a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each but you you you set a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each but you you you set a number of
+clusters saying I need five clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters saying I need five clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters saying I need five clusters
+it'll randomly assign things and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll randomly assign things and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll randomly assign things and it'll
+keep adjusting the membership of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep adjusting the membership of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep adjusting the membership of a
+particular data point within a cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular data point within a cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular data point within a cluster
+based on a metrics such as the squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a metrics such as the squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a metrics such as the squared
+error so in this example we might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so in this example we might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so in this example we might say
+that okay these are three clusters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay these are three clusters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay these are three clusters that
+I get out of it dimensionality reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get out of it dimensionality reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get out of it dimensionality reduction
+is the idea of reducing the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the idea of reducing the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the idea of reducing the number of
+random variables under consideration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables under consideration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables under consideration
+very often you'll collect a data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often you'll collect a data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often you'll collect a data set
+that has hundreds to thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has hundreds to thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has hundreds to thousands of
+different features maybe some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different features maybe some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different features maybe some of these
+features are not that important maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features are not that important maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features are not that important maybe
+they're unchanging or even if they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unchanging or even if they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unchanging or even if they are
+changing it's not by much and so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing it's not by much and so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing it's not by much and so maybe
+you want to remove them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to remove them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to remove them from
+consideration that's when you use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration that's when you use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration that's when you use a
+technique like dimensionality reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique like dimensionality reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique like dimensionality reduction
+and this is really really important when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really really important when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really really important when
+you're doing feature selection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing feature selection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing feature selection and
+feature extraction in your real datasets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature extraction in your real datasets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature extraction in your real datasets
+and you might also use it for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might also use it for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might also use it for other
+techniques such as compression or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques such as compression or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques such as compression or
+visualization so if you want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization so if you want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization so if you want to show
+things on Excel right showing a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on Excel right showing a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on Excel right showing a thousand
+dimensional object may be difficult you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional object may be difficult you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional object may be difficult you
+might try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might try to
+get down to the the two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to the the two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to the the two or three
+dimensions that are easiest to visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that are easiest to visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that are easiest to visualize
+and of course you can use neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you can use neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you can use neural
+networks for unsupervised learning as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks for unsupervised learning as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks for unsupervised learning as
+well surprise surprise so as much as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well surprise surprise so as much as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well surprise surprise so as much as a
+lot of the press you've seen has been on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the press you've seen has been on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the press you've seen has been on
+things like image classification using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like image classification using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like image classification using
+nice label datasets there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice label datasets there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice label datasets there's a lot of
+work where you can apply it in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work where you can apply it in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work where you can apply it in an
+unsupervised case and these are largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised case and these are largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised case and these are largely
+used to find better representations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to find better representations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to find better representations for
+data such as clustering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data such as clustering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data such as clustering and
+dimensionality reduction and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality reduction and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality reduction and they're
+really powerful because of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really powerful because of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really powerful because of their
+nonlinear capability so one example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear capability so one example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear capability so one example I
+won't spend way too much time on this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't spend way too much time on this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't spend way too much time on this is
+an autoencoder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an autoencoder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an autoencoder
+and the basic idea behind an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basic idea behind an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basic idea behind an
+auto-encoders you're trying to find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto-encoders you're trying to find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto-encoders you're trying to find some
+sort of a compressed representation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a compressed representation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a compressed representation for
+data and the way we do this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the way we do this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the way we do this is by
+changing the metric that we use to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the metric that we use to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the metric that we use to say
+that the system has done a good job and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system has done a good job and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system has done a good job and
+the metric is basically if I have a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric is basically if I have a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric is basically if I have a set
+of input features that I'm passing in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of input features that I'm passing in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of input features that I'm passing in I
+would like to do the best job in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to do the best job in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to do the best job in
+reconstructing that input at my output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructing that input at my output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructing that input at my output
+and what I do is I squeeze it through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I do is I squeeze it through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I do is I squeeze it through a
+smaller number of layers which forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number of layers which forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number of layers which forms
+this compressed representation for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this compressed representation for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this compressed representation for my
+data set and so the idea here is how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and so the idea here is how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and so the idea here is how can
+I pass my inputs through this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pass my inputs through this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pass my inputs through this sort of
+narrow waist to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow waist to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow waist to come up with a
+reconstructed input that's very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed input that's very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed input that's very similar
+to my original input and so my metric in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my original input and so my metric in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my original input and so my metric in
+this particular case is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case is essentially the
+difference between the input the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the input the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the input the
+reconstructed input or the output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed input or the output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed input or the output and
+the and the input and the compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the input and the compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the input and the compressed
+representation you can kind of think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation you can kind of think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation you can kind of think of
+as the reduced dimensionality version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the reduced dimensionality version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the reduced dimensionality version of
+my problem we've also done some work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my problem we've also done some work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my problem we've also done some work on
+replicator networks which are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicator networks which are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicator networks which are also
+really really cool happy to chat about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really cool happy to chat about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really cool happy to chat about
+that as well and finally we have talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well and finally we have talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well and finally we have talked
+very briefly on reinforcement learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly on reinforcement learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly on reinforcement learning
+and the the basic you know again at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the basic you know again at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the basic you know again at a
+very high level the the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high level the the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high level the the reason
+reinforcement learning is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning is sort of
+fundamentally different than supervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different than supervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different than supervised
+or unsupervised learning is that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or unsupervised learning is that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or unsupervised learning is that you're
+not passing in sort of a label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not passing in sort of a label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not passing in sort of a label
+associated with an input feature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with an input feature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with an input feature so
+there is no supervisor right or a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no supervisor right or a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no supervisor right or a person
+that can label it but just a reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can label it but just a reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can label it but just a reward
+signal and the feedback is often delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and the feedback is often delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and the feedback is often delayed
+and time is important so it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time is important so it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time is important so it kind of
+steps through a process and the agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps through a process and the agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps through a process and the agents
+actions often change the input data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions often change the input data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions often change the input data that
+it receives so just to maybe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it receives so just to maybe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it receives so just to maybe in the
+interest of time just to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of time just to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of time just to give you
+examples of where reinforcement learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of where reinforcement learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of where reinforcement learning
+could work and why you would use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could work and why you would use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could work and why you would use a
+technique like reinforcement learning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique like reinforcement learning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique like reinforcement learning so
+flying stunts maneuvers in a helicopter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying stunts maneuvers in a helicopter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying stunts maneuvers in a helicopter
+so you if your helicopter is straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you if your helicopter is straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you if your helicopter is straight
+you say keep doing more of whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say keep doing more of whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say keep doing more of whatever
+you're doing to keep it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing to keep it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing to keep it there
+if the helicopter tips over you say stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the helicopter tips over you say stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the helicopter tips over you say stop
+doing whatever you just did to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing whatever you just did to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing whatever you just did to do that
+could you create a supervised learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you create a supervised learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you create a supervised learning
+algorithm for doing this sure right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for doing this sure right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for doing this sure right you
+would basically look for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would basically look for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would basically look for all the
+configurations of your entire system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations of your entire system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations of your entire system
+every time the helicopter was upright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time the helicopter was upright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time the helicopter was upright
+and you would look for all the examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would look for all the examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would look for all the examples
+where your helicopter was tipping over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your helicopter was tipping over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your helicopter was tipping over
+or falling and you would basically say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or falling and you would basically say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or falling and you would basically say
+okay you know my engine speed was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know my engine speed was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know my engine speed was this
+much my rotor speed was this much and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much my rotor speed was this much and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much my rotor speed was this much and
+there are probably people here who fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are probably people here who fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are probably people here who fly
+helicopters so pardon me if I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters so pardon me if I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters so pardon me if I am
+completely you know oversimplifying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely you know oversimplifying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely you know oversimplifying this
+problem here however you could certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here however you could certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here however you could certainly
+label it that way and say all these all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label it that way and say all these all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label it that way and say all these all
+these configurations of the helicopter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these configurations of the helicopter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these configurations of the helicopter
+meant the helicopter was upright all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant the helicopter was upright all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant the helicopter was upright all
+these configurations of the helicopter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these configurations of the helicopter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these configurations of the helicopter
+meant the helicopter was not upright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant the helicopter was not upright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant the helicopter was not upright
+would be a pretty expensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a pretty expensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a pretty expensive and
+difficult data collect to do not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult data collect to do not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult data collect to do not sure
+how many people want to volunteer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people want to volunteer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people want to volunteer for
+let's let's do all the ones where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's do all the ones where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's do all the ones where it
+falls and and lots of other applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls and and lots of other applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls and and lots of other applications
+beyond that so these are really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that so these are really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that so these are really useful
+especially in cases where they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in cases where they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in cases where they're the
+what you're trying to model is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're trying to model is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're trying to model is just
+extremely complex and the other really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely complex and the other really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely complex and the other really
+powerful thing is this tends to mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful thing is this tends to mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful thing is this tends to mimic
+sort of human behavior and so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of human behavior and so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of human behavior and so they're
+they're very useful in in those type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very useful in in those type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very useful in in those type of
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a reward would just be it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a reward would just be it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a reward would just be it would be
+very similar to you get points so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to you get points so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to you get points so you
+have your algorithm that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your algorithm that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your algorithm that's basically
+trying to maximize the number of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to maximize the number of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to maximize the number of points
+that it receives for example and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it receives for example and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it receives for example and as you
+do more it's very similar to what you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more it's very similar to what you or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more it's very similar to what you or
+I would consider a reward playing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would consider a reward playing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would consider a reward playing a
+video game right every time I get points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video game right every time I get points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video game right every time I get points
+I do more of the activities that make me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do more of the activities that make me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do more of the activities that make me
+get points and in it's essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get points and in it's essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get points and in it's essentially the
+same same concept over here all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same concept over here all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same concept over here all right so
+with that I will conclude only 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that I will conclude only 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that I will conclude only 20
+minutes behind schedule so you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes behind schedule so you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes behind schedule so you know I
+guess the the long story short is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the the long story short is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the the long story short is
+there's lots of exciting research into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of exciting research into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of exciting research into
+AI and machine learning techniques out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI and machine learning techniques out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI and machine learning techniques out
+here we did a one-hour view of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we did a one-hour view of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we did a one-hour view of this
+broad field that research has dedicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad field that research has dedicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad field that research has dedicated
+about six to seven decades of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six to seven decades of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six to seven decades of work
+towards so my apologies to anyone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards so my apologies to anyone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards so my apologies to anyone who's
+watching this or in the room who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this or in the room who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this or in the room who's
+worked I just like jumped over the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked I just like jumped over the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked I just like jumped over the key
+ingredients however and I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients however and I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients however and I think this is
+most important to to this group is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important to to this group is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important to to this group is you
+know and I kind of look at what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I kind of look at what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I kind of look at what are the
+problems where AI has done really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where AI has done really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where AI has done really well
+these are some of the key ingredients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some of the key ingredients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some of the key ingredients
+sort of data availability computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of data availability computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of data availability computing
+infrastructure and the domain expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure and the domain expertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure and the domain expertise
+and algorithms and I think it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and algorithms and I think it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and algorithms and I think it's very
+exciting to see this group over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting to see this group over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting to see this group over here
+because we do have all of these pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we do have all of these pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we do have all of these pieces
+sort of coming together so great things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of coming together so great things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of coming together so great things
+are bound to happen there are you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bound to happen there are you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bound to happen there are you know I
+think large challenges and data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think large challenges and data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think large challenges and data
+availability and readiness for AI which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability and readiness for AI which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability and readiness for AI which
+is what we're going to sort of scrape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're going to sort of scrape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're going to sort of scrape
+the scrape the edge off during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scrape the edge off during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scrape the edge off during this
+class and some of the computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and some of the computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and some of the computing
+infrastructure is something that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure is something that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure is something that we'll
+be talking to you about in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking to you about in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking to you about in a couple of
+minutes and if you're interested in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and if you're interested in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and if you're interested in some
+of the more detailed look at any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the more detailed look at any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the more detailed look at any of
+these things a number of us actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things a number of us actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things a number of us actually
+wrote you know maybe a biased I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote you know maybe a biased I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote you know maybe a biased I think
+it's a great great great write-up but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great great great write-up but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great great great write-up but no
+I think it's useful it has its place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's useful it has its place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's useful it has its place
+there's obviously a lot of lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's obviously a lot of lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's obviously a lot of lot of
+material in here but we try to do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in here but we try to do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in here but we try to do our
+best job to at least cite some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best job to at least cite some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best job to at least cite some of this
+really really interesting work that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really interesting work that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really interesting work that's
+going on in the field so with that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the field so with that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the field so with that I'll
+pause for any additional questions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause for any additional questions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause for any additional questions but
+thank you very much for your attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much for your attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much for your attention
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tnbzV-_pxbE.txt b/tnbzV-_pxbE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b6b7e3a99a2c3d315c5b459c13ed62a5805eb7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tnbzV-_pxbE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2991 @@
+PROFESSOR: All right,
+let's get started.
+
+If you haven't already, there's
+two handouts on the left,
+
+and you should take
+two pieces of paper.
+
+So we'll doing some
+actual origami folding.
+
+We'll be folding 6.849
+today, just like this.
+
+It'll only take us
+eight hours or so.
+
+This is the Jenny
+and Eli folding
+
+you've seen on the poster.
+
+Pretty awesome.
+
+No, we'll be folding
+letters more like this.
+
+So thanks everyone for
+giving so many cool questions
+
+and comments, and the
+feedback is really helpful.
+
+I didn't know what I was
+going to cover this class.
+
+I had too many ideas,
+and your questions really
+
+helped narrow it down
+into exciting thing.
+
+So the structures
+going to be, I'm
+
+going to go through
+questions, so it's
+
+a funny kind of interactivity
+where there's a whole day
+
+in between where you
+ask the questions
+
+and where I answer them.
+
+But feel free to ask more
+questions, follow-up things.
+
+But there's a lot already
+here, so it should be fun.
+
+These are not questions
+but funnier comments.
+
+If you like double
+rainbow jokes,
+
+this lecture happened
+a couple months
+
+after the double rainbow fiasco.
+
+There's a lot more, as I recall.
+
+It was a running theme
+throughout the whole semester,
+
+so look out for that.
+
+I know this is entertaining.
+
+I'm getting used to listening
+to myself at double speeds.
+
+This class definitely
+is nice in the way
+
+that with a fairly
+simple technique
+
+you can prove a very
+powerful theorem.
+
+Sorry, I just remembered I
+need to push a different button
+
+here.
+
+That's hopefully a theme
+throughout the class,
+
+but definitely
+especially nice here.
+
+It is cool, though,
+strip folding,
+
+it was an open problem for
+a couple years, at least,
+
+of no one thinking, how
+do we fold any shape?
+
+That seems really tough.
+
+The point of the
+strip folding approach
+
+is that once you
+have the right idea,
+
+to start with a really
+long rectangle, somehow
+
+it becomes easy.
+
+There's still a lot of details
+in getting that to work,
+
+but it's kind of neat
+how that works out.
+
+Now we get to actual proposals.
+
+So folding practice, I was
+planning on doing this,
+
+but-- this is an explicit
+comment to that effect.
+
+So we're going to fold some
+letters of the alphabet.
+
+You have in your
+packet instructions
+
+for making the individual digits
+six, four, eight, and nine,
+
+which are all pretty easy.
+
+You also have a diagram for this
+crazy design called Typeset.
+
+This same folding
+can make any letter
+
+of the alphabet and any digit.
+
+So just to show
+you what they will
+
+look like these are my foldings
+of six, eight, four, and nine,
+
+according to the
+first set of diagrams.
+
+And then this is my folding
+of, I think the number six,
+
+out of Jason Ku's design.
+
+So if you wanted
+to reconfigure it,
+
+to-- I guess eight is kind
+of hard-- let me do four.
+
+OK, so for four we've
+gotta fold this guy under.
+
+Fold this here, this tab,
+I think goes back here.
+
+So the advanced origami
+folders in this class
+
+can definitely do
+Jason Ku's design,
+
+but it takes a little while.
+
+There, I've got a four.
+
+Got it?
+
+A little hard to
+hold in position,
+
+but, at least in theory, it
+will make any letter all out
+
+of one folding.
+
+You just have to move
+all the tabs around.
+
+So it's kind of neat, but it
+takes at least half an hour
+
+or so to fold that,
+unless you're really fast.
+
+So I would recommend--
+pick one of these.
+
+Work in groups if you like.
+
+If you want you can
+form a group of four,
+
+and make six, eight,
+four, and nine.
+
+Follow the diagrams.
+
+This is an exercise of following
+diagrams, one of the other.
+
+We'll only have time to
+maybe make one digit each,
+
+but have fun with it.
+
+And if you have questions,
+raise your hand.
+
+I can tell you, the first
+step in six, eight, and nine,
+
+is to make an
+eight-by-eight grid.
+
+There's a lot of ways to
+make an eight-by-eight grid,
+
+but an easy one is shown here.
+
+So you take your sheet.
+
+You fold the bottom
+edge to the top edge--
+
+I think they want to do it
+white side up-- so they're all
+
+valleys.
+
+We align those edges.
+
+You'll get a nice bisector.
+
+Then you repeat, folding the
+bottom edge to the middle.
+
+And once you do that, to
+save a little bit of time,
+
+you could then fold that new
+bottom edge to the middle
+
+again.
+
+That will do
+eighths on one side.
+
+It's a little bit
+inaccurate, because you're
+
+folding through two layers--
+but it's a little faster.
+
+Time is of the essence.
+
+Then you do the same
+thing on the bottom,
+
+and you'll get eighths
+in one dimension.
+
+But then you have to fold it in
+eighths in the other dimension.
+
+Once you have eighths,
+it's like three steps.
+
+It's really easy.
+
+For six, eight, and nine--
+Four uses a different approach,
+
+it's a little more free hand.
+
+If you want to be more
+creative, try the four.
+
+You've got to eyeball what looks
+and feels good for number four.
+
+So out of curiosity,
+how many people
+
+have an eight-by-eight
+grid at this point?
+
+Who wanted to?
+
+Cool.
+
+So that's the top half
+of these diagrams,
+
+the eight by eight grid.
+
+Then it's mostly folding
+up over individual edges
+
+and some corner
+faults, but they're
+
+all simple folds in this world.
+
+So you're folding through, I
+think, always all the layers.
+
+Oh, no.
+
+This is only folding
+through one layer.
+
+But these would always fall into
+the some layers, simple folds
+
+category.
+
+So for example, make a six.
+
+Fold this bottom edge up.
+
+Fold the left
+three squares over.
+
+Fold this corner up.
+
+Fold this corner down.
+
+And fold this down, this over.
+
+There's a really big six.
+
+And these numbers are all pretty
+much proportioned correctly.
+
+The four, you have
+to be-- it helps
+
+to have a reference model
+of one of the other digits
+
+to make it the right height, but
+it'll end up roughly correct,
+
+anyway.
+
+The eight's a little bit
+narrow in this design,
+
+slightly narrower
+than six and the nine.
+
+But otherwise they're
+nice compatible digits.
+
+There's a whole alphabet
+on the website that's
+
+linked from this slide,
+so you go check it out.
+
+Origami club.
+
+So it's kind of fun to think
+about font design and alphabet
+
+design.
+
+There's actually a lot of
+origami alphabets out there.
+
+This is one of the simplest.
+
+It has digits.
+
+Anyone have questions?
+
+How many people folded
+a letter, a digit?
+
+OK.
+
+You can keep folding, but
+maybe I will continue on.
+
+It's going to be a
+lot of fun crackling.
+
+Anyone folded this one?
+
+Anyone working on it?
+
+A bunch of people, cool.
+
+Let me know when you finish.
+
+It's kind of fun.
+
+It's not that hard.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes, it is.
+
+PROFESSOR: I wanted to point
+at the OrigaMIT website.
+
+OrigaMIT is the origami
+club at MIT, and at the top
+
+you see a different alphabet.
+
+This is a four-fold
+alphabet designed
+
+by Jeannine Mosley
+who's an MIT alum
+
+and came to this
+class two years ago.
+
+And so that's the
+reference design in 2002.
+
+I'm not sure if it
+has digits, though.
+
+At least, the diagrams
+we found for the letters,
+
+do not also have digits.
+
+So I think an
+interesting challenge
+
+is to design a
+four-fold digit set
+
+to complement her letter set.
+
+If you're interested, that could
+be a cool project to work on.
+
+Folding design,
+minimal fold alphabets.
+
+You could try a three-fold
+alphabet, two-fold alphabet.
+
+Also on this website are
+the meeting schedules.
+
+It always Sundays, sometimes
+2, sometimes 3 o'clock.
+
+You should check it out.
+
+And there's a
+convention coming up,
+
+our very own origami
+convention on October 27th.
+
+Jason Ku wanted me to remind
+you about that coming up.
+
+Even if you've never
+done origami before,
+
+other than today, you
+should check it out.
+
+It'll be fun, lots of different
+sessions, from simple models
+
+to complicated models.
+
+This is a cool design by
+Brain Chan, another MIT alum.
+
+It's one square paper folded
+into the Mens et Manus logo,
+
+but, here, instead
+of the oil lamp,
+
+you've got a little
+origami crane.
+
+Cool stuff.
+
+So we proceed on
+to other questions.
+
+This is a pretty simple one.
+
+At the top of the notes, it says
+folding, AKA silhouette folding
+
+and gift wrapping, it has
+a couple of references.
+
+So where do those terms
+come from, is the question.
+
+And one answer is it's the title
+of the paper, "Folding Flat
+
+Silhouettes and Wrapping
+Polyhedral Packages,"
+
+but that's not the real answer.
+
+So this is the two of
+us and Joe Mitchell.
+
+It's also, I think, the
+introduction of the term
+
+computational origami,
+but those terms
+
+come from earlier references.
+
+So in that paper, there's a
+sentence, classic open question
+
+origami mathematics,
+and we don't really
+
+know where it came about.
+
+But it was first formally
+posed by Bern and Hayes
+
+in this SODA '96
+paper, which we'll
+
+be talking about in the
+next lecture, lecture three.
+
+And this is a quote
+from their paper,
+
+"Is every simple polygon, when
+skilled sufficiently small,
+
+the silhouette of
+a flat origami?"
+
+The point of saying
+the word silhouette
+
+is that when you fold something,
+like this number six--
+
+there's a whole bunch
+of layers, and there's
+
+a lot of complexity
+to this folding.
+
+By saying silhouette, we just
+mean, collapse all layers,
+
+ignore the coloring, and
+just take the outline.
+
+So the silhouette of this
+thing is a rectangle.
+
+And, in general, that's
+sort of the transformation
+
+to throw away the complexity
+of the folding, and say,
+
+I just care about the shape.
+
+Can I get the desired shape?
+
+There's some other interesting
+questions here, though,
+
+which haven't been
+fully addressed.
+
+How many creases are
+necessary to fold?
+
+We'll actually get to
+that in a later question.
+
+How thick must the origami be?
+
+The strip method
+shows this if you
+
+start from a rectangle of
+paper, the number of layers
+
+can be very small.
+
+I think two or three is enough
+for all the gadgets that we
+
+use, probably three .
+
+If you start from a
+square, though, we
+
+don't know the answer
+to that question.
+
+And in practice, folding
+through many layers is tough.
+
+So that is a silhouette problem.
+
+The gift wrapping
+problem, the motivation
+
+is you have a weird-shaped gift.
+
+You want to wrap it
+with a piece of paper.
+
+And this is posed
+to us in a talk
+
+by Jin Akiyama at a Canadian
+geometry conference.
+
+Jin Akiyama is a
+really cool guy.
+
+He has had for many, many years
+a mathematics TV show in Japan.
+
+And he's known throughout Japan,
+because everyone in school
+
+watches his videos.
+
+And it covers really
+interesting mathematics.
+
+Some of the results
+in this class
+
+are actually in
+his videos as well.
+
+It's mostly in Japanese, so it's
+a little hard for most of us
+
+watch.
+
+But there's some
+subtitled versions,
+
+and they're really fun.
+
+Maybe we can have a movie
+night, and watch one of them,
+
+if I get permission.
+
+So there isn't a great
+reference for that.
+
+I mean, he's written some
+papers about different kinds
+
+of wrapping problems, but
+mostly it was this talk
+
+that he gave in 1997, which is
+when I was just starting out
+
+in computational geometry.
+
+That's where the
+terms come from.
+
+A lot of words.
+
+Have you ever actually
+folded a model
+
+using this method of zigzagging
+and folding with the strip?
+
+Any real or sensible or
+pretty origami models,
+
+or is it purely for the
+sake of universality?
+
+My knee jerk reaction was,
+no way is this practical.
+
+This is just for universality.
+
+And the point of this theorem
+has always been, in my mind,
+
+to prove that
+everything is possible,
+
+but then the challenge
+is to find good foldings,
+
+for some notion of good.
+
+But, actually, there are a bunch
+of examples of strip folding,
+
+not a lot of different folds,
+not terribly many gadgets,
+
+but there's some cool things,
+especially with strip weaving.
+
+These are just a few examples
+of woven colored strips.
+
+You can make fun things
+like Space Invaders.
+
+You could weave
+together baskets,
+
+and wrap your
+packages, and so on.
+
+This is a little
+bit more origamic.
+
+So there were no
+real folds in there,
+
+except at the edges of the cube.
+
+This one is a modular origami.
+
+It involves a bunch
+of different folds
+
+to get all the pieces
+to lock together.
+
+Modular origami means you have
+a bunch of identical pieces.
+
+They kind of weave
+together through folding,
+
+and then you can make
+a nice little crown.
+
+This is a very classic model.
+
+You've probably
+seen at some point.
+
+Here that the paper's
+slit, and then it's woven.
+
+But there's some
+folds down here.
+
+Not a lot of folding, but
+strips are pretty neat.
+
+You can definitely use them in
+all sorts of different designs.
+
+Here's some more
+sculptural designing models
+
+from taking strips of paper.
+
+This has no glue
+in it, so I think
+
+there's more strips at the
+end locking this together.
+
+And this guy, Zachary
+Futterer, took
+
+a bunch of these kinds
+of units and started
+
+weaving them together to make
+really complicated shapes.
+
+So you can definitely do cool
+things with strip folding.
+
+And another common
+one around these days
+
+is taking gum or candy
+wrappers, and folding them
+
+down into little strips
+and weaving them together
+
+to make handbags
+and other things.
+
+This has become kind
+of a fashion trend
+
+over the last few years.
+
+So those are things
+you can do a strips.
+
+We have used it in one paper
+where the goal is actually
+
+to be efficient and use
+a small piece of paper,
+
+and not just prove some
+universality result.
+
+This is in our paper, folding
+a better checkerboard,
+
+which we'll talk about
+in two lectures, if I
+
+recall correctly,
+in more detail.
+
+But this is sort of a baseline.
+
+This is not the better method
+that's developed in this paper,
+
+but it's the starting point.
+
+You take a square, so this
+actually starts with a square.
+
+You do this pleating.
+
+And this is with bi-color paper.
+
+It's dark on one side,
+light on the other.
+
+You get this strip of
+squares in color pattern.
+
+And then you take that strip--
+a huge number of layers
+
+in the middle, so it's
+not super practical,
+
+but it's actually pretty
+efficient in terms
+
+of how big a square
+you start with.
+
+To make an n-by-n, this
+is obviously not to scale.
+
+You need more squares here
+in order to make this thing.
+
+And then you just snake
+your path back and forth.
+
+You could use turn
+gadgets, or here we're
+
+just using 45 degree folds.
+
+And this is pretty close
+to what was believed
+
+to be the best way to
+fold a checkerboard,
+
+and then this paper shows how
+to do a factor of two better.
+
+So we'll talk about that later.
+
+But there are some
+uses for strip folding.
+
+This is a little
+bit theoretical,
+
+but it's actually pretty
+competitive against the best
+
+n-by-n checkerboard foldings
+in the origami world,
+
+like the one I
+showed last class.
+
+So that's practicality
+of strip folding.
+
+Next question's more
+about strip folding.
+
+There are a couple things
+that are in the lecture notes,
+
+the handwritten lecture
+notes, but were not even
+
+mentioned in the audio
+part of the lecture.
+
+So a few people asked,
+what are these things?
+
+Said pseudopolynomial
+upper bound.
+
+Pseudopolynomial is a fun term.
+
+Let me tell you a
+little bit about it.
+
+It's from the algorithms
+world, but even a lot
+
+of algorithms people
+don't know it.
+
+So let me tell you.
+
+So maybe first I should
+tell you about polynomial.
+
+In general, what
+these terms are about
+
+is measuring how
+fast an algorithm is.
+
+So the idea is you plot,
+conceptually, n, this
+
+is the problem size.
+
+If you wanted to fold
+an arbitrary polyhedron,
+
+the one way to think
+of the problem size
+
+is the number vertices,
+edges, and faces.
+
+Just the total number of
+things you're given as input,
+
+and then your
+output is whatever.
+
+But n is supposed to be
+the input problem size.
+
+And then on the y-axis,
+you want to plot
+
+the running time
+of your algorithm.
+
+So this is how long it
+takes to compute the way
+
+to fold your square paper
+into your desired shape,
+
+and generally this
+is going to increase.
+
+And the question is, does it
+increase in a reasonable way
+
+or in a crazy way that
+goes exponentially high?
+
+So you want to know, how does
+the running time grow with n?
+
+Polynomial is a
+sense of good growth,
+
+and it just means
+you grow, like,
+
+n to the c, where
+c is some constant.
+
+So ideally you'd have n--
+or maybe you have n squared,
+
+or n cubed, or n to the
+fourth-- all these are
+
+considered good running times.
+
+Not quite as good as
+polynomial is pseudopolynomial.
+
+And I would conjecture, for this
+problem of folding an arbitrary
+
+given polyhedron, you cannot
+achieve a polynomial number
+
+of folds, let's say.
+
+So there are two things
+we could measure here,
+
+the running time of the
+algorithm-- we could measure,
+
+actually, three things--
+we could measure
+
+the number of folds you make,
+the number operations you
+
+do on the paper, and a third
+thing would be scale factor.
+
+How big a square do I have
+to start with in order
+
+to make a desired polygon?
+
+And pseudopolynomial
+means n times r to the c.
+
+What's r?
+
+R is some geometric parameter,
+geometric ratio, in the input.
+
+And in particular for this
+problem what makes sense for r
+
+is basically the longest length
+divided by the shortest length.
+
+This is typically
+what r refers to.
+
+This will come up in
+later lectures as well.
+
+So for example, you
+take your entire shape,
+
+you measure the diameter of the
+shape, the two farthest points.
+
+That's your longest length.
+
+Shortest length
+would be-- maybe you
+
+have a triangle,
+something like this,
+
+in the target polyhedron
+you want to make.
+
+This would be your
+shortest distance.
+
+This is actually called
+the minimum feature
+
+size in computational geometry
+or the minimum altitude
+
+of any of your triangles.
+
+OK, so that's just some number.
+
+And you can have a triangle,
+which is super, super narrow.
+
+And so it's this ratio r
+could be arbitrarily large
+
+even though you only have
+three vertices, three edges,
+
+one face.
+
+So n and r not
+necessarily comparable,
+
+so that's why in
+pseudopolynomial we put them
+
+both together, and then we raise
+them to some constant power.
+
+That's a pseudopolynomial
+running time.
+
+So the question that's
+being posed here
+
+is, can you get a
+pseudopolynomial upper bound,
+
+and can you get a
+pseudopolynomial lower bound?
+
+And it doesn't say
+for what, but it's
+
+for all three
+problems-- running time,
+
+number of folds, scale factor.
+
+And not all of these are open.
+
+So in the original
+paper, there's
+
+this theorem that says lots of
+things-- you can fold anything.
+
+Then it says here, the folding
+requires a number of folds,
+
+polynomial of n
+and the ratio, r.
+
+So it already claims it there
+is a pseudopolynomial bound
+
+on the number of folds.
+
+It doesn't say what that
+pseudopolynomial bound is.
+
+Is it n times r?
+
+Is it n plus r?
+
+Is it n times r squared?
+
+I would guess one of the first
+two-- n times r or n plus r.
+
+So that's the upper
+bound question.
+
+Maybe we can work on this
+in a problem session.
+
+A lower bound
+question is, do you
+
+prove that you need some
+dependence, both on n and r?
+
+Which I would guess
+is pretty easy.
+
+If you want to take a
+square and fold it down
+
+to a really, really
+skinny triangle,
+
+I think you need at
+least r folds, roughly.
+
+And similarly you should
+need at least n folds,
+
+so there should be a
+lower bound like n plus r.
+
+But none of these have been
+written down explicitly,
+
+so that's what those
+open questions are.
+
+Then there was
+another slide, six,
+
+which was completely uncovered.
+
+Stop me if there are questions.
+
+I should maybe take a
+brief moment to breathe.
+
+So the next part of the lecture
+notes ask about seam placement.
+
+So seam placement has the
+following kind of issue.
+
+When you fold, like this
+number-- is this a six?
+
+This is a nine.
+
+Fold this number nine.
+
+In addition to seeing the color
+pattern, if you look closely
+
+there's also these
+kinds of seams.
+
+This white square is
+not just a white square.
+
+You can see on the top
+layer this crease line.
+
+And here there's a seam,
+here there's a seam.
+
+These are like visible lines.
+
+Of course, you have to have
+seams at the color transitions,
+
+but there's other seams as well.
+
+Maybe you want to minimize
+the seams you want to get,
+
+you want to place the
+scenes in a cool pattern.
+
+When you fold
+checkerboards, there's
+
+a such thing as a seamless
+checkerboard, where
+
+every square is a
+whole square paper.
+
+There's no visible crease
+lines on the top layer.
+
+So this is an extension of
+the universality result,
+
+to also get sort of
+universal seem placement.
+
+And what the
+original paper proves
+
+is that you can place
+the seams however
+
+you want, provided the
+seam regions, the regions
+
+between the seams, are
+convex polygons-- which
+
+is almost always the case.
+
+You look at a
+typical model-- here,
+
+the seam regions are all
+rectangles and triangles.
+
+So you could achieve
+exactly this seam pattern
+
+if you wanted it.
+
+You could also say, oh,
+here's a nice rectangle.
+
+I'll make that a seam region.
+
+Here's a nice rectangle,
+I'll make that same region.
+
+But you could not make
+the entire number nine
+
+here a seam region,
+because it's non convex.
+
+At least, you can't do
+it with this technique.
+
+We don't know,
+necessarily, whether this
+
+is possible by
+some other folding.
+
+I would guess no, but
+it is possible to make
+
+some non-convex seam regions.
+
+For example I could take this
+page and fold the corner over,
+
+and now I've got a
+non-convex seam region here.
+
+So some non-convexing
+regions are possible.
+
+Open question is-- if
+I give you a polygon--
+
+we know every
+polygon's possible.
+
+Now I give you a polygon and I
+subdivide it into seam regions.
+
+Which of those are possible?
+
+Not everything is
+possible, I'm pretty sure,
+
+though I'm not sure we
+have a proof of that.
+
+Some things like this little
+heart shape are possible.
+
+Characterize.
+
+This another cool possible
+problem for problem session.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+I have a little bit about the
+proof of how this is done.
+
+If you wanted to just
+do convex regions.
+
+So the general
+approach here is you
+
+want to visit all of the
+regions in some order.
+
+This is called the tour.
+
+It's pretty easy
+to just-- I mean
+
+you're allowed to visit regions
+more than once, so you just
+
+keep going, keep trying to visit
+some unvisited seam region.
+
+When you visit a seam region,
+it's a convex polygon.
+
+So what we're going to do is
+make our strip fairly wide,
+
+actually, wide enough
+to completely cover
+
+that seam region.
+
+And then at this
+moment, we basically
+
+need to turn to do the next one.
+
+We know how to change the
+direction of the strip using
+
+a turn gadget.
+
+Then we have to change
+the width of the strip.
+
+Maybe it needs to be wider.
+
+Maybe it needs to be thinner.
+
+And then we need to shift the
+strip one way or the other.
+
+So if we just end here, we
+turn, we might be misaligned.
+
+We need to shift it over,
+expand it, then do the next one,
+
+then turn, then shift it
+over and set the right width.
+
+Keep going like that.
+
+OK.
+
+That's pretty messy
+and complicated,
+
+but you can do with
+these two gadgets.
+
+Strip width gadget--
+you take a strip,
+
+and you could make it
+anywhere between 1/2 and 100%
+
+of its original width.
+
+So the idea is you start with a
+really wide strip, wide enough
+
+to cover all the polygons.
+
+Then you do this gadget and
+keep shrinking it by half
+
+until it's roughly
+the right size.
+
+And then when you're
+almost correct,
+
+you shrink it by a
+little bit more--
+
+here shrinking to a third.
+
+And then you get
+your shrunken strip,
+
+and it happens right at
+the line that you specify.
+
+So you can basically on
+a dime shrink your strip,
+
+and then by doing the
+reverse can grow it back.
+
+This is maybe not with
+simple folds, though.
+
+And then the other
+gadget is a shift gadget,
+
+where you're at this position
+and you want to shift up.
+
+So that's pretty easy, you
+just do two turn gadgets.
+
+So that's at a high level how
+making a desired seam pattern
+
+works.
+
+Go on to the next question.
+
+A lot of people asked
+about this-- and this
+
+is an open problem that
+I mentioned orally.
+
+It's not written in the notes--
+which is, can you actually
+
+do the things we said we
+can do with simple folds?
+
+So can you get a
+universal folding
+
+of a polygon, two-color pattern
+polyhedron, using simple folds?
+
+And I thought it'd be fun to
+actually work on this, here,
+
+live, because I think
+this is an easy problem.
+
+And there's a bunch
+of possible answers,
+
+and there are even two suggested
+ideas from the comments field.
+
+So let me just remind you of
+the issue, what's happening,
+
+and then I need your input,
+what's going to work here.
+
+So general picture for the strip
+method was we do one triangle,
+
+we end here, then we do a
+bunch of folds like this,
+
+and then we end here,
+maybe, and then we zigzag.
+
+And the trouble is we've already
+made this triangle over here.
+
+When we make this triangle,
+we have this excess stuff,
+
+which I haven't drawn
+very accurately.
+
+If you recall, it looks
+something like that.
+
+Or maybe even more like that
+if we use right angle turn
+
+gadgets.
+
+And then we want to
+fold it underneath
+
+and we're doing
+that, the way I said,
+
+with height gadget
+mountain folds.
+
+But the model's
+simple folds, which
+
+I should make more explicit.
+
+You're not allowed to
+collide during the motion.
+
+The idea with a simple
+fold is that you
+
+should be folding
+along one line segment,
+
+and you should fold
+by-- at least the model
+
+that we defined back in the
+day, I'll talk more about where
+
+this notion comes from-- you
+fold by plus or minus 180
+
+degrees, which means
+after you do the fold,
+
+you'll be flat again.
+
+And no collision
+during the motion.
+
+If we folded this triangle,
+and then we folded this one,
+
+and this stuff is on the
+top-- we can't mountain fold.
+
+That's not considered
+a simple fold.
+
+Now one proposal
+is, could we just
+
+make the next triangle
+underneath the previous one?
+
+A different proposal
+is valley fold.
+
+These are actually
+different proposals,
+
+because, especially
+for two color patterns,
+
+it'll make a difference.
+
+If we valley fold
+here there's going
+
+to be some junk
+on the front side,
+
+especially if you want to
+get a desired seam pattern.
+
+But maybe we'll leave
+seam patterns for later.
+
+If you want to get
+a color pattern,
+
+you might reveal
+some wrong color
+
+when you do that valley fold.
+
+So I haven't really thought
+about this idea yet.
+
+I think it might be good.
+
+The idea there would
+be-- so you've already
+
+made this triangle.
+
+You mountain fold everything.
+
+Now when you go and
+you do these zigzags,
+
+you want to be underneath
+everything that you've done.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you fold
+the one you've already
+
+made, like as a
+unit, over the side?
+
+And then make it and then
+just put it back on top?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Different idea is you basically
+fold this out of the way,
+
+do this thing, height gadget,
+and then fold it back.
+
+Maybe.
+
+I've wondered about that, too.
+
+Is it's going to get a
+little challenging, though.
+
+In general, there's a
+huge set of triangles,
+
+so unless you can like go
+far away, make your triangle,
+
+and then plop it down--
+maybe it's possible.
+
+I guess we can pursue that
+idea, but maybe first we
+
+should exhaust the easier ideas.
+
+I mean, that is definitely
+plausible that that's possible.
+
+Doing that with simple folds
+and not leaving any garbage
+
+is going to be a
+little challenging,
+
+but it might be doable.
+
+This to me is the simplest
+idea, so we should first
+
+see if it works.
+
+Does anyone see
+problems with this plan?
+
+I have some strips.
+
+We could think
+about what it means
+
+to be doing a turn
+gadget underneath here.
+
+So I don't know
+quite about, well,
+
+let's suppose we
+are already here.
+
+And now maybe I do
+some as the turn gadget
+
+goes to mountain folds.
+
+Then at 90 degrees, and then
+a valley fold like that.
+
+And then I do a mountain fold.
+
+I think they might be OK,
+because turn gadgets start
+
+with a mountain fold.
+
+So if you're
+underneath everything,
+
+that's going to avoid collision.
+
+And then the valley
+fold brings it back.
+
+Again, we're using just
+the space below everything
+
+that we see.
+
+So then we make that strip,
+we keep turning around,
+
+and then later on we're going
+to mountain fold this behind,
+
+somehow, to meet this edge.
+
+Seems OK.
+
+Yeah?
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm sorry.
+
+I'm confused about something.
+
+When you're doing
+the turn gadget,
+
+while the paper is above the
+first triangle you go over,
+
+you're doing a bunch
+of turns where you're
+
+taking a piece of paper up
+another one, folding just that
+
+part Is that a s--
+
+PROFESSOR: Going from
+one triangle next.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So we could think
+about that, too.
+
+It's very, you're right.
+
+I mean, I'm just looking
+at the turning around part
+
+for making a single
+triangle, but there's also
+
+the turn gadget going
+from here to here.
+
+It's actually slightly
+more complicated
+
+than we've covered in
+class, but not really much.
+
+It's just a slightly
+generalized turn gadget.
+
+So you're coming here, you
+basically want to turn around.
+
+Let's just think
+about a way to do it.
+
+You could imagine first
+doing a turn like this.
+
+It's not exactly a
+pure turn gadget.
+
+And then turning around
+to get to next place--
+
+this is really hard
+to do on a blackboard.
+
+Strips just tend not
+to stay together well.
+
+OK, now we're going parallel
+to the correct direction,
+
+and then we turn back and forth.
+
+But each of those is
+just using turn gadgets.
+
+As long as a turn
+gadget works fine,
+
+a turn gadget is going to
+be a mountain fold, which
+
+is going to go
+behind everything,
+
+and then a valley fold to bring
+it to a desired direction.
+
+Those are all using
+everything behind the board.
+
+So it seems like all
+those operations are OK.
+
+Now we should also
+check the color reversal
+
+gadget, which--
+it's funny thing.
+
+I remember everything I
+did before 2000 or so,
+
+so I still have memorized the
+color reversal gadget, at least
+
+I think so.
+
+I should probably color
+this piece of paper,
+
+so you can see
+the colors change.
+
+I don't remember anything
+I've done since 2000,
+
+but anything up to 2000 I'm OK.
+
+This is 1998, I think.
+
+I remember folding lots
+of-- this is ticker tape,
+
+they use it for or
+not ticker tape,
+
+but they use this for
+like adding machines.
+
+So I think it's a 90
+degree mountain fold,
+
+then you fold up
+like that, and then
+
+you fold back down with a
+mountain fold like that.
+
+You get a color reversal.
+
+And all of those folds we're
+working behind my plane
+
+here, so should avoid
+collision with everything.
+
+I think you could do
+color reversal and turn
+
+gadgets behind.
+
+And so the suggestion works.
+
+Who made this suggestion?
+
+Good idea.
+
+Unless there are any objections,
+I think that will work.
+
+I had a different plan, which
+was to use this second idea
+
+and set up the turn gadgets
+so there is no-- when you fold
+
+this with the valley fold,
+there is no ugly colors.
+
+So you could maybe
+modify the turn gadget
+
+to be completely solidly
+colored on both sides,
+
+but I think this is much easier.
+
+It's probably why I didn't
+write it down the notes,
+
+but I'm not sure.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: I think you could also
+just do a thing where you just
+
+take it far away, because
+you have a really long strip.
+
+So you can just take
+that strip, and go
+
+to where there are no things,
+fold it, and then take it out
+
+and put it on top.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+How do you do that last part?
+
+AUDIENCE: Accordion fold
+it with the right lengths.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you have to
+do it with simple folds.
+
+That's the main,
+that's the challenge.
+
+So the idea is
+you're way out here,
+
+you have a triangle
+out here, which
+
+you want to bring over here.
+
+Maybe I should do it like this.
+
+You could do
+something like this,
+
+so now the triangle's over here.
+
+Then maybe you want to
+go almost all the way
+
+here and then fold it back, and
+then fold it forth, and back,
+
+until you get your triangle
+exactly where you want it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Figure
+out from the base--
+
+PROFESSOR: It seems plausible.
+
+AUDIENCE: --where
+you need to fold it.
+
+PROFESSOR: My only concern
+would be when you do this thing,
+
+there might be a little corner.
+
+Depends how you fold this
+thing, and then you've
+
+got to hide that corner.
+
+And if there's triangles
+all around here,
+
+there may not be room.
+
+I mean, maybe if there's
+triangles all around here,
+
+it's OK to have that corner,
+but maybe the triangles
+
+are different colors.
+
+So I do believe that
+should be possible,
+
+but I think it is a little
+bit more complicated
+
+because you have to hide
+one last piece after you
+
+get in position.
+
+Anyway, I think there
+are at least three ways
+
+to solve this problem.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Are you
+allowed to unfold?
+
+PROFESSOR: Are you
+allowed to unfold?
+
+That's a good question.
+
+I don't remember whether
+the original model says
+
+whether you're
+allowed to unfold.
+
+So if there are two versions,
+simple folds and unfolds,
+
+or just simple folds.
+
+I don't think we actually
+said unfolding is allowed.
+
+Though we're definitely
+thinking about at some point,
+
+it's probably not in
+the model as defined.
+
+Any questions?
+
+What's next?
+
+This is the paper that
+introduced simple folds.
+
+It's called "When
+Can You Fold a Map?"
+
+because it originally was
+motivated by map folding.
+
+And it had a bunch of reasons
+for introducing simple folds,
+
+among them is this quote, which
+if you watched L1 was in there.
+
+I think the easiest way to
+refold a roadmap is differently
+
+and her goal was
+to make it easier
+
+to refold your
+roadmap correctly.
+
+So here's one quote from
+that paper as motivation.
+
+So it's origami motivation.
+
+But we're also wondering
+about applications,
+
+like sheet metal bending,
+cardboard folding, things
+
+like that where you want
+to manufacture things
+
+using a machine.
+
+And while origamists can
+do complicated folds,
+
+non-simple folds,
+to make art work,
+
+in practical
+manufacturing, you want
+
+to have the simplest
+possible machine.
+
+So if you can get away with just
+simple folds, as defined here,
+
+that would be great.
+
+Now you don't really need, some
+of these are maybe artificial.
+
+You probably don't need
+the 180 degree condition,
+
+because most of the things
+you want to fold aren't flat.
+
+We introduced that just to keep
+things simple mathematically.
+
+But you'd like to fold along
+just one segment at a time,
+
+ideally.
+
+You definitely don't
+want collision.
+
+You don't want
+material to hit things.
+
+Whereas in origami,
+you can do tucks,
+
+you can do things that
+are not simple folds.
+
+That's a lot harder
+with a machine
+
+that doesn't have any feedback.
+
+So here's a very simple machine.
+
+This is a brake folder.
+
+We actually have a
+brake folder in CC,
+
+although this one
+is Electrabrake,
+
+so this has an electric assist.
+
+So the idea is you slide your
+sheet in, and you hold here.
+
+You pull up, and,
+in this case, he's
+
+bending to a 90 degree angle.
+
+You can adjust it to
+different angles and so on.
+
+There are lots of
+automated machines,
+
+it's a little hard to get
+photos and videos of them,
+
+but they're based
+on this principle.
+
+Maybe you push in
+a v, and you end up
+
+with the crease in one spot.
+
+And you'd like to just make
+a sort of conveyor belt
+
+with lots of different
+pushes and pulls
+
+and do a bunch of
+simple folds, basically,
+
+except for this 180
+degree constraint.
+
+And so we're just
+curious about what's
+
+possible by simple
+folds, and that led us
+
+into the map
+folding stuff, where
+
+it's fairly easy
+to characterize.
+
+Other things where it's harder,
+we'll see in lecture three.
+
+I thought I'd show you
+some examples of things
+
+people make with pretty
+much simple folds,
+
+other than this 180 condition.
+
+Out of things like--
+this is folding wood.
+
+You take a sheet of material.
+
+You start bending
+these parts up,
+
+and you can make a little
+chair, a little table.
+
+And you could fold it
+back when you're not
+
+using your living room.
+
+You can hide everything.
+
+So you could imagine also
+having multiple sheets,
+
+and sometimes your
+room is a living room,
+
+other times it's-- whatever
+furniture you need,
+
+you just unfold the
+appropriate thing.
+
+That's the vision.
+
+Here's a cute little
+folding chair.
+
+There's a huge number
+of folding chairs,
+
+but this one is pretty
+much simple folds.
+
+The one thing I'm
+not sure whether it
+
+falls under simple
+folds is this fold.
+
+You do fold along one line, but
+it's in two different pieces.
+
+I'm not sure we'd call
+that a simple fold.
+
+There's, of course, lots of
+slits in the material here.
+
+But of course it has
+all the same advantages
+
+of simple folds.
+
+This is easy to execute
+one step at time.
+
+Here's some more
+complicated design.
+
+Some of these are
+computer renderings.
+
+Some of these are real.
+
+Again, taking furniture
+out of flat walls.
+
+And here's some table designs.
+
+These are sheet metal.
+
+I like this one.
+
+It's very simple.
+
+Take the square of sheet
+metal, put in some slips do,
+
+some very simple folds--
+boom, you've got a table.
+
+This one's also pretty simple.
+
+Again, here we're
+folding along one line,
+
+but it's in two
+different pieces.
+
+So is that a simple fold?
+
+It's definitely harder
+to build such a machine,
+
+but it's doable.
+
+Here we have something that's
+definitely not a simple fold,
+
+but it's also fairly
+easy to execute.
+
+Using a roller, you can
+kind of curve one segment.
+
+I mean, when you
+go to reality, you
+
+can change the model all
+sorts of different ways
+
+and still have
+something practical.
+
+And no one rule set is gospel.
+
+But mathematically we have to
+hone in on at least one model
+
+at a time, and then we can
+see how changing the rules
+
+changes what you can make.
+
+OK, next question.
+
+This is actually about the
+definition of simple folds,
+
+so it was probably
+answered already.
+
+Is it allowed to bend the rest
+of paper to get it out the way
+
+and avoid collision?
+
+The answer is no.
+
+In simple folds,
+at least, you're
+
+only allowed to move
+that one segment.
+
+We have actually
+lately been thinking
+
+about a different
+model, where you
+
+do allow this, but simple folds,
+you can't move other parts.
+
+You can just move the single
+hinge that you're folding.
+
+And the end product has to
+be flat, yes, in our model.
+
+Though, it would be
+interesting to think
+
+without this condition,
+because you're doing 180 degree
+
+operations before
+you do the next one,
+
+you'll be flat at all times.
+
+1D or 2D, according
+to whether you
+
+started with a 1D piece of
+paper or 2D piece of paper.
+
+OK.
+
+The second half of the
+lecture was basically
+
+about proving, characterizing
+flat foldability
+
+of 1D segments.
+
+And it showed in particular
+that simple folds are universal,
+
+that if you have some
+mountain valley pattern,
+
+and it's foldable at all,
+if it's flat foldable,
+
+it will be flat foldable
+via simple folds.
+
+And in particular using
+crimps and n folds.
+
+And it was a bit
+of a messy prove,
+
+partly because I've made a
+mistake in lecture, as you saw.
+
+I kind of corrected
+for it on the fly,
+
+but it's maybe not
+the best written.
+
+So I wanted to go through
+a couple quick examples
+
+to make clear all
+the issues there.
+
+So here are the ones I prepared.
+
+We can certainly do more
+if it's still not clear.
+
+So here's a simple
+mountain-valley pattern,
+
+and it's got some long
+segments and, let's just
+
+say, equidistant segments here.
+
+Three valleys, then a mountain.
+
+So first question
+is, is this mingling?
+
+And then the ultimate question
+is, is it flat foldable?
+
+So is it mingling?
+
+Well, maybe you
+could answer for me.
+
+Just yes or no.
+
+50% chance.
+
+So maybe the definition of
+mingling is not super clear.
+
+Let me review it.
+
+So you look at each,
+I mean, generally
+
+of a sequence of
+mountains and valleys,
+
+you look at a chunk
+of all valleys,
+
+then you look at a
+chunk of all mountains,
+
+and chunk of all valleys.
+
+Here there's only two chunks--
+three valleys and one mountain.
+
+And the definition is a little
+awkward for a single crease,
+
+but let's start
+with the valleys.
+
+The point is to check-- for
+the first segment between two
+
+valleys versus the segment just
+before it, which is bigger?
+
+And this is the bad case this
+is the non-mingling situation,
+
+because this thing
+is bigger than this.
+
+Strictly bigger, the notation
+we use in the lecture
+
+is an open square bracket.
+
+So square bracket meant
+that this is bigger.
+
+Round bracket would mean this
+is less than or equal to this.
+
+That's just the definition.
+
+Over on this side
+of the valleys,
+
+this length is equal
+to this length.
+
+So the last distance
+between two values
+
+is equal to the
+one right after it.
+
+And that's a good case, so we
+write a closed, round bracket.
+
+Then we have a
+sequence of mountains,
+
+and here it's a
+little confusing,
+
+but it's the same idea.
+
+So this is the very
+first mountain.
+
+You look at the length right
+after it versus the length
+
+right before it,
+and this is smaller.
+
+And that's a good case.
+
+We write an open, round bracket
+for this mountain group.
+
+And then same thing.
+
+Now we're comparing
+the same two distances,
+
+but it's now bad, because
+this one is strictly longer
+
+than this one.
+
+So we write a closed,
+square bracket.
+
+So that's the notation
+in this example.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+So you just have to
+check-- in general,
+
+you have a whole group of
+valleys-- these are all
+
+valleys, or all
+mountains-- and you
+
+want to compare this
+one versus this one.
+
+And square or closed,
+according to which is bigger.
+
+And you want to look at the last
+one versus the after last one.
+
+So that's the notation.
+
+And the point of the proof
+was to argue that, either
+
+if you're going to be
+flat foldable at all,
+
+actually if you're
+mingling-- mingling meant
+
+that for each of these
+intervals, at least one
+
+of the sides was round.
+
+That was considered good.
+
+So this crease
+pattern is mingling,
+
+because there's two regions.
+
+This one has a round bracket.
+
+This one has a round bracket.
+
+And what we argue is
+it if you're mingling,
+
+which was necessary, if
+you're flat foldable,
+
+you have to be mingling.
+
+It's a necessary but
+not sufficient condition
+
+for flat foldability.
+
+If you're mingling,
+either you have a pattern
+
+like this, close round
+bracket, open round bracket.
+
+That's good because this
+is a crimp that you can do.
+
+You see it up here.
+
+This is a crimp.
+
+You valley fold, mountain fold,
+and you don't hide anything
+
+when you make that operation.
+
+Or there's an end fold, which
+corresponded to an open round
+
+bracket at the
+beginning or closed
+
+round bracket at the end.
+
+So here there's a crimp.
+
+Let's do the crimp.
+
+So when we do the crimp, let's
+keep this part of paper fixed.
+
+So this we go over
+to here, hopefully,
+
+then we valley fold,
+then we mountain fold,
+
+and we keep going from there.
+
+That segment is that segment.
+
+So we still have this valley.
+
+This was a valley
+we just folded.
+
+This is the mountain
+we just folded.
+
+Now conceptually, we just
+sort of fuse this back
+
+into the paper, because
+those creases are done.
+
+We don't need to
+think about them.
+
+The point is, in that region
+there were no extra creases.
+
+These round parentheses
+will guarantee
+
+there's nothing here, no
+creases here, here, or here.
+
+Could be creases farther away
+but by these inequalities,
+
+that this length is less
+than or equal to this one,
+
+and this length is less
+than or equal to this one.
+
+Sorry, greater than or equal to.
+
+Then you know this is OK.
+
+So there's two valleys left.
+
+So now we have two valleys,
+we have a long segment,
+
+and a long segment.
+
+And this is something
+that can't be made.
+
+Because there's no folded
+state of this thing,
+
+never mind simple folds, because
+it's going to cross like that.
+
+So this is not flat foldable.
+
+It's also not mingling,
+because if you
+
+look at these two valleys--
+
+You look at the
+distance over here.
+
+It's bigger than this
+one, so that's bad,
+
+so you have an open
+square bracket.
+
+And this one is also bigger than
+this, imagine these as fused,
+
+and so it's a closed
+square bracket.
+
+And so this group of
+values is not mingling.
+
+So it's not mingling.
+
+So ultimately this
+pattern we started
+
+with is not flat foldable,
+because one of the things we
+
+proved is doing a crimp never
+changes flat foldability.
+
+It's always a safe thing to do.
+
+You might wonder,
+oh, maybe there's
+
+some other fold I could to
+do that eventually works,
+
+but we proved crimps
+are always safe to do.
+
+So we did it, and we got stock.
+
+That means this was
+not flat foldable,
+
+even though it was mingling.
+
+And so the mingling
+forever property just
+
+means, if it's mingling
+and then you do a crimp,
+
+and it's still mingling, and
+if you keep doing crimps,
+
+and it stays
+mingling all the way,
+
+then you were flat foldable.
+
+It's not a very satisfying
+characterization,
+
+but it is a thing.
+
+Maybe I'll do one more
+example where it works,
+
+so we're super clear.
+
+Whoa, we're out of time, so
+I won't do another example.
+
+All right, ambitious.
+
+I gotta work on my timing.
+
+There are a
+
+Couple other fun questions here.
+
+I would encourage you to
+read the notes about them.
+
+In particular, there's
+an algorithmic question.
+
+How do you actually
+compute this efficiently?
+
+You could do it very
+efficiently in linear time.
+
+So n, where c is one, just n
+time-- instead of n squared
+
+or something-- using
+a pretty simple idea.
+
+Basically just look
+for the first crimp,
+
+do it, and then see if
+there are crimps nearby,
+
+and keep going
+forward, and you can
+
+prove that it takes linear time.
+
+There is this fun question
+I enjoy thinking about.
+
+Can you make any mountain-valley
+pattern flat foldable
+
+by adding creases?
+
+The answer is yes.
+
+You can think of it as a puzzle.
+
+There is one proposed
+way to do it here.
+
+I have another one in the notes.
+
+You can think about it.
+
+And the last
+question, is what does
+
+it possibly mean to fold
+something in four dimensions?
+
+How do you imagine it?
+
+Hard to imagine, but
+you can think about it.
+
+You have a d-dimensional
+piece of paper,
+
+you fold it through
+d plus 1 dimensions.
+
+If you want it flat folded, it
+ends up back in d dimensions,
+
+and your creases are
+d minus 1 dimensional.
+
+And the rest you just
+have to visualize.
+
+I have one example
+folding a solid cube
+
+in half in the notes.
+
+That's certainly possible.
+
+That's not very well
+studied, and there's
+
+lots of interesting
+open questions
+
+about higher
+dimensional folding.
+
+Any questions before we go?
+
+All right.
+
+Watch lecture three, and
+please send your feedback.
+
+It was really helpful.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tzW5jlfEvwU.txt b/tzW5jlfEvwU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b199942e7fdc73ffc2ff245364ac4c846bcb05c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tzW5jlfEvwU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the definition of the Poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the Poisson process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the Poisson process
+gives us information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us information about the
+probability that we get K arrivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we get K arrivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we get K arrivals
+during an interval of length Delta when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an interval of length Delta when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an interval of length Delta when
+Delta is a very small number how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is a very small number how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is a very small number how can we
+find the probability of K arrivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the probability of K arrivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the probability of K arrivals
+during an interval of some general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an interval of some general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an interval of some general
+length tau where tau is no longer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length tau where tau is no longer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length tau where tau is no longer a
+small number in particular we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number in particular we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number in particular we're
+interested in the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the random variable
+denoted and subtile which stands for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted and subtile which stands for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted and subtile which stands for the
+number of arrivals during an interval of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals during an interval of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals during an interval of
+length tau and we wish to find the PMF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length tau and we wish to find the PMF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length tau and we wish to find the PMF
+of this random variable the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this random variable the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this random variable the probability
+that n sub tau is equal to K and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n sub tau is equal to K and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n sub tau is equal to K and which
+is what we have been denoting by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we have been denoting by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we have been denoting by this
+particular notation in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular notation in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular notation in the context of
+the Poisson process now if instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson process now if instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson process now if instead of
+the Poisson model we had the Bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson model we had the Bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson model we had the Bernoulli
+process model we would know the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process model we would know the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process model we would know the answer
+as the number of successes or number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the number of successes or number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the number of successes or number of
+arrivals in n slots has a PMF which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals in n slots has a PMF which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals in n slots has a PMF which is
+given by the binomial formula can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the binomial formula can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the binomial formula can we
+somehow use what we know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow use what we know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow use what we know about the
+Bernoulli process to find the answer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process to find the answer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process to find the answer for
+the Poisson process the answer is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson process the answer is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson process the answer is yes
+and it involves a limiting argument of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it involves a limiting argument of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it involves a limiting argument of
+the following kind we take the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following kind we take the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following kind we take the interval
+from 0 to T and divide it into a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to T and divide it into a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to T and divide it into a very
+large number of intervals so many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of intervals so many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of intervals so many of
+them where each one of the intervals has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them where each one of the intervals has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them where each one of the intervals has
+a length of Delta where Delta is a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a length of Delta where Delta is a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a length of Delta where Delta is a small
+number and to push the analogy with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and to push the analogy with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and to push the analogy with the
+Bernoulli process we will be calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process we will be calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process we will be calling
+those little intervals as slots now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little intervals as slots now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little intervals as slots now
+during each slot we may get 0 arrivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during each slot we may get 0 arrivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during each slot we may get 0 arrivals
+one arrival but there is also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one arrival but there is also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one arrival but there is also the
+possibility that there may be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that there may be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that there may be two
+arrivals or even more than two arrivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals or even more than two arrivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals or even more than two arrivals
+happening during one of the slots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening during one of the slots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening during one of the slots
+because of this the picture that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this the picture that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this the picture that we have
+here is not quite the same as for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not quite the same as for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not quite the same as for the
+Bernoulli process because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process because in the
+Bernoulli process each one of the slots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process each one of the slots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process each one of the slots
+we get only 0 or 1 arrival so the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get only 0 or 1 arrival so the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get only 0 or 1 arrival so the source
+of the discrepancy between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the discrepancy between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the discrepancy between the two
+models is that here a slot may obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models is that here a slot may obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models is that here a slot may obtain
+two or more arrivals but how likely is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or more arrivals but how likely is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or more arrivals but how likely is
+this let us look at the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let us look at the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let us look at the probability that
+some slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slot
+that is any one of the slots contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is any one of the slots contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is any one of the slots contains
+two or more arrivals that these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or more arrivals that these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or more arrivals that these were
+dealing with the union of the events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the union of the events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the union of the events
+that slot I has two or more arrivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this event is the union of these events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event is the union of these events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event is the union of these events
+and therefore the probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the probability of this
+event is less than or equal than the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event is less than or equal than the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event is less than or equal than the sum
+of the probabilities of the Constituent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probabilities of the Constituent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probabilities of the Constituent
+events this is an inequality that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events this is an inequality that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events this is an inequality that we
+have seen at some point in the past and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen at some point in the past and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen at some point in the past and
+we're calling it the Union bound now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're calling it the Union bound now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're calling it the Union bound now
+what is this summation I ranges over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this summation I ranges over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this summation I ranges over the
+different slots and we have tau over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slots and we have tau over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slots and we have tau over
+delta slots so there are so many terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta slots so there are so many terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta slots so there are so many terms
+that are being summed now during any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being summed now during any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being summed now during any
+particular slot the probability of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular slot the probability of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular slot the probability of two
+or more arrivals is of order Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more arrivals is of order Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more arrivals is of order Delta
+squared according to the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared according to the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared according to the definition of
+the Poisson process and this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson process and this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson process and this quantity
+converges to zero when we let Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to zero when we let Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to zero when we let Delta
+become smaller and smaller so this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become smaller and smaller so this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become smaller and smaller so this means
+that the discrepancy between the Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the discrepancy between the Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the discrepancy between the Poisson
+the Bernoulli model which was due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bernoulli model which was due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bernoulli model which was due to the
+possibility that we might get two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that we might get two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that we might get two or
+more arrivals during one of those slots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more arrivals during one of those slots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more arrivals during one of those slots
+this discrepancy is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discrepancy is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discrepancy is something that
+happens with negligible probability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with negligible probability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with negligible probability in
+other words the probability that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the probability that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the probability that we get
+K arrivals in the Poisson model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K arrivals in the Poisson model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K arrivals in the Poisson model is
+approximately the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the same as the
+probability that K slots have an arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since were neglecting the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since were neglecting the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since were neglecting the possibility
+that some slot has two or more arrivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some slot has two or more arrivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some slot has two or more arrivals
+this means that the number of arrivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the number of arrivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the number of arrivals
+in the Poisson model will be the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Poisson model will be the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Poisson model will be the same as
+the number of slots that get an arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of slots that get an arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of slots that get an arrival
+this approximate equality becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximate equality becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximate equality becomes more
+and more exact as we let Delta go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more exact as we let Delta go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more exact as we let Delta go to
+zero but now what is this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but now what is this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but now what is this quantity
+the probability that K slots have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that K slots have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that K slots have an
+arrival is something that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival is something that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival is something that we can
+calculate using the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate using the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate using the binomial
+probabilities each one of the slots has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities each one of the slots has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities each one of the slots has
+a certain probability of having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain probability of having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain probability of having an
+arrival and different slots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival and different slots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival and different slots are
+independent of each other by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other by the
+defining properties of the Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining properties of the Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining properties of the Poisson
+process therefore this approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process therefore this approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process therefore this approximation
+that we have developed satisfies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have developed satisfies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have developed satisfies the
+properties of the Bernoulli process we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the Bernoulli process we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the Bernoulli process we
+have a certain probability that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain probability that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain probability that each
+slot gets an arrival and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot gets an arrival and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot gets an arrival and we have
+independence across slots this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence across slots this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence across slots this means
+that we can use now the PMF that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use now the PMF that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use now the PMF that's
+associated with the Bernoulli model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the Bernoulli model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the Bernoulli model to
+calculate this quantity and then take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this quantity and then take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this quantity and then take
+the limit as Delta goes to 0 to obtain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as Delta goes to 0 to obtain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as Delta goes to 0 to obtain a
+formula for the PMF for the Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the PMF for the Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the PMF for the Poisson
+process in more detail what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in more detail what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in more detail what we have is
+that the number of arrivals which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of arrivals which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of arrivals which is
+approximately the same as the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the same as the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the same as the number of
+slots that have an arrival obeys a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots that have an arrival obeys a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots that have an arrival obeys a
+binomial distribution in the limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial distribution in the limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial distribution in the limit as
+Delta goes to 0 a binomial distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta goes to 0 a binomial distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta goes to 0 a binomial distribution
+in which the probability of arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the probability of arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the probability of arrival
+during each one of the slots is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during each one of the slots is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during each one of the slots is
+approximately lambda Delta and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately lambda Delta and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately lambda Delta and the
+number of slots goes to infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of slots goes to infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of slots goes to infinity and
+this happens in a way so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens in a way so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens in a way so that the
+product of the two end times P is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the two end times P is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the two end times P is equal
+to this term times this term gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this term times this term gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this term times this term gives us a
+lambda times tau this term times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times tau this term times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times tau this term times this
+term give us something that's order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term give us something that's order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term give us something that's order of
+Delta so it's negligible so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta so it's negligible so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta so it's negligible so we have this
+equality and so this is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality and so this is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality and so this is approximately
+lambda tau with the approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda tau with the approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda tau with the approximation
+becoming more and more exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming more and more exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming more and more exact
+as we let Delta go to zero so all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we let Delta go to zero so all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we let Delta go to zero so all we
+need to do is to take the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is to take the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is to take the formula for
+the Bernoulli process use these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bernoulli process use these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bernoulli process use these values
+of P and N and take the limit but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P and N and take the limit but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P and N and take the limit but this
+is a problem that we have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem that we have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem that we have already
+encountered and have analyzed if we let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered and have analyzed if we let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered and have analyzed if we let
+n go to infinity P go to zero so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n go to infinity P go to zero so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n go to infinity P go to zero so that
+their product stays constant we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product stays constant we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product stays constant we have
+shown that the binomial PMF converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that the binomial PMF converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that the binomial PMF converges to
+the so-called Poisson PMF that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called Poisson PMF that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called Poisson PMF that takes
+this form notice one small difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form notice one small difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form notice one small difference
+and times P here is equal to lambda who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and times P here is equal to lambda who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and times P here is equal to lambda who
+are as here n times P is equal to lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are as here n times P is equal to lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are as here n times P is equal to lambda
+T this means that we need to apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T this means that we need to apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T this means that we need to apply this
+formula but with lambda replaced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but with lambda replaced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but with lambda replaced by
+lambda T and this gives us the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda T and this gives us the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda T and this gives us the final
+answer this is the probability of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this is the probability of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this is the probability of K
+arrivals during a time interval of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals during a time interval of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals during a time interval of
+length T in the Poisson process and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length T in the Poisson process and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length T in the Poisson process and this
+is a so-called Poisson PMF with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a so-called Poisson PMF with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a so-called Poisson PMF with
+parameter lambda tau to summarize our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter lambda tau to summarize our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter lambda tau to summarize our
+strategy was to argue that the Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy was to argue that the Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy was to argue that the Poisson
+process is increasingly accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is increasingly accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is increasingly accurately
+described by a Bernoulli process if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by a Bernoulli process if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by a Bernoulli process if we
+discretize time in a very fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretize time in a very fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretize time in a very fine
+discretization and the approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization and the approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization and the approximation
+becomes exact in the limit when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes exact in the limit when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes exact in the limit when the
+discretization is very fine so we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization is very fine so we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization is very fine so we took
+the corresponding binomial formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding binomial formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding binomial formula for
+the Bernoulli process and took the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bernoulli process and took the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bernoulli process and took the limit
+that's associated with the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's associated with the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's associated with the parameters
+that we would obtain if we have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would obtain if we have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would obtain if we have a very
+fine discretization and this gave us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine discretization and this gave us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine discretization and this gave us the
+final formula
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uYuPranLS1k.txt b/uYuPranLS1k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6e2e2ffc372d9277739f17c601a0aaff925145f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uYuPranLS1k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+My group studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slime is largely viewed as some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slime is largely viewed as some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slime is largely viewed as some sort of
+um waste product similar to feces and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um waste product similar to feces and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um waste product similar to feces and my
+mission is to really correct this image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission is to really correct this image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission is to really correct this image
+and show that it has really very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that it has really very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that it has really very very
+important functions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important functions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important functions for
+biology. We focus on mucus that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology. We focus on mucus that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology. We focus on mucus that is a
+very important slime for our body. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important slime for our body. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important slime for our body. um
+mucus is more commonly known as snot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mucus is more commonly known as snot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mucus is more commonly known as snot and
+it coats all wet epithelial in our body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it coats all wet epithelial in our body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it coats all wet epithelial in our body
+eyes, nose, mouth, lungs, digestive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes, nose, mouth, lungs, digestive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes, nose, mouth, lungs, digestive
+tract and female genital tract and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract and female genital tract and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract and female genital tract and it
+has very very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has very very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has very very important
+functions. These are bacteria swimming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. These are bacteria swimming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. These are bacteria swimming
+in slime. Somehow the mucus can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in slime. Somehow the mucus can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in slime. Somehow the mucus can
+distinguish between good and bad. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between good and bad. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between good and bad. It
+allows many bacteria to live in it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows many bacteria to live in it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows many bacteria to live in it that
+constitutes our microbiota. But then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutes our microbiota. But then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutes our microbiota. But then it
+rejects in most cases bacteria or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejects in most cases bacteria or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejects in most cases bacteria or
+viruses that are potentially harmful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses that are potentially harmful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses that are potentially harmful to
+the body. We have mucus from women who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body. We have mucus from women who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body. We have mucus from women who
+are in pre-term labor and women that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in pre-term labor and women that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in pre-term labor and women that are
+pregnant at exactly the same gestation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnant at exactly the same gestation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnant at exactly the same gestation
+stage. So mayo is similar to what um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage. So mayo is similar to what um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage. So mayo is similar to what um
+mucus in a normal pregnancy should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mucus in a normal pregnancy should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mucus in a normal pregnancy should look
+like. It's thick, opaque, and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. It's thick, opaque, and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. It's thick, opaque, and it doesn't
+really form any kind of filament. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really form any kind of filament. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really form any kind of filament. It
+just breaks apart like this. In pre-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just breaks apart like this. In pre-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just breaks apart like this. In pre-term
+pregnancy, we see that the mucus may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnancy, we see that the mucus may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnancy, we see that the mucus may be
+altered in ways that it is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered in ways that it is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered in ways that it is more
+permeable egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeable egg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeable egg
+white. So, it's more translucent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white. So, it's more translucent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white. So, it's more translucent
+and and you can see that it forms a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you can see that it forms a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you can see that it forms a kind
+of filament when I stretch my fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filament when I stretch my fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filament when I stretch my fingers
+apart. It really resembles the mucus as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart. It really resembles the mucus as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart. It really resembles the mucus as
+it is during your fertile phase. That is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is during your fertile phase. That is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is during your fertile phase. That is
+the maximally permeable phase which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximally permeable phase which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximally permeable phase which is
+very bad news because that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad news because that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad news because that means that
+potentially a lot of pathogens can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially a lot of pathogens can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially a lot of pathogens can go
+through. One of our goals with the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through. One of our goals with the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through. One of our goals with the study
+is to is to look for markers that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to is to look for markers that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to is to look for markers that might
+predict far in advance that a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict far in advance that a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict far in advance that a woman
+might be at risk for preterm labor. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be at risk for preterm labor. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be at risk for preterm labor. If
+you grow too fond of your hypothesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you grow too fond of your hypothesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you grow too fond of your hypothesis and
+then you do that one experiment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do that one experiment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do that one experiment was
+which was supposed to be a control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was supposed to be a control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was supposed to be a control and
+that proves you wrong then yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proves you wrong then yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proves you wrong then yeah you
+can't fall apart. It's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fall apart. It's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fall apart. It's very very
+important to to always always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to to always always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to to always always be
+prepared that you're wrong. Discovering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared that you're wrong. Discovering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared that you're wrong. Discovering
+mucus it's a roller coaster really.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mucus it's a roller coaster really.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mucus it's a roller coaster really.
+Every experiment almost tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every experiment almost tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every experiment almost tells us
+something new and unexpected.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uxVRfj60z98.txt b/uxVRfj60z98.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..def8004e90c0c578e775b4373af90e6caae7c143
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uxVRfj60z98.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,619 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we justify some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we justify some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we justify some of the
+properties of the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the correlation
+coefficient that we claimed a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that we claimed a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that we claimed a little
+earlier the most important properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier the most important properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier the most important properties
+that the correlation coefficient lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the correlation coefficient lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the correlation coefficient lies
+between minus 1 and plus 1 we will prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus 1 and plus 1 we will prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus 1 and plus 1 we will prove
+this property for the special case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property for the special case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property for the special case where
+we have random variables with zero means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have random variables with zero means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have random variables with zero means
+and unit variance --is so standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unit variance --is so standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unit variance --is so standard
+deviations are also 1 so most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations are also 1 so most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations are also 1 so most of the
+terms here disappear and the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here disappear and the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here disappear and the correlation
+coefficient is simply the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is simply the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is simply the expected value
+of x times y we will show that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x times y we will show that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x times y we will show that in this
+special case the expected value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case the expected value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case the expected value of x
+times y lies between minus 1 and 1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times y lies between minus 1 and 1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times y lies between minus 1 and 1 but
+the proof of this fact remains valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of this fact remains valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of this fact remains valid
+with a little bit of more algebra and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of more algebra and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of more algebra and
+long similar lines for the general case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long similar lines for the general case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long similar lines for the general case
+what we will do is we will consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we will do is we will consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we will do is we will consider this
+quantity here and expand this quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here and expand this quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here and expand this quadratic
+and write it as expected value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write it as expected value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write it as expected value of x
+squared then there is a cross term which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared then there is a cross term which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared then there is a cross term which
+is minus 2 Rho the expected value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 2 Rho the expected value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 2 Rho the expected value of x
+times y plus Rho squared expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times y plus Rho squared expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times y plus Rho squared expected value
+of y squared now since we assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y squared now since we assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y squared now since we assume that
+the random variables have zero mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variables have zero mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variables have zero mean this
+is the same as the variance and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the variance and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the variance and we
+assume that the variance is 1 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the variance is 1 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the variance is 1 so this
+term here is equal to 1 now the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here is equal to 1 now the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here is equal to 1 now the expected
+value of x times y is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x times y is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x times y is the same as the
+correlation coefficient in this case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient in this case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient in this case so
+we have minus 2 Rho squared and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have minus 2 Rho squared and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have minus 2 Rho squared and from
+here we have Rho squared and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have Rho squared and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have Rho squared and by the
+previous argument again this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous argument again this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous argument again this quantity
+according to our assumptions is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our assumptions is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our assumptions is equal to
+1 so we're left with this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so we're left with this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so we're left with this expression
+which is 1 minus Rho squared now notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 minus Rho squared now notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 minus Rho squared now notice
+that this is the expectation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the expectation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the expectation of a
+non-negative random variable so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative random variable so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative random variable so this
+quantity here must be non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here must be non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here must be non-negative
+therefore 1 minus Rho squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore 1 minus Rho squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore 1 minus Rho squared is
+non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which means that Rho squared is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that Rho squared is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that Rho squared is less
+than or equal to one and that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to one and that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to one and that's the same
+as requiring the TRO lie between minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as requiring the TRO lie between minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as requiring the TRO lie between minus
+one and plus one and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and plus one and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and plus one and so we have
+established this important property at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established this important property at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established this important property at
+least for the special case of zero means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for the special case of zero means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for the special case of zero means
+and unit variances but as I mentioned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unit variances but as I mentioned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unit variances but as I mentioned it
+remains valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains valid
+more generally now let us look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally now let us look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally now let us look at an
+extreme case when the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case when the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case when the absolute value
+overall is equal to one what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall is equal to one what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall is equal to one what happens in
+this case in that case this term is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case in that case this term is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case in that case this term is 0
+and this implies that the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this implies that the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this implies that the expected value
+of the square of this random variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the square of this random variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the square of this random variable is
+equal to 0 now here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 now here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 now here we have a
+non-negative random variable and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative random variable and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative random variable and it's
+expected value is 0 which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value is 0 which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value is 0 which means that
+when we calculate the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we calculate the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we calculate the expected value of
+this there will be no positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there will be no positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there will be no positive
+contributions and so the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions and so the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions and so the only
+contributions must be equal to 0 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions must be equal to 0 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions must be equal to 0 this
+means that X minus R or Y has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that X minus R or Y has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that X minus R or Y has to be
+equal to 0 with probability 1 so X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 with probability 1 so X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 with probability 1 so X is
+going to be equal to Rho times y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to Rho times y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to Rho times y and
+this will happen with essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will happen with essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will happen with essential
+certainty now also because the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty now also because the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty now also because the absolute
+value of Rho is equal to 1 this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Rho is equal to 1 this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Rho is equal to 1 this means
+that we have either X equal to Y or X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have either X equal to Y or X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have either X equal to Y or X
+equal to minus y in case Rho is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus y in case Rho is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus y in case Rho is equal to
+minus 1 so we see that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 so we see that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 so we see that if the
+correlation coefficient has an absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient has an absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient has an absolute
+value of 1 then x and y are related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 1 then x and y are related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 1 then x and y are related to
+each other according to a simple linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other according to a simple linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other according to a simple linear
+relation and it's an extreme form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and it's an extreme form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and it's an extreme form of
+dependence between the two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence between the two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence between the two random
+variables
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/v2JKK_yPwc0.txt b/v2JKK_yPwc0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca0a4ec52af9ea1a0e00ac3d3afd3b278c9e8971
--- /dev/null
+++ b/v2JKK_yPwc0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3795 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+IAIN STEWART: All right,
+that's roughly where we were.
+
+So last time, we started
+talking about SCET.
+
+We said it's going
+to be a theory that
+
+can describe energetic
+hadrons and energetic jets.
+
+Our first example was
+discussing about a process
+
+with an energetic hadron,
+which is this pink pion.
+
+So the pion has a large
+momentum, large energy.
+
+It's much bigger
+than lambda QCD.
+
+It's much bigger than in m pi.
+
+And it moves basically along
+a light cone direction.
+
+So that was a motivation for us
+to use light cone coordinates.
+
+So we introduce
+an n and an n bar.
+
+And with that n and n bar,
+which satisfy n squared 0,
+
+n bar squared 0, and n dot n
+bar equals 2 as a normalization
+
+convention, we can
+decompose any momentum P
+
+mu in terms of components along
+n, components along n bar,
+
+and then the remaining two
+components which we call
+
+the perpendicular components.
+
+So we can also write the metric
+out in these coordinates.
+
+And this kind of makes
+explicit that you
+
+have this off-diagonal
+nature to the basis,
+
+that you have n
+mu with n bar mu.
+
+So unlike Cartesian
+coordinates, where
+
+the component along
+a direction is just
+
+given by dotting that
+vector into the vector
+
+you start with, here
+the component along n
+
+is given by dotting n
+bar into the vector.
+
+And that's reflected in the
+metric here in the sense
+
+that you have these
+terms n within n bar.
+
+So you can do this with any
+tensor if you have an epsilon.
+
+You can find an epsilon
+perp tensor, for example,
+
+by taking epsilon and
+putting in an n bar and an n.
+
+And then this would be
+a two-component tensor
+
+that behaves in the
+perpendicular direction
+
+as an antisymmetric tensor.
+
+And this g perp mu nu
+would be effectively living
+
+in the little subspace
+of the perp coordinates.
+
+And again, it's a
+metric tensor there.
+
+And this would be the
+antisymmetric tensor there.
+
+OK, so these are the
+coordinates we're going to use.
+
+So n here had a
+physical motivation,
+
+as you saw from my picture.
+
+The pion was moving
+in the n direction.
+
+And bar was just
+a vector that we
+
+decided that we needed in
+order to define things.
+
+So if you have some vector
+where n squared is 0
+
+and you want to make a
+decomposition of coordinates,
+
+then you're required
+to introduce
+
+a complimentary vector,
+which is this n bar
+
+to make the decomposition
+for the reasons I said.
+
+The simplest choice
+that you could make,
+
+if you made this choice
+for n, so if we choose n
+
+to be 1, 0, 0,
+minus 1, as I did,
+
+then the simplest thing you
+could do for n bar is to pick n
+
+bar to be 1, 0, 0, plus 1.
+
+So then that would be
+a lightlike vector.
+
+When you dot it into
+this vector, you get 2.
+
+And it satisfies all the
+criteria that we would need.
+
+If I choose these
+two vectors, then I
+
+have to find what
+perp is because perp
+
+is the space that's
+orthogonal to these vectors.
+
+So that's these two
+coordinates, OK?
+
+So perp in general is defined
+such that n dot P perp is 0
+
+and n bar dot P perp is 0.
+
+It's the orthogonal
+two directions
+
+to the ones that are
+picked out by an n bar.
+
+And so you need to know what
+n and n bar are in order
+
+to define what perp is.
+
+So this is one choice.
+
+You could make other choices.
+
+And we'll come back
+to this later on.
+
+So just by way of example, if
+I have the same choice for n,
+
+but I choose n bar
+to be 3, 2, 2, 1,
+
+that would also be a
+choice that's equally good.
+
+I need this to be minus 1.
+
+I'll do this, make
+my choice work.
+
+I guess, well, OK, if
+we want the same sign,
+
+then I have to do this.
+
+OK, so 9 minus 8, this
+thing still squares to 0.
+
+You dot it, you get
+3 minus 1 is 2, OK?
+
+So it still satisfies the
+criteria that we had here.
+
+And it points in some
+other weird direction.
+
+So the point is that this
+is an auxiliary vector,
+
+and there's some freedom
+in what you pick for it.
+
+And once you've picked
+this, if you pick these two,
+
+you would have a different
+definition of perp.
+
+OK.
+
+But it's an equally
+valid possible choice.
+
+And we'll actually exploit
+this freedom later on.
+
+But for now, we'll mostly focus
+on picking the simplest choice.
+
+OK, what we're actually
+interested in describing
+
+in these processes
+is not just the plan,
+
+but what goes on
+inside the plan.
+
+What is the quark level process?
+
+So we're interested
+in the constituents.
+
+That's where the dynamics are.
+
+Is there any questions
+before I keep going?
+
+No.
+
+So in this process, B to D
+pi, if you think about it
+
+in the rest frame
+of the B meson,
+
+which is the most natural
+frame, then the B meson
+
+we've already learned
+how to describe that.
+
+We can describe that with
+HQET, same with the D meson.
+
+And we know that the things
+that are inside the B and the D
+
+meson are one heavy quark and
+then a bunch of soft stuff.
+
+So I'll call these guys soft
+because the dynamical part is
+
+soft.
+
+And so we can use HQET
+for them as we did before.
+
+And that means we're describing
+gluons and quarks that
+
+are inside these hadrons
+where the forward momentum are
+
+of order lambda QCD.
+
+The pion, on the other hand,
+is what we would collinear.
+
+So as I already described,
+the pion's energy
+
+is much greater than its mass.
+
+Its highly boosted.
+
+If you were to talk about
+it in the rest frame,
+
+then like the B and the D
+meson, then the constituents
+
+of the pion would have
+momentum of order lambda QCD.
+
+But if you were to talk about
+the pion in the rest frame,
+
+you'd have to talk about the B
+and the D in the boosted frame.
+
+So let's stick with
+describing the B and the D
+
+in the rest frame or
+close to the rest frame.
+
+The B meson is in
+its rest frame.
+
+In the D meson is slow.
+
+And in that case, we're stuck
+with the pion being energetic.
+
+So in rest frame,
+our pion would be--
+
+it would also have
+quarks and gluons
+
+our P mu is order lambda QCD.
+
+And we can actually just take
+that result, once we know that,
+
+and boost it to another frame.
+
+So let's just boost along
+z hat by some kappa that's
+
+much greater than
+1 as the boost.
+
+And the way that light
+cone coordinates boost
+
+is very simple.
+
+If you're along the axis of
+the light cone coordinates,
+
+it's multiplicative.
+
+So P minus gets
+enhanced by some amount.
+
+P plus gets suppressed
+by the same amount.
+
+That's one nice thing
+about these coordinates.
+
+And of course, P perp
+doesn't change because it's
+
+perpendicular to the boost.
+
+So now, we can get our
+pion, which is moving,
+
+which should be pink.
+
+And if we ask about
+its constituents,
+
+we just boost the components
+of this for vector.
+
+So we ask about how they scale.
+
+And we look at the
+different components.
+
+The plus, minus, and perp
+scale differently now,
+
+so we have to break
+it up by that.
+
+And if we boost it by
+this amount Q or lambda
+
+over Q, Q over
+lambda, then that's
+
+the scaling for
+this boosted pion.
+
+OK.
+
+So now, it's got a component
+in the minus direction.
+
+n bar dot P is
+order Q. That's what
+
+we saw before when
+we decomposed the P,
+
+that it was basically Q
+times a lightlike vector.
+
+But that was the pion.
+
+Now, we're talking about the
+constituents inside the pion.
+
+Constituents inside
+the pion fill it out.
+
+They fill it out in
+the perpendicular
+
+by an amount lambda QCD that's
+perpendicular to the direction
+
+of its motion.
+
+And then the plus momentum
+got correspondingly smaller
+
+as the minus momentum
+have got bigger,
+
+so we have that scaling.
+
+And so the relative
+scaling here is
+
+what actually defines
+something being collinear.
+
+So the relative
+scaling of this vector
+
+here is that the P minus is
+much bigger than the P perp is
+
+much bigger than the P plus.
+
+And that's what we
+mean by collinear.
+
+It's collimated
+in some direction,
+
+and that direction
+is the direction
+
+of the large momentum.
+
+You always have
+to be careful when
+
+you say things like that
+because the component
+
+along the direction is the
+opposite lightlike vector,
+
+but I think you'll
+always know what I mean.
+
+OK, so in the n mu direction, we
+have a large component P minus.
+
+And that defines this
+thing is collimated
+
+in a particular direction.
+
+It's perpendicular fluctuations
+to that direction are small.
+
+And so all the
+degrees of freedom
+
+that are in this boosted pion
+have that type of scaling.
+
+So what we're
+describing, or what
+
+we want to describe if we
+have a field theory for this,
+
+is we want to
+describe, if you like,
+
+fluctuations about the
+pion momentum, which,
+
+ignoring the pion mass, we could
+just take it to be like this.
+
+And the size of the
+fluctuations we need to treat
+
+are things that can fluctuate
+by amounts of this size.
+
+So the field theory
+is going to have
+
+to describe fluctuations about
+some kind of canonical scaling.
+
+And the field
+theory for this pion
+
+is going to have
+to be describing
+
+collinear fluctuations
+that are of this type.
+
+Just like the HQET had to
+describe soft fluctuations,
+
+P mu's of order lambda QCD
+ignorant of the heavy quark
+
+mass, here it's a little
+bit more complicated.
+
+But that's the kind of thing
+we want the field theory to do.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+So the way that we write this
+is we say that P plus, P minus,
+
+P perp has a particular
+scaling that we
+
+call lambda squared
+1 lambda where
+
+lambda is some small parameter.
+
+And if we have a momentum
+that scales that way,
+
+we call it collinear.
+
+So this is generic any
+case with any lambda.
+
+And our allowed here was
+just lambda QCD over Q.
+
+But if we encounter
+another physical problem
+
+where the lambda
+was different, we
+
+would also call that collinear.
+
+All right, so what's a
+nice way of picturing this,
+
+what we're doing here?
+
+Because it's a little
+bit different than you're
+
+used to with an
+effective field theory.
+
+Usually, with an effective
+field theory, what you're doing
+
+is you're separating modes
+by their invariant mass.
+
+You have things with large
+invariant mass, small invariant
+
+mass.
+
+If you think about
+massive particles,
+
+well, that's just the
+invariant mass squared.
+
+So if you're separating
+massive particles
+
+from massless particles
+or less massive particles,
+
+you're really separating things
+along an invariant mass curve.
+
+Just an invariant mass variable
+is used for the separation.
+
+And that doesn't
+quite suffice here.
+
+Because as you saw, the pion
+in the B and the D meson,
+
+they both had P squared
+of order lambda QCD.
+
+What separates the pion
+from the B or the D meson
+
+is this morphyne structure.
+
+So SCET is actually an
+example of an effective field
+
+theory that requires at
+least more than one variable
+
+to describe where the
+degrees of freedom live.
+
+So we can draw a picture
+for what we've been talking
+
+about here in two variables.
+
+Let's just pick P
+minus and P plus.
+
+And essentially, what's
+going on in this space is
+
+you can think that there's
+degrees of freedom that
+
+live in this space at
+different locations.
+
+So out here, if I draw
+a hyperbola like this,
+
+then remember that P squared
+was P plus times P minus minus P
+
+perp squared.
+
+But let's ignore P perp
+squared for this picture.
+
+So if I draw a curve of constant
+P squared in this plane, then
+
+it's I hyperbola.
+
+So these are curves
+of constant P squared.
+
+And this one here has
+P squared of order Q
+
+squared, which might be Mb
+squared or some hard scale.
+
+So this any degrees of freedom
+that live on this curve,
+
+or in particularly
+these ones, would
+
+be what we would call
+hard degrees of freedom.
+
+And those are something that
+we want to integrate out
+
+of the effective theory.
+
+And the other degrees of freedom
+that we've been talking about
+
+have smaller invariant mass.
+
+So this hyperbola down here
+has P squared of order lambda
+
+QCD squared.
+
+But there's two different
+degrees of freedom
+
+that live on this curve.
+
+One of them has a large P minus.
+
+That's the collinear one,
+so it should be pink.
+
+And then the soft
+one lives down there.
+
+So P minus here is scaling,
+if you like, lambda to the 0.
+
+And here, for this soft mode,
+which also exists in this case,
+
+this is actually
+going to be lambda.
+
+So you can contrast
+that type of picture
+
+with a more usual picture where
+you would just have one line.
+
+And you'd say there's
+some modes up here
+
+and some modes down there.
+
+And you'd integrate
+out these modes.
+
+And you keep those modes.
+
+This is a little
+different because you want
+
+to integrate out these modes.
+
+You want to keep
+both of those modes,
+
+but they live in a little
+bit of a different place.
+
+And that's actually going to
+be important to formulating
+
+the effective theory.
+
+So the way that you should think
+about this, physically the way
+
+you should think about it, is
+that these modes are kind of
+
+localized in that region.
+
+This is the right
+physical picture,
+
+which requires another variable
+besides just invariant mass
+
+in order to specify that, right?
+
+The reason we don't have to draw
+a third direction for P perp
+
+is because it was just
+redundant information.
+
+P perp squared is
+always of P plus P
+
+minus if you're talking
+about fluctuations
+
+that are near the mass shell.
+
+For a massless mode, that mass
+shell is P squared equals 0.
+
+And so P perp would just be
+providing redundant information
+
+to our picture, and we
+just can leave it out.
+
+Now, the boundaries
+of the regions
+
+between soft and collinear here
+seems like an interesting thing
+
+to worry about.
+
+And that is, indeed, true.
+
+You have to think about
+how you want to set up
+
+this effective theory.
+
+And of course, as I have
+been emphasizing earlier
+
+in the course, the
+easiest way to think
+
+about momentum
+degrees of freedom
+
+is with a Wilsonian picture.
+
+That makes physically
+what's going on very clear.
+
+So the simplest thing
+would be to introduce
+
+a Wilsonian cut-off
+and set this up
+
+as a Wilsonian
+effective field theory.
+
+And then we would just
+take these regions.
+
+And I would literally carve
+them out in the way that I drew.
+
+I would carve out some
+cut-off between them.
+
+And I would decide who's
+in the soft region, who's
+
+in the collinear region
+based on those hard cut-offs.
+
+But we don't want to
+do that, actually,
+
+because it would mess up
+all sorts of symmetries.
+
+In particular, it would
+mess up gauge cemetery
+
+which is an important
+thing when you're
+
+talking about gauge theory.
+
+So we're going to use
+dimensional regularization,
+
+as we have for other problems.
+
+And that actually
+will still leave us
+
+with this picture, which
+I drew as a cartoon.
+
+You'll still be correct.
+
+Think about the modes
+live in those places
+
+in dimensional regularization.
+
+What's a little bit harder is
+how to think about the cut-off.
+
+And we'll treat that in
+some detail later on.
+
+So it's still the
+correct picture,
+
+but treating the region overlaps
+with dimensional regularization
+
+is a little more tricky.
+
+But at least we can
+do it in a way that
+
+preserves the gauge invariance.
+
+So that's going to be
+our mode of operation.
+
+This theory has a name.
+
+It goes by the name SCET2.
+
+That's why I called it SCET2.
+
+We'll come back in a
+moment to what SCET1 is.
+
+So I can say that the
+degrees of freedom
+
+in this theory, the one that
+we've been talking about,
+
+are some collinear
+degree of freedom that's
+
+associated to some
+direction, some collinear
+
+degrees of freedom as well as
+some soft degrees of freedom.
+
+And when you have
+effective theories that
+
+are like this one, where the
+soft and collinear degrees
+
+of freedom live on the
+same mass hyperbola,
+
+they're called SCET2 theories.
+
+And these are really
+the kind of theories
+
+that you get when you're
+talking about energetic hadron
+
+production.
+
+So any questions so far?
+
+OK, so if that's
+energetic hadrons,
+
+then SCET1 will
+be energetic jets.
+
+And that's what we'll
+talk about next.
+
+So let's do another example
+which has jets in it.
+
+And we'll see what
+the similarities are
+
+to this SCET2 set up in terms
+of just identifying still what
+
+the right degrees
+of freedom are.
+
+So let's look at e plus
+e minus to two jets.
+
+So e plus e minus collide.
+
+They produce a
+virtual photon, say.
+
+The virtual photon produces
+a quark-antiquark pair.
+
+The quark-antiquark
+pair starts to radiate.
+
+And we get jets, two of them.
+
+So again, there's a
+kind of natural frame
+
+to describe this scattering.
+
+And that's the center of mass
+frame of the e plus e minus.
+
+Most e plus e minus colliders
+are built in that frame.
+
+And if you're in the
+center of mass frame
+
+and you call the for
+momentum of this photon Q,
+
+then it just has an
+energy component.
+
+So Q here is not the same as
+the Q in our previous example,
+
+but we're always going to
+identify the hard scale as Q.
+
+So here, the hard
+scale is the scale
+
+of the energy of the collision
+in the center of mass frame.
+
+And if you ask, what
+does the event look
+
+like in the center
+of mass frame,
+
+then these two jets
+which are going out
+
+have to balance each other.
+
+And so you have two
+back to back jets.
+
+So we draw it like this, one jet
+going this way, one jet going
+
+that way.
+
+Our original e plus e
+minus might have come
+
+in from some other direction.
+
+So maybe e plus e minus were
+coming in from here and here.
+
+And then we have these two
+jets going out this way.
+
+Since they're jets,
+that means they're
+
+collimated sprays of radiation.
+
+So they're not featureless.
+
+They have some size
+to them like this.
+
+And in this process,
+we can quickly
+
+identify that there's
+two relevant directions.
+
+It's back to back,
+but let's define
+
+this direction of
+this jet to be n1,
+
+some lightlike vector that
+points in that direction,
+
+and this one to be n2.
+
+So generically, we could
+say you n is some 1, n hat.
+
+And if we choose this
+to be the z-axis,
+
+then this must be 1, 0, 0
+1, just like we had before.
+
+But we can always pick a
+lightlike vector that points
+
+along some direction n hat.
+
+So when I draw a
+picture like this,
+
+really what I mean when I say
+n1 points in this direction
+
+is that the hat part of it
+points in that direction
+
+in through space.
+
+OK, so just like
+before, what happens
+
+with the jet is, as I
+said last time actually,
+
+we have a large energy flow in
+this direction and a smaller
+
+perpendicular flow.
+
+So if we measure
+perpendicular momentum, which
+
+we can think of as perpendicular
+to that axis, free axis,
+
+then that's the perpendicular
+flow inside the jet.
+
+And so if we want to talk about
+constituents inside the jet,
+
+then we'll be interested
+in smaller perpendicular
+
+flow than flow in the
+forward direction.
+
+And that's what makes it
+into a collimated jet.
+
+You have question?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+IAIN STEWART: Sure.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you're
+not using anything
+
+about the QCD
+[INAUDIBLE] to tell you
+
+the things is [INAUDIBLE].
+
+You're just saying we know that
+we have to [INAUDIBLE] topic.
+
+IAIN STEWART: Yeah, that's
+the attitude, right.
+
+So I mean, we'll see why.
+
+You know, you can
+ask the question,
+
+why do we get jets
+in the first place?
+
+We haven't talked about that.
+
+And we could talk about that.
+
+I'm taking the attitude here,
+this is what we observe.
+
+How do we design an effective
+field theory for it?
+
+And we'll see then, from
+that effective theory,
+
+we can go back
+and understand why
+
+it is that we get
+these objects and why
+
+actually, when you
+look at cross-sections,
+
+that this is the leading order
+description of what happens.
+
+We'll come to that later.
+
+Good question.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+All right.
+
+Yeah, in the hadron case, you
+just say this process exists.
+
+And I didn't explain to you
+why the process could exist.
+
+But in the jet case,
+there's more dynamics
+
+going into the fact
+that the process exists,
+
+the fact that QCD likes
+to radiate collinear
+
+to a direction, which has to
+do with the infrared structure
+
+of the theory.
+
+And we'll come back to that.
+
+I mean, the short
+answer, of course,
+
+is that things like to
+radiate in that direction
+
+because there's
+large logarithms that
+
+enhance splittings that are
+collinear to the direction
+
+of motion.
+
+And you also get smaller
+coupling consonants
+
+when you do that rather
+than a wide angle emission.
+
+So we're saying here,
+what we're saying,
+
+is we measure e plus
+e minus to two jets.
+
+If I had an extra
+wide angle emission,
+
+that would be e plus
+e minus to three jets.
+
+So I ruled that out just
+right at the beginning.
+
+OK, so what you can
+do with this picture
+
+in order to define what's
+going on is you can say,
+
+well they're to
+back-to-back jets.
+
+Let's draw a hemisphere.
+
+So this is supposed
+to be kind of out
+
+of the board point at you.
+
+Let's draw a hemisphere
+between these two.
+
+And then we can call one
+side a and the other side b.
+
+And we can talk
+about momenta that
+
+are flowing in the a hemisphere
+and the b hemisphere.
+
+And you see that we have
+one jet in each hemisphere.
+
+So we have a jet of
+hadrons in hemisphere a.
+
+And we have another
+one in hemisphere b.
+
+So in some ways, we can talk
+about a and b independently.
+
+So let's start off
+by talking about a,
+
+which is what I called
+the n1 collinear jet.
+
+And if we ask about
+constituents in the jet,
+
+then the perpendicular
+momentum will
+
+be of some size, which
+let me just call it delta.
+
+And that'll be much smaller than
+P minus, which is of size Q.
+
+So the energy that we
+pump in through the photon
+
+has to leave.
+
+And the only place that it
+can leave is that half of it
+
+has to kind of leave
+this direction.
+
+Half of it has to
+leave that direction
+
+by energy conservation.
+
+And so we have a large energy
+flow in the P minus component.
+
+And then we have a much
+smaller amount in the P perp.
+
+And that's what I already said.
+
+And given those
+two facts, you can
+
+ask, what about the
+constituents of the jet?
+
+And again, they're collinear
+because you have a hierarchy.
+
+So the plus minus and
+perpendicular momentum
+
+of constituents would
+scale in that way.
+
+And that is Q lambda
+squared 1 lambda, just as
+
+before with a different lambda.
+
+So here, lambda is how
+much spread and perp
+
+do we have over Q. This delta
+doesn't have to be lambda QCD.
+
+It could be something
+much bigger.
+
+Another way of thinking about
+physically what this delta is
+
+is to calculate something
+called the jet mass.
+
+So you could define the mass of
+the jet as the sum of the four
+
+vectors in hemisphere a of
+all the particles squared.
+
+And if you ask about how big
+that is, in these coordinates
+
+that we're using, it's P
+plus times P minus minus P
+
+perp squared.
+
+If we align things so
+that this thing is really
+
+aligned with the jet, there
+won't be any P perp squared.
+
+But that wouldn't change us
+scaling our given anyway.
+
+So basically, if you ask
+about what this jet mass is,
+
+it's scaling like a P
+plus times a P minus.
+
+And it's scaling
+like delta squared.
+
+So the jet mass is something
+of order delta squared.
+
+And that's much
+less than Q squared.
+
+So another way of characterizing
+that you have a jet
+
+is to measure the invariant
+mass of all the particles
+
+in this hemisphere.
+
+And if that invariant
+mass is small relative
+
+to the hard scale, then
+it's collimated, OK?
+
+So MJ squared Q squared
+much less than 1 also
+
+means collimated.
+
+So we could talk about
+it either in terms
+
+of perpendicular spread,
+or we could talk about it
+
+as an invariant mass.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is much less than 1.
+
+Now, with this delta, we
+didn't specify what it is.
+
+So what are possible
+values of delta?
+
+Well, let's first talk
+about what it's not.
+
+If delta was of order
+Q, then obviously
+
+we'd break the kind of scaling
+that we have here that this
+
+should be much less than 1.
+
+And what happens in that
+case is we don't have dijets.
+
+So if either the mass MJ
+squared of the particles
+
+becomes of order Q squared
+or the perpendicular spread
+
+becomes of order Q, then we
+don't have dijets anymore.
+
+And basically, in
+this case, you would
+
+be talking about inclusive
+sum over our jets
+
+And that would be something
+that you would actually
+
+describe in a different way
+in the effective field theory
+
+because you wouldn't then have
+collinear degrees of freedom
+
+for this jet.
+
+It's really picking
+out the dijet process
+
+that means that these
+collinear degrees of freedom
+
+are relevant.
+
+If you did just e plus e minus
+to hadrons, that's something
+
+you could do with an
+operator product expansion
+
+without ever talking about SCET.
+
+And that would be valid
+if you were really
+
+doing an inclusive sum
+over jets in all directions
+
+without any restrictions
+that tell you it's a dijet.
+
+And then the effect of
+power counting in your OPE
+
+would be such that
+delta is of order Q.
+
+So this is actually
+the OPE region.
+
+Let me call it the OPE region
+of Peskin or any other field
+
+theory book.
+
+Another thing we could
+do is we could take delta
+
+to be very small.
+
+We could take delta all
+the way down to lambda QCD.
+
+And that's also not a jet.
+
+If delta is of order
+lambda QCD, what
+
+happens with the
+spray of radiation
+
+is that it gets
+bound into a hadron.
+
+It just can't separate.
+
+Confinement grabs it, and you
+get an energetic hadron, not
+
+a jet.
+
+So if the jets get too narrow,
+in particular this narrow,
+
+then the constituents
+are bound into a hadron.
+
+And that might be something
+you want to talk about,
+
+but it wouldn't be talking about
+e plus e minus, the dijets.
+
+You'd be talking about e
+plus e minus to pi plus pi
+
+minus or something.
+
+And then you'd actually
+use this other SCET
+
+that we were talking
+about a moment ago,
+
+not the one for jets.
+
+OK, so anything kind of in
+between these two regions
+
+much greater than lambda
+QCD, much less than Q,
+
+then we can talk about
+it as being jets.
+
+OK.
+
+So we figure out
+what region we're
+
+interested in by figuring
+out what region we're not
+
+interested in.
+
+So that was one jet.
+
+And kind of by symmetry we
+can talk about the other one.
+
+So there's this one
+that I called n2.
+
+The simplest way of
+invoking symmetry
+
+is to take n1 to point
+along n, which is our,
+
+say 0, 0, minus 1.
+
+And then just take n2 to be n
+bar, which is 1, 0, 0, plus 1.
+
+And then the description
+of the n2 jet
+
+is the same as the
+description of the n1 jet.
+
+It's just you switch
+pluses and minuses.
+
+Remember that what
+defines plus and minus
+
+depends on the
+choice of this n bar.
+
+A priori, that choice of n
+bar has nothing to do with n2.
+
+And this is just a
+different physical vector.
+
+Both n1 and n2 are physical.
+
+And bar is an auxiliary vector.
+
+But if I just happened
+to choose that n2
+
+is equal to that
+auxiliary vector,
+
+then it makes things simple.
+
+Because we just have a
+relation between the two
+
+sets of degrees of freedom, this
+swapping pluses and minuses.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's actually not
+the end of the story
+
+of the degrees of freedom here.
+
+And that is because, even
+if we make restrictions
+
+to getting these dijets, we can
+still have soft radiation that
+
+is between the jets.
+
+And so this one's a little
+less intuitive perhaps.
+
+So I'll call these
+guys ultra soft modes.
+
+And I'll label them
+by US for Ultra Soft.
+
+And one way of thinking about
+physically what they're doing
+
+is that they're allowing you to
+communicate between the jets.
+
+There can be radiation that's
+radiated from one jet that
+
+interferes with the other jet.
+
+This is a homogeneous
+type of radiation,
+
+so it has the same scaling
+in the plus, minus, and perp.
+
+So this is for these
+ultra soft modes.
+
+If I compare this to the
+scaling that we have for, say,
+
+the n collinear modes--
+
+so let me call that Pn--
+
+that was delta squared
+over Q Q delta.
+
+And if I make the mirror
+for the other jet,
+
+then I would switch these two
+delta squared over Q delta.
+
+So when I say
+communicate, what I mean
+
+is that these guys can
+talk to both of these guys
+
+without interfering
+with their scaling.
+
+So if they're not going to
+interfere with this guy's
+
+scaling, they better have plus
+momentum that's the same size.
+
+If it was any bigger,
+then we'd have a problem
+
+because they'd interfere
+with this scaling
+
+when they tried to communicate.
+
+And then likewise for
+the minus, they better
+
+have scaling of the same size.
+
+And then perp is fixed.
+
+So the word communicate here
+in the way I'm defining it
+
+means sharing momenta
+of a common size--
+
+well, means sharing momenta and
+not taking the other particle
+
+off-shell.
+
+OK.
+
+So we can draw a picture
+for this one, too.
+
+Like we have our SCET2 picture,
+we could draw an SCET1 picture.
+
+And that helps.
+
+Pictures always help to make
+words more palatable, more
+
+absorbable.
+
+So same type of picture where
+you have P minus and P plus,
+
+we also can think about
+things in terms of hyperbola
+
+of constant invariant mass.
+
+We now have some collinear
+modes for the n1 direction.
+
+There's going to be
+some purple collinear
+
+modes for the n2 directions.
+
+There's going to be
+these soft modes.
+
+And then we could also
+have some hard modes
+
+that we want to integrate out.
+
+So these are the
+ultra soft modes.
+
+So the reason that I call them
+ultra soft rather than soft
+
+is because, by soft,
+we meant something
+
+that sat on the same hyperbola.
+
+And here it sits on
+a lower hyperbola,
+
+so it should be softer.
+
+So we call it ultra soft.
+
+This is the hyperbola
+where P squared
+
+is of order delta squared.
+
+This is the hyperbola where
+P squared is of order delta
+
+4 over Q squared.
+
+If you square any
+one of these guys,
+
+you get delta 4 over Q squared.
+
+And up here, is P
+squared over Q squared.
+
+And this kind of
+thing is called SCET1.
+
+So what does it
+mean to communicate?
+
+Well, it means that there's two
+momenta that are the same size.
+
+So the fact that I tried to
+line this up as best I could,
+
+partially succeeding, is
+what I mean by communicate.
+
+These things are the
+same size in the plus.
+
+These things are the
+same size in the minus.
+
+And if we want to put in kind
+of how big these things are,
+
+we would say that.
+
+So the scaling of
+the ultra soft,
+
+unlike the scaling
+the soft, the ultra
+
+soft in all component
+scales like lambda squared.
+
+So in terms of
+scaling parameters,
+
+we would say that
+it goes like this.
+
+And here, we're not
+talking about soft.
+
+It would have lambda
+in all components.
+
+So this is the effective
+theory that turns out
+
+to be the right one for jets.
+
+And whenever you have
+this kind of situation
+
+where you've got collinear modes
+that are living on a higher
+
+hyperbola than the
+soft modes, which
+
+you call ultra soft modes,
+that's an SCET1 type theory.
+
+And these two actually
+cover a wide range
+
+of phenomenology, these
+two particular cases, SCET1
+
+and SCET2.
+
+OK, questions?
+
+We'll talk a little bit
+more about this picture.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you think
+of the soft modes
+
+as being smaller than or
+equal to lambda squared?
+
+IAIN STEWART: Yeah.
+
+So you can ask,
+now, how should I
+
+think about drawing the blobs
+around these things, right?
+
+And you still should
+think about these things
+
+with blobs like that.
+
+But then it becomes a
+question which we didn't have,
+
+which was kind of more obvious
+actually in the SCET1 case.
+
+And that is kind of how these
+things overlap with the axes.
+
+And we'll come back and
+talk about that later.
+
+But I think, for now,
+just think of them
+
+as being localized in that way.
+
+In the case of the softs in
+the collinear we had before,
+
+you can think of them as
+uniformly kind of coming down
+
+into the infrared.
+
+Here, it's not like
+that because this guy
+
+is more infrared to begin with.
+
+And that will have
+some impact later on.
+
+OK.
+
+So what are the
+important features here?
+
+Well, we see this
+idea that I mentioned
+
+would occur that we
+have multiple modes
+
+for the infrared.
+
+And you can try to get
+away with not doing
+
+that, but then you would
+have a lot of trouble
+
+with your power counting.
+
+And since power counting, as
+I've convinced you hopefully
+
+by now, is just as
+important as other things
+
+when you're designing
+an effective theory,
+
+you really don't want
+to mess with that.
+
+And so you're forced
+into a situation where
+
+you start talking about
+having multiple fields
+
+for the same degrees of
+freedom because the scaling
+
+of the momentum in different
+regions of the space
+
+you're interested in
+is just different.
+
+So the derivatives that are
+corresponding to those momenta
+
+are going to scale differently.
+
+And if that's the
+case, you're going
+
+to need to have multiple
+fields to describe
+
+those different regions.
+
+We'll also see the power
+counting is different.
+
+So you can ask, what
+are you integrating out?
+
+And we're still
+taking the attitude
+
+that we integrate out modes
+that are off-shell and so
+
+above a given hyperbola.
+
+So that part of our story
+of effective field theory
+
+is really the same.
+
+It's just that, when we
+describe the low energy modes,
+
+we need more than one of them.
+
+So what we mean by
+off-shell is the same
+
+as it always has meant.
+
+Off-shell modes
+get integrated out.
+
+Those are modes with large P
+squared, like the hard modes.
+
+So one natural
+question when you're
+
+talking about these
+effective field theories
+
+is, how do I know I
+have all the modes?
+
+And that's a good question.
+
+And there's been examples
+in the literature
+
+where people wrote papers where
+they didn't know all the modes
+
+and modes were missing.
+
+So it's not even an
+academic question.
+
+It's really a pitfall in some
+sense that you can fall into.
+
+So I take the following
+attitude towards that question.
+
+You should attack
+it from all sides.
+
+So one is that you
+should really physically
+
+think about what
+the modes are doing
+
+and have a physical
+description of why
+
+those modes are something
+relevant for your effective
+
+field theory.
+
+After all, your
+effective field theory
+
+is supposed to be a description
+of nature and infrared physics.
+
+So there should be something
+physical associated
+
+to what those models are doing.
+
+That's the physics side.
+
+Calculationally,
+there's various ways
+
+that you could approach this.
+
+So one thing you
+can do, which is
+
+sort of an order
+by order thing, is
+
+you can just calculate
+results at one loop
+
+and make sure you match
+up infrared divergences.
+
+Because if you don't match
+up the infrared divergences,
+
+then you're missing some
+infrared degree of freedom
+
+in the effective field theory.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's one way you
+can check for the modes.
+
+So if you can either do
+physics, or you can calculate.
+
+And when you
+calculate, there's also
+
+something called the
+method of regions,
+
+which is a nice way of thinking
+about trying to discover modes,
+
+which basically says that, any
+full theory calculation I can
+
+do, I can do that
+calculation by dividing up
+
+the integrand into regions.
+
+And if I'm using
+dimensional regularization,
+
+then the full theory answer
+is just the sum over regions.
+
+So you can just
+calculate using some EFT,
+
+as I described to
+you, and check it.
+
+Or could do a different way.
+
+You could say, calculate
+the full theory result
+
+with something called
+the method of regions.
+
+And that's just a
+way of calculating
+
+the full theory of
+result, but it's
+
+a way of telling you what
+regions are important.
+
+There's all-other
+theorems in QCD
+
+about what regions can
+give infrared divergences.
+
+And that's another
+thing you can use.
+
+And I won't talk about this last
+one or actually about this one.
+
+So these are different
+ways that you
+
+could look for what are the
+relevant degrees of freedom.
+
+And actually, when
+we started SCET,
+
+we didn't separate between
+ultra soft and soft.
+
+We had both of them
+at the same time.
+
+And the reason was we
+knew that in some examples
+
+we needed soft and some
+examples we needed ultra soft.
+
+And we were thinking of it
+as one theory, not SCET1
+
+and SCET2.
+
+And then at some point, we
+realized that all the examples
+
+we were doing, as we did
+more and more examples,
+
+they broke into these
+two categories, one
+
+for jets, one for hadrons.
+
+And so we were finding
+that, for example,
+
+if you add a soft
+mode to this picture,
+
+it just ends up being
+totally irrelevant.
+
+And you can just
+absorb it or remove it.
+
+You don't need it.
+
+And likewise, if you tried
+to put an ultra soft mode
+
+into the example of
+energetic hadrons,
+
+you'd find you don't need it.
+
+So you could put too many
+degrees of freedom in as well.
+
+It's not just that you
+could have too few.
+
+You could put more
+than you need,
+
+and then you would see
+from your calculations
+
+that you actually had
+more than you need.
+
+The reason I'm
+spending time on this
+
+is because this is, in some
+sense, the tricky part.
+
+Once we know what
+the modes are, we'll
+
+just get the effective
+field theory and go.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is your second
+point here the method
+
+or regions [INAUDIBLE],, is that
+any different than the check it
+
+of the first point?
+
+IAIN STEWART: Yeah.
+
+Because, here, what I'm
+saying is hypothesize
+
+some effective field theory.
+
+AUDIENCE: But check
+it means full theory.
+
+IAIN STEWART: And then check
+it against the full theory.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+IAIN STEWART: And so
+the direction here
+
+is that you write
+down something,
+
+and you do calculations
+in two theories.
+
+And you make sure they agree.
+
+Here, it's a little
+bit different
+
+because there may not be a
+one-to-one correspondence
+
+of the modes of the
+method of regions.
+
+Method of regions
+is not technically
+
+exactly what the
+effective theory is.
+
+So this can give you hints about
+what the effective theory is.
+
+Then you basically
+go back and do this,
+
+but it sort of helps you
+because you have most
+
+of the calculations to do this.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So technically, they're
+a little bit different,
+
+but they're pretty related.
+
+OK.
+
+So in the example
+we had here, it
+
+was a little more complicated
+than our B to D pi example
+
+because we had three
+things in the infrared.
+
+And you could ask the
+question, is there something
+
+with just one jet?
+
+The reason we had three things
+is because we had two jets.
+
+We had the purple
+jet and the pink jet.
+
+And we can come up with a
+process with only one jet.
+
+So let me give you
+a third example.
+
+If we have something recoiling
+against the jet that's
+
+electromagnetic, like
+a photon, then we
+
+could just have one jet.
+
+So one way of doing that
+is to look at a process
+
+like b to s gamma, where you
+say that really what you want
+
+is B to one jet plus a photon.
+
+And that's a region
+of phase space
+
+in b to s gamma, where
+the picture over there
+
+just has one jet.
+
+And so it's the same
+picture, but now we just
+
+have our pink jet.
+
+So the right modes
+for this picture
+
+for this process in the region
+where you just have one jet
+
+would be like this where this is
+hard and you integrate it out.
+
+And you just have two things in
+the infrared, a Cn and an ultra
+
+soft.
+
+In this case, you also have
+to ask the question, what
+
+is the hydronic process?
+
+Well, it has to B meson.
+
+What are the things
+inside the B meson
+
+that are binding it together?
+
+And you would make those
+the ultra soft modes.
+
+So in this process
+here, it's very natural
+
+to take P squared of this lowest
+line to be lambda QCD squared.
+
+And then these guys are
+binding the B meson there,
+
+the soft modes of the B meson.
+
+This collinear hyperbola for
+the jet lives somewhere between.
+
+And this here, in this case,
+would be something of order
+
+the B quark mass squared, OK?
+
+So that's a little bit
+different than over here
+
+where there was kind
+of a no natural--
+
+this thing was set
+by kind of what
+
+we chose to do with the
+jets was setting this.
+
+Here, there's kind
+of a natural scale
+
+where you know
+that there's going
+
+to be some degrees of freedom.
+
+And so it's very
+natural, in this case,
+
+to take that as an input.
+
+And then you could
+actually figure out,
+
+given that what the jets should
+be and the jets would have,
+
+lambda QCD times Mb,
+which is in the middle.
+
+So that's kind of a natural
+scaling for the b to s
+
+gamma process, OK?
+
+So just to give you an
+idea how, if I have a jet,
+
+it's going to look
+something like this,
+
+it might not look
+exactly like that.
+
+It depends on how
+many jets you have.
+
+And of course, these
+pictures actually
+
+get more complicated if you
+try to start drawing them
+
+when you have three jets
+because then the plane
+
+is no longer enough.
+
+All right, so any
+more questions?
+
+OK.
+
+So when we did HQET, the
+first thing that we did
+
+is we started to expand.
+
+Before we designed the
+effective Lagrangian,
+
+we just said, well, what happens
+if I expand the full theory?
+
+And I'm going to take
+the same attitude here.
+
+Let's just write down
+some full theory objects
+
+and expand them in the limits
+that we've been talking about.
+
+And then we'll see what
+kind of effective theory
+
+we want based on the results
+from those expansions.
+
+So let's start with spinners
+in a collinear limit.
+
+So let me start with some
+massless QCD spinners
+
+in the Dirac representation.
+
+We could use some
+other representation,
+
+but let's just use Dirac.
+
+So we have spinners
+for the quarks.
+
+We have spinners for
+the antiquarks, V,
+
+where this curly
+V and this curly U
+
+are two-component objects.
+
+I'll make sure it
+looks curly enough.
+
+So what we can do
+here is we can expand.
+
+And you see that what
+happens when you expand
+
+is that you can think about
+the P3 vector being larger
+
+than P1 and P2.
+
+So let's just let our n be
+1, 0, 0, 1 and our n bar
+
+be 1, 0, 0, minus 1.
+
+So they're back to
+back with each other.
+
+Whether I put the plus
+or minus 1 there or there
+
+doesn't really matter.
+
+Let's expand in n bar
+dot P, which in this case
+
+is P0 plus P3 being much greater
+than P perp, just P1 and P2.
+
+And then that's
+much greater than n
+
+dot P, which is P0 minus P3.
+
+And what that means is that
+you can approximate sigma dot P
+
+over P0 from these
+massless particles.
+
+It's just sigma 3 because
+you pick out the P3.
+
+That's the big component.
+
+The P1 and P2, you can drop.
+
+Then it kicks out the sigma 3.
+
+And then P3 is also
+the same size as P0,
+
+so you're just getting sigma 3.
+
+So what you get
+from this then would
+
+be guys that look like this.
+
+Just so, I put it in
+the two possibilities
+
+for the curly U are
+four-component spinners that
+
+look like this for U and
+then likewise for V of P.
+
+We can work out what we get.
+
+We get that.
+
+So this is actually a
+little different than HQET.
+
+In HQET, what you
+would have found
+
+is that the antiquarks would
+have been just left out.
+
+And the quarks would've
+been there in the theory.
+
+Here, both of them survive.
+
+And actually two
+degrees of freedom
+
+survive for both the particles
+and the antiparticles.
+
+So it's not like
+we're integrating out
+
+of something like the
+antiparticle, like in HQET.
+
+By this expansion, we
+still have all four
+
+of these degrees of freedom if
+you count degrees of freedom
+
+by whether you have particles,
+antiparticles, and spin states.
+
+Nevertheless, there is a
+simplification that occurs.
+
+And that is the fact that
+the spinners that you have
+
+have a projection relation.
+
+So if you look in
+this basis that we're
+
+talking about here, what n
+slash is if you write down
+
+what the gamma matrices are
+in the Dirac representation,
+
+then n slash is this.
+
+And another useful
+thing is n slash n bar
+
+slash over 4, which you
+can work out as just this.
+
+And these spinners here,
+which I need a name for--
+
+so let's call this
+Un and call this Vn.
+
+They satisfy n slash
+Un is n slash Vn is 0.
+
+And they also satisfy
+n slash n bar slash
+
+Un is Un for both of them.
+
+So what we can do with
+that is the following.
+
+We can take the identity
+in this 4 by 4 space.
+
+And we can actually
+write it as n
+
+slash n bar slash over 4 plus
+n bar slash n slash over 4.
+
+And that's because,
+remember, that gamma mu
+
+gamma nu plus 2 g mu nu
+and n dot n bar is 2.
+
+So this is just one
+way of using those.
+
+This is the anticommutator
+dotted into n and n bar.
+
+So I can write it out that way.
+
+And this kind of formula
+here is the formula
+
+that is for projection
+operators, right?
+
+So as you act with the operator,
+you get that guy back again.
+
+So you could act twice
+with that operator.
+
+And so what you can
+do with this one
+
+is you could let one
+act on psi of QCD.
+
+And if you did that, you'd get
+n slash n bar slash over 4 psi
+
+plus n bar slash n
+slash over 4 psi.
+
+And you could define
+these two pieces
+
+as being two different
+components of the full theory
+
+field that I'll
+call Cn and psi n.
+
+And what happens
+at high energies,
+
+because of the type of thing
+we were doing over there,
+
+is that we only like
+to produce Cn's.
+
+We don't like to
+produce psi n bars.
+
+So if you look at some
+high energy process,
+
+this sort of thing I was
+doing at the spinners
+
+basically boils down
+to one sentence.
+
+And that is that we
+produce or annihilate
+
+the components,
+the guys that live
+
+in this Cn, not the so-called
+small components, which
+
+live in this other guy.
+
+This language of calling
+them the small components
+
+is something that goes back to
+the early days of QCD actually.
+
+We may say that
+word a few times,
+
+but the history won't
+be so important to us.
+
+OK, so, so much
+for the spinners.
+
+There is some simplification
+in the spinners
+
+because we do like to
+produce certain combinations.
+
+But it didn't really teach
+us too much beyond that.
+
+And we didn't see that we
+lost a degree of freedom
+
+like we did in HQET.
+
+But nevertheless, there
+was some simplification.
+
+Let's do the same thing for
+the propagator of the quarks.
+
+Take the propagator of the full
+theory, expand in this limit.
+
+So first of all,
+propagators always
+
+involve P squared plus i0.
+
+In our decomposition,
+that's in n bar
+
+dot P n dot P plus Minkowski
+P perp squared plus i0.
+
+And if you look at the
+size of these things,
+
+they're all the same size.
+
+This guy is lambda 0, and
+this guy is lambda squared.
+
+And this guy is just
+lambda squared by itself.
+
+So the two guys
+are the same size,
+
+although they become the same
+size for different regions.
+
+This is lambda 1
+squared if you like.
+
+So I don't drop anything
+in that propagator.
+
+And you see that actually
+that's not entirely true.
+
+And it does depend on
+what type of things
+
+you're interacting with.
+
+But if I just have P's that are
+collinear, as I've drawn here,
+
+then there's nothing to drop.
+
+So if you look at fermions
+that are collinear
+
+and you look at i P slash
+over P squared plus i0,
+
+you can decompose P slash
+out in terms of n slash
+
+and n bar slash,
+write it out in terms
+
+of the coordinates we're using.
+
+And then in the numerator,
+you keep the full denominator.
+
+But in the numerator, there
+is one momentum component
+
+that's larger than the others.
+
+And that is the n bar dot P
+piece, which is order one.
+
+So there is a simplification
+of the P slash.
+
+And it's related in some
+ways to the simplification
+
+of the spinners.
+
+If you take two of these guys
+and you do the sum over spin,
+
+you'll actually get n
+slash over 2 n bar dot P.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it n slash
+on the side of the 0?
+
+IAIN STEWART: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+IAIN STEWART: So the right way
+of thinking about the numerator
+
+here is that, if you do the
+sum over spins of sort of two
+
+of these spinners,
+like this, that's
+
+giving you the numerator.
+
+And if you look at sort
+of the overlap of this,
+
+if you look at any
+amplitude, you also
+
+have to take into account,
+but I haven't written yet--
+
+which is this.
+
+And that's going to
+go like n bar slash.
+
+So what happens is you
+have n slash, n bar slash.
+
+And that gives
+you the projector,
+
+which then overlaps
+order 1 with the spinner.
+
+Yeah.
+
+But that's a good question.
+
+Later-- but that's a good point.
+
+OK.
+
+So we can ask about, if we have
+some propagator for a fermion,
+
+then what does it look like?
+
+And you can take that
+first order term,
+
+and we can write it in a way
+that kind of is reminiscent
+
+of something more like
+NRQCD or this nucleon theory
+
+or even HQET.
+
+It's just another way of
+writing the same formula that
+
+is sometimes useful.
+
+We just divide through
+by the n bar dot P.
+
+And then it's n dot P plus
+P perp squared over n bar
+
+dot P. And then there's the
+i0, but the sign of the i0
+
+will depend on the sign
+of the n bar dot P.
+
+The fact that this could
+be both plus i0 or minus i0
+
+is the same thing as saying
+that there's antiparticles
+
+and particles in the theory.
+
+If it was just plus
+i0, as it was in HQET,
+
+we only had the particles.
+
+Here, it could be either sign.
+
+We have both.
+
+And so this thing,
+again, has both particles
+
+and antiparticles, which
+we saw when we were
+
+doing the spinners as well.
+
+And if we want to think about
+particles and antiparticles
+
+separately, then we could have
+a definite sign for the i0's.
+
+But if we want to think about
+them in a combined propagator,
+
+then we have to
+write it this way.
+
+All right, so once we know
+what the propagator is,
+
+then we can also figure
+out what the power counting
+
+of the fields are because
+the propagator tells us
+
+what the kinetic term should
+look like of the Lagrangian.
+
+So let me show you
+how that works.
+
+So where does the
+propagator come from?
+
+The propagator comes
+from the time order
+
+product of two fields.
+
+And in this case, it comes
+from the time order product
+
+of a field for this Cn component
+that we were talking about.
+
+And if we just take the
+free kinetic term, which
+
+is the Lagrangian that
+we'd give that propagator,
+
+that's enough to determine
+the power counting for fields,
+
+as is always the case in
+any effective field theory.
+
+So we haven't figured out
+what the Lagrangian is,
+
+but we know something about
+what it's going to look like.
+
+So let me write
+down enough of that
+
+to determine for you what the
+power counting would look like.
+
+So when I read it this
+way, as I wrote it,
+
+where it's linear in
+this n dot P derivative,
+
+you know that what that's
+going to correspond to
+
+in the Lagrangian is
+some n dot partial.
+
+And I have to have
+an n bar slash here
+
+because that always comes
+along with an n decomposing
+
+the metric.
+
+If you ask about the
+power counting here,
+
+well, d4x has all
+4 components of k.
+
+And x is the inverse of k.
+
+So the way that you
+assign a power counting
+
+for x is that you say the
+phase should be of order 1.
+
+So the scaling for x
+is the opposite of k.
+
+So that fixes that d4x should
+be lambda to the minus 4.
+
+So x plus times k minus
+is of order 1, et cetera.
+
+And that tells you
+how many powers
+
+to associate with the d4x.
+
+We know how many powers to
+associate with this partial
+
+because that was our momentum.
+
+That's lambda squared.
+
+And actually, the
+other terms here
+
+will also be lambda squared.
+
+And then we just
+say, well, that's let
+
+the power counting in this field
+be arbitrary lambda to the a.
+
+And so if we do that, then
+we get an overall scaling
+
+for this Lagrangian that's
+lambda to the 2a minus 2.
+
+2 to the power of the lambda
+minus 4 cancel by the partial n
+
+dot partial and we get that.
+
+Now, the way that we do
+effective field theory is we
+
+look at the lowest order
+term, and we count everything
+
+relative to that.
+
+So what we do is we say, we
+want the lowest order Lagrangian
+
+to scale like lambda to the 0.
+
+And you can think of
+that roughly in a power
+
+counting sense as normalizing
+the free kinetic term
+
+or normalizing the
+kinetic term in general.
+
+And then, once you
+do that, then you
+
+fix what the
+scaling of the field
+
+is, Cn to the order lambda.
+
+And that's different
+than the mass dimension.
+
+So I said that we
+were going to be
+
+doing a power counting
+that's different
+
+than the mass dimension.
+
+If we looked at the mass
+dimension of this field,
+
+Cn would have mass dimension
+that's 3/2, whereas it has,
+
+if you like, a lambda power
+counting dimension which is 1.
+
+So if I look for the
+powers of lambda, that's 1.
+
+And that was one of the things
+I told you was going to happen
+
+is that, in this
+effective theory,
+
+we wouldn't just be
+counting mass dimension.
+
+We'd be counting something else.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's collinear quarks.
+
+We can do a similar thing
+for collinear gluons.
+
+And we may not get to the
+end of that discussion today,
+
+but let's start it.
+
+The momenta for
+a collinear gluon
+
+scales the same as the
+momenta for a collinear quark.
+
+That means collinear
+doesn't distinguish
+
+between quarks and gluons.
+
+So P squared, the
+full P squared,
+
+is still something that we're
+going to leave together.
+
+And let's just consider
+looking at the propagator
+
+in a general covariant
+gauge and asking
+
+kind of the same type of
+thing that we did over here
+
+about the scaling of the field.
+
+So the propagator for
+two collinear gluons
+
+and the general
+covariant gauge--
+
+time order product vacuum
+matrix element of two fields.
+
+Ignore the subscript
+ends right now.
+
+I'm just writing down
+a full theory result.
+
+We called C something
+else, so we better
+
+not make that gauge parameter.
+
+So let me call the
+gauge parameter tau.
+
+That's the gauge parameter of
+the general covariant gauge.
+
+And this is a full three result.
+
+The thing that
+makes it collinear
+
+is if we say that k has
+a collinear scaling.
+
+So as above, k squared is k plus
+k minus plus k perp squared.
+
+That's of order lambda
+squared, and there's
+
+no expansion in there.
+
+And there's two k squareds here.
+
+There's one there,
+and there's one there.
+
+And if you start looking
+at g mu nu minus k mu k nu
+
+over k squared, you also
+find that the terms there
+
+are the same size.
+
+So there's actually--
+let's see how that works.
+
+So let's do an example of that.
+
+So g perp you knew was just 1.
+
+So that's obviously something
+that has no scaling.
+
+And if you compare that to
+k perp mu k perp nu over k
+
+squared, k perp
+scale like lambda. k
+
+squared scales like
+lambda squared.
+
+So this is lambda squared
+over lambda squared.
+
+So that's also lambda to the 0.
+
+So both the g perp mu nu
+and the k perp nu term
+
+are the same size.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: If it happened
+that it didn't work out,
+
+could you choose the gauge
+parameter have a [INAUDIBLE]
+
+with lambda?
+
+IAIN STEWART: You
+could, but then you'd
+
+be restricted to
+the classic gauges
+
+that you would be able to
+use in the effective theory.
+
+And then you have to ask what
+gauge invariance would mean.
+
+If I don't make any
+restrictions on tau,
+
+I don't assign a
+power counting to it,
+
+that means my effective theory
+should allow all these gauges.
+
+And I actually want that.
+
+That's a good question.
+
+You can do the same
+thing looking at,
+
+for example, g plus g minus.
+
+That's also 1, so lambda 0.
+
+Then you get k plus k
+minus over k squared.
+
+That's also lambda squared
+over lambda squared.
+
+So this is what I was
+saying, that the two
+
+terms are the same size.
+
+If you dot in n mu n nu,
+that kills the g mu nu.
+
+g plus plus is 0.
+
+And then you just
+get k plus squared
+
+over k squared, which
+is lambda to the 1/4
+
+over lambda squared,
+which is lambda squared.
+
+So when the g mu nu is not
+1, then the k mu k nu term
+
+can still determine
+how big something is.
+
+And that's what would happen
+for these off-diagonal terms.
+
+So if we go through the
+same type of exercise
+
+that we did for the fermion,
+d4x scales like 1 over k
+
+to the fourth.
+
+So that's lambda to the
+minus 4, just as before.
+
+And actually, if we were
+to do the following,
+
+if we were to write this as--
+
+I should have done
+that up there.
+
+If we were to write
+it as minus i over k
+
+to the fourth k squared g
+mu nu minus tau k mu k nu,
+
+the k to the fourth just
+matches up with the d4x.
+
+So those take care
+of each other.
+
+And then the fields here have
+to match up with the rest.
+
+So the scaling of this should
+be the scaling of the A mu A nu.
+
+And that basically means
+that A mu in A nu scale
+
+like a momenta.
+
+So A mu n for this collinear
+gluon scales like k mu, scales
+
+like lambda squared 1 lambda.
+
+Let me write that one more time.
+
+And that's also a nice
+thing because it also
+
+means you could form a
+covariate derivative that's
+
+homogeneous by
+combining together,
+
+if I write it this
+way, k mu and g A mu.
+
+I can get a covariant derivative
+where, for each component of k,
+
+I also have a component
+of the gauge field
+
+that's the same size.
+
+So you could have
+argued it, originally
+
+just from gauge invariance, that
+you want to sort of have fields
+
+that are of the same
+size as your momenta,
+
+but we did it a little
+bit differently here.
+
+So it's nice that
+that comes out.
+
+This all hangs together.
+
+So next time, we'll
+talk about the fact
+
+that what does it mean that the
+gauge field has components that
+
+are scaling in a different way.
+
+And particularly, there's a
+component of the gauge field
+
+that's order 1.
+
+There's no power suppression
+for that component.
+
+And we'll talk about what
+implications that has.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So what about in the
+non-variant case, like n bar
+
+of A equals 0?
+
+IAIN STEWART: Yeah.
+
+So you could go through this
+argument in that gauge as well,
+
+and it will work.
+
+AUDIENCE: But you have n
+bar to the A equals 0, so--
+
+IAIN STEWART: Yeah, that's fine.
+
+That's just a
+restriction on the-- you
+
+can still assign
+a scaling to it.
+
+And a special choice if it is 0.
+
+Scaling and values of things
+are not the same thing, right?
+
+Like, you could have a field
+that scales like 1 in the power
+
+company, but happens to be 0.
+
+And that's OK.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I had a question
+about SCET1 and SCET2.
+
+IAIN STEWART: Sure.
+
+AUDIENCE: So in the example
+adding one jab, and one hadron,
+
+like the [INAUDIBLE],,
+why do I need
+
+to have different degrees
+of freedom to describe
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+IAIN STEWART: Yeah.
+
+It's really because
+of the way the modes
+
+sat on those hyperbolas that,
+in the case of the hadrons,
+
+you had the soft
+modes and collinear
+
+modes on the same hyperbola.
+
+And that's going to change how
+the effective theory looks.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+But from a physically point
+of view, why the hadrons--
+
+[INAUDIBLE] the hadrons
+behaving in a different way
+
+than [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+IAIN STEWART: Yeah.
+
+So one way of
+thinking about it is,
+
+if you just had the
+collinear modes alone
+
+and you didn't have
+the soft modes,
+
+then it would be very similar.
+
+It would just be that
+the hyperbola moved down.
+
+And you think maybe those
+two theories are the same.
+
+There's examples
+of that actually.
+
+There's one example
+that we'll cover where
+
+you don't need soft modes.
+
+And then you can't really
+tell whether you're
+
+using SCET1 or SCET2.
+
+But if you have a process that
+has both soft and collinear
+
+modes, then it's the kind
+of way that those modes
+
+talk to each other
+that distinguishes
+
+the cases of hadrons
+and jets in the cases--
+
+AUDIENCE: For example,
+for the case of the jet,
+
+[INAUDIBLE] soft modes
+like as a need for the--
+
+IAIN STEWART: Right.
+
+You could try, yes.
+
+And it turns out that those
+modes aren't relevant.
+
+So you have to be a
+little bit faithful
+
+from what I've told you so far.
+
+AUDIENCE: But there is no
+physical picture for why
+
+it can understand [INAUDIBLE].
+
+IAIN STEWART: You
+can understand it
+
+because what would happen
+with those soft modes is
+
+that they would take the
+collinear modes far off-shell.
+
+If you just had one of
+those soft modes interacting
+
+with the collinear mode, you end
+up not with the collinear mode
+
+back again, but something that's
+further off-shell that you
+
+actually want to integrate out.
+
+So that thing that has the
+scaling that allows you to just
+
+have collinear mode in something
+which we call ultra soft in
+
+and still have collinear,
+that's the ultra soft mode.
+
+So if you want to
+communicate with the jet
+
+without disturbing it
+and blowing it apart,
+
+then you really need
+the ultra soft mode.
+
+Yeah.
+
+But these are all
+good questions,
+
+and we'll talk
+much more about it.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vA9dfINW4Rg.txt b/vA9dfINW4Rg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf353ac576f560ed011e5c75b91b12523eaa6d77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vA9dfINW4Rg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2339 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh I'm going to explain forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh I'm going to explain forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh I'm going to explain forier
+series and that I can't do in 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and that I can't do in 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and that I can't do in 10
+minutes. It'll take two maybe three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. It'll take two maybe three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. It'll take two maybe three
+sessions to see enough examples to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions to see enough examples to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions to see enough examples to
+really use the idea. Uh let me uh start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use the idea. Uh let me uh start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use the idea. Uh let me uh start
+with the what we're looking for. We we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the what we're looking for. We we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the what we're looking for. We we
+have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function
+and we want to write it as a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to write it as a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to write it as a combination
+of cosiness and ss.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cosiness and ss.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cosiness and ss.
+So those are our basis functions. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those are our basis functions. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those are our basis functions. The
+cosiness and the ss and the a ends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness and the ss and the a ends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness and the ss and the a ends and
+the bns are the coefficients that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bns are the coefficients that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bns are the coefficients that we
+have to look for. That tells us how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look for. That tells us how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look for. That tells us how much
+of cosine nx is in the big function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cosine nx is in the big function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cosine nx is in the big function f
+ofx. Notice that the cosiness start at n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx. Notice that the cosiness start at n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx. Notice that the cosiness start at n
+equals zero because cosine of zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero because cosine of zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero because cosine of zero is
+one. So that's a a there's an a zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So that's a a there's an a zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So that's a a there's an a zero in
+our sum. But there isn't a b 0 because n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sum. But there isn't a b 0 because n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sum. But there isn't a b 0 because n
+equals z the sign would be zero and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z the sign would be zero and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z the sign would be zero and we
+don't get anything there. So we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get anything there. So we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get anything there. So we're
+looking for the a ends and bns. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the a ends and bns. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the a ends and bns. And
+really I want to show you at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I want to show you at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I want to show you at the same
+time the complex form with coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the complex form with coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the complex form with coefficients
+CN. And and now n goes from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN. And and now n goes from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN. And and now n goes from minus
+infinity to infinity. That's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity. That's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity. That's really the
+more beautiful form because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more beautiful form because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more beautiful form because there's a
+nice formula for CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice formula for CN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice formula for CN
+that one formula for CN does the job.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one formula for CN does the job.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one formula for CN does the job.
+Whereas here I will need a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas here I will need a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas here I will need a separate
+formula for a n and for bn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for a n and for bn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for a n and for bn.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+But so this is like uh natural when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But so this is like uh natural when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But so this is like uh natural when the
+function is real. But in the end and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is real. But in the end and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is real. But in the end and for
+the discrete 4a transform and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete 4a transform and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete 4a transform and for the
+fast fora transform the complex case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast fora transform the complex case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast fora transform the complex case
+will win. And of course everybody sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will win. And of course everybody sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will win. And of course everybody sees
+that e to the i nx by oiler's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e to the i nx by oiler's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e to the i nx by oiler's great
+formula is a combination of cossine nx s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is a combination of cossine nx s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is a combination of cossine nx s
+and sin nx. So I can use those or I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sin nx. So I can use those or I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sin nx. So I can use those or I can
+use cosiness and s. Okay. So how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cosiness and s. Okay. So how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cosiness and s. Okay. So how do you
+find these numbers?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these numbers?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these numbers?
+The key is orthogonality. So that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The key is orthogonality. So that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The key is orthogonality. So that's the
+first central idea here in forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first central idea here in forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first central idea here in forier series
+is the idea of orthogonality. Now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the idea of orthogonality. Now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the idea of orthogonality. Now what
+does that mean? That means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean? That means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean? That means
+perpendicular.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular.
+And for a vector and a second vector, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for a vector and a second vector, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for a vector and a second vector, we
+have an idea of what perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an idea of what perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an idea of what perpendicular
+means. The 90° angle between them. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means. The 90° angle between them. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means. The 90° angle between them. And
+we check that by the dotproduct or inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we check that by the dotproduct or inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we check that by the dotproduct or inner
+product whichever name you like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product whichever name you like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product whichever name you like uh
+between the two vectors should be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two vectors should be zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two vectors should be zero.
+Okay. But here we have functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But here we have functions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But here we have functions.
+So I have to say like cosine functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have to say like cosine functions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have to say like cosine functions.
+So here's one cosine and here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's one cosine and here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's one cosine and here's a
+different cosine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cosine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cosine.
+So those are two different basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those are two different basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those are two different basis
+functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions.
+cosine of n say cosine of 7x and cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of n say cosine of 7x and cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of n say cosine of 7x and cosine
+of 12x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 12x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 12x
+would the the coefficients a7 and a12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the the coefficients a7 and a12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the the coefficients a7 and a12
+would tell us how much of cosine 7x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell us how much of cosine 7x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell us how much of cosine 7x is
+in the function. You see we're divid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the function. You see we're divid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the function. You see we're divid
+separating the function into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the function into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the function into
+frequencies. We're looking at into pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies. We're looking at into pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies. We're looking at into pure
+oscillations, pure harmonics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations, pure harmonics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations, pure harmonics.
+And we expect probably that the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we expect probably that the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we expect probably that the lower
+harmonics, the smoother ones cos x cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics, the smoother ones cos x cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics, the smoother ones cos x cos
+2x cos 3x have most of the energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x cos 3x have most of the energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x cos 3x have most of the energy.
+And the high harmonics cosine 12x cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the high harmonics cosine 12x cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the high harmonics cosine 12x cosine
+100x probably that's those are quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100x probably that's those are quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100x probably that's those are quickly
+alternating. Those are those contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating. Those are those contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating. Those are those contain
+noise and high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and high frequency
+quick changes in the function will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick changes in the function will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick changes in the function will show
+up in the high frequencies. Okay. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the high frequencies. Okay. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the high frequencies. Okay. But
+now so what's the answer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so what's the answer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so what's the answer to this
+integral cosine of 7x * cosine of 12x dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral cosine of 7x * cosine of 12x dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral cosine of 7x * cosine of 12x dx
+over the range -<unk> to pi. The answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the range -<unk> to pi. The answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the range -<unk> to pi. The answer
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+orthogonality comes in the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality comes in the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality comes in the answer is
+zero. That's the crucial fact. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. That's the crucial fact. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. That's the crucial fact. That's
+what makes it possible to separate out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes it possible to separate out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes it possible to separate out
+A7 and A12 and get hold of them. So let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A7 and A12 and get hold of them. So let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A7 and A12 and get hold of them. So let
+me show you how to do that. So So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you how to do that. So So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you how to do that. So So I'm
+going to use this fact which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this fact which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this fact which is the
+function version of 90° angle. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function version of 90° angle. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function version of 90° angle. So you
+see it's a little like a dotproduct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's a little like a dotproduct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's a little like a dotproduct.
+dotproduct would be uh well let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct would be uh well let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct would be uh well let me let
+me remember a dotproduct would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me remember a dotproduct would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me remember a dotproduct would be
+something like uh c1 d1 + c2 d2 = zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like uh c1 d1 + c2 d2 = zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like uh c1 d1 + c2 d2 = zero
+if I had a vector uh c1 c2 and a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had a vector uh c1 c2 and a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had a vector uh c1 c2 and a vector
+d1 d2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d1 d2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d1 d2
+that would be the dotproduct and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the dotproduct and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the dotproduct and it
+would be zero if the vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero if the vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero if the vectors are
+orthogonal here instead of adding I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal here instead of adding I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal here instead of adding I'm
+integrating because I have functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating because I have functions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating because I have functions.
+So just that's the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just that's the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just that's the meaning of
+dotproduct. The integral of one function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct. The integral of one function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct. The integral of one function
+times the other function gives zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the other function gives zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the other function gives zero.
+Okay, I'll use that now. Okay, how will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'll use that now. Okay, how will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'll use that now. Okay, how will
+I use this? I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use this? I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use this? I will
+look what I want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what I want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what I want.
+This is my goal. I'll multiply both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is my goal. I'll multiply both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is my goal. I'll multiply both
+sides by cosine kx. multiply both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by cosine kx. multiply both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by cosine kx. multiply both sides
+of this equation by cosine kx and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this equation by cosine kx and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this equation by cosine kx and then
+I'll integrate and the beauty is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll integrate and the beauty is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll integrate and the beauty is that
+when I multiply by cosine kx and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply by cosine kx and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply by cosine kx and I
+integrate everything goes to zero except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate everything goes to zero except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate everything goes to zero except
+what I want the by the way all the signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want the by the way all the signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want the by the way all the signs
+times cosine kx integrate to zero all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times cosine kx integrate to zero all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times cosine kx integrate to zero all
+the signs are orthogonal to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signs are orthogonal to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signs are orthogonal to all the
+cosiness and all the cosiness will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness and all the cosiness will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness and all the cosiness will be
+orthogonal to all the other cosiness. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to all the other cosiness. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to all the other cosiness. So
+I'm only going to get let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only going to get let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only going to get let me show you
+what I get.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get.
+So I multiply my f ofx by cossine kx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I multiply my f ofx by cossine kx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I multiply my f ofx by cossine kx
+and I integrate from minus pi to pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I integrate from minus pi to pi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I integrate from minus pi to pi.
+Okay. Now on the right hand side this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now on the right hand side this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now on the right hand side this is
+my big my integral from minus pi to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my big my integral from minus pi to pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my big my integral from minus pi to pi
+of my big sum of all these terms 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my big sum of all these terms 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my big sum of all these terms 0 to
+infinity a n cos n x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity a n cos n x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity a n cos n x
+etc including the signs but I'm not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc including the signs but I'm not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc including the signs but I'm not even
+going to put them in because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put them in because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put them in because they're
+going to get killed by this integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get killed by this integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get killed by this integration
+times cossine kx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times cossine kx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times cossine kx
+dx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx.
+All I did all I did was take the f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All I did all I did was take the f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All I did all I did was take the f ofx
+equal that formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal that formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal that formula
+multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied
+both sides by cosine kx and integrate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by cosine kx and integrate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by cosine kx and integrate.
+And now the orthogonality pays off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now the orthogonality pays off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now the orthogonality pays off
+because this times this when I integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this times this when I integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this times this when I integrate
+gives zero with one exception. when n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives zero with one exception. when n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives zero with one exception. when n
+equals k when n equals k then I do get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals k when n equals k then I do get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals k when n equals k then I do get
+the integral the only term I get is a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral the only term I get is a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral the only term I get is a k
+cosine kx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine kx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine kx
+twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx
+only k= n survives this process and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only k= n survives this process and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only k= n survives this process and then
+that integral of cosine squared happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral of cosine squared happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral of cosine squared happens
+to be pi so this is just a k * pi Look,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pi so this is just a k * pi Look,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pi so this is just a k * pi Look,
+I have discovered what AK is. I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have discovered what AK is. I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have discovered what AK is. I've
+discovered the the kiera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered the the kiera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered the the kiera
+cosine coefficient. I just divide by pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine coefficient. I just divide by pi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine coefficient. I just divide by pi.
+So, can I just divide by pi to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, can I just divide by pi to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, can I just divide by pi to get this
+formula for a k. A k is 1 over pi. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for a k. A k is 1 over pi. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for a k. A k is 1 over pi. The
+integral from minus pi to pi of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus pi to pi of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus pi to pi of my
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+time cossine kx dx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time cossine kx dx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time cossine kx dx.
+That's the formula that tells me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the formula that tells me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the formula that tells me the
+coefficients.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients.
+And I could only do that with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I could only do that with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I could only do that with with
+orthogonality to knock out all but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality to knock out all but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality to knock out all but one
+term. And now if I had if I wanted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. And now if I had if I wanted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. And now if I had if I wanted the
+sign coefficients BK, it would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign coefficients BK, it would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign coefficients BK, it would be the
+same formula except that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same formula except that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same formula except that would be a
+sign.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign.
+And if I wanted the complex coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I wanted the complex coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I wanted the complex coefficient
+CK, it turns out it'd be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK, it turns out it'd be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK, it turns out it'd be the same
+formula except well maybe it's 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula except well maybe it's 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula except well maybe it's 2 pi
+there 1 over 2 pi and this becomes an e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 1 over 2 pi and this becomes an e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 1 over 2 pi and this becomes an e
+to the minus i kx in that complex case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus i kx in that complex case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus i kx in that complex case
+the complex conjugate e to the minus i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate e to the minus i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate e to the minus i
+kx shows up. So this is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx shows up. So this is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx shows up. So this is really the
+dotproduct the inner product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct the inner product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct the inner product of the
+function with the cosine. Okay. So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with the cosine. Okay. So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with the cosine. Okay. So uh
+let me do some examples. I'll start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do some examples. I'll start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do some examples. I'll start with
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+Maybe I should write up the the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I should write up the the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I should write up the the sign
+formula that I just mentioned. So bk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that I just mentioned. So bk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that I just mentioned. So bk
+is the integral 1 / pi the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the integral 1 / pi the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the integral 1 / pi the integral of
+my function time sin kx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my function time sin kx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my function time sin kx
+dx. And there's one exception. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. And there's one exception. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. And there's one exception. One
+exception. A 0 has a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception. A 0 has a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception. A 0 has a little bit
+different formula. A 0 the pi changes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different formula. A 0 the pi changes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different formula. A 0 the pi changes to
+2 pi. I'm sorry about that. When k is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi. I'm sorry about that. When k is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi. I'm sorry about that. When k is
+zero, it's the integral of 1 from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, it's the integral of 1 from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, it's the integral of 1 from minus
+pi to pi and I get 2 pi. So a 0 is 1 / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to pi and I get 2 pi. So a 0 is 1 / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to pi and I get 2 pi. So a 0 is 1 / 2
+pi. The integral of f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi. The integral of f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi. The integral of f ofx
+times when k is zero cosine this is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when k is zero cosine this is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when k is zero cosine this is 1
+dx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx.
+That that has a simple meaning. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That that has a simple meaning. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That that has a simple meaning. That's
+the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Okay. So all the so the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. So all the so the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. So all the so the basis
+function was just one when k was zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was just one when k was zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was just one when k was zero.
+When k is zero, the function is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When k is zero, the function is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When k is zero, the function is my
+cosine is just one and I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine is just one and I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine is just one and I get the
+integral of the function times 1 divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the function times 1 divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the function times 1 divided
+by 2 pi. Could we just do an example? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 pi. Could we just do an example? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 pi. Could we just do an example? So
+I want to take a function. And in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to take a function. And in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to take a function. And in this
+video, why don't I take an easy but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, why don't I take an easy but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, why don't I take an easy but very
+important function, the delta function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important function, the delta function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important function, the delta function.
+So I plan to use these formulas on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I plan to use these formulas on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I plan to use these formulas on the
+delta function. Let me draw a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function. Let me draw a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function. Let me draw a little
+picture of the delta function. I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the delta function. I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the delta function. I'm only
+going between minus pi and pi. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going between minus pi and pi. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going between minus pi and pi. And the
+delta function as we know is zero. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function as we know is zero. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function as we know is zero. It's
+infinite or at at the spike and zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite or at at the spike and zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite or at at the spike and zero.
+Again, reason I wanted to draw it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, reason I wanted to draw it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, reason I wanted to draw it is
+that's a even function. That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a even function. That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a even function. That's a
+function which is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is symmetric
+between x and minus x. And in that case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x and minus x. And in that case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x and minus x. And in that case,
+in that case there will be no signs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case there will be no signs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case there will be no signs.
+Sine functions are odd. The integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sine functions are odd. The integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sine functions are odd. The integral
+from minus pi to pi of a odd function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus pi to pi of a odd function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus pi to pi of a odd function
+gives zero. It's the odd odd means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives zero. It's the odd odd means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives zero. It's the odd odd means that
+when you cross the cross x equals z you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you cross the cross x equals z you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you cross the cross x equals z you
+take you get minus the result for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you get minus the result for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you get minus the result for x
+greater than zero. So, so my point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero. So, so my point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero. So, so my point is
+this is an even function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an even function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an even function.
+Delta of x is the same as delta of minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta of x is the same as delta of minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta of x is the same as delta of minus
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+and only cosiness.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good.
+The sign coefficients automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The sign coefficients automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The sign coefficients automatically
+dropped are zero. So, of course, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped are zero. So, of course, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped are zero. So, of course, the
+integral would show it. But we we see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral would show it. But we we see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral would show it. But we we see it
+even before we integrate. Okay, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even before we integrate. Okay, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even before we integrate. Okay, I'm
+ready for the delta function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for the delta function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for the delta function.
+So I'm going to write delta of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we remember what the delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we remember what the delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we remember what the delta function
+is is a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosiness.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, that's the delta function between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's the delta function between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's the delta function between
+minus pi and pi. Okay, and what's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi and pi. Okay, and what's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi and pi. Okay, and what's our
+formula for the a? Well, you remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the a? Well, you remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the a? Well, you remember we
+had a special formula for a 0,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a special formula for a 0,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a special formula for a 0,
+which was 1 / 2 pi times the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was 1 / 2 pi times the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was 1 / 2 pi times the integral
+from minus pi to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus pi to pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus pi to pi
+of our function which is delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our function which is delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our function which is delta
+times the basis function which n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the basis function which n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the basis function which n equals
+z. The basis function is 1 dx. Okay, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z. The basis function is 1 dx. Okay, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z. The basis function is 1 dx. Okay, we
+know the answer to that. we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the answer to that. we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the answer to that. we can
+integrate the delta function. The one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the delta function. The one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the delta function. The one
+key thing about the integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing about the integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing about the integral of the
+delta function is it's always one if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function is it's always one if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function is it's always one if we
+cross x= z, which we will. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross x= z, which we will. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross x= z, which we will. So that
+integral is one. So I'm getting 1 / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is one. So I'm getting 1 / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is one. So I'm getting 1 / 2
+pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi.
+What about the other 48 coefficients? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What about the other 48 coefficients? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What about the other 48 coefficients? So
+that's 1 over pi. Now the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 1 over pi. Now the integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 1 over pi. Now the integral from
+minus p<unk> to pi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus p<unk> to pi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus p<unk> to pi of
+the delta of my function times cossine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delta of my function times cossine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delta of my function times cossine
+kx dx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx dx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx dx.
+You know what I'm doing? I'm using my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know what I'm doing? I'm using my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know what I'm doing? I'm using my
+formula to find the coefficients. My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to find the coefficients. My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to find the coefficients. My
+formula says take the function whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula says take the function whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula says take the function whatever
+it is and in this example it's the delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and in this example it's the delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and in this example it's the delta
+function. multiply by the cosine,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. multiply by the cosine,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. multiply by the cosine,
+integrate and divide by the factor pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and divide by the factor pi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and divide by the factor pi.
+Okay. Well, of course, we can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, of course, we can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, of course, we can do that
+integral because when you integrate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral because when you integrate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral because when you integrate a
+delta function times some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function times some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function times some other
+function, you only get you only get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, you only get you only get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, you only get you only get the
+act all the action is at x= z. At x=0,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act all the action is at x= z. At x=0,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act all the action is at x= z. At x=0,
+this function is one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is one.
+And I don't care what it is elsewhere,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I don't care what it is elsewhere,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I don't care what it is elsewhere,
+it's just one. So this is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just one. So this is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just one. So this is the same as
+integrating delta of x * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating delta of x * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating delta of x * 1
+which gives us oh the integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives us oh the integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives us oh the integral of the
+delta function is one. So this gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function is one. So this gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function is one. So this gives us
+a one that integral is one. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one that integral is one. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one that integral is one. So I'm
+getting 1 over pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 1 over pi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 1 over pi.
+Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good.
+Okay. So now uh do you want me to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now uh do you want me to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now uh do you want me to just
+to write out the series for the delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write out the series for the delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write out the series for the delta
+function? It looks kind of unusual.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function? It looks kind of unusual.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function? It looks kind of unusual.
+This is telling us something quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is telling us something quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is telling us something quite
+remarkable. It's telling us that all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable. It's telling us that all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable. It's telling us that all all
+these coefficients are the same. All the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coefficients are the same. All the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coefficients are the same. All the
+frequencies, all the harmonics are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies, all the harmonics are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies, all the harmonics are there
+are in the delta function in equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the delta function in equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the delta function in equal
+amounts. Equal amounts. Usually we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts. Equal amounts. Usually we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts. Equal amounts. Usually we would
+see a big drop off of the coefficients a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a big drop off of the coefficients a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a big drop off of the coefficients a
+k. But for the delta function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. But for the delta function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. But for the delta function which is
+so singular all a big spike at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so singular all a big spike at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so singular all a big spike at one point
+there's no drop off and no decay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no drop off and no decay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no drop off and no decay in the
+coefficients they're just constant okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients they're just constant okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients they're just constant okay
+so I'm saying that the delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm saying that the delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm saying that the delta function
+is the constant term 1 over 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the constant term 1 over 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the constant term 1 over 2 pi
+and then 1 over pi times cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 1 over pi times cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 1 over pi times cosine
+of x and cosine of 2x X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and cosine of 2x X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and cosine of 2x X
+and so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+All frequencies there are the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All frequencies there are the same.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All frequencies there are the same.
+Yeah. And uh let me I'll stop with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And uh let me I'll stop with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And uh let me I'll stop with that
+one example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example here
+because so the key points were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so the key points were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so the key points were
+orthogonality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality
+the formulas for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulas for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulas for the for the
+coefficients and this example. Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and this example. Thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and this example. Thank
+you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vFZY--lgmHs.txt b/vFZY--lgmHs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc7c2ce7169408a7904c8fa54206bb2089c9e50e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vFZY--lgmHs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14547 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's get started
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+today we're going to talk at some length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk at some length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk at some length
+about what i mean by this idea of mars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what i mean by this idea of mars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what i mean by this idea of mars
+computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational
+theory level of analysis it's a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory level of analysis it's a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory level of analysis it's a way of
+asking questions about mind and brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking questions about mind and brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking questions about mind and brain
+and we're going to talk about that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk about that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk about that in
+the case of color vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of color vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of color vision
+and that's going to take a while we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to take a while we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to take a while we'll
+go down and do the demo we'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down and do the demo we'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down and do the demo we'll come back
+and talk about color vision and how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about color vision and how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about color vision and how we
+think about it at the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it at the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it at the level of
+computational theory and why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational theory and why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational theory and why that
+matters for mind and brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for mind and brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for mind and brain
+and then we're going to start in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to start in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to start in the
+second half a whole session on which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half a whole session on which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half a whole session on which is
+going to roll into next class on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to roll into next class on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to roll into next class on the
+methods we can use in cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods we can use in cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods we can use in cognitive
+neuroscience to understand the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience to understand the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience to understand the human
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+and we'll illustrate those with a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll illustrate those with a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll illustrate those with a case
+of face perception and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of face perception and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of face perception and we'll talk about
+computational theory light very briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational theory light very briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational theory light very briefly
+a face perception what you can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a face perception what you can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a face perception what you can learn
+from behavioral studies and what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from behavioral studies and what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from behavioral studies and what you can
+learn from functional mri and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from functional mri and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from functional mri and then we'll
+go on and do other methods next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on and do other methods next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on and do other methods next time
+everybody with the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody with the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody with the program
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so to back up a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to back up a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to back up a little
+the biggest theme addressed in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest theme addressed in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest theme addressed in this
+course the big question we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the big question we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the big question we're trying to
+understand in this field is how does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand in this field is how does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand in this field is how does the
+brain give rise to the mind okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain give rise to the mind okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain give rise to the mind okay that's
+really what we're in it for that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what we're in it for that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what we're in it for that's why
+there's lots of cognitive science we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of cognitive science we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of cognitive science we're
+trying to understand how the mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand how the mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand how the mind
+emerges from this physical object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges from this physical object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges from this physical object
+and so for the last few lectures you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for the last few lectures you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for the last few lectures you've
+been learning some stuff about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been learning some stuff about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been learning some stuff about the
+physical basis of the brain what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical basis of the brain what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical basis of the brain what it
+actually looks like some of you guys got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks like some of you guys got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks like some of you guys got
+to touch it i hope you thought that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch it i hope you thought that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch it i hope you thought that was
+half as awesome as i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half as awesome as i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half as awesome as i did
+and we got a sense of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got a sense of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got a sense of the basic
+physicality of the brain and some of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicality of the brain and some of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicality of the brain and some of its
+major parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major parts
+but now the agenda is how are we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the agenda is how are we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the agenda is how are we going
+to explain how this physical object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain how this physical object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain how this physical object
+gives rise to something like the mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to something like the mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to something like the mind
+and the first problem you encounter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first problem you encounter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first problem you encounter is
+what is a mind anyway i drew it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a mind anyway i drew it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a mind anyway i drew it as a
+weird big amorphous cloud because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird big amorphous cloud because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird big amorphous cloud because it's
+just not obvious how you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not obvious how you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not obvious how you think about
+minds right it feels like one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds right it feels like one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds right it feels like one of those
+things like could you even have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like could you even have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like could you even have a
+science of the mind like what is mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of the mind like what is mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of the mind like what is mine
+it's all kind of nervous making right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all kind of nervous making right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all kind of nervous making right
+um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so
+our field of cognitive science over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our field of cognitive science over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our field of cognitive science over the
+last few decades has come up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few decades has come up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few decades has come up with this
+framework for how we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for how we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for how we can think about
+minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds
+and this isn't even a theory it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this isn't even a theory it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this isn't even a theory it's more
+meta than that it's a framework for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta than that it's a framework for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta than that it's a framework for
+thinking about what a mind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what a mind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what a mind is
+and the framework is the idea that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the framework is the idea that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the framework is the idea that the
+mind is a set of computations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is a set of computations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is a set of computations that
+extract representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract representations
+okay now that's pretty abstract you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that's pretty abstract you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that's pretty abstract you can
+think of a representation in your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a representation in your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a representation in your mind
+as anything from a percept like i see i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as anything from a percept like i see i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as anything from a percept like i see i
+see motion right now or i see color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see motion right now or i see color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see motion right now or i see color
+and as you learned before you might see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you learned before you might see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you learned before you might see
+motion even if there uh isn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion even if there uh isn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion even if there uh isn't actually
+motion in the stimulus but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion in the stimulus but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion in the stimulus but that
+representation of motion in your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of motion in your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of motion in your head
+that percept that's that's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that percept that's that's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that percept that's that's a kind of
+mental representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental representation
+or if you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you're thinking
+you know why is nancy going through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why is nancy going through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why is nancy going through this
+really basic stuff she's insulting our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really basic stuff she's insulting our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really basic stuff she's insulting our
+intelligence if you know something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence if you know something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence if you know something like
+that is going on in the background as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going on in the background as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going on in the background as
+i'm lecturing that's a thought that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm lecturing that's a thought that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm lecturing that's a thought that's a
+mental representation of a sort or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental representation of a sort or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental representation of a sort or if
+you're thinking oh my god it's after 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking oh my god it's after 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking oh my god it's after 11
+and i'm not going to get to eat until 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm not going to get to eat until 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm not going to get to eat until 12
+30 i'm going to starve you know whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 i'm going to starve you know whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 i'm going to starve you know whatever
+thoughts are going through your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts are going through your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts are going through your head
+those are mental representations too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are mental representations too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are mental representations too
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and so the question is here how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question is here how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question is here how do we
+think about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about those
+and so this idea that mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this idea that mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this idea that mental
+mental processes our computations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental processes our computations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental processes our computations and
+mental contents are representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental contents are representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental contents are representations
+implies that ideally in the long run if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that ideally in the long run if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that ideally in the long run if
+we really understood minds we'd be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really understood minds we'd be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really understood minds we'd be able
+to write the code to do everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the code to do everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the code to do everything that
+minds do right and that code would work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds do right and that code would work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds do right and that code would work
+in some sense in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense in the same way
+now that's a tall order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a tall order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a tall order
+mostly we can't do that yet like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly we can't do that yet like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly we can't do that yet like not
+even close a few little cases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even close a few little cases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even close a few little cases in
+perception kind of sort of maybe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception kind of sort of maybe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception kind of sort of maybe but
+mostly we can't do that yet but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly we can't do that yet but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly we can't do that yet but that's
+the goal that's the aspiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal that's the aspiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal that's the aspiration
+and so question is how do we even get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so question is how do we even get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so question is how do we even get
+off the ground trying to launch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the ground trying to launch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the ground trying to launch this
+enterprise of coming up with an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise of coming up with an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise of coming up with an actual
+precise computational theory of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise computational theory of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise computational theory of what
+minds do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds do
+and the first step to that is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first step to that is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first step to that is by
+thinking about what is computed and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what is computed and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what is computed and why
+and so that is the crux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that is the crux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that is the crux
+of david mar's big idea right the brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of david mar's big idea right the brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of david mar's big idea right the brief
+reading assignment that i gave you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading assignment that i gave you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading assignment that i gave you guys
+that from mar and he's talking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from mar and he's talking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from mar and he's talking about how
+do we think about minds and brains step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we think about minds and brains step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we think about minds and brains step
+number one what is computed and why so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one what is computed and why so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one what is computed and why so
+we're going to focus on that for a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus on that for a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus on that for a bit
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and let's take vision for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's take vision for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's take vision for example
+you start with a world out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with a world out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with a world out there
+that sends light into your eyes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sends light into your eyes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sends light into your eyes that's
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+icon of a retina that blue thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icon of a retina that blue thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icon of a retina that blue thing in the
+back the back of your eyes sends an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the back of your eyes sends an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the back of your eyes sends an
+image onto your eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image onto your eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image onto your eye
+and then some magic happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some magic happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some magic happens
+and then you know what you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know what you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know what you're looking at
+okay so that's what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what we're trying to
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+what goes on in there in a sense what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes on in there in a sense what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes on in there in a sense what is
+the code that goes on in here that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code that goes on in here that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code that goes on in here that they
+takes this as an input and delivers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this as an input and delivers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this as an input and delivers that
+as an output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an output
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+more specifically we can ask as we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specifically we can ask as we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specifically we can ask as we did
+in the last couple of lectures let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last couple of lectures let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last couple of lectures let's
+take the case of visual motion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the case of visual motion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the case of visual motion so
+suppose you're seeing a display like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're seeing a display like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're seeing a display like
+this like something in front of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like something in front of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like something in front of you
+somebody jumps on a beach like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody jumps on a beach like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody jumps on a beach like that and
+there's visual motion information what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's visual motion information what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's visual motion information what
+are the kinds of things so that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kinds of things so that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kinds of things so that's your
+input what are the kinds of outputs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input what are the kinds of outputs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input what are the kinds of outputs you
+might get from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get from that
+well to understand that we need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to understand that we need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to understand that we need to know
+what is computed and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is computed and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is computed and why
+so what is computed well lots of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is computed well lots of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is computed well lots of things
+you might see the presence of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see the presence of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see the presence of motion
+you might see the presence of a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see the presence of a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see the presence of a person
+actually you can detect people just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can detect people just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can detect people just from
+their pattern of motion if we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pattern of motion if we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pattern of motion if we should
+have done this at that demo write me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done this at that demo write me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done this at that demo write me a
+note to think about that next time if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note to think about that next time if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note to think about that next time if we
+stuck little tiny leds on each of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck little tiny leds on each of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck little tiny leds on each of my
+joints and we're in a totally black room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints and we're in a totally black room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints and we're in a totally black room
+and i jumped around and all you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i jumped around and all you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i jumped around and all you could
+see was those dots moving you would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see was those dots moving you would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see was those dots moving you would see
+that it was a person it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a person it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a person it would be
+trivially obvious so motion can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivially obvious so motion can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivially obvious so motion can
+give you lots of information aside from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you lots of information aside from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you lots of information aside from
+something's moving and what direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's moving and what direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's moving and what direction is
+it moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can see someone's jumping that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see someone's jumping that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see someone's jumping that also
+comes from the information about motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the information about motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the information about motion
+you can infer something about the health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can infer something about the health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can infer something about the health
+of this person or even their mood so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this person or even their mood so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this person or even their mood so
+there's a huge range of kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge range of kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge range of kinds of
+information we glean from even a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we glean from even a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we glean from even a pretty
+simple stimulus attribute like motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple stimulus attribute like motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple stimulus attribute like motion
+and so we're going to understand how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to understand how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to understand how do
+we perceive motion we first need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we perceive motion we first need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we perceive motion we first need to get
+organized about what's the input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized about what's the input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized about what's the input and
+which of those outputs are we talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those outputs are we talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those outputs are we talking
+about and probably the code that goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and probably the code that goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and probably the code that goes on
+in between in your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between in your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between in your head
+or in a computer program if you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a computer program if you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a computer program if you ever
+figured out how to do that will be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to do that will be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to do that will be quite
+different for each of those things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for each of those things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for each of those things but
+that's the way you need to be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way you need to be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way you need to be thinking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+mines okay what are the inputs what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mines okay what are the inputs what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mines okay what are the inputs what are
+the outputs and then as soon as you pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs and then as soon as you pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs and then as soon as you pose
+that challenge like okay let's say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that challenge like okay let's say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that challenge like okay let's say it's
+just moving dots and you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moving dots and you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moving dots and you're trying to
+tell if that's a person think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell if that's a person think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell if that's a person think about what
+is the code you'd write just these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the code you'd write just these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the code you'd write just these
+moving dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving dots
+how the hell are you going to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the hell are you going to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the hell are you going to go from
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+to detecting if those dots are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detecting if those dots are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detecting if those dots are on the
+joints of a person who's moving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints of a person who's moving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints of a person who's moving around
+versus on something else that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus on something else that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus on something else that's how you
+think what are the computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what are the computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what are the computational
+challenges involved okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges involved okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges involved okay
+and i'm not going to ever ask you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm not going to ever ask you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm not going to ever ask you guys
+to write that code we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that code we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that code we're just
+going to consider it as a thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consider it as a thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consider it as a thought
+enterprise to kind of see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise to kind of see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise to kind of see what the
+problem is that the brain is facing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that the brain is facing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that the brain is facing that
+it's solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's solving
+okay and so mars big idea is this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so mars big idea is this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so mars big idea is this whole
+business of thinking about what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of thinking about what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of thinking about what is
+computed and why what the inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed and why what the inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed and why what the inputs and
+outputs are and what the computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs are and what the computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs are and what the computational
+challenges are getting from those inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges are getting from those inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges are getting from those inputs
+to those outputs that all of that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those outputs that all of that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those outputs that all of that is a
+prerequisite for thinking about minds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite for thinking about minds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite for thinking about minds or
+brains okay we can't understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains okay we can't understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains okay we can't understand what
+brains are doing until we first think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains are doing until we first think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains are doing until we first think
+about this that's why i'm carrying on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this that's why i'm carrying on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this that's why i'm carrying on
+about this at some length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this at some length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this at some length
+and mar writes so beautifully that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mar writes so beautifully that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mar writes so beautifully that i'm
+just going to read some of my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to read some of my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to read some of my favorite
+paragraphs because um paraphrasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs because um paraphrasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs because um paraphrasing
+beautiful prose is a sin so mars says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful prose is a sin so mars says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful prose is a sin so mars says
+trying to understand perception by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand perception by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand perception by
+studying only neurons is like trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying only neurons is like trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying only neurons is like trying to
+understand bird flight by studying only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand bird flight by studying only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand bird flight by studying only
+feathers it just can't be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers it just can't be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers it just can't be done
+to understand bird flight you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand bird flight you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand bird flight you need to
+understand aerodynamics only then can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand aerodynamics only then can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand aerodynamics only then can
+one make sense of the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one make sense of the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one make sense of the structure of
+feathers and the shape of wings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers and the shape of wings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers and the shape of wings
+similarly you can't reach an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly you can't reach an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly you can't reach an
+understanding of why neurons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of why neurons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of why neurons in the
+visual system behave the way they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system behave the way they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system behave the way they do
+just by studying their anatomy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by studying their anatomy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by studying their anatomy and
+physiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology
+okay you have to understand the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have to understand the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have to understand the problem
+that's being solved okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being solved okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being solved okay
+further he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further he says
+the nature of the computations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the computations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the computations that
+underlie perception depends more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlie perception depends more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlie perception depends more on the
+computational problems that have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problems that have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problems that have to be
+solved than on the particular hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved than on the particular hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved than on the particular hardware
+in which their solutions are implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which their solutions are implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which their solutions are implemented
+so he's basically saying we could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's basically saying we could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's basically saying we could have a
+theory of any aspect of perception that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of any aspect of perception that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of any aspect of perception that
+would be essentially the same theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be essentially the same theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be essentially the same theory
+whether you write it in code and put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you write it in code and put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you write it in code and put it
+in a computer or whether it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a computer or whether it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a computer or whether it's being
+implemented in a brain yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mar was many things he was a he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mar was many things he was a he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mar was many things he was a he was a
+visionary a visionary who studied vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visionary a visionary who studied vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visionary a visionary who studied vision
+a truly brilliant guy with a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a truly brilliant guy with a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a truly brilliant guy with a very strong
+engineering background and this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering background and this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering background and this is you
+know now pervading the whole field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now pervading the whole field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now pervading the whole field of
+cognitive science that people take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science that people take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science that people take an
+engineering approach to understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering approach to understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering approach to understanding
+minds and brains to try to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds and brains to try to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds and brains to try to really
+understand how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how they
+work okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay
+so to better understand this we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to better understand this we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to better understand this we're going
+to now consider the case of color vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now consider the case of color vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now consider the case of color vision
+and so in this case we start with color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this case we start with color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this case we start with color
+in the world that sends images onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world that sends images onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world that sends images onto the
+back of your retina some magic happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of your retina some magic happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of your retina some magic happens
+and we get a bunch of information out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a bunch of information out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a bunch of information out
+so the question we're going to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question we're going to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question we're going to consider
+is what do we use color for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what do we use color for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what do we use color for
+okay and we're going to use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're going to use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're going to use the same
+strategy we used in the edgerton center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy we used in the edgerton center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy we used in the edgerton center
+of trying to understand some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to understand some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to understand some of the
+things that that we use color for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that we use color for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that we use color for
+by experiencing perception without color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by experiencing perception without color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by experiencing perception without color
+okay what are the outputs okay so to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what are the outputs okay so to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what are the outputs okay so to do
+that we're going to head over right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to head over right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to head over right now
+to the imaging center and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the imaging center and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the imaging center and we're going to
+have a cool demo by rosalesa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cool demo by rosalesa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cool demo by rosalesa
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if it's going to be faster to leave your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's going to be faster to leave your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's going to be faster to leave your
+stuff here i don't know maybe we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here i don't know maybe we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here i don't know maybe we should
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah we'll lock the room okay um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll lock the room okay um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll lock the room okay um yeah
+how long are we going to be today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long are we going to be today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long are we going to be today
+10 minutes something like that and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minutes something like that and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minutes something like that and i
+need everyone to boogie because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need everyone to boogie because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need everyone to boogie because there's
+a lot of stuff i want to get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of stuff i want to get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of stuff i want to get through
+today so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so let's
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+all right so what do we use color for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what do we use color for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what do we use color for
+when we have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not a trick question supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a trick question supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a trick question supposed to be
+really obvious now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what's your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's your name
+chardon hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chardon hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chardon hi
+uh do you think it was booty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do you think it was booty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do you think it was booty
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah choosing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah choosing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah choosing which
+what else related to that but different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else related to that but different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else related to that but different
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah yeah like what what did you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah like what what did you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah like what what did you notice
+that you could identify better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but besides identifying and choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but besides identifying and choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but besides identifying and choosing
+what else much more generally bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else much more generally bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else much more generally bringing
+things into our awareness like with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things into our awareness like with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things into our awareness like with the
+reds in particular the strawberries yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reds in particular the strawberries yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reds in particular the strawberries yeah
+like do you find them easier to find no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do you find them easier to find no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do you find them easier to find no
+much harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder
+oh yeah right harder without the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah right harder without the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah right harder without the light
+exactly what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah like driving like you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like driving like you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like driving like you need to have
+color to know the traffic lights totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color to know the traffic lights totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color to know the traffic lights totally
+totally that's a modern invention but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally that's a modern invention but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally that's a modern invention but a
+really important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important one
+what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else
+are we in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we in general
+are we very general or like whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we very general or like whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we very general or like whatever
+what do we use color for i mean we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we use color for i mean we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we use color for i mean we use
+it to like figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to like figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to like figure out
+like what's what to eat because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's what to eat because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's what to eat because it's
+like one of the strawberries isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of the strawberries isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of the strawberries isn't
+actually a strawberry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a strawberry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a strawberry
+so yeah i use color too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah i use color too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah i use color too
+uh-huh and the bananas did anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh and the bananas did anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh and the bananas did anybody
+notice sometimes it's hard to tell yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice sometimes it's hard to tell yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice sometimes it's hard to tell yeah
+point in the bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+totally did you feel like people's faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally did you feel like people's faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally did you feel like people's faces
+looked a little sickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked a little sickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked a little sickly
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+absolutely okay so this is just to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely okay so this is just to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely okay so this is just to show
+you that a lot of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that a lot of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that a lot of a lot of
+computational theory starts with sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational theory starts with sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational theory starts with sort of
+common sense of just reasoning what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense of just reasoning what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense of just reasoning what do
+we use this stuff for it helps to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this stuff for it helps to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this stuff for it helps to not
+have it just to reveal what we use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it just to reveal what we use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it just to reveal what we use it
+for but you guys have just reinvented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but you guys have just reinvented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but you guys have just reinvented
+the the key insights and early field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the key insights and early field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the key insights and early field of
+color vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color vision
+okay so standard story is to find fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so standard story is to find fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so standard story is to find fruit
+like if you ask yourself how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you ask yourself how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you ask yourself how many
+berries are here take a moment get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berries are here take a moment get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berries are here take a moment get a
+mental tally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental tally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental tally
+how many berries okay ready now how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many berries okay ready now how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many berries okay ready now how many
+berries okay you see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berries okay you see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berries okay you see more
+and in fact there's a long literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact there's a long literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact there's a long literature
+showing that um primates who have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that um primates who have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that um primates who have uh
+three cone colors we're not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cone colors we're not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cone colors we're not going to go
+through all the physiological basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the physiological basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the physiological basis of
+cones and stuff like that but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cones and stuff like that but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cones and stuff like that but they have
+richer color vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer color vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer color vision
+because the number of different color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the number of different color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the number of different color
+receptors in their retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors in their retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors in their retina
+they're better at finding berries and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're better at finding berries and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're better at finding berries and in
+fact a paper came out a couple years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a paper came out a couple years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a paper came out a couple years ago
+where they studied wild macaques on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they studied wild macaques on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they studied wild macaques on an
+island off of puerto rico called cayo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island off of puerto rico called cayo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island off of puerto rico called cayo
+santiago and the macaques there have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+santiago and the macaques there have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+santiago and the macaques there have a
+natural variation genetically where some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural variation genetically where some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural variation genetically where some
+of them have two photo two color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have two photo two color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have two photo two color
+photoreceptors instead of three okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors instead of three okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors instead of three okay and
+in fact they followed them around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they followed them around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they followed them around and
+the monkeys that have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkeys that have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkeys that have three
+photoreceptors types are better at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors types are better at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors types are better at
+finding fruit than the ones that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding fruit than the ones that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding fruit than the ones that have
+only two okay so that story that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two okay so that story that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two okay so that story that's just
+been a story for a long time turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a story for a long time turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a story for a long time turns out
+it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true
+and also as you guys have already said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also as you guys have already said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also as you guys have already said
+to not just find things but identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not just find things but identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not just find things but identify
+properties like you can probably tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties like you can probably tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties like you can probably tell
+whether you'd want to eat those bananas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you'd want to eat those bananas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you'd want to eat those bananas
+on the bottom maybe not it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom maybe not it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom maybe not it's hard to
+tell on the top which ones you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell on the top which ones you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell on the top which ones you'd like
+and yet that's all you need to know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet that's all you need to know okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet that's all you need to know okay
+so these are just a few of the ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are just a few of the ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are just a few of the ways that
+we use color and why it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use color and why it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use color and why it's important
+but there is a very big problem now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a very big problem now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a very big problem now that
+we try to think figure out okay what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to think figure out okay what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to think figure out okay what is
+the code that goes between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code that goes between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code that goes between the
+wavelength of light hitting your retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of light hitting your retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of light hitting your retina
+and trying to figure out what color is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to figure out what color is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to figure out what color is
+that thing so here's the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing so here's the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing so here's the problem
+we want to determine a property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to determine a property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to determine a property of the
+object of its surface properties its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of its surface properties its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of its surface properties its
+color right that's a material property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color right that's a material property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color right that's a material property
+of that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that thing
+but all we have so here's a thing we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all we have so here's a thing we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all we have so here's a thing we'll
+call that reflectance it's a property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that reflectance it's a property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that reflectance it's a property of
+wavelength but you can think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength but you can think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength but you can think of it as
+for now just a single number it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now just a single number it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now just a single number it's a
+property of that surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of that surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of that surface
+but all we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all we have
+is the light coming from that object to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the light coming from that object to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the light coming from that object to
+our eyes that's called luminance i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our eyes that's called luminance i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our eyes that's called luminance i'm not
+going to test you in these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to test you in these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to test you in these particular
+words but you should get the idea okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words but you should get the idea okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words but you should get the idea okay
+so that's what we have that's our input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we have that's our input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we have that's our input
+but here's the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the problem
+the light that's coming off the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light that's coming off the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light that's coming off the object
+is a function not just of the object but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function not just of the object but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function not just of the object but
+of the nature of the light that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nature of the light that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nature of the light that's
+shining on the object that's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining on the object that's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining on the object that's called the
+illuminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminate
+so the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem is
+we have this equation this light coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this equation this light coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this equation this light coming
+from the object to our eyes is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the object to our eyes is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the object to our eyes is the
+product of the properties of the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the properties of the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the properties of the surface
+and the incident light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the incident light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the incident light
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and our problem is we have to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our problem is we have to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our problem is we have to solve for
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+i'm sorry we have to solve for r the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry we have to solve for r the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry we have to solve for r the
+property of the object given l what is r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the object given l what is r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the object given l what is r
+that's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's kind of like if i said a times b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of like if i said a times b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of like if i said a times b
+is 48 please solve for a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 48 please solve for a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 48 please solve for a and b
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's known in the field as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's known in the field as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's known in the field as an
+ill-posed or underdetermined problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-posed or underdetermined problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-posed or underdetermined problem we
+don't have enough information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough information to
+uniquely solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely solve this
+okay that's a very very deep problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a very very deep problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a very very deep problem in
+perception and a lot of cognition we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and a lot of cognition we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and a lot of cognition we are
+often in fact most of the time in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in fact most of the time in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in fact most of the time in this
+boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the implications are when we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the implications are when we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the implications are when we want to
+infer reflectance of the property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer reflectance of the property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer reflectance of the property of the
+object from l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object from l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object from l
+we must bring in other information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must bring in other information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must bring in other information
+right we must be able to make we must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we must be able to make we must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we must be able to make we must
+have some way to make guesses about i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some way to make guesses about i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some way to make guesses about i
+about the light shining on that object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the light shining on that object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the light shining on that object
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the big point is many many inferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the big point is many many inferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the big point is many many inferences
+in perception and cognition are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in perception and cognition are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in perception and cognition are
+ill-posed in exactly this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-posed in exactly this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-posed in exactly this way
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and so here are two other examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here are two other examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here are two other examples of
+ill-posed problems in perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-posed problems in perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-posed problems in perception
+in shape perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in shape perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in shape perception
+you have a similar situation you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a similar situation you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a similar situation you have
+stuff in the world that's making an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the world that's making an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the world that's making an
+image on the on the back of your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image on the on the back of your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image on the on the back of your eyes
+okay that's optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's optics
+what we're trying to do as perceivers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do as perceivers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do as perceivers is
+reason backwards from that image what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason backwards from that image what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason backwards from that image what
+object in the world caused that image on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in the world caused that image on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in the world caused that image on
+my retina that's sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my retina that's sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my retina that's sometimes called
+inverse optics because you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse optics because you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse optics because you're trying to
+reason the opposite way that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the opposite way that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the opposite way that's basically
+what we're doing in vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing in vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing in vision
+so here's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a problem
+like it's a crappy diagram but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's a crappy diagram but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's a crappy diagram but if you
+can see here there's three very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here there's three very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here there's three very
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+surface shapes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface shapes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface shapes here
+that are all casting the same image for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are all casting the same image for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are all casting the same image for
+example on a retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on a retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on a retina
+you could do this with cardboard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do this with cardboard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do this with cardboard and
+cast it with a shadow does everybody get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast it with a shadow does everybody get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast it with a shadow does everybody get
+what this shows here what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this shows here what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this shows here what that means is
+if you start with this and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start with this and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start with this and you have to
+reason backwards to the shape that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason backwards to the shape that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason backwards to the shape that
+caused it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused it
+that's an ill-posed problem big time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an ill-posed problem big time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an ill-posed problem big time it
+could be any of those things this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be any of those things this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be any of those things this
+information doesn't constrain it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information doesn't constrain it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information doesn't constrain it does
+everybody see that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody see that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody see that problem
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's another ill-posed problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another ill-posed problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another ill-posed problem
+here's a totally different example of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a totally different example of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a totally different example of an
+ill pose problem that's that's big in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill pose problem that's that's big in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill pose problem that's that's big in
+cognition when you when you learn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition when you when you learn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition when you when you learn the
+meaning of a word especially as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of a word especially as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of a word especially as an
+infant trying to learn language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant trying to learn language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant trying to learn language
+the classic example the philosophers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic example the philosophers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic example the philosophers
+like god knows why philosophers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like god knows why philosophers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like god knows why philosophers like
+weird stuff but never mind um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird stuff but never mind um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird stuff but never mind um
+somebody points to that and says gav a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody points to that and says gav a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody points to that and says gav a
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+and your job is to figure out what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your job is to figure out what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your job is to figure out what does
+gavagai mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gavagai mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gavagai mean
+okay so gavagai could mean all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so gavagai could mean all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so gavagai could mean all kinds of
+different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things
+it could just mean rabbit if you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could just mean rabbit if you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could just mean rabbit if you already
+have a concept of a rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a concept of a rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a concept of a rabbit
+it could mean fur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could mean fur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could mean fur
+it could mean ears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could mean ears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could mean ears
+it could mean motion if the rabbit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could mean motion if the rabbit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could mean motion if the rabbit is
+jumping around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping around
+or in the example the philosopher's love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the example the philosopher's love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the example the philosopher's love
+it could mean undetached rabbit parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could mean undetached rabbit parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could mean undetached rabbit parts
+weird but anyway philosophers like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird but anyway philosophers like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird but anyway philosophers like that
+kind of thing anyway the point is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing anyway the point is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing anyway the point is it's
+ill-posed we don't know from this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-posed we don't know from this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-posed we don't know from this what
+is the correct meaning of the word does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the correct meaning of the word does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the correct meaning of the word does
+everybody see how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody see how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody see how this
+underdetermines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdetermines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdetermines
+the correct meaning of the word we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct meaning of the word we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct meaning of the word we don't
+have enough information to solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough information to solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough information to solve it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so there's a there's a whole literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's a whole literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's a whole literature
+on the extra assumptions that infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the extra assumptions that infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the extra assumptions that infants
+bring to bear to constrain that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring to bear to constrain that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring to bear to constrain that problem
+so they can make a damn good guess about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can make a damn good guess about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can make a damn good guess about
+what the actual meaning of the word is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the actual meaning of the word is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the actual meaning of the word is
+okay the whole big literature quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the whole big literature quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the whole big literature quite
+fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating
+okay but for now i just want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but for now i just want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but for now i just want you to
+understand what an ill-posed problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what an ill-posed problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what an ill-posed problem is
+and why it's central to understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why it's central to understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why it's central to understanding
+perception and cognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and cognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and cognition
+okay so back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so back to
+the case of color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of color
+as i said the big point is that lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said the big point is that lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said the big point is that lots of
+inferences including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences including
+determining the reflectance of an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the reflectance of an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the reflectance of an object
+are imposed and so we have to bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are imposed and so we have to bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are imposed and so we have to bring in
+assumptions and knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and knowledge
+from other places from our knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other places from our knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other places from our knowledge of
+the statistics and the physics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistics and the physics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistics and the physics of the
+world our knowledge of particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world our knowledge of particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world our knowledge of particular
+objects all kinds of other things must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects all kinds of other things must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects all kinds of other things must
+be brought to bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be brought to bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be brought to bear
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so all of that again is considering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of that again is considering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of that again is considering the
+problem of color vision at the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of color vision at the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of color vision at the level of
+mars computational theory notice we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mars computational theory notice we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mars computational theory notice we
+haven't made any measurements yet we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't made any measurements yet we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't made any measurements yet we've
+just thought about light and optics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought about light and optics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought about light and optics and
+what the problem is and what we use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the problem is and what we use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the problem is and what we use it
+for okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay
+all this stuff you know what what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff you know what what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff you know what what is
+extracted and why are the reflectance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted and why are the reflectance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted and why are the reflectance of
+an object useful for characterizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object useful for characterizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object useful for characterizing
+objects and finding them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and finding them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and finding them
+what cues are available only l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cues are available only l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cues are available only l
+and that's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a problem
+uh because it's ill-posed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because it's ill-posed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because it's ill-posed
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+next question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question
+so obviously we get around and we can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously we get around and we can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously we get around and we can we
+can figure out what colors are which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what colors are which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what colors are which
+what are the other sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the other sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the other sources of
+information that we might use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we might use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we might use in
+principle and that humans do use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and that humans do use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and that humans do use in
+practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so all of that kind of stuff has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all of that kind of stuff has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all of that kind of stuff has
+been done without making any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done without making any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done without making any
+measurements we're just thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements we're just thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements we're just thinking about
+the problem itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem itself
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so next uh mars other levels of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next uh mars other levels of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next uh mars other levels of analysis
+algorithm and representation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and representation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and representation and
+hardware are more standard ones you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware are more standard ones you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware are more standard ones you will
+have encountered which is why i'm making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have encountered which is why i'm making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have encountered which is why i'm making
+a big deal of computational theory it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big deal of computational theory it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big deal of computational theory it's
+really his major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really his major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really his major
+novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel
+contribution but it's better understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution but it's better understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution but it's better understood
+by contrast with these so at the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by contrast with these so at the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by contrast with these so at the level
+of algorithm and representation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algorithm and representation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algorithm and representation this is
+like what is the code that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is the code that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is the code that you would
+write to solve that problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write to solve that problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write to solve that problem right
+and so we could ask how does the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we could ask how does the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we could ask how does the system
+do what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what it does
+can we write the code to do it and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we write the code to do it and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we write the code to do it and what
+assumptions and computations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and computations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and computations
+and representations would be entailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and representations would be entailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and representations would be entailed
+so how would we find out how humans do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how would we find out how humans do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how would we find out how humans do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+well one of the ways is a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one of the ways is a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one of the ways is a slightly more
+organized version of what you guys just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized version of what you guys just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized version of what you guys just
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+and that's called psychophysics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called psychophysics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called psychophysics
+psychophysics just means showing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychophysics just means showing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychophysics just means showing people
+stuff and asking them what they see or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and asking them what they see or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and asking them what they see or
+playing them sounds and asking them what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing them sounds and asking them what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing them sounds and asking them what
+they hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hear
+you can do it in very sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it in very sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it in very sophisticated
+formalized ways or you can do it like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalized ways or you can do it like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalized ways or you can do it like we
+just did talk to us about what the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did talk to us about what the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did talk to us about what the world
+looks like okay usually psychophysics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like okay usually psychophysics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like okay usually psychophysics
+means a slightly more organized version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a slightly more organized version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a slightly more organized version
+okay so here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's an example
+in fact it's a cool demo also from rosa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's a cool demo also from rosa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's a cool demo also from rosa
+and so what i'm going to do is i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i'm going to do is i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i'm going to do is i'm going
+to show you a bunch of pictures of cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you a bunch of pictures of cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you a bunch of pictures of cars
+and your task is going to be to shout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your task is going to be to shout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your task is going to be to shout
+out loud as fast as you can the color of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out loud as fast as you can the color of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out loud as fast as you can the color of
+the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car
+okay they're going to appear on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're going to appear on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're going to appear on the
+screen everyone ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen everyone ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen everyone ready
+as fast as you can shout it out loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast as you can shout it out loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast as you can shout it out loud
+here we go what color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay interesting okay here's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh-huh interesting ready here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh interesting ready here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh interesting ready here we go
+here's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one
+okay here's another one ah you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's another one ah you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's another one ah you guys
+caught on to that pretty fast okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught on to that pretty fast okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught on to that pretty fast okay
+so um good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um good job
+um nice consensus although i noticed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nice consensus although i noticed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nice consensus although i noticed a
+little bit of transition there which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of transition there which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of transition there which is
+very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting
+um but here's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but here's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but here's the thing
+all of those cars are the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those cars are the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those cars are the exact same
+color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color
+the body of the car is the exact same in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body of the car is the exact same in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body of the car is the exact same in
+all of them and if you don't believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them and if you don't believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them and if you don't believe it
+here's i'm going to occlude everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's i'm going to occlude everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's i'm going to occlude everything
+except for a patch okay here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for a patch okay here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for a patch okay here we go
+boom they're all gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom they're all gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom they're all gray
+i know it's awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know it's awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know it's awesome
+it's rosa that's awesome not me i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rosa that's awesome not me i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rosa that's awesome not me i just
+had to bum this because it's so awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to bum this because it's so awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to bum this because it's so awesome
+okay so rosa spent months designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so rosa spent months designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so rosa spent months designing
+these stimuli to make a particular test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stimuli to make a particular test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stimuli to make a particular test
+particular ideas about vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular ideas about vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular ideas about vision
+but the basic demo is simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic demo is simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic demo is simple and
+straightforward you can get the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward you can get the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward you can get the point
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's going on here
+what's going on here is that you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here is that you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here is that you guys
+the algorithm running in your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm running in your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm running in your head
+that's trying to figure out what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's trying to figure out what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's trying to figure out what is the
+color of that car is trying to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color of that car is trying to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color of that car is trying to solve the
+ill-posed problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-posed problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-posed problem
+and it's using other information than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's using other information than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's using other information than
+just the luminance of light coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the luminance of light coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the luminance of light coming from
+the object it's using information from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object it's using information from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object it's using information from
+the rest of the object it's making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the object it's making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the object it's making
+inferences about l the luminance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about l the luminance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about l the luminance the
+light hitting the object okay and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light hitting the object okay and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light hitting the object okay and in
+particular when you look at that picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular when you look at that picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular when you look at that picture
+up there what is the color of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there what is the color of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there what is the color of light
+shining on that car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining on that car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining on that car
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+right officially known as teal in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right officially known as teal in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right officially known as teal in the
+field but some of you shouted out green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but some of you shouted out green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but some of you shouted out green
+first because that's what you saw first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because that's what you saw first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because that's what you saw first
+is the color of light okay what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the color of light okay what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the color of light okay what's the
+color of light hitting that car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color of light hitting that car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color of light hitting that car
+yeah purple magenta here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah purple magenta here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah purple magenta here
+yeah and over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and over there
+yeah yellow orange yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yellow orange yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yellow orange yeah
+okay so basically what your visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically what your visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically what your visual
+system did is look quickly figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system did is look quickly figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system did is look quickly figure out
+the color of the incident light l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color of the incident light l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color of the incident light l
+and use that to solve the otherwise ill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that to solve the otherwise ill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that to solve the otherwise ill
+pose problem of solving for r the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pose problem of solving for r the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pose problem of solving for r the color
+of the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the car
+and in this case this demo shows that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case this demo shows that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case this demo shows that if
+you just change the color of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just change the color of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just change the color of the
+illuminant light and hold constant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminant light and hold constant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminant light and hold constant the
+actual wavelengths coming from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual wavelengths coming from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual wavelengths coming from that
+patch you can radically change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch you can radically change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch you can radically change the
+perceived color of the car everyone got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived color of the car everyone got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived color of the car everyone got
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah if i ran this to a computer yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if i ran this to a computer yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if i ran this to a computer yeah
+asked to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to get the
+the intensity of the pixel at like on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of the pixel at like on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of the pixel at like on
+the hood of the car there it would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hood of the car there it would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hood of the car there it would it
+would not correspond to yellow across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not correspond to yellow across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not correspond to yellow across
+one degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one degree
+uh well it depends what you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well it depends what you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well it depends what you're asking
+the computer exactly if you hold up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer exactly if you hold up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer exactly if you hold up a
+spectrophotometer that's just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrophotometer that's just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrophotometer that's just going to
+measure the wavelength of light they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the wavelength of light they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the wavelength of light they're
+all gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all gray
+right there on top of those cars they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there on top of those cars they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there on top of those cars they're
+all the exact same neutral gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the exact same neutral gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the exact same neutral gray
+that's just the raw physical light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the raw physical light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the raw physical light
+coming from that patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from that patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from that patch
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but if you coded up the computer to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you coded up the computer to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you coded up the computer to do
+something smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something smart
+and you coded it up to take other cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you coded it up to take other cues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you coded it up to take other cues
+from the image try to figure out what l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the image try to figure out what l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the image try to figure out what l
+is and therefore solve for r you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and therefore solve for r you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and therefore solve for r you might
+be able to get it to do the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get it to do the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get it to do the right thing
+i just mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just mean
+just like you look at the pixels like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you look at the pixels like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you look at the pixels like in
+the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+the color on the car would it be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color on the car would it be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color on the car would it be what
+yellow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow is
+great they're all great so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great they're all great so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great they're all great so that's what
+that's what i was trying to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i was trying to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i was trying to show you
+here is that in fact they are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that in fact they are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that in fact they are actually
+gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray
+right that's the cars are underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the cars are underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the cars are underneath
+there and you can see they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you can see they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you can see they're all
+exactly the same and they're gray and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same and they're gray and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same and they're gray and
+there's no color in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no color in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no color in it
+okay everyone got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everyone got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everyone got that
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so all of that is a little baby example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of that is a little baby example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of that is a little baby example
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+psychophysics what we do at the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychophysics what we do at the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychophysics what we do at the level of
+trying to understand the algorithms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand the algorithms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand the algorithms and
+representations extracted by the mind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations extracted by the mind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations extracted by the mind to
+try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out
+what are these strategies that we use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these strategies that we use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these strategies that we use to
+to solve problems about the visual world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve problems about the visual world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve problems about the visual world
+okay and so behavior or psychophysics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so behavior or psychophysics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so behavior or psychophysics or
+seeing as you just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing as you just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing as you just did
+can reveal those assumptions and reveal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reveal those assumptions and reveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reveal those assumptions and reveal
+some of the tricks that we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the tricks that we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the tricks that we're using
+in the human visual system to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the human visual system to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the human visual system to solve
+those ill-posed problems okay so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ill-posed problems okay so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ill-posed problems okay so in this
+case it was assumptions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it was assumptions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it was assumptions about
+the illuminant that enabled us to infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the illuminant that enabled us to infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the illuminant that enabled us to infer
+the reflectance from the luminance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflectance from the luminance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflectance from the luminance
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the third level mar talks about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third level mar talks about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third level mar talks about is the
+level of hardware implementation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of hardware implementation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of hardware implementation in the
+case of brains that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of brains that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of brains that's
+neurons and brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and brains
+and so we won't cover this in any detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we won't cover this in any detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we won't cover this in any detail
+here but there's lots and lots of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but there's lots and lots of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but there's lots and lots of work
+on the brain basis of color vision we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the brain basis of color vision we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the brain basis of color vision we'll
+mention it briefly next time so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it briefly next time so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it briefly next time so this is
+some of rose's work showing those little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of rose's work showing those little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of rose's work showing those little
+blue patches on the side of the monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue patches on the side of the monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue patches on the side of the monkey
+brain that are involved in color vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that are involved in color vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that are involved in color vision
+and some work that rosa did in my lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some work that rosa did in my lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some work that rosa did in my lab
+showing the bottom surface of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the bottom surface of the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the bottom surface of the human
+brain with a very similar organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain with a very similar organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain with a very similar organization
+with those little blue patches in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those little blue patches in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those little blue patches in there
+that are particularly sensitive to color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are particularly sensitive to color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are particularly sensitive to color
+so you can study brain regions that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can study brain regions that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can study brain regions that do
+that if it's a monkey you can stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it's a monkey you can stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it's a monkey you can stick
+electrodes in there and record from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes in there and record from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes in there and record from
+individual neurons and see what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual neurons and see what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual neurons and see what they
+code for and you can really tackle at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for and you can really tackle at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for and you can really tackle at
+multiple levels the hardware hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple levels the hardware hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple levels the hardware hardware
+neural basis of color vision and brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural basis of color vision and brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural basis of color vision and brains
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the big general point is we need lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the big general point is we need lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the big general point is we need lots
+of levels of analysis to understand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of levels of analysis to understand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of levels of analysis to understand a
+problem like color vision okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like color vision okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like color vision okay
+and so accordingly we need lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so accordingly we need lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so accordingly we need lots of
+methods to understand those things all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to understand those things all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to understand those things all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so what i want to do next is now launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i want to do next is now launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i want to do next is now launch
+into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this
+this whole thing about the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing about the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing about the different
+methods that we can use in the field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that we can use in the field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that we can use in the field in
+this part of the lecture we'll go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the lecture we'll go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the lecture we'll go on to
+next time but let's get going everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time but let's get going everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time but let's get going everybody
+good with this so far all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good with this so far all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good with this so far all right
+um so we're going to use the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to use the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to use the case of
+face perception to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face perception to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face perception to think about
+the different kinds of questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different kinds of questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different kinds of questions and
+different levels of analysis and face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels of analysis and face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels of analysis and face
+perception so let me start by saying why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception so let me start by saying why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception so let me start by saying why
+face perception not just that i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face perception not just that i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face perception not just that i've
+worked on it for 20 years although i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on it for 20 years although i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on it for 20 years although i'll
+admit that's relevant there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit that's relevant there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit that's relevant there's lots of
+other good reasons beyond that why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other good reasons beyond that why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other good reasons beyond that why we
+should care about face perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should care about face perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should care about face perception
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i don't have a demo that enables me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have a demo that enables me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have a demo that enables me to
+kind of put you in a situation where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of put you in a situation where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of put you in a situation where you
+can see everything but faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see everything but faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see everything but faces
+that would be cool and informative if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be cool and informative if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be cool and informative if we
+could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that
+but failing that i can tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but failing that i can tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but failing that i can tell you about
+somebody who's in that situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's in that situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's in that situation
+and this is a guy named jacob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a guy named jacob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a guy named jacob
+jacob hodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacob hodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacob hodes
+so this is a picture of him recently i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a picture of him recently i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a picture of him recently i
+met him around a decade ago when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met him around a decade ago when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met him around a decade ago when he was
+a freshman at swarthmore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a freshman at swarthmore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a freshman at swarthmore
+and he sent me an email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he sent me an email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he sent me an email
+and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said
+i've just learned about face perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've just learned about face perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've just learned about face perception
+and the phenomenon of prosopagnosia the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phenomenon of prosopagnosia the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phenomenon of prosopagnosia the
+fact that some people have a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that some people have a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that some people have a specific
+deficit in face recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit in face recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit in face recognition
+and it explains everything in my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it explains everything in my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it explains everything in my life
+and i want to meet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to meet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to meet you
+and i said because he knew i worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said because he knew i worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said because he knew i worked on
+face perception i said that's awesome i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face perception i said that's awesome i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face perception i said that's awesome i
+would love to meet you but i got to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love to meet you but i got to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love to meet you but i got to tell
+you i'm not going to be able to help so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you i'm not going to be able to help so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you i'm not going to be able to help so
+if you're interested in chatting please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in chatting please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in chatting please
+please come by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please come by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please come by
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+i don't want you to feel like i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want you to feel like i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want you to feel like i'm going
+to be able to do anything useful he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do anything useful he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do anything useful he said
+no i don't care i just want to i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i don't care i just want to i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i don't care i just want to i want to
+understand the science so he comes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the science so he comes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the science so he comes by
+and by the way one of the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way one of the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way one of the one of the
+things that people have wondered for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people have wondered for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people have wondered for a
+while is are people who have particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while is are people who have particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while is are people who have particular
+problems with face recognition are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with face recognition are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with face recognition are they
+just socially weird are they just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just socially weird are they just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just socially weird are they just like
+bizarre like maybe a little bit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre like maybe a little bit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre like maybe a little bit on the
+spectrum they don't pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum they don't pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum they don't pay attention to
+faces and so they don't get them very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and so they don't get them very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and so they don't get them very
+well and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and so forth
+um or can they be like totally normal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or can they be like totally normal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or can they be like totally normal in
+every other respect except for just face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other respect except for just face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other respect except for just face
+perception and so i was very interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and so i was very interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and so i was very interested
+i'd only emailed with this guy and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd only emailed with this guy and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd only emailed with this guy and when
+he showed up in my office within about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he showed up in my office within about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he showed up in my office within about
+you know 15 seconds it's like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 15 seconds it's like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 15 seconds it's like this is
+like the nicest normalest kid you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the nicest normalest kid you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the nicest normalest kid you could
+ever meet such a nice guy so normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever meet such a nice guy so normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever meet such a nice guy so normal
+socially adept smart thoughtful lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially adept smart thoughtful lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially adept smart thoughtful lovely
+lovely person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely person
+so i chatted with him for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i chatted with him for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i chatted with him for a long time
+and he told me he was then halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he told me he was then halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he told me he was then halfway
+through he grew up in lynn massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through he grew up in lynn massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through he grew up in lynn massachusetts
+and he went off to swarthmore his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he went off to swarthmore his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he went off to swarthmore his
+freshman year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman year
+and he had been having a really rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had been having a really rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had been having a really rough
+time of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of it
+because in his hometown he was with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in his hometown he was with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in his hometown he was with the
+same group of kids all the way from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same group of kids all the way from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same group of kids all the way from
+first grade through high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first grade through high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first grade through high school
+and so in fact he he just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in fact he he just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in fact he he just can't
+recognize faces at all never could when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize faces at all never could when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize faces at all never could when
+he was a little kid his mom used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a little kid his mom used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a little kid his mom used to
+drive him to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive him to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive him to the
+practice field and they would sit there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice field and they would sit there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice field and they would sit there
+and come up with cues about this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come up with cues about this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come up with cues about this is how
+you tell that's johnny he's got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell that's johnny he's got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell that's johnny he's got this
+weird thing about us here and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird thing about us here and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird thing about us here and this is
+how you tell that's bobby and they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you tell that's bobby and they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you tell that's bobby and they would
+like practice and practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like practice and practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like practice and practice
+um and so he developed these clues to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so he developed these clues to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so he developed these clues to be
+able to figure out who was who in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to figure out who was who in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to figure out who was who in his
+small little cohort of kids that he knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small little cohort of kids that he knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small little cohort of kids that he knew
+um you know all the way through high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know all the way through high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know all the way through high
+school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+then he goes off to college and it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he goes off to college and it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he goes off to college and it's all
+these new people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new people
+and he's screwed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's screwed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's screwed
+and he said to me that he was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said to me that he was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said to me that he was just
+devastated because he would go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastated because he would go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastated because he would go to a
+party and he would meet someone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party and he would meet someone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party and he would meet someone and
+think wow this is a really nice person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think wow this is a really nice person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think wow this is a really nice person
+you know they they i would really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they they i would really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they they i would really like
+to be this person's friend but he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this person's friend but he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this person's friend but he would
+realize he would have no way to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize he would have no way to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize he would have no way to find
+that person again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person again
+and so the point he's like you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the point he's like you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the point he's like you know you
+don't want it like it's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want it like it's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want it like it's kind of like
+oversharing to say when you've met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversharing to say when you've met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversharing to say when you've met
+somebody for 10 minutes like by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody for 10 minutes like by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody for 10 minutes like by the way
+i'm not going to be able to find you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to be able to find you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to be able to find you you
+have to find me it's like you just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find me it's like you just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find me it's like you just don't
+want to have to go there yet right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have to go there yet right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have to go there yet right
+so there's all kinds of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's all kinds of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's all kinds of things that
+would make it a real drag to not be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make it a real drag to not be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make it a real drag to not be able
+to recognize other faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize other faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize other faces
+and now having said all of that i'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now having said all of that i'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now having said all of that i'll say
+that a surprisingly large percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a surprisingly large percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a surprisingly large percent of the
+population is in jacob's situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is in jacob's situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is in jacob's situation
+about two percent of the population it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two percent of the population it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two percent of the population it
+will be unsurprising if there are one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be unsurprising if there are one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be unsurprising if there are one or
+two of you in here and if there is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of you in here and if there is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of you in here and if there is you
+can tell me later i'd love to scan you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me later i'd love to scan you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me later i'd love to scan you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+uh about two percent of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about two percent of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about two percent of the population
+has routinely fails to recognize family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has routinely fails to recognize family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has routinely fails to recognize family
+members people they know really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members people they know really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members people they know really well
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so
+and interestingly this is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interestingly this is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interestingly this is completely
+uncorrelated with iq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated with iq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated with iq
+or with any other perceptual ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with any other perceptual ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with any other perceptual ability
+your ability to read or recognize scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to read or recognize scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to read or recognize scenes
+or anything else yeah that's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything else yeah that's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything else yeah that's the kind of
+thing where you either have it or don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where you either have it or don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where you either have it or don't
+have it oh good question no it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it oh good question no it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it oh good question no it's a it's
+a it's a gradation so the two percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a gradation so the two percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a gradation so the two percent of
+the bottom are not like this two percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom are not like this two percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom are not like this two percent
+who are really screwed and everyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are really screwed and everyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are really screwed and everyone else
+is up here it's a hugely wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up here it's a hugely wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up here it's a hugely wide
+distribution and the point is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and the point is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and the point is that the
+bottom end of that distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom end of that distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom end of that distribution is
+really really bad like they just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really bad like they just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really bad like they just can't
+do it at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it at all
+similarly the top end of that perspec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the top end of that perspec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the top end of that perspec
+distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is
+weirdly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirdly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirdly good
+they are so good at face recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are so good at face recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are so good at face recognition
+that they have to hide it socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have to hide it socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have to hide it socially
+because otherwise people feel creeped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise people feel creeped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise people feel creeped
+out like for example as one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like for example as one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like for example as one of those
+people they're called super recognizers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they're called super recognizers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they're called super recognizers
+a bunch of them have been hired by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of them have been hired by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of them have been hired by um
+by investigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by investigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by investigation
+services in in london recently as part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services in in london recently as part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services in in london recently as part
+of their kind of crime solving unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their kind of crime solving unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their kind of crime solving unit
+those people are so good that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are so good that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are so good that um that
+one of them said to me we scanned a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them said to me we scanned a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them said to me we scanned a few
+of these people one of them said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these people one of them said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these people one of them said
+you know if i if i if i you know she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i if i if i you know she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i if i if i you know she
+recounted this event where she's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recounted this event where she's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recounted this event where she's um
+standing in line waiting for movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in line waiting for movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in line waiting for movie
+tickets and she realizes that the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets and she realizes that the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets and she realizes that the person
+in front of her in line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of her in line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of her in line
+was sitting at the next table over at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sitting at the next table over at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sitting at the next table over at a
+cafe four years before she says if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafe four years before she says if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafe four years before she says if i
+share this information with that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share this information with that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share this information with that person
+they'll be creeped out so i've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be creeped out so i've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be creeped out so i've just
+learned to keep it to myself but i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to keep it to myself but i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to keep it to myself but i know
+that was the same person right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the same person right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the same person right
+so there's a huge spread you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a huge spread you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a huge spread you had a
+question a while back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+patient um is that so like for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient um is that so like for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient um is that so like for example
+jacob looking at a person could describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacob looking at a person could describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacob looking at a person could describe
+that absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that absolutely
+he knows that it's a face he can tell if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows that it's a face he can tell if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows that it's a face he can tell if
+they're male or female he can tell if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're male or female he can tell if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're male or female he can tell if
+they're happy or sad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're happy or sad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're happy or sad
+um it looks like a face to him he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it looks like a face to him he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it looks like a face to him he just
+doesn't look different than anyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look different than anyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look different than anyone else
+yeah is there any difference like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is there any difference like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is there any difference like okay
+like for example my father he can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example my father he can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example my father he can tell
+faces in person just fine but like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces in person just fine but like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces in person just fine but like when
+he watches videos of people he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he watches videos of people he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he watches videos of people he just
+cannot like he cannot recognize faces at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot like he cannot recognize faces at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot like he cannot recognize faces at
+all so is there any like difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so is there any like difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so is there any like difference
+there are lots of cues i mean that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of cues i mean that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of cues i mean that's a
+very interesting exercise to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting exercise to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting exercise to think about
+what are the cues that you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the cues that you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the cues that you have in
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+right you have all kinds of other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have all kinds of other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have all kinds of other things
+first of all there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all there's lots of
+constraining information the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraining information the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraining information the person
+you're looking at there are all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at there are all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at there are all kinds of
+things you know about where you are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know about where you are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know about where you are and
+who that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who that might be
+that help right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that help right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that help right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so yeah there's many different cues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah there's many different cues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah there's many different cues to
+face recognition that might be engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face recognition that might be engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face recognition that might be engaged
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so my point is just that um face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my point is just that um face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my point is just that um face
+recognition matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition matters
+like you can get by if you can't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can get by if you can't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can get by if you can't do it
+but it sucks it's really hard okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it sucks it's really hard okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it sucks it's really hard okay
+okay so mort yes questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no they see the structure of a face they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they see the structure of a face they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they see the structure of a face they
+see a proper face if the eye was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a proper face if the eye was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a proper face if the eye was in the
+wrong place they would know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong place they would know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong place they would know
+they absolutely know the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they absolutely know the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they absolutely know the structure of
+the face it just looks they all look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face it just looks they all look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face it just looks they all look
+kind of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the way there's a we don't have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way there's a we don't have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way there's a we don't have time
+to talk about this in any detail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about this in any detail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about this in any detail but
+there's a well-known effect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a well-known effect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a well-known effect that
+probably many of you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably many of you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably many of you guys have
+experienced which is called the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced which is called the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced which is called the other
+race effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race effect
+and that is the fact that they all look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the fact that they all look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the fact that they all look
+the same whoever they are if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same whoever they are if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same whoever they are if you have
+less experience looking at that group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less experience looking at that group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less experience looking at that group of
+people you're less well able to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you're less well able to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you're less well able to tell
+them apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them apart
+okay i have this problem teaching all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i have this problem teaching all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i have this problem teaching all
+the time i grew up in a rural lilywhite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time i grew up in a rural lilywhite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time i grew up in a rural lilywhite
+community my face recognition is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community my face recognition is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community my face recognition is not so
+good to begin with and it's really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to begin with and it's really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to begin with and it's really not
+good for non-caucasian faces it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for non-caucasian faces it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for non-caucasian faces it's
+embarrassing as hell it feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing as hell it feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing as hell it feels
+disrespectful i hate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrespectful i hate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrespectful i hate it
+you know i fault myself but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i fault myself but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i fault myself but actually
+it's just a fact of the perceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a fact of the perceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a fact of the perceptual
+system your perceptual system is tuned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system your perceptual system is tuned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system your perceptual system is tuned
+to the statistics of its input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the statistics of its input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the statistics of its input
+and um and it's not so plastic later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and it's not so plastic later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and it's not so plastic later in
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+um and so um a way to simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so um a way to simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so um a way to simulate
+a version that some of you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version that some of you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version that some of you may have
+experienced is whatever race of faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced is whatever race of faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced is whatever race of faces
+you have less experience with if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have less experience with if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have less experience with if you
+find those people hard to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find those people hard to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find those people hard to distinguish
+it's not that you can't tell it's a face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that you can't tell it's a face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that you can't tell it's a face
+it's not that you could tell that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that you could tell that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that you could tell that you
+would be able to tell if the nose was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to tell if the nose was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to tell if the nose was in
+the wrong place it's just hard to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong place it's just hard to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong place it's just hard to tell
+one person from another so it's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person from another so it's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person from another so it's a lot
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+i really need to get going so i'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really need to get going so i'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really need to get going so i'll take
+one more question and go wait could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more question and go wait could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more question and go wait could you
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+kind of use an analogy it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of use an analogy it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of use an analogy it's like
+being able to tell people apart by like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to tell people apart by like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to tell people apart by like
+their hands or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands or something
+like to the point that like you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to the point that like you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to the point that like you just
+like you know you can't really tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know you can't really tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know you can't really tell
+people apart by like their hands usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people apart by like their hands usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people apart by like their hands usually
+so is that kind of how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is that kind of how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is that kind of how people
+feel like it's just looking at a body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it's just looking at a body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it's just looking at a body
+that's all you had yeah yeah probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you had yeah yeah probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you had yeah yeah probably
+probably yeah and there is by the way an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably yeah and there is by the way an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably yeah and there is by the way an
+interesting literature you show people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting literature you show people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting literature you show people
+photographs of their own hand and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of their own hand and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of their own hand and a
+bunch of other hands people can't pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other hands people can't pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other hands people can't pick
+out their own hand from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out their own hand from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out their own hand from
+so yeah you're right we're not so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah you're right we're not so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah you're right we're not so good
+at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay i'm going to go ahead if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to go ahead if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to go ahead if you guys
+are interested i could post there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested i could post there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested i could post there's some
+there's a whole fascinating literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole fascinating literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole fascinating literature
+here but actually i got dinged last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but actually i got dinged last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but actually i got dinged last year
+for talking about face recognition too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for talking about face recognition too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for talking about face recognition too
+much and prosopagnosia we all heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and prosopagnosia we all heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and prosopagnosia we all heard
+about in the 900 in 900. so i took most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the 900 in 900. so i took most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the 900 in 900. so i took most
+of that out and now you guys are asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that out and now you guys are asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that out and now you guys are asking
+me so i don't know what the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so i don't know what the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so i don't know what the right thing
+is but i'm going to go on and i will put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but i'm going to go on and i will put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but i'm going to go on and i will put
+some optional readings online especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some optional readings online especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some optional readings online especially
+if you send me an email and tell me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you send me an email and tell me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you send me an email and tell me to
+do that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that okay
+so point is faces matter a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so point is faces matter a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so point is faces matter a lot
+they matter you know for the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they matter you know for the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they matter you know for the quality of
+life they're important because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life they're important because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life they're important because they
+convey a huge amount of information not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey a huge amount of information not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey a huge amount of information not
+just the identity of the person but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the identity of the person but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the identity of the person but also
+their age sex mood race direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their age sex mood race direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their age sex mood race direction of
+attention so if i'm lecturing like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention so if i'm lecturing like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention so if i'm lecturing like this
+right now and i start doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and i start doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and i start doing that
+you guys are going to wonder what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are going to wonder what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are going to wonder what the
+hell's going on over there yeah i saw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell's going on over there yeah i saw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell's going on over there yeah i saw a
+few heads turn i'm just doing a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few heads turn i'm just doing a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few heads turn i'm just doing a little
+demo here right we're very attuned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo here right we're very attuned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo here right we're very attuned to
+where other people are looking okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where other people are looking okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where other people are looking okay so
+there's just one of many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just one of many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just one of many different
+social cues we get from faces they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social cues we get from faces they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social cues we get from faces they're
+just an incredibly rich bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an incredibly rich bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an incredibly rich bunch of
+information in a face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in a face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in a face
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we read in aspects of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read in aspects of people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read in aspects of people's
+personality from the shape of their face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality from the shape of their face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality from the shape of their face
+even though it's been shown with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's been shown with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's been shown with some
+interesting recent studies there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting recent studies there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting recent studies there's
+absolutely nothing you can infer about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely nothing you can infer about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely nothing you can infer about a
+person's personality from the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's personality from the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's personality from the shape of
+their face we all do it and we do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their face we all do it and we do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their face we all do it and we do it in
+systematic ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic ways
+another reason this is important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason this is important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason this is important and
+faces are some of the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces are some of the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces are some of the most common
+stimuli that we see in daily life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli that we see in daily life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli that we see in daily life
+starting from infancy where i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from infancy where i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from infancy where i think
+about 40 percent of waking time there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 40 percent of waking time there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 40 percent of waking time there's
+a face right in front of an infant's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a face right in front of an infant's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a face right in front of an infant's
+eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes
+and probably these abilities to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably these abilities to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably these abilities to extract
+all this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this information
+have been important throughout um our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been important throughout um our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been important throughout um our
+primate ancestry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primate ancestry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primate ancestry
+so that's just to say there's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just to say there's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just to say there's a big
+space of face perception and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of face perception and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of face perception and now we're
+going to focus in on just face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus in on just face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus in on just face
+recognition telling who that person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition telling who that person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition telling who that person is
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so what questions do we want to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what questions do we want to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what questions do we want to answer
+about face recognition well a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about face recognition well a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about face recognition well a whole
+bunch of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of them
+and what methods do we want to use so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what methods do we want to use so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what methods do we want to use so
+let's start with some basic questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with some basic questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with some basic questions
+about face recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about face recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about face recognition
+well first as usual we want to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first as usual we want to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first as usual we want to know what
+is the structure of the problem in face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the structure of the problem in face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the structure of the problem in face
+recognition what are the inputs what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition what are the inputs what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition what are the inputs what are
+the outputs why is it hard right just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs why is it hard right just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs why is it hard right just as
+we've been doing for motion and color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing for motion and color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing for motion and color
+that's mars computational theory level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's mars computational theory level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's mars computational theory level
+we want to know how does face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know how does face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know how does face
+recognition actually work in humans what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition actually work in humans what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition actually work in humans what
+computations go on what representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations go on what representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations go on what representations
+are extracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extracted
+and is that answer different do we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is that answer different do we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is that answer different do we are
+we running different code in our heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we running different code in our heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we running different code in our heads
+when we recognize faces from when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we recognize faces from when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we recognize faces from when we
+recognize toasters and apples and dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize toasters and apples and dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize toasters and apples and dogs
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+another facet of that do we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another facet of that do we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another facet of that do we have a
+totally different system for face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different system for face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different system for face
+recognition from the recognition of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition from the recognition of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition from the recognition of all
+those other things if so then we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other things if so then we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other things if so then we might
+want different theories of how face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want different theories of how face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want different theories of how face
+recognition works from our theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition works from our theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition works from our theories of
+how object recognition works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how object recognition works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how object recognition works
+how quickly do we detect and recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly do we detect and recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly do we detect and recognize
+faces that'll help constrain what kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces that'll help constrain what kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces that'll help constrain what kinds
+of computations might be going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course how was face recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course how was face recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course how was face recognition
+actually implemented in neurons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implemented in neurons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implemented in neurons and
+brains so those are just some of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains so those are just some of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains so those are just some of the big
+wide open questions we want to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide open questions we want to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide open questions we want to answer
+so now let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's consider
+what are our tools for considering these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are our tools for considering these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are our tools for considering these
+things and you guys should all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you guys should all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you guys should all know
+what tools are available for thinking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what tools are available for thinking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what tools are available for thinking at
+the level of mars computational theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of mars computational theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of mars computational theory
+basically just thinking right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just thinking right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just thinking right you can
+collect some images too but basically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect some images too but basically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect some images too but basically to
+understand this we just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this we just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this we just think
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+um as i keep saying at the level of mars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as i keep saying at the level of mars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as i keep saying at the level of mars
+computational theory we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational theory we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational theory we want to know
+what is the problem to be solved what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the problem to be solved what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the problem to be solved what is
+the input what is the output how might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input what is the output how might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input what is the output how might
+you go from that input to that output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from that input to that output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from that input to that output
+okay so for example here's a stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example here's a stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example here's a stimulus
+that might hit a retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might hit a retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might hit a retina
+and then some magic happens and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some magic happens and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some magic happens and then you
+just say julia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say julia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say julia
+okay so we want to know what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we want to know what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we want to know what's going on
+in that magic okay and if a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that magic okay and if a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that magic okay and if a different
+image hits your retina you go oh brad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image hits your retina you go oh brad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image hits your retina you go oh brad
+that is i wouldn't i'm live in a cave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is i wouldn't i'm live in a cave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is i wouldn't i'm live in a cave
+but i barely get out of the lab but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i barely get out of the lab but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i barely get out of the lab but i
+understand that these are people most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that these are people most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that these are people most
+people recognize that's why i use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people recognize that's why i use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people recognize that's why i use them
+that's a question what goes on here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a question what goes on here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a question what goes on here in
+the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle
+um and your first thought is well duh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and your first thought is well duh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and your first thought is well duh
+easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+we could just make a template a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just make a template a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just make a template a kind of
+store the pixels that match that image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the pixels that match that image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the pixels that match that image
+and take the incoming image and see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the incoming image and see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the incoming image and see if
+it exactly matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exactly matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exactly matches
+and that's going to work great right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to work great right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to work great right
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+louder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah absolutely that's not going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah absolutely that's not going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah absolutely that's not going to work
+at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+and the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem is
+that we don't just have one picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't just have one picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't just have one picture of
+julia that we can match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+julia that we can match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+julia that we can match
+there are loads of loads of totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are loads of loads of totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are loads of loads of totally
+different kinds of pictures of julia all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of pictures of julia all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of pictures of julia all
+of which we look at and immediately go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which we look at and immediately go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which we look at and immediately go
+julia no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+julia no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+julia no problem
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+that means what what is it that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means what what is it that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means what what is it that we're
+doing in our heads if we're storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in our heads if we're storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in our heads if we're storing
+templates we have to store a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates we have to store a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates we have to store a lot of them
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all those differences in the images so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those differences in the images so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those differences in the images so
+we could memorize lots of templates well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could memorize lots of templates well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could memorize lots of templates well
+that has long been taken as like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has long been taken as like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has long been taken as like the
+reductio out absurdum like that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductio out absurdum like that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductio out absurdum like that's the
+ridiculous hypothesis how could that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous hypothesis how could that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous hypothesis how could that be
+how could there be room in here to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could there be room in here to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could there be room in here to store
+lots of templates of each person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of templates of each person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of templates of each person
+um and furthermore how would that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and furthermore how would that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and furthermore how would that work
+for people we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people we don't know
+the other idea which is very vague right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other idea which is very vague right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other idea which is very vague right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+is that well maybe we extract something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that well maybe we extract something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that well maybe we extract something
+that's that's common across all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's common across all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's common across all of those
+maybe something like the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe something like the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe something like the distance
+between the eyes something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the eyes something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the eyes something about the
+shape of the mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the mouth
+of other kinds of properties that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other kinds of properties that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other kinds of properties that might
+be invariant across those images that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be invariant across those images that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be invariant across those images that is
+that you could come you could pull out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could come you could pull out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could come you could pull out
+that information from any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information from any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information from any of those
+images okay it's sounding very vague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images okay it's sounding very vague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images okay it's sounding very vague
+because it is vague nobody knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is vague nobody knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is vague nobody knows what
+those would be but the idea is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those would be but the idea is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those would be but the idea is maybe
+there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+image invariant properties of a face you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image invariant properties of a face you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image invariant properties of a face you
+can get from here that you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from here that you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from here that you can then
+store and use to recognize faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and use to recognize faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and use to recognize faces
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we can to think about this we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can to think about this we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can to think about this we can
+step back and say okay how is this done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and say okay how is this done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and say okay how is this done
+in machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in machines
+so machine face recognition didn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so machine face recognition didn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so machine face recognition didn't work
+well at all until very recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at all until very recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at all until very recently
+okay and then all of a sudden a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then all of a sudden a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then all of a sudden a couple
+years ago as i said here's another paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago as i said here's another paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago as i said here's another paper
+from the different one that i showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the different one that i showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the different one that i showed you
+before this one is vgg face one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this one is vgg face one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this one is vgg face one of the
+major deep net systems for face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major deep net systems for face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major deep net systems for face
+recognition it's widely used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition it's widely used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition it's widely used
+there was another one the year before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another one the year before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another one the year before
+all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this
+since 2014 2015 hugely cited widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 2014 2015 hugely cited widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 2014 2015 hugely cited widely
+influential they're on all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential they're on all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential they're on all your
+smartphones boom it all just happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartphones boom it all just happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartphones boom it all just happened
+like nearly overnight okay with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nearly overnight okay with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nearly overnight okay with with the
+availability of lots of images to train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of lots of images to train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of lots of images to train
+deep nets so now these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep nets so now these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep nets so now these things are
+extremely effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely effective
+um and accurate and so in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and accurate and so in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and accurate and so in some sense
+those networks are possible models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those networks are possible models of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those networks are possible models of
+what we're doing in our heads when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing in our heads when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing in our heads when we
+recognize faces it doesn't mean we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize faces it doesn't mean we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize faces it doesn't mean we do it
+in the same way but it's a possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way but it's a possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way but it's a possibility
+it's a hypothesis we could test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hypothesis we could test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hypothesis we could test
+okay yeah what is the current state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah what is the current state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah what is the current state of
+the literature surrounding getting other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature surrounding getting other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature surrounding getting other
+information from people's faces like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from people's faces like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from people's faces like
+moods lots lots they're like simple you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moods lots lots they're like simple you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moods lots lots they're like simple you
+know there's like conferences and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's like conferences and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's like conferences and um
+machine vision competitions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine vision competitions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine vision competitions on
+extracting you know personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting you know personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting you know personality
+properties mood properties every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties mood properties every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties mood properties every
+possible thing you can imagine this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible thing you can imagine this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible thing you can imagine this is
+like a huge a lot of people care about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a huge a lot of people care about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a huge a lot of people care about a
+huge field in computer vision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge field in computer vision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge field in computer vision and
+there's also a huge field in cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a huge field in cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a huge field in cognitive
+science asking what humans pull from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science asking what humans pull from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science asking what humans pull from
+success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success
+oh god others would know that better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh god others would know that better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh god others would know that better
+than me i bet it's pretty damn good a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than me i bet it's pretty damn good a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than me i bet it's pretty damn good a
+lot of it yeah yeah i mean these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it yeah yeah i mean these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it yeah yeah i mean these things
+are suddenly extremely effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are suddenly extremely effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are suddenly extremely effective
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay and there will be by the way later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there will be by the way later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there will be by the way later
+in the course my postdoc katharina dobbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course my postdoc katharina dobbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course my postdoc katharina dobbs
+who knows that literature much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows that literature much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows that literature much better
+than i do we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than i do we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than i do we'll talk about
+deep nets and their application in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep nets and their application in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep nets and their application in human
+cognitive neuroscience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive neuroscience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive neuroscience and
+she knows a lot about the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she knows a lot about the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she knows a lot about the various
+networks that process face information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that process face information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that process face information
+okay so this is progress now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is progress now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is progress now we have
+some kind of computational model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of computational model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of computational model
+trouble is nobody really has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is nobody really has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is nobody really has a
+intuitive understanding of what vggg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive understanding of what vggg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive understanding of what vggg
+face is actually doing like you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is actually doing like you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is actually doing like you know how
+to train one up there it is but how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to train one up there it is but how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to train one up there it is but how do
+we don't really understand what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really understand what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really understand what it's
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+and further we have no idea if what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further we have no idea if what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further we have no idea if what it's
+doing is anything like what humans are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is anything like what humans are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is anything like what humans are
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it's progress that we have a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's progress that we have a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's progress that we have a model
+now that we didn't have like five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we didn't have like five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we didn't have like five years
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+um but we still have all these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we still have all these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we still have all these questions
+open okay so on this first question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open okay so on this first question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open okay so on this first question what
+do we want to know what we've discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to know what we've discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to know what we've discovered
+at the level of mar computational theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level of mar computational theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level of mar computational theory
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a if not the central challenge and face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if not the central challenge and face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if not the central challenge and face
+recognition is a huge variation across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition is a huge variation across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition is a huge variation across
+images right which you know just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images right which you know just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images right which you know just by
+thinking about it or trying to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it or trying to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it or trying to write the
+code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um oh i'm just barely able i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh i'm just barely able i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh i'm just barely able i'm going to
+race along and anja's going to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race along and anja's going to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race along and anja's going to tell me
+in five minutes to switch okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five minutes to switch okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five minutes to switch okay
+um so i want to talk just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i want to talk just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i want to talk just a little bit
+about behavioral data i'll run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about behavioral data i'll run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about behavioral data i'll run out of
+time and we'll roll this in last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we'll roll this in last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we'll roll this in last time
+because i want to include functional mri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i want to include functional mri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i want to include functional mri
+because you guys need it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you guys need it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you guys need it for the
+assignment okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment okay
+so how are we going to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are we going to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are we going to figure out what
+humans represent about faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans represent about faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans represent about faces
+okay so here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we are
+we consider this possibility that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider this possibility that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider this possibility that one
+way to solve this problem is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to solve this problem is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to solve this problem is by
+essentially memorizing lots of templates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially memorizing lots of templates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially memorizing lots of templates
+for each person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each person
+another possibility is this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another possibility is this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another possibility is this kind of
+vague and kuwait idea that maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague and kuwait idea that maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague and kuwait idea that maybe there's
+some abstract representation that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some abstract representation that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some abstract representation that'll be
+the same across all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same across all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same across all of those
+how are we going to figure out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to figure out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to figure out which
+humans do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans do
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+if we're really memorizing lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're really memorizing lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're really memorizing lots of
+templates for each person and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates for each person and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates for each person and that's how
+we recognize them in all their different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we recognize them in all their different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we recognize them in all their different
+guises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guises
+that wouldn't work for people we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't work for people we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't work for people we didn't
+know that is you you wouldn't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that is you you wouldn't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that is you you wouldn't be able to
+take two different photographs of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two different photographs of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two different photographs of the
+same person and know if it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same person and know if it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same person and know if it's the same
+person or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person or not
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+because you could only do this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could only do this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could only do this by
+memorizing everybody get that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing everybody get that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing everybody get that idea
+whereas whatever this other idea is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas whatever this other idea is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas whatever this other idea is it
+should work somewhat for novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work somewhat for novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work somewhat for novel
+individuals you don't already know here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals you don't already know here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals you don't already know here
+are two photographs same person or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two photographs same person or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two photographs same person or
+different person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different person
+so now let's ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's ask
+can humans do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can humans do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can humans do this
+do we store lots of templates for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we store lots of templates for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we store lots of templates for
+individuals or can we do something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals or can we do something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals or can we do something more
+abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract
+well if we can store if we simply deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we can store if we simply deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we can store if we simply deal
+with this problem by storing lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this problem by storing lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this problem by storing lots of
+templates for each individual maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates for each individual maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates for each individual maybe not
+literally pixel templates but some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally pixel templates but some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally pixel templates but some kind
+of literal some kind of snapshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of literal some kind of snapshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of literal some kind of snapshot
+then the key test is we shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the key test is we shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the key test is we shouldn't be
+able to do this matching task if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do this matching task if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do this matching task if we
+don't know that person everybody get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that person everybody get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that person everybody get the
+logic here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic here
+okay so let's try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's try it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's try it
+so this paper a few years ago jenkins at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this paper a few years ago jenkins at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this paper a few years ago jenkins at
+all asked that question so here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all asked that question so here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all asked that question so here's what
+they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did
+they collected a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they collected a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they collected a whole bunch of
+photographs of dutch politicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of dutch politicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of dutch politicians
+with multiple images of each politician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiple images of each politician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiple images of each politician
+okay then they gave them to people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then they gave them to people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then they gave them to people on
+cards and they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards and they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards and they said
+there are multiple images of each person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple images of each person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple images of each person
+and i'm not going to tell you how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm not going to tell you how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm not going to tell you how many
+different politicians are in this deck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different politicians are in this deck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different politicians are in this deck
+just sort them in piles so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort them in piles so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort them in piles so there's a
+different pile for each person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pile for each person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pile for each person
+okay i'm going to show you a low-tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to show you a low-tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to show you a low-tech
+version of this i'm going to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this i'm going to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this i'm going to show you a
+whole bunch of pictures all in one array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of pictures all in one array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of pictures all in one array
+and you guys are going to try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you guys are going to try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you guys are going to try to figure
+out how many people are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how many people are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how many people are there
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+everybody ready i'm just going to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody ready i'm just going to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody ready i'm just going to leave
+it up for a few seconds it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up for a few seconds it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up for a few seconds it's going to be
+lots of pictures your task is how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of pictures your task is how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of pictures your task is how many
+different individuals are depicted here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different individuals are depicted here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different individuals are depicted here
+here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay write down your best guess just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay write down your best guess just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay write down your best guess just
+kind of look around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of look around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of look around
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+okay everybody got a guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody got a guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody got a guess
+okay write down your guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+how many people think there are over 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think there are over 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think there are over 10
+different individuals there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different individuals there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different individuals there
+one okay how many people think over five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay how many people think over five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay how many people think over five
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+probably half of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably half of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably half of you
+how many people think over three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think over three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think over three
+most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you
+they're two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does that mean that means you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means you can't
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+that means you can't match different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you can't match different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you can't match different
+images of the same person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of the same person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of the same person
+if you don't know that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know that person
+pretty surprising isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty surprising isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty surprising isn't it
+we think we're so awesome at face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think we're so awesome at face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think we're so awesome at face
+recognition because most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition because most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition because most of the time
+what we're doing is recognizing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing is recognizing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing is recognizing people
+we know people we've seen in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know people we've seen in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know people we've seen in all
+different viewpoints and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different viewpoints and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different viewpoints and here
+arrangements and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements and stuff
+if you haven't see if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't see if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't see if you don't have
+lots of opportunity to store all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of opportunity to store all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of opportunity to store all those
+things and it's a novel face we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it's a novel face we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it's a novel face we're
+really bad at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad at that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah but there's a constraint of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but there's a constraint of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but there's a constraint of time
+yeah yeah i was trying to make the demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah i was trying to make the demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah i was trying to make the demo
+work but you know the way okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but you know the way okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but you know the way okay so the
+way they do this task people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they do this task people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they do this task people have
+unlimited time and they're just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited time and they're just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited time and they're just kind of
+sorting them the mean number of piles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting them the mean number of piles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting them the mean number of piles
+that people made in this experiment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people made in this experiment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people made in this experiment was
+seven and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and a half
+correct answers too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answers too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answers too
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay now you might say well maybe those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you might say well maybe those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you might say well maybe those
+are shitty photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shitty photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shitty photographs
+right okay so here's the control those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so here's the control those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so here's the control those
+are dutch politicians they then did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dutch politicians they then did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dutch politicians they then did the
+same experiment on dutch people who look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same experiment on dutch people who look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same experiment on dutch people who look
+at that photograph and in about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that photograph and in about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that photograph and in about two
+seconds say two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds say two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds say two
+duh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so if you know there's nothing wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you know there's nothing wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you know there's nothing wrong
+with those photographs it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those photographs it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those photographs it's just a
+matter of whether you know those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of whether you know those people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of whether you know those people
+or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+okay so the point of all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the point of all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the point of all of this
+is that this crazy story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this crazy story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this crazy story
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+in fact what a lot of what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what a lot of what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what a lot of what we're doing
+i'm sort of simplifying here but a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sort of simplifying here but a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sort of simplifying here but a lot
+of what we're doing in face recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we're doing in face recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we're doing in face recognition
+a lot of the way we deal with all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the way we deal with all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the way we deal with all this
+image variability is not that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image variability is not that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image variability is not that we have
+some very abstract fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very abstract fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very abstract fancy
+high-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level
+um representation of each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um representation of each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um representation of each individual
+face we just have lots of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face we just have lots of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face we just have lots of experience
+with faces and we use that so that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with faces and we use that so that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with faces and we use that so that if we
+have a novel face that we don't have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a novel face that we don't have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a novel face that we don't have all
+that experience with we're not so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experience with we're not so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experience with we're not so good
+at it i'm going to run out of time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it i'm going to run out of time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it i'm going to run out of time so
+i'll take one question and go on um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll take one question and go on um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll take one question and go on um how
+do they control for you know the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they control for you know the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they control for you know the issue
+you said about like if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said about like if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said about like if you don't have
+experience with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with like
+certain races yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain races yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain races yeah
+i'm sure whenever you do face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure whenever you do face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure whenever you do face
+recognition experiments you make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition experiments you make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition experiments you make sure
+that you know if your dominant subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if your dominant subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if your dominant subject
+pool is caucasian you have caucasian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool is caucasian you have caucasian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool is caucasian you have caucasian
+faces or whatever yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces or whatever yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces or whatever yeah
+if unless it's something you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if unless it's something you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if unless it's something you don't
+understand i'm going to hang around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand i'm going to hang around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand i'm going to hang around
+after class you can ask me questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class you can ask me questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class you can ask me questions
+there or you have to if you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or you have to if you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or you have to if you have to go
+you can email me because i really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can email me because i really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can email me because i really want
+to get through this next bit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get through this next bit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get through this next bit okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+okay so there we are with that so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there we are with that so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there we are with that so what
+this suggests kind of sort of is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suggests kind of sort of is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suggests kind of sort of is that
+whatever we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we're doing
+it's something that benefits enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that benefits enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that benefits enormously
+from lots and lots of experience with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lots and lots of experience with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lots and lots of experience with
+that individual maybe it's not literal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that individual maybe it's not literal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that individual maybe it's not literal
+memorization of actual pixel-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization of actual pixel-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization of actual pixel-like
+snapshots but it's something more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshots but it's something more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshots but it's something more like
+that than anybody would have guessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that than anybody would have guessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that than anybody would have guessed
+before this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this experiment
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right i'm gonna skip this awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i'm gonna skip this awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i'm gonna skip this awesome
+stuff here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so uh the the the benefits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh the the the benefits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh the the the benefits of
+actually gonna come back and do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gonna come back and do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gonna come back and do that
+slide next time too we're gonna cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide next time too we're gonna cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide next time too we're gonna cut
+straight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to
+functional mri i'm sorry about this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional mri i'm sorry about this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional mri i'm sorry about this but
+i just really want you guys to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just really want you guys to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just really want you guys to have this
+background in case you don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background in case you don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background in case you don't you
+probably do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do but
+um so functional mri another cool method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so functional mri another cool method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so functional mri another cool method
+in cognitive neuroscience and how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cognitive neuroscience and how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cognitive neuroscience and how would
+it be useful here okay so first what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be useful here okay so first what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be useful here okay so first what is
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+functional mri is the same as regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional mri is the same as regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional mri is the same as regular
+mri that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mri that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mri that's in
+ten probably tens of thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten probably tens of thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten probably tens of thousands of
+hospitals around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals around the world
+the big advances in functional mri were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big advances in functional mri were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big advances in functional mri were
+when some physicists in the early 90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when some physicists in the early 90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when some physicists in the early 90s
+figured out how to take those images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to take those images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to take those images
+really fast and how to make images that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast and how to make images that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast and how to make images that
+reflect not just the density of tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect not just the density of tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect not just the density of tissue
+but the activity of neurons at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the activity of neurons at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the activity of neurons at each
+point in the brain okay that was big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the brain okay that was big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the brain okay that was big
+stuff okay early 1990s and so the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay early 1990s and so the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay early 1990s and so the reason
+it's a big deal it is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big deal it is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big deal it is the best
+highest spatial resolution method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest spatial resolution method for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest spatial resolution method for
+making pictures of human brain function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making pictures of human brain function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making pictures of human brain function
+non-invasively that means without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-invasively that means without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-invasively that means without
+opening up the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up the head
+all right so that's an important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's an important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's an important thing
+that's why there's lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why there's lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why there's lots and lots of
+papers on it that's why we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on it that's why we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on it that's why we're going to
+spend a lot of time on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time on it
+the bare basics are that the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bare basics are that the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bare basics are that the functional
+mri signal that's used is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mri signal that's used is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mri signal that's used is called the
+bold signal that stands for blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold signal that stands for blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold signal that stands for blood
+oxygenation level dependent signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenation level dependent signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenation level dependent signal
+okay what that means is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what that means is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what that means is this
+basic signal uh is blood flow and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic signal uh is blood flow and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic signal uh is blood flow and so the
+way it works is if a bunch of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it works is if a bunch of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it works is if a bunch of neurons
+some place in your brain start firing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some place in your brain start firing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some place in your brain start firing a
+lot that's metabolically expensive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot that's metabolically expensive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot that's metabolically expensive to
+make all those neural neurons fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all those neural neurons fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all those neural neurons fire
+um and so you have to send more blood to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you have to send more blood to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you have to send more blood to
+that part of the brain so it's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the brain so it's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the brain so it's just like
+if you go for a run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go for a run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go for a run
+the muscles in your legs need more blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the muscles in your legs need more blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the muscles in your legs need more blood
+delivered to them to supply them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered to them to supply them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered to them to supply them
+metabolically for that increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolically for that increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolically for that increased
+activity and so the blood flow increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and so the blood flow increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and so the blood flow increase
+to your leg muscles will increase okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your leg muscles will increase okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your leg muscles will increase okay
+well similarly the blood flow increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well similarly the blood flow increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well similarly the blood flow increases
+to active parts of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to active parts of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to active parts of the brain
+now the weird part of it is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the weird part of it is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the weird part of it is that for
+reasons nobody completely understands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons nobody completely understands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons nobody completely understands
+the blood flow increase more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood flow increase more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood flow increase more than
+compensates for the oxygen use so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensates for the oxygen use so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensates for the oxygen use so the
+signal is actually backwards active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is actually backwards active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is actually backwards active
+parts of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the brain
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+less not more deoxygenated hemoglobin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less not more deoxygenated hemoglobin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less not more deoxygenated hemoglobin
+compared to oxygenated hemoglobin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to oxygenated hemoglobin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to oxygenated hemoglobin
+and the relevance of that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relevance of that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relevance of that is that
+oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated
+hemoglobin are magnetically different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin are magnetically different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin are magnetically different in
+the way that the mri signal can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that the mri signal can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that the mri signal can see
+so the basic signal you're looking at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic signal you're looking at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic signal you're looking at is
+how much oxygen is there in the blood in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much oxygen is there in the blood in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much oxygen is there in the blood in
+that part of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the brain
+and hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence
+how much blood flow went there and hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much blood flow went there and hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much blood flow went there and hence
+how much neural activity was there did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much neural activity was there did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much neural activity was there did
+that sort of make sense i'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of make sense i'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of make sense i'm not going to
+test you on which is paramagnetic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you on which is paramagnetic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you on which is paramagnetic and
+which is diamagnetic i never remember i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is diamagnetic i never remember i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is diamagnetic i never remember i
+couldn't care less but you should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't care less but you should know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't care less but you should know
+what the basic signal is right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the basic signal is right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the basic signal is right it's a
+magnetic difference that results from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic difference that results from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic difference that results from
+oxygenation differences that result from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenation differences that result from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenation differences that result from
+blood flow differences that result from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood flow differences that result from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood flow differences that result from
+neural activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more oxygenated and because it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more oxygenated and because it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more oxygenated and because it over
+compensates for oxygen for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensates for oxygen for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensates for oxygen for for the
+metabolic use of the neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic use of the neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic use of the neurons
+the active parts that you see with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active parts that you see with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active parts that you see with an
+mri signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mri signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mri signal
+have more oxygenated hemoglobin right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more oxygenated hemoglobin right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more oxygenated hemoglobin right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so that's the basic signal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's the basic signal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's the basic signal and
+because that's the basic signal there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the basic signal there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the basic signal there's
+a bunch of things we can tell already so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of things we can tell already so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of things we can tell already so
+first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i'm just going to am i going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to am i going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to am i going to do this
+i'm going to skip over this it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to skip over this it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to skip over this it doesn't
+really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter
+because it's all based on blood flow one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all based on blood flow one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all based on blood flow one
+it's extremely indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's extremely indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's extremely indirect
+neural activity blood flow change over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural activity blood flow change over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural activity blood flow change over
+compensation different at magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation different at magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation different at magnetic
+response mri image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response mri image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response mri image
+right so you would think with all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you would think with all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you would think with all those
+different steps that you would get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different steps that you would get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different steps that you would get a
+really weird non-linear messy crappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weird non-linear messy crappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weird non-linear messy crappy
+signal out the other end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal out the other end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal out the other end
+and it is one of the major challenges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is one of the major challenges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is one of the major challenges of
+my personal atheism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my personal atheism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my personal atheism
+but actually you get a damn good signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually you get a damn good signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually you get a damn good signal
+out the other end and it's pretty linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the other end and it's pretty linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the other end and it's pretty linear
+with neural activity which seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with neural activity which seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with neural activity which seems like
+kind of a freaking miracle given how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a freaking miracle given how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a freaking miracle given how
+indirect it is okay but that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect it is okay but that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect it is okay but that has
+empowered this whole huge field to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowered this whole huge field to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowered this whole huge field to
+discover cool things about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover cool things about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover cool things about the
+organization of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization of the brain
+okay nonetheless are many caveats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay nonetheless are many caveats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay nonetheless are many caveats
+because it's blood flow the signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's blood flow the signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's blood flow the signal is
+limited in spatial resolution down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in spatial resolution down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in spatial resolution down to
+people fight about this but around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people fight about this but around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people fight about this but around a
+millimeter there are cowboys in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter there are cowboys in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter there are cowboys in the
+field who think that they can get less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field who think that they can get less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field who think that they can get less
+than a millimeter maybe i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a millimeter maybe i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a millimeter maybe i don't know
+it's debated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's debated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's debated
+uh and the temporal resolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the temporal resolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the temporal resolution is
+terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible
+blood flow changes take a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood flow changes take a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood flow changes take a long time
+think about it you start running how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it you start running how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it you start running how
+long does it take before the blood flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long does it take before the blood flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long does it take before the blood flow
+increases to your calves well if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases to your calves well if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases to your calves well if you're
+really fit it's probably fast but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fit it's probably fast but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fit it's probably fast but still
+going to take a few seconds takes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a few seconds takes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a few seconds takes about
+six seconds for those blood flow changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six seconds for those blood flow changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six seconds for those blood flow changes
+in the brain after neural activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain after neural activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain after neural activity
+and it happens over a big sloppy chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it happens over a big sloppy chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it happens over a big sloppy chunk
+of time and so you cannot you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and so you cannot you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and so you cannot you don't have
+much temporal resolution with functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much temporal resolution with functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much temporal resolution with functional
+mri does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mri does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mri does that make sense
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the because it's this very indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because it's this very indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because it's this very indirect
+signal that also means that we get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that also means that we get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that also means that we get it
+when we get a change in the mri signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get a change in the mri signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get a change in the mri signal
+we don't exactly know what's causing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't exactly know what's causing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't exactly know what's causing it
+is it synaptic activity is it actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it synaptic activity is it actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it synaptic activity is it actual
+neural firing is it one cell inhibiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural firing is it one cell inhibiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural firing is it one cell inhibiting
+another is it a cell making protein you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is it a cell making protein you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is it a cell making protein you
+know i mean it could be any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i mean it could be any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i mean it could be any of these
+things right so we don't know and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right so we don't know and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right so we don't know and that's
+a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem
+um and another problem is the number you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and another problem is the number you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and another problem is the number you
+get out is just the intensity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out is just the intensity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out is just the intensity of the
+detection of deoxyhemoglobin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection of deoxyhemoglobin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection of deoxyhemoglobin
+it doesn't translate directly into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't translate directly into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't translate directly into an
+absolute amount of neural activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute amount of neural activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute amount of neural activity
+the consequence of that is all you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence of that is all you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence of that is all you can
+do is compare two conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is compare two conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is compare two conditions
+you can never say there was this exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can never say there was this exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can never say there was this exact
+amount of metabolic activity right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of metabolic activity right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of metabolic activity right there
+you can only say it was more in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only say it was more in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only say it was more in this
+condition than that condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition than that condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition than that condition
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so those are the major caveats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so those are the major caveats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so those are the major caveats
+nonetheless we can discover some cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless we can discover some cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless we can discover some cool
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+okay so let's suppose to get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's suppose to get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's suppose to get back to
+face recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face recognition
+you wanted to know is face recognition a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to know is face recognition a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to know is face recognition a
+different problem in the brain from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem in the brain from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem in the brain from
+object recognition right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition right
+if if it was you might want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if it was you might want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if it was you might want to write
+different code to try to understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different code to try to understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different code to try to understand it
+from the code you're writing writing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the code you're writing writing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the code you're writing writing for
+object recognition it's something you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition it's something you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition it's something you'd
+kind of want to know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of want to know okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of want to know okay
+so here's an experiment i did god 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an experiment i did god 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an experiment i did god 20
+years ago anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago anyway
+simplest possible thing so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible thing so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible thing so it's an
+easiest way i can explain to you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest way i can explain to you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest way i can explain to you the
+bare bones of a simple mri experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare bones of a simple mri experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare bones of a simple mri experiment
+you pop the subject in the scanner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pop the subject in the scanner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pop the subject in the scanner
+you scan their head continuously for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you scan their head continuously for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you scan their head continuously for
+about five minutes well they look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five minutes well they look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five minutes well they look at a
+bunch of faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of faces
+for 20 seconds they stare at a dot they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 20 seconds they stare at a dot they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 20 seconds they stare at a dot they
+look at a bunch of objects they stare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a bunch of objects they stare at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a bunch of objects they stare at
+a dot okay five minute experiment you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dot okay five minute experiment you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dot okay five minute experiment you're
+scanning them that whole time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning them that whole time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning them that whole time
+and then you ask of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you ask of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you ask of each
+three-dimensional pixel or voxel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional pixel or voxel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional pixel or voxel in
+their brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their brain
+whether the signal was higher in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the signal was higher in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the signal was higher in that
+voxel while the subject was looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel while the subject was looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel while the subject was looking at
+faces than while they were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces than while they were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces than while they were looking at
+objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects
+okay and when you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when you do that
+you get a blob i've outlined it in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a blob i've outlined it in green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a blob i've outlined it in green
+here but there's a little blob there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but there's a little blob there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but there's a little blob there
+this is a slice through the brain like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a slice through the brain like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a slice through the brain like
+this that blob is right in here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that blob is right in here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that blob is right in here on the
+bottom of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the brain
+and the statistics are telling us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the statistics are telling us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the statistics are telling us that
+the mri signal is higher during the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mri signal is higher during the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mri signal is higher during the face
+epochs than the object apex everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epochs than the object apex everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epochs than the object apex everybody
+with me here which implies very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me here which implies very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me here which implies very
+indirectly that the neural activity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly that the neural activity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly that the neural activity of
+that region was higher when this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region was higher when this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region was higher when this person
+was looking at faces than when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking at faces than when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking at faces than when they were
+looking at objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at objects
+okay now whenever you see a blob like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now whenever you see a blob like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now whenever you see a blob like
+that really you want to see the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really you want to see the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really you want to see the data
+that went into it so here's mine this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went into it so here's mine this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went into it so here's mine this is
+now the raw average mri signal intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the raw average mri signal intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the raw average mri signal intensity
+in that bit of brain over the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that bit of brain over the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that bit of brain over the five
+minutes of the scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of the scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of the scan
+you can see the signals higher when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the signals higher when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the signals higher when that
+person is looking at face in that region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is looking at face in that region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is looking at face in that region
+when the person is looking at faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the person is looking at faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the person is looking at faces
+these bars here than when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bars here than when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bars here than when they're
+looking at objects there everyone get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at objects there everyone get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at objects there everyone get
+that that's what the stats are telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what the stats are telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what the stats are telling
+us this is just the reality check of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this is just the reality check of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this is just the reality check of the
+data that produced those stats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that produced those stats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that produced those stats
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+in fact you can see something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can see something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can see something like that
+in pretty much every normal person i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pretty much every normal person i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pretty much every normal person i
+could pop any of you in the scanner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pop any of you in the scanner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pop any of you in the scanner and
+in 10 minutes we'd find yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 10 minutes we'd find yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 10 minutes we'd find yours
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now here's the key question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the key question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the key question
+does this so far let's suppose you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this so far let's suppose you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this so far let's suppose you find
+this in anyone you do all the stats you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in anyone you do all the stats you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in anyone you do all the stats you
+like it's as robust as you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's as robust as you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's as robust as you could
+possibly want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly want
+do these data alone tell us that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these data alone tell us that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these data alone tell us that that
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+is specifically responsive to faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just like that certain arrangement of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like that certain arrangement of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like that certain arrangement of um
+features or it could be reacting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features or it could be reacting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features or it could be reacting to
+the light in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light in terms of
+reflecting off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good keep going
+what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else
+yes you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah then it might still be faces but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah then it might still be faces but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah then it might still be faces but it
+would be different if it's human faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be different if it's human faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be different if it's human faces
+versus any faces we kind of want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus any faces we kind of want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus any faces we kind of want to know
+right the code would be different yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the face is a part of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face is a part of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face is a part of something
+absolutely where the object is the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely where the object is the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely where the object is the whole
+thing what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just objects are simpler or maybe just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just objects are simpler or maybe just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just objects are simpler or maybe just
+easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+maybe it's just hard to distinguish one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's just hard to distinguish one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's just hard to distinguish one
+face from another and so you need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face from another and so you need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face from another and so you need more
+blood flow it's just really what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood flow it's just really what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood flow it's just really what that
+thing is that's a generic object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that's a generic object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that's a generic object
+recognition system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition system
+but it has a harder time distinguishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has a harder time distinguishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has a harder time distinguishing
+faces from each other because they're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces from each other because they're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces from each other because they're so
+similar so there's more activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so there's more activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so there's more activity
+everybody get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get that
+okay what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what else
+i'm going to go two minutes over so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to go two minutes over so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to go two minutes over so if
+people have to leave if that's okay i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to leave if that's okay i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to leave if that's okay i'll
+try not to go more than two minutes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try not to go more than two minutes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try not to go more than two minutes over
+what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah as i just said there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah as i just said there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah as i just said there's all
+this stuff we get from a face not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff we get from a face not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff we get from a face not just
+who is it but you know are they healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is it but you know are they healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is it but you know are they healthy
+what mood are they in are they where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mood are they in are they where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mood are they in are they where
+they look and all that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look and all that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look and all that stuff
+okay so what you guys just did this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what you guys just did this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what you guys just did this is
+just basic common sense but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basic common sense but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basic common sense but it's also
+the essence of scientific reasoning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essence of scientific reasoning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essence of scientific reasoning and
+we'll do a lot of that in this class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a lot of that in this class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a lot of that in this class and
+the crux of the matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crux of the matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crux of the matter is
+here's some data here's an inference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some data here's an inference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some data here's an inference and
+so your job is to think is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your job is to think is there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your job is to think is there any
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+is there any way that inference might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any way that inference might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any way that inference might
+not follow from those data how else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not follow from those data how else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not follow from those data how else
+might we account for those data okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might we account for those data okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might we account for those data okay you
+guys just did that beautifully okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys just did that beautifully okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys just did that beautifully okay so
+the essence of good science is whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essence of good science is whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essence of good science is whenever
+you see some data and an inference ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see some data and an inference ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see some data and an inference ask
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+how might that inference be wrong how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how might that inference be wrong how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how might that inference be wrong how
+else might we account for those data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else might we account for those data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else might we account for those data
+okay so that's what you guys just did i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what you guys just did i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what you guys just did i
+had previously made a list of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had previously made a list of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had previously made a list of other
+things that might mean it could respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that might mean it could respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that might mean it could respond
+to anything human you would said any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anything human you would said any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anything human you would said any
+kind of face but it could also be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of face but it could also be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of face but it could also be just
+anything human maybe a response to hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything human maybe a response to hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything human maybe a response to hands
+any body part anything we pay more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any body part anything we pay more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any body part anything we pay more
+attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to
+anything that has curves in it or any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that has curves in it or any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that has curves in it or any of
+the suggestions you guys made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suggestions you guys made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suggestions you guys made
+okay so the crux of the matter and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the crux of the matter and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the crux of the matter and how
+you do a good functional mri experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a good functional mri experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a good functional mri experiment
+or make a strong claim about a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or make a strong claim about a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or make a strong claim about a part of
+the brain based on functional mri is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain based on functional mri is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain based on functional mri is to
+take all these alternative accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all these alternative accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all these alternative accounts
+seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously
+and so as just one example what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as just one example what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as just one example what we did
+in our very first paper is say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our very first paper is say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our very first paper is say okay
+there's lots of alternative accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of alternative accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of alternative accounts
+let's try to tackle a bunch of them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to tackle a bunch of them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to tackle a bunch of them so
+we scan people looking at now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we scan people looking at now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we scan people looking at now
+three-quarter views of faces and hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-quarter views of faces and hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-quarter views of faces and hands
+and we made them press a button whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we made them press a button whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we made them press a button whenever
+two consecutive hands were the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two consecutive hands were the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two consecutive hands were the same
+that's called a one-back task or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a one-back task or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a one-back task or
+whenever two consecutive faces are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever two consecutive faces are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever two consecutive faces are the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+by design that task is harder on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by design that task is harder on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by design that task is harder on the
+hands than the faces so we were forcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands than the faces so we were forcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands than the faces so we were forcing
+our subjects to pay more attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our subjects to pay more attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our subjects to pay more attention to
+the hands than the faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hands than the faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hands than the faces
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and what we found is you get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we found is you get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we found is you get the same
+blob still responding more to faces than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob still responding more to faces than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob still responding more to faces than
+hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands
+and so the idea is by showing that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea is by showing that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea is by showing that we've
+ruled out every one of those things it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruled out every one of those things it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruled out every one of those things it's
+not just any human body part doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just any human body part doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just any human body part doesn't go
+to hands oh so anything human it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hands oh so anything human it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hands oh so anything human it's not
+just any body part it's not anything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any body part it's not anything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any body part it's not anything we
+paid attention to because we made them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid attention to because we made them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid attention to because we made them
+pay more attention to the hands it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay more attention to the hands it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay more attention to the hands it's not
+anything with curvy outline okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with curvy outline okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with curvy outline okay and so
+that's just a little you know tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a little you know tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a little you know tiny
+example of how you can proceed in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how you can proceed in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how you can proceed in a
+systematic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic way
+to try to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to analyze
+what is actually driving this region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is actually driving this region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is actually driving this region of
+the brain you come up with a hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain you come up with a hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain you come up with a hypothesis
+and then you think of alternatives to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you think of alternatives to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you think of alternatives to
+the data and you come up with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and you come up with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and you come up with more
+hypotheses and then you think of ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses and then you think of ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses and then you think of ways to
+test them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test them
+and we'll do a lot of that in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do a lot of that in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do a lot of that in here
+okay that's what i just said um and i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what i just said um and i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what i just said um and i'll
+just say that there's lots of data since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that there's lots of data since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that there's lots of data since
+then that region of the brain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that region of the brain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that region of the brain is
+actually extremely uh very much prefers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually extremely uh very much prefers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually extremely uh very much prefers
+faces um and it's present in everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces um and it's present in everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces um and it's present in everyone
+and next time we will talk about um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next time we will talk about um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next time we will talk about um uh
+the fact that that looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that that looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that that looks like it's
+suggesting that we have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that we have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that we have a different
+system for face recognition for than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for face recognition for than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for face recognition for than
+object recognition but there's a lot we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition but there's a lot we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition but there's a lot we
+haven't yet nailed the case and you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't yet nailed the case and you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't yet nailed the case and you guys
+should all think about what remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all think about what remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all think about what remains
+okay thank you sorry i was racing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you sorry i was racing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you sorry i was racing there
+i will hang out if you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will hang out if you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will hang out if you guys have
+questions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vGyHgaXnAMA.txt b/vGyHgaXnAMA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c49d833096c2bf22ca01f87b71d43e17c8a5d8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vGyHgaXnAMA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1403 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello everyone today I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everyone today I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everyone today I'm going to talk
+about a very important model to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a very important model to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a very important model to analyze
+the energy band of a crystal that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy band of a crystal that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy band of a crystal that is the
+tight binding model before I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight binding model before I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight binding model before I talk about
+tight binding model let's now take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight binding model let's now take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight binding model let's now take a
+look at free electron model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at free electron model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at free electron model the
+potential energy of free electron can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy of free electron can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy of free electron can be
+considered as zero so the Hamiltonian of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered as zero so the Hamiltonian of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered as zero so the Hamiltonian of
+the free electron system is without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free electron system is without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free electron system is without the
+potential term and the wave function can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential term and the wave function can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential term and the wave function can
+be simply written as a plane wave by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be simply written as a plane wave by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be simply written as a plane wave by
+substituting the wave function into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting the wave function into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting the wave function into
+Schrodinger equation we'll get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation we'll get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation we'll get the
+energy dispersion relation which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy dispersion relation which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy dispersion relation which is a
+parabola in one dimension shapes and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola in one dimension shapes and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola in one dimension shapes and we
+usually fought the parabola into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually fought the parabola into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually fought the parabola into the
+first Brillion zone and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Brillion zone and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Brillion zone and this is the
+reduced whereas zone and in this figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced whereas zone and in this figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced whereas zone and in this figure
+we can see that the first band is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that the first band is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that the first band is at the
+bottom of the parabola and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the parabola and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the parabola and the second
+band and third band force and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and third band force and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and third band force and so on
+similar to one dimension case the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to one dimension case the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to one dimension case the energy
+of three dimension chains is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three dimension chains is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three dimension chains is
+proportional to KX square plus KY square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to KX square plus KY square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to KX square plus KY square
+plus KZ square for given energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus KZ square for given energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus KZ square for given energy the
+equal energy surface forms up a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal energy surface forms up a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal energy surface forms up a sphere
+and if the energy is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the energy is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the energy is equal to the
+permian energy states inside inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permian energy states inside inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permian energy states inside inside the
+sphere will be occupied by electrons now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere will be occupied by electrons now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere will be occupied by electrons now
+let's look at a two hydrogen atom system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a two hydrogen atom system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a two hydrogen atom system
+when the two atoms are very far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the two atoms are very far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the two atoms are very far from
+each other the wave functions don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other the wave functions don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other the wave functions don't
+overlap as the two atoms going towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap as the two atoms going towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap as the two atoms going towards
+each other the electron of atom a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other the electron of atom a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other the electron of atom a
+touched filled existence of atom B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched filled existence of atom B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched filled existence of atom B and
+the wave functions start to overlap we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave functions start to overlap we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave functions start to overlap we
+can see that when the two atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that when the two atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that when the two atoms are
+close to new orbitals are created one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to new orbitals are created one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to new orbitals are created one is
+the bonding orbital and the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonding orbital and the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonding orbital and the other one is
+the antibonding orbital for the bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antibonding orbital for the bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antibonding orbital for the bonding
+orbital we can see the probability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital we can see the probability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital we can see the probability to
+find the electron between the two atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the electron between the two atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the electron between the two atoms
+is larger than before and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than before and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than before and in the
+antibonding orbital we can see that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding orbital we can see that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding orbital we can see that in
+the middle of the two atoms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the two atoms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the two atoms the
+probability to find the electron is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the home lab of the wavefunction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the home lab of the wavefunction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the home lab of the wavefunction in
+bonding orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbital
+leading to a higher bond energy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to a higher bond energy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to a higher bond energy which
+leading to a more stable State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to a more stable State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to a more stable State
+so the bonding orbital is the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bonding orbital is the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bonding orbital is the ground
+state of the system and anti-bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the system and anti-bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the system and anti-bonding
+orbital astir excited state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital astir excited state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital astir excited state of the
+system let's now talk about the tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system let's now talk about the tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system let's now talk about the tight
+banding model assuming the potential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banding model assuming the potential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banding model assuming the potential of
+a single atom is you are then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single atom is you are then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single atom is you are then the
+Schrodinger equation can be written like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation can be written like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation can be written like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+we now consider the effect of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now consider the effect of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now consider the effect of other
+atoms as perturbation as we have seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms as perturbation as we have seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms as perturbation as we have seen in
+the last slide each energy level of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last slide each energy level of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last slide each energy level of each
+atom split into two in our two hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom split into two in our two hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom split into two in our two hydrogen
+atom system the degeneracy of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom system the degeneracy of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom system the degeneracy of each
+energy level is two for a system of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level is two for a system of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level is two for a system of n
+atoms the degeneracy of each energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms the degeneracy of each energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms the degeneracy of each energy
+level is in from the perturbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is in from the perturbation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is in from the perturbation theory
+the wavefunction for the generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavefunction for the generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavefunction for the generating
+system can be written as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can be written as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can be written as a linear
+combination of degenerate States and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of degenerate States and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of degenerate States and if
+AJ the expression is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AJ the expression is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AJ the expression is equal to the
+expression on the right the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression on the right the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression on the right the function
+satisfies the block theorem we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the block theorem we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the block theorem we can also
+write the first order correction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the first order correction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the first order correction of the
+energy and which is the diagonal entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and which is the diagonal entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and which is the diagonal entries
+of the Hamiltonian matrix now we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Hamiltonian matrix now we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Hamiltonian matrix now we only
+consider the integration of the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the integration of the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the integration of the atom
+itself and its nearest neighbors so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and its nearest neighbors so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and its nearest neighbors so we
+can further simplify the expression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can further simplify the expression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can further simplify the expression and
+the ways we set J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways we set J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways we set J
+zero as the integration of the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as the integration of the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as the integration of the atom
+itself and Jana as the integration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and Jana as the integration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and Jana as the integration of
+its nearest neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its nearest neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its nearest neighbors
+note that the integration is determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the integration is determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the integration is determined
+by the overlap of the two wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the overlap of the two wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the overlap of the two wave functions
+the more they overlaps the wider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more they overlaps the wider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more they overlaps the wider the
+energy band is and finally we get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy band is and finally we get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy band is and finally we get our
+final aspersion relation of tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final aspersion relation of tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final aspersion relation of tight
+binding model now let's see what has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding model now let's see what has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding model now let's see what has
+happened after applying the tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened after applying the tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened after applying the tight
+binding model to a one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding model to a one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding model to a one-dimensional
+system assuming that the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system assuming that the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system assuming that the distance
+between atoms is a inch a tamiya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between atoms is a inch a tamiya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between atoms is a inch a tamiya
+one-dimensional atom chain has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional atom chain has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional atom chain has two
+nearest neighbors so the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors so the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors so the sum of the
+expression has two components we are Jo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression has two components we are Jo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression has two components we are Jo
+and equals to a and minus a by using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equals to a and minus a by using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equals to a and minus a by using the
+Euler's formula the expression the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler's formula the expression the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler's formula the expression the
+dispersion relation can be written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation can be written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation can be written as a
+trigonometric form the figures show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric form the figures show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric form the figures show the
+first two bands of a one dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two bands of a one dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two bands of a one dimension
+system for free electron model and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for free electron model and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for free electron model and the
+type binding model we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type binding model we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type binding model we can see that
+because of the influence of nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the influence of nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the influence of nearest
+neighbors distortions appear at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors distortions appear at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors distortions appear at the
+boundaries of the brilliant zone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of the brilliant zone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of the brilliant zone and
+leading to the opening of a band gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to the opening of a band gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to the opening of a band gap
+which is quite different from the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quite different from the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quite different from the free
+electron model in three dimension cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron model in three dimension cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron model in three dimension cases
+the dispersion relations are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispersion relations are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispersion relations are more
+complicated let's now take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated let's now take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated let's now take a look at the
+dispersion relations of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relations of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relations of these three
+kinds of 3d lattices for simple cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of 3d lattices for simple cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of 3d lattices for simple cubic
+lattice there are six nearest neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice there are six nearest neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice there are six nearest neighbors
+of one atom so the sum has six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one atom so the sum has six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one atom so the sum has six
+components and we can get the dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and we can get the dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and we can get the dispersion
+relation like this after simplifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation like this after simplifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation like this after simplifying
+well for body centered cubic there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for body centered cubic there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for body centered cubic there are
+eight nearest neighbors which leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight nearest neighbors which leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight nearest neighbors which leads to
+an expression like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression like the
+for face-centered cubic they are 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for face-centered cubic they are 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for face-centered cubic they are 12
+nearest neighbors and we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors and we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors and we get a
+dispersion relation like this so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation like this so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation like this so what do
+the relations on the last slide look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relations on the last slide look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relations on the last slide look
+like in the first brilliant zone in 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the first brilliant zone in 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the first brilliant zone in 3d
+crystals we can calculate the reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals we can calculate the reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals we can calculate the reciprocal
+primitive vectors by using the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive vectors by using the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive vectors by using the formula
+below the reciprocal lattice of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the reciprocal lattice of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the reciprocal lattice of simple
+cubic is also a simple cubic and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic is also a simple cubic and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic is also a simple cubic and the
+reciprocal lattice of a body centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice of a body centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice of a body centered
+cubic is face centered cubic well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic is face centered cubic well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic is face centered cubic well the
+reciprocal lattice of the face centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice of the face centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice of the face centered
+cubic is a body centered cubic the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic is a body centered cubic the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic is a body centered cubic the first
+brilliant loan is defined as the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant loan is defined as the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant loan is defined as the region
+inside the perpendicular bisectors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the perpendicular bisectors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the perpendicular bisectors of
+the segments linking a point to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the segments linking a point to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the segments linking a point to its
+nearest neighbors as we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors as we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors as we know the
+reciprocal primitive vectors we can plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal primitive vectors we can plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal primitive vectors we can plot
+the first Brillouin zones of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Brillouin zones of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Brillouin zones of these
+lattices this graphs show the brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattices this graphs show the brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattices this graphs show the brother
+lattice in real space and its energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice in real space and its energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice in real space and its energy
+dispersion in the reciprocal space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion in the reciprocal space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion in the reciprocal space for
+simple cubic the first real a zone is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cubic the first real a zone is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cubic the first real a zone is a
+cube and when the energy is small the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube and when the energy is small the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube and when the energy is small the
+equal energy surface looks like a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal energy surface looks like a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal energy surface looks like a sphere
+like the free electron case as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the free electron case as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the free electron case as we can
+see when the energy goes up distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when the energy goes up distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when the energy goes up distortion
+begins to appear and when the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to appear and when the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to appear and when the energy
+reaches to the boundary of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches to the boundary of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches to the boundary of the first
+Brillouin zone openings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brillouin zone openings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brillouin zone openings
+of holes appear at these boundaries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of holes appear at these boundaries in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of holes appear at these boundaries in
+these figures we can see that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these figures we can see that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these figures we can see that in the
+first braid a zone of BCC lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first braid a zone of BCC lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first braid a zone of BCC lattice
+similar to simple cubic lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to simple cubic lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to simple cubic lattice
+distortion gradually appear as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion gradually appear as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion gradually appear as the
+energy goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy goes up
+and the surface is no longer closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the surface is no longer closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the surface is no longer closed
+surface and the boundaries as the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the boundaries as the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the boundaries as the energy
+goes higher and higher and sodium is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes higher and higher and sodium is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes higher and higher and sodium is a
+BCC crystal because there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC crystal because there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC crystal because there's only one
+valence electron per sodium atom so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electron per sodium atom so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electron per sodium atom so the
+Fermi surface is pretty far away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi surface is pretty far away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi surface is pretty far away from
+the boundaries and the shape of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundaries and the shape of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundaries and the shape of it is
+nearly a sphere which is like this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly a sphere which is like this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly a sphere which is like this in
+FCC crystals such as copper and gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FCC crystals such as copper and gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FCC crystals such as copper and gold
+their Fermi surface can be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Fermi surface can be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Fermi surface can be well
+described by tight binding model and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by tight binding model and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by tight binding model and a
+hexagon physics holes appear well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagon physics holes appear well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagon physics holes appear well
+because the distance is further between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the distance is further between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the distance is further between
+the Fermi surface and its square faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fermi surface and its square faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fermi surface and its square faces
+so this areas of the surface won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this areas of the surface won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this areas of the surface won't
+extend and contact with the squares well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend and contact with the squares well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend and contact with the squares well
+I hope that through this short video you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that through this short video you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that through this short video you
+can understand what hi bunny model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand what hi bunny model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand what hi bunny model is
+and how do we use it as a tool to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we use it as a tool to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we use it as a tool to
+explain the phenomenon in a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the phenomenon in a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the phenomenon in a real
+material and thank you for your watching
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vS2LvYwkn3U.txt b/vS2LvYwkn3U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0963c4ceddecb68493123b301e6fe965b3c5a9f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vS2LvYwkn3U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+A classic application of Amper's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A classic application of Amper's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A classic application of Amper's
+integral law is to the prediction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral law is to the prediction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral law is to the prediction of the
+magnetic field of a line current.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Here is the wire.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Amper's law predicts the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amper's law predicts the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amper's law predicts the magnetic field
+intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+as it depends on R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it depends on R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it depends on R.
+H subi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H subi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H subi
+is inversely proportional to r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This hall effect probe measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This hall effect probe measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This hall effect probe measures the
+magnetic field intensity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field intensity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field intensity.
+The top trace on the oscilloscope is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The top trace on the oscilloscope is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The top trace on the oscilloscope is a
+measure of the probe output.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the probe output.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the probe output.
+The lower trace measures the wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The lower trace measures the wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The lower trace measures the wire
+current.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current.
+The wire current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The wire current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The wire current
+is measured by measuring the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measured by measuring the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measured by measuring the voltage
+drop across a series 1 ohm resistor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We measure 6 volts peak. So the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We measure 6 volts peak. So the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We measure 6 volts peak. So the current
+is 6 ampers peak.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This probe measures magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This probe measures magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This probe measures magnetic field
+intensities perpendicular to its flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities perpendicular to its flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities perpendicular to its flat
+surface.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+When aligned in this direction,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When aligned in this direction,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When aligned in this direction,
+it measures the Z component of magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it measures the Z component of magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it measures the Z component of magnetic
+field about zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+When aligned in this position, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When aligned in this position, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When aligned in this position, it
+measures the radial component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the radial component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the radial component of
+magnetic field again about zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+When aligned in this position, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When aligned in this position, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When aligned in this position, it
+measures the phi component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the phi component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the phi component of the
+magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field
+which seems to be the only nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems to be the only nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems to be the only nonzero
+component of magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a current of 6 amps. Ampere's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a current of 6 amps. Ampere's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a current of 6 amps. Ampere's
+integral law predicts this one overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral law predicts this one overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral law predicts this one overall
+radial dependence for H subi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurements are limited to distances r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements are limited to distances r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements are limited to distances r
+small compared to the distances to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to the distances to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to the distances to the
+end of the wires or to the return wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the wires or to the return wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the wires or to the return wires
+below.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vcnmiPAeNFE.txt b/vcnmiPAeNFE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c9a3d8971e0dda22f59aadcde0d7398ac74842f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vcnmiPAeNFE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the technical staff consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the technical staff consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the technical staff consists of
+myself and two more people our job is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and two more people our job is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and two more people our job is to
+maintain all the equipment develop new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain all the equipment develop new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain all the equipment develop new
+experiments in practice we also end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in practice we also end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in practice we also end up
+teaching a lot something that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching a lot something that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching a lot something that's very
+common is a student is struggling with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common is a student is struggling with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common is a student is struggling with
+an experiment they don't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment they don't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment they don't quite
+understand how their measurement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how their measurement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how their measurement is
+working they've worked with the section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working they've worked with the section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working they've worked with the section
+leader they've worked with the grad TA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader they've worked with the grad TA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader they've worked with the grad TA
+and trying to figure it out and at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to figure it out and at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to figure it out and at some
+point they really just believe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they really just believe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they really just believe the
+experiment is just broken that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is just broken that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is just broken that's the
+point in which we call in the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in which we call in the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in which we call in the technical
+staff and we figure out and more often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff and we figure out and more often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff and we figure out and more often
+than not it's not broken it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than not it's not broken it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than not it's not broken it's just that
+working with the apparatus is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the apparatus is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the apparatus is actually
+just very confusing there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very confusing there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very confusing there are lots of
+degrees of freedom in and operating any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom in and operating any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom in and operating any
+given piece of apparatus and and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given piece of apparatus and and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given piece of apparatus and and it's
+oftentimes the technical staff who know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes the technical staff who know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes the technical staff who know
+more about what's happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about what's happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about what's happening in the
+apparatus and getting them to give good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus and getting them to give good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus and getting them to give good
+data then sometimes some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data then sometimes some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data then sometimes some of the other
+people just because we're here in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just because we're here in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just because we're here in every
+single section
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vkWY73HnNYA.txt b/vkWY73HnNYA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..df5bcd32151c5bed896f70145a623aefcf548703
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vkWY73HnNYA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the little prince has really come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little prince has really come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little prince has really come to
+like this little body that's orbiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this little body that's orbiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this little body that's orbiting
+him he knows at what distances orbits it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him he knows at what distances orbits it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him he knows at what distances orbits it
+knows how fast it goes and I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how fast it goes and I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how fast it goes and I think the
+little prince fell in love with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little prince fell in love with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little prince fell in love with that
+little body and now he wants to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little body and now he wants to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little body and now he wants to see it
+all the time as it goes around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time as it goes around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time as it goes around the
+asteroid but the little prince just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asteroid but the little prince just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asteroid but the little prince just
+wants to keep sitting there it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to keep sitting there it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to keep sitting there it he
+doesn't want to move so how fast does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to move so how fast does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to move so how fast does
+yeah is does the asteroid need to rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is does the asteroid need to rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is does the asteroid need to rotate
+so that the little prince will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the little prince will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the little prince will always
+see the body as it rotates around him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the body as it rotates around him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the body as it rotates around him
+well for that we need to simply consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for that we need to simply consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for that we need to simply consider
+that the period of the little body going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the period of the little body going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the period of the little body going
+around the asteroid needs to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the asteroid needs to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the asteroid needs to be the same
+as the asteroid rotation period so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the asteroid rotation period so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the asteroid rotation period so we're
+going to call that ta4 asteroid and well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call that ta4 asteroid and well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call that ta4 asteroid and well
+if we want to know at what distance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to know at what distance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to know at what distance that
+works out then we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out then we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out then we're going to use
+Kepler's laws here again and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kepler's laws here again and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kepler's laws here again and we're going
+to have that the radius of between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have that the radius of between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have that the radius of between the
+body and asteroid will be G 1 over 4pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and asteroid will be G 1 over 4pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and asteroid will be G 1 over 4pi
+squared and now we have ta squared in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and now we have ta squared in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and now we have ta squared in
+here and the third root of that so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the third root of that so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the third root of that so all
+of these wonderful quantities make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these wonderful quantities make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these wonderful quantities make the
+little prints really happy
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wwfjLBWfiSI.txt b/wwfjLBWfiSI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bfe2a3fda0c5a375e0043a74797e74d63abb9ac5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wwfjLBWfiSI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi everyone, welcome back. So today I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone, welcome back. So today I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone, welcome back. So today I'd
+like to take a look at uh gain and phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to take a look at uh gain and phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to take a look at uh gain and phase
+lag. And we're going to consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag. And we're going to consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag. And we're going to consider the
+simple problem. So first off, find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple problem. So first off, find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple problem. So first off, find a
+periodic solution to x dot dot + 8x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic solution to x dot dot + 8x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic solution to x dot dot + 8x dot
+plus 7x=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 7x=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 7x=
+uh f * cosine omega t. So basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f * cosine omega t. So basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f * cosine omega t. So basically it's
+just forcing a differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just forcing a differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just forcing a differential equation
+with some frequency uh cosine omega t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some frequency uh cosine omega t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some frequency uh cosine omega t.
+And the problem we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the problem we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the problem we're interested in
+today is to give the gain and phase lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is to give the gain and phase lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is to give the gain and phase lag
+to this periodic solution. So I'll let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this periodic solution. So I'll let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this periodic solution. So I'll let
+you take a look at this problem and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a look at this problem and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a look at this problem and I'll
+be back in a minute.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi everyone, welcome back. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone, welcome back. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone, welcome back. Okay, so
+we're interested in finding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in finding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in finding this
+periodic solution to the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic solution to the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic solution to the differential
+equation. And we see here that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. And we see here that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. And we see here that we're
+forcing it with right hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing it with right hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing it with right hand side of
+cosine omega t. So the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t. So the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t. So the standard
+procedure is to first complexify.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we're going to consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to consider the
+differential equation x dot dot + 8 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation x dot dot + 8 x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation x dot dot + 8 x
+dot + 7 x=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot + 7 x=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot + 7 x=
+f e to the i omega t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f e to the i omega t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f e to the i omega t.
+And then at the end we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then at the end we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then at the end we're going to take
+the real part of our solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of our solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of our solution to this
+differential equation. And we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. And we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. And we do this
+because cosine omega t is the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because cosine omega t is the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because cosine omega t is the real part
+of e to the i omega t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e to the i omega t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e to the i omega t.
+Now uh for this equation we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now uh for this equation we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now uh for this equation we see that
+we're forcing it with an exponential. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're forcing it with an exponential. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're forcing it with an exponential. So
+we can just use the exponential response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just use the exponential response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just use the exponential response
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this gives us a particular solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this gives us a particular solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this gives us a particular solution.
+So the exponential response formula is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the exponential response formula is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the exponential response formula is 1
+/ p of i omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ p of i omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ p of i omega
+times the right hand side which is f e i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the right hand side which is f e i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the right hand side which is f e i
+omega t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t.
+And in this case the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this case the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this case the characteristic
+polomial P of S is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial P of S is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial P of S is
+S ^2 + 8 S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S ^2 + 8 S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S ^2 + 8 S
++ 7.
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 7.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 7.
+So that P of I omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that P of I omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that P of I omega
+is going to be 7 - omega^ 2. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be 7 - omega^ 2. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be 7 - omega^ 2. So the
+omega^ 2 comes from S^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega^ 2 comes from S^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega^ 2 comes from S^2
++ 8 I omega.
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 8 I omega.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 8 I omega.
+Now I'd just like to take a moment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'd just like to take a moment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'd just like to take a moment and
+step back for a second. If we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back for a second. If we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back for a second. If we take a
+look at the differential equation, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the differential equation, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the differential equation, the
+input on the right hand side is f e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input on the right hand side is f e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input on the right hand side is f e to
+the i omega t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i omega t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i omega t.
+Now notice how this characteristic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now notice how this characteristic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now notice how this characteristic uh
+the sorry the exponential response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorry the exponential response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorry the exponential response
+formula gives us a particular solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula gives us a particular solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula gives us a particular solution
+which is 1 over p of i omega f e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 over p of i omega f e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 over p of i omega f e to the
+i omega t which is a periodic solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i omega t which is a periodic solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i omega t which is a periodic solution.
+But moreover the output uh of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But moreover the output uh of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But moreover the output uh of this uh
+formula shows that uh it's actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula shows that uh it's actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula shows that uh it's actually the
+input forcing multiplied by this factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input forcing multiplied by this factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input forcing multiplied by this factor
+1 over p of i omega.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over p of i omega.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over p of i omega.
+So this factor right here 1 over p of i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this factor right here 1 over p of i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this factor right here 1 over p of i
+omega relates the input forcing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega relates the input forcing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega relates the input forcing to the
+output forcing or sorry to the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output forcing or sorry to the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output forcing or sorry to the output
+response.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response.
+And this factor is sometimes called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this factor is sometimes called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this factor is sometimes called the
+complex gain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the reason it's the complex gain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason it's the complex gain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason it's the complex gain is
+because if we take a look at P of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we take a look at P of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we take a look at P of I
+omega, it has a real part and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega, it has a real part and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega, it has a real part and an
+imaginary part. So specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains
+P of I omega contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of I omega contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of I omega contains
+two pieces of information.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Because it's a complex number, we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because it's a complex number, we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because it's a complex number, we can
+think of it as being uh an amplitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as being uh an amplitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as being uh an amplitude and
+a phase. So the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of P of I omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P of I omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P of I omega
+is sometimes called the gain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometimes called the gain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometimes called the gain.
+And the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the phase
+of P of I omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P of I omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P of I omega
+is the phase lag.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So P of I omega contains two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So P of I omega contains two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So P of I omega contains two
+pieces of information which relate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of information which relate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of information which relate the
+input uh forcing signal to the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh forcing signal to the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh forcing signal to the output
+response of the differential equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the differential equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the differential equation.
+Now I'd like to go ahead and write x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'd like to go ahead and write x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'd like to go ahead and write x of
+t decomplexify. So we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t decomplexify. So we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t decomplexify. So we're going to take
+the real part of 1 / p of i omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of 1 / p of i omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of 1 / p of i omega
+* f e i omega t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* f e i omega t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* f e i omega t.
+So we have 7 - omega^ 2 plus 8 i omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have 7 - omega^ 2 plus 8 i omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have 7 - omega^ 2 plus 8 i omega
+upstairs is f e i omega t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I'm going to just put this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to just put this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to just put this in
+amplitude phase form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And when I take the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll do it in two steps. First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e omega^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e omega^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e omega^ 2
+square rooted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if not e to the i omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not e to the i omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not e to the i omega t
+/ e to the i fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where here phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where here phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where here phi
+is the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the phase
+leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg
+and tangent fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tangent fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tangent fi
+is going to be the imaginary part over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the imaginary part over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the imaginary part over
+the real part.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And just quickly note that as omega goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And just quickly note that as omega goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And just quickly note that as omega goes
+from zero to infinity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to infinity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to infinity,
+uh tangent phi will go from 0 to pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this is the uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is the uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is the uh this is the
+range of phi that we're interested in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of phi that we're interested in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of phi that we're interested in.
+Okay. And now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now uh
+when we take the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we take the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we take the real part
+we end up with fot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with fot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with fot
+1 7 - omega^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 7 - omega^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 7 - omega^ 2
++ 8 omega^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 8 omega^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 8 omega^ 2
+all rooted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all rooted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all rooted
+cosine omega t minus 5.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t minus 5.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t minus 5.
+And now we'd like to look at uh what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we'd like to look at uh what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we'd like to look at uh what the
+amplitude respon uh the amplitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude respon uh the amplitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude respon uh the amplitude and
+phase are as a function of omega. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase are as a function of omega. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase are as a function of omega. So for
+each fixed omega the output is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each fixed omega the output is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each fixed omega the output is going to
+be a sinosoid which oscillates at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a sinosoid which oscillates at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a sinosoid which oscillates at the
+same frequency as the input. However the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency as the input. However the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency as the input. However the
+only difference is that it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference is that it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference is that it's going to
+res it's going to have a rescaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res it's going to have a rescaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res it's going to have a rescaled
+amplitude and it'll have a shifted phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and it'll have a shifted phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and it'll have a shifted phase
+as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well.
+So for the amplitude response,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're interested in plotting one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in plotting one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in plotting one over
+the amplitude of P of I omega.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of P of I omega.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of P of I omega.
+So here's the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this function is just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this function is just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this function is just going to
+decrease and asmtoically approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease and asmtoically approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease and asmtoically approach
+infinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity.
+Okay, so this is the amplitude response.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is the amplitude response.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is the amplitude response.
+This is 1 7 - omega^ 2<unk>
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is 1 7 - omega^ 2<unk>
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is 1 7 - omega^ 2<unk>
++ 8 omega^
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 8 omega^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 8 omega^
+2 rooted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 rooted.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 rooted.
+This is omega.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then in addition to the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then in addition to the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then in addition to the amplitude
+response, we also have the phase.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And the phase, if I go back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the phase, if I go back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the phase, if I go back up
+here for a second, we can write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a second, we can write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a second, we can write it
+explicitly as phi is equal to tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly as phi is equal to tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly as phi is equal to tan
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+8 omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 omega
+/ 7 - omega^ 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'm going to plot omega on this axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to plot omega on this axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to plot omega on this axis
+and phi on this axis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phi on this axis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phi on this axis.
+And okay, so to plot this curve, we note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And okay, so to plot this curve, we note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And okay, so to plot this curve, we note
+that when omega is zero,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when omega is zero,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when omega is zero,
+uh tan inverse of 0 is zero. So we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tan inverse of 0 is zero. So we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tan inverse of 0 is zero. So we're
+going to start at zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start at zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start at zero.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+typically what I usually like to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what I usually like to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what I usually like to do in
+this case is look at the denominator in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is look at the denominator in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is look at the denominator in
+the arc tangent. We see that when omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arc tangent. We see that when omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arc tangent. We see that when omega
+is equal to the<unk> of 7, this argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the<unk> of 7, this argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the<unk> of 7, this argument
+blows up. It goes to infinity. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blows up. It goes to infinity. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blows up. It goes to infinity. And the
+arc tangent of infinity is pi / 2. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc tangent of infinity is pi / 2. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc tangent of infinity is pi / 2. So I
+can draw a curve in here which is pi /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw a curve in here which is pi /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw a curve in here which is pi /
+2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we know that phi is pi / 2 when omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we know that phi is pi / 2 when omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we know that phi is pi / 2 when omega
+is equal to roo<unk> 7. And note how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to roo<unk> 7. And note how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to roo<unk> 7. And note how
+this is the uh the the natural frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh the the natural frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh the the natural frequency
+if there was no damping in the system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then lastly there's another curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then lastly there's another curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then lastly there's another curve
+here at pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at pi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at pi.
+We see that as omega approaches infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We see that as omega approaches infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We see that as omega approaches infinity
+again this argument uh approaches zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if if you were to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if if you were to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if if you were to take the
+derivative of this whole quantity, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this whole quantity, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this whole quantity, we
+would see that uh it's uh of tan inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see that uh it's uh of tan inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see that uh it's uh of tan inverse
+of this argument, we would see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this argument, we would see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this argument, we would see that the
+functions increasing for all omega. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions increasing for all omega. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions increasing for all omega. So
+it actually looks something like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually looks something like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually looks something like this.
+It looks like an S-shaped curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It looks like an S-shaped curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It looks like an S-shaped curve that
+asmtoically approaches pi as omega goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asmtoically approaches pi as omega goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asmtoically approaches pi as omega goes
+to infinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity.
+Okay, so just to quickly recap when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so just to quickly recap when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so just to quickly recap when we
+look at uh the differential equation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh the differential equation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh the differential equation uh
+or a particular solution to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a particular solution to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a particular solution to a
+differential equation which is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation which is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation which is being
+forced by a periodic sinosoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced by a periodic sinosoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced by a periodic sinosoidal
+function,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function,
+the output is always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is always going to be
+rescaled and phase shifted but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescaled and phase shifted but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescaled and phase shifted but still
+oscillating at the same frequency.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at the same frequency.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at the same frequency.
+And specifically depending on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And specifically depending on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And specifically depending on which
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+uh the differential equation is forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the differential equation is forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the differential equation is forced
+at the amplitude will take on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the amplitude will take on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the amplitude will take on different
+values. The amplitude response will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. The amplitude response will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. The amplitude response will take
+on different values and the phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different values and the phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different values and the phase shift
+will also have different values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also have different values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also have different values
+depending on the frequency of forcing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the frequency of forcing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the frequency of forcing.
+Okay. So I'd just like to conclude here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I'd just like to conclude here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I'd just like to conclude here
+and I'll see you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xDnq_b2784c.txt b/xDnq_b2784c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc087eae4d6b458918277d539a5cba67de87213c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xDnq_b2784c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2667 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free to make a donation or view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or view
+additional materials from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my name is provoking Erin are supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is provoking Erin are supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is provoking Erin are supposed
+to be 1 over 4 but it remains that i am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 1 over 4 but it remains that i am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 1 over 4 but it remains that i am
+the only one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one so
+my project was about global illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my project was about global illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my project was about global illumination
+and it's about rendering 3d scenes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's about rendering 3d scenes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's about rendering 3d scenes so
+first let me tell you about the duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let me tell you about the duration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let me tell you about the duration
+model this is something you can achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model this is something you can achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model this is something you can achieve
+with ray tracing as you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ray tracing as you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ray tracing as you can see the
+image above is rendered by shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image above is rendered by shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image above is rendered by shooting
+array from your eyes and then taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array from your eyes and then taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array from your eyes and then taking the
+local lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local lighting
+properties of the materials and then see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the materials and then see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the materials and then see
+whether there's a light coming to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a light coming to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a light coming to that
+point or not and then figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or not and then figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or not and then figure out the
+color so in this model there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so in this model there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so in this model there's a lot of
+thing unnatural about this because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing unnatural about this because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing unnatural about this because as
+you can see the light is an area light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the light is an area light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the light is an area light
+but then the shadow is like a very solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the shadow is like a very solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the shadow is like a very solid
+shadow as if it's lit by a point light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow as if it's lit by a point light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow as if it's lit by a point light
+in something like that and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something like that and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something like that and you can see
+that of the ceiling is not late at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the ceiling is not late at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the ceiling is not late at all
+um this means that this model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this means that this model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this means that this model of
+lighting doesn't take into account the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting doesn't take into account the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting doesn't take into account the
+light that bounces between the walls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that bounces between the walls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that bounces between the walls and
+lighting parts that should have been lit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting parts that should have been lit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting parts that should have been lit
+lit in the real in the real life seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can see so global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see so global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see so global
+illumination basically tries to fix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination basically tries to fix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination basically tries to fix that
+and the effects you can achieve with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the effects you can achieve with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the effects you can achieve with
+global illumination algorithms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global illumination algorithms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global illumination algorithms or
+basically soft shadows color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bleeding you can see that there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleeding you can see that there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleeding you can see that there's a very
+pale shade of blue here and caustics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pale shade of blue here and caustics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pale shade of blue here and caustics
+which means that lights from here goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that lights from here goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that lights from here goes
+through the glasses and then focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the glasses and then focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the glasses and then focus on
+here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so
+at first when we started when I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first when we started when I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first when we started when I started
+project I want to globally illuminate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project I want to globally illuminate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project I want to globally illuminate a
+very simple scene which is the parnell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple scene which is the parnell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple scene which is the parnell
+box it's just basically this box bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box it's just basically this box bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box it's just basically this box bits
+and you replace these two spheres with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you replace these two spheres with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you replace these two spheres with
+two white boxes and then you can observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two white boxes and then you can observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two white boxes and then you can observe
+color bleeding something like that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color bleeding something like that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color bleeding something like that um
+and I want to do in real time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to do in real time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to do in real time with
+caustics however the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things I accomplishes are well I global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I accomplishes are well I global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I accomplishes are well I global
+you illuminate the quinella box as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you illuminate the quinella box as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you illuminate the quinella box as i
+promised in real time now there's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised in real time now there's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised in real time now there's it's
+too slow with caustic didn't implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too slow with caustic didn't implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too slow with caustic didn't implement
+photon mapping but and sadly there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon mapping but and sadly there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon mapping but and sadly there's
+still a lot of rooms for optimization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a lot of rooms for optimization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a lot of rooms for optimization so
+kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+of disappointed in myself a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disappointed in myself a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disappointed in myself a little bit
+but yeah that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah that's so
+the algorithm I use um for Ansari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm I use um for Ansari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm I use um for Ansari
+global illumination is called instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global illumination is called instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global illumination is called instant
+radiosity it's by some German guy called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiosity it's by some German guy called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiosity it's by some German guy called
+like Sandra Keller it's good for scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Sandra Keller it's good for scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Sandra Keller it's good for scene
+with diffuse objects well which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with diffuse objects well which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with diffuse objects well which means
+that scenes that doesn't have objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scenes that doesn't have objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scenes that doesn't have objects
+that reflects light or LED light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflects light or LED light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflects light or LED light
+transmitted through diffuse objects can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted through diffuse objects can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted through diffuse objects can
+be just this table and something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just this table and something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just this table and something like
+that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically
+it means that when lights writes it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that when lights writes it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that when lights writes it it
+just bounces all randomly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bounces all randomly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bounces all randomly as
+such it can do caustics although it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such it can do caustics although it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such it can do caustics although it is
+very simple to implement once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple to implement once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple to implement once you have
+the core so let me describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core so let me describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core so let me describe the
+algorithm you start with the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you start with the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you start with the light
+source and then you emit auto fuel light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and then you emit auto fuel light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and then you emit auto fuel light
+particles and let them bounces around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and let them bounces around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and let them bounces around
+the scene and then you will have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene and then you will have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene and then you will have some
+more light source and then you raytrace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more light source and then you raytrace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more light source and then you raytrace
+using those light source of the sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using those light source of the sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using those light source of the sea
+basically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so
+this is the illustration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the illustration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the illustration of the
+algorithm first you have the light which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm first you have the light which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm first you have the light which
+goes off from this square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes off from this square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes off from this square
+light and then you illuminate the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and then you illuminate the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and then you illuminate the scene
+with it and then you bounce some lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and then you bounce some lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and then you bounce some lights
+off and then illuminate the scene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and then illuminate the scene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and then illuminate the scene and
+then you combine the results basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you combine the results basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you combine the results basically
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in my implementation I just have at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my implementation I just have at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my implementation I just have at the
+beginning I have one SP you scatter all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I have one SP you scatter all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I have one SP you scatter all
+the light particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light particles
+the number of light particles I scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of light particles I scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of light particles I scatter
+is about 128
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 128
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 128
+and as they bounce around it ends up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as they bounce around it ends up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as they bounce around it ends up to
+be about 250 light sources in total and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about 250 light sources in total and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about 250 light sources in total and
+then i use i render the scene by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i use i render the scene by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i use i render the scene by
+splitting the scene into some horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting the scene into some horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting the scene into some horizontal
+slabs and then just keep the the slabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slabs and then just keep the the slabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slabs and then just keep the the slabs
+to each SPU to render in this way since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each SPU to render in this way since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each SPU to render in this way since
+the scene is very small can just preload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene is very small can just preload
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene is very small can just preload
+them to every SPU and they all can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to every SPU and they all can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to every SPU and they all can work
+independently so there's minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently so there's minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently so there's minimal
+communication going around and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication going around and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication going around and since
+I didn't implement any other smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't implement any other smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't implement any other smart
+data structure to take care of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure to take care of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure to take care of the
+geometry i just used boot for ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry i just used boot for ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry i just used boot for ray
+tracing my scenes have only eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing my scenes have only eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing my scenes have only eight
+objects it doing st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use are doing rendering or a ray tracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use are doing rendering or a ray tracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use are doing rendering or a ray tracing
+Oh ray tracing basically but I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh ray tracing basically but I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh ray tracing basically but I mean
+doesn't an array move from one slab to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't an array move from one slab to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't an array move from one slab to
+another depending on a reflection or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another depending on a reflection or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another depending on a reflection or
+something um no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um no
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+if you trace a light there of the ESP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you trace a light there of the ESP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you trace a light there of the ESP
+you have all the ascription of the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all the ascription of the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all the ascription of the scene
+so we can trace the Ray throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can trace the Ray throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can trace the Ray throughout the
+scene but it's responsible for only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene but it's responsible for only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene but it's responsible for only the
+pixels in the slammer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the complexity is kind of bad because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity is kind of bad because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity is kind of bad because
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+the times you the time is you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times you the time is you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times you the time is you have your
+email size the number of pixels times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email size the number of pixels times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email size the number of pixels times
+the number of light particles which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of light particles which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of light particles which is
+about 200 and then since I use brute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 and then since I use brute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 and then since I use brute
+force ray shooting we have two times but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force ray shooting we have two times but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force ray shooting we have two times but
+times by the size of objects but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times by the size of objects but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times by the size of objects but at
+first I thought I have only eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I thought I have only eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I thought I have only eight
+objects anyway so it's not going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects anyway so it's not going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects anyway so it's not going to be a
+big performance track but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big performance track but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big performance track but
+then I came to a realization that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I came to a realization that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I came to a realization that this
+algorithm initially was conceived for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm initially was conceived for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm initially was conceived for
+using with programmable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using with programmable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using with programmable
+graphics hardware which can do really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics hardware which can do really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics hardware which can do really
+dumb tasks like taking a point light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb tasks like taking a point light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb tasks like taking a point light
+source and illuminated scene with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and illuminated scene with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and illuminated scene with
+shadows very fast so it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows very fast so it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows very fast so it turns out that
+this algorithm is not really suited for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm is not really suited for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm is not really suited for
+the cell basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell basically
+I wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish
+I could have done better on this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have done better on this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have done better on this this
+500 x 12 x 512
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 x 12 x 512
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 x 12 x 512
+scene took 20 seconds to render on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene took 20 seconds to render on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene took 20 seconds to render on the
+cell but the original paper they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell but the original paper they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell but the original paper they
+render something bigger a little bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+render something bigger a little bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+render something bigger a little bigger
+than this in 24 seconds with GPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this in 24 seconds with GPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this in 24 seconds with GPU
+basically so it's kind of disappointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so it's kind of disappointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so it's kind of disappointing
+hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes but not very clearly at 20 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but not very clearly at 20 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but not very clearly at 20 24
+seconds on what kind of machine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds on what kind of machine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds on what kind of machine um
+24 seconds on a 75 makers something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 seconds on a 75 makers something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 seconds on a 75 makers something
+machine with the GPU just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using vs cpu and the GPU and that 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using vs cpu and the GPU and that 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using vs cpu and the GPU and that 10
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that by six basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however the speed-up is proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the speed-up is proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the speed-up is proportional
+to the number of processor used I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the number of processor used I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the number of processor used I
+basically graft around time with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically graft around time with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically graft around time with the
+number of processors this is in lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of processors this is in lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of processors this is in lot
+scale so as you can see it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so as you can see it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so as you can see it so
+that's the best you can do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best you can do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best you can do about
+parallelism there basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sir
+runtime is normalized to just to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime is normalized to just to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime is normalized to just to keep
+you using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you using
+the SVU so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are you in for y axis the y axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you in for y axis the y axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you in for y axis the y axis is
+time in seconds i 0 3.7 yes expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in seconds i 0 3.7 yes expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in seconds i 0 3.7 yes expression
+for one into you yes three points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one into you yes three points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one into you yes three points of
+them sick sick and / 1 SP you and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them sick sick and / 1 SP you and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them sick sick and / 1 SP you and ask
+you increase um the times go down you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase um the times go down you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase um the times go down you
+just divide that matter they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all using the TP you as well um no the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all using the TP you as well um no the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all using the TP you as well um no the
+pp you do anything so I can you say 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pp you do anything so I can you say 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pp you do anything so I can you say 20
+seconds on your previous line oh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds on your previous line oh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds on your previous line oh this is
+different image slice yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different image slice yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different image slice yes
+okay okay okay okay if we start in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay okay okay if we start in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay okay okay if we start in that
+picture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this
+is 128 so it's about 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 128 so it's about 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 128 so it's about 16
+times faster um I couldn't wait for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times faster um I couldn't wait for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times faster um I couldn't wait for
+lighter yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here are some images are rendered there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some images are rendered there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some images are rendered there
+are eight objects in here and it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are eight objects in here and it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are eight objects in here and it took
+like 20 point five seconds with 6 SB use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 20 point five seconds with 6 SB use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 20 point five seconds with 6 SB use
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+image that I rendered is a miniature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image that I rendered is a miniature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image that I rendered is a miniature
+of a cornell box it to 20 points two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cornell box it to 20 points two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cornell box it to 20 points two
+seconds and six SP you ah yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know that as well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know that as well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know that as well maybe
+it's above maybe it's about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's above maybe it's about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's above maybe it's about the
+distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the
+particle light source probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle light source probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle light source probably
+I think when it goes to the wall or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think when it goes to the wall or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think when it goes to the wall or to
+the floor it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor it's
+get severely attenuated that it cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get severely attenuated that it cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get severely attenuated that it cannot
+really lit the ceiling basically also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lit the ceiling basically also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lit the ceiling basically also
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+a comparison between my rendering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comparison between my rendering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comparison between my rendering and
+the wheel Gordon box basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel Gordon box basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel Gordon box basically
+yes there there's still a lot of box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there there's still a lot of box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there there's still a lot of box
+around they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around they
+basically the ceiling is not lit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the ceiling is not lit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the ceiling is not lit and
+it's kind of strange that I see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of strange that I see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of strange that I see some
+great tinges here instead of great green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great tinges here instead of great green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great tinges here instead of great green
+as in this one so probably I have to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in this one so probably I have to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in this one so probably I have to fix
+that as well but as you can see we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well but as you can see we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well but as you can see we have
+a sheep soft shadows and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sheep soft shadows and then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sheep soft shadows and then some
+colored meeting how do you determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored meeting how do you determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored meeting how do you determine the
+location of the light sources um how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the light sources um how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the light sources um how do
+you idea tuned to our you input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the lights work yes space and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lights work yes space and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lights work yes space and they
+can be arbitrary positions and within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be arbitrary positions and within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be arbitrary positions and within
+the box or yes basically um you this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box or yes basically um you this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box or yes basically um you this one
+is just a square object which is written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a square object which is written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a square object which is written
+in the scene description file and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the scene description file and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the scene description file and I can
+locate them where basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate them where basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate them where basically
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the my patio goes down from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there is something that can be further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something that can be further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something that can be further
+optimized basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized basically
+if I had decided to use accelerated data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had decided to use accelerated data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had decided to use accelerated data
+structure the complexity of that image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the complexity of that image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the complexity of that image
+size x objects x number of light sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size x objects x number of light sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size x objects x number of light sources
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+term will be reused to lock and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term will be reused to lock and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term will be reused to lock and probably
+you see about 3x be done basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are some the the most popular wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some the the most popular wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some the the most popular wind
+is probably be right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably be right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably be right what
+is it call it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it call it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it call it for
+example the KD tree for example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the KD tree for example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the KD tree for example and
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I learned in class that basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned in class that basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned in class that basically you
+can achieve about 2 or 3 X beat up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can achieve about 2 or 3 X beat up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can achieve about 2 or 3 X beat up by
+rearranging the data so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging the data so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging the data so that you can
+trace for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace for
+rays or 16 ray at a time instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays or 16 ray at a time instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays or 16 ray at a time instead of
+doing one at a time in the approach I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing one at a time in the approach I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing one at a time in the approach I'm
+taking and if you do that there's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking and if you do that there's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking and if you do that there's it's
+faster there's also in this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster there's also in this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster there's also in this in the
+program I have a lot of objects and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program I have a lot of objects and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program I have a lot of objects and each
+of them has a transform associated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them has a transform associated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them has a transform associated to
+them so that it can locate them very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so that it can locate them very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so that it can locate them very
+well wherever I want and the object can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well wherever I want and the object can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well wherever I want and the object can
+be anything but there's another approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything but there's another approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything but there's another approach
+which says I just take anything to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says I just take anything to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says I just take anything to be a
+collection of triangles and if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of triangles and if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of triangles and if you have
+triangles the description is just three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles the description is just three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles the description is just three
+points on in space and you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on in space and you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on in space and you don't need
+transform to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform to
+do location is something like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do location is something like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do location is something like that and
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+checking whether ray hits aren't hits a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking whether ray hits aren't hits a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking whether ray hits aren't hits a
+triangle or not will be faster so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle or not will be faster so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle or not will be faster so
+thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you know the work that was done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know the work that was done here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know the work that was done here
+by Julie Dorsey elimination I have she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Julie Dorsey elimination I have she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Julie Dorsey elimination I have she
+basically used the trick of pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically used the trick of pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically used the trick of pre
+computing doing the great racing flirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing doing the great racing flirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing doing the great racing flirt
+with some fixed number of source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some fixed number of source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some fixed number of source
+locations and then just rendering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and then just rendering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and then just rendering
+in real time by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real time by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real time by taking
+our linear superposition of these great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our linear superposition of these great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our linear superposition of these great
+great race images so so long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great race images so so long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great race images so so long as you
+could approximate your light source by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could approximate your light source by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could approximate your light source by a
+linear combination of some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of some fixed
+repertoire of light sources you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repertoire of light sources you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repertoire of light sources you
+didn't think about taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think about taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think about taking
+that shortcut presumably I didn't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shortcut presumably I didn't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shortcut presumably I didn't think
+about it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mail you something like that as I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail you something like that as I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail you something like that as I have
+two units my food let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two units my food let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two units my food let's
+see um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically there's this output GGA which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's this output GGA which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's this output GGA which
+I'm going to remove because I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to remove because I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to remove because I'm going to
+generate it the scene i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate it the scene i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate it the scene i'm going to
+render going to be a cornell box with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+render going to be a cornell box with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+render going to be a cornell box with a
+Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+and a sphere in it yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can just move the object in the licensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just move the object in the licensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just move the object in the licensor
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+change it to a point light source then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now the current light source is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the current light source is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the current light source is
+this um square I'm going to comment it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um square I'm going to comment it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um square I'm going to comment it
+out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+it to the point light source here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too quick but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+there's a point light source located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a point light source located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a point light source located
+around here so the scene is lit one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here so the scene is lit one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here so the scene is lit one
+point light so as to expected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point light so as to expected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point light so as to expected the
+shadows fire so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just divining the scene equally seems it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just divining the scene equally seems it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just divining the scene equally seems it
+would get good load balancing if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get good load balancing if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get good load balancing if you had
+like roughly equal complexity across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like roughly equal complexity across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like roughly equal complexity across
+different sections yes if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sections yes if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sections yes if you have a
+really complex I object or if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complex I object or if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complex I object or if you have
+like reflections that go much deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like reflections that go much deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like reflections that go much deeper
+some places than others Oh couldn't an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some places than others Oh couldn't an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some places than others Oh couldn't an
+equal division lead to too bad load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal division lead to too bad load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal division lead to too bad load
+balancing I mean did you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing I mean did you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing I mean did you think about
+other divisions I suppose but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other divisions I suppose but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other divisions I suppose but basically
+other approaches that I think of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other approaches that I think of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other approaches that I think of which
+basically probably can divide the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically probably can divide the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically probably can divide the scene
+in a really fine grain manner oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a really fine grain manner oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a really fine grain manner oh you
+just do like that's driving yes other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do like that's driving yes other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do like that's driving yes other
+reason why you do professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+man asked how much is to communicate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man asked how much is to communicate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man asked how much is to communicate how
+often do the SP you communicate with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do the SP you communicate with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do the SP you communicate with one
+another right and the PPU and how often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another right and the PPU and how often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another right and the PPU and how often
+do I do that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at well before the ESP you start running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at well before the ESP you start running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at well before the ESP you start running
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+PV you send at the same description and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV you send at the same description and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV you send at the same description and
+then it senses the tasks that say i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it senses the tasks that say i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it senses the tasks that say i want
+you to render this pixel to this pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to render this pixel to this pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to render this pixel to this pixel
+and that's it and then the SPU just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it and then the SPU just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it and then the SPU just
+streams the pixels to the main memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams the pixels to the main memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams the pixels to the main memory
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xJ2H06sseLM.txt b/xJ2H06sseLM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..339d839d756393e607eb7785ef9ad9a20bca2193
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xJ2H06sseLM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4208 @@
+The formal part of the class will start about
+five past nine, but I'll just start with some
+
+introductory remarks.
+
+First of all, I have got bios from a large
+number of people.
+
+I haven't done a count yet to see from whom
+I haven't gotten them, but if you haven't
+
+sent me a short bio please do.
+
+It just helps us to get to know who you are.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Second thing.
+
+The next deliverable, which is, I think, in
+a week or so, I don't have the syllabus with
+
+me right now, we would like a preliminary
+indication from you.
+
+I am leaving it up to you to form your own
+teams.
+
+Roughly, we've found about 4 people make up
+a good team.
+
+That is a good way to spread the work around.
+
+If any of you are having difficulty or whatever,
+let me know, we will try to help, but you
+
+are almost all graduate students.
+
+You can organize yourself.
+
+With a preliminary indication of what system
+you would like to do a study on.
+
+Take a handout.
+
+I am just wondering if you can provide a list
+of email addresses to everyone so that we
+
+can contact each other.
+
+I will be happy to do that.
+
+I will post that.
+
+Let's see.
+
+The second thing.
+
+There are a fair number of listeners in the
+class, and quite a few of you have contacted
+
+me to make sure that it is OK to be here as
+listeners.
+
+I have no problem with that.
+
+The only thing that I would ask, right now
+we are more or less filled to capacity.
+
+I expect that the class isn't going to grow
+after this, so I think we are OK.
+
+What I did tell people is that if we get into
+a seat crunch, obviously, the people who are
+
+taking the course for credit have priorities
+for seats.
+
+So any of you who are listeners please keep
+that in mind.
+
+Next thing.
+
+I am going to be putting some things on reserve
+in the library.
+
+This is courtesy of Professor Cohen.
+
+This is the proceedings of a Space Shuttle
+Technical Conference.
+
+Aaron, do you want to say something just about
+the background?
+
+The background is that we decided, after the
+Shuttle had flown a couple of times, that
+
+we would have a typical NACA, going back to
+NACA, but this was NASA technical conference
+
+where we actually had technical papers written
+by the various people that designed the system,
+
+some you will hear talk, some you won't.
+
+But these are technical papers of how the
+systems were developed.
+
+So it is a pretty detailed understanding of
+the thermal protection system, the main propulsion
+
+system, so forth and so on.
+
+So it is a pretty good documentary of how
+it was done.
+
+This should be a good reference for your papers.
+
+It is 1983.
+
+Like I say, I will go down this afternoon
+and put this on reserve in the library.
+
+I will also put on reserve a copy of a systems
+study that was done at Texas A&M for a similar
+
+course that Professor taught on systems engineering
+and the Space Shuttle just to give you kind
+
+of an idea of what someone else did.
+
+This was a rather good paper.
+
+I see you gave them a very high mark so presumably
+that means it is a good example.
+
+Finally, you have all got a copy of this paper
+by Professor Cohen and Milt Silvera who was
+
+also a very responsible person in the Shuttle
+program.
+
+It is a high level background on the Shuttle
+and its systems.
+
+I am sure there are some of you here who are
+space enthusiasts and who probably have followed
+
+the Shuttle system pretty closely and to whom
+there won't be a whole lot new here.
+
+But, on the other hand, we want everybody
+in the course to come up to a certain level
+
+of knowledge about the Shuttle, its systems
+and the systems engineering that went behind
+
+it.
+
+So I think it's good to have something like
+this available.
+
+It's a nice reference piece.
+
+Today and Thursday Professor Cohen is going
+to give an introduction into the Shuttle,
+
+its systems and the system engineering that
+went into it.
+
+Before we start that, are there any other
+questions either about the technicalities
+
+of the course or just anything?
+
+Oh, I know one thing.
+
+I have a few comments from people telling
+me that the pdf files that I posted on the
+
+website, some people could read them and some
+people could not read them.
+
+I have Macs but have been posting pdf files
+for numerous courses.
+
+I have never had any problem with people reading
+it before.
+
+First of all, who has tried to look at the
+files?
+
+OK.
+
+Of those people who have tried to look at
+the files, who has had difficulty?
+
+This is strange.
+
+Well, if anybody has any ideas about what
+the problem might be, I would be very curious.
+
+I mean have you ever had this problem with
+other courses?
+
+I will do a couple of experiments and post
+one or two more documents, both in pdf and
+
+in either Word or PowerPoint form.
+
+I would suggest that everybody during the
+next two days go and try to open them.
+
+Let's see if we can isolate where the problem
+might be.
+
+Like I said, I've never had this problem with
+any other courses.
+
+And, in principle, I mean the whole point
+of pdf files is it's supposed to be compatible
+
+across Macs, PCs and all that.
+
+So I don't know what the problem is but we'll
+see if we can run it down.
+
+And thanks to those of you who let me know
+that there was a difficulty.
+
+That is all I have.
+
+Any other questions, comments?
+
+What are you kind of expecting with these
+journal deliverables so we can kind of be
+
+just ahead of that?
+
+The idea is to basically put together the
+highlights of the lecture from the systems
+
+engineering point of view.
+
+In other words, what we want -- When somebody
+is talking about a specific system, we want
+
+you to have a brief description of the system,
+the purpose, what it does, something about
+
+the design considerations, something about
+the operations, kind of the basic concerns
+
+from the systems engineering point of view.
+
+And anything they talk about, particular interactions
+between that system and other systems.
+
+Can you think of anything else in particular?
+
+I think that about it.
+
+OK.
+
+I will think that through a little bit more,
+and maybe I can come up with a checklist that
+
+would help you put that together.
+
+It's not meant to be a big burden.
+
+It's just a way to organize everybody's thinking
+on how to get the most out of the lecturers,
+
+particularly because, as I mentioned, these
+lectures are all being given, by and large,
+
+by different people.
+
+They will have different styles.
+
+We have kind of explained to everybody the
+structure of the course, what we're looking
+
+for, but I cannot really guarantee in advance
+what the content of the lecture will be.
+
+Professor Cohen and I will make any attempt,
+if the lectures don't cover some of those
+
+critical points from a systems engineering
+point of view, we will try to stimulate the
+
+discussion on that or fill in.
+
+But you should do the same thing.
+
+In other words, make sure that there is something
+that you think you would like to be getting
+
+out of the lecture and you haven't gotten,
+don't be embarrassed to ask questions.
+
+Something you ought to think about, when these
+individual lectures come up, is it should
+
+be the description and function of the system.
+
+If they don't bring that out then we ought
+to try to bring it out.
+
+The requirements of the subsystem or the system,
+what are the requirements?
+
+Because that is very fundamental.
+
+What are the requirements?
+
+The development of the subsystem.
+
+What kind of problems did they have?
+
+What kind of technologies did they have to
+overcome?
+
+And, of course, the operation of the subsystems.
+
+Those are, I think, key points.
+
+Now, whether you're going to get that from
+everybody or not, I don't know.
+
+But I think you need to look for that.
+
+And, if you don't, then we will try to develop
+that.
+
+Are you looking for the notes to be taken
+in class?
+
+I don't follow you.
+
+I mean I am not looking for a Xerox of what
+you're writing in the notebook, if that's
+
+what you mean.
+
+No.
+
+I mean I would like you to put your thoughts
+together into a concise form.
+
+And I think that will be a good reference
+to you, hopefully, after the course on Shuttle
+
+systems.
+
+OK?
+
+Over to you.
+
+You are going to have a very unique opportunity.
+
+You are going to have people speak, lecture
+you on the various Shuttle subsystems in quite
+
+a bit of detail.
+
+You will have some people that will be very,
+very positive about the Shuttle, that think
+
+it's a great design, a great operation.
+
+You will have others that will not think it's
+so good.
+
+And you will have some that will give you
+just a detailed technical approach of what
+
+happened.
+
+What I would like to suggest to you, I think,
+for your good and for the good of the future,
+
+future students, future designers, is that
+you ought to come up with your own decision.
+
+Was it the right design?
+
+Was it the correct design?
+
+Should it have been done differently?
+
+And, if so, why and how would you do it?
+
+And I think it will be good for, when you
+go to work on future projects.
+
+And it would also be good, I think, for NASA,
+something we could turn over to NASA.
+
+I think it's a very valuable thing to do.
+
+So I would suggest you do that as you go through
+the course.
+
+And I will be very happy to talk to you about
+any of your ideas that you have through the
+
+Internet, through emails or in person discussion.
+
+And you might want to do this later on as
+the semester develops.
+
+A little bit what I am going to say today
+really starts off where Dale Myers, your previous
+
+speaker, left off.
+
+And it gets into a little bit more detail.
+
+So, as this course develops, you're going
+to get more and more detail.
+
+But let me start off again, just very much
+like Dale did, and talk about the Shuttle
+
+history.
+
+In 1952, the fully reusable launch vehicles
+concept was discussed.
+
+People were interested in that.
+
+1962, fully reusable vehicles were seriously
+considered.
+
+The Air Force study project Dynosaur was cancelled
+in 1969.
+
+In 1969, NASA adopted the idea of a fully
+reusable spaceship.
+
+I became the Orbiter Project Manager for NASA
+in August of 1972.
+
+And, at that time, I also was manager of the
+Systems Engineering Organization for the first
+
+two years.
+
+So I, you might say, the total system at that
+time and the Orbiter in 1972.
+
+Yes?
+
+Could you tell us a little bit about your
+background?
+
+Yes.
+
+Well, my background was I graduated from Texas
+A&M University in 1952 and went to the Army,
+
+went to Korea.
+
+And then when I came back went to work for
+RCA.
+
+And I worked on the microwave tubes, the microwave
+oven.
+
+In fact, when I told my wife what I was working
+on, I said I'm working on a microwave oven.
+
+That was in 1954.
+
+That was a long time ago.
+
+How many people have microwave ovens today?
+
+Everybody does.
+
+Well, in 1954-1955, when they came out, they
+were about $3,000 a piece.
+
+I was working on one and told my wife.
+
+And we'd been married a long time.
+
+I told my wife that I was working on something
+called a microwave oven.
+
+And you are going to be able to cook a roast
+in a couple of minutes and a potato in a couple
+
+of minutes.
+
+And she looked at me and said that will never
+sell.
+
+Anyway, that's what I worked on.
+
+Then I worked for General Dynamics on the
+Atlas and Centaur.
+
+And then, in 1962, I went to the Johnson Space
+Center and worked very closely on the Apollo
+
+Program, worked very closely with the MIT
+Instrumentation Lab, now the Draper Lab on
+
+the guidance and navigation control system.
+
+I became head of System Engineering in Apollo.
+
+Then manager of the Command and Service Module
+in Apollo.
+
+Then, in August 1972, I became the manager
+of the Space Shuttle Orbiter.
+
+Then I became Director of Research and Engineering
+at Johnson Space Center.
+
+And then I became Director of the Johnson
+Space Center.
+
+And then, for a while, I was the Acting Deputy
+Administrator in Washington.
+
+And then I retired and went to Texas A&M to
+teach.
+
+Then Jeff asked me to come to do this, and
+I am very happy to be here.
+
+Actually, one thing you mentioned reminded
+me of something, not to divert the lecture
+
+today, but the fact that there was specifically
+a systems engineering group at the center
+
+which was separate from the project offices
+is something which is probably worth talking
+
+about at some point.
+
+That's right.
+
+Well, let me just make a mention of that.
+
+When we were in Apollo we sat around the table
+for many days and months trying to figure
+
+out how you define systems engineering.
+
+We didn't even know what systems engineering
+was.
+
+In fact, today, I'm not sure you'll get a
+clear definition of what it is.
+
+I want to give you some examples.
+
+As we go through the lecture, I am going to
+give you some examples of what I think it
+
+is and how it was used.
+
+So we will do that.
+
+Let me say just one other thing.
+
+Professor Cohen has these view graphs in electronic
+form down in Texas and, when he gets back,
+
+he will send them to me and I will post them
+on the website.
+
+Well, I will give you this whole package because
+there are also some pictures.
+
+I don't know what you want to do with the
+photos.
+
+Something that is very key in any design and
+something you really need to pursue, whenever
+
+you do a design project, is understand the
+requirements.
+
+Because, if you don't understand the requirements,
+you might get a very good product that is
+
+useless.
+
+So you have to understand what your customer
+wants, the top level requirements.
+
+One thing that was handed down to us is it
+was supposed to be fully reusable.
+
+That was one requirement.
+
+14-day turnaround time.
+
+You were supposed to be able to turn the Shuttle
+around in 14 days.
+
+Deploy and retrieve payloads.
+
+You had to deploy a payload and you had to
+retrieve a payload.
+
+Design, development and test is estimated
+to be $5.1 billion in 1971 dollars.
+
+Dale Myers didn't tell you the whole story,
+but one reason Dale Myers and I are such good
+
+friends is he was Associate Administrator
+of Manned Space Flight, I was the Orbiter
+
+Project Manager and they, they being headquarters,
+headquarters was always there to help, actually
+
+took away two years of inflation.
+
+If they had given those two years of inflation,
+we would have met the $5.1 billion in 1971
+
+dollars.
+
+And Dale fought for that but lost.
+
+Now, here is where we missed it.
+
+The original cost per flight for 65,000 pounds
+was $10.5 million per flight in 1971 dollars
+
+but for a flight rate of 60 flights per year.
+
+When I told my wife I was doing that, and
+she's been around the space program a long
+
+time, she said you never agreed to that, did
+you?
+
+Sixty flights per year is pretty hard to do,
+but that's what we came up with at the time.
+
+Now, Dale mentioned the Air Force requirements,
+but here were the phase A studies.
+
+The phase A studies were conducted to determine
+the basic requirements and their effects on
+
+design in 1969.
+
+The principle issues were the size and weight
+of the payload, the cross-range of the Orbiter
+
+and what kind of heat material was going to
+be used.
+
+You have to recognize are we going to use
+heat-resistant structure or reusable insulating
+
+material?
+
+You have to recognize that our background
+was Mercury, Gemini and Apollo, and they all
+
+used an ablative material.
+
+Ablative material cannot be reused because
+basically the surface changes.
+
+You had to have some kind of insulated material
+so the surface did not change.
+
+Let me now go through very quickly for you,
+just for the sake of completeness, Dale showed
+
+you a few of the studies.
+
+I want to flash up a lot of phase A studies
+just to let you take a look at what people
+
+were doing.
+
+And you don't have to read the words but you
+might just look at the diagram.
+
+There was General Dynamic's phase A study.
+
+There was North American Rockwell.
+
+That is the one Dale was talking about because
+that was where he was.
+
+And there was a phase B study for McDonnell
+Douglas.
+
+So that is what they all looked like at the
+time.
+
+Now, I am going to go through some just for
+the sake of completeness here.
+
+There was, again, another McDonnell Douglas
+study, Martin Marietta.
+
+So those were basically some of the studies.
+
+You can see they all had some kind of a wing-type
+vehicle.
+
+Already most of those were delta wings so
+the decision had already been made.
+
+Interestingly enough, and I am going to quote
+some names to you, and you might go back and
+
+research it.
+
+Max Faget was like the lead engineer.
+
+He was sort of a man that was immortalized
+in terms of the space program.
+
+He felt we ought to go with the straight wing.
+
+He felt very strongly about a straight wing,
+but that eliminated the very large cost range
+
+the Air Force needed.
+
+Straight wing was easier to build, not as
+high loads on it and so forth.
+
+Here, interestingly enough, if you look at
+Chrysler.
+
+Chrysler had a study.
+
+And Chrysler actually had a capsule, but here
+were more vehicles.
+
+And people were really thinking about this
+time of a fly back booster where you actually
+
+had a booster that returned and came back
+and landed.
+
+And they also had a land vehicle that landed.
+
+So that was what the real requirement was
+at the time.
+
+Somebody sort of commented about Chrysler.
+
+There was also Ford.
+
+There were a lot of aerospace companies back
+in those days.
+
+It has changed a lot, that's right.
+
+And here is McDonnell Douglas, of course Grumman.
+
+So a lot of these studies.
+
+Then you're getting to see something already
+starting to look a little bit like the Shuttle.
+
+And I am almost through.
+
+And here are more.
+
+These are, I think, getting maybe in the phase
+B studies.
+
+But you can see some of them are starting
+to look like the existing Shuttle.
+
+Lockheed.
+
+Now, the principle issues in the Shuttle studies,
+now we're starting to get a little bit more
+
+technical and a little more detailed, is should
+the reaction control system, now, the reaction
+
+control system is basically a propulsion system
+that controls the vehicle about its center
+
+of gravity.
+
+It's for alttitude control, basically.
+
+Should the reaction control system be liquid
+oxygen/liquid hydrogen or should you use a
+
+hypergolic system where you know it is a storable
+type system.
+
+That was a big issue.
+
+Does everybody here know what hypergolic fuel
+is?
+
+Let's talk about it a little bit.
+
+Well, hypergolic fuel is a fuel like hydrazine.
+
+It actually has an oxidizer and a propellant
+in the same fuel.
+
+Now, another issue was a fly-by-wire flight
+control system.
+
+That was a big issue.
+
+Do we have a fly-by-wire flight control system?
+
+And now everything has a fly-by-wire.
+
+All the military jets have fly-by-wire.
+
+But basically was it going to be a computer
+controlled system or are we going to have
+
+cables fly the machine?
+
+That was a very big issue at the time.
+
+Wind tunnel tests to determine wing size and
+configuration.
+
+That is a very difficult thing to do.
+
+This is starting to get into what you might
+say is systems engineering.
+
+Air breathing engines were considered for
+fly back and later determined to be too heavy.
+
+And some Shuttle studies that still had to
+be done was the entry techniques, landing
+
+speed, what type of landing speed were we
+going to have and the approach pattern?
+
+So these were all some things that had to
+be understood during the studies.
+
+The phase B 
+studies were performed in the mid 1970s to
+
+determine the preliminary design.
+
+The results showed a fully recoverable Orbiter.
+
+Disposable fuel tank.
+
+Parachute recoverable solid rocket boosters.
+
+High performance hydrogen oxygen engines placed
+in the Orbiter to recover.
+
+This was all systems engineering that lead
+up to the design.
+
+So you have systems engineering in various
+phases of the program.
+
+And usually systems engineering composes of
+an interdisciplinary team that has been given
+
+some assumptions, some constraints.
+
+They have some top level requirements.
+
+They do an iterative process with some tools
+such as computer tools for calculation of
+
+loads and flight mechanics.
+
+And they come up with an iteration of what
+the design is going to be.
+
+So that is basically how it was done.
+
+Now, some of that was sort of like the ground
+rules.
+
+Some of the things that came out of it, once
+we started putting the total system together,
+
+we showed that the fully reusable with a fly
+back booster was greater than $5.1 billion.
+
+So that was thrown out.
+
+Now, there is a question, and that's what
+I asked Dale, should we have said, hey, we
+
+need to money to really have a fly back booster?
+
+But they gave us a constraint of $5.1 billion
+in 1971 dollars and it didn't make it.
+
+I showed you, many configurations were studies.
+
+And the turnaround time of 14 days dictated
+a landing with a winged vehicle on a runway.
+
+You weren't going to be able to land this
+in the water or with parachutes.
+
+You wouldn't have to land it on a runway so
+you could quickly turn it around in 14 days.
+
+The payload, deployment and retrieval requirement
+determined the location of the Orbiter and
+
+the launch configuration.
+
+If you look at that large payload bay, it
+would be very difficult to put that on top
+
+of the vehicle.
+
+One of the requirements that NASA has now
+is the CEV should be on top of the stack.
+
+Well, if you're going to have that large a
+vehicle, it is pretty hard to put it on top
+
+of the stack, particularly with wings.
+
+This is what we had to come up.
+
+These are some of the results.
+
+And these are all systems studies.
+
+This is systems engineering.
+
+Now you're getting to look at what the design
+is starting to look like.
+
+This is the agency commitment in March of
+1972.
+
+In May of 1972, you had the North American
+Proposal.
+
+And then I became Orbiter Project Manager
+in August of 1972.
+
+We did a study.
+
+And PRR is the preliminary requirements review.
+
+But that was the configuration.
+
+We made some changes.
+
+And the production commitment was made in
+May of 1973.
+
+This chart, which was sort of the gee-whiz
+chart at one point in time, showed the 1971
+
+dollars cost per flight for the Thor, the
+Atlas, the Titan 3c, the Saturn 1b and the
+
+Shuttle.
+
+And that is payload to orbit.
+
+So you can see that the thing that was really
+missed in the Shuttle was the $10.5 million
+
+cost per flight.
+
+Yes, sir.
+
+What is the notch on top of the second two
+that disappeared?
+
+That up there?
+
+That was their data probe.
+
+It was taken off because it wasn't needed.
+
+Good question.
+
+Thank you.
+
+And, by the way, do not hesitate to interrupt
+me and ask me questions any time.
+
+And, if you don't understand what I'm saying,
+please stop me, tell me slow down or ask me
+
+any questions you would like to ask me.
+
+There are data probes on the Shuttle.
+
+Major configuration decisions.
+
+And, by the way, you don't see them on the
+Shuttle because they are inside the thermal
+
+protection system.
+
+And they are only sort of turned outwards
+to take data when you get down to about mach
+
+3 and you're through the heating.
+
+Otherwise, they would burn off.
+
+In the approach and landing test they were
+out front.
+
+When we separated from the 747, I am going
+to tell you that story in a minute.
+
+Here are some of the major decisions.
+
+We were going to go with a hydrogen/oxygen
+main engine.
+
+That is one of the system problems you have
+to decide.
+
+Once you decide what kind of engine you are
+going to use, that basically sizes the tankage.
+
+And I will show you that on another chart.
+
+As I said, this size, the liquid oxygen/hydrogen
+tanks are not reusable, and I will make that
+
+point to you a little later on, but once you
+decide what kind of engine you are going to
+
+use, that size of the tank because of using
+the equations of motion you can figure out
+
+how much propellants you need, you get the
+density of the propellant and now you know
+
+what size tank you are going to use.
+
+Yes, sir.
+
+A couple slides back you had said the main
+engines of the Orbiter had to be recovered.
+
+Right.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+It was a separate contract, but it was placed
+inside the Orbiter.
+
+When the Orbiter came back the engines came
+back with it.
+
+Was that your question?
+
+Yes.
+
+For example, the Johnson Space Center was
+responsible for the Orbiter.
+
+And you're going to have the person talk that
+was responsible for the engine, J.R. Thompson.
+
+He was at the Marshall Space Flight Center.
+
+But the engines were installed in the Orbiter
+so the Orbiter brought them back.
+
+Solid rocket boosters provided the additional
+propulsion required to get the Orbiter in
+
+orbit and the solid rocket boosters were designed
+to be recoverable and reused.
+
+Those were some of the system studies that
+led to the configuration.
+
+Yes, sir.
+
+At that period, was there any discussion of
+the environmental impact of solids being used
+
+at 60 flights a year?
+
+Yes there was.
+
+There was quite a bit.
+
+I don't recall the details, but I do know
+there was a lot of work on that many solids
+
+being used.
+
+And I guess we basically put that to rest,
+but there was a lot.
+
+I don't know the details of it.
+
+In fact, that might be a good question.
+
+If you are not here, we will ask J.R.
+
+Thompson because J.R.
+
+should know that.
+
+I met with some of the Russians who worked
+on the Buran which was the Russian comparable
+
+to the Shuttle.
+
+One of the big changes was that they said
+how could the Americans have used solids for
+
+that many flights?
+
+It was studied and actually put to bed, or
+put to rest, should I say?
+
+I don't know the details, but that is a very
+good question.
+
+There are going to be various speakers, as
+I said, and J.R.
+
+should have that answer.
+
+Solid rockets recovered and reused.
+
+Well, some of the things I have said before,
+the Orbiter entry cross-range required delta
+
+wings.
+
+To go 1100 nautical miles cross-range you
+needed delta wings.
+
+Deletion of the air breathing engines for
+moving the Orbiter required the Boeing 747
+
+to carry the Orbiter.
+
+Let me tell you that story.
+
+All of you are very familiar now that when
+we land at Edwards Air Force Space, we put
+
+the Orbiter on top of the 747 and we fly it
+back to Kennedy.
+
+Well, I was the Orbiter Project Manager, I
+became Orbiter Project Manager August of 1972,
+
+and I was having all sorts of problems.
+
+The first thing they did to me was cut my
+budget in half.
+
+The OMB cut my budget in half.
+
+That was the first thing that happened.
+
+And then I just had a lot of problems.
+
+But I had worked on the Apollo Program.
+
+I had a lot of friends in the organization,
+although I was Orbiter Project Manager.
+
+Three of my friends came into the office one
+afternoon, I forget, maybe two or three months
+
+after we started, and said Aaron, we have
+a great idea.
+
+I said what's that?
+
+They said we can put the Orbiter on top of
+a 747 or a DC10 and ferry it back to Kennedy
+
+from Edwards Air Force Base.
+
+We may have to make one or two stops and ferry
+it back.
+
+I look at him for a moment and said that is
+absolutely the dumbest idea I heard in my
+
+life, and I basically threw the people out
+of my office.
+
+And these were my friends.
+
+Well, these people will not take no for answer.
+
+It happened to be they had another very good
+quality.
+
+They were all world-class model airplane builders.
+
+And these guys had won competition all over
+the world, three of them.
+
+So they came back about ten days later.
+
+And I don't know how many of you have seen
+the Johnson Space Center but we have a lot
+
+of acreage out there in Texas.
+
+They said come out, we want to show you something.
+
+They had built a radio controlled model of
+the 747 and an Orbiter and actually flew it
+
+for me and separated the Orbiter from the
+747.
+
+That is how it got started.
+
+And so we eliminated the air breathing engines.
+
+But I remember throwing them out of the office.
+
+Fly-by-wire with a digital autopilot.
+
+Yes, sir.
+
+Are you saying that you had air breathing
+engines and the Orbiter itself would fly back
+
+to Edwards Air Force Base?
+
+That's a good question.
+
+I missed that point.
+
+Let me explain it to you.
+
+That is exactly right.
+
+If you recall, when the Orbiter lands, the
+nose gear is very short.
+
+What we had to do, he asked a very pertinent
+question, we had to actually replace the landing
+
+gear with a different landing gear that caused
+the Orbiter to have an attitude like this.
+
+It wasn't like this.
+
+It was like this.
+
+We put air breathing engines on and took off
+and had to have five in-flight refuelings
+
+to get to California.
+
+Strap on air breathing engines.
+
+And, plus, a different landing gear.
+
+And we took off horizontally.
+
+And five in-flight refuelings to get from
+California to Florida.
+
+And you brought up an important point that
+I left out, that's the reason why we changed
+
+it.
+
+Thank you very much.
+
+And, of course, we went with the fly-by-wire
+with a digital autopilot.
+
+This was a very fundamental change.
+
+The astronauts at that time did not like this
+very much.
+
+Now, when you get all these new pilots in,
+they wouldn't know what you were talking about.
+
+Why not have a fly-by-wire system?
+
+They didn't like it at one time, but we went
+with a fly-by-wire with a digital autopilot.
+
+Even though you are going to have a special
+briefing on the guidance navigation control
+
+system, I am going to talk a little bit more
+in detail about that because that happens
+
+to be my expertise.
+
+So I am going to talk about that a little
+bit in more detail.
+
+Yes, sir.
+
+What does fly-by-wire mean?
+
+It means that you actually have a computer
+which actually controls the surfaces.
+
+Whereas, in past airplanes, your stick actually
+had cables that controlled the surfaces.
+
+So you get a lot more performance.
+
+It is a little bit confusing in the sense
+of a wire.
+
+Don't think of it as a hard wire which is
+like the old type of airplanes where there
+
+was a cable.
+
+When you pulled on the stick there was actually
+a cable that went back to the ailerons and
+
+the rudder and everything.
+
+And, as professor Cohen says, everything now
+has a computer in the middle.
+
+And what you're really doing is flying the
+computer.
+
+And the computer then issues the commands
+to the hydraulic system.
+
+But the Shuttle, I guess, was the first vehicle
+that really had that system.
+
+There were no commercial planes flying with
+that system or military planes flying.
+
+And the real concern was safety and reliability.
+
+Suppose you have a computer problem, what
+are you going to do?
+
+I will talk about that in detail.
+
+That's a good question.
+
+Any other questions.
+
+Those are very good questions.
+
+I appreciate them.
+
+Yes, sir.
+
+Can you just explain cross-range for a moment?
+
+Cross-range.
+
+Realize the Orbiter is a glider so-to-speak.
+
+Not much of a glider but a glider.
+
+And, actually, downrange would be going in
+this direction.
+
+Cross-range would be out of plane direction,
+so you could actually maneuver out of plane.
+
+We have a nice globe here.
+
+I am not going to carry it up to the front
+and I don't have a piece of chalk either.
+
+These are very good questions, by the way.
+
+Thank you very much.
+
+Here is the United State roughly.
+
+This was designed for the military requirements.
+
+They wanted to be able to, for reconnaissance
+satellites, basically, you want to be in polar
+
+orbit because you are going around, let's
+say this is an orbit here, then the earth
+
+turns underneath it, and so you basically
+fly over all parts of the earth.
+
+That was the basic military requirement.
+
+They wanted to be able to launch out of Vandenberg
+on the West Coast into a polar orbit.
+
+And, because of security reasons, this sounds
+a little bit strange when we think back on
+
+it, but in a time of crisis, remember we were
+in the Cold War and everything, you wanted
+
+to be able to put a satellite up without necessarily
+giving the other side a chance to make all
+
+the radar measurements on the Shuttle and
+everything and figure out right away where
+
+the satellite is.
+
+And also there might be hostilities.
+
+The Shuttle was a strategic asset.
+
+So basically they wanted the Shuttle to be
+able to land the very next orbit.
+
+Well, all right, you take off from California,
+you fly over the pole and you deploy your
+
+satellite.
+
+And, by the way, we have never, with all the
+satellites we have deployed, ever deployed
+
+a satellite on the first orbit.
+
+That would be an incredible feat, but that
+was the requirement.
+
+So you fly over the pole, you come back around.
+
+Now you're ready to land in California.
+
+But, during that time, the earth has turned
+by a thousand miles, 24,000 mile circumference
+
+in 24 hours.
+
+Actually, 1500 miles because an orbit is 90
+minutes, 1.5 hours.
+
+Your orbit now would put you right over the
+Pacific Ocean.
+
+If you just burn your engines, slow down and
+come down through the atmosphere, that is
+
+where you are going to land.
+
+So instead, as you're flying through the atmosphere,
+you basically have to come down banked on
+
+your side.
+
+So, essentially, you're generating a lift
+vector.
+
+And, instead of turning your lift vector up,
+you turn your lift vector to the side and
+
+that pushes you over.
+
+And delta wings can generate a higher lift
+vector than the straight wings, and that was
+
+the determining factor.
+
+Very good.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+Well, I think that's right.
+
+Can you address that, Jeff?
+
+My recollection at the time was that even
+coming in over the Pacific, yes, there were
+
+some places where you could land on land but
+it would mean landing in hostile territory,
+
+the Soviet Union or Eastern Europe, and we
+didn't want to do that.
+
+So the cross-range initially was to be able
+to make Australia.
+
+Well, I'm sure that's right.
+
+Certainly, there were landing sites that we
+had all over the world.
+
+It could have been a much smaller cross-range
+if we were willing [OVERLAPPING VOICES].
+
+And, I will say, continue to remind us if
+we don't explain some basic things.
+
+Because we've been dealing with this for so
+long that some of these things just seem like
+
+second-nature.
+
+You weren't even born when the Shuttle started
+flying.
+
+And so the level of backgrounds is going to
+be very different.
+
+We want to bring everybody along with us.
+
+So if there is something that we say the same
+thing, you know, the question about hypergolic
+
+fuel, if we use a term and you don't understand
+it, we will try not to use a lot of acronyms.
+
+I cannot guaranty that the speakers won't
+use acronyms.
+
+Don't be embarrassed to just stop and say
+what does that mean, what are you talking
+
+about?
+
+But, as we go through the course, you are
+going to get more detail, more detail.
+
+For example, you have a total lecture by a
+man named Henry Pole who is going to talk
+
+about the reaction control system.
+
+He will give you all the details you want
+to know about hypergolics and storables, more
+
+than you ever wanted to know.
+
+So you are going to get more details as you
+go through.
+
+But don't hesitate to ask questions because
+it's good for us.
+
+Let me tell you another satellite story.
+
+My wife and I moved to College Station.
+
+My wife was working at a junior college in
+the registrar's office.
+
+She was working with a young lady and Apollo
+13 came out.
+
+Well, Apollo 13 happened to be my first mission
+when I was Manager of Command and Service
+
+Module so I know a little bit about it.
+
+In fact, I am going to give a lecture in Dick
+Batten's course on the 26th on Apollo 13.
+
+But my wife talked to this young lady and
+said I went to see Apollo 13 yesterday.
+
+And she said it was so exciting.
+
+I didn't know how it was going to end.
+
+[LAUGHTER] So it is a frame of reference.
+
+Well, we've talked about this.
+
+The size of the payload bay is 60 feet long
+by 15 feet diameter.
+
+Size of the crew cabin defined to be over
+2600 cubic feet.
+
+The payload, as you know, is 65,000 pounds
+at liftoff, 35 pounds at landing.
+
+And what you need to understand is the Orbiter
+is a launch vehicle, it's a spacecraft and
+
+it's an aircraft.
+
+And when you look at the two different systems,
+I worked on Apollo, as I said, very much and
+
+on the Shuttle, and there is no question that
+the Shuttle is much more complicated than
+
+Apollo.
+
+On the other hand, the Apollo mission is much
+more complicated than the Shuttle mission.
+
+But this is something that makes it very,
+very interesting.
+
+This is a very old chart.
+
+And, in fact, this is the original chart.
+
+It comes out yellow.
+
+This was the original cost estimate and how
+they totaled up the $5.15 billion.
+
+We talked about that.
+
+And that was the very original cost estimate
+done on a cost analyst chart.
+
+There were no personal computers at the time.
+
+In fact, I found that in my files.
+
+That's a very old yellow chart.
+
+It's hard to believe some of those numbers.
+
+On the other hand, I had a gentleman who worked
+for me who got his PhD at the University of
+
+Colorado and his subject was the cost of the
+shuttle Orbiter.
+
+And it turns out that if we had those two
+years of inflation we really would have made
+
+that cost on the $5.15 in 1971 dollars.
+
+It only ran over by about 10%.
+
+That's right.
+
+Let's now talk a little bit about configuration.
+
+I don't know if you can see this chart or
+not.
+
+Now, you might say how did you go from that
+conception in August of 1972 to something
+
+with all these numbers on it?
+
+Now, this is really a case in systems engineering.
+
+And let me explain to you what I mean by that.
+
+Certain assumptions had been made.
+
+One assumption was that in the Orbiter it
+was going to weigh about 175,000 pounds without
+
+payload and you were going to have a 65,000
+pound payload.
+
+You had to make that assumption.
+
+You also had to make an assumption that you
+were going to use a liquid oxygen liquid hydrogen
+
+engine.
+
+And why did you select that?
+
+Today I'm not quite sure it was a good decision,
+but we did.
+
+Why?
+
+Because of specific impulse, the ISP or the
+performance of the engine was the highest
+
+for the liquid oxygen liquid hydrogen chemical
+compulsion that we know today.
+
+So we selected that.
+
+Well, when you use the equations of motion,
+you integrate the equations of motion or any
+
+other techniques you may want to use, you
+then show how much propellant you're going
+
+to need to get that into orbit.
+
+Then you know that liquid hydrogen has a density
+of about 4 pounds per cubic foot, very low
+
+density.
+
+That means this big external tank is mostly
+hydrogen.
+
+It's a very, very big volume.
+
+And liquid oxygen is about 70 pounds per cubic
+foot.
+
+That basically sizes your external tank.
+
+It's a very simplified approach but that systems
+engineering.
+
+You get much iteration because there is an
+old adage that the devil is in the details.
+
+So you keep iterating on that with this expert
+team.
+
+You then say, well, that's still not going
+to be the most efficient way to get you to
+
+orbit.
+
+You say you need really a stage system, so
+you put the solid rocket boosters on.
+
+You don't have what they call a single-stage-to-orbit,
+you really have more like a two-staged orbit
+
+and you size the solid rocket boosters and
+determine when they have to come off.
+
+Basically, that is how you go about doing
+the systems approach using systems engineering
+
+to come up with a configuration.
+
+Now, that is a very over-simplified way of
+doing it, the statement I made, but that's
+
+basically how you do it.
+
+And these are some of the dimensions that
+then come out of the vehicle.
+
+And I think they're in that handout we gave
+you also.
+
+And it looks like I am going to take off.
+
+I did know that this chart tries to lift off
+on me.
+
+I don't know what the best way to do it is.
+
+You can find those dimensions, I believe,
+in that paper that was handed out.
+
+But this shows you all the dimensions of the
+Space Shuttle system, the solid rocket boosters,
+
+the external tank and the Orbiter.
+
+Now, an interesting sideline in this, which
+I got to thinking about after the Columbia
+
+accident where the foam came off.
+
+Of course, the reason why we put foam on was
+because with liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen,
+
+at those temperatures you are going to have
+a lot of ice form.
+
+And when ice forms and comes down and hits
+the Orbiter with the thermal protection system,
+
+I am going to talk about that in more detail,
+you are going to do some damage.
+
+So one solution would be to put foam on the
+tank to eliminate the ice.
+
+And, of course, you would assume that foam
+could stay on the tank.
+
+Another solution would have been to not go
+with the liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen engine
+
+and go with what we call storables.
+
+Of course, they wouldn't have gotten as much
+performance and you probably couldn't put
+
+65,000 pounds of payload into orbit.
+
+But the point of bringing this to you, those
+are some of the decisions, as you go into
+
+various projects, you need to challenge the
+requirements because the requirements are
+
+really going to decide what kind of system
+you are going to have.
+
+That's really the point I wanted to make.
+
+Are there any questions?
+
+Yes.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+That's a good question.
+
+One thought at one time was to put the liquid
+hydrogen tank in the Orbiter and that would
+
+basically isolate it.
+
+You'd put it inside.
+
+Or, put insulation on the inside, as you pointed
+out.
+
+Those were thought about.
+
+The decision, obviously, was not to do it.
+
+I don't recall the reason why.
+
+But, when J.R.
+
+Thomas comes, I will ask him that question.
+
+That is a very good question.
+
+Yes, it was two things.
+
+Could you put some of this propellant inside
+the tank?
+
+And the other is could you put insulation
+inside the tank itself?
+
+And that was looked at.
+
+And I guess it was complicated and very costly
+to do it that way, but it was looked at.
+
+That's a very good question.
+
+By the way, these are very good questions.
+
+One thing, when you look at this external
+tank, only the very upper part is for oxygen
+
+because the density of hydrogen is so low.
+
+I mean all of this part of the tank is for
+hydrogen.
+
+So, to have put all the hydrogen inside the
+Orbiter, you would have a very different looking
+
+Orbiter.
+
+You wouldn't have been able to do it.
+
+But she really said could you put insulation
+inside the tank [OVERLAPPING VOICES].
+
+Any other questions?
+
+But that's basically how the system evolved.
+
+Now, I oversimplified it to quite an extent
+but you have to realize there were a lot of
+
+iterations.
+
+One other key thing, though, when you have
+new systems engineering, you do it in a team.
+
+You usually have different capabilities on
+the team, arrows, mechanical engineers, electrical
+
+engineers, so you have different types of
+disciplines on the systems engineering team
+
+that can help you do that.
+
+And then you have a systems engineer that
+sort of heads it up.
+
+But we're going to concentrate more on the
+Orbiter.
+
+And we have one of the speakers who is going
+to concentrate on the engine and so forth.
+
+That's what the system looked like.
+
+The other thing that is interesting, I think,
+is what the mission profile essentially looked
+
+like.
+
+And this happens to be for STS-5, but this
+is the basic mission profile.
+
+Now, before I start that, let me say this
+gentleman right here has flown that profile
+
+five times.
+
+And so he's done that five times.
+
+He can talk much more about it than I can.
+
+One time, I will tell the story, I'm just
+about tired of hearing it, but when I was
+
+Director of the Johnson Space Center we had
+a lot of visitors.
+
+One time I had Mr.
+
+James Baker, who at that time was Secretary
+of the State, and Eduard Shevardnadze from
+
+Russia who had the same position in Russia
+at the time.
+
+And I took them over to Mission Control as
+a visit and put Mr.
+
+Shevardnadze down in the flight controller
+seat and was going to let him talk to the
+
+crew.
+
+Not knowing that Jeff Hoffman was on duty
+at the time, Edward Shevardnadze spoke in
+
+Russian up to the crew.
+
+And, before the interpreter could answer it,
+down comes this beautiful answer in Russian
+
+from Jeff Hoffman.
+
+So that really floored both Mr.
+
+Baker and Edward Shevardnadze, and me.
+
+That was an interesting story.
+
+Here gives you a little profile of the Shuttle
+mission.
+
+You lift off.
+
+You've reached max dynamic pressure in about
+one minute.
+
+About 3800 feet is where you reach dynamic
+pressure.
+
+You have the SRB sep in about two minutes.
+
+You remember in the Challenger action, I believe
+it happened at about 60 seconds.
+
+But in two minutes you get SRB sep.
+
+And it lands the SRB by parachutes.
+
+You have MECO, which is main engine cutoff.
+
+The main engine cuts off.
+
+And that, to me, is the biggest issue.
+
+When that main engine has to burn for over
+eight minutes that is taking all the propellant
+
+out of that big tank, the liquid oxygen, liquid
+hydrogen firing the main engines.
+
+What's the velocity of the main engine cutoff,
+do you know?
+
+It's within a few hundred feet per second
+of [OVERLAPPING VOICES].
+
+And then you get external tank separation.
+
+The external tank comes down about 9000 miles
+downrange and lands in the Indian Ocean.
+
+Then you use the orbital maneuvering system,
+the OMS engine, the pods on the back of the
+
+Orbiter.
+
+You use that for a very short period of time
+to get into orbit.
+
+Then you have your operations, whatever you're
+going to do, go out and service the Hubble
+
+or whatever.
+
+You de-orbit with the orbital maneuvering
+system engine.
+
+You have entry interface at 400,000 feet.
+
+And why do you pick 400,000 feet?
+
+Because that's where you start sensing gravity.
+
+You get about 0.05 Gs at 400,000 feet.
+
+And then you reenter and land either at Edwards
+or Kennedy.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION].
+
+Yes?
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+Why does it turn?
+
+Yes.
+
+You mean liftoff?
+
+Yes.
+
+Well, that's a very good question.
+
+Let's see if I can repeat that very accurately.
+
+The fact is that we used the Apollo launch
+pad and the ditches for the flame bucket,
+
+where the engine goes.
+
+So, in order to get it to the right alttitude,
+we had to make that maneuver.
+
+You had to make that roll maneuver during
+liftoff.
+
+Is that what you're talking about, the roll
+maneuver during liftoff?
+
+Yes.
+
+We had to make that roll maneuver because
+we weren't in the right orientation.
+
+We had to make the roll maneuver because it
+wasn't oriented correctly on the pad.
+
+Now, let me answer your question.
+
+The Buron was a Russian vehicle.
+
+Well, Dan Brandenstein who was an astronaut
+headed the Astronaut Office saw that the Russians
+
+made this roll maneuver.
+
+And he asked the Russians why they made that
+roll maneuver?
+
+I mean they didn't have to do it, he said,
+because you do.
+
+[LAUGHTER] That's true.
+
+Did you hear that story?
+
+Did I say it correctly?
+
+I think so.
+
+He said because you do.
+
+That is a good question.
+
+There may be one other aspect to it, and that's
+the question of why does the Shuttle actually
+
+fly upside down on the way up?
+
+And I believe the original decision was aerodynamics
+because the thrust is asymmetric.
+
+You have the external tank, and the Shuttle
+is sitting on the external tank, so the thrust
+
+actually has to be through the center of mass
+of the whole system.
+
+So it is actually flying not straight but
+is a little bit screwed.
+
+And, for aerodynamic purposes, I guess they
+figured there was less stress.
+
+Although, recently they've started partway
+through the launch doing another roll maneuver.
+
+And I think that's for communications.
+
+I'm not 100% sure when they started doing
+that again.
+
+I'm not sure either.
+
+But the early part of the launch, when you're
+riding the solids aerodynamically, you go
+
+through max Q you're in much better shape
+if you're upside down.
+
+Yes?
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+Well, to use a big solid rocket booster, it's
+not very efficient.
+
+Many people have studied single-stage-to-orbits.
+
+Let me just ask a question.
+
+I know we've got a mixture of aero-astro and
+TPP, ESD.
+
+Are there people here who have not seen the
+rocket equation?
+
+Everybody.
+
+Well, OK.
+
+That's very important.
+
+Let me just very briefly If you have a rocket
+and you want to increase the velocity of the
+
+rocket, I mean that's a critical thing, by
+a certain delta V, you can take the mass of
+
+the rocket when you start the burn, which
+we call M sub i, the initial mass, and the
+
+final mass.
+
+And, of course, the initial mass equals the
+final mass plus the mass of the propellant.
+
+And that equals an exponential 
+to the negative power of the velocity decrement,
+
+which you're trying to put in, divided by
+the exhaust velocity of the propellant that's
+
+coming out.
+
+Now, this is usually phrased in terms of what
+we call the specific impulse times gravity
+
+because it's done by engineers.
+
+That's right.
+
+So you will hear reference to the specific
+impulse and the units of that are seconds.
+
+But, if you multiply that by the gravitational
+acceleration, it will actually give you the
+
+exhaust velocity.
+
+Because this is in an exponential it is extremely
+sensitive to the exhaust velocity.
+
+Whatever delta V you are trying to get out,
+if you can add a few more seconds to the specific
+
+impulse then the actual mass of propellant
+that you have to burn in order to create that
+
+delta V goes down substantially.
+
+Now, for hydrogen/oxygen, the specific impulse
+is about 450 seconds.
+
+For solid rocket motors, the specific impulse
+is on the order of about 250, something like
+
+that.
+
+That's what I thought it was, about 250.
+
+That's almost a factor of two.
+
+And you put that into an exponent, if you
+try to get into orbit with purely a solid
+
+rocket motor, you need a lot more propellant.
+
+And that means the payload mass you can take
+into orbit is reduced.
+
+That's why, in addition to using hydrogen
+and oxygen, and we will have a lecture specifically
+
+on the main engine, they got every last ounce
+of performance out of it by running it.
+
+You'll hear references to running it at 104%
+abraded thrust, 109% abraded thrust.
+
+And all of these have engineering consequences
+because, in order to increase the exhaust
+
+velocity -- Which, of course, if you do that,
+that's in the denominator so that's going
+
+in the right direction, you have to increase
+the chamber pressure, the temperature and
+
+all of the design problems.
+
+He is going to ask you the question why don't
+you use liquids all the way?
+
+I knew what your question was.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+He is asking why don't you use the liquid
+hydrogen engine all the way rather than using
+
+solid rocket boosters?
+
+Well, first of all, why not just have a bigger
+fuel tank, one big fuel tank and just use
+
+the Shuttle engine?
+
+That's what he's saying.
+
+That would be essentially single-stage-to-orbit.
+
+And I'm not going to spend a lot of time with
+the rocket equation, but the delta V that
+
+you need to get into orbit is, well, orbital
+velocity is just under 8 kilometers per second.
+
+But to that you have to add the gravity loss
+[OVERLAPPING VOICES].
+
+And so the overall delta V is effectively
+about 9 kilometers per second.
+
+If you put that into the equation, you actually
+can get the ratio of the final to the initial
+
+masses.
+
+And even for a hydrogen/oxygen engine you
+can basically almost 95% of the mass sitting
+
+on the launch pad has to be propellant.
+
+Which means that all of your structure can
+only be about 5%.
+
+Now, if we could make super strong, super
+light structures, like an eggshell, then,
+
+in principle, we could get to orbit without
+staging.
+
+Now, the first thing you learn in Rockets
+101 is why you cannot do single-stage-to-orbit.
+
+It is because right now we do not have the
+technology to do that.
+
+Well, see, many people have studied single-stage-to-orbit.
+
+In fact, NASA tried to build one the X-23
+and we failed.
+
+What they say is really what you need is to
+be as smart or as high-tech as an eggshell,
+
+be able to make the structure as thin as an
+eggshell, hold all the fluid in it and have
+
+very low density.
+
+Some day maybe we will do it.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+Basically, by using the boosters or, in a
+more traditional rocket, a first stage, once
+
+you've exhausted the fuel then you drop all
+of that structural mass.
+
+And so, for the second stage, this initial
+mass becomes much lower.
+
+[OVERLAPPING VOICES] The other thing that's
+interesting is that if you go back to Apollo,
+
+during Apollo there were three ways to go
+to the moon.
+
+One was direct.
+
+Von Braun wanted to build a large vehicle
+called the Nova where you actually lifted
+
+off from the Cape and sent the whole vehicle
+right to the moon.
+
+The other was to do earth orbital rendezvous.
+
+And the other way was to do Lunar orbital
+rendezvous like we did.
+
+It turns out that that Nova vehicle had to
+be so big that that was ruled out, so we wound
+
+up with earth orbital rendezvous.
+
+Yes, sir.
+
+How much did the role of geography play in
+the design considerations?
+
+Because just looking at that, I mean, you
+have to have the external tank separate at
+
+a specific [OVERLAPPING VOICES] talking about
+launching in Vandenberg.
+
+Originally we thought about launching out
+of New Mexico.
+
+Actually, when you're doing flight design,
+depending on whether you're going into a due
+
+east launch to go into a 28 degree orbit or
+a high inclination orbit, the placement of
+
+the external tank reentry is a major factor
+in flight design.
+
+We spent a lot of time on that.
+
+And, in fact, often the trajectory has to
+be shaped to be not quite efficient as it
+
+otherwise might be because you have to control
+the landing of the external tank.
+
+But your question is a good one.
+
+I did some consulting for a company, after
+I retired, and we were looking at a commercial
+
+launch vehicle.
+
+And we were trying to launch the vehicle out
+of various places in the United States.
+
+And it's very difficult to get approval because
+of the concerns they had for types of failures
+
+or anything that you're going to do.
+
+Yes, sir.
+
+I'm not sure why I thought this, but I was
+under the impression that the external tank
+
+burned up in the atmosphere.
+
+No.
+
+It didn't hit down.
+
+It breaks up in the atmosphere.
+
+It didn't come down as one big glob.
+
+Some of it burns up, but some of it does get
+back to the ground.
+
+OK.
+
+Is there any talk about a need to clean up
+all that?
+
+Well, they haven't yet.
+
+I'm not an astronaut.
+
+That's mainly aluminum.
+
+Remember, the liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen
+inside evaporate and are non-toxic.
+
+They question that Dr.
+
+Young asked about the solid rocket booster
+environmental problem is a real problem that
+
+had to be solved.
+
+The other problem I had, I worked on trying
+to get the Galileo cleared because it had
+
+a radio thermal nuclear generator on it.
+
+To get that cleared going into orbit is a
+big job.
+
+I worked on that and thought I would never
+finish it, but we finally got it cleared.
+
+But it was a very tough job.
+
+We had RTGs cleared to be launched.
+
+I don't remember specifically all the noxious
+chemicals that come out of the solid rocket
+
+boosters, but it is pretty nasty stuff.
+
+Yeah, it is.
+
+I remember one of my launched, the families
+and guests are taken to a launch site viewing
+
+area about three miles inland from the launch
+pad.
+
+And it just so happened that the wind was
+blowing onshore that day, it was an afternoon
+
+launch, and my brother is a real space nut
+who always liked to watch as the rocket went.
+
+After about seven and a half minutes it just
+sort of disappears over the horizon.
+
+But, after about five minutes, the solid rocket
+exhaust was actually approaching the spectator
+
+area because of the wind blowing in.
+
+And they made everyone get on the buses and
+drove them away so that nobody got injured.
+
+And my brother was really annoyed because
+he didn't want to leave.
+
+If we have time, I would like to talk to you
+a little bit about the Challenger accident,
+
+talk to you about the O ring seal.
+
+I would like to talk to you about that.
+
+I don't want to sweep those things under the
+rug, but I would like to talk to you about
+
+that because I've got my own thoughts on the
+problem that I would like you to hear.
+
+OK.
+
+Any other questions on the mission profile?
+
+Shall we keep going?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Tell you what.
+
+Let's take a two-minute break, stand up and
+turn around.
+
+An hour is a long enough time to sit for a
+bit.
+
+I am assuming that everybody is aware that
+the Russians, at one time, had a space Shuttle
+
+program.
+
+And they manufactured a vehicle which looked
+almost identical.
+
+Not exactly but almost identical.
+
+And it was no accident because they used our
+plans.
+
+They used our thermal protection system, too.
+
+And they only ended up flying it once.
+
+And they actually flew it unmanned.
+
+And, despite a little bit of nail-biting during
+the landing, they did recover it successfully.
+
+And then they discovered, just what we had
+discovered, that it was a lot more expensive
+
+to operate than they had anticipated.
+
+And they had a lot less money than we did.
+
+And so it basically never flew again.
+
+They had crews of cosmonauts who had been
+training to fly the Buran, but there were
+
+actually two differences.
+
+The first was that they put the engines on
+the external tank.
+
+This did two things.
+
+First of all, it did improve the performance.
+
+And also the Russians were turning out engines
+on assembly lines basically.
+
+They turn out a tremendous amount of rocket
+engines.
+
+And I guess, from their point of view, and
+I don't know the details of the performance
+
+of their engine, how their main engine is
+compared to ours, I think they actually had
+
+four engines, if I remember.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+The Orbiter was just a glider, and it was
+no difference.
+
+It was an unpowered glider.
+
+They did learn one thing from us that when
+you have a delta wing vehicle you are very,
+
+very sensitive to the center of mass of the
+system.
+
+And it was a problem because the Orbiter,
+when it flies back through the atmosphere,
+
+it hits the top of the atmosphere at mach
+25 and then flies all the way down to subsonic.
+
+And the control characteristics and stability
+characteristics change throughout that flight
+
+envelope.
+
+And we will have a lecture specifically on
+the aerodynamics of the Shuttle, but it turns
+
+out that the Shuttle is extremely sensitive
+to the forward CG.
+
+And I think it was around the mach 3 flight
+regime, if you're just an inch or two forward
+
+of the critical area in the CG, you can lose
+control.
+
+And so we actually, on many flights, they
+always do a weight and balance on the Shuttle
+
+before a launch, have had to be put lead ballast
+in the aft engine compartment of the Shuttle
+
+just to get the CG far enough back to get
+mach 3 stability.
+
+I hate to tell you how many tons of lead we've
+launched into orbit over the course of the
+
+Shuttle program because of the CG.
+
+And, if you look, the delta wing profile of
+Buran is slight different from the Orbiter
+
+because I guess they learned the lesson.
+
+And so they were not as sensitive to the CG.
+
+But, of course, once you build an Orbiter
+you cannot really change it.
+
+And so we were sort of stuck with it.
+
+To add on, one of the other concerns was having
+the Orbiter with the thrust behind the Orbiter
+
+and this large mass in the tank you could
+get a pogo-type activity.
+
+And so one concept that Max Faget had early
+in the program was to have a swing engine,
+
+actually have the engines fire on the back
+of the tank and then, when you get ready to
+
+separate the tanks, swing the engines back
+into the Orbiter and bring them back into
+
+the Orbiter.
+
+And we threw that out.
+
+That was a little complicated.
+
+You're going to have a discussion on mechanism
+in mechanical systems.
+
+And, mechanisms in mechanical systems, everybody
+can design but everybody has a hard time making
+
+them work.
+
+When you put up an electrical schematic everybody
+accepts it.
+
+When you put up a mechanical drawing of a
+mechanical system everybody has an idea of
+
+how it is supposed to work.
+
+Let's move on.
+
+I've got some pictures now just to show you.
+
+It is showing a profile.
+
+And then, of course, you've seen the vehicle
+when it gets to roll out of the assembly building.
+
+There it is stacked.
+
+And then it's on a crawler.
+
+This crawler basically was used for Apollo,
+and the crawler takes the vehicle out the
+
+pad.
+
+Just one thing so that people notice the difference
+here.
+
+Is anyone familiar enough with Apollo to be
+able to say what the fundamental difference
+
+is with the crawler mechanism here and the
+crawler in the pad?
+
+Well, if you look at the picture of a Saturn
+rocket being rolled on the crawler, the whole
+
+launch tower was on the crawler.
+
+And so they rolled the whole thing out.
+
+With the Shuttle it's a little different.
+
+I will be bringing in some pictures at some
+point to show you some of these details, but
+
+they actually cut off the top part of the
+Saturn launch tower because the shuttle stack
+
+isn't quite as tall.
+
+And they added a movable what's called a payload
+change-out fixture.
+
+And so once the shuttle actually gets on the
+pad, there are actually railroad tracks here.
+
+Is this a better picture of it?
+
+OK.
+
+Yeah.
+
+This whole enclosure rolls over and forms
+a kind of hermetic seal around the shuttle
+
+so that you can open the cargo bay doors which,
+by the way, cannot support their own weight
+
+in one G.
+
+So you have to put an external strong back
+on them.
+
+And, in the meantime, you put the payload
+that is going to be installed, this payload
+
+canister here, that is installed in the change-out
+room.
+
+And then it is swung over, the doors are open,
+the payload is installed in the bay.
+
+And then this forms a protective enclosure
+over the shuttle.
+
+And it is not swung back usually until the
+day before launch.
+
+See, now this is again another detail in systems
+engineering.
+
+You go in for that schematic or that little
+plan form of the Orbiter, and you did iterations
+
+of the size and then you had to do iterations
+of the launch complex, how it was going to
+
+put payloads in.
+
+And that's all systems engineering, certain
+levels of systems engineering.
+
+I mean it's very easy to say, well, we will
+just put the payload in on the pad.
+
+But the actual development of the mechanisms
+to do that is extremely complicated to say
+
+nothing of which, I mean what kind of amazes
+me is that it has to be done essentially in
+
+a clean-room environment.
+
+You're up there crawling around the pad inside
+the payload change-out room in white coats,
+
+bunny suits and gloves on.
+
+And outside the wind is blowing and it could
+be raining.
+
+There is sand blowing by.
+
+So the whole thing has to be done in a clean-room
+environment, but it's on the scale of a naval
+
+shipyard.
+
+This is a huge vehicle.
+
+So it's really a challenge.
+
+Of course, that's one of the reasons, in all
+honesty why the cost per flight has gone up.
+
+The original concept, when Dale Myers was
+Associate Administrator of Manned Space Flight,
+
+the man who spoke to you, I went up to him,
+seeing I was the Orbiter Project Manager.
+
+And we concluded this will be very simple.
+
+We were going to make very standard payloads.
+
+You went, put the payload in, fixed it in,
+we were going to launch it, deploy it, come
+
+back, fail the computer on the pad, we'd go
+anyway, wouldn't replace the computer.
+
+Of course, that all changed.
+
+The missions became very complicated and we
+didn't do that.
+
+That is another important point, though.
+
+You better be sure, when you get to be a project
+manager or manager, you understand your requirements,
+
+understand your customer's need.
+
+But, if the ground rules change, your performance
+is going to change.
+
+So you need to understand that.
+
+Any other point you want to make, Jeff?
+
+Any other questions?
+
+I've just got some other pictures.
+
+Here is the liftoff, as you see, everything
+burning.
+
+Have we had a case where we hit a bird on
+launch?
+
+Yes, I believe we have.
+
+Of course, in the Orbiter windows, one of
+the things we did, I hate to say this, is
+
+fired dead chickens into the window to see
+if you could break the window in the system.
+
+I think we did an aircraft also.
+
+And we actually did, I remember, one simulation
+where in the simulator, right at liftoff,
+
+the instructor came in and threw a rubber
+bird in the commander's lap and said you've
+
+just been incapacitated by a bird strike.
+
+And so the copilot had to take over flying.
+
+You should realize that Kennedy Space Center
+is actually a wildlife sanctuary, and so there
+
+are a lot of birds.
+
+There's a National Wildlife Sanctuary, park
+rangers and a lot of eagles.
+
+There are eagles and a lot of turkey buzzards.
+
+There is a landing strip that is right in
+the middle of the bird sanctuary.
+
+And so often, before the shuttle gets ready
+to come in, they will send planes to sort
+
+of buzz the runway to scare the birds away.
+
+They also had a problem at one point with
+owls.
+
+No, woodpeckers, excuse me.
+
+Woodpeckers were decided that the external
+tank insulation was a good place to find bugs.
+
+It sounds funny, but think of what that actually
+potentially could mean.
+
+They had to go down and had loudspeakers and
+stuffed owls and everything, which they ended
+
+up putting around to scare away the woodpeckers.
+
+These are things, again, which I think the
+original systems engineering never took into
+
+account.
+
+We were worried about F equals MA.
+
+And there is a typical deployment of [OBSCURED],
+if I'm not mistaken, to get the payload into
+
+orbit.
+
+Here is a picture of the crew at their station
+with their CRTs.
+
+And, of course, then you de-orbit.
+
+And this is, of course, not a real picture.
+
+Do I have that right?
+
+This is right.
+
+And then, of course, landing on the runway.
+
+That's a typical profile that we've gone through
+in terms of showing.
+
+Now, let me talk a little bit more about systems
+engineering.
+
+When I took over in August of 1972, we had
+what we called Space Shuttle Orbiter Management
+
+Reviews.
+
+That's North American.
+
+This was one of September 1972.
+
+And I think it might be interesting to look
+at the agenda in September of 1972 what we
+
+were talking about.
+
+And here was the agenda.
+
+I'm not going to go through all the paperwork
+but here was the agenda.
+
+Basic resizing of the vehicle because of certain
+problems we had in the iteration.
+
+Cabin configuration and docking location.
+
+The Space Shuttle main engine interface control
+document.
+
+It turns out interface control documents are
+probably one of the most systems integration
+
+tool because interface control document defines
+how you're going to put the main engine into
+
+the Orbiter.
+
+What is interface?
+
+An interface could be this plug.
+
+If you had a plug in a socket, it would be
+bad if you couldn't plug that in.
+
+But that's an interface.
+
+When you change your tire, if those bolt hole
+patterns don't match you'd be very frustrated.
+
+So that's an interface.
+
+Interfaces can be as simple as that or they
+can be very, very complicated.
+
+And so this was the SSME interface control
+document, how we actually get the main engine
+
+in terms of mechanical propulsion put into
+the Orbiter.
+
+Integrated asset control, abort requirements.
+
+And now we're talking about just procurement,
+RCS and OMS procurement.
+
+The rocket motor's procurement package.
+
+Avionics definition, leading edge TPS and
+emergency risk.
+
+These were some of the problems we started
+talking about.
+
+Now, these are lower level systems engineering
+problems.
+
+But they are systems engineering to make the
+definition of the total launch configuration.
+
+Here is an interesting chart.
+
+This is dollars.
+
+Why this is interesting is you see on this
+chart Rockwell's proposal.
+
+These are $1 million.
+
+$123 million the first year, but when I became
+Orbiter Project Manager that was Rockwell's
+
+proposal.
+
+The first thing they did to me, they told
+me I only had $73 million that year, so I
+
+had to re-phase the whole program.
+
+I had to rephrase the whole program to fit
+the funding curve that the Office of Management
+
+Budget gave me.
+
+This was a major perturbation.
+
+When you do that and you don't get your money
+as the proposal, it comes out to be a cost
+
+increase.
+
+Right away we went a little bit cost increase
+to 4.6, but as you don't get the funding requirements
+
+you then essentially lose your momentum, you
+lose your schedule.
+
+And once you lose schedule you start costing.
+
+As Dr.
+
+Hoffman mentioned, you have the three-ledged
+stool, cost, schedule and performance.
+
+And that is a continual tradeoff as you go
+through a systems engineering program.
+
+And the things you have to look at, the things
+that cause project managers to lose their
+
+job is first you're going to recognize that
+you have a weight increase in the vehicle.
+
+Whatever you build is going to cause to have
+your weight increase.
+
+The next thing you're going to have is a schedule
+slip.
+
+And then, when you put those together, you're
+going to have a cost increase.
+
+And then you're going to have technical problems.
+
+And those are disastrous cases for a project
+manager.
+
+Those are reasons to firing somebody.
+
+Luckily I made it.
+
+I made it because of a man that you are going
+to hear talk, Chris Kraft, because he was
+
+my immediate boss and he ran interference
+for me.
+
+And you're going to hear Dr.
+
+Kraft talk.
+
+He's a good man to have on your side running
+interference for you.
+
+You're going to hear him talk.
+
+He's a great guy.
+
+And he's going to tell you what he thinks.
+
+And he'll tell you what he thinks.
+
+But that's a little bit about cost.
+
+Further systems engineering questions in the
+Orbiter Management Review is Orbiter maximum
+
+wing size.
+
+ATP is our authority to proceed.
+
+Wing size is very important.
+
+You've got to get the aerodynamic model wing
+load squared away.
+
+We said no major line change after program
+requirement is reviewed.
+
+Controlled dry weight was 170,000 pounds including
+margin.
+
+And I don't think we made that, did we?
+
+No, we didn't.
+
+More like 200,000.
+
+No ejection seats on vertical flights.
+
+Top located docking port.
+
+Wing area for landing speeds of 150 knots.
+
+Wing stiffness criteria.
+
+Flutter margins.
+
+Control effectiveness for entry and ferry.
+
+Elevon design concepts.
+
+[OBSCURED] crew cabin.
+
+These were some of the systems engineering
+problems that had to be resolved before you
+
+could start manufacturing.
+
+One of the interesting things, I forgot who
+was head of the astronaut office at the time.
+
+I don't know if it was Brandon Stein.
+
+I don't know who it was.
+
+At which time?
+
+Well, at about the time of the design of the
+Shuttle.
+
+About this time.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+I forgot who I asked, but we were trying to
+get the cockpit laid out.
+
+It was very important to get the cockpit laid
+out.
+
+And I wanted the crew to have their inputs
+on how they wanted the cockpit.
+
+You want the crew to be a part of laying out
+the cockpit.
+
+I called the head of the Astronaut Office
+over and said we need to lay out this cockpit
+
+and you need to come back to me with a decision
+of how you want the cockpit.
+
+He said I cannot do it.
+
+I've got 100 astronauts over there and they
+won't agree.
+
+I said I'll tell you what you do.
+
+You tell them that I will give two weeks and
+then I'm going to do it.
+
+And that really scared them because I didn't
+know anything about laying out a cockpit.
+
+And we had the cockpit laid out.
+
+So that's sometimes how you have to use management
+techniques.
+
+Now we're going to get more into the details
+of what you're going to hear in some detail.
+
+And I'm going to start if off a little bit.
+
+Here are basically the hardware subsystems.
+
+You're going to hear a technical briefing
+on the thermal protection system and the structures.
+
+You will see in your syllabus when that is,
+but you're going to hear a very detailed discussion
+
+of the thermal protection system, the structures
+by Tom Moser who actually did the work.
+
+He was actually what I call my subsystem manager
+on the Shuttle in the early days of the program.
+
+You are going to hear a technical briefing
+on the Space Shuttle main engines and a very
+
+detailed briefly by J.R.
+
+Thompson.
+
+J.R.
+
+Thompson, a little background about him, he
+was Project Manager of the main engine at
+
+Marshall Space Flight Center.
+
+Then he became Director of the Marshall Space
+Flight Center.
+
+Then he was Deputy Administrator at NASA.
+
+Now he is Vice President of Orbital Sciences.
+
+You are going to have a detailed briefing
+on the hydraulic system, the auxiliary power
+
+system, fuel cells, orbital maneuvering system
+and the reaction control systems.
+
+That is going to be by Henry Pohl.
+
+Guidance, navigation and control is going
+to be by Phil Hattis from the Draper Laboratories.
+
+Environment control and life support of the
+crew cabin, that is going to be a man who
+
+is currently working at the Johnson Space
+Center, Walt Guy who actually did this job
+
+for the Apollo.
+
+Most of these people, by the way, did the
+same thing for the Apollo that they did for
+
+Shuttle.
+
+Very similar jobs, so you can ask these people
+about the Apollo program.
+
+Landing and mechanical systems by Al Louviere.
+
+Communications and electrical power we're
+really not going to brief, although we will
+
+talk electrical power when we talk fuel cells,
+but we're not going to really have a discussion
+
+on communications and fuel cells.
+
+And then we're going to have some analytical
+studies on aerodynamics and aerothermodynamics.
+
+These will probably be detailed technical
+discussions when we get into aerodynamics
+
+and aerothermodynamics.
+
+Again, these people did the same on Apollo
+as they did on Shuttle.
+
+That is going to be your details of what you're
+going to see.
+
+What I'd like to do now, with the few minutes
+we have remaining, is talk to you a little
+
+bit and give you a little bit of flavor of
+some of these subsystems, a little bit more
+
+detail than that we've previously given you,
+but not as much detail as you're going to
+
+see.
+
+Let's start off a little bit with the Orbiter
+and just show you what the Orbiter looks like.
+
+And talk a little bit about some of the subsystems
+in the Orbiter.
+
+The forward reaction control systems is up
+in the far nose of the vehicle.
+
+And then you have the reaction control system
+back in what is called the OMS pod, orbital
+
+maneuvering system pod.
+
+You have reaction control systems here and
+here.
+
+That's reaction control systems.
+
+You have your Orbiter maneuvering system back
+in these OMS pods.
+
+Of course, you have the main landing gear
+and the nose landing gear.
+
+The wing, faring and the leading edge, which
+is the carbon material.
+
+This wing edge is carbon material.
+
+And the side hatch.
+
+And the overhead windows.
+
+And then the side windows and the far windows.
+
+The payload bay doors are made out of graphite
+epoxy.
+
+They were originally made out of aluminum.
+
+We made it out of graphite epoxy because of
+the weight growth.
+
+We could say quite a bit of weight if we went
+from aluminum to graphite epoxy.
+
+That was the largest, probably at that time,
+composite material used in an airplane.
+
+It was made out of graphite epoxy.
+
+And then the main engines, of course, are
+in the aft end of the Orbiter.
+
+And then you have the vertical tail stabilizer.
+
+And, of course, you've got your elevons.
+
+And you've got the body flap.
+
+The body flap was actually put on originally
+to deflect some of the heat from the engine,
+
+but it actually turned out to be a control
+surface also.
+
+It actually turned out to be both the focus
+of a control surface.
+
+That's sort of the layout.
+
+And you can visualize where you use these
+systems, these active systems.
+
+The reaction control system is used primarily
+in orbit getting ready to de-orbit.
+
+The OMS is used to help you get into orbit
+and get out of orbit or maneuvering you want
+
+to do.
+
+The body flaps and the elevons are actually
+used primarily during entry, a little big
+
+during assent, during entry.
+
+We do use the RCS system a little bit during
+entry.
+
+In the high altitude of entry you use the
+RCS system, but eventually during entry the
+
+load just becomes so high the RCS system or
+reaction control system does not become very
+
+effective.
+
+I guess that's about all I want to say.
+
+Any questions on that?
+
+Yes, sir.
+
+I was wondering why the nose gear was so short.
+
+Well, it actually saves weight making it shorter.
+
+It was easier to put in and it saved weight.
+
+And I think also when you land, by having
+the nose down you actually have an aerodynamic
+
+force pushing the Orbiter down on the runway
+which increases your stability.
+
+And since you don't have to worry about eventually
+taking off.
+
+Like Professor Cohen said, if they had wanted
+the Shuttle to be able to take off horizontally
+
+from the runway they would have had to raise
+the nose.
+
+Yes, sir.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+Well, when you say under-designed, I mean
+I would call it a minimum design.
+
+I mean if it were under-designed it would
+break.
+
+I mean there are landing limits.
+
+As I said, for a planned nominal landing,
+and you have to realize there are different
+
+kinds, there are emergency limits and limits
+for nominal operations, you can take off with
+
+65,000 pounds.
+
+That means if you have a launch abort and
+you have to return and land with your payload,
+
+you will be landing with 65,000 pounds.
+
+But you don't plan to do that.
+
+That's a one off deal.
+
+If you're planning to do it, it means you
+can do it over and over again and then the
+
+limit is 35,000 pounds.
+
+They don't build it like a Navy carrier landing
+airplane, I will tell you that.
+
+Not just landing gear, I found the tires are
+just really small.
+
+The tires are small.
+
+They have no treads either.
+
+And the brakes were small.
+
+Actually, the original brakes were under-designed
+and we kept having brake failures.
+
+In fact, I took the drag shoots off and then
+we put them back on.
+
+I took them off because of weight and put
+them back on.
+
+Tires are very interesting.
+
+We're going to have a very detailed discussion
+on tires, but tires are very, very complicated.
+
+You think by putting more plies on the tires
+you make it stronger, but not necessarily
+
+because when you cycle them they got hot and
+the more plies tend to hold the heat in and
+
+weakens the tire.
+
+Tires are not a very simple thing to design.
+
+They are only used once then.
+
+No.
+
+I think we used these tires, I think, five
+times, or could use them up to five times.
+
+The brakes are used five times.
+
+I don't know about the tires.
+
+I don't know.
+
+Let me talk about weight and margin.
+
+Let me go back to Apollo.
+
+We had Apollo designed.
+
+And we found that on the Lunar module taking
+off from the Lunar surface it was too heavy.
+
+We couldn't lift off.
+
+The engines were already built, the tanks
+were already sized and we couldn't get off
+
+the Lunar surface.
+
+And that's not a very good deal.
+
+The astronauts didn't like that too well.
+
+George Low was the program manager at the
+time.
+
+We were spending, in those year dollars, $24,000
+a pound to get weight out of the Lunar module.
+
+And they scraped, they did everything they
+could to get any [OVERLAPPING VOICES].
+
+You're basically offering them $24,000 for
+every pound that they could scrub out because
+
+we couldn't resize the engine.
+
+The engine was there.
+
+They were literally in there with emery cloth
+shaving down the aluminum from the inside.
+
+So weight can be very critical.
+
+I don't think most people realize how close
+the margins were there.
+
+I mean the Lunar module was only certified
+for, I think, five pressurizations.
+
+And then it was beyond its structure limits.
+
+My statement to many people is the next time
+we go to the moon we are going to find out
+
+how hard it really was because, to tell you
+the truth, we went to the moon with one computer
+
+in the service module and one computer in
+the Lunar module.
+
+Excuse me.
+
+We did have two computers in the Lunar module.
+
+We had the MIT computer and then we had a
+strap-down system built by TRW.
+
+That's an interesting point.
+
+I think somebody asked the question last time.
+
+Let me talk about the aft end of the Orbiter
+a little bit because we did not have CAD/CAM
+
+systems at the time.
+
+And let me show you some pictures taken.
+
+I don't know what vehicle it is, but that's
+the aft end of the Orbiter.
+
+That's where the big engines go into.
+
+This looks like it is going to take off.
+
+If you crawled in the back of the aft end
+of the Orbiter there is plumbing, there is
+
+wiring, there is structure.
+
+Now, had we had computer-aided design at that
+time, I am convinced we would have a much
+
+neater, better design than we have today.
+
+We had to mark everything up.
+
+We marked it up and we changed it.
+
+People bumped their heads on it.
+
+If you go to the aft end of the Orbiter you'd
+wonder how they can do anything, but that
+
+was done because we did not have computer-aided
+design.
+
+Like airplanes now have virtual markups.
+
+You can actually build a virtual markup right
+on your computer.
+
+We didn't have any of that.
+
+And this, again, is just to show you what
+the crew module looks like in a structural
+
+point of view.
+
+That was the pressure vessel.
+
+That's basically a pressure vessel going together.
+
+And there were the windows.
+
+But the thing that's interesting about that,
+it had very intricate welding techniques.
+
+And these techniques were very good and actually
+proved to be a very, very satisfactory design
+
+in a pressure vessel.
+
+I would like to now talk a little bit about
+a couple of subsystems that you're going to
+
+hear much more detail about.
+
+But now venture into some systems and tell
+you a little bit about them.
+
+It's probably going to be the thermal protection
+system and the guidance and navigation system.
+
+I will talk to you a little bit about that.
+
+Here is an old chart that shows, now, unfortunately
+I use English units, maximum heat rate and
+
+BTUs per foot second squared, integrated heat
+load and radiative equilibrium temperature.
+
+And then you see the Apollo return as number
+four.
+
+And the Apollo design was about 100 BTUs per
+foot squared integrated heat load, if I read
+
+the chart right, and a heat flux of about
+300 BTUs per foot squared second with a radiative
+
+equilibrium temperature of about a little
+over 5000 degrees Fahrenheit.
+
+On Apollo that was our baseline.
+
+We used an ablative head shield.
+
+Now, the ablative heat shield has a density
+of about 130 to 140 pounds per cubic foot
+
+and is not reusable.
+
+On the Shuttle it was about 40,000 BTUs per
+foot squared integrated heat load and 50 BTUs
+
+per foot squared second for heat flux with
+a radiative equilibrium temperature of about
+
+3000 degrees Fahrenheit.
+
+Now, at that point of time we had to come
+down from our baseline knowledge of an ablative
+
+material to what we could use and make it
+reusable and light.
+
+And there were several competitors at the
+time.
+
+One was a metal insulation, Rene-41, I believe,
+shingle-type material, very thin, very high
+
+temperature, and it had pretty low density.
+
+And then, of course, there was the ceramic
+material or the so-called tiles which was
+
+basically a ceramic material.
+
+It is made out of silica.
+
+In fact, interesting enough, it's made out
+of what we call gopher sand that comes from
+
+Minnesota.
+
+Why is it gopher sand?
+
+I'm not quite sure, but it's got a very high
+pure silica content.
+
+And you make it into a mulch and then you
+actually bake it and it comes out in these
+
+tiles.
+
+And, of course, tiles sometimes are hard to
+bond to the vehicle.
+
+How many people knew the tiles were hard to
+stay on the vehicle?
+
+Well, I was the Orbiter Project Manager and
+my home town is San Antonio, Texas.
+
+We would go back to San Antonio to visit my
+family.
+
+My little old aunts would say their nephew
+is in charge of the shuttle program and he
+
+was having trouble making the tiles stay on
+the vehicle.
+
+They couldn't understand that because they
+had tiles in their kitchen and their bathroom
+
+and had no trouble at all having those tiles
+stay.
+
+So they couldn't understand why I was having
+so much trouble having the tiles stay on the
+
+vehicle.
+
+We had a problem.
+
+What would we use?
+
+There were two competitions on it.
+
+One was the competition from two of the research
+centers.
+
+The Langley Research Center wanted to go with
+the metallic version and the Ames Research
+
+Center wanted to go with the ceramic version.
+
+And at JSC we're trying to figure out which
+one to go with, and we decided to go with
+
+the ceramic version.
+
+Of course, Tom Moser is going to give us some
+detail because Tom was the guy really in charge
+
+of it.
+
+But just to give you a little background,
+and he'll go into more details of it, 
+
+the problem we had with the tiles 
+is that when you bonded the tiles, of course,
+
+they were basically a ceramic material.
+
+Forget about this layer called densified for
+a moment.
+
+When you bonded the tiles to the room temperature
+vulcanizing material, which is basically a
+
+high temperature glue, to the strained isolator
+pad, you got stress risers set up and the
+
+tile became very weak.
+
+It broke really at the bond line of the tile
+because it became very weak.
+
+The stress risers were such that because it
+was ceramic it broke at the interface.
+
+We had one very cleaver engineer that saved
+my day because tiles were falling off and
+
+I couldn't get the vehicle built.
+
+He said if we densified below a quarter of
+an inch of the tiles, and tiles could be anywhere
+
+from two inches to four inches thick, and
+by that I mean put liquid glass inside that
+
+tile, the bottom became like really a hard
+surface, no stress riser, you could bond it
+
+like this and basically have the inherent
+strength of the tile.
+
+It no longer broke at the bond line, it broke
+at the tile, which had a very high load.
+
+So, after we did that, we really did solve
+the tile problem to a large extent.
+
+That was the day we really solved the tile
+problem, but I remember this so distinctly
+
+that we were doing all these tests and all
+these analyses and all of a sudden they called
+
+me one day and said Aaron, we're just doing
+a very simple flat-wise tension test and tiles
+
+were just coming off the vehicle.
+
+So that is what saved the day.
+
+I think it's another good example of problems
+in system engineering if you just leave it
+
+there for a moment.
+
+Sure.
+
+We worked so hard figuring out how to make
+these tiles, and they are extraordinary.
+
+You can take one of these tiles, put one side
+of it into a kiln, heat it red hot and you
+
+can hold the other side of it in your fingers.
+
+I mean that's how good the insulation is.
+
+And I guess everybody just sort of figured
+we know how to glue things on.
+
+You brought up another very good point that
+I left out.
+
+The problem is we spent so much time figuring
+out the efficiency of the tiles to do the
+
+thermal protection.
+
+In other words, this is fantastic tile.
+
+It weighs about like balsawood, so it is anywhere
+from 10 to 12 pounds per cubic foot compared
+
+to 130 pounds per cubic foot.
+
+It can take the higher temperature ablative
+material and be reused.
+
+So it answered all the questions we had about
+thermal protection.
+
+What we didn't do, though, was figure out
+how we're going to attach it to the vehicle.
+
+But everybody, I think, just assumed, I mean
+it's almost like your relatives, we glue tiles
+
+in the bathroom all the time.
+
+Anybody can glue stuff onto something else.
+
+But we really did a bad job.
+
+In fact, that's an example I use in my course
+at A&M.
+
+We come up with a function structure.
+
+What functions does this have to perform?
+
+Well, it doesn't actually have to thermally
+protect the vehicle.
+
+It has got to stay on.
+
+And we forgot about the staying on part.
+
+We talked about the thermal protection part.
+
+And this thing is so good, its thermal diffusivity
+is so good that, like Professor Hoffman says,
+
+you could get the surface temperature to 2000
+degrees Fahrenheit and hold it in the palm
+
+of your hand.
+
+And so it turned out it was a very, very good
+solution but we almost blew the day by not
+
+coming up with this design.
+
+Why does it have to be individual tiles rather
+than big long panels?
+
+Well, because of the coefficient expansion.
+
+Now, that's the point of this strain isolation.
+
+And it's another interface problem which is
+part of the system's engineering.
+
+The structure of the shuttle is aluminum.
+
+Thermally, it expands and contracts by several
+inches every time you go from night to day.
+
+I mean the Orbiter, we've done these measurements.
+
+One side of the Orbiter is pointed towards
+the sun.
+
+The other side is cold.
+
+The Orbiter actually bananas by a couple of
+degrees.
+
+And they did thermal tests in some of the
+orbital flight tests where the payload bay,
+
+the clearances could change by a couple of
+inches depending on the thermal conditions
+
+and designing mechanisms to latch them closed
+with those tolerances.
+
+So the orbiter is flexible and expands and
+contracts as a metal.
+
+The tiles don't.
+
+They are rigid.
+
+And so, if you have too large a tile area,
+the aluminum is going to bend under it and
+
+the tiles will crack.
+
+And even with the small tiles, between the
+aluminum and the tile there is this strain
+
+isolation pad.
+
+This of it as sort of like a felt type material.
+
+It kind of eases the interface between the
+two.
+
+And, of course, if you look at the tile installation
+on the vehicle, in between the tiles, remember
+
+on the last mission we went EVA to fix the
+gap fillers between each one of those tiles
+
+mainly for problems during liftoff to keep
+the tiles from vibrating and damaging each
+
+other.
+
+And those gap fillers, I'm not concerned about
+going EVA to fix it.
+
+Well, on the other hand, once you see the
+problem you cannot let it go so you've got
+
+to do something about it.
+
+They went EVA and pulled the gap fillers out,
+but those are the tile installations.
+
+But your question is a very pertinent one.
+
+Why are there so many?
+
+And that's the reason, because of the coefficient
+expansion.
+
+Then you put gap fillers in between those
+tiles to keep it from damaging during liftoff.
+
+It does turn out that one of our biggest concerns
+is going to be how fragile the tiles were.
+
+And they really turned out to be a pretty
+good system.
+
+We were concerned about losing a tile and
+then getting heat and having an unzippering
+
+effect where you lose a bunch of tiles.
+
+And we really alleviated that problem.
+
+I will tell you another funny story.
+
+This is probably not so funny but it was a
+story anyway.
+
+I've forgotten what mission it was but these
+tiles are actually waterproof.
+
+We actually put Scotchgard on them because
+the waterproofing is in the tile.
+
+And after a certain mission the waterproofing
+boils out so we had to waterproof the tile.
+
+STS-4 was the hailstorm.
+
+That was the first one where they recognized
+the problem.
+
+Well, anyway, Rockwell International was my
+contractor.
+
+The head engineer at Rockwell was a brilliant
+guy, but he ran a test where he put a densified
+
+tile panel in a bucket of this Scotchgard
+or this rain repellant material.
+
+And he called me about 11:00 at night.
+
+And I was getting ready to go in because we
+were [OBSCURED].
+
+We just ran this test and all the tiles came
+off.
+
+I said what do you want me to do with that
+information?
+
+We're getting ready to back the de-orbit burn.
+
+I mean they were coming down.
+
+I said what do you want me to do?
+
+I said that was sort of a dumb test, wasn't
+it?
+
+I said is that what happened on the vehicle?
+
+Did you actually put the tiles in a bucket
+of water repellent material?
+
+He said no.
+
+I said that's a dumb test.
+
+I took it upon myself, after talking to the
+man you're going to hear, Tom Moser, what
+
+do we do with it?
+
+We didn't tell anybody.
+
+Now, I took a big risk on that.
+
+But what could you do about it?
+
+There was absolutely nothing you could do
+about it on that test.
+
+So that's an interesting case in discretionary
+project management.
+
+But you will hear more.
+
+Let me just mention the question of waterproofing
+because, again, that was something that I
+
+think at first slipped through the systems
+engineering.
+
+And it was the fourth shuttle flight STS-4.
+
+I was down at the Cape for some other activity.
+
+The night before a launch they had rolled
+back the payload change-out room, the whole
+
+shuttle was exposed.
+
+Well, a thunderstorm with hail came through,
+and it pelted the bottom of the shuttle.
+
+There were pox marks all over it.
+
+And, of course, it was raining.
+
+And people realized that the tiles actually
+were absorbing material.
+
+The outside of the tile is kind of impervious,
+but once you crack that the rain can get in.
+
+And they actually brought a tile expert down
+from the Cape and did some calculations.
+
+It was an early flight so we didn't have a
+maximum payload luckily because we ended up
+
+carrying, they figured, probably a few hundred,
+many over a thousand pounds of water into
+
+orbit.
+
+And there was so much water in the tiles that
+the orbital dynamicists were able to measure
+
+the perturbation of the Shuttle's orbit because
+of all of the water that was evaporating.
+
+And, of course, it was evaporating from the
+bottom so that it effectively was asymmetrical
+
+and had a propulsive force.
+
+And after that was when they came up with
+the idea of Scotchgarding.
+
+And, if you look closely at each of the tiles,
+there's a little hole where every tile before
+
+every flight they go through with a hypodermic
+syringe and just inject a little bit of Scotchgard.
+
+And think how critical it is.
+
+You've got over 30,000 tiles.
+
+If you add one ounce to every tile, you do
+the math, that's a lot of extra weight.
+
+So you want to put in as little as possible
+Scotchgard but enough to do the job.
+
+This might be a very good subject for you
+to decide to redesign.
+
+You might think about what are the technologies,
+what are the differences, how would you do
+
+it differently because their technology has
+changed.
+
+That's why I brought this one up.
+
+And you will hear a much more detailed discussion
+by Tom Moser, but you might think about this
+
+as one of the subsystems to look at.
+
+I guess that's all for today.
+
+OK.
+
+We will see you on Thursday.
\ No newline at end of file
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh today what we're going to do is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh today what we're going to do is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh today what we're going to do is uh
+first introduce this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first introduce this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first introduce this idea of
+oscillations, why it might be useful. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations, why it might be useful. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations, why it might be useful. A
+fair amount of uh the day will be spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount of uh the day will be spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount of uh the day will be spent
+discussing this paper by Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing this paper by Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing this paper by Michael
+Ellawitz and Stan Ller uh that you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellawitz and Stan Ller uh that you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellawitz and Stan Ller uh that you read
+over the last few days which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last few days which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last few days which was the
+first kind of experimental uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first kind of experimental uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first kind of experimental uh
+demonstration that you could take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration that you could take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration that you could take these
+random components put them together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random components put them together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random components put them together and
+generate an oscilly gene network and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate an oscilly gene network and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate an oscilly gene network and uh
+and then and finally it's likely we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and finally it's likely we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and finally it's likely we're
+going to run out of time around here. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run out of time around here. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run out of time around here. Um
+but if we if we have time we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we if we have time we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we if we have time we'll talk
+about uh other oscillator designs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh other oscillator designs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh other oscillator designs in
+particular these relaxation oscillators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular these relaxation oscillators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular these relaxation oscillators
+that uh are both uh kind of robust and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh are both uh kind of robust and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh are both uh kind of robust and
+tunable. if we um it's likely we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunable. if we um it's likely we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunable. if we um it's likely we're
+going to uh discuss this on on Tuesday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh discuss this on on Tuesday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh discuss this on on Tuesday.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, I I I want to start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, I I I want to start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, I I I want to start by
+just thinking about uh other oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thinking about uh other oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thinking about uh other oscillator
+designs. U but before we get into that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs. U but before we get into that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs. U but before we get into that,
+it's worth just asking a question. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth just asking a question. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth just asking a question. You
+know, why is it that we might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, why is it that we might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, why is it that we might want to
+design an oscillator? You know, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design an oscillator? You know, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design an oscillator? You know, what
+what what do we like about oscillations?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do we like about oscillations?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do we like about oscillations?
+Any uh well, does anybody like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any uh well, does anybody like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any uh well, does anybody like
+oscillations? And if so, why?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations? And if so, why?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations? And if so, why?
+Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes,
+you can make clocks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make clocks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make clocks.
+Clocks are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clocks are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clocks are really
+perfect. Yes. All right. So, right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect. Yes. All right. So, right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect. Yes. All right. So, right the
+the two-part answer, right? You can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two-part answer, right? You can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two-part answer, right? You can make
+clocks and clocks are useful. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks and clocks are useful. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks and clocks are useful. All right.
+Okay. So, this is a fine a fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, this is a fine a fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, this is a fine a fine
+statement. Uh, right. So, so oscillators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement. Uh, right. So, so oscillators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement. Uh, right. So, so oscillators
+are kind of the basis for timekeeping.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of the basis for timekeeping.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of the basis for timekeeping.
+And indeed, uh, you know, classic, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And indeed, uh, you know, classic, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And indeed, uh, you know, classic, uh,
+classic ideas of clocks like a pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic ideas of clocks like a pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic ideas of clocks like a pendulum
+clock, right? The idea is that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock, right? The idea is that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock, right? The idea is that you have
+this thing. It's kind of going back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing. It's kind of going back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing. It's kind of going back and
+forth and each time that it goes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and each time that it goes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and each time that it goes it
+allows some winding mechanism to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows some winding mechanism to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows some winding mechanism to move
+and that that's what the clock is based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's what the clock is based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's what the clock is based
+on right and even modern clocks based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right and even modern clocks based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right and even modern clocks based on
+some sort of oscillator dynamic. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of oscillator dynamic. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of oscillator dynamic. It
+might be at very high frequency but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be at very high frequency but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be at very high frequency but uh
+in any case the basic idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case the basic idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case the basic idea of
+oscillations as a mechanism for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations as a mechanism for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations as a mechanism for
+timekeeping is uh is is why we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timekeeping is uh is is why we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timekeeping is uh is is why we really
+care about it. Of course just from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about it. Of course just from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about it. Of course just from a
+dynamical systems perspective we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical systems perspective we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical systems perspective we also
+like oscillations because it's uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oscillations because it's uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oscillations because it's uh well
+because they're interesting from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're interesting from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're interesting from a
+dynamical standpoint. And therefore we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical standpoint. And therefore we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical standpoint. And therefore we'd
+like to know how we might be able to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know how we might be able to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know how we might be able to to
+make them. Right? Does anybody uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them. Right? Does anybody uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them. Right? Does anybody uh can
+anybody offer an example of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody offer an example of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody offer an example of an
+oscillator in a gene network in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator in a gene network in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator in a gene network in real
+life? Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life? Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life? Yes.
+The circadian oscillator. That's right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The circadian oscillator. That's right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The circadian oscillator. That's right.
+So uh the idea there is that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh the idea there is that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh the idea there is that there's a
+gene network within many organisms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene network within many organisms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene network within many organisms that
+actually keeps track of the daily cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually keeps track of the daily cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually keeps track of the daily cycle
+and indeed is entrained by the daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed is entrained by the daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed is entrained by the daily
+cycle. Right? So of course uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle. Right? So of course uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle. Right? So of course uh the
+dayight cycle that's an oscillator. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dayight cycle that's an oscillator. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dayight cycle that's an oscillator. It's
+on its own and it goes without us as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own and it goes without us as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own and it goes without us as
+well. But it's often useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. But it's often useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. But it's often useful for
+organisms to be able to keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms to be able to keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms to be able to keep track of
+where in the course of the day it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in the course of the day it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in the course of the day it might
+be, right? Even in Yeah. And and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be, right? Even in Yeah. And and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be, right? Even in Yeah. And and and the
+amount of light that the organism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of light that the organism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of light that the organism is
+getting at this particular moment might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting at this particular moment might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting at this particular moment might
+not be a faithful indicator of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be a faithful indicator of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be a faithful indicator of how much
+light there will be available in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light there will be available in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light there will be available in an
+hour, right? Because it could just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour, right? Because it could just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour, right? Because it could just be
+that there's a cloud crossing in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a cloud crossing in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a cloud crossing in front
+of the sun, right? And you don't want as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sun, right? And you don't want as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sun, right? And you don't want as
+an organism to think that it's night and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organism to think that it's night and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organism to think that it's night and
+then you shut down all that machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you shut down all that machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you shut down all that machinery
+because after that cloud passes, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after that cloud passes, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after that cloud passes, you
+want to be able to get going again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to get going again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to get going again,
+right? So it's often useful for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So it's often useful for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So it's often useful for an
+organism to to know that uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism to to know that uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism to to know that uh you know
+kind of where in the morning night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of where in the morning night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of where in the morning night
+evening cycle one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening cycle one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening cycle one is
+uh and uh we will not be talking too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh we will not be talking too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh we will not be talking too
+much about the circadian oscillators in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the circadian oscillators in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the circadian oscillators in
+this class although I would say that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class although I would say that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class although I would say that if
+to degree which you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to degree which you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to degree which you're interested in
+oscillations I I strongly encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations I I strongly encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations I I strongly encourage you
+to look up that literature because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look up that literature because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look up that literature because it's
+really uh it's really beautiful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh it's really beautiful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh it's really beautiful in
+particular in some of these some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in some of these some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in some of these some of
+these oscillators it's been demonstrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these oscillators it's been demonstrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these oscillators it's been demonstrated
+you can get the oscillations uh in vitro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the oscillations uh in vitro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the oscillations uh in vitro
+i.e E outside of the cell even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e E outside of the cell even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e E outside of the cell even in the
+absence of any gene expression. In some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of any gene expression. In some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of any gene expression. In some
+cases, you can still get oscillations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases, you can still get oscillations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases, you can still get oscillations of
+just those protein components in a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just those protein components in a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just those protein components in a test
+tube. This was uh this was quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube. This was uh this was quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube. This was uh this was quite a
+shocking discovery when it was uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking discovery when it was uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking discovery when it was uh when
+it was first published.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was first published.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was first published.
+But we want to we want to start out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we want to we want to start out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we want to we want to start out with
+some some simpler ones, right? In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some simpler ones, right? In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some simpler ones, right? In
+particular, I I want to start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, I I want to start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, I I want to start by
+thinking about um just auto u auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about um just auto u auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about um just auto u auto
+repression, right? So if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression, right? So if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression, right? So if you have an
+auto regulatory loop where uh some gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto regulatory loop where uh some gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto regulatory loop where uh some gene
+is repressing itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is repressing itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is repressing itself
+okay uh the question is uh you know does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the question is uh you know does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the question is uh you know does
+this thing oscillate right and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing oscillate right and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing oscillate right and indeed
+it's reasonable that it might right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reasonable that it might right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reasonable that it might right
+because we can construct a verbal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can construct a verbal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can construct a verbal
+argument right starts out high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument right starts out high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument right starts out high
+then it should repress itself so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it should repress itself so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it should repress itself so you get
+less new x being made so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less new x being made so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less new x being made so the
+concentration falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration falls
+okay maybe I'm gonna I'll I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe I'm gonna I'll I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe I'm gonna I'll I'll give you
+a plot to add to it, right? A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plot to add to it, right? A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plot to add to it, right? A
+concentration of X is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of X is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of X is a function of
+time. You can imagine just starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. You can imagine just starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. You can imagine just starting
+somewhere high, right? That means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere high, right? That means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere high, right? That means it's
+repressing expression. So, it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing expression. So, it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing expression. So, it's going to
+fall, but then well, once it falls too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall, but then well, once it falls too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall, but then well, once it falls too
+much, then all of a sudden, okay, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much, then all of a sudden, okay, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much, then all of a sudden, okay, well,
+we're not repressing ourselves anymore.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not repressing ourselves anymore.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not repressing ourselves anymore.
+So, maybe then we get more expression.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, maybe then we get more expression.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, maybe then we get more expression.
+More of this X is being made, so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+More of this X is being made, so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+More of this X is being made, so it
+should come back up. All right. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come back up. All right. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come back up. All right. And
+then, oh, okay, now we're back where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then, oh, okay, now we're back where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then, oh, okay, now we're back where we
+started. Okay. So, this is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. Okay. So, this is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. Okay. So, this is totally
+reasonable. Totally reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable. Totally reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable. Totally reasonable
+statement. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, I I don't know. I mean, I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I I don't know. I mean, I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I I don't know. I mean, I didn't
+introduce any damping and here, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce any damping and here, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce any damping and here, you
+know, the amplitude is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the amplitude is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the amplitude is the same
+everywhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I I'm
+what I I guess what I'm really trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I I guess what I'm really trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I I guess what I'm really trying to
+say is that just because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that just because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that just because you can
+construct a verbal argument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a verbal argument that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a verbal argument that
+something happens does not mean that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happens does not mean that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happens does not mean that a
+particular equation is going to do that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular equation is going to do that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular equation is going to do that,
+right? The part of the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The part of the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The part of the value of
+equations is that they force you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is that they force you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is that they force you to be
+explicit about all the assumptions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit about all the assumptions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit about all the assumptions that
+you're making, right? And then then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making, right? And then then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making, right? And then then what
+you can do is you can ask well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is you can ask well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is you can ask well you know
+a given equation is a man is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given equation is a man is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given equation is a man is a
+mathematical manif manifestation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical manif manifestation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical manif manifestation of the
+assumptions you're making right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions you're making right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions you're making right and then
+you can ask does that oscillate right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask does that oscillate right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask does that oscillate right?
+Yes. No. And then say, okay, well, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. No. And then say, okay, well, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. No. And then say, okay, well, what
+would we need to change in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we need to change in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we need to change in order to
+introduce oscillations, right? And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce oscillations, right? And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce oscillations, right? And um
+I'll just Okay, so this is this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just Okay, so this is this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just Okay, so this is this is you
+know this is definitely an oscillation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is definitely an oscillation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is definitely an oscillation.
+The question is, you know, should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The question is, you know, should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The question is, you know, should you
+find this argument that I just gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this argument that I just gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this argument that I just gave you
+convincing and and and what I'm I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing and and and what I'm I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing and and and what I'm I guess
+about to say is that um you shouldn't.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to say is that um you shouldn't.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to say is that um you shouldn't.
+But then we we need to be kind of clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then we we need to be kind of clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then we we need to be kind of clear
+about what's going on and why. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on and why. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on and why. All
+right. And uh and and just because yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And uh and and just because yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And uh and and just because yeah,
+just because you can make a verbal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you can make a verbal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you can make a verbal
+argument for something doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for something doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for something doesn't mean that
+it actually exists. I mean that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually exists. I mean that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually exists. I mean that that's a
+guide to how you might want to formalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to how you might want to formalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to how you might want to formalize
+your thinking, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thinking, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thinking, right?
+And in particular, the the simplest way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in particular, the the simplest way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in particular, the the simplest way
+to think about oscillations or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about oscillations or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about oscillations or that
+might be induced in this situation would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be induced in this situation would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be induced in this situation would
+be to just say all right well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to just say all right well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to just say all right well the
+simplest model that we have for uh auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest model that we have for uh auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest model that we have for uh auto
+an auto regulatory loop that's negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an auto regulatory loop that's negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an auto regulatory loop that's negative
+is we say okay well there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we say okay well there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we say okay well there's some
+we have some say some alpha 1 + protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some say some alpha 1 + protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some say some alpha 1 + protein
+n minus p. Okay, so this is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus p. Okay, so this is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus p. Okay, so this is kind of the
+simplest equation you can write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest equation you can write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest equation you can write that
+captures this idea that this protein P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures this idea that this protein P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures this idea that this protein P
+is negatively regulating itself. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negatively regulating itself. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negatively regulating itself. All
+right, in a cooperative fashion maybe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, in a cooperative fashion maybe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, in a cooperative fashion maybe.
+Okay, now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, now
+it's already in a non-dimensionalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already in a non-dimensionalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already in a non-dimensionalized
+version, right? And what you can see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version, right? And what you can see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version, right? And what you can see is
+that in this within this realm, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this within this realm, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this within this realm, there
+are only two things that can possibly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only two things that can possibly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only two things that can possibly be
+changing, right? there's kind of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing, right? there's kind of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing, right? there's kind of the uh
+how how cooperative that repression is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how cooperative that repression is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how cooperative that repression is n
+and then the strength of uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the strength of uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the strength of uh of the
+expression in the absence of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in the absence of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in the absence of of
+repression. Okay. And and as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression. Okay. And and as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression. Okay. And and as we
+discussed uh on Tuesday, alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed uh on Tuesday, alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed uh on Tuesday, alpha is
+capturing all these dynamics of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing all these dynamics of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing all these dynamics of the the
+uh the a the actual strength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the a the actual strength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the a the actual strength of
+expression together with the um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression together with the um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression together with the um the the
+lifetime of the protein together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of the protein together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of the protein together with
+the binding you know the the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding you know the the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding you know the the binding
+affinity k right so all those things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity k right so all those things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity k right so all those things get
+wrapped up in this a or alpha rather.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped up in this a or alpha rather.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped up in this a or alpha rather.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+All right. So this is this is indeed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this is this is indeed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this is this is indeed the
+simplest uh the simplest model you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest uh the simplest model you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest uh the simplest model you can
+write down to describe such a a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down to describe such a a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down to describe such a a negative
+autoregulatory loop. Right? Now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulatory loop. Right? Now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulatory loop. Right? Now the
+question is now that we've done this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is now that we've done this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is now that we've done this you
+know we want to know all right does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we want to know all right does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we want to know all right does this
+does this thing oscillate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this thing oscillate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this thing oscillate
+right and uh even without analyzing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh even without analyzing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh even without analyzing this
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+there's something that's very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something that's very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something that's very strong
+which you can say right is yeah and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can say right is yeah and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can say right is yeah and so
+in priv we can ask is it possible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in priv we can ask is it possible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in priv we can ask is it possible for
+this thing to oscillate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing to oscillate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing to oscillate
+right right possible okay oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right possible okay oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right possible okay oscillations
+we'll say oscillations possible right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say oscillations possible right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say oscillations possible right
+and I And this I'm referring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I And this I'm referring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I And this I'm referring to
+mathematically possible, right? So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically possible, right? So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically possible, right? So I'm
+not, you know, maybe this thing does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not, you know, maybe this thing does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not, you know, maybe this thing does
+oscillate, maybe it doesn't. But in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate, maybe it doesn't. But in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate, maybe it doesn't. But in
+particular, even without analyzing, is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, even without analyzing, is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, even without analyzing, is
+there is there anything that you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is there anything that you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is there anything that you can say
+without analyzing it? All right, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without analyzing it? All right, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without analyzing it? All right, we're
+just going to say is it possible yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to say is it possible yes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to say is it possible yes or
+no? You're if you say if you say no, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no? You're if you say if you say no, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no? You're if you say if you say no, you
+have to be prepared to give an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be prepared to give an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be prepared to give an argument
+for why this thing can is not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why this thing can is not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why this thing can is not allowed to
+oscillate. I'm talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate. I'm talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate. I'm talking about this
+equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Do you do you understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Do you do you understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Do you do you understand the
+question that I'm trying to ask? Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that I'm trying to ask? Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that I'm trying to ask? Right?
+We haven't analyzed this thing yet, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We haven't analyzed this thing yet, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We haven't analyzed this thing yet, but
+the question is can even before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is can even before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is can even before
+analyzing it, can we say anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing it, can we say anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing it, can we say anything about
+whether it's kind of mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's kind of mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's kind of mathematically
+allowed to oscillate?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll give you 10 seconds to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you 10 seconds to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you 10 seconds to think about
+it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. If you say no, you get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. If you say no, you get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. If you say no, you get you
+get to tell me why. All right. Ready? Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to tell me why. All right. Ready? Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to tell me why. All right. Ready? Uh
+three, two, one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So we, you know, we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So we, you know, we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So we, you know, we got a
+smattering of things. All right. Can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smattering of things. All right. Can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smattering of things. All right. Can
+some, you know, so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some, you know, so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some, you know, so this is this is
+actually I think this is sort of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think this is sort of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think this is sort of not
+obviously a priority. Um, but it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a priority. Um, but it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a priority. Um, but it turns
+out that it's not actually it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that it's not actually it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that it's not actually it's just
+mathematically impossible for this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically impossible for this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically impossible for this thing
+to oscillate. And can somebody say why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oscillate. And can somebody say why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oscillate. And can somebody say why
+why that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that might be
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+one of dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of dot
+perfect okay so for a given value of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect okay so for a given value of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect okay so for a given value of P
+there's only some value of P dot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only some value of P dot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only some value of P dot that
+you can have, right? And in particular,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have, right? And in particular,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have, right? And in particular,
+so P here is like conservation of X,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so P here is like conservation of X,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so P here is like conservation of X,
+right? So I'm going to pick some value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So I'm going to pick some value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So I'm going to pick some value
+randomly here of P. And what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly here of P. And what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly here of P. And what you're
+pointing out is all right, this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out is all right, this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out is all right, this is a
+differential equation in which if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation in which if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation in which if you
+give me or I give you the P, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me or I give you the P, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me or I give you the P, you can
+give me P dot,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me P dot,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me P dot,
+right? There's a single value P dot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? There's a single value P dot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? There's a single value P dot for
+each P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each P.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each P.
+Right? And in this sort of ocillatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And in this sort of ocillatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And in this sort of ocillatory
+scheme, is that statement true?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme, is that statement true?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme, is that statement true?
+No. Right? But what you can see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Right? But what you can see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Right? But what you can see is that
+over here, so this is X slash, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here, so this is X slash, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here, so this is X slash, you know,
+P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P.
+Okay, concentration of X, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, concentration of X, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, concentration of X, you know,
+we're we're using P here because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're using P here because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're using P here because we're
+about to start talking about mRNA. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to start talking about mRNA. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to start talking about mRNA. So I
+want to keep the notation consistent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep the notation consistent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep the notation consistent.
+All right, what you see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, what you see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, what you see is that the
+derivative here is negative. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative here is negative. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative here is negative. The
+derivative here is positive, negative,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative here is positive, negative,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative here is positive, negative,
+positive. Right? So any any oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. Right? So any any oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. Right? So any any oscillation
+that you're going to be able to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be able to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be able to imagine
+is going to have multial multiple values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have multial multiple values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have multial multiple values
+for the derivative as a function of u of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the derivative as a function of u of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the derivative as a function of u of
+that value just because you have to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value just because you have to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value just because you have to come
+back and forth you have to cross that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth you have to cross that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth you have to cross that
+point multiple times. Okay. So what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point multiple times. Okay. So what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point multiple times. Okay. So what this
+is saying is that since this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying is that since this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying is that since this is a
+differential equation and it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and it's actually
+important that it's a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that it's a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that it's a differential
+equation rather than a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation rather than a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation rather than a difference
+equation where you have discrete values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where you have discrete values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where you have discrete values
+but given that this is a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but given that this is a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but given that this is a differential
+equation where time is taking little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where time is taking little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where time is taking little
+little little steps. All right. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little steps. All right. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little steps. All right. And you
+have a single variable, it just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single variable, it just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single variable, it just can't
+oscillate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So for example, if you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So for example, if you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So for example, if you're talking
+about the oscillations of a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the oscillations of a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the oscillations of a harmonic
+oscillator, the important thing there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator, the important thing there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator, the important thing there is
+that you have both the position and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have both the position and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have both the position and the
+velocity. So you have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity. So you have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity. So you have these two
+dynamical variables that are interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical variables that are interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical variables that are interacting
+in some way, right? Because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way, right? Because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way, right? Because you have
+case say momentum in that case, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case say momentum in that case, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case say momentum in that case, right?
+That allows for that o the oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That allows for that o the oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That allows for that o the oscillations
+in in the case of a mass on a spring for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the case of a mass on a spring for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the case of a mass on a spring for
+example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example.
+Okay, question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. So what we're saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So what we're saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So what we're saying is that
+right P simply cannot oscillate in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right P simply cannot oscillate in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right P simply cannot oscillate in this
+in this situation where we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation where we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation where we have a
+differential equation describing P with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation describing P with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation describing P with
+u just if we just have P dot as function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u just if we just have P dot as function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u just if we just have P dot as function
+of P and we don't have like the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P and we don't have like the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P and we don't have like the second
+order a P double dot for example right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order a P double dot for example right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order a P double dot for example right
+so if it's just linear differential or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's just linear differential or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's just linear differential or
+sorry if it's just uh if we just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if it's just uh if we just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if it's just uh if we just have a
+single derivative respect to time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single derivative respect to time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single derivative respect to time and
+some function of P over here what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of P over here what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of P over here what that
+means is that if uh if P is specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that if uh if P is specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that if uh if P is specified
+then P dot is specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then P dot is specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then P dot is specified
+Right? And that means that and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And that means that and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And that means that and that's
+inconsistent with any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent with any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent with any sort of
+oscillation. Right? Because any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation. Right? Because any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation. Right? Because any
+oscillation is going to require that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation is going to require that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation is going to require that at
+this given value of P this concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this given value of P this concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this given value of P this concentration
+of P in this case the concentration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P in this case the concentration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P in this case the concentration is
+going down here it's going up. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down here it's going up. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down here it's going up. Right? So
+here this is from that standpoint a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is from that standpoint a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is from that standpoint a
+multivalued a multivalued function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivalued a multivalued function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivalued a multivalued function.
+Okay. Um any other questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um any other questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um any other questions about this
+statement? Right. because and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement? Right. because and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement? Right. because and it doesn't
+even if I just written down some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if I just written down some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if I just written down some other
+function of P over here that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of P over here that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of P over here that the
+statement would still be true. Okay. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement would still be true. Okay. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement would still be true. Okay. All
+right. So that's um and it's valuable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So that's um and it's valuable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So that's um and it's valuable to
+be able to have some intuition about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to have some intuition about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to have some intuition about you
+know what are the essential ingredients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what are the essential ingredients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what are the essential ingredients
+to get this sort of oscillation. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this sort of oscillation. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this sort of oscillation. Right.
+So in the for simple harmonic motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in the for simple harmonic motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in the for simple harmonic motion
+right there we have this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there we have this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there we have this second
+derivative first derivative you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative first derivative you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative first derivative you know and
+that that's what allows uh that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what allows uh that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what allows uh that's what
+allows oscillations there. Right? But so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows oscillations there. Right? But so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows oscillations there. Right? But so
+so okay so okay so okay so okay so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so okay so okay so okay so okay
+so okay so we can we can maybe write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so we can we can maybe write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so we can we can maybe write
+down a more complicated model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a more complicated model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a more complicated model of
+negative autoregulation and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative autoregulation and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative autoregulation and then and
+then try to ask the same thing might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then try to ask the same thing might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then try to ask the same thing might
+this new model oscillate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this this looks a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this looks a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this looks a little bit more
+complicated but we just have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but we just have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but we just have to be a
+little bit careful right all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful right all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful right all right so
+okay so this is again negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is again negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is again negative
+autoregulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation
+but what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we're going to do is we're
+going to explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explicitly
+think about the the concentration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the the concentration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the the concentration of the
+MR mRNA.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MR mRNA.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MR mRNA.
+Okay? Right? And that's just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Right? And that's just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Right? And that's just because
+when when a gene is initially trans uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when a gene is initially trans uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when a gene is initially trans uh
+transcribed, it first makes mRNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed, it first makes mRNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed, it first makes mRNA and
+then the mRNA is translated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the mRNA is translated into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the mRNA is translated into
+protein. Right? So uh so what we're what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein. Right? So uh so what we're what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein. Right? So uh so what we're what
+we can do is we can write down something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do is we can write down something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do is we can write down something
+looks like this. All right. M dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this. All right. M dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this. All right. M dot
+d of m respect to time is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. So M is uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So M is uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So M is uh this is the
+concentration of mRNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of mRNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of mRNA
+and P is the concentration of protein.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P is the concentration of protein.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P is the concentration of protein.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What you can see is that the protein is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What you can see is that the protein is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What you can see is that the protein is
+now repressing expression of the mRNA.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now repressing expression of the mRNA.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now repressing expression of the mRNA.
+Right? mRNA is being degraded. But then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? mRNA is being degraded. But then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? mRNA is being degraded. But then
+down here, this is a little bit funny,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here, this is a little bit funny,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here, this is a little bit funny,
+but what you can see is that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you can see is that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you can see is that if you have
+more mRNA, then that's going to lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mRNA, then that's going to lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mRNA, then that's going to lead to
+the production of protein. Yet we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of protein. Yet we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of protein. Yet we also
+have a degradation term for the protein.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a degradation term for the protein.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a degradation term for the protein.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Question. Why are we multiplying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question. Why are we multiplying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question. Why are we multiplying the
+well the degradation rate of the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the degradation rate of the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the degradation rate of the protein
+times some beta as well?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some beta as well?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some beta as well?
+It's a good question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a good question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a good question.
+Okay. You're you're wondering why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. You're you're wondering why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. You're you're wondering why why
+we've pulled out this beta. You know, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've pulled out this beta. You know, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've pulled out this beta. You know, in
+particular it almost right. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it almost right. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it almost right. Okay.
+Perfect. Okay. Yeah. This this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfect. Okay. Yeah. This this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfect. Okay. Yeah. This this is very
+important and actually this gets in once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and actually this gets in once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and actually this gets in once
+again to this question of the non you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to this question of the non you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to this question of the non you
+know these these these non-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these these these non-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these these these non-dimensional
+versions of the equations um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the equations um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the equations um
+mathematically simple biologically very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically simple biologically very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically simple biologically very
+complicated. Well, first of all,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. Well, first of all,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. Well, first of all,
+what is it that we've used as our unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that we've used as our unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that we've used as our unit
+of time in this in these equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time in this in these equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time in this in these equation in
+these equations?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So, it's based on the lifetime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So, it's based on the lifetime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So, it's based on the lifetime of
+um of the mRNA, right? Because we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the mRNA, right? Because we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the mRNA, right? Because we can
+see that there's nothing sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's nothing sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's nothing sitting in
+front of this M. And if we want to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of this M. And if we want to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of this M. And if we want to then
+allow for a difference in the lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for a difference in the lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for a difference in the lifetime
+of mRNA and protein, then we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mRNA and protein, then we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mRNA and protein, then we have to
+introduce some other thing which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some other thing which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some other thing which we're
+calling beta, right? And so beta is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling beta, right? And so beta is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling beta, right? And so beta is that
+that's the ratio of well which one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the ratio of well which one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the ratio of well which one's
+more stable mRNA or protein? Often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable mRNA or protein? Often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable mRNA or protein? Often
+typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+proteins are typically more stable,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins are typically more stable,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins are typically more stable,
+right? So does that mean that beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So does that mean that beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So does that mean that beta
+should be larger or smaller than one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be larger or smaller than one?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be larger or smaller than one?
+Okay, I'm going to let you guys think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'm going to let you guys think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'm going to let you guys think
+about this just to make sure we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this just to make sure we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this just to make sure we're all
+okay. So um the question is is beta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So um the question is is beta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So um the question is is beta is
+it a greater than one typically much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a greater than one typically much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a greater than one typically much
+greater or is it b much less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or is it b much less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or is it b much less than one
+given what we just said.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given what we just said.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given what we just said.
+All right. You think about it for 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. You think about it for 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. You think about it for 10
+seconds and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+Are you ready?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are you ready?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are you ready?
+Right. Three, two, one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Three, two, one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Three, two, one.
+All right. So most people are saying B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So most people are saying B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So most people are saying B.
+All right. So indeed, so beta should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So indeed, so beta should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So indeed, so beta should be
+much less than one, right? And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than one, right? And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than one, right? And that's
+because beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because beta
+is the ratio of the lifetime. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ratio of the lifetime. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ratio of the lifetime. All right.
+All right. So you can see if beta gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So you can see if beta gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So you can see if beta gets
+larger that increases the u degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger that increases the u degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger that increases the u degradation
+rate of the protein.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the protein.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the protein.
+Right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And
+what do I want to say? Right. So so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I want to say? Right. So so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I want to say? Right. So so so
+beta is is is the ratio of the lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is is is the ratio of the lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is is is the ratio of the lifetime
+of the mRNA to the lifetime of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mRNA to the lifetime of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mRNA to the lifetime of the
+protein.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+So I get why we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I get why we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I get why we have to
+Yeah. No, I understand. Yeah. No, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. No, I understand. Yeah. No, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. No, I understand. Yeah. No, I
+understand. I'm getting to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. I'm getting to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. I'm getting to your
+question. Just first we have to first we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Just first we have to first we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Just first we have to first we
+have to make sure sense of this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure sense of this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure sense of this and then
+Yeah. Because the next thing is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Because the next thing is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Because the next thing is actually
+even weirder and more Yeah. Um but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even weirder and more Yeah. Um but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even weirder and more Yeah. Um but I
+just want to be clear that beta is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to be clear that beta is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to be clear that beta is um
+here is it's defined as the the lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is it's defined as the the lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is it's defined as the the lifetime
+of mRNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mRNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mRNA
+over the lifetime of the protein. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the lifetime of the protein. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the lifetime of the protein. Um
+what's interesting is actually this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is actually this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is actually this is
+um there's a there's a typo or mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a there's a typo or mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a there's a typo or mistake
+in um in the elements paper actually. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in the elements paper actually. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in the elements paper actually. So
+if you look at figure one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at figure one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at figure one
+B or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B or so
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+yeah so figure 1B actually it says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so figure 1B actually it says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so figure 1B actually it says that
+beta is the protein lifetime divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is the protein lifetime divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is the protein lifetime divided by
+the mRNA lifetime. So you can correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mRNA lifetime. So you can correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mRNA lifetime. So you can correct
+that if you'd like. All right. Uh so bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you'd like. All right. Uh so bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you'd like. All right. Uh so bet
+yeah beta is that the lifetime of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah beta is that the lifetime of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah beta is that the lifetime of the
+mRNA divided by the lifetime of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mRNA divided by the lifetime of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mRNA divided by the lifetime of the
+protein.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Okay. So so I think that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Okay. So so I think that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Okay. So so I think that we
+understand why that term is there. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why that term is there. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why that term is there. The
+the the weird thing is that we're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the weird thing is that we're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the weird thing is that we're able
+we're doing P minus M over here, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing P minus M over here, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing P minus M over here, right?
+And and and and it feels somehow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and and and it feels somehow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and and and it feels somehow that
+that that can't be possible that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that can't be possible that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that can't be possible that you
+that you know that it shouldn't be beta*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that it shouldn't be beta*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that it shouldn't be beta*
+M over here, right? Because that that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M over here, right? Because that that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M over here, right? Because that that it
+feels like it's underdetermined, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like it's underdetermined, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like it's underdetermined, right?
+Okay. So does somebody So I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So does somebody So I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So does somebody So I mean it's
+possible I just you know I just screwed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible I just you know I just screwed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible I just you know I just screwed
+up, right? But uh can some you know does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, right? But uh can some you know does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, right? But uh can some you know does
+anybody want to defend my um my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to defend my um my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to defend my um my my
+equation here? How how might it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here? How how might it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here? How how might it be
+possible that it that this makes any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that it that this makes any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that it that this makes any
+sense that you can just have the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you can just have the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you can just have the one
+beta here that you pull out and both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta here that you pull out and both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta here that you pull out and both
+it's just P minus M over here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just P minus M over here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just P minus M over here?
+I think it's an assumption of the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's an assumption of the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's an assumption of the model
+where they choose the time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they choose the time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they choose the time of the
+well to be similar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to be similar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to be similar.
+No because actually we're we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No because actually we're we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No because actually we're we have this
+term beta which is the lifetime of mRNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term beta which is the lifetime of mRNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term beta which is the lifetime of mRNA
+divided by lifetime of proteins. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by lifetime of proteins. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by lifetime of proteins. So we
+haven't assumed anything about this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't assumed anything about this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't assumed anything about this.
+Beta could be in principle larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta could be in principle larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta could be in principle larger than
+one smaller actually. So I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one smaller actually. So I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one smaller actually. So I mean it's
+true that given typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that given typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that given typical
+facts about life in the cell it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts about life in the cell it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts about life in the cell it's true
+that you expect beta to be much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you expect beta to be much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you expect beta to be much less
+than one but we haven't made any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one but we haven't made any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one but we haven't made any
+assumption you know beta is just there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption you know beta is just there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption you know beta is just there
+it can be anything right so uh yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be anything right so uh yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be anything right so uh yeah it's
+possible we've made some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible we've made some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible we've made some other
+assumption but u but what's going on yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption but u but what's going on yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption but u but what's going on yes
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+messengers scaled by the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messengers scaled by the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messengers scaled by the amount
+necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary
+yes that's right because remember okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's right because remember okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's right because remember okay
+you can only choose one unit for time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only choose one unit for time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only choose one unit for time
+okay and we've I've already chosen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we've I've already chosen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we've I've already chosen that
+to get this to be just minus m here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this to be just minus m here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this to be just minus m here,
+right? But you get to choose what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But you get to choose what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But you get to choose what's the
+unit of concentration for both mRNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of concentration for both mRNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of concentration for both mRNA and
+for protein.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for protein.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for protein.
+Okay, can somebody remind us what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, can somebody remind us what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, can somebody remind us what the
+unit of concentration is for protein?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of concentration is for protein?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of concentration is for protein?
+Dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dissociation
+of the protein.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the protein.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the protein.
+That's right. So it's this dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. So it's this dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. So it's this dissociation
+constant, you know, and more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant, you know, and more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant, you know, and more generally
+it's this it's the protein concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this it's the protein concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this it's the protein concentration
+which you get half maximal repression,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you get half maximal repression,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you get half maximal repression,
+right? Um and depending on the detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Um and depending on the detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Um and depending on the detailed
+models it could be more complicated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models it could be more complicated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models it could be more complicated but
+but in this kind of phenomenological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this kind of phenomenological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this kind of phenomenological
+realm yeah if you if P is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm yeah if you if P is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm yeah if you if P is equal to one
+you get half repression that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get half repression that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get half repression that you know
+that's our definition for what P equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our definition for what P equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our definition for what P equal
+to 1 means right so we've rescaled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 means right so we've rescaled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 means right so we've rescaled out
+that K right and so so so what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K right and so so so what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K right and so so so what we've
+really done is that there's some unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really done is that there's some unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really done is that there's some unit
+for the concentration of mRNA that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the concentration of mRNA that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the concentration of mRNA that we
+were we were free to choose and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we were free to choose and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we were free to choose and it was
+chosen so that you could just say P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen so that you could just say P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen so that you could just say P
+minus M right but what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus M right but what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus M right but what that means is
+that um you know it requires requires,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know it requires requires,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know it requires requires,
+you know, a genius to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, a genius to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, a genius to figure out what
+the what m equal to one means, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what m equal to one means, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what m equal to one means, right?
+Um, okay. It's not doesn't quite require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. It's not doesn't quite require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. It's not doesn't quite require
+a genius, but but what do you guys think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genius, but but what do you guys think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genius, but but what do you guys think
+it's going to depend on?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Yes. Right. So, beta is going to appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Right. So, beta is going to appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Right. So, beta is going to appear
+in there. So, I'll give you a hint.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there. So, I'll give you a hint.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there. So, I'll give you a hint.
+There are three things that determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are three things that determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are three things that determine
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+transcription or the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription or the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription or the speed of
+transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription
+translation yes so the translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation yes so the translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation yes so the translation
+efficiency so each mRNA uh you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so each mRNA uh you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so each mRNA uh you know it's
+going to it's going to lead to some rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to it's going to lead to some rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to it's going to lead to some rate
+of protein synthesis so yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of protein synthesis so yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of protein synthesis so yeah the
+translation rate or efficiency is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation rate or efficiency is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation rate or efficiency is going
+to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there aren't that many other things it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't that many other things it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't that many other things it
+could be but yeah I mean this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be but yeah I mean this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be but yeah I mean this this is
+tricky u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's okay if you can't just figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's okay if you can't just figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's okay if you can't just figure
+it out here because this I think is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out here because this I think is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out here because this I think is is
+pretty subtle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty subtle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty subtle.
+All right, it turns out that it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, it turns out that it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, it turns out that it also
+depends on that K parameter, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on that K parameter, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on that K parameter, right?
+Because there's some sense that M equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because there's some sense that M equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because there's some sense that M equal
+to one what it's what it's saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one what it's what it's saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one what it's what it's saying is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that's the amount of mRNA that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the amount of mRNA that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the amount of mRNA that you need
+so that if the protein concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if the protein concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if the protein concentration
+were one, you would not get any change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were one, you would not get any change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were one, you would not get any change
+in the protein concentration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the protein concentration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the protein concentration.
+Right? And it's given that it depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And it's given that it depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And it's given that it depend
+that now I' I had to invoke P in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I' I had to invoke P in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I' I had to invoke P in there
+and P is scaled by K. So then K also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P is scaled by K. So then K also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P is scaled by K. So then K also
+ends up being relevant for this mRNA.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being relevant for this mRNA.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being relevant for this mRNA.
+Right? So you can if you'd like go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So you can if you'd like go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So you can if you'd like go ahead
+and start with a original reasonable set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start with a original reasonable set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start with a original reasonable set
+of equations and then and then get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations and then and then get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations and then and then get back
+to this. Right? But I think once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this. Right? But I think once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this. Right? But I think once again
+this just highlights that um these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just highlights that um these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just highlights that um these these
+non-dimensional versions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dimensional versions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dimensional versions of the
+equations are great but um but it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are great but um but it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are great but um but it's just
+but you have to be careful. Right? That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to be careful. Right? That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to be careful. Right? That
+you don't know what means what. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what means what. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what means what. All
+right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+Are there any questions about what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there any questions about what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there any questions about what we've
+said so far?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now, what we've done is we've um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, what we've done is we've um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, what we've done is we've um
+we have now a protein concentration. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have now a protein concentration. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have now a protein concentration. We
+have mRNA concentration. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mRNA concentration. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mRNA concentration. And
+what I ask for now is for these sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I ask for now is for these sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I ask for now is for these sets of
+equations, is it maybe mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, is it maybe mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, is it maybe mathematically
+possible that they could maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that they could maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that they could maybe
+oscillate?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate?
+Yes. I mean I I you know I mean um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. I mean I I you know I mean um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. I mean I I you know I mean um we're
+going to find that the answer is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find that the answer is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find that the answer is that
+these actually don't oscillate but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actually don't oscillate but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actually don't oscillate but um
+but you have to actually do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to actually do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to actually do the
+calculation if you if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation if you if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation if you if you want to
+determine that you can't just say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that you can't just say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that you can't just say that
+it's it's impossible based on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's impossible based on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's impossible based on the same
+argument here and that's because uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument here and that's because uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument here and that's because uh if
+you if you think about this in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you think about this in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you think about this in the case
+of there's some mRNA concentration some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there's some mRNA concentration some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there's some mRNA concentration some
+protein concentration right what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein concentration right what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein concentration right what we want
+to know is does do things oscillate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is does do things oscillate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is does do things oscillate in
+this space and the answer and they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space and the answer and they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space and the answer and they could
+right I mean I'm I can certainly draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean I'm I can certainly draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean I'm I can certainly draw a
+curve. All right. It ends up not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. All right. It ends up not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. All right. It ends up not being
+true for these particular sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for these particular sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for these particular sets of
+equations, but you you can't a priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, but you you can't a priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, but you you can't a priority
+kind of dismiss the possibility.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dismiss the possibility.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dismiss the possibility.
+Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes,
+that's like a differential equation, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a differential equation, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a differential equation, but
+if you write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write down
+Okay. Right. This is a this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Right. This is a this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Right. This is a this is a very
+good question. All right. So, right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question. All right. So, right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question. All right. So, right. So
+this is the differential equation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the differential equation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the differential equation uh
+format of this and that we're not we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format of this and that we're not we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format of this and that we're not we're
+assuming that there's no there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that there's no there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that there's no there are no
+stochastic fluctuations and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic fluctuations and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic fluctuations and indeed
+there's um a large area of excitement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um a large area of excitement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um a large area of excitement
+recently is uh trying to understand uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently is uh trying to understand uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently is uh trying to understand uh
+cases in which you can have so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in which you can have so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in which you can have so-called
+noise induced oscillations right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise induced oscillations right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise induced oscillations right so you
+can have cases that the deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have cases that the deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have cases that the deterministic
+equations do not oscillate but the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations do not oscillate but the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations do not oscillate but the um
+but the the if you if you do the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the if you if you do the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the if you if you do the full
+stochastic treatment then that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic treatment then that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic treatment then that could
+oscillate in particular the if you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate in particular the if you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate in particular the if you do a
+master equation type formalism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master equation type formalism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master equation type formalism and
+actually I don't know for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't know for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't know for this
+particular equations uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular equations uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular equations uh
+yeah I don't I don't know I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't I don't know I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't I don't know I don't know
+for this one but in um towards the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one but in um towards the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one but in um towards the end
+of the semester we will be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester we will be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester we will be talking about
+explicit models in which uh predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit models in which uh predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit models in which uh predator
+prey systems in which the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey systems in which the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey systems in which the the
+differential equation format doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation format doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation format doesn't
+oscillate but then if you do the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate but then if you do the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate but then if you do the master
+equation stoastic treatment then it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation stoastic treatment then it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation stoastic treatment then it does
+oscillate so um yes so we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate so um yes so we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate so um yes so we will be
+talking about this in other context but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this in other context but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this in other context but
+I don't know the answer for this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know the answer for this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know the answer for this model
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right. So, uh, or let's go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So, uh, or let's go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So, uh, or let's go ahead and
+and maybe try to analyze this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe try to analyze this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe try to analyze this a little
+bit. Uh, and this is useful to do, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Uh, and this is useful to do, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Uh, and this is useful to do, uh,
+partly because it's going to be, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because it's going to be, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because it's going to be, um,
+some of the calculations are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the calculations are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the calculations are going to be
+very similar to what we're about to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to what we're about to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to what we're about to do
+next, which is, uh, look at, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next, which is, uh, look at, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next, which is, uh, look at, uh,
+stability analysis of of a repressator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability analysis of of a repressator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability analysis of of a repressator
+kind of system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of system.
+All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right,
+I should first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, so this this thing here uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, so this this thing here uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, so this this thing here uh we
+is is some function f of m and p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is some function f of m and p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is some function f of m and p and
+this guy here is indeed again some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here is indeed again some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here is indeed again some other
+function g of m and p. And we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function g of m and p. And we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function g of m and p. And we're going
+to be taking derivatives of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be taking derivatives of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be taking derivatives of these
+functions around um around the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions around um around the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions around um around the fixed
+point. Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Okay. Um
+all right. And maybe I will also say all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. And maybe I will also say all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. And maybe I will also say all
+right there's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's going to be some
+stable point and we should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable point and we should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable point and we should just
+calculate what it is. I'm sorry I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what it is. I'm sorry I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what it is. I'm sorry I'm
+making this go up and down. You know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this go up and down. You know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this go up and down. You know you
+don't get dizzy. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get dizzy. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get dizzy. Um
+all right. Okay. So first of all let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. Okay. So first of all let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. Okay. So first of all let's
+just um it's always good to know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um it's always good to know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um it's always good to know whether
+there are fixed points in any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are fixed points in any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are fixed points in any sort of
+equations that you ever look at. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that you ever look at. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that you ever look at. Um
+so let's go ahead and and see that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go ahead and and see that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go ahead and and see that.
+First of all, is is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, is is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, is is um
+is m equal to zero, p equal to z is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is m equal to zero, p equal to z is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is m equal to zero, p equal to z is that
+a is that a fixed point of the system?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is that a fixed point of the system?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is that a fixed point of the system?
+No. Right? So, uh if m and p are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Right? So, uh if m and p are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Right? So, uh if m and p are zero
+then this is a fixed point. But that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a fixed point. But that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a fixed point. But that
+one's not because we get we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's not because we get we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's not because we get we get
+expression of the mRNA in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the mRNA in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the mRNA in the absence of
+the protein. Right? So the origin is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein. Right? So the origin is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein. Right? So the origin is not
+a fixed point. Okay? Now to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed point. Okay? Now to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed point. Okay? Now to figure out
+the fixed points, we just set these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed points, we just set these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed points, we just set these
+things equal to zero. Right? So um if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things equal to zero. Right? So um if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things equal to zero. Right? So um if if
+m dot is equal to zero we have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m dot is equal to zero we have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m dot is equal to zero we have zero
+that's alpha 1 + p to the n minus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's alpha 1 + p to the n minus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's alpha 1 + p to the n minus m
+again zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay. All right. So what you can see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. All right. So what you can see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. All right. So what you can see is
+that um at equilibrium we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um at equilibrium we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um at equilibrium we have a
+condition here where um m is equal to p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition here where um m is equal to p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition here where um m is equal to p
+right so from this we get m um m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so from this we get m um m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so from this we get m um m
+equilibrium is equal to p equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right u and so m equilibrium over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right u and so m equilibrium over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right u and so m equilibrium over here
+it has to be equal to p equilibrium we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be equal to p equilibrium we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be equal to p equilibrium we
+just said and that's equal to this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said and that's equal to this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said and that's equal to this guy
+here it's alpha 1 + p equilibrium to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's alpha 1 + p equilibrium to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's alpha 1 + p equilibrium to the
+n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.
+Right? Indeed, the uh the condition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Indeed, the uh the condition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Indeed, the uh the condition for
+this equilibrium is then something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equilibrium is then something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equilibrium is then something that
+looks like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Now, this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, this is um
+maybe not so intuitive, but alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not so intuitive, but alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not so intuitive, but alpha is
+this non-dimensional version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this non-dimensional version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this non-dimensional version of the
+strength of expression, right? And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of expression, right? And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of expression, right? And what
+this is saying is that um broadly I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying is that um broadly I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying is that um broadly I mean
+this is some uh you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is some uh you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is some uh you know it's not
+obvious how how to how to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious how how to how to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious how how to how to solve this
+explicitly but as the strength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly but as the strength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly but as the strength of
+expression goes up the equilibrium here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression goes up the equilibrium here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression goes up the equilibrium here
+and and and I'm I'm I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and I'm I'm I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and I'm I'm I'm saying
+equilibrium and that's maybe a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and that's maybe a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and that's maybe a little
+bit dangerous. We might even want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit dangerous. We might even want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit dangerous. We might even want to
+just call it it's it's it's the it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it it's it's it's the it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it it's it's it's the it's a
+fixed point concentration so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point concentration so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point concentration so it doesn't
+have to be stable. So you know if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be stable. So you know if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be stable. So you know if we
+want to be a little if we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a little if we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a little if we don't want to
+bias our thinking different people argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias our thinking different people argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias our thinking different people argue
+about whether equilibrium should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether equilibrium should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether equilibrium should be a
+stable or require stable we could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable or require stable we could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable or require stable we could just
+call it some P not if that if that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it some P not if that if that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it some P not if that if that makes
+you less likely to think you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you less likely to think you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you less likely to think you know to
+bias our our thinking in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias our our thinking in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias our our thinking in terms of
+whether this thing this concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this thing this concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this thing this concentration
+should be a stable or unstable fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a stable or unstable fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a stable or unstable fixed
+point. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Okay.
+But for example, if if we have that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But for example, if if we have that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But for example, if if we have that in
+this in these units, if alpha is, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in these units, if alpha is, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in these units, if alpha is, you
+know, around 10, you know, n might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, around 10, you know, n might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, around 10, you know, n might be
+two, then, you know, this thing gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, then, you know, this thing gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, then, you know, this thing gives us
+something. It's it's a, you know, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. It's it's a, you know, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. It's it's a, you know, it's a
+kind of a, you know, in the range of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a, you know, in the range of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a, you know, in the range of a
+of a couple uh, you know, well, two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a couple uh, you know, well, two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a couple uh, you know, well, two,
+three, you can calculate what what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, you can calculate what what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, you can calculate what what it
+should be, right? Two, four, maybe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be, right? Two, four, maybe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be, right? Two, four, maybe even
+exactly two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly two.
+Does that Yeah. All right. So, yes. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that Yeah. All right. So, yes. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that Yeah. All right. So, yes. So
+for examp I'm just giving example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for examp I'm just giving example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for examp I'm just giving example if
+alpha over 10 then this equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha over 10 then this equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha over 10 then this equilibrium
+concentration or this this fixed point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration or this this fixed point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration or this this fixed point
+concentration would be two if if if n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration would be two if if if n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration would be two if if if n
+were equal to two to give you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were equal to two to give you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were equal to two to give you kind of
+some sense of the numbers right and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of the numbers right and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of the numbers right and this
+this is this is two in units of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is two in units of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is two in units of that uh
+that binding affinity k right okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that binding affinity k right okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that binding affinity k right okay now
+the question is well what does this mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is well what does this mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is well what does this mean
+I mean why did we do this why do we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean why did we do this why do we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean why did we do this why do we care
+at all about the properties of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all about the properties of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all about the properties of that
+fixed point well remember okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point well remember okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point well remember okay so this
+this might be some at some p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be some at some p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be some at some p
+and this is again m is equal to p in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is again m is equal to p in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is again m is equal to p in
+these units. Uh right so there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these units. Uh right so there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these units. Uh right so there there's
+some fixed point somewhere in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fixed point somewhere in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fixed point somewhere in the middle
+there. Right? Now it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Right? Now it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Right? Now it turns out that the
+stability of that fixed point is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of that fixed point is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of that fixed point is very
+important in determining whether there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in determining whether there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in determining whether there
+are oscillations or not. Okay. Now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oscillations or not. Okay. Now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oscillations or not. Okay. Now the
+question of uh the generality or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of uh the generality or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of uh the generality or you
+know what can you say that's universally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what can you say that's universally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what can you say that's universally
+true about when you get oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true about when you get oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true about when you get oscillations
+when you don't. This is uh in general a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you don't. This is uh in general a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you don't. This is uh in general a
+very hard mathematical problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard mathematical problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard mathematical problem
+particularly in higher numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in higher numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in higher numbers of
+dimensions. But for two dimensions there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions. But for two dimensions there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions. But for two dimensions there
+is a very nice statement that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very nice statement that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very nice statement that you can
+make based on the uh point Benixen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make based on the uh point Benixen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make based on the uh point Benixen
+criterion. All right I cannot remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion. All right I cannot remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion. All right I cannot remember
+how to spell that so I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to spell that so I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to spell that so I'm just going to
+I'm probably mispronouncing it as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm probably mispronouncing it as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm probably mispronouncing it as well
+but you know. All right so so point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know. All right so so point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know. All right so so point and
+bendixen what they showed is that if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bendixen what they showed is that if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bendixen what they showed is that if in
+two dimensions you can draw some box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensions you can draw some box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensions you can draw some box
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+such that all of the trajectories are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that all of the trajectories are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that all of the trajectories are
+kind of coming in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of coming in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of coming in.
+Okay. And indeed this in this case they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And indeed this in this case they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And indeed this in this case they
+they do come in because you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do come in because you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do come in because you know the
+trajectories aren't going to cross zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories aren't going to cross zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories aren't going to cross zero.
+If you have u if you have some mRNA then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have u if you have some mRNA then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have u if you have some mRNA then
+you're going to start making protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start making protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start making protein
+right uh if you have just protein no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh if you have just protein no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh if you have just protein no
+mrna you're going to start making some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrna you're going to start making some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrna you're going to start making some
+mRNA and we know that trajectories have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mRNA and we know that trajectories have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mRNA and we know that trajectories have
+to come in from out here because if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come in from out here because if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come in from out here because if if
+the concentration of mRNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of mRNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of mRNA and
+concentration of protein are very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of protein are very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of protein are very large
+then eventually the degradation is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eventually the degradation is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eventually the degradation is going
+to kind of start pulling things in. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of start pulling things in. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of start pulling things in. So
+if you come out far enough eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you come out far enough eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you come out far enough eventually
+you're going to get trajectories coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get trajectories coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get trajectories coming
+in. All right. So now we have there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. All right. So now we have there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. All right. So now we have there's
+some domain where all the trajectories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some domain where all the trajectories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some domain where all the trajectories
+are going to come in. Now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to come in. Now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to come in. Now you can
+imagine that somehow the stability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that somehow the stability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that somehow the stability of
+this thing is very important because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is very important because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is very important because in
+two dimensions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensions here
+when you have a differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a differential equation
+trajectories cannot cross each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories cannot cross each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories cannot cross each other
+okay so I'm not allowed in any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm not allowed in any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm not allowed in any sort of
+space like this to to do something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space like this to to do something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space like this to to do something that
+looks like this right because this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this right because this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this right because this would
+require that at some concentration of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that at some concentration of m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that at some concentration of m
+and p I have different values for m dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p I have different values for m dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p I have different values for m dot
+and p dot okay so it's similar to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p dot okay so it's similar to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p dot okay so it's similar to this
+argument that we made for one dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that we made for one dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that we made for one dimension
+but it's just generalized to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just generalized to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just generalized to two
+dimensions okay So we're not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions okay So we're not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions okay So we're not allowed to
+cross trajectories in you know in well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross trajectories in you know in well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross trajectories in you know in well
+if you have differential equation in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have differential equation in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have differential equation in any
+dimensions that's true but the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that's true but the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that's true but the thing is
+that that this constraint is very is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this constraint is very is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this constraint is very is a
+very strong constraint in two dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong constraint in two dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong constraint in two dimensions
+whereas in three dimensions everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in three dimensions everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in three dimensions everything
+kind of goes out the window right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of goes out the window right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of goes out the window right
+because you because in three dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you because in three dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you because in three dimensions
+you have another axis here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have another axis here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have another axis here and then
+these lines can do all sorts of crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines can do all sorts of crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines can do all sorts of crazy
+things and that's actually basically why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and that's actually basically why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and that's actually basically why
+you need three dimensions in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need three dimensions in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need three dimensions in order to
+get chaos in these in differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get chaos in these in differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get chaos in these in differential
+equations right because uh because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations right because uh because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations right because uh because this
+thing about the absence of crossing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the absence of crossing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the absence of crossing is
+just such a strong constraint in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just such a strong constraint in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just such a strong constraint in two
+dimensions. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions. Okay.
+Are there questions about what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there questions about what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there questions about what I'm
+saying right now? I'm a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying right now? I'm a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying right now? I'm a little bit
+worried that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that I'm
+okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay.
+All right. So, the tra trajectories are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, the tra trajectories are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, the tra trajectories are
+not allowed to cross, right? What that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed to cross, right? What that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed to cross, right? What that
+and that that's really saying something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's really saying something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's really saying something
+very strong. Okay. Because we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong. Okay. Because we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong. Okay. Because we know that
+here trajectories are going to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here trajectories are going to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here trajectories are going to kind of
+come um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come um
+come out of the axis and mRNA. Okay, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of the axis and mRNA. Okay, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of the axis and mRNA. Okay, we
+don't know which direction they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which direction they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which direction they're going
+to come, right? Well, let's let's figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come, right? Well, let's let's figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come, right? Well, let's let's figure
+out if it were to oscillate, would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if it were to oscillate, would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if it were to oscillate, would it
+would things would the trajectories be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would things would the trajectories be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would things would the trajectories be
+going clockwise or counterclockwise?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going clockwise or counterclockwise?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going clockwise or counterclockwise?
+And actually, there's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And actually, there's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And actually, there's going to be some
+sense of the trajectories even in even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the trajectories even in even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the trajectories even in even
+in the absence of oscillations. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the absence of oscillations. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the absence of oscillations. But
+broadly, is is there kind of a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly, is is there kind of a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly, is is there kind of a uh
+counterclockwise or clockwise kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise or clockwise kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise or clockwise kind of
+motion to the trajectories?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion to the trajectories?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion to the trajectories?
+Counterclockwise, right? And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counterclockwise, right? And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counterclockwise, right? And that's
+because mRNA leads to protein,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because mRNA leads to protein,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because mRNA leads to protein,
+right? Right. So things are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Right. So things are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Right. So things are going to be
+kind of going like this. The question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of going like this. The question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of going like this. The question is
+um is it going to oscillate and that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is it going to oscillate and that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is it going to oscillate and that in
+two dimensions actually ponar and dixon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensions actually ponar and dixon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensions actually ponar and dixon
+what they say is that actually if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they say is that actually if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they say is that actually if
+there's just this stable fixed point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just this stable fixed point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just this stable fixed point
+here or sorry if there's just one fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or sorry if there's just one fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or sorry if there's just one fixed
+point here then um the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here then um the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here then um the question of
+whether it oscillates is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it oscillates is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it oscillates is the same as the
+question of whether this is fix is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether this is fix is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether this is fix is is
+stable right so if that um if that's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable right so if that um if that's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable right so if that um if that's if
+it's stable then uh then there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stable then uh then there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stable then uh then there's no
+oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations
+where if it's unstable then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if it's unstable then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if it's unstable then there are
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Well, we'll just say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Well, we'll just say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Well, we'll just say no
+oscillations and oscillations. Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations and oscillations. Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations and oscillations. Okay. And
+that's because if it's a stable point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because if it's a stable point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because if it's a stable point
+and all the trajectories are coming in,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the trajectories are coming in,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the trajectories are coming in,
+then it just looks like this, right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it just looks like this, right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it just looks like this, right? So,
+it spirals maybe into a state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it spirals maybe into a state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it spirals maybe into a state of
+coexistence or sorry to well stable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence or sorry to well stable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence or sorry to well stable to
+the it spirals to this point of m and p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it spirals to this point of m and p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it spirals to this point of m and p
+whereas if it's unstable then those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if it's unstable then those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if it's unstable then those
+trajectories they're somehow being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories they're somehow being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories they're somehow being
+pushed out. Then if it's unstable then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed out. Then if it's unstable then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed out. Then if it's unstable then
+the trajectories are coming out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectories are coming out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectories are coming out of that
+fixed point in which case then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point in which case then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point in which case then that
+that's actually precisely the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually precisely the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually precisely the situation
+which you get limit cycle oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you get limit cycle oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you get limit cycle oscillations
+right so if if the fixed point were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if if the fixed point were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if if the fixed point were
+unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable
+it looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like this
+right so we have some box the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have some box the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have some box the
+trajectories are all kind of coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories are all kind of coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories are all kind of coming in
+somehow in here but if we have one fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in here but if we have one fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in here but if we have one fixed
+point here and the trajectories are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here and the trajectories are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here and the trajectories are
+coming out that means we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out that means we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out that means we have something
+that looks like this it kind of comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this it kind of comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this it kind of comes
+out right and given that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right and given that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right and given that these
+trajectory can't cross. The question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory can't cross. The question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory can't cross. The question is
+well what can happen in between and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what can happen in between and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what can happen in between and the
+answer is that it has to be um basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that it has to be um basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that it has to be um basically
+you have to basically get a limit cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to basically get a limit cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to basically get a limit cycle
+oscillation there there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation there there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation there there are these
+strange situations where you can get um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange situations where you can get um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange situations where you can get um
+you can get a path that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a path that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a path that is an
+oscillation that's kind of stable from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation that's kind of stable from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation that's kind of stable from
+one direction and unstable from another.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction and unstable from another.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction and unstable from another.
+Um we're not going to worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we're not going to worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we're not going to worry about that
+here but broadly if if this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but broadly if if this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but broadly if if this thing is
+coming out then you end up uh in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out then you end up uh in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out then you end up uh in both
+directions converging to a stable limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions converging to a stable limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions converging to a stable limit
+cycle oscillation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle oscillation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle oscillation.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So if it's unstable fixed point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if it's unstable fixed point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if it's unstable fixed point
+then this is the exact situation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the exact situation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the exact situation which
+you get uh you get a limit cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get uh you get a limit cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get uh you get a limit cycle
+oscillation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+All right. So that means that what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So that means that what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So that means that what we
+really want to do if we want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to do if we want to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to do if we want to ask
+let's okay try to back up again. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's okay try to back up again. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's okay try to back up again. All
+right. We have this this pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. We have this this pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. We have this this pair of
+differential equations. We want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations. We want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations. We want to know
+will this negative autoreulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will this negative autoreulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will this negative autoreulate
+regulatory loop will this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory loop will this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory loop will this thing
+oscillate? Right now what I'm telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate? Right now what I'm telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate? Right now what I'm telling
+you is that that question for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that that question for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that that question for two
+dimensions is analogous to the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions is analogous to the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions is analogous to the question
+of figuring out whether this fixed point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of figuring out whether this fixed point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of figuring out whether this fixed point
+that I whether this fixed point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I whether this fixed point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I whether this fixed point is
+stable or not. Okay, if it's stable then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable or not. Okay, if it's stable then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable or not. Okay, if it's stable then
+we don't get oscillations. If it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get oscillations. If it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get oscillations. If it's
+unstable and we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable and we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable and we do
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+any questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's uh let's see what it is. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh let's see what it is. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh let's see what it is. All
+right. So on on Tuesday, what we did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So on on Tuesday, what we did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So on on Tuesday, what we did is
+we talked about stability analysis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about stability analysis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about stability analysis for
+linear systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems.
+All right. We got what I hope is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. We got what I hope is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. We got what I hope is some
+intuition about that. And uh of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about that. And uh of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about that. And uh of course
+what we need to do here is uh is try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to do here is uh is try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to do here is uh is try to
+understand how to apply linear stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to apply linear stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to apply linear stability
+analysis to this nonlinear pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to this nonlinear pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to this nonlinear pair of
+differential equations. Um and to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations. Um and to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations. Um and to do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh what we need to do is we need to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we need to do is we need to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we need to do is we need to kind
+of linearize around around that fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linearize around around that fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linearize around around that fixed
+point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point.
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All
+right. So what we have is we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So what we have is we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So what we have is we have these
+two functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions
+um f and g. All right. And what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um f and g. All right. And what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um f and g. All right. And what we want
+to know is around that fixed point. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is around that fixed point. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is around that fixed point. So
+we can define some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can define some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can define some
+m tilda which is m minus this m kn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m tilda which is m minus this m kn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m tilda which is m minus this m kn and
+some p tilda which is p minus p kn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some p tilda which is p minus p kn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some p tilda which is p minus p kn.
+Okay. Right. So when m tilda and p tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Right. So when m tilda and p tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Right. So when m tilda and p tilda
+are around zero, that's telling us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are around zero, that's telling us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are around zero, that's telling us that
+we're we're close to that uh to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're close to that uh to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're close to that uh to that
+fixed point. And we want to know uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point. And we want to know uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point. And we want to know uh if
+we just go a little bit away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just go a little bit away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just go a little bit away from the
+fixed point, do we kind of do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point, do we kind of do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point, do we kind of do we get
+pushed away or do we come back to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed away or do we come back to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed away or do we come back to where
+we started? Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started? Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started? Okay,
+well we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know that
+m tilda dot which is actually equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m tilda dot which is actually equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m tilda dot which is actually equal to m
+dot as well because m and p are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot as well because m and p are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot as well because m and p are the
+same. P tilda dot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. P tilda dot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. P tilda dot.
+All right, we can linearize by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, we can linearize by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, we can linearize by taking
+derivatives around um around the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives around um around the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives around um around the fixed
+points. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. And in particular, what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And in particular, what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And in particular, what we want
+to do is we want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we want to take
+the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of
+f with respect to m evaluated at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f with respect to m evaluated at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f with respect to m evaluated at the
+fixed point. Right? That derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point. Right? That derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point. Right? That derivative is
+indeed just minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed just minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed just minus one.
+Right? So in general in the in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So in general in the in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So in general in the in these
+situations what we have is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations what we have is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations what we have is we have
+derivatives m dotp dot and we we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives m dotp dot and we we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives m dotp dot and we we have
+partial of this first function f with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of this first function f with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of this first function f with
+respect to m partial of g with or no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to m partial of g with or no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to m partial of g with or no so
+this is still f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still f
+to um with respect to p and down here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um with respect to p and down here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um with respect to p and down here is
+dative of g with respect to m derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dative of g with respect to m derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dative of g with respect to m derivative
+of g with respect to p and this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of g with respect to p and this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of g with respect to p and this is all
+evaluated around the fixed point m Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So we want to take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we want to take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we want to take these
+derivatives and and evaluate at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and and evaluate at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and and evaluate at the
+fixed point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point.
+All right. And if we do that we we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And if we do that we we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And if we do that we we get a
+minus one here. D of m with respect to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one here. D of m with respect to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one here. D of m with respect to m
+times m tilda.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times m tilda.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times m tilda.
+This other guy when you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This other guy when you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This other guy when you take the
+derivative you end up getting a you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you end up getting a you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you end up getting a you you
+get a minus sign. Taking d of this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a minus sign. Taking d of this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a minus sign. Taking d of this with
+respect to p. So we get a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to p. So we get a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to p. So we get a minus sign
+because this is in the denominator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is in the denominator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is in the denominator and
+then we have to take the of the inside.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to take the of the inside.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to take the of the inside.
+So we get n alpha p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we get n alpha p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we get n alpha p
+to the n minus one and down here we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n minus one and down here we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n minus one and down here we get
+a 1 + p kn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 + p kn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 + p kn
+squared. Right? So that we took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. Right? So that we took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. Right? So that we took the
+derivative of this term with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this term with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this term with respect to
+p and we evaluated at the fixable point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and we evaluated at the fixable point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and we evaluated at the fixable point
+p.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+Did I do that right? Uh but we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did I do that right? Uh but we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did I do that right? Uh but we still
+have to add a p tilda.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add a p tilda.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add a p tilda.
+All right? because this is saying how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? because this is saying how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? because this is saying how
+sensitive is the function to changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive is the function to changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive is the function to changes in
+where you are times how far you've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are times how far you've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are times how far you've gone
+away from the fixed point. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the fixed point. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the fixed point. All right.
+And then uh again over here we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then uh again over here we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then uh again over here we take the
+derivatives down below. So d of g with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives down below. So d of g with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives down below. So d of g with
+respect to m that gives us a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to m that gives us a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to m that gives us a beta
+m tilda and then we have a minus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p tilda.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p tilda.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p tilda.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+All right. So this is this is just uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this is this is just uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this is this is just uh an
+example of linearizing those equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of linearizing those equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of linearizing those equations
+around around that fixed point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. And so we we can ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And so we we can ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And so we we can ultimately
+what we care about is really this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we care about is really this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we care about is really this this
+uh this matrix that's specifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this matrix that's specifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this matrix that's specifying
+uh deviations around the equilibrium.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deviations around the equilibrium.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deviations around the equilibrium.
+Right? So it's useful to just write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So it's useful to just write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So it's useful to just write it
+in matrix format because we get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in matrix format because we get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in matrix format because we get rid of
+some of the M's and P's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Indeed. So this matrix that we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indeed. So this matrix that we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indeed. So this matrix that we often
+either call a or the Jacobian depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either call a or the Jacobian depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either call a or the Jacobian depending
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+Right. So we what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So we what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So we what we have is
+a minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus one
+uh and this thing what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this thing what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this thing what we're going to do
+we're going to call this thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call this thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call this thing uh
+this this thing X because it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing X because it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing X because it's going to
+it's going to pop up a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to pop up a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to pop up a lot
+is is this minus N alpha P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Right. So that's an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta and minus beta. Okay. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and minus beta. Okay. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and minus beta. Okay. All right.
+And then we have our simple rules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we have our simple rules for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we have our simple rules for
+determining whether this thing is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining whether this thing is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining whether this thing is going
+to be stable or not. Right? It depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be stable or not. Right? It depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be stable or not. Right? It depends
+on the trace and it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the trace and it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the trace and it depends on the
+determinant. Right? So the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant. Right? So the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant. Right? So the trace
+should be negative. And is this trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be negative. And is this trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be negative. And is this trace
+negative?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes. Yes. Because beta does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Yes. Because beta does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Yes. Because beta does anybody
+remember what beta was again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratio of lifetimes. Lifetimes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of lifetimes. Lifetimes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of lifetimes. Lifetimes are
+positive. So beta is positive. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. So beta is positive. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. So beta is positive. All
+right. So the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So the trace
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it is equal to minus one minus beta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is equal to minus one minus beta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is equal to minus one minus beta.
+This is indeed less than zero. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is indeed less than zero. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is indeed less than zero. Right? So
+this is consistent for stability. Does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is consistent for stability. Does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is consistent for stability. Does
+it prove that it's stable?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it prove that it's stable?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it prove that it's stable?
+No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No.
+All right. But we also need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. But we also need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. But we also need to know
+about the determinant of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the determinant of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the determinant of a
+right which is going to be beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is going to be beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is going to be beta
+this times this minus this times this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times this minus this times this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times this minus this times this.
+So that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's um
+minus and this is a beta times what x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and this is a beta times what x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and this is a beta times what x
+was. So this gives us you know we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. So this gives us you know we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. So this gives us you know we could
+write this all down just so that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this all down just so that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this all down just so that it's
+clear that it has to be positive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. All right. So, beta's positive,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. So, beta's positive,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. So, beta's positive,
+positive, positive, positive, positive,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive, positive, positive, positive,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive, positive, positive, positive,
+positive. Everything's positive. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. Everything's positive. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. Everything's positive. Okay.
+So, this thing has to be uh this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this thing has to be uh this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this thing has to be uh this thing
+has to be greater than zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be greater than zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be greater than zero.
+So, what does this mean about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what does this mean about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what does this mean about the
+stability of that fixed point?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of that fixed point?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of that fixed point?
+Stable, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stable, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stable, right?
+Fixed point stable. And what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fixed point stable. And what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fixed point stable. And what does that
+mean about oscillations?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean about oscillations?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean about oscillations?
+Means there are no oscillations. Fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Means there are no oscillations. Fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Means there are no oscillations. Fixed
+point stable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Therefore, no oscillations. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what this is saying is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what this is saying is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what this is saying is that the
+original kind of simple equation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original kind of simple equation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original kind of simple equation that we
+wrote down for negative autoregulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down for negative autoregulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down for negative autoregulation
+that thing was not allowed to oscillate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing was not allowed to oscillate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing was not allowed to oscillate
+kind of mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mathematically
+that but that doesn't mean that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that doesn't mean that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that doesn't mean that if you
+explicitly model the mRNA doesn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly model the mRNA doesn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly model the mRNA doesn't it
+could go either way but still that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go either way but still that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go either way but still that's
+insufficient to generate oscillations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insufficient to generate oscillations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insufficient to generate oscillations.
+Okay. However,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. However,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. However,
+maybe if you included more steps, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you included more steps, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you included more steps, maybe
+it would oscillate. Yeah. Question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's okay. Yeah. So, sorry. When I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's okay. Yeah. So, sorry. When I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's okay. Yeah. So, sorry. When I see
+when I mean no oscillations, what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I mean no oscillations, what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I mean no oscillations, what I mean
+are indeed no limit cycle oscillations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are indeed no limit cycle oscillations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are indeed no limit cycle oscillations.
+No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No.
+Yeah. Okay. Well, we Yeah. So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. Well, we Yeah. So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. Well, we Yeah. So, we
+actually have not um we have not solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have not um we have not solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have not um we have not solved
+exactly what what it looks like. And it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what what it looks like. And it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what what it looks like. And it
+may not I I've drawn this as a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not I I've drawn this as a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not I I've drawn this as a pretty
+ocilliatory thing but it might just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocilliatory thing but it might just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocilliatory thing but it might just look
+like this depending on the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this depending on the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this depending on the parameters
+and so forth. Yeah. And indeed we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth. Yeah. And indeed we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth. Yeah. And indeed we
+haven't even proven that this thing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even proven that this thing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even proven that this thing has
+complex values. So, but certainly there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex values. So, but certainly there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex values. So, but certainly there
+are no limit cycle oscillations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no limit cycle oscillations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no limit cycle oscillations and
+though and I'd say it's really limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though and I'd say it's really limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though and I'd say it's really limit
+cycle oscillations that you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle oscillations that you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle oscillations that you know people
+find most most exciting uh because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find most most exciting uh because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find most most exciting uh because that
+that just means that uh because limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just means that uh because limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just means that uh because limit
+cycle oscillations u they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle oscillations u they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle oscillations u they
+have car a characteristic amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have car a characteristic amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have car a characteristic amplitude
+right so it doesn't matter where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it doesn't matter where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it doesn't matter where you
+start the oscillations go to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the oscillations go to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the oscillations go to some
+amplitude and they have a characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and they have a characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and they have a characteristic
+period again independent of uh of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period again independent of uh of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period again independent of uh of your
+starting condition so those those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting condition so those those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting condition so those those things
+are um so a limit cycle oscillation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um so a limit cycle oscillation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um so a limit cycle oscillation is
+has a feeling similar to like a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a feeling similar to like a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a feeling similar to like a stable
+fix point in the sense that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix point in the sense that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix point in the sense that doesn't
+matter where you start you always end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter where you start you always end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter where you start you always end up
+there you know and so they're the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know and so they're the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know and so they're the ones
+that are really like what you would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really like what you would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really like what you would call
+you know mathematically nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mathematically nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mathematically nice
+oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and incidentally when I say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and incidentally when I say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and incidentally when I say this
+I'm I'm in particular comparing them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm in particular comparing them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm in particular comparing them to
+neutrally stable orbits right so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrally stable orbits right so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrally stable orbits right so there
+are cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cases
+in which uh in which in two variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which uh in which in two variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which uh in which in two variables
+you you have a fixed point here and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have a fixed point here and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have a fixed point here and at
+least In the in the case of of of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least In the in the case of of of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least In the in the case of of of linear
+stability, if the re if you have purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability, if the re if you have purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability, if the re if you have purely
+imaginary igen values, what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary igen values, what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary igen values, what that means
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+you you have orbits that that go around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have orbits that that go around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have orbits that that go around
+your your fixed point. Okay. Um and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your fixed point. Okay. Um and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your fixed point. Okay. Um and we
+we'll see some cases that look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see some cases that look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see some cases that look like this
+later on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on.
+And this is indeed the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is indeed the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is indeed the nature of the
+oscillations in the LKA volta model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations in the LKA volta model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations in the LKA volta model for
+predator prey oscillations. They're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator prey oscillations. They're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator prey oscillations. They're not
+actually limit cycle oscillations. of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually limit cycle oscillations. of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually limit cycle oscillations. of
+this kind that is are considered uh less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind that is are considered uh less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind that is are considered uh less
+interesting because they're they're less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because they're they're less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because they're they're less
+um robust. Small changes in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um robust. Small changes in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um robust. Small changes in the model
+can cause these things to either uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause these things to either uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause these things to either uh
+either go away to turn into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either go away to turn into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either go away to turn into uh
+this kind of stable spiral or to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of stable spiral or to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of stable spiral or to turn
+into limit cycle oscillations. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into limit cycle oscillations. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into limit cycle oscillations. Right? So
+we'll we'll talk about this more uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll talk about this more uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll talk about this more uh in a
+couple months.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple months.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple months.
+These are neutrally stable orbits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are neutrally stable orbits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are neutrally stable orbits.
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+Okay. So I but what I wanted to what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I but what I wanted to what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I but what I wanted to what I
+wanted to highlight though is that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to highlight though is that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to highlight though is that just
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+the original simple protein only model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original simple protein only model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original simple protein only model
+didn't oscillate and just and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't oscillate and just and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't oscillate and just and this
+protein mRNA together doesn't oscillate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein mRNA together doesn't oscillate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein mRNA together doesn't oscillate
+does not mean that it's impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not mean that it's impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not mean that it's impossible to
+get oscillations using negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get oscillations using negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get oscillations using negative
+autoregulation. um either experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation. um either experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation. um either experimentally
+or uh or computationally, right? And uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh or computationally, right? And uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh or computationally, right? And uh
+the question is what what might you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what what might you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what what might you need
+to do to get oscillations?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. All right. Okay. So the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Okay. So the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Okay. So the in the
+paper they talk about various things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper they talk about various things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper they talk about various things
+including things such as leakage. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including things such as leakage. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including things such as leakage. It
+turns out that leakage in expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that leakage in expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that leakage in expression
+only inhibits oscillations though,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only inhibits oscillations though,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only inhibits oscillations though,
+right? So there in some sense they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So there in some sense they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So there in some sense they um
+the leakage is if you're trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leakage is if you're trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leakage is if you're trying to get
+oscillations, leakage is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations, leakage is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations, leakage is a problem
+actually, right? And that's why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, right? And that's why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, right? And that's why they
+they they use this especially tight well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they use this especially tight well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they use this especially tight well
+we we're going to talk about that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're going to talk about that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're going to talk about that in a
+few minutes. They're they use apecially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes. They're they use apecially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes. They're they use apecially
+tight version of these promoters to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight version of these promoters to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight version of these promoters to to
+have low rates of of leakage in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low rates of of leakage in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low rates of of leakage in the
+synthesis. Right? But what might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis. Right? But what might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis. Right? But what might you
+need in order to get oscillations of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in order to get oscillations of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in order to get oscillations of a
+in negative auto regulation? Did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in negative auto regulation? Did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in negative auto regulation? Did you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+delay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay?
+Delay. Yes, indeed. And that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delay. Yes, indeed. And that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delay. Yes, indeed. And that's something
+that they mention in in the Eloits paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they mention in in the Eloits paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they mention in in the Eloits paper
+is that you know if you add explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know if you add explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know if you add explicit
+delay right so for example if instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay right so for example if instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay right so for example if instead of
+having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having
+the repression depend on okay I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repression depend on okay I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repression depend on okay I already
+erased everything but instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased everything but instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased everything but instead of having
+you know the protein for example being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the protein for example being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the protein for example being a
+function of the mRNA now maybe if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the mRNA now maybe if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the mRNA now maybe if you
+said oh it's a function of the mRNA you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh it's a function of the mRNA you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh it's a function of the mRNA you
+know five minutes ago and that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five minutes ago and that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five minutes ago and that's just
+because maybe oh it takes time to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe oh it takes time to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe oh it takes time to make
+the protein or it takes time for this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein or it takes time for this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein or it takes time for this or
+that you can introduce an explicit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can introduce an explicit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can introduce an explicit a
+delay like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay like that
+or you could even instead have a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could even instead have a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could even instead have a model
+where you just have more steps. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you just have more steps. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you just have more steps. Okay. So
+what you do is you say oh well yeah sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you say oh well yeah sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you say oh well yeah sure
+what happens is that first the mRNA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that first the mRNA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that first the mRNA is
+made but then after the mRNA is then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made but then after the mRNA is then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made but then after the mRNA is then you
+have to make the um the peptide chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make the um the peptide chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make the um the peptide chain
+but then the you know then that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the you know then that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the you know then that that
+that peptide chain has to fold and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that peptide chain has to fold and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that peptide chain has to fold and then
+maybe those proteins have to multimeize.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe those proteins have to multimeize.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe those proteins have to multimeize.
+Um indeed if you include if you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um indeed if you include if you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um indeed if you include if you write
+down such a model then for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down such a model then for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down such a model then for some
+reasonable parameters you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable parameters you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable parameters you can get
+oscillations just with negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations just with negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations just with negative
+autoregulation. And indeed I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation. And indeed I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation. And indeed I would say
+that over the last 10 years probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over the last 10 years probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over the last 10 years probably the
+um the reigning king of oscillations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the reigning king of oscillations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the reigning king of oscillations in
+uh the field of of systems synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the field of of systems synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the field of of systems synthetic
+biology is Jeff Hasty at San Diego and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology is Jeff Hasty at San Diego and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology is Jeff Hasty at San Diego and
+he's written a whole train of beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's written a whole train of beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's written a whole train of beautiful
+papers uh exploring how you can uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers uh exploring how you can uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers uh exploring how you can uh how
+you can make these oscillators in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make these oscillators in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make these oscillators in uh in
+simple gene networks. So he's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple gene networks. So he's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple gene networks. So he's been
+focusing uh in E.coli. There's also been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing uh in E.coli. There's also been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing uh in E.coli. There's also been
+great work in kind of higher organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great work in kind of higher organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great work in kind of higher organisms
+in this regard. But uh but I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this regard. But uh but I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this regard. But uh but I'd say
+Hasty's work kind of stands out in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hasty's work kind of stands out in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hasty's work kind of stands out in terms
+of really being able to take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really being able to take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really being able to take these
+models and then implement them in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and then implement them in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and then implement them in in
+cells and kind of going back and forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and kind of going back and forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and kind of going back and forth.
+And he's shown that that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And he's shown that that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And he's shown that that you can
+generate oscillations uh just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate oscillations uh just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate oscillations uh just using
+negative auto regulation if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative auto regulation if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative auto regulation if you have
+significant you know enough delays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant you know enough delays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant you know enough delays in
+that negative uh feedback loop. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Are there any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Are there any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Are there any questions about
+kind of where we are right now? All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of where we are right now? All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of where we are right now? All
+right. All right. I know that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. All right. I know that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. All right. I know that we're
+supposed to be talking about the repress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be talking about the repress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be talking about the repress
+later, but uh we first have to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later, but uh we first have to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later, but uh we first have to make sure
+we understand the negative model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand the negative model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand the negative model
+regulation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation.
+All right. So, um okay. So, this is I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, um okay. So, this is I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, um okay. So, this is I'd
+say I mean everything that we've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I mean everything that we've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I mean everything that we've said
+right so far in terms of the models is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so far in terms of the models is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so far in terms of the models is
+is you know this was all known, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know this was all known, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know this was all known, right?
+But what Michael wanted to do is ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what Michael wanted to do is ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what Michael wanted to do is ask
+whether he could really construct an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether he could really construct an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether he could really construct an
+oscillator, right? And uh and he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator, right? And uh and he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator, right? And uh and he did
+this using these three uh mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using these three uh mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using these three uh mutual
+repressors. Uh X, we'll say X, Y, and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressors. Uh X, we'll say X, Y, and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressors. Uh X, we'll say X, Y, and Z
+just for for now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for for now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for for now.
+X represses Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X represses Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X represses Y
+represses Z presses X. And uh and he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represses Z presses X. And uh and he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represses Z presses X. And uh and he has
+a nice model of of this of this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice model of of this of this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice model of of this of this system
+that helped him guide the design of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped him guide the design of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped him guide the design of his
+circuits. Right? So experiments as most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits. Right? So experiments as most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits. Right? So experiments as most
+of us who have done them know, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us who have done them know, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us who have done them know, you know,
+experiments are hard. Okay? So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are hard. Okay? So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are hard. Okay? So if you
+can uh if you can do you know a week of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh if you can do you know a week of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh if you can do you know a week of
+thinking before you do a year of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking before you do a year of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking before you do a year of
+experimental biology then you should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental biology then you should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental biology then you should you
+know you should do that right. And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you should do that right. And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you should do that right. And what
+what were the um what were the lessons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were the um what were the lessons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were the um what were the lessons
+that he he learned from the modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he he learned from the modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he he learned from the modeling
+that kind of guided his construction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of guided his construction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of guided his construction of
+um of this circuit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+MRNA.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRNA.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRNA.
+Right. So you want to have similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So you want to have similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So you want to have similar
+lifetime of the mRNA and the protein.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of the mRNA and the protein.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of the mRNA and the protein.
+Right. And this is somehow similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And this is somehow similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And this is somehow similar to
+this idea that you need more delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that you need more delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that you need more delay
+elements because if you have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements because if you have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements because if you have very
+different lifetimes than the the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lifetimes than the the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lifetimes than the the more
+rapid process somehow doesn't count.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid process somehow doesn't count.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid process somehow doesn't count.
+Okay, it's very hard to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it's very hard to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it's very hard to increase the
+lifetime of the mRNA that much in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of the mRNA that much in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of the mRNA that much in in
+bacteria. So instead what he did is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria. So instead what he did is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria. So instead what he did is he
+he decreased the lifetime of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he decreased the lifetime of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he decreased the lifetime of of the
+proteins of the transcription factors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins of the transcription factors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins of the transcription factors in
+this case X, Y, and Z. Okay. Um can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case X, Y, and Z. Okay. Um can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case X, Y, and Z. Okay. Um can
+someone else say yeah and you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else say yeah and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else say yeah and you you
+mentioned what the other thing that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned what the other thing that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned what the other thing that he
+maybe did? introduced the leakage but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe did? introduced the leakage but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe did? introduced the leakage but
+you just mentioned that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just mentioned that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just mentioned that that was
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+that's right so so he he and no but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so so he he and no but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so so he he and no but I
+guess he he knew that leakage was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess he he knew that leakage was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess he he knew that leakage was going
+to be a problem i.e that you want tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a problem i.e that you want tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a problem i.e that you want tight
+repression. And so he he had um he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression. And so he he had um he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression. And so he he had um he he
+made he used these synthetic promoters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made he used these synthetic promoters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made he used these synthetic promoters
+that both had high level of expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both had high level of expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both had high level of expression
+when on but then very low level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when on but then very low level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when on but then very low level of
+expression when being repressed. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression when being repressed. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression when being repressed. Right.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and right so he he um he made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and right so he he um he made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and right so he he um he made this
+thing and in particular he uh he looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and in particular he uh he looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and in particular he uh he looked
+at it in a test tube right he was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it in a test tube right he was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it in a test tube right he was able
+to use in this case IPG to synchronize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in this case IPG to synchronize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in this case IPG to synchronize
+them and he looked at the fluoresence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and he looked at the fluoresence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and he looked at the fluoresence in
+the test tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test tube
+uh so the fluoresence is reporting on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the fluoresence is reporting on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the fluoresence is reporting on um
+on one of the proteins you know we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of the proteins you know we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of the proteins you know we can
+call it X if we'd like right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it X if we'd like right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it X if we'd like right but
+fluorescent is kind of telling us about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent is kind of telling us about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent is kind of telling us about
+the state and what and if it starts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state and what and if it starts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state and what and if it starts out
+so here he saw kind of a single cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here he saw kind of a single cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here he saw kind of a single cycle
+damped oscillations maybe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped oscillations maybe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped oscillations maybe.
+Okay. So the question is um why why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the question is um why why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the question is um why why did
+this happen?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So why is it that in the test tube he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So why is it that in the test tube he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So why is it that in the test tube he
+didn't see something that looked very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see something that looked very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see something that looked very
+nice?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice?
+Oscillations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oscillations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oscillations.
+Noise. And in particular what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noise. And in particular what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noise. And in particular what what what
+kind of noise or what's going on?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Desynchronization. Exactly. Right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Desynchronization. Exactly. Right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Desynchronization. Exactly. Right. So
+the idea is that even if you start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that even if you start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that even if you start out
+with them all synchronized, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them all synchronized, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them all synchronized, you know,
+you give an IPDG pulse and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give an IPDG pulse and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give an IPDG pulse and they're
+synchronized in some in some way. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronized in some in some way. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronized in some in some way. Right.
+It may be that at the beginning all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It may be that at the beginning all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It may be that at the beginning all of
+them are oscillating in phase with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are oscillating in phase with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are oscillating in phase with each
+other but over time random noise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but over time random noise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but over time random noise you
+know phase drift in the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know phase drift in the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know phase drift in the different
+oscillators leads to some of them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators leads to some of them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators leads to some of them uh
+some of them come down and come back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them come down and come back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them come down and come back up
+and then others are slower. You start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then others are slower. You start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then others are slower. You start
+averaging all these things together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging all these things together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging all these things together and
+it leads to to damped uh to damped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads to to damped uh to damped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads to to damped uh to damped
+oscillations within uh within at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations within uh within at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations within uh within at the
+test tube level within the bulk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test tube level within the bulk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test tube level within the bulk.
+Okay. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yes.
+So what do you mean in the test tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what do you mean in the test tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what do you mean in the test tube
+like you just take all these components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you just take all these components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you just take all these components
+and put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it
+right? So sorry when I when I say tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So sorry when I when I say tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So sorry when I when I say tested
+what I mean is that you have um all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean is that you have um all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean is that you have um all the
+cells so they still are intact cells but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so they still are intact cells but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so they still are intact cells but
+um but it's just many cells right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's just many cells right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's just many cells right so
+then the signal that you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the signal that you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the signal that you get the
+fluoresence is some average overall you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence is some average overall you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence is some average overall you
+know or sum over all the fluoresence you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or sum over all the fluoresence you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or sum over all the fluoresence you
+get from all those cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so there's a sense that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so there's a sense that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so there's a sense that this
+is really what you expect given the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really what you expect given the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really what you expect given the fact
+that they're going to desynchronize of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to desynchronize of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to desynchronize of
+course the better the oscillator in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the better the oscillator in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the better the oscillator in the
+sense that the better the lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the better the lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the better the lower the
+phase drift then you maybe you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase drift then you maybe you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase drift then you maybe you can see
+more you know a slower of of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you know a slower of of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you know a slower of of this kind
+of desynchronization. But uh but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of desynchronization. But uh but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of desynchronization. But uh but this is
+really what you what you kind of expect.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what you what you kind of expect.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what you what you kind of expect.
+All right. So that's what maybe led him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So that's what maybe led him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So that's what maybe led him
+to go and look do look at the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and look do look at the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and look do look at the single
+cell level, right? Where he put down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell level, right? Where he put down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell level, right? Where he put down
+single cells on this aggger pad and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cells on this aggger pad and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cells on this aggger pad and just
+imaged as that cell oscill as the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaged as that cell oscill as the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaged as that cell oscill as the cells
+oscillated and divided. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillated and divided. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillated and divided. Okay.
+Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+there there are a few features that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are a few features that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are a few features that are
+you know important to note from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know important to note from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know important to note from the
+data, right? The first is that they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data, right? The first is that they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data, right? The first is that they do
+oscillate. Okay. That's um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate. Okay. That's um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate. Okay. That's um you know
+they're um that's that's a big deal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're um that's that's a big deal,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're um that's that's a big deal,
+right? Because this this was indeed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because this this was indeed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because this this was indeed the
+first demonstration of being able to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first demonstration of being able to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first demonstration of being able to put
+these random components together like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random components together like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random components together like
+that and generate an oscillation. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and generate an oscillation. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and generate an oscillation. But
+they didn't oscillate very well, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't oscillate very well, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't oscillate very well, right?
+So he they said, "Oh, maybe 40% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he they said, "Oh, maybe 40% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he they said, "Oh, maybe 40% of the
+cells oscillated, right? I have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells oscillated, right? I have no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells oscillated, right? I have no idea
+what the rest of the cells were doing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the rest of the cells were doing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the rest of the cells were doing,
+right? But um but also even the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But um but also even the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But um but also even the cells
+that were oscillating, there was a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were oscillating, there was a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were oscillating, there was a fair
+amount of noise to the oscillation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of noise to the oscillation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of noise to the oscillation.
+And u the latter half of this paper has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And u the latter half of this paper has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And u the latter half of this paper has
+a fair amount of discussion of why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair amount of discussion of why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair amount of discussion of why that
+might be. And uh and they allude to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be. And uh and they allude to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be. And uh and they allude to the
+these recent the ideas that had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these recent the ideas that had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these recent the ideas that had been
+kind of bouncing around that uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bouncing around that uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bouncing around that uh in the
+from the theoretical computational side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the theoretical computational side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the theoretical computational side
+uh demonstrating that it may be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh demonstrating that it may be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh demonstrating that it may be that the
+low numbers of proteins genes involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low numbers of proteins genes involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low numbers of proteins genes involved
+here could introduce stochastic or noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here could introduce stochastic or noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here could introduce stochastic or noise
+kind of into the system and thus lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of into the system and thus lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of into the system and thus lead to
+this kind of phase drift that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of phase drift that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of phase drift that was
+observed experimentally. And I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed experimentally. And I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed experimentally. And I think
+that this basic observation that Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this basic observation that Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this basic observation that Michael
+had that there was that he got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that there was that he got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that there was that he got
+oscillations but they were noisy. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations but they were noisy. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations but they were noisy. That
+is part of what led him to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of what led him to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of what led him to start
+thinking more and more about the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking more and more about the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking more and more about the role of
+noise in in gene networks and so forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in in gene networks and so forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in in gene networks and so forth.
+And led later to another uh hugely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And led later to another uh hugely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And led later to another uh hugely
+influential paper. Uh that um is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential paper. Uh that um is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential paper. Uh that um is not
+going to be a required reading in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a required reading in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a required reading in this
+class but is listed under the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but is listed under the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but is listed under the you know
+you know optional reading if if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know optional reading if if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know optional reading if if you're
+if you're interested. But we'll really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested. But we'll really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested. But we'll really
+get into this question of noise more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into this question of noise more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into this question of noise more uh
+a couple weeks from now. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple weeks from now. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple weeks from now. Okay.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+were there any other questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there any other questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there any other questions about the
+the experimental side of this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental side of this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental side of this paper
+before um I wanted to to analyze uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um I wanted to to analyze uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um I wanted to to analyze uh
+maybe a little bit of a simple model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit of a simple model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit of a simple model of
+the repressator, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay.
+Right. So, the model that they used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So, the model that they used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So, the model that they used to
+help them design this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them design this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them design this experiment
+involved all three proteins, all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved all three proteins, all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved all three proteins, all three
+mRNAs, right? And what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mRNAs, right? And what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mRNAs, right? And what that means is
+that when you go and you do a model,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you go and you do a model,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you go and you do a model,
+you're going to end up with a 6x6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to end up with a 6x6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to end up with a 6x6
+matrix. And that um I don't have boards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. And that um I don't have boards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. And that um I don't have boards
+that are big enough. All right. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are big enough. All right. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are big enough. All right. So what
+I'm going to do instead is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do instead is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do instead is I'm going to
+um uh analyze just the the kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh analyze just the the kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh analyze just the the kind of the
+protein only version model of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein only version model of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein only version model of the
+repressator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. So what we have here is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So what we have here is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So what we have here is three
+proteins P1 2 3 P1 dot and we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins P1 2 3 P1 dot and we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins P1 2 3 P1 dot and we have uh
+all right degradation of this protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right degradation of this protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right degradation of this protein
+and we're and we're going to analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're and we're going to analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're and we're going to analyze the
+symmetric version just like what Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric version just like what Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric version just like what Michael
+did right so that means we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did right so that means we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did right so that means we're assuming
+that all the proteins are um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the proteins are um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the proteins are um are
+equivalent I'm sure you know that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent I'm sure you know that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent I'm sure you know that's not
+true because these are um they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because these are um they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because these are um they're
+different promoters different everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different promoters different everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different promoters different everything
+but you know this gives us the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know this gives us the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know this gives us the intuition
+right so it's minus P1 and this protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's minus P1 and this protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's minus P1 and this protein
+one is is repressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is is repressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is is repressed
+by uh protein three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Protein two is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Protein two is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Protein two is going to be
+repressed by protein one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. And then uh protein 3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And then uh protein 3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And then uh protein 3 is
+going to be repressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be repressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be repressed
+by protein 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by protein 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by protein 2.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Right. So this is this is what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So this is this is what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So this is this is what you would
+call the proteinon model of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the proteinon model of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the proteinon model of the
+repressor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressor.
+Right? Now just as before the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Now just as before the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Now just as before the fixed
+points are when the um the pi all for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are when the um the pi all for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are when the um the pi all for
+the pi dots are equal to zero and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pi dots are equal to zero and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pi dots are equal to zero and we get
+the uh the the same uh the same equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the the same uh the same equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the the same uh the same equation
+that we basically had before where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we basically had before where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we basically had before where this
+uh the equilibria or the fixed point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the equilibria or the fixed point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the equilibria or the fixed point
+again is going to be given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is going to be given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is going to be given by
+something that looks like this. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this. Right?
+So it's the same it's the same require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's the same it's the same require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's the same it's the same require
+requirement that we had uh that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement that we had uh that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement that we had uh that we had
+before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now uh the question is uh how can um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now uh the question is uh how can um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now uh the question is uh how can um how
+can we get at the stability of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we get at the stability of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we get at the stability of that
+internal fixed point? It's it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal fixed point? It's it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal fixed point? It's it's worth
+mentioning here that now we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning here that now we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning here that now we have three
+protein. So this is uh the trajectories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein. So this is uh the trajectories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein. So this is uh the trajectories
+are in in this threedimensional space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in in this threedimensional space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in in this threedimensional space.
+So from a mathematical standpoint,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So from a mathematical standpoint,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So from a mathematical standpoint,
+uh determining the stability of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh determining the stability of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh determining the stability of that
+internal fixed point is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal fixed point is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal fixed point is actually not
+sufficient to tell you that there has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to tell you that there has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to tell you that there has to
+be oscillations or there cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be oscillations or there cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be oscillations or there cannot be
+oscillations because these trajectories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations because these trajectories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations because these trajectories
+are in principle allowed to do all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in principle allowed to do all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in principle allowed to do all sorts
+of crazy things in three dimensions. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crazy things in three dimensions. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crazy things in three dimensions. Um
+but it turns out that it it still ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that it it still ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that it it still ends
+up being true here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being true here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being true here that
+when this when this internal fixed point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this when this internal fixed point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this when this internal fixed point
+is stable, you don't get oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stable, you don't get oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stable, you don't get oscillations
+and when it's unstable, you do. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it's unstable, you do. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it's unstable, you do. Okay,
+but that that sort of didn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that sort of didn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that sort of didn't have to be
+true from a mathematical statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true from a mathematical statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true from a mathematical statement
+or mathematical kind of standpoint.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mathematical kind of standpoint.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mathematical kind of standpoint.
+All right. Now, uh since this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, uh since this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, uh since this is uh
+well, this is now going to be a 3x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, this is now going to be a 3x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, this is now going to be a 3x3
+matrix. So, we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. So, we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. So, we're going to have to
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+those uh those igen values. Now, u how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh those igen values. Now, u how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh those igen values. Now, u how
+many igen values are there going to be?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many igen values are there going to be?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many igen values are there going to be?
+Three. Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three. Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three. Okay. Um
+right. All right. So, this thing I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. All right. So, this thing I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. All right. So, this thing I've
+kind of written in the form of uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of written in the form of uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of written in the form of uh a
+matrix to help us out a little bit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix to help us out a little bit,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix to help us out a little bit,
+right? But in particular, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But in particular, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But in particular, we're going to
+get the same the same thing that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same the same thing that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same the same thing that we had
+before, which is that the P1 tilda. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, which is that the P1 tilda. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, which is that the P1 tilda. So,
+these are these are deviations again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are deviations again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are deviations again
+from the fixed point. There's right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fixed point. There's right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fixed point. There's right and
+we get this matrix that's going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this matrix that's going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this matrix that's going to look
+like this minus one again zero. It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this minus one again zero. It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this minus one again zero. It's the
+same x that we had before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same x that we had before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same x that we had before.
+conveniently still on the board.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So this is just uh after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this is just uh after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this is just uh after we
+take these derivatives and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have P1 tilda, P2 tilda and P3 tilda.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have P1 tilda, P2 tilda and P3 tilda.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have P1 tilda, P2 tilda and P3 tilda.
+Okay. Now what we need to know is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now what we need to know is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now what we need to know is for
+this uh this jacobian what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this jacobian what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this jacobian what is going to
+be the uh what are going to be the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the uh what are going to be the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the uh what are going to be the igen
+values if this for this thing to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values if this for this thing to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values if this for this thing to be
+stable it requires what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's yeah what's the requirement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's yeah what's the requirement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's yeah what's the requirement for
+stability of this of that fixed point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of this of that fixed point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of this of that fixed point at
+p 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so right okay so for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so right okay so for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so right okay so for two
+dimensions this trace and determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions this trace and determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions this trace and determinant
+condition actually that works It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition actually that works It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition actually that works It's
+important to say that that only works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to say that that only works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to say that that only works
+for two dimensions actually the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two dimensions actually the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two dimensions actually the the the
+rule about traces and determinants,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule about traces and determinants,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule about traces and determinants,
+right? Um so that's um so so be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Um so that's um so so be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Um so that's um so so be careful
+in like there. Yeah. So what's the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like there. Yeah. So what's the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like there. Yeah. So what's the more
+general statement? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general statement? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general statement? Yeah.
+Yeah. Exactly. So in in order for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Exactly. So in in order for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Exactly. So in in order for that
+fixed point to be stable requires that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point to be stable requires that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point to be stable requires that
+all the igen values have real parts less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the igen values have real parts less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the igen values have real parts less
+than zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero.
+Okay. So uh in order to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So uh in order to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So uh in order to determine the
+stability of the fixed point we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of the fixed point we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of the fixed point we need to
+ask you what are the igen values of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you what are the igen values of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you what are the igen values of this
+matrix right and determine to get the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix right and determine to get the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix right and determine to get the uh
+the igen values what we do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values what we do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values what we do is we
+calculate this characteristic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this characteristic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this characteristic equation
+that this thing that we learned about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing that we learned about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing that we learned about in
+uh in linear algebra and so forth right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in linear algebra and so forth right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in linear algebra and so forth right
+what we do is we take the this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we take the this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we take the this is some
+this is the matrix A we'll say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the matrix A we'll say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the matrix A we'll say this
+matrix A and what we uh what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix A and what we uh what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix A and what we uh what we want to
+do is we want to ask all do you need any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we want to ask all do you need any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we want to ask all do you need any
+all right we can probably cover.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we can probably cover.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we can probably cover.
+We need to ask whether the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need to ask whether the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need to ask whether the determinant
+of the matrix A minus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matrix A minus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matrix A minus some
+value times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value times
+the identity matrix what you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity matrix what you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity matrix what you know we
+want this thing to be equal to zero. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this thing to be equal to zero. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this thing to be equal to zero. All
+right. So this is how uh we determine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So this is how uh we determine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So this is how uh we determine uh
+what the igen values are. Okay. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the igen values are. Okay. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the igen values are. Okay. And this
+is not as bad as it could be for general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not as bad as it could be for general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not as bad as it could be for general
+3x3 matrices because a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 matrices because a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 matrices because a lot of these
+things are zero. Right? So the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are zero. Right? So the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are zero. Right? So the this
+thing is just this is the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is just this is the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is just this is the determinant of
+the following matrix. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following matrix. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following matrix. Um
+right so we have minus1 minus lambda 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have minus1 minus lambda 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have minus1 minus lambda 0.
+this thing x that's in principle bad - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing x that's in principle bad - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing x that's in principle bad - 1
+- lambda 0 get 0 x - 1 - lambda okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- lambda 0 get 0 x - 1 - lambda okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- lambda 0 get 0 x - 1 - lambda okay now
+to take the determinant 3x3 matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the determinant 3x3 matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the determinant 3x3 matrix
+remember you can say all right well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you can say all right well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you can say all right well this
+determinant is going to be equal to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is going to be equal to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is going to be equal to we
+have this term so this is a minus 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this term so this is a minus 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this term so this is a minus 1 +
+lambda okay times the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda okay times the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda okay times the determinant of
+this matrix right and then we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix right and then we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix right and then we just have
+that's this the product of these minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this the product of these minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this the product of these minus
+product of these. So this just gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of these. So this just gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of these. So this just gives us
+this thing again. So this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing again. So this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing again. So this is actually
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+minus 1 plus lambda cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 plus lambda cubed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 plus lambda cubed.
+All right, next term this is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, next term this is zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, next term this is zero.
+That's great. We don't need to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's great. We don't need to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's great. We don't need to worry
+about that. The next one we get plus we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that. The next one we get plus we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that. The next one we get plus we
+have an x determinant here. We get again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an x determinant here. We get again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an x determinant here. We get again
+x squared. So this is just an x cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared. So this is just an x cubed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared. So this is just an x cubed.
+Okay, we want this thing to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we want this thing to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we want this thing to be equal to
+zero. So we actually get a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So we actually get a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So we actually get a very simple
+requirement uh for the igen values which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement uh for the igen values which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement uh for the igen values which
+is that um that 1 + the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um that 1 + the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um that 1 + the igen values
+cubed is equal to this thing x cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed is equal to this thing x cubed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed is equal to this thing x cubed.
+Now be careful because remember x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now be careful because remember x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now be careful because remember x is
+actually a negative number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a negative number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a negative number.
+All right so watch out. Um, okay. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right so watch out. Um, okay. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right so watch out. Um, okay. So, I
+think that the the the best way to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the the the best way to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the the the best way to get a
+sense of what this thing is is to is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what this thing is is to is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what this thing is is to is to
+plot it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Of course, it's a little bit tempting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course, it's a little bit tempting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course, it's a little bit tempting
+here to just say, all right, well, can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to just say, all right, well, can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to just say, all right, well, can
+we just say that 1 plus lambda is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just say that 1 plus lambda is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just say that 1 plus lambda is equal
+to x?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No. All right. So, what's the matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. All right. So, what's the matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. All right. So, what's the matter
+with that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean, it's sort of true, maybe,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, it's sort of true, maybe,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, it's sort of true, maybe,
+possibly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly.
+Right. So the the problem here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So the the problem here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So the the problem here is that
+um we're supposed to be getting three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're supposed to be getting three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're supposed to be getting three
+different igen values or at least it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different igen values or at least it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different igen values or at least it's
+possible to get three different igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to get three different igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to get three different igen
+values, right? And um and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values, right? And um and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values, right? And um and so this is
+really specifying the solution for 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really specifying the solution for 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really specifying the solution for 1
+plus lambda on the complex plane. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus lambda on the complex plane. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus lambda on the complex plane. All
+right. So what the way to Okay. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So what the way to Okay. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So what the way to Okay. So the
+solution for 1 plus lambda we can get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for 1 plus lambda we can get by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for 1 plus lambda we can get by
+thinking about this is the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this is the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this is the this is the
+real part of of 1 plus lambda and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of of 1 plus lambda and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of of 1 plus lambda and this
+is the uh imaginary part of 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh imaginary part of 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh imaginary part of 1 plus
+lambda. And we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda. And we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda. And we know that
+one solution is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one solution is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one solution is going to be
+out here at um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x, you know. So the this is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x, you know. So the this is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x, you know. So the this is at
+well this distance here is the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this distance here is the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this distance here is the magnitude
+of x right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now the others however are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the others however are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the others however are going to be
+um around around the complex plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um around around the complex plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um around around the complex plane
+similar distances where we get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar distances where we get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar distances where we get something
+looks like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So these are like 30 60 90 triang you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are like 30 60 90 triang you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are like 30 60 90 triang you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+so this is 30° here right because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is 30° here right because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is 30° here right because what
+you see is that for each of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is that for each of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is that for each of these three
+solutions for 1 plus lambda if you cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for 1 plus lambda if you cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for 1 plus lambda if you cube
+them you end up with um x cubed right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you end up with um x cubed right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you end up with um x cubed right so
+this guy you square it cube you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy you square it cube you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy you square it cube you end up
+back here this one again if you cube it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here this one again if you cube it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here this one again if you cube it
+you know you go you start out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you go you start out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you go you start out here
+squared and then cubed comes back out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and then cubed comes back out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and then cubed comes back out
+here same thing and Okay, this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here same thing and Okay, this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here same thing and Okay, this goes
+around somehow. All right, so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around somehow. All right, so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around somehow. All right, so there are
+three solutions to this 1 plus lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three solutions to this 1 plus lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three solutions to this 1 plus lambda
+and they're at these kind of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're at these kind of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're at these kind of these
+points here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here.
+Right now, of course, it's not 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right now, of course, it's not 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right now, of course, it's not 1 plus
+lambda that we actually wanted to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda that we actually wanted to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda that we actually wanted to know
+about. It was lambda,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. It was lambda,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. It was lambda,
+right? But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But
+we can get if we know what 1 plus lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get if we know what 1 plus lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get if we know what 1 plus lambda
+is, then we can get we can get what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, then we can get we can get what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, then we can get we can get what
+lambda is, right? What do we have to do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is, right? What do we have to do?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is, right? What do we have to do?
+Right? We have to slide it to the left,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We have to slide it to the left,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We have to slide it to the left,
+right? So this is, you know, this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So this is, you know, this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So this is, you know, this is the
+real axis. This is the imaginary axis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real axis. This is the imaginary axis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real axis. This is the imaginary axis.
+you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one
+right so what we have to move everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we have to move everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we have to move everything
+over one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one
+okay now remember the requirement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now remember the requirement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now remember the requirement for
+stability was that all of the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability was that all of the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability was that all of the igen
+values would be have have real parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values would be have have real parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values would be have have real parts
+that were negative that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were negative that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were negative that means that the
+requirement for stability that fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for stability that fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for stability that fixed
+point is that all three of these fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that all three of these fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that all three of these fixed
+points are in the left half of the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are in the left half of the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are in the left half of the plane
+okay so what you can see is that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what you can see is that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what you can see is that in this
+problem the whole question of stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the whole question of stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the whole question of stability
+and whether we get oscillations boils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether we get oscillations boils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether we get oscillations boils
+down to the how big this thing is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the how big this thing is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the how big this thing is what's
+this distance if this distance is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance if this distance is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance if this distance is more
+than one then when we subtract one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one then when we subtract one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one then when we subtract one we
+don't get uh we don't get it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get uh we don't get it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get uh we don't get it into the
+you know into the left part of the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know into the left part of the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know into the left part of the plane
+if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's
+okay I can't remember what which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can't remember what which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can't remember what which which
+which case I just gave but yeah so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case I just gave but yeah so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case I just gave but yeah so we
+need to we need to know whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to we need to know whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to we need to know whether this
+thing is um is larger or smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is um is larger or smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is um is larger or smaller than
+one okay and and that has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and and that has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and and that has to do with the
+magnitude of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of x
+right so if the magnitude of X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if the magnitude of X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if the magnitude of X.
+Well, do you guys remember your geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, do you guys remember your geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, do you guys remember your geometry
+for a 30 60 90 triangle?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, if the magnitude of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, if the magnitude of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, if the magnitude of X and
+this is indeed the magnitude of X. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is indeed the magnitude of X. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is indeed the magnitude of X. Okay.
+If this thing this this short edge on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this thing this this short edge on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this thing this this short edge on a
+3690 is half the long edge, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3690 is half the long edge, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3690 is half the long edge, right?
+Okay. So, what we can say is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what we can say is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what we can say is that that
+this thing uh this fixed point stable,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing uh this fixed point stable,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing uh this fixed point stable,
+right? Stable fixed point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is you know if and only if the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know if and only if the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know if and only if the magnitude
+of x is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+less than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than two
+okay so that's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's nice
+and you know we could if we want we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we could if we want we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we could if we want we
+could plug in with just to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could plug in with just to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could plug in with just to write
+ourselves okay this is n alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves okay this is n alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves okay this is n alpha
+p n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. So it's useful to to once you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So it's useful to to once you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So it's useful to to once you get
+to something like this to try to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something like this to try to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something like this to try to just
+ask okay well for various kind of values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask okay well for various kind of values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask okay well for various kind of values
+you know how does this play out? you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how does this play out? you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how does this play out? you
+know what what does the what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what does the what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what does the what does the
+requirement end up being right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement end up being right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement end up being right
+and uh and a useful limit is to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and a useful limit is to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and a useful limit is to think
+about what happens in the limit of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens in the limit of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens in the limit of very
+strong expression so strong expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong expression so strong expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong expression so strong expression
+corresponds to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+big alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big alpha
+big alpha yes perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big alpha yes perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big alpha yes perfect
+uh and it turns out right so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it turns out right so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it turns out right so you have to
+big alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big alpha
+is a little bit okay and remember we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit okay and remember we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit okay and remember we had
+to figure out what remember what P was p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what remember what P was p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what remember what P was p
+was this P * 1 + P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so the this is the requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and actually if if you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually if if you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually if if you kind of
+if you play with these equations just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you play with these equations just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you play with these equations just a
+little bit what you'll find is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit what you'll find is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit what you'll find is that if
+alpha is much if alpha is much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is much if alpha is much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is much if alpha is much larger
+than one then um This requirement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one then um This requirement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one then um This requirement is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+n is less than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is less than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is less than two
+or less than around two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less than around two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less than around two.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Right. This is saying on the flip side,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. This is saying on the flip side,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. This is saying on the flip side,
+right? If the fixed point is it's stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If the fixed point is it's stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If the fixed point is it's stable
+if you don't have very strong uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have very strong uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have very strong uh
+uh cooperivity and repression, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cooperivity and repression, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cooperivity and repression, right?
+And that the flip side is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that the flip side is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that the flip side is that if you
+have strong cooperative repression then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have strong cooperative repression then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have strong cooperative repression then
+you get um then you can get oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get um then you can get oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get um then you can get oscillations
+because this fixed point becomes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this fixed point becomes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this fixed point becomes this
+interior fixed point becomes unstable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior fixed point becomes unstable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior fixed point becomes unstable.
+Okay. similar. All right. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. similar. All right. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. similar. All right. So this is
+also saying that that you know n greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saying that that you know n greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saying that that you know n greater
+than around two it leads to oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this maybe makes sense because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this maybe makes sense because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this maybe makes sense because when
+you have strong cooperivity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have strong cooperivity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have strong cooperivity in the
+repression there, what that's telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression there, what that's telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression there, what that's telling
+you is that it's a switch-like response.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that it's a switch-like response.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that it's a switch-like response.
+And in in that regime, it maybe becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in in that regime, it maybe becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in in that regime, it maybe becomes
+more uh more like a simple boolean kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh more like a simple boolean kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh more like a simple boolean kind
+of network where you can if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of network where you can if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of network where you can if you just
+kind of write down the ones and zeros,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of write down the ones and zeros,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of write down the ones and zeros,
+you can convince yourself that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convince yourself that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convince yourself that this
+thing may be principally or in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing may be principally or in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing may be principally or in principle
+could oscillate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could oscillate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could oscillate.
+Right? Now, if you if you look at the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Now, if you if you look at the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Now, if you if you look at the uh
+the Eloits repress paper, you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Eloits repress paper, you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Eloits repress paper, you'll see
+that he gives some expression for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he gives some expression for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he gives some expression for uh
+for what this thing should be like. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what this thing should be like. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what this thing should be like. And
+it looks um it looks vague it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks um it looks vague it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks um it looks vague it looks
+vaguely similar right uh of course there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely similar right uh of course there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely similar right uh of course there
+he's including the mRNAs uh as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's including the mRNAs uh as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's including the mRNAs uh as well
+right but if you think that this was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you think that this was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you think that this was too
+pain this was painful to do in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain this was painful to do in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain this was painful to do in class
+then including the mRNAs is more painful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then including the mRNAs is more painful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then including the mRNAs is more painful
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right are there any any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are there any any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are there any any questions about
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea
+yeah the paper did they also do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the paper did they also do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the paper did they also do the
+stability analysis like to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability analysis like to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability analysis like to determine
+um well I think they did they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I think they did they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I think they did they did
+simulations as well and you know and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations as well and you know and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations as well and you know and so
+the nature of simulations is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of simulations is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of simulations is that you
+can convince yourself that there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convince yourself that there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convince yourself that there exist
+places that do oscillate or don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that do oscillate or don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that do oscillate or don't
+oscillate although you'll notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate although you'll notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate although you'll notice that
+they have a very kind of enigmatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a very kind of enigmatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a very kind of enigmatic
+uh sentence in here which is that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sentence in here which is that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sentence in here which is that it is
+possible that in addition to simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that in addition to simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that in addition to simple
+oscillations this and more realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations this and more realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations this and more realistic
+models may exhibit other complex types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models may exhibit other complex types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models may exhibit other complex types
+of dynamic behavior right um and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dynamic behavior right um and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dynamic behavior right um and this is
+you know, a way of saying, well, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, a way of saying, well, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, a way of saying, well, you
+know, I don't know, may maybe something,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I don't know, may maybe something,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I don't know, may maybe something,
+right? Um because I mean, once you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Um because I mean, once you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Um because I mean, once you're
+talking about a sixdimensional system,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a sixdimensional system,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a sixdimensional system,
+you know, you never know if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, you never know if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, you never know if you've
+explored all of parameter space. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored all of parameter space. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored all of parameter space. You
+don't know if I even for fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if I even for fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if I even for fixed
+parameters, you don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters, you don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters, you don't know if you
+started at all the right locations, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at all the right locations, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at all the right locations, you
+can kind of develop some sense that, oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of develop some sense that, oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of develop some sense that, oh,
+this thing seems to oscillate or seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing seems to oscillate or seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing seems to oscillate or seems
+to not oscillate. and it does correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not oscillate. and it does correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not oscillate. and it does correspond
+to these conditions but you you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these conditions but you you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these conditions but you you don't
+know whether I it could be that in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether I it could be that in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether I it could be that in some
+regions you get chaos or other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions you get chaos or other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions you get chaos or other things
+right uh yeah so it's it was funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh yeah so it's it was funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh yeah so it's it was funny
+because I I you know I've read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I you know I've read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I you know I've read this
+paper many times but it was only last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper many times but it was only last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper many times but it was only last
+night when I was rereading that I kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night when I was rereading that I kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night when I was rereading that I kind
+of thought about that sentence like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thought about that sentence like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thought about that sentence like yeah
+you know I'm not I'm not sure either you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm not I'm not sure either you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm not I'm not sure either you
+know what you know what this model could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you know what this model could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you know what this model could
+possibly do right yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly do right yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly do right yes
+in this linear analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this linear analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this linear analysis
+are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same
+that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+because the non.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the non.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the non.
+All right. So, the reason that the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, the reason that the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, the reason that the three
+X's are the same is because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's are the same is because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's are the same is because we've
+assumed that this is um that this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that this is um that this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that this is um that this really
+is the symmetric version of uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the symmetric version of uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the symmetric version of uh of the
+repressator, right? That u that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressator, right? That u that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressator, right? That u that all of
+the because we're assuming that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because we're assuming that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because we're assuming that all of
+the alphas, all the ns, all the ks,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alphas, all the ns, all the ks,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alphas, all the ns, all the ks,
+everything is the same across all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is the same across all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is the same across all three
+of them, right? So given that symmetry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them, right? So given that symmetry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them, right? So given that symmetry,
+then you're always going to end up end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're always going to end up end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're always going to end up end
+up with a symmetric kind of version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a symmetric kind of version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a symmetric kind of version of
+this. Um, so I think that even um, so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Um, so I think that even um, so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Um, so I think that even um, so if
+it were if it were asymmetric and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were if it were asymmetric and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were if it were asymmetric and then
+you made the non-dimensional versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made the non-dimensional versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made the non-dimensional versions of
+things, I think you still won't end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, I think you still won't end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, I think you still won't end up
+getting the same x's just because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the same x's just because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the same x's just because if
+it's asymmetric, then something has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's asymmetric, then something has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's asymmetric, then something has to
+be asymmetric, right? You know, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asymmetric, right? You know, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asymmetric, right? You know, uh,
+yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+So large alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So large alpha.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So large alpha.
+Yes. Okay. We can go ahead and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Okay. We can go ahead and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Okay. We can go ahead and and and
+kind of do this. I I Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. So for um for large alpha this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So for um for large alpha this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So for um for large alpha this
+fixed point is going to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point is going to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point is going to be um
+you know then then p is going to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know then then p is going to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know then then p is going to be much
+larger than one right so this is about p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than one right so this is about p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than one right so this is about p
+to the n plus one right we can neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n plus one right we can neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n plus one right we can neglect
+the one for large alpha right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one for large alpha right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one for large alpha right and then
+and then what we can say is that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what we can say is that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what we can say is that over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+well first for example if we multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first for example if we multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first for example if we multiply
+both sides by you know do put up a p^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by you know do put up a p^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by you know do put up a p^
+squ p^ squ so multiply by one. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ p^ squ so multiply by one. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ p^ squ so multiply by one. Then
+okay, this down here is definitely alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, this down here is definitely alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, this down here is definitely alpha
+squared,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared,
+right? And then up here, what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And then up here, what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And then up here, what we have is
+P to the n + one, which we decided was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P to the n + one, which we decided was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P to the n + one, which we decided was
+around alpha for strong alpha,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around alpha for strong alpha,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around alpha for strong alpha,
+right? So that that that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So that that that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So that that that gives us
+alpha* alpha / alpha squared. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha* alpha / alpha squared. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha* alpha / alpha squared. So that
+all this actually all goes away for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this actually all goes away for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this actually all goes away for for
+uh large alpha. So then you you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh large alpha. So then you you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh large alpha. So then you you're just
+left with n less than two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with n less than two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with n less than two.
+Did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did that
+sorry where did that top right equation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry where did that top right equation?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry where did that top right equation?
+Okay. So, all right. So, this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, all right. So, this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, all right. So, this equation
+here is just this is the solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just this is the solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just this is the solution for
+where that fixed point is because so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that fixed point is because so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that fixed point is because so in
+this space of uh the pts if you just set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space of uh the pts if you just set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space of uh the pts if you just set
+the equations for P1 P2 P3 if set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations for P1 P2 P3 if set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations for P1 P2 P3 if set that
+equal zero this is this is the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero this is this is the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero this is this is the um the
+expression always you know for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression always you know for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression always you know for large
+alpha small so this is indeed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha small so this is indeed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha small so this is indeed the
+location of um of that fixed point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of um of that fixed point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of um of that fixed point and
+it's just that as alpha is large then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that as alpha is large then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that as alpha is large then we
+get that p the n + one is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that p the n + one is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that p the n + one is approximately
+equal to alpha And this is for alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to alpha And this is for alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to alpha And this is for alpha
+much greater than one, right? And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much greater than one, right? And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much greater than one, right? And in
+that case, all of these things just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case, all of these things just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case, all of these things just go
+away and you're just left with n less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and you're just left with n less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and you're just left with n less
+than two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two.
+Okay? So for example, and and um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So for example, and and um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So for example, and and um as
+alpha goes down in magnitude, then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha goes down in magnitude, then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha goes down in magnitude, then you
+end up getting requiring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting requiring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting requiring that
+oscillations require a larger n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So for example,
+well, we might as well we'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, we might as well we'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, we might as well we'll give you
+practice on this. All right. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice on this. All right. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice on this. All right. All right.
+So, I think I I wrote another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I can find my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think it's for alpha you can ask for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's for alpha you can ask for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's for alpha you can ask for
+alpha equal to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha equal to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha equal to two
+you know what n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what n
+required for oscillations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll let you start playing with that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you start playing with that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you start playing with that and
+I will make sure that I've given you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will make sure that I've given you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will make sure that I've given you the
+right alpha to use.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and so in this case what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so in this case what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so in this case what we're
+asking is if instead of having really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is if instead of having really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is if instead of having really
+strong maximal expression if instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong maximal expression if instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong maximal expression if instead
+expression is just not quite as strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is just not quite as strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is just not quite as strong
+then what we'll find is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we'll find is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we'll find is that you
+actually need to have a more cooperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to have a more cooperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to have a more cooperative
+repression in order to get oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression in order to get oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression in order to get oscillations
+right and And that's just because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and And that's just because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and And that's just because if
+alpha is equal to two, then we can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is equal to two, then we can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is equal to two, then we can kind
+of figure out what p is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one, right? Great. So if you know, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, right? Great. So if you know, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, right? Great. So if you know, so
+the fixed point is at one, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed point is at one, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed point is at one, right? And
+this is that's great because this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that's great because this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that's great because this this
+we can then figure out, right? So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then figure out, right? So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then figure out, right? So this
+is 1 + 1 squar that's a four one um two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 + 1 squar that's a four one um two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 + 1 squar that's a four one um two,
+right? And so this tells us that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so this tells us that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so this tells us that in this
+case we need to have very uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we need to have very uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we need to have very uh very
+cooperative repression. We have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperative repression. We have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperative repression. We have to have
+an n greater than around four in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an n greater than around four in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an n greater than around four in order
+to get oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get oscillations
+uh in in in this protein only model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in in this protein only model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in in this protein only model.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+It's kind of strange for alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Right. All right. So this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Right. All right. So this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Right. All right. So this is an
+interesting question that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question that you might
+think that for uh for very long very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that for uh for very long very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that for uh for very long very
+large expression that you wouldn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large expression that you wouldn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large expression that you wouldn't need
+to have cooperative repression at all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have cooperative repression at all.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have cooperative repression at all.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+And I can't say that I have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I can't say that I have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I can't say that I have any
+wonderful intuition about this. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful intuition about this. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful intuition about this. um
+yeah because it somehow has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because it somehow has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because it somehow has to do with
+just the slopes of those curves around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the slopes of those curves around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the slopes of those curves around
+that fixed points and then and it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fixed points and then and it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fixed points and then and it's in
+three dimensions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions and
+um right but I think that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right but I think that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right but I think that this
+highlights that because a priority you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights that because a priority you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights that because a priority you
+know if you go and you want say oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you go and you want say oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you go and you want say oh I
+want to I want to construct this repress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I want to construct this repress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I want to construct this repress
+later you know it's maybe not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you know it's maybe not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you know it's maybe not even
+obvious that you want it to be more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that you want it to be more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that you want it to be more or
+le I mean you might not even think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+le I mean you might not even think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+le I mean you might not even think about
+this idea of cooperative repression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of cooperative repression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of cooperative repression
+right you might just think oh well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you might just think oh well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you might just think oh well I
+mean you might be tempted to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you might be tempted to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you might be tempted to think that
+any chain of three proteins repressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any chain of three proteins repressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any chain of three proteins repressing
+each other that it just kind of has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other that it just kind of has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other that it just kind of has to
+oscillate, right? I mean, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate, right? I mean, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate, right? I mean, there's a
+little bit of a sense and and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a sense and and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a sense and and that's
+that's the logic that you get at from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the logic that you get at from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the logic that you get at from a
+kind of a you know, if you just do zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a you know, if you just do zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a you know, if you just do zeros
+and ones, right? If you say, "Oh, here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ones, right? If you say, "Oh, here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ones, right? If you say, "Oh, here's
+X, here's Y, here's Z, right?" And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X, here's Y, here's Z, right?" And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X, here's Y, here's Z, right?" And
+they're repressing each other, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're repressing each other, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're repressing each other, right?
+You say, "Okay, well, if you know, if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You say, "Okay, well, if you know, if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You say, "Okay, well, if you know, if I
+start out at you know, say 0 1 0, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out at you know, say 0 1 0, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out at you know, say 0 1 0, you
+say, okay, that's all fine, right? But,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, okay, that's all fine, right? But,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, okay, that's all fine, right? But,
+okay, so this is repressing and okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, so this is repressing and okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, so this is repressing and okay,
+but this guy wasn't repressing this one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this guy wasn't repressing this one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this guy wasn't repressing this one.
+So now we get a 1 one zero maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we get a 1 one zero maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we get a 1 one zero maybe you
+know then you say okay well now this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know then you say okay well now this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know then you say okay well now this guy
+starts repressing this one so now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts repressing this one so now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts repressing this one so now it
+gives us a one 0 0 what you see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a one 0 0 what you see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a one 0 0 what you see is that
+over these two steps the kind of on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over these two steps the kind of on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over these two steps the kind of on
+protein kind of has shifted and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein kind of has shifted and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein kind of has shifted and indeed
+that's going to continue going all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to continue going all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to continue going all the
+way around right so just from this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around right so just from this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around right so just from this kind
+of like you know you know boolean logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you know you know boolean logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you know you know boolean logic
+kind of perspective you might think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of perspective you might think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of perspective you might think that
+any three proteins mutually repressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any three proteins mutually repressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any three proteins mutually repressing
+each other just has to oscillate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other just has to oscillate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other just has to oscillate right
+and it's only by looking at things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's only by looking at things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's only by looking at things a
+little bit more carefully that you say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more carefully that you say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more carefully that you say,
+"Oh, well, we have to actually worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Oh, well, we have to actually worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Oh, well, we have to actually worry
+about worry about this that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about worry about this that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about worry about this that that you
+really have to think about, oh, you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to think about, oh, you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to think about, oh, you want
+to have, you know, you want to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have, you know, you want to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have, you know, you want to choose
+some uh some transcription factors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh some transcription factors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh some transcription factors that
+are say multimmorizing and cooperatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are say multimmorizing and cooperatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are say multimmorizing and cooperatively
+repressing the next protein uh just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing the next protein uh just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing the next protein uh just to
+have some reasonable shot at at having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some reasonable shot at at having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some reasonable shot at at having
+this thing really actually oscillate,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing really actually oscillate,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing really actually oscillate,
+right?"
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?"
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?"
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+So, in this we might still be able I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, in this we might still be able I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, in this we might still be able I
+mean oscillations like this might still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean oscillations like this might still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean oscillations like this might still
+be guaranteed, but just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be guaranteed, but just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be guaranteed, but just not
+some stable fix point or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stable fix point or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stable fix point or something like
+just not limit cycle oscillation. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not limit cycle oscillation. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not limit cycle oscillation. Uh
+do you think that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that in
+there probably still be some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there probably still be some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there probably still be some kind of
+oscillation somewhere just not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation somewhere just not this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation somewhere just not this
+beautiful cycle?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful cycle?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful cycle?
+Yeah, I my understanding is that in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I my understanding is that in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I my understanding is that in for
+example this three this protein only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this three this protein only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this three this protein only
+model the repress later that if you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the repress later that if you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the repress later that if you uh
+if you do not have cooperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do not have cooperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do not have cooperative
+repression then it really is just it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression then it really is just it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression then it really is just it
+just goes to that stable fixed point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes to that stable fixed point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes to that stable fixed point.
+All right. Of course you have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Of course you have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Of course you have to worry
+about maybe these noise induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maybe these noise induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maybe these noise induced
+oscillation kind of ideas but um but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation kind of ideas but um but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation kind of ideas but um but at
+least within the realm of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least within the realm of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least within the realm of of the
+deterministic differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic differential equations
+then um it it you know then the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um it it you know then the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um it it you know then the system
+just goes to that internal fixed point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes to that internal fixed point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes to that internal fixed point
+that's specified by this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's specified by this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's specified by this.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question.
+Can we think like the um cooperation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can we think like the um cooperation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can we think like the um cooperation
+sort of introduce delay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of introduce delay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of introduce delay?
+Uh that's an interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that's an interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that's an interesting question
+whether um the cooperivity maybe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether um the cooperivity maybe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether um the cooperivity maybe is
+introducing a delay right um and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a delay right um and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a delay right um and that's
+because oh a after the proteins are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because oh a after the proteins are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because oh a after the proteins are made
+maybe it takes some extra time to to dri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it takes some extra time to to dri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it takes some extra time to to dri
+so forth right so that statement may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth right so that statement may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth right so that statement may be
+true but it's not relevant. Okay. No and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but it's not relevant. Okay. No and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but it's not relevant. Okay. No and
+I think but I think this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think but I think this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think but I think this is very
+important right this model has certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right this model has certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right this model has certainly
+not taken that into account right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taken that into account right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taken that into account right so
+that the mechanism that's here is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mechanism that's here is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mechanism that's here is not
+what you're saying and but it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying and but it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying and but it may be
+true that for any experimental system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that for any experimental system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that for any experimental system
+such driation such delay from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such driation such delay from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such driation such delay from the
+drizzation is is relevant and helps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drizzation is is relevant and helps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drizzation is is relevant and helps you
+get oscillations right but at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get oscillations right but at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get oscillations right but at least
+within the realm of this model we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the realm of this model we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the realm of this model we have
+very much not included any sort of delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much not included any sort of delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much not included any sort of delay
+associated with drizzation or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with drizzation or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with drizzation or anything
+right so that is very much not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that is very much not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that is very much not the
+explanation for why we you know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for why we you know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for why we you know why
+drizzation leads to oscillations here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drizzation leads to oscillations here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drizzation leads to oscillations here
+right and know I think this is a wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and know I think this is a wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and know I think this is a wider
+point that it's it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that it's it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that it's it's very important
+always to keep track of which effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always to keep track of which effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always to keep track of which effects
+you've included in any given analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've included in any given analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've included in any given analysis
+and which ones are not and I see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which ones are not and I see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which ones are not and I see and
+it's very very common to for there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very common to for there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very common to for there are
+many things that are true but they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things that are true but they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things that are true but they may
+not actually be relevant for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually be relevant for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually be relevant for the
+discussion at hand you know and I and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion at hand you know and I and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion at hand you know and I and I
+think it's it's in those situations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's it's in those situations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's it's in those situations that
+it's easy to get kind of mixed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to get kind of mixed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to get kind of mixed up
+because um because you know it still is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um because you know it still is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um because you know it still is
+true right I mean even even if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true right I mean even even if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true right I mean even even if it's not
+even if it doesn't even if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it doesn't even if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it doesn't even if it's not
+what's driving the effect that is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's driving the effect that is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's driving the effect that is being
+you know in this case analyzed right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in this case analyzed right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in this case analyzed right I
+we're out of time so we should quit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're out of time so we should quit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're out of time so we should quit on
+On Tuesday, we'll start by wrapping up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On Tuesday, we'll start by wrapping up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On Tuesday, we'll start by wrapping up
+the oscillation discussion by talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation discussion by talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation discussion by talking
+about other oscillator designs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other oscillator designs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other oscillator designs that
+allow for um robustness and tunability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for um robustness and tunability.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for um robustness and tunability.
+Okay.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xW4TJHhKZiY.txt b/xW4TJHhKZiY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9c9a399d66035c4a25af1ed502049a38342d7262
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xW4TJHhKZiY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+going from that i'd like you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from that i'd like you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from that i'd like you to think
+about a value for or value functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a value for or value functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a value for or value functions
+and
+
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+of fuel economy its color uh whether or
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+
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+and then if i have
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+it's this kind of general shape known
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+
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+it's this kind of general shape known
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+utility where the idea is simply that
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+unit value is less as we get more of it
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+form that often exists and in much of uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that often exists and in much of uh
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+ align:start position:0%
+general discussions of it it is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general discussions of it it is sort of
+thought of this is the common thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of this is the common thing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of this is the common thing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal utility um at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal utility um at a
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+ align:start position:0%
+point and
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+
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+point and
+while this is a very common uh
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+ align:start position:0%
+while this is a very common uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+while this is a very common uh
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+ align:start position:0%
+shape or a description of the value
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions thinking of it as the most
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely one it can be very misleading and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely one it can be very misleading and
+that's what i'd like to discuss with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i'd like to discuss with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i'd like to discuss with you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh but let me illustrate this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but let me illustrate this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but let me illustrate this so
+let's imagine that we are
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+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine that we are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine that we are
+uh about to go to lunch i know that some
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+ align:start position:0%
+uh about to go to lunch i know that some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about to go to lunch i know that some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you out there in cyberland may be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you out there in cyberland may be
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+ align:start position:0%
+more thinking about breakfast or uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thinking about breakfast or uh
+supper but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you're hungry
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+ align:start position:0%
+if you're hungry
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+if you're hungry
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+you might value one serving of your
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+favorite
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+or the available food a hamburger a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the available food a hamburger a
+salad a soup
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+ align:start position:0%
+salad a soup
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+salad a soup
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+whatever it might happen to be
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+um
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+
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+um
+so one serving might be good
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+so one serving might be good
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+
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+so one serving might be good
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+
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+didn't have enough enough first time
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+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+uh three um
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+ align:start position:0%
+uh three um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three um
+possibly
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+ align:start position:0%
+possibly
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly
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+ align:start position:0%
+and then we all may have had the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we all may have had the
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+experience of being at a family
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+gathering and uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering and uh
+your favorite aunt or cook or whatever
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+your favorite aunt or cook or whatever
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+your favorite aunt or cook or whatever
+says oh dear sweetheart i haven't seen
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+ align:start position:0%
+says oh dear sweetheart i haven't seen
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh dear sweetheart i haven't seen
+you for so long um please have yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for so long um please have yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for so long um please have yet
+another one i made this especially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one i made this especially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one i made this especially for
+you because you liked it and you groaned
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+ align:start position:0%
+you because you liked it and you groaned
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because you liked it and you groaned
+you said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said okay
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said okay
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+ align:start position:0%
+um i will have it but you really didn't
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i will have it but you really didn't
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+want it so
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+ align:start position:0%
+all it is i'm trying to suggest to you a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it is i'm trying to suggest to you a
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+ align:start position:0%
+common experience that yes
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+common experience that yes
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+there are things for which we have
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+
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+there are things for which we have
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+definitely have diminishing marginal
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+
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+value for it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for it
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+that's establishes i hope or indicates
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+that's establishes i hope or indicates
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's establishes i hope or indicates
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+ align:start position:0%
+that
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+
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+that
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+but
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+
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+but
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+does it always apply
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+
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+does it always apply
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+can we think of exceptions
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we think of exceptions
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+and actually the ins the exceptions are
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+
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+and actually the ins the exceptions are
+that
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+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+they're very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very common
+so for example critical mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example critical mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example critical mass
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
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+ align:start position:0%
+a thing might be only valuable if i have
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing might be only valuable if i have
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of it to be able to do something
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of it to be able to do something
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+ align:start position:0%
+with it uh you might think of this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it uh you might think of this as a
+nuclear reaction or power plant of that
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+nuclear reaction or power plant of that
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+
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+nuclear reaction or power plant of that
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+sort but it might be that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort but it might be that
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+ align:start position:0%
+maybe do i have enough people to mount a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe do i have enough people to mount a
+a team for soccer or something
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+ align:start position:0%
+a team for soccer or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a team for soccer or something
+that i need to have enough
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+ align:start position:0%
+that i need to have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i need to have enough
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+something out of it so the idea of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the individual pieces aren't terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual pieces aren't terribly
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+ align:start position:0%
+valuable at the beginning but when you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable at the beginning but when you
+have enough of them ah now i can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough of them ah now i can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough of them ah now i can really
+do something with it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something with it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something with it um
+another idea is the network connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another idea is the network connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another idea is the network connections
+uh we see this a lot in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we see this a lot in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we see this a lot in the in the
+internet age is that uh the more that
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+ align:start position:0%
+internet age is that uh the more that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet age is that uh the more that
+you have of the connections the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have of the connections the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have of the connections the more
+valuable it is that having a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable it is that having a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable it is that having a um
+a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh
+having a a system say slack or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a a system say slack or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a a system say slack or whatever
+it is it might be that if there's nobody
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+ align:start position:0%
+it is it might be that if there's nobody
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it might be that if there's nobody
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+ align:start position:0%
+else on it it's not terribly useful to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+else on it it's not terribly useful to
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+ align:start position:0%
+you it becomes more and more useful as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it becomes more and more useful as
+there are more people on it and you can
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+ align:start position:0%
+there are more people on it and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more people on it and you can
+have more connectivity so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more connectivity so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more connectivity so that the
+connectivity gives you more and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity gives you more and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity gives you more and so that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more and more valuable
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more and more valuable
+threshold this is one that is absolutely
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+ align:start position:0%
+threshold this is one that is absolutely
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold this is one that is absolutely
+pervasive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pervasive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pervasive
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in so many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so many cases
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+value of something is only good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of something is only good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of something is only good enough
+if for example you meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for example you meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for example you meet
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the threshold so if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold so if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold so if you're trying to
+pass a test for example a driver's test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass a test for example a driver's test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass a test for example a driver's test
+in massachusetts as i remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in massachusetts as i remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in massachusetts as i remember
+you have to have a 70 on its test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have a 70 on its test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have a 70 on its test
+so yeah i'd be uh having going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah i'd be uh having going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah i'd be uh having going from
+having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having
+um four questions right the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um four questions right the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um four questions right the five
+questions right yeah that's better it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions right yeah that's better it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions right yeah that's better it
+makes you feel better um from going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you feel better um from going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you feel better um from going from
+five to six if you know i was close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to six if you know i was close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to six if you know i was close
+maybe i'll get it next time but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i'll get it next time but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i'll get it next time but what
+really counts what really gives value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really counts what really gives value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really counts what really gives value is
+going from six to seven from not passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from six to seven from not passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from six to seven from not passing
+the passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passing
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh we can it in more generally we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can it in more generally we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can it in more generally we're
+thinking about delivering products we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about delivering products we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about delivering products we
+are we don't not passing a test in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we don't not passing a test in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we don't not passing a test in the
+something graded but we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something graded but we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something graded but we're trying to
+match or beat competition that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match or beat competition that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match or beat competition that is
+uh it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it doesn't
+pay to say oh well my product's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay to say oh well my product's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay to say oh well my product's good
+it's only 10 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only 10 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only 10 percent
+less effective than my competitions well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less effective than my competitions well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less effective than my competitions well
+people will notice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will notice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will notice and
+will not be buying your product very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be buying your product very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be buying your product very
+much it won't be valuing you can't sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it won't be valuing you can't sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it won't be valuing you can't sell
+it at a high enough price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at a high enough price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at a high enough price
+to make a good money on it but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a good money on it but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a good money on it but if you're
+10 above if you're above the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 above if you're above the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 above if you're above the threshold
+of the competition and of course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the competition and of course it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the competition and of course it
+isn't a very precise thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a very precise thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a very precise thing but
+if you're above the competition you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're above the competition you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're above the competition you put
+yourself in a much better position so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in a much better position so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in a much better position so
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the value of your performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of your performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of your performance
+maybe start off you know maybe increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe start off you know maybe increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe start off you know maybe increase
+as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go
+higher performance but it can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher performance but it can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher performance but it can really
+increase if you beat out the competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase if you beat out the competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase if you beat out the competition
+and are seen to beat out the competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are seen to beat out the competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are seen to beat out the competition
+and puts you in a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and puts you in a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and puts you in a completely different
+space so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so that
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+can observe that there are all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can observe that there are all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can observe that there are all kinds of
+issues where they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues where they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues where they are
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+critical mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical mass
+well i really wanted to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i really wanted to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i really wanted to take the
+time here to have everybody stop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here to have everybody stop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here to have everybody stop and
+get a hold of this question and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a hold of this question and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a hold of this question and to
+recognize that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that the
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of
+uh diminishing marginal value or utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh diminishing marginal value or utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh diminishing marginal value or utility
+while very common is in fact not a dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while very common is in fact not a dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while very common is in fact not a dot
+necessarily a dominant feature and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a dominant feature and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a dominant feature and that
+increased margin utility whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased margin utility whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased margin utility whether it's
+threshold or network or competition or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold or network or competition or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold or network or competition or
+however you wish to phrase it is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you wish to phrase it is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you wish to phrase it is a very
+common and realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and realistic
+aspect of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of our
+of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our
+professional and other lives
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xt_0iNlUQ2U.txt b/xt_0iNlUQ2U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b72be13daf6924dc14d39407a20cda69f2627667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xt_0iNlUQ2U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my intention tonight is primarily to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my intention tonight is primarily to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my intention tonight is primarily to
+provide you with some suggestions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide you with some suggestions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide you with some suggestions
+framings that will help that will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framings that will help that will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framings that will help that will help
+in your viewing of these two films and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your viewing of these two films and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your viewing of these two films and
+will also at the same time reinforce and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also at the same time reinforce and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also at the same time reinforce and
+extend some of the things I was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend some of the things I was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend some of the things I was saying
+this afternoon about Hitchcock's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this afternoon about Hitchcock's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this afternoon about Hitchcock's work
+more generally on about the recurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally on about the recurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally on about the recurring
+preoccupations themes obsessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupations themes obsessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupations themes obsessions
+strategies that are characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that are characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that are characteristic of
+his work and I want to begin by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work and I want to begin by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work and I want to begin by adding
+one note to what I did what I was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one note to what I did what I was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one note to what I did what I was saying
+this afternoon you remember I began this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this afternoon you remember I began this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this afternoon you remember I began this
+afternoon by talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon by talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon by talking about the
+relationship between Hitchcock and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Hitchcock and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Hitchcock and what
+I call the genius of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call the genius of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call the genius of the system
+borrowing on that famous passage from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing on that famous passage from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing on that famous passage from
+Andre Bazin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andre Bazin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andre Bazin
+who said Hollywood is very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who said Hollywood is very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who said Hollywood is very interesting
+and there are interesting directors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are interesting directors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are interesting directors but
+why don't we talk about the genius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we talk about the genius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we talk about the genius of
+the system the way the system itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system the way the system itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system the way the system itself
+encourages or enables complex forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages or enables complex forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages or enables complex forms of
+narrative and we've already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative and we've already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative and we've already talked
+several times earlier in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times earlier in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times earlier in the course
+about this topic but there's another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this topic but there's another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this topic but there's another way
+in which one can think about this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which one can think about this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which one can think about this issue
+with regard to Hitchcock and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with regard to Hitchcock and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with regard to Hitchcock and I think
+it's helpful and clarifying so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's helpful and clarifying so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's helpful and clarifying so I want to
+mention it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it again
+one way to think about Hitchcock is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to think about Hitchcock is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to think about Hitchcock is to
+think of the Hitchcock film as a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the Hitchcock film as a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the Hitchcock film as a kind of
+genre unto itself right the Hitchcock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre unto itself right the Hitchcock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre unto itself right the Hitchcock
+just like the Western or the screwball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the Western or the screwball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the Western or the screwball
+comedy broadly Hitchcock belongs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy broadly Hitchcock belongs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy broadly Hitchcock belongs to the
+to the broad category of what might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the broad category of what might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the broad category of what might be
+well of two categories the the horror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of two categories the the horror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of two categories the the horror
+film although the strange director of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film although the strange director of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film although the strange director of
+horror he certainly is incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horror he certainly is incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horror he certainly is incredibly
+influential in fact when he made psycho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential in fact when he made psycho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential in fact when he made psycho
+he publicly announced this is my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he publicly announced this is my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he publicly announced this is my first
+horror film even though there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horror film even though there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horror film even though there are
+elements of horror earlier and it made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of horror earlier and it made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of horror earlier and it made
+something of a publicity splash when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of a publicity splash when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of a publicity splash when he
+said that so one way to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that so one way to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that so one way to understand
+Hitchcock is to think of him as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock is to think of him as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock is to think of him as
+participating in at least two categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in at least two categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in at least two categories
+of genre or sub-genre that are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genre or sub-genre that are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genre or sub-genre that are more
+widespread than Hitchcock's work itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread than Hitchcock's work itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread than Hitchcock's work itself
+and we might call that the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we might call that the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we might call that the the the
+horror film and the mystery film and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horror film and the mystery film and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horror film and the mystery film and
+even that's a bit of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that's a bit of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that's a bit of an
+oversimplification because within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplification because within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplification because within the
+category of mystery you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of mystery you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of mystery you can have
+different sort of sub sub categories one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sort of sub sub categories one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sort of sub sub categories one
+of which is the sort of romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is the sort of romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is the sort of romantic
+adventure of the sort that North by Nora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure of the sort that North by Nora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure of the sort that North by Nora
+Northwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwest
+the the the chase film starring Cary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the chase film starring Cary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the chase film starring Cary
+Grant that that Hitchcock made that ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grant that that Hitchcock made that ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grant that that Hitchcock made that ends
+with characters climbing across the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with characters climbing across the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with characters climbing across the face
+of Mount Rushmore so that's one the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Mount Rushmore so that's one the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Mount Rushmore so that's one the sort
+of action-adventure version of a mystery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of action-adventure version of a mystery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of action-adventure version of a mystery
+story that that Hitchcock makes another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that that Hitchcock makes another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that that Hitchcock makes another
+version other versions are are examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version other versions are are examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version other versions are are examples
+of the films that we're seeing tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the films that we're seeing tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the films that we're seeing tonight
+so but but the point my point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but but the point my point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but but the point my point is that
+that although one could fit Hitchcock's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although one could fit Hitchcock's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although one could fit Hitchcock's
+film into some sort of larger category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film into some sort of larger category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film into some sort of larger category
+of mystery or or mr. mystery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mystery or or mr. mystery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mystery or or mr. mystery and
+adventure or something of that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure or something of that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure or something of that kind
+it's also the case that once you begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the case that once you begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the case that once you begin
+to look closely at its costumes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look closely at its costumes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look closely at its costumes you can
+see that there's such a profound almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's such a profound almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's such a profound almost
+obsessional coherence in them they keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessional coherence in them they keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessional coherence in them they keep
+returning again and again to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning again and again to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning again and again to those
+dominant themes I talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant themes I talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant themes I talked about this
+afternoon that one can see that they in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon that one can see that they in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon that one can see that they in
+some sense constitute a kind of category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense constitute a kind of category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense constitute a kind of category
+order of their own if we think of so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of their own if we think of so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of their own if we think of so if
+we think of the Hitchcock as a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of the Hitchcock as a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of the Hitchcock as a kind of
+as a kind of genre even within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a kind of genre even within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a kind of genre even within that
+category we can discover immense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category we can discover immense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category we can discover immense
+variation so that Hitchcock's example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so that Hitchcock's example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so that Hitchcock's example
+itself becomes a kind of crystallized or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself becomes a kind of crystallized or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself becomes a kind of crystallized or
+distilled example of the principle I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled example of the principle I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled example of the principle I've
+been talking about all semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about all semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about all semester
+concerning the way in which a a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning the way in which a a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning the way in which a a system
+like the Hollywood system could and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Hollywood system could and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Hollywood system could and
+gender variation even as it is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender variation even as it is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender variation even as it is also
+committed to giving its audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to giving its audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to giving its audience
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that seems familiar that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that seems familiar that they
+recognize that they're willing to attend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that they're willing to attend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that they're willing to attend
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to week after week after week I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to week after week after week I think
+the primary point is this in a system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary point is this in a system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary point is this in a system in
+which you have an habitual a regular a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have an habitual a regular a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have an habitual a regular a
+daily or a weekly relationship to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily or a weekly relationship to the
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+material there have to be elements of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+material there have to be elements of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity of repetition of a return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity of repetition of a return to
+two shared subjects and themes or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two shared subjects and themes or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two shared subjects and themes or you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't do it you would you would find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it intolerable every time you made what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+was a routine or habitual connection to
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+
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+a text if what it gave you was a
+ 
+
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+a text if what it gave you was a
+completely new experience which forced
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+completely new experience which forced
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced you in some sense to begin at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced you in some sense to begin at the
+beginning and to figure everything out
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+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and to figure everything out
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and to figure everything out
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+ align:start position:0%
+for you you would find it you would find
+ 
+
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+for you you would find it you would find
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you would resist such an experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you would resist such an experience
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+
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+it's one thing to go to a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one thing to go to a great
+overwhelming theatrical experience once
+
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+overwhelming theatrical experience once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming theatrical experience once
+or twice a year or once or twice a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or twice a year or once or twice a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or twice a year or once or twice a month
+it's quite another thing to try to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite another thing to try to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite another thing to try to watch
+King Lear every day or even every week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King Lear every day or even every week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King Lear every day or even every week
+right and so the part of the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the part of the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the part of the difference
+has to do with the nature what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the nature what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the nature what it means
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an habitual rather than an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an habitual rather than an
+occasional connection to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasional connection to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasional connection to the to the
+artwork and one of the fundamental maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artwork and one of the fundamental maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artwork and one of the fundamental maybe
+the most important thing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important thing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important thing about the
+Hollywood studio film and later the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood studio film and later the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood studio film and later the most
+important thing about American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing about American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing about American
+television narrative forms is the canoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television narrative forms is the canoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television narrative forms is the canoe
+is the intimate regular routinized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the intimate regular routinized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the intimate regular routinized
+connection that the viewer has with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection that the viewer has with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection that the viewer has with the
+material and in the case of Hitchcock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and in the case of Hitchcock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and in the case of Hitchcock
+what we can say is really from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can say is really from the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can say is really from the very
+beginning of his work to the end there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of his work to the end there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of his work to the end there
+are these fundamental emotional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these fundamental emotional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these fundamental emotional and
+strategic or technical coherences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic or technical coherences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic or technical coherences
+resemblances that make virtually every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemblances that make virtually every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemblances that make virtually every
+Hitchcock film a kind of commentary on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock film a kind of commentary on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock film a kind of commentary on
+an earlier one and the two films you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an earlier one and the two films you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an earlier one and the two films you're
+seeing tonight are a particularly rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing tonight are a particularly rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing tonight are a particularly rich
+example of this so I hope you'll think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this so I hope you'll think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this so I hope you'll think
+hard about the way in which they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard about the way in which they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard about the way in which they are
+both profoundly different from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both profoundly different from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both profoundly different from each
+other and also at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and also at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and also at the same time
+strangely mysteriously profoundly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangely mysteriously profoundly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangely mysteriously profoundly
+similar how they circle back on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar how they circle back on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar how they circle back on the same
+kinds of obsessions and the same kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of obsessions and the same kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of obsessions and the same kinds
+of problems and part of our pleasure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems and part of our pleasure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems and part of our pleasure in
+looking at the two films is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the two films is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the two films is is the
+simultaneous recognition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous recognition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous recognition of the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and the similarity well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and the similarity well that
+is an example in small compass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example in small compass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example in small compass of the
+larger principle of popular aesthetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger principle of popular aesthetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger principle of popular aesthetics
+that I was saying applies to the needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was saying applies to the needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was saying applies to the needs
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply to the way in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply to the way in which we
+understand the audience's relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the audience's relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the audience's relation to
+the classic Hollywood film so as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic Hollywood film so as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic Hollywood film so as you're
+watching these two films and thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching these two films and thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching these two films and thinking
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them think both about resemblances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them think both about resemblances
+and differences and you'll get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and differences and you'll get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and differences and you'll get some
+sense of how much remarkable variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how much remarkable variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how much remarkable variation
+can be is possible within what remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be is possible within what remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be is possible within what remains
+certain familiar conventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain familiar conventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain familiar conventions
+expectations expectations not only about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations expectations not only about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations expectations not only about
+about the content of the text but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the content of the text but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the content of the text but also
+about the way the text is organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way the text is organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way the text is organized
+about its formal about its formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about its formal about its formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about its formal about its formal
+features so what I'd like to do then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so what I'd like to do then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so what I'd like to do then is
+say is say a couple of introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is say a couple of introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is say a couple of introductory
+things about each of the films you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about each of the films you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about each of the films you're
+going to see and if my if I'm able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see and if my if I'm able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see and if my if I'm able to
+keep the time right maybe maybe we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the time right maybe maybe we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the time right maybe maybe we'll
+pause for one clip maybe we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause for one clip maybe we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause for one clip maybe we won't
+depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how
+how concise I'm able to be in my in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how concise I'm able to be in my in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how concise I'm able to be in my in my
+arguments um you'll notice the shadow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments um you'll notice the shadow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments um you'll notice the shadow of
+a doubt and rear window are a loom are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a doubt and rear window are a loom are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a doubt and rear window are a loom are
+11 years apart and and I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 years apart and and I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 years apart and and I think that's
+significant because one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant because one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant because one of the most
+interesting ways to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ways to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ways to think about
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the two films is to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the two films is to think
+about the way in which rear window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way in which rear window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way in which rear window
+seizes on many of the preoccupations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seizes on many of the preoccupations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seizes on many of the preoccupations and
+themes that are at the center of shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes that are at the center of shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes that are at the center of shadow
+of a doubt but deals with them you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a doubt but deals with them you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a doubt but deals with them you know
+in ways that one might say are even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that one might say are even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that one might say are even more
+disturbing and profound that press more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing and profound that press more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing and profound that press more
+deeply into the implications that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply into the implications that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply into the implications that are
+mobilized in the earlier film and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilized in the earlier film and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilized in the earlier film and for
+maybe that sounds too general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that sounds too general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that sounds too general and
+abstract and mysterious let me be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and mysterious let me be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and mysterious let me be
+specific about what I mean one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific about what I mean one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific about what I mean one example
+is if in one of the most interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if in one of the most interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if in one of the most interesting
+aspects of shadow of a doubt if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of shadow of a doubt if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of shadow of a doubt if you look
+down to my Lex to the next to the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to my Lex to the next to the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to my Lex to the next to the last
+item is what I call the subplot and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item is what I call the subplot and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item is what I call the subplot and the
+subplot in in in in shadow of a doubt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subplot in in in in shadow of a doubt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subplot in in in in shadow of a doubt
+involves essentially a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves essentially a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves essentially a kind of
+subsidiary story about two very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidiary story about two very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidiary story about two very
+ineffectual characters in this subplot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ineffectual characters in this subplot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ineffectual characters in this subplot
+that the husband of the family has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the husband of the family has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the husband of the family has a
+kind of made his main preoccupation when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of made his main preoccupation when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of made his main preoccupation when
+he's not working at his bank is he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not working at his bank is he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not working at his bank is he he
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an ongoing conversation and sort of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+Hume Cronyn both also as a diminutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hume Cronyn both also as a diminutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hume Cronyn both also as a diminutive
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+masculine force he's short he's less
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect murder I mean what's a part of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+what's funny about this but also McCobb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's funny about this but also McCobb
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of useless unattractive maturity they
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend their time in divert and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+murders and and ma'am when in fact a
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+real murderers and is living at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself is actually in danger even
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fairly early and even young Charlie
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+/ so so in this subplot what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ so so in this subplot what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ so so in this subplot what's going on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have two sort of characters
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+playing at the diversion of murder and
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+
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+surrounded by evil and authentic danger
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+recurring interest in the space of
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+certain sense in which every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sense in which every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sense in which every single
+Hitchcock film enables or or or or as
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+Gruber is grounded upon this experience
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of equivalent to what the Jimmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of equivalent to what the Jimmy
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+
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+
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+sitting in the dark anonymous peeping
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+sitting in the dark anonymous peeping
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+impulses but you're dead but you're
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+
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+the place of anonymity so that the
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+
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+entertainment that we ourselves are
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+
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+
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+cunning cynical complexity in it that
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+
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+careless viewers orbit or very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careless viewers orbit or very very
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+satisfied thinking oh yes evil has been
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+
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+never fully picking up on the dramatized
+
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+ align:start position:0%
+with which with which we accept murder
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+
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+and mayhem as a form of diversion and
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+implications of that for human nature
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+
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+
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+itself right so that that moment when
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+the in in strangers on a train when the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+an instrument of terror and murder is
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+another example of Hitchcock of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of Hitchcock of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+Hitchcock's interest in the complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+things you can see when you shift to
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+same awareness of the problematic nature
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+ align:start position:0%
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+of entertainment but now much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entertainment but now much more
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the formal and thematic nature of the
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+
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+text so I love shadow of a doubt in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text so I love shadow of a doubt in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text so I love shadow of a doubt in many
+ways I it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I it's one of
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+
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+favorite Hitchcock's but it's early
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+begun to seize on the implications of
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own problematic relation to his
+ 
+
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+his own problematic relation to his
+material and his audience's compromised
+
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+material and his audience's compromised
+ 
+
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+complicit relationship to the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicit relationship to the material
+ 
+
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+
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+
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+
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+so rear window is more systemic in some
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+
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+sense more more more coherently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense more more more coherently
+conscious of this element of its meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious of this element of its meaning
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+
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+conscious of this element of its meaning
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost as if by the time we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost as if by the time we get to
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+
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+the to the mature films of the of the of
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+
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+
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+
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+between let's say 1951 in the early 60s
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+
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+
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+when Hitchcock did most of his grip most
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+significance that that they that all
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+to be meditations on the nature of
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+kind of mystery story that was that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of many films but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this ministery this separate
+ 
+
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+there's this ministery this separate
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+
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+story it's the story of the filming the
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+this would be the drama of the telling
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+
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+this would be the drama of the telling
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are literary but if you
+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+mentioned this before in the class
+ 
+
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+
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+because it's such a clear example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's such a clear example
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the story heart of heart of darkness
+ 
+
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+but the story heart of heart of darkness
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+
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+
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+of the narrator's trip up the Congo
+
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+of the narrator's trip up the Congo
+ 
+
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+of the narrator's trip up the Congo
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+
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+River when he was a young man but it's
+ 
+
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+even more the story of his struggles to
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+
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+
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+tell the story 20 years later and when
+ 
+
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+you read heart of darkness naive readers
+
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+ 
+
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+you read heart of darkness naive readers
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+
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+hate it well can't figure out why it's
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+lot of great modernist fiction right
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+impressionist and post-impressionist
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+
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+paints fifty versions of a haystack in
+
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+paints fifty versions of a haystack in
+ 
+
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+paints fifty versions of a haystack in
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+that reality is not stable that the that
+ 
+
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+that reality is not stable that the that
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+that Rouen Cathedral changes depending
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+when we look at the Rouen Cathedral
+ 
+
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+when we look at the Rouen Cathedral
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+went through that the the terrific labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through that the the terrific labor
+of capturing the the the image and you
+
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+of capturing the the the image and you
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+
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+
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+
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+when you look at Monet's paintings very
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+often the paint is so thick that you
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+
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+often the paint is so thick that you
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+
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+want more if you see it in reality you
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+again another kind of self-consciousness
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+
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+again another kind of self-consciousness
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+
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+or self-reflexiveness well Hitchcock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or self-reflexiveness well Hitchcock
+belongs in that tradition I think and a
+
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+belongs in that tradition I think and a
+ 
+
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+belongs in that tradition I think and a
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+great many of his mature films have this
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+
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+great many of his mature films have this
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+
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+double plot right the second plot is
+ 
+
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+double plot right the second plot is
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+
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+that what we might call the drama of the
+ 
+
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+that what we might call the drama of the
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+watching the drama of watching and rear
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+
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+watching the drama of watching and rear
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+window is a particularly austere and
+ 
+
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+window is a particularly austere and
+brilliant instance of this of this topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant instance of this of this topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant instance of this of this topic
+well let me start over again with shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me start over again with shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me start over again with shadow
+of a doubt set the context it's world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a doubt set the context it's world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a doubt set the context it's world
+war ii is going on I already mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war ii is going on I already mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war ii is going on I already mentioned
+that Hitchcock had already felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hitchcock had already felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hitchcock had already felt
+ambivalent about leaving England at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambivalent about leaving England at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambivalent about leaving England at the
+end of the 1930s and now by 1943 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the 1930s and now by 1943 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the 1930s and now by 1943 this
+this anxiety because the war was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this anxiety because the war was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this anxiety because the war was on
+England was being attacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England was being attacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England was being attacked
+Hitchcock felt ambivalence about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock felt ambivalence about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock felt ambivalence about that
+his mother was tremendously ill he kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mother was tremendously ill he kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mother was tremendously ill he kept
+receiving information and she couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving information and she couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving information and she couldn't
+get back to England because the war was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to England because the war was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to England because the war was
+going on you couldn't travel there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on you couldn't travel there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on you couldn't travel there and
+he was it was said that he was afflicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was it was said that he was afflicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was it was said that he was afflicted
+by it but by a kind of really deep guilt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it but by a kind of really deep guilt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it but by a kind of really deep guilt
+and unhappiness during the filming of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unhappiness during the filming of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unhappiness during the filming of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow of a death and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow of a death and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the filming of shadow of a doubt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the filming of shadow of a doubt
+his mother died now there are some film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mother died now there are some film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mother died now there are some film
+critics who say oh well the poor with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics who say oh well the poor with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics who say oh well the poor with
+this one critic who who writes that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one critic who who writes that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one critic who who writes that the
+portrait of the mother in shadow of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait of the mother in shadow of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait of the mother in shadow of a
+doubt his Hitchcock's last benign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt his Hitchcock's last benign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt his Hitchcock's last benign
+portrait of a mother but if this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait of a mother but if this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait of a mother but if this is a
+benign portrait I I'm very nervous about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benign portrait I I'm very nervous about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benign portrait I I'm very nervous about
+what is what is a mean portrait and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what is a mean portrait and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what is a mean portrait and it's
+a very it's a very bad mistake I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very it's a very bad mistake I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very it's a very bad mistake I mean it
+can't be that Hitchcock was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be that Hitchcock was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be that Hitchcock was trying to
+memorialize his mother in the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorialize his mother in the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorialize his mother in the primary
+character in this film because as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in this film because as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in this film because as you'll
+see she's she's a magnificent airhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see she's she's a magnificent airhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see she's she's a magnificent airhead
+she's she's the only Dumber woman in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's she's the only Dumber woman in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's she's the only Dumber woman in
+film that I know is Annabel Lee in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film that I know is Annabel Lee in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film that I know is Annabel Lee in in
+the general who sweeps out the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general who sweeps out the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general who sweeps out the engine
+while while while they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while while while they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while while while they're trying to
+escape their enemies and as you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape their enemies and as you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape their enemies and as you'll see
+she I mean she's a figure she's a benign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she I mean she's a figure she's a benign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she I mean she's a figure she's a benign
+figure in the sense that she has no not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure in the sense that she has no not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure in the sense that she has no not
+a mean bone in her body but she's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mean bone in her body but she's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mean bone in her body but she's really
+a dullard she's really silly and she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dullard she's really silly and she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dullard she's really silly and she's
+silly in ways the film is aware of we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly in ways the film is aware of we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly in ways the film is aware of we'll
+come back to that so so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that so so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that so so there are
+elements in the film of autobiography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the film of autobiography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the film of autobiography
+but they're skewed by Hitchcock's own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're skewed by Hitchcock's own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're skewed by Hitchcock's own
+sour cynical disturbed nature and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sour cynical disturbed nature and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sour cynical disturbed nature and this
+portrait of a family is very far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait of a family is very far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait of a family is very far from
+being a celebratory portrait as we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a celebratory portrait as we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a celebratory portrait as we'll
+say in a moment so Hitchcock's in exile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in a moment so Hitchcock's in exile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in a moment so Hitchcock's in exile
+he's feeling a bit sour he's feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's feeling a bit sour he's feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's feeling a bit sour he's feeling
+alienated so he makes a film in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alienated so he makes a film in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alienated so he makes a film in which
+really his first film or one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really his first film or one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really his first film or one of his
+first films in which an American family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first films in which an American family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first films in which an American family
+is at the very center of the story right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the very center of the story right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the very center of the story right
+but but he treats this family with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but he treats this family with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but he treats this family with an
+odd kind of comic irony or any distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd kind of comic irony or any distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd kind of comic irony or any distance
+that that a careful viewers immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that a careful viewers immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that a careful viewers immediately
+see and lazy viewers might not see but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and lazy viewers might not see but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and lazy viewers might not see but
+the careful viewers definitely see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the careful viewers definitely see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the careful viewers definitely see and
+one way to pick up on how subversive his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to pick up on how subversive his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to pick up on how subversive his
+portrait of the family is is to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait of the family is is to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait of the family is is to compare
+him to his great comrade the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to his great comrade the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to his great comrade the
+contemporary Frank Capra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary Frank Capra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary Frank Capra
+I've we've seen a Capra film already of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've we've seen a Capra film already of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've we've seen a Capra film already of
+course that what that that that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that what that that that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that what that that that a
+standard an establishing screwball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard an establishing screwball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard an establishing screwball
+comedy but the more characteristic Capra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy but the more characteristic Capra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy but the more characteristic Capra
+films all these kinds of films were also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films all these kinds of films were also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films all these kinds of films were also
+coming out at the same time or even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out at the same time or even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out at the same time or even more
+fundamentally celebrations of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally celebrations of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally celebrations of American
+life and maybe the the quintessential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and maybe the the quintessential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and maybe the the quintessential
+instances of this is a film that anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of this is a film that anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of this is a film that anyone
+who lives in the United States for a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lives in the United States for a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lives in the United States for a few
+months around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months around this
+around Christmastime become sick of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Christmastime become sick of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Christmastime become sick of
+what's the film starring Jimmy Stewart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the film starring Jimmy Stewart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the film starring Jimmy Stewart
+who was also the star of of tonight's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was also the star of of tonight's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was also the star of of tonight's
+Hitchcock well what if tonight's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock well what if tonight's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock well what if tonight's
+Hitchcock filled the rear window what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock filled the rear window what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock filled the rear window what's
+the film it's a Wonderful Life yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film it's a Wonderful Life yes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film it's a Wonderful Life yes and
+in fact the title tells no cup Capra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the title tells no cup Capra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the title tells no cup Capra
+although there is a dark side to Capra -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there is a dark side to Capra -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there is a dark side to Capra -
+but Capra's the great American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Capra's the great American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Capra's the great American
+sentimentalist and optimist he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimentalist and optimist he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimentalist and optimist he
+celebrates small-town virtues celebrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrates small-town virtues celebrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrates small-town virtues celebrate
+and the villains in Capra's films are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the villains in Capra's films are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the villains in Capra's films are
+big business and people who are hostile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big business and people who are hostile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big business and people who are hostile
+to the values of small-town America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the values of small-town America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the values of small-town America
+Hitchcock and and one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock and and one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock and and one way of
+understanding what Hitchcock is doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what Hitchcock is doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what Hitchcock is doing in
+shadow so I feel like it's a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow so I feel like it's a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow so I feel like it's a wonderful
+life also incidentally these films often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life also incidentally these films often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life also incidentally these films often
+starred Jimmy Stewart James Stewart the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starred Jimmy Stewart James Stewart the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starred Jimmy Stewart James Stewart the
+guy but when Hitchcock uses James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy but when Hitchcock uses James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy but when Hitchcock uses James
+Stewart this this this upstanding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart this this this upstanding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart this this this upstanding a
+perfect example of Middle American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect example of Middle American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect example of Middle American
+decency and American honesty is turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decency and American honesty is turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decency and American honesty is turned
+into a much more fearful damaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a much more fearful damaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a much more fearful damaged
+impotent sometimes sexually perverted or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impotent sometimes sexually perverted or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impotent sometimes sexually perverted or
+implicitly sexually damaged adult it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly sexually damaged adult it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly sexually damaged adult it was
+Hitchcock's version of Jimmy the Jimmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's version of Jimmy the Jimmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's version of Jimmy the Jimmy
+Stewart that Hitchcock draws out is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart that Hitchcock draws out is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart that Hitchcock draws out is a
+much more disturbed and damaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more disturbed and damaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more disturbed and damaged
+character and part of what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and part of what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and part of what makes
+Stewart's performances in Hitchcock's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart's performances in Hitchcock's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart's performances in Hitchcock's
+film so powerful there's some people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film so powerful there's some people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film so powerful there's some people who
+say Hitchcock and Stewart's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Hitchcock and Stewart's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Hitchcock and Stewart's
+collaboration was one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration was one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration was one of the great
+collaborations between a director and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborations between a director and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborations between a director and an
+actor in America in the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor in America in the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor in America in the history of
+movies and you could see one great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and you could see one great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and you could see one great
+example of it in rear window but but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of it in rear window but but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of it in rear window but but but
+the primary thing to recognize is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary thing to recognize is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary thing to recognize is that
+what Hitchcock is doing something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Hitchcock is doing something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Hitchcock is doing something so
+subversive because Jimmy Stewart was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive because Jimmy Stewart was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive because Jimmy Stewart was
+already a kind of American icon he stood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a kind of American icon he stood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a kind of American icon he stood
+when he came when he except in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he came when he except in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he came when he except in
+Hitchcock's films and it he stood for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's films and it he stood for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's films and it he stood for a
+form of American decency and openness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of American decency and openness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of American decency and openness
+and honesty and sincerity goodness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and honesty and sincerity goodness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and honesty and sincerity goodness and
+even heroism which Hitchcock undermines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even heroism which Hitchcock undermines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even heroism which Hitchcock undermines
+in all kinds of I don't mean that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all kinds of I don't mean that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all kinds of I don't mean that they
+make that he makes Jimmy Stewart an evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that he makes Jimmy Stewart an evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that he makes Jimmy Stewart an evil
+character he doesn't and he gives him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character he doesn't and he gives him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character he doesn't and he gives him
+his outwardly heroic lineaments but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his outwardly heroic lineaments but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his outwardly heroic lineaments but then
+we discovered that there are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discovered that there are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discovered that there are things
+wrong with him as you'll see in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with him as you'll see in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with him as you'll see in in in
+rear window and he and he does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rear window and he and he does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rear window and he and he does this
+again in vertigo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in vertigo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in vertigo
+an even more dramatic example of Jimmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even more dramatic example of Jimmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even more dramatic example of Jimmy
+Stewart playing and impaired or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart playing and impaired or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart playing and impaired or a
+damaged character in rear window Jimmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged character in rear window Jimmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged character in rear window Jimmy
+Stewart has one leg that's broken right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart has one leg that's broken right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart has one leg that's broken right
+into the cast and for all the filming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cast and for all the filming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cast and for all the filming
+and then bite when the film as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then bite when the film as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then bite when the film as you'll
+see but the feel after them at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but the feel after them at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but the feel after them at the very
+end of the film one of the outcomes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the film one of the outcomes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the film one of the outcomes of
+the film is what in the in the dana mall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film is what in the in the dana mall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film is what in the in the dana mall
+we see Jimmy Stewart after the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see Jimmy Stewart after the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see Jimmy Stewart after the action
+has occurred and now he has two broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has occurred and now he has two broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has occurred and now he has two broken
+legs so so he's back where he was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs so so he's back where he was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs so so he's back where he was in the
+beginning is even more damaged and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is even more damaged and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is even more damaged and
+impaired and immobilized than he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impaired and immobilized than he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impaired and immobilized than he was
+before and we'll come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and we'll come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and we'll come back to this
+because there's something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's something very
+disturbing about this ending in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing about this ending in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing about this ending in a
+certain way even though it purports to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way even though it purports to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way even though it purports to
+be a kind of survival tale I had in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a kind of survival tale I had in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a kind of survival tale I had in that
+sense a a kind of happy ending but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a a kind of happy ending but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a a kind of happy ending but the
+important point for the moment is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point for the moment is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point for the moment is that
+Hitchcock was certainly fully aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock was certainly fully aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock was certainly fully aware of
+the fact that what he was doing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that what he was doing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that what he was doing was
+juxtaposing his much more sour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juxtaposing his much more sour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juxtaposing his much more sour
+unsentimental even cynical vision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsentimental even cynical vision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsentimental even cynical vision of
+American life against Capra's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American life against Capra's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American life against Capra's more
+sentimental one right so he's a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental one right so he's a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental one right so he's a kind
+it's as if he's against Capra or he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as if he's against Capra or he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as if he's against Capra or he's
+against Capricorn the corniness get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Capricorn the corniness get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Capricorn the corniness get to
+get the pun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the pun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the pun
+I'm stealing I'm stealing it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm stealing I'm stealing it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm stealing I'm stealing it but the
+corniness the sentimentality of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corniness the sentimentality of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corniness the sentimentality of of the
+characteristic Capra film and the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic Capra film and the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic Capra film and the and
+the characteristic attitude in the Capra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic attitude in the Capra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic attitude in the Capra
+film toward small-town American life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film toward small-town American life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film toward small-town American life and
+one of the ways to recognize this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways to recognize this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways to recognize this is to
+recognize a kind of recurring trope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize a kind of recurring trope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize a kind of recurring trope of
+his that I've mentioned before let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his that I've mentioned before let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his that I've mentioned before let's
+show it Kristen so here is the opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it Kristen so here is the opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it Kristen so here is the opening
+of the shadow of a doubt of giving you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shadow of a doubt of giving you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shadow of a doubt of giving you a
+chance to watch it and then savor it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to watch it and then savor it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to watch it and then savor it the
+second time when you see it again in 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time when you see it again in 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time when you see it again in 20
+minutes or so in a half an hour or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or so in a half an hour or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or so in a half an hour or so
+and it dramatizes a scene a version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it dramatizes a scene a version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it dramatizes a scene a version of
+which occurs in many Hitchcock films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which occurs in many Hitchcock films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which occurs in many Hitchcock films
+watch what happens in which the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch what happens in which the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch what happens in which the the
+effect of the opening is in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the opening is in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the opening is in some sense
+to implicate the reader the viewer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implicate the reader the viewer right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implicate the reader the viewer right
+at the beginning in an act of wire ISM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see a benign seen a benign cityscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we go up to the window we in psycho it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go up to the window we in psycho it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go up to the window we in psycho it's
+even more dramatic the film actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more dramatic the film actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more dramatic the film actually
+crawls under a window shade that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crawls under a window shade that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crawls under a window shade that's
+almost all the way down but you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the way down but you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the way down but you see what
+the camera did okay stop when we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera did okay stop when we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera did okay stop when we first
+see young Charlie in the film many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see young Charlie in the film many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see young Charlie in the film many many
+scenes later what we've just looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes later what we've just looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes later what we've just looked at
+will be replicated shot by shot you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be replicated shot by shot you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be replicated shot by shot you know
+it's an example of what I call rhyming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an example of what I call rhyming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an example of what I call rhyming
+scenes and I'll come back to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes and I'll come back to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes and I'll come back to that in a
+moment so be behind any door or window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so be behind any door or window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so be behind any door or window
+is potential evil and the way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is potential evil and the way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is potential evil and the way that the
+way that we go out in the street then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we go out in the street then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we go out in the street then
+then the camera looks up at a window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the camera looks up at a window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the camera looks up at a window
+then it goes implicitly through the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes implicitly through the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes implicitly through the wind
+and as I say in some Hitchcock films the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I say in some Hitchcock films the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I say in some Hitchcock films the
+slithering through the window is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slithering through the window is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slithering through the window is
+actually even more explicit and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even more explicit and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even more explicit and you
+actually feel that the camera has slid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually feel that the camera has slid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually feel that the camera has slid
+in as if as if it's a kind of unwelcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as if as if it's a kind of unwelcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as if as if it's a kind of unwelcome
+and and and and unobserved witness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and unobserved witness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and unobserved witness to
+the event and and the implication is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event and and the implication is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event and and the implication is
+that you are that that you're watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are that that you're watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are that that you're watching
+something that you're not that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you're not that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you're not that you
+shouldn't be watching or that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be watching or that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be watching or that you have
+access to worlds that normally you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to worlds that normally you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to worlds that normally you would
+never have access to so behind any door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have access to so behind any door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have access to so behind any door
+or window in Hitchcock's world can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or window in Hitchcock's world can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or window in Hitchcock's world can be
+evil danger fright an American town an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil danger fright an American town an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil danger fright an American town an
+American family I've already mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American family I've already mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American family I've already mentioned
+that one of the things that's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the things that's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the things that's going on
+in this in this film is a portrait of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this film is a portrait of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this film is a portrait of an
+American family that has a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American family that has a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American family that has a kind of
+ironic undercutting built into it we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic undercutting built into it we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic undercutting built into it we can
+we can feel it we can feel it almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can feel it we can feel it almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can feel it we can feel it almost
+from the very beginning when we first go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very beginning when we first go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very beginning when we first go
+to Santa Rosa our first shots of Santa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Santa Rosa our first shots of Santa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Santa Rosa our first shots of Santa
+Rosa which will occur shortly after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosa which will occur shortly after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosa which will occur shortly after the
+scene you've just seen you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene you've just seen you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene you've just seen you'll see
+there'll be a more elaborated scene in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a more elaborated scene in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a more elaborated scene in
+which we learn a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we learn a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we learn a little bit more about
+Uncle Charlie and then we shift to Santa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uncle Charlie and then we shift to Santa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uncle Charlie and then we shift to Santa
+Rosa and the very opening scene in Santa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosa and the very opening scene in Santa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosa and the very opening scene in Santa
+Rosa shows a sort of fat jolly policeman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosa shows a sort of fat jolly policeman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosa shows a sort of fat jolly policeman
+in bright sunlight directing traffic as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bright sunlight directing traffic as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bright sunlight directing traffic as
+if nothing could be more wonderful than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nothing could be more wonderful than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nothing could be more wonderful than
+the job of directing traffic in a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job of directing traffic in a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job of directing traffic in a small
+American town in sunny California what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American town in sunny California what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American town in sunny California what
+could be more noble but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be more noble but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be more noble but there's
+something excessive about it I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something excessive about it I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something excessive about it I mean you
+almost feel even before you fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost feel even before you fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost feel even before you fully
+realize that what the film is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that what the film is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that what the film is going to
+be doing you sort of feel that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing you sort of feel that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing you sort of feel that this is
+too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much
+and this this is characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this is characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this is characteristic of
+Hitchcock as well is that almost as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock as well is that almost as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock as well is that almost as if
+there's an excess of brightness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an excess of brightness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an excess of brightness and
+excessive jolliness as if it's as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excessive jolliness as if it's as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excessive jolliness as if it's as if
+it's more than we could possibly believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more than we could possibly believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more than we could possibly believe
+and well and then as the family's nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well and then as the family's nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well and then as the family's nature
+begins to unfold to us what we begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to unfold to us what we begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to unfold to us what we begin to
+see is these children are horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is these children are horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is these children are horrible
+insipid children they're hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insipid children they're hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insipid children they're hardly
+admirable the daughters a nasty little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admirable the daughters a nasty little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admirable the daughters a nasty little
+ who is more interested in reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ who is more interested in reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ who is more interested in reading
+her books that in speaking civilly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her books that in speaking civilly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her books that in speaking civilly to
+her parents the not young Charlie but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her parents the not young Charlie but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her parents the not young Charlie but
+younger but Charlie's younger sister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger but Charlie's younger sister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger but Charlie's younger sister
+there are three children in the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three children in the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three children in the family
+Charlie's the oldest right the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie's the oldest right the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie's the oldest right the the the
+the the and then and then there she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the and then and then there she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the and then and then there she has
+a sister and a younger brother and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sister and a younger brother and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sister and a younger brother and the
+younger brother and the sister are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger brother and the sister are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger brother and the sister are
+insipid nasty little children the boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insipid nasty little children the boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insipid nasty little children the boy
+when we see him is constantly saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we see him is constantly saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we see him is constantly saying
+what pret when he first sees uncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what pret when he first sees uncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what pret when he first sees uncle
+Charlie says what have you got what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie says what have you got what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie says what have you got what
+president have you gotten for me and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president have you gotten for me and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president have you gotten for me and and
+if and if we don't think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and if we don't think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and if we don't think that the
+children are very attractive wait till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are very attractive wait till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are very attractive wait till
+we look more closely at the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look more closely at the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look more closely at the fact
+appearance I've already mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance I've already mentioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance I've already mentioned the
+father who spends most of his most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father who spends most of his most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father who spends most of his most of
+his time with Hume Cronyn trying to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his time with Hume Cronyn trying to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his time with Hume Cronyn trying to talk
+about ridiculous diversions in murder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ridiculous diversions in murder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ridiculous diversions in murder
+mysteries meanwhile his family is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysteries meanwhile his family is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysteries meanwhile his family is
+endangered around him and he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endangered around him and he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endangered around him and he doesn't
+have any sense of it but the wife as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any sense of it but the wife as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any sense of it but the wife as
+I've mentioned also comes across as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've mentioned also comes across as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've mentioned also comes across as one
+of the supreme airheads in American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the supreme airheads in American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the supreme airheads in American
+movies there's a certain moment when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies there's a certain moment when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies there's a certain moment when the
+uncle Charlie is under suspicion so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncle Charlie is under suspicion so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncle Charlie is under suspicion so some
+FBI agents come to town on in disguise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FBI agents come to town on in disguise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FBI agents come to town on in disguise
+and they proclaim they suspect him but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they proclaim they suspect him but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they proclaim they suspect him but
+they don't have evidence yet so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have evidence yet so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have evidence yet so they
+they claim they're from a magazine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they claim they're from a magazine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they claim they're from a magazine and
+they come into the family they say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come into the family they say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come into the family they say what
+we want to do is we want to do a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is we want to do a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is we want to do a story
+about a typical American family and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a typical American family and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a typical American family and the
+mother of the family is very proud oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother of the family is very proud oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother of the family is very proud oh
+isn't it nice to be a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it nice to be a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it nice to be a typical
+representative of America well who would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of America well who would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of America well who would
+want to be the mean right we're the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be the mean right we're the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be the mean right we're the mean
+we're the norm right we are the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're the norm right we are the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're the norm right we are the typical
+but but she loves this idea and then not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but she loves this idea and then not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but she loves this idea and then not
+only does she love the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only does she love the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only does she love the idea
+she she's really rather a silly person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she she's really rather a silly person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she she's really rather a silly person
+so at one point when they're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at one point when they're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at one point when they're getting
+ready to sort of I don't know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to sort of I don't know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to sort of I don't know whether
+they're getting ready to do still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting ready to do still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting ready to do still
+photography and the house she insists on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography and the house she insists on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography and the house she insists on
+completing her cooking because she wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing her cooking because she wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing her cooking because she wants
+to finish the pie before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish the pie before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish the pie before the
+photographer gets there as if completing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer gets there as if completing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer gets there as if completing
+her cooking has something to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her cooking has something to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her cooking has something to do with
+what the photographer would find and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the photographer would find and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the photographer would find and
+you'll find repeatedly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find repeatedly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find repeatedly that
+she's kind of a little askew she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's kind of a little askew she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's kind of a little askew she
+certainly has no possible intimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly has no possible intimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly has no possible intimation
+that her brother is a murderer and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that her brother is a murderer and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that her brother is a murderer and and
+in fact a cynical nihilist who has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact a cynical nihilist who has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact a cynical nihilist who has no
+respect for anything in life and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect for anything in life and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect for anything in life and she
+never learns any better and that's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never learns any better and that's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never learns any better and that's part
+of what makes the film so disturbing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what makes the film so disturbing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what makes the film so disturbing so
+what happens in the course of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the course of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the course of the film
+essentially is that this this American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is that this this American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is that this this American
+family is systematically shown to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family is systematically shown to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family is systematically shown to be
+sort of silly and foolish banal in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of silly and foolish banal in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of silly and foolish banal in its
+ordinariness hardly something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinariness hardly something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinariness hardly something that we
+might philemon I don't mean to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might philemon I don't mean to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might philemon I don't mean to say that
+where we come away in horror or thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we come away in horror or thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we come away in horror or thinking
+oh wow disgusting this family is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wow disgusting this family is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wow disgusting this family is just
+that we think how ordinary banal silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think how ordinary banal silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think how ordinary banal silly
+foolish it is one of the ways that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foolish it is one of the ways that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foolish it is one of the ways that we've
+talked about all I've talked already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about all I've talked already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about all I've talked already
+about the way in which Hitchcock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way in which Hitchcock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way in which Hitchcock is
+obsessed by doublings and by the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessed by doublings and by the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessed by doublings and by the idea of
+a self divided and one of his richest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a self divided and one of his richest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a self divided and one of his richest
+treatments of that theme is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments of that theme is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments of that theme is in the
+treatment of uncle Charlie and young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of uncle Charlie and young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of uncle Charlie and young
+Charlie and you'll see how explicit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie and you'll see how explicit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie and you'll see how explicit the
+film is about that one of the ways it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is about that one of the ways it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is about that one of the ways it's
+explicit about it is that check is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit about it is that check is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit about it is that check is that
+Hitchcock uses particular visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock uses particular visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock uses particular visual
+strategies to reinforce the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies to reinforce the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies to reinforce the connection
+and I've already mentioned the rhyming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've already mentioned the rhyming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've already mentioned the rhyming
+scene in that opening scene watch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in that opening scene watch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in that opening scene watch it
+because it's quite exciting later when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's quite exciting later when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's quite exciting later when
+we in our first introduction to young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in our first introduction to young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in our first introduction to young
+Charlie the camera behaves identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie the camera behaves identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie the camera behaves identically
+to the way it behaved when we saw uncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the way it behaved when we saw uncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the way it behaved when we saw uncle
+Charlie and even so even before Uncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie and even so even before Uncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie and even so even before Uncle
+Charlie has entered the story even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie has entered the story even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie has entered the story even
+before we're fully aware of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we're fully aware of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we're fully aware of what the
+relationship between uncle Charlie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between uncle Charlie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between uncle Charlie and
+young Charlie is the camera has told us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young Charlie is the camera has told us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young Charlie is the camera has told us
+that they are linked we and we could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are linked we and we could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are linked we and we could say
+them that in the doubling young Charlie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that in the doubling young Charlie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that in the doubling young Charlie
+represents a kind of innocence and part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a kind of innocence and part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a kind of innocence and part
+of her night but one way to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her night but one way to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her night but one way to understand
+the film is to see it as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film is to see it as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film is to see it as a as a
+bildungsroman as a growing up as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bildungsroman as a growing up as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bildungsroman as a growing up as an
+initiation story in which young Charlie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation story in which young Charlie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation story in which young Charlie
+learns about learn something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns about learn something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns about learn something about the
+evil and difficulty of the world she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil and difficulty of the world she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil and difficulty of the world she has
+a naive and simplified view of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a naive and simplified view of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a naive and simplified view of the world
+and before she's done she comes face to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before she's done she comes face to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before she's done she comes face to
+face not just with murder but with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face not just with murder but with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face not just with murder but with with
+the possibility of murder and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of murder and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of murder and in fact
+uncle Charlie actually tries to murder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncle Charlie actually tries to murder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncle Charlie actually tries to murder
+her and it went because he realizes she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and it went because he realizes she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and it went because he realizes she
+knows the truth about him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the truth about him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the truth about him
+so she's in danger for part of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she's in danger for part of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she's in danger for part of the film
+and knows she's in danger and part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knows she's in danger and part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knows she's in danger and part of
+the issue is that you can't really talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue is that you can't really talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue is that you can't really talk
+about it why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it why not
+it's her uncle have you ever heard this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's her uncle have you ever heard this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's her uncle have you ever heard this
+kind of there are actually critics who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of there are actually critics who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of there are actually critics who
+say that although that it's never made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that although that it's never made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that although that it's never made
+explicit in the film that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit in the film that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit in the film that one of the
+ways to understand the film in at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to understand the film in at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to understand the film in at least
+in the subtextual way is to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subtextual way is to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subtextual way is to think about
+the relation between uncle Charlie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between uncle Charlie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between uncle Charlie and
+young Charlie as that between the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young Charlie as that between the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young Charlie as that between the sort
+of perverted uncle who who man handles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perverted uncle who who man handles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perverted uncle who who man handles
+his young niece when when it when his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his young niece when when it when his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his young niece when when it when his
+family isn't watching right and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family isn't watching right and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family isn't watching right and there
+actually is in this in in the film of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is in this in in the film of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is in this in in the film of
+what is a scene sometimes called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a scene sometimes called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a scene sometimes called a
+betrothal scene in which we see uncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betrothal scene in which we see uncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betrothal scene in which we see uncle
+Charlie we see young Charlie come down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie we see young Charlie come down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie we see young Charlie come down a
+staircase like a traditional bride down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staircase like a traditional bride down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staircase like a traditional bride down
+a staircase and uncle Charlie gives her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a staircase and uncle Charlie gives her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a staircase and uncle Charlie gives her
+a ring so the film doesn't them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ring so the film doesn't them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ring so the film doesn't them and
+that's really perverse the film doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really perverse the film doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really perverse the film doesn't
+actually say to any kind of anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say to any kind of anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say to any kind of anything
+sexual is going on between uncle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual is going on between uncle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual is going on between uncle and
+niece that's not but there are there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niece that's not but there are there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niece that's not but there are there are
+these suggestions of illicit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these suggestions of illicit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these suggestions of illicit or
+disturbing connections that are that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing connections that are that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing connections that are that are
+that are part of the subtext in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are part of the subtext in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are part of the subtext in which we
+with which we experience the film and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which we experience the film and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which we experience the film and
+with in which with which we recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in which with which we recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in which with which we recognize
+the the tangled disturbing quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tangled disturbing quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tangled disturbing quality of
+the connection between young Charlie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection between young Charlie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection between young Charlie and
+her uncle so the naivete on young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her uncle so the naivete on young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her uncle so the naivete on young
+Charlie's part is her failure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie's part is her failure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie's part is her failure to
+understand or TV to be able to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand or TV to be able to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand or TV to be able to imagine
+the extent of evil and duplicity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent of evil and duplicity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent of evil and duplicity in the
+world and we could say that what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and we could say that what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and we could say that what happens
+as she's she as she comes to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as she's she as she comes to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as she's she as she comes to recognize
+what uncle Charlie really is or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uncle Charlie really is or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uncle Charlie really is or what
+uncle Charlie really stands for she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncle Charlie really stands for she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncle Charlie really stands for she is
+educated into the ways of the world the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated into the ways of the world the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated into the ways of the world the
+the but it is but it is in many ways a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but it is but it is in many ways a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but it is but it is in many ways a
+very terrible and and very serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very terrible and and very serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very terrible and and very serious
+initiation and one of the climactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation and one of the climactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation and one of the climactic
+instances of this occurs toward the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of this occurs toward the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of this occurs toward the end
+of the film when young Charlie and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film when young Charlie and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film when young Charlie and her
+uncle meet together in a you know in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncle meet together in a you know in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncle meet together in a you know in a
+bar called the I think it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar called the I think it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar called the I think it's called the
+till - because it's closes at two which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till - because it's closes at two which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till - because it's closes at two which
+is very late didn't in in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very late didn't in in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very late didn't in in the in the
+universe of the film 2 a.m. is very late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of the film 2 a.m. is very late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of the film 2 a.m. is very late
+in Santa Rosa California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Santa Rosa California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Santa Rosa California
+I mean they mean in this place and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they mean in this place and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they mean in this place and this
+is where Charlie saw that baby uncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where Charlie saw that baby uncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where Charlie saw that baby uncle
+Charlie realizes he can no longer hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie realizes he can no longer hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie realizes he can no longer hide
+the truth and he talks openly to you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth and he talks openly to you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth and he talks openly to you to
+young Charlie and he says at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young Charlie and he says at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young Charlie and he says at one point
+this we're old friends Charlie more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're old friends Charlie more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're old friends Charlie more than
+that we're like twins you said so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're like twins you said so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're like twins you said so
+yourself you think you're the clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you think you're the clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you think you're the clever
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+who knows something there's so much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows something there's so much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows something there's so much you
+don't know so much you're just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know so much you're just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know so much you're just an
+ordinary little girl living in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary little girl living in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary little girl living in an
+ordinary little town you hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary little town you hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary little town you hear the
+contempt for ordinary there Hitchcock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contempt for ordinary there Hitchcock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contempt for ordinary there Hitchcock
+shares some of this even though his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares some of this even though his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares some of this even though his
+villain is saying it right you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villain is saying it right you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villain is saying it right you go
+through your ordinary little day at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your ordinary little day at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your ordinary little day at
+night and you sleep your untroubled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and you sleep your untroubled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and you sleep your untroubled
+ordinary little sleep filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary little sleep filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary little sleep filled with
+peaceful stupid dreams you live in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaceful stupid dreams you live in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaceful stupid dreams you live in a
+dream these are this is a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream these are this is a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream these are this is a direct
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotation you live in a dream you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotation you live in a dream you're a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleepwalker blind how do you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleepwalker blind how do you know what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is like do you know the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a foul sty do you know that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a foul sty do you know that if you
+rip the Front's off houses you'd find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rip the Front's off houses you'd find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rip the Front's off houses you'd find
+swine the world's a hell what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swine the world's a hell what does it
+ 
+
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+swine the world's a hell what does it
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+
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+matter what happens in it now what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what happens in it now what an
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme nihilistic statement right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme nihilistic statement right
+that's what Charlie that's what uncle
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+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Charlie that's what uncle
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+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Charlie that's what uncle
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+
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+Charlie stands for that's the full
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+
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+Charlie stands for that's the full
+ugliness and disturbance that young and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugliness and disturbance that young and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugliness and disturbance that young and
+of course a murderer is speaking to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a murderer is speaking to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a murderer is speaking to her
+this is also implicitly a confession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also implicitly a confession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also implicitly a confession
+Terry yes I have killed people right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terry yes I have killed people right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terry yes I have killed people right so
+it's a tremendously disturbing moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tremendously disturbing moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tremendously disturbing moment in
+the film and it represents her in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film and it represents her in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film and it represents her in a
+certain way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way
+young Charlie's coming of age but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young Charlie's coming of age but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young Charlie's coming of age but the
+but the irony or one tremendous irony of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the irony or one tremendous irony of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the irony or one tremendous irony of
+this of this tale of this of this story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of this tale of this of this story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of this tale of this of this story
+is that when we get to the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when we get to the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when we get to the end of the
+film there's a profound kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film there's a profound kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film there's a profound kind of
+ambiguity yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity yes
+the evil has been purged I won't go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evil has been purged I won't go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evil has been purged I won't go into
+the details of the plot so as not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of the plot so as not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of the plot so as not to
+spoil your experience of the film but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoil your experience of the film but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoil your experience of the film but
+Uncle Charlie is eliminated from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uncle Charlie is eliminated from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uncle Charlie is eliminated from the
+scene in a and young Charlie survives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in a and young Charlie survives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in a and young Charlie survives
+it's a kind of reassuring or happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of reassuring or happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of reassuring or happy
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending but what undercuts it as all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending but what undercuts it as all
+remember all of Hitchcock's endings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all of Hitchcock's endings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all of Hitchcock's endings are
+undercut they're never really happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut they're never really happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut they're never really happy
+they're never really reassuring they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're never really reassuring they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're never really reassuring they go
+through the motions they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the motions they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the motions they're
+conventionally reassuring but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventionally reassuring but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventionally reassuring but they're
+not the moral ambiguity on which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the moral ambiguity on which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the moral ambiguity on which the
+film ends is maybe it's most disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film ends is maybe it's most disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film ends is maybe it's most disturbing
+aspect because what does what what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect because what does what what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect because what does what what it
+says because young Charlie never tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says because young Charlie never tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says because young Charlie never tells
+her mother never tells her father never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her mother never tells her father never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her mother never tells her father never
+reveals to the community that uncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals to the community that uncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals to the community that uncle
+Charlie was this evil figure was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie was this evil figure was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie was this evil figure was the
+married widowed murderer why not well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married widowed murderer why not well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married widowed murderer why not well
+maybe she's sparing her mother uncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe she's sparing her mother uncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe she's sparing her mother uncle
+Charlie's no longer there what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie's no longer there what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie's no longer there what's the
+difference there's no discussion of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference there's no discussion of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference there's no discussion of this
+but what does it mean it means that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what does it mean it means that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what does it mean it means that when
+the film is over the idea that evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film is over the idea that evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film is over the idea that evil
+might lurk at the heart of the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might lurk at the heart of the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might lurk at the heart of the American
+family remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family remain
+a reality that no one has acknowledged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reality that no one has acknowledged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reality that no one has acknowledged
+in other words it's as if it's as if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words it's as if it's as if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words it's as if it's as if the
+implications of the story are denied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of the story are denied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of the story are denied by
+Charlie silence and we're left in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie silence and we're left in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie silence and we're left in a
+situation at the end of the film in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation at the end of the film in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation at the end of the film in
+which the implications or meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the implications or meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the implications or meaning of
+Uncle Charlie's life has been suppressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uncle Charlie's life has been suppressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uncle Charlie's life has been suppressed
+and therefore the significance of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the significance of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the significance of his
+pervasive nihilism and of what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pervasive nihilism and of what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pervasive nihilism and of what it means
+that such nihilism could exist at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that such nihilism could exist at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that such nihilism could exist at the
+heart of a typical American family is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of a typical American family is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of a typical American family is
+never acknowledged or known by anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never acknowledged or known by anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never acknowledged or known by anyone
+inside the film even though it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the film even though it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the film even though it's a
+disturbing knowledge that we take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing knowledge that we take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing knowledge that we take away
+from the film so to conclude on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the film so to conclude on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the film so to conclude on this
+film one of the things to think about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film one of the things to think about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film one of the things to think about as
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're watching the film is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're watching the film is how
+remarkably Hitchcock is able to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably Hitchcock is able to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably Hitchcock is able to give us
+what might be thought in many ways to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be thought in many ways to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be thought in many ways to be
+and what is in many ways a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is in many ways a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is in many ways a light
+entertainment a humorous and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment a humorous and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment a humorous and very
+well-put-together mystery story about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-put-together mystery story about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-put-together mystery story about an
+American family and and and full of wit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American family and and and full of wit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American family and and and full of wit
+and and and scene by seeing richness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and scene by seeing richness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and scene by seeing richness and
+complexity a film that that that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity a film that that that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity a film that that that even
+naive film goers can enjoy fully and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive film goers can enjoy fully and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive film goers can enjoy fully and yet
+the full implications of it the moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full implications of it the moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full implications of it the moral
+ambiguity with which the film ends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity with which the film ends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity with which the film ends and
+the moral ambiguity that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral ambiguity that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral ambiguity that's really
+implicit all the way through the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit all the way through the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit all the way through the film
+the sense of the ominous and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of the ominous and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of the ominous and the
+disturbed the disturbed the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbed the disturbed the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbed the disturbed the sense of
+disturbance remains remains with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance remains remains with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance remains remains with the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer after the film is over and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer after the film is over and it's a
+characteristic way of Hitchcock for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic way of Hitchcock for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic way of Hitchcock for
+Hitchcock to end films rear-window as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock to end films rear-window as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock to end films rear-window as
+I've suggested is an even more rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've suggested is an even more rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've suggested is an even more rigorous
+exploration of some of Hitchcock's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration of some of Hitchcock's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration of some of Hitchcock's
+deepest preoccupations and obsessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepest preoccupations and obsessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepest preoccupations and obsessions
+let me remind you to really savor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me remind you to really savor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me remind you to really savor the
+opening scene of the film it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening scene of the film it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening scene of the film it starts
+under the titles I mean yet the title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the titles I mean yet the title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the titles I mean yet the title
+sequence and under the title set it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and under the title set it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and under the title set it's a
+it's a it's a sequence that last three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a sequence that last three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a sequence that last three
+or almost four minutes and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or almost four minutes and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or almost four minutes and it's
+completely wordless there is no there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wordless there is no there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wordless there is no there is
+there are there's no dialogue watch how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there's no dialogue watch how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there's no dialogue watch how
+much what happens and it's it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what happens and it's it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what happens and it's it's a it's a
+it's a complicated moment in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a complicated moment in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a complicated moment in a certain
+in a certain way but if you're if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain way but if you're if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain way but if you're if you're
+attentive to it you can you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentive to it you can you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentive to it you can you can see
+what's happening essentially what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening essentially what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening essentially what we see
+the camera do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera do
+first first we see the blinds go up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first first we see the blinds go up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first first we see the blinds go up on
+on to wind on on open windows and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to wind on on open windows and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to wind on on open windows and then
+we realized that their open windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we realized that their open windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we realized that their open windows
+their casement windows that are open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their casement windows that are open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their casement windows that are open
+unscreened right and after the blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unscreened right and after the blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unscreened right and after the blinds
+the camera is stable the plug the blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera is stable the plug the blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera is stable the plug the blinds
+get doesn't move the blinds go up one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get doesn't move the blinds go up one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get doesn't move the blinds go up one of
+the three separate Brunn's well they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three separate Brunn's well they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three separate Brunn's well they go
+up one at a time they reveal they reveal
+
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+up one at a time they reveal they reveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up one at a time they reveal they reveal
+on the other side of an apartment
+
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+on the other side of an apartment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side of an apartment
+complex being seen through the window of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex being seen through the window of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex being seen through the window of
+another apartment and then what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another apartment and then what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another apartment and then what we see
+the camera then goes on in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera then goes on in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera then goes on in sort of
+elaborate journey it's a you and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate journey it's a you and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate journey it's a you and there's
+nothing you're you're caught in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you're you're caught in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you're you're caught in the
+camera's gaze you're as a viewer you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera's gaze you're as a viewer you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera's gaze you're as a viewer you for
+the camera then the camera then once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera then the camera then once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera then the camera then once the
+shades go up then then you then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shades go up then then you then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shades go up then then you then the
+count then then the camera begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count then then the camera begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count then then the camera begins to
+move it moves toward the window then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it moves toward the window then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it moves toward the window then it
+moves out the window and then it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves out the window and then it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves out the window and then it looks
+down and it does a kind of circuit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and it does a kind of circuit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and it does a kind of circuit of
+the essentially it shows you what can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essentially it shows you what can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essentially it shows you what can be
+seen from this window it does a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen from this window it does a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen from this window it does a kind of
+circuit of the of the of the of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit of the of the of the of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit of the of the of the of the of
+the physical spaces that are open to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical spaces that are open to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical spaces that are open to it
+if it looked at this world from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it looked at this world from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it looked at this world from this
+window and you see it gonna make Olga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and you see it gonna make Olga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and you see it gonna make Olga
+make its make it make a kind of circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make its make it make a kind of circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make its make it make a kind of circle
+it's not a 360 degree turn but it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a 360 degree turn but it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a 360 degree turn but it's more
+than 180 the camera turns like this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 180 the camera turns like this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 180 the camera turns like this it
+pan it turns around and then it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan it turns around and then it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan it turns around and then it comes
+back in and then it comes back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in and then it comes back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in and then it comes back into the
+room and when it comes back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and when it comes back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and when it comes back into the
+room it come it goes out of the room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room it come it goes out of the room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room it come it goes out of the room and
+it looks around and then it comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks around and then it comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks around and then it comes back
+into the room through the same windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the room through the same windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the room through the same windows
+backs up further and you see Jimmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backs up further and you see Jimmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backs up further and you see Jimmy
+Stewart lying there sweating in the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart lying there sweating in the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart lying there sweating in the heat
+the camera then goes look looks up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera then goes look looks up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera then goes look looks up the
+wall a tan thermometer and you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall a tan thermometer and you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall a tan thermometer and you see the
+thermometer is hovering in the mid 90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer is hovering in the mid 90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer is hovering in the mid 90s
+someplace explaining why Jimmy Stewart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace explaining why Jimmy Stewart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace explaining why Jimmy Stewart
+is sweating so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sweating so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sweating so much
+but then the camera moves outside again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the camera moves outside again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the camera moves outside again
+and does another circle of the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does another circle of the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does another circle of the space
+that you had just looked at is almost as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had just looked at is almost as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had just looked at is almost as
+if it wants you to look at it a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it wants you to look at it a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it wants you to look at it a second
+time to remind you of the space of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to remind you of the space of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to remind you of the space of the
+action of the film and of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of the film and of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of the film and of course we
+don't fully realize it at them at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fully realize it at them at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fully realize it at them at the
+time but this is a rehearsal for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but this is a rehearsal for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but this is a rehearsal for the
+whole movie because we are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole movie because we are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole movie because we are going to be
+confined in exactly this way for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined in exactly this way for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined in exactly this way for the
+entire film we're never going to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire film we're never going to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire film we're never going to get out
+of this room everything we see will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this room everything we see will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this room everything we see will be
+seen through this window right then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen through this window right then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen through this window right then the
+camera come pulls back in again we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera come pulls back in again we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera come pulls back in again we see
+Jimmy Stewart again so it's almost as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jimmy Stewart again so it's almost as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jimmy Stewart again so it's almost as if
+that opening sequence does does the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opening sequence does does the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opening sequence does does the same
+thing twice what it mostly does of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing twice what it mostly does of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing twice what it mostly does of
+course is trap the viewer in an act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is trap the viewer in an act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is trap the viewer in an act of
+wire ISM it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire ISM it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire ISM it
+traps the viewer completely in an act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps the viewer completely in an act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps the viewer completely in an act of
+spying and then almost the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spying and then almost the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spying and then almost the very first
+words of the film the camera pulls back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words of the film the camera pulls back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words of the film the camera pulls back
+it looks at a few items that tell us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks at a few items that tell us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks at a few items that tell us a
+little more about the fact that Jimmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about the fact that Jimmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about the fact that Jimmy
+Stewart is a photographer who works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart is a photographer who works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart is a photographer who works for
+a magazine who was injured taking one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magazine who was injured taking one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magazine who was injured taking one of
+his action photos he can't wait til he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his action photos he can't wait til he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his action photos he can't wait til he's
+out of his cast but he has another week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of his cast but he has another week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of his cast but he has another week
+to go and he's going stir-crazy while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and he's going stir-crazy while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and he's going stir-crazy while
+he's and then he has a conversation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's and then he has a conversation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's and then he has a conversation on
+the telephone with his editor and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the telephone with his editor and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the telephone with his editor and then
+after he and and at the same time he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he and and at the same time he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he and and at the same time he
+engages in various acts of wire ism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engages in various acts of wire ism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engages in various acts of wire ism
+including especially a young woman who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including especially a young woman who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including especially a young woman who's
+scantily clad across the across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scantily clad across the across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scantily clad across the across the
+courtyard in her room wearing us we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtyard in her room wearing us we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtyard in her room wearing us we're
+wearing a shorts and a very revealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing a shorts and a very revealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing a shorts and a very revealing
+brassiere doing sort of exercises and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brassiere doing sort of exercises and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brassiere doing sort of exercises and so
+forth while she's eating her breakfast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth while she's eating her breakfast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth while she's eating her breakfast
+and you see the Jimmy Stewart character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the Jimmy Stewart character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the Jimmy Stewart character
+of wire istic Lee savoring her as he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wire istic Lee savoring her as he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wire istic Lee savoring her as he's
+talking to his to his friend and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to his to his friend and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to his to his friend and then
+then he hangs up the phone knock comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he hangs up the phone knock comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he hangs up the phone knock comes
+on the door a woman enters it's his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the door a woman enters it's his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the door a woman enters it's his
+cleaning lady played by the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning lady played by the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning lady played by the great
+character actor actress Stella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character actor actress Stella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character actor actress Stella
+what's-her-name Thelma Ritter Thelma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's-her-name Thelma Ritter Thelma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's-her-name Thelma Ritter Thelma
+Ritter and Thelma's almost almost first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ritter and Thelma's almost almost first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ritter and Thelma's almost almost first
+words are we've become a nation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are we've become a nation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are we've become a nation of
+peeping toms and I mentioned this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peeping toms and I mentioned this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peeping toms and I mentioned this just
+to show you how aware the film is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you how aware the film is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you how aware the film is how
+much the film wants us to be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the film wants us to be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the film wants us to be aware of
+the fact that wire ism is one of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that wire ism is one of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that wire ism is one of its
+deep subjects right why do we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep subjects right why do we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep subjects right why do we have this
+desire to watch the illicit what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to watch the illicit what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to watch the illicit what is it
+about us that wants to make us sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about us that wants to make us sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about us that wants to make us sort of
+look through keyholes and peep at people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through keyholes and peep at people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through keyholes and peep at people
+and watch the intimate lives of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch the intimate lives of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch the intimate lives of people
+and so the opening scene is a scene that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the opening scene is a scene that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the opening scene is a scene that
+dramatizes the confinement and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatizes the confinement and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatizes the confinement and the
+voyeurism that are at the very heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voyeurism that are at the very heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voyeurism that are at the very heart of
+what the movie is about we can say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the movie is about we can say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the movie is about we can say that
+the whole essay the whole film in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole essay the whole film in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole essay the whole film in some
+sense is a kind of essay on seeing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is a kind of essay on seeing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is a kind of essay on seeing and
+in that three or four minute sequence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that three or four minute sequence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that three or four minute sequence in
+the beginning without dialogue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning without dialogue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning without dialogue the
+camera is the star in a certain sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is the star in a certain sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is the star in a certain sense
+but where we become aware of the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where we become aware of the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where we become aware of the camera
+as Hitchcock wants us to be in a way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Hitchcock wants us to be in a way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Hitchcock wants us to be in a way we
+would never be in another kind of film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never be in another kind of film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never be in another kind of film
+there are other forms of elegance in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other forms of elegance in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other forms of elegance in the
+film and I hope you'll watch the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and I hope you'll watch the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and I hope you'll watch the way the
+camera behaves because it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera behaves because it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera behaves because it's a it's a
+marvel of complexity and intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvel of complexity and intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvel of complexity and intelligence
+but there's another way in which there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another way in which there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another way in which there's
+an elegance of structure in the film as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elegance of structure in the film as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elegance of structure in the film as
+the cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat
+in the very beginning makes its tour of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very beginning makes its tour of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very beginning makes its tour of
+the building we begin what begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building we begin what begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building we begin what begins to
+emerge in a very elementary way at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge in a very elementary way at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge in a very elementary way at first
+and then as the film proceeds becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as the film proceeds becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as the film proceeds becomes
+more fleshed out is that there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fleshed out is that there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fleshed out is that there are three
+or four basic stories about people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four basic stories about people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four basic stories about people who
+live in the apartments that Jimmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in the apartments that Jimmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in the apartments that Jimmy
+Stewart is looking into and each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart is looking into and each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart is looking into and each of them
+tells a separate kind of story there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells a separate kind of story there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells a separate kind of story there's a
+story a Miss Lonelyhearts story about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story a Miss Lonelyhearts story about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story a Miss Lonelyhearts story about a
+woman who's pining for a boyfriend and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman who's pining for a boyfriend and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman who's pining for a boyfriend and
+who feels very lonely and maybe toying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who feels very lonely and maybe toying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who feels very lonely and maybe toying
+with the idea of suicide then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the idea of suicide then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the idea of suicide then there's a
+story about a composer who so who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about a composer who so who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about a composer who so who's
+who's having trouble with his work their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's having trouble with his work their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's having trouble with his work their
+series of sort of subplots mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of sort of subplots mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of sort of subplots mostly
+trivial ones except for the primary one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial ones except for the primary one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial ones except for the primary one
+what's the primary one a murder may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the primary one a murder may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the primary one a murder may have
+been committed in one of the apartments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been committed in one of the apartments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been committed in one of the apartments
+that Jimmy Stewart has been prying into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Jimmy Stewart has been prying into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Jimmy Stewart has been prying into
+and he begins to investigate the murder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he begins to investigate the murder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he begins to investigate the murder
+and that puts him in danger himself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that puts him in danger himself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that puts him in danger himself and
+the people involved with him including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people involved with him including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people involved with him including
+his girlfriend Grace Kelly get involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his girlfriend Grace Kelly get involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his girlfriend Grace Kelly get involved
+in the danger as well because he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the danger as well because he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the danger as well because he's the
+immobilise to be the one who walked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobilise to be the one who walked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobilise to be the one who walked
+across the way it does so so uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the way it does so so uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the way it does so so uh um
+the elegance of the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elegance of the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elegance of the structure of the
+film has partly to do with the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film has partly to do with the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film has partly to do with the way in
+which these subplots work themselves out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these subplots work themselves out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these subplots work themselves out
+and at the end of the film each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end of the film each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end of the film each of these
+little subplots that we'd seen being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little subplots that we'd seen being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little subplots that we'd seen being
+played out in these different apartments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played out in these different apartments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played out in these different apartments
+only watching them through the windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only watching them through the windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only watching them through the windows
+of the apartments each of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the apartments each of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the apartments each of them is
+resolved in some way and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved in some way and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved in some way and I want to
+suggest you that their resolution while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest you that their resolution while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest you that their resolution while
+from one sent from one angle is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one sent from one angle is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one sent from one angle is very
+satisfying there's a kind of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying there's a kind of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying there's a kind of code
+there's a kind of elegance of structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of elegance of structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of elegance of structure
+we're very satisfied by this sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very satisfied by this sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very satisfied by this sense of
+completion but at the same time I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion but at the same time I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion but at the same time I think
+the very fact that these stories are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very fact that these stories are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very fact that these stories are all
+tied up in such neat knot makes us feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied up in such neat knot makes us feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied up in such neat knot makes us feel
+if there's something a little too neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's something a little too neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's something a little too neat
+about it a little too little too perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it a little too little too perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it a little too little too perfect
+about it in other words the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in other words the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in other words the very
+perfection with which these subplots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfection with which these subplots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfection with which these subplots are
+tied up at the end suggests a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied up at the end suggests a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied up at the end suggests a kind of
+excess that Hitchcock wants us to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess that Hitchcock wants us to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess that Hitchcock wants us to be
+suspicious of is everything this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious of is everything this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious of is everything this is just
+too perfect and of course there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too perfect and of course there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too perfect and of course there are
+other ways in which the ending of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways in which the ending of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways in which the ending of this
+film is deeply ambiguous and I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is deeply ambiguous and I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is deeply ambiguous and I'll come
+back to that in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that in a moment
+III also ought to mention the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+III also ought to mention the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+III also ought to mention the way in
+which in a quiet subtle way this film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in a quiet subtle way this film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in a quiet subtle way this film is
+an exploration of both class and gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exploration of both class and gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exploration of both class and gender
+issues because there's a kind of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues because there's a kind of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues because there's a kind of little
+sort of contest going on Grace Kelly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of contest going on Grace Kelly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of contest going on Grace Kelly
+who's this elegant upper-class woman who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's this elegant upper-class woman who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's this elegant upper-class woman who
+you know has gets her fit gets her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know has gets her fit gets her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know has gets her fit gets her
+clothes at the fanciest fashion stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes at the fanciest fashion stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes at the fanciest fashion stores
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+has food delivered from the catered from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has food delivered from the catered from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has food delivered from the catered from
+the fanciest restaurants in the city and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fanciest restaurants in the city and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fanciest restaurants in the city and
+who reads magazines like Vogue and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who reads magazines like Vogue and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who reads magazines like Vogue and so
+forth she stands for sort of moneyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth she stands for sort of moneyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth she stands for sort of moneyed
+elegance and and and and there's a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegance and and and and there's a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegance and and and and there's a kind
+of tension between them she wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tension between them she wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tension between them she wants to
+marry Jimmy Stewart and Jimmy Stewart's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marry Jimmy Stewart and Jimmy Stewart's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marry Jimmy Stewart and Jimmy Stewart's
+resisting one reason is that he's he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resisting one reason is that he's he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resisting one reason is that he's he
+doesn't belong to her class he's more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't belong to her class he's more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't belong to her class he's more of
+a working-class type right he's a he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a working-class type right he's a he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a working-class type right he's a he's a
+down-to-earth sort of guy and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down-to-earth sort of guy and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down-to-earth sort of guy and he's
+worried about that and he's also nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about that and he's also nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about that and he's also nervous
+because like many American males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like many American males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like many American males
+especially in the movies he's nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the movies he's nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the movies he's nervous
+about being entrapped by marriage as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being entrapped by marriage as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being entrapped by marriage as if
+he isn't already entrapped in all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he isn't already entrapped in all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he isn't already entrapped in all kinds
+of ways and and in an odd kind of way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways and and in an odd kind of way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways and and in an odd kind of way we
+could say that the Torvald marriage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say that the Torvald marriage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say that the Torvald marriage
+that's the name of the murderer and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the name of the murderer and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the name of the murderer and the
+the wife he supposedly murders and chops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wife he supposedly murders and chops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wife he supposedly murders and chops
+up at least that's what Jimmy Stewart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at least that's what Jimmy Stewart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at least that's what Jimmy Stewart
+comes to suspect we could say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to suspect we could say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to suspect we could say that the
+Torvald marriage is a kind of double of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Torvald marriage is a kind of double of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Torvald marriage is a kind of double of
+the of the marriage that that the Jimmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the marriage that that the Jimmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the marriage that that the Jimmy
+Stewart character fears he will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart character fears he will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart character fears he will have
+that his resistance to Grace Kelly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his resistance to Grace Kelly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his resistance to Grace Kelly is
+partly a resistance a class resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly a resistance a class resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly a resistance a class resistance
+he doesn't he doesn't sort of he feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't he doesn't sort of he feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't he doesn't sort of he feels
+uneasy about around this aristocratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uneasy about around this aristocratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uneasy about around this aristocratic
+woman because her tastes seemed to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman because her tastes seemed to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman because her tastes seemed to him
+banal and trivial and in any case they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banal and trivial and in any case they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banal and trivial and in any case they
+seemed to him to to involve values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to him to to involve values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to him to to involve values and
+commitments that are at odds with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments that are at odds with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments that are at odds with the
+sort of rough-and-tumble life of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rough-and-tumble life of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rough-and-tumble life of a
+traveling photographer who goes to war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling photographer who goes to war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling photographer who goes to war
+zones and other dangerous places but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones and other dangerous places but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones and other dangerous places but
+that's his image of himself and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's his image of himself and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's his image of himself and he said
+and so he so so his resistance to her is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he so so his resistance to her is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he so so his resistance to her is
+partly a resistance to it's partly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly a resistance to it's partly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly a resistance to it's partly a
+desire to maintain his freedom right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to maintain his freedom right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to maintain his freedom right and
+and it's partly a class issue so that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's partly a class issue so that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's partly a class issue so that so
+that so that both issues of class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that both issues of class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that both issues of class and
+gender are involved the gender issue it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender are involved the gender issue it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender are involved the gender issue it
+has to do with how different groups how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with how different groups how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with how different groups how
+men and women especially in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and women especially in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and women especially in the
+stereotyped way of the 50s and 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotyped way of the 50s and 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotyped way of the 50s and 60s
+regarded the question of marriage right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarded the question of marriage right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarded the question of marriage right
+and and there are other marriages or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there are other marriages or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there are other marriages or
+relationships that are alluded to in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that are alluded to in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that are alluded to in the
+in the film and we could say that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the film and we could say that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the film and we could say that those
+marriages and relationships also double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages and relationships also double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages and relationships also double
+the relationship between Stewart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between Stewart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between Stewart and
+Kelly so there's a kind of low level not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly so there's a kind of low level not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly so there's a kind of low level not
+exactly hostility but a low level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly hostility but a low level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly hostility but a low level
+badinage and and argument going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badinage and and argument going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badinage and and argument going on
+between Kelly and Stuart all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Kelly and Stuart all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Kelly and Stuart all the way
+through the film which is in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the film which is in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the film which is in some sense
+resolved but not fully resolved or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved but not fully resolved or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved but not fully resolved or
+resolved in a typically unsatisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved in a typically unsatisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved in a typically unsatisfying
+Hitchcockian way at the end of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcockian way at the end of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcockian way at the end of the film
+so after yet so the very ending of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after yet so the very ending of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after yet so the very ending of the
+film then okay that but there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film then okay that but there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film then okay that but there is the
+tradition though the murderer as caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition though the murderer as caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition though the murderer as caught
+is exposed the danger to which the Jimmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exposed the danger to which the Jimmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exposed the danger to which the Jimmy
+Stewart character was exposed is purged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart character was exposed is purged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart character was exposed is purged
+by the end again I won't go into details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end again I won't go into details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end again I won't go into details
+if you've not seen the film but I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've not seen the film but I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've not seen the film but I need
+to say this much in order to explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say this much in order to explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say this much in order to explain the
+ending and at the end of the film as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending and at the end of the film as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending and at the end of the film as
+I've said there's a moment where we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said there's a moment where we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said there's a moment where we see
+him he's a he the murderer finds out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him he's a he the murderer finds out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him he's a he the murderer finds out
+that he's watching him and after a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's watching him and after a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's watching him and after a while
+he comes to Jimmy Stewart's apartment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he comes to Jimmy Stewart's apartment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he comes to Jimmy Stewart's apartment to
+try to parently to try to murder him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to parently to try to murder him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to parently to try to murder him
+because he thinks he's gonna reveal who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he thinks he's gonna reveal who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he thinks he's gonna reveal who
+that he's a murderer himself and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's a murderer himself and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's a murderer himself and it's a
+terrifying scene the great climax of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrifying scene the great climax of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrifying scene the great climax of the
+scene stewardess his his his physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene stewardess his his his physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene stewardess his his his physical
+limitations some critics have seen as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations some critics have seen as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations some critics have seen as a
+as a symbol as a symbolic embodiment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a symbol as a symbolic embodiment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a symbol as a symbolic embodiment of
+what might be seen as a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be seen as a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be seen as a form of
+impotence both are sexual impotence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impotence both are sexual impotence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impotence both are sexual impotence and
+a sort of broader kind of impotence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of broader kind of impotence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of broader kind of impotence and
+incompetence because he's crippled he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompetence because he's crippled he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompetence because he's crippled he
+can't fight he can't defend himself he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fight he can't defend himself he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fight he can't defend himself he
+can't behave like a traditional man in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't behave like a traditional man in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't behave like a traditional man in a
+traditional movie right and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional movie right and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional movie right and again
+remember this is characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is characteristic of
+Hitchcock his men are almost always like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock his men are almost always like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock his men are almost always like
+this it's amazing in fact how weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's amazing in fact how weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's amazing in fact how weak
+vulnerable damaged fearful frightened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable damaged fearful frightened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable damaged fearful frightened
+his his protagonists are so there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his protagonists are so there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his protagonists are so there's this
+climactic moment at the end where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climactic moment at the end where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climactic moment at the end where
+Torvald the murderer is trying to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Torvald the murderer is trying to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Torvald the murderer is trying to kill
+Jimmy Stewart and he pushes him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jimmy Stewart and he pushes him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jimmy Stewart and he pushes him and
+Jimmy Stewart is holding on he's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jimmy Stewart is holding on he's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jimmy Stewart is holding on he's on the
+second story window he's holding on like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second story window he's holding on like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second story window he's holding on like
+this looking at the cameras looking down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looking at the cameras looking down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looking at the cameras looking down
+at him you see the fear and horror in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at him you see the fear and horror in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at him you see the fear and horror in
+his face he lets go there's a critic a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his face he lets go there's a critic a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his face he lets go there's a critic a
+brilliant critic of french critic who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant critic of french critic who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant critic of french critic who's
+talks about the idea of letting go of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about the idea of letting go of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about the idea of letting go of
+losing your grip as a central action in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing your grip as a central action in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing your grip as a central action in
+Hitchcock's films you lose your grip and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's films you lose your grip and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's films you lose your grip and
+you fall into a void and that moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fall into a void and that moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fall into a void and that moment
+that is an eye as I said this afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an eye as I said this afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an eye as I said this afternoon
+could be said to be an iconic moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be said to be an iconic moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be said to be an iconic moment in
+Hitchcock's movie so when Jimmy Stewart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's movie so when Jimmy Stewart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's movie so when Jimmy Stewart
+actually lets go and Falls you see his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lets go and Falls you see his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lets go and Falls you see his
+face he's for as if he's falling to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face he's for as if he's falling to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face he's for as if he's falling to his
+death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death
+you think he might be falling to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think he might be falling to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think he might be falling to his
+death but of course he's not he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death but of course he's not he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death but of course he's not he just
+breaks his other leg and at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks his other leg and at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks his other leg and at the end of
+the film then we have a final scene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film then we have a final scene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film then we have a final scene and
+this is where the ambiguity comes in we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the ambiguity comes in we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the ambiguity comes in we
+see him with both legs now he's backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see him with both legs now he's backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see him with both legs now he's backward
+was but the Grace Kelly character is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was but the Grace Kelly character is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was but the Grace Kelly character is
+sitting happily in the room watch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting happily in the room watch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting happily in the room watch that
+she pretends that she's reading material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she pretends that she's reading material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she pretends that she's reading material
+that would please Jimmy Stewart but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would please Jimmy Stewart but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would please Jimmy Stewart but in
+fact if you look closely she has a copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you look closely she has a copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you look closely she has a copy
+of Vogue hidden inside the material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Vogue hidden inside the material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Vogue hidden inside the material that
+she's reading and there's a very deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's reading and there's a very deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's reading and there's a very deep
+sense that in this gender conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that in this gender conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that in this gender conflict
+between Grace Kelly and also we discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Grace Kelly and also we discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Grace Kelly and also we discover
+at the end that they're now engaged so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end that they're now engaged so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end that they're now engaged so
+so Jimmy Stewart has become engaged to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Jimmy Stewart has become engaged to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Jimmy Stewart has become engaged to
+this woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this woman
+right so it's it's almost as if he sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's it's almost as if he sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's it's almost as if he sort
+of lost the battle or at least he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lost the battle or at least he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lost the battle or at least he's
+agreed to marry but what we feel at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed to marry but what we feel at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed to marry but what we feel at the
+end is that his agreement to marry her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end is that his agreement to marry her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end is that his agreement to marry her
+is still full of the same ambiguities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still full of the same ambiguities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still full of the same ambiguities
+that were present before it and and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were present before it and and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were present before it and and many
+people watching the film have said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people watching the film have said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people watching the film have said you
+know the Grace Kelly character is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Grace Kelly character is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Grace Kelly character is very
+beautiful and very elegant but she's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and very elegant but she's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and very elegant but she's not
+a very attractive person morally she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very attractive person morally she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very attractive person morally she
+tries to manipulate the Jimmy Stewart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to manipulate the Jimmy Stewart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to manipulate the Jimmy Stewart
+character she doesn't seem fully to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character she doesn't seem fully to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character she doesn't seem fully to
+appreciate him she wants she doesn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate him she wants she doesn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate him she wants she doesn't see
+why he wants to run around the world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why he wants to run around the world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why he wants to run around the world in
+corduroys and sneakers instead of living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corduroys and sneakers instead of living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corduroys and sneakers instead of living
+the high life in in New York and go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high life in in New York and go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high life in in New York and go and
+going to the cirque for dinner she can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the cirque for dinner she can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the cirque for dinner she can
+understand truly understand and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand truly understand and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand truly understand and so the
+conflict between them is a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict between them is a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict between them is a kind of
+lifestyle conflict at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle conflict at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle conflict at the end of the
+film none of those things have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film none of those things have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film none of those things have been
+resolved and there's there's the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved and there's there's the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved and there's there's the sense
+that he's more in track than ever at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's more in track than ever at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's more in track than ever at the
+end of them at the end of the movie now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of them at the end of the movie now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of them at the end of the movie now
+I don't want to make too much of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to make too much of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to make too much of this
+remember this is a light entertainment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is a light entertainment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is a light entertainment
+at one level but these subjects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one level but these subjects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one level but these subjects that
+I've been talking about this sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been talking about this sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been talking about this sense of
+losing your grip of being caught in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing your grip of being caught in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing your grip of being caught in a
+confined space and being terrified by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined space and being terrified by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined space and being terrified by
+forces far larger than you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces far larger than you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces far larger than you that you
+can't that you're too weak or damaged to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't that you're too weak or damaged to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't that you're too weak or damaged to
+resist those moments of horror and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist those moments of horror and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist those moments of horror and
+terror are dramatized with profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terror are dramatized with profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terror are dramatized with profound
+Authority in this remarkable film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority in this remarkable film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority in this remarkable film
+so what Hitchcock repeatedly does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Hitchcock repeatedly does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Hitchcock repeatedly does and
+especially in these two films and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in these two films and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in these two films and you
+see them in that if you can see them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them in that if you can see them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them in that if you can see them in
+a conversation with each other you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conversation with each other you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conversation with each other you'll
+understand more fully the fascination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand more fully the fascination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand more fully the fascination of
+Hitchcock's career the fascination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's career the fascination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's career the fascination of
+his works because he keeps returning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his works because he keeps returning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his works because he keeps returning
+with these remarkable variations again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these remarkable variations again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these remarkable variations again
+and again to the same set of to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again to the same set of to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again to the same set of to the same
+set of problems and of subjects so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of problems and of subjects so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of problems and of subjects so
+there's even more ambiguity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's even more ambiguity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's even more ambiguity and
+uncertainty at the end of rear-window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty at the end of rear-window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty at the end of rear-window
+than there was when it began and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than there was when it began and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than there was when it began and one
+final point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final point
+stop one of the things that we notice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop one of the things that we notice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop one of the things that we notice in
+the course of the film is there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the film is there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the film is there's one
+moment in the movie when the Grace Kelly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in the movie when the Grace Kelly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in the movie when the Grace Kelly
+character is suddenly where the Jimmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is suddenly where the Jimmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is suddenly where the Jimmy
+Stewart character responds to Grace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart character responds to Grace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart character responds to Grace
+Kelly with a kind of excitement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly with a kind of excitement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly with a kind of excitement and
+allure it's almost a moment where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allure it's almost a moment where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allure it's almost a moment where you
+see he suddenly really desires her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see he suddenly really desires her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see he suddenly really desires her
+really sees her as a possible partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sees her as a possible partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sees her as a possible partner
+and it's the moment in which she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the moment in which she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the moment in which she has
+entered the voyeuristic drama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered the voyeuristic drama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered the voyeuristic drama
+it's the moment in which he's watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the moment in which he's watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the moment in which he's watching
+her through his lens when she's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her through his lens when she's gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her through his lens when she's gone
+across to try to do some detective work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across to try to do some detective work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across to try to do some detective work
+in the murderers apartment and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the murderers apartment and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the murderers apartment and there's a
+kind of excitement and adventure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of excitement and adventure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of excitement and adventure that
+goes on there you could and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on there you could and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on there you could and it's
+actually the moment when they blitt when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the moment when they blitt when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the moment when they blitt when
+they bond when they real and and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bond when they real and and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bond when they real and and there
+is some sense that they're both engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some sense that they're both engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some sense that they're both engaged
+in a morally exciting in a mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a morally exciting in a mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a morally exciting in a mutually
+exciting adventure but there's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting adventure but there's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting adventure but there's also the
+sense the very disturbing in a way when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the very disturbing in a way when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the very disturbing in a way when
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reflect on it later that the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reflect on it later that the moment
+in which Grace Kelly became truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which Grace Kelly became truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which Grace Kelly became truly
+attractive to the Jimmy Stewart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive to the Jimmy Stewart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive to the Jimmy Stewart
+character was the moment in which she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character was the moment in which she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character was the moment in which she
+had entered the voyeuristic drama in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had entered the voyeuristic drama in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had entered the voyeuristic drama in
+which Kelly Kelly was now distant from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Kelly Kelly was now distant from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Kelly Kelly was now distant from
+in which he was he was attracted to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which he was he was attracted to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which he was he was attracted to her
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was seeing her as if he were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was seeing her as if he were
+a peeping tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peeping tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peeping tom
+so now this is a subtext I don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is a subtext I don't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is a subtext I don't mean
+that that I don't mean that the film ism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I don't mean that the film ism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I don't mean that the film ism
+is is using a megaphone to remind us of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is using a megaphone to remind us of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is using a megaphone to remind us of
+these of these implications but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of these implications but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of these implications but the
+number of them billed through the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of them billed through the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of them billed through the course
+of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film
+and as with shadow of a doubt what seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as with shadow of a doubt what seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as with shadow of a doubt what seems
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+
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+on the surface to be a kind of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface to be a kind of light
+diversion once we begin to press its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversion once we begin to press its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversion once we begin to press its
+details becomes a much more disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details becomes a much more disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details becomes a much more disturbing
+and powerful meditation on our human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and powerful meditation on our human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and powerful meditation on our human
+impulse to watch what we're not supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse to watch what we're not supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse to watch what we're not supposed
+to watch to participate in illicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch to participate in illicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch to participate in illicit
+activities without being punished for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities without being punished for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities without being punished for it
+especially if we like Jimmy Stewart are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if we like Jimmy Stewart are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if we like Jimmy Stewart are
+able to do so in the dark and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do so in the dark and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do so in the dark and in that
+sense when we step away from rear window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense when we step away from rear window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense when we step away from rear window
+one of the things we might recognize is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we might recognize is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we might recognize is
+that we in the audience have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we in the audience have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we in the audience have been
+engaging in the same activity that Jimmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in the same activity that Jimmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in the same activity that Jimmy
+Stewart is engaging in in the movie that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart is engaging in in the movie that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart is engaging in in the movie that
+we are complicit as viewers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are complicit as viewers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are complicit as viewers in the
+immorality and in the end in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immorality and in the end in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immorality and in the end in the
+murderous tendencies of these forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murderous tendencies of these forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murderous tendencies of these forms of
+entertainment so it's not possible if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment so it's not possible if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment so it's not possible if
+you are an alert and self-conscious film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are an alert and self-conscious film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are an alert and self-conscious film
+goer to watch these apparently like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goer to watch these apparently like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goer to watch these apparently like
+these apparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these apparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these apparent
+entertainments without recognizing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainments without recognizing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainments without recognizing their
+deeper and more disturbing implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/y54bsRU-eJw.txt b/y54bsRU-eJw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..97bc31a26e0868b66316e7850eae73f27399bc19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/y54bsRU-eJw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Settle down. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Settle down. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Settle down. Uh
+want to draw your attention to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to draw your attention to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to draw your attention to the fact
+that the final exam schedule is out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the final exam schedule is out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the final exam schedule is out.
+It's been out for about a week. And 3091
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's been out for about a week. And 3091
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's been out for about a week. And 3091
+final will be on Wednesday of finals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final will be on Wednesday of finals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final will be on Wednesday of finals
+week, which puts it on the morning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week, which puts it on the morning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week, which puts it on the morning of
+the 15th of December. It'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 15th of December. It'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 15th of December. It'll be a
+three-hour extravaganza, celebration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-hour extravaganza, celebration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-hour extravaganza, celebration of
+learning, where you all come to show me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning, where you all come to show me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning, where you all come to show me
+what you've mastered, and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've mastered, and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've mastered, and it's going to
+be a just a grand time. Um, and it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a just a grand time. Um, and it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a just a grand time. Um, and it'll be
+over in the Johnson Athletic Center. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in the Johnson Athletic Center. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in the Johnson Athletic Center. Uh
+so I urge you to take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I urge you to take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I urge you to take a look at the
+final exam schedule and make your travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final exam schedule and make your travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final exam schedule and make your travel
+plans as soon as you know what your last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans as soon as you know what your last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans as soon as you know what your last
+obligation is because things are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation is because things are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation is because things are going
+to get booked and uh it's going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get booked and uh it's going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get booked and uh it's going to be uh
+harder and harder to get out of here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder and harder to get out of here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder and harder to get out of here and
+certainly to get out at a decent price.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly to get out at a decent price.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly to get out at a decent price.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+last day we uh looked at electron domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last day we uh looked at electron domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last day we uh looked at electron domain
+theory which allowed us to uh predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory which allowed us to uh predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory which allowed us to uh predict
+the shapes of molecules and uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shapes of molecules and uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shapes of molecules and uh this is
+taken from uh the book. This is table 43
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from uh the book. This is table 43
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from uh the book. This is table 43
+and I've highlighted in orange. We we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've highlighted in orange. We we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've highlighted in orange. We we
+worked through some of these molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked through some of these molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked through some of these molecules
+last day. the uh SF6, BrF5, uh ICL4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last day. the uh SF6, BrF5, uh ICL4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last day. the uh SF6, BrF5, uh ICL4
+minus and then we looked at the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and then we looked at the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and then we looked at the series
+CH4, SF4,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH4, SF4,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH4, SF4,
+um IC4 minus and we saw how uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um IC4 minus and we saw how uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um IC4 minus and we saw how uh by
+counting the number of electron domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the number of electron domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the number of electron domains
+and then partitioning them into bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then partitioning them into bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then partitioning them into bonding
+versus non-bonding domains, we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus non-bonding domains, we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus non-bonding domains, we could
+proceed in a systematic manner towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed in a systematic manner towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed in a systematic manner towards
+the uh deduction of what the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh deduction of what the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh deduction of what the molecular
+shape should be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape should be.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape should be.
+So, that was a that was a productive day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that was a that was a productive day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that was a that was a productive day
+and I urge you to understand what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I urge you to understand what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I urge you to understand what's
+going on in table 43. Um, you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in table 43. Um, you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in table 43. Um, you can you
+can expect that you'll be tested on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can expect that you'll be tested on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can expect that you'll be tested on that
+at the end of October. Um, you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of October. Um, you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of October. Um, you'll have
+an aid sheet. So, you pro probably want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aid sheet. So, you pro probably want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aid sheet. So, you pro probably want
+to know how to work through this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to work through this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to work through this uh this
+document here. Um so today I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document here. Um so today I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document here. Um so today I wanted to
+continue this uh this treatment of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue this uh this treatment of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue this uh this treatment of um
+ionic uh excuse me of covealent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic uh excuse me of covealent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic uh excuse me of covealent uh
+compounds and uh specifically I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds and uh specifically I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds and uh specifically I wanted
+to talk broadly about how we determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk broadly about how we determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk broadly about how we determine
+state of aggregation. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of aggregation. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of aggregation. In other words,
+how do we determine whether something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we determine whether something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we determine whether something is
+going to be a solid or a liquid or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a solid or a liquid or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a solid or a liquid or a
+gas? We've already seen that ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas? We've already seen that ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas? We've already seen that ionic
+compounds by their nature because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds by their nature because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds by their nature because they
+have unsaturated bonds and they continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unsaturated bonds and they continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unsaturated bonds and they continue
+to allow more ions to glom onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow more ions to glom onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow more ions to glom onto the
+initial starting point results in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial starting point results in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial starting point results in a
+large aggregate large aggregate tightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large aggregate large aggregate tightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large aggregate large aggregate tightly
+bound leads to crystal formation. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound leads to crystal formation. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound leads to crystal formation. The
+crystal is the regularity but definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal is the regularity but definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal is the regularity but definitely
+solid formation. And when when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid formation. And when when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid formation. And when when you're
+trying to answer the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to answer the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to answer the question is
+something a solid or a liquid or a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a solid or a liquid or a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a solid or a liquid or a gas
+under certain conditions this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under certain conditions this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under certain conditions this is the
+subliminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subliminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subliminal
+uh message you have to compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh message you have to compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh message you have to compare the
+cohesive forces versus the disruptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesive forces versus the disruptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesive forces versus the disruptive
+forces. So the cohesive forces are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces. So the cohesive forces are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces. So the cohesive forces are the
+binding forces and the disruptive forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding forces and the disruptive forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding forces and the disruptive forces
+typically are uh thermal in origin. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically are uh thermal in origin. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically are uh thermal in origin. So
+we have to compare the binding energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to compare the binding energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to compare the binding energy of
+the substance to the general thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substance to the general thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substance to the general thermal
+energy right and that's shown here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right and that's shown here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right and that's shown here. So
+binding energy then that gets back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy then that gets back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy then that gets back to
+the nature. So if it's an ionic compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature. So if it's an ionic compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature. So if it's an ionic compound
+this binding energy is that metalung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this binding energy is that metalung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this binding energy is that metalung
+bearing crystal lattice energy and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing crystal lattice energy and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing crystal lattice energy and it's
+very negative for sodium chloride it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very negative for sodium chloride it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very negative for sodium chloride it's
+about 787 kJ per mole whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 787 kJ per mole whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 787 kJ per mole whereas the
+thermal energy in this room is about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy in this room is about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy in this room is about a
+40th of an electron volt. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40th of an electron volt. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40th of an electron volt. So that's
+that's small. Sodium chloride is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's small. Sodium chloride is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's small. Sodium chloride is a
+crystal at at uh um room temperature. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal at at uh um room temperature. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal at at uh um room temperature. So
+now I want to turn to covealent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to turn to covealent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to turn to covealent
+compounds and ask the same question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds and ask the same question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds and ask the same question.
+What's the state of aggregation? But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the state of aggregation? But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the state of aggregation? But
+there's a fork in the road here. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fork in the road here. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fork in the road here. There's
+two types of covealent compounds. We saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of covealent compounds. We saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of covealent compounds. We saw
+as is shown up here on the slide the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as is shown up here on the slide the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as is shown up here on the slide the the
+results when we have just the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results when we have just the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results when we have just the single
+molecules. But we also saw at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules. But we also saw at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules. But we also saw at the end of
+last lecture it's also possible to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture it's also possible to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture it's also possible to talk
+about covealent networks. We looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about covealent networks. We looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about covealent networks. We looked at
+diamond and we looked at graphite. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond and we looked at graphite. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond and we looked at graphite. Now,
+in the case of diamond and graphite,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of diamond and graphite,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of diamond and graphite,
+we're in a situation that's similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in a situation that's similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in a situation that's similar to
+co, excuse me, ionic solids. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co, excuse me, ionic solids. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co, excuse me, ionic solids. In other
+words, we have large aggregates because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, we have large aggregates because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, we have large aggregates because
+the sp3 hybridization allows for carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sp3 hybridization allows for carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sp3 hybridization allows for carbon
+to bond to carbon to bond to carbon to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bond to carbon to bond to carbon to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bond to carbon to bond to carbon to
+bond to carbon. And so, you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond to carbon. And so, you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond to carbon. And so, you end up with
+a large aggregate. In fact, it's an it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large aggregate. In fact, it's an it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large aggregate. In fact, it's an it's
+an ordered aggregate. It's a crystal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordered aggregate. It's a crystal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordered aggregate. It's a crystal.
+Diamond is a crystal just as sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamond is a crystal just as sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamond is a crystal just as sodium
+chloride is a crystal. But both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride is a crystal. But both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride is a crystal. But both of them
+are large aggregates. And we saw also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are large aggregates. And we saw also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are large aggregates. And we saw also
+that the binding energy in diamond is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the binding energy in diamond is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the binding energy in diamond is
+very very strong, very strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very strong, very strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very strong, very strongly
+negative. And so therefore it trumps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. And so therefore it trumps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. And so therefore it trumps the
+thermal energy of the system. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy of the system. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy of the system. So these
+are solids at room temperature. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are solids at room temperature. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are solids at room temperature. How
+about molecules? That's what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about molecules? That's what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about molecules? That's what I want to
+focus on today. What is the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on today. What is the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on today. What is the nature of
+binding in uh molecular systems? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding in uh molecular systems? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding in uh molecular systems? And
+specifically, let's just take one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically, let's just take one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically, let's just take one of the
+molecules we looked at last day. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules we looked at last day. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules we looked at last day. We
+looked at sulfur hexaflouide. And I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at sulfur hexaflouide. And I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at sulfur hexaflouide. And I told
+you sulfur hexaflloride is a gas at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sulfur hexaflloride is a gas at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sulfur hexaflloride is a gas at room
+temperature even though this thing has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature even though this thing has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature even though this thing has a
+very very high molecular weight. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very high molecular weight. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very high molecular weight. So the
+question we're really asking is what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we're really asking is what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we're really asking is what are
+the forces that would cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces that would cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces that would cause
+sulfur hexafloulloride to bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur hexafloulloride to bind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur hexafloulloride to bind to
+itself? And so far what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself? And so far what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself? And so far what we've been
+looking at electron domain theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at electron domain theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at electron domain theory
+doesn't answer this question at all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't answer this question at all.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't answer this question at all.
+Electron domain theory treats what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electron domain theory treats what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electron domain theory treats what's
+going on inside the molecule. Okay? It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on inside the molecule. Okay? It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on inside the molecule. Okay? It
+treats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treats
+intra intrammolecular bonds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intra intrammolecular bonds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intra intrammolecular bonds.
+Intramolecular bonding. Okay. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intramolecular bonding. Okay. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intramolecular bonding. Okay. This is
+between this is between sulfur and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this is between sulfur and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this is between sulfur and
+florine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+florine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+florine.
+sulfur and florine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur and florine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur and florine.
+Okay. And this is a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And this is a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And this is a very strong
+reaction and it's referred to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and it's referred to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and it's referred to as a
+primary bond because it's the first bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary bond because it's the first bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary bond because it's the first bond
+that forms. If I look at the world from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forms. If I look at the world from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forms. If I look at the world from
+this vantage point of sulfur, the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vantage point of sulfur, the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vantage point of sulfur, the first
+bond sulfur encounters is this primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond sulfur encounters is this primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond sulfur encounters is this primary
+bond to its neighboring florines. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond to its neighboring florines. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond to its neighboring florines. But
+now I want to ask how does this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to ask how does this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to ask how does this molecule
+which we know is net neutral, how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know is net neutral, how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know is net neutral, how does
+it bond to another one like it. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bond to another one like it. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bond to another one like it. So that
+now means we have to shift. So state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now means we have to shift. So state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now means we have to shift. So state of
+aggregation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation,
+state of aggregation is not determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of aggregation is not determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of aggregation is not determined
+by this at all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this at all.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this at all.
+State of aggregatea of aggregation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State of aggregatea of aggregation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State of aggregatea of aggregation is
+determined by intermolecular forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by intermolecular forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by intermolecular forces
+intermolecular forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they're different. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're different. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're different. They're
+different. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. So
+what we want to do is look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is look at the
+intermolecular forces and for that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermolecular forces and for that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermolecular forces and for that we're
+going to go through this this catalog.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through this this catalog.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through this this catalog.
+Uh that's last day. This is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that's last day. This is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that's last day. This is what we're
+going to do. We're going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do. We're going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do. We're going to go through
+this catalog. So I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this catalog. So I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this catalog. So I'm going to show you
+four different types of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different types of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different types of uh
+intermolecular forces. We're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermolecular forces. We're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermolecular forces. We're going to go
+about them systematically. The first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them systematically. The first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them systematically. The first one
+is dipole dipole interactions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dipole dipole interactions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dipole dipole interactions.
+Dipole dipole interactions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And clearly this interaction occurs only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And clearly this interaction occurs only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And clearly this interaction occurs only
+between polar molecules. Involves polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between polar molecules. Involves polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between polar molecules. Involves polar
+molecules.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So these molecules have a net dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these molecules have a net dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these molecules have a net dipole
+moment. We could model them as dipoles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. We could model them as dipoles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. We could model them as dipoles.
+And so if this is for example an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if this is for example an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if this is for example an
+isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated
+molecule of hydrogen chloride, we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of hydrogen chloride, we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of hydrogen chloride, we know
+we've got a strong covealent bond within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a strong covealent bond within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a strong covealent bond within
+the molecule and we know the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule and we know the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule and we know the shape of
+the molecule. It's linear. But how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule. It's linear. But how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule. It's linear. But how does
+this hydrogen chloride bond to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hydrogen chloride bond to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hydrogen chloride bond to another
+hydrogen chloride?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen chloride?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen chloride?
+Well, we can see that this is delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we can see that this is delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we can see that this is delta
+minus. This is delta plus. And so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus. This is delta plus. And so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus. This is delta plus. And so this
+delta minus n is attracted to the delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta minus n is attracted to the delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta minus n is attracted to the delta
+plus end of an adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus end of an adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus end of an adjacent
+molecule and so on and so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and so on and so on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and so on and so on.
+So this is a dipole dipole interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a dipole dipole interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a dipole dipole interaction
+that when the temperature is low enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the temperature is low enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the temperature is low enough
+the thermal energy will not disrupt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal energy will not disrupt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal energy will not disrupt the
+bonds that are forming by this dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that are forming by this dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that are forming by this dipole
+dipole interaction. So it's operative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole interaction. So it's operative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole interaction. So it's operative
+operative at low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operative at low temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operative at low temperature
+operative at low temperature. And these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operative at low temperature. And these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operative at low temperature. And these
+are all weak interactions. Everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all weak interactions. Everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all weak interactions. Everything
+I'm going to talk about today is weak by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about today is weak by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about today is weak by
+an order of magnitude in comparison to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an order of magnitude in comparison to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an order of magnitude in comparison to
+the primary reactions. So if we compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary reactions. So if we compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary reactions. So if we compare
+ionic bonding and covealent bonding,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic bonding and covealent bonding,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic bonding and covealent bonding,
+primary coalent bonding with this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary coalent bonding with this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary coalent bonding with this sort
+of thing, this is down at around some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing, this is down at around some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing, this is down at around some uh
+on the order of about 10 k per mole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of about 10 k per mole.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of about 10 k per mole.
+Whereas up here we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas up here we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas up here we're talking about
+hundreds of kles per mole. So these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of kles per mole. So these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of kles per mole. So these are
+very weak. Which means that at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weak. Which means that at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weak. Which means that at room
+temperature HCl is a gas. Sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature HCl is a gas. Sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature HCl is a gas. Sodium
+chloride and diamond are solids. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride and diamond are solids. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride and diamond are solids. And
+there's some the energy in a dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some the energy in a dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some the energy in a dipole
+dipole interaction. I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole interaction. I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole interaction. I'm not going to
+give you the the full formula, but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the the full formula, but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the the full formula, but I'll
+just give you what's what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you what's what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you what's what it's
+proportional to. Clearly, it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to. Clearly, it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to. Clearly, it's going to
+be proportional to the strength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proportional to the strength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proportional to the strength of the
+dipole. Stronger dipoles will bond more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole. Stronger dipoles will bond more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole. Stronger dipoles will bond more
+tightly than weaker dipoles. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly than weaker dipoles. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly than weaker dipoles. And in
+fact, it goes as the fourth power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, it goes as the fourth power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, it goes as the fourth power of the
+dipole moment. If mu is the dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment. If mu is the dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment. If mu is the dipole
+moment,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment,
+stronger dipole moments give much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger dipole moments give much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger dipole moments give much much
+stronger interactions than weaker dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger interactions than weaker dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger interactions than weaker dipole
+moments. And the dipole moment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments. And the dipole moment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments. And the dipole moment is
+proportional to what? It's proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to what? It's proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to what? It's proportional
+to the charge. To the charge and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the charge. To the charge and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the charge. To the charge and the
+separation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation,
+the charge and the separation. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge and the separation. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge and the separation. So if
+I've got more charge separated by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got more charge separated by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got more charge separated by a
+greater distance, I construct a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater distance, I construct a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater distance, I construct a greater
+dipole, a dipole of greater strength.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole, a dipole of greater strength.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole, a dipole of greater strength.
+and in the in the uh in the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the in the uh in the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the in the uh in the denominator
+we have the cube root of the interd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the cube root of the interd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the cube root of the interd
+dipole separation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole separation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole separation.
+So really what we want is very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So really what we want is very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So really what we want is very strong
+dipoles spaced closely together to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles spaced closely together to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles spaced closely together to give
+us the strongest reaction. Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the strongest reaction. Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the strongest reaction. Okay. And
+example HCl I've used this in some of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example HCl I've used this in some of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example HCl I've used this in some of my
+own research and this thing has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own research and this thing has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own research and this thing has a
+melting point. HCl has a melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point. HCl has a melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point. HCl has a melting point
+is minus 115° C and the boiling point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 115° C and the boiling point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 115° C and the boiling point at
+atmospheric pressure is minus uh 85° C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+if we go down below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go down below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go down below
+minus 115° C the thermal energy is low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 115° C the thermal energy is low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 115° C the thermal energy is low
+enough that at that and below at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that at that and below at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that at that and below at
+temperatures below this value this weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures below this value this weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures below this value this weak
+interaction dominates and we have solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction dominates and we have solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction dominates and we have solid
+HCl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HCl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HCl
+second form of interaction and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second form of interaction and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second form of interaction and these are
+all cataloged in chapter 8 of your book.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cataloged in chapter 8 of your book.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cataloged in chapter 8 of your book.
+This one here is a little bit premature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one here is a little bit premature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one here is a little bit premature
+uh but all the books do it so I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but all the books do it so I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but all the books do it so I'll just
+for completeness I'll go through it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for completeness I'll go through it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for completeness I'll go through it.
+It's really involving solutions. See
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's really involving solutions. See
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's really involving solutions. See
+this one was HCl to HCl. It's answering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one was HCl to HCl. It's answering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one was HCl to HCl. It's answering
+the question under what circumstances is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question under what circumstances is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question under what circumstances is
+HCl solid, liquid or gas. This one here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HCl solid, liquid or gas. This one here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HCl solid, liquid or gas. This one here,
+this is called dipole induced dipole. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called dipole induced dipole. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called dipole induced dipole. So
+this is really two different species.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really two different species.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really two different species.
+And you can see in the cartoon the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can see in the cartoon the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can see in the cartoon the left
+has HCl, hydrogen chloride, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has HCl, hydrogen chloride, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has HCl, hydrogen chloride, and the
+right has argon. So this is bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right has argon. So this is bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right has argon. So this is bonding
+between two different types of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two different types of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two different types of uh
+species. So, for example, if I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species. So, for example, if I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species. So, for example, if I were to
+mix HCl, it's a gas at room temperature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix HCl, it's a gas at room temperature.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix HCl, it's a gas at room temperature.
+Argon is a gas at room temperature. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Argon is a gas at room temperature. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Argon is a gas at room temperature. I
+mix two gases at room temperature, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix two gases at room temperature, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix two gases at room temperature, I
+have a gas. But at low enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gas. But at low enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gas. But at low enough
+temperatures, I will get a liquid. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures, I will get a liquid. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures, I will get a liquid. And
+at low enough temperatures, yet I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low enough temperatures, yet I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low enough temperatures, yet I will
+get a solid. It'll be essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a solid. It'll be essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a solid. It'll be essentially a
+solid alloy of HCl molecules and argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid alloy of HCl molecules and argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid alloy of HCl molecules and argon
+atoms. So, what holds that together?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms. So, what holds that together?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms. So, what holds that together?
+Whenever you see a solid, you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whenever you see a solid, you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whenever you see a solid, you must
+conclude that there are forces that bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that there are forces that bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that there are forces that bind
+the species together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the species together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the species together.
+Things don't just sit there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things don't just sit there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things don't just sit there because
+they're lazy. They're bound. So, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're lazy. They're bound. So, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're lazy. They're bound. So, what
+are the forces that could bind a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the forces that could bind a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the forces that could bind a
+condensed form of argon and HCl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed form of argon and HCl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed form of argon and HCl
+together? And the answer is dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together? And the answer is dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together? And the answer is dipole
+induced dipole interactions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced dipole interactions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced dipole interactions.
+Dipole induced dipole interactions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dipole induced dipole interactions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dipole induced dipole interactions.
+So this is a bit of a departure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a bit of a departure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a bit of a departure but
+it'll come in handy in a in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll come in handy in a in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll come in handy in a in a in a
+little bit. And this is this is u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. And this is this is u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. And this is this is u
+present in solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in solutions
+present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+of what you need. One polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you need. One polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you need. One polar
+of a polar and non-polar species. Polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a polar and non-polar species. Polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a polar and non-polar species. Polar
+and non-polar species.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and non-polar species.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and non-polar species.
+They could be atoms or they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They could be atoms or they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They could be atoms or they could be
+molecules. It doesn't matter. So, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules. It doesn't matter. So, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules. It doesn't matter. So, how
+does this work? Well, here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this work? Well, here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this work? Well, here's the
+non-polar molecule. This is argon,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar molecule. This is argon,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar molecule. This is argon,
+helium, or one such methane, non-polar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium, or one such methane, non-polar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium, or one such methane, non-polar.
+So, it has uniform distribution by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it has uniform distribution by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it has uniform distribution by
+definition. If it's non-polar, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. If it's non-polar, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. If it's non-polar, there's
+no net dipole. So, here's the non-polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no net dipole. So, here's the non-polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no net dipole. So, here's the non-polar
+entity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity,
+non-polar species.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar species.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar species.
+If I bring up a dipole to in in close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I bring up a dipole to in in close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I bring up a dipole to in in close
+proximity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what can happen is the following. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can happen is the following. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can happen is the following. This
+negative end of the dipole interacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative end of the dipole interacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative end of the dipole interacts
+with the electron cloud in the non-polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the electron cloud in the non-polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the electron cloud in the non-polar
+species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+so as to cause repulsion. So this cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as to cause repulsion. So this cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as to cause repulsion. So this cloud
+it's in motion. The electrons are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in motion. The electrons are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in motion. The electrons are not
+potted. And so the presence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potted. And so the presence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potted. And so the presence of this
+negative end of the dipole actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative end of the dipole actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative end of the dipole actually
+causes the electrons to flee. And so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the electrons to flee. And so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the electrons to flee. And so we
+get a malistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a malistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a malistribution
+in the electrons and in fact this end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the electrons and in fact this end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the electrons and in fact this end
+becomes a little bit electron lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a little bit electron lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a little bit electron lean
+electron deficient and the other end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron deficient and the other end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron deficient and the other end
+becomes electronrich.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes electronrich.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes electronrich.
+So what started off minding its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what started off minding its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what started off minding its own
+business with this symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business with this symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business with this symmetric
+distribution of electrons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of electrons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of electrons in the
+presence of the dipole takes on a dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of the dipole takes on a dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of the dipole takes on a dipole
+moment itself. So this dipole is induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment itself. So this dipole is induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment itself. So this dipole is induced
+by the presence of the permanent dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the presence of the permanent dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the presence of the permanent dipole
+and now we have some bonding. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have some bonding. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have some bonding. This
+negative end here now is in a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative end here now is in a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative end here now is in a position
+to be attracted to the positive end of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be attracted to the positive end of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be attracted to the positive end of a
+permanent dipole and so on and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent dipole and so on and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent dipole and so on and so on and
+so on. So this is how the uh system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on. So this is how the uh system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on. So this is how the uh system
+operates and uh we know that the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates and uh we know that the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates and uh we know that the energy
+of the dipole induced dipole interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dipole induced dipole interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dipole induced dipole interaction
+goes as one over the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes as one over the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes as one over the square of the
+interpolar separation. This is one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolar separation. This is one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolar separation. This is one over
+the square of the interpolar separation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the interpolar separation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the interpolar separation.
+Whereas here it's one over the cube of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas here it's one over the cube of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas here it's one over the cube of
+the interpolar separation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpolar separation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpolar separation.
+And furthermore, we can talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And furthermore, we can talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And furthermore, we can talk about how
+susceptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible
+elements are to this induction. I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are to this induction. I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are to this induction. I can
+give you two different elements. Suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you two different elements. Suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you two different elements. Suppose
+I've got argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got argon
+and next to it I will put helium.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+They both have inert gas electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They both have inert gas electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They both have inert gas electron
+configurations, but helium is small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations, but helium is small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations, but helium is small and
+has a few electrons. Argon is large and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a few electrons. Argon is large and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a few electrons. Argon is large and
+has many electrons. Which of these two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many electrons. Which of these two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many electrons. Which of these two,
+argon or helium, is more susceptible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon or helium, is more susceptible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon or helium, is more susceptible to
+this electron displacement?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron displacement?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron displacement?
+You see, it's argon because argon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see, it's argon because argon's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see, it's argon because argon's
+larger. It's it's squishier. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger. It's it's squishier. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger. It's it's squishier. It's
+softer. This is hard. This is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softer. This is hard. This is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softer. This is hard. This is like a
+baseball. This is like a Nerf ball,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball. This is like a Nerf ball,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball. This is like a Nerf ball,
+right? So, it can be easily distorted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, it can be easily distorted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, it can be easily distorted in
+terms of its charge. And we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its charge. And we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its charge. And we call this
+distortion of electrical charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion of electrical charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion of electrical charge
+polarization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization.
+Polarization is the official term for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polarization is the official term for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polarization is the official term for uh
+electrical charge displacement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical charge displacement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical charge displacement.
+Electrical charge displacement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so we can quantify the ease with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we can quantify the ease with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we can quantify the ease with
+which electrons are displaced within uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which electrons are displaced within uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which electrons are displaced within uh
+a chemical entity by a quantity called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemical entity by a quantity called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemical entity by a quantity called
+polarizability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizability.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizability.
+Polarizability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polarizability.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polarizability.
+and uh give it the symbol alpha. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh give it the symbol alpha. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh give it the symbol alpha. And
+this is a measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a measure
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of ease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ease
+of electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electron
+displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement
+and clearly polarizability is affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearly polarizability is affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearly polarizability is affected
+by now watch the fonts here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now watch the fonts here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now watch the fonts here this is
+alpha and then I want to say alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and then I want to say alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and then I want to say alpha is
+proportional to so I don't know how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to so I don't know how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to so I don't know how you
+differentiate the two so alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the two so alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the two so alpha is
+proportional to um the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to um the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to um the number of
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+In other words, the more electrons, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, the more electrons, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, the more electrons, the
+more there are to move. If I only have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more there are to move. If I only have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more there are to move. If I only have a
+couple of electrons and I got a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of electrons and I got a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of electrons and I got a couple
+of protons, those electrons are more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of protons, those electrons are more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of protons, those electrons are more uh
+tightly bound. They're less flexible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly bound. They're less flexible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly bound. They're less flexible.
+So, the number of electrons and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the number of electrons and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the number of electrons and also the
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+for equal numbers of electrons, a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for equal numbers of electrons, a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for equal numbers of electrons, a larger
+entity will be softer and squishier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity will be softer and squishier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity will be softer and squishier than
+a smaller entity. Right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller entity. Right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller entity. Right? So,
+polarizability scales with electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizability scales with electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizability scales with electron
+number and with size.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and with size.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and with size.
+So we reason that helium is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we reason that helium is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we reason that helium is going to be
+um low polarizability whereas argon will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um low polarizability whereas argon will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um low polarizability whereas argon will
+be high polarizability because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be high polarizability because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be high polarizability because when you
+have a lot of electrons they have to by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of electrons they have to by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of electrons they have to by
+necessity you know what the the filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity you know what the the filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity you know what the the filling
+sequence is. The more electrons you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is. The more electrons you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is. The more electrons you have
+those last electrons are farther out. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those last electrons are farther out. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those last electrons are farther out. So
+the positive charge in the nucleus has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive charge in the nucleus has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive charge in the nucleus has a
+weaker hold on them. So therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker hold on them. So therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker hold on them. So therefore
+they're while they're bound they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're while they're bound they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're while they're bound they're
+they're a little bit more they're frisky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little bit more they're frisky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little bit more they're frisky
+you know they don't they don't sit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they don't they don't sit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they don't they don't sit in
+their their place move around. All right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their place move around. All right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their place move around. All right
+so now let's get back to homonuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's get back to homonuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's get back to homonuclear
+species. This is induced dipole induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species. This is induced dipole induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species. This is induced dipole induced
+dipole. That's the third type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole. That's the third type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole. That's the third type of
+interaction. Induced dipole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Induced dipole. Induced dipole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Induced dipole. Induced dipole.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Induced dipole. Induced dipole.
+This is a really fascinating one. It it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a really fascinating one. It it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a really fascinating one. It it
+puzzled people for a long time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzled people for a long time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzled people for a long time.
+Um, and it's it's dominant it's dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and it's it's dominant it's dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and it's it's dominant it's dominant
+in non-polar molecules.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in non-polar molecules.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in non-polar molecules.
+Dominant in non-polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominant in non-polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominant in non-polar
+molecules. I'm going it's dominant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules. I'm going it's dominant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules. I'm going it's dominant in
+non-polar everything. So, it's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar everything. So, it's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar everything. So, it's do
+dominant in non-polar species, atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant in non-polar species, atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant in non-polar species, atoms and
+molecules.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules.
+And um here's some examples. Let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um here's some examples. Let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um here's some examples. Let's go
+back. Here's argon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. Here's argon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. Here's argon.
+Now if you look on your periodic table,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if you look on your periodic table,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if you look on your periodic table,
+argon has a melting point of 84 Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon has a melting point of 84 Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon has a melting point of 84 Kelvin
+and it has a boiling point of 87 Kelvin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a boiling point of 87 Kelvin.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a boiling point of 87 Kelvin.
+Now I told you whenever you see a solid,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I told you whenever you see a solid,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I told you whenever you see a solid,
+you have to conclude that it's held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to conclude that it's held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to conclude that it's held
+together by some force. So let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by some force. So let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by some force. So let's imagine
+we're at liquid nitrogen temperature. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at liquid nitrogen temperature. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at liquid nitrogen temperature. We
+take some argon out of a argon gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some argon out of a argon gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some argon out of a argon gas
+cylinder and we flow it through a tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder and we flow it through a tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder and we flow it through a tube
+and that tube is immersed in liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tube is immersed in liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tube is immersed in liquid
+nitrogen. And liquid nitrogen is 77
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen. And liquid nitrogen is 77
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen. And liquid nitrogen is 77
+Kelvin. Well, that's below 84. So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin. Well, that's below 84. So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin. Well, that's below 84. So, the
+argon is going to solidify. It's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon is going to solidify. It's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon is going to solidify. It's going
+to deposit on the walls of the tube. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deposit on the walls of the tube. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deposit on the walls of the tube. And
+after a while, I'll have argon ice. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while, I'll have argon ice. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while, I'll have argon ice. So,
+I'm sitting there. I'm looking at argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sitting there. I'm looking at argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sitting there. I'm looking at argon
+ice. What binds argon to argon?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, it's not ionic. It's not primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's not ionic. It's not primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's not ionic. It's not primary
+covealent. It's not dipole dipole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covealent. It's not dipole dipole.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covealent. It's not dipole dipole.
+They're all the same. What could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're all the same. What could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're all the same. What could
+possibly bind argon to argon? What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly bind argon to argon? What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly bind argon to argon? What's
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+adhesion? Because it's it's it's sticky.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhesion? Because it's it's it's sticky.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhesion? Because it's it's it's sticky.
+Why?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why?
+Why?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why?
+Well, the answer was given to us by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the answer was given to us by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the answer was given to us by a
+German scientist by the name of Fritz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German scientist by the name of Fritz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German scientist by the name of Fritz
+London. Fritz London. in London. Um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London. Fritz London. in London. Um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London. Fritz London. in London. Um he
+said I think I can explain this. He went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I think I can explain this. He went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I think I can explain this. He went
+looked back over here at dipole dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked back over here at dipole dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked back over here at dipole dipole
+and he said you know we've already come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said you know we've already come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said you know we've already come
+to the conclusion that electrons are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the conclusion that electrons are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the conclusion that electrons are in
+motion. Electrons are not stationary. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. Electrons are not stationary. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. Electrons are not stationary. So
+he says imagine if we could zoom in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says imagine if we could zoom in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says imagine if we could zoom in here
+with a phentoc camera and take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a phentoc camera and take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a phentoc camera and take a
+snapshot. Instead of having a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot. Instead of having a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot. Instead of having a uniform
+distribution of electrons, suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of electrons, suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of electrons, suppose that
+at at this instant in time, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at this instant in time, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at this instant in time, there's a
+slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight
+excess of electron density here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess of electron density here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess of electron density here at
+around 2:00 and therefore conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 2:00 and therefore conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 2:00 and therefore conservation
+of charge dictates that there must be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge dictates that there must be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge dictates that there must be a
+slight electron deficiency at 8:00.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight electron deficiency at 8:00.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight electron deficiency at 8:00.
+Well, if this is the case, what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if this is the case, what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if this is the case, what's the
+consequence for the adjacent argon?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence for the adjacent argon?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence for the adjacent argon?
+Well, this adjacent argon says if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this adjacent argon says if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this adjacent argon says if this
+is electron deficient, it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is electron deficient, it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is electron deficient, it's going to
+pull electrons in this argon and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull electrons in this argon and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull electrons in this argon and make
+the bottom right here electron rich,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom right here electron rich,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom right here electron rich,
+leaving the top left electron deficient,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the top left electron deficient,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the top left electron deficient,
+which then causes she told her and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then causes she told her and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then causes she told her and he
+told him, etc., etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told him, etc., etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told him, etc., etc.
+So, what is the result here? The result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what is the result here? The result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what is the result here? The result
+is we have dipoles time averaged it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have dipoles time averaged it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have dipoles time averaged it's
+non-polar but it's always dipolar at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar but it's always dipolar at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar but it's always dipolar at and
+this is a tiny tiny dipole tiny. So he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a tiny tiny dipole tiny. So he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a tiny tiny dipole tiny. So he
+called this time fluctuating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this time fluctuating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this time fluctuating
+the time fluctuating dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's present in all systems in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's present in all systems in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's present in all systems in all
+systems. Even a sodium ion has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Even a sodium ion has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Even a sodium ion has an
+electron cloud that's in motion. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cloud that's in motion. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cloud that's in motion. And we
+don't see this in sodium because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see this in sodium because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see this in sodium because the
+action of this in sodium is dwarfed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of this in sodium is dwarfed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of this in sodium is dwarfed by
+the kulomic force which is a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kulomic force which is a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kulomic force which is a thousand
+times stronger. But this is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times stronger. But this is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times stronger. But this is the only
+game in town. When you're at 80 77
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in town. When you're at 80 77
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in town. When you're at 80 77
+Kelvin, there's nothing left. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin, there's nothing left. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin, there's nothing left. So this is
+dominant. And the force that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant. And the force that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant. And the force that comes out
+of this this attractive force has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this attractive force has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this attractive force has been
+termed the London dispersion force. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termed the London dispersion force. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termed the London dispersion force. The
+London dispersion force. And the London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London dispersion force. And the London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London dispersion force. And the London
+dispersion force is a is a very weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion force is a is a very weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion force is a is a very weak
+force and it's as you would expect it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and it's as you would expect it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and it's as you would expect it's
+proportional to the polarizability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the polarizability.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the polarizability.
+Right? Elements that have big electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Elements that have big electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Elements that have big electron
+clouds that are weakly held are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds that are weakly held are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds that are weakly held are going to
+be more mobile than small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more mobile than small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more mobile than small
+atoms that have small electron clouds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms that have small electron clouds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms that have small electron clouds
+that are tightly held. So the London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are tightly held. So the London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are tightly held. So the London
+dispersion the London dispersion energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion the London dispersion energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion the London dispersion energy
+is goes as the square of polarizability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is goes as the square of polarizability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is goes as the square of polarizability
+and as you would expect it's a very weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you would expect it's a very weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you would expect it's a very weak
+force analogous to the repulsive force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force analogous to the repulsive force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force analogous to the repulsive force
+right we're talking about electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're talking about electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're talking about electron
+electron repulsion where did you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron repulsion where did you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron repulsion where did you see
+that before you saw that in the colombic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before you saw that in the colombic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before you saw that in the colombic
+derivation the uh the with the metalon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation the uh the with the metalon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation the uh the with the metalon
+constant that's the borne exponent it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's the borne exponent it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's the borne exponent it's
+a very high number because this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high number because this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high number because this is very
+weak force so if this is the interecies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak force so if this is the interecies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak force so if this is the interecies
+separation This goes as r 6 which makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation This goes as r 6 which makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation This goes as r 6 which makes
+sense. It's sort of born like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there it is. Now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is. Now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is. Now um
+this is actually got another name. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually got another name. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually got another name. You
+know this is not a secondary bond for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is not a secondary bond for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is not a secondary bond for
+argon. This is the only bond for argon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon. This is the only bond for argon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon. This is the only bond for argon.
+So this is a primary bond. So as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a primary bond. So as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a primary bond. So as a
+primary bond some people call this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary bond some people call this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary bond some people call this a
+vanderval's bond. a Vanderval's bond.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanderval's bond. a Vanderval's bond.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanderval's bond. a Vanderval's bond.
+So it's a time fluctuating dipole which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a time fluctuating dipole which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a time fluctuating dipole which
+leads to a London dispersion force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a London dispersion force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a London dispersion force
+resulting in a Vanderval's bond which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting in a Vanderval's bond which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting in a Vanderval's bond which
+for some systems is the primary and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some systems is the primary and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some systems is the primary and it's
+not that I can't spell Vanderval was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that I can't spell Vanderval was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that I can't spell Vanderval was a
+Dutchman and that's how you spell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dutchman and that's how you spell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dutchman and that's how you spell
+Vanderval's. Okay, so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanderval's. Okay, so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanderval's. Okay, so here's the
+situation. This is the primary bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. This is the primary bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. This is the primary bonding
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+argon. What about uh oh, go to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon. What about uh oh, go to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon. What about uh oh, go to your
+periodic table and look up iodine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table and look up iodine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table and look up iodine.
+Iodine,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iodine,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iodine,
+it exists as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exists as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exists as the
+diatomic molecule. It's got a melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecule. It's got a melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecule. It's got a melting
+point of plus 114° C and it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of plus 114° C and it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of plus 114° C and it's got a
+boiling point of 184° C. So, iodine at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point of 184° C. So, iodine at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point of 184° C. So, iodine at
+room temperature is a deep purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature is a deep purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature is a deep purple
+crystal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal.
+What holds iodine together?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What holds iodine together?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What holds iodine together?
+What holds iodine together? Oh, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What holds iodine together? Oh, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What holds iodine together? Oh, so
+you're looking at it going, "Oh, I know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at it going, "Oh, I know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at it going, "Oh, I know.
+I'm going to go back to that uh table um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go back to that uh table um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go back to that uh table um
+um 4.3 and I'm going to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 4.3 and I'm going to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 4.3 and I'm going to tell you about
+the um iodine iodine. I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um iodine iodine. I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um iodine iodine. I'm going to write
+the lewis structure." And that's wrong.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lewis structure." And that's wrong.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lewis structure." And that's wrong.
+That's got nothing to do with it. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's got nothing to do with it. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's got nothing to do with it. How
+does iodine, this iodine bond to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does iodine, this iodine bond to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does iodine, this iodine bond to another
+iodine?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine?
+Well, what's the catalog? Is there a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what's the catalog? Is there a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what's the catalog? Is there a net
+charge? No. Is there a local dipole?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge? No. Is there a local dipole?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge? No. Is there a local dipole?
+This is a homonuclear molecule that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a homonuclear molecule that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a homonuclear molecule that is
+100% covealent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% covealent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% covealent.
+What's left?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's left?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's left?
+So you have electron clouds here around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have electron clouds here around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have electron clouds here around
+the two iodines. So iodine is big. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two iodines. So iodine is big. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two iodines. So iodine is big. It's
+huge. Which means the electrons, first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge. Which means the electrons, first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge. Which means the electrons, first
+of all, there's lots of electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all, there's lots of electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all, there's lots of electrons and
+they've got a giant corral to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got a giant corral to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got a giant corral to run
+around. And so they're running around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. And so they're running around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. And so they're running around
+all over the place. And at any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place. And at any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place. And at any given
+moment the right side might be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment the right side might be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment the right side might be a little
+bit electron excessive and the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit electron excessive and the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit electron excessive and the left side
+might be a little bit electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little bit electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little bit electron
+deficient. Net neutral of course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient. Net neutral of course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient. Net neutral of course and
+then that's what causes the next iodine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's what causes the next iodine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's what causes the next iodine
+and the next iodine the next iodine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next iodine the next iodine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next iodine the next iodine.
+This is the way you describe. How about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the way you describe. How about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the way you describe. How about
+this one? Methane. We saw methane. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one? Methane. We saw methane. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one? Methane. We saw methane. How
+do I form solid methane? When you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I form solid methane? When you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I form solid methane? When you look
+at Jupiter you're seeing solid methane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Jupiter you're seeing solid methane.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Jupiter you're seeing solid methane.
+Do you ever sit there and think how's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you ever sit there and think how's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you ever sit there and think how's
+that solid methane held together?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solid methane held together?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solid methane held together?
+I bet you never thought about that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I bet you never thought about that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I bet you never thought about that.
+Well, I'm inviting you. Think about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I'm inviting you. Think about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I'm inviting you. Think about it.
+How does this methane bond to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How does this methane bond to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How does this methane bond to this
+methane? And I can see everybody go,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane? And I can see everybody go,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane? And I can see everybody go,
+"Oh, I know carbon hydrogen. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Oh, I know carbon hydrogen. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Oh, I know carbon hydrogen. It's a
+polar bond. I got it. It's a polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar bond. I got it. It's a polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar bond. I got it. It's a polar
+bond." And you proudly trot out your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond." And you proudly trot out your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond." And you proudly trot out your
+electro negativities and you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro negativities and you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro negativities and you tell me
+what the percent ionicity is and I go,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the percent ionicity is and I go,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the percent ionicity is and I go,
+"No, no, that's wrong. Has nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"No, no, that's wrong. Has nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"No, no, that's wrong. Has nothing to do
+with it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it.
+I'm asking about foreign policy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking about foreign policy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking about foreign policy and
+you're talking about some state budget,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about some state budget,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about some state budget,
+right? I want foreign policy. How do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I want foreign policy. How do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I want foreign policy. How do
+they negotiate with one another? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they negotiate with one another? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they negotiate with one another? Well,
+what's the list? Net charge, no, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the list? Net charge, no, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the list? Net charge, no, they're
+neutral. Dipole, no, they're symmetric.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral. Dipole, no, they're symmetric.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral. Dipole, no, they're symmetric.
+What's left?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's left?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's left?
+So, solid methane is held together by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, solid methane is held together by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, solid methane is held together by
+Vanderval's bonds, London dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanderval's bonds, London dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanderval's bonds, London dispersion
+force.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force.
+Remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember
+that next time you look up at the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time you look up at the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time you look up at the sky
+and you see Jupiter,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see Jupiter,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see Jupiter,
+the solid methane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, here's a here's a good example of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, here's a here's a good example of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, here's a here's a good example of of
+uh this in compound. So here these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this in compound. So here these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this in compound. So here these are
+three different hydrocarbons. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different hydrocarbons. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different hydrocarbons. So it's
+just carbon and hydrogen. Here's propane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just carbon and hydrogen. Here's propane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just carbon and hydrogen. Here's propane
+octane icosane. So look at it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octane icosane. So look at it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octane icosane. So look at it's just
+CH2CH2CH2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH2CH2CH2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH2CH2CH2
+with meth methyl terminals. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with meth methyl terminals. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with meth methyl terminals. All right.
+So they're net neutral. There's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they're net neutral. There's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they're net neutral. There's no
+dipole moment. There's symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment. There's symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment. There's symmetric
+molecules. And you all know what propane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules. And you all know what propane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules. And you all know what propane
+is. You It's a gas at room temperature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. You It's a gas at room temperature.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. You It's a gas at room temperature.
+Used as a fuel, low-grade fuel. Boils at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Used as a fuel, low-grade fuel. Boils at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Used as a fuel, low-grade fuel. Boils at
+minus42.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus42.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus42.
+Octane is the principal constituent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Octane is the principal constituent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Octane is the principal constituent of
+gasoline, which we know is a liquid at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline, which we know is a liquid at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline, which we know is a liquid at
+room temperature. And icosane is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature. And icosane is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature. And icosane is a
+solid. It looks like paraffin. Three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid. It looks like paraffin. Three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid. It looks like paraffin. Three
+different molecules, all non-polar. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different molecules, all non-polar. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different molecules, all non-polar. How
+do I describe the fact that propane's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I describe the fact that propane's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I describe the fact that propane's a
+gas, octane's a liquid, icosine is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas, octane's a liquid, icosine is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas, octane's a liquid, icosine is a
+solid right here? Polarizability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid right here? Polarizability.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid right here? Polarizability.
+Polarizability, which is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polarizability, which is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polarizability, which is proportional to
+the number of electrons in size. As
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of electrons in size. As
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of electrons in size. As
+these molecules get bigger, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules get bigger, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules get bigger, the
+electrons have a bigger corral to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons have a bigger corral to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons have a bigger corral to run
+around in. It's sort of like a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in. It's sort of like a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in. It's sort of like a small
+tank gives rise to small waves and a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank gives rise to small waves and a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank gives rise to small waves and a big
+tank gives rise to big waves. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank gives rise to big waves. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank gives rise to big waves. And that's
+what you're seeing. Big waves means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing. Big waves means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing. Big waves means
+bonds. Small waves means the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds. Small waves means the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds. Small waves means the thermal
+forces present at room temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces present at room temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces present at room temperature
+disrupt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupt.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupt.
+So that's a good one. I really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a good one. I really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a good one. I really like
+that. That's a vivid one. Actually, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. That's a vivid one. Actually, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. That's a vivid one. Actually, this
+is out of your book. This shows a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out of your book. This shows a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out of your book. This shows a this
+this is the whole series. I just chose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the whole series. I just chose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the whole series. I just chose a
+few extremes, but look, here's methane,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few extremes, but look, here's methane,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few extremes, but look, here's methane,
+uh, ethane, propane, butane, and on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, ethane, propane, butane, and on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, ethane, propane, butane, and on and
+on and on. And look at as the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and on. And look at as the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and on. And look at as the molecular
+weight increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the boiling point increases. Why?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boiling point increases. Why?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boiling point increases. Why?
+Because the polarizability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because the polarizability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because the polarizability is
+increasing. But I don't I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing. But I don't I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing. But I don't I don't want
+anybody telling me that the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody telling me that the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody telling me that the reason
+something has a higher boiling point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has a higher boiling point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has a higher boiling point is
+it has a higher molecular weight. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a higher molecular weight. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a higher molecular weight. That's
+not expository. I want to know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not expository. I want to know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not expository. I want to know it's not
+mass. It's about polarizability because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. It's about polarizability because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. It's about polarizability because
+mass alone will not get you the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass alone will not get you the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass alone will not get you the time
+fluctuating dipole. So that's what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating dipole. So that's what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating dipole. So that's what is
+showing up here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up here.
+really really really good. Okay. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really really good. Okay. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really really good. Okay. And now
+the fourth one, the fourth type of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth one, the fourth type of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth one, the fourth type of uh
+secondary bonding is hydrogen bonding.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hydrogen bonding and it occurs it occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hydrogen bonding and it occurs it occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hydrogen bonding and it occurs it occurs
+between as the name implies hydrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between as the name implies hydrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between as the name implies hydrogen and
+only the most electronegative elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the most electronegative elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the most electronegative elements
+and that's florine oxygen and nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's florine oxygen and nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's florine oxygen and nitrogen
+owing to their high average veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owing to their high average veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owing to their high average veence
+electron energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron energy.
+There's something peculiar here about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's something peculiar here about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's something peculiar here about
+the combination of high average veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination of high average veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination of high average veence
+electron energy and the lightest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron energy and the lightest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron energy and the lightest
+element.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element.
+And here's what I want you to first be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here's what I want you to first be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here's what I want you to first be
+reminded of. I'm showing here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded of. I'm showing here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded of. I'm showing here the
+average veence electron energy in order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average veence electron energy in order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average veence electron energy in order.
+And we see florine has got the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we see florine has got the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we see florine has got the uh the
+highest of the active. I know neon has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest of the active. I know neon has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest of the active. I know neon has a
+higher but neon doesn't participate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher but neon doesn't participate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher but neon doesn't participate in
+in chemical reactions to speak of. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chemical reactions to speak of. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chemical reactions to speak of. So I
+know there are subtle differences in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are subtle differences in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are subtle differences in the
+electro negativity scales. One of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro negativity scales. One of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro negativity scales. One of them
+has florine at 3.98. This has it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has florine at 3.98. This has it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has florine at 3.98. This has it at
+4.19.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.19.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.19.
+It's a self-consistent set. So what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a self-consistent set. So what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a self-consistent set. So what do
+we see here? Here we're up at around 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see here? Here we're up at around 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see here? Here we're up at around 20
+electron volts for average veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts for average veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts for average veence
+electron energy and then it tapers off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron energy and then it tapers off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron energy and then it tapers off.
+Something magical happens at around 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Something magical happens at around 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Something magical happens at around 18
+electron volts. What happens when we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts. What happens when we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts. What happens when we put
+hydrogen in the presence of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen in the presence of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen in the presence of something
+that is that strongly electrogative? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that strongly electrogative? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that strongly electrogative? So
+let's work with the most powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's work with the most powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's work with the most powerful
+example florine. So hydrogen donates its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example florine. So hydrogen donates its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example florine. So hydrogen donates its
+electron to the covealent bond. Florine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to the covealent bond. Florine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to the covealent bond. Florine
+donates one of its seven veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donates one of its seven veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donates one of its seven veence
+electrons. And here are the other six.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. And here are the other six.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. And here are the other six.
+And we know because florine is strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we know because florine is strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we know because florine is strongly
+electrogative, this bond is very polar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrogative, this bond is very polar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrogative, this bond is very polar.
+And we can designate the florine end as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can designate the florine end as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can designate the florine end as
+delta negative and the hydrogen end as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta negative and the hydrogen end as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta negative and the hydrogen end as
+delta plus. And let's look at this in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta plus. And let's look at this in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta plus. And let's look at this in in
+greater detail. When we start pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater detail. When we start pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater detail. When we start pulling
+hard on the electron associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard on the electron associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard on the electron associated with
+hydrogen, what's left? It's not uh a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen, what's left? It's not uh a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen, what's left? It's not uh a an
+atom that has its protons in the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom that has its protons in the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom that has its protons in the nucleus
+and and and n minus one electrons. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and n minus one electrons. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and n minus one electrons. In
+the case of hydrogen only had the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of hydrogen only had the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of hydrogen only had the one
+electron and when you pull that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and when you pull that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and when you pull that electron
+hard, what you're leaving is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard, what you're leaving is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard, what you're leaving is something
+that's essentially a proton.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially a proton.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially a proton.
+This if hydrogen is is is denuted of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This if hydrogen is is is denuted of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This if hydrogen is is is denuted of its
+electron, it is a proton. The proton is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron, it is a proton. The proton is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron, it is a proton. The proton is
+very special because the proton has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special because the proton has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special because the proton has a
+charge of plus one, but it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of plus one, but it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of plus one, but it's got a
+volume that's tiny tiny tiny. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that's tiny tiny tiny. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that's tiny tiny tiny. So the
+charge density is very very high. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density is very very high. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density is very very high. So now
+let's bring up another HF.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here's a second HF. We know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's a second HF. We know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's a second HF. We know that
+dipole dipole interactions happen. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole dipole interactions happen. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole dipole interactions happen. That
+was category number one. So let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was category number one. So let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was category number one. So let's start
+with a simple dipole dipole interaction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a simple dipole dipole interaction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a simple dipole dipole interaction.
+the negative end of the left HF molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative end of the left HF molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative end of the left HF molecule
+sidles up to the positive end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidles up to the positive end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidles up to the positive end of the
+right HF molecule. Then the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right HF molecule. Then the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right HF molecule. Then the magic
+happens. You see this non-bonding domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. You see this non-bonding domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. You see this non-bonding domain
+sitting here on the right side. Those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here on the right side. Those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here on the right side. Those
+non-bonding electrons are dangling way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bonding electrons are dangling way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bonding electrons are dangling way
+way out there. And here's this hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out there. And here's this hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out there. And here's this hydrogen
+over here. And its electron is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. And its electron is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. And its electron is being
+pulled so hard by the florine on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled so hard by the florine on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled so hard by the florine on the
+right. I mean, this hydrogen hardly gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. I mean, this hydrogen hardly gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. I mean, this hydrogen hardly gets
+visitation rights to see this electron.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitation rights to see this electron.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitation rights to see this electron.
+Okay, so there's these two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so there's these two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so there's these two electrons
+sitting over here and the hydrogen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting over here and the hydrogen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting over here and the hydrogen is
+looking over there and say I never get I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking over there and say I never get I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking over there and say I never get I
+you know I hardly get any time with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I hardly get any time with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I hardly get any time with with
+my electron but there's these two lone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my electron but there's these two lone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my electron but there's these two lone
+pairs electrons sitting there and so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs electrons sitting there and so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs electrons sitting there and so can
+you imagine that there's a a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine that there's a a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine that there's a a force
+that's set up between this lone pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's set up between this lone pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's set up between this lone pair of
+electrons because this florines because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons because this florines because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons because this florines because
+it's got so many electrons it tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got so many electrons it tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got so many electrons it tends to
+neglect its electrons. it doesn't pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect its electrons. it doesn't pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect its electrons. it doesn't pay
+close attention. You know, if you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close attention. You know, if you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close attention. You know, if you come
+if you come from a big family, you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you come from a big family, you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you come from a big family, you don't
+get as much attention as if you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get as much attention as if you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get as much attention as if you're an
+only child, right? So, florine, I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only child, right? So, florine, I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only child, right? So, florine, I mean,
+it's got electrons all around. So, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got electrons all around. So, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got electrons all around. So, if
+two kind of stray off, florine doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kind of stray off, florine doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kind of stray off, florine doesn't
+care. So, that's what's happening.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care. So, that's what's happening.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care. So, that's what's happening.
+Here's hydrogen that doesn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's hydrogen that doesn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's hydrogen that doesn't have the
+full impact of its single electron.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full impact of its single electron.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full impact of its single electron.
+Here's two electrons dangling way, way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's two electrons dangling way, way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's two electrons dangling way, way
+out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out.
+This is a recipe for attraction. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a recipe for attraction. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a recipe for attraction. And
+that's exactly what happens. And so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what happens. And so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what happens. And so a
+weak force is established between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak force is established between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak force is established between this
+non-bonding pair and hydrogen when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bonding pair and hydrogen when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bonding pair and hydrogen when
+hydrogen is found in a molecule where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen is found in a molecule where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen is found in a molecule where
+there's this very very strong pull on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this very very strong pull on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this very very strong pull on
+its lone electron. So the hydrogen bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its lone electron. So the hydrogen bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its lone electron. So the hydrogen bond
+is established in this following manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is established in this following manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is established in this following manner
+and this is a very important bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a very important bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a very important bond
+because it's found in compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's found in compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's found in compounds
+involving hydrogen florine hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving hydrogen florine hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving hydrogen florine hydrogen
+oxygen hydrogen nitrogen and let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen hydrogen nitrogen and let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen hydrogen nitrogen and let me show
+you what the manifestation of this is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the manifestation of this is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the manifestation of this is.
+Uh here's first of all a cartoon from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh here's first of all a cartoon from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh here's first of all a cartoon from
+your book that shows this weak force.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your book that shows this weak force.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your book that shows this weak force.
+You see the the hydrogen where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see the the hydrogen where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see the the hydrogen where it's
+electron has been pulled. In this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has been pulled. In this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has been pulled. In this case
+they're showing water. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're showing water. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're showing water. So this is
+hydrogen oxygen. So the electron of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen oxygen. So the electron of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen oxygen. So the electron of
+hydrogen has been pulled towards oxygen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen has been pulled towards oxygen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen has been pulled towards oxygen.
+And this distance is about one angstrom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this distance is about one angstrom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this distance is about one angstrom
+and this distance is about 1 and 3/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this distance is about 1 and 3/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this distance is about 1 and 3/4
+angstroms. So it's greater. I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms. So it's greater. I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms. So it's greater. I'm not
+suggesting that this is a double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that this is a double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that this is a double bond
+off the hydrogen but it's not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the hydrogen but it's not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the hydrogen but it's not something
+to be ignored. It's very very strong.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ignored. It's very very strong.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ignored. It's very very strong.
+And in fact, it's about twice as strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact, it's about twice as strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact, it's about twice as strong
+as the next strongest force here. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the next strongest force here. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the next strongest force here. The
+it's about two to four times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about two to four times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about two to four times the
+intensity of a dipole dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of a dipole dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of a dipole dipole
+interaction. So it makes a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction. So it makes a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction. So it makes a huge
+difference. Let me demonstrate that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. Let me demonstrate that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. Let me demonstrate that with
+data. So this is a plot I I I inked in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. So this is a plot I I I inked in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. So this is a plot I I I inked in.
+There's this is uh out of your book. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's this is uh out of your book. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's this is uh out of your book. It
+shows the the series that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the the series that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the the series that I'm going to
+show, but I I kind of like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show, but I I kind of like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show, but I I kind of like this one
+because I had a chance to color and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I had a chance to color and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I had a chance to color and as
+you know that's uh very therapeutic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's uh very therapeutic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's uh very therapeutic for
+me. So I uh I need to do this. So first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. So I uh I need to do this. So first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. So I uh I need to do this. So first
+thing I want to do is I want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to do is I want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to do is I want to go
+across the groups and I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the groups and I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the groups and I want to show you
+the impact of hydrogen bonding. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of hydrogen bonding. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of hydrogen bonding. So let's
+start with the I used colors of the T.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the I used colors of the T.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the I used colors of the T.
+So let's start with the green line here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's start with the green line here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's start with the green line here.
+All right, the green line is group 14.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, the green line is group 14.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, the green line is group 14.
+All right, group 14. And what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, group 14. And what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, group 14. And what do we
+find? Here's methane, silane, gerine,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find? Here's methane, silane, gerine,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find? Here's methane, silane, gerine,
+stan. Okay, the four uh tetrahydrides if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stan. Okay, the four uh tetrahydrides if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stan. Okay, the four uh tetrahydrides if
+you will of carbon, silicon,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will of carbon, silicon,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will of carbon, silicon,
+germanmanium, and 10. And what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanmanium, and 10. And what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanmanium, and 10. And what do you
+find as the size of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find as the size of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find as the size of the molecule
+increases? Its number of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases? Its number of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases? Its number of electrons
+increases, its polarizability increases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases, its polarizability increases.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases, its polarizability increases.
+Therefore, its induced dipole induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, its induced dipole induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, its induced dipole induced
+dipole interaction increases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole interaction increases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole interaction increases and
+therefore the greater the atomic mass,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the greater the atomic mass,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the greater the atomic mass,
+the greater the boiling point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greater the boiling point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greater the boiling point.
+Everything makes sense. Now, let's go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything makes sense. Now, let's go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything makes sense. Now, let's go to
+the next one. The next one I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one. The next one I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one. The next one I'm going to
+go over is from this is group uh 14.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over is from this is group uh 14.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over is from this is group uh 14.
+What do I want to do? I want to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do I want to do? I want to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do I want to do? I want to go to
+group uh 15. So, that's the blue line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group uh 15. So, that's the blue line.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group uh 15. So, that's the blue line.
+So, the blue line is up here. This is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the blue line is up here. This is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the blue line is up here. This is uh
+stibnine uh and this is the antimony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stibnine uh and this is the antimony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stibnine uh and this is the antimony
+compound. This is arsine which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound. This is arsine which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound. This is arsine which is the
+trihydride of arsenic which is used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trihydride of arsenic which is used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trihydride of arsenic which is used in
+um CVD and precursor making gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um CVD and precursor making gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um CVD and precursor making gallium
+marsenide. They use this over here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marsenide. They use this over here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marsenide. They use this over here in
+building 13. Occasionally you'll hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building 13. Occasionally you'll hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building 13. Occasionally you'll hear
+the sirens uh wailing and people have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sirens uh wailing and people have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sirens uh wailing and people have to
+evacuate the building. It's usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evacuate the building. It's usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evacuate the building. It's usually a
+gas leak of this stuff. Uh no, it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas leak of this stuff. Uh no, it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas leak of this stuff. Uh no, it's good
+the sirens go off. It could be worse if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sirens go off. It could be worse if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sirens go off. It could be worse if
+they didn't. Uh and then then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't. Uh and then then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't. Uh and then then we have
+phosphine. So this is following the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphine. So this is following the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphine. So this is following the same
+trend. As the size of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend. As the size of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend. As the size of the molecule
+shrinks, the polarizability shrinks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinks, the polarizability shrinks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinks, the polarizability shrinks.
+Therefore, the Vanderval's bond weakens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, the Vanderval's bond weakens.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, the Vanderval's bond weakens.
+So by this analogy and plus these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So by this analogy and plus these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So by this analogy and plus these are
+dipole interactions too, right? These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole interactions too, right? These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole interactions too, right? These
+are all um trigonal uh pyramids, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all um trigonal uh pyramids, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all um trigonal uh pyramids, right?
+This sp3 hybridization with a lone pair.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This sp3 hybridization with a lone pair.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This sp3 hybridization with a lone pair.
+So, these all have a net dipole moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, these all have a net dipole moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, these all have a net dipole moment
+and the dipole's getting stronger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dipole's getting stronger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dipole's getting stronger and
+stronger according to this formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger according to this formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger according to this formula and
+everything's going great and all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's going great and all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's going great and all of a
+sudden ammonia has got this abnormally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden ammonia has got this abnormally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden ammonia has got this abnormally
+high boiling point. What's going on?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high boiling point. What's going on?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high boiling point. What's going on?
+Well, in a case of ammonia, it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, in a case of ammonia, it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, in a case of ammonia, it's not
+just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's ammonia. It's not just ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's ammonia. It's not just ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's ammonia. It's not just ammonia
+with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+net dipole moment that's sticking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net dipole moment that's sticking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net dipole moment that's sticking to
+other ammonas. What's happening in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ammonas. What's happening in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ammonas. What's happening in case
+of ammonia is when another ammonia gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ammonia is when another ammonia gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ammonia is when another ammonia gets
+in the vicinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vicinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vicinity
+hydrogen bonds are forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds are forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds are forming
+and those hydrogen bonds swamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those hydrogen bonds swamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those hydrogen bonds swamp
+everything and therefore they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and therefore they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and therefore they give
+strength to the system that trumps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength to the system that trumps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength to the system that trumps the
+thermal energy and thereby raises the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy and thereby raises the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy and thereby raises the
+boiling point of ammonia to values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point of ammonia to values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point of ammonia to values that
+are higher than uh our seed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are higher than uh our seed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are higher than uh our seed and
+phosphine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphine.
+Now let's go over to the next let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's go over to the next let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's go over to the next let's go
+to group 16. So we start with hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to group 16. So we start with hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to group 16. So we start with hydrogen
+teluride, hydrogen selenide, hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teluride, hydrogen selenide, hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teluride, hydrogen selenide, hydrogen
+sulfide fitting the pattern. Smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide fitting the pattern. Smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide fitting the pattern. Smaller
+molecules, lower polarizability, smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules, lower polarizability, smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules, lower polarizability, smaller
+dipole moments, everything's fine. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moments, everything's fine. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moments, everything's fine. And
+then we get to H2O and it's up at 100°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get to H2O and it's up at 100°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get to H2O and it's up at 100°
+C, which is higher than even hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C, which is higher than even hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C, which is higher than even hydrogen
+turide. Why? Because the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turide. Why? Because the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turide. Why? Because the hydrogen
+bonding is present in water. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding is present in water. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding is present in water. It's not
+present in the compounds of hydrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the compounds of hydrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the compounds of hydrogen and
+any of the other members of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the other members of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the other members of this
+homologous series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous series.
+If it were not for hydrogen bonding,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it were not for hydrogen bonding,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it were not for hydrogen bonding,
+water would not boil at 100 degrees C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water would not boil at 100 degrees C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water would not boil at 100 degrees C.
+It would not melt at 0 degrees C. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would not melt at 0 degrees C. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would not melt at 0 degrees C. And
+this conversation would take on a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conversation would take on a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conversation would take on a very
+different character.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different character.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different character.
+We wouldn't exist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We wouldn't exist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We wouldn't exist.
+So we need hydrogen bonding. And lastly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need hydrogen bonding. And lastly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need hydrogen bonding. And lastly,
+let's look at HI. This is the group 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at HI. This is the group 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at HI. This is the group 17
+hydrogen iodide. These are just simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen iodide. These are just simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen iodide. These are just simple
+linear molecules. Hydrogen iodide,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear molecules. Hydrogen iodide,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear molecules. Hydrogen iodide,
+hydrogen broomemide, hydrogen chloride.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen broomemide, hydrogen chloride.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen broomemide, hydrogen chloride.
+And there's our prototypical hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's our prototypical hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's our prototypical hydrogen
+chloride. So we're just getting bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride. So we're just getting bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride. So we're just getting bigger
+and bigger dipoles, higher and higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger dipoles, higher and higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger dipoles, higher and higher
+boiling points. And finally, we get down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling points. And finally, we get down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling points. And finally, we get down
+to HF, which should be the tiniest. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to HF, which should be the tiniest. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to HF, which should be the tiniest. It
+should have the weakest interaction. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have the weakest interaction. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have the weakest interaction. And
+we have a very, very abnormally high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a very, very abnormally high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a very, very abnormally high
+boiling point because hydrogen bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point because hydrogen bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point because hydrogen bonding
+is operative. So you can see hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is operative. So you can see hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is operative. So you can see hydrogen
+bonding and the impact that it has on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and the impact that it has on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and the impact that it has on
+boiling point and and properties. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point and and properties. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point and and properties. And
+we'll return to this we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll return to this we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll return to this we talk about
+conformality uh in polymers uh in nylons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformality uh in polymers uh in nylons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformality uh in polymers uh in nylons
+in particular and certainly when we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular and certainly when we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular and certainly when we get
+to bi biochemistry because our proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bi biochemistry because our proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bi biochemistry because our proteins
+consist of among other things hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist of among other things hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist of among other things hydrogen
+and oxygen and nitrogen and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen and nitrogen and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen and nitrogen and those
+hydrogen bonds help hold the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds help hold the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds help hold the system
+together. So at this point I just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. So at this point I just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. So at this point I just to
+summarize we've seen three types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize we've seen three types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize we've seen three types of
+primary bonding. We've seen ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary bonding. We've seen ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary bonding. We've seen ionic
+bonding, covealent bonding, and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding, covealent bonding, and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding, covealent bonding, and in
+certain instances of Vanderval's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain instances of Vanderval's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain instances of Vanderval's
+bonding, and things seem to be working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding, and things seem to be working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding, and things seem to be working
+fairly well. But then, you know, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well. But then, you know, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well. But then, you know, there's
+there's data. And here's some data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's data. And here's some data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's data. And here's some data that
+I want you to look at. These are data of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to look at. These are data of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to look at. These are data of
+electrical conductivity. Electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical conductivity. Electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical conductivity. Electrical
+conductivity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity.
+And up here we have uh metals. Silver at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And up here we have uh metals. Silver at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And up here we have uh metals. Silver at
+10 the 7th semens per centimeter, copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the 7th semens per centimeter, copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the 7th semens per centimeter, copper
+at uh 10 the 7 semens per centimeter. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh 10 the 7 semens per centimeter. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh 10 the 7 semens per centimeter. I
+mentioned last day that graphite has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned last day that graphite has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned last day that graphite has
+some deoized electrons. It's 10 the 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some deoized electrons. It's 10 the 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some deoized electrons. It's 10 the 4th
+uh semens per centimeter. Um and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh semens per centimeter. Um and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh semens per centimeter. Um and then we
+get down to the insulators. I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to the insulators. I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to the insulators. I said
+diamond was a good insulator. It's 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond was a good insulator. It's 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond was a good insulator. It's 10
+the minus 11th. There's aluminum oxide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 11th. There's aluminum oxide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 11th. There's aluminum oxide a
+good ionic compound. And here's PTFE.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ionic compound. And here's PTFE.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ionic compound. And here's PTFE.
+Teflon 10 theus 16. Well, first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Teflon 10 theus 16. Well, first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Teflon 10 theus 16. Well, first thing
+that you notice is look at the range. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you notice is look at the range. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you notice is look at the range. I
+mean if you look at the range on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you look at the range on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you look at the range on the
+periodic table, look at the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table, look at the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table, look at the range of
+something like density. So you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like density. So you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like density. So you have
+lithium's got a density of 0.53 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium's got a density of 0.53 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium's got a density of 0.53 and you
+got osmium that's around 22. So it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got osmium that's around 22. So it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got osmium that's around 22. So it's a
+range of about 40.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of about 40.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of about 40.
+Look at this 10 to the 7th 10 theus 16 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Look at this 10 to the 7th 10 theus 16 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Look at this 10 to the 7th 10 theus 16 a
+range of 10 to the 23rd 10 the 23rd.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of 10 to the 23rd 10 the 23rd.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of 10 to the 23rd 10 the 23rd.
+Secondly what do we know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secondly what do we know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secondly what do we know about the
+compounds we've seen so far? Ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds we've seen so far? Ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds we've seen so far? Ionic
+compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds
+conductors or insulators. We know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors or insulators. We know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors or insulators. We know
+they're insulators. They've got tightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're insulators. They've got tightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're insulators. They've got tightly
+bound electrons in stable octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound electrons in stable octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound electrons in stable octet
+configurations. So that's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations. So that's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations. So that's not going to
+help us. Covealent compounds. Well, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us. Covealent compounds. Well, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us. Covealent compounds. Well, the
+network ones are like diamond. Very,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network ones are like diamond. Very,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network ones are like diamond. Very,
+very good insulators.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good insulators.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good insulators.
+Um, Vanderval's compounds. Let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, Vanderval's compounds. Let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, Vanderval's compounds. Let's look at
+that. How about argon? Do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. How about argon? Do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. How about argon? Do you think
+argon is going to be a good conductor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon is going to be a good conductor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon is going to be a good conductor of
+electrons? No way. It's got an earth gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons? No way. It's got an earth gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons? No way. It's got an earth gas
+configuration. Those are the three types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration. Those are the three types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration. Those are the three types
+of primary bonding. And I can't explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of primary bonding. And I can't explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of primary bonding. And I can't explain
+how threequarters of the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how threequarters of the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how threequarters of the periodic table
+has this abnormally high value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this abnormally high value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this abnormally high value of
+electrical conductivity. Sounds to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical conductivity. Sounds to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical conductivity. Sounds to me
+like we need to come up with yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we need to come up with yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we need to come up with yet another
+form of bonding.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of bonding.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of bonding.
+And the answer is metallic bonding. Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the answer is metallic bonding. Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the answer is metallic bonding. Why
+is it metallic bonding? Because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it metallic bonding? Because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it metallic bonding? Because it's
+practiced in metals. So let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practiced in metals. So let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practiced in metals. So let's look at
+metallic bonding.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallic bonding.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallic bonding.
+The need for metallic bonding was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The need for metallic bonding was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The need for metallic bonding was
+brought on by the observation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought on by the observation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought on by the observation of
+electrical conductivity. So if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical conductivity. So if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical conductivity. So if we're
+going to be true to form in 3091, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be true to form in 3091, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be true to form in 3091, we
+have to look at the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at the electronic
+structure. And the first model, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. And the first model, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. And the first model, the
+first model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first model that
+attempted to account for the highly high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted to account for the highly high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted to account for the highly high
+observed value of electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed value of electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed value of electrical
+conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity
+was enunciated in 1900 by a German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was enunciated in 1900 by a German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was enunciated in 1900 by a German
+physicist by the name of Paul Duda.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist by the name of Paul Duda.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist by the name of Paul Duda.
+Paul Duda in 1900.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul Duda in 1900.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul Duda in 1900.
+What he said was that uh he could model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What he said was that uh he could model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What he said was that uh he could model
+a metal as a mixture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metal as a mixture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metal as a mixture.
+He modeled the metal as a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He modeled the metal as a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He modeled the metal as a mixture of
+positive nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus the inner shell electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus the inner shell electrons which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the inner shell electrons which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the inner shell electrons which he
+called this whole mix of the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this whole mix of the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this whole mix of the positive
+nuclei and all the inner shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and all the inner shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and all the inner shell
+electrons. He called that the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. He called that the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. He called that the atomic
+core.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core.
+And then the veence electrons he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the veence electrons he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the veence electrons he said
+were separate. So you got the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were separate. So you got the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were separate. So you got the atomic
+core plus veence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core plus veence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core plus veence electrons
+which he assumed were free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he assumed were free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he assumed were free
+were free. That is to say they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were free. That is to say they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were free. That is to say they could
+move about the material.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In other words, they were not associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, they were not associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, they were not associated
+with any single atom. So we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any single atom. So we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any single atom. So we call them
+deoized. I think last day I used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoized. I think last day I used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoized. I think last day I used the
+term deoized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term deoized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term deoized
+and we'll come back to that in a bit. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to that in a bit. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to that in a bit. So
+this is in essence uh modeling the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in essence uh modeling the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in essence uh modeling the metal
+as a solid consisting of cores and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a solid consisting of cores and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a solid consisting of cores and the
+electrons freely moving much in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons freely moving much in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons freely moving much in the same
+way as a gas. So this was determined or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as a gas. So this was determined or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as a gas. So this was determined or
+termed the free electron gas model. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termed the free electron gas model. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termed the free electron gas model. In
+other words, a gas of free electrons,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, a gas of free electrons,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, a gas of free electrons,
+free electron gas model. And with this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free electron gas model. And with this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free electron gas model. And with this,
+they had some success. They were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had some success. They were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had some success. They were able to
+account for such things as the uh heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for such things as the uh heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for such things as the uh heat
+capacity of solids.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of solids.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of solids.
+So, the heat capacity of of solids they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the heat capacity of of solids they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the heat capacity of of solids they
+could they could model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they could model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they could model.
+So, that was good. And I think there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that was good. And I think there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that was good. And I think there was
+something else they were able to do. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else they were able to do. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else they were able to do. Uh
+but by and large, um this didn't stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by and large, um this didn't stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by and large, um this didn't stand
+up because it wasn't quantitative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because it wasn't quantitative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because it wasn't quantitative.
+So if it's not quantitative, what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if it's not quantitative, what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if it's not quantitative, what's that
+mean right off the bat? Nobel Prize. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean right off the bat? Nobel Prize. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean right off the bat? Nobel Prize. You
+got it. Nobel Prize for Paul Duda. No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it. Nobel Prize for Paul Duda. No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it. Nobel Prize for Paul Duda. No
+quantitative, no Nobel Prize. We'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative, no Nobel Prize. We'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative, no Nobel Prize. We'll just
+put this here. Nobel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this here. Nobel.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this here. Nobel.
+Nobel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel.
+And it's true. If you go through the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's true. If you go through the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's true. If you go through the the
+people that made really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that made really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that made really important
+insights, but they weren't quantitative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights, but they weren't quantitative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights, but they weren't quantitative.
+Uh-uh. No bell. So So it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh-uh. No bell. So So it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh-uh. No bell. So So it's not
+quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative
+because it can't be tested.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can't be tested.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can't be tested.
+Not quantitative. And the second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not quantitative. And the second thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not quantitative. And the second thing
+is it was not uh discriminating.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it was not uh discriminating.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it was not uh discriminating.
+In other words, if you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, if you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, if you said
+assume that something is metallic, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that something is metallic, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that something is metallic, then
+you continue with the atomic core and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you continue with the atomic core and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you continue with the atomic core and
+the gas free electrons. But that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas free electrons. But that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas free electrons. But that's like
+saying all right silver is a metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying all right silver is a metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying all right silver is a metal and
+this is how a metal behaves. But what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how a metal behaves. But what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how a metal behaves. But what
+about the earlier question? Why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the earlier question? Why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the earlier question? Why is
+silver a metal and diamond not acting as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver a metal and diamond not acting as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver a metal and diamond not acting as
+a metal? Doesn't diamond have a a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metal? Doesn't diamond have a a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metal? Doesn't diamond have a a set of
+positive nuclei with inner shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive nuclei with inner shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive nuclei with inner shell
+electrons? Why do you choose to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons? Why do you choose to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons? Why do you choose to have the
+veence electrons of silver moving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons of silver moving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons of silver moving around
+but the veence electrons of diamond not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the veence electrons of diamond not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the veence electrons of diamond not
+moving around? Well, we know a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around? Well, we know a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around? Well, we know a little
+bit that he didn't know because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit that he didn't know because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit that he didn't know because we have
+the benefit of Lionus Ping and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit of Lionus Ping and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit of Lionus Ping and the
+understanding of covealent bonding. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of covealent bonding. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of covealent bonding. But
+even so, he couldn't uh help classify um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so, he couldn't uh help classify um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so, he couldn't uh help classify um
+insulators and and metals. And so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators and and metals. And so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators and and metals. And so that
+that didn't work. That didn't work. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't work. That didn't work. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't work. That didn't work. So
+we had to wait almost 30 years for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to wait almost 30 years for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to wait almost 30 years for the
+next uh installment. And so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh installment. And so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh installment. And so when we
+return next day, we'll look at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return next day, we'll look at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return next day, we'll look at the next
+installment of the attempt to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installment of the attempt to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installment of the attempt to explain
+metallic bonding and what happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallic bonding and what happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallic bonding and what happens in the
+30 years between 1900 and 1930, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 years between 1900 and 1930, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 years between 1900 and 1930, the
+quantum revolution. So clearly in 1900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum revolution. So clearly in 1900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum revolution. So clearly in 1900
+in in in uh respect of professor Duda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in uh respect of professor Duda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in uh respect of professor Duda
+absent quantum mechanics there wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absent quantum mechanics there wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absent quantum mechanics there wasn't
+much else they could have done but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much else they could have done but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much else they could have done but
+they're going to stand on the shoulders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to stand on the shoulders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to stand on the shoulders
+the next people on the shoulders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next people on the shoulders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next people on the shoulders of
+people gave us quantum mechanics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people gave us quantum mechanics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people gave us quantum mechanics and
+explain uh why we have metals as we do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain uh why we have metals as we do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain uh why we have metals as we do.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+let's take a look at a few things before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at a few things before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at a few things before
+we leave. Oh the the unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we leave. Oh the the unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we leave. Oh the the unit of
+conductivity is the seammens named after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity is the seammens named after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity is the seammens named after
+Charles William Seammens who uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles William Seammens who uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles William Seammens who uh was
+quite an inventor. He was born in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an inventor. He was born in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an inventor. He was born in
+Germany but spent most of his life in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany but spent most of his life in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany but spent most of his life in
+the UK. Uh he gave us the open hearth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UK. Uh he gave us the open hearth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UK. Uh he gave us the open hearth
+furnace which dominated steel making for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace which dominated steel making for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace which dominated steel making for
+a century. Laid the first transatlantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a century. Laid the first transatlantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a century. Laid the first transatlantic
+telegraph cable in 1875 and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegraph cable in 1875 and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegraph cable in 1875 and something
+dear to my heart was a early proponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dear to my heart was a early proponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dear to my heart was a early proponent
+of electric traction for automobiles. No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electric traction for automobiles. No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electric traction for automobiles. No
+internal combustion engine. So seamans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal combustion engine. So seamans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal combustion engine. So seamans
+is uh this and so the unit of seammens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this and so the unit of seammens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this and so the unit of seammens
+is the reciprocal of the ohm which when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reciprocal of the ohm which when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reciprocal of the ohm which when
+I was your age actually was called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was your age actually was called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was your age actually was called the
+mo. That's m spelled backwards. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mo. That's m spelled backwards. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mo. That's m spelled backwards. This is
+electrical engineering. That's supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering. That's supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering. That's supposed
+to be funny. But uh obviously the uh SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be funny. But uh obviously the uh SI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be funny. But uh obviously the uh SI
+commission decided Mo just doesn't cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission decided Mo just doesn't cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission decided Mo just doesn't cut
+it. We're going to give it a proper name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. We're going to give it a proper name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. We're going to give it a proper name
+with a proper uh recognition. And oddly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a proper uh recognition. And oddly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a proper uh recognition. And oddly
+enough uh M whose uh unit is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh M whose uh unit is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh M whose uh unit is the
+reciprocal of the seamans was also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of the seamans was also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of the seamans was also a
+professor in Germany. But when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in Germany. But when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in Germany. But when he
+annunciated his law in 1827, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annunciated his law in 1827, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annunciated his law in 1827, the
+linearity between resistance and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity between resistance and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity between resistance and the
+voltage required to drive a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage required to drive a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage required to drive a particular
+current. He was so badly ridiculed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current. He was so badly ridiculed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current. He was so badly ridiculed at
+his university that he resigned his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his university that he resigned his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his university that he resigned his
+position. I mean people, as I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. I mean people, as I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. I mean people, as I told you
+in the past, scientific change doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past, scientific change doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past, scientific change doesn't
+come easily. All right. So now, uh, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come easily. All right. So now, uh, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come easily. All right. So now, uh, I
+know Professor Ballinger talked to you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Professor Ballinger talked to you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Professor Ballinger talked to you a
+little bit about Migley. I want to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about Migley. I want to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about Migley. I want to I
+want to talk to you about one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk to you about one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk to you about one other
+invention of migley's and uh refer back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of migley's and uh refer back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of migley's and uh refer back
+to all of the shapes of molecules. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all of the shapes of molecules. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all of the shapes of molecules. I
+call them sp3 migley because most of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them sp3 migley because most of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them sp3 migley because most of his
+work that we know today involved sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that we know today involved sp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that we know today involved sp3
+hybridized molecules and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridized molecules and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridized molecules and I know
+professor Ballinger talked about freon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Ballinger talked about freon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Ballinger talked about freon
+which was a refrigerant. Miji at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a refrigerant. Miji at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a refrigerant. Miji at one
+point joined the Dayton engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point joined the Dayton engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point joined the Dayton engineering
+company which is Delco which eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company which is Delco which eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company which is Delco which eventually
+was bought by General Motors and in 1921
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bought by General Motors and in 1921
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bought by General Motors and in 1921
+he discovered this anti-nock agent for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he discovered this anti-nock agent for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he discovered this anti-nock agent for
+gasoline called tetraethylled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline called tetraethylled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline called tetraethylled
+and this is lead you know the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is lead you know the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is lead you know the structure
+is 6S2 P2 can hybridize this to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 6S2 P2 can hybridize this to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 6S2 P2 can hybridize this to give us
+six sp3 there's four um unpaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six sp3 there's four um unpaired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six sp3 there's four um unpaired
+electrons there and then we can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons there and then we can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons there and then we can take the
+ethyl radical and put four of those on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethyl radical and put four of those on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethyl radical and put four of those on
+and so this gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this gets
+um diluted in the gasoline and it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um diluted in the gasoline and it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um diluted in the gasoline and it goes
+through the combustion process and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the combustion process and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the combustion process and it
+and it what it does is it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it what it does is it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it what it does is it actually
+reduces it reduces the potency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces it reduces the potency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces it reduces the potency of
+gasoline. If the if the potency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline. If the if the potency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline. If the if the potency of
+gasoline is too high when the fuel first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline is too high when the fuel first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline is too high when the fuel first
+goes into the combustion chamber and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the combustion chamber and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the combustion chamber and
+then the uh piston compresses, remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the uh piston compresses, remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the uh piston compresses, remember
+everything's hot from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's hot from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's hot from the previous
+combustion. the chamber could explode in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion. the chamber could explode in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion. the chamber could explode in
+its own uh of its own accord and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own uh of its own accord and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own uh of its own accord and if it
+does so it will ram the piston up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so it will ram the piston up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so it will ram the piston up and
+then everything's supposed to be moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then everything's supposed to be moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then everything's supposed to be moving
+synchronously. So what you want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronously. So what you want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronously. So what you want to do is
+put something in the gasoline to delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something in the gasoline to delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something in the gasoline to delay
+the combustion until the spark plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combustion until the spark plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combustion until the spark plug
+fires. The sad thing is that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fires. The sad thing is that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fires. The sad thing is that there was a
+superior uh chemical known already back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior uh chemical known already back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior uh chemical known already back
+in 1920 was ethyl alcohol. and ethyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1920 was ethyl alcohol. and ethyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1920 was ethyl alcohol. and ethyl
+alcohol. If it had been used, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol. If it had been used, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol. If it had been used, we
+wouldn't have all the lead in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have all the lead in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have all the lead in the
+environment that we have thanks to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that we have thanks to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that we have thanks to the
+use of leaded gasolines for about 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of leaded gasolines for about 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of leaded gasolines for about 50
+years. So anyways, this is tetraethylled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. So anyways, this is tetraethylled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. So anyways, this is tetraethylled
+and this was an invention of midgley.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was an invention of midgley.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was an invention of midgley.
+Now in the 1970s along came catalytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now in the 1970s along came catalytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now in the 1970s along came catalytic
+converters which we have to this day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters which we have to this day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters which we have to this day and
+these are precious metal catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are precious metal catalyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are precious metal catalyst
+platinum, palladium and roodium.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum, palladium and roodium.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum, palladium and roodium.
+But when tetraethylled burns, the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when tetraethylled burns, the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when tetraethylled burns, the carbon
+forms CO2, the hydrogen forms H2O, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms CO2, the hydrogen forms H2O, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms CO2, the hydrogen forms H2O, and
+the lead forms lead dioxide. And lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead forms lead dioxide. And lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead forms lead dioxide. And lead
+dioxide is volatile, and it goes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide is volatile, and it goes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide is volatile, and it goes with
+the exhaust gases, and it will pass over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exhaust gases, and it will pass over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exhaust gases, and it will pass over
+the catalyst. And the catalyst, what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalyst. And the catalyst, what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalyst. And the catalyst, what's
+its job? It's to break bonds. And so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its job? It's to break bonds. And so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its job? It's to break bonds. And so it
+breaks the lead oxygen bond and reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks the lead oxygen bond and reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks the lead oxygen bond and reduces
+it to lead. And now the lead alloys with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to lead. And now the lead alloys with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to lead. And now the lead alloys with
+the catalyst. So now you have platinum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalyst. So now you have platinum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalyst. So now you have platinum
+alloying with lead. Now, what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alloying with lead. Now, what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alloying with lead. Now, what do you
+think the catalytic activity of lead is?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the catalytic activity of lead is?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the catalytic activity of lead is?
+Considering the difference in cost, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Considering the difference in cost, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Considering the difference in cost, I'm
+willing to wager that if lead had any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to wager that if lead had any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to wager that if lead had any
+catalytic value, we wouldn't be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic value, we wouldn't be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic value, we wouldn't be using
+platinum. So, when the lead alloys with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum. So, when the lead alloys with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum. So, when the lead alloys with
+the catalyst, it poisons the catalyst.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalyst, it poisons the catalyst.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalyst, it poisons the catalyst.
+Hence, in the 70s, the advent of lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hence, in the 70s, the advent of lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hence, in the 70s, the advent of lead
+free fuel. So all of these things came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free fuel. So all of these things came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free fuel. So all of these things came
+together as a result of the need to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together as a result of the need to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together as a result of the need to deal
+with the absence of the uh tetraethylled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the absence of the uh tetraethylled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the absence of the uh tetraethylled
+necessitated by the onset of catalytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessitated by the onset of catalytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessitated by the onset of catalytic
+converters. So again you see where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters. So again you see where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters. So again you see where the
+sp3 hybridization comes into play in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp3 hybridization comes into play in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp3 hybridization comes into play in a
+chemical that was used for about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical that was used for about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical that was used for about two
+generations. When it came along people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations. When it came along people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations. When it came along people
+thought it was fantastic to stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was fantastic to stabilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was fantastic to stabilize
+internal combustion engines and the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal combustion engines and the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal combustion engines and the end
+was dismissed for its toxicity to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was dismissed for its toxicity to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was dismissed for its toxicity to the
+environment. The same thing happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. The same thing happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. The same thing happened
+with Freon 12. Dismissed after two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Freon 12. Dismissed after two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Freon 12. Dismissed after two
+generations for its toxicity to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations for its toxicity to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations for its toxicity to the
+environment. Mitchley died about 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. Mitchley died about 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. Mitchley died about 30
+years ago. He doesn't know any of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago. He doesn't know any of this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago. He doesn't know any of this.
+Okay, we'll see you Friday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yA515wfRhjg.txt b/yA515wfRhjg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf89a48ac5fe1d146b71139f1e2687bf5fc03c3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yA515wfRhjg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's get right into it we are I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get right into it we are I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get right into it we are I'm going
+to overview here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the thermodynamics of binary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermodynamics of binary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermodynamics of binary phase
+diagrams that's what we're working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so so we've we've done notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in bookkeeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right notation and bookkeeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right notation and bookkeeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right notation and bookkeeping
+we've talked about solution modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we've talked about spinoval systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've talked about spinoval systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've talked about spinoval systems
+in some detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's mineral systems right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mineral systems right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mineral systems right
+um and this is spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unmixing so face separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when both
+phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is uh we haven't made too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh we haven't made too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh we haven't made too much
+of this yet but it's been underlying our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this yet but it's been underlying our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this yet but it's been underlying our
+talk about the sonoda which is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the sonoda which is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the sonoda which is that um
+man this red pen is dying life is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man this red pen is dying life is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man this red pen is dying life is too
+short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+to keep dying Sharpies on your desk so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep dying Sharpies on your desk so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep dying Sharpies on your desk so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+spinella systems are spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinella systems are spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinella systems are spontaneously
+unmixed when both phases are in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmixed when both phases are in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmixed when both phases are in the same
+structure we haven't made a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we haven't made a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we haven't made a lot of this
+yet but it's been an important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but it's been an important point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but it's been an important point
+that um that all the spinola systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that all the spinola systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that all the spinola systems
+right it's the same structure you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the same structure you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the same structure you have a
+uh like a chromium-rich BCC and iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like a chromium-rich BCC and iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like a chromium-rich BCC and iron
+rich BCC or ethanol Rich liquid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich BCC or ethanol Rich liquid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich BCC or ethanol Rich liquid and
+Odette and Rich liquid or so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Odette and Rich liquid or so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Odette and Rich liquid or so forth and
+so on but the structure is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on but the structure is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on but the structure is the same
+and so this is you know this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is you know this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is you know this is our
+story thus far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and what we're going to do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what we're going to do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what we're going to do um
+is we're going to now uh generalize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to now uh generalize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to now uh generalize this
+to analyze what happens when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze what happens when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze what happens when you have
+phase separation between two phases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase separation between two phases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase separation between two phases that
+have different structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different structures
+and so when you had two phases that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you had two phases that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you had two phases that have
+the same structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same structure
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+you only need one solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you only need one solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need one solution model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need one solution model
+to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze
+the free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to analyze the free energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze the free energy composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze the free energy composition
+plus okay so today we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus okay so today we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus okay so today we're going to start
+introducing more complexity which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing more complexity which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing more complexity which is
+having multiple solution models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having multiple solution models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having multiple solution models
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the pure components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do I mean pure components may be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean pure components may be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean pure components may be in
+different structures let me illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures let me illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures let me illustrate
+this with a simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's do silicon germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do silicon germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do silicon germanium
+it's one of my favorites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does anyone remember who has a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone remember who has a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone remember who has a higher
+melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point
+silicon or germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a germanium
+no it's silicon lead it's very soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's silicon lead it's very soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's silicon lead it's very soft
+right very soft we know that lead melts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right very soft we know that lead melts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right very soft we know that lead melts
+we saw it run off the roof of the Notre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw it run off the roof of the Notre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw it run off the roof of the Notre
+Dame a couple years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dame a couple years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dame a couple years ago
+in Paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Paris
+um then 10 then germanium then silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then 10 then germanium then silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then 10 then germanium then silicon
+carbon is is it doesn't even melt it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is is it doesn't even melt it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is is it doesn't even melt it's a
+blinds at 3 700 Kelvin so as you go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds at 3 700 Kelvin so as you go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds at 3 700 Kelvin so as you go up
+here you have stronger and stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have stronger and stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have stronger and stronger
+covalent bonds meaning higher and higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent bonds meaning higher and higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent bonds meaning higher and higher
+melting points okay so silicon has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting points okay so silicon has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting points okay so silicon has a
+higher melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher melting point
+thank you mouse pad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you mouse pad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you mouse pad
+all right so uh right so here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh right so here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh right so here's what
+we're going to have is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have is we're going to
+have a lens diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lens diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lens diagram
+which looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the melting point
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium
+and here's the melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the melting point
+of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of silicon
+and of course this is a two-phase region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as we saw in the last lecture this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw in the last lecture this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw in the last lecture this is a
+fully miscible system with a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully miscible system with a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully miscible system with a fully
+immiscible liquid and a fully miscible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immiscible liquid and a fully miscible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immiscible liquid and a fully miscible
+Diamond structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamond structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamond structured
+solid sometimes just use Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid sometimes just use Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid sometimes just use Alpha
+for the ground state solid structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ground state solid structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ground state solid structure
+okay so fully miscible system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so fully miscible system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so fully miscible system
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so if you're below the melting point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're below the melting point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're below the melting point of
+Germania you only need one solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germania you only need one solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germania you only need one solution
+model to analyze this whole phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to analyze this whole phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to analyze this whole phase
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+that is the solution model for Diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the solution model for Diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the solution model for Diamond
+structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured
+silicon Germania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon Germania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon Germania
+and if you're above the melting point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're above the melting point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're above the melting point of
+silicon you also only need one solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon you also only need one solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon you also only need one solution
+model to analyze the whole system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to analyze the whole system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to analyze the whole system that
+is the liquid phase solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the liquid phase solution model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the liquid phase solution model
+but if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you are
+in between these two temperatures you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between these two temperatures you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between these two temperatures you
+need two different models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two different models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two different models
+because the end points are at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the end points are at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the end points are at two
+different structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have
+a temperature which is intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need
+two different solution models to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different solution models to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different solution models to analyze
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's let's look with that what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's look with that what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's look with that what that
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for temperature less than the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for temperature less than the melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for temperature less than the melting
+point of germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of germanium
+we can draw a free energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can draw a free energy composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can draw a free energy composition
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's just say it looks something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just say it looks something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just say it looks something
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is going to be X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be X
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and let's just say it looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just say it looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just say it looks like this
+for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some
+temperature low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature low temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature low temperature
+it's fully missable all the solutions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fully missable all the solutions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fully missable all the solutions uh
+solid Solutions are stable so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid Solutions are stable so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid Solutions are stable so we have
+that positive curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that positive curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that positive curvature
+and I'm going to label that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to label that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to label that
+Alpha because that is the alpha phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha because that is the alpha phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha because that is the alpha phase
+solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four temperature greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four temperature greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four temperature greater than the
+melting point of silicon I'm again going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point of silicon I'm again going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point of silicon I'm again going
+to have a relatively simple looking free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a relatively simple looking free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a relatively simple looking free
+energy composition diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the liquid is fully miscible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid is fully miscible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid is fully miscible
+so we expected downwards curving for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we expected downwards curving for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we expected downwards curving for
+energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy composition
+diagram and I'm going to label that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and I'm going to label that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and I'm going to label that
+liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but things get a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but things get a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but things get a little bit more
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+when we are in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we were in between and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were in between and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were in between and we have
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+reference States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is the pure components are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the pure components are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the pure components are in
+different structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures
+I'm just going to go ahead and draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to go ahead and draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to go ahead and draw it
+and we can talk about why it is so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can talk about why it is so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can talk about why it is so let's
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+this this is the Silicon axis the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the Silicon axis the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the Silicon axis the X
+silicon axis so when I'm on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon axis so when I'm on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon axis so when I'm on the left
+hand side of this free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of this free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of this free energy
+composition diagram what is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition diagram what is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition diagram what is my
+composition what is my system made out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition what is my system made out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition what is my system made out
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I'm when I'm along this axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the Silicon composition axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Silicon composition axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Silicon composition axis
+on the left it's germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left it's germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left it's germanium
+right okay good so less than germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay good so less than germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay good so less than germanium
+write a silicon so what is the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a silicon so what is the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a silicon so what is the reference
+state of germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of germanium
+in this temperature range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this temperature range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this temperature range
+that is what state do you find pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what state do you find pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what state do you find pure
+germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at this temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's unstated that the pressure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's unstated that the pressure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's unstated that the pressure is
+one atmosphere I must state it otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atmosphere I must state it otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atmosphere I must state it otherwise
+you know we've even so I what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've even so I what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've even so I what does the
+reference say what is my state here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference say what is my state here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference say what is my state here of
+germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or I should say what's the phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I should say what's the phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I should say what's the phase of
+germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium
+in this temperature range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquid liquid so my liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid liquid so my liquid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid liquid so my liquid phase
+solution model is going to start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution model is going to start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution model is going to start from
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+because the free energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the free energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the free energy of
+turning pure germanium into a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning pure germanium into a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning pure germanium into a liquid
+is zero it already is a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zoom up above zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for Pure silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pure silicon is solid Alpha right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure silicon is solid Alpha right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure silicon is solid Alpha right
+so the solid Alpha solution model starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solid Alpha solution model starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solid Alpha solution model starts
+at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is going to zoom up above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the zero axis for germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero axis for germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero axis for germanium
+what is that telling us that's telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that telling us that's telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that telling us that's telling
+us that if you have pure germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that if you have pure germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that if you have pure germanium
+you have to input free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to turn it into a solid or if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn it into a solid or if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn it into a solid or if you have
+pure silicon you have to input free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure silicon you have to input free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure silicon you have to input free
+energy to return it into a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to return it into a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to return it into a liquid
+right because those are not equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because those are not equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because those are not equilibrium
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+so we're going to read the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to read the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to read the equilibrium
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+of the pure components from the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pure components from the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pure components from the solution
+model that intercept zero on a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that intercept zero on a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that intercept zero on a free
+energy mixing plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy mixing plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy mixing plot
+and what do I have here I have a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I have here I have a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I have here I have a common
+tangent right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I expect to have a common tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I expect to have a common tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I expect to have a common tangent
+because I have a two-phase written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have a two-phase written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have a two-phase written
+for these temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these temperatures
+I have two phase reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two phase reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two phase reason
+so we're going to be analyzing this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to be analyzing this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to be analyzing this in
+quite a bit of detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of detail
+let's consider the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's consider um the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's consider um the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's consider um the process
+of actually making a solid solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actually making a solid solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actually making a solid solution
+at some intermediate temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some intermediate temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some intermediate temperature
+and this is not going to be the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not going to be the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not going to be the process
+that you would use in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would use in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would use in the real world
+this is going to be thermodynamics where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be thermodynamics where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be thermodynamics where
+we can take any any process we like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take any any process we like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take any any process we like and
+imagine you know a reversible process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you know a reversible process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you know a reversible process
+and calculate changes in state functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculate changes in state functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculate changes in state functions
+so what I'm going to first do right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to first do right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to first do right so
+so I have what am I starting what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have what am I starting what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have what am I starting what am I
+starting materials right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting materials right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting materials right
+um again liquid so I have here um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again liquid so I have here um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again liquid so I have here um a
+beaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaker
+right a beaker of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquid germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid germanium
+sorry that's not so clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right here's a beaker of liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right here's a beaker of liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right here's a beaker of liquid
+germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium
+and I have a um let's say a crucible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have a um let's say a crucible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have a um let's say a crucible
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid silicon right that's my starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid silicon right that's my starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid silicon right that's my starting
+point I'm at this high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm at this high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm at this high temperature
+my pure components are liquid germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pure components are liquid germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pure components are liquid germanium
+and solid silicon and let's imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solid silicon and let's imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solid silicon and let's imagine a
+process that converts this starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that converts this starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that converts this starting
+system into an alpha phase solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system into an alpha phase solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system into an alpha phase solid
+solution so here's my process first I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so here's my process first I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so here's my process first I'm
+going to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from liquid
+to Alpha phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+maybe you can do this in reality but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can do this in reality but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can do this in reality but you
+can definitely do this in your mind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can definitely do this in your mind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can definitely do this in your mind you
+can definitely do this when you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can definitely do this when you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can definitely do this when you do a
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+so in your mind you're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in your mind you're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in your mind you're going to take
+some pair of atomic tweezers and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pair of atomic tweezers and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pair of atomic tweezers and you're
+going to pick up each and every atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick up each and every atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick up each and every atom and
+you're going to force it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to force it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to force it into the
+diamond cubic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond cubic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond cubic structure
+and hold them there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is called a reference State change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reference day changes is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference day changes is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference day changes is sort of the
+topic of today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of today's lecture
+and the second thing I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second thing I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second thing I'm going to do
+is I'm going to mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid silicon
+and solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solid
+germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to mix them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to mix them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to mix them
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which we have already spent some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have already spent some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have already spent some time
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+right so we have two steps here two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have two steps here two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have two steps here two
+conceptual steps the Second Step we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual steps the Second Step we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual steps the Second Step we've
+spent time with here at least someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent time with here at least someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent time with here at least someone
+familiar with the first step is Doom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reference stations this isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if I want to do this if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I want to do this if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I want to do this if I have
+liquid germanium and I imagine a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid germanium and I imagine a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid germanium and I imagine a process
+that converts it from liquid to Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that converts it from liquid to Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that converts it from liquid to Alpha
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+is it gonna go up and get your energy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it gonna go up and get your energy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it gonna go up and get your energy or
+down and give free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up then gives free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up then gives free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up then gives free energy
+up I think you said up um let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I think you said up um let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I think you said up um let's say you
+set up because up is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up because up is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up because up is right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+at this temperature the germanium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this temperature the germanium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this temperature the germanium is
+liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+so nature is telling you I am happiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nature is telling you I am happiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nature is telling you I am happiest
+as a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a liquid
+my kid free energy is lowest when I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my kid free energy is lowest when I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my kid free energy is lowest when I'm a
+liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+that's the reference state right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reference state right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reference state right that's
+that's what equilibrium is in nature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what equilibrium is in nature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what equilibrium is in nature so
+if you're going to force it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to force it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to force it into a
+different state that you don't find at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different state that you don't find at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different state that you don't find at
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+by definition you're going up and gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition you're going up and gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition you're going up and gives
+free energy because at fixed temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy because at fixed temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy because at fixed temperature
+and pressure equilibrium is a state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pressure equilibrium is a state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pressure equilibrium is a state of
+lowest history energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest history energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest history energy
+so thank you for that and if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you for that and if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you for that and if you look at
+our free energy composition diagram here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our free energy composition diagram here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our free energy composition diagram here
+for Pure germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Pure germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Pure germanium
+all right we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're going to
+imagine there's an intercept of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine there's an intercept of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine there's an intercept of this
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+we'll be drawing these more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is again what I said Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and on this plot which is a plot with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on this plot which is a plot with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on this plot which is a plot with
+units of joules per moles and gives free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of joules per moles and gives free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of joules per moles and gives free
+energy plot there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy plot there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy plot there's some
+gifts for energy you need to put in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifts for energy you need to put in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifts for energy you need to put in you
+need to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pay
+some give free energy to convert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some give free energy to convert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some give free energy to convert the
+system from liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from liquid
+into Alpha phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Alpha phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Alpha phase
+and again with with a few exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again with with a few exceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again with with a few exceptions
+this is not how you actually do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not how you actually do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not how you actually do it in
+the lab or the factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab or the factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab or the factory
+but it is the way you analyze it and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is the way you analyze it and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is the way you analyze it and get
+the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer
+okay so let's talk about how much free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's talk about how much free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's talk about how much free
+energy is required to affect these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is required to affect these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is required to affect these
+reference State changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference State changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference State changes
+anything quick question actually yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything quick question actually yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything quick question actually yeah
+that's all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all right
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+is the reason that the Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reason that the Gibbs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reason that the Gibbs free energy
+goes up is that because of that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up is that because of that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up is that because of that the
+Delta s is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s is changing
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G
+equals Delta H minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Delta H minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Delta H minus t
+Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s
+for isothermal processes right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for isothermal processes right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for isothermal processes right this is
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I want to bring your question all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to bring your question all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to bring your question all the
+way back to the baby book right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back to the baby book right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back to the baby book right the
+whole class is about balancing Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class is about balancing Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class is about balancing Delta H
+and Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta s
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+in general you don't know if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general you don't know if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general you don't know if you have
+some transformation that raises gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some transformation that raises gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some transformation that raises gives
+you energy it could be an enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you energy it could be an enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you energy it could be an enthalpy
+driven thing or an entropy driven thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven thing or an entropy driven thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven thing or an entropy driven thing
+or both in general you don't know now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or both in general you don't know now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or both in general you don't know now in
+this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+um if we take liquid germanium and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we take liquid germanium and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we take liquid germanium and we're
+turning it into solid Germania what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning it into solid Germania what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning it into solid Germania what do
+you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think
+the change in entropy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think it would decrease just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it would decrease just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it would decrease just because
+it's a solid so let's write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a solid so let's write that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a solid so let's write that down
+Delta h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta h
+liquid to Alpha and Delta s liquid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid to Alpha and Delta s liquid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid to Alpha and Delta s liquid to
+Alpha so Delta H liquid to Alpha Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha so Delta H liquid to Alpha Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha so Delta H liquid to Alpha Delta s
+sorry Delta s is is less than zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Delta s is is less than zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Delta s is is less than zero right
+that's what you just said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you just said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you just said that the
+entropy decreases and that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy decreases and that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy decreases and that's exactly
+right the liquids are more mixed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the liquids are more mixed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the liquids are more mixed up
+they're more disordered they have higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more disordered they have higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more disordered they have higher
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's just finish the argument what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just finish the argument what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just finish the argument what
+about Delta H is Delta H big uh bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Delta H is Delta H big uh bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Delta H is Delta H big uh bigger
+than zero Earth modeling two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero Earth modeling two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero Earth modeling two
+is it like an exothermic reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going from liquid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from liquid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from liquid to
+right some sort of solid it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some sort of solid it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some sort of solid it's good
+thinking so remember high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking so remember high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking so remember high temperature
+phases are higher enthalpy phases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases are higher enthalpy phases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases are higher enthalpy phases the
+liquid is the higher temperature phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid is the higher temperature phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid is the higher temperature phase
+the solid is the lower temperature phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid is the lower temperature phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid is the lower temperature phase
+so it's exothermic another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's exothermic another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's exothermic another way of
+thinking of this is there are Heats Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of this is there are Heats Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of this is there are Heats Of
+crystallization right there are Heats Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization right there are Heats Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization right there are Heats Of
+crystallization or Heats of condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization or Heats of condensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization or Heats of condensation
+right if it's if it's if it's uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it's if it's if it's uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it's if it's if it's uh if
+you're thinking about climate systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about climate systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about climate systems
+and I'm looking out the window thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm looking out the window thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm looking out the window thinking
+about climate systems and thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about climate systems and thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about climate systems and thinking about
+phase changes in water um but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase changes in water um but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase changes in water um but yeah
+you're exactly right it's going from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exactly right it's going from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exactly right it's going from a
+high temperature phase to a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature phase to a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature phase to a low
+temperature phase so it's necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature phase so it's necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature phase so it's necessarily
+lowering the enthalpy and also lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the enthalpy and also lowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the enthalpy and also lowering
+the antigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antigen
+so we have this thing which is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this thing which is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this thing which is negative
+and this thing which is negative so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing which is negative so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing which is negative so this
+thing which is positive so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is positive so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is positive so you don't
+necessarily know whether Delta G will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily know whether Delta G will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily know whether Delta G will be
+positive or negative if this is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative if this is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative if this is all the
+information you're given but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you're given but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you're given but in this
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+I'm telling you the temperature is above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling you the temperature is above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling you the temperature is above
+the melting point of germanium right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melting point of germanium right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melting point of germanium right so
+so you know that the good free energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know that the good free energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know that the good free energy is
+change has to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change has to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change has to be positive
+because if it were negative this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it were negative this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it were negative this
+wouldn't be the reference state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be the reference state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be the reference state
+let's Analyze This graphically a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's Analyze This graphically a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's Analyze This graphically a little
+bit it's kind of where we're heading is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit it's kind of where we're heading is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit it's kind of where we're heading is
+that address your question I didn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that address your question I didn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that address your question I didn't see
+you aspect but yeah that made sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you aspect but yeah that made sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you aspect but yeah that made sense
+thank you they I love the the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you they I love the the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you they I love the the questions
+and interruptions you know I it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interruptions you know I it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interruptions you know I it's hard
+to really have a back and forth or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really have a back and forth or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really have a back and forth or
+resume I know that but the more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resume I know that but the more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resume I know that but the more the
+better so um so let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so um so let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so um so let's talk about the
+temperature dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature dependence of the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence of the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence of the free
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the pure components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right everything that we that we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from unary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from unary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from unary
+phase diagrams we're going to need here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams we're going to need here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams we're going to need here
+we're going to need to use all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need to use all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need to use all that
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+in order to build up binary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to build up binary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to build up binary phase
+diagrams so let's draw that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams so let's draw that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams so let's draw that for
+germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium
+and silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this now is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now is going to be
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+and this is going to be Gibbs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be Gibbs free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be Gibbs free
+energy and this is going to be for Pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and this is going to be for Pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and this is going to be for Pure
+Germania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pure germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure germanium
+I'm going to draw the give two energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw the give two energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw the give two energy
+versus temperature curves for the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus temperature curves for the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus temperature curves for the two
+phases in question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases in question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases in question here
+Alpha and liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+first off let's recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off let's recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off let's recall
+um give free energy versus temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um give free energy versus temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um give free energy versus temperature
+is this um have a positive slope or does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this um have a positive slope or does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this um have a positive slope or does
+it have a negative slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a negative slump negative so and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative slump negative so and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative slump negative so and the
+curvature is negative as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature is negative as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature is negative as well
+so let let's draw the Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let let's draw the Gibbs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let let's draw the Gibbs free energy
+for Alpha phase let's just say it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Alpha phase let's just say it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Alpha phase let's just say it looks
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now I want to drop for liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now I want to drop for liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now I want to drop for liquid
+phase how should we give a tree energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase how should we give a tree energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase how should we give a tree energy
+for liquid phase look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for liquid phase look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for liquid phase look
+by the way let's just Mark um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way let's just Mark um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way let's just Mark um
+let's mark the melting point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's kind of a hint how should the give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a hint how should the give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a hint how should the give
+between energy per mole of the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between energy per mole of the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between energy per mole of the liquid
+Facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would it also be negatively soaked and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it also be negatively soaked and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it also be negatively soaked and
+like press through the alpha phase cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like press through the alpha phase cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like press through the alpha phase cross
+two perfect so it's going to more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two perfect so it's going to more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two perfect so it's going to more or
+less look like this except there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less look like this except there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less look like this except there's going
+to be some important features it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some important features it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some important features it has to
+cross the alpha phase where they coexist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the alpha phase where they coexist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the alpha phase where they coexist
+right where those phases can coexist the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where those phases can coexist the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where those phases can coexist the
+Gibbs free energy has to be equal we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy has to be equal we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy has to be equal we
+know that from the unary phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that from the unary phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that from the unary phase diagram
+module so it's got across that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module so it's got across that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module so it's got across that right
+at high temperature there's a lie below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high temperature there's a lie below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high temperature there's a lie below
+or above the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello hello right great so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello hello right great so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello hello right great so here we have
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how's that that looks good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's that that looks good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's that that looks good
+this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has
+this is completely consistent with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is completely consistent with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is completely consistent with what
+we know about the phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about the phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about the phase diagram
+at high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid phase
+is the equilibrium phase it has lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equilibrium phase it has lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equilibrium phase it has lower
+good free energy and low temperature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good free energy and low temperature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good free energy and low temperature the
+solid phase is equilibrium phase it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid phase is equilibrium phase it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid phase is equilibrium phase it has
+a lower good free energy at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower good free energy at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower good free energy at the
+coexistent temperature they cross and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistent temperature they cross and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistent temperature they cross and
+they have the same gives reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same gives reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same gives reality
+and now we can see graphically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can see graphically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can see graphically
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure
+of what we need to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we need to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we need to pay
+to transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium
+from liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from liquid
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+to solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solid
+and we can see that this measure flips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can see that this measure flips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can see that this measure flips
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once you cross through the coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you cross through the coexistence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you cross through the coexistence
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the energy you need to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the energy you need to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the energy you need to pay
+for that reference date change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that reference date change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that reference date change
+let me draw something similar for Pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw something similar for Pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw something similar for Pure
+silicon which will basically look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon which will basically look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon which will basically look the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+except I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except I'll
+I'll put the melting point higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put the melting point higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put the melting point higher
+that sort of make believe because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of make believe because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of make believe because I
+haven't really labeled the axes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+and we have again a measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have again a measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have again a measure
+Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G
+and silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon
+liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+to Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's sine flips as we go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sine flips as we go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sine flips as we go through the
+melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know there's a reason why we spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a reason why we spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a reason why we spend
+time on these sorts of quads I know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on these sorts of quads I know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on these sorts of quads I know we
+call it s and we plotted H now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it s and we plotted H now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it s and we plotted H now we're
+plotting G there's a reason we spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting G there's a reason we spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting G there's a reason we spent
+time on these sorts of plots back when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on these sorts of plots back when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on these sorts of plots back when
+we were doing unitary phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were doing unitary phase diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were doing unitary phase diagrams
+it's because you need to have these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because you need to have these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because you need to have these in
+the back of your mind as you're building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of your mind as you're building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of your mind as you're building
+binary phase diagrams you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary phase diagrams you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary phase diagrams you need to
+understand this stuff is the the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this stuff is the the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this stuff is the the data
+input that goes into binary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input that goes into binary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input that goes into binary phase
+diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or as I mentioned before if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as I mentioned before if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as I mentioned before if you look at
+a binary phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the unary phase diagrams are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unary phase diagrams are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unary phase diagrams are kind of
+hidden here right that that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden here right that that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden here right that that is an
+isovaric slice of the urinary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isovaric slice of the urinary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isovaric slice of the urinary phase
+diagram of germanium and that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of germanium and that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of germanium and that is an
+isobaric slice of the urinary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isobaric slice of the urinary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isobaric slice of the urinary phase
+diagram of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of silicon
+and so this stuff comes this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this stuff comes this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this stuff comes this stuff
+is essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how do we account for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do we account for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accounting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for
+Delta G of some component k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G of some component k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G of some component k
+now I'm going to make this a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to make this a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to make this a little more
+General any transformation between any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General any transformation between any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General any transformation between any
+two phases Alpha to Beta and that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phases Alpha to Beta and that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phases Alpha to Beta and that of
+course is a function of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is a function of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is a function of temperature
+right that is temperature dependent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that is temperature dependent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that is temperature dependent and
+as we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've just
+written down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down
+this is Delta h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Delta h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Delta h
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+to Beta and that thing is temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Beta and that thing is temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Beta and that thing is temperature
+dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent
+minus t Delta s Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t Delta s Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t Delta s Alpha
+to Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Beta
+and that thing of course is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that thing of course is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that thing of course is also
+temperature dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right those both maybe temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those both maybe temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those both maybe temperature
+dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta
+coexistence temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after equilibrium coexistence temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after equilibrium coexistence temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after equilibrium coexistence temp
+we'll call that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call that t
+Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta
+at that temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that temp
+Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right it's equal to zero because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's equal to zero because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's equal to zero because they're
+in equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+often we will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we will make
+an assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assumption
+and I want you to recall back to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to recall back to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to recall back to some
+problem sets and such where we did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets and such where we did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets and such where we did this
+if the transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the transformation
+heat capacity that is the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity that is the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity that is the difference in
+heat capacity between the two phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity between the two phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity between the two phases
+can be ignored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then Delta h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again this is this is stuff from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is this is stuff from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is this is stuff from you
+know phase diagrams where we're calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know phase diagrams where we're calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know phase diagrams where we're calling
+in the case of the heat capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the heat capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the heat capacity
+difference is negligible then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is negligible then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is negligible then you have
+approximately temperature independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately temperature independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately temperature independence
+of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things
+and when that is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when that is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when that is the case
+your expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the temperature dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the temperature dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the temperature dependence
+of the Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simplifies and you should convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies and you should convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies and you should convince
+yourself work this you know on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself work this you know on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself work this you know on the side
+after class it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class it's um
+a few lines of balance bro five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few lines of balance bro five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few lines of balance bro five minutes
+of your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that is um a simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is um a simplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is um a simplification
+this thing is linear in t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what do you need what data do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you need what data do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you need what data do you
+need to evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to evaluate this
+you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need
+transition temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the transformation
+and that's the sort of data that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the sort of data that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the sort of data that um
+you know as a reminder that's the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as a reminder that's the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as a reminder that's the sort
+of data you get in databases so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data you get in databases so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data you get in databases so here's
+for instance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase transformations of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase transformations of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase transformations of the elements
+right here's a bunch of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's a bunch of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's a bunch of phase
+transformations of pure materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of pure materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of pure materials
+and normally you get these triples you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normally you get these triples you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normally you get these triples you
+get a temperature I know I know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a temperature I know I know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a temperature I know I know it's
+blurry but you know I'm looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurry but you know I'm looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurry but you know I'm looking at the
+book appendix C there's a temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book appendix C there's a temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book appendix C there's a temperature of
+the transformation a Delta s of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation a Delta s of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation a Delta s of the
+transformation and a Delta h of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and a Delta h of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and a Delta h of the
+transformation so this is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so this is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so this is the sort of
+data that you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that you find
+databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's keep moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're talking about two phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about two phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about two phase
+equilibrium we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence
+solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's make this specific let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this specific let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this specific let's go back
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+case of silicon germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right where we know we have two phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where we know we have two phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where we know we have two phase
+coexistence in between the melting Temps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence in between the melting Temps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence in between the melting Temps
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um so we're going to use our two-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to use our two-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to use our two-phase
+coexistence conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence conditions
+from previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from previous
+what's that chemical potentials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that chemical potentials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that chemical potentials are
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+chemical potential of silicon in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of silicon in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of silicon in the
+alpha phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha phase
+equals the chemical potential of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the chemical potential of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the chemical potential of silicon
+in the liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's going to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to become
+the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+the chemical potential of silicon in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential of silicon in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential of silicon in its
+reference state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the reference state of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the reference state of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the reference state of silicon
+somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+at this temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this temperature
+below the melting point of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the melting point of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the melting point of silicon
+solid solid thank you so the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solid thank you so the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solid thank you so the chemical
+potential of silicon and its reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of silicon and its reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of silicon and its reference
+state which is a solid Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which is a solid Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which is a solid Plus
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the mixing term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixing term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixing term
+in the solid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that now we're going to do the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now we're going to do the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now we're going to do the right
+hand side the right hand side we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side the right hand side we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side the right hand side we have
+chemical potential of silicon and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of silicon and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of silicon and its
+reference date which is solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference date which is solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference date which is solid
+now we need to pay some free energy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to pay some free energy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to pay some free energy we
+need to get silken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get silken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get silken
+from solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to liquid
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+we need to mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so mu silicon not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mu silicon not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mu silicon not
+equals reference state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reference date for Pure silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference date for Pure silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference date for Pure silicon
+which here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which here
+is Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Alpha
+Delta Mu silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Mu silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Mu silicon
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix
+what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that
+solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Alpha
+phase solid solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta Mu silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Mu silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Mu silicon
+mix in the liquid that comes from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix in the liquid that comes from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix in the liquid that comes from a
+solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for liquid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for liquid phase
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Delta Mu silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta Mu silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta Mu silicon
+Alpha 2 liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 liquid
+that's called a reference date change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're all going to be great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're all going to be great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're all going to be great
+accountants when you get when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountants when you get when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountants when you get when you're
+done with this class because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with this class because that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with this class because that's what
+we're doing here right it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing here right it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing here right it's just
+accounting accounting accounting let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting accounting accounting let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting accounting accounting let's
+do the same thing for the germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing for the germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing for the germanium
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+the other equilibrium condition is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other equilibrium condition is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other equilibrium condition is that
+the chemical potential of germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential of germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential of germanium
+in the alpha phase is the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the alpha phase is the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the alpha phase is the chemical
+potential of germanium in the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of germanium in the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of germanium in the liquid
+phase so this is the two-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so this is the two-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so this is the two-phase
+equilibrium condition that we've derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium condition that we've derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium condition that we've derived
+very recently and for this case you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very recently and for this case you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very recently and for this case you end
+up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with
+chemical potential of germanium in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of germanium in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of germanium in its
+reference State its reference state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference State its reference state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference State its reference state is
+the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid
+so we need to pay some free energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to pay some free energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to pay some free energy to
+get germanium from liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get germanium from liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get germanium from liquid
+to the alpha phase and then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the alpha phase and then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the alpha phase and then we're going
+to mix germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the alpha phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the alpha phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the alpha phase
+and that is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is going to be equal to
+chemical potential of germanium and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of germanium and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of germanium and its
+reference state which is liquid and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference state which is liquid and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference state which is liquid and so
+now all we need to do is make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the liquid solution so again we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid solution so again we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid solution so again we have the
+liquid stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solid
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'll be really explicit here mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll be really explicit here mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll be really explicit here mu
+germanium not equals reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reference state of pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference state of pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference state of pure
+germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium
+which here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the liquid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the liquid phase
+Delta Mu germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Mu germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Mu germanium
+mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix
+in the liquid comes from the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the liquid comes from the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the liquid comes from the solution
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for liquid phase solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta Mu germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Mu germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Mu germanium
+mix Alpha comes from the solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for Alpha phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Alpha phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Alpha phase
+solid solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Delta Mu germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta Mu germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta Mu germanium
+liquid two alpha is a reference State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid two alpha is a reference State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid two alpha is a reference State
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're really we're bringing out like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're really we're bringing out like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're really we're bringing out like
+all the stuff that we've done to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the stuff that we've done to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the stuff that we've done to this
+point in the semester like everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the semester like everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the semester like everything
+we've done is is needed here right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done is is needed here right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done is is needed here right we
+need to be able to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to calculate
+the temperature dependence right we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature dependence right we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature dependence right we need
+to be we need to be able to identify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be we need to be able to identify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be we need to be able to identify a
+reference state so we need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference state so we need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference state so we need to be able to
+read unary phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read unary phase diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read unary phase diagrams
+we need to be able to analyze solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to be able to analyze solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to be able to analyze solution
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+right solution models and you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right solution models and you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right solution models and you can have
+different solution models for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solution models for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solution models for different
+phases so we need to analyze solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases so we need to analyze solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases so we need to analyze solution
+models we need to be able to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we need to be able to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we need to be able to calculate
+give free energy changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give free energy changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give free energy changes
+or pure materials going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pure materials going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pure materials going through
+transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations
+in order to do that we need to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do that we need to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do that we need to calculate
+temperature dependence of enthalpy chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence of enthalpy chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence of enthalpy chain
+Transformations and entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations and entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations and entropy
+transformations in order to do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations in order to do that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations in order to do that we
+need data for temperature dependence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need data for temperature dependence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need data for temperature dependence of
+heat capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity
+so it's like it's all coming together uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like it's all coming together uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like it's all coming together uh
+in this process of making binary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this process of making binary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this process of making binary phase
+diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+so I want to say one final thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to say one final thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to say one final thing and
+then pause and have a brief discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pause and have a brief discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pause and have a brief discussion
+about the p7 and take questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the p7 and take questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the p7 and take questions so
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+both Solutions we have two solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Solutions we have two solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Solutions we have two solution
+models here right Alpha and liquid if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models here right Alpha and liquid if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models here right Alpha and liquid if
+both Solutions behave as behave ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is not realistic but it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not realistic but it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not realistic but it's a nice
+model if both Solutions behave ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model if both Solutions behave ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model if both Solutions behave ideally
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the heat capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the heat capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the heat capacity
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is approximately zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately zero
+for both pure components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a lot of ifs here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the coexistence conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase coexistence conditions being mu K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase coexistence conditions being mu K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase coexistence conditions being mu K
+Alpha equals mu k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha equals mu k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha equals mu k
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+well let me make this hot liquid let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me make this hot liquid let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me make this hot liquid let me
+make it beta so it's a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it beta so it's a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it beta so it's a little more
+General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General
+okay that's causing skin conditions can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's causing skin conditions can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's causing skin conditions can
+be solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have
+um closed form equations uh functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um closed form equations uh functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um closed form equations uh functions
+for the resulting phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the resulting phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the resulting phase diagram
+so the math there is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the math there is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the math there is a little bit
+complicated we're not going to do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated we're not going to do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated we're not going to do it in
+this class but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but um
+section 10.2.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 10.2.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 10.2.1
+figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure
+10 point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 point
+22. so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know the Hoff does this it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Hoff does this it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Hoff does this it's kind of
+interesting figure 10.52
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if if those conditions are met then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if those conditions are met then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if those conditions are met then
+you can have different types all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have different types all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have different types all
+different phase diagrams that can emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phase diagrams that can emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phase diagrams that can emerge
+and this is an example of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an example of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an example of of the
+different types of binary phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of binary phase diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of binary phase diagrams
+that you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get
+and um you know so these are all two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know so these are all two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know so these are all two
+phase systems it's Alpha and liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase systems it's Alpha and liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase systems it's Alpha and liquid
+often liquid Alpha and liquid Alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often liquid Alpha and liquid Alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often liquid Alpha and liquid Alpha and
+liquid it could have been called Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid it could have been called Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid it could have been called Alpha
+and beta it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta it doesn't matter
+um and you can get different shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can get different shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can get different shapes
+different types of lens diagrams there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of lens diagrams there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of lens diagrams there
+but that's not very general but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not very general but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not very general but it
+doesn't look like what nature provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like what nature provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like what nature provides
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all
+other cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we use computers right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in all our cases we let the computer do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all our cases we let the computer do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all our cases we let the computer do
+the work for us because it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work for us because it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work for us because it becomes
+unrealistic to do it ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic to do it ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic to do it ourselves
+and so we use that we lose computer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we use that we lose computer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we use that we lose computer to
+evaluate these equilibrium conditions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate these equilibrium conditions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate these equilibrium conditions or
+is saying the same thing to say we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying the same thing to say we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying the same thing to say we we
+use a computer to evaluate the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a computer to evaluate the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a computer to evaluate the common
+tangent conditions and draw the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent conditions and draw the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent conditions and draw the phase
+diagrams for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the in the days and weeks ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the in the days and weeks ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the in the days and weeks ahead
+we're going to be using calpad more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be using calpad more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be using calpad more and
+more we're going to be using thermocoque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we're going to be using thermocoque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we're going to be using thermocoque
+more and more we're going to use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more we're going to use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more we're going to use some
+other software that we wrote to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other software that we wrote to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other software that we wrote to play
+with these free energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these free energy composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these free energy composition
+diagrams we'll have a guest lecture by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams we'll have a guest lecture by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams we'll have a guest lecture by
+Professor Greg Olsen who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Greg Olsen who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Greg Olsen who has
+made a very successful career built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a very successful career built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a very successful career built
+largely from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely from
+data driven predictions of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data driven predictions of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data driven predictions of high
+performance materials using cow fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance materials using cow fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance materials using cow fat
+tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools
+right so that's where we're heading
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yHfFsuYGgaQ.txt b/yHfFsuYGgaQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28fd9aacd2818581f9dc02756af959d812b017cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yHfFsuYGgaQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1003 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what is our Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is our Schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is our Schrodinger equation
+therefore our Schrodinger equation is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore our Schrodinger equation is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore our Schrodinger equation is I
+h-bar beeps I DT is equal to one over 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar beeps I DT is equal to one over 2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar beeps I DT is equal to one over 2m
+h bar over i grad that's P minus Q over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h bar over i grad that's P minus Q over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h bar over i grad that's P minus Q over
+C a squared plus Q 5 on 5 we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C a squared plus Q 5 on 5 we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C a squared plus Q 5 on 5 we're going to
+motivate that the next time but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate that the next time but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate that the next time but let's
+look at it for a little while at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it for a little while at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it for a little while at least
+there are several things we've done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several things we've done here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several things we've done here
+we've replaced P by P minus Q over C a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now so this is a replacement P has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so this is a replacement P has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so this is a replacement P has been
+replaced by that we used to have P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by that we used to have P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by that we used to have P
+squared over 2m now we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m now we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m now we have this
+quantity we will see why that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we will see why that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we will see why that is the
+right thing to do but you could ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing to do but you could ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing to do but you could ask
+yourself is this P still intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself is this P still intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself is this P still intuitively
+equal to mV or not and the answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to mV or not and the answer is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to mV or not and the answer is no
+that's not in really MV we will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not in really MV we will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not in really MV we will see that
+from Heisenberg's equation of motion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Heisenberg's equation of motion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Heisenberg's equation of motion but
+intuitively when you have here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively when you have here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively when you have here this is
+the energy of a particle kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of a particle kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of a particle kinetic energy
+and potential energy the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potential energy the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potential energy the kinetic energy
+1 over 2m times M squared V squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2m times M squared V squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2m times M squared V squared
+that's P squared so 1 over 2m m squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's P squared so 1 over 2m m squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's P squared so 1 over 2m m squared
+V squared is one-half MV squared that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V squared is one-half MV squared that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V squared is one-half MV squared that's
+the kinetic energy and that should come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy and that should come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy and that should come
+from here so what we will see is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here so what we will see is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here so what we will see is that if
+you want to speak about the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to speak about the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to speak about the velocity
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+this whole thing is the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing is the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing is the velocity
+operator you know we don't speak really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you know we don't speak really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you know we don't speak really
+of velocity operators in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of velocity operators in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of velocity operators in quantum
+mechanics before we put electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics before we put electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics before we put electromagnetic
+fields but here it will be natural to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields but here it will be natural to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields but here it will be natural to
+call this M times the velocity operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this M times the velocity operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this M times the velocity operator
+in the sense of Heisenberg equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense of Heisenberg equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense of Heisenberg equations of
+motion this operator is Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion this operator is Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion this operator is Heisenberg
+equation of motion is going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion is going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion is going to look like
+the Lorentz force equation so it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lorentz force equation so it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lorentz force equation so it will be
+reasonable to think of this like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to think of this like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to think of this like that
+this operator is nicer than the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator is nicer than the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator is nicer than the operator
+P as we will see for many reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P as we will see for many reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P as we will see for many reasons
+so we've emphasized gauge invariance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've emphasized gauge invariance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've emphasized gauge invariance so
+the perhaps the most important thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perhaps the most important thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perhaps the most important thing we
+could say now to end up this lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say now to end up this lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say now to end up this lecture is
+what is the statement of gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the statement of gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the statement of gauge
+invariance for this Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so gauge invariance means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gauge invariance means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gauge invariance means that the
+physics that you obtain with one set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that you obtain with one set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that you obtain with one set of
+potentials should be the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials should be the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials should be the same as the
+physics you obtain with a gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics you obtain with a gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics you obtain with a gauge
+equivalent set of potentials so I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent set of potentials so I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent set of potentials so I will
+say in this way suppose you solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in this way suppose you solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in this way suppose you solve the
+Schrodinger equation with h-bar over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation with h-bar over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation with h-bar over I
+grad - Q over C with the new potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad - Q over C with the new potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad - Q over C with the new potentials
+plus Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or you solve the Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the old potentials so you have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the old potentials so you have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the old potentials so you have here
+the two Schrodinger equations one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two Schrodinger equations one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two Schrodinger equations one with
+the new potentials one with the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new potentials one with the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new potentials one with the old
+potentials they should be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials they should be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials they should be the same
+physical solution this is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical solution this is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical solution this is not going to
+be too obvious how to do however how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too obvious how to do however how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too obvious how to do however how do
+I guarantee they are the same physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guarantee they are the same physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guarantee they are the same physical
+solution I'll have to go on on a limb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I'll have to go on on a limb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I'll have to go on on a limb
+and try something look here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try something look here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try something look here are the
+gates transformation that's what a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates transformation that's what a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates transformation that's what a prime
+is that's what five prime is I should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's what five prime is I should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's what five prime is I should I
+shoot the same Sai be a solution of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot the same Sai be a solution of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot the same Sai be a solution of both
+should this equation imply this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should this equation imply this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should this equation imply this equation
+so that the same Sai works when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the same Sai works when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the same Sai works when you
+change the gage potentials that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the gage potentials that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the gage potentials that would
+not work that is asking too much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work that is asking too much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work that is asking too much you
+certainly if the same side word would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if the same side word would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if the same side word would be
+simple looking but that's not what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple looking but that's not what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple looking but that's not what you
+really have to demand it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to demand it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to demand it's not going to
+be able to occur here what you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to occur here what you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to occur here what you're gonna
+need is to change Sai as well the gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is to change Sai as well the gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is to change Sai as well the gauge
+transformation is going to affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is going to affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is going to affect the
+wave function to not only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function to not only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function to not only the
+electromagnetic fields get gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic fields get gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic fields get gauge
+transform the wave function must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the wave function must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the wave function must be
+gauge transform and you say okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge transform and you say okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge transform and you say okay that
+sounds a little dangerous because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds a little dangerous because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds a little dangerous because if you
+change the wave function you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the wave function you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the wave function you're going to
+change the physics could happen but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the physics could happen but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the physics could happen but the
+change in the wave function is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the wave function is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the wave function is going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+subtle enough it's gonna be just by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle enough it's gonna be just by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle enough it's gonna be just by a
+face that can still change the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face that can still change the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face that can still change the physics
+if you have accomplished face you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have accomplished face you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have accomplished face you can
+change the visit but will be simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the visit but will be simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the visit but will be simple
+enough that we will check that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that we will check that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that we will check that the
+facilities don't change so the claim of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities don't change so the claim of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities don't change so the claim of
+gauging variance is the statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauging variance is the statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauging variance is the statement that
+this equation implies this or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation implies this or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation implies this or this
+implies that if psy prime also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that if psy prime also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that if psy prime also
+transforms and the formula is that try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms and the formula is that try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms and the formula is that try
+prime should be equal to e to the I q /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime should be equal to e to the I q /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime should be equal to e to the I q /
+HC lambda times I so that's the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HC lambda times I so that's the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HC lambda times I so that's the key to
+it when you transform the potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when you transform the potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when you transform the potentials
+when you change a to a prime and Phi to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you change a to a prime and Phi to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you change a to a prime and Phi to
+Phi prime you should change sides i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi prime you should change sides i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi prime you should change sides i
+prime what with what using the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime what with what using the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime what with what using the same
+lambda that you needed to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda that you needed to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda that you needed to change the
+potentials you do face rotation and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials you do face rotation and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials you do face rotation and it's
+not a constant phase this depends on X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a constant phase this depends on X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a constant phase this depends on X
+and T so it's a substantial change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T so it's a substantial change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T so it's a substantial change so
+you now have the technical problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have the technical problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have the technical problem of
+first checking that this is true this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first checking that this is true this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first checking that this is true this is
+the statement of gauge invariance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement of gauge invariance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement of gauge invariance of the
+Schrodinger equation there is a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation there is a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation there is a way to
+transform the wave function so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the wave function so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the wave function so that the
+new Schrodinger equation solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Schrodinger equation solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Schrodinger equation solution is
+obtained from the ultra linear equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained from the ultra linear equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained from the ultra linear equation
+solution and then we will have to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and then we will have to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and then we will have to check
+that the physics is the same if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the physics is the same if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the physics is the same if you
+wanted to compute the expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to compute the expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to compute the expectation value
+of x on this wave function this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x on this wave function this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x on this wave function this phase
+factor would cancel so it would give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor would cancel so it would give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor would cancel so it would give you
+the same if you want to compute some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same if you want to compute some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same if you want to compute some
+other expectation right this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other expectation right this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other expectation right this is a little
+funny so there will be operators that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny so there will be operators that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny so there will be operators that
+are nice for wave functions our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nice for wave functions our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nice for wave functions our goal
+gauge invariant operators and it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge invariant operators and it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge invariant operators and it will be
+a nice story that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice story that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice story that we
+we'll develop next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yedzRWhi-9E.txt b/yedzRWhi-9E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..505fd7d65dc4086ed0b3e0b2d37c06f73374e615
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yedzRWhi-9E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9123 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well now that we've given you some power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now that we've given you some power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now that we've given you some power
+to make independent local state and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make independent local state and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make independent local state and to
+model objects thought we'd do a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model objects thought we'd do a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model objects thought we'd do a bit of
+programming of a very complicated kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming of a very complicated kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming of a very complicated kind
+just to illustrate what you can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to illustrate what you can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to illustrate what you can do with
+this sort of thing I suppose as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of thing I suppose as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of thing I suppose as I said
+we were motivated by physical systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were motivated by physical systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were motivated by physical systems
+and the ways we like to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ways we like to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ways we like to think about
+physical systems which is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical systems which is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical systems which is that there are
+these things the world is made out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things the world is made out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things the world is made out of
+each of these things has particulars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these things has particulars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these things has particulars
+independent local state and therefore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent local state and therefore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent local state and therefore it
+is a thing that's what makes it a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thing that's what makes it a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thing that's what makes it a thing
+and then we're going to say that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to say that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to say that in the
+model in the world that we have a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in the world that we have a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in the world that we have a world
+and a model of in our minds and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a model of in our minds and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a model of in our minds and in the
+computer of that world and what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer of that world and what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer of that world and what I want
+to make is a correspondence between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is a correspondence between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is a correspondence between the
+objects in the world and the objects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in the world and the objects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in the world and the objects in
+the computer the relationships between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer the relationships between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer the relationships between
+the objects in the world and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects in the world and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects in the world and the
+relationships between those same are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between those same are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between those same are the
+model objects in the computer and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model objects in the computer and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model objects in the computer and the
+functions that relate things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that relate things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that relate things in the
+world to the functions that relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to the functions that relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to the functions that relate
+things in the computer this buys us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the computer this buys us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the computer this buys us
+modularity if we really believe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modularity if we really believe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modularity if we really believe the
+world is like that if it may have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is like that if it may have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is like that if it may have these
+little pieces and of course we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces and of course we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces and of course we can
+arrange our world to be like that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange our world to be like that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange our world to be like that we
+could only model those things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could only model those things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could only model those things that are
+like that then we can inherit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that then we can inherit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that then we can inherit the
+modularity in the world into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modularity in the world into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modularity in the world into our
+programming that's why we would invent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming that's why we would invent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming that's why we would invent
+some of this object-oriented programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this object-oriented programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this object-oriented programming
+well let's take the best kind of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's take the best kind of objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's take the best kind of objects
+I know they're completely they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know they're completely they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know they're completely they're
+completely wonderful electrical systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wonderful electrical systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wonderful electrical systems
+electrical systems really are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical systems really are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical systems really are the
+physicists best best objects you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists best best objects you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists best best objects you see
+over here I have some piece of machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I have some piece of machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I have some piece of machinery
+here's a piece of machinery okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a piece of machinery okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a piece of machinery okay and
+it's got an electrical wire connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got an electrical wire connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got an electrical wire connecting
+one part of the machinery with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of the machinery with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of the machinery with another
+part of the machinery and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the machinery and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the machinery and one of the
+wonderful properties of the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful properties of the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful properties of the electrical
+world is that I could say this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is that I could say this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is that I could say this is an
+object and this is an object and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and this is an object and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and this is an object and there
+the connection between them is clear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection between them is clear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection between them is clear in
+principle there is no connection that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle there is no connection that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle there is no connection that I
+didn't describe with these with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't describe with these with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't describe with these with these
+wires they say if I have lightbulbs find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires they say if I have lightbulbs find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires they say if I have lightbulbs find
+a light bulb and a power supply is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light bulb and a power supply is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light bulb and a power supply is
+plugged into a outlet then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged into a outlet then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged into a outlet then the
+connection is perfectly clear there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is perfectly clear there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is perfectly clear there's no
+other connections that we know of if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other connections that we know of if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other connections that we know of if I
+were to tie a knot in the wire that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to tie a knot in the wire that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to tie a knot in the wire that
+connects the light bulb to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the light bulb to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the light bulb to the power
+supply the light remains lit up it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply the light remains lit up it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply the light remains lit up it
+doesn't care that these that the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care that these that the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care that these that the way
+that physics is arranged is such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that physics is arranged is such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that physics is arranged is such that
+the connection can be made abstract at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection can be made abstract at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection can be made abstract at
+least through low frequencies and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least through low frequencies and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least through low frequencies and things
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in fact we have captured all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact we have captured all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact we have captured all of the
+connections that really are we all let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that really are we all let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that really are we all let's
+even go one step further and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even go one step further and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even go one step further and talk about
+the most abstract types of electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most abstract types of electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most abstract types of electrical
+systems we have digital digital circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we have digital digital circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we have digital digital circuits
+and here there are certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here there are certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here there are certain kinds of
+objects for example in digital circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects for example in digital circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects for example in digital circuits
+we have things like inverters you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have things like inverters you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have things like inverters you have
+things like an gates we have things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like an gates we have things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like an gates we have things like
+or gates we connect them together by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or gates we connect them together by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or gates we connect them together by
+sort of wires which represent represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wires which represent represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wires which represent represent
+abstract signals we don't even care as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract signals we don't even care as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract signals we don't even care as
+physical variables whether these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical variables whether these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical variables whether these are
+voltages or currents or some combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages or currents or some combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages or currents or some combination
+or anything like that or water water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that or water water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that or water water
+pressure we these abstract variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure we these abstract variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure we these abstract variables
+represent certain signals and we build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent certain signals and we build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent certain signals and we build
+systems by wiring these things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems by wiring these things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems by wiring these things together
+with wires so today what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wires so today what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wires so today what I'm going to
+show you right now we're gonna build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you right now we're gonna build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you right now we're gonna build up
+an embedded language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an embedded language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an embedded language
+in Lisp betted in the same sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Lisp betted in the same sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Lisp betted in the same sense that
+Henderson's picture language was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henderson's picture language was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henderson's picture language was
+embedded which is not the same sense as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded which is not the same sense as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded which is not the same sense as
+the language of pattern match and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of pattern match and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of pattern match and
+substitution was done yesterday the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution was done yesterday the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution was done yesterday the
+pattern matched substitution language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern matched substitution language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern matched substitution language
+was interpreted by a list program but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interpreted by a list program but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interpreted by a list program but
+the but the embedding of Henderson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but the embedding of Henderson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but the embedding of Henderson's
+program is that we just build up more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is that we just build up more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is that we just build up more
+and more procedures that it capsulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more procedures that it capsulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more procedures that it capsulate
+the structure we want so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure we want so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure we want so for example
+here I'm gonna have some various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm gonna have some various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm gonna have some various
+primitive kinds of objects as you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive kinds of objects as you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive kinds of objects as you say
+that one in that one I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one in that one I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one in that one I'm going to use
+wires to combine them the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires to combine them the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires to combine them the way I
+represent attach a make I can make wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent attach a make I can make wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent attach a make I can make wires
+so let's say a is a wire and B is a wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say a is a wire and B is a wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say a is a wire and B is a wire
+and C is a wire and D is wire and E as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C is a wire and D is wire and E as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C is a wire and D is wire and E as a
+wire and s as a wire well and or gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and s as a wire well and or gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and s as a wire well and or gate
+that has both inputs the inputs being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has both inputs the inputs being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has both inputs the inputs being a
+and B and the output being yrg you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and the output being yrg you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and the output being yrg you
+notate like this a NAND gate which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notate like this a NAND gate which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notate like this a NAND gate which has
+inputs a and B and output C we notate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs a and B and output C we notate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs a and B and output C we notate
+like that by making such a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that by making such a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that by making such a sequence of
+declarations like this I can wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declarations like this I can wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declarations like this I can wire
+together an arbitrary circuit so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together an arbitrary circuit so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together an arbitrary circuit so I've
+just told you a set of primitives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just told you a set of primitives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just told you a set of primitives and
+means of combination for bit of building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of combination for bit of building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of combination for bit of building
+digital circuits when I need more in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital circuits when I need more in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital circuits when I need more in a
+real language is abstraction and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real language is abstraction and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real language is abstraction and so for
+example here I have here I have a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here I have here I have a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here I have here I have a half
+adder it's something you all know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adder it's something you all know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adder it's something you all know if
+you've done any digital design it's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done any digital design it's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done any digital design it's used
+for use for adding numbers together on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for use for adding numbers together on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for use for adding numbers together on a
+and B and putting out a sum and a carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and putting out a sum and a carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and putting out a sum and a carry
+and in fact the wiring diagram is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the wiring diagram is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the wiring diagram is
+exactly what I told you and a half adder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I told you and a half adder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I told you and a half adder
+with things that come out of the box you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things that come out of the box you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things that come out of the box you
+see the box the boundary the abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the box the boundary the abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the box the boundary the abstraction
+is always a box and there are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always a box and there are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always a box and there are things
+that come out of it a BS and C those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out of it a BS and C those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out of it a BS and C those are
+the declared variables the declared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the declared variables the declared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the declared variables the declared
+variables of a lambda expression which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables of a lambda expression which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables of a lambda expression which
+is the one that defines half adder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and internal to that I make up some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and internal to that I make up some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and internal to that I make up some more
+wires de which I'm going to use for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires de which I'm going to use for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires de which I'm going to use for the
+interconnect here E is this one and D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect here E is this one and D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect here E is this one and D is
+this wire the interconnect that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wire the interconnect that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wire the interconnect that doesn't
+come through this walls of the box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come through this walls of the box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come through this walls of the box and
+why are things together as you just saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are things together as you just saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are things together as you just saw
+and the nice thing about this that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nice thing about this that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nice thing about this that I've
+just shown you is this language is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shown you is this language is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shown you is this language is
+hierarchical in the right way if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical in the right way if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical in the right way if a
+language isn't hierarchical in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language isn't hierarchical in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language isn't hierarchical in the right
+way if it turns out that you that a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if it turns out that you that a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if it turns out that you that a that
+a compound object doesn't look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compound object doesn't look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compound object doesn't look like a
+primitive there's something wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive there's something wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive there's something wrong with
+the language at least the way I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language at least the way I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language at least the way I feel
+about that so here we have here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so here we have here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so here we have here we
+instead of starting with mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of starting with mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of starting with mathematical
+functions or things that compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or things that compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or things that compute
+mathematical functions which we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical functions which we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical functions which we've been
+doing up till now instead of starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing up till now instead of starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing up till now instead of starting
+with things that look like mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things that look like mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things that look like mathematical
+functions or compute such things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or compute such things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or compute such things we're
+starting things with things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting things with things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting things with things that are
+electrical objects and we build up more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical objects and we build up more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical objects and we build up more
+electrical objects and the glue were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical objects and the glue were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical objects and the glue were
+using is basically the Lisp structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using is basically the Lisp structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using is basically the Lisp structure
+lambdas lambda is the ultimate glue if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas lambda is the ultimate glue if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas lambda is the ultimate glue if
+you will and of course half adder itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will and of course half adder itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will and of course half adder itself
+can be used in a more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used in a more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used in a more complicated
+abstraction called a full adder which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction called a full adder which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction called a full adder which in
+fact involves two half adders as you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact involves two half adders as you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact involves two half adders as you see
+here hook together with some extra wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here hook together with some extra wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here hook together with some extra wires
+that you see here s C 1 and C 2 and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see here s C 1 and C 2 and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see here s C 1 and C 2 and an
+or gate to manufacture a full adder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or gate to manufacture a full adder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or gate to manufacture a full adder
+which takes a input number another input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which takes a input number another input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which takes a input number another input
+number a carry in and produces output a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a carry in and produces output a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a carry in and produces output a
+sum and a carry out and out of full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and a carry out and out of full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and a carry out and out of full
+adders you can make real Lanter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adders you can make real Lanter you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adders you can make real Lanter you
+chains and big adders so we have euro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains and big adders so we have euro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains and big adders so we have euro
+language so far that has primitives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so far that has primitives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so far that has primitives
+means of combination and means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of combination and means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of combination and means of
+abstraction it's a real language now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction it's a real language now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction it's a real language now how
+we're going to implement this well will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to implement this well will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to implement this well will
+let's look let's do it easily let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look let's do it easily let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look let's do it easily let's look
+at the primitives you do the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the primitives you do the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the primitives you do the only
+problems we have to implement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we have to implement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we have to implement the
+primitives nothing else has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives nothing else has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives nothing else has to be
+implemented because we're picking up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented because we're picking up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented because we're picking up the
+means of combination and abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of combination and abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of combination and abstraction
+from Lisp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Lisp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Lisp
+inheriting them in the embedding well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheriting them in the embedding well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheriting them in the embedding well
+he's almost look at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's almost look at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's almost look at a particular
+primitive an inverter it's a nice one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now inverter has two wires coming in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now inverter has two wires coming in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now inverter has two wires coming in and
+in and out and somehow it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out and somehow it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out and somehow it's going to
+have to know what to do when a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know what to do when a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know what to do when a signal
+comes in so somehow it's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in so somehow it's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in so somehow it's going to have
+to tell it's input wire and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell it's input wire and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell it's input wire and now we're
+going to talk about objects and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about objects and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about objects and we're
+going to see this in a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see this in a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see this in a little more
+detail soon let's go out to tell its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail soon let's go out to tell its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail soon let's go out to tell its
+input wire that when you change tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input wire that when you change tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input wire that when you change tell me
+so this object the object was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this object the object was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this object the object was the
+inverter has to tell the object which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter has to tell the object which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter has to tell the object which is
+the input wire hi my name is George and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input wire hi my name is George and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input wire hi my name is George and
+my job is to do something with results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job is to do something with results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job is to do something with results
+when you change so when you change you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you change so when you change you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you change so when you change you
+get a change tell me about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a change tell me about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a change tell me about it
+because I got to do something with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I got to do something with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I got to do something with that
+okay well that's done down here by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that's done down here by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that's done down here by
+adding an action on the input wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding an action on the input wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding an action on the input wire
+called invert in where invert in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called invert in where invert in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called invert in where invert in is
+defined over here to be a procedure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined over here to be a procedure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined over here to be a procedure of
+no arguments which gets the logical not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no arguments which gets the logical not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no arguments which gets the logical not
+of the signal on the input wire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal on the input wire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal on the input wire and
+after some delay which is the inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after some delay which is the inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after some delay which is the inverter
+delay all these electrical objects have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay all these electrical objects have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay all these electrical objects have
+delays will do the following thing set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays will do the following thing set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays will do the following thing set
+the signal on the output wire to the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal on the output wire to the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal on the output wire to the new
+value a very simple program now you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value a very simple program now you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value a very simple program now you have
+to imagine that the output wire has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine that the output wire has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine that the output wire has to
+be sensitive and know that when its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sensitive and know that when its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sensitive and know that when its
+signal changes didn't they have to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal changes didn't they have to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal changes didn't they have to tell
+other guys hey wake up I my value has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guys hey wake up I my value has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guys hey wake up I my value has
+changed so when you hook together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so when you hook together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so when you hook together
+inverter with a NAND gate or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter with a NAND gate or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter with a NAND gate or something
+like that there has to be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that there has to be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that there has to be a lot of
+communication going on I'm gonna make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication going on I'm gonna make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication going on I'm gonna make
+sure that the signal propagates right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the signal propagates right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the signal propagates right
+and down here is nothing very exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down here is nothing very exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down here is nothing very exciting
+this is just the definition of logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the definition of logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the definition of logical
+not for some particular representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for some particular representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for some particular representations
+of the logical values 1 0 in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the logical values 1 0 in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the logical values 1 0 in this case
+and we could look at things more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could look at things more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could look at things more
+complicated like an gates and gates take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated like an gates and gates take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated like an gates and gates take
+two inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two inputs
+a one and A two we'll call them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one and A two we'll call them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one and A two we'll call them and
+produce an output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce an output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce an output
+I put the structure of the and gate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put the structure of the and gate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put the structure of the and gate is
+denticles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denticles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denticles
+to the one we just saw there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one we just saw there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one we just saw there's one
+called an and action procedure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an and action procedure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an and action procedure that's
+defined which is the thing that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined which is the thing that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined which is the thing that gets
+called when an input is changed and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called when an input is changed and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called when an input is changed and what
+it does of course is nothing more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does of course is nothing more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does of course is nothing more than
+compute the logical and of the signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the logical and of the signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the logical and of the signals
+on the inputs and after some delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the inputs and after some delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the inputs and after some delay
+called the an gate delay call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the an gate delay call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the an gate delay call this
+procedure which sets a signal on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which sets a signal on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which sets a signal on the
+output to a new value now how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output to a new value now how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output to a new value now how I
+implement these things is all wishful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement these things is all wishful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement these things is all wishful
+thinking as you see here I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking as you see here I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking as you see here I have an
+assignment operation it's not set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment operation it's not set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment operation it's not set
+it's a derived assignment operation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a derived assignment operation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a derived assignment operation in
+the same way we had functions that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way we had functions that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way we had functions that were
+derived from car and cooter right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from car and cooter right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from car and cooter right that's
+how I by convention label that with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I by convention label that with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I by convention label that with an
+exclamation point and over here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclamation point and over here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclamation point and over here you see
+there's an ADD action which is to inform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an ADD action which is to inform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an ADD action which is to inform
+the wire called a1 locally in this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wire called a1 locally in this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wire called a1 locally in this and
+gate to to call the and action procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate to to call the and action procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate to to call the and action procedure
+when it gets changed and the wire a2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it gets changed and the wire a2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it gets changed and the wire a2 to
+call the and action procedure when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the and action procedure when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the and action procedure when it
+gets changed all very simple well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets changed all very simple well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets changed all very simple well let's
+talk a little bit about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about this
+communication that must occur between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication that must occur between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication that must occur between
+these various parts suppose for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various parts suppose for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various parts suppose for example
+I have a very simple circuit which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a very simple circuit which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a very simple circuit which
+contains an and with wires a and B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains an and with wires a and B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains an and with wires a and B and
+that connects through a wire called C to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connects through a wire called C to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connects through a wire called C to
+an inverter which has a wire output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverter which has a wire output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverter which has a wire output
+called in what are the computation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called in what are the computation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called in what are the computation this
+is a here's the physical world it's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a here's the physical world it's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a here's the physical world it's now
+abstraction of the physical world you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction of the physical world you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction of the physical world you
+know I can buy these out of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can buy these out of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can buy these out of little
+pieces that you get at RadioShack for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that you get at RadioShack for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that you get at RadioShack for a
+few cents and there are boxes that act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few cents and there are boxes that act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few cents and there are boxes that act
+like this you just have little numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you just have little numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you just have little numbers
+on them like LS o 4 or something now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them like LS o 4 or something now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them like LS o 4 or something now
+supposing I were to try to say what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing I were to try to say what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing I were to try to say what's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+computational model what is the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational model what is the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational model what is the thing
+that corresponds to that that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to that that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to that that part of
+reality in the mind of us and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality in the mind of us and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality in the mind of us and in the
+computer well I have to assign for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer well I have to assign for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer well I have to assign for every
+object in the world an object in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in the world an object in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in the world an object in the
+computer and for every and and for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and for every and and for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and for every and and for every
+relationship in the world between them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship in the world between them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship in the world between them a
+relationship in the computer that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship in the computer that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship in the computer that's my
+goal so let's do that well I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal so let's do that well I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal so let's do that well I have some
+sort of thing called the signal a a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing called the signal a a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing called the signal a a to
+signal it's a cloudy thing like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal it's a cloudy thing like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal it's a cloudy thing like that and
+I have another one down here which going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have another one down here which going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have another one down here which going
+to call B and it's another signal now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call B and it's another signal now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call B and it's another signal now
+this signal these two signals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this signal these two signals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this signal these two signals are
+somehow gonna have to hook together into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow gonna have to hook together into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow gonna have to hook together into
+a box let's call it this which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box let's call it this which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box let's call it this which is the
+and gate action procedure that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gate action procedure that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gate action procedure that's the
+uncaged action procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's going to produce well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to produce well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to produce well it's
+going to interact with a signal object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interact with a signal object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interact with a signal object
+which we call C okay a wire object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call C okay a wire object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call C okay a wire object
+excuse me we call C and then the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me we call C and then the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me we call C and then the this is
+going to put out again or connect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put out again or connect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put out again or connect to
+another action procedure which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another action procedure which is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another action procedure which is one
+associated with the inverter in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the inverter in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the inverter in the
+world knot and I'm going to have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another wire which we'll call ding so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another wire which we'll call ding so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another wire which we'll call ding so
+here's my layout of stuff now we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my layout of stuff now we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my layout of stuff now we say
+what's inside them and what they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's inside them and what they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's inside them and what they have to
+know to compute well every every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to compute well every every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to compute well every every one of
+these wires has to know what the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wires has to know what the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wires has to know what the value
+of the signal that's on that wire is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal that's on that wire is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal that's on that wire is so
+it's going to be something variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be something variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be something variable
+inside here we'll call it signal and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here we'll call it signal and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here we'll call it signal and he
+owns a value and so there must be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns a value and so there must be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns a value and so there must be some
+environment associated with this and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment associated with this and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment associated with this and for
+each one of these there must be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these there must be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these there must be an
+environment that binds signals and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that binds signals and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that binds signals and there
+must be a signal here therefore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a signal here therefore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a signal here therefore and
+presumably signal is a value that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably signal is a value that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably signal is a value that's
+either 1 or 0 and signal now we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either 1 or 0 and signal now we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either 1 or 0 and signal now we also
+have to have some list of people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have some list of people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have some list of people to
+inform if the signal here changes when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform if the signal here changes when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform if the signal here changes when
+we have to inform this so I've got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to inform this so I've got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to inform this so I've got that
+list we'll call it the action procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list we'll call it the action procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list we'll call it the action procedures
+ap and it's presumably a list but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ap and it's presumably a list but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ap and it's presumably a list but the
+first thing on the list in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing on the list in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing on the list in this case is
+this guy and the action procedures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and the action procedures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and the action procedures of
+this one happens to have some list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one happens to have some list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one happens to have some list of
+stuff there might be other people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there might be other people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there might be other people who
+are sharing a who are looking at it ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sharing a who are looking at it ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sharing a who are looking at it ok
+so there might be other guys on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there might be other guys on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there might be other guys on this
+list like somebody over there that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list like somebody over there that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list like somebody over there that we
+don't know of that it's the other guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know of that it's the other guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know of that it's the other guy
+attached egg and the action procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached egg and the action procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached egg and the action procedure
+here also has to point at that list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here also has to point at that list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here also has to point at that list of
+action procedures and of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action procedures and of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action procedures and of course that
+means this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this one
+it's action procedures has to point off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's action procedures has to point off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's action procedures has to point off
+to here this is the things it had people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here this is the things it had people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here this is the things it had people
+had asked to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had asked to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had asked to an
+form and this guy has some too but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and this guy has some too but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and this guy has some too but I
+don't know what they are because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what they are because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what they are because I
+didn't draw it in my diagram so things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't draw it in my diagram so things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't draw it in my diagram so things
+connected today now it's also the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected today now it's also the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected today now it's also the case
+that when the and action procedure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the and action procedure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the and action procedure is
+awakened saying one of the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awakened saying one of the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awakened saying one of the people who
+know that you've told one of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you've told one of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you've told one of the people
+you've told to wake you up if their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've told to wake you up if their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've told to wake you up if their
+signal changes okay you have to look and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal changes okay you have to look and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal changes okay you have to look and
+ask them what's their signal so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them what's their signal so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them what's their signal so you can
+do the and and produce a signal for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the and and produce a signal for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the and and produce a signal for this
+one okay so there has to be for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so there has to be for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so there has to be for example
+information here saying a one my a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information here saying a one my a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information here saying a one my a one
+is this guy and my a two is this guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this guy and my a two is this guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this guy and my a two is this guy and
+not only that when I do my and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that when I do my and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that when I do my and I'm going
+to have to tell this guy something so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to tell this guy something so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to tell this guy something so I
+need an output this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and similarly this guy is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly this guy is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly this guy is going to have
+to have a thing called the input that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a thing called the input that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a thing called the input that he
+interrogate Stu find out what the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrogate Stu find out what the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrogate Stu find out what the value
+of the signal on the input is when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal on the input is when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal on the input is when the
+signal wakes up since I've changed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal wakes up since I've changed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal wakes up since I've changed and
+it sends a message this way saying I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sends a message this way saying I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sends a message this way saying I've
+changed this guy says okay what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed this guy says okay what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed this guy says okay what's your
+value now I mean when he gets that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value now I mean when he gets that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value now I mean when he gets that value
+then he's going to have to say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he's going to have to say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he's going to have to say okay
+output changes this guy Chan is this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so on and so I have to at least that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so I have to at least that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so I have to at least that
+much connectedness now let's go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much connectedness now let's go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much connectedness now let's go back and
+look for example at the end gate here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for example at the end gate here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for example at the end gate here we
+are back on this slide okay and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are back on this slide okay and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are back on this slide okay and we can
+see some of these parts for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some of these parts for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some of these parts for any
+particular iron gate there isn't any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular iron gate there isn't any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular iron gate there isn't any one
+there's an a2 and the output and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an a2 and the output and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an a2 and the output and those
+are those are an environment that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those are an environment that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those are an environment that was
+created at the dose produce a frame at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created at the dose produce a frame at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created at the dose produce a frame at
+the time and gate was called a frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and gate was called a frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and gate was called a frame
+where a1 a2 and output are how has their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a1 a2 and output are how has their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a1 a2 and output are how has their
+values they're bound to the wires which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values they're bound to the wires which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values they're bound to the wires which
+are said which they were which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are said which they were which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are said which they were which were
+passed in in that environment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed in in that environment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed in in that environment I
+constructed a procedure this one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed a procedure this one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed a procedure this one right
+there and action procedure was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and action procedure was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and action procedure was
+constructed in that environment that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed in that environment that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed in that environment that was
+the result of evaluating a lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of evaluating a lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of evaluating a lambda
+expression so it hangs on to the frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so it hangs on to the frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so it hangs on to the frame
+where these were defined local part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these were defined local part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these were defined local part of
+its local state is that the end action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its local state is that the end action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its local state is that the end action
+procedure the airport has access to a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure the airport has access to a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure the airport has access to a 1
+a 2 and output as we see here a 1 a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 and output as we see here a 1 a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 and output as we see here a 1 a 2
+and output now we haven't looked inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output now we haven't looked inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output now we haven't looked inside
+of a wire yet that's all it remains well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a wire yet that's all it remains well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a wire yet that's all it remains well
+let's look at a wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a wire
+mm like the overhead very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the wires again is a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the wires again is a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the wires again is a somewhat
+complicated mess ooh wrong one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated mess ooh wrong one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated mess ooh wrong one right
+it's a big complicated mess like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big complicated mess like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big complicated mess like that
+but let's look at it in detail and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's look at it in detail and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's look at it in detail and see
+what's going on well the wire is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on well the wire is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on well the wire is one of
+these and it has to have two things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and it has to have two things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and it has to have two things that
+are part of it that it's state one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are part of it that it's state one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are part of it that it's state one of
+them is the signal we see here and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is the signal we see here and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is the signal we see here and when
+we call make wire to make a wire then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call make wire to make a wire then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call make wire to make a wire then
+the first thing we do is we create some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we do is we create some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we do is we create some
+variables which are the signal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which are the signal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which are the signal and the
+action procedures for this wire in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action procedures for this wire in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action procedures for this wire in that
+context we define various functions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context we define various functions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context we define various functions or
+procedures excuse me procedures one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures excuse me procedures one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures excuse me procedures one of
+them is called set my signal to a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is called set my signal to a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is called set my signal to a new
+value and what that does is takes a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and what that does is takes a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and what that does is takes a new
+value in if that's equal to my current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in if that's equal to my current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in if that's equal to my current
+value of my signal I'm done otherwise I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of my signal I'm done otherwise I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of my signal I'm done otherwise I
+set the signal to the new value and call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the signal to the new value and call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the signal to the new value and call
+each of the action procedures that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the action procedures that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the action procedures that I've
+been that I've been what's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been that I've been what's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been that I've been what's the right
+word though I've been introduced to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word though I've been introduced to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word though I've been introduced to I
+got introduced when when the add or when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got introduced when when the add or when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got introduced when when the add or when
+the and gate was was applied to me by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and gate was was applied to me by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and gate was was applied to me by
+add action procedure at the bottom well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add action procedure at the bottom well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add action procedure at the bottom well
+also I have to define a way of accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I have to define a way of accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I have to define a way of accepting
+an action procedure which is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an action procedure which is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an action procedure which is what you
+see here which increments my action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here which increments my action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here which increments my action
+procedures using set to the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures using set to the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures using set to the result of
+Consing up the do process a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consing up the do process a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consing up the do process a new
+procedure which is passed to me on to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which is passed to me on to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which is passed to me on to my
+actions procedures list and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions procedures list and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions procedures list and for
+technical reasons I have to call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical reasons I have to call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical reasons I have to call that
+procedure one so I'm not going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure one so I'm not going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure one so I'm not going to tell
+you anything about that that has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anything about that that has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anything about that that has to do
+with with adventuring and simulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with adventuring and simulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with adventuring and simulations
+and getting them started today which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting them started today which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting them started today which it
+takes a little bit of thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a little bit of thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a little bit of thinking and
+finally I'm gonna find a thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I'm gonna find a thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I'm gonna find a thing called
+the dispatcher which is a way of passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispatcher which is a way of passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispatcher which is a way of passing
+a message to a wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message to a wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message to a wire
+which is going to use be used to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to use be used to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to use be used to extract
+from it various information like what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it various information like what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it various information like what is
+the current signal value what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current signal value what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current signal value what is the
+method of setting your signal I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of setting your signal I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of setting your signal I want to
+get that out of it how do i how do I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that out of it how do i how do I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that out of it how do i how do I add
+another action procedure and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another action procedure and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another action procedure and I'm going
+to return that dispatch that procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return that dispatch that procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return that dispatch that procedure
+as a value so the wire that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a value so the wire that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a value so the wire that I've
+constructed is a message accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed is a message accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed is a message accepting
+object which accepts message like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object which accepts message like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object which accepts message like like
+what's your method of adding action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your method of adding action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your method of adding action
+procedures that it'll give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures that it'll give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures that it'll give me a
+procedure which has bought the add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which has bought the add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which has bought the add
+action procedure which I can then apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action procedure which I can then apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action procedure which I can then apply
+to an action procedure to create another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an action procedure to create another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an action procedure to create another
+action procedure in the wire that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action procedure in the wire that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action procedure in the wire that's a
+permission set has given me permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission set has given me permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission set has given me permission
+to change your action procedures and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change your action procedures and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change your action procedures and in
+fact you can see that over here next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can see that over here next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can see that over here next
+slide ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mm-hmm this is nothing very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm this is nothing very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm this is nothing very interesting
+they called each of the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called each of the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called each of the action
+procedures is just a cutting down a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures is just a cutting down a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures is just a cutting down a list
+and I'm not gonna even talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not gonna even talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not gonna even talk about that
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+we're too advanced for that however if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're too advanced for that however if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're too advanced for that however if I
+want to get a signal from a wire I asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get a signal from a wire I asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get a signal from a wire I asked
+the wire which is what is the wire the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wire which is what is the wire the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wire which is what is the wire the
+wire is the dispatch returned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire is the dispatch returned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire is the dispatch returned by
+creating the wire it's a procedure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the wire it's a procedure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the wire it's a procedure I
+call that dispatch on this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that dispatch on this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that dispatch on this is the
+message get signal and what I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message get signal and what I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message get signal and what I should
+expect to get is a method of getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get is a method of getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get is a method of getting a
+signal or actually I get the signal if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal or actually I get the signal if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal or actually I get the signal if I
+want to send a signal okay I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to send a signal okay I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to send a signal okay I want to
+change a signal then what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a signal then what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a signal then what I'm going to
+do is take a wire as an argument and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is take a wire as an argument and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is take a wire as an argument and a
+new value for the signal I'm gonna ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new value for the signal I'm gonna ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new value for the signal I'm gonna ask
+the wire for permission to set its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wire for permission to set its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wire for permission to set its
+signal and use that permission which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and use that permission which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and use that permission which is
+a procedure on the new value and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a procedure on the new value and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a procedure on the new value and if we
+go back to the overhead here okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the overhead here okay thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the overhead here okay thank
+you we go back to the overhead here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we go back to the overhead here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we go back to the overhead here we
+see that the method if I ask for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the method if I ask for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the method if I ask for the
+method of setting the signal that's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of setting the signal that's over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of setting the signal that's over
+here it set my signal a procedure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it set my signal a procedure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it set my signal a procedure that's
+defined inside the wire which if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined inside the wire which if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined inside the wire which if we look
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+is the thing that says set my internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thing that says set my internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thing that says set my internal
+value called the signal my internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value called the signal my internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value called the signal my internal
+variable which is the signal okay to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is the signal okay to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is the signal okay to the
+new value which is passed to me as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new value which is passed to me as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new value which is passed to me as an
+argument and then quality to the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and then quality to the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and then quality to the action
+procedures waking them up very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures waking them up very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures waking them up very simple
+okay going back to that slide mm-hm we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay going back to that slide mm-hm we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay going back to that slide mm-hm we
+also have the one last thing which I'm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have the one last thing which I'm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have the one last thing which I'm I
+suppose now you can easily work out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose now you can easily work out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose now you can easily work out for
+yourself is the way you add an action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself is the way you add an action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself is the way you add an action
+you tell you I take a wire a wire and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell you I take a wire a wire and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell you I take a wire a wire and an
+action procedure and I asked the wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action procedure and I asked the wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action procedure and I asked the wire
+for permission to add an action getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for permission to add an action getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for permission to add an action getting
+that provision I use that permission to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provision I use that permission to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provision I use that permission to
+give it an action procedure so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it an action procedure so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it an action procedure so that's a
+real object there's a few more details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real object there's a few more details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real object there's a few more details
+about this for example how am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this for example how am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this for example how am I going to
+how am I going to control this thing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am I going to control this thing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am I going to control this thing how
+do I do these delays okay let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I do these delays okay let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I do these delays okay let's look at
+that for a second mmm next one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a second mmm next one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a second mmm next one here
+let's see we know when we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see we know when we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see we know when we looked at the
+and gate or the not gate that when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gate or the not gate that when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gate or the not gate that when a
+signal change on the input there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal change on the input there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal change on the input there was a
+delay and then it was going to call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay and then it was going to call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay and then it was going to call the
+procedure which is going to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which is going to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which is going to change the
+output well how are we going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output well how are we going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output well how are we going to do this
+we're going to make up some mechanism a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make up some mechanism a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make up some mechanism a
+fairly complicated mechanism at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly complicated mechanism at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly complicated mechanism at that
+there's going to have to be very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to have to be very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to have to be very careful
+about but after a delay we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but after a delay we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but after a delay we're going to
+do an action a delay is a number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an action a delay is a number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an action a delay is a number and
+actions a procedure what that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions a procedure what that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions a procedure what that's going to
+be is they're going to have a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is they're going to have a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is they're going to have a special
+structure called an agenda which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure called an agenda which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure called an agenda which is a
+thing that organizes time and actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that organizes time and actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that organizes time and actions
+I'm going to see that in a while I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to see that in a while I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to see that in a while I don't
+want to get into that right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into that right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into that right now
+but the agenda has a moment at which at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the agenda has a moment at which at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the agenda has a moment at which at
+which something happens we're setting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which something happens we're setting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which something happens we're setting up
+for later at some moment which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for later at some moment which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for later at some moment which is the
+sum of the time which is the delay time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the time which is the delay time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the time which is the delay time
+plus the current time that the agenda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the current time that the agenda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the current time that the agenda
+thinks things is now okay we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks things is now okay we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks things is now okay we're going to
+set up to do this action and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up to do this action and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up to do this action and add
+to the agenda and the way this machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the agenda and the way this machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the agenda and the way this machine
+will now run is very simple we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will now run is very simple we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will now run is very simple we have a
+thing called propagate which is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called propagate which is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called propagate which is the way
+things run if the agenda is empty we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things run if the agenda is empty we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things run if the agenda is empty we're
+done if there's nothing more to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done if there's nothing more to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done if there's nothing more to be done
+otherwise we're going to take the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we're going to take the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we're going to take the first
+item off the agenda and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item off the agenda and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item off the agenda and that's a
+procedure of no arguments so that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure of no arguments so that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure of no arguments so that we see
+extra parentheses here we call that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra parentheses here we call that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra parentheses here we call that on
+no arguments that takes the action then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no arguments that takes the action then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no arguments that takes the action then
+we remove that first item from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remove that first item from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remove that first item from the
+agenda and we go around the propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda and we go around the propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda and we go around the propagation
+loop so that's the overall structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so that's the overall structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so that's the overall structure of
+this thing now there's a few other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing now there's a few other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing now there's a few other
+things we can look at and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we can look at and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we can look at and then we're
+going to look into the agenda a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look into the agenda a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look into the agenda a little
+while from now you have the overhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while from now you have the overhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while from now you have the overhead
+again well in order to set this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again well in order to set this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again well in order to set this thing
+going I just want to show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going I just want to show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going I just want to show you some
+behavior out of this this simulator by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior out of this this simulator by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior out of this this simulator by
+the way you may think the simulator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you may think the simulator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you may think the simulator is
+very simple and probably too simple to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple and probably too simple to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple and probably too simple to
+be useful the fact of the matter is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful the fact of the matter is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful the fact of the matter is the
+simulator has been used to manufacture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator has been used to manufacture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator has been used to manufacture a
+fairly large computer okay so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large computer okay so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large computer okay so this is a
+real live example actually not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real live example actually not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real live example actually not exactly
+the simulator because I'll tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulator because I'll tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulator because I'll tell you the
+difference the difference is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the difference is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the difference is that there
+were many more different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were many more different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were many more different kinds of
+primitives there's not just the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives there's not just the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives there's not just the word
+inverter or an gate there were things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter or an gate there were things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter or an gate there were things
+like edge ledge triggered flip-flops and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like edge ledge triggered flip-flops and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like edge ledge triggered flip-flops and
+and latches right transparent latches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and latches right transparent latches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and latches right transparent latches
+and and adders and things like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and adders and things like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and adders and things like that and
+the difficulty with with that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty with with that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty with with that is that
+there's pages and pages of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's pages and pages of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's pages and pages of the
+definitions of all these primitives with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of all these primitives with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of all these primitives with
+numbers like LS o 4 and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers like LS o 4 and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers like LS o 4 and then there's
+many more parameters of them for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more parameters of them for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more parameters of them for their
+thoughts as one delay there's things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts as one delay there's things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts as one delay there's things
+like set up times and hold times and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like set up times and hold times and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like set up times and hold times and all
+that but with the exception of that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but with the exception of that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but with the exception of that part
+of the complexity the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complexity the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complexity the structure of the
+simulator that we use for doing building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator that we use for doing building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator that we use for doing building
+a real computer that works is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real computer that works is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real computer that works is exactly
+the way you're seeing here well in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you're seeing here well in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you're seeing here well in any
+case what we have here is a few simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what we have here is a few simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what we have here is a few simple
+things like there's ver delays being set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like there's ver delays being set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like there's ver delays being set
+up in making a new agenda and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in making a new agenda and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in making a new agenda and then we
+can make some in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make some in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make some in
+what's Jana's input 1 input 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's Jana's input 1 input 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's Jana's input 1 input 2 is
+something to carry which are wires I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to carry which are wires I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to carry which are wires I'm
+gonna put a special kind of object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put a special kind of object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put a special kind of object
+called a probe onto onto some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a probe onto onto some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a probe onto onto some of the
+wires and just summon on to carry okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and just summon on to carry okay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and just summon on to carry okay a
+probe is a probe is an object that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe is a probe is an object that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe is a probe is an object that has
+the property that when you say change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that when you say change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that when you say change
+change a wire it's attached to it types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a wire it's attached to it types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a wire it's attached to it types
+out a message it's an easy thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a message it's an easy thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a message it's an easy thing to do
+and then once we have that of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once we have that of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once we have that of course
+then when you put the probe on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you put the probe on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you put the probe on the first
+thing it does it says the current value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it does it says the current value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it does it says the current value
+of the sum at time 0 is 0 and I because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sum at time 0 is 0 and I because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sum at time 0 is 0 and I because
+I just noticed it and the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just noticed it and the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just noticed it and the value of the
+carry at time 0 this is the time is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry at time 0 this is the time is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry at time 0 this is the time is 0
+and then we go off and we build some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we go off and we build some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we go off and we build some
+structure like we can build a structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure like we can build a structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure like we can build a structure
+here that says you have a half adder on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that says you have a half adder on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that says you have a half adder on
+input 1 input 2 sum and carry and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input 1 input 2 sum and carry and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input 1 input 2 sum and carry and we're
+going to set the signal on input 1 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set the signal on input 1 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set the signal on input 1 to 1
+we do some propagation at time 8 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do some propagation at time 8 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do some propagation at time 8 which
+you could see going through this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see going through this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see going through this thing
+if you wanted to the new value of sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to the new value of sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to the new value of sum
+became 1 and the thing says I'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became 1 and the thing says I'm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became 1 and the thing says I'm done
+that wasn't very interesting but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't very interesting but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't very interesting but we
+could set up some more signals like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could set up some more signals like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could set up some more signals like we
+said signal on input 2 to be 1 and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said signal on input 2 to be 1 and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said signal on input 2 to be 1 and at
+that time if we propagate then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time if we propagate then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time if we propagate then it
+carried at 11 the carry becomes 1 and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried at 11 the carry becomes 1 and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried at 11 the carry becomes 1 and at
+16 the sums new value becomes 0 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 the sums new value becomes 0 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 the sums new value becomes 0 and you
+might want to work out that if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to work out that if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to work out that if you like
+about the digital circuitry it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the digital circuitry it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the digital circuitry it's true
+and it works and it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it works and it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it works and it's not very
+interesting but that's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but that's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but that's the kind of
+behavior we get out of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I've shown you right now is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I've shown you right now is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I've shown you right now is a
+large-scale picture how a bigger let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale picture how a bigger let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale picture how a bigger let's
+get big scale you implement an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get big scale you implement an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get big scale you implement an
+event-driven simulation of some sort how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event-driven simulation of some sort how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event-driven simulation of some sort how
+you might organize it to have nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might organize it to have nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might organize it to have nice
+hierarchical structure allowing you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical structure allowing you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical structure allowing you to
+build abstract boxes that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build abstract boxes that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build abstract boxes that you can
+instantiate but I haven't told you any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate but I haven't told you any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate but I haven't told you any
+of the details about how this agenda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the details about how this agenda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the details about how this agenda and
+things like that work that we'll do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that work that we'll do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that work that we'll do next
+and that's going to involve change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to involve change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to involve change in
+mutation of data and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation of data and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation of data and things like that
+there any questions now before we go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you let's take a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we've been making a simulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've been making a simulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've been making a simulation and
+the simulation is an adventure oven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulation is an adventure oven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulation is an adventure oven
+simulation where the the objects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation where the the objects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation where the the objects in the
+world are the objects in the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world are the objects in the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world are the objects in the computer
+and the changes of state that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the changes of state that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the changes of state that are
+happening in the world in time are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the world in time are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the world in time are
+organized to be time in the computer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized to be time in the computer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized to be time in the computer so
+that if something have to happens after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if something have to happens after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if something have to happens after
+something else in the world then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else in the world then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else in the world then we have
+it happen after after the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happen after after the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happen after after the corresponding
+events happen the same order in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events happen the same order in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events happen the same order in the
+computer that's where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that's where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that's where we have
+assignments when we make that alignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments when we make that alignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments when we make that alignment
+right now I want to show you a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I want to show you a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I want to show you a way of
+organizing time which is an agenda or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing time which is an agenda or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing time which is an agenda or
+priority queue and sometimes called and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority queue and sometimes called and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority queue and sometimes called and
+we'll do something I'm going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do something I'm going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do something I'm going to do a
+little bit of just understanding what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of just understanding what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of just understanding what
+are the things we need to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things we need to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things we need to be able to do
+to make agendas and so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make agendas and so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make agendas and so we're going to
+have all right now I'm here we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all right now I'm here we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all right now I'm here we're gonna
+write down a bunch of primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a bunch of primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a bunch of primitive
+operations for manipulating agendas okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations for manipulating agendas okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations for manipulating agendas okay
+and I'm not going to show you the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not going to show you the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not going to show you the code
+for them because they're all very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them because they're all very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them because they're all very simple
+and you've got listings of all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got listings of all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got listings of all that
+anyway so what do we have we have things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so what do we have we have things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so what do we have we have things
+like make agenda which produces a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make agenda which produces a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make agenda which produces a new
+agenda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can ask is a we get the current time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can ask is a we get the current time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can ask is a we get the current time
+of an agenda of an agenda which gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an agenda of an agenda which gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an agenda of an agenda which gives me
+a number a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can get we can ask whether an agenda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get we can ask whether an agenda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get we can ask whether an agenda
+is empty empty agenda and that produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is empty empty agenda and that produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is empty empty agenda and that produces
+either a true or a false we can add in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a true or a false we can add in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a true or a false we can add in
+our object to an agenda actually what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our object to an agenda actually what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our object to an agenda actually what we
+had to engenders an operation as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to engenders an operation as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to engenders an operation as an
+action to be done and that takes a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action to be done and that takes a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action to be done and that takes a time
+the action itself and the agenda I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action itself and the agenda I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action itself and the agenda I want
+to add it to and that inserts it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add it to and that inserts it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add it to and that inserts it in the
+appropriate place the agenda I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate place the agenda I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate place the agenda I can get
+the first item off an agenda the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first item off an agenda the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first item off an agenda the first
+thing I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is going to give me an action and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to give me an action and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to give me an action and
+I can remove the first item from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can remove the first item from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can remove the first item from an
+agenda that's what I have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda that's what I have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda that's what I have to be able to
+do with the agendas it has a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the agendas it has a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the agendas it has a big
+complicated mess from an agenda well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated mess from an agenda well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated mess from an agenda well
+let's see how we can organize this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how we can organize this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how we can organize this thing
+is a data structure a bit when an agenda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a data structure a bit when an agenda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a data structure a bit when an agenda
+is going to be some kind of list it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be some kind of list it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be some kind of list it's
+going to be a list that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a list that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a list that I'm going to
+have to be able to modify so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to modify so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to modify so we have to
+talk about modifying of lists because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about modifying of lists because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about modifying of lists because
+I'm going to add things to it delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to add things to it delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to add things to it delete
+things from it and things like that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from it and things like that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from it and things like that it's
+organized by time it's probably good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized by time it's probably good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized by time it's probably good to
+keep it in sorted order but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it in sorted order but sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it in sorted order but sometimes
+there are lots of things that happen at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of things that happen at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of things that happen at
+the same time approximate same time what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time approximate same time what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time approximate same time what
+I have to do is say group things by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to do is say group things by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to do is say group things by the
+time at which they're supposed to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at which they're supposed to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at which they're supposed to happen
+so I'm gonna make an agenda as a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna make an agenda as a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna make an agenda as a list of
+segments and so I'm gonna draw you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and so I'm gonna draw you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and so I'm gonna draw you a
+data structure for an agenda a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure for an agenda a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure for an agenda a perfectly
+reasonable one here's an agenda it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable one here's an agenda it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable one here's an agenda it's a
+thing that begins with a name I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that begins with a name I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that begins with a name I'm going
+to do it right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it right now
+out of list structure it's got a header
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of list structure it's got a header
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of list structure it's got a header
+there's a reason for the header we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reason for the header we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reason for the header we're
+gonna see the reason soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it will have a segment will have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will have a segment will have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will have a segment will have it
+will be a list of segments supposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a list of segments supposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a list of segments supposing
+this agenda has two segments okay there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this agenda has two segments okay there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this agenda has two segments okay there
+the cars successive cars of this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cars successive cars of this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cars successive cars of this list
+each segment is going to have a time say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each segment is going to have a time say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each segment is going to have a time say
+for example 10 this says that the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example 10 this says that the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example 10 this says that the things
+that happen in this segment are at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen in this segment are at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen in this segment are at time
+10 and what I'm going to have in here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and what I'm going to have in here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and what I'm going to have in here is
+another data structure which I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another data structure which I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another data structure which I'm not
+going to describe which is a queue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to describe which is a queue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to describe which is a queue of
+things to do at time 10 it's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to do at time 10 it's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to do at time 10 it's like you
+and we'll talk about that in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about that in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about that in a second
+but abstractly the queue is just a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but abstractly the queue is just a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but abstractly the queue is just a list
+of things to do at a particular time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things to do at a particular time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things to do at a particular time and
+like add things to a queue this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like add things to a queue this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like add things to a queue this is a
+queue at a time is a segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I may have another segment in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I may have another segment in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I may have another segment in this
+in this agenda supposing this is stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this agenda supposing this is stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this agenda supposing this is stuff
+that happens at time thirty it has of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens at time thirty it has of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens at time thirty it has of
+course another queue of things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course another queue of things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course another queue of things that are
+queued up to be done at time thirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queued up to be done at time thirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queued up to be done at time thirty
+hmm well there are various things I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm well there are various things I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm well there are various things I have
+to be able to do to an agenda supposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do to an agenda supposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do to an agenda supposing
+I want to add to an agenda another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to add to an agenda another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to add to an agenda another thing
+to be done at time 10 well that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done at time 10 well that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done at time 10 well that's not
+very hard I'm going to walk down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard I'm going to walk down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard I'm going to walk down here
+looking for each for to the segments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for each for to the segments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for each for to the segments of
+time ten it is possible there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ten it is possible there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ten it is possible there is no
+segment of time ten will cover that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of time ten will cover that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of time ten will cover that case
+in a second now I'm work but if I find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second now I'm work but if I find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second now I'm work but if I find a
+segment in time ten then if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment in time ten then if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment in time ten then if I want to
+add another thing to be done at time 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add another thing to be done at time 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add another thing to be done at time 10
+I just increased that queue just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just increased that queue just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just increased that queue just
+increase isn't such an obvious idea but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase isn't such an obvious idea but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase isn't such an obvious idea but
+I increase the things to be done at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I increase the things to be done at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I increase the things to be done at that
+time now supposing I want to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now supposing I want to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now supposing I want to add
+something to be done at time twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be done at time twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be done at time twenty
+there is no segment for time twenty I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no segment for time twenty I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no segment for time twenty I'm
+gonna have to create a new segment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to create a new segment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to create a new segment I
+want my time twenty segment to exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want my time twenty segment to exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want my time twenty segment to exist
+between time ten and time thirty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between time ten and time thirty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between time ten and time thirty well
+that takes a little work I'm gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a little work I'm gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a little work I'm gonna have
+to do a conce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm gonna have to make a new new element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna have to make a new new element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna have to make a new new element
+of the agenda list list of segments I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the agenda list list of segments I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the agenda list list of segments I'm
+going to have to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to change
+here's change I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's change I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's change I'm going to have to
+change the cooter of the cutter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the cooter of the cutter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the cooter of the cutter of the
+agenda to point that a new cons of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda to point that a new cons of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda to point that a new cons of the
+new segment and the color of the cutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new segment and the color of the cutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new segment and the color of the cutter
+of the cutter of the agenda the could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cutter of the agenda the could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cutter of the agenda the could
+editor and this is going to have a new a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editor and this is going to have a new a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editor and this is going to have a new a
+new segment now of time 20 with its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new segment now of time 20 with its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new segment now of time 20 with its own
+cue which now has one element in it if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cue which now has one element in it if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cue which now has one element in it if I
+wanted to add something at the end I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to add something at the end I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to add something at the end I'm
+going to have to replace the cutter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to replace the cutter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to replace the cutter of
+this of this list with something we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of this list with something we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of this list with something we have
+to change that piece of data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change that piece of data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change that piece of data structure
+so I'm going to need new primitives for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to need new primitives for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to need new primitives for
+doing this but I'm gonna show you why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this but I'm gonna show you why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this but I'm gonna show you why I
+need them and finally if I wanted to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need them and finally if I wanted to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need them and finally if I wanted to add
+a thing to be done at time 5 I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing to be done at time 5 I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing to be done at time 5 I'm gonna
+have to change this one because I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change this one because I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change this one because I have
+to add it in over here which is why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add it in over here which is why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add it in over here which is why I
+planned ahead had a header cell which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned ahead had a header cell which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned ahead had a header cell which
+has a place if I'm gonna change things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a place if I'm gonna change things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a place if I'm gonna change things I
+have to have places for the change okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have places for the change okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have places for the change okay
+I've done a place to make the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done a place to make the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done a place to make the change
+if I remove things from the agenda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I remove things from the agenda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I remove things from the agenda
+that's not so hard removing them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not so hard removing them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not so hard removing them from
+the beginning is pretty easy which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning is pretty easy which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning is pretty easy which is
+all the only case I have I can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the only case I have I can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the only case I have I can go
+looking for the first the first segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the first the first segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the first the first segment
+I see if it has a non-empty queue if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see if it has a non-empty queue if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see if it has a non-empty queue if it
+has non-empty queue well I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has non-empty queue well I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has non-empty queue well I'm going to
+delete one element from the queue like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete one element from the queue like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete one element from the queue like
+that if the queue ever becomes empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the queue ever becomes empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the queue ever becomes empty
+then I have to delete the whole segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have to delete the whole segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have to delete the whole segment
+and then this this changes to point two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this this changes to point two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this this changes to point two
+here so it's quite a complicated data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's quite a complicated data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's quite a complicated data
+structure manipulation going on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure manipulation going on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure manipulation going on the
+details of which are not really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of which are not really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of which are not really very
+exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting
+now let's talk about kids they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk about kids they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk about kids they're
+similar because each of these agendas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar because each of these agendas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar because each of these agendas
+has a cue in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a cue in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a cue in it
+what's a cue cue is going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a cue cue is going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a cue cue is going to have the
+following primitive operations to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following primitive operations to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following primitive operations to make a
+cue hmm this gives me a new cue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm gonna have to be able to insert into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna have to be able to insert into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna have to be able to insert into
+a queue a new item I'm gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a queue a new item I'm gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a queue a new item I'm gonna have to
+Bedell delete from the queue the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bedell delete from the queue the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bedell delete from the queue the first
+item in the queue and I want to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item in the queue and I want to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item in the queue and I want to be able
+to get the first thing in the queue from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the first thing in the queue from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the first thing in the queue from
+some queue I also have to be able test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some queue I also have to be able test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some queue I also have to be able test
+whether if u is empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when you invent things like this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you invent things like this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you invent things like this I
+want you to be very careful to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be very careful to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be very careful to use the
+kinds of conventions I use for naming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of conventions I use for naming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of conventions I use for naming
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+notice that I'm careful to say these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I'm careful to say these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I'm careful to say these
+change something and that tests it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change something and that tests it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change something and that tests it and
+presumably I did the same thing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably I did the same thing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably I did the same thing over
+here okay and there should be an empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and there should be an empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and there should be an empty
+test over here okay well how would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test over here okay well how would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test over here okay well how would I
+make a cue like you want to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a cue like you want to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a cue like you want to be something
+I can add to at the end of and pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can add to at the end of and pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can add to at the end of and pick up
+the thing at the beginning of I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing at the beginning of I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing at the beginning of I should
+be able to lead from the beginning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to lead from the beginning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to lead from the beginning and
+add to the end well I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to the end well I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to the end well I'm going to show
+you a very simple structure for that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a very simple structure for that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a very simple structure for that we
+can make this out of concerts as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make this out of concerts as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make this out of concerts as well
+here's a cue it has it has a cue header
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a cue it has it has a cue header
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a cue it has it has a cue header
+which contains two parts a front pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contains two parts a front pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contains two parts a front pointer
+and a rear pointer and here I have a cue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a rear pointer and here I have a cue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a rear pointer and here I have a cue
+with two items in it the first item I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two items in it the first item I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two items in it the first item I
+don't know what's the perhaps is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what's the perhaps is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what's the perhaps is the one
+the second item I don't know let's give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second item I don't know let's give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second item I don't know let's give
+it a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reason why I want to pointers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why I want to pointers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why I want to pointers in
+here a front point or a rear pointer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a front point or a rear pointer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a front point or a rear pointer is
+so I can add to the end without having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can add to the end without having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can add to the end without having
+chased down from the beginning so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chased down from the beginning so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chased down from the beginning so for
+example if I wanted to add one more item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I wanted to add one more item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I wanted to add one more item
+to this queue if I want to add on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this queue if I want to add on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this queue if I want to add on
+another another item to be to be worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another item to be to be worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another item to be to be worried
+about later all I have to do is make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about later all I have to do is make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about later all I have to do is make a
+cons which contains that item say it's 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons which contains that item say it's 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons which contains that item say it's 3
+that's 4 inserting 3 into the queue okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 4 inserting 3 into the queue okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 4 inserting 3 into the queue okay
+then I have to change this pointer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay to here and I have to change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to here and I have to change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to here and I have to change this
+one to point to the new rear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I wish to take the first element to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I wish to take the first element to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I wish to take the first element to
+the queue the first item just goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queue the first item just goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queue the first item just goes
+chasing down the front pointer until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing down the front pointer until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing down the front pointer until I
+find the first one and pick it up if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the first one and pick it up if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the first one and pick it up if I
+wish to delete the first item from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish to delete the first item from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish to delete the first item from the
+queue bleak you all I do is move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue bleak you all I do is move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue bleak you all I do is move the
+front pointer along this way the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front pointer along this way the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front pointer along this way the new
+front of the queue is now this so queues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the queue is now this so queues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the queue is now this so queues
+are very simple to so what you see now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very simple to so what you see now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very simple to so what you see now
+is that I need a certain number of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I need a certain number of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I need a certain number of new
+primitive operations I'm gonna give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive operations I'm gonna give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive operations I'm gonna give them
+some names and then we're gonna look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some names and then we're gonna look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some names and then we're gonna look
+into how they work and how they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how they work and how they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how they work and how they have
+they're used we have set the car of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used we have set the car of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used we have set the car of some
+pair thing produced by Consing to a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair thing produced by Consing to a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair thing produced by Consing to a new
+value and set the critter of a pair to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and set the critter of a pair to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and set the critter of a pair to a
+new value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we're going to look into how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to look into how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to look into how
+they work I needed setting car over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work I needed setting car over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work I needed setting car over here
+to delete the first element of a queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to delete the first element of a queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to delete the first element of a queue
+this is the car and I had to set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the car and I had to set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the car and I had to set it
+I had to be sad to be able to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to be sad to be able to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to be sad to be able to set the
+cutter to be able to move the rear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter to be able to move the rear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter to be able to move the rear
+pointer or to be able to increment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer or to be able to increment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer or to be able to increment the
+queue here all of the operations I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue here all of the operations I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue here all of the operations I did
+were made out of those that I just show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made out of those that I just show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made out of those that I just show
+you on the on a last blackboard good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on the on a last blackboard good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on the on a last blackboard good
+well I suppose the time take a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I suppose the time take a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I suppose the time take a little
+break then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break then
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+when we originally introduced pairs made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we originally introduced pairs made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we originally introduced pairs made
+out of cons made by cons we only said a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of cons made by cons we only said a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of cons made by cons we only said a
+few axioms about them which were of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few axioms about them which were of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few axioms about them which were of the
+form were they for all x and y that car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form were they for all x and y that car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form were they for all x and y that car
+of the cons of x and y is x and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cons of x and y is x and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cons of x and y is x and the
+cutter of the cons of x and y is y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter of the cons of x and y is y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter of the cons of x and y is y and
+they say nothing about whether a cons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say nothing about whether a cons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say nothing about whether a cons
+has an identity like a person in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an identity like a person in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an identity like a person in fact
+all they say is something sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they say is something sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they say is something sort of
+abstract that a cons is the parts it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract that a cons is the parts it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract that a cons is the parts it's
+made out of and of course if two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of and of course if two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of and of course if two things
+are made out of the same parts they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made out of the same parts they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made out of the same parts they're
+the same at least from the point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same at least from the point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same at least from the point of view
+of these axioms but by introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these axioms but by introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these axioms but by introducing
+assignment in fact mutable data is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment in fact mutable data is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment in fact mutable data is a
+kind of assignment we had a set car in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of assignment we had a set car in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of assignment we had a set car in a
+set cutter by introducing those these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set cutter by introducing those these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set cutter by introducing those these
+axioms no longer tell the whole story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms no longer tell the whole story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms no longer tell the whole story
+and they're still true if written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're still true if written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're still true if written
+exactly like this but they don't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like this but they don't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like this but they don't tell
+the whole story because if I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole story because if I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole story because if I'm going to
+set a particular car in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a particular car in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a particular car in a particular
+cons the questions of our well is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons the questions of our well is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons the questions of our well is that
+setting all cars and all constants of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting all cars and all constants of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting all cars and all constants of
+the same two things or not if I can't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same two things or not if I can't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same two things or not if I can't we
+used concepts to make up things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used concepts to make up things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used concepts to make up things like
+rational numbers there were things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers there were things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers there were things like
+three over four supposing I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three over four supposing I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three over four supposing I had to
+three-fourths are they the same one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-fourths are they the same one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-fourths are they the same one or
+are they different well in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they different well in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they different well in the case of
+numbers it doesn't matter there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it doesn't matter there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it doesn't matter there's no
+meaning to changing the denominator of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to changing the denominator of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to changing the denominator of a
+number what you could do is make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what you could do is make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what you could do is make a
+number which has a different denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which has a different denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which has a different denominator
+but the concept of changing a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the concept of changing a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the concept of changing a number
+which has to have different denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to have different denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to have different denominator
+is sort of very weird and sort of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of very weird and sort of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of very weird and sort of not
+supported by what you think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported by what you think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported by what you think of as
+mathematics however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics however
+constants represent things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants represent things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants represent things in the
+physical world then changing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical world then changing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical world then changing something
+like the car is like removing a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the car is like removing a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the car is like removing a piece of
+the fingernail and so God says have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fingernail and so God says have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fingernail and so God says have an
+identity let me show you what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity let me show you what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity let me show you what I mean
+about identity first of all okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about identity first of all okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about identity first of all okay let's
+do some little example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some little example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some little example here
+supposing I define a to the cons one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing I define a to the cons one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing I define a to the cons one and
+two mm well that means first of all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mm well that means first of all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mm well that means first of all is
+that somewhere in some environment I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somewhere in some environment I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somewhere in some environment I've
+made a symbol a to have a value which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a symbol a to have a value which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a symbol a to have a value which is
+a pair consisting of pointers to a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair consisting of pointers to a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair consisting of pointers to a one
+on a pointer to a - just like that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a pointer to a - just like that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a pointer to a - just like that now
+supposing I also say define B B to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing I also say define B B to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing I also say define B B to be
+the Kant's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't matter but I like it better it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter but I like it better it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter but I like it better it's
+prettier of a and a hey well first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prettier of a and a hey well first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prettier of a and a hey well first of
+all I'm using the name a twice at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm using the name a twice at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm using the name a twice at this
+moment I'm going to think of Constance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I'm going to think of Constance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I'm going to think of Constance
+after having identity this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after having identity this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after having identity this is the same
+one and so what that means is I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so what that means is I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so what that means is I make
+another pair which I'm going to call B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pair which I'm going to call B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pair which I'm going to call B
+it contains two pointers to a at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contains two pointers to a at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contains two pointers to a at this
+point I have three names for this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I have three names for this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I have three names for this object
+a is its name the car of B is its name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is its name the car of B is its name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is its name the car of B is its name
+and the cooter of B is its name it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cooter of B is its name it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cooter of B is its name it has
+several aliases they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now supposing I do something like set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now supposing I do something like set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now supposing I do something like set
+the car the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the car of b23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what that means is I find the car of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is I find the car of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is I find the car of B
+got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this
+I set the car of that to be 3 changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I set the car of that to be 3 changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I set the car of that to be 3 changing
+this I've changed day if I were to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I've changed day if I were to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I've changed day if I were to ask
+what's the car of a of a now I would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the car of a of a now I would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the car of a of a now I would get
+out three even though here we see that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out three even though here we see that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out three even though here we see that a
+was the constant one and two I caused a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the constant one and two I caused a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the constant one and two I caused a
+to change by changing thee there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change by changing thee there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change by changing thee there is
+sharing here that sometimes what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing here that sometimes what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing here that sometimes what we want
+surely in the queues and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely in the queues and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely in the queues and things like
+that that's exactly what we defined our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's exactly what we defined our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's exactly what we defined our
+organized our data structures to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized our data structures to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized our data structures to
+facilitate sharing but inadvertent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate sharing but inadvertent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate sharing but inadvertent
+sharing unanticipated interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing unanticipated interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing unanticipated interactions
+between objects is the source of most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between objects is the source of most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between objects is the source of most of
+the bugs that occur in complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bugs that occur in complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bugs that occur in complicated
+programs so by introducing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs so by introducing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs so by introducing this
+possibility of things having identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of things having identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of things having identity
+and sharing having multiple names for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sharing having multiple names for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sharing having multiple names for
+the same thing we get a lot of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing we get a lot of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing we get a lot of power
+we're going to pay for it with lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to pay for it with lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to pay for it with lots of
+complexity and bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so also for example if I just looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also for example if I just looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also for example if I just looked at
+this just to drive that home a quatre of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just to drive that home a quatre of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just to drive that home a quatre of
+thee okay which has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thee okay which has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thee okay which has nothing to do with
+even the car event a car of B apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the car event a car of B apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the car event a car of B apparently
+the cat or of B what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat or of B what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat or of B what's that
+take the cooter of B and now take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the cooter of B and now take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the cooter of B and now take the
+car of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car of that
+oh that's three also so I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's three also so I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's three also so I could have
+non-local interactions by sharing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-local interactions by sharing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-local interactions by sharing and
+have to be very careful of that well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be very careful of that well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be very careful of that well so
+far of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far of course
+it seems I've introduced several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems I've introduced several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems I've introduced several
+different assignment operators set set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different assignment operators set set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different assignment operators set set
+car set could or maybe I just get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car set could or maybe I just get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car set could or maybe I just get rid of
+set car instead could or maybe they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set car instead could or maybe they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set car instead could or maybe they're
+not worthwhile well the answer is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worthwhile well the answer is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worthwhile well the answer is that
+once you let the camels nose into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you let the camels nose into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you let the camels nose into the
+tent the rest of him follows all I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tent the rest of him follows all I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tent the rest of him follows all I have
+to have this set and I can make all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this set and I can make all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this set and I can make all of
+the all of the bad things that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all of the bad things that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all of the bad things that can
+happen let's play with that a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen let's play with that a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen let's play with that a little bit
+a couple of days ago when we introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of days ago when we introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of days ago when we introduced
+compound data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound data
+you saw how show you a definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw how show you a definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw how show you a definition of
+Kant's in terms of a message acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kant's in terms of a message acceptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kant's in terms of a message acceptor
+I'm going to show you even even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you even even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you even even even
+more horrible thing a definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more horrible thing a definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more horrible thing a definition of
+constant terms of nothing but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant terms of nothing but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant terms of nothing but for
+nothing but air hot air what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but air hot air what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but air hot air what is the
+definition of constant of the of the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of constant of the of the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of constant of the of the old
+functional kind in terms of purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional kind in terms of purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional kind in terms of purely
+lambda expressions procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because I'm going to then modify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm going to then modify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm going to then modify this
+definition to get assignment to the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition to get assignment to the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition to get assignment to the only
+one kind of assignment to get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of assignment to get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of assignment to get rid of the
+set car and set coder in terms of set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set car and set coder in terms of set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set car and set coder in terms of set so
+what if I define cons of x and y to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I define cons of x and y to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I define cons of x and y to be a
+procedure of one argument called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure of one argument called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure of one argument called a
+message M which calls that message on x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message M which calls that message on x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message M which calls that message on x
+and y okay this idea was invented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y okay this idea was invented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y okay this idea was invented by
+Alonzo Church it was the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alonzo Church it was the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alonzo Church it was the greatest
+programmer of the 20th century although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer of the 20th century although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer of the 20th century although
+he never saw a computer it's done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he never saw a computer it's done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he never saw a computer it's done in the
+1930s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s
+he's logician I suppose it Princeton at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's logician I suppose it Princeton at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's logician I suppose it Princeton at
+the time defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time defined
+carve X to be the result of flying X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carve X to be the result of flying X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carve X to be the result of flying X to
+that procedure of two arguments a and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that procedure of two arguments a and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that procedure of two arguments a and D
+which selects a and we'll define cutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which selects a and we'll define cutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which selects a and we'll define cutter
+of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do that be that procedure to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that be that procedure to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that be that procedure to be the
+result of applying X to that procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of applying X to that procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of applying X to that procedure
+of a and D which like today now you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and D which like today now you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and D which like today now you may
+not recognize this as car cutter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not recognize this as car cutter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not recognize this as car cutter and
+cons but I'm going to demonstrate to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons but I'm going to demonstrate to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons but I'm going to demonstrate to you
+that satisfies the original axioms just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfies the original axioms just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfies the original axioms just
+once and then we're going to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and then we're going to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and then we're going to do some
+playing of games consider the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing of games consider the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing of games consider the problem
+car of cons of say thirty five and forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car of cons of say thirty five and forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car of cons of say thirty five and forty
+seven what is that it's the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven what is that it's the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven what is that it's the result of
+substituting and taking car of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting and taking car of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting and taking car of the
+results of substituting thirty five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of substituting thirty five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of substituting thirty five and
+forty seven for x and y in the body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty seven for x and y in the body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty seven for x and y in the body of
+this well that's easy enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well that's easy enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well that's easy enough
+that's car the result of substituting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's car the result of substituting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's car the result of substituting
+it's a land of m m of thirty-five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a land of m m of thirty-five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a land of m m of thirty-five and
+forty seven hmm well what caught what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty seven hmm well what caught what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty seven hmm well what caught what
+this is the result of substituting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the result of substituting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the result of substituting this
+object for X in the body of that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object for X in the body of that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object for X in the body of that so
+that's just lambda of M that subsidy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just lambda of M that subsidy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just lambda of M that subsidy
+that's because this object is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because this object is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because this object is being
+substituted for X which is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted for X which is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted for X which is at the
+beginning of a list lambda them M of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of a list lambda them M of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of a list lambda them M of
+thirty five and forty seven Kenny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty five and forty seven Kenny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty five and forty seven Kenny
+applied to that procedure of a and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to that procedure of a and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to that procedure of a and D
+which gives me a over that's the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives me a over that's the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives me a over that's the result
+of substituting this for M here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of substituting this for M here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of substituting this for M here okay so
+that's the same thing as lambda of a be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing as lambda of a be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing as lambda of a be
+a applied to thirty five and forty seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a applied to thirty five and forty seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a applied to thirty five and forty seven
+oh that's 35 and substituting 35 for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's 35 and substituting 35 for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's 35 and substituting 35 for a
+and four forty-seven for DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I don't need any data at all not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't need any data at all not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't need any data at all not even
+numbers okay this is Alonzo church's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay this is Alonzo church's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay this is Alonzo church's
+hack okay well now we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hack okay well now we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hack okay well now we're gonna do
+something nasty to him being a logician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something nasty to him being a logician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something nasty to him being a logician
+he wouldn't like this but as programmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wouldn't like this but as programmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wouldn't like this but as programmers
+let's look at the overhead and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the overhead and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the overhead and here we
+go I'm going to change the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I'm going to change the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I'm going to change the definition of
+Kant's okay it's almost the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kant's okay it's almost the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kant's okay it's almost the same as the
+lines of churches but not quite what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of churches but not quite what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of churches but not quite what do
+we have here the kinds of two arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here the kinds of two arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here the kinds of two arguments
+x and y is going to be that procedure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y is going to be that procedure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y is going to be that procedure of
+one argument M which applies m to x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one argument M which applies m to x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one argument M which applies m to x and
+y as before but also to two permissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y as before but also to two permissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y as before but also to two permissions
+the permission to stay at X 2 N and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permission to stay at X 2 N and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permission to stay at X 2 N and the
+permission to set Y 2 n given that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to set Y 2 n given that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to set Y 2 n given that I
+have an N so besides the things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an N so besides the things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an N so besides the things that I
+had here in church's definition what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had here in church's definition what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had here in church's definition what I
+have is that the thing that contra turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that the thing that contra turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that the thing that contra turns
+will apply its argument to not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will apply its argument to not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will apply its argument to not just the
+values of the x and y that how the cons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the x and y that how the cons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the x and y that how the cons
+is made of but also permissions to set x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made of but also permissions to set x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made of but also permissions to set x
+and y to new values now of course just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y to new values now of course just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y to new values now of course just
+as before car is exactly the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before car is exactly the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before car is exactly the same the
+car of X is nothing more than applying X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car of X is nothing more than applying X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car of X is nothing more than applying X
+as in church's definition to a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in church's definition to a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in church's definition to a procedure
+in this case of four arguments which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case of four arguments which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case of four arguments which
+selects out the first one and just as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects out the first one and just as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects out the first one and just as we
+did before okay that will be the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before okay that will be the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before okay that will be the value
+of x that was in that was contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x that was in that was contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x that was in that was contained in
+the procedure which is the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedure which is the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedure which is the result of
+evaluating this lambda expression in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating this lambda expression in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating this lambda expression in the
+environment where x and y are defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment where x and y are defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment where x and y are defined
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the value of cons now however the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the value of cons now however the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the value of cons now however the
+exciting part could are of course is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting part could are of course is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting part could are of course is the
+same the exciting part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the exciting part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the exciting part
+set car insect cutter well there nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set car insect cutter well there nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set car insect cutter well there nothing
+very complicated anymore set car of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated anymore set car of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated anymore set car of a
+con sex to a value new value y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con sex to a value new value y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con sex to a value new value y is
+nothing more than applying that cons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than applying that cons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than applying that cons
+which is the procedure of for procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the procedure of for procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the procedure of for procedure
+of one argument which applies its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one argument which applies its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one argument which applies its
+argument to four things to a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to four things to a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to four things to a procedure
+which is of four arguments the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is of four arguments the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is of four arguments the value of
+x the value of y permission to set X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the value of y permission to set X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the value of y permission to set X the
+permission to set Y and using it using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to set Y and using it using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to set Y and using it using
+that permission to set X through within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that permission to set X through within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that permission to set X through within
+the new value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and similarly set cutter is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly set cutter is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly set cutter is the same
+thing so what you've just seen is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so what you've just seen is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so what you've just seen is that I
+didn't introduce any new primitives at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't introduce any new primitives at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't introduce any new primitives at
+all hey whether or not I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all hey whether or not I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all hey whether or not I want to
+implement it this way is a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it this way is a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it this way is a matter of
+engineering and the answer is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and the answer is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and the answer is of course
+I don't implement it this way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't implement it this way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't implement it this way for
+reasons that to do with engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that to do with engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that to do with engineering
+however in principle logically once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in principle logically once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in principle logically once I
+introduced one assignment operator I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced one assignment operator I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced one assignment operator I was
+sorry I've introduced them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are there any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes David um I can follow you up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes David um I can follow you up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes David um I can follow you up the
+till you get a far wall of Apple when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till you get a far wall of Apple when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till you get a far wall of Apple when we
+bring in the Commission's to finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in the Commission's to finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in the Commission's to finding
+cons in terms of the lambda in I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons in terms of the lambda in I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons in terms of the lambda in I don't
+follow where in gets past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow where in gets past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow where in gets past
+oh I'm sorry I'll show you tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm sorry I'll show you tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm sorry I'll show you tell you
+let's follow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's follow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's follow it
+of course we could do it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we could do it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we could do it on the
+blackboard it's not so hard but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard it's not so hard but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard it's not so hard but it's
+also easy here supposing I wish to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also easy here supposing I wish to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also easy here supposing I wish to set
+coder of X to Y okay see that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coder of X to Y okay see that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coder of X to Y okay see that right
+there cycler of X to Y X is presumably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there cycler of X to Y X is presumably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there cycler of X to Y X is presumably a
+cons a thing resulting from evaluating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons a thing resulting from evaluating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons a thing resulting from evaluating
+cons right therefore X comes from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons right therefore X comes from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons right therefore X comes from a
+place over here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place over here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place over here okay
+that that X is of the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that X is of the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that X is of the result of
+evaluating this lambda expression right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating this lambda expression right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating this lambda expression right
+that when I evaluated that lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I evaluated that lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I evaluated that lambda
+expression I evaluated it an environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I evaluated it an environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I evaluated it an environment
+where the arguments to cons were defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that means that as free variables in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that as free variables in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that as free variables in
+this lambda expression there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda expression there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda expression there is the
+there are in the frame which ret which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in the frame which ret which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in the frame which ret which
+is the parent frame of the this lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the parent frame of the this lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the parent frame of the this lambda
+expression that's a procedure resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that's a procedure resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that's a procedure resulting
+from this lambda expression x and y have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this lambda expression x and y have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this lambda expression x and y have
+places and it's possible to set them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and it's possible to set them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and it's possible to set them I
+set them to an N which is the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set them to an N which is the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set them to an N which is the argument
+of the permission the permission is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the permission the permission is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the permission the permission is a
+procedure which is passed to M which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which is passed to M which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which is passed to M which is
+the argument that cons the cons object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument that cons the cons object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument that cons the cons object
+gets passed now let's go back here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets passed now let's go back here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets passed now let's go back here in
+the set cutter the cons object which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set cutter the cons object which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set cutter the cons object which is
+the first argument of set cutter gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first argument of set cutter gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first argument of set cutter gets
+passed an argument that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed an argument that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed an argument that there's a
+procedure of for things indeed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure of for things indeed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure of for things indeed because
+that's the same thing as this M over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing as this M over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing as this M over
+here which is applied to four objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is applied to four objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is applied to four objects
+the object over here SD is in fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object over here SD is in fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object over here SD is in fact this
+permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission
+when I use SD I apply it to Y right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I use SD I apply it to Y right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I use SD I apply it to Y right
+there so that comes from this so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that comes from this so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that comes from this so what do
+you so at the end sort of like finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so at the end sort of like finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so at the end sort of like finished
+at the end that was here he is the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end that was here he is the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end that was here he is the Y
+which is here okay how's that right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is here okay how's that right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is here okay how's that right okay
+now when you do a set cooter X is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you do a set cooter X is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you do a set cooter X is the
+value the cooter is going to become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the cooter is going to become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the cooter is going to become the
+X the x over here I'm sorry it sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the x over here I'm sorry it sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the x over here I'm sorry it sorry
+that's not true the X is the set code it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true the X is the set code it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true the X is the set code it
+has two arguments the contouring and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two arguments the contouring and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two arguments the contouring and the
+and the odd the value I'm changing it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the odd the value I'm changing it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the odd the value I'm changing it to
+so you have them backwards okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have them backwards okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have them backwards okay okay
+that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well thank you time for lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well thank you time for lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well thank you time for lunch
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zOqIHFqeRyI.txt b/zOqIHFqeRyI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77a1657d429e1db16c94578b010e07210a2b0621
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zOqIHFqeRyI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1531 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now what if there are many stages so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what if there are many stages so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what if there are many stages so
+you just had a two-stage problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just had a two-stage problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just had a two-stage problem
+and the general idea here is all right i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the general idea here is all right i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the general idea here is all right i
+mean a two-step in one choice at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a two-step in one choice at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a two-step in one choice at its
+outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if i want to do more so for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i want to do more so for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i want to do more so for example in
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+same question suppose that you were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question suppose that you were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question suppose that you were in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+as a student you were wondering whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a student you were wondering whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a student you were wondering whether
+to take the raincoat suppose you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the raincoat suppose you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the raincoat suppose you decide
+to consult the weather channel so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consult the weather channel so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consult the weather channel so again
+for simplicity let's suppose it has a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simplicity let's suppose it has a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simplicity let's suppose it has a uh
+yes no answer it's going to rain or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes no answer it's going to rain or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes no answer it's going to rain or not
+in practice of course they give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice of course they give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice of course they give it a
+percentage of it will have a 40 chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of it will have a 40 chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of it will have a 40 chance
+of rain or something which means you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rain or something which means you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rain or something which means you can
+never tell if they're right or wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never tell if they're right or wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never tell if they're right or wrong
+unless you study their results over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you study their results over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you study their results over a
+long long period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long period
+so it's a yes no answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a yes no answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a yes no answer
+and of course now these forecasts say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course now these forecasts say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course now these forecasts say it
+rains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rains
+are wrong that is they can be wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wrong that is they can be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wrong that is they can be wrong
+but if they do say rain you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they do say rain you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they do say rain you're saying
+i thought it was a 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought it was a 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought it was a 30
+chance of rain but now i'm mmm they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of rain but now i'm mmm they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of rain but now i'm mmm they say
+rain so i'm gonna bump it up it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain so i'm gonna bump it up it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain so i'm gonna bump it up it doesn't
+just because they said it will rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because they said it will rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because they said it will rain
+doesn't mean it will rain but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean it will rain but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean it will rain but it's
+likely to change it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to change it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to change it so
+you have to have new probabilities as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have new probabilities as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have new probabilities as
+after you have the information you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you have the information you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you have the information you
+revise your prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revise your prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revise your prior
+uh probabilities so let's let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probabilities so let's let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probabilities so let's let me show
+you what this looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what this looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what this looks like
+so i've now set it up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've now set it up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've now set it up as
+on on a spreadsheet kind of basis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on a spreadsheet kind of basis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on a spreadsheet kind of basis here
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um i either have i don't i don't look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i either have i don't i don't look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i either have i don't i don't look at
+the weather channel i have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather channel i have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather channel i have no
+no news so it was what i had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no news so it was what i had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no news so it was what i had before
+uh a value my best choice at a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a value my best choice at a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a value my best choice at a value of
+0.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8
+but if i look at the weather channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i look at the weather channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i look at the weather channel
+it'll be say a forecast rain or not in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be say a forecast rain or not in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be say a forecast rain or not in a
+simple case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+you have to think what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think what is the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+that the forecastle is correct well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the forecastle is correct well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the forecastle is correct well
+you're gonna have to to do that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to to do that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to to do that you're
+gonna have to have some kind of estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to have some kind of estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to have some kind of estimate
+of the performance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the performance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the performance of the
+that information so you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information so you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information so you don't really
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+what the chances are they will say rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the chances are they will say rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the chances are they will say rain
+or not rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not rain
+so that's an unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an unknown
+but then so that you come back to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then so that you come back to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then so that you come back to where
+you were before but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were before but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were before but now
+you're this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're this is your
+the setup for the basic problem before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup for the basic problem before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup for the basic problem before
+you had the weather channel you now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had the weather channel you now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had the weather channel you now have
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+uh it has i still have rain or no rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has i still have rain or no rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has i still have rain or no rain
+but this time the probabilities of rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this time the probabilities of rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this time the probabilities of rain
+or no rain depend upon the forecast so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no rain depend upon the forecast so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no rain depend upon the forecast so
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+uh looked at it was a rain forecast but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looked at it was a rain forecast but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looked at it was a rain forecast but
+probably a rain of no rain has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a rain of no rain has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a rain of no rain has been
+changed it's more likely to rain you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed it's more likely to rain you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed it's more likely to rain you
+believe it's more likely to rain so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it's more likely to rain so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it's more likely to rain so this
+is now different than if it was it said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now different than if it was it said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now different than if it was it said
+it's going to be a clear day which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a clear day which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a clear day which case
+you'd have different ones so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have different ones so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have different ones so that the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+given that you have a second stage here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you have a second stage here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you have a second stage here
+you know some further information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some further information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some further information
+gathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering
+you're going to have to calculate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to calculate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to calculate all
+these probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these probabilities
+and therefore the expected values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the expected values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the expected values are
+different and then if the outcomes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and then if the outcomes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and then if the outcomes are
+here are different and the probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are different and the probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are different and the probabilities
+are different so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different so that you
+have adding on a section will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have adding on a section will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have adding on a section will change
+a lot basically it changes all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot basically it changes all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot basically it changes all your
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+technically it's called that you had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically it's called that you had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically it's called that you had the
+prior probabilities what you started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior probabilities what you started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior probabilities what you started out
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+the 0.3 and 0.7 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0.3 and 0.7 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0.3 and 0.7 here
+and then you had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you had the
+what's known as the posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as the posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as the posterior
+probabilities and it doesn't refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and it doesn't refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and it doesn't refer to
+your tush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tush
+it's just the after the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the after the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the after the fact
+after the fact the fact being that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the fact the fact being that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the fact the fact being that you
+had some kind of information in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some kind of information in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some kind of information in this
+case the weather channel report which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the weather channel report which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the weather channel report which
+revised your prior probabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised your prior probabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised your prior probabilities and
+made you go through so now what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made you go through so now what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made you go through so now what you have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+uh have is that changes your decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have is that changes your decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have is that changes your decisions
+of course that's expected and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that's expected and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that's expected and the
+calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+get complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get complicated
+in general you have to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general you have to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general you have to go through
+something called a bayesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a bayesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a bayesian
+update um which i'm not going to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update um which i'm not going to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update um which i'm not going to explain
+here because that's not the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because that's not the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because that's not the point of
+this and we're not going to go into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we're not going to go into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we're not going to go into that
+detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+but uh this is a complicated process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh this is a complicated process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh this is a complicated process
+that's the point i want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second aspect is given that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second aspect is given that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second aspect is given that you have
+all these probabilities how do you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these probabilities how do you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these probabilities how do you solve
+the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+well i'll just outline it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'll just outline it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'll just outline it
+for you and it's an example of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and it's an example of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and it's an example of what is
+known as dynamic programming which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as dynamic programming which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as dynamic programming which is
+not part of the course but for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not part of the course but for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not part of the course but for those of
+you may have heard about it it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have heard about it it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have heard about it it gives you
+a hook to go on if if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hook to go on if if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hook to go on if if not
+uh let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me just
+you haven't heard of it that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't heard of it that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't heard of it that's fine
+but it basically says that the approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it basically says that the approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it basically says that the approach
+is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say
+if i were at the last stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i were at the last stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i were at the last stage
+uh i and i knew what these values were i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i and i knew what these values were i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i and i knew what these values were i
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+find out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what
+what what would be the better one under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what would be the better one under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what would be the better one under
+this circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circumstances
+and i would choose the better of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would choose the better of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would choose the better of these
+and use that to calculate the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that to calculate the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that to calculate the outcome
+here in other words you'd work your way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in other words you'd work your way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in other words you'd work your way
+back through the tree starting at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back through the tree starting at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back through the tree starting at the
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+and step by step phase by face step by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and step by step phase by face step by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and step by step phase by face step by
+step you'd try okay if i were at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you'd try okay if i were at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you'd try okay if i were at the end
+i would choose say the raincoat and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would choose say the raincoat and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would choose say the raincoat and the
+other case i might not and derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other case i might not and derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other case i might not and derive the
+outcome and now i would be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome and now i would be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome and now i would be able to
+calculate it so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it so it's it's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+term of art used it's folding back it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of art used it's folding back it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of art used it's folding back it
+starts the end and works your way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts the end and works your way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts the end and works your way
+through the analysis to find out what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the analysis to find out what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the analysis to find out what is
+your your better choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your better choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your better choice
+why am i telling you this i'm telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am i telling you this i'm telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am i telling you this i'm telling
+you this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this because
+the what the message is that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the message is that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the message is that in order to
+do the decision analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the decision analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the decision analysis
+for anything but the simplest case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anything but the simplest case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anything but the simplest case it
+isn't a simple thing you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a simple thing you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a simple thing you have to go
+through a lot of calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a lot of calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a lot of calculations
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you have to in order to do it you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to in order to do it you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to in order to do it you have
+to have a lot of more information on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of more information on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of more information on the
+relative accuracy of the weather channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative accuracy of the weather channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative accuracy of the weather channel
+forecast for example and you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast for example and you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast for example and you have to go
+through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a
+a bayesian analysis to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bayesian analysis to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bayesian analysis to figure out the
+answers to these unknowns here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to these unknowns here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to these unknowns here and so
+forth it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth it isn't
+easy to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to set up
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+it's i can teach this stuff how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's i can teach this stuff how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's i can teach this stuff how to do it
+i've done it before but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done it before but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done it before but it's a
+painful process and here i've only shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful process and here i've only shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful process and here i've only shown
+a most trivial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a most trivial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a most trivial uh
+situation that is you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that is you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that is you only have
+two choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two choices
+two possible outcomes two possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possible outcomes two possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possible outcomes two possible
+uh responses from the weather channel it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh responses from the weather channel it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh responses from the weather channel it
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+it gets quite complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets quite complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets quite complicated
+so just imagine that instead of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just imagine that instead of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just imagine that instead of this is
+for two choices two outcomes two stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two choices two outcomes two stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two choices two outcomes two stages
+just a match extension of three of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a match extension of three of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a match extension of three of each
+and you're now talking about a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're now talking about a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're now talking about a really
+really complicated and i have just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated and i have just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated and i have just to
+set up and i haven't deliberately i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up and i haven't deliberately i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up and i haven't deliberately i
+haven't tried to show you the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't tried to show you the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't tried to show you the way to
+calculate the revisions of the prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the revisions of the prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the revisions of the prior
+probabilities and learn about the future
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zcuYFf5R0NU.txt b/zcuYFf5R0NU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a144b33f15ea91f36a5bd2a35acd050472ad507
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zcuYFf5R0NU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Welcome back to our recitation. In this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome back to our recitation. In this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome back to our recitation. In this
+video, I want us to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, I want us to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, I want us to compute the
+following limit. It's the limit as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following limit. It's the limit as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following limit. It's the limit as n
+goes to infinity of the sum for i= 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity of the sum for i= 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity of the sum for i= 0 to
+n minus one of the following 2n * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one of the following 2n * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one of the following 2n * the
+quantity uh 2 i n^2us 1. Now, this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity uh 2 i n^2us 1. Now, this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity uh 2 i n^2us 1. Now, this might
+look a little intimidating to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a little intimidating to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a little intimidating to try and
+take a limit of this. Uh, but what I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a limit of this. Uh, but what I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a limit of this. Uh, but what I'd
+like you to do as a as a hint to you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to do as a as a hint to you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to do as a as a hint to you is
+that you should think about this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should think about this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should think about this as
+being potentially a remon sum of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being potentially a remon sum of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being potentially a remon sum of a
+certain function. So if you can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain function. So if you can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain function. So if you can figure
+out the function and you can figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the function and you can figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the function and you can figure out
+the appropriate interval uh that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate interval uh that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate interval uh that you're
+taking a remon sum over as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a remon sum over as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a remon sum over as n goes to
+infinity, you should be able to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity, you should be able to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity, you should be able to write
+this as an integral. And we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an integral. And we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an integral. And we know how to
+use the fundamental theorem of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fundamental theorem of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fundamental theorem of calculus
+to determine a definite integral in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine a definite integral in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine a definite integral in many
+cases. Hopefully this is a function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases. Hopefully this is a function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases. Hopefully this is a function for
+for which we know that the uh a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which we know that the uh a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which we know that the uh a way to
+do that. But so that's my hint to you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. But so that's my hint to you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. But so that's my hint to you is
+think about it. It's a remon sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it. It's a remon sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it. It's a remon sum
+approximating an integral and I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating an integral and I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating an integral and I'll give
+you a while to work on it and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a while to work on it and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a while to work on it and then I'll
+be back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, welcome back. Well, hopefully it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, welcome back. Well, hopefully it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, welcome back. Well, hopefully it's
+been fun for you to look at this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fun for you to look at this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fun for you to look at this problem
+so far. Let me just remind you what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far. Let me just remind you what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far. Let me just remind you what we
+were doing. We were trying to comput a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing. We were trying to comput a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing. We were trying to comput a
+limit as n goes to infinity of the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of the sum
+from i= 0 to n minus 1 of 2n * 2 i n^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from i= 0 to n minus 1 of 2n * 2 i n^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from i= 0 to n minus 1 of 2n * 2 i n^2
+minus 1. So I gave you the big hint that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1. So I gave you the big hint that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1. So I gave you the big hint that
+this is this is probably going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is probably going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is probably going to be
+written as an integral. So let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as an integral. So let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as an integral. So let me let me
+show you some pieces of this sum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some pieces of this sum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some pieces of this sum that
+should help us see what the integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should help us see what the integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should help us see what the integral is
+and then I'll make a guess about what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll make a guess about what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll make a guess about what it
+is and then I'll try to give an educ an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then I'll try to give an educ an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then I'll try to give an educ an
+educated way to check my guess.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated way to check my guess.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated way to check my guess.
+So the first thing we notice is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first thing we notice is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first thing we notice is that
+there's one thing this is a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one thing this is a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one thing this is a product of
+two functions and one of them well of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions and one of them well of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions and one of them well of n
+I guess but this is a product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess but this is a product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess but this is a product of two
+things. One thing appears in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. One thing appears in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. One thing appears in every
+single term uh that you have for i. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single term uh that you have for i. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single term uh that you have for i. So
+this sum has n terms and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum has n terms and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum has n terms and they're all
+going to be 2 overn times this and the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 2 overn times this and the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 2 overn times this and the i
+is going to change but this does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to change but this does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to change but this does not
+change. This two overn does not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. This two overn does not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. This two overn does not change
+right? In fact I could even pull that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? In fact I could even pull that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? In fact I could even pull that
+out if I wanted but I don't want to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if I wanted but I don't want to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if I wanted but I don't want to pull
+it out of the sum right now. Now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out of the sum right now. Now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out of the sum right now. Now I want
+us to to look at what's actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to to look at what's actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to to look at what's actually going
+on um in this product. So if this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um in this product. So if this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um in this product. So if this thing
+is appearing over and over again and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is appearing over and over again and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is appearing over and over again and we
+know this is probably a remon sum then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is probably a remon sum then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is probably a remon sum then
+chances are this is our delta x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are this is our delta x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are this is our delta x.
+So delta x being equal to 2 overn we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So delta x being equal to 2 overn we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So delta x being equal to 2 overn we
+know delta x equals b minus a over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know delta x equals b minus a over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know delta x equals b minus a over n
+where b and a are our our left end point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where b and a are our our left end point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where b and a are our our left end point
+no sorry our right end point and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sorry our right end point and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sorry our right end point and our
+left end point right we integrate from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left end point right we integrate from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left end point right we integrate from a
+to b. So b minus a is the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b. So b minus a is the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b. So b minus a is the length of the
+interval. So this is really dividing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval. So this is really dividing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval. So this is really dividing up
+whatever interval we're integrating over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever interval we're integrating over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever interval we're integrating over
+into n equal sub intervals. So that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into n equal sub intervals. So that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into n equal sub intervals. So that's my
+first thought is that b minus a n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thought is that b minus a n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thought is that b minus a n is
+equal to 2 overn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 overn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 overn.
+And now we want to try and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we want to try and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we want to try and figure out
+well what the heck is this? Well when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what the heck is this? Well when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what the heck is this? Well when we
+take a remon sum remember when we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a remon sum remember when we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a remon sum remember when we take a
+remon sum what we get? We get the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remon sum what we get? We get the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remon sum what we get? We get the sum of
+delta x times f ofx sub i right and i is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta x times f ofx sub i right and i is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta x times f ofx sub i right and i is
+what's varying from 0 to n minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's varying from 0 to n minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's varying from 0 to n minus one.
+Let me put a little curve in here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me put a little curve in here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me put a little curve in here so we
+see those are two different things. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those are two different things. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those are two different things. So
+this is i= 0 to n minus one. I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is i= 0 to n minus one. I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is i= 0 to n minus one. I have this
+delta x here. I'm anticipating this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta x here. I'm anticipating this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta x here. I'm anticipating this is
+some f of x subi. And so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some f of x subi. And so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some f of x subi. And so the question is
+what f is it? Right? If I know what f it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what f is it? Right? If I know what f it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what f is it? Right? If I know what f it
+is, then I know that this sum will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, then I know that this sum will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, then I know that this sum will be
+equal to something the integral from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to something the integral from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to something the integral from a
+to b of fx dx and a and b will differ by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b of fx dx and a and b will differ by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b of fx dx and a and b will differ by
+two. So that's where I'm heading. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So that's where I'm heading. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So that's where I'm heading. So now
+the question is what is this a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what is this a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what is this a function
+of? is is what function is this I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of? is is what function is this I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of? is is what function is this I should
+say.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say.
+Now first guess would be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now first guess would be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now first guess would be something like
+well I'm taking some quantity I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm taking some quantity I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm taking some quantity I'm
+squaring it and I'm subtracting one. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring it and I'm subtracting one. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring it and I'm subtracting one. So
+my first guess for this function is x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first guess for this function is x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first guess for this function is x^2
+minus one. I mean that seems easy to me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. I mean that seems easy to me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. I mean that seems easy to me.
+Let's see if this would actually even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see if this would actually even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see if this would actually even
+make sense just by looking at uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense just by looking at uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense just by looking at uh the
+subscripts or the sorry the index the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts or the sorry the index the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts or the sorry the index the
+indices I have here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices I have here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices I have here.
+So what do I have? Well, when I put in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what do I have? Well, when I put in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what do I have? Well, when I put in I
+= 0, let's put down some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 0, let's put down some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 0, let's put down some of these
+values. When I put in I equals 0, I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. When I put in I equals 0, I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. When I put in I equals 0, I get
+2 * 0 / n^ 2 - 1. And when I put in i =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 0 / n^ 2 - 1. And when I put in i =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 0 / n^ 2 - 1. And when I put in i =
+1, I get 2 * 1 / n^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1, I get 2 * 1 / n^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1, I get 2 * 1 / n^
+2 - 1. And I go all the way up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - 1. And I go all the way up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - 1. And I go all the way up to
+2 * n -1 / n^ 2 - one. So it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * n -1 / n^ 2 - one. So it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * n -1 / n^ 2 - one. So it's kind of a
+long sum there, but these are this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long sum there, but these are this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long sum there, but these are this is
+what our our sum of these things looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our our sum of these things looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our our sum of these things looks
+like if I pull out the 2 overn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I pull out the 2 overn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I pull out the 2 overn.
+So here I get 0^ 2 - 1. That looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here I get 0^ 2 - 1. That looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here I get 0^ 2 - 1. That looks
+pretty good. Here I get 2 * 1 / n^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good. Here I get 2 * 1 / n^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good. Here I get 2 * 1 / n^2
+minus one. So it does look like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. So it does look like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. So it does look like I'm
+doing something taking something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something taking something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something taking something
+squaring it subtracting one. Does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring it subtracting one. Does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring it subtracting one. Does it
+make sense that these are the kind of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense that these are the kind of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense that these are the kind of x
+values I would expect to get if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values I would expect to get if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values I would expect to get if this
+were the remon sum sum of x^2 minus one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the remon sum sum of x^2 minus one?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the remon sum sum of x^2 minus one?
+It does. And let's think about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It does. And let's think about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It does. And let's think about why
+I'm starting at at xals 0 here. It sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm starting at at xals 0 here. It sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm starting at at xals 0 here. It sure
+looks like. Let's look at what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like. Let's look at what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like. Let's look at what happens
+when I go all the way over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I go all the way over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I go all the way over here.
+What happens when n gets really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What happens when n gets really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What happens when n gets really really
+big is that this ratio approaches 2. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big is that this ratio approaches 2. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big is that this ratio approaches 2. So
+it's 2 * n minus one overn. n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2 * n minus one overn. n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2 * n minus one overn. n minus one
+overn. Uh as n gets arbitrarily large,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overn. Uh as n gets arbitrarily large,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overn. Uh as n gets arbitrarily large,
+as n gets really big, this approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n gets really big, this approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n gets really big, this approaches
+two. So this is approaching 2^2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So this is approaching 2^2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So this is approaching 2^2 minus
+one. So it's giving me more evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So it's giving me more evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So it's giving me more evidence
+that this is probably the function x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is probably the function x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is probably the function x^2
+minus one. And now I'm starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. And now I'm starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. And now I'm starting to
+believe the interval is 0 to 2. I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the interval is 0 to 2. I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the interval is 0 to 2. I know
+it's a a length two interval. And it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a length two interval. And it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a length two interval. And it's
+looking like the interval 0 to2. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like the interval 0 to2. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like the interval 0 to2. Let's
+come back and talk about one more thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and talk about one more thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and talk about one more thing.
+The one other thing that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The one other thing that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The one other thing that you should
+notice is that how does this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is that how does this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is that how does this value
+differ from this value and the next and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ from this value and the next and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ from this value and the next and
+the next and the next? They differ by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next and the next? They differ by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next and the next? They differ by 2
+overn. So each time whatever input I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overn. So each time whatever input I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overn. So each time whatever input I had
+previously, I'm now adding two overn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously, I'm now adding two overn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously, I'm now adding two overn to
+the next input. And that should make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next input. And that should make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next input. And that should make
+sense with what we know about remon sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense with what we know about remon sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense with what we know about remon sums
+because what I do is I divide my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I do is I divide my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I do is I divide my
+interval into these sub intervals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval into these sub intervals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval into these sub intervals of
+length 2 overn. And I'm evaluating at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 2 overn. And I'm evaluating at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 2 overn. And I'm evaluating at at
+one x value. That's I'm starting in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one x value. That's I'm starting in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one x value. That's I'm starting in this
+case at zero. Then the next interval is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case at zero. Then the next interval is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case at zero. Then the next interval is
+2 overn more. And then I evaluate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 overn more. And then I evaluate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 overn more. And then I evaluate at
+that at that x value. The next one is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at that x value. The next one is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at that x value. The next one is 2
+over n more. And I evaluate at that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n more. And I evaluate at that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n more. And I evaluate at that x
+value. So this is looking like I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. So this is looking like I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. So this is looking like I'm going
+to write it here. This is my guess.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it here. This is my guess.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it here. This is my guess.
+Integral from 0 to 2 of x^2 - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integral from 0 to 2 of x^2 - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integral from 0 to 2 of x^2 - 1
+dx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx.
+And now to make myself feel good about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now to make myself feel good about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now to make myself feel good about
+this, I'm pretty sure it's that. To make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, I'm pretty sure it's that. To make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, I'm pretty sure it's that. To make
+you feel good about this, I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel good about this, I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel good about this, I'm going to
+divide this into four sub intervals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this into four sub intervals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this into four sub intervals and
+I'm going to show you what the remon sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you what the remon sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you what the remon sum
+with four sub intervals looks like. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four sub intervals looks like. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four sub intervals looks like. And
+then we can talk about um how it relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can talk about um how it relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can talk about um how it relates
+to this one over here. Okay. So, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this one over here. Okay. So, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this one over here. Okay. So, let me
+draw a graph. Actually, I'll use just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a graph. Actually, I'll use just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a graph. Actually, I'll use just
+white chalk again. Let me draw a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white chalk again. Let me draw a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white chalk again. Let me draw a graph
+of x^2 - 1 from 0 to 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x^2 - 1 from 0 to 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x^2 - 1 from 0 to 2.
+So 0 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+- one. Okay. So at at 0 x^2 - 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- one. Okay. So at at 0 x^2 - 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- one. Okay. So at at 0 x^2 - 1 is
+negative 1. At x= 1 x^2 - 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1. At x= 1 x^2 - 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1. At x= 1 x^2 - 1 is
+0. And at 2 x^2 - 1 is 3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. And at 2 x^2 - 1 is 3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. And at 2 x^2 - 1 is 3.
+So hopefully this is all going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So hopefully this is all going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So hopefully this is all going to go
+into the video and in the video screen I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the video and in the video screen I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the video and in the video screen I
+mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and
+there we go. Something like that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go. Something like that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go. Something like that. So
+this is you know it continues over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know it continues over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know it continues over here
+but I'm really only interested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm really only interested in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm really only interested in this
+part. So now let's look at what the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. So now let's look at what the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. So now let's look at what the sub
+intervals are. And now I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals are. And now I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals are. And now I'm going to get
+some colored chalk. So what are the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some colored chalk. So what are the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some colored chalk. So what are the sub
+intervals? I'm taking n equal 4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals? I'm taking n equal 4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals? I'm taking n equal 4.
+Okay. Okay. And so delta x in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And so delta x in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And so delta x in this case
+is 2 over 4 which is equal to 12,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 over 4 which is equal to 12,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 over 4 which is equal to 12,
+right? And so what are my uh what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so what are my uh what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so what are my uh what are
+what is my sum going to look like? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is my sum going to look like? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is my sum going to look like? Well,
+I am going to tell you that I'm also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am going to tell you that I'm also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am going to tell you that I'm also
+going to use left-handed end points. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use left-handed end points. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use left-handed end points. And
+I mentioned earlier why that is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned earlier why that is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned earlier why that is I
+believe maybe I didn't but uh I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe maybe I didn't but uh I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe maybe I didn't but uh I started
+off at at i equals zero and my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at at i equals zero and my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at at i equals zero and my first
+input value was zero. My last input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input value was zero. My last input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input value was zero. My last input
+value had an n minus one in it instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value had an n minus one in it instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value had an n minus one in it instead
+of an n. So I was doing somehow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an n. So I was doing somehow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an n. So I was doing somehow the
+second to last place that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to last place that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to last place that I was
+interested in here. So it's definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in here. So it's definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in here. So it's definitely
+more of a lefth hand endpoint thing. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a lefth hand endpoint thing. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a lefth hand endpoint thing. So
+I'm going to do this with lefth hand end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do this with lefth hand end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do this with lefth hand end
+points and I'm not going to simplify as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and I'm not going to simplify as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and I'm not going to simplify as
+I go. I'm going to write it out in sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go. I'm going to write it out in sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go. I'm going to write it out in sort
+of an expanded form. Okay. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an expanded form. Okay. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an expanded form. Okay. So let's
+write it out in expanded form. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out in expanded form. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out in expanded form. So the
+reman sum this is y = x^2 minus one. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reman sum this is y = x^2 minus one. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reman sum this is y = x^2 minus one. The
+remon sum is the first term is 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remon sum is the first term is 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remon sum is the first term is 12
+times what? It's the value this x value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what? It's the value this x value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what? It's the value this x value
+which is 0 evaluated on this curve. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 0 evaluated on this curve. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 0 evaluated on this curve. So
+0^ 2 minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0^ 2 minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0^ 2 minus one.
+The next term I'll just write them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next term I'll just write them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next term I'll just write them right
+below each other is 12 because again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below each other is 12 because again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below each other is 12 because again so
+let's let's draw a picture of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's draw a picture of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's draw a picture of what the
+first one is. Sorry. It's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is. Sorry. It's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is. Sorry. It's this
+rectangle,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? It's it's length 1/2 and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's it's length 1/2 and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's it's length 1/2 and it's the
+function evaluated at zero. The next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function evaluated at zero. The next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function evaluated at zero. The next one
+is length 1/2 and it's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is length 1/2 and it's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is length 1/2 and it's going to be the
+function evaluated at whatever this left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function evaluated at whatever this left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function evaluated at whatever this left
+hand end point is here. So it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand end point is here. So it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand end point is here. So it's going to
+be this area.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this area.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this area.
+So it's going to be length 1/2 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's going to be length 1/2 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's going to be length 1/2 and then
+the height is going to be at x= 12. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height is going to be at x= 12. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height is going to be at x= 12. So
+12^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12^2
+minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one.
+The next one it's going to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next one it's going to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next one it's going to be this
+interval. Well, there's no rectangle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval. Well, there's no rectangle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval. Well, there's no rectangle to
+draw because it's just the output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw because it's just the output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw because it's just the output is
+zero at the left end point there. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at the left end point there. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at the left end point there. So,
+it's a it's going to be um it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's going to be um it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's going to be um it's going to
+have output equal to zero at length 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have output equal to zero at length 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have output equal to zero at length 1/2
+and height zero, but we'll write it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and height zero, but we'll write it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and height zero, but we'll write it out
+anyway. It's going to be 1/2 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. It's going to be 1/2 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. It's going to be 1/2 times the
+quantity. Now, I went up 1/2 more. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity. Now, I went up 1/2 more. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity. Now, I went up 1/2 more. So,
+it's going to be two 1/2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be two 1/2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be two 1/2s
+2 * 1/2^ 2us 1. Let me just show you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 1/2^ 2us 1. Let me just show you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 1/2^ 2us 1. Let me just show you why
+I did this. Okay, if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did this. Okay, if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did this. Okay, if we look at the
+picture here, I'd gone up one half from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here, I'd gone up one half from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here, I'd gone up one half from
+my initial value. Here, I'd gone up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my initial value. Here, I'd gone up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my initial value. Here, I'd gone up
+another 1/2 from my initial value. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 1/2 from my initial value. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 1/2 from my initial value. So,
+that's two 1/2s from my initial value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two 1/2s from my initial value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two 1/2s from my initial value of
+zero. The next one's going to be three 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. The next one's going to be three 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. The next one's going to be three 1
+halfs. This is three 1 halfs away or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfs. This is three 1 halfs away or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfs. This is three 1 halfs away or
+commonly known as three halves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly known as three halves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly known as three halves.
+Okay, so that one's going to be uh 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that one's going to be uh 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that one's going to be uh 1/2
+is the base length again times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the base length again times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the base length again times the
+quantity 3 * 12^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity 3 * 12^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity 3 * 12^
+2 - 1. And that is in the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - 1. And that is in the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - 1. And that is in the picture
+this rectangle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So what do we see here? If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So what do we see here? If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So what do we see here? If we
+look at this these four pieces, what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this these four pieces, what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this these four pieces, what do
+we have? We have a 1/2 in front each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have? We have a 1/2 in front each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have? We have a 1/2 in front each
+time, which what was the 1/2? It was B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, which what was the 1/2? It was B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, which what was the 1/2? It was B
+minus A over N. So B minus A was two. N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus A over N. So B minus A was two. N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus A over N. So B minus A was two. N
+was four. So maybe I should have kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was four. So maybe I should have kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was four. So maybe I should have kept
+that as two over four. But it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as two over four. But it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as two over four. But it's a little
+easier to write it as 1/2 because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to write it as 1/2 because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to write it as 1/2 because of
+what I'm doing next. I square something,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing next. I square something,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing next. I square something,
+I subtract one, I go up by the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subtract one, I go up by the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subtract one, I go up by the value
+that this is from the initial one here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is from the initial one here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is from the initial one here.
+And so now I'm taking the output of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now I'm taking the output of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now I'm taking the output of of
+what was in here. I now take the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was in here. I now take the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was in here. I now take the output
+at one half more than what was here. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one half more than what was here. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one half more than what was here. Now
+I take it at two 1 halfs more than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take it at two 1 halfs more than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take it at two 1 halfs more than what
+was here or one half more than what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here or one half more than what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here or one half more than what was
+there. And then three 1 halfs more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And then three 1 halfs more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And then three 1 halfs more than
+what was here or one more than what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was here or one more than what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was here or one more than what was
+there. That's kind of confusing, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. That's kind of confusing, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. That's kind of confusing, but
+let's go back to the picture and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the picture and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the picture and see
+what it is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is.
+my my uh delta x was 1/2, right? So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my uh delta x was 1/2, right? So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my uh delta x was 1/2, right? So I
+evaluate at the first place and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate at the first place and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate at the first place and I
+evaluate one more up and then I evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate one more up and then I evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate one more up and then I evaluate
+one more up and then I evaluate one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more up and then I evaluate one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more up and then I evaluate one more
+up which gives me outputs here, there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up which gives me outputs here, there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up which gives me outputs here, there,
+there and there. Right? So really if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and there. Right? So really if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and there. Right? So really if you
+go back and you look at the formulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and you look at the formulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and you look at the formulation
+of the of the sum this was 2 overn times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the sum this was 2 overn times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the sum this was 2 overn times
+quantity 2 i n^ 2 - 1. You can see the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity 2 i n^ 2 - 1. You can see the 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity 2 i n^ 2 - 1. You can see the 2
+overn is my 1/2. And then this is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overn is my 1/2. And then this is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overn is my 1/2. And then this is maybe
+the hardest part to see, but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardest part to see, but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardest part to see, but that's the
+two over n is my one half again. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two over n is my one half again. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two over n is my one half again. And the
+i is this thing that's coming in as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i is this thing that's coming in as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i is this thing that's coming in as one
+2 3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3.
+And so that i was going from 0 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that i was going from 0 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that i was going from 0 to n
+minus one. So I should have said zero,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. So I should have said zero,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. So I should have said zero,
+one, two, three. Right? So that i is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, two, three. Right? So that i is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, two, three. Right? So that i is the
+zero to n minus one. And then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to n minus one. And then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to n minus one. And then I'm
+evaluating that. And then I add them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating that. And then I add them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating that. And then I add them all
+up. So when I take the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. So when I take the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. So when I take the sum
+I get for n= 4 I get this. So in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get for n= 4 I get this. So in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get for n= 4 I get this. So in fact
+this is just a guess still maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a guess still maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a guess still maybe you
+should maybe you should convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should maybe you should convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should maybe you should convince
+yourself more. I'm actually convinced at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself more. I'm actually convinced at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself more. I'm actually convinced at
+this point based on not just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point based on not just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point based on not just this
+evidence but the evidence I understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence but the evidence I understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence but the evidence I understood
+before about how the how the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before about how the how the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before about how the how the function
+works. Maybe you want to compare it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. Maybe you want to compare it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. Maybe you want to compare it when
+uh when n equals 6 or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when n equals 6 or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when n equals 6 or something like
+that. You need a little more evidence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. You need a little more evidence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. You need a little more evidence to
+make you understand this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you understand this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you understand this particular
+piece. Um, but hopefully that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece. Um, but hopefully that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece. Um, but hopefully that makes
+sense to you that this is really just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to you that this is really just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to you that this is really just I
+* delta x and then evaluated somewhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* delta x and then evaluated somewhere.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* delta x and then evaluated somewhere.
+That's the main idea of this component.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the main idea of this component.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the main idea of this component.
+Okay. Well, hopefully this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, hopefully this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, hopefully this was
+informative to you. And if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative to you. And if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative to you. And if you want to
+know the exact answer of how to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the exact answer of how to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the exact answer of how to compute
+the sum, obviously you just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum, obviously you just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum, obviously you just take the
+integral. So I know you can do that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. So I know you can do that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. So I know you can do that. So
+that's where I'll stop.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zkcj6JrhGy8.txt b/zkcj6JrhGy8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6a0bb7f6aa4ba46259633f779f47ab348aa19d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zkcj6JrhGy8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7755 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, I want to thank you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, I want to thank you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, I want to thank you all
+for coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coming
+as the uh holiday season comes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the uh holiday season comes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the uh holiday season comes along
+here. I'm guessing that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I'm guessing that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I'm guessing that our
+our people are getting uh distracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our people are getting uh distracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our people are getting uh distracted
+with other things. So, a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other things. So, a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other things. So, a little bit more
+of an intimate setting today. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an intimate setting today. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an intimate setting today. So,
+encourage people to take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage people to take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage people to take advantage of
+that. Ask questions. It's often a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Ask questions. It's often a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Ask questions. It's often a lot
+easier to do when there aren't as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to do when there aren't as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to do when there aren't as many
+people in the room. So, um certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room. So, um certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room. So, um certainly
+encourage you to do that. So, uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to do that. So, uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to do that. So, uh let's
+get right into this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fortunately, the mic actually doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortunately, the mic actually doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortunately, the mic actually doesn't
+pick that up at all for the most part,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick that up at all for the most part,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick that up at all for the most part,
+but but it but you all can hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it but you all can hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it but you all can hear the
+drilling above. Yeah. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right. So, this is lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So, this is lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So, this is lecture
+four. kind of went out of order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four. kind of went out of order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four. kind of went out of order to get
+our special Halloween lecture in last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our special Halloween lecture in last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our special Halloween lecture in last
+time, but um we're going to be talking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, but um we're going to be talking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, but um we're going to be talking a
+little bit more about the analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about the analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about the analysis of
+what we call structured data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call structured data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call structured data
+and um we're doing more structured type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we're doing more structured type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we're doing more structured type
+analyses on unstruct on unstructured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses on unstruct on unstructured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses on unstruct on unstructured
+data. And again, the course is signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. And again, the course is signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. And again, the course is signal
+processing on databases. Um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing on databases. Um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing on databases. Um this is
+where we bring the ideas of detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we bring the ideas of detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we bring the ideas of detection
+theory and apply them to the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and apply them to the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and apply them to the kinds of
+data we see in databases, strings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we see in databases, strings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we see in databases, strings and
+other types of things there. And um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of things there. And um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of things there. And um so
+this lecture is going to talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is going to talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is going to talk a little
+bit more about we're going to get into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about we're going to get into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about we're going to get into a
+little bit more sophisticated analytics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more sophisticated analytics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more sophisticated analytics.
+I think up to this point we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think up to this point we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think up to this point we've done
+fairly simple things basic queries using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple things basic queries using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple things basic queries using
+the technology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology.
+um um pretty pretty simple correlations,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um pretty pretty simple correlations,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um pretty pretty simple correlations,
+pretty simple stuff. Now, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple stuff. Now, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple stuff. Now, we're going to
+begin to kind of go a little bit uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to kind of go a little bit uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to kind of go a little bit uh more
+sophisticated in some of the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated in some of the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated in some of the things we
+do. And again, I think as things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. And again, I think as things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. And again, I think as things get
+more complicated, the D4M technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated, the D4M technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated, the D4M technology
+becomes um it its benefits become even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes um it its benefits become even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes um it its benefits become even
+more apparent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more apparent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more apparent.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+so we're just going to get right into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're just going to get right into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're just going to get right into
+this. um you know uh going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. um you know uh going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. um you know uh going to show you
+our very generic schema going to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our very generic schema going to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our very generic schema going to talk a
+little bit more about some of the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about some of the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about some of the issues
+that we encounter when we deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we encounter when we deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we encounter when we deal with
+particular databases. The database we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular databases. The database we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular databases. The database we're
+going to be using for this course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using for this course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using for this course is
+called accumulo. And so I'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called accumulo. And so I'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called accumulo. And so I'll be talking
+about some issues that are more accumulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some issues that are more accumulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some issues that are more accumulo
+uh specific.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, a cumulo is a triple store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a cumulo is a triple store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a cumulo is a triple store
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and so the way we read data into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so the way we read data into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so the way we read data into our
+triple store is using what we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple store is using what we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple store is using what we call this
+exploded transpose pair schema. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded transpose pair schema. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded transpose pair schema. So we
+have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um
+mouse to show. We have a an input data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse to show. We have a an input data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse to show. We have a an input data
+set that might look like a table like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that might look like a table like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that might look like a table like
+this with maybe our row key is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with maybe our row key is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with maybe our row key is going to
+be somehow based on time. And then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be somehow based on time. And then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be somehow based on time. And then we
+have various columns here which may or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have various columns here which may or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have various columns here which may or
+may not contain various data. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not contain various data. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not contain various data. And then
+the first thing we do is we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we do is we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we do is we basically
+explode because our triple stores can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explode because our triple stores can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explode because our triple stores can
+hold an arbitrary number of columns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold an arbitrary number of columns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold an arbitrary number of columns and
+can add columns dynamically without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add columns dynamically without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add columns dynamically without any
+uh without any cost. Uh we explode this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without any cost. Uh we explode this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without any cost. Uh we explode this
+the schema by appending you know our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schema by appending you know our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schema by appending you know our
+column one and its value together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one and its value together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one and its value together in
+this way. We then just took a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way. We then just took a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way. We then just took a value
+could be anything of like one anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anything of like one anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anything of like one anything
+that we wouldn't want to search on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wouldn't want to search on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wouldn't want to search on.
+Um and then we have a row key here. I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then we have a row key here. I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then we have a row key here. I'll
+get into back a little bit why we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into back a little bit why we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into back a little bit why we've
+done the row key in this way. And so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the row key in this way. And so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the row key in this way. And so by
+itself this doesn't give us any real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself this doesn't give us any real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself this doesn't give us any real
+advantage but in a cumulo or any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage but in a cumulo or any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage but in a cumulo or any other
+triple store and or in just in D form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple store and or in just in D form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple store and or in just in D form
+associative arrays um we can store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays um we can store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays um we can store the
+transpose of the table which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of the table which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of the table which means that
+all these columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these columns
+are now rows and this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now rows and this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now rows and this particular
+database is a row oriented database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database is a row oriented database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database is a row oriented database
+which means it can look up any row key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means it can look up any row key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means it can look up any row key
+with constant access. So we can look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with constant access. So we can look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with constant access. So we can look up
+row keys very quickly. And D4M allow we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row keys very quickly. And D4M allow we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row keys very quickly. And D4M allow we
+hide this from you so that whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide this from you so that whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide this from you so that whenever you
+do inserts it does you know if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do inserts it does you know if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do inserts it does you know if you want
+this to happen it will store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to happen it will store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to happen it will store the
+transpose for you. And so you look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose for you. And so you look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose for you. And so you look like
+you just have a giant table where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have a giant table where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have a giant table where you
+can look up any row key or any column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look up any row key or any column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look up any row key or any column
+key very very quickly and makes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key very very quickly and makes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key very very quickly and makes that
+very easy to do very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to do very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to do very complicated
+analytics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics.
+Um, one little twist here that you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one little twist here that you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one little twist here that you may
+have noticed is that I have flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have noticed is that I have flipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have noticed is that I have flipped
+the uh this time field here and taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this time field here and taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this time field here and taking
+it from essentially uh little Indian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from essentially uh little Indian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from essentially uh little Indian and
+made it big Indian. And I've always been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it big Indian. And I've always been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it big Indian. And I've always been
+an advocate of having row keys that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advocate of having row keys that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advocate of having row keys that have
+some meaning in them. Sometimes in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some meaning in them. Sometimes in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some meaning in them. Sometimes in in in
+databases they just create sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases they just create sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases they just create sort of
+arbitrary random hashes. I think we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary random hashes. I think we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary random hashes. I think we have
+enough random data in the world that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough random data in the world that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough random data in the world that we
+don't necessarily need to create more.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily need to create more.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily need to create more.
+And so if we can have meaning in our row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if we can have meaning in our row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if we can have meaning in our row
+keys, I think it's it's very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys, I think it's it's very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys, I think it's it's very useful
+because it just makes it that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it just makes it that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it just makes it that much
+easier to debug data that actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to debug data that actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to debug data that actually has
+meaning. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning. Um,
+and so I've often advocated for creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I've often advocated for creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I've often advocated for creating
+having a row key be a timelike key. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a row key be a timelike key. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a row key be a timelike key. I
+think it's good to have timelike keys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's good to have timelike keys.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's good to have timelike keys.
+And by itself, there's nothing wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And by itself, there's nothing wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And by itself, there's nothing wrong
+with having a a a uh uh a little Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with having a a a uh uh a little Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with having a a a uh uh a little Indian
+row key. Uh except when you go parallel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row key. Uh except when you go parallel.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row key. Uh except when you go parallel.
+If this database is actually running on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this database is actually running on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this database is actually running on
+a parallel system, you can run into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parallel system, you can run into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parallel system, you can run into some
+issues. People have run into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. People have run into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. People have run into these
+issues, which is why I now advocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues, which is why I now advocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues, which is why I now advocate
+essentially doing something else, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially doing something else, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially doing something else, you
+know, with the row key more like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, with the row key more like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, with the row key more like this.
+In particular,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In particular,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In particular,
+a cumulo like many databases when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cumulo like many databases when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cumulo like many databases when it
+goes parallel, it takes the tables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes parallel, it takes the tables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes parallel, it takes the tables and
+it splits them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it splits them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it splits them up
+and it splits them up by row keys. So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it splits them up by row keys. So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it splits them up by row keys. So it
+creates contiguous blocks of row keys on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates contiguous blocks of row keys on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates contiguous blocks of row keys on
+different processors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different processors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different processors.
+If you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have a
+little Indian time row key, it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Indian time row key, it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Indian time row key, it means
+every single insert will go to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single insert will go to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single insert will go to the same
+processor and that will create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor and that will create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor and that will create a
+bottleneck and then what will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck and then what will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck and then what will happen
+over time? It will then migrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time? It will then migrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time? It will then migrate
+that data to the other processor. So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data to the other processor. So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data to the other processor. So it
+can be a real bottleneck if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a real bottleneck if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a real bottleneck if you have
+essentially a little Indian row key. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a little Indian row key. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a little Indian row key. um
+if you have a big Indian row key if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a big Indian row key if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a big Indian row key if it
+just uses it will then break up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uses it will then break up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uses it will then break up these
+things and then when you insert your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then when you insert your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then when you insert your
+data it will sort of naturally just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it will sort of naturally just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it will sort of naturally just
+cause that to spread out over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that to spread out over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that to spread out over all the
+systems. So uh that is if your data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. So uh that is if your data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. So uh that is if your data is
+coming in in some kind of time order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in in some kind of time order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in in some kind of time order
+which you know happens we definitely see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know happens we definitely see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know happens we definitely see
+people coming in that you know yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people coming in that you know yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people coming in that you know yesterday
+you know today's data comes in today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know today's data comes in today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know today's data comes in today and
+tomorrow's data comes in tomorrow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's data comes in tomorrow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's data comes in tomorrow and
+you don't want to have it all that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to have it all that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to have it all that data
+just hitting one processor or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hitting one processor or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hitting one processor or one
+compute node in your uh in your parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute node in your uh in your parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute node in your uh in your parallel
+database. Other databases have uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database. Other databases have uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database. Other databases have uh more
+sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated
+distribution things. they can use a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution things. they can use a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution things. they can use a sort
+of a a roundroin or a a modular type of,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a roundroin or a a modular type of,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a roundroin or a a modular type of,
+you know, they'll create a hash that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, they'll create a hash that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, they'll create a hash that
+does a modular so that it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a modular so that it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a modular so that it doesn't have
+that eliminates that type of hot spot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eliminates that type of hot spot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eliminates that type of hot spot.
+But for now, we just recommend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But for now, we just recommend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But for now, we just recommend that
+people use use this. Um, this does make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use use this. Um, this does make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use use this. Um, this does make
+it difficult to use the row key as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it difficult to use the row key as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it difficult to use the row key as your
+actual time value. And so what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual time value. And so what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual time value. And so what you would
+want to do is also stick uh have a have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is also stick uh have a have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is also stick uh have a have
+a column called time that had the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column called time that had the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column called time that had the actual
+time in it. And then you could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in it. And then you could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in it. And then you could actually
+directly look up uh in time in in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly look up uh in time in in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly look up uh in time in in that
+way. So so uh so that's just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. So so uh so that's just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. So so uh so that's just a little
+nuance there. Good sort of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuance there. Good sort of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuance there. Good sort of design
+feature. Probably something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature. Probably something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature. Probably something that you
+wouldn't run into for quite a while, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't run into for quite a while, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't run into for quite a while, but
+we've definitely had people, hey, I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've definitely had people, hey, I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've definitely had people, hey, I went
+off and implemented exactly the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and implemented exactly the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and implemented exactly the way you
+suggested and but now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested and but now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested and but now I'm going
+parallel. I see this bottleneck. And I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel. I see this bottleneck. And I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel. I see this bottleneck. And I'm
+like, oh. So I'm going to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, oh. So I'm going to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, oh. So I'm going to try and
+correct that right now. Uh and tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that right now. Uh and tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that right now. Uh and tell
+people that this is the right way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that this is the right way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that this is the right way to do
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+So starting out simple, we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So starting out simple, we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So starting out simple, we're just going
+to talk about kind of one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about kind of one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about kind of one of the
+simplest analytics you can do which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest analytics you can do which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest analytics you can do which
+basic getting basic statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic getting basic statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic getting basic statistical
+information from your data set. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from your data set. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from your data set. So if
+this is our data set now we have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our data set now we have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our data set now we have a bunch
+of you know row keys here timelike with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know row keys here timelike with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know row keys here timelike with
+some additional stuff to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional stuff to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional stuff to make them
+unique unique rows and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique unique rows and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique unique rows and then we have
+these various columns here some of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various columns here some of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various columns here some of which
+are the gray ones are I'm saying are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the gray ones are I'm saying are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the gray ones are I'm saying are
+filled in and the white ones are empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in and the white ones are empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in and the white ones are empty
+and so what I want to do is just grab a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what I want to do is just grab a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what I want to do is just grab a
+chunk of of rows okay and then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of of rows okay and then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of of rows okay and then I'm going
+to compute basically how many times each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute basically how many times each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute basically how many times each
+column appears essentially sum I'll sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column appears essentially sum I'll sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column appears essentially sum I'll sum
+sum by type. So I'll show you how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum by type. So I'll show you how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum by type. So I'll show you how we can
+sort of look at if we wanted to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look at if we wanted to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look at if we wanted to compute
+just how many entries there were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how many entries there were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how many entries there were in
+column one or column two. Uh computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one or column two. Uh computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one or column two. Uh computing
+the coariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coariance
+computing type and pair of coariances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing type and pair of coariances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing type and pair of coariances
+are all different things that we can do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'm going to do all those statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to do all those statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to do all those statistics
+on the next slide. All those analytics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the next slide. All those analytics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the next slide. All those analytics
+which if you were to do them in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you were to do them in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you were to do them in another
+environment would actually be you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment would actually be you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment would actually be you would
+write a fair amount of code. But here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a fair amount of code. But here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a fair amount of code. But here we
+can do them and they're each one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do them and they're each one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do them and they're each one of them
+is essentially a oneliner.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here is my set of row keys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here is my set of row keys.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here is my set of row keys.
+Okay, I've just den created a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I've just den created a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I've just den created a list of
+row keys that have essentially a comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row keys that have essentially a comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row keys that have essentially a comma
+as the the separator here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the the separator here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the the separator here.
+Go there. Let's fix that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+that's all good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all good.
+Then this is our table T. So in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then this is our table T. So in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then this is our table T. So in the
+notation we often just refer table T.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation we often just refer table T.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation we often just refer table T.
+This is a binding to an accumulo table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a binding to an accumulo table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a binding to an accumulo table
+or it could be any table really uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be any table really uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be any table really uh any
+any any database that we support. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any database that we support. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any database that we support. Um,
+and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this
+this line of this little bit of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line of this little bit of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line of this little bit of code
+here says return me all the rows given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here says return me all the rows given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here says return me all the rows given
+by this list of rows here and all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this list of rows here and all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this list of rows here and all their
+columns. So we're using the mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns. So we're using the mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns. So we're using the mat lab
+notation. Colon means return all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation. Colon means return all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation. Colon means return all the
+column columns. This will then return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column columns. This will then return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column columns. This will then return
+these results in the form of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these results in the form of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these results in the form of an
+associative array.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array.
+Now since the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now since the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now since the values
+of that are strings in this case maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that are strings in this case maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that are strings in this case maybe
+strings values of one we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings values of one we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings values of one we have this
+little function here called double loi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little function here called double loi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little function here called double loi
+which will just basically say ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will just basically say ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will just basically say ignore
+whatever the value is and just make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the value is and just make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the value is and just make it
+if it's got an entry give it a one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's got an entry give it a one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's got an entry give it a one or
+otherwise ignore it. So this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise ignore it. So this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise ignore it. So this is a
+shorthand for uh for uh it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for uh for uh it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for uh for uh it basically
+does a log does a logical and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a log does a logical and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a log does a logical and then it
+does a double so we can do math on it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a double so we can do math on it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a double so we can do math on it.
+So this is our query that gets us our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is our query that gets us our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is our query that gets us our
+rows and returns them as an associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and returns them as an associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and returns them as an associative
+array with numeric values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array with numeric values.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array with numeric values.
+We then compute the column counts. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We then compute the column counts. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We then compute the column counts. So
+that's just the mat lab sum command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the mat lab sum command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the mat lab sum command
+which says basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says basically
+this tells you the the the dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells you the the the dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells you the the the dimension
+that's being compressed. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being compressed. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being compressed. So it's
+compressing the first dimension which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing the first dimension which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing the first dimension which
+the rows. So it's basically collapsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows. So it's basically collapsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows. So it's basically collapsing
+it into a row vector. So it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a row vector. So it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a row vector. So it's just
+summing. So that just would tell us now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing. So that just would tell us now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing. So that just would tell us now
+we could then for all those rows count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could then for all those rows count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could then for all those rows count
+how many occurrences of each unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many occurrences of each unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many occurrences of each unique
+column of each column type there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then uh we can then get um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh we can then get um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh we can then get um the
+coariance the type type coariance by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance the type type coariance by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance the type type coariance by
+just doing a transpose a or or square in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing a transpose a or or square in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing a transpose a or or square in
+these do the same thing. Um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these do the same thing. Um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these do the same thing. Um this is
+usually slightly faster but not not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually slightly faster but not not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually slightly faster but not not a
+lot. Um and so that just does us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot. Um and so that just does us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot. Um and so that just does us the
+column type column type coariance. Very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column type column type coariance. Very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column type column type coariance. Very
+simple. And then finally we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. And then finally we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. And then finally we have this
+function which essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which essentially
+undoes our exploded schema. So let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoes our exploded schema. So let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoes our exploded schema. So let's say
+we wanted to return it back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to return it back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to return it back to the
+original dense format where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original dense format where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original dense format where we have
+essentially four columns column 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially four columns column 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially four columns column 1 2 3
+and four and we wanted the value put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four and we wanted the value put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four and we wanted the value put
+back into the value position. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the value position. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the value position. So we have
+this function call to type with this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function call to type with this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function call to type with this uh
+and I don't know if the name makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know if the name makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know if the name makes sense
+or not but that's what we called it. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not but that's what we called it. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not but that's what we called it. Um
+and basically it just says oh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically it just says oh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically it just says oh this is
+the li delimiter. So it takes each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the li delimiter. So it takes each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the li delimiter. So it takes each one
+of those, splits it back out, and stuffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those, splits it back out, and stuffs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those, splits it back out, and stuffs
+it back in. And so then you now have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back in. And so then you now have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back in. And so then you now have uh
+that associative array. Um you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that associative array. Um you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that associative array. Um you could
+then do a sum again on that to just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do a sum again on that to just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do a sum again on that to just get
+like I want to know just how many column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I want to know just how many column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I want to know just how many column
+one instances, column 2 instances,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instances, column 2 instances,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instances, column 2 instances,
+column 3es there were are. And likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column 3es there were are. And likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column 3es there were are. And likewise
+just doing a transpose a or square in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing a transpose a or square in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing a transpose a or square in
+would then do the coariance of that. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then do the coariance of that. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then do the coariance of that. And
+that would tell you of those higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would tell you of those higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would tell you of those higher
+level types how many there were. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level types how many there were. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level types how many there were. So,
+this is a lot of highlevel information.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot of highlevel information.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot of highlevel information.
+Um, really highly recommend that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, really highly recommend that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, really highly recommend that people
+do this when they first get their data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this when they first get their data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this when they first get their data
+because it really uncovers a lot of bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really uncovers a lot of bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really uncovers a lot of bad
+data right from the get-go. You'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right from the get-go. You'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right from the get-go. You'll
+discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover
+columns that are just like, wow, these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that are just like, wow, these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that are just like, wow, these
+two column types never appear together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two column types never appear together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two column types never appear together
+and that doesn't make sense. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that doesn't make sense. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that doesn't make sense. There's
+something wrong there. or why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong there. or why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong there. or why is this
+column, you know, exploded column, why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column, you know, exploded column, why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column, you know, exploded column, why
+is it so common when that doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it so common when that doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it so common when that doesn't make
+sense, you know? So, again, it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, you know? So, again, it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, you know? So, again, it's very
+very useful for for doing things and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for for doing things and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for for doing things and we
+always recommend people start with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always recommend people start with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always recommend people start with this
+this analytic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analytic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analytic.
+So, again, that's very simple stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, again, that's very simple stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, again, that's very simple stuff.
+We've talked about it before. Let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've talked about it before. Let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've talked about it before. Let's talk
+about some more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some more sophisticated
+types of analytics that we can do here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'm going to build what I call a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to build what I call a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to build what I call a data
+graph. So this is just a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. So this is just a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. So this is just a graph
+in the data. It may not actually be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data. It may not actually be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data. It may not actually be a
+real you may have some other graph in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real you may have some other graph in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real you may have some other graph in
+mind but this is the data supports has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind but this is the data supports has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind but this is the data supports has a
+particular kind of graph in it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of graph in it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of graph in it.
+So what we're going to do here is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we're going to do here is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we're going to do here is we're
+going to set a couple of a starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set a couple of a starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set a couple of a starting
+column here. Okay, C0, that'll be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column here. Okay, C0, that'll be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column here. Okay, C0, that'll be our
+set of starting columns. Okay, and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of starting columns. Okay, and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of starting columns. Okay, and we're
+going to set a uh a column a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set a uh a column a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set a uh a column a set of
+allowed column types. So, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed column types. So, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed column types. So, we're going to
+be interested in certain column types.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in certain column types.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in certain column types.
+And we're going to create a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to create a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to create a set of
+clutter columns. These are columns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutter columns. These are columns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutter columns. These are columns that
+we don't want to we want to ignore, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to we want to ignore, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to we want to ignore, you
+know, we want to we they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we want to we they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we want to we they're they're
+either very very large or whatever. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either very very large or whatever. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either very very large or whatever. And
+so the basic algorithm is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic algorithm is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic algorithm is that um
+we're going to get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get all the
+the the column all the all the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the column all the all the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the column all the all the all the
+we're going to get all column a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get all column a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get all column a result
+is going to be called C1 here. Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be called C1 here. Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be called C1 here. Okay. And
+that's going to be all rows in C 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that have are of type C T and excluding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have are of type C T and excluding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have are of type C T and excluding
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+C L. So this is a rather complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C L. So this is a rather complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C L. So this is a rather complicated
+join type of thing that people often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join type of thing that people often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join type of thing that people often
+want to do. You know, they want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do. You know, they want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do. You know, they want to do
+these types of things. Look, I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of things. Look, I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of things. Look, I want to
+get all these rows, but I only care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all these rows, but I only care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all these rows, but I only care
+about these particular types of columns,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these particular types of columns,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these particular types of columns,
+and I don't really care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't really care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't really care about
+um or I want to expressively eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or I want to expressively eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or I want to expressively eliminate
+certain clutter columns that I know are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain clutter columns that I know are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain clutter columns that I know are
+just like always uh pointing everywhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like always uh pointing everywhere.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like always uh pointing everywhere.
+So, let's let's go look through the D4M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's let's go look through the D4M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's let's go look through the D4M
+code that does this sort of complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that does this sort of complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that does this sort of complicated
+type of join. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, I'm going to specify my C0 here. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm going to specify my C0 here. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm going to specify my C0 here. And
+this could be a whole list. It doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be a whole list. It doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be a whole list. It doesn't
+it's just it could be a whole list of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it could be a whole list of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it could be a whole list of of
+starting columns.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting columns.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting columns.
+I'm going to specify my column types.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to specify my column types.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to specify my column types.
+And in this case, I'm going to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this case, I'm going to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this case, I'm going to have two
+column types. I'm going to say create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column types. I'm going to say create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column types. I'm going to say create a
+string called starts with, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string called starts with, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string called starts with, which
+essentially creates a column range. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially creates a column range. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially creates a column range. One
+column range around column one and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column range around column one and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column range around column one and one
+column range around column 3. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column range around column 3. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column range around column 3. And then
+I'm going to specify a clutter column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to specify a clutter column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to specify a clutter column
+here which is uh which is just this a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is uh which is just this a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is uh which is just this a.
+And again it could be a whole list as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again it could be a whole list as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again it could be a whole list as
+well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well.
+All right. So step one here is is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So step one here is is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So step one here is is I'm
+going to pass I'm assuming that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pass I'm assuming that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pass I'm assuming that this
+table is bound to one of these exploded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is bound to one of these exploded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is bound to one of these exploded
+transposed pairs. So it will know when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed pairs. So it will know when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed pairs. So it will know when I
+give it columns to look up to then point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it columns to look up to then point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it columns to look up to then point
+to the correct table.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the correct table.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the correct table.
+So we have a C 0 here and it will it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have a C 0 here and it will it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have a C 0 here and it will it
+will say all right please return all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say all right please return all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say all right please return all
+rows you know all the data that contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows you know all the data that contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows you know all the data that contains
+uh C 0 basically all those rows I'm then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh C 0 basically all those rows I'm then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh C 0 basically all those rows I'm then
+going to say now just I just I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say now just I just I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say now just I just I don't
+care about their values I just want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about their values I just want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about their values I just want the
+rows so this is an associative array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows so this is an associative array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows so this is an associative array and
+this command row just says just give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this command row just says just give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this command row just says just give me
+those rows. So basically I had a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rows. So basically I had a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rows. So basically I had a column
+I returned all the rows but now I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I returned all the rows but now I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I returned all the rows but now I just
+want the row keys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the row keys.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the row keys.
+I'm now going to take those row keys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now going to take those row keys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now going to take those row keys and
+pass them back into the row position. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass them back into the row position. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass them back into the row position. So
+now I will have gotten all the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I will have gotten all the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I will have gotten all the entire
+row. So basically I got a column I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row. So basically I got a column I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row. So basically I got a column I took
+those rows and now I'm going and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rows and now I'm going and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rows and now I'm going and
+striping and painting and getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striping and painting and getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striping and painting and getting the
+whole rows. So now I have every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole rows. So now I have every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole rows. So now I have every single
+and since I don't care about the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since I don't care about the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since I don't care about the actual
+values, I just want them to be numeric.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values, I just want them to be numeric.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values, I just want them to be numeric.
+Okay, I just uh I just I just I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I just uh I just I just I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I just uh I just I just I use the
+double loi command. So basically I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double loi command. So basically I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double loi command. So basically I've
+done a rather complicated little piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a rather complicated little piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a rather complicated little piece
+of query here in terms of get me all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of query here in terms of get me all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of query here in terms of get me all
+columns that contain all rows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that contain all rows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that contain all rows that
+contain a certain column. And so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain a certain column. And so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain a certain column. And so that's
+now an associative array.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now an associative array.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now an associative array.
+I'm then going to reduce to specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm then going to reduce to specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm then going to reduce to specific
+allowed columns. So I'm going to pass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed columns. So I'm going to pass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed columns. So I'm going to pass in
+I'm going to say please give me just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say please give me just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say please give me just the
+ones of these particular column types.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones of these particular column types.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones of these particular column types.
+So I got the whole row but now I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I got the whole row but now I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I got the whole row but now I just
+want to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to eliminate
+those.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those.
+I could have probably actually put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have probably actually put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have probably actually put this
+in here but whether it's more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here but whether it's more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here but whether it's more efficient
+or not to do it here or here it's six of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not to do it here or here it's six of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not to do it here or here it's six of
+one a half dozen the other. Uh I try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a half dozen the other. Uh I try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a half dozen the other. Uh I try and
+make my table queries just either only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my table queries just either only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my table queries just either only
+columns or only rows. it tends to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns or only rows. it tends to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns or only rows. it tends to make
+things simpler. So um so now we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things simpler. So um so now we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things simpler. So um so now we do that
+we have just those types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have just those types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have just those types
+and now I want to eliminate the clutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to eliminate the clutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to eliminate the clutter
+columns. So I have a which is just of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns. So I have a which is just of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns. So I have a which is just of
+this type and uh I want to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type and uh I want to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type and uh I want to then
+eliminate any of the columns that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate any of the columns that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate any of the columns that you
+know of that can that are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of that can that are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of that can that are in this
+basically column one. So I had column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically column one. So I had column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically column one. So I had column
+one as one of my types but I don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as one of my types but I don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as one of my types but I don't care
+about that. And so I can just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that. And so I can just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that. And so I can just do
+subtraction. I can just basically say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction. I can just basically say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction. I can just basically say,
+oh, go get the clutter columns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh, go get the clutter columns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh, go get the clutter columns and
+subtract them from the data that I have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract them from the data that I have.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract them from the data that I have.
+And now I'm just going to get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm just going to get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm just going to get those
+columns. All right. And I have now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns. All right. And I have now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns. All right. And I have now the
+set of columns. I now have C1. So I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of columns. I now have C1. So I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of columns. I now have C1. So I've
+completed the analytic I just described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed the analytic I just described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed the analytic I just described
+in the Fioraph in like four lines. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Fioraph in like four lines. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Fioraph in like four lines. A
+rather sophisticated analytic. I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather sophisticated analytic. I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather sophisticated analytic. I could
+then proceed to look for additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then proceed to look for additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then proceed to look for additional
+clutter. For instance, uh I could then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutter. For instance, uh I could then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutter. For instance, uh I could then
+basically query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically query
+uh say please give me those those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say please give me those those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say please give me those those uh
+stick the C1 back in um and then sum it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick the C1 back in um and then sum it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick the C1 back in um and then sum it
+up and look for things that had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and look for things that had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and look for things that had a lot of
+values and continue this process. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and continue this process. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and continue this process. This
+is an example of something I might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example of something I might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example of something I might want
+to do when I had this data set. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do when I had this data set. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do when I had this data set. So these
+show you the kinds of kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the kinds of kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the kinds of kinds of things
+more sophisticated analytics that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated analytics that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated analytics that you
+can do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to talk a little bit about data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk a little bit about data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk a little bit about data
+graphs in terms of what are the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs in terms of what are the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs in terms of what are the things
+you can do here. What is supported the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do here. What is supported the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do here. What is supported the
+the topology of your data. Remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topology of your data. Remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topology of your data. Remember this
+uh this this edge list has direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this edge list has direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this edge list has direction.
+When you have graphs they can very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you have graphs they can very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you have graphs they can very well
+have edges that have direction. And a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have edges that have direction. And a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have edges that have direction. And a
+lot of times people say well I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times people say well I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times people say well I want to
+get the whole graph. I'm like, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the whole graph. I'm like, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the whole graph. I'm like, well,
+if you're doing essentially things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing essentially things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing essentially things that
+are based on breath first search,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based on breath first search,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based on breath first search,
+you're not you may not be able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not you may not be able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not you may not be able to get
+the whole graph because you're never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole graph because you're never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole graph because you're never
+going at it from the right correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going at it from the right correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going at it from the right correct
+direction. So, you are definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So, you are definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So, you are definitely
+limited by the natural topology of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited by the natural topology of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited by the natural topology of your
+data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data.
+So, for example, here, let's say I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, for example, here, let's say I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, for example, here, let's say I start
+with C 0 as column 1 A. So I now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with C 0 as column 1 A. So I now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with C 0 as column 1 A. So I now have
+essentially this vertex A, let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this vertex A, let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this vertex A, let's call
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+And now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now here
+I say, okay, I now want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say, okay, I now want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say, okay, I now want to get
+all give me the whole row of all the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all give me the whole row of all the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all give me the whole row of all the of
+all I'm going to do. Give me all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm going to do. Give me all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm going to do. Give me all the
+rows that you know the rows that contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows that you know the rows that contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows that you know the rows that contain
+that. All right. So then these two guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. All right. So then these two guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. All right. So then these two guys
+pop up. So I get another A and I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop up. So I get another A and I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop up. So I get another A and I get a
+B. So I got a B here. That's good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then I'm going to go proceed go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I'm going to go proceed go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I'm going to go proceed go down
+again. I'm like, "All right, I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. I'm like, "All right, I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. I'm like, "All right, I'm going
+to then now say, "All right, give me all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then now say, "All right, give me all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then now say, "All right, give me all
+the rows that contain those columns."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows that contain those columns."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows that contain those columns."
+Oops. And I go down again, right? And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops. And I go down again, right? And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops. And I go down again, right? And I
+got and I got the the C. Did I get a C?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got and I got the the C. Did I get a C?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got and I got the the C. Did I get a C?
+No, I never got a C. I never got a C in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, I never got a C. I never got a C in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, I never got a C. I never got a C in
+any one of these, you know, even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of these, you know, even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of these, you know, even though
+it's all in the data and probably all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all in the data and probably all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all in the data and probably all
+connected, I never actually got a C. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah there I got the C. Now when I did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah there I got the C. Now when I did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah there I got the C. Now when I did it
+the second time I got the C. So there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second time I got the C. So there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second time I got the C. So there we
+go. So this is an example of a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. So this is an example of a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. So this is an example of a series of
+breadth first searches that result in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth first searches that result in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth first searches that result in
+getting the whole graph of but the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the whole graph of but the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the whole graph of but the graph
+had this topology and and and would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this topology and and and would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this topology and and and would
+naturally admit that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally admit that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally admit that.
+So certainly in this particular case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So certainly in this particular case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So certainly in this particular case the
+data and the queries were good for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the queries were good for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the queries were good for this
+was what we call a star because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what we call a star because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what we call a star because
+essentially it's a vertex with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's a vertex with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's a vertex with
+everything going into it. Let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything going into it. Let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything going into it. Let's take a
+different graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different graph.
+This is what we call a cycle. So we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what we call a cycle. So we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what we call a cycle. So we see
+we have a little cycle here going like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a little cycle here going like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a little cycle here going like
+this. We start again with A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. We start again with A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. We start again with A.
+We get our columns. We get C1's across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We get our columns. We get C1's across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We get our columns. We get C1's across
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+and and that's kind of the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's kind of the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's kind of the end of the
+game. You know, we get A's, we get a B,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. You know, we get A's, we get a B,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. You know, we get A's, we get a B,
+but we're not going to get anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not going to get anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not going to get anything else
+when we call them back up. We're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we call them back up. We're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we call them back up. We're not
+going to get anything else. And so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get anything else. And so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get anything else. And so,
+we're basically stuck here at B. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically stuck here at B. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically stuck here at B. We
+weren't able to get to C or D. So, these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't able to get to C or D. So, these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't able to get to C or D. So, these
+are kind of a little bit more subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of a little bit more subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of a little bit more subtle
+things that one has to worry about. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that one has to worry about. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that one has to worry about. And
+and once you see it, it's kind of, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you see it, it's kind of, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you see it, it's kind of, well,
+of course, I can't do I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course, I can't do I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course, I can't do I'm not going to
+get the whole graph, but you'd be amazed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the whole graph, but you'd be amazed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the whole graph, but you'd be amazed
+at how many teams like, I wanted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how many teams like, I wanted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how many teams like, I wanted the
+whole graph and and I just can't do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole graph and and I just can't do it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole graph and and I just can't do it.
+And it's like, well, you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's like, well, you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's like, well, you don't have the
+edges going in the right direction, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges going in the right direction, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges going in the right direction, you
+know, for you to do that. You're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, for you to do that. You're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, for you to do that. You're going
+to have to think things through a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to think things through a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to think things through a little
+bit more. So, I just want to it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more. So, I just want to it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more. So, I just want to it's kind
+of a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little
+catch that I want to point out to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch that I want to point out to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch that I want to point out to people
+because this is something that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is something that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is something that people
+can run into.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We're going to do a little a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to do a little a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to do a little a different
+type of analytic here. I've changed some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of analytic here. I've changed some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of analytic here. I've changed some
+of my columns here. I have some going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my columns here. I have some going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my columns here. I have some going to
+be let's call these coordinates. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be let's call these coordinates. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be let's call these coordinates. I'm
+going to have now with my data set an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have now with my data set an x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have now with my data set an x
+and a y-coordinate that I'm storing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a y-coordinate that I'm storing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a y-coordinate that I'm storing in
+different rows and columns. So I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rows and columns. So I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rows and columns. So I want to
+do some kind of space windowing. I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some kind of space windowing. I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some kind of space windowing. I want
+to find all data within a particular x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find all data within a particular x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find all data within a particular x
+and y coordinate. All right. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y coordinate. All right. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y coordinate. All right. So I'm
+going to do is I'm going to select a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to select a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to select a set
+of data here. R instead of rows and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data here. R instead of rows and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data here. R instead of rows and I'm
+going to give a space polygon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give a space polygon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give a space polygon
+and I'm going to you know query those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to you know query those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to you know query those
+and get the get the get the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the get the get the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the get the get the data and
+then I'm going to extract the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to extract the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to extract the space
+coordinate from from the the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate from from the the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate from from the the values
+there and I'm going to return all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I'm going to return all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I'm going to return all
+columns that are within my space space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that are within my space space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that are within my space space
+uh uh window here and again this is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh window here and again this is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh window here and again this is good
+for finding columns with your space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finding columns with your space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finding columns with your space
+window um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window um
+if you're concerned that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're concerned that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're concerned that you're going to
+be getting an awful lot of like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be getting an awful lot of like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be getting an awful lot of like if you
+have like a let's say have a coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a let's say have a coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a let's say have a coordinate
+that goes through New York, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes through New York, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes through New York, you know,
+and you're concerned that that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're concerned that that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're concerned that that's just
+going to you don't want to get you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you don't want to get you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you don't want to get you don't
+want New York, but you happen to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want New York, but you happen to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want New York, but you happen to be on
+the same latitude or longitude New York,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same latitude or longitude New York,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same latitude or longitude New York,
+you can do something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do something called
+merchinization,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchinization,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchinization,
+which basically is essentially imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically is essentially imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically is essentially imagine
+taking your strings of your coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking your strings of your coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking your strings of your coordinates
+and interle them. And now you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interle them. And now you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interle them. And now you've
+essentially created a uh an asybased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially created a uh an asybased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially created a uh an asybased
+grid of the entire planet. And so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid of the entire planet. And so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid of the entire planet. And so that's
+a way of sort of if you want to quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of sort of if you want to quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of sort of if you want to quickly
+filter down, you can get a box and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter down, you can get a box and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter down, you can get a box and then
+go back and do the detailed coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and do the detailed coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and do the detailed coordinates
+to prevent yourself from uh having to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent yourself from uh having to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent yourself from uh having to do
+so that's a a standard trick and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a a standard trick and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a a standard trick and there's
+a variety of merchantization schemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of merchantization schemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of merchantization schemes
+that people use for interle coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people use for interle coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people use for interle coordinates
+in this way. I think Google Earth has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way. I think Google Earth has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way. I think Google Earth has a
+standard box now as well. I find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard box now as well. I find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard box now as well. I find this
+the simplest because you literally just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest because you literally just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest because you literally just
+take the two strings and and interle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the two strings and and interle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the two strings and and interle
+them and if you have a spa you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and if you have a spa you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and if you have a spa you can
+actually then do with variable precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually then do with variable precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually then do with variable precision
+because like if you just like a space I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like if you just like a space I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like if you just like a space I
+don't know and it all kind of works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know and it all kind of works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know and it all kind of works out
+pretty nicely and you can read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nicely and you can read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nicely and you can read the
+coordinate right there you know like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate right there you know like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate right there you know like the
+first one is the f you know and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is the f you know and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is the f you know and you can
+even include the plus and minus signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even include the plus and minus signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even include the plus and minus signs
+for latitude and longitude so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for latitude and longitude so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for latitude and longitude so you know
+maybe not the most efficient uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not the most efficient uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not the most efficient uh uh
+scheme but one that's human readable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme but one that's human readable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme but one that's human readable and
+I'm a big advocate of human readable um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a big advocate of human readable um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a big advocate of human readable um
+types of types of data schemes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of types of data schemes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of types of data schemes.
+All right, so let's actually do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, so let's actually do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, so let's actually do that
+analytic. So again, so I created my got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic. So again, so I created my got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic. So again, so I created my got
+selected my rows, got my x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected my rows, got my x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected my rows, got my x and y
+coordinates in those rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in those rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in those rows
+and then figured out which columns they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then figured out which columns they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then figured out which columns they
+were that uh that satisfied them. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were that uh that satisfied them. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were that uh that satisfied them. All
+right, so let's do that now in code.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's
+see here. So, we have the uh let me get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here. So, we have the uh let me get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here. So, we have the uh let me get
+over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. All right. So, um so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. All right. So, um so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. All right. So, um so we have
+I gave it a in this case I gave it a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave it a in this case I gave it a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave it a in this case I gave it a row
+range. So, you can do this is what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range. So, you can do this is what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range. So, you can do this is what a
+range query looks like. If you give um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range query looks like. If you give um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range query looks like. If you give um
+any either an associate array or a table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any either an associate array or a table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any either an associate array or a table
+uh something that is a a triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something that is a a triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something that is a a triple
+essentially that's a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+colon and another string it will treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon and another string it will treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon and another string it will treat
+that as a range query and we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a range query and we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a range query and we actually
+support doing if you have multiple sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support doing if you have multiple sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support doing if you have multiple sets
+of triples it will it will it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of triples it will it will it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of triples it will it will it should
+handle that so which is good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle that so which is good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle that so which is good.
+I'm going to specify my uh bounding box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to specify my uh bounding box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to specify my uh bounding box
+here. Essentially a a box and um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Essentially a a box and um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Essentially a a box and um I
+happen to do with complex numbers just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to do with complex numbers just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to do with complex numbers just
+for fun just because complex numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fun just because complex numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fun just because complex numbers are
+a nice way to store uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice way to store uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice way to store uh you know
+coordinates on a two dimensional plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates on a two dimensional plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates on a two dimensional plane
+and mat lab supports them very nicely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mat lab supports them very nicely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mat lab supports them very nicely.
+Uh complex numbers are our friends. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh complex numbers are our friends. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh complex numbers are our friends. So
+there you go. But I could have just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go. But I could have just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go. But I could have just as
+easily had a a set of x and y vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily had a a set of x and y vectors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily had a a set of x and y vectors.
+So I'm going to get all the rows. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to get all the rows. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to get all the rows. So I
+query that. Very good. We have that. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query that. Very good. We have that. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query that. Very good. We have that. And
+then so that just gives me that set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so that just gives me that set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so that just gives me that set of
+of data, all those rows. I then use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data, all those rows. I then use my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data, all those rows. I then use my
+starts with my X and Y,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with my X and Y,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with my X and Y,
+okay, to get just the columns of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, to get just the columns of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, to get just the columns of those
+X's and Y's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's and Y's.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's and Y's.
+And I'm now going to convert those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm now going to convert those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm now going to convert those
+exploded schema back into a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded schema back into a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded schema back into a regular
+table with uh with this call to type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table with uh with this call to type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table with uh with this call to type
+function. So that basically takes those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So that basically takes those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So that basically takes those
+values. So it takes those coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. So it takes those coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. So it takes those coordinate
+values. So like we saw it takes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. So like we saw it takes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. So like we saw it takes these
+coordinate values here. Okay, like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate values here. Okay, like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate values here. Okay, like the
+01 and it puts it back into the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and it puts it back into the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and it puts it back into the value
+position.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then uh so now I have though it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then uh so now I have though it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then uh so now I have though it will
+still be a string in the value position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be a string in the value position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be a string in the value position
+which are associative can handle fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are associative can handle fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are associative can handle fine
+but I now want to really treat it like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I now want to really treat it like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I now want to really treat it like a
+number. So we just have overloaded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So we just have overloaded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So we just have overloaded the
+standard mat lab string to num function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard mat lab string to num function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard mat lab string to num function
+which will convert those strings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will convert those strings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will convert those strings and
+we'll store them back. You'll now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll store them back. You'll now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll store them back. You'll now have
+an associative array with numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an associative array with numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an associative array with numbers in
+them. So we call this axy and now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So we call this axy and now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So we call this axy and now we can
+do uh something uh we basically can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh something uh we basically can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh something uh we basically can
+extract the x values here. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the x values here. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the x values here. So we have
+axy and say all right give me the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axy and say all right give me the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axy and say all right give me the x
+column and then axy and give me the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and then axy and give me the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and then axy and give me the y
+column. And then mat lab has a built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column. And then mat lab has a built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column. And then mat lab has a built-in
+function called in polygon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called in polygon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called in polygon
+which you give it a polygon. So I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you give it a polygon. So I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you give it a polygon. So I give
+it the real and the imaginary parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the real and the imaginary parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the real and the imaginary parts of
+our my polygon here s and the x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our my polygon here s and the x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our my polygon here s and the x and y
+coordinates and it will return in uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and it will return in uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and it will return in uh you
+know essentially a the value of is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know essentially a the value of is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know essentially a the value of is that
+is that in there and uh which is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in there and uh which is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in there and uh which is which
+is great because uh you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great because uh you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great because uh you know there are
+many dissertations written on the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many dissertations written on the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many dissertations written on the in
+polygon problem and it's nice that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon problem and it's nice that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon problem and it's nice that we
+have a nice built-in mat lab function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nice built-in mat lab function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nice built-in mat lab function to
+do that and then now I have that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and then now I have that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and then now I have that and I
+can just pass that back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just pass that back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just pass that back into the
+original a. So I do find so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original a. So I do find so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original a. So I do find so this
+actually returns a logical of zeros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually returns a logical of zeros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually returns a logical of zeros and
+ones. If I do find then that will return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones. If I do find then that will return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones. If I do find then that will return
+a set of indices and I just pass those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of indices and I just pass those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of indices and I just pass those
+indices back into a and then I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices back into a and then I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices back into a and then I can get
+those columns and there we go. All very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those columns and there we go. All very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those columns and there we go. All very
+standard mat lab like uh syntax. Again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard mat lab like uh syntax. Again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard mat lab like uh syntax. Again
+this is a fairly complicated analytic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fairly complicated analytic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fairly complicated analytic.
+If you were doing this using other techn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you were doing this using other techn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you were doing this using other techn
+technologies I mean I'm sure all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies I mean I'm sure all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies I mean I'm sure all of us
+would be writing a fair amount of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be writing a fair amount of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be writing a fair amount of code
+and this is just the kind of thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just the kind of thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just the kind of thing that
+we can do very easily in D4M.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, another analytic which is probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, another analytic which is probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, another analytic which is probably a
+bit of a stretch but I was just having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a stretch but I was just having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a stretch but I was just having
+fun here is uh doing convolution on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun here is uh doing convolution on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun here is uh doing convolution on
+strings which is a little odd but I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings which is a little odd but I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings which is a little odd but I gave
+it I gave it a whirl. So, so uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I gave it a whirl. So, so uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I gave it a whirl. So, so uh what we
+want to do is uh uh we want to convolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is uh uh we want to convolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is uh uh we want to convolve
+some of our data with a filter. I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our data with a filter. I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our data with a filter. I mean
+convolving with filters is a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolving with filters is a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolving with filters is a standard
+type of thing. So uh it's a standard way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of thing. So uh it's a standard way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of thing. So uh it's a standard way
+we use do detection here. And so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use do detection here. And so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use do detection here. And so the way
+we do that is once again I'm setting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that is once again I'm setting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that is once again I'm setting a
+uh uh I give a list of of rows that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I give a list of of rows that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I give a list of of rows that I
+want here. I'm going to create a filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want here. I'm going to create a filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want here. I'm going to create a filter
+which is just essentially a box of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just essentially a box of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just essentially a box of you
+know four essentially a four wide box.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know four essentially a four wide box.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know four essentially a four wide box.
+So I get my rows. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I get my rows. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I get my rows. All right.
+and then I uh I uh uh um convert them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I uh I uh uh um convert them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I uh I uh uh um convert them to
+numeric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeric
+and I'm going to do my convolution on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to do my convolution on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to do my convolution on
+the x columns.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x columns.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x columns.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so let's see here. So I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see here. So I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see here. So I'm going to get
+these I'm getting I'm basically I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I'm getting I'm basically I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I'm getting I'm basically I'm
+getting all the x coordinates. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all the x coordinates. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all the x coordinates. All
+right, I'm going to uh sum all of those.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, I'm going to uh sum all of those.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, I'm going to uh sum all of those.
+Okay. So, I basically now have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, I basically now have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, I basically now have all
+those.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those.
+All right. And now I'm going to pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And now I'm going to pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And now I'm going to pop
+those back into their values. And now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those back into their values. And now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those back into their values. And now I
+can do a convolution. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a convolution. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a convolution. And this
+convolution works if um um one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution works if um um one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution works if um um one of the
+axes is sort of like an integer sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes is sort of like an integer sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes is sort of like an integer sequence
+type of thing. So you can do you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of thing. So you can do you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of thing. So you can do you know it
+tries to extend that naturally. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to extend that naturally. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to extend that naturally. So
+something to play around with. you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to play around with. you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to play around with. you know,
+if you want to do convolutions, we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do convolutions, we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do convolutions, we've
+sort of support it. Um um and I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of support it. Um um and I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of support it. Um um and I'm sure
+if anyone of you do play around it, we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anyone of you do play around it, we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anyone of you do play around it, we'd
+be glad to hear your experiences, think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be glad to hear your experiences, think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be glad to hear your experiences, think
+about how we should extend it. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we should extend it. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we should extend it. So these
+are all sort of basic standard first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all sort of basic standard first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all sort of basic standard first
+order statistical analytics that one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order statistical analytics that one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order statistical analytics that one can
+do on data sets and we can support them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on data sets and we can support them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on data sets and we can support them
+very very well. Let's do some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very well. Let's do some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very well. Let's do some more
+complicated what I would call second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated what I would call second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated what I would call second
+order analytics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order analytics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order analytics.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'm going to do something called it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to do something called it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to do something called it's
+a it's a complicated join essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a complicated join essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a complicated join essentially
+what I would call a type pair. So what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would call a type pair. So what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would call a type pair. So what I
+want to do here is I want to find all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do here is I want to find all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do here is I want to find all
+rows that contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows that contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows that contain
+values of that have that I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of that have that I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of that have that I want to find
+rows that have both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows that have both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows that have both
+a value of type one and of type two. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value of type one and of type two. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value of type one and of type two. So
+I'm going to specify this to be uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to specify this to be uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to specify this to be uh you
+know basically x to be type one and y to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know basically x to be type one and y to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know basically x to be type one and y to
+be type two. And I want to find all data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be type two. And I want to find all data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be type two. And I want to find all data
+that you know has has entries in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know has has entries in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know has has entries in both
+those var. So a very standard type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those var. So a very standard type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those var. So a very standard type of
+join type of thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is this is done a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is this is done a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is this is done a little bit
+more complicated than we need it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than we need it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than we need it to be
+just to show you kind of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you kind of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you kind of some of the
+richness here. You could kind of take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richness here. You could kind of take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richness here. You could kind of take a
+fork at anyway. We could probably do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork at anyway. We could probably do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork at anyway. We could probably do
+this whole thing in about two lines, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing in about two lines, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing in about two lines, but
+but I'm sort of kind of showing you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm sort of kind of showing you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm sort of kind of showing you some
+additional sort of features of D4M in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional sort of features of D4M in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional sort of features of D4M in
+the in the spirit of this analytic. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the spirit of this analytic. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the spirit of this analytic. So
+again, I'm just going to use a range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, I'm just going to use a range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, I'm just going to use a range
+query here. So I have this range. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query here. So I have this range. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query here. So I have this range. I'm
+going to have my type one B starts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have my type one B starts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have my type one B starts with
+X and my type one, two B starts with Y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and my type one, two B starts with Y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and my type one, two B starts with Y.
+So I do my query. I convert all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I do my query. I convert all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I do my query. I convert all the
+string ones to numeric ones. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string ones to numeric ones. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string ones to numeric ones. And then
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+basically all right, get me get me all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all right, get me get me all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all right, get me get me all
+the columns of type one. All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of type one. All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of type one. All right,
+sum them all together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum them all together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum them all together.
+find everything that equals then and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find everything that equals then and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find everything that equals then and and
+I only care about the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only care about the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only care about the ones that are
+exactly equal one. So like I don't if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equal one. So like I don't if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equal one. So like I don't if I
+had two x's, I'm like, "No, I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two x's, I'm like, "No, I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two x's, I'm like, "No, I don't want
+those. I want exactly one x in this row.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those. I want exactly one x in this row.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those. I want exactly one x in this row.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then I'm going to take those rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I'm going to take those rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I'm going to take those rows
+that have exactly one x. Okay. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have exactly one x. Okay. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have exactly one x. Okay. I'm going
+to put pass them back into a. So I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put pass them back into a. So I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put pass them back into a. So I now
+just get the rows that that have exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get the rows that that have exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get the rows that that have exactly
+one X. All right. I'm going to filter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one X. All right. I'm going to filter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one X. All right. I'm going to filter it
+again with CT1 and CT2. Although I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with CT1 and CT2. Although I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with CT1 and CT2. Although I don't
+need to do that. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do that. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do that. All right.
+Then I'm going to sum it again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I'm going to sum it again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I'm going to sum it again.
+And now I'm going to say, all right, get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm going to say, all right, get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm going to say, all right, get
+me the only ones that are exactly two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the only ones that are exactly two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the only ones that are exactly two.
+So I know my X is exactly one. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I know my X is exactly one. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I know my X is exactly one. So in
+order for it to be exactly two, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for it to be exactly two, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for it to be exactly two, that
+means my Y also had to have only exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means my Y also had to have only exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means my Y also had to have only exactly
+one entry in it. So now I have the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one entry in it. So now I have the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one entry in it. So now I have the data
+that just has exactly one of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just has exactly one of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just has exactly one of each of
+those.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+now I want to create sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to create sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to create sort of like a
+crossorrelation pair mapping of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossorrelation pair mapping of this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossorrelation pair mapping of this.
+Okay. So I'm actually going to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I'm actually going to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I'm actually going to look for
+X's across columns that appear. Say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's across columns that appear. Say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's across columns that appear. Say I
+want to look for X's that appear in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look for X's that appear in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look for X's that appear in more
+than one in one uh with more than one Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one in one uh with more than one Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one in one uh with more than one Y
+or a Y that appears with more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a Y that appears with more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a Y that appears with more than one
+X. So there's a variety of ways to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. So there's a variety of ways to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. So there's a variety of ways to do
+that. Um here what I'm doing is so I'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um here what I'm doing is so I'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um here what I'm doing is so I'
+I've gotten the rows of A that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've gotten the rows of A that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've gotten the rows of A that have
+exactly one X and Y. I now pass that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one X and Y. I now pass that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one X and Y. I now pass that
+back in to get my C my to get the X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in to get my C my to get the X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in to get my C my to get the X's
+again. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. And
+one of the things that we've done that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that we've done that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that we've done that's
+kind of nice is we've overloaded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nice is we've overloaded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nice is we've overloaded the
+syntax of this query on our associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax of this query on our associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax of this query on our associative
+arrays and in our table queries such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays and in our table queries such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays and in our table queries such
+that if it only has one argument, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it only has one argument, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it only has one argument, it
+will return an associative array. But if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will return an associative array. But if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will return an associative array. But if
+you give it three output arguments, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give it three output arguments, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give it three output arguments, it
+will return the triple. So in this case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will return the triple. So in this case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will return the triple. So in this case,
+the row, the column, and the value. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row, the column, and the value. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row, the column, and the value. And
+I don't care about the the the the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care about the the the the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care about the the the the row
+and the value. I just care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value. I just care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value. I just care about the
+column. But that's a nice way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column. But that's a nice way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column. But that's a nice way we're
+often want to in certain cases want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often want to in certain cases want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often want to in certain cases want to
+bump back and forth between the triples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump back and forth between the triples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump back and forth between the triples
+uh representation and the associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh representation and the associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh representation and the associative
+array uh implementation. Now you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array uh implementation. Now you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array uh implementation. Now you always
+can use the find command around any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the find command around any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the find command around any
+associative array just as you can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array just as you can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array just as you can in
+normal mat lab uh uh matrices and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mat lab uh uh matrices and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mat lab uh uh matrices and that
+will return the triple. The advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will return the triple. The advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will return the triple. The advantage of
+doing it here is that when I is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it here is that when I is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it here is that when I is that
+it's faster because what we actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's faster because what we actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's faster because what we actually do
+when we do the query internally is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do the query internally is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do the query internally is we
+actually get the triples and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get the triples and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get the triples and then
+convert it to an associative array. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to an associative array. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to an associative array. And
+if you just say I want the triples we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just say I want the triples we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just say I want the triples we
+can just shortcut that and give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just shortcut that and give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just shortcut that and give you the
+triples right away. So sometimes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples right away. So sometimes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples right away. So sometimes if
+you're dealing with a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with a very large
+associative rays or some operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative rays or some operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative rays or some operation
+that's just you know this is this this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just you know this is this this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just you know this is this this I
+want to get some more performance back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get some more performance back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get some more performance back
+then working especially like if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then working especially like if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then working especially like if you're
+like well I only care about one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well I only care about one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well I only care about one thing I
+don't care about all of the the values I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about all of the the values I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about all of the the values I
+don't really need to be a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need to be a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need to be a full
+associative array then that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array then that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array then that's a great
+way to uh to sort of short circuit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to uh to sort of short circuit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to uh to sort of short circuit that
+so we do that here and now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do that here and now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do that here and now we can
+construct a new associative array which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a new associative array which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a new associative array which
+is just taking the x's and the y's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just taking the x's and the y's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just taking the x's and the y's uh
+and creating a new associative array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and creating a new associative array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and creating a new associative array
+with those. All right. And that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those. All right. And that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those. All right. And that just
+shows me the correlations, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows me the correlations, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows me the correlations, you know,
+between the x's and the y's. And I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the x's and the y's. And I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the x's and the y's. And I can
+then find uh uh ct basically x's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then find uh uh ct basically x's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then find uh uh ct basically x's that
+have more than one y. So I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than one y. So I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than one y. So I've just
+summed them there or y's with more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed them there or y's with more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed them there or y's with more than
+one x's. Again, these are very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one x's. Again, these are very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one x's. Again, these are very similar
+to analytics that people want to do. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analytics that people want to do. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analytics that people want to do. And
+again, very simple to do. And again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, very simple to do. And again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, very simple to do. And again
+showing you some of the different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you some of the different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you some of the different types
+of of syntax that are available to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of syntax that are available to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of syntax that are available to you
+in D4M. Um again if you're used to using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in D4M. Um again if you're used to using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in D4M. Um again if you're used to using
+mat lab these types of tricks are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab these types of tricks are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab these types of tricks are are
+very natural. We're just showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very natural. We're just showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very natural. We're just showing you
+that they also exist within uh within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they also exist within uh within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they also exist within uh within
+D4M.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here's another one. So, uh, I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's another one. So, uh, I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's another one. So, uh, I wanted
+to find column pair sets C1 and C2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find column pair sets C1 and C2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find column pair sets C1 and C2 and
+get all columns C1 and C2 and find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all columns C1 and C2 and find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all columns C1 and C2 and find the
+rows that have just one entry in C1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows that have just one entry in C1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows that have just one entry in C1 and
+C2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2.
+And it basically checks to see if data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it basically checks to see if data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it basically checks to see if data
+pairs are present in the same row.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs are present in the same row.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs are present in the same row.
+Again, something that people often want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, something that people often want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, something that people often want
+to do. Again, a complicated type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Again, a complicated type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Again, a complicated type of
+join. So, here we have a set of columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join. So, here we have a set of columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join. So, here we have a set of columns
+one C1, a set of columns C2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one C1, a set of columns C2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one C1, a set of columns C2.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+Um I want to create this I want to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I want to create this I want to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I want to create this I want to sort
+of interle these together into a pair.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interle these together into a pair.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interle these together into a pair.
+Okay. So I want to create some concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I want to create some concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I want to create some concept
+of a pair. And so we have this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pair. And so we have this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pair. And so we have this function
+here called cat string which basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here called cat string which basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here called cat string which basically
+will take two strings and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take two strings and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take two strings and another
+delimiter and we'll basically if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delimiter and we'll basically if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delimiter and we'll basically if they
+have the same number of strings we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same number of strings we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same number of strings we'll
+just interle them together. If one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just interle them together. If one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just interle them together. If one of
+these is just a single string it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is just a single string it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is just a single string it will
+just then essentially prepend or append
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just then essentially prepend or append
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just then essentially prepend or append
+that. So for instance, if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So for instance, if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So for instance, if you were
+wondering how we actually create these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering how we actually create these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering how we actually create these
+exploded values of like call one and B,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded values of like call one and B,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded values of like call one and B,
+that's just basically using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just basically using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just basically using this
+function here. We had we had the values,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here. We had we had the values,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here. We had we had the values,
+we had the columns, we put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the columns, we put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the columns, we put the
+essentially the the pipe thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the the pipe thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the the pipe thing in the
+middle and it just merges them together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and it just merges them together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and it just merges them together.
+So we now have sort of interle these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we now have sort of interle these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we now have sort of interle these two
+together. So we'll now have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. So we'll now have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. So we'll now have something
+like call one B pipe, call 3B pipe,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like call one B pipe, call 3B pipe,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like call one B pipe, call 3B pipe,
+comma as the separator. So now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma as the separator. So now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma as the separator. So now I can
+create a set of pair mappings from C1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a set of pair mappings from C1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a set of pair mappings from C1 to
+its pairs. Okay, that's A1 to its pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its pairs. Okay, that's A1 to its pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its pairs. Okay, that's A1 to its pairs
+and A2 its pairs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A2 its pairs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A2 its pairs.
+I can get the columns of those A1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get the columns of those A1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get the columns of those A1 and
+A2. And then I can find all the pairs by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2. And then I can find all the pairs by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2. And then I can find all the pairs by
+essentially through this combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially through this combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially through this combination of
+matrix multiplies and additions and etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplies and additions and etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplies and additions and etc.
+So a very sort of complicated analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a very sort of complicated analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a very sort of complicated analytic
+done very nicely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done very nicely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done very nicely.
+And then there's a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there's a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there's a whole bunch of
+different ones you can do here. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ones you can do here. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ones you can do here. These
+are almost semantic extension. column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost semantic extension. column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost semantic extension. column
+types may have several different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types may have several different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types may have several different types
+and you want to do so for instance if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to do so for instance if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to do so for instance if I
+have a pair of columns here column one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pair of columns here column one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pair of columns here column one
+and column three I could say well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column three I could say well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column three I could say well that
+also implies this column 3 equals column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also implies this column 3 equals column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also implies this column 3 equals column
+1 that's one kind of sort of pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that's one kind of sort of pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that's one kind of sort of pair
+reversal type of thing you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal type of thing you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal type of thing you'll have
+extensions you might say look if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions you might say look if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions you might say look if I have
+a column 1 a that also implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column 1 a that also implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column 1 a that also implies that
+really there should also be a column 2 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there should also be a column 2 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there should also be a column 2 a
+and other types of things like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other types of things like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other types of things like that and
+so these are just types of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are just types of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are just types of things that
+people do with pairs that are often very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do with pairs that are often very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do with pairs that are often very
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I think that basically brings us uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think that basically brings us uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think that basically brings us uh
+to the end of the lecture portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of the lecture portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of the lecture portion of the
+class. So again just the exploded schema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. So again just the exploded schema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. So again just the exploded schema
+really allows you to do this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really allows you to do this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really allows you to do this very
+rapidly with your data and uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly with your data and uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly with your data and uh you can
+implement very uh efficient graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement very uh efficient graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement very uh efficient graph
+analytics as a sequence of essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics as a sequence of essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics as a sequence of essentially
+row and column uh queries because we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and column uh queries because we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and column uh queries because we use
+this very special exploded transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very special exploded transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very special exploded transpose
+pair uh uh uh schema. And increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair uh uh uh schema. And increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair uh uh uh schema. And increasingly
+as you become more and more skilled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you become more and more skilled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you become more and more skilled with
+this, you will discover that many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, you will discover that many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, you will discover that many many
+many of your analytics really reduce to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of your analytics really reduce to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of your analytics really reduce to
+matrix matrix multiplies. That matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix matrix multiplies. That matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix matrix multiplies. That matrix
+matrix multiply really captures the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiply really captures the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiply really captures the full
+sort of alltoall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of alltoall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of alltoall
+correlation that you want to do without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation that you want to do without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation that you want to do without
+having to kind of you know figure things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to kind of you know figure things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to kind of you know figure things
+out. All right. So I'm now going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. All right. So I'm now going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. All right. So I'm now going to go
+and show some not these specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show some not these specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show some not these specific
+analytics but some analytics that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics but some analytics that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics but some analytics that are
+more sophisticated based on the Reuters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated based on the Reuters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated based on the Reuters
+data set. If you remember a few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set. If you remember a few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set. If you remember a few weeks
+ago we did we worked with the Reuters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago we did we worked with the Reuters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago we did we worked with the Reuters
+data set. Um and so let's see here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set. Um and so let's see here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set. Um and so let's see here. So
+we did we already did the entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did we already did the entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did we already did the entity
+analysis uh uh application a few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis uh uh application a few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis uh uh application a few weeks
+ago. I'm going to now do basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago. I'm going to now do basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago. I'm going to now do basically what
+happens when you construct tracks which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you construct tracks which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you construct tracks which
+is a more sophisticated structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a more sophisticated structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a more sophisticated structured
+analytic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic.
+And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um
+the assignment I'll send out was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignment I'll send out was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignment I'll send out was
+basically doing more crossorrelations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically doing more crossorrelations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically doing more crossorrelations.
+For those of you who have kept it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For those of you who have kept it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For those of you who have kept it going
+here this far and continue to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this far and continue to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this far and continue to do the
+homeworks, I'll send this homework out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks, I'll send this homework out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks, I'll send this homework out
+to you which is basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you which is basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you which is basically just
+crossorrelating the data sets that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossorrelating the data sets that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossorrelating the data sets that you
+have. Again, not a uh not an assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have. Again, not a uh not an assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have. Again, not a uh not an assignment
+that really predispos requires you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really predispos requires you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really predispos requires you have
+having done the previous assignments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having done the previous assignments.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having done the previous assignments.
+Just any data set, you know, pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just any data set, you know, pull it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just any data set, you know, pull it
+into an associative array and then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an associative array and then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an associative array and then do
+matrix multiplies to, you know, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplies to, you know, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplies to, you know, uh
+figure out uh the crossorrelations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out uh the crossorrelations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out uh the crossorrelations and
+what they mean. All right, so with that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they mean. All right, so with that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they mean. All right, so with that,
+why don't we take a short five minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we take a short five minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we take a short five minute
+break and then I'll come back and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and then I'll come back and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and then I'll come back and show
+you the demo.
\ No newline at end of file